Handbooks and Anthologies for Officials in Imperial China: A Descriptive and Critical Bibliography 900441620X, 9789004416208

Table of contents :
Contents
General Introduction
Acknowledgements
Illustrations
Abbreviations
Titles, Reign Names, and Dates
Part 1 Works of a General Nature
1.1 General Admonitions to the Bureaucracy
1.1.2 Ledgers of Merit and Demerit
1.2 Collections of Exemplary Biographies, Anecdotes, and Dicta
1.3 Anthologies of Quotations from Earlier Handbooks
1.4 Explanations of the Administrative Structure and Overviews of the Government
1.5 Works on the Government of Particular Provinces
1.6 Miscellaneous Works
1.7 Career Autobiographies
Part 2 Handbooks for Local Administrators
2.1 Handbooks for Generalist Officials
2.1.0 For Assistant Officials
2.1.1 For Magistrates
2.1.2 For Prefectural Judges
2.1.3 For Prefects
2.1.4 Others
2.2 Handbooks for Private Assistants
2.2.1 For Private Secretaries
2.2.1.1 General Works
2.2.1.2 Works for Fiscal Specialists
2.2.1.3 Works for Law Specialists
2.2.2 For Private Servants
2.2.3 For Clerks
Part 3 Handbooks Dealing with Metropolitan Agencies
Part 4 Handbooks Specializing in Particular Techniques
4.1 Law and Justice
4.1.1 Explanations of the Penal Code
4.1.2 Rearranged and Simplified Presentations of the Code and Regulations
4.1.2.1 Rearranged and Summarized Presentations
4.1.2.2 Rhymes
4.1.2.3 Synoptic Tables
4.1.3 Handbooks on Judicial Procedure
4.1.4 Collections of Leading Cases and Memoranda
4.1.5 Anthologies of Judicial Sentences and of Model Cases
4.1.5.1 Phrase Models and Handbooks for Examination Candidates
4.1.6 Autumn Assizes
4.1.7 Forensics
4.1.8 Handbooks for Litigation Masters
4.1.9 Miscellaneous
4.2 Water Conservancy and Irrigation
4.3 Famine Relief
4.4 Public Works
4.5 Schools and Examinations
4.6 Salt Administration
4.7 Military Affairs
4.7.1 General Works
4.7.2 Local Defense
4.7.2.1 Baojia and Militia
4.7.3 Coastal Defense
4.8 Others
Part 5 Records of Administration and Celebratory Compilations
Part 6 Anthologies of Administrative Documents
6.1 By Capital Officials
6.2 By Provincial Officials
6.3 By Prefects and Magistrates
6.4 Miscellaneous
6.5 Anthologies of Documents by Several Authors
Part 7 Specialized Collectanea
7.1 Works by Individual Authors
7.2 Works by Several Authors
Secondary Works Cited
List of Congshu
Index of Authors/Compilers and Preface/Postface Authors
Index of Works

Citation preview

Handbooks and Anthologies for Officials in Imperial China Volume 1

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Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik section four

China Edited by Stephen F. Teiser Martin Kern Timothy Brook Paul W. Kroll

volume 36

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ho4

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Handbooks and Anthologies for Officials in Imperial China A Descriptive and Critical Bibliography VOLUME 1

By

Pierre-Étienne Will With the Assistance of

Jérôme Bourgon, Chen Li, Claude Chevaleyre, Luca Gabbiani, Guo Runtao, Jérôme Kerlouégan, Thomas Nimick, Nancy Park, Shum Wing Fong

LEIDEN | BOSTON

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Cover illustration: The cover-leaf of Dulü peixi (A Belt Bodkin Worn to Untangle the Code), a popular early-Qing handbook on the Penal Code (no. 373 in this Bibliography). Note the accumulation of inscriptions and seals, typical of commercial publications, advertising the quality of the contents and warning against illegal reprints. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0169-9520 ISBN 978-90-04-41611-6 (hardback, set) ISBN 978-90-04-42367-1 (hardback, vol. 1) ISBN 978-90-04-42368-8 (hardback, vol. 2) ISBN 978-90-04-41620-8 (e-book) Copyright 2020 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

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In memory of Tian Tao 田濤 (1949–2013), passionate book collector and generous friend

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Contents Volume 1 General Introduction xi Acknowledgements lxxi List of Illustrations lxxii Abbreviations lxxiii Titles, Reign Names, and Dates lxxxi 1 Works of a General Nature 1 1.1 General Admonitions to the Bureaucracy 1 1.1.2 Ledgers of Merit and Demerit 22 1.2 Collections of Exemplary Biographies, Anecdotes, and Dicta 34 1.3 Anthologies of Quotations from Earlier Handbooks 82 1.4 Explanations of the Administrative Structure and Overviews of the Government 112 1.5 Works on the Government of Particular Provinces 136 1.6 Miscellaneous Works 154 1.7 Career Autobiographies 183 2 Handbooks for Local Administrators 199 2.1 Handbooks for Generalist Officials 199 2.1.0 For Assistant Officials 199 2.1.1 For Magistrates 203 2.1.2 For Prefectural Judges 335 2.1.3 For Prefects 336 2.1.4 Others 337 2.2 Handbooks for Private Assistants 354 2.2.1 For Private Secretaries 354 2.2.1.1 General Works 354 2.2.1.2 Works for Fiscal Specialists 365 2.2.1.3 Works for Law Specialists 378 2.2.2 For Private Servants 382 2.2.3 For Clerks 389 3 Handbooks Dealing with Metropolitan Agencies 399

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4 Handbooks Specializing in Particular Techniques 409 4.1 Law and Justice 409 4.1.1 Explanations of the Penal Code 409 4.1.2 Rearranged and Simplified Presentations of the Code and Regulations 536 4.1.2.1 Rearranged and Summarized Presentations 536 4.1.2.2 Rhymes 558 4.1.2.3 Synoptic Tables 565 4.1.3 Handbooks on Judicial Procedure 596 4.1.4 Collections of Leading Cases and Memoranda 622 4.1.5 Anthologies of Judicial Sentences and of Model Cases 683 4.1.5.1 Phrase Models and Handbooks for Examination Candidates 754 4.1.6 Autumn Assizes 768 4.1.7 Forensics 797 4.1.8 Handbooks for Litigation Masters 845 4.1.9 Miscellaneous 866 Volume 2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7

Water Conservancy and Irrigation 895 Famine Relief 906 Public Works 970 Schools and Examinations 970 Salt Administration 977 Military Affairs 978 4.7.1 General Works 978 4.7.2 Local Defense 1018 4.7.2.1 Baojia and Militia 1052 4.7.3 Coastal Defense 1062 4.8 Others 1070

5 Records of Administration and Celebratory Compilations 1093 6 Anthologies of Administrative Documents 1137 6.1 By Capital Officials 1137 6.2 By Provincial Officials 1141 6.3 By Prefects and Magistrates 1207 6.4 Miscellaneous 1354 6.5 Anthologies of Documents by Several Authors 1375

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7 Specialized Collectanea 1385 7.1 Works by Individual Authors 1385 7.2 Works by Several Authors 1392 Secondary Works Cited 1413 List of Congshu 1438 Index of Authors/Compilers and Preface/Postface Authors 1445 Index of Works 1471

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General Introduction The aim of the Bibliography is to provide a descriptive list of the largest possible number of extant manuscript and printed works that were created in order to instruct officials and other administrators of imperial China about the technical and ethical aspects of government, and to provide them with tools and manuals to help in the relevant procedures. The present introduction explains how the project originated and developed and describes the organization and contents of the Bibliography; then it devotes some consideration to the more important genres described in it; and finally it discusses the format and content of the Bibliography entries. 1 Origins of the Project My interest in “handbooks” for officials was an outgrowth of research I had pursued for many years on the ways the late-imperial Chinese state managed a number of ambitious and demanding programs, such as combating famine, creating and maintaining large-scale water-control and irrigation infrastructures, running public granaries, or promoting economic development.1 What seemed remarkable to me was that outbursts of activity and efficiency during the periods of crisis or the special efforts I studied—peaks of state intervention concentrated in space and time, as it were—rested upon a considerable and very sophisticated body of regulations and procedures that were part of everyday local administration. In other words, these regulations and procedures were not just meant for specialists and for emergencies: they were supposed to be mastered, and enforced whenever was necessary, by every local official. This brought handbooks into the picture. One important source I used to study famine relief was a set of what we may call “famine handbooks” (see section 4.3 in the Bibliography). These were devoted either to the regulations, procedures, and techniques related to famine relief, or to particular famine relief campaigns in the form of collections of documents published to serve 1  See, among others, Will, Bureaucracy and Famine in Eighteenth-Century China; Nourish the People (with R. Bin Wong); “State Intervention in the Administration of a Hydraulic Infrastructure”; “Clear Waters vs. Muddy Waters”; “Développement quantitatif et développement qualitatif en Chine”; “Official Conceptions of Economic Development in Late Imperial China.” [For complete citations, here and elsewhere in the book, see under “Secondary Works Cited” at the end.]

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as examples for similar operations in the future. Importantly, much the same kind of materials was also found in the few generalist administrative handbooks—essentially magistrate handbooks—I had been able to consult at the time. This meant, again, that both emergency procedures and policies to ensure preparedness were part of a larger stock of practical knowledge that local officials were expected to master if they were to discharge their duties satisfactorily. Besides, these publications—both the specialized treatises and the generalist handbooks—involved not only local officials, but also their technical advisers—their “cabinet friends” (幕友), often called “private secretaries” in the literature—whom I discuss further below. All this led me to re-examine afresh the problem of official competence, training, and mobilization in the wider context of everyday general administration, and, as a result, to devote more systematic attention to handbooks. Handbooks for officials, especially those of the late-imperial period, have been much used by some authors;2 but apart from a few studies devoted to particular titles,3 they have been little investigated for themselves, as a genre and across dynastic periods.4 In any case, from this interest derived, sometime at the beginning of the 1990s, the imprudent idea of compiling a bibliography of the handbooks aimed for the officials of imperial China and still in existence that would be both descriptive—as opposed to a mere list of titles—and exhaustive.

2  An outstanding example is Ch’ü T’ung-tsu, Local Government under the Ch’ing; likewise, Hsiao Kung-chuan, Rural China; and John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China. Wejen Chang’s Struggle for Justice in China, soon to be published, is also extensively referring to this literature. 3  Examples include Étienne Balazs, “A Handbook of Local Administrative Practice of 1793,” a study and select translation of Wang Huizu’s 汪輝祖 Xuezhi yishuo 學治臆說 (no. 0212 in this bibliography); Satake Yasuhiko’s studies on and translation of Li Yuanbi’s 李元弼 Zuoyi zizhen 作邑自箴 (no. 0156) in his “Sakuyū jishin” and “Sakuyū jishin no kenkyū”; and Djang Chu’s presentation and partial translation of Huang Liuhong’s 黃六鴻 Fuhui quanshu 福惠 全書 (no. 0193) in A Complete Book Concern­­ing Happiness and Benevolence, which since its publication tends to be the main, when not the only, magistrate handbook cited by Englishspeaking authors. Nimick, “The County, the Magistrate, and the Yamen,” Appendix A, is devoted to a sizable selection of Ming magistrate handbooks. 4  But see Will, “Ming Qing shiqi de guanzhenshu yu Zhongguo xingzheng wenhua”; Guo Chengwei, Guanzhen shu dianping yu guanzhen wenhua yanjiu. See also the essay by Niida Noboru cited below, note 32.

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Coverage Why was the idea “imprudent,” even though several colleagues and students agreed to join the project along the way and made it a collective effort?5 One reason is that the number and variety of works that can be described as “handbooks for officials” rapidly turned out to be incomparably greater than I suspected at the start, when I based myself on such limited lists as the short notices at the end of Watt’s classic study of the district magistrate in late-imperial China, the mimeographed combined index of 55 handbooks compiled in Kyoto in 1950, or the section on local government in Ma Fengchen’s pathbreaking 1935 bibliography.6 Their number and variety are considerable even if we understand “handbooks” in the narrower sense of normative guidebooks aimed at local officials; they are still more so when we bring into our inquiry, as has been attempted here, all the related literary genres and types of contents. As a result, the Bibliography describes quite a few works that properly speaking do not belong to the category of “handbooks” in the restricted sense of the Chinese guanzhen shu 官箴書 (lit., “books to admonish officials”).7 In effect, as stated at the beginning of this introduction, we have decided to include any sort of text aimed at administrators either with a didactic intention or as a working aid—the limit is often imprecise—all the way from high-minded hagiographic compilations on revered model officials of the past to the most technical and concrete sets of instructions. This broadening in scope is readily apparent in the table of contents at the beginning of this volume and in the discussion of its organization offered below. It obviously made exhaustiveness even more elusive. 5  Hence the frequent use of the first person plural in this introduction. The list of colleagues who contributed entries is provided below, p. lxxix–lxxx. Among them, Jérôme Bourgon, Chen Li, Claude Chevaleyre, Luca Gabbiani, Guo Runtao, Jérôme Kerlouégan, Nancy Park, and Shum Wing Fong devoted substantial amounts of time at various points during the project’s protracted history to explore bibliographies and library holdings, make copies of materials, provide notes describing their findings, and read over earlier versions of the manuscript. Natacha Stupar also participated in the early stages of collecting materials. A special mention is due to Thomas Nimick, whose collaboration has extended from beginning to end; besides his profound knowledge of Ming history and institutions, Nimick contributed several ideas crucial to the format eventually adopted for the Bibliography. 6  See John R. Watt, op. cit.; Kyōdai Tōyōshi kenkyūshitsu, Kanshin mokuji sōgō sakuin, indexing 7 Song works, 4 Yuan works, 4 Ming works, and 40 Qing works. Ming works, in particular, were found to be much more numerous than found in these sources. As its title indicates, Ma’s Qingdai xingzheng zhidu cankao shumu only examines Qing works; for local government (including the provincial level), see p. 111–44. 7  As a matter of fact, some recent collections with the words guanzhen shu in their title, such as Guanzhen shu jicheng, do include texts that do not belong to the narrow category covered by this term.

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Other factors only aggravated the problem as time passed. The nearly three decades of fits and starts it took to bring the project to completion have witnessed profound transformations in the means available to locate and examine Chinese texts. The development of the Internet, in particular the proliferation of online catalogs and databases, has tremendously facilitated locating titles and accessing books in comparison with the time when one had to consult published catalogs (where they existed) or card catalogs (in situ), and visit libraries to see the books.8 So has the multiplication—particularly fast in mainland China in recent years after a golden age in Taiwan through the 1980s—of facsimile editions of ancient books, often in the form of large multi-volume collections. As it has become close to impossible to follow the expansion of digitized and photo-reproduced texts in real time, I have resigned myself to omit a number of new titles, or new editions or reprints of already known titles, in the present draft of the Bibliography, and reserve them for a future complement: doing otherwise would have delayed publication by several more years. In short, while the Bibliography as it is now offered is indeed a descriptive bibliography (at places generously so), for the various reasons just outlined it is not—could not be—an exhaustive one. Still, a final question remains, that of chronological coverage. “Imperial China” starts with the Qin dynasty,9 but a glance at the 1,165 titles listed in these pages will show that they are massively Ming and Qing works—the latter definitely dominating in numbers—with less than thirty Song texts and very little from the early and medieval empires.10 This obviously reflects the state of the field as far as extant works are concerned, but does it reflect contemporary realities? 8  It must be noted, however, that in not a few cases the conversion from card to electronic catalog has resulted in the disappearance of titles that are now difficult or even impossible to trace. In the entries of the present bibliography the mention “not in cat.” refers to titles which have been physically seen, either by us or by other authors, and sometimes photocopied or photographed, but have since dropped out of online catalogs and become impossible to find. 9  It stops in 1912. Yet a few entries from the early Republican period reflecting the persistence of imperial models and values have been inserted in the Bibliography. 10  Texts dating to the Yuan are also quite rare in the Bibliography, though a not insignificant amount of administrative and especially legal literature still exists. Certain collections of precedents comparable in purpose to Yuan dianzhang 元典章 (no. 0476), such as Tongzhi tiaoge 通制條格, Zhizheng tiaoge 至正條格, and Zhiyuan xinge 至元新 格, should probably feature in a future supplement. These and others will be detailed in the chapter on Chinese sources in The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 2020). (Bettine Birge, personal communication.)

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It is of course extremely difficult to answer this question. One factor that certainly distorts the picture is what we might call the attrition rate of ancient books, in other words, the proportion of imprints and manuscripts that disappeared with time, of which we can only have an indirect and very incomplete idea. Titles of books no longer extant can be found in a variety of ancient bibliographies or are mentioned in other texts.11 To give just one example, the legal section in the bibliographical treatise of the Song dynastic history lists quite a number of titles that were apparently guides to procedure, commentaries on laws, or collections of judgments comparable to those we have been able to retrieve for later periods, but no longer available.12 Moreover, we can be confident that many more titles existed besides those found in ancient bibliographies, which by nature were selective since they reflected the contents of specific collections (the imperial collection in the case of the bibliographic treatises of dynastic histories). In other words, we are left largely in the dark as to the actual number of texts in circulation in any given period. The advent of printing in the Song (or shortly before) is another factor to consider. Even though manuscripts—that is, hand copying—never ceased to be an important means to circulate texts in China, the availability of printing certainly spurred the writing and spreading of practical books aimed at a large readership like those described in the Bibliography. And this is even truer of the so-called “second printing revolution,” starting in the sixteenth century, which dramatically lowered costs and increased the productivity of the printing industry, and can only have had a powerful accelerating effect, while at the same time increasing the odds for preservation in proportion to the number of copies printed.13 Still, printing is not synonymous with safeguarding, and we cannot know the proportion of books published in the Ming and Qing that did not make it to modern bibliographies and libraries. Needless to say, the same holds for texts that circulated in manuscript form, either supplementing or duplicating the printed production, of which the Bibliography offers many examples right through the late nineteenth 11  This Bibliography does feature a few such titles for which reliable information about their contents (as opposed to a mere title) has been preserved. Some entries also rely on descriptions of works we have not been able to trace, found in particular in Ma Fengchen’s bibliography and in Xuxiu siku quanshu zongmu tiyao, a large compilation of handwritten tiyao drafted in the 1930s in Beijing under Japanese auspices and now available in print. 12  Examples of such titles would include Xingfa zuanyao 刑法纂要 (12 j.), Duanyu lichen 斷 獄立成 (3 j.), Xu Yiyu ji 續疑獄集 by Wang Hao 王皡 (4 j.), Lü yinyi 律音義 and Lüling shiwen 律令釋文 by Sun Shi 孫奭 (1 j.), Pan’ge 判格 by Zhang Pi 張伾 (also cited in Xin Tang shu), Lüjian 律鑒 by Zhao Zhuo 趙綽, and several more. See Songshi, 204/5137–45. 13  The notion of “print run” in the Chinese traditional printing industry raises delicate questions that will be briefly considered in the third part of this introduction.

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century; but how about manuscripts dating from before the advent of printing? Here, strikingly, the pre-Song centuries deliver almost nothing in our area of concern,14 not even texts that might have survived by being later included in collectanea or otherwise preserved and printed. This, however, does not mean that such texts did not exist. For several decades now, archeology has brought to light administrative documents from the Qin and Han dynasties inscribed on bamboo or wooden slips that not only illustrate the very high density of written communication within the early-imperial bureaucratic apparatus, but also include a few texts that remarkably anticipate the genres and formats described in the present work. Since they are only reconstructed fragments found in tombs, some perhaps specifically assembled for the burial, and not always consistent in their contents, therefore not “books” properly speaking, we have chosen not to include them in the Bibliography; yet they deserve a few remarks. The closest probably to the magistrate handbooks of later times is a text entitled Wei li zhi dao 為吏之道 (The way of the official) by its modern editors, found in 1975 in a Qin tomb at Shuihudi 睡虎地 (Yunmeng 雲夢 county, Hubei). Three partly similar texts have been unearthed since then, two of them collectively titled guanzhen 官箴 by their editors, using the generic appellation of handbooks for officials from the Song period onward.15 A further manuscript also drawing from the same textual stock, titled Wei li zhi guan ji qianshou 為吏治官及黔首, was published in 2010 by the Yuelu Academy 嶽 麓書院.16 The admonitions in these rather short texts deal with the morals, behavior, and professional ethics of the official in terms that somehow anticipate the Neo-confucian-oriented handbooks of later times, though legalist and Daoist notions have also been detected. It has been suggested that these admonitions served not only to warn officials but also to instruct scribes in the

14  Excluding, in other words, government-produced bodies of laws or ordinances and institutional accounts, which do feature in some quantity in the bibliographical treatises of the Suishu and the two Tangshu. However, one finds a few mentions of commentaries on penal law (which are part of the Bibliography, see section 4.1.1): one example is a commentary to the Jin 晉 code by Zhang Fei 張斐 entitled Lüjie 律解 (21 j.). The only surviving among these commentaries is of course Tanglü shuyi 唐律疏議, the official commentary to the Tang Penal Code. 15  A 65-slip text titled Zhengshi zhi chang 政事之常, featuring language close to Weili zhi dao but set in table form, has also been found in 1993 in a Qin tomb at Wangjiatai 王家台 in Hubei. For a synthetic study mobilizing several texts, see Lu Jinping, “Qinjian guanzhen wenxian yanjiu.” 16  See Staack, “The Wei li zhi guan ji qianshou Manuscript,” and references therein.

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vocabulary and style of the documents they would have to handle. (The texts were all found in scribes’ tombs.)17 Qin and Han tombs also delivered more specialized manuscripts, dealing with technical specialties like the calendar or prognostication, and more interestingly for our purpose, with the law. Legal documents include (1) compilations of laws and decrees (rather than “codes” strictly speaking), admitting of variations and abridgments, clearly intended as a reference for local officials and scribes;18 (2) collections of model judicial cases, either hypothetical (with fictitious protagonists and contents) or “real,” but always with a clearly didactic intent;19 and (3) a text titled Falü dawen 法律答問, found in the same Shuihudi tomb as Wei li zhi dao, which consists of explanations of the judicial procedure and of legal terms proceeding through questions and answers, a format popular in late-imperial times.20 These ancient documents reveal intriguing continuities between the early empires and their late-imperial successors in approaches to justice management, administrative ethics, etc., and in some respects, as we have seen, they anticipate the specialized literature to which the present Bibliography is devoted. Yet this literature would not truly develop until the advent of printing and the emergence of the bureaucratic state from the Song period onward. Despite the problems of coverage alluded to above, this, it seems to me, is something our work reflects rather accurately. Organization In its earliest guises, the bibliography project was simply an alphabetic list arranged by pinyin romanization of the titles of the works described. Various 17  See Barbieri-Low and Yates, Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China, 1102; Venture, “Livres et documents dans la Chine ancienne,” 298–301. Both studies refer to the vast secondary literature devoted to the archeological texts they discuss. See also Wilkinson, Chinese History: A New Manual, 306–8. 18  See Barbieri-Low and Yates, op. cit., 89ff.; Venture, op. cit., 273–6. 19  Barbieri-Low and Yates, 89–109; Venture, 276–8. Two main texts are concerned, respectively titled Fengzhenshi 封診式 (Models for Sealing and Physical Examinations), consisting mostly of hypothetical cases, and Zouyan shu 奏讞書 (Book of Submitted Doubtful Cases). The title renderings are those proposed by Barbieri-Low and Yates, who also offer a commented and annotated translation of Zouyan shu (pp. 1171–1416). The same authors regard the latter text as a collection of more or less extended judicial cases compiled by and for judiciary scribes and subjected to a degree of literary embellishment, making some of them close to the later gong’an xiaoshuo 公案小說 genre. 20  On Falü dawen, see Venture, 278; Zhang Boyuan, Lüzhu wenxian congkao, 1–20. BarbieriLow and Yates, 30, translate the title Answers and Questions on Legal Principles and Statutes.

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indexes and chronological tables were to be appended later in order to help the reader locate what he is looking for—a format already adopted in some large-scale reference books.21 At one point, however, and based on the remarks of readers who had consulted the drafts I was circulating, it was decided that the considerable variety of genres, formats, contents, etc. that had turned up in the course of research made it necessary to apply some structure to the presentation: the works belonging to the principal genres and types of contents needed to be brought together in one way or another, and it was necessary to provide a sense of chronology. Beyond this, however, we hesitated about how exactly to organize this maze of books and manuscripts whose only common feature was their didactic and/or practical aim. Existing models were of no much help. One of the most sophisticated among them, Wejen Chang’s bibliography of law-related works in Chinese history, whose contents partly overlap with the present work, does discuss problems of organization and justify the author’s choices in its substantial preface and in a special essay on classification.22 Chang remarks that the categories found in the Chinese venerable “Four Treasuries” arrangement and its predecessors since the Han dynasty are unsatisfactory, as materials related to legal issues are scattered among different categories and subcategories, depending on their content and form.23 In the same way, modern bibliographic categories, which evolved from Western classifications of knowledge, fit uneasily with traditional Chinese subject matters and genres. The classification developed by Chang for his own bibliography includes four large categories based on contents, namely “Norms” (規範), “System” (制度), “Theory” (理論), and “Implementation” (實務), to which he added a category devoted to comprehensive genres (綜合), such as anthologies of memorials, 21  See e.g. William H. Nienhauser’s epoch-making Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. The alphabetically arranged body of the book is preceded by detailed essays on the various genres of literature to which it is devoted. 22  Chang, Zhongguo fazhi shi shumu, vol. 1, preface, esp. 3–8, and the section entitled “Fenlei de biaozhun yu fangfa” 分類的標準與方法, 29–47. Chang’s approach to the domain of Chinese law encompasses much more than legal and judicial matters in the narrow sense. Note, too, that besides traditional works his bibliography also includes modern studies, either dating to the Republican period or published in Taiwan. 23  In addition, these classifications are not always stable. Thus, it is a common experience to find the same work on legal matters classified under either “officials” (職官, in “History” 史) or “Legalists” (法家, in “Philosophers” 子) in bibliographies or library catalogs using the sibu 四部 arrangement. Likewise, anthologies of administrative documents by individual authors (section 4.1.5 and Part 6 in the Bibliography) may be found under “Officials,” “Legalists,” or “Individual collections” (別集, in “Literary collections” 集), depending on the case.

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literary collections, encyclopedias, and the like. These large categories are in turn split into many sections and subsections, with a mix of Western and traditional Chinese headings. For the longtime user of Chang’s impressive compilation that I have been, this arrangement is not entirely satisfactory. The main reason perhaps is that in many of the works described, the boundaries between rules, institutions, theories, and practices are blurred; and it is a fact that a number of titles have been classified in sections or subsections where one would not in principle expect them.24 While we were confronting the same interrogations as Chang, the structure we have eventually settled on for the present Bibliography is extremely different from his.25 It has been arrived at in a purely empirical way, but has proven to be working reasonably well, and alterations that appeared necessary along the way have been very limited. Probably this is because it was not decided beforehand, but only after a significant amount of research had already been done: we knew exactly what we wanted to classify. Yet I would not go so far as claiming that we found the perfect arrangement. Perfection—complete rationality—is impossible, if only because of the composite nature of many of the books described, which mix up several sorts of admonition and information in varying proportion and could be used for several purposes by their readers. I should also add that some sections and subsections could have been expanded, and that a few more subsections could possibly have been devised, in particular in section 4 (Handbooks specializing in particular techniques). Whatever the case, the organization outlined below combines (or, rather, compromises between) contents and formats. The detail of its seven parts and of its sections and subsections can be seen at a glance in the table of contents of the Bibliography. In the second part of this introduction I will offer detailed discussions of some of the more important and/or problematic genres in the form of short essays. Here let me briefly delineate the overall organization, part by part. 24  To give but one example, one would not expect a section on “leading cases” (成案) in the part on “Norms” alongside laws and regulations: though some leading cases had the status of legal precedents, they were first of all records of judicial practice and of the practical and theoretical problems raised in applying the law, with ad hoc (non-codified) answers sanctioned by imperial rescript. This section on leading cases is then followed by a section on “usages” (慣例) containing purely practical guides on forensics and on judicial procedure. 25  The problem of classification was discussed during my École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales 2001 seminar, which was attended by several collaborators of the Bibliography (Jérôme Bourgon, Claude Chevaleyre, Luca Gabbiani, Jérôme Kerlouégan, Nancy Park).

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Part 1, “Works of a general nature,” is a somewhat arbitrary assortment of texts of various forms and contents, of reference works the consulting of which was viewed as important in the training of officials and whose common characteristic is that they were to provide the reader with (1) general admonitions on ethics and behavior for the official (section 1.1)—including the religious dimension discussed in works on accounts of merit and demerit, a genre that flourished from the late-sixteenth century onwards (1.1.2), and also including works in the form of exempla, that is, deeds and sayings by historical model officials (and counter-models in some instances) (1.2);26 and (2) information on the administrative structure (1.4), the latter section only a sample of the considerable amount of literature, often of a commercial nature, that introduced literati, examination candidates, and novice officials to the intricacies and historical origins of state institutions. As for the compilations devoted to the government of particular provinces (1.5), usually put out by provincial authorities but in a few cases by private authors, they clearly belonged to the toolbox of local administrators—not only officials, but also yamen clerks and private secretaries—as they were explicitly intended to help them in their everyday work by offering an updated and user-friendly record of local institutions and of the usually confused maze of provincial regulations and precedents.27 Finally, the somewhat peculiar category called “career autobiographies” (1.7)— all of them Qing works—again belongs to the exemplary, the exemplars being in this case individual authors recording their official career (or fragments thereof) in the first person. Yet the fact that they are “living” exemplars, in the middle of things as it were, and on occasion ready to acknowledge setbacks, gives their testimonies an immediacy absent from more conventional eulogies.

26  The proclaimed usefulness of collections of exempla as far as the instruction of future officials was concerned is nicely put in Wang Yilin’s 王一麟 preface to Zengding fenlei linmin zhizheng quanshu 增定分類臨民治政全書 (no. 1137), a work expanding on an earlier compilation titled Zhizheng 治政: “Zhizheng originally collected the essentials regarding policies for promoting the good and suppressing abuses as implemented by famous sages and eminent men, past and present. To proclaim everlasting rulings based on this book is to hand down inexhaustible models! To want to make officials who take up their posts reflect this pedigree, isn’t this tantamount to studying cloth-making in order to produce beautiful brocades?” (治政一書，原以裒集今昔名賢碩彥興利除弊之大 端，以之著章程于不朽，即以之垂效法于靡窮，欲使後之服官蒞政者鏡厥源 流，無為美錦而學製也). 27  Some collections of provincial regulations are indeed included in collections of “handbooks for officials” like Guanzhen shu jicheng. According to Wang Zhiqiang (“Lun Qingdai de difang fagui,” 121), the majority of the regulations collected in such shengli 省例 came from local officials and had been confirmed by the provincial authorities.

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Part 2, “Handbooks for local administrators,” is in a way the heart of the Bibliography, or at least the original core from which it later expanded. Handbooks for magistrates (2.1.1), typically featuring a combination of admonitions on ethics and information on techniques, are the more numerous, but subsections have been devoted to officials of other ranks in the territorial hierarchy as well, with the exception of province-level officials, for whom there were no such handbooks. Also included are handbooks used by personnel assisting the ranking officials, such as private secretaries (幕友), private servants (長隨), and clerks (吏). More analysis of this so-called guanzhen genre is provided in the second part of this introduction. Part 3, “Handbooks dealing with metropolitan agencies,” introduces the limited number of extant manuals aimed at officials working in the Six Ministries and the Censorate. The works described are quite varied in form and contents, some focusing on ethics and others on practical matters, including rituals and regulations specific to particular agencies. The guides intended for the Ministry of Justice officials involved in preparing the autumn assizes files each year, which are among the most detailed in their technical content, are discussed in the subsection specifically devoted to the assizes (4.1.6) in Part 4. Part 4, “Handbooks specializing in particular techniques,” deals with a large array of texts that can be described as “working aids,” in other words, technical guides and databases dealing with the various administrative tasks and designed to help officials and their assistants in their daily work. Though technical matters are dealt with in most handbooks for local administrators discussed in Part 2, sometimes to a considerable degree of detail,28 the difference is that the materials introduced in Part 4 are not intended for one particular type of administrator holding a particular sort of function (such as district magistrate, private legal adviser, etc.), but offer resources to any administrator confronted with a particular task, such as investigating crimes and holding court sessions, maintaining waterworks, administering famine relief, managing schools, and so on. The sections in Part 4 are of quite uneven length and coverage—some tending towards exhaustiveness, or at least offering large selections of works, others being more like samples dealing with highly specialized topics that the reader may want to investigate further: such is the case with the sections devoted to water conservancy and irrigation (4.2), public works (4.4), schools and examinations (4.5), salt administration (4.6), and with the mix of texts grouped under “Others” (4.8). 28  This is especially true of several handbooks of a purely technical nature used by private secretaries who specialized in either justice or financial and economic matters (2.2.1.2 and 2.2.1.3), on which more below.

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Three sections, each corresponding to a major responsibility of the imperial state, feature quite a substantial assortment of works in the Bibliography. “Law and Justice” (4.1), a proliferating category with many subsections, is by far the most extensive, due to the complexity of the matter and its tremendous importance in the administrative life of the empire. Subsections are devoted to various sorts of guides to everyday practice, such as explanations of the Penal Code (4.1.1), practical presentations of the Penal Code and regulations (4.1.2),29 manuals on procedure (4.1.3), databases of leading cases and legal memoranda (4.1.4) and anthologies of model judgments (4.1.5), materials on the autumn assizes (4.1.6), and forensics handbooks (4.1.7). Questions raised by several of these genres—including handbooks for litigation masters (4.1.8)—will be discussed in detail in the next part of this introduction. So will two other comparatively large sections, also corresponding to major responsibilities of the imperial state, namely, “Famine Relief” (4.3) and “Military Affairs” (4.7). Part 5, “Records of administration and celebratory compilations,” features works that differ from the handbooks in Part 2 and the anthologies of documents in Part 6 by explicitly advertising for or celebrating the individual officials who are their subjects. Records of administration (政書) are a specifically Ming institution: magistrates were supposed to visit the capital at the end of their three-year term and submit an account of their policies, which would determine their subsequent career. In all probablity only a limited amount of such records were put to print, and we may assume that those that have survived are only one fraction of them. In contrast, celebratory compilations were sponsored either by enthusiastic colleagues or by local notables eager to record and advertise the “good policies” of an official with whom they had been particularly satisfied and to have them maintained by his successors.30 They usually consist of a mix of administrative documents, records of specific policies or achievements (such as infrastructure building), and materials on the official himself (such as biographical data, reports by superiors, eulogies, and the like). The rich documentary material contained in most of the works described in this part, which makes them close to gongdu anthologies (Part 6), and the exemplary function that was explicitly ascribed to many of them, fully justify their inclusion in the present Bibliography. Part 6, “Anthologies of administrative documents,” deals with a genre—the so-called gongdu 公牘—whose complementarity with handbooks for local 29  Here codified administrative regulations of the type called “regulations on administrative sanctions” (處分則例) are regarded as a part of “law” inasmuch as they were codified and are often mixed up with penal statutes in the same presentations. 30  This sort of work could also be compiled by the official’s descendants or disciples.

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administrators I will discuss at some length later in this introduction. It can be roughly defined as administration exemplified by documents written (or at least, signed) by an actual administrator and most of the time compiled by himself,31 as opposed to the prescriptions dispensed in the abstract by handbook authors. The gongdu collections described in this part are of a generalist nature and contain documents on all manner of subjects. Anthologies containing only judicial decisions form an important subset, dealt with in section 4.1.5. Part 7, “Specialized collectanea,” lists congshu 叢書 specifically devoted to administrative handbooks and guides, either by individual authors or by several authors. In each part, or section and subsection, of the Bibliography as delineated above, the entries are arranged in chronological order based on the known or inferred date of writing. For the sake of convenience this order is divided by dynastic periods, the Qing being in turn split between pre-1800 [QING A] and post-1800 [QING B], with a section on the Republic [MINGUO] added in a few cases. 2 The structure just described illustrates the considerable variety of the texts I subsume under the general notion of didactic and practical works. In what follows I will analyze certain categories in more depth and explain why certain genres that do not seem to readily belong to the category of “handbooks” have been taken into consideration. Guanzhen and Gongdu As far as didactic works are concerned, handbooks for local officials (guanzhen 官箴, Part 2) and anthologies of administrative documents (gongdu 公 牘, Part 6)—the former consisting of prescriptive recommendations, the latter providing examples of administrators at work—are the two pillars on which the Bibliography was originally built. The complementarity of the two genres was stressed in 1959 by Niida Noboru in one of the rare essays specifically devoted to handbooks for officials, where he remarked that despite their differences in form and content, guanzhen and gongdu—handbooks and

31  A subsection (6.5) contains the comparatively small number of anthologies devoted to documents written by multiple authors.

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anthologies—are essentially two facets of the same thing, namely, didactic materials for officials.32 Let me discuss them in turn. Handbooks for Local Administrators The term guanzhen, meaning literally “admonitions to officials,” is what comes to mind first when discussing didactic works intended for officials in imperial China.33 The genre it refers to actually has been allocated a section, under this name, in the Siku quanshu 四庫全書 arrangement, where it constitutes one of two subsections under the heading “Officials” (職官類) in the “History” part (史部)—the other subsection being that on “official systems” (官制). The first known magistrate handbooks, dating to the late-Northern Song and early-Southern Song, are found there, viz. Li Yuanbi’s 李元弼 Zuoyi zizhen 作 邑自箴 (no. 0156), Lü Benzhong’s 呂本中 Guanzhen 官箴 (no. 0157), and the anonymous Zhouxian tigang 州縣提綱 (no. 0158), all of which became classics republished countless times.34 Indeed, the pattern established in these works—what I call the “standard magistrate handbook” format—endured until the very end of the imperial period. It can be described as a combination of, on the one hand, admonitions regarding the personal behavior of the official as both a private and a public person (the zhen 箴 part, properly speaking), and, on the other hand, advice of a more technical nature regarding the various tasks of local government. For example, in Zuoyi zizhen, the first juan (out of ten) has sections on “rectifying oneself” (正己), “regulating one’s family” (治家), and “performing official duties” (處事), respectively—reflecting of course the typical Neo-confucian agenda from self to family to government; then the discussion of “official duties” is expanded into three further juan introducing a wealth of technical details. The second half of the work (j. 5–10) introduces a number of regulations and proclamations aimed at the lower personnel and rural chiefs and at the populace at large: in other words, it somehow anticipates the gongdu format that I discuss later. 32  See Niida, “Ōki bunko shiki,” 157–64. This essay is included in the catalog of the Ōki Bunko, a special collection at the Institute for Oriental Studies, Tokyo University, probably the place in the world with the highest concentration of Chinese handbooks for officials and other works on government. 33  In antiquity the terms zhen, guanzhen, zhenyan 箴言, or zhengui 箴規 meant admonition or criticism directed by the officials to the ruler; the opposite meaning of admonitions directed by the ruler to officials apparently was imposed by emperor Xuanzong 玄宗 of the Tang (r. 713–55). On the history of the term guanzhen, see Xia Guisu and Xia Nanqiang, “Shuo guanzhen.” 34  On Song magistrate handbooks, see for example Lau Nap-yin, “Cong guanzhen kan Songdai de difangguan”; Furubayashi, “Sōdai no kanshinsho ni tsuite.”

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Even though the two occasionally seem to overlap, the distinction between the behavioral/ethical and the technical was very clear in the minds of the authors of the time. Certain texts explicitly and carefully distinguish in their organization (as well as in their prefaces) between what belongs to one domain and what belongs to the other. A good example is Xu Tang’s 許堂 earlysixteenth-century Juguan geyan 居官格言 (no. 0173): the work is split into a main text, which is fairly short and consists of terse aphorisms concerning the standards of conduct and competence requirements of the magistrate—this is the behavioral part—and a much longer appendix, entitled “Conditions for implementation” (施行條件), which discusses the concrete details of daily administration—this is the technical part. In another Ming example, Jiang Tingbi’s 蔣廷璧 1539 Jiang gong zhengxun 蔣公政訓 (no. 0177), there are four parts on the magistrate’s conduct and a fifth, longer one, discussing in detail concrete problems of government. In general, magistrate handbooks inspired by Song models tend to distribute their behavioral/ethical and technical advice among entries that form a sort of arc, starting with the official’s appointment and assumption of office (蒞任), then explaining the various domains of government, with an emphasis on justice and tax administration as well as famine relief, agricultural development, and “improving customs,” and in the more systematic examples ending with the official’s closing of his post (去任) when he is transferred or promoted at the end of his tenure.35 The first entries, dealing with the assumption of office, are especially crucial because this is when a new official shows off his integrity and establishes his authority with the local gentry and yamen staff, and hands down rules for the daily functioning of his administration. Since the handbooks were first of all intended for future officials or inexperienced beginners, this part is sometimes quite developed. As in the Song models, it usually begins with general considerations on personal ethics and behavior. Along the way it offers recommendations regarding how the magistrate should behave in public and technical advice on the best methods to control subaltern personnel and monitor their work, such as (an important topic) the establishment of systems of registers and ledgers that can be checked against each other. Indeed, according to certain Japanese historians of the so-called Kyoto school, like, prominently, Miyazaki Ichisada 宮崎市定 (1901–95) and Saeki Tomi 佐伯富 (1910–2006), to control clerks was in reality the main raison d’être of the handbooks: according to them, ever since the Song dynasty the literati (士大夫) had lost their grasp on local government and the clerks were the ones who held actual power, thanks to their knowledge of local conditions, stability 35  See e.g. Wang Huizu’s Xuezhi yishuo (no. 0211), one of the Qing classics of the genre.

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in their posts, and technical competence. As a result, one major problem for the shidafu if they wanted to survive in the world of officialdom was to protect themselves against clerk malfeasance and manipulation; and magistrate handbooks were principally composed of recipes for that purpose.36 To readers of the Bibliography this view will probably seem quite reductionist. But whatever the case may have been, beyond the general pattern outlined above one finds the most extreme variety in detail, emphasis, and organization, as can be seen when browsing through section 2.1.1. In some works the entries are arranged by sections and possibly subsections clearly distinguished from each other. For example, Wu Zun’s 吳遵 Chushi lu 初仕錄 (no. 0178), composed around 1550, compresses the following sections into one single fascicle, without juan division: (1) Chongben pian 崇本篇 (Revering the Foundation), comprising 20 rubrics dealing with ethical and behavioral issues; (2) Lizhi pian 立治篇 (Establishing Administration), 22 rubrics on assuming office, handing down rules and, so to speak, starting administration; and (3) six sections named after the six traditional domains of government (personnel, revenue, rites, war, justice, and public works), which also corresponded to the six bureaus where yamen clerks worked, for a total 32 rubrics dealing with all the tasks of local government.37 In other cases the materials are introduced in a succession of paragraphs, some fairly short, with or without captions, whose contents and succession more or less follow the typical pattern. This format already appears in Zhouxian tigang (no. 0158), one of the earliest Song manuals, which has 106 comparatively short paragraphs with captions. It is also that of Wang Huizu’s 汪輝祖 famous handbooks at the end of the eighteenth century; Wang’s format, consisting of short entries succeeding each other with no explicit logic, in a style at the same time terse, devoid of pathos, and authoritative, and occasionally adducing the author’s experience, was imitated by many authors during the next hundred years and more, some actually writing expansions of the original Xuezhi yishuo 學治臆說 (no. 0212). Yet another format is Huang Liuhong’s 黃 六鴻 much longer Fuhui quanshu 福惠全書 (no. 0193), which follows faithfully the standard pattern but expands it over 32 chapters not entirely free of verbosity, in which a number of recommendations are supported by the author’s own comments, remembrances, and documents. There is a strong personal voice in Fuhui quanshu, which is absent from most earlier handbooks but can be found in many later Qing works. 36  See Saeki, Fukkei zensho goi kai, intro.; Miyazaki, pref. to Kyōdai Tōyōshi kenkyūshitsu, Kanshin mokuji. 37  See the relevant entry for a full enumeration of the sections in Chushi lu.

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In some cases the pattern outlined above is replaced by different principles of organization—a case in point is Pan Biaocan’s 潘杓燦 Weixin bian 未信編 (no. 0192), discussed below; it can also be embedded in a larger form, like in Xu Wenbi’s 徐文弼 Xinbian lizhi xuanjing 新編吏治懸鏡 (no. 0211), a handbook dating to the 1760s that seems to have been quite popular in the Qing if we are to judge by the number of copies found in modern libraries. There the materials on “assuming office” (蒞任) are concentrated in the first chapter (out of eight), and there is a detailed discussion of the tasks of the yamen’s Six Offices (六房) in chapter 2; the rest of the book is a sort of mini-encyclopedia on all sort of practical matters of interest to local officials, ranging from medical recipes to cure the victims of homicide attempts to a complete list of the empire’s prefectures and counties with their “four-character” code. But whatever the form, the basic elements of the standard model are always there, albeit with variable emphasis. The differences of emphasis, in fact, may reflect the historical context, if not the spirit of the times. My general impression is that Ming handbooks— at least before the late-sixteenth century—were of a more factual tone than those of the Qing and with a minimum of ideological discourse. By contrast, Qing authors—from Huang Liuhong in the late-seventeenth century to Yuan Shouding 袁守定, the author of Tumin lu 圖民錄 (no. 0209) in the mid-eighteenth century, Wang Huizu in the late-eighteenth, and Fang Dashi 方大湜, the author of Pingping yan 平平言 (no. 0238), in the late-nineteenth, to cite famous names—almost always convey a sense of the urgency caused by the immensity and difficulty of the tasks at hand, or even an anxiety lest they might not be up to the expectations of the dynasty and, especially, the needs of the people.38 It was under the Qing that notions like “serving the people” (為民), “revering the people” (敬民), or “loving the people” (愛民), which in handbook discourse made their appearance with late-Ming authors like Lü Kun 呂坤, became commonplace. And it was this almost-fanatical devotion to the task of good governance and to helping the people that brought together the most committed among administrators of all ranks, those who called themselves “fellows in ideal” (同好, or 同志) in their prefaces: such terms, which seem to 38  Such tension and anxiety, at least among the most committed among officials, were inherent to the situation of men who were torn between the sense of pride they got from their ideological competence and their charisma and the “shame” caused by their inability to be up to the task and their having to accept punishment for this very reason. On this point see the valuable remarks in Metzger, The Internal Organization of Ch’ing Bureaucracy, esp. 261ff. According to Metzger (p. 267), one of the aims of the handbooks was to endow officials with the “motivational commitment” they needed to fully commit themselves despite the difficulties and risks involved.

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have originated among late-Ming philanthropists, became common among handbook authors only later. The Impact of Private Secretaries It is important at this point to recall that in the Qing dynasty the small elite of committed, even enthusiastic, administrators that stood out from the rest of the bureaucracy and were frequent handbook authors also included a certain number of so-called “private secretaries” (muyou). Private secretaries, as is well known, were literati hired by local and provincial officials to assist them in the various tasks of government in a non-bureaucratic capacity. Most were unranked, or at best possessed the status of “Confucian student” (諸生).39 They were basically experts and technicians, but not a few behaved like alter egos of the ranking officials they served, and were regarded as such by them. Many authors could be cited to the effect that “the secretary and the official are like the inside and the outside” (幕與官相表裏), or that “only when an official who has an ability for government relies on a secretary who knows government can he achieve results and avoid mistakes” (有能治之官，尤賴有知治之募，而後可 措施無失); so that success is indeed “something they achieve together” (相與 有成也).40 An anthology of writings related to both local officials and private secretaries, first published in 1867, was actually entitled “Officials and secretaries are in the same boat” (Guanmu tongzhou lu 官幕同舟錄, no. 0272). In any case, the most proficient among private secretaries published handbooks that were not just technical manuals—although they did publish a lot of these as well, as I discuss below41—but also guanzhen in the noble sense of the term. This is not surprising: after all, a private secretary was supposed to assist his employer in many crucial steps of his career, such as assuming his post (蒞任), going through the account transfer procedure (交代) whenever a post changed hands, dealing with all the basic chores of financial and judicial administration, solving delicate legal problems, and so on; and last but not least, he 39  A trope in prefaces to books compiled by muyou is that the author was too poor to prepare for the examinations—or did prepare but repeatedly failed—and therefore had to turn to a career of private secretary or, as it is often said, to “study law,” to make a living. (Private secretaries, especially those specializing in law and finance, could earn quite substantial salaries, and they represented a major item in their employer’s personal budget.) However, one did find in the private cabinets of high officials individuals with the rank of juren, but without career prospects, or still trying their luck to succeed at the jinshi, as Wang Huizu, for example, did for many years. 40  These utterances are found in Zhang Tingxiang’s 張廷驤 1883 preface to Wan Weihan’s 萬 維 Muxue juyao 幕學舉要, in Rumu xuzhi wuzhong 入幕須知五種 (no. 1164). 41  For more details on the publication process of muyou handbooks, especially those specializing in law, see Chen Li, “Zhishi de liliang.”

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drafted his reports, judgments, or even (in the case of provincial officials) memorials to the throne. Many of the proclamations, circulars, judicial opinions, and correspondences that fill the gongdu collections were, in fact, the work not of the official whose name graced the cover page and chapter captions, but of the muyou who had drafted them for his sake. The most famous of these high-profile muyou is without doubt Wang Huizu, who had a long and admired career as a private secretary, followed by a no less admired but definitely shorter career as a magistrate (he was dismissed because of a conflict with a superior). His two handbooks, the 1785 Zuozhi yaoyan 佐治藥言 (no. 0268, for private secretaries) and the 1793 Xuezhi yishuo (for magistrates), were regarded as complementing each other and a must-read for officials. In a joint preface to an early-nineteenth-century new printing of the two works, the famous statesman Ruan Yuan 阮元 (1764–1849) wrote: “Altogether these two books have several tens of thousand words, none of which is not about paying attention to the affairs of state, above, and helping the livelihood of the people, below: they are books of extremely concrete utility. For a beginner to read them is better than ten years of experience!” (此二卷反 覆數萬言，無非上重國事，下濟民生，乃極有實用之書。初仕者讀之，勝 於十年閱歷矣).

Private secretaries seem to have entered the administrative stage out of nowhere at the beginning of the Qing.42 Interestingly, the first magistrate handbook composed under the new dynasty (to my knowledge at least), Pan Biaocan’s Weixin bian, was the work of a private secretary. In this book the considerations on the magistrate’s behavior and career, on yamen organization, and on general administration, which are the stuff of standard magistrate handbooks, are delayed until Part 3, titled “miscellaneous” (幾務); Parts 1 and 2 deal with the technicalities of justice (刑名) and finances (錢榖), in other words, what will become the subjects of a great many specialized handbooks for private secretaries in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The blurred spheres of competence of the ranking official and of his technical advisers, and the closeness of their respective discourses, are illustrated by the fact that, 42  The term “private cabinet” (幕府, lit. “tent government”) had a long pedigree, however, but before the Qing it referred to the advisers of military commanders. Several explanations of the sudden ubiquity of muyou in the system from the very beginning of the Qing dynasty have been proposed. One of the most popular among Chinese historians is the notion that the Manchu and Chinese bannermen who took over a sizable proportion of local administrative positions during the first few decades of the new regime were ignorant and uncultured people unable to cope with the complexities of Chinese administration and law, and that they therefore had to hire Chinese assistants to do the work in their place.

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depending on the commentator, Weixin bian should be considered a manual for private secretaries or a magistrate handbook. As a matter of fact, although composed by a private secretary, the work can be considered as one of the most useful among early-Qing manuals for local officials. In any event, even though private secretaries were supposed more or less to monopolize technical knowledge, and were hired for that, aspiring officials were urged to make themselves familiar with technicalities, and many did. As a result, even the specialized handbooks on law of finances composed by private secretaries for private secretaries that I will discuss later may also be considered books for officials. Anthologies of Administrative Documents In the “Guanzhen” section of Siku quanshu zongmu tiyao one finds another handbook celebrated as a classic, Lü Kun’s late-sixteenth-century Shizheng lu 實政錄 (no. 0126). Yet it is of a form very different from that of the works just described: it is a composite compilation of texts by Lü Kun, many of them proclamations and exhortations directed at various types of local officials, at the rural chiefs in charge of local compacts (鄉約) and baojia, and at the populace. Instead of being a prescriptive work providing exhortations and advice in the abstract, it is in large part an anthology of actual documents produced by Lü Kun in various official capacities and published as a model for other officials. In other words, it is one of the early examples of what would later be called a gongdu collection, a genre extremely popular in the Qing dynasty.43 It may be noted that, while the Ming produced a considerable amount of standard handbooks responding to the guanzhen format, contrary to the old Song models these handbooks all sank into oblivion during the Qing, to be replaced by such models as Huang Liuhong’s Fuhui quanshu or, later, Wang Huizu’s Xuezhi yishuo and its sequels. By contrast, Lü Kun’s Shizheng lu, which does not have the form of a standard guanzhen, never lost its popularity: it went through many new editions, in the nineteenth century especially, and was widely admired and quoted by Qing authors. In any case, the inclusion of Shizheng lu in the Guanzhen section of the Siku bibliography suggests how close the two formats—admonitions vs. actual documents, or said otherwise, theory vs. practice—were in contemporary perception. As a matter of fact, several gongdu anthologies have been included in recent reprinted collections of official handbooks. 43  For a study of gongdu in the Qing, see Yamamoto Eishi, “Shindai no kōtoku to sono riyō.” Yamamoto lists and briefly describes a total 55 titles from the Kangxi period by officials of every rank, most of which feature in the present bibliography.

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While scholar-officials have kept in their collected writings (文集) examples of their administrative papers—notably their public proclamations and judicial sentences—at least since the Song, it was, with very few exceptions, not until the second half of the Ming that these were published as separate books with the explicit aim to circulate them among the profession; it then became a large-scale activity during the Qing.44 Importantly, in theory at least most of the pieces published in gongdu anthologies were not regarded as literary pieces (as wenzhang 文章), but were “raw” documents, that is, unedited drafts or copies of originals preserved either in the administrative archives of the places where their authors had served, or in the private archive where they also kept their informal correspondence dealing with government business.45 One of the sources for the development of “generalist” gongdu anthologies from the Ming onwards may have been the “records of government” (政書) that Ming magistrates were supposed to compile and present to the court every three years (the normal duration of their tenure).46 As we have seen, some of these records, whose authors, one assumes, were particularly proud of their achievements, were then published for the sake of self-advertisement, and also—of more interest here—for the sake of example (see Part 5). In this sense, the border with gongdu anthologies is not always clear-cut, and the same can be said of celebratory compilations assembled by other parties (i.e., not by the subject of celebration himself), most of which also included administrative papers, judgments, etc.47 The didactic intention of gongdu anthologies became more pronounced during the Qing. Still, the ambiguity between self-congratulation and pedagogy is rarely absent. It could also be argued that the compilation and publication of gongdu anthologies, by definition first-person documents showing off 44  In Miki et al., Dentō Chūgoku handoku shiryō mokuroku, and in Yamamoto, “Shindai no kōtoku to sono riyō,” a number of collected writings (wenji) are listed alongside gongdu (or judgments) anthologies for the odd one or two juan of administrative documents they include. One can get an idea of the inclusion of gongdu materials in a variety of author’s collected writings from the descriptions offered in the section on individual authors’ wenji in Wejen Chang’s bibliography (Chang, 3:1162–1236). With rare exceptions, wenji have not been included in the present bibliography. 45  This was in particular the case of the letters, called bing 禀, that local officials addressed to their superiors in order to figure out their opinion on a given topic: only thereafter would they report (詳) on the same problem in a formal document of which a copy would be kept in the administrative archive. See discussion in Will, “From Archive to Handbook,” 154–60. 46  On these triennial visits, see e.g. Wang, “Dilemmas of Empire,” 115–23. 47  Chengjiang zhiji 澄江治績 (1740) and its sequel Chengjiang zhiji xubian 續編 (1743) (nos. 0900–0901) are a particularly good example.

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the writings and actions of their author, could be regarded as acts not only of professional pedagogy but also of filial piety—of honoring one’s parents and ancestors—in exactly the same way as the writing of one’s autobiography as it was envisioned by Liu Zhiji 劉知幾 centuries earlier in his influential Shitong 史通.48 In many cases, the author explains in his own preface that he retrieved some “preserved drafts” (存稿) from his own archive and compiled them for the instruction of his sons and grandsons, but in the end reluctantly allowed them to be printed because of the insistence of his friends, disciples, and admirers, who thought that such an example of good government should not get lost to the profession—with which he often concurs, admitting that if he is willing to publish his papers, it is because recounting his efforts and experiences by simply reproducing documents that show how things were actually done may be useful to his fellow officials, especially those without much experience. And whenever the author does not himself stress the exemplariness of his own experience as reflected in his administrative papers, his friends and colleagues— or descendants when it is a posthumous publication—do it for him in their own prefaces: they almost always claim that the collection of documents in question will be a guide or a teacher (師) for future officials, a method to follow (師法), a standard (規矩), a model (圭臬), a precious mirror (寶鑒), or other such phrases. Some authors published collections of their own papers while still serving as officials, while others waited until retirement. In some cases the compilers were their junior colleagues, or disciples, or private secretaries, or sons. And in other instances the compilation and publication were posthumous: such is the case of one of the collections most used by scholars today, Chen Hongmou’s 陳 宏謀 Peiyuan tang oucun gao 培遠堂偶存稿 in 48 juan (no. 0950), prepared by Chen’s adopted son and by his grandson at an unspecified date and reflecting its author’s thirty-year experience as a provincial official in the mid-eighteenth century.49 There exist, to be sure, a few examples of gongdu-style compilations of documents that drew on many authors. Interestingly—and for no particular reason I can think of—they all date from the early-Kangxi period (see Section 6.5). The best known is the large anthology published in Nanjing in 1663 by the 48  Liu Zhiji (661–721) was the first to discuss autobiography in his celebrated treatise on the writing of history. See Shitong, 內篇, j. 32, “xuzhuan” 序傳. See also Pei-Yi Wu, The Confucian’s Progress, 50–60. 49  An earlier version, now lost, seems to have been started by Chen Hongmou’s adopted son a few years before Chen’s death.

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playwright-turned-bookseller Li Yu 李漁 under the title Zizhi xinshu 資治新書, which was followed by an even larger sequel in 1667 (nos. 1133, 1135). Contrary to other compilations of the same format printed during the same years, Zizhi xinshu and its continuation went through a quantity of reprints and new editions throughout the Qing dynasty. Yet, allowing for these exceptions, the emphasis in gongdu collections is almost always on the achievements of one individual administrator, whose utterances and actions are illustrated by documents of various types. The types are not everywhere the same. Still, most anthologies contain in varying proportion examples of (1) correspondence—such as communications to colleagues (移 or 咨), informal letters (稟) or formal reports (詳) to superiors, answers to subordinates (批), etc.; (2) commands—such as directives (檄), orders (諭), rescripts (批諭), and the like; (3) regulations aimed at administrative personnel or at the population at large—such as court regulations (堂規), yamen protocols (款約), procedures (章程), covenants (約), and others; (4) addresses to the people and to yamen personnel—such as proclamations (告示), exhortations (勸諭), prohibitions (禁), etc.; and (5) judiciary pronouncements—such as judgments (判語), court opinions (審語 or 讞語), and other terms,50 as well as answers to litigants (or judicial rescripts, pi 批). Judgments and judicial rescripts constitute a large subset of gongdu materials, and they were often published separately. In the present Bibliography these judgment anthologies are listed in a subsection of “Law and Justice” (4.1.5, “Anthologies of Judicial Sentences and Model Cases”). The internal organization of gongdu anthologies is also quite variable. Some (like Chen Hongmou’s Peiyuan tang oucun gao, which covers the period 1733–63) are arranged in a strictly chronological order, month by month, progressing from one official position held by the author to the next.51 Others, like Tian Wenjing’s 田文鏡 1727 Fu Yu xuanhua lu 撫豫宣化錄 and its sequels (nos. 0934–0938), make a general distinction between correspondence (文移) and proclamations (告示), arranging the documents chronologically within 50  Magistrates were empowered to pronounce final judgments (判) in “minor affairs” (細事) only. For crimes entailing punishments higher than beatings, they submitted judgment proposals to the higher courts. “Court opinions” is the translation proposed for yanyu by Jiang Yonglin and Wu Yanhong, “Satisfying both sentiment and law”; another sort of judicial document, found especially in Ming collections, is what the same authors translate as “verdicts,” zhaoni 招擬. For their respective characteristics and articulation, see ibid., 32–33. 51  This is also the case of the two extremely rich collections of administrative papers by the Mongol prefect and governor Yuqian 裕謙 (1793–1841), Mianyi zhai oucun gao 勉益齋偶 存稿 and xucun gao 續存稿 (nos. 1029, 1033).

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the two sections. Still others make more complicated distinctions between the different documentary genres, introducing such categories as letters, directives, judgments and judicial opinions, and so on—this is in fact the more usual mode of classification. And finally, there are gongdu anthologies where contents are arranged by topics, either large categories like taxation and justice, or more detailed subjects related to the affairs dealt with by the author during his career. The variety not only of formats but, above all, of contents is staggering, as a glance at the entries in Sections 6.1 to 6.4 will suggest. In addition, a great many gongdu collections are rich historical sources on the social, economic and administrative conditions in the regions where their authors were in post, or even on particular historical events. (Some are about one particular post, i.e. one particular locality or province, whereas others follow their author along a series of postings.) The collections of judgments, court opinions, and judicial rescripts—either part of a generalist collection or published separately— occasionally provide fascinating information, unfiltered as it were, on everyday life in late-imperial China. Judicial rescripts, in particular, which are essentially responses by the magistrate to the claimants concerning “civil” matters such as conflicts about inheritance, marriage, real estate, etc., teach us as much if not more about grass-roots society in the different regions of China than do the criminal archives of the central government.52 But, again, the aim of these anthologies was rarely to expose conditions or discuss events, or even particular problems; it was to illustrate good government, that is, government by competent and devoted officials, of which of course their authors were convinced that they were valuable examples. A further factor of variety is that these authors came from every conceivable position in the administrative hierarchy, from magistrate to governor-general: as a result, the documents reproduced deal with the full range of tasks and responsibilities in the territorial administration and contain documents on absolutely every kind of subject of relevance to local government, from the basic tasks of taxation and justice to economic development, maintaining order, improving customs, education, and much more. (In contrast, there exist almost no gongdu collections by metropolitan officials.) They are also a rich repository of evidence about the relations among the different rungs of the bureaucratic hierarchy. While communications upwards (typically, those called either xiang 52  For studies of local society based on such sources, see for example Hamashima, “Pekin toshokan sō Hoyō gendoku kan shō” and “Minmatsu Kahoku no chihō shijin zō”; Yamamoto, “Kenshō no ninshiki to jittai”; and Will, “Adjudicating Grievances and Educating the Populace.”

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詳 or bing 稟) are always in a style both respectful and neutral, communications downwards can be stern, impatient, or even scornful. This is notoriously true of the directives and circulars of some of the more activist governors and governors-general in the high Qing—like Tian Wenjing, probably the most scathing of all, or Chen Hongmou—who were quick to denounce the negligence, mediocrity, and careerism of their subordinates. And indeed, publishing this sort of document was meant at the same time to show off the author as a model of strictness and authority and to serve as a warning to local officials: the didactic aim is obvious. Admittedly, gongdu anthologies are of uneven quality and individuality. In the subgenre of proclamations to yamen personnel and to the population, in particular, there is much repetition, to the point that these pieces often sound as unimaginative variations on set topics. The publication of prohibitions against gambling, brawls, litigation, pilgrimages, religious festivals and nightly operatic shows, or proclamations discouraging suicide, encouraging neighborly (or conjugal) harmony, promoting frugality and hard work, and so on, seems to have been a routine exercise for officials arriving in a new place. As a result, many proclamations on these subjects read very much the same down to the end of the imperial period and from one extremity of the empire to the other. Likewise, the directives and procedures handed down by a new official to his personnel, his announcements that he will accept no gift and tolerate no outside intervention, are always worded in very similar terms: indeed, one wonders what the real effect of all these texts may have been. Yet many officials included them in their published gongdu anthologies, and even a seasoned governor like Chen Hongmou promulgated the same proclamations again and again and circulated them among local officials under him in each of the many provinces where he served, as can be seen in chapter after chapter of his Peiyuan tang oucun gao. The reason is that, despite their apparent banality and frequent repetitiveness, these pieces were about social behaviors and popular customs that were seen as perennial problems by any bureaucrat eager to do more than simply levy taxes and maintain order. Composing them (or having them composed by one’s secretaries) and posting them everywhere was part of the actions expected from a committed official. I should add that the pieces anthologized in gongdu collections were not all empty routine statements: most anthologies feature orders, prohibitions, sets of regulations (章程), and other such commands dealing in detail with very concrete problems, specific to the time and place where they were issued.53 All

53  For just one example, see Zhang Wuwei’s 張五緯 Fengxing lu 風行錄 (no. 1014).

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these texts—the routine and the specific—were a natural feature in collections meant to provide future colleagues with examples to follow.54 However, even if the pedagogical dimension is usually prominent, or at least present, in gongdu anthologies, literary self-glorification or family status enhancement sometimes seem to have been the main motive for publication. A question has indeed been frequently asked in the course of our project: should every anthology of administrative documents by individual authors be included, even obscure family publications clearly meant to advertise an author’s public virtues rather than serve colleagues with useful examples? The line between the truly didactic and the purely self-serving is never easy to draw, and even printed anthologies without much circulation or actual impact—even unpublished manuscripts, in fact—at least made the claim to be models for the profession. This is why it was decided to include in the Bibliography everything of this sort that came to our attention. This does not mean, I admit, that we have been able to include all the gongdu anthologies still in existence. They are not always easy to locate in library catalogues or stacks, because librarians may have catalogued or stored them in unlikely sections and because many of them bear titles that at first sight are not suggestive of their contents. Besides, many exist only in single copies not held by any of the major libraries we have been able to explore. And finally, it is likely that a great many titles were composed and printed but must be considered lost today.55 Still, unexpected yet interesting titles spring up regularly, in particular in recently-published reprint collections, and will have to be described in a revised edition of or sequel to the present Bibliography. The Problem of Memorials If our project has included gongdu anthologies, why not include published collections of memorials (奏疏, 奏議, 奏稿, and other terms) as well? It is a fact that administrative documents and memorials to the throne are sometimes published together in an individual author’s anthology of government 54  A great many proclamations/prohibitions by field officials are photo-reproduced (in some disorder, and without a convenient means to trace them in the original books) in the volumes of Zhongguo gudai difang falü wenxian, ser. 2, Gudai bangwen gaoshi huicun, and other such collections. 55  One comes across mentions of gongdu collections cited in the other works or in the biographies of their authors, but absent from all the known catalogs and bibliographies. To give one example, we know that Lu Zhuo 盧焯, a Chinese bannerman who was governor of Fujian and Zhejiang during the years 1734–41, composed works entitled Guan Jin lu 觀 津錄, Mu Bo zhenglüe 牧亳政略, Cheng nie Zhongzhou lu 秉臬中州錄, Fu Min lüe 撫 閩略, and Fu Zhe lüe 撫浙略, which were most likely gongdu anthologies (Janet Theiss, personal communication to Luca Gabbiani), but which we have not been able to trace.

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papers. More to the point, the topics they discuss may be fairly close, or even exactly the same, and with a comparable level of detail. Yet memorials (zou) and administrative papers (gongdu) are almost never mixed up in the same section, but are clearly separated—as indeed they are in all the literary collections (文集) that contain examples of them.56 A typical example is seen in Tian Wenjing’s Fu Yu xuanhua lu and its continuations, already alluded to, where memorials, official correspondence, and public proclamations are each recorded in separate chapters, the latter two taking in fact much more space— and this is why it went without saying that these works should be included in the Bibliography. Still, in most cases the memorials and gongdu were published as separate works.57 Why was this so? The reasons were both form and purpose. To begin with, memorials, being written for the emperor and liable to be marked with the imperial vermilion brush (硃批), were of a class separate from all other documents. But there is more than that. As I see it, the publication of memorials by individual authors had a literary, political, and social, much more than practical and didactic, significance. Indeed, because of their political—as opposed to administrative—content, the very fact of privately publishing memorials was long considered a sensitive matter, especially in the Qing: let us not forget that the Yongzheng emperor ordered that all the rescripted memorials (硃批 奏摺) from the Kangxi reign be returned to the palace, and that from then on memorials should be immediately returned after their authors had read the rescripts. There are a few exceptions to this pattern, however. Thus, in the late-Wanli period of the Ming dynasty, when initiatives for reform were largely stymied by 56  There are only few exceptions. An example is the collection of political and administrative writings by Li Zongxi 李宗羲 (1818–1884), published posthumously by his disciples and descendants as Kaixian Li shangshu zhengshu 開縣李尚書政書 (no. 0908), which features a combination of letters, directives, reports, and memorials arranged according to the succession of posts held by the author, with a majority of letters and memorials. The work, whose head chapter includes imperial edicts related to Li as well as his autobiography, is typical of the celebratory compilations mentioned earlier. 57  Historically, published collections of memorials appeared much earlier than gongdu anthologies. A certain Wang Shaogong 汪紹恭, who wrote a postface for the 1820 Wanjiang congzheng lu 皖江從政錄 (no. 1020), claims—with some exaggeration—that “Since the Tang and the Song Court ministers each have special collections for their memorials; but the [policies] propagated by wise prefects and magistrates are scattered in their biographies and not published in book form.” According to him, the gongdu genre was recently set by Tian Wenjing’s Fu Yu xuanhua lu, Wang Huizu’s Xuezhi yishuo (which is definitely not such a thing), and Zhang Wuwei’s Weinengxin lu 未能信錄 (no. 1016). In reality the genre largely antedated these authors, as can be seen in the relevant sections in the Bibliography.

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the emperor’s unwillingness to respond to communications from civil officials, some of the latter began publishing collections not only of gongdu but also of memorials as an informal way to record and perpetuate reforms of administrative practice in particular offices. A good example is Bi Ziyan 畢自嚴, who in the wake of several gongdu collections (see under Zaijin kuanyi 菑祲窾議, no. 0743, and Tao Min wenwu jinyue, no. 1108; others are known by their title but no longer extant), produced six distinct collections of memorials for each of the higher offices in which he subsequently served: their intended function may have been quite close to that of his earlier gongdu collections.58 In sum, even if some memorials could possibly convey a wealth of information useful to government practitioners, including in the lower levels of the administrative apparatus, they were—especially the palace memorials (奏摺) under the Qing—unique documents since in theory at least they conveyed a direct dialogue between emperor and official. Their contents were by definition directed at the throne, not at the author’s superiors, colleagues, subordinates, or constituencies, as was the case with the communications and proclamations collected in gongdu anthologies. As such, it was less obvious to publish them as examples of administration at work, considering in particular that their authors were almost exclusively officials occupying the highest positions of responsibility (such as provincial governors, ministers, or censors), in other words, people who, in theory at least, were not in need of being taught their job.59 For all these reasons, with few exceptions published collections of memorials to the throne have not been included in the didactic literature that is the subject of the Bibliography.60 Admittedly—and this goes beyond memorials— the distinction between the didactic and the political sphere is not always straightforward. Still, administration can be taught in handbooks as a set of procedures, behaviors, and techniques which are (or should be) accepted as givens and which are meant for implementation; by contrast, policies are a 58  Tom Nimick, personal communication. For Bi Ziyan’s gongdu and memorials collections, see his biography under Zaijin kuanyi 菑祲窾議 (no. 0743). 59  There existed handbooks of memorial phraseology, however, but these were most certainly used not by the officials themselves but by the secretaries or subordinates who drafted memorials for them. A typical example is Benxue zhinan 本學指南 (no. 0257). 60  In the same way, collections of letters—even called gongdu—between high officials dealing privately with political issues do not belong to the “didactic” sphere, even in the wider sense that has been adopted for the present work. A case in point might be Shen Shixing’s 申時行 Lunfei jiandu 綸扉簡牘 (1596 preface), in 10 j., a highly interesting collection consisting of “answers” (da 答) to high officials—especially grand coordinators (巡撫)— discussing every sort of problems during the period when Shen was chief Grand Secretary (1583–91).

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matter of statement and debate. This, incidentally, is why a collection like the famed Huangchao jingshi wenbian 皇朝經世文編 (1827)—which contains many memorials and private letters, as well as a variety of essays—does not seem to me to belong to the didactic sphere either, even though much of the proposals, discussions and denunciations of bad practices it contains find echoes in the guanzhen and gongdu that are the basis of the Bibliography. Technical Handbooks Works exclusively devoted to the technical aspects of government are of a nature essentially different from guanzhen and gongdu, in the sense that they do not aim to “admonish” their readers to conform to moral, behavioral, or professional values, and do not present them with actual models of action, but convey neutral and precise information on how to perform any number of administrative tasks. There is a degree of overlap in contents, to be sure, since most handbooks for local officials feature sections devoted to technical matters, as we saw, and gongdu anthologies likewise include documents dealing with the same domains—be it tax administration, famine relief, justice, local defense, or whatever. However, what I call technical handbooks are different because, in a general way, they are entirely focused on a particular technique or set of techniques and on the related tasks, rather than on the men who were supposed to use the techniques in question and perform the tasks. Technical handbooks are described in Part 4 of the Bibliography. Before discussing a few important genres described in some of its sections and subsections, however, a word needs to be said of the technical handbooks explicitly written by and for private secretaries (muyou) (found in Part 2, section 2.2.1). Technical Handbooks for Private Secretaries Discussing earlier the contribution of private secretaries to local administration from the mid-seventeenth century onwards, I suggested that among their writings we distinguish between purely technical handbooks and the much less numerous works that could be (and were) regarded as belonging to the guanzhen sphere in the sense that they discussed not only techniques, but also behavior, character, and values. To be sure, the distinction was never absolute. After all, even the purely practical guides written by secretaries dealt with administrative domains that were almost always discussed in magistrate handbooks and were indeed the foundation of local government. These specialties can be more or less subsumed under the twin disciplines of law (刑名) and finances (錢榖). As a matter of fact, xingming and qiangu were the specialties of the top two private secretaries in any local official cabinet (幕府) in Qing China, who were commonly

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referred to by the same two terms. Even though, ideally, a magistrate should be knowledgeable about every technicality, under the Qing at least it was generally admitted that, even so, without these two assistants he would not be able to do much.61 They were expected to be conversant with every law and regulation, national or provincial, check on every detail, control the work of clerks, advise their employer on what to do and not to do, and draft his official correspondence and reports. It is therefore not surprising that manuals for muyou went into considerably more detail about such matters than standard magistrate handbooks. Specialized manuals for muyou, which seem to make their appearance during the first half of the eighteenth century, can be classified into (1) “generalist” manuals covering both justice and finance, plus possibly a few other subjects; (2) manuals for legal specialists; and (3) manuals for fiscal specialists. Manuals for fiscal secretaries (section 2.2.1.2.), which typically bear titles like Qiangu zhaiyao 錢榖摘要 or Qiangu beiyao 錢榖備要, are the most numerous. A few were published works—some, like Wang Youhuai’s 王又槐 1793 Qiangu beiyao (no. 0284), becoming quite popular and going through several editions; but a majority were manuscripts, anonymous most of the time, that circulated among the profession, being in the process enriched with additions and updates scribbled in the margins, and replicated over and over. The actual numbers of such manuscripts in existence at any given time must have been incomparably larger than what can be retrieved in present-day libraries. They illustrate the transmission of a kind of knowledge that was not really “secret,” despite frequent claims to the contrary, but certainly very specialized. Not only did this knowledge need to be constantly updated as new regulations and precedents kept being published, it also had to be adapted to the specificities of particular provinces, with which officials might not be familiar since they were by definition appointed from outside—and it was in fact the same with their muyou, who most of the time seem to have looked for employment far from home.62 Whatever the extent of their provincial specialization, all the qiangu 61  A few model officials prided themselves in their handbooks on being able to manage without any muyou, however. 62  The so-called law of avoidance (迴避), which prevented officials from serving in their home provinces, did not apply to private secretaries. Yet available information suggests that many if not most traveled a lot in search of employment, and that some could move through several provinces during their career. As is well known, a great many muyou across the empire hailed from Zhejiang, more specifically from Hangzhou and Shaoxing prefectures. Shang Xiaoming’s statistical study of Qing muyou shows that Jiangsu and Zhejiang surpassed by far the rest of the provinces as breeding ground for private secretaries (see his Qingdai shiren youmu biao, table and graph on p. 29–30). (This very thorough study is based on a sample of 1,364 individuals for whom biographical information

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manuals cover, with few variations, the totality of the economic functions of county-level administrations, from taxation and local budgets to famine relief, agricultural improvement, infrastructures, and much more.63 The situation is somewhat different with handbooks for legal secretaries (section 2.2.1.3).64 Though specialists of law were the most sought after and best paid among private secretaries, and their “learning” considered the most important to their employer, works that discuss the tasks of the post in their entirety, as do handbooks for financial secretaries, are surprisingly few. Mostly, the tasks of legal secretaries are discussed in the sections devoted to them in generalist handbooks for private secretaries, such as Wan Weihan’s 萬維𩙶 1773 Xingqian zhinan 刑錢指南 (no. 0266) and a few others. For more detailed materials, legal specialists and their employers would turn to more specialized kinds of works, dealing with the Penal Code, procedural rules, criminal jurisprudence, forensics, etc., that concerned all administrators and were part of a “national” system to a much higher degree than fiscal and economic policies, where provinces had more leeway to adapt to local socioeconomic realities. It is to this massive and diverse set of judicial treatises aimed at helping officials and their assistants in their everyday work that I now turn. Technical Treatises on the Law The specialized literature on law and justice produced in late-imperial China is truly immense. Interestingly, and for reasons we can only speculate about, it seems to have grown at an unprecedented rate in the nineteenth century.65 But as in other domains, the rise of private-secretary specialists had a profound impact on the literature from the early decades of the Qing onward, even though they did not monopolize the field. Their impact in fact varied according to the different genres outlined below.

is available, and thus is at risk of discounting the great mass of anonymous people who filled the ranks of lower-ranking cabinets. Many muyou authors of important works described in the Bibliography are absent from the sample.) 63  See for an example the 24 rubrics in the 20-fascicle anonymous manuscript Qiangu beiyao (no. 0285). 64  On the significance and influence of muyou legal handbooks, see Chen Li, “Zhishi de liliang.” 65  As can be seen when browsing through the relevant sections of the Bibliography. I do not think this is an illusion stemming from a higher proportion of books from later periods being preserved in modern libraries.

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(1) Guides to the Judicial Procedure We have, to begin with, technical guides meant for practitioners, that is, in the Qing at least, not only officials but also the secretaries who advised them, even though they had no authority to intervene publicly.66 (In contrast with the handbooks for muyou discussed above, these guides, including those written by and in fact for muyou, are almost always phrased as giving advice to the officials themselves.) While helping the inexperienced beginner was a frequent justification for publishing handbooks in general, it acquired special urgency when it came to judicial matters. One complaint often encountered in prefaces is that literati are full of scorn for legal studies and only interested in philology, poetry, and writing examination essays, and that, as a result, when one day they are appointed to a magistracy and suddenly confronted with the reality of courts—with all the shouting and violence and with all sorts of crafty people trying to take advantage of them—they are at sea, become panicked, and make terrible mistakes. Hence the usefulness, in particular, of the manuals devoted to judicial procedure, in other words to such topics as receiving complaints, judicial hearings, investigating cases, cross-questioning, forensic examinations, the use of torture, writing sentence proposals, and so on. These questions are discussed in part or in totality in a large number of works as well as in specialized sections devoted to them in generalist handbooks.67 As far as monographic works are concerned—the ones listed in section 4.1.3—a few titles from the Ming have been preserved, but most of those known to me date to the late-eighteenth century and after, with a majority due to muyou authors. Wang Youhuai’s Ban’an yaolüe 辦案要略 (no. 0457)—by a private secretary—and Liu Heng’s 劉衡 Dulü xinde 讀律心得 (no. 0462)—by an official—can be cited as classics of the genre.

66  Private secretaries were not permitted to participate in forensic examinations or to appear publicly in court hearings. However, they would discuss everything in private with their employer, draft his reports, and even assist him directly “from behind the screen” during hearings. 67  For example Huang Liuhong’s Fuhui quanshu (no. 0193) has extended sections on court hearings, judgment writing, autopsies, and so on. Huanyou jilüe 宦游紀略, Gao Tingyao’s 高廷瑤 career autobiography written sometime between 1820 and 1830 (no. 0145), which was regarded as the equivalent of a guanzhen-style handbook and had much reputation in the second half of the nineteenth century, also has important developments devoted to these questions.

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(2) Simplified Presentations of the Law Another category of practical guides especially helpful for beginners but used by seasoned administrators as well is the rather large ensemble of simplified or redesigned presentations of the Penal Code and of the administrative regulations known as chufen zeli 處分則例 (lit. “regulations on sanctions”) that appeared in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. First are the “rhymes” (section 4.1.2.2), consisting of uncomplicated verse easy to memorize, which compress with much ingenuity the essentials of the Penal Code, or parts of it, such as the degrees of mourning, five punishments, degrees of exile, types of homicide, essentials of forensics, etc. They are occasionally accompanied by explanations in prose. Some of these rather simple works were in fact aimed at the citizenry as well, so as to inculcate them with the consequences of bad behavior. As far as separate publications are concerned, all the examples I know of date from the nineteenth century. The use of mnemonic songs (often called gejue 歌訣) for propaganda, or simply to help people master complicated matters, is much older, however, and numerous examples are found in generalist works. Then are the tables (tu 圖 or biao 表) (section 4.1.2.3), that is, the presentation of bodies of laws and regulations in a graphic form where the original texts are abridged, and more importantly, where their logic is made immediately apparent through the layout of the page—one of the catchwords for this type of presentation being zhizhang 指掌, or something as simple as pointing at your palm. Resorting to tabular representation to present complex data is an old technique in China: one example that comes to mind is the set of tables opening the Penal Code since the beginning of the Ming, of which the most ingenious perhaps are those dealing with mourning categories. The first extant example known to me of an independent work using tables to describe the legal system is the 1734 Qiangu xingming bianlan 錢穀刑名便覽 compiled by a private secretary named Dong Gongzhen 董公振 (no. 0432). From then on, the genre appears to have been extremely successful, if we are to judge by the number of titles published, new editions, pirate editions, and also by the many copies preserved in present-day libraries.68 Due to the clarity of the tables’ layout and their user-friendly arrangement, they were (and still are, in fact) an excellent means of finding one’s way in the maze of statutes and substatutes that composed the Penal Code, not to speak of the even more complicated administrative regulations. They must have been prized by both beginning officials as a convenient introduction to the law and the more seasoned practitioners 68  For a full study of tabular adaptations of the Code and administrative regulations, see Will, “La réglementation administrative et le code pénal mis en tableaux.”

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as a useful tool in the midst of judicial activities, where legally well-founded decisions had to be made fast. The prefaces and fanli are quick to insist, however, that using the tables is not sufficient in the long run: for the professional administrator they are rather a “clue” (引線) that indicates where to go in the more complete texts. (3) Commentaries to the Penal Code These complete texts were, essentially, those of the Penal Code and of the administrative regulations (則例), the latter codified in a large quantity of official publications. Here a distinction must be made as concerns the present Bibliography. On the one hand, the basic texts (i.e., without commentaries or explanations) published by the government cannot be considered “handbooks” or working aids, and have therefore been excluded from the present selection: they were meant not to teach or help, but to command—or to put it otherwise, they were the substance of the law, that to which one needs to be properly introduced by didactic works. In contrast, the many editions of the Penal Code with commentaries (section 4.1.1) put out by individual authors (be they officials or commoners), which flourished under the Ming and Qing and many of which were commercial publications, rightly belong to the category of didactic works.69 In any event, these, not the government imprints, were the editions of the Code that local officials and their assistants routinely used. The commentaries followed the order of the statutes (which they quoted in full most of the time);70 they were written in simple language—as opposed to the terse idiom, at times bordering on the obscure, that is so peculiar to Chinese penal law—and the layout and printing of the page was designed to be user-friendly. Such books were not scholarly studies for armchair specialists or legal theorists, they were intended as textual aids, research tools, guides for decision-making, and repositories of data for the judges and their advisers. We hope to have located most of the texts still extant, but there certainly existed more, both manuscript and printed.71 In any event, the variety is 69  On Code commentaries, see e.g. Fu-mei Chang Ch’en, “Private Code Commentaries”; Zhang Jinfan, “Qingdai sijia zhulü”; He Qinhua, Zhongguo faxue shi, 2:210–326; He Min, “Qingdai zhushi lüxue tedian”; Id., “Qingdai sijia shilü jiqi fangfa”; and Zhang Boyuan, Lüzhu wenxian congkao. 70  There are a few exceptions, however, the best known being the 1674 Dulü peixi 讀律佩觿 (no. 0373), a popular treatise which is organized around key phrases, terms, and notions instead of following the order of the Code. 71  For instance, Li Yumei’s preface to Xingbu shuotie jieyao 刑部說帖揭要 (no. 0513) mentions three works by a certain Cai Zhongxiang gong 蔡忠襄公 from the mid-Ming period, viz. Ming lü jingzhu 明律精註, Dulü yuantou 讀律源頭, and Fulü xiangjie 輔律詳節, none of which seems to be available today: the first is clearly a commentary to the Code,

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considerable, and it is especially so during the Ming. In a way, the genre is dominated by the contrast between Ming and Qing. To begin with, practically all commented editions of the Penal Code in the Ming were produced by officials, whereas with very few exceptions those in the Qing were the work of private secretaries specializing in law.72 Another difference is that, whereas Ming works in this category display much variety and even inventiveness, their Qing successors are characterized by their conformity. In the late-eighteenth century they found a more or less final form, replicated in countless commercial editions nearly through the end of the dynasty. The variety of Ming commentaries—even though they generously quote from each other—is readily apparent when browsing through section 4.1.1. The first ones are contemporaneous with the early recensions of the 1397 Da Ming lü 大明律 that established the pattern of the Penal Code for the rest of the imperial era, with its seven parts (general notions plus laws corresponding to the “Six Ministries”) divided into 30 sections in part inherited from the Tang Code, and preceded by a set of tables and diagrams. The 1521 compiler’s preface to Da Ming lü jie fuli 大明律解附例 (no. 0338) mentions the existence of more than ten previous commentaries. The genre seems to have developed greatly from the Jiajing era onward, particularly after the promulgation of the 1585 Wanli Code, which officialized the practice of directly attaching the substatutes (條例) to the relevant statutes instead of publishing them separately in official compilations named Wenxing tiaoli 問刑條例.73 A number of these private editions of the Code with commentaries dating from the Jiajing and Wanli reigns display an encyclopedic bent that make them go well beyond the usual bounds of the genre, even though the text of the Code remains the backbone and organizing principle. Typical of this period are commercial editions splitting each page into two or three horizontal registers packed with a vast the second is probably a code handbook, while the third introduces Ministry of Justice memoranda—discussed below—and contains the first mention, reportedly, of the term shuotie. (The only Cai Zhongxiang mentioned in the Ming is Cai Maode 懋德 [1586–1644], who is not particularly known as a legal specialist.) 72  Apart from the 1674 Dulü peixi, the exceptions are mostly early-Qing adaptations of the late-Ming Lüli jianshi by Wang Kentang (discussed below) (see nos. 0371, 0374; see also Lüli jieshi 律例解釋, no. 0380). Other Qing commentaries by officials include Lüli bianlan 律例便覽 (no. 0395) as well as the more vernacular Da Qing xinglü zeyao qianshuo 大 清刑律擇要淺說 (no. 0396). For an overview of “private” Qing commentaries, see Zhang Jinfan, “Qingdai sijia zhulü de jiexi”; Ch’en, “Private Code Commentaries.” 73  It has been argued that tiaoli should rather be translated “precedents” until the 1740 Da Qing lüli (promulgated in 1742), when they acquired for the first time an authority equal to that of the 436 statutes (律), and even superior in case of conflict between the two. For the sake of simplicity we have kept “substatute” throughout in the present work.

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amount of explanatory and/or ancillary materials, such as quotations from institutional compendia, models for writing any sorts of documents (judgments, reports, and so forth), explanations of terms, cross-references to other statutes, rhymes, hypothetical cases (introduced by jiaru 假如, “supposing that …,” and ending with the question zuo he wenni 作何問擬, “how to adjudicate?,” or variants thereof, followed by the judgment proposal), materials on forensics, proclamations, lists of terms and phrases used in judicial documents, and in some instances advice and admonitions on official behavior similar to those in magistrate handbooks—all of this in addition to the text of the Code accompanied by a running commentary that in many instances borrows from earlier similar works. Some of the practical information—e.g. on terminology and phrasing in legal documents, or hypothetical cases—is actually quite close in form and content to what is found in handbooks for litigation masters (on which see below). One work stands out among this proliferation, because of its concentration on purely legal matters at the expense of ancillary materials, of the originality of its thorough-going commentary on the text of the Code, which both explains its meaning and discusses legal issues, and finally, of its profound influence on Qing commentaries: this is Wang Kentang’s 王肯堂 Da Ming lü fuli jianshi 大 明律附例箋釋 (or Lüli jianshi, and other variant titles) (no. 0371), with a 1612 preface, of which an influential Qing adaptation was published in two separate editions in 1689 and 1691. Wang Kentang’s Jianshi (as it is usually referred to) is indeed acknowledged as one of the two major sources of the general commentary incorporated into the 1725 official edition of the Qing Code,74 and it is consistently quoted in all later commentaries. The other important source, both of the 1725 official commentary and of subsequent private commentaries, is Shen Zhiqi’s 沈之奇 1715 Da Qing lü jizhu 大清律輯注 (no. 0378). The author of this highly innovative work does draw inspiration from a host of Ming commentators, Wang Kentang among them, but by his own estimation about half of his commentary represents his own views.

74  This 1725 Yongzheng Code is the only official version of the Ming or Qing codes to include a general commentary attached to each statute (as distinguished from the additions in small characters inserted in the text to make it less terse and remove ambiguities). Though the general commentary disappeared from the Qianlong Code promulgated about fifteen years later and enforced through the end of the dynasty, it does feature in the private editions of the Code with commentaries that more or less monopolized the market in the nineteenth century, on which more below.

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Significantly, and contrary to his Ming predecessors, Shen Zhiqi, the first original commentator of the Code during the Qing,75 and the most influential, was not an official but a private secretary about whom we know very little. As I mentioned, it is the same with his successors, at least those whose work circulated widely and exerted real influence. Such is the case of Wan Weihan’s 萬維𩙶 1766 Da Qing lüli jizhu 大清律例集註 (no. 0382), whose contents were adapted to the new organization and content of the Code set by the 1740 Qianlong edition. Both Shen and Wan are important sources for a new format that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century and was to dominate the market in the nineteenth. The works following this new format contain not only the text of the statutes and substatutes, with the Yongzheng official commentary (all in the lower register of the page), as well as quotations from earlier commentaries, first of all Shen Zhiqi (in the middle register), but also a variety of relevant materials such as memorials, exchanges between provincial governors and the Ministry of Justice, officially circulated leading cases (通行 成案) that could be adduced as precedents,76 and regulations on sanctions (處 分則例) (all of this also in the middle register). In other words, they revived the late-Ming tradition of private encyclopedic editions of the Code, with the difference that the reference materials included were all government documents, as opposed to the ancillary materials of every description mentioned above. These late-eighteenth century and nineteenth-century commentaries appeared under a number of more or less similar titles containing phrases like huizuan 彙纂, quanzuan 全纂, or tongzuan 統纂, expressing their ambition of collecting all the commentaries available. Most share the same yellow coverleaves (i.e., title-pages, feiye 扉頁) containing advertising texts, and the same front matter, including imperial edicts printed in red.77 All the compilers were legal secretaries, who in some cases worked as teams whose members shared the different sections of the Code among themselves and usually communicated with each other through correspondence, but in some examples convened the equivalent of seminars that would be held for significant periods of time, usually in Hangzhou or in the region.78 By far the most successful title was the 75  If we except Wang Mingde, whose Dulü peixi is a treatise rather than a continuous commentary. 76  “Leading cases” (cheng’an 成案, lit. “concluded cases”) are discussed below. 77  For detailed descriptions see under Da Qing lüli quanzuan (no. 0386) or Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng (no. 0393). 78  See e.g. Da Qing lüli huizuan (no. 0383) and several of the following entries. Several editions provide lists of the muyou who participated in such collective projects, in which a number of names are recurring. The most prolific and best known among them was Wang

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1826 Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng 大清律例增修統纂集成 (no. 0393), a Hangzhou product that seems to have been sold all over the empire, and of which innumerable updated editions were put out in Hangzhou and elsewhere right through the end of the Qing dynasty (the extremely long list of editions under no. 0393 is probably incomplete). (4) Leading Cases and Ministry Memoranda The compilations of “leading cases” (成案) and similar materials are another genre that flourished during the eighteenth and especially nineteenth centuries and appears to have been extensively used by jurists, in particular those who worked for review authorities such as the Surveillance Commissions in the provinces and the Ministry of Justice in Beijing.79 These compilations, some very large, can be described as databases of judgments reviewed and approved by the central authorities—nominally by the emperor, whose rescript was indispensable, though in most cases the actual decision-makers were the officials of the Ministry of Justice or of the so-called Three Judicial Offices (三法司), i.e., in addition to the Ministry of Justice, the Censorate (都察院) and the Court of Judicial Review (大理寺). The cases reviewed were essentially capital cases, the only ones to be automatically submitted to the central government for review and final decision.80 Only leading cases that had been officially circulated (通行)—typically, by being published in the Peking Gazette—could be explicitly cited as “precedents” in judgments; but the rest were regarded as useful models of legal reasoning that helped judges to decide on the correct analogies when there were no directly applicable article in the Code and to fine-tune judgments so as not to risk rejection.81 As a matter of fact, several anthologies are devoted to “rejected cases” (駁案) and intended to illustrate the sort of flaws in presenting a case and referring to the Code that Youhuai 王又槐, active at the turn of the nineteenth century and author of several handbooks described in the Bibliography, who like a great many legal specialists in the Qing was a Hangzhou native. 79  For more details on these compilations, see Will, “From Archive to Handbook,” 173–84. 80  However, some early cheng’an compilations (see Dingli cheng’an hejuan 定例成案合鐫, no. 0477, and Xinli cheng’an hejuan 新例成案合鐫, no. 0478) contain cheng’an dealing with matters other than judicial: in such cases cheng’an means an imperially approved regulation rather than a concluded judicial case. 81  According to Thomas Buoye, “Confucian Justice and Capital Crime,” “Judging from their organization and appearance these publications were primarily intended to serve as reference works for magistrates seeking guidance in adjudicating cases or as textbooks for would-be legal secretaries. As reference works and pedagogical tools, these works may have served a role similar to that of Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England in nineteenth-century America. Under different historical circumstances they might eventually have become the core of a Qing legal curriculum.” Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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led the Ministry of Justice specialists to refuse a judgment proposal and return the file requesting more investigation and/or a better argumentation. Indeed, the ministry’s specialists were regarded as the ultimate experts in matters of interpretation of the Code, and in any event they were the de facto ultimate deciders to conclude a case. During the 1780s the “ministry memoranda” (說帖) that recorded their internal discussions concerning the legal interpretation of specific cases came to be used as an archive of precedents within the ministry itself; and once they began to be circulated and published they were regarded by the bureaucracy at large as a repository of authoritative advice.82 Ministry memoranda are of variable length, some recording a case almost in its entirety, but most concentrating on the discussion of doubtful points of law therein. They are therefore different from leading cases, which are “concluded” (成) cases. Yet they often are featured together with leading cases in the same compilations, the classic example being the highly popular Xing’an huilan 刑案匯覽 (no. 0516) and its sequels. For this reason, both shuotie and cheng’an compilations are found in the same section of the Bibliography (section 4.1.4). A majority of cheng’an and/or shuotie databases, especially in the nineteenth century, were anonymous works, often left in manuscript form. When they were not anonymous, their compilers were either private secretaries who combed through the Peking Gazette and possibly the archives of the provinces where they served, or officials, in particular those who served or had served in the Ministry of Justice, where they had direct access to the materials stored there and were able to make copies. Practically all collections follow the order of the statutes in the Penal Code, each piece being keyed to the statute applicable, making consultation comparatively easy—as long as one is familiar with the structure of the Code—all the more so when they are equipped with detailed tables of contents and when the central margins in the body of the work (the so-called banxin 版心) indicate the statute applying or the category 82  Keeping written records of these discussions at the Bureau of the Code (律例館), whose officials were considered the most knowledgeable in legal matters and were systematically consulted, appears to have begun in 1784: see e.g. Chen Tinggui’s 陳廷桂 1811 preface to Shuotie 說帖 (no. 0509). However, the term shuotie is said to have made its appearance during the second half of the Ming in a treatise called Fulü xiangjie, now lost (see above, note 71), suggesting that there were already some sorts of ministerial materials or precedents that could “assist the Code” (足與律例相輔者). Officials outside the Ministry of Justice must have accessed and used shuotie compilations beginning in the early-nineteenth century. Zhang Zengpei’s 張曾霈 1833 preface to Xingbu shuotie jieyao 刑部說帖揭要 (no. 0513), one of these compilations, emphasizes its usefulness for local administrators by using the term guinie 圭臬 (“model,” “standard”), found in the prefaces of countless magistrate handbooks or gongdu anthologies; other prefaces to similar compilations likewise speak of shifa 師法 (“a master’s model”) or jindai 津逮 (“guide”). Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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of crime discussed on the page, and possibly the province where the case occurred and the name of the culprit. This mode of classification was an important plus for users, including Ministry officials, since the original pieces in the Ministry of Justice archives were arranged in a strictly chronological order. Wang Zuyuan 王祖源, the compiler of a small collectanea of texts on judicial administration printed in Sichuan in 1880 and titled Mingxing bijiao lu 明刑弼教錄 (no. 0710), speaks of [Da Qing] Lüli huizuan 大清律例彙纂 (no. 0383) and Xing’an huilan—both big compendiums, one of code commentaries and the other of judicial cases—as works that must be kept near at hand by judges, even though they are too massive for quick reference during a court session, which is why one also needs shorter handbooks. One century earlier, in 1781, the preface to Bo’an xinbian 駁案新編 (no. 0488)—a comparatively large collection of “rejected cases”—posited that this sort of compilation was of great use for helping magistrates not just to find materials for analogies, but also to deliver better judgments by connecting the circumstances of each case and the text of the law. Still, one may well imagine that a number of local officials had only a hazy idea of all the riches and subtleties stored in such repositories: the literature is not lacking in complaints that freshmen administrators having just emerged from the examination system do not know anything about law and indeed consider it a vulgar topic. With few exceptions, even professionally-devoted field officials with a good knowledge of the Penal Code—of whom there were probably more than is often said—could not match the level of juridical erudition and theoretical sophistication of the officials who reviewed their decisions at the Ministry of Justice. But in the Qing at least, as we have already seen, local officials spent significant amounts of money to pay specialized advisers who could mobilize that sort of knowledge for their sake. All the important commentaries to the Qing Code were compiled by specialized muyou, and it is probable that their reading public was largely composed of their colleagues; thus the inscription on the cover-leaf of Dulü peixi—not strictly speaking a commentary to the Code, to be sure: “To be scrutinized by the gentlemen of the private secretariats” (燕臺諸先生鑒閱). Whatever the case may have been, both the commentaries and databases must be seen as extensions of the handbooks and working aids, more massive in contents but essentially belonging to the same sphere, hence their inclusion in the Bibliography. (5) Anthologies of Model Judgments Anthologies of leading cases—which did not appear until the eighteenth century—were not the only places where judges could find examples of sound and

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unimpeachable judgments respecting the letter and spirit of the Code. Another category of useful works was the individual anthologies of judgments—sometimes called “casebooks”—privately published by the officials who had delivered them (section 4.1.5). There was in fact a rich tradition of collective (as opposed to individual) compilations of model cases and judicial sentences by celebrated judges of old, originating with the famous Song-period Yiyu ji 疑獄 集 (no. 0536), Zheyu guijian 折獄龜鑒 (no. 0538), and Tangyin bishi 棠陰比事 (no. 0539), which endured as classics throughout late-imperial times. Another, somewhat different, collective compilation dating to the Song is Minggong shupan qingming ji 名公書判清明集 (no. 0537), a collection that recorded judicial sentences culled from contemporary archives in Fujian. Compilations of judgments by a multiplicity of authors appear to have been much rarer in later times, however.83 As already noted, anthologies of their own judgments by individual authors published as examples for the profession may be regarded as a subgenre of the gongdu generalist collections, most of which contain sections devoted to judgments. In other words, getting an overview of the judicial activity of individual officials entails examining both the specialized anthologies discussed here and the relevant sections in generalist gongdu.84 Individual judgment anthologies made their appearance in the sixteenth century, and they multiplied in the Qing.85 Contrary to the leading cases discussed above, which by definition are final judgments, a large number of the pieces in individual anthologies are, rather, judgment proposals submitted by the magistrates and prefects for review by the higher courts: local officials were not entitled to conclude on their own authority criminal affairs entailing more than a beating as punishment.86 Regarding the so-called “minor affairs” (細事), in contrast, magistrates and prefects enjoyed a high level of autonomy. Their decisions—sometimes lengthily argued—feature in their individual collections either as “judgments” (判語), sometimes “judgments delivered in court” (堂判 or 堂諭), or as “answers to complaints” (批詞, or simply 批); the latter, which are in fact much more 83  Yu Maoxue’s 余懋學 1608 Renyu leibian 仁獄類編 (no. 0543) is one example. See also Li Yu’s 李漁 1663 Zizhi xinshu 資治新書 and its 1667 sequel (nos. 1133 and 1135), about half of which is devoted to judgments (判語) by a multiplicity of officials. 84  For a general assessment and analysis of panyu 判語 (judgments), see Morita, “Shindai no hango.” The same author (p. 746–51) provides some additional details on the contents of the works listed in Shiga, Shindai Chūgoku no hō to saiban, appendix. 85  For an overview of Ming casebooks, see Tam Ka-chai, “Justice in Print,” 78–93. 86  Some anthology authors provide not only their judgment proposals, but also the rescripts of the superior courts. See for example Qiu Huang’s 邱煌 1839 Fupan lucun 府判錄存 (no. 0569).

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numerous, could be handed down in the course of a lawsuit—as an act in the procedure—or conclude it, in which case the arrangements ordered by the official did not necessarily involve a punishment. A subgenre of the “casebook,” limited in numbers but always of the highest interest, consists of often lively narratives in the first person in which the judge recounts in detail his investigations and concentrates on his own actions, deliberations, possibly uncertainties, and on his dealings with the litigants, witnesses, and other people involved, and sometimes with his superiors. Even though some of these texts are evocative of gong’an 公案 fiction and contain little legal reasoning, they are definitely records of real cases and meant to offer the reader examples of judicial ingenuity and professionalism. In this way they must be considered alongside the more formal documentary collections of judgments.87 To these publications, which dealt with actual cases, should be added a number of collections of fictitious judgements. Here an important distinction must be made between, on the one hand, collections consisting of models of judgment-writing aimed at examination candidates (examination judgments were a peculiar genre that endured through the eighteenth century),88 occasionally at clerks and other personnel in charge of drafting actual judgments; and, on the other hand, those containing hypothetical judgments intended for officials and their underlings (and used by litigation masters as well), in other words, people who were dealing with actual cases. The publication of hypothetical cases appears to have been common in the Ming.89 They are typically composed of an account of the facts, introduced by jiaru 假如 (“assuming that …”), or simply ru, followed by an answer (答) consisting of a judgment proposal (there are variants to such phrasing). They are signaled, among other characteristics, by the fact that the individuals involved bear fictitious names using the order of the Baijia xing 百家姓 for the surnames and the tiangan 天 干 numerals for the given names (so, Zhao Jia 趙甲, Qian Yi 錢乙, and so on). Though a few independent works are entirely or partly devoted to hypothetical cases (see Zhaoni jiaru 招擬假如, no. 0692, and Zhaoni zhinan 招擬指南, 87  The best known among such first-person casebooks is Lan Dingyuan’s 藍鼎元 Luzhou gong’an 鹿洲公案 (no. 557), which dates to the 1720s. All the other examples are from the nineteenth century and apparently did not enjoy the same literary success as Lan’s work. 88  The venerable ancestors of the genre, namely, Zhang Zhuo’s 張鷟 Longjin fengsui pan 龍 筋鳳髓判 (no. 591) and Bai Juyi’s 白居易 Baidao pan 百道判 (no. 0592), date back to the Tang dynasty. The art of writing examination judgments involved using the proper historical and literary allusions, and resorting to parallel “four-six” (四六) prose. 89  In the Qing they mainly appear in the handbooks for litigation masters discussed below. This evolution is perhaps related to the multiplication of publications featuring leading cases (cheng’an), which played a similar role, though at a higher level of sophistication. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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no. 0693), the latter mostly feature as ancillary materials in the private editions of the Code with commentaries discussed earlier.90 (6) Autumn Assizes Materials The term cheng’an (leading case) is sometimes used by authors referring to a very peculiar format of case reports, namely, the short abstracts, called qiushen lüejie 秋審略節, produced by Ministry of Justice officials in the course of the autumn assizes procedure which kept them busy for several months every year.91 The purpose of the assizes, which involved the Three Judicial Offices (including the Ministry of Justice) and the emperor himself, was to review the cases of all the criminals in the empire who had been sentenced to capital punishment with the proviso “to be implemented after the assizes” (監候, lit., “waiting in prison”), and decide on whether they would be proposed for immediate execution (情實, lit., “circumstances established”) or benefit from a reprieve (緩決, lit., “decision postponed”).92 The proposals eventually submitted to the emperor relied on a careful examination of the circumstances and legal arguments in the files, the conclusion of the ministry officials being encapsulated in the abstracts mentioned above. A number of anthologies of such abstracts were compiled beginning in the late-eighteenth century (a large selection features in section 4.1.6 together with guides to the autumn assizes procedure and relevant regulations). They are often found in the form of manuscripts, most of which must have been compiled by Ministry of Justice personnel for their own use as reference and “model” (圭臬). They were said to be jealously kept as secret treasures, and outsiders allowed to have a glimpse had much difficulty to make copies. But published collections eventually appeared, which were implicitly and sometimes explicitly intended for the judicial bureaus (讞局) in the provincial capitals

90  Note, however, that hypothetical cases used for pedagogy seem to have appeared quite early: for example, Lidai panli pandu, vol. 1, 113–55, reproduces some of them (called nipan 擬判 by the editor) found among the Dunhuang manuscripts. Indeed, as I mentioned earlier, some documents excavated from Qin and Han tombs already display a similar format. 91  Every year each provincial bureau (清吏司) in the Ministry of Justice selected two officials and one clerk from among its personnel and sent them work full-time in the Autumn Assizes Bureau (秋審處). On the autumn assizes system in general, see Sun Jiahong, Qingdai de sixing jianhou; on the abstracts, ibid., 160ff. On the literature produced by the system, see more generally Sun Jiahong, “‘Buzhong mi’ yu ‘zhenzhong mi’.” 92  After several reprieves a criminal would see his sentence commuted to a lesser punishment, such as exile. Two other categories considered by the assizes concerned a much smaller number of cases, namely “deserving compassion” (可矜), and criminals sent back home to take care of aged parents (留養). Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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that prepared every year the files of capital cases submitted to the Ministry of Justice for the next session, together with their own propositions for the final verdict. (Criminals waiting to know their fate were imprisoned in the localities where the crime had been committed, and as the case might be would be executed there.) (7) Forensics Manuals The conclusions from the forensic examination of a victim were of course crucial in determining the punishment inflicted on a criminal, in other words, whether or not he would be condemned to death, and if so, to what sort of death penalty: only an autopsy could confirm or contradict the confessions and testimonies, establish whether or not a certain blow had been lethal, suggest whether the wounds observed revealed an intent to kill, distinguish between suicides (or accidents) and homicides, and so forth. These conclusions were sometimes hotly debated, not only by the relatives of the criminal and of the victim, but also by the superior courts—right through the Ministry of Justice Bureau of Autumn Assizes which prepared the dossiers for imperial review—whenever they found inconsistencies in the file or had doubts about the sincerity of the investigation. As is well known, the entire process of forensic examination followed a manual whose founding version was Song Ci’s 宋慈 1247 Xiyuan jilu 洗冤集錄 (no. 0630)—a title that clearly suggests that there already existed documents on forensics, here “collected,” which is indeed confirmed by archeological findings going back to the Qin dynasty.93 A number of variants or imitations of the text circulated during the next centuries, until the Qing published an official version in 1742, titled Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu 律例館校正洗冤錄 (no. 0643).94 By itself, the Xiyuan lu is no more than a practical guide, a sort of how-to book combining a certain kind of medical knowledge, a range of methods for autopsies, and careful attention to judicial procedure: that is how it originated in the Southern Song, and as far as its contents are concerned it remained so until the end. In the eighteenth century, however, its status changed when for the first time its text was rather significantly modified: the new version 93  The Washing Away of Wrongs is Brian McKnight’s felicitous rendering of “Xiyuan lu.” His 1981 translation is based on the original Xiyuan jilu. Later this original version was sometimes called Xiyuan lu, which in time became a sort of generic title for all the versions of the text. 94  For an overview of the history of the text, see Will, “Forensic Science and the Late Imperial Chinese State,” 89–104. See also Zhang Song’s 張松 essay in Zhang Jinfan, Qingdai lüxue mingzhu xuanjie, 516–20.

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of Xiyuan lu compiled in 1742 by the Bureau of the Code (Lüli guan) of the Ministry of Justice, which retained only about 60% of the original Song work, became a government text with an authority equal to that of the Penal Code, and the only one officials were allowed to use and to refer to in their reports.95 This new Xiyuan lu was subject to criticism almost from the start, and in the following decades it was privately enriched with various commentaries, notes, and additions (notably leading cases) whose contents were in part based on the commentators’ field experience: to a degree, forensic science was making progress as time passed, but this progress was not taken into account in the official version, the only one quotable in the procedure, which stayed unchanged to the end of the dynasty.96 Hence the importance—both for the contemporary practitioner and for the present-day historian—of the private editions of the work, most of them nineteenth-century expansions of a 1796 private edition of the official Xiyuan lu enriched with commentaries and additions, titled Xiyuan lu jizheng 洗冤錄集證 (no. 0649) and prepared by Wang Youhuai 王又 槐, the legal adviser already mentioned in connection with the private editions of the Penal Code that dominated the nineteenth-century market. (See also Xiyuan lu xiangyi 洗冤錄詳義, no. 0658, and Xiyuan lu yizheng 洗冤錄義證, no. 0664.) Section 4.1.7 of the Bibliography describes these and earlier versions of Xiyuan lu and similar texts as well as a variety of specialized treatises and documentary anthologies dealing with the theory and practice of autopsies, discussing legal and procedural problems, and offering materials easy to grasp by the uninitiated.97

95  The official Xiyuan lu was compiled and engraved by the government in the wake of the compilation of the new Qianlong Penal Code (Da Qing lüli), which has an imperial preface dated 1740 but was not ready for printing and distribution until 1742. See Chen Chongfang, “Qing Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu.” From then on the two texts were often printed and circulated together. 96  There is an interesting contrast here with the Penal Code, whose statutes remained unchanged but which was constantly enriched with substatutes endowed with the same authority and based on living jurisprudence. 97  The autopsies themselves were performed by lowly “coroners” (仵作) under the personal supervision of local officials, the latter being held fully responsible for the conclusions entered in the reports and urged to familiarize themselves with the Xiyuan lu text. On traditional forensics and its procedural embedding, see also Will, “Developing Forensic Knowledge through Cases in the Qing Dynasty.” Xie Xin-zhe, “L’idéal de la preuve,” offers detailed textual analyses and insists that Chinese traditional forensics was dominated by procedural issues and should not be regarded as “legal medicine” and studied as a branch of the history of Chinese traditional medicine. Indeed, most Chinese students of the field speak of fayixue 法醫學 and tend to evaluate Chinese traditional techniques against modern scientific legal medicine: see e.g. Jia Jingtao’s classic Zhongguo gudai fayixue shi.

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(8) Handbooks for Litigation Masters The hypothetical cases I mentioned earlier, found in a number of Ming works, have a close equivalent in a genre that at first sight should not feature in a bibliography devoted to “handbooks for officials”—the so-called handbooks for litigation masters, or songshi miben 訟師秘本, which made their appearance in the late sixteenth century and continued to be published through the last years of the Qing.98 The activities of the legal specialists who produced them, which were not unlike those of our lawyers (except that they were not allowed to appear in court and had to operate from behind the scene), were regarded by the authorities with the highest suspicion, or even as completely illegal. Even before the publication of songshi miben was formally outlawed in 1742, in official texts litigation masters were often called songgun 訟棍, or “litigation thugs,” more or less equivalent to “pettifoggers.”99 Yet it is clear that they were not all vicious manipulators eager to enrich themselves by encouraging people to go to court and more often than not causing the ruin of both plaintiff and defendant. Browsing through their handbooks reveals that they performed highly useful services not only to individuals embroiled in conflicts, but also to people having to deliver assessments or guarantees to the authorities, or to communities requesting help from, or trying to work out arrangements with, the local government: their area of competence was doing paperwork in the prescribed manner and using persuasive language, and their strength lay in their familiarity with the ways of the administration, and possibly in their personal ties with people in the yamen. Whatever the case may have been, after some exchanges with Professor Fuma Susumu 夫馬進, a leading student of the genre, it was decided to include a subsection (4.1.8) on handbooks for litigation masters at the end of the section on “Law and Justice.”100 There are indeed good reasons for doing so. The first is what I just mentioned: examples of accusations (告) and rebuttals (訴), 98  In reality the term songshi miben dates from the Qianlong period, when the government attempted to proscribe this sort of publications. It should also be remarked that publishing model forms of complaints and information on the legal procedure antedated the emergence of songshi miben in the Ming. The Yuan-period examples published in Lidai zhenxi sifa wenxian, vol. 1, under the titles Cizhuang xinshi 詞狀新式 and Gaozhuang xinshi 告狀新式, extracted from a later edition of the Southern Song encyclopedia Shilin guangji 事林廣記, are a case in point. 99  Though songshi miben were outlawed in 1742, there is no want of publications posterior to that date, and litigation masters are present in the sources right through the end of the imperial period. 100  The 21 works listed in this subsection are no more than a substantial selection among a genre that seems to have proliferated in late-imperial China, with a lot of repetition and borrowing. Fuma, “Shōshi hihon ‘Shōsō ihitsu’ no shutsugen,” 159ff, lists 37 titles, but there

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followed most of the time by the magistrate’s arbitration or judgment (批, 審 語, etc.), occupy the larger part of the text of typical songshi miben and more or less define the genre: the structure is comparable to that of the hypothetical cases encountered in a variety of late-Ming publications for officials, and so is the anonymity of the protagonists in most of the cases recorded, clearly showing that these are not real cases. Another reason—especially during the last decades of the Ming—is the sometimes striking resemblance between the more elaborate songshi miben and the “encyclopedic” editions of the Penal Code with commentaries and extra materials described earlier, which are typical of the same period. The two share the method of splitting up the page into parallel horizontal registers and filling them with contents partly overlapping: for example, the long lists of phrases and catchwords, sometimes arranged by the six domains of government activity and meant to enhance the rhetoric and make the written complaints and judgments more persuasive, which are a typical feature of songshi miben, are also found in perfectly respectable editions of the Code with commentaries.101 Finally, like private editions of the Code, the more carefully edited songshi miben contain a quantity of materials and explanations on the Penal Code, rhymes to help memorize legal notions, quotations from the Code and collections of substatutes, models of judgments and of proclamations by officials, models of administrative documents, etc.; in other words, information in principle useful for officials, but here provided to the users of justice rather than those who dispense it. The booklets that litigation masters published anonymously (or pseudonymously) and circulated in generally lousy imprints bearing catchy titles102 are guides to the judicial procedure in their own right, just like so many handbooks aimed at administrators. The difference is that the procedure is seen from the viewpoint of the plaintiffs and defendants, not of the judge and his underlings, and with a sometimes aggressively adversarial stance: the aim is not fair and impartial justice, it is to win. What is striking in any case is that songshi miben convey a legal culture that is virtually the same as that of the official side—as definitely exist more of them. Other important studies by Fuma include “Shōshi hihon no sekai” and “Min Shin jidai no shōshi to soshō seido.” 101  See for an example the 1609 Xingtai falü 刑台法律 (no. 0369), compiled by two officials who served together in the Office of Scrutiny for Justice (刑科),. 102  The titles are often a variation of the phrase “Xiao Cao yibi” 蕭曹遺筆 (Bequeathed Writings from Xiao and Cao), alluding to two legalists who assisted the Han founder Liu Bang: the fiction was that the contents came from notebooks left behind by the two great men.

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a matter of fact, all of these books, those for officials and those for litigation masters, were collectively called “legalist books” (法家書). One should perhaps speak of songshi miben as a genre situated at the fringe of the administrative world and regard litigation masters as a sort of interface between the legal specialists in the state apparatus and the public at large. Indeed, it has been recently shown by scholars like Chiu Pengsheng 邱澎生 that there was real professional and intellectual continuity between legal clerks, legal muyou (in the Qing), and litigation masters—that in fact not a few switched from one occupation to the other. Chiu stresses in particular the proximity between the world of litigation specialists and that of private secretaries, both professions participating in the same antagonistic judicial culture and having an impact on the popular understanding of justice that could only dismay officials.103 No doubt, officials too read songshi miben, if only to better understand the mentality and attitude of the people who faced them in the tribunal. Works on Famine Relief As I noted, the guides, manuals, databases, and other practical literature related to justice administration, discussed above, were intended to assist administrators of every description in participating in what was regarded as one of the most crucial state functions—not just preserving law and order, but warning the populace about crime and its punishments and maintaining the fundamental hierarchies of family and society; in other words, “educating” the people (教), or “civilizing” them (化). Another crucial, and in a way symmetrical, state function was to “feed” them (食), that is, ensure their prosperity (富), a precondition, in the classical Confucian vision of things, for educating them.104 There were several ways of doing this: maintaining low taxation, building productive infrastructures (essentially for irrigation and drainage), improving agricultural techniques, and, importantly, protecting the producers against the consequences of natural disasters, such as famine, vagrancy, the destruction and breaking up of assets, and so on; or in modern terms, guaranteeing their socio-economic reproduction and the preservation of their communities: this was the object of 103  See for example Chiu’s essay “Yi fa wei ming.” 104  Among many possible quotes, see Lunyu, XIII, 9: 子適衛，冉有僕。子曰，庶矣 哉。 冉有曰，既庶矣，又何加焉。 曰，富之。 曰，既富矣，又何加焉。 曰，   教之; or in Legge’s rendition (Confucian Analects, 179–80), “When the Master went to Wei, Zan Yû acted as driver of his carriage. The Master observed, ‘How numerous are the people!’ Yû said, ‘Since they are thus numerous, what more shall be done for them?’ ‘Enrich them,’ was the reply. And when they have been enriched, what more shall be done?’ The Master said, ‘Teach them.’”

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“famine relief” in its wider meaning, subsumed under terms like huangzheng 荒政 (famine administration), jiuhuang 救荒 (famine relief), or jiuzai 救災 (disaster relief). The canonic source for famine relief in imperial times is a frequently cited passage of the Rituals of Zhou (Zhouli)—the late-Warring States or early-imperial text supposed to describe Western Zhou institutions—that lists the Master of the Masses’ (大司徒) twelve policies to combat famine and “keep the multitude gathered together” (聚萬民)—preventing the break-up of communities, vagrancy, and banditry being clearly a central concern. They are: (1) distribute the profits (散利); (2) reduce taxes (薄征); (3) postpone punishments (緩刑); (4) relax corvée labor (弛力); (5) give up prohibitions [on exploiting mountain and marsh resources] (舍禁); (6) suspend monitoring [of markets and customs stations] (去幾); (7) curtail rituals (眚禮); (8) cut back on funeral rites (殺哀); (9) store away music instruments (蕃樂); (10) increase marriages (多昏); (11) implore the spirits (索鬼神); and (12) eradicate banditry (除盜賊). Though in really bad years the Ming or Qing court might make a show of saving on its expenses and rituals, only some of these admonitions, such as tax reductions, encouraging charity, or easing restrictions on commerce, made their way into what became the standard repertory of famine relief in late-imperial China, which essentially took shape under the Song. Indeed, the founding treatise on famine relief was produced in the Song. While there were obviously historical examples of state-sponsored relief before and especially under the Song, only with Dong Wei’s 董煟 late-twelfthcentury Jiuhuang huomin shu 救荒活民書 (no. 0728) were such examples assembled into a coherent system relying on a set of policies and techniques. The underlying pattern discernible in Dong’s work, and in many later treatises as well, distinguishes between preliminary measures to ensure preparedness once natural disasters occur, emergency measures during the event, and postdisaster reconstruction measures.105 Though a sizable number of works are described in the section of the Bibliography devoted to famine relief (4.3), the list is not exhaustive.106 This is partly due to the fact that the limits of the field are not always clear. In a general way, one should distinguish between (1) prescriptive works detailing relief methods and regulations, and (2) accounts of particular relief campaigns, usually in the form of documentary anthologies. Among prescriptive 105  In certain works it is the explicit organizing pattern. See e.g. Jiuhuang ce 救荒策 (no. 0751) and Qinding kangji lu 欽定康濟錄 (no. 0757). 106  Compare with the table in Shao Yongzhong, “Zhongguo gudai huangzheng shiji,” 35–38, or the table of contents of Zhongguo huangzheng shu jicheng.

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works, some are scholarly compilations, occasionally quite large, in the form of source-books illustrating the various methods of combating famine with an abundance of historical precedents,107 while others offer a terse enumeration of methods. The latter is particularly true of Qing prescriptive manuals from the eighteenth century onwards, in particular those written by private secretaries, which essentially rely on the rules prescribed by the state: by then famine relief had become a highly regulated administrative field, and the point was to instruct the reader in how to operate by the book.108 As for documentary records, at least some were explicitly intended as models and published accordingly.109 Others were of a purely local importance and appear to have been preserved as an archive (they are often manuscripts),110 though they could be used as a precedent and a repository of useful methods in the (likely) event of similar disasters. Still others seem to have been meant first of all to commend the efficiency and humanity of the official who directed the relief—or, in a particularly conspicuous instance, of the emperor himself.111 As the various descriptions above frequently apply to the same individual works, the arrangement in this section is strictly chronological, rather than by subsections devoted to particular genres.112

107  The largest perhaps is Qi Biaojia’s 祁彪佳 Jiuhuang quanshu 救荒全書 (no. 0748), which was motivated by the 1641 famine in Zhejiang but did not make it to print because of Qi’s suicide at the time of the Qing conquest. 108  On the eighteenth-century “administrative turn” in famine relief, see in general Will, Bureaucracy and Famine. 109  An outstanding example is Fang Guancheng’s 方觀承 Zhenji 賑紀 (no. 0760), a dossier on a 1743–44 large-scale famine relief campaign that was published ten years after the event. 110  A number of such manuscripts have been transcribed in simplified characters in the collection Huangzheng shu jicheng, certainly the largest repository of sources on famine relief in imperial China. Regrettably, their present location is rarely indicated. 111  This is the 1802 Qinding xinyou gongzhen jishi 欽定辛酉工賑紀事 (no. 0765), a massive collection of documents published on the orders of the Jiaqing emperor and celebrating the relief directed from the throne during the catastrophic floods that had afflicted the metropolitan area the year before. The work was to be distributed everywhere to show off the benevolence of a ruler eager to emulate his glorious predecessor, the recently deceased Qianlong emperor, and to propose the methods implemented as examples. The organization of the work (by chronology, not by topics) somewhat detracts from its pedagogical value, however. 112  For a definition of famine relief literature and an analysis of genres, see Shao Yongzhong, “Zhongguo gudai huangzheng shiji,” chap. 2; also see the thoughtful and highly detailed discussion in Xia Mingfang’s introduction (序言) to the collection Zhongguo huangzheng shu jicheng.

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Military Handbooks The last domain—still under the general category of “technical handbooks”— that needs to be briefly considered is that of the military. Justice and famine relief, the subjects of the works considered above, are discussed in the generalist handbooks for administrators and in gongdu anthologies as well, sometimes at great length. In contrast, military matters feature only marginally—when it comes to relations between civil and military officials, for example, or to local defense during particularly insecure periods like the last decades of the Ming or the mid-nineteenth century rebellions.113 Local defense was first of all the responsibility of magistrates and other local civil officials, as opposed to the professional military; but even larger military responsibilities were by no means a monopoly of career military men: notoriously, many of the generals who led campaigns against rebels or foreign invaders were civilian high officials—the commanders-in-chief (經略) of the Song and Ming and the leaders of the campaigns against the Taiping and other rebellions in the nineteenth century come to mind.114 For their part, military officers also belonged to the state apparatus and were expected to cooperate with their civilian colleagues. In short, there always was a degree of porousness between the worlds of civil servants and military officers, as indeed several handbook authors emphasized, and it was especially so in times of emergency. For this reason, the many technical guides published by and for military leaders definitely belong to the present work. The literature devoted to military affairs, beginning with countless editions of the so-called Seven Military Classics (Wujing qishu 武經七書), ancient texts that had been assembled and published on imperial orders in the eleventh century, and including massive historical encyclopedias such as the 240-juan Wubei zhi 武備志 of 1621, seems to have been proliferating, particularly in the second half of the Ming.115 The Bibliography offers a sizable selection 113  A few gongdu anthologies are indeed largely or entirely devoted to their author’s efforts to defend his city and territory. Examples include Huang shaoqing Shu you jinglüe yishu 黃 少卿蜀游經略遺書 (no. 0975), which is mainly about defense against aborigines in the southwest in the 1560s, Renwu pinghai ji 壬午平海紀 (no. 0982), about a 1642 campaign against piracy in the lower Yangzi, Shou Bao lu 守寶錄 (no. 1040), about the defense of Baoqing prefecture (Hunan) at the beginning of the 1850s, and Shou Qi gongdu huicun 守 岐公牘彙存 (no. 1045), about the 15-month siege of Fengxiang prefecture (Shaanxi) in 1862–63. 114  The case of the Manchu and Mongol military commanders put in charge of all major operations under the Qing, at least until the mid-nineteenth-century rebellions, is peculiar, as they came from the banner military hierarchy and a number of them also pursued careers in the higher rungs of the civil bureaucracy. 115  See e.g. the section devoted to “militarists” (兵家) in the joint catalog of rare books in Mainland China (Zhongguo guji shanben shumu, 子, vol. 1).

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of works with a clear didactic and practical intent, even though the distinction with more bookish compilations is not always easy to make. Treatises and handbooks on military affairs contain a considerable amount of repetition—as do many of those on civil administration, to be sure. What seems unique, however, is the resurgence in the Qing, after a period of about a century and a half during which many late-Ming works dealing with military matters were forgotten or prohibited116 and almost no military handbooks were published, of a body of literature that had been produced between the Jiajing reign and the fall of the Ming. This resurgence, caused by new alarms in peripheral regions of the empire from the turn of the nineteenth century, and later by large-scale rebellion, took the form of either republication or straightfaced plagiarism.117 Two main contents can be distinguished in what I tend to regard as the “Ming model” for this genre, admittedly with strong Song antecedents, which remained influential until the creation of the “new armies” (新軍) inspired by Western models at the end of the Qing: (1) highly professional discussions of the daily routines of training, discipline, armament, tactics, and the various forms of combat concerning armies in the field: the standard example here is Qi Jiguang’s 戚繼光 prestigious Jixiao xinshu 紀效新書 and Lianbing shiji 練兵 實紀 (nos. 0793 and 0794), which were based on the experience gained by their author during the campaigns against the so-called Japanese pirates (Wokou 倭寇) in the 1560s; and (2), treatises devoted to local defense, i.e., defending both cities (守城) and their hinterland (守鄉) against bandits, rebels, or foreign invaders, which are typical of the last decades of the Ming—starting with Lü Kun’s 呂坤 Jiuming shu 救命書 of 1607 (no. 0818)—and include several works antedating the fall of the dynasty by only a few years. To these must be added strategic overviews discussing the defense of the empire’s borders, the command hierarchy, the distribution of troops, logistics, etc., as well as collections of biographies of famous generals. Such treatises can only partially be described as having a didactic and practical, rather than 116  Several Ming works were copied into the Siku quanshu, however, including Tang Shunzhi’s 唐順之 Wubian 武編 (no. 0792), He Liangchen’s 何良臣 Zhenji 陣紀 (no. 0799), and Qi Jiguang’s Lianbing shiji and Jixiao xinshu (see below); several more have notices in the cunmu 存目 catalog of works not deemed worthy of inclusion but deserving to be mentioned and described. 117  The best example of such revivals is Pingpi baijin fang 洴澼百金方 (no. 0825), a text extremely popular in the nineteenth century that seems to have appeared in the late-1780s and turns out to be a rehash of Jintang jiezhu shier chou 金湯借箸十二籌 (no. 0823), compiled ca. 1639 while the Ming were subjected to Manchu incursions. Wubei jiyao 武備 輯要 (no. 0826) is also a case in point.

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erudite or political, intent: they were first of all reference works for policy-makers, and in fact the same could be said of large-scale compilations devoted to famine relief or hydraulic control, for example. Still, that at least some of these overviews and exemplary collections were considered a must-read for professional soldiers of various ranks is confirmed by an entry in Xunfang zongyue 巡 方總約 (no. 0255), a guidebook for touring censors composed in 1594, which claims that when evaluating military officers their knowledge of such texts as Wujing zongyao 武經總要 (no. 0788), Wujing qishu, Wujing jieyao 武經節要 (an abridgment of the latter), Baijiang zhuan 百將傳 (another Song compilation), Baizhan qifa 百戰奇法 (no. 0790, more technical to be sure) and Fanglüe zhaiyao 方略摘要 (a Jiajing-period work by Zhao Dagang 趙大綱), must be regarded as important.118 In the present Bibliography, besides those on general treatises (4.7.1) and local defense (4.7.2, with an appendix on baojia and militia), a subsection has been devoted to coastal defense (4.7.3). Overall, the description of genres and contents offered above should be enough to get a fair idea of the incredible variety, breadth and complexity of the administrative culture of imperial China and how it evolved, of the ideals it proclaimed and constraints it confronted, of the intellectual resources and practical knowledge marshaled, of the experience accumulated—and of course, of the works composed to transmit and preserve all of this, which are the subject of the Bibliography. To get a more detailed understanding not only of principles and realities, but also of their social and political contexts, the reader is encouraged to browse through the body of the Bibliography: not read it from cover to cover, to be sure, but perhaps sections or subsections that deal with a particular field or genre and suggest its development and variety, or the descriptions of gongdu anthologies and judgment collections concerned with a particular region or period. To help this an explanation of the organization and contents of the individual entries in the Bibliography—of what can be found in them—is in order. The last part of this introduction is devoted to such technical and practical considerations. 3 Each Bibliography entry includes a series of rubrics (see below for their abbreviated names) that provide information on the author and editorial history 118  See Xunfang zongyue, 33a.

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of the work under consideration, a description of its content, and—as the case may be—mention of secondary literature referring to it. An entry forms a closed unit in the sense that Chinese characters are indicated only at the first occurrence of a word or name. Cross-references are provided where necessary. For the sake of consistency, with few exceptions the translations of official titles and names of institutions follow Hucker’s Dictionary of Official Titles. A series of abbreviations are used for frequently used terms, reference works, libraries, and contributors’ names; they are detailed in the lists that follow this introduction. When the age of an individual is mentioned it is always given Chinese style, i.e., in sui 歲. The principles adopted for each rubric are discussed below in the order of their appearance in the entry. (Any one of rubrics 6–9 below may be absent if there is no relevant information.) (1) Title The title of the work in pinyin romanization and Chinese characters is preceded by a serial number and followed by the number of juan and a tentative translation. (The serial numbers are used in the author and title indexes and can be scanned at the top of the page.) Cross-references are provided in the case of variant titles. When the title proper is preceded by prefixes inserted by publishers, such as “newly engraved” (新刻), “newly promulgated” (新頒), or even longer self-promoting phrases in some late-Ming commercial publications, the latter are put in square brackets and in most instances not included in the translation. (2) Author In principle this refers to the individual whose name features on the cover-leaf and/or in the chapter headings. (It may happen that the name is omitted but can be known from prefaces or other paratexts.) As far as possible a distinction is made between “by” (usually 著 or 編), meaning that the author is the actual writer, “compiled by” (輯, 編輯, 纂, etc.), meaning that he assembled and organized materials culled from other sources, or in a few cases “supervised by,” or possibly “approved by” (鑑定), meaning that the named individual oversaw the writing/compiling done by others, whose names are usually supplied as well. The name of the author/compiler is followed by (a) his style(s) (字), sobriquet(s) (號), and posthumous title (諡) (as styles and sobriquets appear frequently interchangeable in biographical sources, the distinction here cannot be taken as absolute); (b) his dates of birth and death, when known; (c) his date of jinshi or juren, when applicable; and (d) his place of origin (county and province). “Anon.” means that there is no known author/compiler.

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(3) Date The date of the work is that of writing and/or first edition (when they can be assumed to be the same or very close). It is sometimes the date of the author’s preface, almost by definition coinciding with the completion of the text, but possibly earlier (occasionally much earlier) than the date of the first known edition. When a text is of uncertain date, the date is marked by “ca.” if a close approximation is possible (e.g., based on the contents), or replaced by “n.d.” otherwise. The placing of undated texts in the chronological sequence of a section or subsection is based on guesswork. (4) Editions (Ed.) The present Bibliography attempts to retrace the complete editorial history of a work, in other words, to list all known editions. This translates into “Ed.” rubrics ranging from one sole entry (when a work is not known to have been republished, and in the case of most manuscripts) to dozens of entries for a few works that went through innumerable new editions and reprints—either extremely popular works or highly useful manuals that were in high demand among administrators.119 Forming as precisely as possible an idea of how many times a text was republished is obviously important to evaluate its influence.120 Yet despite our efforts we cannot always be sure to have identified every extant edition, especially for works that remained popular for long periods and kept being reprinted in many places by any number of commercial outfits. Another, related, problem is that the practices of traditional Chinese publishing make it difficult to exactly define what an “edition” is—that is to say, how it can be distinguished from other editions of the same text. To begin with, even copies of an edition printed with the same printing blocks can look 119  An example of the first situation is Chen Hongmou’s Wuzhong yigui 五種遺規 (no. 0071), for which we provide a still open list of ca. 25 Qing editions; for the second one, see e.g. the manual of forensics with commentaries Xiyuan lu jizheng and its revised versions (no. 0649), with a list of 35 editions. 120  At least as important would be a knowledge of how many copies of a given edition were produced, but here we are reduced to conjecturing. The notion of a “print run” is essentially foreign to traditional Chinese publishing, since as a rule only a few copies would be printed at first, and then printouts would be made on demand, the printing blocks being preserved until wear made them unusable. Still, the equivalent of a print run is sometimes mentioned for works explicitly published for large distribution or even propaganda. See e.g. Tumin lu (no. 0209), 1857 ed., mentioning a governor who printed 1,000 copies of the text for distribution, or Muling chuyan 牧令芻言 (no. 0245), where print runs of 1,000 copies are also mentioned. At least a sense of the likely success of a given edition can be gained from the number of modern libraries where it is found (sometimes in multiple copies), but we have not attempted to assess this systematically.

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different in some respects, since they were printed on demand, sometimes over a long period of time, and it was always possible to change the order of prefaces or other paratexts such as the fanli and table of contents, to insert or remove tables of contents for individual chapters, to remove prefaces or add new ones (with a date posterior to the original engraving), and so on, even though the title, name of publisher and date on the cover-leaf, assuming there was one, remained unchanged. Then, there is the problem of “new editions.” Here “new” translates two words, chong 重 and xin 新, which were used interchangeably to designate a new edition of a text already published, though apparently xin could also mean an “original,” or “first” edition. Strictly speaking, only a new or revised “engraving” (鐫, 刻, 刊), i.e., a partially or completely different set of printing blocks, produced either by the same or by a different entity, should be regarded as a “new edition.” The case is particularly clear when the format is not the same, with a different number of columns and/or characters by column, or with punctuations or upper-margin commentaries added or removed, and of course when the text itself has been edited or emended, the number of juan changed, etc. The situation is much more ambiguous in two cases. First, it might happen that a set of printing blocks would be sold or given to another publisher that legitimately printed it under its own name—most of the time that of a “hall” or “studio” (mostly 堂, also 館 or 齋)—indicated on a new cover-leaf and in some cases engraved at the bottom of the central margin of folios, and possibly with a different date of publication. (“Publisher” here means the entity that “stores the printing blocks” [藏板] from which copies may be printed on demand. In some highly commercialized contexts the outfit that sold the books could be distinct from the one that owned the blocks, and this is sometimes duly indicated.) How far should such editions be considered “new”? The same questions arises in the case of facsimile editions (翻刻), which were unauthorized imprints—though hardly illegal strictly speaking, despite the occasional threat of prosecution (翻刻必究) on cover-leaves—made by tracing the original imprint by hand on sheets of transparent paper, then using the sheets to carve new blocks. These are in effect pirate editions, sometimes unashamedly reproducing the original cover-leaf, or dispensing with a cover-leaf altogether, but quite often putting the result under a new cover-leaf bearing the name of a different publisher, possibly with a new date, and occasionally with an advertising statement to the effect that contrary to the others this “new edition” is entirely devoid of errors. The practice appears to have been particularly widespread in the world of commercial publishing, but it must also be recalled that producing a non-commercial facsimile could be regarded as a perfectly

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legitimate undertaking to spread a text for the public good, as government offices or charitable organizations sometimes did.121 Again, these are “new” but not different editions, though it is obviously necessary to take them into account to evaluate the circulation and influence of a text. To give just one example, but quite typical, let’s consider Fuhui quanshu, one of the Qing era’s most popular magistrate handbooks: we have listed a dozen editions printed by a variety of “studios,” almost all of them undated, and there is every reason to think that there were more; all of those we have seen differ only by their cover-leaves, sometimes by the placing of an appendix consisting of model letters, but otherwise are strictly identical in content and page layout: they were obviously using the same printing blocks or produced by facsimile.122 It is not always easy to distinguish between the various modes of producing different imprints from the same text. Likewise, if government imprints are easily identified, it is most of the time difficult to decide whether an edition produced by a “studio,” even with a family name attached, is a private or a commercial product. Besides, many imprints simply do not provide any indication at all about the entity that published them. On the other hand, it may happen that prefaces, fanli, and other paratexts provide the most precise and detailed information on the date and circumstances of producing an imprint, on the sources used, the persons involved, and so on; but such occurrences are only a minority. To be on the safe side, our choice has been to systematically list all the editions of any given work that came to our attention and could be thought to differ by their publisher, their date, their physical layout, or their content. Admittedly, the risk of reduplication due to insufficient information—of regarding as a different edition what is in fact another copy of the same edition with slight differences, like a missing cover-leaf—is unavoidable. Careful comparison of the materiality of imprints sometimes helps reduce that risk, but more often than not the dispersion of copies among several libraries makes such comparison difficult, especially where photocopying or photographing raise problems. Still, the recent multiplication of photo-reproductions and the development of online availability, noted at the beginning of this introduction, have notably improved the situation.

121  For example, the cover-leaf of Wang Zhiyi’s 汪志伊 Huangzheng jiyao 荒政輯要 (no. 0766), an important famine relief treatise, bears the words “it is perfect to reproduce!” (翻刻最善). 122  The same observation can be made about a number of undated editions of Li Yu’s Zizhi xinshu, all put out by different “studios.”

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Importantly, we have also listed manuscripts and modern editions known to us, in the latter case both photo-reproductions and typeset new editions. Manuscripts may be hand copies of published works that presumably were difficult or too expensive to acquire (typically, a manuscript would be made from a borrowed printed copy).123 They also may be original texts that were never printed and have only survived by chance and ended up in modern collections. This does not necessarily mean they were known only to their owner/writer or to a close circle, and were therefore devoid of influence, since they could be shown to visitors or colleagues, or circulate through transmission or further copying. As we have seen, this was clearly the case with a number of handbooks for private secretaries in the Qing. Likewise, some manuscript databases of judicial cases or ministry memoranda exist in several copies, possibly with variants due to updating, while some unique items were undoubtedly consulted by a multiplicity of officials and assistants working in the same office. As for modern editions, it has seemed that they deserve to be included in the Bibliography, if only because of their accessibility in a large number of libraries. Well-produced facsimile editions can be a useful substitute to the (always preferable) originals, and typeset editions, at least the more scholarly ones, provide useful introductions, notes, and punctuation. All the problems just discussed must be kept in mind when consulting the entries under the “Ed.” rubric. They attempt to characterize the particular edition described by providing, whenever possible, (a) its date, (b) the publisher, and (c) the authors and dates (when available) of prefaces, postfaces, and other notes or colophons. Whenever more information can be found in prefaces, postfaces, etc., on the circumstances of production, it is likewise provided. As far as dating is concerned, some explanation is in order: when a date is indicated, it means that it is explicitly given on the cover-leaf, sometimes in a cartouche at the beginning or end of the book. However, when this is missing but a date of engraving can be deduced from a preface, fanli, or postface, it is indicated between square brackets. When none of this is available, the edition is regarded as “undated.”124 Finally, with few exceptions all the editions we have been able to identify are signaled by the name of one or several libraries where they are held, provided 123  Carefully hand copying a valuable text or a rare edition was also regarded as a distinguished activity for literati. 124  Many library catalogs still date what are in fact undated editions using the date of the preface, sometimes of the latest preface. This practice is extremely misleading. For example, most if not all of the editions of Lü Kun’s 呂坤 Shizheng lu 實政錄 (no. 0125), both imprints and manuscripts, listed in catalogs as “1598 editions” are later Ming and Qing editions so dated by librarians because of the date of the preface, which was written by the compiler of the original edition. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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at the end of the entry between square brackets (for a list of abbreviations, see below).125 Here an important caveat is in order. We have by no means attempted to list all the libraries where a given edition is available, which would have been a task well beyond our means. The libraries indicated in the Bibliography are (1) those where the edition considered has been examined, most of the time the actual copy, but occasionally in microfilm (many libraries are now refusing to allow their rare books to be physically consulted) or online; and (2) other institutions where we know that the edition is present and whose catalogs provide useful information. An edition that has been actually seen is marked by an asterisk. Likewise, when several libraries are indicated at the end, those where the edition has been actually seen are marked by an asterisk. (5) Remarks (Rem.) This is the tiyao 提要, in other words a description of the contents. As will be seen, though descriptions are of uneven length and detail, they all provide information on the content and organization of the text, and whenever possible on its sources and circumstances of creation. In many cases an evaluation of the contents is attempted—of their novelty or lack of it, of the sources used, of the public addressed, of the writing or compiling style, of the degree to which a writer’s personal experience is involved, of what can be known of a work’s influence, and so forth. This is why the Bibliography is “critical,” as opposed to a mere enumeration of mulu headings (which we also offer in many cases). In short, we have allowed ourselves a degree of flexibility in the content, level of detail, and presentation of the “Rem.” rubric.126 (6) Author’s Biography (Bio.) Whenever possible information is given in more or less detail on the author’s or compiler’s career, with a view to providing context to the composition of the work considered. Biographical sources, both ancient and modern, are indicated. Local gazetteers have been extensively used, for they often provide information on lesser-known individuals absent from standard biographical sources.127 On the other hand, we have not attempted to list all the sources in 125  However, library indication is not given for modern reprints, which are found in most specialized libraries and for the most part are still available on the market. 126  This approach is similar to that in the entries on works (as opposed to authors) in Nienhauser’s Indiana Companion (which in general tends to provide more extensive analyses than in the present Bibliography) and those in Wang Yuhu’s excellent Zhongguo nongxue shulu. 127  Only a selection of gazetteer citations is provided, however, the emphasis being on significant career events (e.g., the date of appointment to a position, or dismissal, etc.) and biographical essays (傳). Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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the case of famous authors whose biographies feature in a quantity of specialized collections. These are usually listed in standard biographical dictionaries such as Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period, Dictionary of Ming Biography, or Songren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, to which we systematically refer. In a general way, it may be noted that, contrary to ranked literati, private secretaries are most of the time lacking biographical information other than the few bits of evidence that can be retrieved from prefaces. Finally, we have systematically consulted the Academia Sinica online biographical database, Renming quanwei renwu zhuanji ziliao chaxun, whose entries refer to many biographies (and occasionally quote them in full), and, importantly, complement them with archival sources in the case of Qing officials. When the Bibliography contains several works by the same author, the “Bio.” rubric appears at the first occurrence, with a cross-reference given in the other ones. (7) References and Studies (Ref. and Studies) This rubric provides a selection of references to (1) bibliographies and descriptive library catalogs mentioning the work examined, and (2) books or essays where it is discussed or described, even briefly. (8) Translations (Transl.) Known translations in any language, including modern Chinese, are cited. (9) Bibliography Entries for Same Author This rubric cross-references the other works by a particular author or compiler that are described elsewhere in the Bibliography. Finally, the name of the contributor who authored the entry is indicated at the end between square brackets. (See below for a list of acronyms.) When two or even three names appear, it means that the work has been separately examined by several contributors, the entry being a synthesis of their notes. However, all entries in the Bibliography have been systematically checked, edited, and occasionally complemented for biographical and bibliographical information, by myself. All the errors and omissions that no doubt remain are therefore my own responsibility. Pierre-Étienne Will

Paris, 12 February 2019

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Acknowledgements Besides the collaborators mentioned on the title-page and in the Introduction (see note 5), many individuals provided comments on earlier drafts, recommended titles for new entries, provided citations of secondary literature, corrected mistakes, and otherwise helped improve the quality of the work in progress. Even though it has not always been possible to take all their suggestions into account, I wish to express my gratitude to Paola Calanca, Chiu Pengsheng 邱澎生, Frédéric Constant, Helen Dunstan, Pierre-Henri Durand, Sören Edgren, Fuma Susumu 夫馬進, Daniel Hausmann, He Wenkai 和文凱, Joshua Herr, Iwai Shigeki 岩井茂樹, Christian Lamouroux, Lau Nap-yin 柳立 言, Lee Chaokai 李朝凱, Sukhee Lee, Li Bozhong 李伯重, Mao Yike 毛亦可, Pei Danqing 裴丹青, Winkin Puk 卜永堅, Pierre-Emmanuel Roux, Joanna Handlin Smith, Thies Staack, Sun Jiahong 孫家紅, Terada Hiroaki 寺田浩明, Olivier Venture, Richard von Glahn, Wang Zhiqiang 王志強, Endymion Wilkinson, Wu Jingjie 吳景傑, and Xie Yang 解揚. Howard Goodman’s erudite copy-editing of an unusually long and complicated manuscript has been invaluable in turning it into a consistent and reader-friendly book. It would be too long to enumerate all the persons who provided help in the many libraries visited by the collaborators to the project. However, special mentions are due to Kuroda Akinobu 黑田明伸 at the Tōyō Bunka Kenkyūjo and Shiba Yoshinobu 斯波義信 at the Tōyō Bunko, who year after year kindly invited me to their respective institutions and allowed me to freely range the stacks of these two marvelous collections. I likewise owe a considerable debt to Shum Wing Fong 岑詠芳 and her colleagues at the Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises, Collège de France, which has been my home library for decades. In Beijing, the well-known bibliophile and legal scholar, Tian Tao 田濤, was enthusiastically supportive of the project and eager to share his books whenever we were in town. His untimely death six years ago came as a shock. This book is dedicated to his memory. Finally, my gratitude goes to the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange, Taipei, which supported research for the project with a generous grant during the years 1998–2001. PEW

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Illustrations 1 Shixue dasheng (#0129) (new Huandu zhai ed.), cover-leaf 169 2 Zuoza xuzhi (#0152) (1796 engraving, part of 1794 Yishan tang ed. of Zhouxian xuzhi [q.v.]), plate of human body (back side) from Xiyuan lu (q.v.) and beginning of mulu 201 3 Lizhi xuanjing (#0211) (photo-repro. of undated ed. at Fu Sinian Library), j. 7, picture of a gruel distribution center 290 4 Huanxiang yaoze (#0239) (1890 Ronglu tang ed.), cover-leaf 323 5 Benxue zhinan (#0257) (photo-repro. of 1936 Miaoyuan congshu), model of memorial envelope, front and back 347 6 Da Ming longtou biandu pangxun lüfa quanshu (#0365), first page of j. 7, with text of Penal Code in lower register, model judgments in middle register, and fictitious cases in upper register 464 7 Da Ming longtou biandu pangxun lüfa quanshu (#0365), picture of a hand representing punishments for the “six spoils” as enumerated in the “song” featured right and left 465 8 Da Ming lü fuli jianshi (#0371), article “Causing a person’s death through oppression,” with Wang Kentang’s commentary 479 9 Da Qing xinglü tu (see under #0419), picture of a beating 554 10 Chongxiu mingfa zhizhang tu (#0449), j. 1, tables on “premeditated homicide of an official” and “premeditated homicide of a senior” 591 11 Mingxing tushuo (#0450), second scroll (detail) 593 12 Pili shoubi (#0669), j. 1, models for petitions, reports, and guarantees sent by local communities 849 13 Zheyu qibian (#0675), beginning of j. 1, with examples of stock phrases to use in complaints in the upper register 855 14 Pingpi baijin fang (#0825), j. 4, picture showing the shooting of fire arrows 1035 15 Deyi lu (#0870), 1888 ed., cover-leaf verso and beginning of Feng Guifen’s preface 1087 16 Deyi lu (#0870), 1888 ed., picture of the God of Thunder 1088

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Abbreviations

General Abbreviations and Frequently Used Chinese Terms

anon. anonymous annot. annotator/annotated baojia 保甲 (system of neighborhood mutual surveillance) cat. catalog coll. collated by (校), collator comp. compiled by (編, 輯, etc.) ed. edition(s), edited by, editor fanli 凡例 (information to readers) fasc. fascicle(s) (本 or 冊) FxuZ fu xuzhi 府續志 (prefecture gazetteer, continuation) FZ fuzhi 府志 (prefecture gazetteer) h. hao 號 (sobriquet) id. idem j. juan 卷 (chapter) jr. juren 舉人 (provincial graduate, licenciate) js. jinshi 進士 (metropolitan graduate, doctor) litho. lithographic (石印) m. ming 名 (given name) mf. microfilm ms. manuscript mulu 目錄 (table of contents) muyou 幕友 (private secretary) n.d. no date available n.p. no place available photo-repro. photo-reproduction (facsimile edition) postf. postface(s) (後序, 跋, etc.) pref. preface(s) (序 and other terms) q.v./qq.v. quod/quae vide (see under) s. shi 諡 (posthumous name) ser. series SKQS Siku quanshu 四庫全書 transl. translation/translated TZ tongzhi 通志 (province gazetteer)

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lxxiv

Abbreviations

vol. volume XxuZ xian xuzhi 縣續志 (county gazetteer, continuation) XZ xianzhi 縣志 (county gazetteer) z. zi 字 (style) ZZ zhouzhi 州志 (department gazetteer)



Reference Works and Documentary Collections Frequently Cited in the Text

[See list of Secondary Works Cited for complete citations] Alabaster Alabaster, Notes and Commentaries on Chinese Criminal Law Beiping Mf. Guohui tushuguan shezhi Beiping tushuguan shanben shu jiaopian 國會圖書館攝製北平圖書館善本書膠片 Bingshu jicheng Zhongguo bingshu jicheng weiyuanhui, Zhongguo bingshu jicheng 中國兵書集成 Bingshu zhijianlu Xu Baolin, Zhongguo bingshu zhijianlu 中國兵書知見錄 Bingshu zongmu Liu Shenning, Zhongguo bingshu zongmu 中國兵書總目 Bourgon Jérôme Bourgon, “Shen Jiaben et le droit chinois à la fin des Qing” BTGZC Beijing tushuguan guji chuban bianjizu, Beijing tushuguan guji zhenben congkan 北京圖書館古籍珍本叢刊 BZJ Qian yiji, Beizhuan ji 碑傳集 BZJbu Min Erchang, Beizhuan ji bu 碑傳集補 BZJ sanbian Wang Zhaoyong, Beizhuan ji sanbian 碑傳集三編 Chang Wejen Chang, Zhongguo fazhi shi shumu 中國法制史書目 Ch’en Fu-mei Ch’en Fu-mei, “Private Code Commentaries in the Development of Ch’ing Law” Chen Pengsheng Chen Pengsheng et al., Zhongguo gudai falü sanbai ti 中國 古代法律三百題

Congress Rare Books

Wang Chung-min, A Descriptive Catalog of Rare Chinese Books in the Library of Congress Congress Rare Books (xu) Fan Bangjin, Meigguo guohui tushuguan cang Zhongwen shanben shu xulu 美國國會圖書館藏中文善本書續錄 Dentō Chūgoku handoku Miki Satoshi et al., Dentō Chūgoku handoku shiryō mokuroku 伝統中国判牘資料目錄

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lxxv

Abbreviations

DMB Goodrich and Fang, Dictionary of Ming Biography ECCP Hummel, Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period “Faxue suo shanben” Xu Lizhi et al., “Zhongguo shekeyuan faxue suo tushuguan shanben shu tiyao (shang)” 中國社科院法學所圖書館善本 書提要 (上) Franke Wolfgang Franke, An Introduction to the Sources of Ming History Franke H. Herbert Franke, Sung Biographies Gao & Ma Gao Chao and Ma Jianshi, Zhongguo gudai faxue cidian 中 國古代法學辭典

Gudai bangwen gaoshi

Yang Yifan and Wang Xu, Gudai bangwen gaoshi huicun 古 代榜文告示彙存

Gudai difang falü

Yang Yifan and Liu Ducai, Zhongguo gudai difang falü wenxian 中國古代地方法律文獻 Gudai pandu anli Yang Yifan, Gudai panli andu xinbian 古代判例案牘新編 Gudai zheyu yaolan Yang Yifan, Gudai zheyu yaolan 古代折獄要覽 Gugong shanben Guoli gugong bowuyuan, Guoli gugong bowuyuan shanben jiuji zongmu 國立故宮博物院善本舊籍總目 Guji shanben Zhongguo guji shanben shumu bianji weiyuanhui, Zhongguo guji shanben shumu 中國古籍善本書目 Guandian Zhang Xiqing and Wang Xiumei, Guandian 官典 Guo Chengwei Guo Chengwei, Guanzhen shu dianping yu guanzhen wenhua yanjiu 官箴書點評與官箴文化研究 Guochao qixian leizheng Li Huan, Guochao qixian leizheng chubian 國朝耆賢類徵初 編

Guojia shanben shuzhi GZSJC He Qinhua Hervouet HKU shanben

Guojia tushuguan tecangzu, Guojia tushuguan shanben shuzhi chugao 國家圖書館善本書志初稿 Guanzhen shu jicheng bianzuan weiyuanhui, Guanzhen shu jicheng 官箴書集成 He Qinhua, Zhongguo faxue shi 中國法學史 Yves Hervouet and Étienne Balazs, A Sung Bibliography Xianggang daxue Feng Pingshan tushuguan, Xianggang daxue Feng Pingshan tushuguan cang shanben shu lu 鄉港 大學馮平山圖書館藏善本書錄

Huang Zhangjian Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian 明代律例彙編 Huangzheng shu jicheng Li Wenhai et al., Zhongguo huangzheng shu jicheng 中國荒 政書集成

Jia Jingtao

Jia Jingtao, Zhongguo gudai fayixue shi 中國古代法醫學史

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lxxvi Kanshin mokuji

Langlois

Li Lidai panli pandu Lidai zhenxi sifa

Abbreviations Kyōdai Tōyōshi kenkyūshitsu, Kanshin mokuji sōgō sakuin 官箴目次綜合索引, list of indexed works at beginning of volume John D. Langlois, Jr., “Ming Commentaries on the Code and Handbooks on Jurisprudence,” in Mote and Twitchett, Cambridge History of China, vol. 8, 211–213 Li Qiao, Qingdai guanchang baitai 清代官場百態 Yang Yifan and Xu Lizhi, Lidai panli pandu 歷代判例判牘 Yang Yifan and Guan Zhiguo, Lidai zhenxi sifa wenxian 歷 代珍稀司法文獻

Lüxue wenxian Ma Ming Qing fazhi Mingren zhuanji

Yang Yifan, Zhongguo lüxue wenxian 中國律學文獻 Ma Fengchen, “Qingdai xingzheng zhidu yanjiu cankao shumu” 清代行政制度研究參考數目 Guojia tushuguan chubanshe yingyin shi (ed.), Ming Qing fazhi shiliao jikan 明清法制史料輯刊 Guoli zhongyang tushuguan, Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin 明人傳記資料索引

Mingshi yiwenzhi

Huang Yuji, Mingshi yiwenzhi, Mingshi yiwenzhi bubian, Mingshi yiwenzhi fubian 明史藝文志，明史藝文志補編， 明史藝文志附編

MS Mingshi 明史 (Zhonghua shuju ed.) Nimick Nimick, “The County, the Magistrate, and the Yamen,” 193ff: “Appendix A: Ming Handbooks for Magistrates” (also in Mote and Twitchett, Cambridge History of China, Appendix B, 214–20) Pelliot Pelliot, “Notes de bibliographie chinoise” QDBZW Chen Naiqian, Qingdai beizhuanwen tongjian 清代碑傳文 通檢

Qingdai biji Qingdai lüxue

Zhou Guangpei, Qingdai biji xiaoshuo 清代筆記小說 Zhang Jinfan, Qingdai lüxue mingzhu xuanjie 清代律學名 著選介

Qingdai qibai Qingdai qiushen QSG QSLZ Renming quanwei

Cai Guanluo, Qingdai qibai mingren zhuan 清代七百名人傳 Yang Yifan, Qingdai qiushen wenxian 清代秋審文獻 Qingshi gao 清史稿 (Zhonghua shuju ed.) Qingshi liezhuan 清史列傳 Renming quanwei renwu zhuanji ziliao chaxun 人名權威人 物傳記資料查詢

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lxxvii

Abbreviations Shiga

Siku

Shiga Shūzō, Shindai Chūgoku no hō to saiban 清代中國の 法と裁判, Appendix, pp. 7–10: “Shindai handoku mokuroku” 清代判牘目錄 Wang Yunwu, Heyin Siku quanshu zongmu tiyao ji Siku weishou shumu jinhui shumu 合印四庫全書總目提要及四 庫未收書目禁燬書目

Siku weishou Siku xuxiu SKCMCS Sô Gen kanshin Songdai renwu Songren

Siku weishou shu jikan 四庫未收書輯刊 Zhongguo kexueyuan tushuguan, Xuxiu siku quanshu zongmu tiyao (gaoben) 續修四庫全書總目提要 (稿本) Siku quanshu cunmu congshu 四庫全書存目叢書 Akagi Ryūji and Satake Yasuhiko, Sō Gen kanshin sōgō sakuin 宋元官箴總合索引 Shen Zhihong and Wang Ronggui, Zhongguo difangzhi Songdai renwu ziliao suoyin 中國地方志宋代人物資料索引 Chang Bide et al., Songren zhuanji ziliao suoyin 宋人傳記 資料索引

Songren bubian

Li Guoling, Songren zhuanji ziliao suoyin bubian 宋人傳記 資料索引補編

Tianyi ge cangshu

Zhou Zimei, Tianyi ge cangshu jingjian lu 天一閣藏書經見 錄

Tianyi ge shumu Luo Zhaoping, Xinbian Tianyi ge shumu 新編天一閣書目 TYG Ruan Yuan, Tianyi ge shumu 天一閣書目 TYGXC Xue Fucheng, Tianyi ge xiancun shumu 天一閣現存書目 Watt Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China Xu Zi Xu Zi, Guanzhen: zuoguan de mendao 官箴—做官的門道 XuBZJ Miao Quansun, Xu beizhuan ji 續碑傳集 Xuxiu SKQS Xuxiu siku quanshu 續修四庫全書 Yamamoto Yamamoto Eishi, “Shindai no kōtoku to sono riyō” 清代の 公牘とその利用

ZSJC

Chen Shengxi, Zhengshu jicheng 政書集成

Institutions Beida Beiping Beitu

Beijing daxue tushuguan 北京大學圖書館 Guoli Beiping tushuguan 國立北平圖書館 Beijing tushuguan 北京圖書館 (now Guojia tushuguan 國 家圖書館)

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lxxviii

Abbreviations

BN

Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Manuscrits Orientaux (now part of Département des Manuscrits) Bodleian Bodleian Library, Oxford CASS Jinshi suo Zhongguo kexue yuan jindai shi yanjiu suo 中國社會科學 院近代史研究所 (Institute of ModernHistory, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing) Chicago University of Chicago Joseph Regenstein Library, Far Eastern Library Columbia C.V. Starr East Asian Library, Columbia University, New York Congress Library of Congress, Washington D.C. Congress/LL Library of Congress, Law Library (collection of the former Far Eastern Law Department) Faxue suo Zhongguo kexue yuan faxue yanjiu suo 中國科學院法學研 究所 (National Institute of Law, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing) Fu Sinian Fu Sinian Library, Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica 中央研究院歷史語言研究所傅斯年圖書 館, Taipei Gugong Beijing Gugong bowuyuan tushuguan 故宮博物院圖書館, Beijing Gugong Taipei Guoli gugong bowuyuan tushuguan 國立故宮博物院圖書 館, Taipei Harvard Harvard-Yenching Library, Harvard University, Cambridge (Mass.) HKU Hong Kong University Library Hōsa Bunko Hōsa Bunko 蓬左文庫, Nagoya Hubei Hubei Provincial Library 湖北省圖書館 Hunan Hunan Provincial Library 湖南省圖書館 IHEC Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises, Collège de France, Paris JJS Chinese Academy of Social Science, Institute of Economics 中國社會科學院經濟研究所, Beijing Kyujanggak Kyujanggak 奎章閣 Institute for Korean Studies, Seoul National University Leiden Sinologisch Instituut, Leiden University Liaoning Liaoning Provincial Library 遼寧省圖書館 LSS Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of History 中國社會科學院歷史研究所, Beijing

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lxxix

Abbreviations Naikaku Nanjing Ōki Princeton Shanghai Shoudu SOAS Tian Tao Tianyi ge Tōdai Tōyō Bunka Tōyō Bunko Zhejiang Zhengfa Zhongshan Zhongyang ZKT

Naikaku Bunko 內閣文庫, Kokuritsu kōbunshokan 国立公

文書館, Tokyo

Nanjing tushuguan 南京圖書館 Ōki Collection 大木文庫, Tōyō bunka kenkyūjo 東洋文化 研究所, Tokyo University Gest Library, Princeton University, Princeton Shanghai tushuguan 上海圖書館, Shanghai Shoudu tushuguan 首都圖書館, Beijing School of Oriental and African Studies Library, London Tian Tao 田濤 private collection, Beijing Tianyi ge 天一閣 library, Ningpo University of Tokyo general library 東京大学総合図書館 Tōkyō daigaku Tōyō bunka kenkyūjo 東京大学東洋文化研 究所, Tokyo Tōyō Bunko 東洋文庫, Tokyo Zhejiang tushuguan 浙江圖書館, Hangzhou Zhongguo zhengfa daxue tushuguan, gujishu cangku 中國 政法大學圖書館古籍書藏庫, Beijing Zhongshan daxue tushuguan 中山大學圖書館, Guangzhou Guoli zhongyang tushuguan 國立中央圖書館, Taipei (now Guojia tushuguan 國家圖書館) Zhongguo kexueyuan tushuguan 中國科學院圖書館, Beijing

Contributors BB CC CL CLa GRT HD HDT JB JK LG LNY NP

Bettine Birge (University of Southern California) Claude Chevaleyre (CNRS, Lyon) Chen Li 陳利 (University of Toronto) Christian Lamouroux (EHESS) Guo Runtao 郭潤濤 (Peking University) Helen Dunstan (University of Sydney) Huo Datong 霍大同 (University of Chengdu) Jérôme Bourgon (CNRS, Lyon) Jérôme Kerlouégan (University of Oxford) Luca Gabbiani (EFEO) Lau Nap-yin 柳立言 (Academia Sinica) Nancy E. Park (California State University, East Bay)

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lxxx PDQ PER PEW PHD PWK SWF TCF TN

Abbreviations Pei Danqing 裴丹青 (Zhejiang Normal University) Pierre-Emmanuel Roux (Université Paris-Diderot) Pierre-Étienne Will (Collège de France) Pierre-Henri Durand (CNRS, Paris) Win Kin Puk 卜永堅 (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) Shum Wing Fong 岑詠芳 (Collège de France) Ting Ching-fang 丁慶芳 (Bureau français de Taipei) Thomas G. Nimick (USMA, West Point)

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Titles, Reign Names, and Dates

Official Titles Most Frequently Cited in the Bibliography

administration commissioner (布政使) bureau director (郎中) bureau vice-director (員外郎) bureau secretary (主事) department magistrate (知州) governor (Qing) (巡撫) governor-general (Qing) (總督) grand coordinator (Ming) (巡撫) intendant (道) magistrate (知縣) minister (尚書) prefect (知府) regional inspector (巡按御史) supreme commander (Ming) (總督) surveillance commissioner (按察使) vice-minister (侍郎)

Reign-Names Cited in the Text

SONG Yuanyou 元祐, 1086–94 Shaosheng 紹聖, 1094–98 Shaoxing 紹興, 1131–62 Chunxi 淳熙, 1174–89 Xianchun 咸淳, 1265–74 YUAN Zhiyuan 至元, 1271–94 Zhizhi 至治, 1321–23 Zhiyuan 至元, 1335–40 MING Hongwu (HW) 洪武, 1368–98 Yongle 永樂, 1403–24

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lxxxii

Titles, Reign Names, and Dates

Xuande 宣德, 1426–35 Zhengtong 正統, 1436–49 Tianshun 天順, 1457–64 Hongzhi 弘治, 1488–1505 Zhengde 正德, 1506–21 Jiajing (JJ) 嘉靖, 1522–66 Longqing 隆慶, 1467–72 Wanli (WL) 萬曆, 1573–1620 Tianqi 天啟, 1621–27 Chongzhen 崇禎, 1628–44 QING Shunzhi 順治 (1644–61) Kangxi (KX) 康熙 (1662–1722) Yongzheng (YZ) 雍正 (1723–35) Qianlong (QL) 乾隆 (1736–95) Jiaqing (JQ) 嘉慶 (1796–1820) Daoguang (DG) 道光 (1821–50) Xianfeng (XF) 咸豐 (1851–61) Tongzhi (TZ) 同治 (1862–74) Guangxu (GX) 光緒 (1875–1908) Xuantong 宣統 (1909–11)

Format for Dates

Generally in the Bibliography Chinese years (expressed as reign-name and year) are directly converted into Western calendar years based on the above list of reign-names. Except otherwise noted, the short period at the end of a lunar year that extends beyond Dec. 31 of the corresponding Western year is not taken into consideration. Thus, the 20th year of the Kangxi reign (KX 20, 康熙二十年) becomes 1681, even though it extended to 6 February 1682. Chinese dates, when given their full form, are expressed as reign-name abbreviation (see above, list of reign-names) followed by year/month/day.

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part 1

Works of a General Nature 1.1

General Admonitions to the Bureaucracy

[TANG] 0001

Chengui 臣軌, 2 j. [Rules for Ministers] By Empress Wu Zetian 武則天 (624–705, r. 690–705) Ed.:

– *In Yicun congshu, ser. 1, with postf. by Hayashi Hitoshi 林衡 (1799). [IHEC] – *1924 Dongfang xuehui 東方學會 typeset ed. based on a 1668 Japanese ed. (together with Difan 帝範, 2 j., and collator’s notes 校記, 2 j.), with postfs. by Yang Shoujing 楊守敬 (n.d.) and Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉 (1924). [Beitu] – *Collated ed. of the Chengxin tang 澄心堂校點, n.d. [Shoudu] – * Collated ed. of the Chengxin tang, with pref. by Zhu Zhenxin 朱枕薪 (1936). [Shoudu] – In Yueya tang congshu. – *Modern typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 893, based on Yicun congshu and Yueya tang congshu eds., and in *Congshu jicheng jianbian, fasc. 288. – *Photo-repro. of ed. based on Japanese movable-type ed. in Yicun cong­ shu, collected in Ruan Yuan’s Wanwei biecang (據宛委別藏日本活字印佚 存叢書本影印), in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 753. – *Photo-repro. of Yicun congshu ed., in GZSJC, vol. 1.

Rem.: Admonitions to the bureaucracy composed in the name of the Tang empress Wu Zetian. The text, which quotes heavily (if not always accurately) from a variety of ancient works, is composed of ten sections (zhang 章): “Making one body with the ruler” (同體), “Attaining loyalty” (至忠), “Maintaining the Way” (守道), “Public spirit and justice” (公正), “Righteous criticism” (匡諫), “Sincerity and trustworthiness” (誠信), “Cautiousness” (慎密), “Integrity” (廉潔), “Being a good general” (良將), and “Benefitting the people” (利人). Each sentence is followed by a short explanatory comment; the author of the comments is not known. There is an undated, “imperially written” (禦撰) pref., and a final “discussion” (論) that seem to be at least in part from the empress’s own hand. The © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004416208_002

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2

1.1 General Admonitions

date of composition has been said to be 685 (date in Japanese copies) or 693 (when it became a prescribed examination text, cited in Tang huiyao); Twitchett (see below) favors 685, if not earlier, noting that the so-called Scholars of the Northern Gate (北門學士), the text’s “putative authors,” had all died in the 680s after incurring the empress’s disfavor. In his words, Chengui appears to be “part of a larger program of prescriptive texts [produced by that group in the name of Wu Zetian] providing models of appropriate conduct for various groups in Tang society.” While the text had been lost in China since the Yuan period at the latest, it circulated continuously in Japan, where it was part of the scholarly curriculum. The modern Chinese editions are all based on Japanese copies; the first of these acquired from Japan was a movable-type ed. (possibly the one edited by Hayashi) described by Ruan Yuan 阮元 in his Siku quanshu weishou shumu (1822). Also note the fact that among numerous works attributed to Wu Zetian but now lost was a text titled Bailiao xinjie 百僚新誡, in 5 j.

Ref. and studies: Ruan Yuan, Siku weishou shumu tiyao (Taipei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1978), 2/27. Chang, 1:131–2. Guo Chengwei, 17, 19–20. Morohashi Tetsuji 諸橋轍次, Dai kanwa jiten 大漢和辭典, 9:386. Xu Zi, 15–34. Twitchett, “Chen gui and Other Works Attributed to Wu Zetian,” offers a thorough analysis of the work’s content and historical background. Transl.: Chinese text and transl. in modern Chinese of the main text, in Guandian, vol. 1. [PEW] [SONG]

Zhengjing 政經 See: Zhen Xishan zhengjing 0002

Zhongjing 忠經 [Classic of Loyalty] Attributed to Ma Rong 馬融 (Later Han) N.d. Ed.:

– Undated Southern Song ed., with pref. by Huang Zhen 黃震 (n.d.), postfs. by Wang Anguo 王安國 (n.d.), Chen Qin 陳欽 (1169), and Zhang Ge 張格 (1213). [Zhongyang] – 1434 Suzhou prefectural school ed., with pref. by Han Yang 韓陽 (1434), postf. by Hu Jizhou 胡季舟 (1434). [Zhongyang]

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0001–0002

3

– 1554 Huo 霍 family ed., with prefs. by Shier liancheng zi 十二連城子 (n.d.), Han Yang (1434), Huang Hongpi 黃洪毗 (1554, to chongke), Xu Pei 徐霈 (n.d.), Zhu Mujie 朱睦㮮 (1554), postf. by Hu Jizhou (1434). [Zhongyang] – *1555 ed. calligraphed in seal script (篆書) (twelve characters per page) and printed by the prince of Shucheng 舒城王, [Zhu] Yongren 朱永仁, eighth-generation descendant of the Ming founder, at Nancheng 南城 (Jiangxi), with pref. by him (1555); according to the pref., the text was published jointly with the text of Xiaojing. [Gugong Taipei] [*Beiping Mf., reel #723] – 1562 ed. of the 顧氏祗洹館. [Gugong Taipei] – *1566 ed. with pref. by Han Yang (1434), anon. intro. (yin 引) (n.d., apparently by the sponsor of a 1434 ed.), postfs. by Hu Jizhou (1434) and Linghu Cong 令狐鏓, the magistrate of Chaoyi 朝邑 [Shaanxi] who funded this ed. (1566); possibly a joint ed. with the Xiaojing. [Shanghai] – 1568 ed. coll. and printed by Zhao Kongzhao 趙孔昭, with pref. by Han Yang (1434), postf. by Yuquan shanren 玉泉山人 (1568). [Zhongyang] – Undated (Tianqi or Chongzhen era) ed. from the Yanlingfeng Wuqiubei zhai zhuzi wenku 嚴靈峰無求備齋諸子文庫, coll. by Shen Dingke 沈鼎 科. [Zhongyang] – [1633] ed. titled Zhongjing xiangjie 詳解 (“with explanations”), with edict to the Ministry of Personnel by the Chongzhen emperor (1633), pref. by Tao Yuanliang (陶原良詳解, 1434), with notes in the upper margin. [Shanghai] – *Undated (possibly Ming) ed., also including Lü Benzhong’s Guanzhen and Hu Taichu’s Zhoulian xulun (qq.v.). [Ōki] – 1683 Japanese ed. with indication “御覽頒行忠經解，忠經集註詳解， 漢扶風馬融撰，漢北海鄭註，明潭陽余昌年訂” at the beginning, with pref. by Han Yang (1434). [Zhongyang] – 1875 Hubei Chongwen shuju 湖北崇文書局 ed. [Zhongyang] – In Gezhi congshu. – *In Shuofu (1647 ed.), j. 7 (and Shuofu sanzhong 三種, Shanghai guji chubanshe, vol. 6), without pref. or postf. – *In Han Wei congshu, Shanghai Hanfen lou photo-repro. ed., ce 10, revised by Cheng Rong 程榮 (Ming dynasty), with pref. attributed to Ma Rong, anon. intro. (引), pref. by Han Yang (1434), text followed by a note by Gu Xuanwei 顧玄緯 (year 壬戌), pref. by Wang Anguo (n.d.), postf. by Hu Jizhou (1434). [IHEC] – *In Zengding Han Wei congshu, ce 5, text coll. by Zhong Chongguan 鐘崇 倌, with pref. attributed to Ma Rong, explanatory note by Wang Mo 王謨 (n.d.). [IHEC]

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– In Guang 廣 Han Wei congshu. – *In Xuejin taoyuan, 12 集, with pref. attributed to Ma Rong. [IHEC] – *In Baohongye congshu (1907), ce 1, with pref. attributed to Ma Rong. [IHEC] – *In Jindai mishu, 4 集, with pref. attributed to Ma Rong. [IHEC] – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 893, and Congshu jicheng jianbian, fasc. 288, based on Jindai mishu ed., with pref. attributed to Ma Rong and Siku summary. – *Photo-repro. of 1566 ed. at Shanghai, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 1. – *Photo-repro. of 1633 ed. at Shanghai, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 933. – *Photo-repro. of 1647 Shuofu ed., Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1989. – *In Baizi quanshu 百子全書, modern ed. based on the Hubei Chongwen shuju 1875 ed., Changsha: Yue Lu shushe, 1994, vol. 1, with pref. attributed to Ma Rong, text without annotations. – *Modern annotated ed. based on Han Wei congshu ed., with the same pref. and postf., in Zhonghua zajing jicheng 中華雜經集成, Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 1994, vol. 1. – *Photo-repro. of Xuejin taoyuan ed., in Zhuzi jicheng bubian 諸子集成補 編, Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe, 1997, vol. 2, with pref. attributed to Ma Rong, text followed by Wang Mo’s explanatory note (n.d.) and Siku summary.

Rem.: Although this work is reported to have been composed by Ma Rong, with a commentary by Zheng Xuan 鄭玄, both text and commentary are regarded as a forgery dating to the Song (according to the Siku editors), or possibly the Tang. (The authors of the 1434 and 1555 prefs. did not question the Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan attribution.) The 18 entries (章) are modeled on the Classic of Filial Piety (Xiaojing 孝經)—the public virtue of loyalty (zhong) being the counterpart and consequence of the private virtue of filial piety. Each entry discusses loyalty in relation to a category of persons (such as rulers, ministers, officials, the military, the people, and so on) or a particular aspect of governance, and concludes with a quote from either the Odes or the Documents. The commentary attributed to Zheng Xuan is inserted in smaller type. The Chongzhen emperor’s edict opening the 1633 Zhongjing xiangjie deplores the decay in education, crisis in recruiting talents, and lack of integrity among officials, and orders the Ministries of Personnel and Rites and the Censorate to devise ways to improve the situation. In his pref. found in the same ed., Tao claims that he got inspiration from a number of “ancient sages” and contemporary scholars to compile what was apparently a joint

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0002–0004

edition of the Xiaojing and Zhongjing, though the text does not seem different from the usual Ma Rong/Zheng Xuan version; 11 paragons of loyalty (from Zhou to Yuan) are listed at the beginning.

Ref. and studies: Siku, 95/1949, saying the text is a Song forgery; based on the mention of a Zhongjing by Hai Peng 海鵬 (otherwise unknown), the commentators suggest that the work was later put under the names of Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan, thus “making a real book into a spurious book”; this claim may explain why a number of Ming editions feature Hai Peng as author and Ma Rong as “previously indicated author” in the Zhongyang catalog. TYG, 3:1/3b (with pref. by Wang Anguo, postf. by Gu Yuanwei 顧元緯). Chang, 1:129–31 (citing numerous eds.). Xu Zi, 7–14. Zhao Dongshu 趙東書, Zhongjing xinjie 忠經 新解, Hong Kong: Zhao Dongshu, 1958. Transl.: Text (without commentary) and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. [LG, PEW] 0003

Zhu Wengong zhengxun 朱文公政訓, 1 j. [Zhu Xi’s Instructions on Government] By Zhu Xi 朱熹 (z. Yuanhui 元晦, Zhonghui 仲晦, s. Wen 文) (1130– 1200) (js. 1148), from Wuyuan 婺源 (modern Jiangxi) N.d. Ed.: – As first part of Zhengxun (q.v.).

Rem.: A compilation of answers given to his disciples by Zhu Xi on questions of local government, and remarks made by other authors of the period. The text was assembled by Peng Shao 彭韶 for inclusion in his Zhengxun (q.v.) together with Zhen Dexiu’s Zhen Xishan zhengxun (q.v.). Ref. and studies: Sō Gen kanshin. Chang, 1:161–2. Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1.

0004

[PEW]

Zhen Xishan zhengjing 真西山政經, 1 j. [Zhen Xishan’s Classic of Governance] By Zhen Dexiu 真德秀 (z. Jingyuan 景元, Xiyuan 希元, Jingxi 景希, h. Xishan 西山, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1178–1235) (js. 1199), from Pucheng 浦 城 (present-day Fujian) N.d.

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Ed.:

– Ming reprint of Song 1242 ed. [Zhongyang] – *Extracts in Shuofu (1647 ed.), j. 70, titled Zhenjing. – In Zhen Xishan quanji 真西山全集, with prefs. by Wang Mai 王邁 (1242) and Lu Jian 陸簡 (1468), postf. (跋) by Zhang Peng 張鵬 (1524). – In Xishan xiansheng Zhen Wenzhong gong wenji. – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 706, titled Zhengjing. – In Xunmintang congshu. – Photo-repro. of a Qing Wanweishan tang 宛委山堂 ed., Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1988.

Rem.: The text, also known as Zhengjing, was published as a companion piece to Zhen’s Classic of the Heart-Mind (心經) in the earlier editions, thus connecting his views on metaphysics and Confucian values with his views on governance. It includes (1) passages from the classics and histories, both quotations and records from individual biographies (傳) (in the first part, constituting the “classic” proper); and (2) utterances by Southern Song officials and a selection from Zhen’s own proclamations, instructions, and exhortations as a local official (in the second part). Zhen’s pieces represent more than half of the work. They include two sets of directives. One, titled “Instructions to the two controller-generals and bureau staff” (咨目呈兩通判及職曹官), was written in 1222 for Zhen’s subordinates when he was prefect of Changsha 長沙 in modern Hunan; it lists four things to encourage (勸) and ten things to guard against (戒). The other, titled “Instructions to prefecture and county officials” (諭州縣官僚), was promulgated in 1232 when Zhen was prefect of Quanzhou 泉州 in modern Fujian. The two sets also make up Zhen’s Zhengxun (q.v.). The text is rich in administrative notions and technical terms; it focuses on four major areas of local administration: promoting social customs and education, enforcing justice, equalizing taxation and corvée, and preventing lower officials from disturbing the populace. The emphasis is on education, leniency toward the people, simplification of penal law, precision in administrative management, improving infrastructures, relief measures, and the moral qualities of the official. The Siku commentators consider that with this text Zhen wanted to make the emperor aware of the realities of the life of ordinary people, with which he was familiar. Later on, Xinjing and Zhengjing came to be published as distinct works, to the point of reproducing one of the texts without the other, which tends to misrepresent the work’s origin. Bio.: Born to a family of modest circumstances, Zhen Dexiu managed to pass the jinshi examination in 1199, and later the prestigious boxue hongci.

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After a stint as a local official in Fujian he was called to the capital to serve in a variety of educational and scholarly positions. An ardent proponent of famine relief policies and of combating the Jurchen, he asked to be sent to the provinces because of his disagreements with the powerful Shi Miyuan 史彌 遠 (1164–1233). He served with acclaim as prefect in various places in Hunan and Fujian. In 1225 he was summoned to the capital by the newly enthroned emperor Lizong 理宗, but was later sent back to his native place for having incurred Shi Miyuan’s hostility. In 1232 he was again appointed prefect in Fujian, and ended his days in metropolitan positions. See Songshi, 437/12957–65; Franke H., 1:88–90; Songren, 3:1818–20. Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2399, mentions a Xu 續 Zhen Xishan zhengjing by Zheng Jie 鄭節. Siku, 92/1914 (title Zhengjing). Hervouet, 172. Chang, 2:614. De Bary, Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy, 88–90. De Bary, “Chen Te-hsiu and Statecraft,” esp. 363ff. Ron-guey Chu, “Chen Te-hsiu and the Classic on Governance.” Xiang Hongquan, “Zhen Dexiu jiqi Daxue yanyi zhi yanjiu,” 190–2. Transl.: Ron-guey Chu, “Chen Te-hsiu and the Classic on Governance,” 209– 355 (with annotation). Bibliography entries for same author: Yu liaoshu wen; Yu su wen; Zhen Xishan zhengxun. [TN, PEW] 0005

Baiguan zhen 百官箴, 6 j. [Admonitions to the Hundred Officials] By Xu Yueqing 許月卿 (z. Taikong 太空, h. Shanwu 山屋) (1216–1285) (js. 1244), from Wuyuan 婺源 (present-day Anhui) N.d. Ed.:

– Ed. with pref. by Lu Shen 陸深 (1535) (giving author’s name as Xu Shiqing 事卿). – 1534 ed. engraved by Pan Zi 潘滋 in Sichuan titled Shanwu 山屋 Baiguan zhen. [Nanjing tushuguan] – Qing ms. ed. [Nankai daxue] – *1777 new engraving (新鐫) of the Shanwu Academy 山屋書院藏板, with pref. by Lü Nan 呂柟 (1537), “original pref.” by Lu Shen (1535) written for the Pan Zi Sichuan ed. (婺北潘方塘先生重刻), and “posterior pref.” (後 敘) by Pan Zi (1534); an ed. carefully engraved and printed on high-quality paper. [LSS] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 602, with pref. by Lü Nan (1537). – *1922 Jiansu tang 簡素堂 ed. of the Wuxi Xu family 無錫許氏, 1 ce, with Siku summary (1784), prefs. by Lü Nan (1537), anon. (1535), and Pan Zi

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(1534), postf. (跋) by [Xu] Tongxin (宗後學同莘) (1922); the postf. notes some discrepancies between the Pan Zi printed ed. held by Jiangnan tushuguan and the text prepared by the Siku editors, and doubts that the latter used the Pan Zi ed. The present text uses the Siku version with emendations based on the Pan Zi ed. [*Fu Sinian, in Xin’an Xu shi xianji 新安許氏先集, ce 1, bound together with 1923 engraving of Xu’s Xiantian ji 先天集]. [*Harvard] [*Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of Siku quanshu ed., in ZSJC, vol. 4. – *Photo-repro. of Siku quanshu ed., in GZSJC, vol. 1.

Rem.: The first j. opens with a memorial of presentation to emperor Lizong 理宗 (r. 1225–64) and a pref. by Xu Yueqing (both n.d.). In the memorial Xu makes it clear that the work was intended to be a guide for the officials to fulfill their duties so that they could assist the emperor and reinvigorate the empire. The implication was that the situation under prime minister Jia Sidao 賈似道 (1213–75) was critical. J. 1–2 include a general historical account of the empire’s government, an explanation of the origin of the phrase “baiguan zhen” (remonstrances by the officialdom), said to go back to the Shang dynasty, and of the various aspects of the genre, adducing a number of ancient texts and some noted Neo-confucians like Zhu Xi. J. 3–6 discuss the tasks of 49 types of office, from left vice-director of the Department of State Affairs (左丞 相) downwards, and the consequences incurred in case of negligence (each section being an “admonition” 箴 to the said officials). The emphasis is rather on ideological and theoretical aspects: Xu’s comments sound somewhat like those made in a “classics mat lecture” (經筵), with a combination of quotations from the classics and histories, allusions to contemporary events, and various remarks. It is not sure that the work ever reached the emperor. Its circulation seems to have been limited to Xu’s disciples and family, the work having been transmitted through the generations by Xu’s descendants. Bio.: Xu Yueqing was a native of Xuchang 許昌 in Wuyuan. He entered civil officialdom through his military merits, and became a local and central official after earning his jinshi in 1244. He was dismissed for his criticism of prime minister Jia Sidao, of which the present work gives an example. He is said to have remained confined in a solitary room and refusing to talk after the fall of the Song in 1279 until his death in 1285. See Songren, 3: 2172; Songren bubian, 2:950; Songdai renwu, 1:194, as well as the documents appended to the 1923 ed. of Xu’s Xiantian ji, including his account of conduct (行狀), dated 1314.

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9

Ref. and studies: Siku, 79/1679–80. Sō Gen kanshin. Chang, 1:133–34. Guji shanben, 史, 2:1099. TYG, 2:2/46b–47a (ed. with 1535 pref.). Liu Zhaoyou, “Songdai zhiguanlei shiji kao” (上), 609–10. [LG, LNY, SWF] [MING]

Yuzhi guanzhen 御製官箴 See: Xuanzong Zhanghuangdi yuzhi guanzhen Ergong zhengxun 二公政訓 See: Zhengxun 0006

Xuanzong Zhanghuangdi yuzhi guanzhen 宣宗章皇帝御製官箴, 1 j. [Admonitions to Officials, Composed by Xuanzong, the Brilliant Emperor] By Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming (Zhu Zhanji 朱瞻基) (r. Xuande, 1426–1435) 1432 imperial edict Ed.:

– 1432 ed. – *Quoted in Ming shilu: Xuanzong, 92/2091–2017 (XZ/7/7/-). – Undated ed., in Guochao diangu 國朝典故 (ms. ed. in 110 j. by Zhu Dangmian 朱當㴐, fl. 1522–33, and printed ed. in 60 j. by Deng Shilong 鄧 士龍, js. 1595), j. 26, with imperial edict (1432) and an imperial note titled “Yuzhi guanghan dian ji” 御製廣寒殿記 (1433). [Zhongyang] – *Unpaginated Ming-period ms. in a not very careful hand, with punctuation and numerous emendations added, with 1432 edict and mulu; a note at the end indicates that the ms. has been copied from a 1538 Guozijian 國子監 ed. The rest of the fasc. includes (in the same hand) “Yuzhi Guanghan dian ji,” a comparatively large collection of poems by Xuanzong, some with imperial pref.; a lengthy account in baihua of the Zhengtong emperor’s captivity after the Tumu defeat in 1449 and of his return to Beijing, titled Zhengtong linrong lu 正統臨戎錄 [Franke 2.5.3], and two further texts on the same events; and a text titled Foucan lu 否參 錄; all of this was clearly copied from j. 26–30 of Guochao diangu. [LSS] – Typeset punctuated critical ed. in Guochao diangu, Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 1993, vol. 1. – *Photo-repro. of Guochao diangu printed ed., in GZSJC, vol. 1.

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– *Photo-repro. of a ms. copy of Guochao diangu ed. at Shaanxi sheng tu­ shuguan, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 261.

Rem.: The work is also known as Yuzhi guanzhen. It is composed of 35 “admonitions” (箴) corresponding to the various capital and provincial posts, from head of Chief Military Commission (都督府) down to local educational official. The tone is rather direct, the emperor speaking in the first person. The work was to be “read morning and evening” (朝夕 覽觀) by the officials. According to the Siku editors the 1538 version was edited by Lun Yixun 倫以訓 (js. 1517), then a chancellor (祭酒) of the Nanjing National University (國子監). Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2393. Siku, 80/1693. TYG, 2:2/47b (ms. ed.). Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, vol. 2, 427–29. Guji shanben, 史, 2:1100. [LG]

0007

Zhengxun 政訓, 2 j. [Instructions on Government] Comp. Peng Shao 彭韶 (z. Fengyi 鳳儀, h. Congwu 從吾, s. Huian 惠 安) (1430–1495) (js. 1457), from Putian 莆田 (Fujian) Ed.:

– In Baoyan tang miji (1606 ed., *photo-repro. of copy at Zhongyang in Baibu congshu jicheng, no. 18), ed. (校) by Chen Jiru 陳繼儒 and Gao Chengyan 高承埏, with prefs. by Peng Shao (前序, 1476) and Zhang Yue 張悅 (後序, 1476). In the many versions of Chen Jiru’s sprawling congshu (known under this and other names), the two reconstructed texts by Zhu Xi and Zhen Dexiu that compose the work (see below) are put under titles that may or may not include prefixes like dingzheng 訂正, ding 訂, Baoyan tang dingzheng, and so forth, while the first character of the title proper (Zhu 朱 or Zhen 真) is sometimes omitted. These variants may reflect the fact that Chen Jiru is said to have been prone to edit texts even after engraving. See, e.g., the catalogs of [Beitu] [Harvard] [Hōsa Bunko] [Kokkai] [Kyujanggak] [Naikaku] [Zhongyang] [ZKT]. – Undated Chongzhen-era excerpted ed. of both works, first text titled Zhu Wengong zhengxun zhaiyao 摘要, second text Zhen Xishan zhengxun zhaiyao (not printed side-by-side), ed. by Ye Tingxiu 葉廷秀 (js. 1625), in his Ye Runshan jizhu quanshu 葉潤山輯著全書. [Beida] – In Shusanwei lou congshu, titled Ergong 二公 zhengxun. [Shanghai] – *In Baoyan tang miji (1922 ed.): xuji, with pref. by Peng Shao (前序, 1476) and postf. by Zhang Yue (後序, 1476) both appearing before the first text. First text titled Zhu Wengong zhengxun, second text Xishan zhengxun. [*Columbia][*IHEC] [*Ōki]

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11

– *Photo-repro. of the Wanli Baoyan tang miji ed. at ZKT, with pref. by Peng Shao (1476, titled Ergong zhengxun in central margin) and postf. by Zhang Yue (1476), in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 121; first text titled Baoyan tang ding Zhu Wengong zhengxun, second text Baoyan tang dingzheng Zhen Xishan zhengxun. – *Photo-repro. of 1922 Wenming shuju ed. of Baoyan tang miji: xuji, in Biji xiaoshuo daguan, ser. 4, vol. 4. – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 893, and Congshu jicheng jianbian, fasc. 288, with pref. by Peng Shao (1476) and postf. by Zhang Yue (1476) placed before and after Zhu Wengong zhengxun; Lü Benzhong’s Guanzhen (q.v.) is inserted between the two texts. – *Photo-repro. of 1922 Baoyan tang miji: xuji ed., without pref. and without joint title, in ZSJC, vol. 4.

Rem.: A joint collection of dicta on government by the two Southern Song luminaries Zhu Xi and Zhen Dexiu, respectively titled Zhu Wengong zhengxun and Zhen Xishan zhengxun (see under these titles). As explained in the pref. and postf., the texts were assembled from the two authors’ works, put together under the title Zhengxun by Peng Shao while he was surveillance commissioner of Sichuan in 1475, and engraved for distribution in the province. This original imprint does not seem to have survived; all the known eds. are based on the version edited by Chen Jiru 陳繼儒 (1558–1639) for his well-known congshu, Baoyan tang miji, in which the two texts are printed in succession under the (implied) general title Zhengxun, with Peng’s pref. (政訓前序) at the beginning and Zhang’s postface (政訓後序) placed either at the end or after Peng’s pref.

Bio.: Peng Shao was very active in official life and his moral challenges to those in power several times resulted in imprisonment. He started his career in the Ministry of Justice as bureau secretary, then vice-director and director. In 1470 he was sent to Sichuan as surveillance vice-commissioner (副使). In 1475 he was promoted to surveillance commissioner (按察使) and it was in that position that he produced the present work. He went on to serve as administration commissioner (布政使) in both Guangdong and Guizhou, as grand coordinator for the areas around both the southern and northern capitals, and as vice-minister (侍郎) of Justice and of Personnel. He was sent to handle an uprising and then review the administration of the salt tax in Zhejiang. He finished his career as minister of Justice. See DMB, 443; Jiao Hong 焦竑, Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻徵錄, 44/56a; Ming shilu: Xianzong, 137/2577. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 23:255. [TN, PEW]

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Huang Ming zhengyao 皇明政要, 20 j. [Essentials of Government of the August Ming] Ed. Lou Xing 婁性 (js. 1481), from Shangrao 上饒 (Jiangxi) Ed.:

– 1507 Shendu zhai 慎獨齋 ed. with postf. (後序) by author (1491) and author’s memorial (表) submitting the work to the throne (1503). [Nanjing] – *[1526] ed. with pref. by Dai Jin 戴金 (1526, to new engraving 新刻), author’s presentation memorial (1503), the same memorial repeated at the end of the work, and author’s postf. (1491). [Beitu] – *Undated Ming ed. titled Xinkan 新刊 Huang Ming zhengyao, coll. and newly engraved by Yue Shizhan’s Wenhui shushe at Jintai (i.e., Beijing) 金臺後學岳氏世瞻文會書舍考訂梫梓, with author’s presentation memorial (1503), labeled as a pref. (前序), and author’s postf. (1491); name of publisher placed after the memorial and Yue Shizhan’s name mentioned as collator in chapter captions. [*Beiping Mf., reel #165] [Gugong Taipei] – Undated ms. copy in 2 ce. [Beida] – *Photo-repro. of 1507 ed. (copy at Nanjing), in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 46. – *Photo-repro. of 1507 ed. (copy at Nanjing), in Zhongguo yeshi jicheng xu­ bian 中國野史集成續編 (Chengdu: Ba Shu shushe, 2000), vol. 10. – * Photo-repro. of 1526 ed. (copy at Nanjing), in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 424. – *Photo-repro. of undated Wenhui shushe ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1970, 1988 (Yuan Ming shiliao congbian, ser. 3, vol. 28).

Rem.: Lou Xing signed his 1491 postf. as bureau director at the Nanjing Ministry of War, and signed his 1503 presentation memorial as formerly in that position and now unemployed (原任南京兵部武庫清吏司郎中 冠帶閑住). The work is a set of exhortations to the bureaucracy, including 452 entries under 40 sections, the latter beginning with “Respect moral character” (尊德性) and ending with “Resist the barbarians” (禦 蠻夷). It includes materials on education, personnel management, agriculture, economic behavior, law and justice, and much more. It is composed of pronouncements by the first Ming emperors (from Hongwu to Tianshun) and their ministers (e.g., Song Lian 宋濂 [1310–81], frequently quoted for his exchanges with the Hongwu emperor), mostly culled from the Veritable Records and arranged chronologically. Lou Xing says in the presentation memorial that he compiled the work on the instruction of his father Lou Liang 諒, a retired scholar who had been inspired by the Chenghua emperor’s 1465 pref. to a new palace ed. of Zhenguan

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zhengyao 貞觀政要, a collection of considerations on government and dicta from and anecdotes on famous statesmen ot the Zhenguan era (627–49), also in 40 sections, comp. by Wu Jing 吳競 (670–749): he wanted his son to arrange the materials on the same model. Lou Liang passed away shortly after Lou Xing had completed the book, to which he had devoted ten years collecting materials and collating them with the help of a junior minister of the Nanjing Court of the Imperial Stud (太 僕寺) named Chu Quan 儲巏. The work was presented to the throne in 1503 together with Lou Liang’s Xinxue yaoyu 心學要語. At the time Lou Xing was trying to regain his official status (see below), so it may be that he was borrowing his father’s reputation to promote his own work. (In his 1526 pref. Dai Jin compares the Lous father and son to Ban Biao and Ban Gu, the authors of Hanshu.) Huang Ming zhengyao can be regarded as a compendium of dynastic wisdom regarding all the areas of spiritual and material government; or, in the words of Lou Liang as quoted in the pref., “Truly giving a common criterion [for following] the way of Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang and Kings Wen and Wu, in all sincerity a constitution to rule the empire for a thousand and ten thousand generations!” (實與堯 舜禹湯文武之道先後一揆，誠千萬世治天下之大法也).

Bio.: Lou Liang was well known as a writer and teacher in his native Shangrao. Though Lou Xing passed the jinshi in 1481, the earliest mention of his service is as bureau secretary in the Nanjing Ministry of War in 1488. In 1489 Bai Ang 白昂, who was in charge of repairing a major breach on the Yellow River dikes, asked that Lou, now a bureau director, be his assistant. They worked together through 1490. Lou’s postf. to Huang Ming zhengyao is dated from the second month of 1491. He went into mourning upon the death of his father in the fifth month of that year. After returning to his post in Nanjing he was impeached by the eunuch military commissioner Jiang Cong 蔣琮; although the case was strongly contested, he was cashiered in 1494 and made a commoner. Following Jiang’s impeachment and dismissal later that year, Lou petitioned without success to be reinstated. It is likely that both the submission of this work to the throne in 1503 and its first printing in 1507 represented further attempts to have his status restored. See Guangxin 廣信 FZ (1526), 13/23a, 14/31a; Su 宿 ZZ (1499), 下/46a; Ming shilu: Xiaozong, 13/293, 88/1626, 92/1684. Ref. and studies: Siku, 53/1168 (title Ming zhengyao). TYG, 2:1/18b (in 30 j., 1526 pref. by Dai Jin). Tianyi ge cangshu, 131. [TN, PEW]

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Qiuzhi bian 求志編 [On Looking for Purpose] By Wang Wenlu 王文祿 (z. Shilian 世廉, h. Lianzi 廉子, Haiyizi 海 沂子, Yiyangsheng 沂陽生) (1503–1586) (jr. 1531), from Haiyan 海鹽 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *In Mingshi xueshan 明世學山 (1554), given as “juan 1.” [*Beitu; *undated ms. copy in a set with texts listed in a 目錄補] [Beida] [Zhongyang] – In Qiuling xueshan. [Zhongyang] – In Bailing xueshan. – *Extracts in Shuofu xu (1647 ed.), j. 3. – In Xingli huitong xubian, j. 40. [Sonkeikaku] – In a late-Qing ms. copy of the 1554 ed. of Mingshi xueshan. [Beitu] – In the Shanghai Shangwu Hanfenlou 上海商務涵芬樓 1938 photo-repro. of the 1568 ed. of Qiuling xueshan. [Princeton] – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 893, based on Bailing xue­ shan ed.; and Congshu jicheng jianbian, fasc. 288. – Photo-repro. of Bailing xueshan ed., in Baibu congshu jicheng, 8, vol. 35.

Rem.: This rather short work—two and a half folios in the extracts in Shuofu xu, 7 pages in Congshu jicheng chubian, 10 folios in Mingshi xueshan—offers free-ranging considerations on good governance and official ethics by a non-official, and in a rather critical tone. Wang is especially eager to denounce the hypocrisy and haughtiness of literatiofficials who care for their prestige more than the people’s well-being. His remarks deal with a variety of topics, such as the need to stay informed of conditions in the empire, censorial officials, the military system, examinations, the grain tribute, law, education, the postal service, investigations by local officials, improving the defense of Beijing, land registration and taxation, and more. The text, which is fairly concrete at places, is at the same time a reminder of the values of official service, a denunciation of the abuses and dysfunction in the system, and a call for reforms.

Bio.: Wang Wenlu became a juren in 1531, but repeatedly failed the jinshi. He turned his efforts to collecting books and writing. Qiuzhi bian, as well as a text titled Shudu 書牘 that includes letters to local officials and members of the elite about issues related to local government, were likely written in response to the corruption Wang witnessed in the Suzhou area during the Jiajing period. Another text found in the same collectanea, titled Ceshu 策 樞, likewise makes relatively concrete policy recommendations to solve the

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0009–0010

problems of the Jiajing era; it was published just after the end of that reign. See DMB, 1449. Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. [TN, PEW] 0010

Huanyou riji 宦游日記, 1 j. [Diary of an Official’s Travels] By Xu Bang 徐榜 (z. Jiansuo 薦所, h. Xianfu 賢甫) (js. 1583), from Jingxian 涇縣 (Nan Zhili) N.d. Ed.: – *In Jingchuan congshu, ce 18, with colophon (識) by Zhao Shaozu 趙紹祖 at the end (1800). – *Photo-repro. of Jingchuan congshu ed., in GZSJC, vol. 1. – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 683, based on Jingchuan congshu ed.

Rem.: A short text composed of general precepts on what the behavior of an official should be. The colophon states that the 9 entries (e.g., on fairness, “protecting the people,” integrity, diligence) were composed at different times during the author’s career as self-admonitions (自課). It remarks that the original text may have included more materials than existed after the author’s death. It also remarks that the entry titled “Admonition to the thirteen patrols” (十三哨戒諭) must date from the period when the author distinguished himself in fighting the Miao as Chen-Yuan military defense circuit intendant (辰沅兵備道) in Huguang.

Bio.: In 1582 Xu Bang was selected to enter the National University; his paper was ranked first at the court examination and singled out by the emperor as a model. He passed the Shuntian juren examination the same year and the jinshi in 1583. He was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of Works. About 1591 he became prefect of Jinan (Shandong) and later wrote a collection of anecdotes and remembrances about his tenure, some of which were collected by his descendants as Jinan jizheng 濟南紀政 (in Jingchuan congshu, ce 5). In 1595 he was promoted to surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in Huguang, where he was tasked with fighting against the Miao (see above). In 1605, after further postings in Guangdong and Shanxi, he was recommended for the post of surveillance commissioner of Shanxi with oversight over the Jibei 冀北 circuit. In 1608 he became administration commissioner for Zhejiang; he died while serving in that post. He was generally known as an austere and effective official. See Ming shilu: Shenzong, 290/5378, 334/6175, 412/7718, 452/8541; Ningguo 寧國 FZ (1673), 11/14a, 11/29a, 12/32b, 18/94b.

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Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 11:310. Chang, 144–5 (mentioning a 1917 photorepro. of Jingchuan congshu). Xu Zi, 197–202. Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. [PEW, TN] 0011

Wuxian tang wenshi quegu 五先堂文市榷酤, 4 j. [The Hall of Five Ancestors’ Prized Products from the Literature Market] By Yuan Zirang 袁子讓 (z. Zijian 仔肩) (js. 1601), from Chenzhou 郴

州 (Huguang)

Ed.:

– 1608 ed. with prefs. by Luo Gun 羅緄 (1607) and author (1604), and postf. by his brothers Yuan Ziqian 袁子謙 (1608) and Yuan Zixun 袁子訓 (1608), who also collated the work. [LSS] – *Photo-repro. of ed. above, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 1132.

Rem.: A selection from the contents of a larger compilation in 20 juan consisting of notes taken by the author from a variety of sources. The title’s wording alludes to the wine monopoly instituted by emperor Wu of the Han, suggesting that the author claims exclusive rights on the precious results of his examination of ancient sources, though this is not for profit but for promoting the Way. The 108 entries (篇) consist of short essays in rather literary language, meant as statements for the present borrowing from the past and intended both for the ruler and for the bureaucracy. They begin with “the way of the ruler” (君道), “facing grave circumstances” (重勢), “the mirror of the ruler” (君鑒), and “trusting men” (信人), and include discussions of all aspects of government and the state, most being philosophic and abstract in tone.

Bio.: Yuan Zirang hailed from the southern frontier of Huguang and was known as one of its few examination graduates. After his jinshi he was appointed to the frontier post of magistrate of Jiading subprefecture 嘉定州 (Sichuan), where he arrived in 1602. He served there for about six years. He rebuilt the yamen, a local school, and a number of shrines, and left many writings that celebrated local sites. Most of his publishing took place during his time in Jiading and was likely part of his commitment to education there. He was later promoted to bureau vice-director in the Ministry of War. See Chenzhou zongzhi (1685), 8/12a, 9/6a; Jiading ZZ (Wanli/Minguo ms.), 2/28b, 2/35a, 2/35b, 2/43b; Jiading ZZ (1667), 2/27b. [TN] Ref. and studies: Wu Xinli, Ming Qing xijian shiji xulu, 141–4. [PEW]

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[QING A]

Yuding renchen jingxin lu 御定人臣儆心錄 See: Yuzhi renchen jingxin lu 0012

Yuzhi zizheng yaolan 御製資政要覽, 3 + 1 j. [Essential Readings for Aiding Government, Imperially Composed] By Emperor Shizu 世祖 of the Qing (r. Shunzhi 順治, 1644–61) 1655 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated large-size “butterfly” ed. of the Imperial Household, with pref. by the Shunzhi emperor (1655); the last fasc. (and j.) is composed of 17 postfs. by courtiers, all undated. [Tian Tao] – *Undated ed. similar to the above but in regular binding. [LSS] – *Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., in ZSJC, vol. 7.

Rem.: This can be considered a didactic work for officials in the most ideological sense. As is stated in the first of the postfs. (by grand secretary Jin Zhijun 金之俊), after the emperor had found that in spite of all the good policies promulgated since he took charge numerous problems persisted, he “chose widely among all the books and looked at past dynasties, picking up classified materials that could add up to an ‘essential readings’ (足資要覽) and compiling them into a book comprised of thirty chapters (章).” The book was to be not only a “carved admonition set by the imperial throne” (御座箴銘), but also a text able to rouse the “hundred officials as well as the scholars and masses of the Nine Provinces” to attention and make them “follow together the imperial road” (共遵皇路). The 30 chapters bear such titles as “The way of the prince” (君道), “The way of the minister” (臣道), and the “ways” of the father, son, husband, wife, brothers, as well as “Enforcing rites” (敦禮), “Emphasizing agriculture” (重農), “Accumulating good deeds” (積善), “Loving the people” (愛民), and so forth; in short, the Neo-confucian program of civilizing the society under the aegis of the state. [PEW]

0013

Yuzhi renchen jingxin lu 御製人臣儆心錄, 1 j. [Imperially Composed Warnings to Officials] By Emperor Shizu 世祖 of the Qing (r. Shunzhi 順治, 1644–61) 1655 Ed.: Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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1.1 General Admonitions

– 1655 Imperial Household 內府 ed. in Chinese and Manchu (1 j. each). [Fudan daxue] [Gugong Taipei, Manchu fasc. only] – *Undated ed., probably from the Shunzhi period, with imperial pref. (1655). [Tian Tao] – *Undated ms. ed. in careful hand on pre-framed paper, with imperial pref. (1655). [Beitu] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 602, with imperial pref. (1655), titled Yuding 御定 renchen jingxin lu; author given as Wang Yongji (see below). – Hubei Chongwen shuju ed. [Shanghai] – *Undated ed. with cover-leaf and imperial pref. printed in red, red stamp 國子監南學書 at the beginning of the mulu, followed by the mention that the copy passed inspection in 1883 and was found complete. [Beitu] Rem.: 8 fairly extended essays (論) warning officials against such behavior as factionalism (植黨), self-promotion (好名), self-interest (營 私), the pursuit of profit (尋利), arrogance (驕志), insincerity (作偽), submissiveness to the powerful (附勢), and negligence (曠官). The tone

is rhetorical and extremely didactic. The actual author is said to have been grand secretary Wang Yongji 王永吉 (the father of Wang Mingde, see under Dulü peixi). An 1836 edict (see under [Qinban] Zhouxian shiyi) mentions that a new edition was made by Shaanxi governor Shen Qixian 申啟賢 for circulation among the officials of his province.

Ref. and studies: Siku, 79/1681. QSG, 146/4306. Siku xuxiu, 6:138. Ma, 25 (Beida). Chang, 1:135. Gugong shanben, 1:567 (Siku quanshu ed.). Guji shanben, 史, 2:1102. Xu Zi, 223–37. Transl.: Text with transl. in modern Chinese in Guandian, vol. 2. Text transl. and annot. by Xiu Xiaobo 修曉波, Beijing: Zhongguo fangzheng chubanshe, 1998. [PEW] 0014

Qinmin guan zixing liujie 親民官自省六戒 [Six Admonitions for Selfexamination by Officials Close to the People] By Yu Chenglong 于成龍 (z. Beiming 北溟, h. Yushan 于山, s. Qingduan 清端) (1617–84) (supplementary-list presented-student 副榜貢生 1639), from Yongning 永寧 (Shanxi) Ed.:

– Quoted in Chen Hongmou’s Congzheng yigui (q.v.).

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Rem.: Six recommendations on the magistrate’s behavior and ethics, by an official whose integrity was celebrated by the Kangxi emperor.

Bio.: An official celebrated for uprighteousness and efficiency, ranked “outstanding” (卓異) several times, Yu Chenglong started his career as magistrate of Luocheng 羅城 (Guangxi) in 1661—being the first Qing official to take possession of a county devastated and depopulated by civil war and various calamities—then had department magistrate and prefect posts in Sichuan and Hubei. In 1678 he was appointed Fujian surveillance commissioner, and administration commissioner the next year. In 1680 he became governor of Zhili (where he was celebrated by the Kangxi emperor as the most upright official in the empire), and he was promoted Liang-Jiang governor-general in 1682. He died in post in 1684. See QSG, 277/10083–87; ECCP, 937–8; Qingdai qibai, 1:6–10; Wang Yongtai, Qingguan Yu Chenglong. On Yu’s role in quelling rebellion in Macheng 麻城 (Hubei) in 1674, and his implementation of baojia, becoming a model for the entire empire, see Rowe, From Ming to Ch’ing along the Great Divide, 54–88, in part based on Yu’s Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu (q.v.). For testimony about Yu’s poverty when he died in the position of Jiangnan-Jiangxi governor-general in 1684, and the manifestations of popular grief, see Yao Tinglin 姚廷遴, Linian ji 歷年記 (in Qingdai riji huichao 清代日記匯抄, Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1982), 118. Ref. and studies: Xu Zi, 219–22. Bibliography entries for same author: Yu Chenglong pandu jinghua; Yushan zoudu; Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu; Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu jiyao. [PEW] 0015

Chenjian lu geyan 臣鑑錄格言, 2 ce [Maxims from a Mirror of the Minister] By Wu Yepu 吳業溥 1733 pref. Ed.:

– *ms. with author’s pref. (1733); postf. by [?]. [Tian Tao]

Rem.: A series of short statements on general principles of governance, such as loyalty to the ruler, love of the dynasty, benevolence toward the people, being stern toward officials, being moderate in punishments, and so forth. [JB]

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[QING B] 0016

Yuzhi guanzhen 御製官箴 [Imperially Composed Admonitions to Officials] By Emperor Renzong 仁宗 of the Qing (r. Jiaqing 嘉慶, 1796–1820) 1815 Ed.: – Manchu-Chinese ms. ed.

Rem.: A set of 26 entries (章) of 16 four-character phrases (句) each, consisting of general admonitions to the holders of every bureaucratic rank, from grand secretary downwards. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 5:620.

0017

[PEW]

Huanhai cihang 宦海慈航 [An Ark of Compassion on the Sea of Officialdom] By Jiang Zhi 蔣埴 (z. Kuangsheng 曠生, h. Suzhai 肅齋) (js. 1661), from Changzhou 長洲 (Jiangsu) Ed.: – *In Tanji congshu, 餘集, 13. [*HKU] [*Beitu] – *In Baimei shanfang jishang shu (q.v.). – *Photo-repro. of Tanji congshu ed., in GZSJC, vol. 2.

Rem.: This short text can be considered a rarity, as help for those who want to cross the “sea of officialdom” is provided not by a “compass” (指南)—a set of methods, if not tricks—but by an “ark of compassion” wherein the Buddha saves living creatures. The text enumerates five principles that an official should follow in order to protect life, including what to serve at banquets and how to perform official sacrifices. The introduction recalls the good works of a certain prefect Yan Lu 顏魯. The final sentence is a sort of postscript: Zhang Shanlai 張山來 says that the worth and value of these principles is immeasurable.

Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307. Bio.: There is some uncertainty about Jiang Zhi’s native county. The author’s caption in Huanhai cihang gives Wujin 武進 (Changzhou 常州 prefecture), but in local gazetteers it is either Wuxian 吳縣 or Changzhou. According to the discussion in Wu XZ it should be Changzhou. Jiang’s only official posting was

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0016–0018

magistrate of Leqing 樂清 (Zhejiang). He was especially known as a man of letters. See Suzhou 蘇州 FZ (1883), 88/15b; Wu XZ (1933), 13/4b. [JB] 0018

Juguan jing 居官鏡, 1 ce [A Mirror for Office Hoders] By Gangyi 剛毅 (z. Ziliang 子良) (1834–1900), from the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner Ed.: – *1892 ed., no pref. [*Beitu] [*Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of 1892 ed., in GZSJC, vol. 9.

Rem.: A rather rhetorical text espousing the author’s fairly conservative views on society, administration, and the responsibilities of officials. The first section, titled “The way of the official” (臣道), consists of moralistic commentaries and advice on official conduct and misconduct. The remaining six sections discuss the “Way of governance” (治 道) according to the six traditional domains of government. Under each subdivision the author presents a series of commentaries, reflections, and anecdotes designed to illustrate his views of government. In keeping with Gangyi’s xenophobic reputation, a fairly anti-Western tone is noticeable at places.

Bio.: Gangyi started his career in 1866 as a clerk (筆帖式) in the Ministry of Justice, where due to his ability in treating important cases he was eventually promoted to bureau director (1879). His career in the provinces was fast, from circuit intendant in Guangdong (1880) to Shanxi governor in 1885, with posts in Zhili, Jiangxi, Guangdong, and Yunnan in between. In 1886 he was transferred to the governorship of Jiangsu. He appears to have been an extremely conservative official, both activist and upright. During his entire career he was a protégé and supporter of Empress Dowager Cixi. By the time of the Boxer incident, during which he was among the main promoters of the court’s xenophobic policies, he had been a member of the Grand Council since 1894 and had occupied several ministerial posts. He died during the flight of the court to Xi’an, and so escaped punishment. Gangyi was derided for his lack of culture in several biji of the time, and was denounced as an arch-example of the maladministration of justice under the name Gangbi 剛弼 in Liu E’s 劉鶚 famous novel, Laocan youji 老殘遊記—seemingly a paradox for such an eminent legal specialist. See QSG, 471/2a; QSLZ, 76/7a–9a; ECCP, 407–8, 863; Qingdai renwu zhuangao 清代人物傳稿, xia 下, vol. 4 (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe,

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1.1.2 Ledgers of Merit and Demerit

1988), 166–74; Qingdai qibai, 1:458–62; Su Tongbing 蘇同炳, Zhongguo jindai shishang de guanjian renwu 中國近代史上的關鍵人物 (Tianjin: Baihua wenyi chubanshe, 2000), 596–603, 632; Renming quanwei. Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 4. Bibliography entries for same author: Da Qing lüli zonglei; Jinzheng jiyao; Muling xuzhi; Qiuyan jiyao; Shenkan nishi; Xiyuan lu yizheng. [NP] 1.1.2

Ledgers of Merit and Demerit

[MING] 0019

Dangguan gongguo ge 當官功過格 [Ledgers of Merit and Demerit for Those in Official Positions] By Yuan Huang 袁黃 (z. Kunyi 坤儀, h. Xuehai 學海, Liaofan 了凡, Zhaotian Yinong 趙田逸農) (1533–1606) (js. 1586), from Wujiang 吳江 (Nan Zhili) N.d. Ed.:

– *Version with 26 entries on merit and 28 on demerit, in j. 11 of Yuan Huang’s Baodi zhengshu (q.v.). – *Version (not attributed to Yuan) with 50 entries on merit and 38 on demerit, in Diji lu (q.v.), 4/87a–92b. – *Version with 54 entries on merit and 51 on demerit, in Gongmen chengquan lu (q.v.), 1/7b–15a. – Appended to 1933 ed. of Yuan Liaofan xiansheng xunzi shu 袁了凡先生訓 子書. [University of Wisconsin]

Rem.: The text likely never assumed a fixed form. A note included with the version in Baodi zhengshu (q.v.) states that Yuan encountered the notion of merit and demerit in the Daozang, that he excerpted the ones that he thought relevant to serving as an official, and that he used them to review his own work in that capacity. In the Diji lu version the text is expanded, but many entries have the same or very similar wording. In the Gongmen chengquan lu version, the merits and demerits awarded according to the actions of an official are arranged into six parts corresponding to the six domains of government. The first entry reads: “Being able to promote benefits and curtail abuses in the place so that the people get real benevolence forever: 1,000 merits”; but most entries of a less general nature earn no more than 1, 10, or 100 merits. A note from the compilers of Baodi zhengshu (q.v.) states that they culled items Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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relating to official service from Huang’s other works to make this short treatise. The three versions, which share common or similar entries, either capture Yuan’s own list at different points in his life or are developments of Yuan’s initial idea even though the entire text is attributed to Yuan. It seems clear that other versions circulated as well.

Bio.: The scion of an old scholarly family with an interest in medicine, popular practices, and religious Daoism, Yuan Huang had to wait until 1567 to enter the National University; he obtained his juren degree in 1570 and his jinshi in 1586 only. Baodi, not far from Beijing, was his first appointment, in 1588; one of his principal “merits” there was to obtain a substantial diminution of land tax rates. In 1592 he was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of War, and was sent with the force dispatched to rescue Korea from Japanese invaders in the same year. The following year he was among the officials relieved of their responsibilities due to the failure of the expedition. Huang is especially known as a follower of Buddhism and Daoism and for his revival of the merit and demerit system. See DMB, 1632–5. Brokaw, Ledgers of Merit and Demerit, passim, esp. 61ff. Sakai Tadao, Zōhō Chūgoku zensho no kenkyū, vol. 1, 377–417, for an overview of Yuan’s life, publications, and thought. Ref. and studies: Xu Zi, 203–211. Bibliography entries for same author: Baodi zhengshu [PEW, TN] 0020

Diji lu 迪吉錄, 1 + 8 j. [A Record of Gaining Good Fortune] Comp. (集著, 編輯) Yan Maoyou 顏茂猷 (z. Zhuangqi 壯其, Yangzi 仰子, Guangzhong 光衷, h. Zongbi jushi 宗璧居士) (js. 1634), from Pinghe 平和 (Fujian) 1622 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Gu Xichou 顧錫疇 (n.d.), Lin Han 林釬 (1631), Qi Biaojia 祁彪佳 (n.d.), and author (1631), with commentaries in upper margins; the copy in Naikaku also has evaluations (評) by Wang Dongli 王東里 (m. Zhidao 志道), Wei Qianshi 魏倩石 (m. Chengrun 呈潤), Chen Pingren 陳平人 (m. Shiqi 士奇), Cai Kaifu 蔡開孚 (m. Binglong 炳龍), Zhu Nian’er 朱念爾 (m. Xilai 希萊), and Li Jiuji 李九漈 (m. Canji 燦箕). [*Naikaku, no cover-leaf,] [*Princeton, no cover-leaf, author’s pref. undated] – *Undated “Qing” ed. from “this yamen” (本衙藏版), no j. 首, author’s name on cover-leaf Yan Guangzhong; with author’s pref. (n.d.), general mulu listing the eight sections (集) and separate mulu for each section, no evaluators listed, no indication of author in chapter captions, with commentaries in upper margin. [Harvard] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with prefs. by Gu Xichou (n.d.) and Yan Maoyou (n.d.); Gu Xichou (from 古吳) given as “editor” (評定) and Yan Maoyou as “compiler” (編輯) in chapter captions. (The same indications appear in chapter captions of most eds. below; the two eds. above have none.) [Renmin daxue] – *Undated revised ed. (重訂, or 重輯 on cover-leaf) by Cai Qiuqing 蔡秋卿 (z. Ziwei 子威), with prefs. by [Gu Xichou] (n.d.) and Cai Qiuqing (to Chongding diji lu, 1639), and a supplement (後集) with pref. by Cai Qiuqing (to Hexuan 合選 gongguo ge, 1639), and intro. by Yang Youxuan 楊又玄 (功過格源流引, n.d.). The copy seen has an abundance of handwritten kambun signs and furigana inserted in black and red ink; the cover of the first fasc. bears an inscription to the effect that it belonged to a certain Osaki Kōyō (尾崎紅葉先生舊藏). [HKU] – Undated (early-Qing) ed. by Li Qiujin 李秋錦 and Wu Yanling 吳延 齡, with pref. by Li Honglei 李鴻雷 (to 重刊) and colophon (跋) by Liu Zhengxue 劉正學 on the circumstances of publication. [Beida] – *1778 new engraving (重鐫) of the Chongde tang 崇德堂藏板, with author’s pref. (1631) and evaluations (評) by several gentlemen (先生), namely Wang Dongli, Wei Qianshi, Cai Kaifu, Zhu Nian’er, and Li Jiuji; a note on the cover-leaf says that the printing blocks are kept in the carving shop in Suzhou, where printing and binding can be ordered (板存姑蘇胥 門內按察司前西首甘朝士刻字店內定刷印裝訂). [Naikaku] – 1843 Jiangxi new engraving (重鐫), mentioned in the postf. of the 1888 Jiangxi ed. at Ōki. – *1882 Changsha Xialing jingshe 長沙遐齡精舍 ed., cover-leaf with mention “顧九疇太史評定” in the upper margin, with prefs. by author (n.d.) and Gu Xichou (n.d.); general mulu listing the categories within each juan, no separate chapter mulu; chapter captions listing Gu Xichou (Jiuchou) as ed. (評定) and Yan Maoyou (Guangzhong) as comp. (編輯); no punctuation. [Fu Sinian] – *1886 ed. of the Fuzhou Jiangxi bieshu 刊於福州西江別墅, carved by the Fusenchun kezi pu 福森春刻字鋪 at Fuzhou, title on cover-leaf Yan Guangzhong xiansheng 顏光衷先生 diji lu, ed. by censor Gu Jiuchou 顧 九疇太史評定, with prefs. by Gu Xichou (n.d.), author (n.d.), and Pei Yinsen 裴蔭森 (to 重刊, 1888); Pei Yinsen says he found a Ming copy at Liulichang in 1859 and recounts the numerous episodes that intervened until he could at long last have a reprint made in Fuzhou. [Tōyō Bunka] – *1888 ed., title on cover-leaf Yan Guangzhong xiansheng Diji lu, ed. by censor Gu Jiuchou, engraved at the Jianxi imperial stele pavilion (光緒 戊子印於江西御碑亭), cover-leaf calligraphed by Cai Xuesu 蔡學蘇, with

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“original pref.” by Gu Xichou (n.d.), pref. by author (1631), evaluations (評) by Wang Dongli, Wei Qianshi, Cai Kaifu, Zhu Nian’er, and Li Guangji, postf. by Cai Xuesu (1888), without punctuation. [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of the undated ed. at Renmin daxue, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 150. – Modern reprint, Taipei: Shijie hongwanzihui Taiwan zongzhuhui 世界紅 卍字會臺灣總主會, 1988.

Rem.: The work was completed in 1622. In the eds. with prefs. dated 1631, the prefs. are followed by a list of 12 “commentators” (評敘), including Gu Xichou and Qi Biaojia, in addition to the compiler, and a list of 33 collators (參訂); in the ed. with a 1639 pref. these lists are placed after the mulu and augmented with a list of 15 collators (參閱), besides Cai Qiuqing, for the revised ed.; in several editions these data are followed by “evaluations” 評 by several gentlement (先生), i.e., commentaries that among other things defend the notion of causes and consequences against the scorn of Confucian scholars. (All these numbers as well as the order of presentation may vary according to edition.) J. 首 consists of three essays on topics related to charity and retribution, respectively titled “Seven discussions” (七辯), “Six prayers” (六祝), and “Three refutations” (三破). Each of the eight juan (or ji 集 in most eds.) is numbered in the mulu by one character of the phrase “一心普度兆世太平.” The text has abundant punctuation, with several sorts of underlining, and commentaries in the upper margin. J. 1–4, titled “the official’s mirror” (官鑑), are devoted to administration and politics; each chapter has a detailed mulu listing the historical anecdotes, arranged by categories, supposed to illustrate the consequences of each type of behavior or action; most anecdotes in the body of the text are followed by a commentary; the category is always indicated in the central margin. J. 5–8, titled “The public mirror” (公鑑), follow the same pattern; they deal with private relations, family affairs, philanthropy, and the like, including a final section on women (女鑑). In the words of the Siku entry, “it is materials about consequences copied from all sorts of books” (皆雜錄諸書因果之事). The supplement in the 1639 ed. revised by Cai Qiuqing, added by Cai so as to make the book into an “ark of compassion” (慈航), is a classic ledger of merit and demerit, arranged by categories, including one for officials (當官), providing abstract definitions of each kind of behavior—as opposed to anecdotes—with the figures of merits or demerits earned, and followed by essays on various topics. Following and enlarging on Yuan Huang’s gongguo ge, Diji lu had much influence on the development of Qing charity books (善書), including those official handbooks that were

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fully or partly devoted to listing the administrator’s merits and demerits. It is quoted in Chen Hongmou’s Congzheng yigui (q.v.).

Bio.: Yan Maoyou, who was registered in Longxi 龍溪 but lived in and was attached to the school of Pinghe, was known for erudition. Diji lu was published before he passed the provincial examination, but his progress through the examinations made him even better known. In the provincial examination of 1624 and again in the huishi examination of 1634 he wrote essays on each of the Five Classics, which was seen as boastful and would have led to his failure without the intervention of censors and even a special imperial edict. He was appointed secretary in the Ministry of Rites but did not serve long. He went on to write widely and was associated with reform movements at the end of the Ming. See Pinghe XZ (1719, new ed. 1889), 8/6a, 11/2a; Longxi XZ (1762), 13/32b, 13/47a, 21/17b; Panyu 番禺 XZ (1871), 53/18b; Ming shilu: Chongzhen shilu, 7/192; You Zi’an, Shan yu rentong, 104–11. [TN] Ref. and studies: Siku, 132/2750. HKU shanben, 156. Annotated Catalog of the Chinese Rare Books in the Harvard-Yenching Library, 1141. Brokaw, Ledgers of Merit and Demerit, 157–63 passim. You Zi’an, Shan yu rentong, 111–22, esp. 118–21 on the part devoted to administrators. Sakai, Zōho Chūgoku zensho no kenkyū, vol. 1, 138–41. [PEW] 0021

Shouguan manlu 守官漫錄, 5 j. [Random Records of Trustworthy Officials] Comp. (輯) Liu Wanchun 劉萬春 (z. Zhongyun 忠孕, Yanzhi 延之, h. Danran jushi 澹然居士) (js. 1616) from Taizhou 泰州 (Nan Zhili) Ed.:

– *[1620] ed. with prefs. by Xiong Shangwen 熊尚文 (1619), Wei Yingjia 魏 應嘉 (n.d.), Huang Wei 黃韋 (n.d.), Huang Tinghu 黃廷鵠 (n.d.), Jiang Bingquan 蔣秉銓 (1620), Zhuang Youyi 莊有儀 (n.d.), and Liu Wanchun, postf. by Wang Hua 王化 (n.d.). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of the ed. at Beitu, in Siku jinhui shu congkan, 子, vol. 37.

Rem.: The work contains a wide range of materials that the author thought were relevant to service as an official, with an emphasis on religious retribution that is typical of the period (see, e.g., under Dangguan gongguo ge); it is divided into 18 sections called either “inner” (內編) or “outer” (外編), the “inner” being rather on moral and religious considerations and the “outer” on actual practice. Each section is composed of a variable number of entries (條)—over 200 in one case—each

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devoted to an individual (usually an official, or an examination candidate) whose destiny illustrates the theme of the section. A large number of anecdotes take place in the Ming. There are no introductions or commentaries. The nine “inner” sections deal with such topics as virtuous acts (盛德之事), good deeds and examinations (科第陰隲), how honors and wealth are predestined (功名分定, 錢財分定), the consequences of frugality or the lack of it (作法於儉), the benefits of forbearance (忍克 有濟), the ways of nourishing life (養生得失), and models of words and deeds (言行之師). The nine “outer” sections deal with records of words and deeds (言行之資), “marvelous rules” regarding administration, particularly the prevention of miscarriages of justice (政事芳規), judicial errors serving as warnings (政事覆轍), the retribution of just and unjust actions (因果業報), of killing animals (殺生之報), or of killing and consuming cows (殺牛之報); the last 3 sections (j. 5), titled Jianwen suibi 1 and 2 見聞隨筆, 見聞隨筆第二, and Dongshi suoyan 東事瑣言, contain a variety of edifying anecdotes.

Bio.: After Liu Wanchun passed his jinshi he was made secretary in the Ministry of Revenue; in 1622 he was sent out to oversee granaries at the capital and customs at a city gate. He contributed funds to the Imperial Treasury, and that may have helped him move up to vice-director, then director, of a bureau in the Ministry of War. In 1625 he was made assistant administration commissioner (參議) and then surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in Henan. In 1627 he became administration vice-commissioner (參政) in Zhejiang. He was dismissed in 1629 in the purge of officials affiliated with the eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢. He apparently returned to service in the Southern Ming and died as a bureau director in the Ministry of Rites when he refused to surrender upon the fall of Nanjing in 1645. See Yangzhou 揚州 FZ (1810), 47/70b; Xinyang 信陽 ZZ (Qianlong/1925), 5/9a; Henan TZ (1695), 14/59b; Hangzhou 杭 州 FZ (1686/1694), 18/32b; Ming shilu: Xizong, 7/360, 28/1402, 63/2953, 63/2980, 81/3911, Chongzhen changbian, 18/1082; Xu Zi 徐鼒, Xiaotian jizhuan 小腆紀傳, 16/4b. [TN, PEW] [QING A]

Zhijing lu jijie 治鏡錄集解 Chongkan Zhang Yunqing xiansheng zhijing lu 重刊張運青先生治鏡錄 See: Zhijing lu

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Huizuan gongguo ge 彙纂功過格, 12 j. [A Compendium of Assessments of Merit and Demerit] By Chen Xigu 陳錫嘏 (z. Jiemei 介眉, h. Yiting 怡庭) (1634–1687) (js. 1676), from Yinxian 鄞縣 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– Undated ed. titled Huizuan gonguo ge jian zhushi 兼註釋. [Kyujanggak] – Undated ed. titled Huizuan gongguo ge, 8 ce. [Kyujanggak] – *Undated ed. in 1 + 12 + 1 j., cover-leaf with stamp indicating that the work is sold by the Morality-Book bookstore in Hangzhou 杭省同善齋同善書 坊發兌, with pref. by Chen Xigu (n.d.). [Tōyō Bunka] – 1710 new ed. (重刊) of the Liu-family Guangzhi tang, based on a Haode tang ed. 劉氏廣隲堂據好德堂, in 1 + 12 + 1 j., with pref. by Chen Xigu (n.d.). [Taiwan daxue] – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) in 1 + 12 + 1 j., with pref. by Chen Xigu (n.d.); the text ends with a list of the people who contributed to the publication (捐梓姓氏), with the number of engraved pages each paid for, juan by juan; a final note says that the printing blocks are stored at the Cuncheng tang in Qingpu 青浦存誠堂. [Naikaku] – *1806 new ed. (新刊) of the Mianyin tang 綿蔭堂藏板 titled Huizuan gongguo ge zhushi luyao 註釋錄要, in 4 j., ed. (校錄) and with pref. (1806) by Qiao Yuanchun from Mianshang [Jiexiu 介休, Shanxi] 綿上喬元椿. [*Harvard, as a set with Dasheng yanfang hebian 達生驗方合編, a medical treatise published the same year by the Mianyin tang] [*Tōyō Bunka, Imahori collection] – 1811 new engraving (新鐫) of the Sanxin tang in Guilin 板存廣西省城學院 街三新堂 titled Huizuan gongguo ge jian zhushi, in 2 + 12 + 1 j. [Berkeley, in 12 + 1 j.] – 1818 [?] Yunxiang ting ed. 韵香亭藏版 titled Huizuan gongguo ge jian zhushi, in 12 + 1 j. [Harvard] – *1828 Hengwang tang 衡望堂 new engraving (重鐫) titled Huizuan gong­ guo ge jian zhushi, in 1 + 12 + 1 j., with pref. by Chen Xigu (n.d.). [Tōyō Bunka] – 1841 ed. [Seoul University] – *1858 new ed. (重刊) of the Jingxin hui in Jinhua 板存金華敬信會, in 12 + 1 j., titled Huizuan gongguo ge zhushi on cover-leaf, Huizuan gongguo ge elsewhere, with pref. by Baiyun jushi 白雲居士 (to 重刊, 1857), original pref. by Chen Xigu (n.d.); cover-leaf recto with 2 inscriptions (presumably

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by the Jingxin hui) recommending to keep the book clean and to constantly read its contents to the younger generation (與子弟輩時時作故 事講說). [Columbia] – 1884 Hubei Xizi ju 鄂省惜字局 new ed. (重刊), in 12 + 1 j. [Jimbun] – Reprint ed. in 3 vol., Taipei: Heyu 和裕, 1999.

Rem.: No edition bears a compiler’s name, but in his 1806 pref. Qiao Yuanchun attributes the work (of which he produced an abridged version) to a certain Li Hezhou from Nancun 南邨李氏鶴洲 and describes it as an enlargement of the original gongguo ge, supposedly of divine origin, with a variety of examples, commentaries, etc. Brokaw (see below) considers Chen Xigu as the author, as do some library catalogs. While j. 1–9 deal with family and personal matters, j. 10–12 are devoted to the ledgers of merit and demerit for office holders (居官格), with the following sections, each split into merit (功款) and demerit (過款): “Serving one’s sovereign and ruling the people” (事使), “Behaving with integrity” (操持) (j. 10), “Promoting the advantageous and cancelling the harmful” (興革), “Propagating moral values” (教化) (j. 11), “Judicial administration” (刑獄), and “Taxation” (賦稅) (j. 12). Each entry begins with a sentence describing the behavior under consideration, followed by the number of merits or demerits, and includes a variable number of the following rubrics: “General considerations” (總論), “Examples” (徵事), “Explanations [by ancient sages]” (發明), “Extended meanings” (廣義), “Additional notes” (增註), and “Complements” (附錄). There is a general discussion (總論) on officials’ merits and demerits at the beginning of j. 10, and a shorter one at the beginning of each section. J. 末 features a variable number (depending on the ed.) of essays on destiny and retribution, by Yuan Liaofan (see under Dangguan gongguo ge) and others; such texts are also found in j. 首 in some eds., in addition to the pref., mulu, and fanli. In the 1806 abridged edition, the section on officials features at the end of j. 4. Bio.: Born to a poor family, Chen Xigu had to earn his living by teaching when still a student. He apparently spent several years in the Yinxian yamen on the invitation of the magistrate, and for this reason was in much demand by local scholars. He ranked first at the 1675 provincial examination, and passed the jinshi the next year. He entered the Hanlin Academy, where he was promoted to compiler after he had completed two works on imperial order. He was an examiner at the 1679 jinshi session. After three years at the capital he asked for a leave to take care of his aging father. He spent his last years at home studying investigative philosophy (從事於格物致知之學) and indefatigably

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teaching and advising students and fellow sholars. He died of exhaustion aged 54. See Ningbo 寧波 FZ (1733/1741), 25/14a; Yi XZ (1687), 17/87a–88a; Yi XZ (1788), 17/6b–7a; Zhenhai 鎮海 XZ (1879), 23/14b–15a (a funeral eulogy by Huang Zongxi 黃宗羲, like him a native of Ningbo). Ref. and studies: You Zi’an, Shan yu rentong, 120. Brokaw, Ledgers of Merit and Demerit, 157–71 passim, 192–200. [PEW] 0023

Gongmen bu fei qian gongde lu 公門不費錢功德錄 [Record of Administrators’ Good Deeds That Do Not Require Spending Money] By Li Jiantang 黎簡堂 N.d. Ed.:

– *In Mingxing bijiao lu (q.v.) (Tianrang ge congshu ed.). – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 933, based on Tianrang ge congshu ed.

Rem.: There are three texts included; the attribution to Li Jiantang is found in the preface to Mingxing bijiao lu (q.v.). The texts are devoted to earning positive retribution in one’s administrative work, and therefore belong to the “merit and demerit” genre. The work is sometimes dated to the Kangxi period. Rowe (Saving the World, 298) mentions a work by Xiong Hongbei 熊弘備 titled Bu fei qian gongde li 例 (see under Baoshan tang juguan geyan), a “late-seventeenth-century morality book” that Chen Hongmou reprinted in Xunsu yigui 訓俗遺規. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu 11:310. Xu Zi, 462–70. You Zi’an, Shan yu ren­ ting, 120. [PEW]

0024

Zhijing lu 治鏡錄, 2 j. [A Mirror of Governance] By Zhang Pengge 張鵬翮 (z. Yunqing 運青, h. Kuanyu 寬宇, s. Wenduan 文端) (1649–1725) (js. 1670), from Suining 遂寧 (Sichuan); with commentaries (集解) by Sui Renpeng 隋人鵬 (h. Yunge 芸閣) (js. 1727), from Laiyang 萊陽 (Shandong) Ed.: – *1833 Shixue zhai new printing 仕學齋重刊, cover-leaf with title Zhijing lu jijie 集解, mentioning “Zhang Yunqing xiansheng yuanben 原本” on the right; title in chapter captions Chongkan Zhang Yunqing xiansheng

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Zhijing lu, running title Zhijing lu jijie; with prefs. by Zhou Binghuang 周昺 潢 (to 重刊, 1833), Sui Renpeng (to Zhijing lu jijie, 1733), and author (n.d.), colophon (跋) by Jiaxing prefect Xu Chongli 徐崇禮 (n.d.). [*Congress/

LL] [*Ōki] – In Shixue zhai congshu, titled Chongkan Zhang Yunqing xiansheng Zhijing lu, apparently same engraving as above. [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of 1833 Shixue zhai ed., in GZSJC, vol. 3. – Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 2.

Rem.: A work of the “merit and demerit” genre. It is composed of two parts: (1) Dangguan gongguo ge 當官功過格, with 68 entries on merit (j. 1) and 46 on demerit, followed by a two-page text titled “Admonition to magistrates” (縣令箴) (j. 2); (2) a short second part at the end of j. 2 featuring Lü Kun’s 呂坤 Xiangxing yaoyu 祥刑要語, a text insisting on a moderate use of torture and beatings (elsewhere found under the title Xingjie 刑戒). The individual entries in the main text only indicate at the end that the action (or absence of action) or behavior referred to earns merits (算功) or demerits (算過), without providing a precise figure. The commentaries after each entry, which introduce historical examples, are much longer than the entry itself. Every area and detail of local administration is covered. As put in Xu Chongli’s colophon, the work aims at helping officials to accrue “few demerits” (寡過). Zhang Pengge was also the author of a Shenjing lu 身鏡錄 and a Shijing lu 士鏡錄. According to Sui Renpeng’s pref., he used to discuss the latter work with his students as an educational official in Sichuan, and it had already received commentaries; by contrast, Zhijing lu tended to be neglected, hence Sui’s decision to write its commentaries, the work being thought useful to imbue idealist literati with proper values once in office. In his own pref., Zhang Pengge alludes to the tradition of gongguo writings going back to Yuan Huang (see under Dangguan gongguo ge), but criticizes its Buddhist orientation: according to him people who follow the latter tend to do good and avoid evil in order to bring their own happiness and avoid misfortune, rather than to act for the public good (公) and with sincerity (誠). Zhou Binghuang says that he discovered a worn-out copy of the work in an “old trunk” and decided to republish it with two or three “comrades” (同志) after having corrected the numerous errors that marred the original ed.; for him the text could be used as “a brightr lamp and a secret talisman” (陽燧陰符) in governing the people. Bio.: After three years at the Hanlin Academy following his jinshi, and posts of secretary in the ministries in Beijing, Zhang Pengge started his career in

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the provinces as prefect of Suzhou 蘇州 (Jiangsu) (1680), then Yanzhou 兗州 (Shandong) (1683). Following several middle-ranging positions, he served as governor of Zhejiang from 1689 to 1694. He became censor-in-chief (左都御 史) in 1697, and spent many years in Jiangnan as Jiangnan-Jiangxi governorgeneral (1698–1700), then director-general of the Grand Canal (河道總督), based in Huai’an (1700–08). He ended his career in the capital, as minister of Revenue (1709–13) and of Personnel (1713–25). See QSG, 279/10128–32; ECCP, 49–51; Renming quanwei. After his jinshi Sui Renpeng served at the Hanlin Academy. He filled literary functions at the court and was Sichuan education commissioner from 1732 to 1735. He eventually reached the position of Henan surveillance commissioner (1736–38). See Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 35:781, 37:672. Transl.: Text with transl. in modern Chinese, in Guandian, vol. 2. [PEW] 0025

Juguan bilan 居官必覽, 2 j. [A Must-Read for Office Holders] By Jin Yongzhai 金庸齋 (m. Tinglie 廷烈), from Wujiang 吴江 (Jiangsu) Ed.:

– *1757 ed. with pref. by Shen Tingfang 沈廷芳 (1757) and foreword (弁言) by Dai Ruhuai 戴汝槐 (1757). [Tian Tao, *phtc. IHEC] – 1833 new ed. from the Renxue zhai 任學齋 of the Anyue 安岳 (Sichuan) Zhou 周 family. – *New punctuated ed. with prefs. by Zhou Binghuang 周昺潢 (1833), Shen Tingfang (1757), and Dai Ruhuai (1757). [Tian Tao] – Undated ed. titled Chongkan Jin Yongzhai xiansheng 重栞金庸齋先生 Juguan bilan, in Shixue zhai congshu (possibly same engraving as above). [Ōki] – *1845 Baofu wenya zhai 板藏保府文雅齋 new engraving (重鐫), with pref. by Zhou Binghuang (1833); with Eshan’s Guanchang suoyan (q.v.) appended. [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. in ZSJC, vol. 7, based apparently on the 1757 ed., with pref. by Shen Tingfang (1757) and foreword by Dai Ruhuai (1757).

Rem.: The work is based on Yuan Huang’s Dangguan gongguo ge (q.v.); according to Shen Tingfang the difference is that Yuan Huang’s aim is accomplishing one’s destiny (立命), while for Jin it is accomplishing one’s official duties (盡職). The general discussion (總論) is followed by six

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0024–0026

lengthy sections devoted to the official’s duties (事吏), to his public behavior (操持), to promoting the advantageous and cancelling the harmful (興 革), to educating the people (教化), to justice (刑獄), and to taxes (賦稅). Each entry indicates the rate of merit or demerit for the action considered and is followed by detailed examples and discussions. The ed. described by Ma Fengchen includes an enlargement of Shengyu guangxun 聖諭廣 訓, titled Shengyu guangxun yanshuo 衍說, as its Part Two.

Bio.: Dai’s pref. says that he met Jin Yongzhai in 1756, while he himself was prefect of Huizhou 惠州 and Jin was appointed acting magistrate of Lianping 連平 department with the rank of assistant prefect (以貳尹來權連平州事), where his governance was that of a model official. He showed Juguan bilan to Dai when he left for another post after one year. Jin Yongzhai also published an ed. of Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu (q.v.), engraved in 1777; his pref. (1764), written as magistrate of Denghai 澄海 (Guangdong), claims that using Xiyuan lu helps officials to incur “less demerits” (寡過). Ref. and studies: Ma, 127 (Qinghua) (1833 Renxue zhai ed.). You Zi’an, Shan yu rentong, 119–20. Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 4. [PEW] [MINGUO] 0026

Juguan jinjian 居官金鑑, 2 j. [The Golden Mirror of Office Holders] By Zhizhi shanren 知至山人 1921 Ed.:

– *1921 new ed. (重刊) published by the Dashan hui 達善會 at Changsha, with pref. by Zhao Hengti 趙恒惖 (1922). [Hunan]

Rem.: The initiative of the Dashan hui in publishing the work is mentioned in the pref. The mention chongkan implies that there was an earlier ed. The work is a collection of anecdotes on good (in j. 1) and bad (in j. 2) retribution of official behavior and actions, extracted from historical sources and from a variety of anecdotes involving gods and ghosts. The material dealing with good and bad deeds is classified under 21 (j. 1) and 18 (j. 2) rubrics, respectively. J. 1 includes a rubric on “good policies in Europe and America” (歐美善政). Without referring specifically to republican institutions or policies, the preface notes that “recently official

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careers are getting more complex by the day and hypocrisy is rife” (晚近

仕途日雜，飾偽繁生).

1.2

[GRT]

Collections of Exemplary Biographies, Anecdotes, and Dicta

[SONG] 0027

Lianli zhuan 廉吏傳, 2 j. [Biographies of Upright Officials] By Fei Shu 費樞 (z. Boshu 伯樞), from Chengdu 成都 (Sichuan) 1125 postf. Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. (tabooed characters suggest Qianlong period), with pref. by Xin Ciying 辛次膺 (n.d.), postfs. (後序) by Fei Shu (1125) and He Bangji 何邦基 (1125). [Zhongyang] – 1896 Lianchi shuju 蓮池書局 ed. in 3 j. + xubian; authors Zhang Yunlun 張允掄 (Ming) and Zhang Bingzhe 張丙嚞 (Qing) (for the xubian). [Ōki, possibly a different work] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 448, with author’s pref. (1125). – *Photo-repro. of Siku quanshu zhenben chuji ed., with Siku notice, without pref., in ZSJC, vol. 4.

Rem.: Biographical sketches of 114 models of integrity from the Springs and Autumns period to the Tang, arranged chronologically. Each biography is followed by a “discussion” (論), and there is a general discussion at the beginning of each dynastic period. In the general discussion following the Zhou biographies, the author comments that from the Eastern Zhou onwards the sense of ritual and justice (禮義) was lost, and so were integrity and shame (廉恥); as a result, seeking after profit was pervasive among officials of every rank. Consequently, those who are able “bravely to extirpate themselves from a filthy world” (矯然自拔於污世者) and rectify themselves, their families, and the state, deserve to be singled out for praise. In short, “integrity is the basis for administrative discipline” (吏治以廉為本). Fei Shu’s biographies of upright officials served as a model for several similar later compilations, all intended as guides for the contemporary officialdom (see entries below). Ref. and studies: Siku, 57/1267. Songshi, 203/5123 (10 j.); according to the Siku notice, the text in 2 j. is unabridged. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 1:285. [GRT]

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Shixue guifan 仕學規範, 40 j. [Models of Official Knowledge] Comp. (撰) Zhang Zi 張鎡 (z. Shike 時可, Gongfu 功甫) (1153–1221?), originally from Chengji 成紀 (present-day Gansu) 1176 pref. Ed.:

– Song ed. titled Huangchao 皇朝 shixue guifan, with author’s pref. (1176). [Beitu] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 875, with author’s pref. (原序, 1176). – *Photo-repro. of Song ed. at Beitu, in BTGZC, vol. 68. – *Photo-repro. of Siku quanshu ed., in ZSJC, vol. 4.

Rem.: The text proper is preceded by a list of the 116 works consulted (仕學規範編書目), starting with the biographies of famous officials of the successive Song reigns. It consists of exemplary anecdotes about Song individuals. They are organized along the following notions: “Studying” (為學, j. 1–3); “Establishing oneself by one’s conduct” (行己, j. 4–13); “Being an official” (涖官, j. 14–28); “Secret virtuous deeds” (陰德, j. 29–31); “Writing prose” (作文, j. 32–35); “Writing poetry” (作詩, j. 36–40). The Siku commentators note that the work usefully complements preserved historical texts. Bio.: The great-grandson of a famous Southern Song general, Zhang Jun 俊, whose family settled in Lin’an (Hangzhou), Zhang Zi served as an auxiliary at the Court of Judicial Review (大理寺直) in 1164, he was later controller general (通判) of Wuzhou 婺州 (modern Zhejiang), and he served at the Court of Agricultural Supervision (司農寺). He was cashiered in 1211 because of his participation in plots against the ministers Han Tuozhou 韩侂胄 and Shi Miyuan 史彌遠. He was especially known as a man of letters. See Songren, 3:2331–2. Ref. and studies: Songshi, 207/5301. Chang, 1:160–1. [PEW] [YUAN] 0029

Weizheng shanbao shilei 為政善報事類, 10 j. [Classified Cases of Retribution for Good Government] Comp. (編) Ye Liu 葉留 (z. Jingliang 景良, h. Kuocang youzhu 括蒼 友竹), annot. (註) by Chen Xiang 陳相 (z. Liangbi 良弼) 1316 pref. Ed.:

– *Photo-repro. of a Yuan engraved ed. copied into the Yuanwei biecang 宛委別藏 (a draft congshu by Ruan Yuan 阮元 held by the Old Palace Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Museum), in Beiping Gugong bowuyuan, comp., Xuanyin 選印 Yuanwei biecang sishizhong 四十種, Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1935, fasc. 63; with prefs. by Chen Hao 陳顥 (1319) and Ye Liu (1316). [*Harvard] [*Fu Sinian] [*Fu Sinian, Taiwan Shangwu yinshuguan, 1981] – Photo-repro. of Yuanwei biecang copy, in Congshu jicheng sanbian, vol. 78. – *Photo-repro. of Yuanwei biecang copy, in Xuxiu SKQS, 史, vol. 753. – *Photo-repro. of Yuanwei biecang copy, in ZSJC, vol. 5. – *Photo-repro. of Shangwu yinshuguan ed. [dated 1916], in GZSJC, vol. 1. – Modern ed., Shenyang: Liaoning jiaoyu chubanshe, 1998 (together with Weizheng zhonggao, Xuezhi yishuo, and Zuozhi yaoyan).

Rem.: A classified collection of anecdotes on exemplary officials since antiquity (a majority from the Song period), culled from the classics and histories. Each anecdote has a caption, and begins with the name of the relevant dynasty; the source is usually indicated. The retribution for good and bad behavior is emphasized. The work was compiled with a view to providing models for officials and helping government. The absence of mulu and of clear organization makes consultation somewhat difficult. Ref. and studies: Sō Gen kanshin. Guo Chengwei, 18–19, 21.

0030

[PEW]

Zhishi guijian 治世龜鑑, 1 j. [The Tortoise Shell and Mirror for Governing the Age] By Su Tianjue 蘇天爵 (z. Boxiu 伯修, h. Zixi xiansheng 滋溪先生), from Zhending 真定 (Zhili) Ca. 1352 Ed.: – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 709, with prefs. by Lin Xingzu 林興祖 (1352) and Zhao Fang 趙方 (1352). – *In Pinghua shuwu congshu (q.v.), with Siku summary, prefs. by Lin Xingzu (1352) and Zhao Fang (1352). – *Photo-repro. of Siku quanshu ed., in ZSJC, vol. 5.

Rem.: The tortoise shell and mirror in the title stand for lessons from the past. The work recounts “good policies and remarkable sayings” (善 政嘉言) by statesmen from the Song dynasty and before, arranged under six headings: (1) “The substance of governance” (治體); (2) “Employing men” (用人); (3) “Local officials” (守令); (4) “Loving the people” (愛民); (5) “Implementing policies” (為政); and (6) “Preventing banditry” (止 盜). The prefs. were composed the year when Su became for the second Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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time assistant administrator of Jiang-Zhe province (江浙等處行中書省 參知政事). Though the prefs. claim that such a “magic mirror” cannot be

ignored by anyone nurturing ideals of good government, the contents are of a rather general nature. The copy used by the Siku editors was engraved by a magistrate in 1488.

Bio.: An official celebrated for his dedication and indefatigable energy, Su Tianjue started as a student of the National University (國子監), from which he was appointed a judicial official (判官) in Suzhou; his career led him to the positions of minister of Personnel and assistant administrator at the Secretariat. He also occupied high provincial posts, and died while an army commander in Zhejiang. See Yuanshi, 183/4224–27. Ref. and studies: Siku, 93/1922–23. Chang, 1:124–5. [PEW] [MING]

See also: Shouling baojian lu 0031

Jingzheng shilei juguan yilan 經證事類居官一覧, 5 j. [A Conspectus of Official Service Based on Classified Examples from the Classics] By Chen Zhe 陳喆 (z. Chengfu 成夫, Chengfu 城夫, h. Xueya 雪崖), from Changshu 常熟 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1480 Ed.:

– Undated ed. with prefs. by Wu Fu 伍福 (1483) and Qu Jun 瞿俊 (1480), postf. by the author’s son Chen Yi 易 (1483). [Gugong Beijing] – *Photo-repro. of ed. above, in Gugong zhenben congkan 故宮珍本叢刊 (Haikou: Hainan chubanshe, 2000), vol. 475.

Rem.: The work evolved from Chen Zhe’s practice of collecting and commenting on sayings by famous officials of the past. He prepared it specifically as a guide for his son to use in his first post as prefectural judge (推官) at Jianchang 建昌 (Jiangxi), beginning in 1481. According to the prefs. and postf., Chen Yi found it useful and contributed his salary to have it printed. The work includes considerations on such topics as the official’s approach to governance, various aspects of administration, care for local customs and welfare, religious practices, and closing out one’s administration. It includes warnings about pitfalls like drunkenness, loss of temper, or corrupt deals. Each of the 49 topics begins with a brief statement, followed by maxims from the classics, philosophers, or commentaries (經傳格言), and again by a larger section with historical Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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examples of famous officials (名臣事實). The examples are drawn from various periods, including prominently the Tang and Song; there are pronouncements by Xue Xuan (see under [Xue Wenqing gong] Congzheng lu), Chen Zhe’s contemporary.

Bio.: Chen Zhe never served as an official, but was well known locally for his learning. As a young man he loved reading, but was poor. So he would visit those who had books and read them, then write down what he remembered. He specialized in the Chunqiu commentaries. One biographer pointed out that Chen promoted the idea of collecting and explaining (集解). He compiled a variety of works. See Changshu XZ (1499), 4/73b; Changshu XZ (1539), 8/3a–5a (on Chen Yi), 38a (on Chen Zhe). [TN] 0032

Mujian 牧鑑, 10 j. [A Mirror for Local Administrators] By Yang Yu 楊昱 (z. Zihui 子晦, h. Dongxi 東谿) (jr. 1519), from Tingzhou 汀州 (Fujian) 1533 pref. Ed.:

– *[1555] ed. with prefs. by Li Zhongzhuan 李仲僎 (1555) and author (1533), postf. by Kang Gao 康誥 (校刻牧鑑後語, 1555); according to the latter, the work, which had been kept unpublished by its author, was shown by Kang to vice-prefect Li Zhongzhuan (邦伯靜齋李公), who enthusiastically contributed to its engraving. [*Beitu] [Tianyige, j. 1–3 extant] – *[1572] ed. similar to the above, except that Kang Gao’s postf. is named “Mujian houxu” 牧鑑後序 and is dated 1572, with a few words added to the effect that Kang contributed from his salary to have a new edition engraved (以原本重梓); the copy seen has a handwritten inscription giving the location of the entry in Siku quanshu zongmu tiyao, and explaining that the work was held first at the Wang-family Zhenqi tang 振 綺堂汪氏 and then at the Ding-family Baqianjuan lou 八千卷樓丁氏 [in Hangzhou]. [Beitu] – *1830 Deyueyi 得月簃 ed. coll. by (Changbai) Rongyu 長白榮譽, with prefs. by author (1533) and Li Zhongzhuan (1555), postf. by Kang Gao (1555) similar to that of the first 1555 ed., in Deyueyi congshu, fasc. 15–17. [*Beitu] [*Harvard] – Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 894, and *Congshu ji­ cheng jianbian, fasc. 289, based on Deyueyi congshu ed. , with prefs. by Li Zhongzhuan (1555) and author (1533), postf. by Kang Gao (1555). – *Photo-repro. of 1830 Deyueyi congshu ed., in Baibu congshu jicheng.

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– – – –

39

*Photo-repro. of 1555 ed. at Beitu, in Xuxiu SKQS, 史, vol. 753. *Photo-repro. of 1830 Deyueyi congshu ed. at ZKT, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 125. *Photo-repro. of 1830 Deyueyi congshu ed., in GZSJC, vol. 1. *Photo-repro. of Congshu jicheng chubian ed., in ZSJC, vol. 6.

Rem.: The work is composed of four parts, each with a short introductory statement, respectively titled “The roots of government” (治本), “The substance of government” (治體), “Tasks to implement” (應事) (the longest part), and “Dealing with people” (接人), comprising a total of 35 sections (目) and 728 entries (條). Li Zhongzhuan’s pref. compares its intention (意) to that of Zhen Dexiu’s Zhengjing (q.v.), and its structure (體) to that of Zhu Xi’s Xiaoxue. The short entries consist of discussions, admonitions, and anecdotes on past officials culled from the classics, histories, and philosophers. In his own pref., Yang Yu compares his compilation to the mirrors into which people look to improve their appearance: in this case the mirror is what the ancients show us, and what needs to be improved is government. Every aspect of a local official’s career, behavior, and functions is covered. Yang prepared the work while an instructor (教諭) in the Longnan 龍南 (Jiangxi) county school during the years 1526–33. In late 1533 or early 1534 he submitted a copy to Tang Zhou 唐胄, who was serving as military superintendent (提督軍 務) in the area and had just been informed of his transfer to Shandong. Yang was likely hoping for help to get the work published. He explained in his letter to Tang that there had been few books available when he worked on it and that he had just had an opportunity to add material from the Song (see Changting 長汀 XZ [1782], 25/32b). But the manuscript languished until Li Zhongzhuan was appointed assistant prefect of Tingzhou (Fujian), where Yang was now living as a retired official. Li states that, had he known the work earlier, he would not have printed his own Xunliang huibian (q.v.), a similar compilation; he insisted that Yang’s compilation, which had remained unpublished for twenty years, should be collated and published, so that present-day officials wishing to benefit from ancient examples might have a “true mirror” (真鑑). In his own pref., the author modestly claims he was keeping the text for his own use in case of a new appointment.

Bio.: In 1526, instead of attempting the jinshi, Yang Yu sought a posting to help him provide for his uncle’s mother-in-law, who had taken care of him following his adoption by his uncle at an early age. Longnan, to which he was assigned as instructor, was such an unsettled area that he decided to leave her at home. Three years later, just as he was making preparations to take the jinshi examination again, she died at age 82. Yang wanted to honor her like a parent,

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but there was no precedent for him to resign or take leave. Furthermore, he had just been appointed acting magistrate. Once he handed off the post to the new magistrate he requested a leave. Because of his persistence, his superiors eventually entrusted him with buying books for the school, a trip that would take him through his home area. It was during his almost nine years in Longnan that Yang prepared Mujian, as well as a guide for local education officials titled Shijian 師鑑 (see pref. in Changting XZ [1782], 24/70a), and other works. From there he went on to serve as magistrate in Chaocheng 朝城 (Shandong) and Duchang 都昌 (Jiangxi). He retired in 1541 and taught at home until at least 1556. He left numerous other didactic works no longer extant, including an agricultural handbook titled Nongpu xuzhi 農圃須知. He died at age 72. See Changting XZ (1782), 18/11a–b, 24/10b–16b, 72b–74a; Ganzhou 贛州 FZ (1536), 7/49b; Chaocheng XZ (1673/1920), 7/6b; Duchang XZ (1872), 2/4a, 3/50b. For biographical information on Li Zhongzhuan, see under Xunliang huibian. Ref. and studies: Siku, 131/2730. TYG, 2:2/48b–49a (1555 ed. in 3 j.). TYGXC, 2/47b. Tianyi ge shumu, 94. Guji shanben, 2:1101. Chang, 1:145. Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. [TN, PEW] 0033

Xunliang huibian 循良彙編, 12 j. [A Compilation of Good and Upright Officials] By Li Zhongzhuan 李仲僎 (z. Jingzhai 靜齋) (jr. 1531), from Yongning

永寧 (Guangxi)

Ca. 1550 Ed.:

– Ed. with prefs. by Yu Yinxu 余胤緒 (1549) and Xu Chu 徐楚 (1550), postf. (跋) by Li Renlong 李人龍 (1554). [Tianyi ge, possibly no longer extant]

Rem.: A classified compilation of biographies of historical upright officials. Li claimed that he prepared this work as a check on himself while he was serving as a magistrate of Jingling 景陵 in Huguang, but it may also have been in the hope of getting attention and ultimately a promotion. He also wrote a pref. to a work by Yang Yu, also titled Mujian (q.v.)

Bio.: Li Zhongzhuan’s family was originally from a garrison near Guilin 桂 林 (Guangxi), but was living in Raoyang 饒陽 (Bei Zhili), so he is reported as hailing from both places. After his juren he took up the post of instructor (教諭) in Fengcheng 豐城 (Jiangxi), certainly by 1539 but perhaps as early as 1535. In 1543 he became magistrate of Jingling (present-day Tianmen 天門,

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Hubei). In 1547 he was assigned to supervise supplies for the suppression of a Miao uprising. In 1548 he became assistant prefect (通判) in Chenzhou 辰 州 (Huguang), and around 1552 vice-prefect (同知) in Tingzhou 汀州 (Fujian). While in Tingzhou he first published a compilation devoted to the role of fate in official service, titled Yiming huibian 義命彙編 in 12 juan, and then arranged for the publication of Mujian (q.v.). He rose to vice-director of a bureau in the Ministry of Revenue. See Lingui 臨桂 XZ (1802/1880), 12/1b; Fengcheng XZ (1563), 2/20a; Chengtian 承天 FZ (1602), 4/18a; Anlu 安陸 FZ (1669), 4/4b, 11/49a; Changting 長汀 XZ (1782), 6/13a, 15/20b; his prefs. to Mujian (q.v.) and to Yiming huibian. Ref. and studies: Tianyi ge cangshu, 127. [TN] 0034

Shuofu baojian yaolan 碩輔寶鑑要覽, 4 j. [Essential Readings from A Precious Mirror of Wise Ministers] By Geng Dingxiang 耿定向 (z. Zailun 在倫, h. Chutong 楚侗, s. Gongjian 恭簡) (1524–96) (js. 1556), from Huang’an 黃安 (Huguang) 1565 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated Ming ed. with prefs. by Hu Zhi 胡直 (to Shuofu baojian, 1566) and Geng Dingxiang (自序, 1565), Geng’s preface followed by an appendix (附錄) consisting of letters by Geng to several individuals, with their answers. [*Congress] [Qinghua] – Undated Ming ed. printed by Yang Zhao 楊肇. [Gugong Taipei] [Qinghua] – *In SKCMCS, 史, vol. 95, based on first ed. above, copy at Qinghua.

Rem.: A collection of biographical materials on 79 exemplary prime ministers from the beginnings of Chinese history through the Song, with extensive commentaries introduced by the words “Geng sheng yue” 耿 生曰. (The commentaries are criticized by the Siku editors for being mostly shallow 亦多膚淺.) Each entry is a compilation of quotes separated by small circles. Sources are not indicated. Quite probably the work developed from a manuscript titled Shuofu baojian (see under this title), likely prepared by Geng with a group of disciples. Hu Zhi’s pref. and a postf. by Wu Ziyu 吳子玉 (刻碩輔寶鑒後序, not featured in the available eds. but found in Wu’s Dazhang shanren ji 大鄣山人集, 6/6b), both refer to the work as simply Shuofu baojian, but their reference to extensive commentaries clearly indicates that they are dealing with the present yaolan. This also explains another reference to Geng and the

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simpler title, viz. Wei Wenyi’s 魏文焲 “Yue Shuofu baojian” 閲碩輔寶鑒, in his Shishi sichao 石室私鈔, 1/38a. It is not known at what point the title was changed to Shuofu baojian yaolan.

Bio.: Geng Dingxiang aspired from a young age to play a prominent part in the intellectual world, but he was also an active official in a period of political struggle and changing political leadership. After his jinshi he was appointed to the Messenger Office (行人司), and in 1559 was made a censor (御史). He was sent out as regional inspector for Gansu in 1561, and in 1562 was made education-intendant censor (提學) for the region around Nanjing. During that time he was particularly active in philosophical circles and prepared the present work. In 1567 he moved on to capital offices, but offended Gao Gong 高 拱 (1513–78), then chief grand secretary, and was demoted to posts of prefectural judge (判官) in the provinces. After Gao’s fall he worked his way back up the ladder in the capital and ended up in the position of minister of Revenue in 1589, but retired the same year. See MS, 221/5816–17; DMB, 718; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Siku, 61/1356. Congress Rare Books, 210–1. Tianyi ge cangshu, 127, referring to the Yang Zhao ed. but with title Shuofu baojian. [TN, PEW] 0035

Shouling yifan 守令懿範, 4 j. [Exemplary Models for Prefects and Magistrates] Directed (裁定) by Cai Guoxi 蔡國熙 (z. Chuntai 春臺) (js. 1559), from Yongnian 永年 (Bei Zhili) 1569 pref. Ed.:

– Ed. in 2 j. attributed to Cai Guoxi (1569), coll. (校正) by Du Wei 杜偉, comp. (纂輯) by Guan Zhidao 管志道, with pref. by Xu Shizeng 徐師曾 (1569). – *[1570] ed. in 4 j. published by Pingyang 平陽 (Shanxi) prefect Liu Shichang 劉世昌, with prefs. by Huangfu Fang 皇甫汸 (n.d.), Cai Guoxi (1569), Yan Cheng 嚴誠 (sic, for Yan Ne 訥, h. Yangzhai 養齋) (n.d.), Gao Yongchun 郜 永春 (1570), and Yuan Sui 袁隨 (1570), postfs. by Liu Shichang (刻守令懿 範後序, 1570), Lin Qilin 林奇林 (same title, n.d.), and Xu Shizeng 徐師曾 (跋) (1569); the chapter captions give Cai Guoxi as “director” (裁定), Du Wei 杜偉 as collator (校正), and Guan Zhidao 管志道 as compiler (纂輯). [Liaoning] [*Zhongyang, with prefs. by Yan Cheng, Gao Yongchun, Yuan Sui, Cai Guoxi, Huangfu Fang, in that order; the Pingyang attribution is on the label, which gives Cai Guoxi as author, but appears nowhere on

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the mf.; the author in chapter captions is Cai Guoxi, without indication of printer] – * [1572] new ed. (重刻) published and funded by Que Chengzhang 闕 成章 and Zhang Yu 張譽, the magistrates of Qiantang and Renhe (i.e., Hangzhou), respectively, with prefs. by Yan Ne (n.d.), Chen Shan 陳善 (1572), Huangfu Fang (n.d.), and Cai Guoxi (1569), Que, Zhang, and one Jiang He 江和 (not in Beitu copy) being designated as printers (同刻); postfs. by Xu Shizeng (跋, 1569, not in Beitu copy) and to the new engraving by Que Chengzhang (後序, 1572). [*Princeton, mf. from Zhongyang] [*Zhongyang, two copies with same pref. and postf.: one with label and catalog attributing the work to Cai Guoxi but wrongly saying it is the Pingyang 1570 ed., chapter captions giving Cai as director, Du Wei as collator, and Guan Zhidao as compiler; the other with chapter captions giving Cai Guoxi as director, and Que, Zhang and Jiang as printers] [*Beitu] – *Undated new ed. (重刊) by the magistrate of Yuancheng 元城 (Daming 大名, Bei Zhili), Li Bing 李炳, with prefs. by Chen Jian 陳簡 (to 重刊, n.d.), Qiao Tingdong 喬廷棟 (n.d.), postfs. by Liang Yunlong 梁雲龍 (後序, n.d.) and Daming prefect Liu Tingmo 劉廷謨 (後跋, 1597); Chen Jian and Liu Tingmo are presented as, respectively, coll. (校) and ed. (訂) of this new ed., Li Bing being printer (梓). Cai Guoxi’s authorship is nowhere mentioned; the implied author is Qiao Tingdong, to whom the initiative of this new ed. is attributed and who had already put out a “facsimile” ed. (翻刻) in Shaanxi while he was regional inspector there. [Congress] – *Photo-repro. of 1570 ed. at Liaoning sheng tushuguan, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 95.

Rem.: 140 biographical sketches of model prefects, magistrates, and other local functionaries, from the Zhou through the Yuan periods, with additional comments by the compiler. Two categories are distinguished: “Confucian prefects” (儒牧), j. 1, 30 biographies; and “upright prefects” (循牧), j. 2–4, 110 biographies. For each biography the compiler only retained the facts relevant to the subject’s years as a local official. Different systems of text underlining indicate important theoretical considerations and concrete policies to be taken as models. The largest numbers of individuals are from the Song; only two officials from the Yuan are mentioned at the end of j. 4. Two introductory essays placed after the prefaces (after the table of contents in the 1570 ed.) are devoted to general considerations on each of the two categories (termed ruli 儒吏 and xunli 循吏 in the fanli); the implication is that only “Confucian” officials can grasp the “substance” (體). (The Siku commentators criticize both

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the dichotomy introduced by these categories and the way the author distributed his examples among them.) Cai Guoxi claims that he drew inspiration from a similar treatise, titled Shouling baojian 寶鑑, that was being compiled under the direction of a former education-intendant censor (提學御史) named Geng (i.e., Geng Dingxiang, see under Shuofu baojian yaolan; this work was probably never completed). According to Liu Shichang’s pref. and Lin Qilin’s and Que Chengzhang’s postfs., the original (1569) ed. was produced in Suzhou, where Cai Guoxi was prefect; the Pingyang 1570 ed. was engraved on the orders of censor Gao Yongchun, appointed to Shanxi in late 1569; and by the time of the 1572 ed. Cai had become educational commissioner of Shanxi (see below). All the prefs. insist on the work’s high pedagogical value for prefects and magistrates; Huangfu Fang’s pref. claims that local officials should keep a copy on their desks. Five different eds. can apparently be distinguished: the first three, produced at Suzhou, Pingyang, and Hangzhou, followed each other in the period 1569 to 1572; a fourth edition was published in Zhili at the end of the sixteenth century; it mentions another earlier reprint made in Shaanxi.

Bio.: Cai Guoxi was a devoted reformist throughout his career. After his jin­ shi he was appointed secretary in the Ministry of Revenue and was assigned to a tax collection office in Shandong. His next assignment (in 1563) was as bureau director in the same ministry assigned to the Yan-Ning border region in Shaanxi. There, contrary to his predecessors, he was able to meet all the fiscal demands for support of military units, and also attempted to reform education. Cai took his reforming zeal to Suzhou 蘇州, where he was appointed prefect in 1567. In 1568 he accomplished a major reworking of tax collection in the prefecture and later reformed labor service as well, organized the dredging of waterworks, cracked down on unauthorized temples, rebuilt local schools, and founded an academy. Shouling yifan is best understood as a part of his efforts to reform local culture during his tenure in Suzhou. But he antagonized people like Xu Jie 徐階 (1503–1583), chief grand secretary at the time, whose family had many interests in the region. Opponents to Xu arranged for Cai to be reappointed in 1571 in the region as a military defense circuit vicecommissioner (兵備副使) and encouraged him to investigate the accusations against members of Xu’s family. His subsequent appointment as educational vice-commissioner (提學副使) in Shanxi in 1572 can be seen as a successful effort to have him removed from the investigation. In early 1573 he was charged with abuse of power when he had served in the military defense circuit, and was cashiered and stripped of his status as an official. He retired to Shanxi for the rest of his life. See Shandong TZ (1736), 25/52b; Shuofang xinzhi 朔方新志

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(1617), 2/33a, 2/79b, 4/40b; Suzhou FZ (1883), 70/18b; Wu 吳 XZ (Chongzhen), 7/30b, 9/20a, 13/52b, 28/43a, 48a; Changzhou 長洲 XZ (1571), 12/13b; Yongnian XZ (1877), 26/31a; Wang Shizhen 王世貞, “Daxueshi Gao gong Gong zhuan” in Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻徵錄, 17/615a; Zhang Guowei 張國維, Wuzhong shuili quanshu 吳中水利全書, in Siku quanshu, vol. 578, 10/42; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 812. Ref. and studies: Siku, 59/1356, referring to the ed. compiled by Cai Guoxi. TYG, 2:2/49a (in 2 j., description similar to first entry above). Congress Rare Books, 211. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 1:310. [LG, TN, PEW] 0036

Gujin lianjian 古今廉鑒, 8 j. [A Mirror of Integrity Past and Present] Comp. Qiao Maojing 喬懋敬 (z. Yunde 允德, h. Chunsuo 純所) (js. 1565), from Shanghai 上海 (Nan Zhili) 1578 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with author’s pref. (1578) and anon. postf. (跋, to Chongke 重刻 Gujin lianjian) (n.d.) (in Fu Sinian copy). [*Fu Sinian] [Zhejiang] [*Zhongyang] – *[1581] new ed. engraved by the Liang-Huai Salt Controller 兩淮都轉運鹽 使, Chen Nan 陳楠 (js. 1562), with pref. by Qiao Maojing (1578), postf. (跋) by Chen Nan (to Chongke Gujin lianjian, 1581). [*Beitu] [Zhongyang] – *Photo-repro. of undated ed. at Zhejiang, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 95.

Rem.: A compilation marshalling more than 400 models of integrity, from Jiyou 季友, the younger brother of Duke Zhuang of Lu 魯莊公 in the Chunqiu period, to Yang Jisheng 楊繼盛 (1516–55) of the Ming, intended as a “mirror” for present-day officials. According to the fanli, the main sources used by the author are the Zuozhuan and standard histories, and, for the Ming, such works as Wuxue bian 吾學編, Ming tongji 明通紀, and Hongyou lu 鴻猷錄, as well as local materials. The specific sources of each entry are not indicated, however. The chapters follow a chronological order, beginning with Chunqiu and Zhanguo in j. 1, and ending with the Ming in j. 6–8. Qiao Maojing was possibly motivated by the rapidly expanding corruption in his time—Yang Jisheng was executed for having censured the famously corrupt grand secretary Yan Song 嚴嵩 (1481–1568); the work may also have been an attempt to attract patronage.

Bio.: Qiao Maojing was a capable official and advanced quickly. In 1567 he was made secretary at the Ministry of Justice and assigned to the office

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associated with grain transport in the Huai region. In 1570 he became assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) in Fujian in charge of the Xing-Quan 興泉 circuit. He helped in rehabilitating the region in the wake of recent pirate suppression campaigns, and combated a resurgence of piracy on land and sea. He was appointed to Guizhou in 1574, but his superiors in Fujian successfully petitioned to have him retained, and he was promoted to Fujian surveillance vice-commissioner (副使). It was during this time that he prepared the present work, which according to the postf. was first published in Fujian. From 1579 he occupied various province-level positions. He was affected by the posthumous disgrace of grand secretary Zhang Juzheng 張居正 (1525–82), who had patronized him, and was dismissed not long after he had taken up the post of Guangxi administration commissioner. See Lu Shusheng 陸樹聲, Lu Wending gong ji 陸文定公集, 4/6a; He Sanwei 何三畏, Yunjian zhilüe 雲間志略, 19/8a; Shanghai XZ (1872), 19/12a; Huai’an 淮安 FZ (1573), 2/221b; Jinjiang 晉江 XZ (1829 ms.), 13/23a; Quanzhou 泉州 FZ (1612), 4/22b; Yihuang 宜黃 XZ (1825), 10/61b; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 676. Ref. and studies: Siku, 61/1357. Qianqing tang shumu 千頃堂書目 (in Siku quanshu, vol. 676) says that the work is also known as Hutian yulu 壺天玉露, but the work bearing this title, in 4 juan, is actually by Qian Sheng 錢陞 (jr. 1618). “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 54 (author’s name Qiao Mao) (by Xu Lizhi 徐立 志). Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 1:310–11. [GRT, TN, PEW] 0037

Shuofu baojian 碩輔寶鑑, 20 j. [A Precious Mirror of Virtuous Ministers] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated, incomplete Ming ms. ed. in 2 ce, no juan division. [Zhongyang] – *Undated Ming ms. ed., 17 j. remaining (j. 2–4 missing), with lengthy colophon by Huang Antao 黃安濤 (1841). [Zhongyang] – Undated Ming ms., 1 j. remaining. [Shanghai] – *Photo-repro. of Ming ms. in 17 j. at Zhongyang, text of j. 2–3 supplied from the ms. without juan division (j. 4 still missing), with colophon by Huang Antao (1841), attributed to Geng Dingxiang, Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1970, 4 vols. (Mingren wenji congkan, ser. 1, vol. 21).

Rem.: A collection of exemplary biographies of prime ministers from the beginnings of Chinese history through the Ming. The sources quoted are the classics and standard histories (the fanli insists that anecdotes

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from unofficial sources [稗官小說] have not been included). J. 1–12 introduce 89 such paragons; j. 12–15 have 15 entries devoted to models of righteousness (節義) from Shang to Song; j. 16–18 are chronological tables of ministers (宰輔年表) for the Han, Tang, and Song; j. 19–20 quote edicts, memorials, letters, encomia, poems, and other literary pieces. Geng Dingxiang’s pref. to Shuofu baojian yaolan (q.v.) records that while he was in the Nanjing area he considered examples of exemplary historical prime ministers together with a number of his disciples. The present work likely represents the results of that group’s collection of materials, without commentary. Huang Antao’s colophon questions whether it should be attributed to Geng, but says it is difficult to decide. Ref. and studies: Mingshi yiwenzhi, 444, attributed to Lei Li 雷禮 (z. Bijin 必進, h. Guhe 古和) (1505–1581, js. 1532). For authors attributing the work to Geng Dingxiang, see Wu Ziyu 吳子玉, “Ke Shuofu baojian houxu” 刻碩輔寶鑒 後序, in Dazhang shanren ji 大鄣山人集 (SKCMCS, 集, vol. 141), 6/6b–8a; Wei Wenyi 魏文焲, “Yue Shuofu baojian” 閲碩輔寶鑒, in Shishi sichao 石室私鈔 (SKCMCS, 集, vol. 110), 1/38a–39a. [TN, PEW]

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Mingxing poujian 明刑裒鑑, 3 j. [A Mirror That Gathers Clarifications on Punishments] Comp. (編輯) Jin Feng 金俸 (z. Yingyu 瀛嶼) (jr. 1555), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1585 Ed.:

– *1585 ed. with prefs. by the publisher, Li Xi 李熙 (1585), and Jin Feng (1583). [Beitu]

Rem.: The work was compiled while Jin Feng was serving as prefectural judge (推官) in Tingzhou 汀州 (Fujian), and printed when he held the same position in Changsha 長沙 (Huguang). The pref. claims that it might edify those who judge legal cases. J. 1 is a collection of maxims (格言) drawn from famous works, from the classics through the Yuan period. J. 2–3 describe the actions (事跡) of famous judges, corresponding to the same span of time. Approximately four or five pages are missing from the final juan.

Bio.: Jin Feng apparently failed at his continuing attempts to get the jinshi degree. In the early Wanli reign he took up the post of prefectural judge of Tingzhou, where reportedly he ruled on cases strictly and fairly. Between 1578

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and 1580 he served as acting magistrate of Ninghua 寧化 (Fujian), and while there resolved a festering issue with tax assessments. In 1585 he was made magistrate of Hua subprefecture 化州 (Guangdong), where he worked to set up granaries for famine relief; in 1586 he was a prefectural judge again, this time in Changsha. The time of this work suggests that he compiled it while in Tingzhou in order to advance his career. If so, he was initially successful, but apparently proved unequal to the more demanding office of magistrate. See Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (1579), 57/21b; Changting 長汀 XZ (1782), 16/13a; Ninghua 寧 化 XZ (1869), 2/14a, 3/33b, 6/4b; Hua 化 ZZ (1748), 3/7b, 4/30a; Hua ZZ (1890), 7/3a; Gaozhou 高州 FZ (Wanli), 4/12a. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:146. [TN] 0039

Lianping lu 廉平錄, 6 j. [A Record of Integrity and Equity] Comp. Fu Lüli 傅履禮 (js. 1580), from Nan’an 南安 (Fujian), and Gao Weibiao 高為表 (z. Zhengfu 正甫) (1555–1635) (jr. 1576), from Panyu 番 禺 (Guangdong) 1588 Ed.: – 1588 ed. published by Tan Yao 譚耀 (js. 1577), with pref. by Yang Shaocheng 楊紹程 (1588). [Nanjing] [Taiwan shifan daxue] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Nanjing, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 132.

Rem.: A compilation of information on officials famous for their integrity in either behavior or equity in administering justice, from the Chunqiu period to the Ming, intended as model for incumbent administrators (以式在位). J. 1–3 (廉錄) give exemplars of integrity arranged chronologically within the following sections: “Ministers” (卿 相), “Academicians” (館閣), “Censors” (憲臺), “Officials of the central offices” (省郎), “Supervisory officials” (監司), “Prefects and magistrates” (守令), and “Military officials” (武臣). J. 4–6 are devoted to exemplars of equity in the administration of justice, arranged chronologically within the following sections: “Metropolitan area” (畿內), “Provinces” (外藩), “Prefectures” (郡州), and “Counties” (列縣). The Siku compilers, with no information about Fu Lüli and Gao Weibiao, propose that Tan Yao as the superior official—he was salt-control censor of the Changlu region (長蘆巡鹽御史)—ordered them to compile the work and then had it published; but the circumstances of the two junior officials suggest that Tan proposed the compilation to help their careers. The three

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were in different offices based in Cangzhou 滄州 (Bei Zhili). Gao and Tan certainly knew each other previously because they came from the two leading counties of Guangzhou 廣州 prefecture, and both had passed the provincial examination in Guangzhou in 1576 and sat for the metropolitan examination in 1577. Tan passed and began his official career, but Gao failed and was forced to wait for the limited opportunities for appointment offered to provincial graduates. It is possible that when Tan arrived in Cangzhou in 1585 he was able to alert Gao to the opening of the post of instructor that became his first official appointment in 1586; and it is likely that he recommended the present compilation to help him achieve a career beyond what was normally available to provincial graduates. How Fu, who was registrar of the Tax Transportation and Changlu Salt Monopoly Commission (長蘆都轉運 鹽使司經歷司知事), became associated with the project is unclear; either Tan learned of his damaged career and recruited him, or Fu asked to join the project to help his career. All three men finished their careers as prefects.

Bio.: Fu Lüli was appointed magistrate of Lingling 零陵 (Huguang) in 1581. He was apparently demoted, because in 1583 he became administrative clerk (知事) of the Tax Transportation and Salt Monopoly Commission of the Changlu region of Bei Zhili, a post of lower rank. When taking it up, he attempted to conceal his disgrace by reporting that he had entered official status as a promoted clerk (吏員) rather than an examination graduate. In 1587 he was appointed magistrate in Heyuan 河源 (Guangdong). He apparently did well in the post because a shrine was established to honor his administration. His next promotion, to prefect of Nan’an 南安 (Jiangxi), indicates that he had succeeded in recovering a respectable career. See Nan’an XZ (1672), 11/12b. Lingling XZ (1876/1931), 6/2a. Xinxiu Changlu yanfa zhi 新修長蘆鹽法志 (Yongzheng), 10/51b. Heyuan XZ (1689), 4/4b. Heyuan XZ (1874), 2/18a. Nan’an FZ (1868), 8/24b. Gao Weibiao failed the metropolitan examination and waited for an opportunity for appointment; in 1586 he reported to Cangzhou to serve as instructor in the Confucian school. In 1589 he was promoted to erudite (博士) at the National University in Beijing. He then became a secretary in the Ministry of Justice and was sent out to review cases in the Huai-Yang region. After a mourning leave he was made vice-director, later director, of a bureau in the Ministry of Works. From there he was promoted in 1600 to be prefect of Yuanzhou 袁州 (Jiangxi). He retired to avoid being negatively evaluated because of his opposition to the eunuchs’ tax on “silver mines.” See Nanhai 南海 XZ (1691), 5/33a,

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12/36b–37a; Panyu XZ (1774), 15/30b–31a; Cang ZZ (1603), 4/23a; Guozijian zhi 國子監志, 47/825; Yuanzhou FZ (1760), 17/13a. Tan Yao (z. Zhangbo 章伯, Bozhang 伯彰, h. Xingtang shuinan ren 惺堂水南 人) (js. 1577), from Dongguan 東莞 (Guangdong), was appointed magistrate of Guixian 貴縣 in Guangxi. He did well there and was selected as a censor (御史) in 1583. Among other assignments he was sent in 1585 to serve as salt-control censor (巡鹽御史) in the Changlu region of Bei Zhili, with concurrent responsibility for salt administration in Shandong. While there, he participated in the preparation of Shandong yanfa zhi 山東鹽法志. In 1587 he was promoted to be prefect of Yanping 延平 (Fujian), where he had to deal with a local famine. He died in office in 1590. See Dongguan XZ (1911), 59/11b–12a; He Chuguang 何出 光, Lantai fajian lu 蘭臺法鑒錄, 19/44b; Xinxiu Changlu yanfa zhi 新修長蘆鹽 法志 (Yongzheng), 10/24a; Shandong yanfa zhi 山東鹽法志, 1/職官/10b. Ref. and studies: Siku, 132/2737 (in 5 j.). [GRT, TN] 0040

Dangguan rijing 當官日鏡, 2 j. [A Daily Mirror for the Official] Comp. Shen Dade 沈大德 (jr. 1588), from Zuili 檇李 (i.e. Jiaxing 嘉興, Zhejiang) Ca. 1600 Ed.: – In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), 50–j. Chongzhen ed., with pref. by Yang Lianfang 楊聯芳 (1600).

Rem.: Accounts of good government by ministers and officials from the Zhou through the Song periods, arranged under five categories: “Integrity” (清), “Prudence” (慎), “Diligence” (勤), “Genius” (神), and “Compassion” (慈). The same contents are found in j. 6 of Shitu xuan­ jing (q.v.), captioned “Juguan qingshi lu” 居官清事錄, “Juguan shenshi lu” 慎事錄, “Juguan qinshi lu” 勤事錄, “Juguan shenshi lu” 神事錄, and “Juguan cishi lu” 慈事錄, respectively.

Bio.: Shen Dade likely attempted the jinshi examination before applying for a post. The work was compiled while he tried to qualify for appointment. In 1606 he was made magistrate of Nanjing 南靖 (Fujian), where he was successful in responding to local distress after the ravages caused by pirates as well as government soldiers, not to mention flooding. He was promoted to commander (指揮) in the Warden’s Office in Nanjing, but was unwilling to supply the customary “courtesies” and so was demoted again. He chose to retire and lived at home. See Shimen 石門 XZ (1818/1821), 13/12a, 14/30b; Nanjing 南靖 XZ (1743), 4/6a.

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Ref. and studies: Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 24. [TN] 0041

Quanshi lijian 全史吏鑑, 4 or 10 j. [A Mirror for Officials Extracted from the Histories] Comp. (輯) Xu Yuantai 徐元太 (z. Ruxian 汝賢, h. Huayang 華陽) (1536–1617) (js. 1565), from Xuancheng 宣城 (Anhui) 1600 Ed.:

– 1600 ed. in 4 j. with author’s pref. (1600), ed. (校) by Dengzhou 登州 prefect Xu Menglin 徐夢麟, published (梓) by Zhang Yixiang 張以翔 and other officials of Dengzhou (Shandong). [*Zhongyang,] [*Beitu, 3 copies] [Beitu, with postf. by Xu Shidong 徐時棟 (Qing) (not in cat.)] [Nanjing, with postf. by Ding Bing 丁丙 (Qing)] – *1803 Jianhu ting 鑑湖亭 new ed. (重刻) in 10 j. with a supplement by Zhang Xiangyun 張祥雲, with pref. by Zhang Xiangyun (1803) and original pref. by Xu Yuantai (1600). [Congress/LL] – Photo-repro. of 1803 ed., Yangzhou: Jiangsu Guangling guji keyinshe, 1990. – *Photo-repro. of 1803 ed., in ZSJC, vol. 5. – * Photo-repro. of 1803 ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 2, vol. 26. Rem.: A compilation of biographies of good officials (循吏, 良吏, 良 政, 能吏, etc., depending on how they were originally listed) and harsh officials (酷吏), directly copied from the dynastic histories, starting with

Shiji and down to Mingshi (in the 1803 ed.), utilizing also the relevant commentaries. It is proposed as a “mirror” for officials. The ed. in 4 juan, which contains biographies up through the Yuan, reproduces duplicate biographies appearing in both Shiji and Hanshu, but avoids similar duplicates in later histories. The different formats for the entries from different dynasties suggest that several people participated in the work of copying. For the ed. in 10 juan, Zhang Xiangyun, then prefect of Luzhou 廬州 (Anhui), added 30 biographies from Mingshi, eliminated the duplicated entries in earlier histories, reordered the sections, and corrected copying errors. His name appears as compiler (輯) in the chapter captions. Bio.: Xu Yuantai (sometimes written 徐元泰), a capable official, eventually was forced out of his official career. The timing of his publications suggests that they were part of efforts to restore his career after setbacks. He first served as magistrate of Jiangshan 江山 (Zhejiang), then Weixian 魏縣 (Bei Zhili). In 1574

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he became secretary in the Ministry of Personnel, then moved up to bureau director. In 1580 he was appointed administration vice-commissioner (參政) in Shandong. In 1584, following Zhang Juzheng’s death, he became Shuntian prefect (府尹) in Beijing, and in 1585 was selected as grand coordinator (廵撫) for Sichuan to deal with an uprising. During his four years there he was several times rewarded for progress despite repeated political attacks, which in 1589 led him to obtain retirement on account of illness. He was called back in 1591. For two years he bounced between various offices in Beijing and later Nanjing (he signs Quanshi lijian as Nanjing minister of Justice). Because of renewed attacks he once again resigned on the grounds of illness. The publication of Quanshi lijian in 1600 was probably an attempt to restore his moral credentials so that he could be recalled yet again, but the opposition proved too strong. As late as 1606 there were still memorials arguing against proposals that he be called back from retirement. See Xuancheng XZ (1808), 15/12a; Ningguo 寧國 FZ (1673), 18/11b; Jiangshan XZ (1873), 6/6a, 11/71b; Wei XZ (1683), 3/26b; Shuntian FZ (1593), 4/9b; Sichuan TZ (1816), 110/15b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 96/1923, 124/2321, 126/2342, 134/2502, 151/2799, 163/2973, 191/3600, 208/3888, 210/3984, 243/4545, 245/4573, 249/4639, 252/4688, 254/4729, 256/4753, 256/4756, 273/5062, 274/5071, 274/5077, 425/8017; Mei Dingzuo 梅鼎祚, Luqiushi shi ji 鹿 裘石室集, 文 11/1a, 5a; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 456. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 24:28. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 1:311. [PEW, TN] 0042

Lidai shouling zhuan 歷代守令傳, 24 j. [Biographies of Prefects and Magistrates through Successive Dynasties] Comp. (纂述) Wei Xianguo 魏顯國 (z. Ruzhong 汝忠) (jr. 1567), from Nanchang 南昌 (Jiangxi) 1606 Ed.:

– 1606 ed. published by Deng Yigao 鄧以誥 and others in Hengzhou 衡州 (Hunan), comp. (編) by the author’s eldest son Wei Yipeng 伯子一鵬 and grandsons Wei Weifan and Wei Weiyuan 孫維藩維垣, with pref. by Yuan Yiji 袁一驥 (1606) and colophon (跋) by Deng Yigao (1606). [Huadong Normal University] [Nanjing, with postf. by Ding Bing 丁丙 (Qing)] – *Photo-repro. of above ed. (Huadong Normal University copy), in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 97. Rem.: Biographies of 170 “upright officials” (循吏, j. 1–21) and 26 “harsh officials” (酷吏, j. 22–24) from preimperial times to the Yuan dynasty,

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0041–0043

culled from the standard histories with some supplementary materials, or from other sources in the case of 80 “upright” officials. The work opens with two essays by the author discussing the historical evolution of the duties of prefect and magistrate. The aim of the compilation was to provide present-day “officials close to the people” with a “mirror of the past” (借鑒). It was printed the same year as Wei’s collections of biographies of ministers (Lidai xiangchen zhuan 歷代相臣傳, 168 j.) and of Confucian scholars (Rulin quanzhuan 儒林全傳, 24 j.). The prefaces to the three works reveal that the impetus for the publication came from Wei’s son Yipeng and grandson Weifan; they prevailed upon their fellow Nanchang native Deng Yigao to promote the printing while he was serving as prefect of Hengzhou in 1606.

Bio.: Some time after passing the juren examination Wei Xiangguo took up the post of instructor (教諭) in Huarong 華容 (Huguang). There he assisted with the rebuilding of the school from 1557 to 1558. He was forced to retire because of eye problems. See Nanchang FZ (1588), 17/55b; Huarong XZ (1611), 2/69, 5/131. Ref. and studies: Siku, 62/1359, saying that the work is “rather confused” (多 蕪雜). Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 1:313. [GRT, TN] 0043

Yizhi bian 益智編, 41 j. [A Compilation to Increase Wisdom] Comp. (纂輯) Sun Nengchuan 孫能傳 (z. Yizhi 一之, h. Xinlu 心魯) (jr. 1582), from Fenghua 奉化 (Zhejiang) 1613 Ed.:

– *[1613] ed. engraved at the Linxi (Deqing 德清, Zhejiang) archery field 臨溪澤宮 (i.e., Confucian school) by Sun Nengzheng 孫能正, with pref. by Wu Minglei 鄔鳴雷 (1614), foreword (提辭) by Sun Nengchuan (n.d.), short intro. (刻益智編小引) by Sun Nengzheng (1613), colophon by Xie Yingchen 謝應宸 (placed after the mulu). [Beida, no cover-leaf] [*Beiping Mf., reels #1–2][*Beitu, no cover-leaf, described as Ewei tang 鄂韡堂 ed. in cat. though it does not appear on the copy seen] [Gugong Taipei] – *1891 small-size ed. published by the author’s descendants (see pref.; the date appears on the cover labels), reproducing an incomplete copy kept in the family (ca. 300 printing blocks missing), cover-leaf calligraphed by Yu Yue (h. Quyuan) 曲園俞樾, with prefs. by Wang Jiazhen 王家振 (to 重 刊, 1891) and Wu Minglei (1614), colophon by Xie Yingchen (here entitled

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“foreword to Yizhi bian’s first edition” 益智編初刻題辭), short biography extracted from the Qianlong Fenghua gazetteer (see below), chapter captions identical to those of the original ed. but with the words 剡上遺書 輯存 added below the title; the reduced-size reprint (翻刻) follows the pattern of the Juzhen ban congshu 聚珍版叢書 published in Hangzhou. [Beitu, 2 copies, one with the mention 孫氏崇文書屋藏板 added on cover-leaf] – *Photo-repro. of Wanli-period ed. at Beida, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 143–144. – *Photo-repro. of 1891 ed. (in Chinese binding), Yangzhou: Jiangsu Guangling guji keyinshe, 1990. – Hohhot: Yuanfang chubanshe, 2001, 4 vols. (中國古代禁書文庫), and several other recent eds.

Rem.: Sun Nengzheng (Nengchuan’s brother) indicates in his introduction that he took charge of engraving the work (he also appears as jiaokan 校刊 in chapter captions), and wrote the introduction at the Wenchang shrine in the Linxi Confucian school (臨溪澤宮之文昌 樓). The identification of Linxi with Deqing (Zhejiang) is confirmed by the mention of Sun Nengzheng as instructor (訓導) at the Deqing Confucian school around 1612. According to the liyan 例言 to the 1891 ed., the original ed. engraved in 1613 stated: “printing blocks at the Ewei tang at Siming” (四明鄂韡堂藏板). (The cover-leaves have disappeared from extant copies.) The work is a compilation of historical anecdotes illustrating the “wisdom of the ancients when facing affairs” (古人臨事之 智), and premised on the importance of “ancient examples of wonderful methods to administer the world” (古人經世之妙用) to guide present practice. The work was compiled by Sun Nengchuan from old notes that he assembled and organized while employed at the Grand Secretariat Library (秘省), and edited by his younger brother Sun Nengzheng. It contains 74 sections (目) under 12 categories (類), namely “Rulers” (帝 王, j. 1–2), “The court” (宮掖, j. 3), “Administrative affairs” (政事, j. 4–6), “Administrative positions” (職官, j. 7–8), “Economic management” (財 賦, j. 9–11), “Military affairs” (兵戎, j. 12–23), “Justice” (刑獄, j. 24–27), “Argumentation” (說詞, j. 28–31), “Human affairs” (人事, j. 32–36), “Frontier defense” (邊塞, j. 37–38), “Public works” (工作, j. 39–40), and “Miscellaneous” (雜俎, j. 41). The fanli says that the quotations—mainly taken from the histories, but also from more “vulgar” materials (稗官 小說)—are either complete or excerpts; the sources are not indicated. The anecdotes range from antiquity and the Han dynasty to the Ming. Occasional author’s comments are inserted, marked by an 按. The Siku commentators are critical of Sun’s choices and interpretations.

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Bio.: The biographical information in Siku tiyao, i.e., that Sun Nengchuan passed the jinshi in 1616 and reached the post of bureau vice-director, is not supported by other sources. Rather, he became a juren in 1582 and in 1598 was eventually appointed as drafter (中書舍人) in the Secretariat. There he apparently dabbled in politics and is said to have once convinced the emperor through an intermediary not to dismiss all of the officials in Huguang as requested by the eunuchs sent to levy taxes. In 1605 he participated as assistant minister (丞) in the Court of Judicial Review in the preparation of a bibliography of the library holdings in the Grand Secretariat. In 1606 he was put in charge of the customs at Jingzhou 荊州 (Huguang) with the rank of a secretary in the Ministry of Works. Then he went home for mourning and never took up another post. See Ningbo 寧波 FZ (1733/1741), 22/9a; Fenghua XZ (1908), 24/29a–b. Ref. and studies: Mingshi yiwenzhi, 674. Siku, 132/2743. Langlois, 211 (suggests to translate title “For the Better of Learning”). Transl.: Annotated transls. into modern Chinese by Wang Yuliang 王玉亮, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2010; Yang Youqing 楊有慶, Lanzhou: Dunhuang wenyi chubanshe, 2011; Shen Xikang 沈習康 et al., Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou guji chubanshe, 1999. [LG, PEW, TN] 0044

Lianli zhuan 廉吏傳, no juan separation [Biographies of Upright Officials] Comp. (輯) Huang Ruheng 黃汝亨 (z. Zhenfu 貞父, h. Yuyong 寓庸) (1558–1626) (js. 1598), from Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang) 1615 Ed.:

– *[1615] ed. printed by Wu Jingyu 吳敬與, with prefs. by Jiao Hong 焦竑 (1615), Gao Chu 高出 (n.d.), and Huang Ruheng (1615), postf. (後序) by Ma Yuantiao 馬元調 (1615); an “ancient pref.” 舊序 by Xin Ciying 辛次膺 (1092–1170) is inserted after or before the fanli (depending on the copy). [*Beitu, no mention of printer, no postf.] [Nanjing, no postf.] [*Princeton] [Zhongyang, no mention of printer, no postf.] – Undated ed. with pref. by Huang Ruheng (1615), no fanli, no postf., no mention of printer. [Hunan] – Incomplete ms. ed. with with prefs. by Jiao Hong (1615), Gao Chu (n.d.), and Huang Ruheng (1615), “ancient preface” by Xin Ciying. [Zhongyang] – *Photo-repro. of 1615 ed. at Nanjing, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 515. – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Hunan, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 108.

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Rem.: This rather massive work is an amplification of Fei Shu’s work by the same title (q.v.). All the eds. seen are clearly from the same printing blocks, but display variations in their paratexts. Huang added 33 biographies to those collected by Fei for the period from Chunqiu to Five Dynasties, and searched the standard histories of the Song and Yuan (60 biographies). He further classified the officials discussed in three grades, adding the character shang 上, zhong 中, or xia 下 on top of their names (the criteria for this classification are explained in three short essays placed after the pref. and called “Lun shang” 論上, “Lun zhong” 論中, and “Lun xia” 論下). He also added a supplement with ten biographies of bad officials (蠹附), characterized with words such as “harsh” (酷), “vulgar” (陋), “traitor” (奸), and the like. Each biography or group of biographies is followed by a very short assessment (often just a few words). The prefs., which have lengthy discussions on corruption and integrity, claim that the work was compiled with the aim of “celebrating purity and chastising badness” (揚清風懲敗類) and “persuading and warning the world” (為世勸戒). Bio.: After his jinshi, Huang Ruheng was appointed magistrate of Jinxian

進賢 (Jiangxi) and served there for over six years with distinction. Some of the

measures he took were adopted by neighboring counties. Though he was evaluated among the top in the province, due to intrigue he was transferred as a secretary in the Ministry of Works in Nanjing and assigned to the Huai region, a post with the same rank as his former magistracy. However, after three years of controversy he was granted an extraordinary promotion to director of a bureau in the Ministry of Rites in Nanjing, where he prepared the present work. In 1617 he went on to higher posts in Jiangxi, but in 1620 claimed illness and refused any further calls to official service. See Renhe XZ (1687), 18/28a–29a; Jinxian XZ (1871), 4/1b, 4/4a, 5/8b, 5/25a, 10/12b, 10/44b, 16/10a–b; Jiangxi TZ (1683), 26/25a; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 651. Ref. and studies: Siku, 62/1368–69 (stating that this is no more than an appendix to Fei Shu’s original work). Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 1:285. [GRT, TN]

0045

Mujin 牧津, 44 j. [A Guide to Local Governance] By Qi Chenghan 祁承㸁 (z. Erguang 爾光, Yuefan 越凡, h. Yidu 夷度, Kuangweng 曠翁) (1565–1628) (js. 1604), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) 1624 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated (Tianqi-period) ed. with prefs. by Li Zongyan 李宗延 (n.d. [1624]), Pan Shidao 潘師道 (n.d.), Gu Zongmeng 顧宗孟 (n.d.), Guan Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Xizhi 管席之 (n.d.), the author (1624); missing pages in fanli and missing individual contents for first juan. [Gugong Taipei] [*Beiping Mf., reels #440–441] – Undated (Tianqi-period) ed. from the same printing blocks, with prefs. by Li Zongyan (n.d.), Pan Shidao (n.d.), Gu Zongmeng (n.d.), and author (1624). [Hubei] – *Undated ed. from the same printing blocks, without cover-leaf, pref., intro., mulu, or fanli. [*Naikaku] – *Undated (Tianqi-period) ed. (in 12 ce) with prefs. by Pan Shidao (n.d.), Gu Zongmeng (n.d.), author (1624), and Li Zongyan (n.d.). [Zhongyang] – *Photo-repro. of Tianqi-period ed. at Hubei sheng tushuguan, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 261. – *Photo-repro. of Tianqi-period ed. at Hubei sheng tushuguan, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 754.

Rem.: Over 1,500 exemplars of good officials from past dynasties, classified under 32 categories based on types of behavior or function. “Not devoid of confusion and repetition” according to the Siku description. There is a “small introduction in 32 items” (小引三十二則) explaining the 32 categories into which the author classified his exemplars. This is followed by the general table of contents, itself followed by a general explanation of principles (緝概) in five parts: (1) “Looking into appellations” (考名), discussing the sense of the word mu 牧, meaning here the prefects and magistrates (守令), (2) “Examining the administrative systems [of ancient times]” (稽制), (3) “Explaining the [author’s] intentions” (述意), (4) “Discussing the periods [during which the officials served]” (論世), and (5) “Explanation of the categories” used by the author (辨類), notably the first and the last one, viz. statecraft specialists (經濟) and Confucian government (儒治). There are individual tables of contents for each juan, except j. 16. Each entry is followed by a brief compiler’s comment. The editions seen are punctuated and underlined, and have some interlinear annotations. Bio.: Qi Chenghan’s descendants’ efforts at embellishment have skewed accounts of him (reflected in DMB). His career started in 1604 as magistrate of Ningguo 寧國 (Nan Zhili), from which he was transferred in 1607 to the more difficult post of Changzhou 長洲 (Nan Zhili). In 1610 he was appointed secretary at the Ministry of War in Nanjing, becoming vice-director in 1612. In 1615 he had a strong promotion to prefect of Ji’an 吉安 (Jiangxi). It seems he was removed from office in 1617, for unclear reasons. When he resumed his career in 1619 it was at the lower ranked post of subprefecture magistrate, first at Yizhou 沂州 (Shandong), later at Suzhou 宿州 (Nan Zhili). He was again made vice-director in the Ministry of War. From 1625 to 1627 he rose from

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assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) to assistant administration commissioner (參議) to surveillance vice-commissioner (副使), all while serving in a military defense circuit in Henan, according to some sources in Nan Zhili as well. In 1627 he was made administration vice-commissioner (參政) in Jiangxi, and died shortly after his retirement. Only after his death did his name appear on a list of individuals disgraced by association with the eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢. Qi was especially known as a bibliophile and book collector and was the father of Qi Biaojia (the author of Jiuhuang quanshu and other works [qq.v.]). See Chen Renxi 陳仁錫, Wumengyuan yiji 無夢園 遺集, 6/71a; Ningguo XZ (1647), 3/10b, 3/31b; Changzhou XZ (1753), 21/14a; Su ZZ (1718), 7/10b; Jiangxi TZ (1881), 13/12b; Ming shilu: Xizong, 65/3065, 79/3804, Chongzhen changbian, 4/178, 5/227, 20/1225; DMB, 216. [TN] Ref. and studies: Siku, 80/1693. Chang, 1:144. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:339. [LG, PEW] 0046

Kangji pu 康濟譜, 23 or 25 j. [A Book on Security and Succor] Comp. (編輯) Pan Youlong 潘游龍 (z. Linzhang 鱗長), from Songzi 松 滋 (Huguang) 1636 Ed.:

– 1636 ed. in 23 j. with prefs. by Guo Shaoyi 郭紹儀 (1636) and Pan Youlong (n.d.); chapter captions give Guo Shaoyi as “director” (裁定), Pan Youlong as comp. (編輯), and Chen Ting 陳珽 as coll. (較正). [Zhongyang] [Zhongshan tushuguan] – *[1641] ed. in 25 j. printed by Wang Qisheng 王期昇, with prefs. by Huang Xixian 黃希憲 (1641), Liu Xingxiu 劉興秀 (n.d.), Wang Qisheng (n.d.), Huang Chunyao 黃淳耀 (n.d.), Pan Youlong (n.d.), Jin Junming 金俊 明 (1640), and colophon (跋) by Zhu Zhishang 朱之尚 (1641) (after the fanli); the fanli mentions material supplementing the 1636 ed.; the pref. by Pan (who does speak of having organized his work in 25 j.) was written at the Huaigutang at Suzhou 姑蘇之懷古堂, probably the original publisher; the fanli (clearly written by Pan Youlong, who alludes to the previous 1636 ed. and speaks of a rather thorough revision) is followed by a short list of Huaigu tang publications (懷古堂書記). Wang Qisheng says that the work was presented to him by Pan while he was on his way to assume the position of prefect of Changsha in 1640, and that he contributed his own funds to have it engraved, “so that those caring about the world could read it and know the noble intentions and constant worries of Master [Pan]” (令有心世道者讀之以知子之厚意苦心耳). [Beijing

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shifan daxue, no cover-leaf, Zhu Zhishang’s colophon placed after the mulu and fanli] [*Beitu] [*Princeton, no cover-leaf] [*Fu Sinian, no cover-leaf, with pref. by Guo Shaoyi (n.d.) after Liu Xingxiu’s pref., without Huang Chunyao’s pref.] [Ōki, with sections supplied in manuscript form] – *Ed. in 25 j. with a cover-leaf indicating an “1827 new edition (重刊)” from Liulichang in Beijing (京都琉璃廠板), approved by Guxi Pan Changling (古昔潘長齡鑑定), with prefs. by Zhang Pengfei 張鵬飛 (1836), Jin Junming (1640), Huang Chunyao (n.d.), colophon (跋) by Zhu Zhishang (1641), prefs. by Liu Xingxiu (n.d.), Wang Qisheng (n.d.), Pan Youlong (n.d.); Zhang’s pref. states that he had bought an incomplete set of printing blocks (of Kangji pu) from the family of a bookseller who had died in 1835 during the engraving; after the work had been completed during his stay in Peking to compete in the 1836 examination, he realized that it was only a transfer (翻本) of the original Ming ed., keeping the character elevations of the time—a “lousy habit of reprinters to save the cost of calligraphy” (慳吝寫貲歷來翻刻陋習). Rather than going through the trouble of correcting the whole thing, however, he decided to keep it as it was. It would seem that the “Liulichang 1827 edition” mentioned on the cover-leaf refers to that unfinished engraving bought back by Zhang, which may have been started in 1827. The chapter captions give Zhang as the new publisher (重刊). [*Harvard] [*Shoudu] [Chinese University of Hong Kong, according to cat. a 1836 Liulichang ed., in 5 j.] – *Undated new ed. (重刊, at the beginning of j. 1) in 25 j. by Zhang Pengfei, no cover-leaf, with prefs. by Zhang Pengfei (1836), Jin Junming (1640), Huang Chunyao (n.d.), colophon by Zhu Zhishang (1641), prefs. by Liu Xingxiu (n.d.), Wang Qisheng (n.d.), Pan Youlong (n.d.); apparently the same as the above. [Columbia] – *1873 ed. in 25 j. from the Wei-family Shuya tang in Jianzhou [Sichuan] 劍州衛氏蜀雅堂鋟 (according to the inside cover), with a cover-leaf indicating an “1827 new edition” (重刊) from Liulichang in Beijing (same as above); the cover-leaf has the words “Hongya Zeng Wencheng gong jian­ ding Jingji beiyao sanzhong” 洪雅曾文誠公鑒定經濟備要三種 [Hongya is part of Jiading 嘉定 prefecture, Sichuan]. Prefs. by Zeng Biguang 曾璧 光 (i.e., Zeng Wencheng gong) (1873) and Zhang Pengfei (1836). Zeng’s pref. states that, following discussions between himself and a certain intendant Wei Pengqiu 衛鵬秋, the son of an old friend, Wei decided to publish jointly (合刊) three works, namely, Kangji pu, Sansheng bianfang beilan 三省邊防備覽, and Yangfang jiyao 洋防輯要 (these discussions are dated 1874, one year after the pref.). This 1873 ed. also has Ming-period

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prefs. by Jin Junming (1640), Huang Chunyao (n.d.), Zhu Zhishang (1641), Liu Xingxiu (n.d.), Wang Qisheng (n.d.), and Pan Youlong (n.d.). Each fasc. of the copy seen at Beitu bears a seal from the Guozijian (國子監南 學書) indicating that the copy was complete as of second month of 1883. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of the 1641 ed. held at Beijing shifan daxue, in Siku jinhui shu congkan, 史, vol. 7.

Rem.: A kind of encyclopedic anthology dealing with the sayings and deeds of officials from the past (through the Song for the most part), enriched with quotations from regulations (down to the Ming) and from ancient texts. Pan’s pref. says that the work was assembled “to warn those who today have not yet been trained in administrative discipline” (以告今之未習吏治者); Pan also says in the fanli that besides the classics and histories he used Qiu Jun’s 丘濬 Daxue yanyi bu 大學衍義補 and other treatises on statecraft. Wang Qisheng’s pref. claims that it contains essential materials for prefects and magistrates. The materials are arranged by administrative discipline or function, roughly arranged within the framework of the six domains of government (六曹), namely, Personnel (j. 1–7), Revenue (j. 8–12), Rites (j. 13–14), War (j. 15–19), Justice (j. 20–23), and Public Works (j. 24–25). The editions seen are in large format and carefully produced. The texts are abundantly punctuated and underlined; each entry is followed by a commentary by Pan Youlong and/or other authors, notably Pan’s friend Jin Xiaozhang 金孝 章 (i.e., Jin Junming), named in chapter captions in the 25-j. eds. as editor (校評) (or 參評 in some eds.) and saluted at the end of the long fanli as the author of most corrections and editions during a three-year compilation process that involved three successive manuscripts (是譜歷三 寒暑，親脫稿三次，始得成集。然參評之功，孝章獨多). The general mulu is followed by a list of authors cited, in chronological order and chapter by chapter. (In the Zhang Pengfei ed. the mulu follows the list of authors.) Zeng’s pref. states that this is a work providing the essentials for administering and succoring the people (經濟備要之書). Zhang Pengfei’s pref. notes that, “fortunately,” most of the contents deal with civil administration, not with military defense [for the problems posed to Qing publishers by late-Ming texts on military defense, see e.g. under Lü Kun’s Shizheng lu]; in reality the section on War (j. 15–19) is fairly detailed and richly illustrated, even containing an appendix devoted to the different sorts of barbarians (夷). The authors of the prefs. composed in the Ming all insist on the desperate situation of the country, despite the qualities of the reigning emperor, and on the necessity to devise drastic

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measures. It may be noted that Fang Wen’s 1637 pref. to Zhiyao lu (q.v.) already discusses Pan’s 23-j. Kangji pu. Zhang Pengfei claims in 1836 that although the reigning dynasty and its ministers have nothing in common with the faction-ridden Ming, this repository of the methods advocated by men of a previous period cannot be useless because in times of plenty one must always anticipate want; and it should help those who are eager to repay the dynasty (有志報國者) to assist the ruler in his efforts to strengthen bureaucratic morale and discipline.

Bio.: Pan Youlong never got beyond the level of student in the county school. He was known for being broadly read and for his interest in effective government. In the late Ming he moved from his native Songzi (Huguang) to Changzhou 長洲 (Nan Zhili). He produced or was involved in the publication of many works. See Songzi XZ (Kangxi), 16/9a; Songzi XZ (1869), 9/25b. Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:2/51a–b (in 24 j.). Siku xuxiu, 30:664. Chang, 1:165–6. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 1:336. Transl.: Text with transl. in modern Chinese (j. 17–19 omitted) in Guandian, vol. 2. Bibliography entries for same author: Zhiyao lu. [PEW] [QING A]

See also: Juguan guaguo lu, Mumin xuzhi Baiguan jinjian 百官金鑑 See: Bailiao jinjian Xunliang qianzhuan yuebian 循良前傳約編 See: Lidai mingli lu 0047

Bailiao jinjian 百僚金鑑, 12 j. [A Golden Mirror for the Hundred Functionaries] By Niu Tiansu 牛天宿 (z. Jinwei 覲薇, h. Ciyue 次月) (js. 1649), from Zhangqiu 章丘 (Shandong) 1669 Ed.:

– [1669] Zhong’ai tang 忠愛堂 ed., with intro. (引) by author (1669), pref. by Jin Guangfang 金光房 (1669). [Zhongyang minzu daxue]

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– *Photo-repro. of Zhong’ai tang ed. at Zhongyang minzu daxue, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 262. – *Photo-repro. of same, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 755. Rem.: J. 1–7, on “general considerations” (總論), provide historical ac-

counts of the various positions in the bureaucracy, including prime minister (j. 1), capital functionaries (j. 2–5), and provincial officials down to magistrates and educational officials (j. 6–7), each with biographical sketches of a few exemplars. J. 8–10, also with many biographical sketches, comprise 7 sections devoted to various administratives values, including austerity (廉潔), broad-mindedness (度量), ability to use men (用人), handling punishments and rewards (刑賞), modesty (恬退), loyalty (忠烈), and military prowess (武功, to which j. 10A–B are entirely devoted). J. 11 is an anthology of pieces by various authors, with Niu’s occasional annotations, on preventing abuses, recommending correct behavior on the part of officials, and so on (the first text commented is the Song 16-character admonition engraved in stone known as Jieshi ming 戒 石銘). J. 12 reproduces four sets of directives (條約) on various aspects of local government, edicted either by the Liang-Guang governor-general or by Niu himself as intendant (監) or prefect (守) of Qiongzhou 瓊州 (Guangdong); the last piece is the text of a stele extolling Niu’s virtuous governance (德政碑). The Siku commentary (giving the title as Baiguan 百官 jinjian) is somewhat critical, stating that Niu inevitably omitted many examples, and that in the last section, which concerns his own government, he tends to show off. The pref. by Jin Guanfang—an official subordinate to the Qiongzhou prefect—insists on the didactic value of a work that Niu gave to his own sons for their instruction.

Bio.: Niu Tiansu’s first position was magistrate of Anyuan 安遠 (Jiangxi). His successful defense against bandits earned him a promotion to bureau vicedirector, later director, in the Ministry of Public Works. He was put in charge of the Wuhu customs station (蕪湖鈔關) in 1655, and again in 1660. The same year he was appointed prefect of Yan’an 延安 (Shaanxi), where he appears to have been extremely popular. After a period of mourning, in 1668 he was appointed prefect of Qiongzhou (Guangdong), where he was appalled by the local customs and busied himself to improve them. He compiled the present work during his tenure at Qiongzhou. He retired on the grounds of illness. See Zhangqiu XZ (1691), 5/4b, 6/28b; Qiongzhou FZ (1774), 5/2b. Ref. and studies: Siku, 80/1694, describing a copy held by the Imperial Palace and titled Baiguan jinjian). Guji shanben, 史, 2:1102. QSG, 146/4307. [LG, PEW]

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Chenjian lu 臣鑑錄, 20 j. [A Mirror of Ministers] Comp. Jiang Yi 蔣伊 (z. Weigong 渭公, h. Xintian 莘田) (1631–1687) (js. 1673), from Changshu 常熟 (Jiangsu) 1675 Ed.:

– *1675 ed., title on cover-leaf Yulan 御覽 chenjian lu, with Jiang’s memorial of presentation (進臣鑑錄表); indication “engraved in 1675” (康熙乙卯秋 梓) at the end. [Princeton] – Ed. presented to the emperor in 1737 (乾隆二年進呈疏), with indication “engraved in 1675” at the end. [Chinese University of Hong Kong] – *1899 new ed. (重刊) with pref. by Luo Bingzhang 駱秉章 (1860), account of conduct (事狀) of Jiang Yi by Peng Shaosheng 彭紹升 (from Erlin juji 二林居集, j. 15), biographical sketch (事略) of his son Jiang Tingxi 廷錫 extracted from Guochao xianzheng shilüe, j. 13 (including lengthy materials on Jiang Yi), Jiang’s memorial of presentation of Chenjian lu (n.d.), and postf. (跋) by Zhou Kanglu 周康祿 (n.d.). According to the introductory statement (例言) to this carefully produced ed., the first ed. was published in Yunnan during the early Kangxi period; a new 1859 edition was published in Changsha, another one in western Sichuan (1869); the present one, whose engraving (started in 1899 and completed in 1900) was funded in Canton by a group of “charitable friends” (善友) who did not ask for any rights for printing copies (the cover-leaf says: “諸君印送不取 板資,” and the liyan explains that the printing blocks can be borrowed by printing shops 坊; they are kept at the Tianbao Niudian at Canton 省城 狀元坊天寶紐店); the liyan is followed by the following words (repeated at the end of the text) to encourage wide circulation: “If you do not want to read it, pass it on to someone else; reproducing it for wide circulation will earn boundless merit!” (如不欲看轉送別人，翻刻廣傳功德無量). The postf. is followed by anecdotes on people who earned merit by circulating morality books (刊送善書福報證) and by a list of the individuals and charities that donated money for the publication, with the sums contributed; the biggest donator was a woman, Mrs Cai née Deng 蔡鄧氏 (50 taels). [Columbia]

Rem.: A collection of anecdotes on and biographical sketches of personalities from antiquity to Ming, arranged by type of activity or bureaucratic behavior under two main sections: examples for exhortation (勸部, j. 1–14), and examples for condemnation (懲部, j. 15–20). Each type includes a series of “real facts” (i.e., historical examples, 事實) and

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a series of “general maxims” (格言), i.e., without reference to particular events, and partly borrowed from earlier authors. Luo Bingzhang’s pref., which compares the work to Chen Hongmou’s Congzheng yigui (q.v.), states that it was presented to the Kangxi emperor when the author was a censor. The author’s biographical sketch in the 1899 edition suggests that the presentation date of his memorial falls between his success at the jinshi examination in 1673 and his appointment as a censor in 1675. For a later adaptation of the work, see under Shijing bian.

Bio.: Jiang Yi was a virtuous, hardworking, and well-liked official, best known for his writings on ethics. He began his career as a bachelor in the Hanlin Academy, and in 1675 was appointed inspecting censor of the imperial capital central ward (御史巡視中城), in which capacity he is said to have devoted himself to improving the locals’ welfare. He temporarily retired from office in 1676 due to bad health, but was reappointed in 1679 as investigating censor in charge of the Guangxi circuit (廣西道監察御史), and in 1682 as Guangdong grain intendant (督糧道), in which post he impeached several officials for corruption. In addition to Chenjian lu he was the author of Wanshi yuheng lu 萬 世玉衡錄, an ethical treatise for “superior men” (reviewed in Siku), Juguan lin­ min geyan, which served as a basis for Xueshi yaozhen (q.v.), and posthumously published documentary and literary collections. See Guochao qixian leizheng chubian, 209/6a; BZJ, 53/5b–8a; QSLZ, 70/59a–60a, 74/32a–33b; Guangdong TZ (1822), 44/11a, 256/22b–23a; Qingdai qibai, 1:82–84. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307. Siku xuxiu 7:715 (mentioning 1675 ed.). Chang, 1:135–6. Bibliography entries for same author: Xueshi yaozhen. [PEW] 0049

Xueshi yaozhen 學仕要箴, 5 j. [Important Admonitions in Learning to Be an Official] Supervised (鑒定) by Jiang Yi 蔣伊 (z. Weigong 渭公, h. Xintian 莘田) (1631–1687) (js. 1673), from Changshu 常熟 (Jiangsu), coll. Yuan Zi 袁滋 (z. Wukui 午葵), comp. Zhang Qi 張圻 (z. Yiyi 邑翼) 1678 pref. Ed.:

– Undated ed. with pref. by Xu Yuanwen 徐元文 (1678), and undated postfs. (提跋) by You Tong 尤侗, Song Shiying 宋實穎, Xu Zhijian 許之漸, Huang

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0048–0050

Yujian 黃與堅, Zhu Yongchun 朱用純, Ma Mingluan 馬鳴鑾, Xu Bingyi 徐 秉義, and Ye Yibao 葉奕苞. [ZKT, only j. 1–2 and postfs. extant] – *Photo-repro. of copy at ZKT, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 157.

Rem.: The authorship of this anthology of dicta is somewhat complicated. The basis of the work at hand appears to have been a printed work by Jiang Yi titled Juguan linmin geyan 居官臨民格言, which Yuan Zi (in whose family school Jiang served as a teacher) asked Zhang Qi to enlarge and annotate; the postfaces suggest that Yuan Zi as well had an important role in directing the work. There are ten sections: “Nurturing virtue” (存心), “Examining oneself” (省身), “Regulating one’s family” (型家), “Responding to people” (處物), “Education” (養蒙), “Studying for the examinations” (舉業), “Being an official” (居官), “Governing the people” (臨民), “Serving one’s superiors” (仕宦), and “Applying punishments cautiously” (慎刑). Each section is in turn divided into subsections: for example, “Governing the people” includes subsections on “Being affectionate” (慈愛), “Being respectful and cautious” (敬慎), “Training in good manners” (禮教), “Using resources sparingly” (節用), “Relieving disasters” (救災), “Promoting advantageous policies and stopping abuses” (興革), “Discouraging lawsuits” (平訟), and “Being compassionate with prisoners” (恤獄). Bio.: See under Chenjian lu. Ref. and studies: Siku, 133/2758. Bibliography entries for same author: Chenjian lu.

0050

[GRT]

Rixing lu 日省錄, 3 j. [A Record on Daily Self-Examination] Comp. (輯) Liang Wenke 梁文科 (z. Yinghou 瀛侯), from San Han 三 韓 (i.e., Korea) 1686 pref. Ed.:

– *1872 ed. in Rubuji zhai huichao, chuji 初集, published by Chen Kun 陳 坤, title on cover-leaf Liang Yinghou xiansheng rixing lu, engraved by the Cuijing tang across from the education commissioner’s office in Canton 粵東省城學院前萃經堂刻, with compiler’s pref. (1686) and postf. (跋) by Jiang Youcan 江有燦 (1873). [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) without juan separation, title at beginning of the text Liang Yinghou xiansheng rixing lu, including supplements

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(補遺), with prefs. by compiler (1686) and Zhang Bingyan 張丙炎 (to Chongkan Liang Ying [sic] xiansheng rixing lu, 1880). [Beitu] – *1883 ed. of the Yundao tang at the Mingzhou customs offices 運道堂刊于 明州榷署, with one j. of supplements (補遺), with prefs. by Sun Jingming 孫敬銘 (1774), He Tan 何潭 (to 重刻, n.d.), Yan Sisheng 晏斯盛 (n.d.), compiler (1686), and Zou Chuanyu 鄒傳禹 (z. De’an 德菴) (to 重刻, 1732, followed by “De’an shi du Rixing lu ba ze” 德菴氏讀日省錄八則), postfs. (跋) by Pan Guanghua 潘光華 (n.d.), and Cai Can 蔡璨 (n.d.). [Beitu] – *1891 ed. of the Qiangshu zhai at the Jiangnan customs office 刊于江南榷 署之強恕齋, 1 j. of supplements (補遺), with prefs. by Sun Jingming (1774), He Tan (n.d.), Yan Sisheng (n.d.), compiler (1686), and Zou Chuanyu (1732, followed by “De’an shi du Rixing lu ba ze”), colophons (跋) by Pan Guanghua (n.d.) and Cai Can (n.d.). [Beitu] – 1939 ed., Shanghai: Shijie shu ju, ed. (重輯) by Wu Yunzhai 吴蕴齋. [Beitu, mf.] – Modern ed. in Lin Bu 林逋 et al., Xingxin lu 省心錄, Changsha, Yuelu shushe, 2003.

Rem.: The aim of the author was to compile quotations from “ancient sages” (前賢), warning men in order to help them realize and develop their innate goodness (良心). His model was Confucius’s disciple Zengzi’s 曾子 “examination of oneself” (省吾身). There are three chapters devoted, respectively, to individual behavior (身戒), behavior in the family (家戒), and official behavior (官戒). The short aphorisms are mostly unattributed. Those in the last chapter deal with general principles of government, official behavior and morality, emphasizing honesty, austerity, hard work, and so forth. There are also longer entries on more technical matters, such as dealing with false accusations, lawsuits, the use of torture (several entries), prisons, and financial administration. The buyi chapter has more entries arranged under the same three rubrics. [PEW]

0051

Simu baojian 司牧寶鑑, 1 j. [A Precious Mirror for Administering the People] By Li Yong 李顒 (or 容) (z. Zhongfu 中浮, h. Erqu 二曲) (1627–1705), from Zhouzhi 盩厔 (Shaanxi) Ed.:

– 1697 ed. by Ni Yongwu 倪雝梧 (no longer extant), with pref. by Ni Yongwu (1697).

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– *1849 ed. in Xunmin tang congshu, with pref. by Jiang Zeng 姜曾 (1849), original pref. (原序) by Ni Yongwu (1697), original pref. by Wang Xinjing 王心敬 (癸卯 [sic, 1723]), author’s original intro. (原小引, n.d.), postf. (跋) by Huang Zhimo 黃秩模 (1849). [*Beitu] [*Columbia] – *1875 Hechi shuju (Hunan) ed. 湖南省荷池書局刊行, with prefs. by Hui Longsi 惠靇嗣 (to 新刻, 1697), Ni Yongwu (1697), and Wang Xinjing (1693), author’s intro. (小引) (n.d.). [Shanghai] – In Guanzhong Li Erqu xiansheng quanji 關中李二曲先生全集 (Xinshu tang 信述堂 ed., 1877, in 46 j.), j. 28, with prefs. by Hui Longsi (1697), Ni Yongwu (1697), and Wang Xinjing (1693), author’s intro. (n.d.). – *Photo-repro. of Xunming tang congshu ed., in GZSJC, vol. 3.

Rem.: A Ming loyalist who refused to pass the examinations and a philosopher concerned with practical studies (實政), Li Yong never was an official. This anthology of writings by model officials such as Zhen Dexiu (see under Xishan zhengxun), Zhang Yanghao (see under Weizheng zhonggao), Wang Yangming (see under Yangming xiansheng baojia fa), Lü Kun (see under Shizheng lu), and others, and of anecdotes about famous magistrates, all with comments by Li, is informed by his insistence on practical studies and care for serving the people. The preface writers insist that the fact Li Yong was a commoner with no administrative experience does in no way detract from the concreteness and immediate usefulness of his advice. The date of the text seems to be 1678. According to Guanzhong san Li nianpu (see below), 2/34a–b, when Ni Yongwu visited Li in Zhouzhi in 1697 (Ni had just been appointed Zhouzhi acting magistrate) Li showed him the work, which was by then 19 years old (this figure is not in Ni’s pref.), and he decided forthwith to have it printed. Li’s disciple Wang Xinjing (1656–1738) speaks of a text “15 years old” written by Li for his friends; if one accepts that Wang’s pref. should be dated 1693 (as it is in the 1875 and Quanji eds., and in san Li nianpu), this fits with Ni’s saying. (The date 癸卯/1723 in Xunmin tang congshu is obviously an error.) Wang also says that the original title was Mumin xuzhi 牧民須知, suggesting the influence of Yang Zhonghao’s Mumin zhonggao (see under Weizheng zhonggao), but friends changed it into the present Simu baojian; Wang claims that in the same year 1693 he copied all of Li Yong’s unpublished drafts and kept them “as a golden mirror for those of our party who become officials and serve the people” (留為吾黨出身加民者金鏡), at the same time regretting he had been unable to print and circulate them in the world. The year 1693 marked the completion of the engraving of Li Yong’s Erqu ji 二曲集 (26 j.), which had been started three years earlier with generous funding from two

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Shaanxi high officials and of which Wang Xinjing was the editor. Simu baojian clearly was one of the texts not included that Ni Yongwu wanted to publish in 1697. (The work is not mentioned in Hui Longsi’s nianpu [see below], which stops in 1689.)

Bio.: Though he chose to live as a recluse (he signs his intro. as “the sickly man in a mud hut” (土室病夫), Li Yong’s prestige as a leader of the so-called Guanzhong school of Neo-confucianism (關學派) was considerable and he was much in demand. He was invited to lecture in academies in Jiangsu in 1671, but otherwise mostly resided in his native Zhouzhi. He had to expend a lot of effort to avoid participating in the 1679 boxue hongci special examination under the pretense of illness. He was sought as a master by many distinguished scholars and was courted by local and provincial officials, with whom he maintained active correspondence. On his Western Tour (西巡) in 1703 the Kangxi emperor let it be known he would like to meet him, but Li sent his son instead. See Hui Longsi 惠靇嗣, Li Erqu xiansheng linian jilüe 李二曲先生 歷年紀略 (rpt. Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 1977); Wu Huaiqing 吳懷清 (comp.), Guanzhong san Li nianpu 關中三李年譜, j. 1–4, in Guanzhong congshu; Qingdai qibai, 3:1533–34; ECCP, 498–99. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 23:244. [JB, PEW] 0052

Lidai mingli lu 歷代名吏錄, 4 j. [Records of Famous Officials of the Successive Dynasties] By Zhang Xinghui 張星徽 (z. Beigong 北拱, h. Beishan 北山), from Jinjiang 晉江 (Fujian) Ed.: – 1731 ed. of the Zhang-family Hushan caotang 張氏湖山草堂, with pref. by author (1731) and postf. (跋) by his younger brother Xianji 先躋 (1732). [Quanzhou Municipal Library] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 126. Rem.: The work’s original title was Xunliang qianzhuan yuebian 循良 前傳約編. It consists of short biographies of 356 upright officials (循吏)

from the preimperial period to the Ming, mainly culled from the standard histories and arranged chronologically. Each biography is followed by the author’s assessment. The emphasis is on the “virtuous policies” (德政) of the officials discussed. The professed aim of the compiler was to offer prefects and magistrates of his time a “mirror” of good policies.

Ref. and studies: Siku, 63/1393 (title Xunliang qianzhuan yuebian), giving author’s name as Zhang Xianyue 先岳. [GRT]

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Lizhi xuegu bian 吏治學古編, 2 j. [On Good Governance through Study of Antiquity] Comp. Wang Shijun 王士俊 (z. Zhuosan 灼三, h. Xichuan 犀川) (?–1756) (js. 1721), from Pingyue 平越 (Guizhou) 1734 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated Zhongzheng tang ed. 中正堂藏板 with author’s pref. (1734) and postf. (後跋, n.d.). [*Chicago, mf.] [Faxue suo, with words “zhengzhi honggang” 政治宏綱  handwritten on cover of ce 1, “juguan jujie” 居官鉅 節 on cover of ce 2] [*Ōki] Rem.: Examples of good policies ascribed to 129 “good officials” (循

吏) having served in either Henan or Shandong—the two provinces

where Wang Shijun became governor-general at the beginning of 1733, and where the tradition of good governance, says the preface, goes back to the Duke of Zhou and to Confucius. Each of the 40 headings features a set of historical examples preceded by a short intro. and followed by the author’s comments, generously quoting Wang’s own directives and the Yongzheng emperor’s edicts. The 20 headings in j. 1 concern policies: first, economic policies (國計民生)—starting with “land reclamation” (開墾), one of the Yongzheng emperor’s pet programs, for which Wang Shijun distinguished himself but was badly attacked after the emperor’s death because of alleged abuses in implementing it; then, taxes and justice administration; and finally, education and rites. The 20 headings in j. 2 are on the behavior and ethics of officials. The final summary (總 要) and postf. are both by Wang Shijun. The entire work was intended as a model and inspiration for present-day officials serving in the two provinces; it is representative of the policies and values promoted by the Yongzheng emperor and his favorite officials. (For other examples see Wang’s own Hedong congzheng lu [q.v.], and especially Wang’s predecessor Tian Wenjing’s Fu Yu xuanhua lu [q.v.] and its sequels.) The compilation was effected under the supervision of Wang Shijun’s son, Wang Bingqing 秉清.

Bio.: Before starting his career Wang Shijun had already acquired solid training in administrative techniques while assisting his father, himself a juren and a magistrate. After his jinshi he entered the Hanlin Academy as a Manchu translator. At the beginning of the Yongzheng reign he was sent to Henan, first as Xuzhou 許州 department magistrate, where he distinguished himself in rehabilitating Yellow River works, then as Xiangfu 祥符 (i.e., Kaifeng) magistrate, where he likewise won popularity through his promotion of policies favorable to the small taxpayer despite his superiors’s opposition or indifference. In 1725 Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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he was sent to Guangdong as a probationary official; already by 1726 he had had stints as acting prefect, intendant, and surveillance commissioner. In spite of attacks by jealous colleagues he was protected by governor Yang Wenqian 楊文 乾, himself a member of Yongzheng’s coterie, and became Guangdong administration commissioner in 1729. In 1731 he was appointed governor of Hubei, and in late 1732 became Hedong governor-general, and concurrently Henan governor-general in 1733. One of Yongzheng’s favorite high officials, and known for his uncompromising integrity and blunt efficiency, Wang found himself in political trouble within a few months of Qianlong’s accession to the throne, being attacked in particular for his land-reclamation drive in Henan and for his criticism of the new emperor’s abandonment of his father’s policies. His career ended shortly thereafter. See QSG, 294/10347–50; QSLZ, 18/12a–17b; Ling Ti’an, Qingdai Guizhou mingxian xiangzhuan, 21–25; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 72 (by Su Yigong 蘇亦工). Bibliography entries for same author: Hedong congzheng lu, Tianzhong zumin lu. [PEW] 0054

Chenjian lu 臣鑑錄, 4 j. [A Mirror of Ministers] Comp. Yin Huiyi 尹會一 (z. Yuanfu 元孚, h. Jianyu 健餘) (1691–1748) (js. 1724), from Boye 博野 (Zhili) 1748 intro. Ed.:

– *Undated Jifu congshu 畿輔叢書 ed. with intro. (引) by Yin Huiyi (1748). [CASS Jinshisuo] – Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 378–379. – Photo-repro. of Jifu congshu ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 5, vol. 9. – *Photo-repro. of Jifu congshu chubian ed., in ZSJC, vol. 8.

Rem.: A collection of anecdotes on ministers of the past, culled from historical sources, including possibly Zizhi tongjian, because many anecdotes are followed by a reference to the date and “entry” (目) where they are found; each is followed by Yin Huiyi’s commentary. They are organized under four categories: “Capacity and experience” (器識, j. 1), “Remonstrance and admonition” (諫諍, j. 2), “Careful fulfilment of tasks” (敬事, j. 3), and “Establish oneself” (立身, j. 4). The mulu is followed by a statement explaining the meaning of the four categories. Chenjian lu is part of a 1748 set of 4 “mirrors,” each in 4 j.: of sovereigns (君鑑錄), of ministers, of literati (士鑑錄), and of women (女鑑錄).

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and the same year was recommended to the emperor and appointed prefect of Xiangyang 襄陽 (Hubei). Ten years later, in 1737, he rose to be governor of Henan. In 1739 he became senior vice-censor-in-chief and, shortly before his death, was appointed vice-minister of Personnel. He was also the author of a gazetteer of Yangzhou, of various works on the classics, of a collection of poems, and of a biography of his mother. Yin was especially known for his devotion to the teachings of Zhu Xi and to aiding education. See QSG, 308/10573– 76; ECCP, 921; Qingdai qibai, 1:107–9; Renming quanwei. [PEW] 0055

Juguan zijing pian yinyi 居官自警篇引義, 1 j. [A Book on Officials’ SelfAdmonition, with Commentaries] By Fang Ruqian 方汝謙 (z. Jingcheng 敬承, Muyuan 牧園) (1724–75) (js. 1757), from Tongzhou 通州 (Jiangsu) 1764 Ed.:

– Undated (Qianlong-period) ms. ed. owned by the Dongfang wenxue weiyuanhui 東方文學委員會, appended to Zuoli yaoyan (q.v.), with author’s pref. (n.d.) and postf. by Chen Lansen 陳蘭森 (1765).

Rem.: The work is said to have been written in 1764. It is described as a combination of a text named Zijing lu 錄, and, following each entry, commentaries (引義) consisting of sayings and deeds by famous officials. According to his preface, the author enjoyed the hospitality of Chen Hongmou (see under Peiyuan tang oucun gao and other works by Chen), who invited him to teach and whose sayings he quotes abundantly in the text; Chen Lansen was Chen Hongmou’s grandson.

Bio.: Little is known about Fang Ruqian’s life, apart from the fact that he had a reputation for brotherly feelings and literary excellence. He passed the Shuntian juren examination (南元), and for unclear reasons is listed among the 1757 jinshi graduates in the Huizhou 徽州 (Anhui) gazetteer. After his jin­ shi he was magistrate of Guantao 館陶 (Shandong), but left because of illness. Around 1759 he was head of the Zhuhu academy 珠湖書院 in Gaoyou 高郵 (Jiangsu). He assumed the charge of magistrate of Donchang 東昌 (Shandong) in 1769. See Tongzhou zhili ZZ (1876), 13/68a, 末/55a–b; Dongchang FZ (1808), 18/33a; Huizhou FZ (1827), 9B/78a. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 31:761. Tongzhou zhili ZZ (1876), 16/25b–26a. Bibliography entries for same author: Xiyuan baojian. [PEW]

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Shishi jinjian 筮仕金鑒, 2 j. [A Golden Mirror for New Officials] By Shao Sizong 邵嗣宗 (z. Hongzhen 鴻箴, Weitian 蔚田) (js. 1752), from Taicang 太倉 (Jiangsu) N.d. Ed.:

– In Dixiang zhai congshu, text coll. by author’s great-grandson, Tinglie 廷烈. – *Photo-repro. of Dixiang zhai congshu ed., in GZSJC, vol. 5. Rem.: J. 1, titled jishi 紀事, records deeds attributed to 86 famous

statesmen that are models of governance. There are 3 from Zhou, starting with the minister of Duke Mu of Lu, Gongyi Xiu 公儀休, 14 from Han, 1 from Wei, 2 from Northern Wei, 4 from Sui, 10 from Tang, 26 from Song, 23 from Ming, and 3 Qing. (By far the longest entry is the last one, on Lu Longqi 陸隴其, the author of Lizheng zhaiyao [q.v.].) J. 2, titled jiyan 紀 言, records sayings about governance by 24 individuals that can be used for teaching. There are 2 persons from Zhou, starting with Guo Qiao 國 僑 (i.e. Zichan 子產), 4 from Han, 11 from Song, 1 from Jin, 3 from Ming, 3 from Qing. There is an emphasis on the magistrate’s integrity and the problems raised.

Bio.: Shao Shizong had a brief carrier: after his jinshi (he ranked first at the huishi) he entered the Hanlin Academy, where he became a compiler. He was then promoted to be an instructor to the heir-apparent (中允) and reader-inwaiting (侍讀), but was allowed to return home for reasons of illness. He died less than a year later. See Taicang ZZ (1919), 21/7b. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334. Siku xuxiu 11:199. [PEW] [QING B] 0057

Zhengji huilan 政蹟匯覽, 14 j. [A Compendium of Government Accomplishments] Comp. (纂輯) Mi Qiyu 糜奇瑜 (z. Xiangyu 象與, h. Langfeng 朗峰) (1761–1827) (jr. 1798), from Xiushan 秀山 (Sichuan) 1815 pref. Ed.: *1830 new engraving made in the capital by Wu Zhiting 京都雕藻 齋吳芝庭刊), blocks kept at the Yude tang 毓德堂, with pref. by author (1815) and joint pref. by his sons Xuanzhe 宣哲 and Liangzhe 良哲 (1830). [*Beitu (with 績 in the catalog)] [*Congress/LL] [*Ōki] [*Shoudu]

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0056–0058

Rem.: A compilation of data extracted from historical sources on the ethics, behavior, and policies of model officials from Han to Yuan, arranged under 14 different categories (類), viz. “Accumulating knowledge and looking for more” (積學求益), “Cultivating one’s body and soul” (修治身心), “Exhausting one’s loyalty to assist the ruler” (竭忠致君), “Promoting sages to help government” (薦賢輔治), “Subtle understanding and long view” (識微見遠), “Tolerance and forgiveness” (度量包容), “Being kind-hearted while enforcing the law” (持法平恕), “Preserving one’s way and remaining constant” (守道堅貞), “Promoting advantages and suppressing disadvantages” (興利除弊), “Mitigating hardships and relieving disasters” (蘇困救災), “Responding to crisis and making a decision” (應變決策), “Planning at the frontier to avoid disasters” (籌 邊弭患), “Influencing things through utter sincerity” (至誠感物), and “Purifying one’s virtue and ensuring the success of offspring” (清德貽 後). The entries are arranged by chronological order within each category. Mi’s pref. states that he worked at it when he could spare time from his duties as Taiyang intendant (臺陽觀察). His sons had this new ed. engraved in Beijing after his death because the original printing blocks, kept in Fujian, had long become worn out (歷久漫漶). Bio.: Mi Qiyu spent the years 1799–1811 in the Ministry of Revenue as bureau secretary, later vice-director and director; for part of the period he also served as a secretary (章京) in the Grand Council. He was then sent to Fujian as Taiwan military intendant jointly in charge of education (1811–17) and seems to have been very successful; he was promoted to Fujian surveillance commissioner (1817–19). He served as administration commissioner in Henan (1819–22) and Guizhou (1822–23), where he was also acting governor. Then he returned to the capital and was minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud (太僕寺卿) from 1824 to 1827. See Xiushan XZ (1891), 10/3a–4b; Renming quanwei. [PEW]

0058

Shijing bian 式敬編, 5 j. [Models of Respectfulness] Comp. Yang Jingren 楊景仁 (h. Jingyan 靜巖, Jingxian 靜閑) (1768– 1828) (jr. 1798), from Changshu 常熟 (Jiangsu) 1821 pref. Ed.:

– 1845 new ed. (重刊) of the Jiaxing prefectural office 板藏嘉興府署, with prefs. by Xu Jing 徐敬 (to 重刊, 1845), Han Wenqi 韓文綺 (1821), and Yang Jingren (1821). [ZKT]

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– *1888 new ed. of the Sichuan surveillance commissioner’s office, with prefs. by (Yehe) Naqing’an 葉河那清安 (1822), Han Feng 韓崶 (1822), Han Wenqi (1821), and Yang Jingren (1821). [Congress/LL] – 1890 new ed. of the Guangdong governor’s office 粵東撫署重刊, with pref. by Naqing’an (1822), Han Feng (1922), and You Zhikai 游智開 (1890). [Guoli Taiwan tushuguan] – *Photo-repro. of 1845 ed. at ZKT, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 974. – Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 2.

Rem.: The work is modeled after Jiang Yi’s Chenjian lu (q.v.), whose author was a native of Changshu like Yang Jingren. It is a collection of anecdotes on and sayings of past officials, based on a vast array of sources. The arrangement of Jiang’s work has been changed, and new materials added. The contents concentrate on the legal functions of officials (Yang had been an official at the Ministry of Justice until 1825). There are five sections (門), each with a short introduction. They are: “Applying the law fairly” (平法), with examples of “Applying the law harshly” (苛法) appended; “Deciding on lawsuits” (斷訟); “Being cautious in imposing punishments” (慎刑), with examples of “Excessive punishments” (濫刑) appended; “Investigating cases” (察獄), with examples of “Crooked cases” (枉獄) appended; and “Pitying prisoners” (恤囚). Most of the “general maxims” (格言) quoted after “historical examples” (事 實) are borrowed from earlier handbooks, e.g., from the Song, and from Wang Huizu of the Qing. The positive retributions one receives from a humane application of the law are emphasized. All the prefaces insist on the importance of being both magnanimous and cautious, in other words, “respectful” (敬), and state that the work should be kept by every official to be used as “admonition” (箴規). The editions seen are very carefully produced.

Bio.: Yang Jingren, who passed the Shuntian provincial examination in 1798, started his career as a secretary (中書) in the Grand Secretariat, and reached the position of bureau vice-director at the Ministry of Justice. During his stay at the Ministry he was several times in charge of the autumn assizes, and compiled the present treatise. He asked for leave to take care of his old mother, and taught at two academies in Anhui. He died aged 61. As recalled in Lin Zexu’s pref. to Chouji bian (q.v.), Yang’s second son passed the jinshi examination and entered the Hanlin Academy in the same class (1811) as Lin. See Suzhou 蘇州 FZ (1824), 66/24a; Suzhou FZ (1883), 101/15b; Chang Zhao hezhi gao 常昭合志 稿 (1904), 27/34a–b.

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Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:139 (1890 ed.). Bibliography entries for same author: Chouji bian. 0059

[PEW]

Juguan biyao 居官必要, 1 ce [Essentials for Office Holders] Comp. Ma Yunsong 馬雲松 (h. Xiangfeng 湘峰), from Jiangning 江寧 (Jiangsu) 1830 Ed.:

– *1865 new ed. (重刊) with prefs. by Wang Shiduo 汪士鐸 (1866), Tang Yujie 唐郁杰 (1865), Ma Qingkui 馬慶魁 (1840), colophons (跋) by Ye Guixing 葉桂馨 (1864), Ma Ying 馬瀛 (1865) and Zhang Enyi 張恩詒 (1864), pref. by Ma Yunsong (n.d.). [Hunan]

Rem.: This anthology of exemplary sayings and deeds by ancient officials extracted from ancient historical works was compiled in 1830 and first published in 1833 and 1834. The materials are distributed among 28 sections (篇) dealing with the officials’ various types of activity, attitude, and behavior. Each section is introduced by a general commentary. The present edition was prepared in 1864 by the compiler based on his original manuscript after the printing-blocks of the original ed. had been lost during the troubles of the 1850s. Bio.: No information is available on Ma Yunsong.

0060

[GRT]

Zhengxue lu chugao 政學錄初稿, 8 j. [A Record of Learning about Government, Preliminary Draft] Comp. (纂輯) Lu Yan 陸言 (z. Youzhang 有章, h. Xinlan 心蘭) (?–1832) (js. 1799), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) Ed.:

– *1832 engraving (鐫), with prefs. by Tang Jinzhao 湯金釗 (1833) and Lou Yaochun 婁姚椿 (1833). [Gugong Beijing] [*Fu Sinian, no cover-leaf] [Beitu, no accession no.] [*Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of copy at Fu Sinian, Taipei: Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 1976 (Zhongguo shixue congshu, xubian, vol. 46). [IHEC] – *Photo-repro. of copy at Fu Sinian, in Qingdai zhuanji congkan 清代傳記 叢刊, 名人類, 8 (Taipei: Mingwen shuju, 1985). [*Harvard] [IHEC]

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– *Photo-repro. of copy at Gugong Beijing in Gugong zhenben congkan 故宮珍本叢刊 (Haikou: Hainan chubanshe, 2000), vol. 594. Rem.: A collection of dicta and actions by early Qing officials (from Shunzhi to Qianlong) that can be used as models (師法) and standards (準則) for officials eager to improve their knowledge of government. Lou’s pref. describes the work as following in the steps of the Mingchen yanxing lu 名臣言行錄 of the Song, Yuan and Ming, and indicates that it was left unfinished at the time of Lu’s death; the present compilation was realized by a subordinate and disciple named Zou Minghe 鄒鳴鶴, based on his drafts (Zou appears as editor and publisher 校刊 in chapter captions). Lou also indicates that the starting point for Lu’s work was the accounts of conduct of famous officials (名公事狀) written by Peng Shaosheng 彭紹升 (1740–96) [in j. 12–18 of his Erlin ju ji 二林居集, published in 1799], as well as the same author’s Ruxing shu 儒行述 and Liangli shu 良吏述 [in Erlin ju ji, j. 19–22]. They are indeed frequently cited as sources in the body of the text. For his part, Tang Jinzhao says that the work is more detailed than Peng Shaosheng’s Cehai bian 測海 編 [or ji 集], and recalls his discussions “from morning to evening” on administrative matters with Lu Yan when both served in Sichuan. The arrangement is by persons. The officials concerned are Fan Wencheng 范文程, Fan Chengmo 范承謨, Hao Yu 郝浴, Wei Xiangshu 魏象樞, Sun Qifeng 孫奇逢, Zhu Yongchun 朱用純, Zhang Lüxiang 張履祥, Xu Yuanwen 徐元文, Tang Bin 湯斌, Li Zhifang 李之芳, Yu Chenglong 于 成龍, Lu Longqi 陸隴其, Zhao Shenqiao 趙申喬, Sun Jiagan 孫嘉淦, Yang Mingshi 楊名時, Cai Shiyuan 蔡世遠, and Zhu Zeyun 朱澤雲. Each entry (between 1 and 3 per juan) amounts to a rather substantial biographical sketch arranged chronologically, with the source indicated for each paragraph.

Bio.: Lu started his career at the Hanlin Academy in 1799 immediately after his jinshi. He entered the Censorate in 1806, and started his career in the field administration as Shandong tribute transportation intendant (山東運河道) in 1812. After five years at the Ministry of Justice, he was appointed prefect of Zhangzhou 漳州 (Fujian) in 1819. This was followed by several postions as intendant, and from 1821 onwards by a series of posting as surveillance, then administrative commissioner in Hubei, Shandong, Zhili, Sichuan, Henan, Jiangning, and again Henan, where he died in 1832. See his draft Guoshi guan 國 史館 biography in the Gugong Ming-Qing archives, Taipei, as cited in Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:228. [PEW]

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0060–0061 0061

Juguan rixing lu 居官日省錄, 6 j. [On the Office Holder’s Daily Self-Examination] By (Jueluo) Wuertong’a 覺羅烏爾通阿 (Wu Runquan 烏潤泉) 1852 pref. Ed.:

– *1873 new engraving (新鐫) of the Tongli tang in the Longfusi area of Beijing 京都隆福寺同立堂藏板, with prefs. by Xiao Peiyuan 蕭培元 (1852), Hu Lüji 胡履吉 (1852), Dingbao 定保 (1851), and author (1852), postfs. (跋) by Zhu Yizheng 朱以徵 (1852), Hu Shihua 胡世華 (1852), and Dingbao (跋, 1852). [*Beitu] [*Congress/LL] [*Princeton] [*Ōki] – *1881 new engraving (重鐫) of the Baoshu tang in the Longfusi area of Beijing 京都隆福寺寶書堂存板, entirely similar to 1873 ed., with prefs. by Xiao Peiyuan (1852), Hu Lüji (1852), Dingbao (1852), and author (1852), postfs. by Zhu Yizheng (1852), Hu Shihua (1852), and Dingbao (1852). [*Beida] [*Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of an ed. dated 1852, with prefs. by Xiao Peiyuan (1852), Hu Lüji (1852), Dingbao (1851), and author (1852), in GZSJC, vol. 8. Rem.: A work of the “models and warnings” (法戒) type, following

the model of Congzheng yigui and Juguan guaguo lu (qq.v.), arranged in 40 sections corresponding to the topics on local government and official behavior discussed in standard magistrate handbooks, and similarly organized. J. 1 is devoted to assuming one’s post and establishing fruitful relations with superiors and colleagues, private secretaries, clerks and runners, and scriveners (代書); j. 2 concerns relief, baojia, and education; j. 3 is on the administration of justice, with entries devoted to investigation and imprisonment, prosecution and punishment of homicide, banditry, and sexual crimes; j. 4 discusses the administrative and surveillance responsibilities of magistrates, with descriptions and models of various types of documentation, e.g., reports to superiors, responses to requests, or public proclamations; j. 5 focuses on the officials’ social and ritual responsibilities, including performance of sacrifices and other ritual duties, promotion of public morals, education, care for orphans and the poor, maintenance of public roads, and prohibition of bad social customs like gambling; j. 6 is devoted to the qualities of an official, such as integrity, prudence, devotion to work, austerity, etc. Each section includes (1) an introduction by the author; (2) anecdotes (示蹟), classified by contents (first models and then warnings) rather than chronology, without date or indication of source; and (3) maxims (格言). The

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sources include dynastic histories, various texts, and even “hearsay” (傳 聞) on recent officials. Quotations from such texts as Juguan guaguo lu, Dangguan gongguo ge 當官功過格 by Ma Huiwo 馬惠我, and the works

of Wang Huizu, are included. Xiao Peiyuan’s pref. insists that the work can be read with profit by officials of every rank.

Bio.: By 1852 Wuertong’a had been an official for 8 years. In 1849 Hu Lüji (the author of one of the prefaces) visited Jianchang 建昌 (Chengde 承德 prefecture, Zhili), where Wuertong’a had been a magistrate for 4 years, and heard of his reputation as a model official; later he saw the manuscript of Juguan rixing lu, which its author kept modestly for himself, and urged him to publish it. This was done after the author’s sons had collated it. No further information on Wuertong’a’s career is available. Ref. and studies: Ma, 137 (Beida) (1881 ed.). Siku xuxiu 5:381. Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 4. [NP, PEW]

0062

Lizhi jiyao 吏治輯要, 1 j. [Essentials on Administrative Discipline] By Woren 倭仁 (z. Liangzhai 良齋, s. Wenduan 文端) (?–1871) (js. 1829), from the Mongol Plain Red Banner 1875 Ed.:

– [1875] ed. published by Shengtai 升泰, with pref. (題) by Shengtai (1875) and postf. (跋) by Wu Hong’en 吳鴻恩 (1867). [Nanjing] – 1875 ed. of Hechi shuju in Hunan 湖南省荷池書局. [Shanghai] – *In Wo Wenduan gong yishu 倭文端公遺書 (1894 Shandong shuju new ed. 重刊), j. 10 [fasc. 7]. [*Fu Sinian] – *Photo-repro. of 1894 Shandong shuju ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1969 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 34, vol. 333). – *Photo-repro. of 1875 ed. at Nanjing, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 755.

Rem.: The short text consists of anecdotes about and sayings by model officials of the past. Most of the 28 entries are about Song officials, including lixue luminaries such as Cheng Hao and Zhu Xi. Lü Kun (see under Shizheng lu) is also cited. A note at the end indicates that the author recorded these “several tens of admonitions to officials” (官箴數 十則) in the fall of 1854 and sent them to his son [Fu]xian 福咸, who was acting magistrate of Mengjin 孟津 (Henan).

Bio.: From his jinshi through 1856—more than a quarter century—Woren’s career took place in the capital at the Hanlin Academy, where he rose from

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bachelor to compiler and reader-in-waiting, fulfilling a variety of functions at court, and later in several other positions. He was then sent to Shengjing, the Manchu ancestral capital, to perform various duties. He returned to Beijing after the death of the Xianfeng emperor, being appointed as a teacher to the young Tongzhi emperor. He served in several posts, including grand secretary, supervisor of the ministry of Public Works, and more. Famous for his staunch support of Neo-confucian values and his anti-foreignism, Woren was an ideologue rather than an administrator. In the 1850s and 1860s, due to his lack of experience the throne chose not to entrust him with military responsibilities despite his ardent patriotism. See Qingdai qibai, 1:350–55 (with long quotations from his memorials); ECCP, 861–3. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307. [PEW] 0063

Zhengpu 政譜, 5 j. [A Handbook of Governance] By Lan Xu 蘭煦 (z. Zixi 子羲), from Hunan 1868 and 1869 prefs. Ed.:

– *1870 Zhongshu tang 忠恕堂 ed., with two author’s prefs. (1868 and 1869). [Columbia] – *1870 engraving (鐫), inscription on cover-leaf Wenwu jianzi 文武兼資, printing blocks at “this office” 板存本署, with prefs. by Wu Zengkui 吳 增逵 (1868), Liu Qinghua 劉清華 (1870), and author (1869); the first two prefs. are followed by a note saying the printing blocks have been deposited at the Yang Jiwen zhai engraving shop, which faces the office of the Jiangxi educational commissioner (板寄存江西省學院前楊集文齋刻字 店); from the author’s pref. onwards the lower central margins have the mention Zhongshu tang. [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: J. 1–3, the bulk of the work, give ancient examples in the form of biographical sketches of rulers and officials. They are entitled, respectively, “Zhengzhi yuanyuan jilüe” 政治淵源紀略 (20 biographies or rulers ranging from legendary times to Han Wendi), “Weizheng xunliang wenzhi” 為政循良文治 (77 biographies from antiquity to the Sui), and “Weizheng jianzi wulüe” 為政兼資武略 (38 from Zhou to Sui). J. 4, titled Weizheng xianyi 為政咸宜, includes 69 short essays on the duties and tasks of the magistrate, somewhat similar in format to Wang Huizu’s handbooks. J. 5 (not in mulu) is titled Weishan facheng 為善法程, with a pref. by the author (n.d.); it features 20 entries on how to organize various

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projects, most of which involve the private sector under the lead of officials; about half of them are on problems of defense. This is followed by a series of proclamations to the subbureaucracy (with attached rules) and the people, all concerned with concrete problems of governance.

Bio.: The pref. indicates that Lan Xu gained training by following his father in administrative positions in Shanxi. He was an expectant magistrate in Jiangxi and was able to demonstrate his worth during two stints in Xingzi 星子 (the leading county of Nankang 南康 prefecture), beginning in 1867. Ref. and studies: Ma, 137–8 (Beida) (1870 Zhongshu tang ed., not mentioning j. 5). [PEW] [MINGUO] 0064

Lidai lizhi juyao 歷代吏治舉要, 1 j. [Essentials on Administrative Discipline through Successive Dynasties] By Xu Shichang 徐世昌 (z. Juren 菊人, h. Donghai 東海) (1858–1939) (js. 1886), from Tianjin 天津 (Zhili) 1919 pref. Ed.: – *1919 ed. with pref. by Xu Shichang (1919). [IHEC]

Rem.: This short (22-folio) text can be regarded as a companion to Xu’s Jiangli fayan (q.v.) (prefaces to both works written in January 1919). It consists in an enumeration of anecdotes about “good officials” (循 良) of the past. There are three sections, of interest to provincial chiefs (省長), circuit officials (道尹), and magistrates (縣知事), respectively; subsections include “controlling subordinates” (考察寮屬), “protecting one’s territory and keeping the people in peace” (保境安民), “maintaining integrity” (保持操守), as well as (for magistrates) “eradicating local bullies” (除蠹), “repressing banditry” (治盜), “promoting the economy” (振興實業), and “establishing education” (創立教育). The short anecdotes cite meritorious officials from Han to Ming. The preface insists that the book should be circulated to the provinces to provide models (模楷) that will be useful to local administrators. One may doubt, however, that the beleaguered president of a republic fought over by warlords could have much impact with this slim book celebrating the administrative heroes of yore. Bio.: During the last decade of the Qing, Xu Shichang was recommended by Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 and held positions in several ministries as well as that of

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governor-general of the three eastern provinces (i.e., Manchuria). He became a grand councillor in 1911. After the 1911 revolution he was appointed grand guardian of the former Qing emperor. In 1914 he became head of the cabinet (政事堂) created by Yuan Shikai, but did not support the latter’s imperial restoration attempt. In October 1918 he was elected president of the Republic by the Anfu Parliament with the support of the Manchuria warlord Zhang Zuolin 張 作霖. He retired from politics after being forced to resign from the presidency in June 1922. Bibliography entries for same author: Jiangli fayan [PEW] 0065

Zhiyi bianlan 治邑便覽, 4 j. [A Convenient Reader on Governing Counties] By Li Hanru 李翰如 (z. Jicheng 驥程), from Jin county 晉縣 (Hebei) 1921 pref. Ed.:

– *Litho. ed. with prefs. by Zhang Fengtai 張鳳臺 (1921), author (1921), and Zhang Zantang 張贊唐 (1921), postf. (跋) by Meng Zhaozhang 孟昭章 (1922). [Ōki]

Rem.: A rather massive collection of exemplars from the Han to the present, arranged according to the categories and subcategories of a standard magistrate handbook. As others in this period, Zhang Fengtai (who was then civilian governor 省長 of Henan) deplores the difficulties of the times and the sufferings of the people inflicted by bandits, soldiers, and natural disasters, not to mention rivalries between political parties and ideologies. According to him the data on good government collected by Li Hanru should serve as a model for magistrates; Zhang Zantang, for his part, claims that if all the magistrates (諸縣令) read it, administrative discipline will be restored and the people will enjoy peace. “Administrative discipline” (吏治) is indeed a leitmotif of the work, another being the centrality of the role of magistrates. J. 1, entitled “Governing oneself” (治己篇, 29 entries), deals with the personnal conduct of the magistrate. J. 2, “Dealing with people” (接人篇, 35 entries), concerns his relations with every sort of people, both private and public. J. 3–4 are on “Administration” (行政篇, 29 entries each). Entries usually start with a short author’s statement, then adduce a varying number of examples (引證) arranged by chronological order; they are in the form either of short anecdotes, or of quotations from their works. The sources are not indicated. The text is carefully punctuated.

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Bio.: Li Hanru says in his pref. that he was dismissed from office in 1905 and has stayed home since then. No information of what his career may have been until 1905 is available. He appears to have been closely involved with the compilation of the 1927 Jinxian 晉縣 gazetteer. See Jin XZ (1927), 1/11b–12a, 6/83a–b. [PEW] 0066

Lizhi mofan 吏治模範, 1 ce [Models of Administrative Discipline] Comp. Ling Zhonglun 凌鐘倫 1925 pref. Ed.:

– *Jingcheng yinshuju 京城印書局 typeset ed. with compiler’s pref. (1925). [Shoudu]

Rem.: A compilation of exemplary anecdotes on some 150 model officials from Zhou to Ming, extracted from the ancient histories by a magistrate in Zhili during the mid-1920s. There are seven categories, the first general (entitled zhihua 治化), the others on specific domains of government designated by their modern appellations: taxation and finance (財賦), education (教育), construction (興業), security (保安), justice (折獄), and relief (矜恤). According to the pref., this is an effort to revive the old values at a time when China seems to be returning to a more civilized form of government after the turmoils of the warlord era. Bio.: No information is available about Ling Zhonglun.

1.3

[LG]

Anthologies of Quotations from Earlier Handbooks

[MING] 0067

Xiangxing yaolan 祥刑要覽, 1 to 4 j. [Essential Readings for Administering Auspicious Punishments] By Wu Ne 吳訥 (z. Minde 敏德, Kemin 克敏, h. Si’an 思庵, s. Wenke 文恪) (1372–1457), from Changshu 常熟 (Nan Zhili) 1442 pref. Ed.:

– Ms. ed. in 6 j. [Naikaku] – Ed. in 1 j. with 1442 author’s pref.

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– *[1486] new ed. in 2 j., with prefs. by author (1442) and Lin Fu 林符 (to 重 刊, 1486), postf. by Zou Liang 鄒亮 (1451), printed by Lin Fu. [Beitu, in bad condition] – Undated Ming ed. in 3 j., supplemented (增輯) by Zhang Qian 張謙 (1372– 1457). [Zhongshan, dated Jiajing, no pref.] [Zhongyang, with modern pref. (手書題記) by Mo Tang 莫棠] – Japanese Kan’ei 寬永 period (1624–1630) movable-type ed. in 1 j. printed by Tanaka Chōzaemon (田中長左衞門古活字排印十行本). [Sonkeikaku] [Hōsa Bunko, dated 1624 in cat.] – 1834 Japanese ed. in 1 j. [Sonkeikaku] [Kokkai, with 1834 pref., printed in Iwamura han 巖邑藩] [Ōki, same, j. 上 extant] – *1834 new ed. (重刊) in 4 j. engraved at the governor of Guangdong’s office, printing blocks at the Qiufangxin zhai 求放心齋, with prefs. by Qi Gong 祁𡎴 (to 重刊, 1835), Wu Ne (1442), Zou Liang (1451), Chen Cha 陳察 (to 重刊, 1520). [*Columbia] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko] [IHEC] – *Photo-repro. of Jiajing-period ed. in 3 j. at Zhongshan, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 37. – Photo-repro. of 1834 Guangdong ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 1

Rem.: An anthology of texts on the administration of justice, premised on the notion that “the dynastic regulations (i.e., the Penal Code) and the holy scriptures and commentaries by the sages are like coat and lining” (國家憲章與聖經賢傳相為表裏) (Zou Liang’s pref.); in other words, that a knowledge of the classics is indispensable for an enlightened administration of justice. J. 1 includes (1) “instructions from the classics” (經典大訓) and (2) “discussions by the ancient sages” (先哲 論議), with quotes from the Treatises on Punishments of the Hanshu, Tangshu and Songshi, Song Lian’s 宋濂 1374 memorial of presentation of the Da Ming lü 大明律, and extracts from a host of Song and Yuan luminaries (including Cheng Yi, Su Shi, Zhu Xi, Zhen Dexiu, Zhang Yanghao). J. 2 deals with thirteen good officials whose examples should be followed and ten bad officials considered as warnings, from the Han to the Song. In the 4-j. ed., j. 3 is Wu Ne’s edited version (刪正) of Tangyin bishi (q.v.), with prefs. by Gui Wanrong 桂萬榮 (1211 and 1234), colophons by Wu Ne (1451) and Chen Cha (n.d.) appended; j. 4 (titled xubian 續編) introduces a total 30 additional cases, both pre-Ming (22) and Ming (8). Wu Ne’s 1442 pref. confirms that the edited Tangyin bishi was part of the original text: he appended it to the notes he had taken from the classics and histories while serving as a censor. (It is j. 2 of the 1486 ed.; 80 cases have been selected and re-ordered, some followed by quotations from

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Ming law and commentaries by the author; Gui Wanrong’s prefs. are at the end, there are no colophons.) In the 3-j. ed. supplemented by Zhang Qian, j. 1 features the contents of j. 1–2 in the other editions; j. 2 and 3 are devoted to cases (numbering 90 and 66, respectively); many “additional” cases (附錄) date from the Zhengtong to Jiajing eras of the Ming, covering the years 1436–1556; when a source is indicated it is most often Yiyu ji (q.v.). Qi Gong’s pref. indicates that his edition was based on a tracing (影鈔) of the Ming ed. published by Chen Cha; he had it printed for distribution to all the magistrates, presumably in Guangdong province, where he was then governor.

Bio.: Wu Ne was introduced into the palace in Nanjing during the Yongle period because of his medical knowledge. There, the Yongle emperor remarked about his learning, and he earned the future Xuande emperor’s favor. In 1425 this resulted in a recommendation and appointment as a censor. He was sent as regional inspector to Zhejiang and we know that in 1427 he was there holding officials to a strict standard. He was then sent in the same role to Guizhou, where his combination of strictness and benevolence is said to have endeared him to the population, which unsuccessfully petitioned to retain him in the province when his term was up. In 1430 he had an unusual promotion to assistant censor-in-chief (僉都御史) in Nanjing. About 1436 he was further promoted to vice-censor-in-chief (副都御史). In 1437, both he and an accuser were briefly imprisoned, then returned to their posts. He retired because of age in 1439. He was known for his commentaries on Song Neo-confucian philosophers. See DMB, 1491; MS, 158/4317–18; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2399 (in 2 j.). Siku, 101/2071. TYG, 3:1/14b (in 1 j., with author’s 1442 pref.). Pelliot, 129, 136 and note 4. Chang, 1:137–8. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 子, 1:153–4. Langlois, 211. He Qinhua, 2:327–9. Bourgon, “Des châtiments bien tempérés,” 49, 53–55. [PEW, TN] [QING A]

See also under section 2.2.3. Celüe huichao 策略彙抄 See: Xueshi yigui bubian Shixue yiguan luchao 仕學一貫錄鈔 See: Xueshi yigui bubian

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Lizheng zhaiyao 蒞政摘要, 2 j. [Selected Essentials on Being an Administrator] Comp. Lu Longqi 陸隴其 (z. Jiashu 稼書, h. Sanyu tang xiansheng 三魚堂先生, s. Qingxian 清獻) (1630–93) (js. 1670), from Pinghu 平湖 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– Draft copy (稿本) with postfs. by Pan Shi’en 潘世恩, Zhang Tingji 張廷濟, and Lu Zhen 陸震. [Nanjing] – *1839 Jiaxing Rende tang ed. 嘉興仁德堂, with note by Lu’s descendant [Lu] Zhen 震 (1839). [Columbia] – *1880 ed. in Luzi quanshu 陸子全書, published by Xu Renmu from Haichang 海昌許仁沐 et al., with pref. by Pan Shi’en (1841) and colophon (跋) by Lu Zhen (1839). [IHEC] – *1882 ed. of the Tianjin Guangren tang 津河廣仁堂校刊, with note by Lu Zhen (1839). [*Harvard] [*Tian Tao] [*Ōki] – 1890 ed., in Luzi quanshu, published by Pinghu magistrate Wu Yousun 吳 佑孫 et al. [IHEC] – *Photo-repro. of 1882 Guangren tang ed., in GZSJC, vol. 2.

Rem.: According to Lu Zhen’s 1839 note, the ms. that was printed that year had been kept in the Lu family and was titled Zhengxia buguo du 政暇補過讀 (“Readings for making up for one’s mistakes when free from government duties”; this title appears at the end of the text in the Luzi quanshu and Guangren tang eds.). The text consists of reading notes and extracts from several Song and Ming authors. The approach tends to be theoretical in j. 1, which largely consists of quotations from Hu Taichu’s Zhoulian xulun and Lü Benzhong’s Guanzhen (qq.v.), concentrating on the fundamentals of local administration, e.g., how to get along with the populace, underlings, and superiors; litigation and criminal prosecution; collecting taxes; torture and punishment; and official evaluation. J. 2 features extracts from Ming texts, viz. Chen Yuwang’s 陳于王 Ling Jurong zhengji 令句容政蹟, She Ziqiang’s Zhipu [q.v.], and Li Chenyu’s 李陳玉 Neipian 內篇. This part is more practical in emphasis, citing successful methods for dealing with such administrative challenges as baojia management, gathering evidence, investigating homicides, imprisonment, and more. The last text is titled Zhi He yaolüe xu 治河要略 序, by Liu Shilin 劉士林.

Bio.: Famous as an incorruptible official who was popular with his constituents, and known as a serious scholar of Song learning, Lu Longqi began

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his career as magistrate of Jiading 嘉定 (Jiangsu) in 1675 (see under Lu Jiashu pandu jinghua). His superiors appear to have resented him for his scrupulous approach to governance, and in 1677 he was accused of purposely glossing over the importance of a robbery case, a seemingly trumped-up charge that resulted in his dismissal (see under Lu Qingxian gong li Jia yiji). Lu then became tutor to a wealthy family and published commentaries on the classics. In 1683, he was reappointed to office, serving as magistrate of Lingshou 靈壽 (Zhili) for seven years and earning a promotion to the Censorate in 1690. In 1691 he again ran afoul of high officials who asked for his banishment. Due to his popularity in the capital the emperor allowed him to stay. He went home on leave while his position was again discussed; he died not long after. In 1724 his name was entered in the Temple of Confucius and in 1736 he was granted posthumous ranks. Throughout his life, Lu Longqi kept a diary, parts of which were published under the title Sanyutang riji 三魚堂日記, 10 j., in 1841 and 1844. He was also the author of several administrative collections, including Congzheng zhaiyao, Lizheng zhaiyao, and Lu Jiashu pandu (qq.v.). Nine years after Lu’s death, one of his sons sponsored the compilation of a collection of his unpublished writings entitled Sanyu tang wenji 文集, with a waiji 外集 in 6 j. (see Yamamoto, 62) featuring various memorials and proposals as well as reports, requests, and proclamations from his years as magistrate. See QSG, 265/9934–36; Guochao qixian leizheng chubian, 55/1a; BZJ, 16/24a–39a; QDBZW, 247; Pinghu XZ (1886), 17/1a, 9/47a; Wu Guangyou 吳光酉, Lu Jiashu xiansheng nianpu, dingben (1725); ECCP, 547–8; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4331. Gugong shanben, 1:604. Guji shanben, 史, 2:1102. Siku xuxiu 23:237. Chang, 1:166–7 (stating that in the 1882 Guangren tang ed., the last text, by Liu Shilin 劉士林 [see above], is a postface to the work). Handlin, Action in Late Ming Thought, 9, n. 11, says that it is a Song text by Hu Dachu 胡大初 edited by Lu Longqi, though Hu Taichu’s 太初 Zhoulian xulun by (q.v.) makes only the first 15 entries of j. 1. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng zhaiyao; Lizheng zhaiyao; Lu Jiashu pandu. [NP, PEW] 0069

Congzheng yigui 從政遺規, 2 or 4 j. [Inherited Guidelines for Government Service] By Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi) 1742 pref. Ed.:

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– Included in the various eds. of Sizhong yigui and Wuzhong yigui (qq.v.). – *1742 Peiyuan tang ed. 培遠堂藏板, with pref. by Chen Hongmou (1742). [Beitu] – *1790 new engraving (重鐫) from the Hanying ge 含英閣藏板, with pref. by Chen Hongmou (1742). [CASS Jinshisuo] – *1798 Peiyuan tang new engraving (重鐫), with pref. by Chen Hongmou (1742). [Beitu] – *1865 new ed. (重刊) from “this yamen” 本衙藏板, in 2 j., with Chen Hongmou’s “original pref.” (1742) and poscript (書後) by Jiang Yifeng 蔣 益灃, who published this ed. (1865); with Lü Kun’s Xingjie 刑戒 appended (補鈔). [Beitu] – *1868 Hubei Chongwen shuju 楚北崇文書局 ed. with author’s pref. (1742) and with a supplement (補鈔) appended. (The title at the beginning of the chapters is Congzheng yigui zhaichao 摘鈔.) [Shoudu] – *1882 Baicheng shanfang congshu 百城山房叢書 ed. [Beitu] – *1885 new ed. (重刊) in 2 j., blocks at the Charitable School of Jilin 板存 吉林義學, printed by the Yuxing tang in Jilin 吉林北街裕興堂刷印, as a set with Weizheng zhonggao (q.v.), with prefs. by Xiyuan 希元, composed in the Jilin public offices (1888), and Chen Hongmou (1742); according to the pref. this printing was part of an effort to instruct Jilin’s new civilian officialdom. [Xiyuan, a Mongol from the Wumite 伍彌忒 clan, was then Jilin Tartar General; see also under Weizheng zhonggao, 1888 ed.]. [Ōki] – 1896 Jishan shuju 積山書局 ed., in Zengbu 增補 wuzhong yigui. [Beitu] – *1908 typeset Xuebu tushuju 學部圖書局 ed., 2 ce, with author’s pref. (1742) (22 entries). [Beitu] – *Undated Shanghai Saoye shanfang 掃葉山房 litho. ed., 2 ce, no. 9 in Deyu congshu 德育叢書, with author’s pref. (1742) and his general postf. (1743) to Sizhong yigui (q.v.). [Beitu] – *1943 punctuated typeset ed. (in Chinese binding), in Chen Rongmen xiansheng yishu 陳榕門先生遺書 (Guilin: Guangxi sheng xiangxian yizhu bianyin weiyuanhui 廣西省鄉賢遺著編印委員會, 1944), fasc. 13, with pref. by Chen Hongmou (1742) and his general postf. to Sizhong yigui (1743). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of Zhonghua shuju 1936 Wuzhong yigui (q.v.) ed., in 2 j., in ZSJC, vol. 8. – *Photo-repro. of Zhonghua shuju 1936 Wuzhong yigui (q.v.) ed., in 2 j., in GZSJC, vol. 4.

Rem.: Extracts from 22 works (with a few variants in the list depending on ed.) on government ethics and practice by authors from various periods, with Chen Hongmou’s comments, both introductory and

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inserted in the text; compiled while Chen Hongmou was governor of Jiangxi, where his preface was written. The various Peiyuan tang eds. say on their last page that the text was collated by the Nanchang prefectural school instructor, Li Anmin (南昌府學教授李安民校字). The earliest work cited is Lü Benzhong’s Guanzhen (q.v.); early Qing statesmen such as Yu Chenglong 于成龍 (see under Yushan zoudu) and Tang Bin 湯 斌 (1627–87) are also included. Among the most extensively quoted are Wang Yangming (see under Yangming xiansheng baojia fa), Lü Kun (see under Shizheng lu), and Yuan Huang (see under Dangguan gongguo ge); others are allotted no more than two or three pages. The supplement (in certain eds.) includes two more texts. Each excerpt is preceded by a short biographical sketch of the author and remarks on the work cited. There is an emphasis on the “retribution” aspect (因果報應) (see also Luo Bingzhang’s pref. to Jiang Yi’s Chenjian lu, q.v.).

Bio.: Chen Hongmou was one of the most admired high officials in the eighteenth century, both for his professional experience and stern integrity. After a few postings in the capital (at the Hanlin Academy, Ministry of Personnel, and Censorate), he started his famed career in the provinces as prefect of Yangzhou 揚州 (1729), circuit intendant, and surveillance or administration commissioner in several provinces, leading to a long series of governorships in ten different provinces between 1741 and 1763, plus one relatively short governorgeneralship in Liang-Guang in the late 1750s. He ended his career in ministerial posts and in the Grand Secretariat. In 1771 he retired and died the same year. See Rowe, Saving the World, and sources cited therein; ECCP, 86–87; Qingdai qibai, 1:144–9; Guangxi TZ, 260/14b; Lingui XZ (1880), 29/10a–13b. Ref. and studies: Ma, 134 (Beiping) (litho. ed. in 2 j.). Siku xuxiu, 8:1 (1746 ed.). Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 3. Bibliography entries for same author: Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [LG, NP, PEW] 0070

Sizhong yigui 四種遺規 [Four Anthologies of Inherited Guidelines] Comp. Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi) 1743 postf. Ed.:

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– *1789 new ed. (重刊) of the Peiyuan tang (培遠堂藏板), with prefs. to Sizhong yigui by Fei Chun 費淳 (n.d.) and Bai Rong 白鎔 (n.d.); cover-leaf with phrase “xuke bubian fu 續刻補編附”; only Yangzheng yigui has the same on cover-leaf, the three other texts (see below) are given as 1790 eds. of the Hanying ge (含英閣藏板). [Guji Bookstore 古籍書店, Beijing] – 1825 new ed. published in Kaifeng.

Rem.: The texts included are the same as in the better-known Wuzhong yigui (q.v.), less Zaiguan fajie lu. The prefaces to a new ed. of Sizhong yigui published in 1825 in Kaifeng are reproduced in the 1891 ed. of Wuzhong yigui (q.v.). The 1868 ed. of Wuzhong yigui has a “general postface (總跋) to Sizhong yigui” by Chen Hongmou, dated 1743 and placed after Congzheng yigui, retracing how the collection was assembled; this postface, renamed “postface to Wuzhong yigui,” is also found at the end of the 1896 ed. of Wuzhong yigui.

Bio.: See under Congzheng yigui. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhai­ chao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [PEW] 0071

Wuzhong yigui 五種遺規 [Five Anthologies of Inherited Guidelines] Comp. (編輯) Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕 門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi) Ca. 1743 Ed.:

– *Peiyuan tang ed. 培遠堂藏板, printing dates ranging from 1739 to 1743 depending on individual title. [*Beitu, without Zaiguan fajie lu but with the 1769 Xueshi yigui (q.v.); title Wuzhong yigui does not appear] – 1772 new engraving (重刻) by Lin Xingzong 林興宗 with pref. by Peng Duanshu 彭端淑 (藏書五種敘, 1772); the pref. (reproduced in the Sibu beiyao ed. [see below]) says that this ed. marked the first time the work was produced in Sichuan. – *1817 small-size new engraving (重鐫), printing blocks at the Yibin county office 宜賓縣署藏板, with postf. by Lu Chengben 陸成本 (重刻陳文恭 公五種書跋後, 1817), explaining that the “small-box” format (巾箱) is to make the book easy to carry and consult. [Beitu] – 1822 Tongwen tang 同文堂 new ed. (重刊).

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– *Undated Tongwen tang ed.; no general title Wuzhong yigui. [LSS] – Undated ed. with pref. by Li Fuyuan 李福源 (1828) – 1830 Jinglun tang 經綸堂 enlarged ed. (補刊) based on Peiyuan tang 培遠 堂 original ed. (原刊) – 1830 Peiyuan tang enlarged ed. (補刊) (Congzheng yigui in 4 j.). – *1832 Japanese kambun facsimile ed. (翻刻) of the Meiendō, based on a Peiyuan tang enlarged ed. (明遠堂藏板, 培遠堂補鋟). Several reprints of this ed. are mentioned in Japan, e.g. by the Kawauchiya 河內屋 in Osaka. [Tōyō Bunka, Imahori and Niida collections] – 1850 ed. coll. by Hong Qinye 洪芹野, considered the best ed. by Gui Songqing 桂嵩慶 in his pref. to the 1868 Jinling shuju ed.; said (erroneously) in Li Wenmin’s pref. to the 1879 Jiangxi ed. to be the first to have included Zaiguan fajie lu. [Harvard, not in cat.] – *Ed. coll. (校) by Li Anmin 李安民, using the Peiyuan tang ed. and engraved by the Yangcheng (Guangzhou) [?] tang 羊城□堂 in 1830, 1838, and 1842, printed in 1851. [Tōdai, Zaiguan fajie lu missing; this copy was offered by the Guangdong Relief Commission for the Tokyo Earthquake 廣東籌賑日災總會] – *1868 Jinling shuju 金陵書局 new ed. by Gui Songqing, in 20 j., using the surviving part of the 1850 ed. printing blocks and completing them based on an extant copy, with prefs. by Gui Songqing (to 補刊, 1868) and Xu Qiaolin 許喬林 (to 重刊, 1850). [Harvard] – *1868 Chubei chongwen shuju engraving 楚北崇文書局開雕. [Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] – *Undated ed. of the Wenhua tang shufang at Liulichang (板存琉璃廠 西頭文華堂書坊); title Wuzhong yigui only on box label; the frame of the cover-leaves of the individual works, bearing the Wenhua tang imprint, is somewhat larger than that of the texts themselves, which have the Peiyuan tang imprint at bottom of central margins. [*Tōyō Bunka, Imahori collection] [*Tian Tao] – *1879 Jiangxi shuju engraving 江西書局開雕, based on the 1850 ed., with prefs. by Li Wenmin 李文敏 (to 重刻陳文恭公五種遺規, 1880) and Xu Qiaolin 許喬林 (to 重刊, 1850). [Beitu, Zaiguan fajie lu missing] – *1882 ed., including Congzheng yigui (知足齋 in the lower central margin), and Xueshi yigui (百城山房叢書 and 崔氏家藏 on cover-leaf of fasc. 2, dated 1882 on verso). [Beitu] – *1891 new ed. (重刊) by Kaifeng prefect Wu Chongxi (from Haifeng) 開封 府知府海豐吴重熹, with colophon entitled zaibu yigui ba 再補遺規跋 by Wu Chongxi (1891) in front of Xunsu yigui bu 補 (a complement to Xunsu yigui by a Kaifeng prefect named Wang Dimin 王迪民, dating from about

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75 years before, partially completed by another Kaifeng prefect, Yinggui 瑛桂, in between); Xunsu yigui followed by a postf. (跋) to Sizhong yigui by Yinggui (1849); Congzheng yigui preceded by prefs. by Henan governor Wu Cihe 吳慈鶴 (1825) and Yang Guozhen 楊國楨 (to 重刻四種遺 規, 1824). Title Wuzhong yigui only on cover labels and in Wu Chongxi’s colophon. [Beitu, Zaiguan fajie lu missing] – 1893 Shanghai Zhenhua tang 振華堂 ed. [Beitu] – 1895 Zhejiang shuju 浙江書局 ed. [Beitu] – *1896 Jishan shuju small-size litho. ed. 積山書局石印 titled Zengbu 增補 wuzhong yigui, with general postf. (五種遺規總跋) by Chen Hongmou (1743); why this ed. is called zengbu is unclear. [Beitu] – *Undated Saoye shanfang litho. ed. 掃葉山房石印 / 藏板; last work titled Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao 摘鈔. [Beitu] – 1911 and 1928 Shangwu shuju eds., Shanghai – 1926 ed., Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan ed. [Beitu] – *Undated Shanghai Saoye shanfang 掃葉山房 photolitho. ed., as vol. 6–10 of Deyu congshu 德育叢書, with prefs. by Gui Songqing (1868), Xu Qiaolin (1850), and Miao Shoufeng 廖壽豐 (to 重刊, 1885). [Beitu, dated 1926] [*Tōyō Bunka, Imahori collection] – *1929 ed., Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju (reprinted Shanghai, 1936; Taipei: Zhonghua shuju, 1962), in Sibu beiyao, 子部, 儒家, with prefs. by Peng Duanshu (1772) and Li Fuyuan (重刷藏書五種敘, 1828). [*Harvard, 1936 ed.] [*IHEC, 1962 ed.] – 1930 Zhonghua qianyin tang ed., Shanghai. – 1934 ed., Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, based on an unspecified ed. [Beitu] – 1935 ed., Shanghai: Jingwei jiaoyu lianhe chubanshe. [Beitu] – *1936 Zhonghua shuju typeset ed. (中華書局聚珍仿宋版印 in lower central margin). [Beitu] – 1937 Guangyi shuju ed., Shanghai. – 1938 Shangwu shuju ed., Changsha. – 1940 Bati shudian ed., Chongqing. – 1961 ed., Taipei: Qiming shuju, based on unspecified ed. – *1961 ed., Taipei: Dezhi chubanshe, with pref. by Cheng Tixuan 成惕軒 (1961). [Harvard] – 1986 Taishi wenhua gongsi ed., Taipei. – 2012 ed., Beijing: Zhongguo Huaqiao chubanshe. – *Photo-repro. of 1739–43 Peiyuan ed. at ZKT, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 951.

Rem.: The title Wuzhong yigui does not feature on all editions, although Chen Hongmou considered the four, then five, works included

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as a set with its own internal logic; he made this clear in his 1743 general postface (see under Sizhong yigui). The same postface claims that right from the beginning the selection of entries was based on discussions “under the lamp” with Chen’s colleagues (諸君, presumably his private assistants), taking care to choose texts easy for ordinary people to grasp. Chen also indicates that the proofing and printing of the set was entrusted to Li Anmin 李安民, an instructor at the Nanchang prefectural school. The set includes Chen’s following anthologies of “inherited guidelines” (Rowe’s suggested translation for yigui) with commentaries, and in most editions in that order: – Yangzheng 養正 yigui (pref. 1739) – Jiaonü 教女 yigui (pref. 1742) – Xunsu 訓俗 yigui (pref. 1742) – Congzheng yigui (q.v.) – Zaiguan fajie lu (q.v.) The success of Chen’s commented anthologies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is made evident from the list above, which could easily be enlarged, esp. for more recent reprints. Bio.: See under Congzheng yigui. Ref. and studies: Chang, 1: 226–7 (1772, 1822, 1830, 1935, 1936, and 1961 eds.). Rowe, Saving the World, 5–6, for the collection’s editorial fortune after 1850, and 550, for editions (not giving locations; in part reproduced above). Xu Qiaolin’s 1850 pref. mentions a multiplication of commercial editions after Chen Lianshi 蓮史, Chen Hongmou’s descendant, had brought his family edition to Beijing following his success at the jinshi in 1820. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhai­ chao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao [PEW]

0072

Xueshi yigui 學仕遺規, 4 j. [Inherited Guidelines on Learning to Be an Official] Comp. Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi) 1769 Ed.:

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– *1769 Peiyuan tang ed. 培遠堂藏板 (with supplement 補編), with pref. by Chen Hongmou (1769) and note by Chen Lansen 蘭森, Chen Hongmou’s grandson (n.d.), postf. (跋) by Tang Yin 唐尹, Chen’s niece’s husband 姪 婿 (n.d.), note on Xueshi yigui bu 補 by Chen’s nephews, Chen Zhongli 鍾理 and Chen Zhongchen 鍾琛 (n.d.). [*Beitu, as part of a composite Wuzhong yigui] – *[1868] ed. (with 補編), with pref. by Chen Hongmou (1769), note by Chen Lansen (n.d.), colophon (跋) by Deng Tingnan 鄧廷枏 (1868, explaining he published this ed. because Fujian had only copies of Sizhong yigui, printed there by Chen Hongmou when he was governor, but not of the present supplement), and postf. by Tang Yin. [Beitu] – 1875 Jinling shuju 金陵書局 ed. [Shanghai] – 1879 Jiangsu shuju 江蘇書局 ed. [Beitu] – *1882 Baicheng shanfang congshu 百城山房叢書 ed. [Beitu] – *1910 Xuebu tushuju 學部圖書局 litho. ed., with pref. by Chen Hongmou (1769), note by Chen Lansen (n.d.), postf. by Tang Yin; Xueshi yigui bu (i.e., the 補編) with prefs. by Chen Zhongchen and Chen Zhongli, postf. by Deng Tingnan (1868). This ed. in 5 ce was sold for 1,1 yuan. [Beitu] – *1943 punctuated typeset ed. in Chinese binding (with 補編), in Chen Rongmen xiansheng yishu 陳榕門先生遺書 (Guilin: Guangxi sheng xiangxian yizhu bianyin weiyuanhui 廣西省鄉賢遺著編印委員會, 1944), fasc. 11–12, with pref. by Chen Hongmou (1769) and note by Chen Lansen (n.d.), postf. by Tang Yin (n.d.). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of an undated ed. with pref. by Chen Hongmou (1769), notes by Chen Zhongke 鐘珂 and Chen Lansen (Chen Hongmou’s adoptive son and grandson) (n.d.), in GZSJC, vol. 4.

Rem.: An anthology of excerpts from works dealing primarily with official ethics and supplementing the texts included in Wuzhong yigui (q.v.). Each entry includes the title of the work being excerpted, a short biography of the author (in small characters), a comment by Chen (in large characters), and the excerpt. Entries in j. 1–2 are from the Song and Ming; entries in j. 3–4 are from the late Ming and early Qing. The bubian, also in 4 j. but much shorter, exists in separate eds. (see under Xueshi yigui bubian).

Bio.: See under Congzheng yigui. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307 (in 8 juan). Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui

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zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [NP] 0073

Xueshi yigui bubian 學仕遺規補編, 4 j. [Supplement to Inherited Guidelines on Learning to Be an Official] Comp. Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi) N.d. Ed.:

– Published as a supplement to several eds. of Xueshi yigui (q.v.) – 1893 Zhenhua tang 振華堂 ed., engraved at the Xu Molin zhai at Shangyang [Fujian] 上洋許墨林齋刊, with notes by Chen Hongmou’s nephews, Chen Zhongchen 鍾琛 and Chen Zhongli 鍾理, and by the Zhenhua tang fellows (同人) (1893). – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in GZSJC, vol. 4.

Rem.: Contrary to Xueshi yigui, the excerpts included in the bubian deal mostly with concrete aspects of administration. The entry format is the same as in Xueshi yigui. Each juan is devoted to excerpts taken from a particular anthology. In j. 1 it is Chuji yi 儲集議 by Cai Maode 蔡懋德 (z. Weili 維立, h. Yunyi 雲怡) (1586–1644), a 1619 jinshi who was Shanxi grand coordinator at the time of his death; the excerpts deal with grain storage, transportation, and sales, famine prevention and similar topics on “nourishing the people.” J. 2 quotes from the same author’s Yuebao fa 約保法 and deals with baojia, bandit control, pacification, and the like. J. 3 is based on Shixue yiguan luchao 仕學一貫錄鈔 by Chen Qingmen 陳慶門 (z. Rongsi 容駟), a 1723 jinshi who was department magistrate of Dazhou 達州 (Sichuan); it deals with the problems of litigation, trying cases, the use of torture, etc. J. 4 quotes from Celüe huichao 策略 彙抄, a collection of texts by various authors, mostly early Qing, concerning military, ritual, civil, and legal aspects of local government and focusing on how Confucian values can be incorporated into practical administration. Bio.: See under Congzheng yigui. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen

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Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [NP] 0074

Sizhong yigui zhaichao 四種遺規摘鈔 [Excerpts from Four Anthologies of Inherited Guidelines] By Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi); selection by Liu Zhaoshen 劉肇紳 (1776–?) (z. Ziyue 子約, h. Moyuan 默園), from Hongdong 洪洞 (Shanxi) N.d. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with pref. by Wang Tingzhen 汪廷珍 (to Sizhong yigui, 1816), and original prefs. by Chen Hongmou (1739 and 1742). [Beitu]

Rem.: Liu Zhaochen’s role (see next entry) is alluded to in Wang Tingzhen’s pref. only: Wang says that Liu showed to him his abridged version of four of Chen’s anthologies: Yangzheng yigui, Xunsu yigui, Congzheng yigui, and Jiaonü yigui.

Bio.: For Chen Hongmou, see under Congzheng yigui. Liu Zhaoshen, a student by purchase (監生), held several positions of magistrate and vice-prefect in Zhejiang in the late-Jiaqing and early-Daoguang years. After a period of mourning he served as prefect and intendant in Yunnan, Hunan, and Hubei between 1831 and 1838 or later. See Hongdong XZ (1917), 12/70b; Renming quanwei. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Wuzhong yigui zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [PEW] 0075

Wuzhong yigui zhaichao 五種遺規摘鈔 [Excerpts from Five Anthologies of Inherited Guidelines] By Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi); selection by Liu Zhaoshen 劉肇紳 (1776–?) (z. Ziyue 子約, h. Moyuan 默園), from Hongdong 洪洞 (Shanxi) N.d.

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Ed.:

– *1868 Chubei chongwen shuju 楚北崇文書局 ed., with 1739, 1742 and 1743 original prefs. by Chen Hongmou, and pref. by Liu Dayi 劉大懿 (to Zaiguan fajie lu, 1823). [*Beitu] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] – *Undated Saoye shanfang litho. ed. 掃葉山房石印 titled Wuzhong yigui on cover labels, cover-leaf, and in central margins, “zhaichao” only in chapter captions; original pref. by Chen Hongmou. [Beitu] – *Undated Guangyi shuzhuang litho. ed. 廣益書莊藏板 titled Wuzhong yigui on cover labels, same description as above, though the calligraphy is different; with Liu Dayi’s pref. (to Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao). [Beitu]

Rem.: A somewhat abridged and rearranged version of Chen Hongmou’s five anthologies jointly published as Wuzhong yigui (q.v.). The characters zhaichao only appear in chapter captions; as in most editions of the original Wuzhong yigui, that title features nowhere and has been supplied by librarians. Compared with the original Peiyuan tang ed. of the different titles, the degree of rearrangement varies, texts being added or removed, or else moved around. (See specifically under Congzheng yigui zhaichao.) Liu Zhaoshen was the son of Liu Dayi (a high provincial official during the late Qianlong and Jiaqing periods); the latter explains in his pref. to Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao that he asked his son to add Zaiguan fajie lu to the four titles (i.e., Sizhong yigui) that he (Zhaoshen) had already “excerpted” (zhaichao). Apart from this, Liu Zhaoshen’s name is nowhere mentioned.

Bio.: For Chen Hongmou, see under Congzheng yigui. For Liu Zhaoshen, see under Sizhong yigui zhaichao. Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:227. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [PEW] 0076

Congzheng yigui zhaichao 從政遺規摘鈔, 2 j. [Excerpts from Inherited Guidelines for Government Service] By Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi); selection by Liu Zhaoshen 劉肇紳 (1776–?) (z. Ziyue 子約, h. Moyuan 默園), from Hongdong 洪洞 (Shanxi)

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N.d. Ed.:

– *In Sizhong yigui zhaichao (q.v.), with Chen Hongmou’s original pref. to Congzheng yigui (1742). – *1865 new ed. (重刊), printing blocks at “this yamen” 本衙藏板, with Chen Hongmou’s original pref. to Congzheng yigui (1742) and postf. (書 後) by Jiang Yili 蔣益澧 (1865); the postf. indicates that the engraving was made at the offices of the Zhejiang governor; the words zhaichao feature only in chapter captions. [Beitu] – *In Wuzhong yigui zhaichao (q.v.), Chubei chongwen shuju ed., with Chen Hongmou’s pref., no postf.

Rem.: An “excerpted” version of Congzheng yigui (q.v.) prepared by Liu Zhaoshen (see under Wuzhong yigui zhaichao). The only differences with the original Congzheng yigui are as follows: (1) the extracts from Yuan Huang’s Gongguo ge (q.v.) have been omitted; (2) those from Lü Kun’s Xingjie 刑戒 have been given a separate entry (as a “supplement” at the end of j. 2); and (3) there are some differences in the order of the texts. Jiang Yili (1833–74), a military man from Xiangxiang 湘鄉 who rose through the ranks combating the Taipings, was appointed governor of Zhejiang after the recovery of the province; he says he discovered Chen’s work after his return from the war, considered it as mandatory teaching for administrators (當奉為師), and had it collated and reprinted in Hangzhou in 1865. Bio.: For Chen Hongmou, see under Congzheng yigui. For Liu Zhaoshen, see under Sizhong yigui zhaichao. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [PEW]

0077

Wuzhong yigui jiyao 五種遺規輯要, 5 j. [Essentials from Five Anthologies of Inherited Guidelines] Comp. (編輯) Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕 門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi); excerpted (選輯) by Zhu Yinlong 朱蔭龍 (z. Qinke 琴可) (1912–60) 1942 Ed.:

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– *Modern typeset ed., Guilin: Wenhua gongyingshe, 1942, with pref. and Chen Hongmou’s nianpu by Zhu Yinlong. [Harvard]

Rem.: Extracts from Chen Hongmou’s four of the five anthologies collected as Wuzhong yigui (q.v.), viz. Yangzheng yigui (8 entries), Xunsu yigui (11 entries), Congzheng yigui (14 entries), and Zaiguan fajie lu (4 entries), and from Xueshi yigui (20 entries). The pref. indicates that the collection was compiled following an instruction from Chiang Kaishek handed down during a visit to Guilin in 1941.

Bio.: see under Congzheng yigui. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [PEW] 0078

Wuzhong yigui zachao 五種遺規雜鈔 [Extracts Copied from the Five Anthologies of Inherited Guidelines] By Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi); anthologized (選抄) by Wu Xize 吳錫澤 (1915–?) 1965 Ed.:

– *Modern typeset ed. with prefs. by Wu Xize (1965) and Wang Yunwu 王雲五 (1965), Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu yinshuguan, 1965. [Harvard]

Rem.: Includes excerpts from three of Chen Hongmou’s anthologies: Xunsu yigui 訓俗遺規, Xueshi yigui (q.v.), and Congzheng yigui (q.v.), chosen for their suitability to present-day conditions.

Bio.: see under Congzheng yigui. Ref. and studies: Zhang 1:227. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [PEW]

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0077–0079

[QING B]

See also: Juguan guinie 0079

Muling shu 牧令書, 23 j. [The Book of Magistrates] Comp. Xu Dong 徐棟 (z. Zhichu 致初, Xiaolu 笑陸) (1792–1865) (js. 1822), from Ansu 安肅 (Zhili) 1838 pref. Ed.:

– *1848 engraving (鐫) with prefs. by Li Wenhan 李文瀚 (1848), Yang Yizeng 楊以增 (1848), Xu Dong (1838) (after the liyan), j. 末 including postfs. (跋) by Li Wei 李煒 (n.d.), Fuchun 福淳 (1848), and Jiang Kai 江開 (1848); the last 3 fasc. feature Baojia shu (q.v.). [*Tian Tao] [*Beitu] [*Tōyō Bunko, in a set with Huanhai zhinan wuzhong] – *1848 engraving of the Liangyi tang 兩儀堂梓行, with pref. by Yang Yizeng (1848), colophons (跋) by Jiang Kai (1848) and Li Wei (n.d.); no Baojia shu appended. [Ōki] – *1848 engraving, published by Li Wei from Xingguo (Hubei) 楚興國 李煒校刊, with prefs. by Yang Yizeng (1848), Li Wenhan (1848), and Xu Dong (1838), postf. by Li Wei (n.d.); the last 3 fasc. feature Baojia shu. [*Congress/LL] [*Harvard, without Li Wenhan’s pref., but with postfs. by Jiang Kai (1848) and Li Wei] – *1865 new ed. (重刊) of the Qinggu zhai printing house 慶古齋刻字舖 at Chengdu, with pref. by Sichuan administration commissioner Jiang Zhongjun 江忠濬 (1865) and original pref. by Xu Dong (1838); the first three fasc. feature Baojia shu, with Xu Dong’s original pref. This ed. was realized with the financial help of colleagues from other provinces. [Shoudu] – 1868 Jiangsu shuju 江蘇書局 ed. [Chicago] – *Photo-repro. of an undated “Qing edition,” Yangzhou: Jiangsu Guangling guji keyinshe, 1990 (20 fasc., the last two featuring Baojia shu), with prefs. by Yang Yizeng (1848) and Xu Dong (1838), postfs. by Jiang Kai (1848) and Li Wei (n.d.). [Columbia] – *Photo-repro. of 1848 ed. first listed above, in GZSJC, vol. 7. – *Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., in ZSJC, vol. 9. – *Photo-repro. of j. 17–19 (unspecified ed.), titled Xingming 刑名, in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 3, vol. 5.

Rem.: Extracts from 137 Qing authors, including Chen Hongmou, Wang Huizu, Xie Jinluan, Yuan Shoudong, Yin Huiyi, and many others, arranged chronologically under 18 topics dealing with problems of Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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local government. Yang Yizeng’s pref. makes reference to Qiewenzhai wenchao 切問齋文鈔 (1776) and Huangchao jingshi wenbian 皇朝經世 文編 (1826) as models. A note at the end of the fanli (liyan 例言 in the 1848 ed.) says that, although it had been completed in 1838, the work was revised (重訂) for a 1848 ed., many materials having been either added or removed in between: one therefore finds materials posterior to 1838. The fanli mentions that Zhouxian shiyi (q.v.), being a work composed on imperial order, should only be consulted in its entirety, in the same way as Da Qing huidian; therefore it has not been included in the selection. Certain works are also cited, such as Congzheng yigui, Fuhui quanshu, or Huangzheng congshu (qq.v.), which should be “bought and read” in their entirety; still other works, like specialized treatises on financial or judiciary problems, cannot be excerpted and should be consulted when one has time. The emphasis is on what is directly usable to confront current problems. The 18 headings are as follows: “Bases of government” (治原) (j. 1), “Outline of administration” (政略) (j. 2), “Controlling one’s family” (持家) (j. 3), “Employing men” (用人) (j. 4), “Serving superiors” (事上) (j. 5), “Meeting subordinates” (接下) (j. 6), “Selecting good advice” (取 善) (j. 7), “Rejecting bad policies” (屏惡) (j. 8), “Agriculture and sericulture” (農桑) (j. 9–10), “Taxes and levies” (賦役) (j. 11), “Disaster management” (籌荒) (j. 12–14), “Ensuring prosperity” (保息) (j. 15), “Educating the people” (教化) (j. 16), “Administration of justice” (刑名) (j. 17–19), “Subduing violence” (戢暴) (j. 20), “Military preparedness” (備武) (j. 21), “Other considerations” (事彙) (j. 22), and “Provincial officials” (憲綱) (j. 23). Each chapter begins with a table of all the titles and authors of the excerpts and a short introduction; each excerpt is preceded by basic biographical data on the author, and occasionally followed by a comment by Xu Dong. Muling shu is among the best edited and easiest to use of all Qing magistrates handbooks.

Bio.: Xu Dong began his career at the Board of Works, first as bureau secretary and later as department director for Irrigation and Transportation (都水司 郎中). He was known as an avid reader, with a special interest in the theory and practice of local government—a fascination that is reflected in his Muling shu and Baojia shu, for which he is best remembered. In 1841 he was appointed prefect of Xing’an 興安 (Shaanxi), later transferring to similar posts at Hanzhong 漢中 and Xi’an 西安 in the same province. He retired in 1849 because of ill health, but continued in his native place being involved with local government in an unofficial capacity. He died at age 73, and his name was celebrated in

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the Xing’an prefecture temple of eminent statesmen. See QSG, 484/12b; QSLZ, 76/17a–b; Da Qing jifu xianzhe zhuan, 12/16b; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307. Ma, 132–3 (Qinghua) (1848 ed.). Kanshin mokuji. Watt, 256. Bibliography entries for same author: Muling shu jiyao; Baojia shu; Baojia shu jiyao; Nanshan baojia shu. [NP, PEW] 0080

Congzheng wenjian lu 從政聞見錄, 3 j. [Record of Things Heard and Seen in the Pursuit of Governance] Comp. Gan Hong 甘鴻 (z. Xiaocang 小蒼), from Gutian 古田 (Fujian) Ca. 1845 Ed.:

– *1867 engraving (鐫) of the Fenxiang shanguan 焚香山館藏板, with prefs. by Guo Boyin 郭柏蔭 (1867) and Tang Chenglie 湯成烈 (1866), postf. (1866) by the author’s son, Gan Zexuan 澤宣 (z. Yuxiang 語香), who also published the book. [Beitu] – 1870 ed. of the Huangding wei zhai in Guangdong 粵東黃鼎衛齋, by Gan Zezhou 甘澤周. [Shanghai]

Rem.: A compilation based on the extracts Gan Hong copied from authors past and present that he thought might serve as models (師法) for government, but was not able to publish because of his early death; they were published some twenty years later by his son. J. 1 consists of extracts from Xie Jinluan’s Juguan zhiyong pian (q.v.), with a few comments by Gan Hong. J. 2 consists of extracts from He Shiqi’s Xuezhi bu­ shuo (q.v.). J. 3 includes quotations from Shuwen shixia 述聞時下 by Chen Genghuan 陳庚煥 (z. Tiyuan 惕園), a Fujian gongsheng about whom we know nothing, as well as letters to or from various correspondents of Gan Hong, all discussing problems of government.

Bio.: According to the prefs. and the postf., the author was a model official always eager to discuss administrative problems with his visitors. He started his career in 1837 and served for about ten years in Guiji 會稽, Qiantang 錢塘, and Haining 海寧 department (Zhejiang), where he died; we also know that he entered the career as a selected tribute student (拔貢), was acting magistrate of Yunhe 雲和 (Zhejiang) by 1840, and then became magistrate of Renhe 仁和 (also in Zhejiang). See Yunhe XZ (1864), 10/36b. [PEW]

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Congzheng yueyan 從政約言, 3 j. [Brief Considerations on Government Service] Comp. Jin Ying 金纓 (z. Lansheng 蘭生), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) 1852 Ed.:

– *1852 small-sized Shanyin Jinrui wutang ed. 山陰金瑞五堂藏板, with prefs. by compiler (1852) and Lin Jun 林鈞 (1853), postf. (跋) by Lansheng jushi 居士 (i.e., Jin Ying) (1853), in a set with Zuozhi yaoyan and Xuezhi yishuo and their sequels, Yongli yongyan, Yongli yutan, and Shuliao wenda (all qq.v.). [Ōki] Rem.: An anthology of “admonitions” (官箴) consisting of texts from

the Song to the present, quoted either in full or in excerpts. Some of the authors quoted are introduced by a short note, and there are some commentaries after the quotations. The ca. 30 authors, many of them represented in the present bibliography, include Lü Kun 呂坤 (who opens the collection with Mingzhi pian [q.v.] and Xingjie 刑戒), Gao Panlong 高龐 龍, Yu Chenglong 于成龍, Geng Dingxiang 耿定向, Yuan Huang 袁黃, Gu Yanwu 顧炎武, Lü Benzhong 呂本中, Xue Xuan 薛瑄, Yuan Shouding 袁守定, and others.

Bio.: Jin Ying appears to have been a philanthropist (樂善士) who contributed to the printing of works aimed at the improvement of administration and of the people’s living circumstances. See Hong Zihan’s postf. to the 1855 ed. of Shuliao wenda (q.v.). [PEW]

0082

Xueshi lu 學仕錄, 16 j. [A Record of Learning to Be an Official] Comp. (輯) Dai Zhaochen 戴肇辰 (z. Youmei 友梅) (1810–90), from Dantu 丹徒 (Jiangsu) 1866 pref. Ed.: – 1865 ed. [HKU] – *1867 ed. with author’s pref. (1866). [Columbia] – *Photo-repro. of above ed. in Siku weishou, ser. 2, vol. 26.

Rem.: An anthology of texts on the “way of government” (治道) by 72 Qing authors from Gu Yanwu 顧炎武 to Wang Fengsheng 王鳳生 (see under Xuezhi tixing lu), covering all sorts of subjects, theoretical as well as practical, collected by Dai when free from everyday service. The authors quoted are arranged chronologically, with biographical

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information provided. Each juan has a separate mulu. Each author starts on a new folio. The fanli specifies that propositions that are high-minded (議論甚高) but cannot be retained as a standard have not been included; policies regarding salt and Yellow River administration have likewise been omitted as they need to be constantly adjusted to circumstances. In his biographical essay (see below), Dai’s son insisted that since these models were close to the present, they were easy to emulate. Many essays are extracted from official handbooks or collections of administrative documents, such as those by Huang Liuhong, Chen Hongmou, Yuan Shouding, Wang Huizu (by far the most represented, with 42 entries in j. 10), and Liu Heng; others are policy essays, letters, prefaces, or memorials such as might have been found (or are actually found) in Huangchao jingshi wenbian 皇朝經世文編.

Bio.: According to Zong Jichen’s pref. to Conggong lu (q.v.), Dai Zhaochen, originally a student by purchase (監生), was considered by many as a master in the techniques of administration 多以治術顯要者. In the early 1850s he was appointed to a magistracy in Yunnan, but was rerouted to serve in the Anhui “camps” (軍營) set up to fight the Taipings. His service there earned him the rank of prefect, and he was appointed to Dengzhou 登州 (Shandong) in 1861 (see under Conggong lu); he went home to mourn for his mother immediately after the siege of Dengzhou was lifted. Later he served as prefect of Lianzhou 廉州 (1864), Qiongzhou 瓊州 (1867), and Guangzhou 廣州 (acting, 1869), all in Guangdong. He was promoted to be intendant in Guangdong, then asked to be allowed to retire. He died 20 years later, aged 81. His writings, many of which deal with taking care of orphans and the poor, suggest that one of his primary interests was improving the lives of less privileged members of society. See Dantu XZ zhiyu 摭餘 (1918), 7/7a–b; Dengzhou FZ (1881), 25/15a; Shandong TZ (1918), 77/22a; for a lengthy account of Dai’s career (行述) by his son Bianyuan 變元, and other biographical materials, see Dantu Dai shi yishu 丹徒戴氏遺書, ce 1. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 11:306, 31:762. Chang, 1:168. Bibliography entries for same author: Conggong lu; Qiuzhi guanjian. [PEW] 0083

Muling shu jiyao 牧令書輯要, 10 j. [A Compilation of Important Items from The Book of Magistrates] Comp. Xu Dong 徐棟 (z. Zhichu 致初, Xiaolu 笑陸) (1792–1865) (js. 1822), from Ansu 安肅 (Zhili); ed. Ding Richang 丁日昌 (z. Chijing 持靜, Yusheng 禹生/雨生) (1823–82), from Fengshun 豐順 (Guangdong)

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1869 pref. Ed.:

– *1868 Jiangsu shuju 江蘇書局 ed., with prefs. to the original Muling shu (q.v.) by Yang Yizeng 楊以增 (1848) and Xu Dong (1838), and pref. by Ding Richang (1869). With the exception of the copy at Columbia, the work is encased with the following titles, all engraved by Jiangsu shuju (or Gusu 姑蘇 shuju) in 1868: Qinban zhouxian shiyi, Baojia shu jiyao, Mumin zhong­ gao, Lizhi sanshu (i.e. Yongli yongyan, Shuliao wenda, Dulü xinde) (qq.v.); the set is sometimes titled Muling qizhong or Muling quanshu (qq.v.) by librarians. The copy at Columbia has no imperial edict (see below); Ding Richang’s pref. appears after the liyan 例言, list of authors, and mulu; there is a postf. to the original Muling shu by Jiang Kai 江開 (1848) at the end. [*Beitu] [*Chicago] [*Columbia] [*Shoudu] [*Congress/LL] [*Ōki] – *1869 Hubei Chongwen shuju 湖北崇文書局 ed., with prefs. by Li Hongzhang 李鴻章 (1869) and Guo Boyin 郭柏蔭 (1869), prefs. to the original Muling shu by Yang Yizeng (1848) and Xu Dong (1838), two liyan (to the original Muling shu and to Muling shu jiyao), pref. by Ding Richang (1869), postf. to the original Muling shu by Jiang Kai (1848). [*CASS Jinshisuo] [*Columbia] [*Congress/LL] [*Tian Tao] [*Beitu, as part of Muling sizhong (q.v.)] – *1873 Yangcheng shuju 羊城書局 (Canton) new ed. (重刊) with prefs. by Liang-Guang governor-general Ruilin 瑞麟 (1873), Guangdong governor Zhang Zhaodong 張兆棟 (1873), and Ding Richang (1869), prefs. to the original Muling shu by Yang Yizeng (1848) and Xu Dong (1838). The prefs. indicates that this ed. was produced by Zhang Zhaodong based on the model set by Ding Richang for the 1868 ed. (see above), namely publishing the work as a set with Qinban zhouxian shiyi, Mumin zhonggao, and Lizhi sanshu; it was for distribution to all the officials in the province. [*Rudolf G. Wagner private collection] [*Tōyō Bunko, with the complete set] – *1896 Shanghai Tushu jicheng ed., with prefs. to the original Muling shu by Yang Yizeng (1848) and Xu Dong (1838), and pref. by Ding Richang (1869). (Published with the same works as Jiangsu shuju ed. above). [IHEC] – *Photo-repro. of the Jiangsu shuju 1868 ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 755. – *Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., in ZSJC, vol. 9.

Rem.: A selection from Xu Dong’s Muling shu (q.v.). The imperial edict of 1868/3/10 quoted at the beginning of the Jiangsu shuju and Yangcheng shuju editions is approving of Ding Richang’s proposal to set up a publishing bureau ( ju) in Nanjing to print and distribute

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magistrate handbooks. (The same edict ordered to print new editions of the classics and histories to be used in schools, and that prohibitions against selling sectarian literature and fiction [邪說傳奇] be strictly enforced.) Ding’s aim was to instill competence and devotion into officialdom in order to rebuild Jiangnan society after the devastation of civil war. In his pref. to the Hubei 1869 ed., Li Hongzhang (then Huguang governor-general) claims he had entrusted Ding Richang with preparing an abridged version of Muling shu, and now orders the Hubei press to publish it in order to enlarge its distribution. He stresses the necessity of promoting such publications at a time when, as large numbers of new men have achieved rank during the struggle against the Taipings, “the road to officialdom has become wider and the art of government has become more complex” (仕路愈寬治術愈雜). As indicated in the liyan, this abridgement in 10 j. was meant to be easier to consult than the original compilation and avoid redundancies. Punctuation and underlines have been added, as well as some upper-margin commentaries. Extracts from Yongli yongyan (q.v.) were omitted since a complete edition was being produced at the same time. Biographical data on the 74 authors quoted are given together at the head of the book (not of each section like in the original work), explicitly following the model of Huangchao jingshi wenbian.

Bio.: (Xu Dong) See under Muling shu. (Ding Richang) Ding Richang did not pass the examinations but his remarkable career progressed through purchase and through actual achievements that gained recommendations. After magistracies in Jiangxi he joined Zeng Guofan’s team in Anhui, and soon involved himself in the manufacture of firearms and ammunition, first in Guangdong and then in Jiangnan, where he worked under Li Hongzhang. In 1865 he founded the Jiangnan Arsenal (江南機器製造局) in Shanghai, where he had been appointed daotai 道臺 with jurisdiction over Suzhou, Songjiang, and Taicang. In 1866 he became Jiangsu administration commissioner, and soon governor (1867–70). In 1875–78 he was Fujian governor, and made serious efforts to develop Taiwan. His efforts at reforming official practices met with much resistance, however. Regarded as an expert in relations with foreigners and in industrial modernization, Ding was frequently called upon by the government for advice, even after his retirement in 1877. See QSG, 448/12513–15; ECCP, 721– 23; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334 (ascribed to Xu Zhichu 致初, i.e., Xu Dong). Ma, 133 (Beida). Siku xuxiu 23:334 (Guangzhou shuju ed.).

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Bibliography entries for same author: Muling shu; Baojia shu; Baojia shu jiyao; Nanshan baojia shu. [PEW] 0084

Xuezhi yaoyan 學治要言, 1 j. [Important Sayings on the Study of Governance] Comp. Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠 (z. Jigao 季高, Pucun 樸存, h. Laoliang 老亮, Zhongjie xiansheng 忠介先生, s. Wenxiang 文襄) (1812–85) (jr. 1832), from Xiangyin 湘陰 (Hunan) N.d. Ed.: *1889 new ed. from the Shaanxi administration commissioner office (陝西藩署重刊), stating “Zuo Wenxiang gong yuanbian 原編” on cover-leaf. [Ōki] Rem.: A compilation of eighteen texts discussing problems of administration and official behavior written by Qing authors: Gu Yanwu 顧 炎武 (1 text), Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (3 texts, including extracts from Guanzhen batiao [q.v.]), Cheng Hanzhang 程含章, Yu Chenglong 于成 龍, Chen Dao 陳道 (1 text each), Niu Yunzhen 牛運震 (2 texts), Nie Jimo 聶繼模, Hu Yanyu 胡衍虞 (1 text each), Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (6 texts excerpted from Xuezhi yishuo [q.v.]), and Chen Qingmen 陳慶門 (1 text). The texts include theoretical considerations, official circulars, private letters, and extracts from official handbooks. It is unclear when it was compiled and first printed. [Note: The Chinese University of Hong Kong cat. has a work by the same title, same date, comp. (輯) by Changshun 長順 (z. Heting 鶴汀, 1839–1904, cf. QSG 461/12724–6) and published (校 印) by the Shanghai Guangbaisong zhai 廣百宋齋]

Bio.: One of the most famous statesmen of nineteenth-century China, Zuo Zongtang showed from an early age an interest in geography, agriculture, and military matters that would serve him well in his subsequent career. Though he was unable to pass the jinshi and did not get a position, he associated with reformist statesmen such as He Changling (see under Nai’an gongdu cungao) and Tao Zhu 陶澍 (1779–1839). His public career started during the Taiping Rebellion, in which he built a reputation as military commander. In the ensuing decades he combated and eventually annihilated the Nian rebels who had devastated much of North China (1868), and was sent to Xi’an to overcome the Mohameddan uprisings that had been rife in Shaanxi and Gansu since 1862 and would end only in 1877. As governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu he made efforts to develop agriculture and handicrafts in Gansu, the area that would be his base to reconquer Xinjiang (from 1876) and definitively

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secure Chinese dominion on the Western regions, a feat for which he is still revered in China. During his last years he was governor-general of Jiangnan and was involved in the conflict with France. See QSG, 412/12023–35; Qingdai qibai, 2:1399–1413; ECCP, 762–7. [PEW] 0085

Muling shu jieyao 牧令書節要, 18 j. [Essentials from the Book of Magistrates] Comp. Chen Shijie 陳士杰 (z. Juncheng 寯丞) (1824–93), from Guiyang department 桂陽州 (Hunan) 1885 pref. Ed.: *Undated ed. with compiler’s pref. (1885). [*Beitu] [*Shoudu] [*Ōki] Rem.: An abstract of Muling shu (q.v.), compressing most of its sections—including the supplement on baojia—into 18 very short chapters: the entire book of one ce totals only 64 folios! A sizable proportion of the authors have been eliminated, and the remaining have only a few rewritten and compressed sentences. The sources of the extracts are not provided; there is short biographical information (comparable to that in the full Muling shu) at the first appearance of each author. This ultimate abridgement of Xu Dong’s anthology can be regarded as the shortest possible introduction to the field, but based on the best authors.

Bio.: A 1849 selected tribute student (拔貢), Chen Shijie became bureau director at the Ministry of Revenue in 1855 after a period of mourning during which he actively participated in local defense against the Taipings in his home county. He stayed there until 1864, when he was directly promoted to the position of Jiangsu surveillance commissioner (1864–71); he held the same post in Shandong (1874–79) and became administration commissioner of Fujian (1879–81). Finally he was governor of Zhejiang (1881–82) and of Shandong (1882–86). See Shandong TZ (1918), 74/32b–33a; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Ma, 133 (Beiping) [PEW] 0086

Muling shu chao 牧令書鈔 [Texts Copied from the Book of Magistrates] Copied (鈔) by Jiang Dejun 蔣德鈞 (z. Shaomu 少穆) (1851–1937), from Xiangxiang 湘鄉 (Hunan) 1886 Ed.:

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– *In Qiushi zhai congshu, ce 8, printed in 1886. [*Columbia] [*Beitu, same date, as ce 20] [*Ōki, in ce 6] – *Same text printed the same year by the Qiushi zhai in a separate fasc. also including some materials on the Jiang family (in a different type). [Shoudu] – Photo-repro. of same text, in Congshu jicheng xubian, vol. 58.

Rem.: Extracts from Xu Dong’s Muling shu (q.v.). Includes the six following texts: – Li Mutang 李穆堂 [Li Fu 紱], “Yu Tai’an ge shu” 與泰安各屬 – Cheng Yuechuan 程月川 [Cheng Hanzhang 含章], “Batiao cha li” 八條察 吏

– Xie Tuigu 謝退榖 [Xie Jinluan 金鑾], “Juguan zhiyong” 居官致用 – Liu Lianfang 劉簾舫 [Liu Heng 衡], “Li song shitiao” 理訟十條 – Li Yike 李毅可 [Li Shizhen 士禎], “Renming tiaoyi” 人命條議 – He Zhengfu 何正甫 [He Gengsheng 耿繩], “Lun dao’an” 論盜案 Bio.: The only information available on Jiang Dejun tells us that he joined military operations in Anhui in 1863, and later in Gansu. He was rewarded with the rank of prefect, and served as intendant in Hubei. Later he was prefect of Long’an 龍安 (Sichuan) for about a decade in the 1880s and 1890s. He seems to have been active in the Hunan reformist movement in the late 1890s. See Xiangxiang XZ (1874), 8A/5a; Jiangyou 江由 XZ (1903), 4/1b, 12/4a, et passim. Ref. and studies: Ma, 133–4 (Beiping) (as ce 20). Siku xuxiu, 22:593. [PEW] 0087

Juguan yaolan 居官要覽, 1 ce [Important Readings for Office Holders] Comp. Zhuang Yuanzhi 莊元植, from Zhenze 震澤 (Jiangsu) N.d. Ed.: *Undated late-Qing ed. [Shanghai]

Rem.: A short anthology of excerpts from several authors, without any commentary or intro., dealing with the duties of local officials and problems of local government. The excerpts are as follows: “Shi qinmin guan zixing liujie” 示親民官自省六戒 by Yu Chenglong 于成龍 (see under Yushan zoudu); “Shixue yiguan luchao” 仕學一貫錄鈔 by Chen Qingmen 陳慶門 (see under Xueshi yigui bubian); “Guan shen yue” 官紳 約 by Shi Chengjin 石成金 (see under Jiaguan jiejing); “Pan Jiatang taishi shang mou xueshi shu” 潘稼堂太史上某學士書; “Tingsong qinmin shuo” 聽訟親民說, “Wuzhi min pojia shuo” 勿致民破家說, “Muzhong shengshi shuo” 幕中省事說, and “Muzhong qinshi shuo” 幕中勤事說 by

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Wang Huizu 汪輝祖; an anon. short piece titled “Xiache shouzheng sanshier tiao” 下車首政三十二條; Chen Hongmou’s pref. to Zaiguan fajie lu (q.v.); an anon. Jiesong shuo (possibly also by Chen Hongmou); and Lü Kun’s Xingjie 刑戒 (here titled Juguan xingjie). Bio.: No information has been found on Zhuang Yuanzhi.

[PEW]

[MINGUO] 0088

Muling guijian 牧令龜鑑, 2 j. [A Magic Mirror of the Magistrate] Comp. Wu Menglong 吳孟龍, from Rui’an 瑞安 (Zhejiang) 1914 pref. Ed.:

– *1924 second printing of Tianjin Huaxin yinshuaju 天津華新印刷局 typeset ed. in traditional binding (first printing 1915), with prefs. by Liu Fengzhang 劉鳳章 (1915) and compiler (1914). [Shoudu] Rem.: A compilation of general maxims (格言) extracted from a va-

riety of texts—official handbooks and others—from Song to Qing, intended for county magistrates. J. 1 quotes from 15 authors (many of them discussed in the present bibliography), including Zhen Dexiu 真 德秀, Wang Shouren 王守仁 (Yangming 陽明) (quite extensively), Geng Dingxiang 耿定向, Gu Yanwu 顧炎武, Yu Chenglong 于成龍, Tang Bin 湯斌, and Xiong Hongbei 熊弘備; each author is represented by a variable number of items (from 1 to 19), some texts being quoted in full. J. 2 is entirely devoted to Lü Kun’s Shizheng lu (q.v.) (6 items) and to Chen Hongmou’s letters (see under Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao) (104 items). Liu Fengzhang’s pref. insists on the importance of going back to such authors during the chaotic first years of the new Republic, and in particular on the exceptional value of Lü Kun’s works, which have fallen into oblivion with the vogue of “new theories” (新說). Wu Menglong’s pref. claims that since his appointment as magistrate of Sangzhi 桑植 (Hunan) he devotes his spare time to reading these important authors. It also deplores the sorry condition of the people and the mixed quality of magistrates since the foundation of the Republic: the few among them inclined to do good lack either the experience or culture and need guidance from works such as the present compilation. Bio.: The only information about Wu Menglong is that he had the status of a third class tribute student (附貢生), presumably acquired under the ancient

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regime, and that he was appointed magistrate (縣長) of Wangdu 望都 (Zhili) in 1926. See Wangdu XZ (1934), 6/21b. [LG] 0089

Muling xuzhi jiangyi 牧令須知講義, 1 ce [Lectures on What Must Be Known by Magistrates] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated mimeographed copy from a Republican-period manuscript; title on cover Muling xuzhi. [Beitu] Rem.: The intro. (緒論) implies that the text was composed in 1914

or 1915 (“three years having not yet elapsed since the foundation of the Republic”); it deplores the disorderly condition of the country at large, and more particularly the erratic way officials are selected in the different provinces and the lack of experience and qualification of the new local officials and absence of dependable regulations, which might put the future of the new Republic in jeopardy. The present work is part of an effort encouraged by the president of the Republic (i.e., Yuan Shikai 袁世凱) to train local officials, a problem always encountered at the start of dynasties once military conquest is over. It attempts to instill new administrators with the values of the hallowed mid-Qing bureaucratic elite. The body of the work consists of extracts from well-known guanzhen texts by such authors as Wang Huizu (the single most cited author), Wang Fengsheng, Li Fu, Chen Hongmou, Yuan Shouding, Yuan Mei, Pan Biaocan, Xie Jinluan, Liu Heng, Tian Wenjing, Ye Zhen (all represented in the present bibliography), and more. The exact citations are not provided. The texts are distributed among the following chapters: “Foundations of government” (治原), “Policies” (政略), “Managing one’s family” (持家), “Hiring people” (用人), “Serving superiors” (事上), “Dealing with subalterns” (接下), “Selecting good advice” (取善), and “Rejecting bad practices” (屏惡). [PEW]

0090

Jiangli fayan 將吏法言, 8 j. [Admonitions to Military and Civilian Officials] By Xu Shichang 徐世昌 (z. Juren 菊人, h. Donghai 東海) (1858–1939) (js. 1886), from Tianjin 天津 (Zhili)

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1919 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated typeset ed. of the Jingyuantang 靜遠堂, Tianjin, with author’s pref. (1919). [*Congress/LL] [*Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in GZSJC, vol. 10.

Rem.: The work can be described as a somewhat desperate attempt at easing the harsh realities of the troubled early Republican era by reviving the hallowed values of old-style local governance. Previously a close associate of Yuan Shikai and a champion of the late-Qing New Policies (新政), later a chief of staff in the Zhili army and a governor-general of the Northeast provinces, Xu was about to assume the presidency of the Republic when he composed the present work. J. 1 is devoted to military governors (督軍), who were preeminent in early-Republican politics; j. 2 and 3 deal with provincial civil governors (省長), and intendants and prefects (道尹), respectively. The rest is devoted to magistrates (知事), with sections on personal behavior, taxation, finances, police, law, agriculture, water control, famine relief, and more. While the author’s pref. celebrates the “democratic Republic” as a realisation of the teachings of the ancient sages, much of the contents of the work consist of quotations from ancient texts, or from such classic authors on local government as Chen Hongmou, Liu Heng, Yuan Mei, and others. Bio.: see under Lidai lizhi juyao. Bibliography entries for same author: Lidai lizhi juyao.

0091

[JB]

Shenduan xuzhi 審斷須知, 1 j. [What Must Be Known About Judgments] Comp. Wei Songtang 魏頌唐 1925 Ed.: – *1925 ed., n.p. [Zhejiang]

Rem.: An anthology of “sayings by ancient Confucians” (先儒語錄) dealing with the judicial process, but in reality (claims the compiler in his presentation on the cover-leaf) largely devoted to virtue and rites, as they are inseparable from judicial administration. The principles embodied in the texts (given with punctuation) should allow magistrates to take the teaching of virtue as substance, and the laws currently enforced as instrument (以德教為體, 以現行法令為用). [TCF]

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Congzheng lianggui 從政良規, 16 j. [Good Models for Pursuing Government] Comp. Liu Yunjun 柳運鈞 (h. Shifu 石甫) 1935 Ed.:

– *1935 ms. ed. with prefs. by Peng Qingli 彭清藜 (n.d.) and compiler (1935); the cover bears “stationery of the Changyue customs inspector’s office” (長岳關監督署用箋). [Hunan]

Rem.: A handbook compiled for the magistrates of Hunan by Liu Yunjun on the orders of the chief of the province’s Bureau of Civilian Affairs 湖南省民政廳, a certain Ling 凌, for the sake of a campaign to promote “peace, nourishment, and education” (安養教) in the administration of Hunan counties. The format followed is that of Muling shu (q.v.). 15 of the 16 sections are the same as the first 15 sections of the original Muling shu (the section on justice is called xingfa 刑罰 instead of xingming 刑名); section 16 is on baojia. The authors from whom extracts are quoted (all of them Qing, many of them represented in the present bibliography) are Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀, Cai Shiyuan 蔡世遠, Li Fu 李 紱, Yan Yudun 嚴虞惇, Wang Fengsheng 王鳳生, Chen Qingmen 陳慶 門, Lu Xiangrong 陸向榮, Yuan Shouding 袁守定, Ye Zhen 葉鎮, Wang Huizu 汪輝祖, Zhou Jihua 周際華, Xie Jinluan 謝金鑾, He Shiqi 何士祁, Yuan Mei 袁枚, Wang Zhi 王植, and Wang Shijun 王士俊. [GRT]

1.4

Explanations of the Administrative Structure and Overviews of the Government

[SONG] 0093

Chaoye leiyao 朝野類要, 5 j. [Important Affairs concerning the Court and Country] By Zhao Sheng 趙升 (z. Xiangchen 向晨), from Wenchang 文昌 (present-day Guangdong) 1236 pref. Ed.: – Undated (Qianlong-period) Wuying dian juzhenban 武英殿聚珍板 movable-type ed. [Gugong Taipei]

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– *In Siku quanshu, vol. 854, with author’s pref. (1236). – 1828 Fujian new ed. (叢刊). [Zhongyang] – In Zhibuzu zhai congshu, j. 13. – In Rongyuan congshu, 丙. – In Biji xiaoshuo daguan.

Rem.: A compendium of short notices (some no more than one or two lines, or just a few words) explaining the terminology and practices of the political and administrative system in the Southern Song. The 326 entries are distributed among 20 categories: “Dispositions at court” (班朝), “Ceremonies and rituals” (典禮), and “Old precedents” (故事) (j. 1); “Appellations” (稱謂), “Examination matters” (舉業), and “Medicine and divination” (醫卜) (j. 2); “Entering official careers” (入仕), “Assignments” (差除), “Promotions” (升轉), “Ranks and salaries” (爵祿), and “Offices” (職任) (j. 3); “Laws and ordinances” (法令), “Documents” (文書), “Administrative affairs” (政事), “Various regulations” (雜制), and “Military commands” (帥幕) (j. 4); “Demotions and dismissals” (降免), “Retirement” (退閒), “Bereavement and death” (憂難), and “Supplements” (餘紀, a sort of varia) (j. 5). The author, about whom nothing is known, says in his preface that he collected his information through direct observation and by talking to knowledgeable people during his stay in the capital. Only information on the inner workings of the imperial palace has been omitted. The work is described as a “handy ‘pocket book’” in Umehara Kaoru’s notice (see below, Hervouet). The Siku commentators (who list only 14 categories out of 20) consider that because of institutional change since the Song its value is essentially for research (有功於考證). There are a number of eds. besides the ones cited above.

Ref. and studies: Siku, 118/2491. Hervouet, 194. Watanabe, Chōya ruiyō no sōgōteki kenkyū. [PEW] [MING]

Guanyuan pinji kao 官員品級考 See: Pinji kao Wenjian lu 聞見錄 See: Shixue quanshu

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Guanzhi beikao 官制備考, 2 j. [A Complete Study of the System of Officials] Comp. (纂輯) Li Rihua 李日華 (z. Junshi 君實, h. Zhulan 竹懶, Jiuyi 九疑) (1565–1635) (js. 1592), from Jiaxing 嘉興 (Zhejiang) 1640 Ed.:

– *[1640] ed., coll. by the Liuyou tang 六有堂精訂, “blocks kept at this yamen” (本衙藏板), completed (補訂) by Lu Zhongmin 魯重民 and edited (校定) by Qian Weiqi 錢蔚起, with pref. by Feng Shihua 馮士驊 (n.d.), as part of Siliu quanshu 四六全書. The Siliu quanshu cover-leaf forbids facsimiles (翻刻必究) and indicates that the blocks are kept in the Qian family residence (錢衙藏板). The collection has prefs. by Li Jinglian 李景 廉 (1640), Qian Shanqi 錢善起 (1640), a fanli signed by the master of the Liuyou tang (六有堂主人), and an account of the publication (刻四六 全書述) by Li’s son Zhaoheng 肇亨 (1640). All the extant editions, either of the entire collection or of individual works, originate in this 1640 ed. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton] – Undated ed. published by the Lu 魯 family from Wulin 武林 [Hangzhou], completed by Lu Zhongmin and ed. by Qian Weiqi, first title in Siliu quanshu. [Ōki (1628 according to cat.)] – *Undated ed., cover-leaf with mention “blocks kept at this yamen,” second title in Siliu quanshu (the collection has no cover-leaf or publisher name, but has the same pref. and fanli as above; the copy seen has only Siliu leibian and Guanzhi beikao), completed by Lu Zhongmin and edited by Qian Weiqi, with pref. by Feng Shihua (n.d.). [Beitu] – *Undated ed., completed by Lu Zhongmin and ed. by Qian Weiqi, with pref. by Feng Shihua (n.d.), cover-leaf with mention “blocks kept at this yamen,” first title in Siliu quanshu (Baobian zhai ed. 豹變齋藏板, with same 1640 pref., account, fanli as above; the individual works have the sole mention “本衙藏板”). [*Harvard, first title in Siliu quanshu, no coverleaf; the Siliu quanshu cover-leaf lists the five works therein and adds the mention “with explanations by categories” (附分門註釋); the pref., account, and fanli are placed before Siliu leibian (last work in the series)] [Beida, same cover-leaf except that the mention “附分門註釋” is replaced with “未刻新箋”] [*Tōyō Bunko] – Undated separate copies completed by Lu Zhongmin and edited by Qian Weiqi, with pref. by Feng Shihua (n.d.), extracted from one of the above editions. [Faxue suo, also with pref. by Zhao Kai 兆開 (n.d.)] [Gugong Taipei] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] [Beitu] [Congress] [*Ōki]

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– Undated ms. ed. with pref. by Feng Shihua. [Fu Sinian, lost] – *Undated Edo-period ms. ed. with pref. by Feng Shihua, reproducing the format of the printed edition. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton] – *Photo-repro. of Baobian zhai ed. at Beida, in Siku jinhui shu congkan, bubian, vol. 35–36. – *Photo-repro. of a copy of “1628” Lu-family ed. of Siliu quanshu held at Qinghua, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 259, with pref. by Feng Shihua (the date 1628 given by the SKCMCS editors does not appear in the reproduction).

Rem.: According to his own account, in 1640 Li Zhaoheng, Li Rihua’s son, assembled his father’s works, including Guanzhi beikao, Yutu zhaiyao 輿圖摘要, Xingshi puzuan 姓氏譜纂, Shiwu dianhui 時物典 彙, and Siliu leibian 四六類編; he had them printed under the general title Siliu quanshu. He was helped by two scholars from Hangzhou, Lu Zhongmin and Qian Wenqi, in correcting, augmenting, and reordering the texts. There are several difficulties with this collection. First, according to some reprints and catalogs, the copies in several libraries (e.g. Shandong, Beida, Ōki, Qinghua) are dated 1628, which in fact seems to stand for the Chongzhen era (1628–44). Then, in the Naikaku, Beida, and Shandong copies at least (i.e., the reproductions seen), the name of Huang Zhouxing 黃周星, the author of Baijia xing xinjian 百 家姓新箋—a reordering (重演) of the names in Baijia xing that is expanded in Xingshi puzuan—becomes “Ming Zhou Xing” 明周星, suggesting that the production of at least this work dates from the early Qing. (The name Huang Zhouxing, a 1640 jinshi, is provided by the Siku editors.) Following the Siku commentators, catalogers at the Library of Congress express doubts on Li Rihua’s authorship and suspect that the collection may have been largely concocted by his “editors” Qian Weiqi and Lu Zhongmin, with Li Zhiheng’s approval, all of them wanting to benefit from Li Rihua’s reputation as a “gentleman of wide erudition” (博物君子). The Siku commentators also point out that the date given by Huang Zhouxing himself for his reordering of Baijia xing occurred after Li Rihua’s death. In Li’s DMB biography, Fang Chao-ying says that the works are “attributed” to him and claims that “the collection [which he dates 1630] is evidently the work of a bookseller”; yet Li Zhaoheng is positive that the notes were taken and arranged by his late father and that he edited them with the help of Lu Zhongmin and Qian Weiqi. Finally, in some eds. of Siliu quanshu, Siliu leibian is in 13 j., while in others it has been expanded to 16 j. (essentialy by having each entry start on a new page). Guanzhi beikao is a description of all the civilian and military offices at the capital, from the enfeoffed members of the

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imperial clan (宗藩), administrators of the imperial clan (宗人府), and grand secretaries (殿閣學士) down to the military school for metropolitan guards (京衛武學), in j. 1; and in the provinces, from administration commissioner (布政司) and surveillance commissioner (按察司) down to the native officials (土官) in the Southwest, and including the princely fiefs, in the somewhat shorter j. 2 (28 folios as against 44 in j. 1); the latter also includes entries on the central military commands (督 府), the embroidered-uniform imperial guards (錦衣衛), the eunuchs, and ends with a list of honorary titles (爵秩) conferred upon civilian and military officials according to their rank (品). The complete list of offices described is given in the mulu of each juan (or of the entire work in some copies). For each, there is an historical account of its creation, functions, and personnel, followed by a description of its organization and circumstances under the Ming. The Siku editors claim that the book is full of errors and should not be used as reference (舛漏頗多，不足 以備考證). Fang Chao-ying describes Guanzhi beikao as “a government handbook stressing the proper way to address people,” though in fact only a six-page appendix at the end deals with terms of address (稱呼). Siliu leibian, another work in the collection, is an anthology of letters in “four-six” parallel style by a large number of authors, including Li Rihua himself; interestingly, the letters in j. 1–8 (out of 13) are addressed to officials and are classified by posts in the same order than the descriptions in Guanzhi beikao.

Bio.: The son of a modest landowner with some lowly official ancestry, Li Rihua became a juren in 1591 and a jinshi in 1592. His first post was prefectural judge (推官) of Jiujiang 九江 (Jiangxi), where he served through 1598, with occasional stints as acting magistrate or prefect. In his evaluation he was demoted by one rank for negligence. He was appointed assistant magistrate (州判) of Ruzhou 汝州 (Henan) in 1600 and magistrate of Xihua 西華 (Henan) in 1601. In 1604 he was temporarily assigned to work at flood control on the Yellow River, but after his mother’s death went into mourning and then stayed home for nearly twenty years. He was recalled to service in the central government in 1624, but managed to get an assignment out of the capital at the height of the eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian’s 魏忠賢 control of the government. He had hopes of serving under the new emperor (Chongzhen, who succeeded Tianqi in 1627), but fell ill and was granted leave. His last promotion was to vice-minister (少卿) in the Court of the Imperial Stud in 1628; he retired at the end of the same year. He was especially known as a calligrapher, painter, and connoisseur, and for his interest in Buddhism and Daoism. See Jiaxing XZ (1637), 14/9a–10b; DMB, 826–30; Renming quanwei.

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Ref. and studies: Siku, 80/1689–90. Congress Rare Books, 402–404, 1138–39. Guji shanben, 叢, 611. “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 57 (by Xu Lizhi 徐立志). [TN, PEW] 0095

Mingzhi pian 明職篇, 1 j. [Explaining Administrative Functions] By Lü Kun 呂坤 (z. Xinwu 新吾, h. Shujian 叔簡) (1536–1618) (js. 1574), from Ningling 寧陵 (Henan) 1592 pref. Ed.:

– 1624 ed. by Fujian governor Nan Juyi 南居益 (js. 1601) titled Mingzhi. [Hōsa Bunko] – *Undated Jianyu tang ed. 健餘堂藏板 titled Mingzhi, “recorded” (輯錄) by Yin Huiyi 尹會一, with prefs. by Yin Huiyi (1739) and Lü Kun (1592). [*Tōyō Bunko] [Zhongguo renmin daxue] – *Undated ed. printed by the Guiji Wu family 會稽吳氏, with pref. by Pan Shi’en 潘世恩 (1833) and original pref. by Lü Kun (n.d.), “compiled” (手輯) by Pan Shi’en, postf. (跋) by Wu Jie 吳傑 (1833) titled Lü Shujian xiansheng 呂叔簡先生 mingzhi pian. [*Ōki] – *1892 new ed. (重刊) of the Qingyuan shuyuan 清源書院 [清原書館 on the back of cover-leaf] at Quanzhou, Pan Shi’en cited as compiler, titled Lü Shujian xiansheng mingzhi pian, with pref. by Pan Shi’en (1833), original pref. by Lü Kun (n.d.), postfs. by Wu Jie (1833) and Shen Yuanshen 沈源深 (1891), colophon (附識) by Wang Shouting 王壽廷 (1892). [Columbia] – *Photo-repro. of undated ed. at Zhongguo renmin daxue, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 262.

Rem.: This is the text of j. 1 of Lü Kun’s Shizheng lu (q.v.), though with some differences. It features 18 entries on the responsibilities attached to the various official positions in the provincial administration, from bottom to top. The Shizheng lu version has 8 more, mainly dealing with the various statuses of people entering an official career (出 身) and the responsibilities of certain offices; the entries missing in the present version are entitled “Clerk status” (吏承出身), “Responsibilities of granary officials” (倉官之職) , “Official family or tribute student by purchase status” 官恩例貢出身, “Tribute student status” (貢士出身), “Examination graduate status” (科甲出身), “Responsibilities in the Salt Administration” (鹽運司之職), and “Military responsibilities” (武職 一、武職二). There are also some variations in wording, the separate version tending to be more focused and less tied to the circumstances

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of its composition. Mingzhi (or Mingzhi pian) seems to have been rather widely circulated as a separate work. For example, Guo Zizhang 郭子 章 (1542–1618) wrote a preface to it in which he claimed to have printed the work twice, in Huguang and in Shanxi (see below, Xie Yang). The first two entries, titled “Ming dizi yuan zhi zhi” 明弟子員之職 (entries 12–13 in the Shizheng lu version), are devoted to the training and role of literati. The original text was composed in 1592 while Lü Kun was a censor and grand coordinator of Shanxi (以僉都御史巡撫山右); his aim was to clearly delineate the duties of each position for the sake of his colleagues. (Entry #13 actually reproduces a speech delivered by Lü Kun to his subordinates in 6th month, 1592.) When Yin Huiyi, then Henan governor, republished the text in 1739, he likewise aimed at teaching his junior colleagues how to “fulfill their function completely” (盡職) and thus ensure good government.

Bio.: The son of a family classified as artisans, Lü Kun became a bachelor at age 20, a juren at 26, and a jinshi at 39. He started his career as a magistrate in Shanxi, where he seems to have been highly successful. In 1578 he became a secretary, and three years later a bureau chief at the Ministry of Personnel, where he spent about ten years with a three-year interruption spent on leave in his native county. In 1587 he was sent to Shandong, and two years later to Shanxi as surveillance commissioner, where he wrote Fengxian yue (q.v.), also part of Shizheng lu. After a short stay in Shaanxi he went back in 1591 to Shanxi as grand coordinator. He was called back to the capital in 1593, and served in the Censorate and at the Ministry of Justice. He resigned in 1597 on the grounds of illness. See MS, 226/2937–43; Ningling XZ (1693, 1893), 9/10b–15a; DMB, 1006–10; Handlin, Action in Late Ming Thought, passim; Zheng Han, Lü Kun nianpu; Ma Tao, Lü Kun sixiang yanjiu, 32–47; Id., Lü Kun pingzhuan; Yamane, “Ryo Kon no hito to sono chosaku,” 517–22. Ref. and studies: Siku, 80/1694, titled Mingzhi. Xie, “Wenji de kanke yu shi­ dai zhengzhi,” 181–85, emphasizing the differences of content and wording with the Shizheng lu version. Bibliography entries for same author: Shizheng lu; Shizheng lu jiechao; Xingzheng jielu; Fengxian yue; Jiuming shu; Zhancheng huowen. [LG, PEW]

0096

Guanjue zhi 官爵志, 3 j. [A Treatise on Official Titles] Comp. (輯) Xu Shiqi 徐石麒 (original m. Wenzhi 文治, z. Baomo 寶摩, h. Yuqiu 虞求, s. Zhongxiang 忠襄, Zhongyi 忠懿) (1578–1645) (js. 1622), from Jiaxing 嘉興 (Zhejiang)

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N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., with stamp indicating that it belonged to the family of Wu Yuchi 吳玉墀 and was received from the governor of Zhejiang, presumably for the Siku quanshu project, in the 11th month of 1773. [*Beiping Mf., reel #508] [Gugong Taipei] – Undated (Qing) ms. ed., coll. Wu Qian 吳騫. [Shanghai] – Undated (Qing) ms. ed., coll. and with postf. by Han Chong 韓崇. [Beitu] – *Undated ms. ed. on plain paper, no page numbers, in 2 ce. [Congress] – In Xuehai leibian, 集餘二, 事功 (and Baibu congshu jicheng). – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 885, based on Xuehai lei­ bian ed. – In Biji xiaoshuo daguan, liubian. – *Photo-repro. of ms. ed. at Shanghai, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 749. – *Photo-repro. of ms. ed. at Beitu, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 260.

Rem.: A brief summary of the organization of officialdom in the Ming, with explanation of the historical background of each rank, distinction, position, institution, etc., followed by the Ming situation. J. 1, on general notions, starts with an enumeration of officially conferred statuses and ranks, including various honorary ranks and titles. Other topics include the salaries corresponding to each rank (from imperial household members to clerks), permitted holidays, probationary status, recommendation, retirement, and more. The next two juan list all formally appointed positions in the Ming bureaucracy, down to clerk level, both in the capital (j. 2) and in the provinces (j. 3). The entries are organized by office or bureau; they provide a brief description of the historical origins of the unit in question, and then describe the current positions and respective ranks of all the officials or formally appointed clerks serving there. The Siku editors note that, for the most part, the historical descriptions were already available in general reference works. In the mss. at Gugong Taipei and Beitu, phrases such as 國朝, 國初, 大明, etc., used to introduce Ming contents, are preceded by a blank space, suggesting they are Ming copies; in the mss. at Shanghai and Congress there is no space, suggesting Qing copies. (In many entries the Ming contents are introduced by “today” 今.) In all the mss. seen the name of the author is preceded by the character “Ming” 明, which may or may not have been inserted afterward.

Bio.: After his jinshi Xu Shiqi was appointed bureau secretary in the Ministry of Works. In that role he offended the eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢, and was framed in a bribery case and stripped of his official status. After Wei’s

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fall he was called back to office in 1628. Beginning in 1630 he served for almost a decade in several ministries in Nanjing, starting as secretary in the Ministry of Rites. Around 1636 he was appointed vice-governor (府丞) in Nanjing’s capital prefecture, Yingtian 應天. Some two years later he was called to Beijing, where he served at the Office of Transmission and at the Court of Imperial Entertainments. His promotion in early 1642 to junior vice-minister (右侍郎) in the Ministry of Justice put him in the middle of the political struggles at court. When the minister of Justice was imprisoned he became acting head of the Ministry. He upheld the execution of a military commander backed by an important political faction and earned their enmity. Later in the same year he ended up at odds with the emperor over the fate of a famous senior official who had been imprisoned. He was permitted to resign in early 1643. After the fall of Beijing in 1644 he served the Southern Ming court in Nanjing, but soon fell victim to factional struggles and resigned; he was at home when Nanjing fell. When Qing troops arrived in Jiaxing he joined in organizing the defense, and committed suicide when the city fell. See MS, 275/7039; Huang Zongxi 黃 宗羲, Nanlei wending beizhuan 南雷文定碑傳, 5/71; Qingpu 青浦 XZ (1788), 28/14b; Jiangning 江寧 FZ (1806), 25/14a; Ming shilu: Chongzhen shilu, 15/451, 15/459, 16/462, 17/513; Tan Qian 談遷, Guoque 國榷, 94/5692, 97/5833, 97/5875, 97/5888, 98/5918, 98/5947, 99/5960, 100/6013, 101/6097, 102/6125, 103/6153; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Siku, 80/1691. Guji shanben, 叢, 358. Congress Rare Books (xu), 92–93. [TN, PEW] 0097

Pinji kao 品級考, 2 j. [An Examination of Official Ranks] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– Undated (Wanli-period) ed. printed by Min Tingjia 閔廷甲. [Jiangxi sheng tushuguan] – *Undated ms. ed. with joint pref. by Liu Yuanlin 劉元霖, Feng Shengyu 馮生虞, Li Fuyang 李復陽, and Huang Jin 黃縉 (1592). [*Beiping Mf., reel #500] [Gugong Taipei] – *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), 1629 and Chongzhen eds., titled Chongke guanyuan 重刻官員 pinji kao. – *ms. copy in Mingdai tongji fenlei gao 明代通紀分類稿 (a Republicanperiod manuscript collection of Ming materials in 49 fasc.), fasc. 4–6,

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with joint pref. by Liu Yuanlin, Feng Shengyu, Li Fuyang, and Huang Jin (1592), without juan division. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of copy in Beitu in Xijian Mingshi shiji jicun 稀見明史史籍 輯存 (Beijing: Xianzhuang shuju, 2003), vol. 30.

Rem.: A listing of all official posts in the Ming bureaucracy arranged by descending order of rank, from rank 1A (正一品) all the way to unranked (未入流). For each rank are indicated not only the corresponding posts, but also from which posts one can be promoted to them (由), and to which posts one can be further promoted (陞)—what was called “progression rules” (慣例). There are occasional notes giving names of officials as examples or mentioning historically documented exceptions to the rules. The work is comparable to the “Guanpin ling” 官品令 in the Tang Ordinances (唐令), but it is unique in providing the reader with a systematic presentation of the “progression” rules. In his study of Guanchang zhengyao (see below), Takigawa mentions as possible variants of the Guanyuan pinji kao found therein several versions of Pinji kao cited in the bibliographic treatise of Mingshi (in 5 j.) and in Qianqing tang shumu 千頃堂書目 (in 2 or 5 j.), and the version in 2 j. attributed to Liu Yuanlin. Likewise, the work is probably similar to Guanji yousheng (q.v.). In the versions in 5 j. the 19 steps from rank 1A to unranked are divided into five sections instead of two (ranks 1–6 and 7-unranked) in the versions in 2 j. The same content is also found in the middle register of j. 首 of Da Ming lüli linmin baojing (q.v.), and in tables called Shengguan tu 陞官圖, Baiguan duo 百官鐸, and other names, that were popular from the Ming through the Republican periods (and were adapted in Japan taking account of local institutions), and served as a support for a game played with dice (see, e.g., the entry “Shengguan tu” in Liang Zhangju 梁 章鉅, Langji congtan 浪跡叢談 [Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1997], 97–98). There also existed several officially published Pinji kao in the Qing (see, e.g., the Beitu cat.) Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 叢, 256, 257. Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 15–18. Bu Yongjian, Youxi guanchang. [TN, PEW]

0098

Guanji yousheng 官級由陞, 2 j. [Official Ranks and the Promotion Track] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

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– In Guantu zijian (q.v.). – In Gezhi congshu.

Rem.: Apparently a text similar, possibly identical, to Pinji kao (q.v.). The two collections where it is found were both compiled by Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥 and date to the first decade of the seventeenth century. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 叢, 226.

0099

[PEW]

Gujin zhiping lüe 古今治平畧, 33 j. [A Brief Account of Governance Ancient and Present] By Zhu Jian 朱健 (z. Ziqiang 子強, h. Cangyai zi 蒼崖子) (d. 1644) (jr. 1621), from Jinxian 進賢 (Jiangxi) 1638 Ed.:

– *[1638] ed. printed by Zhong Hong 鍾鋐, from Qiantang, with prefs. by Zhu Jian (1638), Xiong Renlin 熊人霖 (1638), and Zhong Hong (1638). [*Beitu, two copies, in 31 ce and 48 ce respectively] [*Tōdai, without Xiong Renlin’s pref.] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Undated (Chongzhen-period) ed. printed by Zhong Hong, with prefs. by Xiong Renlin (1638), Zhu Jian (1638), Zhong Hong (1638), Zhu Hui 朱 (1639), and Chen Zilong 陳子龍 (n.d.). [*Harvard, prefs. in a different order, missing first page of Zhong Hong’s pref., one page of Chen Zilong’s pref., and last page of table of contents] [*Zhejiang, prefs. in a different order] [Zhongyang, *mf. at Princeton, missing pages at end of j. 33, with short intro. by Zhu Hui (n.d.), no pref. by Chen, cat. says 1639 ed.] [Zhongyang, j. 1–3 extant, only Xiong Renlin’s pref.] – Undated (Chongzhen-period) ed. with prefs. by Xiong Renlin (1639), Zhu Hui (1639), Zhong Hong (1639), Zhu Qiang 朱强 (probably for Zhu Ziqiang, the author) (1639), Chen Zilong (n.d.); possibly same as above. [Congress, dated 1639 in cat.] – *Undated (Chongzhen-period) ed. with prefs. by Fu Guan 傅冠, from Yuzhang 豫章 (Nanchang) (1639), Chen Zilong (n.d.), Zhu Hui (1639), Xiong Renlin (1638), Zhong Hong (1638), and author (1638). [*Fu Sinian] [Hōsa Bunko] [Naikaku] [*Ōki, prefs. in a different order and without Chen Zilong’s pref.] – *Undated (Early Qing) ms. ed., 3 ce, no juan division, no pref., 國朝 replaced by 明朝. [Zhongyang, *mf. at Princeton] – *Abbreviated [1663] ed. in 30 j., titled Huicao tang zhiping leizuan 彚草 堂治平類纂 (title in margins Zhiping leizuan), with pref. by Huicao tang

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zhuren 主人 (1663). Zhu Jian and Zhu Hui are listed as “original author” (yuanzhu 原著) and “original editor” (yuanding 原訂), respectively. [Congress] [*Princeton] [ZKT] – [1664] Zhuoguan tang 卓觀堂 ed. in 35 j. (name of publisher in the lower central margins), titled Dingbu 訂補 gujin zhiping lüe, edited and augmented (dingbu) by Zhang Shifei 章士斐, collated (校) by his son Kangong 章戡功 (from j. 30), with pref. by Yan Hang 嚴沆 (1664, to dingbu), original pref. to Zhiping lüe by Xiong Renlin (n.d.). [Hōsa Bunko] [*Tōdai] – *Undated ed. in 33 j. newly edited (重訂) and printed by Jiang Xian’geng 蔣先庚, titled Zhiping lüe zengding quanshu 增定全書 (title in central margins: Zhiping quanshu), with prefs. by Jiang Xian’geng (1664), Chen Shigu 陳時穀 (1664), and Zhu Tingyue 祝霆月 (1664); Zhu Jian and Zhu Hui given as “original authors” (原著), Jiang Xian’geng and Chen Shigu as “new editors” (重訂). [*Columbia, no cover-leaf] [*Harvard, no coverleaf] [Tōyō Bunko, Huicao tang ed. 彙草堂藏板, in 30 j.] [*Tōyō Bunka, cover-leaf indicating a Huicao tang ed. and giving Chen Meizai 陳美在 (i.e., Shigu), Jiang Zhenqing 蔣震青 (i.e., Xian’geng), and Zhu Xiangtan 祝 湘潭 (i.e, Tingyue), all from Xiling 西陵, as editors, with an advertisement text saying that outdated contents have been excised and that the work has been supplemented where data on statecraft 經濟 were insufficient] [*Beitu, same description, but cover-leaf indicating a Meishu shiqu ge ed. 梅墅石渠閣梓, no mention of Jiang Xian’geng as printer] – *Undated new ed. (重刊) of the Lailu tang 來鹿堂藏板, printed (重梓) by Zhang Pengfei 張鵬飛 from Ankang 安康, in 33 j., titled Zhiping lüe zeng­ ding quanshu, with prefs. by Jiang Xian’geng (1664), Chen Shigu (1664), Zhu Tingyue (1664), Zhu Jian (1638), and Zhu Hui (written 徽, 1639). (The imprint Lailu tang appears only on the cover-leaf and in the lower central margin in the prefs.; Zhang Pengfei’s mention as printer appears throughout in chapter captions.) [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of the Chongzhen-period ed. at Zhejiang, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 756–757. – *Photo-repro. of the abbreviated 1663 ed. in 30 j. titled Huicao tang zhi­ ping leizuan (copy at ZKT), in Siku jinhui shu congkan, 史, vol. 24–25.

Rem.: An historical and systematic account of the various aspects of government, premised on the notion that (in the terms of the Master of the Huicao tang in 1663) a sound training in historical precedents is essential to possess a comprehensive understanding of the substance of government (唯是練習典故即通識治體). The same preface writer notes (as do others) that one cannot read everything, hence this compact presentation, which offers materials for those who possess only

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a rudimentary training and attempt to figure things out (夫亦為簡練 揣摩者之所取資而已矣). Fu Guan, the author of a 1639 pref., likewise

compares the work to a Nanchang continuation of Wenxian tongkao (其吾豫章之續有文獻通考也), albeit in abridged form. The materials are arranged in successive sections (篇), starting with taxation (田賦) and corvée (戶役), continuing with finances (國計), agriculture (農政), military colonies (屯田), irrigation (水利), grain storage and purchase (貯糴), the grain tribute (漕運), currency (錢幣), the salt monopoly (鹽 課), various excise duties (雜征), famine relief (賑恤), river control (治 河), the official system (官制), selection of officials (銓選), evaluation of officials (考課), the examination system (貢舉), recommendation and appointment (薦辟), schools (學較), music (律呂), the calendar (曆法), astronomy (天文), geography (地理), the military system (兵制), frontier armies (邊兵), frontier defense (邊防), controlling barbarians (馭 夷), and capturing bandits (弭盜). It is explained at the beginning of the fanli that since economic matters (食貨) are of primary importance to make the people prosperous and strong, which is presently a matter of the utmost emergency, their discussion opens the work (j. 1–14), whereas the discussion of military and related matters is offered in the concluding chapters (j. 25–33). Matters pertaining to the government and state (which are responsible for defense) are inserted between the two. Each topic is discussed chronologically, starting with the Three Dynasties, then the Han, Tang, Song, and the present dynasty. (The list of regimes discussed may differ according to topic.) The text is heavily punctuated and underlined. The author’s pref. explains that the treatises in the dynastic histories have been his basic source (for pre-Han institutions he used the Zhouli), completed with the Tongdian, Tongzhi and Wenxian tongkao, and various contemporary materials on the Ming period. (Wenxian tongkao is indeed acknowledged as a model.) When he passed through Hangzhou in 1635, the author showed the manuscript to Zhong Hong, who arranged for the printing. In chapter captions Zhu Jian features as “author” (著), his younger brother Zhu Hui (z. Zimei 子 美, js. 1631) as “editor” (訂), and Zhong Hong as “collator” (較). The first four eds. listed above clearly used the same set of printing blocks completed in 1638, with variations in the assortment of prefaces. According to the Tōyō Bunka catalog the work has the alternative title Zhiping tongyi 通議. After the Qing conquest the sense of national urgency that motivated the text in the Chongzhen period was no longer in fashion, but the mass

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of conveniently organized information it conveys continued to be regarded as valuable. Thus, Jiang Xian’geng’s 1664 pref. insists (as Zhu Jian already did in his own pref.) on the necessity of possessing a thorough grasp of ancient institutions and policies to avoid being both “erroneous” (謬) and “ordinary” (傭) in one’s propositions. In the captions of j. 30–33 of the Jiang Xian’geng ed. the Zhu brothers are no longer mentioned as authors, while Jiang, Chen Shigu, and Zhu Tingyue are cited as “supplementers” (補遺). In the Qing editions, wherever necessary the text has been adapted to the new political situation and to Manchu sensibilities; in particular, the three chapters on frontier defense and barbarian management have been suppressed, as well as other offending passages, and the Ming dynasty is downgraded from “reigning dynasty” (國朝) to just one more historical regime (明代). The text of the Jiang Xian’geng ed. has been subjected to some reorganization and the missing materials have been replaced with chapters on matters little or not discussed in the original work, such as imperial capitals (都會), the ritual system (禮制), sacrifices in the suburbs (郊祀), the penal code (名法), and maritime defense (海防), so as to keep a total 33 chapters; similar arrangements have been made in the near-contemporary Huicao tang ed., but with less new insertions as it has only 30 juan. For a considerably enlarged and reorganized early-Qing version, see under Guang zhiping lüe. For a much abbreviated but equally reorganized Yongzheng-period version, see under Gujin zhiping huiyao.

Bio.: Zhu Jian was best known for his writings and met a tragic end. A 1621 juren, he never succeded at the jinshi examination. It was likely shortly after the present work was published that he was made prefectural judge (推官) in Shaowu 邵武 (Fujian). He had just arrived in 1644 when the prefecture was attacked during a local uprising. Zhu had no choice but to flee with the prefect. The prefect and the magistrate in the prefectural seat were charged with being cruel officials and were decapitated. Zhu was sentenced to strangulation and was killed despite the efforts of court officials to intervene in his favor. See Nanchang juncheng 南昌郡乘 (1663), 38/51a; Guian 歸安 XZ (1882), 42/13b– 14a; Shaowu 邵武 FZ (1900), 15/22b; Xu Zi 徐鼒, Xiaotian jinian 小腆紀年, 12/1b. Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:51a (in 40 j.). Congress Rare Books, 414–16. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:248–9. Franke, 6.6.8 says the work was completed in 1639 and describes it as an economic and political encyclopedia. [TN, PEW]

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Shixue quanshu 仕學全書, 20 + 15 j. [A Complete Book of Government Knowledge] By Lu Lun 魯論 (z. Kongbi 孔壁, h. Xilu 西麓) (1587–1671), from Xincheng 新城 (Jiangxi) 1643 pref. Ed.:

– Undated (Kangxi-period) movable-type ed. published by Lu Lun’s son, Lu Mengbi 夢弼, with prefs. by Ren Wenye 任文燁 (1667) and author (1643). [Fudan Univ.] – *Undated (Qianlong-period) new ed. by the author’s fifth-generation descendant, Lu Dingmei (五世孫鼎梅重梓), with prefs. by Liu Yuzhen 劉毓 珍 (1746) and author (1643). [Zhongyang minzu xueyuan, *photocopy at LSS] – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with prefs. by Liu Yuzhen (1746) and author (1643). [Columbia] – *New ed. by the author’s ninth-generation descendant, Lu Song (九世孫 頌重刊), with prefs. by Liu Yuzhen (1746), Ren Wenye (1667), and author (1643); contrary to the others, this ed. does not contain a biography of the author. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of Kangxi-period ed. at Fudan, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 262. Rem.: The original title was Wenjian lu 聞見錄, Shixue quanshu being

supplied by Ren Wenye for the ed. he prefaced in 1667. The work consists of a precise description of the institutions of the Ming state (what the author “saw”), organized on the pattern of the Zhouli and with commentaries making reference to the institutions of earlier dynasties, notably the Han, Tang, and Song (what he “heard of” through his readings). It is described in Liu Yuzhen’s pref. as a worthy continuation of the famous encyclopedias Tongdian 通典 and Wenxian tongkao 文獻通考, with the advantage of being much shorter and easier to handle. Lu Lun himself states that he started working on it in 1638, and indicates that his readings in the histories concerned in particuliar the endings of dynasties. The first part (上編, 20 j.) deals with the principal policies (大政) of the state, arranged by the six ministries, namely Personnel (j. 1), Revenue (j. 2–6), Rites (j. 7–12), War (j. 13–16), Justice (j. 17), and Public Works (j. 18–19), j. 20 giving addenda. The second part (下編, 15 j.) discusses all the officials of the empire, both civil and military, in the capital and in the provinces; the last two juan discuss the administration of the imperial palace and the imperial lineage establishments in the provinces, respectively. The work is also said to have been used as a manual for examinations: according to Liu’s pref., it was intended both for students as Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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an “aid to discuss examination subjects” (制策之津梁) and for officials as “regulations for the court” (象魏之令甲). Liu claims that it remained in the author’s family until one descendant showed it to him, but Ren Wenye already said the same thing referring to his encounter (as an examiner) with Lu Lun’s son in 1654, which resulted in the Kangxi-period movable-type ed.; he actually mentions an earlier edition printed in Suzhou, presumably at the end of the Ming. Interestingly, Ren says that the text, in which Lu was “shedding tears” at the painful condition of the late-Ming regime, can now help in building the new dynasty.

Bio.: Lu Lun was already a registered student in his home county when he was selected for and passed the special mingjing 明經 examination held in 1620 at the accession of the Tianqi emperor. Only in 1636 was he selected as vicemagistrate (同知) of Ying department 潁州 (Nan Zhili). That area had been overrun by the rebel Li Zicheng 李自成 in 1635 and was dealing with other uprisings as well. He no doubt played a role in rebuilding and strengthening defenses, but the leading role ascribed to him in his family biography and picked up in local gazetteers is not borne out in other sources. In 1637 he served for two months as acting magistrate of Tianchang 天長. In 1638 he handled delivery of tax revenues, then was appointed acting magistrate of Huoqiu 霍邱. In 1639 his service was evaluated highly and provincial leaders recommended that he be formally appointed, but instead he was sent as a registrar (經歷) in the Fujian Regional Military Commission (都指揮使司) to check files. He arrived in 1640, and the next year was made acting head of the Coastal Defense Office (海防館) in Fuzhou 福州 prefecture. In 1643 he was made vice-prefect (同知) in charge of the office, but upon receiving word that his home county had been plundered by bandits he went there instead, and stayed home until his death in 1671 at age 84. See his biography (本傳) reproduced after the prefs. to Shixue quanshu; Xincheng XZ (1751), 9/73b; Ying 潁 ZZ (1654), 10/20a. [TN] Ref. and studies: Siku, 80/1694. [LG] [QING A]

Huicao tang zhiping leizuan 彚草堂治平類纂 See: Gujin zhiping lüe 0101

Guang zhiping lüe 廣治平略, 44 or 36 + 8 j. [An Expansion of A Brief Account of Governance] Comp. (纂定, 纂訂, 訂定) Cai Fangbing 蔡方炳 (z. Jiuxia 九霞, h. Xiguan 息關) (1626–1709), from Kunshan 崑山 (Jiangsu) Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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1664 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 44 j., with pref. by Cai Fangbing (1664). [Faxue suo] [*Princeton, no cover-leaf] [ZKT] – *Undated ed. in 44 j. printed by the Shen Ning [?] from Jinchang [i.e., Suzhou] 金閶沈寧□梓行, in 36 + 8 j., with pref. by Cai Fangbing (1664). The cover-leaf refers to the Zhu brothers’ original authorship (see under Gujin zhiping lüe) with the words “朱子強子美兩先生原本,” and bears a printer’s advertisement explaining how Cai Fangbing was “beseeched” to compile a new version of a work that had become difficult to find, the warp being provided by the famous treatises Wenxian tongkao 文獻通考 and Daxue yanyi bu 大學衍義補, and the weft by a variety of memorials and policy treatises, while twelve categories not supplied by the original were added. [Ōki] – *1724 engraving (鐫) of the Jukui tang 聚奎堂藏版, in 44 j., with pref. by Cai Fangbing (1664). [Harvard, lacking a few final pages and with some pages hand-copied] – *Undated Qing ed. with Guang zhiping lüe in 36 j. , and Guang zhiping lüe xupian 續篇 in 8 j. (Xu guang zhiping lüe in central margins); the chapters in the main part and the supplement are arranged differently from the 44-j. ed. [Ōki] – *Undated Xiaolanghuan guan ed. 小琅嬛館 in 36 + 8 j., in very small size, title on cover-leaf Zhengxu 正續 guang zhiping lüe. [Tōyō Bunko] – Undated Yugu shanfang ed. 漁古山房藏板 (dated 1870 by Su Yigong [see below]). [Jimbun] – Undated Maowensheng tang 毛文生堂 ed. [Tōhoku Univ.] – *1884 Leshan tang typeset ed. in very small size (8.4 × 5.8 cm) 樂善堂 縮刻, with foreword (弁言) by Hanya xuan zhuren 函雅軒主人 (1882). [IHEC, only j. 1–10 in 1 ce extant] – 1887 litho. reprint, in 36 j. + 8 j. of supplement (補編). [Harvard] – 1888 Dianzhizhai 點石齋 ed., Shanghai. – *Photo-repro. of copy at ZKT, in Siku jinhui shu congkan, 史, vol. 23–24. – *Photo-repro. of an unspecified Qing ed. in 44 j., clearly from the same printing blocks as the 1724 Jukui tang ed., with Guang zhiping lüe bubian in 8 j., in Chinese binding, Yangzhou: Jiangsu Guangling guji keyinshe, 1989. [Columbia]

Rem.: An enlarged version of Zhou Jian’s Gujin zhiping lüe (q.v.), in 36 j. or 44 j., and 8 j. of supplement (補編). The Zhou brothers’ work is mentioned in passing in the preface and in the “Principles of compilation” (纂例), signed by Xiguan xuezhe Jiuxia shi 息關學者九霞氏 (i.e.,

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Cai Fangbing). Like the editors of other early Qing adaptations of Gujin zhiping lüe (see under this title), Cai Fangbing—who apparently responded to a bookseller’s entreaty—edited whatever might be regarded as offensive to the new regime, and in the chapters where the material is arranged by dynasties a section on the Ming (明代) was added, replacing the former guochao 國朝. However, contrary to those other adaptations, Cai considerably enlarged, reorganized, and rewrote the Zhous’ original work. In the mulu of the 44-chapter version, the title of each section (篇) is followed by an indication of what changes the compiler brought to the original text, using one of three phrases, shanbu yuanben 刪補 原本, zuanzheng dingben 纂正定本, and zengbian xinbian 增編新本; as explained in the “Principles of compilation,” the first means “cutting off the redundant and supplying the missing”; the second, “when something has already emerged from the womb, submit it to further research” (胚 胎已脫，重加考訂); and the third, “add comparable things for the sake of the general view” (添入義類蔚為大觀). The same “Principles” also explain in more detail which entries of the original work were split into several new sections, which sections were added, and the logic of the overall organization, which appears quite different from the late-Ming focus on revenue and defense as found in Gujin zhiping lüe, as it progresses from the ideological and bureaucratic foundations of the state to its economic, then ritual, military, and judicial functions, to conclude with chapters on scholarship and philosophy.The 8 juan of supplement are called either bubian (in chapter captions) or Xu guang zhiping lüe (on the cover-leaf); they feature eight chapters from the 44-j. Guang zhiping lüe, with no apparent reason for their selection. Bio.: Cai Fangbing was the second son of Cai Maode 懋德 (js. 1619), who died as Shanxi grand coordinator when Taiyuan was taken by the rebel Li Zicheng. He became a bachelor in the Ming (he was registered in Changzhou 長洲 county). In 1679 he was recommended for the Boxue hongci examination, but abstained from attending on the grounds of illness. In the early 1680s he was employed by Jiangnan governor-general Yu Chenglong 于成龍 and Jiangsu governor Tang Bin 湯斌. He was famous as a calligrapher and scholar, and author of several compilations on philosophy, history, and government. In Guang zhiping lüe his native place is given as Pingjiang 平江 (the name of Suzhou 蘇 州 prefecture in the Song and Yuan). See QSLZ, 71/14a; Kun Xin liangxian zhi 崑 新兩縣志 (1826), 27/7a; Suzhou 蘇州 FZ (1824), 100/19a–b. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 59 (by Su Yigong 蘇亦工). [PEW]

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Zhengxue lu 政學錄, 5 j. [A Record of Learning about Government] Comp. (輯) Zheng Duan 鄭端 (z. Sizhi 司直, Dexin 德信, s. Duanqing 端清) (1639–92) (js. 1659), from Zaoqiang 棗強 (Zhili) N.d. Ed.:

– Undated (Qing) ed., in 5 ce, by unspecified publisher, with author’s pref. (n.d.). [Taiwan daxue yanjiu tushuguan]. – *1879 Qiande tang 謙德堂 ed., in 4 ce, published as fasc. 163–166 of Jifu congshu, with author’s pref. (n.d.). [Fu Sinian] – *In Jifu congshu chubian (1913), shibu 史部, , with author’s pref. (n.d.). [IHEC] – *Photo-repro. of Jifu congshu chubian ed., in ZSJC, vol. 7. – *Photo-repro. of Jifu congshu chubian ed., without pref., in GZSJC, vol. 2. – *Photo-repro. of 1879 Qiande tang Jifu congshu ed. (copy in Cishu chubanshe library, Shanghai), in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 755. – *Photo-repro. of 1879 Qiande tang Jifu congshu ed. (copy at Qinghua), in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 262. – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 889–891, based on Jifu cong­shu ed.; in Congshu jicheng jianbian, fasc. 285–286, with author’s pref. (n.d.); and in Congshu jicheng xinbian, vol. 30.

Rem.: A composite work whose author states in his pref. that he collected several juan of materials on the “tasks of the time” (集有時務數 卷) when he was employed at the Ministry of Public Works, while at the same time enriching his knowledge of government by reading Lü Kun’s and She Ziqiang’s government manuals (治譜) (see under Shizheng lu and Zhipu; Zheng writes Yu 余 instead of She 佘, as do the Siku commentators). The work thus appears to date from Zheng’s early career as a capital official. Lü Kun is very frequently quoted, She Ziqiang more rarely so. The text discusses the tasks and various problems of every administrative unit and official position in the empire, from the Grand Secretariat down to localities. The essays on the Grand Secretariat and ministries (j. 1) and on individual provinces (j. 2) consist essentially of quotations from memorials and decisions dating from the Shunzhi and early Kangxi periods. Most sections in j. 1 begin with a structural overview of the agency concerned, indicating its origins and functions before discussing more detailed topics. Besides information concerning the geography and natural resources of each region, the considerations on the various official positions in the provinces in j. 2, from governors down to government students, quote liberally from Lü Kun’s Mingzhi pian (q.v.) and other writings; the subbureaucracy is also discussed.

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0102–0103

J. 3–5 are the equivalent of an extremely comprehensive and detailed standard magistrate handbook, starting with the appointment at the capital, then discussing the proper conduct of the official in his dealings with his colleagues, his subordinates, and the populace (including a few sections which are unusually frank in their approach), yamen organization, and the various tasks at hand, in the form of usually short paragraphs; however the essays on tax administration, famine relief, and the administration of justice in j. 5 are fairly extensive. The information on the practical side of administration in j. 4–5 occasionally provides a step-by-step guide on how to handle grain, taxes, legal affairs, and so on; much attention is paid to such minutiae of governance as procedural issues, proper methods for filling out forms, things to watch out for, etc. Although the work is clearly by Zheng Duan, for some reason the authorship at the beginning of j. 1 in the Congshu jicheng chubian version is given as “written (撰) by Yin Huiyi” 尹會一 (1691–1748) and compiled (輯) by Zheng Duan.”

Bio.: Zheng Duan entered the Hanlin Academy immediately after his jin­ shi, and in 1661 became a secretary in the Ministry of Public Works; he was promoted to bureau vice-director in 1667, and bureau director in the Ministry of Revenue in 1668. In 1670 he started his career in the provinces as education intendant (提學道) and vice-surveillance commissioner (按察司僉事) in Guizhou, a forlorn province still reeling from the troubles of the conquest. His career during the next decade was slowed by the mourning periods for his father and mother; during the years 1681–85 he was an intendant in Zhejiang, then in Shaanxi through 1687, becoming surveillance commissioner of Hunan in 1687 and administration commissioner of Anhui in 1688, governor of Hunan (偏沅巡撫) in 1689, and of Jiangsu the following year. See Zaoqiang XZ (1804), 14/12a–13a; Guizhou TZ (1948), Huanji zhi 宦蹟志, 11/1b; Mingren quanwei. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307. Siku, 80/1694. Chang, 1:167–8. Xu Zi, 238–69 (quoting parts of j. 3 under the title “Weiguan xuzhi” 為官須知). [NP, PEW] 0103

Jingji chengshu 經濟成書, 12 j. [A Complete Book on Statecraft] Comp. (輯評) Lin Yisu 林一𤨄 (z. Gongkai 公開) and Lin Yilin 林一璘 (z. Gongyun 公韞), from Putian 莆田 (Fujian) 1665 Ed.: – [1665] ed. with prefs. by Yu Yang 余颺 (1665), Lin Yisu (1665), and Lin Yilin (1665). [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Jimbun]

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Rem.: An anthology of texts on statecraft by Song and Ming authors (plus one Tang and two Yuan authors) aimed at examination candidates for the writing of essays on policies (策略), which acquired increased importance in the examinations after a reform decided in the 6th month of 1663 (the Lins’ prefs. are rather critical of eight-legged essays). The liyan 例言 (signed by Chuncao tang zhuren 春草堂主人, obviously meaning the two brothers) remarks that the more one advances in time, the more the system gets comprehensive (蓋經濟詳於宋明，代愈降則愈備也). As explained in the prefs., the brothers’ research started from such encyclopedic works as Zheng Qiao’s Tongzhi, Ma Duanlin’s (described as a Song author) Wenxian tongkao, and Qiu Jun’s Daxue yanyi bu, but they completed them combing through countless authors. The resulting 133 entries actually represent only one part of what was to be a much larger project. Most are rather general essays, each followed by a sometimes substantial comment signed by one of the two compilers. The texts in j. 1–2 are devoted to celestial phenomena (including the calendar and natural disasters) and geography, respectively; those in j. 3–10 are devoted to state matters, more or less in the order of the “six ministers” (六曹), namely the bureaucratic system (j. 3), examinations (j. 4), state finances and taxes (j. 5), currency, salt, customs, and famine relief (j. 6), rituals and music (j. 7), military matters and defense (j. 8), law and justice (j. 9), tribute transportation and water conservancy (j. 10); the texts in j. 11–12 deal with the classics, history, and calligraphy. (This order is painstakingly justified in Lin Yisu’s pref., each domain leading dynamically to the next.) Important passages in the texts and the end-comments are generously underlined with large circles besides each character, to the extent that on some pages there are almost as many circles as characters. According to the liyan it was only on the insistence of their friends and of a “book-merchant” (書賈) that the brothers eventually agreed to have it printed. Bio.: No further information is available on the Lins.

0104

[PEW]

Zuosi biji 左司筆記, 3 j. extant [Notes from the Office of the Left] By Wu Jing 吳暻 (z. Yuanlang 元朗, h. Xizhai 西齋) (js. 1688), from Taicang 太倉 (Jiangsu) 1703 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. draft in the author’s hand, with author’s pref. (1703) and postf. (跋) by Zhang Xie 張燮 (n.d.). [Beitu] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Rem.: As indicated in the pref., this was originally a work in 20 juan, composed between 1700 and 1703 while the author was an official at the Ministry of Revenue; only the first three have been preserved. The acknowledged inspiration for this institutional-historical encyclopedia focused on the current dynasty is the works of Du You and Ma Duanlin (whom Wu mentions as a Song author in his pref.), i.e., the Tongdian 通典 and Wenxian tongkao 文獻通考, respectively. The three surviving chapters deal with territories (疆域), population (戶口), and cultivated land (田地), respectively. The postf. is by the book collector who found the three fasc. still in existence. Bio.: Wu Jing was a son of the famous poet Wu Weiye 吳偉業 (1609–71). After his jinshi he started as a bureau secretary at the Ministry of Revenue, then became supervising censor for War (兵科給事中). For some reason he was dismissed from this position and became a cataloger for calligraphy and painting at the Wuying dian 武英殿. After returning home to mourn his mother he died aged 46. See Chang Zhao hezhi gao 常昭合志稿 (1904), 37/14b; Taicang ZZ (1919), 20/16a–b. [SWF]

0105

Benchao zhengzhi quanshu 本朝政治全書, 32 ce [A Complete Book on the Present Dynasty’s Government] Comp. Zhu Zhiren 朱植仁 (z. Xin’an 心菴), from Shanyin 山陰 (Jiangsu) ca. 1725 Ed.:

– *Undated Cheng’en tang 承恩堂 ed. (cited as “compiler” 纂輯 on the cover-leaf), with pref. by Zheng Dade 鄭大德 (1725) and an explanation of the editorial policies (纂輯全書記言) by Zhu Zhiren. [Beida]

Rem.: Zheng Dade claims in his pref. that the work is an ideal guide for “ordinary” officials having difficulties to find their way in the maze of government institutions, as he could himself experience: “It’s like walking in the night and getting a candle, sailing a boat and getting an oar, riding a cart and getting a wheel.” In his introductory explanation Zhu Zhiren claims that his work compares favorably with the disorderly compilations circulated by bookstores (坊鈔). His aim was to abstract and organize in a convenient way the materials found in official compendia as well as the latest precedents. A list of the works used is found on the cover-leaf, including Da Qing huidian 大清會典, Kechang tiaoli 科場條例 (for examinations), Xuezheng quanshu 學政全書 (for educational officials), Zhongshu zhengkao 中樞政考 (for the military), and Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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others. There are two parts arranged by “six ministries.” Most entries in the first part (前集) start with a quote from the 1686 Huidian, of which Zhu says that although it was distributed to all the governors they usually put it aside for reference, while a majority of the prefects and magistrates never have an occasion to see it; this is followed by quotations from the relevant edicts, memorials, and precedents. The second part (後集) essentially concerns the disciplinary regulations for officials (處 分則例); it is based on the 1686 Qinding 欽定 chufen zeli and enriched with precedents promulgated afterwards. The author started compiling the materials in 1697, and the present compilation was published after revising the manuscript three times.

Bio.: According to Zheng Dade’s pref. (Zheng was the magistrate of Zhu Zhiren’s native Shanyin), Zhu, who at the time of publishing was an expectant secretary at the Ministry of Personnel, had previously served as a private secretary in the cabinets of several high officials; his vast knowledge of government institutions was acquired over a period of thirty years. No further information is available. [PEW]

0106

Gujin zhiping huiyao 古今治平彙要, 14 j. [Essentials of Governance Ancient and Present] Comp. (纂) Yang Chaoguan 楊潮觀 (z. Hongdu 宏度, h. Lihu 笠湖) (jr. 1736), from Jinkui 金匱 (Jiangsu) N.d. Ed.:

– 1729 new engraving (新鐫) of the Wenju lou 文聚樓梓, warning against pirating (飜刻必究) on cover-leaf, with pref. by Min Yuyuan 閔豫原 (1729), explanations to readers (例言) by Yang Chaoguan. [*Beitu] [*Harvard, no cover-leaf] [*Ōki] [Qinghua] – 1879 ed. by Chen Baoshan 陳寶善, edited (校訂) by Chen Genbi 陳亘弼. [Berkeley] – *Photo-repro. of 1729 ed. (copy at Qinghua) in Siku jinhui shu congkan, 子, vol. 31.

Rem.: A drastically reduced and reorganized version of Gujin zhiping lüe (q.v.). The pref. mentions Gujin zhiping lüe and Guang zhiping lüe (q.v.) as anthologies of excerpts from ancient statesmen and scholars particularly useful to examination candidates, but regrets they are only

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reeling off quotes without sufficient pruning (差少剪裁); by contrast, the present work is based on its author’s accumulated scholarship and experience, and its arrangement makes it useful both to pass examinations and administer the world. In fact the impression is that the former usage was more on the mind of the compiler. The 42 rubrics (門) (3 per juan) start with generalities on the teachings of the Sages (聖學) and the way of governance (治道) and continue with a discussion of the bureaucratic sytem (官制), official careers (仕路), the selection of officials (銓課), and administrative discipline (吏治); then come several rubrics on taxation, grain, money, and salt; the 3 rubrics in j. 6 deal with the development of orthodoxy (道統), schools (學校), and customs (風俗); rites and music come next, followed by classics, history, and astronomy, then three rubrics on the military system, and others on administrative geography, maritime and river defense, and the postal system; the three rubrics in j. 13 are on judicial matters, and those in j. 14 deal with river control (治河), irrigation (水利), and military colonies (營屯). In his introductory remarks (例言), the author warns that the entries on music and astronomy, which are matters for specialists, and those on military policies and geography, which are matters of no urgency in an age of peace, have been limited to generalities. The different rubrics feature a highly variable combination of historical account and general remarks for the present. There are no subsections devoted to the successive dynasties as in the earlier works, of which this is a highly condensed adaptation. The text is provided with abundant punctuation marks.

Bio.: The present work is obviously an early effort on the part of Yang Chaoguan, since it was published before he won the juren degree and had a career of magistrate and department magistrate that seems to have begun in Wenshui 文水 (Shanxi) in 1744. It was followed by a series of magistracies in Henan, at Huixian 輝縣 (1749), Linxian 林縣 (1750), Gushi 固始 (1753), and Qixian 杞縣 (1757); and in Sichuan, at Jianzhou 簡州 (1765), Qiongzhou 邛州 (1768), and Luzhou 瀘州 (1779) departments. After his Luzhou tenure, where he had to handle severe famine conditions, Yang asked for retirement. He is said to have possessed a variety of artistic and literary talents, including as playwright (one of his chuanqi 傳奇 was produced by the famous Yuan Mei 袁 枚). See Xu Henan TZ (1767), 46/4b, 15b, 17b, 47/14b; Sichuan TZ (1816), 104/13b, 105/39a, 116/59b; Taiyuan 太原 FZ (1783), 31/26a; Wuxi 無錫 Jinkui XZ (1881), 22/30b; Luzhou zhili ZZ (1882), 7/33a–b. [PEW]

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Works on the Government of Particular Provinces

[MING] 0107

Quan Shaan zhengyao 全陝政要, 4 j. [Essentials of the Government of Shaanxi] Comp. Gong Hui 龔輝 (z. Shiqing 實卿, h. Xiaozhai 笑齋) (js. 1523), from Yuyao 餘姚 (Zhejiang) 1542 pref. Ed.: – Undated ed. with pref. by Yang Shouli 楊守禮 (1542). [Beitu] – Ms. ed from the Fan family Tianyi ge 范氏天一閣. [Shanghai shifan daxue] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Beitu, in BTGZC, vol. 22. – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in SKCMCS, 史, 188. – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 1, vol. 3.

Rem.: A compendium on the administration of Shaanxi prepared on the orders of Shaanxi regional inspector Pu Hong 浦鋐 after he arrived in the province in 1541. Pu selected Gong Hui to oversee the project, and Gong recruited an educational official and government students to collect and collate the information. The entire project was completed in the third and fourth months of 1541. The text includes Pu Hong’s directive explaining that the purpose of the work is to provide officials with information on the specific organization of a large area that includes four princely establishments (王府), three frontier defense regions, with a supreme commander since the middle of the dynasty (i.e., the position of Yang Shouli when he wrote the pref.), three resident censors— one as grand coordinator, one overseeing troop purification (清軍), and one overseeing the tea and horse trade (巡茶)—and eight prefectures. The text opens with an essay by Gong Hui entitled “A guest’s questions” (客問) and Pu Hong’s directive. It then discusses the seats of the various offices, the military forces stationed there, population and taxes, waterworks, passes and postal stations. It ends with a set of maps on the frontier defense regions with information on topography, distances, important places, and so forth. According to the Siku commentators the published work is sometimes known under the title Quan Shaan zheng­ yao lüe 略 because it is an abridgment of a longer and more detailed draft.

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Bio.: Gong Hui was an activist and hard-working official throughout his long career. Mourning delayed his first appointment as secretary in the Ministry of Works assigned to procure timber and bamboo for palace construction. He was sent to Zhejiang and Jiangxi in 1527, and shortly afterwards to Guizhou and Sichuan to acquire timber for a palace project. After having collected over 5,000 pieces of timber in Sichuan he was ordered to double that. His responding memorials, with illustrations, stressed the difficulties, and the order was suspended; the memorials were collected as Xicha huicao 西槎彙草. After a period of mourning he went in 1537 to Shaanxi as surveillance vice-commissioner with responsibility for overseeing the schools. There he earned a name for his activism and scholarship. In 1540 he was promoted to Shaanxi administration vice-commissioner (參政) in charge of the Hexi 河西 circuit, and in 1541 was assigned to prepare the present work. He went on to serve in posts in Guangxi and Guangdong and successsfully repressed banditry on the border with Jiangxi. While in charge of grain transport (總督漕運) he managed a quick repair of a breach in a dike along the Yellow River in 1549. He retired in 1551. See Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻徵錄, 51/61a; Guo Tingxun 過廷訓, Benchao fensheng renwu kao 本朝分省人物考 (1622), 51/18b; Yuyao XZ (1899), 23/1a; Qingyang 慶陽 FZ (1557), 11/15b; Ming shilu: Shizong, 562/9006; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 962. Ref. and studies: Siku, 73/1567 (title Quan Shaan zhengyao lüe 略). [GRT, TN] [QING A] 0108

Minzheng lingyao 閩政領要, 3 j. [Essentials of the Governance of Fujian] By Defu 德福 (?–1782) (s. Qinsu 勤肅), from the Manchu Plain White Banner 1757 Ed.:

– Ms. ed. at the rare books department, Normal University Library, Fuzhou. – *Undated printed edition, 1 ce. [Hunan] – *Photo-repro. of the ms. ed. at Fuzhou, Xiamen: Xiamen daxue chubanshe/Jiuzhou chubanshe, 2004 (Taiwan wenxian huikan, ser. 4, vol. 15).

Rem.: The first two chapters are a compendium of data on local government in Fujian. J. 1 includes sections on the province’s administrative geography, administrative posts, management of water and land routes, levying and forwarding of taxes, granaries, minting of cash, and military

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supplies. J. 2 deals with regulations on the purchase of painting materials for buildings, the construction of warships, the management of fishing boats, the government of Taiwan, the administration of foreign tributary missions, local agricultural productions and specialties, and local customs. J. 3, entitled “Origins of hereditary functions” (世職根源), is a list of all the families holding inheritable ranks in Fujian, presently employed, dismissed, or extinct, compiled in response to a 1662 imperial rescript.

Bio.: A member of the Yiergen Jueluo 伊爾根覺羅 clan, Defu, who had the status of purchased student (監生), started as a clerk (筆帖式) in the Ministry of Justice, where he rose from the ranks, becoming eventually bureau director in 1747. Beginning in 1748 he held a series of posts of intendant, surveillance commissioner, and administration commissioner in Zhejiang, Hubei, Guangxi, and Fujian, where he was administration commissioner during the period 1756–63. During the next twenty years, and despite some career setbacks, he was governor or governor-general in several provinces and headed several ministries. At the time of his death he was minister of Revenue. See Guochao qixian leizheng chubian, 83/29a–32b; Renming quanwei. [GRT, PEW]

0109

Dingli huibian 定例彚編, variable no. of j. [A Compendium of Established Regulations] Anon. 1761 and later Ed.:

– 1770 ed. in 23 j., newly ed. (重訂) by Yan Xishen 顏希深, printed by the Jiangxi surveillance commissioner’s office, printing blocks at the registrar’s office 經歷司藏板. [Faxue suo] – *Ed. in 128 j., printed every year through 1881 by the Jiangxi surveillance commissioner’s office, printing blocks at the registrar’s office 經歷司藏 板. [*Tōyō bunko] [*Columbia)] – *Ed. in 152 j., printed through 1905 by the Jiangxi surveillance commissioner’s office, blocks kept at the registrar’s office, title on cover labels: Niebu dinglü huibian 臬部定律彚編. [*Ōki] [Harvard]

Rem.: This is not properly speaking a work about a particular province. Provincial administrations were constantly showered with circulars called “Regulations for general circulation” (通行條例), including imperial edicts, new substatutes, approved memorials, leading cases,

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and so on, which the governors were supposed to forward to the prefectures and counties through the administration and surveillance commissioners. As recalled in the intro., a decision of 1753 ordered that from now on these documents be printed in the provincial capitals by the surveillance commissioners in order to streamline the process and avoid the many errors caused by multiple hand-copying (the decision was included in a 64-article statute titled Libu deng yamen huiyi zhuogui jianyi tiaokuan 吏部等衙門會議酌歸簡易條款). The two heads of the provincial bureaucracy distributed the materials among themselves according to their respective domains of competence; as a result, Dingli huibian is not a compendium of all the communications received in Jiangxi, but only includes those belonging to the judicial domain (隸刑名者), the rest being entrusted to the administration commissioner. As indicated in the fanli, which appears to have been written in 1761 for an edition including regulations received since 1753, Jiangxi received the decision on QL 18/12/18 and the compilation was immediately started for that very year. In j. 1–7, which were obviously published together with this fanli, with contents covering the years 1753–61, the presentation follows the categories of the Penal Code, with entries on the same subject arranged chronologically; an additional j. 8 is devoted to autumn assizes regulations and to the new substatutes (續纂條例) compiled by the Bureau of the Code (律例館) during the period 1756–61. In line with the rules laid down in the fanli for the period post-1761, from 1762 (j. 9) onwards the texts newly received were first printed and circulated as they came in, and then compiled in book form at the end of the year, forming each year a new juan of the work. In the copies at Tōyō Bunko and Columbia the fanli is followed by a general mulu corresponding to j. 1–8, followed by a detailed mulu, taking up 9 fasc. in all and covering the contents of j. 1–128 (through 1881); starting in 1762 (j. 9) the mulu of each annual juan is arranged according to the seven parts of the Penal Code and their subsections, but featuring only those for which there are relevant materials. In the text itself there is individual page-numbering for each entry. The copy at Ōki, which is in rather poor condition, starts with a general mulu for j. 1–8, followed by the detailed mulu of j. 1 (with pages from the mulu of j. 11 mistakenly inserted); then the fanli; and then the main text of j. 1. There is no general mulu for the entire work at the beginning, but each juan from j. 9 onward starts with its detailed mulu, down to j. 152 (1905). A sample examination reveals that many chapters contain large chunks of missing pages, some even displaying nothing but a mulu. This series

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should be distinguished from that of Xijiang zhengyao (q.v.), also compiled annually by the Jiangxi surveillance commissioner office covering about the same period.

Ref. and studies: Ma, 86–87 (Qinghua) (Guangxu-period ed. of the Jiangxi surveillance commissioner’s office, in 133 j., contents through 1887). “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 42. Ch’en, “Provincial Documents of Laws and Regulations,” also describing other similar compilations, including those issued by the administration commissioners, for Jiangxi and several other provinces (all held at Harvard, Columbia, or Congress). [PEW] 0110

Chenggui shiyi 成規拾遺, 4 ce [Complements to Established Regulations] Comp. Wan Weihan 萬維𩙶 (z. Fengjiang 楓江) (1700?–?), from Wujiang 吳江 (Jiangsu) 1773 pref. Ed.:

– *1774 new ed. (重訂) of the Yunhui tang 芸暉堂藏板, with pref. (小序) by the compiler (1773). [*Beida] [*Beitu, in 3 ce, as a set with the Xingqian zhinan and Xingjian lu (qq.v.)] [*Columbia, same] [*Tōyō Bunko, same] – * Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 12–13. Rem.: Provincial regulations (條例) from Zhejiang collected by the

author while he was serving as a private secretary in the province from 1753 to 1763, complementing the larger collections of regulations published by the Zhejiang administration commissioner since 1751, and of precedents (例案) by the surveillance commissioner since 1754. The aim was to provide newcomers to the province with additional information. This lengthy compilation, totalling more than 190 + 30 (增續) folios, is introduced by a detailed mulu which, unusually in a Chinese book, provides the page number of each entry. It offers an interesting overview of the type of administrative problems in Zhejiang.

Bio.: A native of Wujiang 吳江 (Jiangsu) who had a distinguished career as a private secretary, Wan Weihan must have been born in 1700. He traveled through Zhili and Shanxi during his younger years; we know that during the period 1742–46 he was hired by the magistrate of Tongzhou 通州 (Zhili). Then he returned to the south definitively, and was employed in Zhejiang during the period 1753–63. Wan’s many works (see below) went through numerous reprints by booksellers and appear to have been extremely influential among private secretaries, especially in the 1760s and 1770s.

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141

Ref. and studies: Terada, “Shindai no shōrei,” 666–8. Bibliography entries for same author: Huangzheng suoyan; Lüli tushuo; Lüli tushuo bian’e; Muxue juyao; Xingjian lu; Xingqian zhinan. [PEW] 0111

Jinzheng jiyao 晉政輯要, 8 j. [Essentials of the Government of Shanxi] Comp. (統輯) Haining 海寧 (s. Qinyi 勤毅) (d. 1790), from the Manchu Plain Bue Banner Ed. (纂輯) by Zheng Yuanshu 鄭源璹 (z. Yuqi 玉磎 [?]) (d. 1799), from Fengrun 豐潤 (Zhili) 1789 pref. Ed.:

– *1790 ed. of “this yamen” 本衙藏板, with prefs. by (Changbai) Haining (1789) and Zheng Yuanshu (1789). [Fu Sinian] [*Harvard] [*Ōki, no coverleaf] – *Photo-repro. of 1790 ed., introduced as “1789 ed. of the Shanxi administration commissioner” (no cover-leaf), in GZSJC, vol. 5 [apparently based on a Tian Tao copy] – *Photo-repro of same ed., introduced as “1789 ed. of the Shanxi administration commissioner” (no cover-leaf), in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 13–15.

Rem.: A compendium of Shanxi administration printed for distribution to all the officials of the province, who are expected to read it, says the fanli, “morning and evening.” (The fanli last entry says that the compilation was started in 1784 and completed in 1789. General data on the province’s administrative geography, officialdom, population, tax structure, and so forth, are completed by regulations in the form of “approved memorials” of former governors. J. 1 deals with the Shanxi bureaucracy, exploring such issues as official quotas, selection and transfer procedures, methods of evaluation, and salaries. J. 2 goes into more detail concerning the funding and expenses of officials and their subordinates, focusing on problems such as nourishing-integrity allowances (養 廉銀), travel expenses, room and board costs, and donations to higher level officials. J. 3 provides information on population numbers, tax quotas, land use, native products, and regional borders. J. 4 is devoted to the production, transport, and sale of salt and grain. J. 5 discusses issues related to treasuries and granaries, including legal and illegal procedures for tax collection. J. 6 deals with educational, religious, and

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charitable organizations. J. 7 is on the military, focusing on the payment and provisioning of military personnel. J. 8 concerns water control, mining, and public works. The work was compiled by a team of officials and assistants under the direction of governor Haining and administration commissioner Zheng Yuanshu. (The cover-leaf of the copy at Harvard cites Zheng Yuanchu as author; the GZSJC editors cite Haining.) A much larger version of the same work was compiled under the direction of governor Gangyi about a century later (see below). Bio.: Haining belonged to the Yiergen Jueluo 伊爾根覺羅 clan. He was the son of Mingshan 明山, who rose to the rank of Shaan-Gan governor-general. During the period 1767–77 he held a succession of minor adminstrative posts in the ministries of Public Works and Revenue, as well as in other central government agencies. In 1777–78 he served as Yunnan grain intendant, before being promoted to the post of Gansu surveillance commissioner. In 1780 he became involved in a major political scandal when he accused Li Shiyao 李 侍堯—one of the most powerful officials of the day—of corruption, a move that was widely viewed as having been orchestrated by Heshen 和珅 to test his power to intimidate high provincial officials. Over the next decade Haining was appointed to increasingly prestigious posts in the capital and in the provinces, rising to the rank of Shanxi governor in 1788. In 1790 he was transferred to the governorship of Zhejiang, where he died later the same year. See ECCP, 480–1; Guochao qixian leizheng, 173/37b; Manzhou mingchen zhuan, 48/32b; Renming quanwei. Zheng Yuanchu, who started as a secretary at the Ministry of Revenue after purchasing the rank of tribute student (貢生), started his career in the provinces as Henan surveillance commissioner (1777–81), after which he had a long career as administration commissioner in Guangdong, Shanxi, Henan, and Hunan (1781–99). With the death of the Qianlong emperor Zheng’s professional progress came to an abrupt halt due to his rumored involvement with the disgraced grand councillor Heshen (who also had links with Haining). After the latter’s conviction on charges of massive corruption, the Jiaqing emperor ordered that Zheng be investigated on similar charges, for which he was eventually convicted and decapitated. He is branded by the QSG editors as the second-most corrupt official of the Qianlong reign. See QSG, 339/11077. Ref. and studies: Ma, 113 (Beiping) (citing Zheng Yuanshu as author). Chang, 2:892 (same). Terada, “Shindai no shōrei,” 694–7. [NP, PEW]

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[QING B] 0112

Hunan shengli cheng’an 湖南省例成案, 2 + 82 j. [Provincial Regulations and Leading Cases of Hunan Province] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 2 j. of mulu + 82 j. from “this yamen” 本衙藏板, cover-leaf with mention “enlarged through 1820” (續增至嘉慶二十五年). [*Tōyō Bunka, photo-repro. at *Fu Sinian, *Jimbun] – *Photo-repro. of undated ed. (location unknown, no cover-leaf, badly printed, only 名例 1–2, 戶 4–10, 32–34, 刑 1–10, 17–20, 工 1–2), in Gudai difang falü, ser. 3, vol. 1–5. – *Photo-repro. of apparently same imprint, only 吏 1–5, 戶 11–18, 禮 1–2, in Qingdai cheng’an xuanbian 清代成案選編 (Beijing: Shehui kexue wen­ xian chubanshe, 2014), vol. 45–48.

Rem.: A large archive (68 fasc.) including over 800 regulations and precedents in force in the province to serve as a guide and reference for local administrators. The principle of organization, apparent in the very long two-fasc. mulu (the relevant part being repeated at the head of each chapter), is the Penal Code, viz. its seven parts, and then in each part a selection of the statutes, under which all the documents are systematically classified and whose captions are recalled in the central margin, thus providing a convenient means of locating whatever type of information. Each part has separate juan-numbering, viz. General Principles (名例律), 2 j.; Personnel (吏律), 5 j.: Revenue (戶律), 34 j.; Rites (禮律), 2 j.; War (兵律), 17 j.; Justice (刑律), 20 j.; and Works (工律), 2 j. A few regulations may belong to the more general circulars received across the entire empire, but virtually all the rest consists of documents actually originating from Hunan. For example, under the first statute of the Code (“Five Punishments”) are found general regulations on the size and weight of the instruments of torture, but the rest is cases of misuse of torture adjudicated in Hunan; under the statute “Crimes by foreigners” (化外人有犯) in the “General Principles” part are orders and regulations from the Hunan governor dealing with Miao aborigines; likewise, under the statute “Not maintaining dikes in time” (失時不修堤防) in the “Public Works” section are a large number of cases, directives, regulations and reports dealing with the problems of protection and drainage

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specific to the province. Under the statute “Fires” (失火) are found many directives on combating fire. All the domains of administration are concerned. See also Hunan bubo cheng’an. Ref. and studies: Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 333. Terada, “Shindai no shōrei,” 690–94. [PEW]

0113

Zhi Zhe chenggui 治浙成規, [Established Rules for Governing Zhejiang] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 4 ce. [Beitu] – *Undated enlarged ed. in 8 j. [*Beitu] [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunka] [*Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of ed. in 8 j., in GZSJC, vol. 6. – *Photo-repro of same ed., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 3, vol. 7–9.

Rem.: A massive collection of precedents of Zhejiang province. None of the eds. seen has a coverleaf. The copy seen in 4 ce, without juan separation, deals only with policies issuing from the administration commissioner; there is a general mulu at the beginning and each document has separate pagination; the title and date of each piece are indicated in the central margin; the years covered are 1770 to 1832. In the enlarged ed. in 8 j. (each about 90 folios), j. 1–4 (藩政) deal with policies issuing from the administration commissioner; j. 5–8 (臬政) deal with policies issuing from the surveillance commissioner. There is a table of contents for each juan. The title and date of each piece are likewise indicated in the central margin; the dates range from 1770 to 1837 ( fanzheng) and 1756 to 1824 (niezheng); the entries after 1832 state “bukan 補刊” after the date.

Ref. and studies: Ma, 120–21 (Qinghua, in 7 ce) (citing contents through 1817). Chang, 1:96. Terada, “Shindai no shōrei,” 660–66. [PEW] 0114

Guangdong shengli 廣東省例, 1 ce [Provincial Regulations of Guangdong] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– Incomplete ms. ed. titled Yuedong 粵東 shengli at the head of the mulu. [Fudan]

Rem.: This fasc. contains 48 entries, mostly devoted to judicial affairs. Ref. and studies: Wang Zhiqiang, “Lun Qingdai de difang fagui,” 123 n. 10. [PEW]

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Yuedong shengli 粵東省例, 2 ce [Provincial Regulations of Guangdong] Anon. Ca. 1832 Ed.:

– Incomplete ms. ed. [Fudan]

Rem.: The extant copy includes five sections in 7 j. The latest date is 1832, plus an attached slip devoted to transportation regulations, dated 1839. It may be a copy compiled by a private secretary, and perhaps was used as a source for Yuedong shengli xinzuan (see next entry)

Ref. and studies: Wang Zhiqiang, “Lun Qingdai de difang fagui,” 123 n. 10. [PEW]

0116

Yuedong shengli xinzuan 粵東省例新纂, 8 j. [Provincial Regulations of Guangdong, New Compilation] Comp. Huang Entong 黃恩彤 (original m. Pifan 丕範, z. Shiqin 石琴) (?–1883) (js. 1826), from Ningyang 寧陽 (Shandong) 1846 Ed.:

– *1846 engraving (鐫) of the [Guangdong] administration commissioner 藩署藏板, with prefs. by Qiying 耆英 (1846) and Huang Entong 黃恩彤 (1846). [*Columbia] [*Harvard] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection, without cover-leaf] – Photo-repro. of 1846 ed., with a few entries dated 1880 appended, Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968. – *Photo-repro. of same ed. (cover-leaf without publisher or date), location unknown, in Gudai difang falü, ser. 3, vol. 10–11.

Rem.: The fanli notes that this is the first time Guangdong compiled a shengli. The present compilation was started in 1843 by Guangdong administration commissioner, later governor, Huang Entong, assisted by three expectant officials. It was meant to clear the confusion created by an accumulation of “old documents and new regulations” (舊牘新章) by publishing the procedures presently enforced (現辦章程)—that is, as of 1845—in a clear and coherent way. The fanli makes clear that the materials included are all “provincially enforced rules” (外辦章程), or provincial adaptations of nationwide “established regulations” (成例 or 定例); the original text of the latter has been omitted, however. The dates and circumstances of setting up regulations are indicated. Changes in the regulations posterior to 1845 will appear in revised editions every five years. Regulations proposed by counties and not yet circulated provincewide, or of a purely circumstancial significance, have been Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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nonetheless included for reference when they may serve as models, and procedures specific to particular localities are included. The materials (197 entries in all) are arranged within the framework of the six domains of government, with a large number of subcategories: for example the part on “Personnel” (吏例) has sections on assumption of post (赴任), appointment to acting positions (委署), transfers (調補), merits and demerits (功過), and evaluation of officials (考吏). Explanations and complements in small characters are inserted in the text. There is a detailed mulu at the beginning, and again at the beginning of each part.

Bio.: After his jinshi Huang Entong became bureau secretary at the Ministry of Justice. He stayed there, eventually becoming bureau director in 1830. In 1840 he was appointed Jiangnan salt intendant (鹽法道), then surveillance commissioner and acting administration commissioner of Jiangsu. He was part of the delegation that signed the treatise of Nanjing with the British in 1842. He then followed the chief negotiator, Yilibu 伊里布, to Canton to work out the new commercial and fiscal regulations on foreign trade. He became surveillance, then administration, commissioner of Guangdong, and finally governor in 1845. In Guangdong he worked at reinforcing defense and seconded Qiying 耆 英 in the ongoing negotiations with the foreigners (who held him in esteem). He was attacked for being unable to control popular discontent when the English attempted to enter the city of Canton in 1846, and was demoted following a conflict about examinations. He asked for retirement in 1849. In the next two decades he was active in organizing militia in Shandong and resisting the Nian rebels. See QSG, 371/11515–16; Shandong TZ (1918), 172/2b–3b; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Alabaster, 619. Ma, 111 (Qinghua). Chang, 1:96–97. Terada, “Shindai no shōrei,” 699–701. [PEW] 0117

Jiangsu shengli 江蘇省例, 12 ce [Provincial Regulations of Jiangsu] Anon. 1869 Ed.:

– *1869 Jiangsu shuju ed. 江蘇書局刊, with xubian 續編 (1875), sanbian 三 編 (n.d.), and sibian 四編 (1890). [*Columbia] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 3, vol. 11–13.

Rem.: This selection of regulations considered important for the restoration of government in Jiangsu starts with the year 1863, which is when the provincial capital was recovered from the Taipings. The

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0116–0118

work is intended for the magistrates of the province to ensure uniformity in implementation. The periods covered by the four installments are 1863–68, 1869–79, 1880–82, and 1883–89. However, the sibian has additional fasc. bringing its contents to 1898 (Columbia copy), or 1907 (Ōki and Niida copies). The first two installments have fanli; the second fanli notes that, while certain documents in the first installment have been abridged for concision, henceforth they are reproduced in their entirety (indeed, repetitions and bureaucratic formulas make entries significantly longer on average). The regulations are arranged by year, with orders circulated (通飭) by the administration commissioner (藩 政) coming first, followed by those circulated by the surveillance commissioner (臬政), each with a mulu at the beginning of each year. The fanli to the first installment recalls that the former deal with fiscal matters and personnel management, while the latter concern judicial cases, prisons, and the postal system. In fact there is a certain amount of overlap, as well as a wider array of topics: for example, there are several entries on morality control, including a list promulgated by governor Ding Richang (see under Fu Wu gongdu) of 122 “pornographic novels” (淫詞 小說) and 111 “pornographic libretti” (小本淫詞唱片) to prohibit. The number of entries per section and per year varies widely, from one (or even none at all) to twenty or more. Part of the entries are in the form of reports or proposals approved by the higher authorities. Some are simply forwarding orders edicted by the governor or governor-general, or even regulations sent down by one of the ministries in Beijing. Others present themselves as proclamations or prohibitions, or procedures (章 程). The central margins feature the word fan 藩 or nie 臬, the content of the regulation discussed (as found in the mulu), and the year, making consultation very easy. In general the work provides interesting details on post-Taiping reconstruction in Jiangsu. Ref. and studies: Ma, 112 (Beida) (contents through 1898). Chang, 1:95–96. Terada, “Shindai no shōrei,” 702–7. [PEW]

0118

Fujian shengli 福建省例 [Provincial Regulations of Fujian] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed., in 36 j., without cover-leaf, title in the central margin Shengli. [*Shanghai, with 12 j. of 續 and 4 j. of 再續] [*Tōyō Bunka, j. 35–36 missing] [*Tōyō Bunka, Imahori collection, in 26 j., the work stops Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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at the section on Iron administration (see below), including in the general mulu] – *Undated ed. in 40 j., with indication “printed in 1878” (光緒四年六月奉 刊) at the end of j. 35. [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] – *Undated ms. ed., in 40 j. [Tōyō Bunko] – *Modern typeset ed. based on a privately owned printed ed., Taipei: Taiwan yinhang jingji yanjiu shi, 1964, 8 fasc. (Taiwan wenxian congkan, no. 199). – *Photo-repro. of Taiwan yinhang ed., Taipei: Datong shuju, 1987 (Taiwan wenxian shiliao congkan, ser. 7, vol. 141–142). [Columbia] – Photo-repro. of same ed., Nantou: Taiwan sheng wenxian weiyuanhui, 1997.

Rem.: The title at the beginning of the general mulu and in the central margins is Shengli. Juan numbers are not indicated in the mulu, they only feature at the bottom of the central margins. The ed. in 36 j. consists of 493 entries classified under 33 sections dealing in some disorder with documents, fiscal and financial affairs, personnel management, economic matters, transportation, and justice, all precisely dated and ranging from the early 1750s to the early 1870s. There is no pref. or fanli, but a general mulu details every piece (案) in the work, listing the sections but not giving the juan numbers. The central margins indicate the content of the entries. The sections are as follows (with number of entries added): documents (公式, 16), granaries and treasuries (倉庫, 25), land tax (錢糧, 4), financial reports (奏銷, 3), transmission of accounts (交代, 24), taxes (稅課, 6), remittances (解支, 4), salaries (俸祿, 11), integrity allowances (養廉, 21), public contributions (捐款, 16), reducedprice sales (平糶, 4), community granaries (社倉, 4), census (戶口, 14), real estate (田宅, 9), land clearing (勸墾, 3), pawnshop tax (當稅, 5), grants and subsidies (卹賞, 10), military pays (兵餉, 14), examination candidate allowances (科場, 2), salt administration (鹽政, 8), currency (錢法, 3), iron administration (鐵政, 2), shipping administration (船 政, 36), coastal defense (海防, 9), maintenance of public works (修造, 2), postal administration (郵政, 45), miscellaneous (襍例, 16), judicial administration (行政, 123), private contributions (捐輸, 8), special assignments (差務, 5), management of officials (銓政, 20), tax collection (征收, 17), and bandit arrests (緝匪, 4); the 36 j. are followed by supplements. The two eds. in 40 j. (the Tōyō Bunko ms. lists 488 entries in its mulu, whereas the copy in the Niida collection has the same list of 493 entries as the other eds.) are nearly identical despite a different number of juan; the central margins similarly indicate the content of the entries;

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0118–0119

149

a supplement features regulations on compulsory contributions to aid the families of deceased officials, dated 1877 and 1878. According to the intro. to the Taiwan yinhang ed., the original imprint on which it is based (the present whereabouts of which are not known), also titled Shengli, was badly printed and a number of obvious errors have been corrected; it has 484 entries in all; the only change to the original text has been to move the section on “miscellaneous” to the end of the work. In all versions the entries are chronologically arranged within each section. They consist of orders or decisions from the provincial authorities, which may have originated in propositions or directives anywhere within the administrative hierarchy, and which have been made into “precedents” ( 例); these precedents used to be separately printed and circulated to the province’s local governments and concerned agencies over the years; at one point it was deemed necessary to collect and organize them into a printed volume for easy reference. Some of them consist of sets of regulations (規條), procedures (章程), and the like; still others are in the form of public proclamations or prohibitions. The original documents have apparently been reproduced in their entirety, with all the exchanges of correspondence and repetitions involved, eventually leading to the final decision turned into a precedent. The entire collection delivers an extremely rich picture of Fujian’s social and administrative problems in middle and late Qing. Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:97 (Taiwan yinhang ed.). Terada, “Shindai no shōrei,” 680–90. Wang Zhiqiang, “Lun Qingdai de difang fagui,” 122 n. 9 (Shanghai copy). Zheng Zhenman, “Qingdai Fujian difang caizheng,” is entirely based on documents collected in Fujian shengli. [PEW]

0119

Xijiang zhengyao 西江政要, 131 or 132 j. [Essentials of the Government of Jiangxi] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. of the Jiangxi surveillance commissioner office 江西按察 司署刊、經歷司藏板, in 131 j. (covering the period through 1894). [*Fu Sinian, no cover-leaf] [*Harvard] [*Ōki (12 j. extant, covering the years 1860, 1864, 1869, 1873–76, 1881, 1888–90, 1892)] [*Ōki (j. 1–79 extant, with lacunae)] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection (j. 1–121, with lacunae)]

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– Undated ed. in 132 j., office of the Jiangxi surveillance commissioner (covering the years 1753 to 1890). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of a copy covering the period 1821 to 1872, with spotty juan-numbering (the first numbered chapter is j. 77 corresponding to the year 1831, and the last is j. 116 corresponding to the year 1869), Taichung: Wenting ge youxian tushu gongsi, 2011 (Wan Qing sibu congkan, ser. 5, vol. 54–56).

Rem.: A poorly printed and somewhat messy compendium of Jiangxi precedents regarding the domain covered by the province surveillance commissioner, i.e., administrative discipline in general, and in particular the administration of justice, prisoners and exiles, arrests, questioning, paperwork, and so forth, as well as popular customs. The first four juan reproduce various regulations, orders, precedents, and procedures (章程) issued by the Jiangxi authorities, as well as some proclamations and prohibitions aimed at the population (e.g., against drowning baby girls, tenants burying their dead on the landowner’s property without asking for authorization, and more), mostly dating from the 1750s; j. 3 is entirely devoted to baojia and related problems. From j. 5 onwards, the order is chronological, all the way from 1761 to 1884, with the same sort of materials. There is usually one year per juan, some juan being only a few pages long, others filling a thick fascicle. Several years and/or juan are missing along the way. Only some juan have titles and mulu. This series should be distinguished from Dingli huibian (q.v.), also compiled annually by the Jiangxi surveillance commissioner office over about the same period. For a work bearing the same title but dealing with administration commissioner matters, see next entry.

Ref. and studies: Ma, 120 (Beiping, in 40 ce) (citing contents through 1900). Chang, 2:898. Terada, “Shindai no shōrei,” 670–80. [PEW] 0120

Xijiang zhengyao 西江政要, 2 j. [Essentials of the Government of Jiangxi] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. published by the [Jiangxi] administration commissioner office, printing blocks at the registrar’s office 布政司衙門刊、經歷司藏 板. [Ōki] – *Undated ed. bearing seal “Linzhi ge” 麟趾閣 from a former collector, j. 2 titled Xijiang zhengyao chongding 重訂, with additional fascicles (8 ce in all). [Faxue suo] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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151

Rem.: Unlike the previous title, which deals with surveillance commissioner matters, this comparatively short and well-printed publication is devoted to regulations issued by the administration commissioner, or through him by the Jiangxi governor or Jiangnan governor-general. There are 50 entries (Ōki copy) or more (Faxue suo copy), dealing with salaries and indemnities, abuses in grain tribute, granaries, relief, land transactions, taxation, trade and brokerage, land development around Poyang Lake, transportation, the purchase of military horses by Fujian and Zhejiang, the registration of private fire-arms, pawnshops, porcelain stores in Nanchang, timber factories, butcher’s shops, as well as maintenance of local roads, bridges, and government offices. The dates of the regulations or decisions cover the period 1751–61 (Ōki copy) or 1751–69 (Faxue suo copy). The Faxue suo copy has additional fascicles containing updates and new regulations starting in 1773 and following through the Jiaqing, Daoguang, Tongzhi, and Guangxu reigns (to 1881). (There are no Xianfeng entries.) As indicated in a document dated 1839, this collection should be regarded as an official repository of provincial ordinances having binding power over all the local administrators and communities within the jurisdiction of Jiangxi. The same holds true for the surveillance commissioner collection described in the previous entry. This makes these sets of regulations of obvious interest for research on local government and society. Ref. and studies: Terada, “Shindai no shōrei,” 669.

0121

[CL, PEW]

Jinzheng jiyao 晉政輯要, 40 j. [Essentials of the Government of Shanxi] Ed. Gangyi 剛毅 (z. Ziliang 子良) (1834–1900), from the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner 1887 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Gangyi (1887), Zhang Xu 張煦 (1888), Songkun 嵩崑 (1888) (all three to Chongxiu 重修 Jinzheng jiyao), Ma Piyao 馬丕 瑤 (1889, in Ōki copy), original prefs. by Haining 海寧 (1789) and Zheng Yuanshu 鄭源璹 (1789, in Ōki copy), postf. (跋) by An Yi 安頤 (1888). [*Columbia] [*Fu Sinian] [*Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of the same ed. in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 883–884.

Rem.: An updated and much enlarged version of a compendium on the administrative system of Shanxi province first compiled a century earlier (see above under the same title). The book was completed in 1887. The editorial principle was to combine a main text in large characters Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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introducing the institutions and regulations currently in force (the “main frame,” gang 綱) and notes in smaller characters providing the historical development during the past century, occasionally beyond, as well as other additional materials for each entry (the “details,” mu 目). Some of the texts quoted are introduced by the words “we find in the archives …” (卷查); others are excerpted from compendiums of regulations such as, essentially, Da Qing huidian 大清會典. Only regulations peculiar to Shanxi are included. The general organization follows the traditional six domains of government. Gangyi is presented as general manager (督辦), and no less than 39 officials or expectant officials are listed as having participated in the compilation. The chief of the team of compilers (總 纂) was expectant prefect An Yi (the author of the postface).

Bio.: See under Juguan jing. Ref. and studies: Ma, 113–4 (Beida). Chang, 2:892. Terada, “Shindai no shōrei,” 697–9. Bibliography entries for same author: Da Qing lüli zonglei; Juguan jing; Muling xuzhi; Qiuyan jiyao; Shenkan nishi; Xiyuan lu yizheng. [PEW] 0122

Sichuan tongchi zhangcheng 四川通飭章程, 2 j. [Sichuan Regulations Circulated by Order] Comp. Zhong Qingxi 鐘慶熙 et al. 1901 Ed.:

– 1901 ed. compiled and printed (纂刊) by the Sichuan judicial bureau 板存 四川讞局. – Photo-repro. of above ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1977 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 48, xubian, vol. 6). – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 3, vol. 15. Rem.: There are a total 57 pieces (篇), mostly regulations enacted and

promulgated by the Sichuan provincial authorities during the Guangxu period. A list of the books kept at the Chengdu Judicial Bureau (成都發 審局藏書目錄) is appended to the work.

[PEW]

0123

Wanzheng jiyao 皖政輯要, 100 j. [Essentials of the Government of Anhui] Comp. Feng Xu 馮煦 (z. Menghua 夢華, h. Haoan 蒿庵) (1843–1927) (js. 1886), from Jintan 金壇 (Jiangsu) Ca. 1911 Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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153

Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. in 16 ce. [Anhui sheng tushuguan] – *Modern typeset and punctuated ed. in simplified characters, based on above ms., Hefei: Huangshan shushe, 2005.

Rem.: Feng Xu was authorized by the court to compile a compendium of the administrative system of Anhui, and commissioned an intendant named Chen Shili 陳師禮 to oversee it. The aim was to provide the province’s officials with a full description of the system and a coherent account of the directives and regulations that had accumulated since the end of the Taiping Rebellion and were in a state of great disorder. The fanli cites Jinsheng jiyao (q.v.) as a model. Funding was discontinued in 1910, when the compiling was mostly done, but Chen completed the work at his own expense. The fall of the Qing dynasty prevented it from being printed. The text, which takes into account the new institutions evolved during the New Policies (新政) reforms, is organized in ten categories (科), each with a variable number of subcategories: “Foreign relations” (交涉, dealing with treaties, foreign enterprises, and Christianity), “Officials” (吏), “Civil administration” (民政), “Finances” (度支), “Rites” (禮), “Education” (學), “Military administration” (軍政), “Judicial administration” (法), “Agriculture, industry, and commerce” (農工商), and “Communications” (郵傳, including transportation and water control). The end-date of most of the contents is 1908, but some topics are pursued through the Xuantong years. The emphasis is on contemporary institutions and regulations, with reference to their precedents throughout the Qing; related memorials and administrative documents are appended in small-character format. There are numerous tables. Though it was compiled too late to be used as a guide for practical administration, the work has considerable value regarding the administrative history of Anhui and the last reforms of Qing institutions.

Bio.: Feng Xu, who was ranked third at the jinshi and started his career at the Hanlin Academy, was appointed prefect of Fengyang 鳳陽 (Anhui) in 1895; he held positions of circuit intendant in Shanxi and surveillance commissioner in Sichuan, then returned to Anhui as administration commissioner in 1905 and governor in 1907. He was relased from his post in 1908. In 1910 he was recalled to supervise relief during the floods that afflicted Jiangsu and Anhui—he had apparently been known as a specialist of famine relief in all his positions— and set up a charitable relief commission (義賑會). He is said to have been in despair when hearing of the fall of the Qing. See Jintan XZ (Minguo), 8A/8a; Qingdai qibai, 1:554–5. [PEW]

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1.6 Miscellaneous Works

Miscellaneous Works

[YUAN]

Sanshi zhonggao 三事忠告 See: Weizheng zhonggao 0124

Weizheng zhonggao 為政忠告, 4 j. [Loyal Proclamations on Governance] By Zhang Yanghao 張養浩 (z. Ximeng 希孟, h. Yunzhuang 雲莊, Qidong yeren 齊東野人, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1270–1330), from Jinan 濟 南 (Shandong) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated Yuan ed., without general title, with prefs. by Gong Shitai 貢師 泰 (to Mumin zhonggao, 1355) and Lin Quansheng 林泉生 (to Fengxian zhonggao, 1355), and with handwritten note by Guo Shangxian 郭尚 先 (1831), placed after Mumin zhonggao but discussing the whole set as Sanshi zhonggao (see below): this is obviously the copy Guo used to make his 1831 facsimile (see below); according to the note (and to Yin’s postf. to the 1831 facsimile ed.) this ed. belonged to the Qian 錢 family Jiangyun lou 絳雲樓 (i.e. the huge library assembled by Qian Qianyi 錢謙益 [1582– 1664] in Changshu 常熟), and it was the only book that survived when the Jiangyun lou burned down in 1650. [Beitu] – *[1394] ed. (no cover-leaf), with prefs. by Zhang Shi’e 張士諤 (to Sanshi 三 事 zhonggao, 1394) and Chen Lian 陳璉 (1394), postfs. by Li Wenxian 李 文憲 (1394) and Huang Yi 黃毅 (1394); according to the prefs. and postfs., Huang Yi (or Huang Shihong 士弘), who was Guangxi assistant surveillance commissioner (憲僉), had the work engraved after a certain Mr. Fan 范 (Fan Qi 杞 according to Li Wenxian’s postf.), the Huguang assistant surveillance commissioner, had offered him a set of the three works by Zhang Yanghao; Miaotang zhonggao is presented first (with pref. by Jin Hao 靳顥 [1390]), followed by Fengxian zhonggao (with pref. by Lin Quansheng [1355]) and Mumin zhonggao (with pref. by Gong Shitai [1355]). [*Beiping Mf., reel #509] [Gugong Taipei] – Ming ms. ed. of the Yunye xuan 芸葉軒. [Shandong shifan daxue tushuguan] – Ming new ed. (明刻重修本) with postf. by Ding Bing 丁丙, under title Sanshi zhonggao. [Nanjing] – 1567 ed. by Gong Anguo 貢安國, under title Sanshi zhonggao. [Shandong sheng tushuguan] [Anhui sheng bowuguan] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0124

155

– In Guantu zijian (q.v.). – In Gezhi congshu. – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 602, titled Sanshi zhonggao, with prefs. by Chen Lian (1389), [Gong] Shitai (1355), Lin Quansheng (1355), and Jin Hao (1390). – *In Daiyuan congshu, chubian, titled Sanshi zhonggao, with pref. by Chen Lian (1389), postf. (跋) to Sanshi zhonggao by Zhang Jiasheng (1685) [placed after Mumin zhonggao], postfs. (後序) by Li Ji 李驥 (1431) and Zheng Ying 鄭瑛 (跋三事忠告後, 1518). [IHEC] – *1831 facsimile ed. (影鈔本) of the [Yin 尹 family] Bixian zhai 碧鮮齋, copied (影寫) by Guo Lanshi 郭蘭石 (Guo Shangxian 尚先) from a Yuan printed ed. owned by Kong Zhezhuang 孔蔗莊 from Qufu 曲阜 but originating from the collection of Qian Qianyi (see above), with prefs. by Gong Shitai (1355) and Lin Quansheng (1355), Zhang Yanghao’s Yuanshi biography, and postf. by Yin Jiyuan 尹濟源 (1831). Yin’s postf. lists earlier Qing editions made by Wei Yijie 魏裔介 (1616–86), Li Wenzao 李文藻 (1730–78) in Guilin, and Fei Bingzhang 費丙章 in Guangdong; the Yin-family Bixian zhai is in Licheng 歷城, Zhang Yanghao’s native place. [Beida] [*Beitu, copy coll. in 1922 and with note by Fu Zengxiang 傅增湘 (z. Yuanshu 沅叔, 1872–1945)] [*BN, undated, Yuanshi biography before the postf.] [*Columbia] [*Gugong Taipei, undated; Yuanshi biography at the end; no postf.] [*Ōki] – *Undated new ed. of the Yunye xuan 芸葉軒重刊, with pref. by Gong Shitai (1355), note by Chen Kun 陳坤 (1833) following the mulu, pref. by Lin Quansheng (1355), Yuanshi biography appended at the end; Chen Kun says that he had the work, now rare, coll. and newly engraved after he had found a facsimile copy (影抄舊冊) in Canton. This ed. is in very large format (each 17-character column is 30 cm high). [*Jimbun, without cover-leaf] [*Shoudu] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Undated Japanese kambun ed., cover label Guanban 官板 sanshi zhong­ gao, with pref. by Gong Shitai (1355), postfs. to Sanshi zhonggao by Li Ji (1431) and Zheng Ying (1513), postf. by the author’s ninth-generation descendant Zhang Jiasheng 張家聲 (1685). [Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] – 1850 ed. titled Yuan Zhang Wenzhong gong zhonggao quanshu 元張文忠 公忠告全書. [Beitu] – *1851 Japanese new punctuated kambun ed. (嘉永四年重刊), with postf. to Sanshi zhonggao (三事忠告後序) by Li Ji (1431), postfs. by Zheng Ying (1518) and Zhang Jiasheng (1685); in a 2-fasc. set with several other works (see under Congzheng lu). [Tōyō Bunko]

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– *Rubuji zhai ed. “given to the Liuwushan fang for storage” (如不及齋贈 六勿山房藏), with postf. by Chen Kun 陳坤 (1864), “Original prefaces” by Gong Shitai (1355), Lin Quansheng (1355), and Jin Hao (1390). [Beitu] – *In Rubuji zhai huichao, chuji 初集, in 4 j., coll. and published (校刊) by Chen Kun, with prefs. by Gong Shitai (1355), Lin Quansheng (1355), and Jin Hao (1390), postf. by Chen Kun (1864). [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Undated new ed. (重刊) based on the 1831 Yin family ed., published by Xiyuan 希元 (1843–94, then Jilin Tartar general) and with pref. by the same, written at the Kanjiang lou 瞰江樓 in the Jilin public offices (1888); with Zhang Yanghao’s Yuanshi biography followed by a colophon by Yin Jiyuan (1831), prefs. by Gong Shitai (1355) and Lin Quansheng (1355). [Ōki] – *Undated new ed. (重刊) published as a set with the 1884 ed. of Congzheng yigui (q.v.), with pref. by Xiyuan (1888), Yuanshi biography of Zhang Yanghao, Yin Jiyuan’s 1831 colophon to the Bixian zhai ed., and pref. by Gong Shitai (1355). [Ōki] – *1906 litho. ed. of the Fanshan Gu family 颿山顧氏鋟石, based on the Bixian zhai 1831 facsimile ed. (see above), with prefs. by Chen Lian (1389), Jin Hao (1390) [to Miaotang zhonggao], Li Ji (1431), Zheng Ying (1518), and Zhang Jiasheng (1685), and postfs. by Gu Siyi 顧思義 (1904–1905), Gu Shenxing 顧慎行 (1906), and Gu Siyuan 顧思遠 (1906). The postfaces indicate that the facsimile aquired in Peking in 1904 by the Gu brothers (their father was an avid book collector and possessed a printing facility at home) was based on a Yuan ed., but had been given the title used for the Hongwu ed. (viz. Weizheng instead of Sanshi); they collated the text with other eds., indicating the variants in the upper margin, and added the pref. found in the Daiyuan congshu ed.; they also inserted the text of Miaotang zhonggao (see below), missing from the facsimile. [Beitu] – Ed. with only Fengxian zhonggao and Miaotang zhonggao. [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of a Yuan printed ed. (clearly the first ed. listed above, bearing the seal of the Jiangyun lou) in Sibu congkan sanbian (shibu) (1936), title Weizheng zhonggao given by the publisher, with prefs. by Gong Shitai (to Mumin zhonggao, supplied from the Bixian zhai ed.) and Lin Quansheng (1355) (to Fengxian zhonggao), Zhang Yanghao’s intro. to Miaotang zhonggao (1341), note by Guo Shangxian (1831) (placed after Miaotang zhonggao), postf. by Zhang Yuanji 張元濟 (n.d.), listing copying errors in the Bixian zhai ed. [IHEC] – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 888 (title Sanshi zhonggao, based on Daiyuan congshu ed.). – *Photo-repro. of Sibu congkan sanbian ed., in GZSJC, vol. 1. – *Photo-repro. of Sibu congkan sanbian ed., in ZSJC, vol. 5.

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– *Modern ed., punctuated and collated, based on the Hongwu ed. and Daiyuan congshu text, Hangzhou: Zhejiang guji chubanshe, 1988 (Yuandai shiliao congkan series, in the same vol. as Lixue zhinan [q.v.]).

Rem.: Three different works (qq.v.) are collected under this general title: (1) Mumin 牧民 zhonggao, 2 j., with pref. by Gong Shitai (1355); (2) (Jingjin) Fengxian (經進) 風憲 zhonggao, with pref. by Lin Quansheng (1355); (3) Miaotang 廟堂 zhonggao, with pref. by Jin Hao (1390). They were written while the author was in turn a magistrate, a censor, and a member of the Grand Secretariat (參議中書). In some eds. the last two have a note indicating that they were presented to the throne by the author’s son, Zhang Yin 引, in 1341. While Mumin is organized like other standard practical handbooks for magistrates, Fengxian is a series of ten essays on the duties of a censor, and Miaotang offers general reflections on central government. Apparently the three works were not published together under the same title until the early-Ming ed. realized by Guangxi surveillance commissioner Huang Shihong (Huang Yi). There are several problems, however. According to Chen Lian’s pref., Huang titled his publication Weizheng zhonggao, whereas according to Zhang Shi’e’s pref. and Li Wenxian’s postf. it was Sanshi zhonggao; Huang himself does not specify in his postf. which title he gave to the set. Another problem is that all posterior eds. featuring Chen Lian’s pref. date it to 1389 instead of 1394. The Siku editors were apparently the first to do so (the date HW 27/2/望日 is changed to HW 22/2/22); they likewise date this Huang Shihong ed. to 1389, which contradicts all the prefs. and postfs. in what appears to be the original Ming ed. (only Chen Lian’s pref. features in the Siku ed.), and claim that the title Sanshi zhonggao—which they prefer because it had become usual, though they think it is less appropriate—only appeared on a 1431 new ed. by Henan fu prefect Li Ji 李驥. Kurata’s presentation (see below) claims, for no clear reason, that the three works were published together for the first time in 1389 under the general title Weizheng sanbu shu 為政三部書. In his note to the Bixian zhai facsimile ed., Yin Jiyuan states that the title Weizheng zhonggao, which appears in Chen Lian’s pref., is to be preferred to Sanshi. All the late-Qing commentators (Chen Kun and the Gus) insist that the values and ideas put forth by Zhang Yanghao still retain their topicality. It may be noted that for Gu Shenxing, in particular, they would be of decisive importance for the success of early twentieth-century constitutional reform. Bio.: After filling minor metropolitan positions, Zhang Yanghao was appointed magistrate of Tangyi 堂邑 (Shandong), where he is reported to have

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earned the love of the populace. His next positions were in the heir-apparent’s (future Renzong 仁宗) establishement and at the censorate, but his criticism of the rebellious movement that ended with the assassination of emperor Yingzong 英宗 in 1323 led to his temporary dismissal. After being recalled to the capital he occupied various metropolitan positions, not without meeting setbacks due to his outspokenness. Following several years out of government he was sent in 1330 as chief censor in Shaanxi to combat famine, and died of exhaustion after four months. He was known both for his integrity and for his erudition. See Yuanshi, 175/4090–92; Ogawa, Bokumin no shisō, 26. Ref. and studies: Siku, 79/1681, under the general title Sanshi zhonggao 三事 忠告, in 4 j. Guji shanben, 史, 2:1099–1100. Kanshin mokuji. Chang, 1:163–5. Guo Chengwei, 19, 21. Sō Gen kanshin. Zhongguo congshu zonglu, 2:472. Xu Zi, 139– 61 (on Mumin zhonggao), 172–81 (on Miaotang zhonggao). Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 20–23, mentioning several Japanese eds. and transls. Transl.: Japanese transl. by Kurata Nobuyasu 倉田信靖, title Sanji chūkoku 三事忠告, with intro., notes, kambun and Japanese text, and commentary, Tokyo: Meitoku shuppansha, 1988. Korean transl. by Chǒng Aerisi, title Samsa ch’unggo 三事忠告, with annotation, original Chinese text, and index, Seoul: P’rŭnsan, 1993. Bibliography entries for same author: Fengxian zhonggao; Miaotang zhong­ gao; Mumin zhonggao. [PEW] [MING]

Juguan biyao 居官必要 Lü gong shizheng lu 呂公實政錄 See: Shizheng lu by Lü Kun 0125

Zhengwen lu 政問錄, 1 j. [Questions on Government] By Tang Shu 唐樞 (z. Weizhong 惟中, Zizhen 子鎮, h. Ziyi 子一, Yi’an 一庵) (1497–1574) (js. 1526), from Gui’an 歸安 (Zhejiang) 1569 Ed.:

– In Tang Shu’s Tang Yi’an zazhu 唐一庵雜著 (Longqing-period ed. by Yang Zilong 楊子龍). [Beitu] – *In Tang Shu’s Muzhong tai ji (1556 ed., rev. 1573), fasc. 9, with pref. by Ding Yingzhao 丁應詔 (1568). [Jimbun]

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– In various eds. of Tang’s Muzhung tai quanji. [Sonkeikaku] [Kokkai] [Naikaku] – *Photo-repro. from a late-Ming (Jiajing to Wanli) ed. of Muzhong tai ji ed. in private hands, with pref. by Ding Yingzhao (1568), in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 163. – *Photo-repro. of a 1856 Muzhong tai quanji ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, 史, vol. 880. – *Modern punctuated ed. in simplified characters, in Mingshi ziliao cong­ kan 明史資料叢刊, 5 (Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe, 1986), based on a “1568” printing in Muzhong tai ji.

Rem.: The work, along with Tang’s Fazhui (q.v.), is only found as part of his own congshu: first, Tang Yi’an zazhu, then Muzhong tai ji, then again Muzhong tai quanji. It was completed in 1569 and was made possible by Tang’s independent scholarship and the broad range of materials he was able to see during his extensive travels (see below). Though not a handbook strictly speaking, this 37-folio collection of historical and theoretical considerations on government set in question/answer format belongs to a category of works aiming to offer background knowledge to administrators and especially examination candidates. The pref. describes the work as the fruit of wide readings with a view to understand the causes of the highs and lows of things, and claims that it should be regarded as a “tortoise and mirror” (龜鑑)—i.e., a collection of precedents serving as examples and warnings—for rulers and ministers eager to promote the Way and ensure good government. Examples of questions include the “Way of local government” (問牧道), the primary tasks of government (問為政首務), how to establish laws ensuring good and preventing abuses (問立法何以盡善無弊), the causes of the rise and fall of regimes (問歷代廢興之由), etc.; many more precise topics are covered, such as military organization, corvée, militia, official salaries, princely stipends, transportation, state finances, examinations and recruitement, famine relief, administration of justice, and much more. The emphasis is on difficulties and problems, in particular those that arose since the foundation of the Ming. Bio.: Tang Shu became a juren in 1522. After failing the jinshi examination in 1523 he was selected for the National Academy in Nanjing, where he became a student of Zhan Ruoshui 湛若水 (1466–1560). After obtaining his jinshi he was sent to “observe administration” in the Ministry of Rites, where he could access the writings related to the last stages of the Great Rites Controversy (大禮議). In 1527 he became bureau secretary in the Ministry of Justice. One of his first jobs was to prepare a report to be delivered to the emperor on a politically volatile legal case, in which he took a strong position in favor of what

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became the losing side and was stripped of his official status and sent home. He had served a total of 25 days in appointed office. For the next forty years, he studied all aspects of governance, traveled widely, and became well known for his broad knowledge. Though never reinstated, he was not inactive in public matters: in 1530 he prepared for the local prefect a guide to governance in his home prefecture; in 1552 he provided strategic advice during a local rebellion; and in 1562 he coordinated the building of an academy to provide a more stable basis for his own teaching. At the beginning of the next reign in 1567, he was ordered restored to his official position, but since he was almost 70 he immediately requested to retire. See MS, 206/5438–41; Li Yue 李樂, Tang Yi’an xiansheng nianpu 唐一庵先生年譜, in Mingren nianpu shizhong 明人年譜十 種, vol. 5 (Beijing: Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 1997). [TN] Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. Bibliography entries for same author: Fazhui. [PEW] 0126

Shizheng lu 實政錄, 7, 8, 9, or 10 j. [A Record of Concrete Governance] By Lü Kun 呂坤 (z. Xinwu 新吾, h. Shujian 叔簡) (1536–1618) (js. 1574), from Ningling 寧陵 (Henan) 1598 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 8 j. (same contents as the 7-j. eds., with j. 6 split into two) published by Li Qianyu in Nanjing 金陵李乾宇梓行, titled Juguan biyao 居官必要, with pref. by Zou Yuanbiao 鄒元標 (last page missing, n.d.); although he cannot prove it, Yamane (see below) suggests that this ed., which features only negligible textual differences with the better-known 1598 Zhao Wenbing 趙文炳 ed., might have been displaced by the success of the latter, whose pref. simply ignores it; however, Yamane’s hypothesis of the anteriority of this edition rests in part on his faulty reading of Zou Yuanbiao’s signature (諫章 instead of 豫章 before the name). According to Xie Yang (personal communication) this might be a pirated ed. published for profit, with a new title and a preface falsely attributed to Lü Kun’s famous friend Zou Yuanbiao. So far the copy at Sonkeikaku is the only one known to have survived. [Sonkeikaku] – *Undated ed. in 7 j. (possibly Ming), with pref. by Zhao Wenbing (1598), each juan except j. 1 with separate mulu. [Beitu] [*Ōki] [*Qinghua] [Zhongyang] – *Undated ed. in 7 j. with pref. by Zhao Wenbing (1598), with a 10-part organization (“Shizheng lu 1” to “Shizheng lu 10”) parallel to the 7-j. conventional outline: the section minwu (see below) (j. 2–4) is split into five Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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parts named 仁, 義, 禮, 智, and 信, and the section fengxian yue is split into two parts. [Ōki, *Photo-repro.] – *Undated ed. in 9 j., no general title but continuous juan numbering in central margins, with pref. by Zhao Wenbing (to “Xinwu Lü xiansheng Shizheng lu,” 1598); only j. 2 and 4 have captions and tables of contents. [Beitu] – *Undated ed. in 10 j., with pref. by Zhao Wenbing (1598) and a manuscript note by Zhao Yong 趙永 (see next entry) [see Biaodian shanben tiba jilu, 203]; each juan except j. 1 has a separate mulu. [Zhongyang] – *Undated, unpaginated ms. ed. in 10 j. (10 ce) titled Lü gong Shizheng lu on the first leaf of each fasc., illustrations on separate paper pasted on the leaves, with introductory note by Zhao Yong 趙永子貞氏 (乙卯 [1675?]), written at age 71, explaining how the copy he treasured was damaged by heavy rains in the year 庚辰 (1640?), and pref. by Zhao Wenbing (舊序, 1598); the mention 約園抄本 in the lower central margin suggests that this is one of the many rare books hand-copied by the official and bibliophile Zhang Shouyong 張壽鏞 (1895–1945, h. Yueyuan), the original being now in Zhongyang (see previous entry). [Beitu] – Undated ed. in 10 j. with pref. by Fu Shuxun 傅淑訓 (1618), the prefect of Pingyang 平陽 (Shanxi) who published this ed. [Zhongshan, first page of pref. missing] [Lüda shi tushuguan] – *J. 6 and 8 (Fengxian yue and Dufu yue) from an unknown ed. [*Tōyō Bunko, photo-repro. from Beiping Mf.] – *Undated, unpaginated ms. ed. in 7 j., titled Lü Xinwu shizheng lu, coll. by Lü’s sons, Zhiwei 知畏 and Zhisi 知思, claimed to be “late-Ming,” with pref. by Zhao Wenbing (to Xinwu Lü xiansheng shizheng lu) (1598). [Tian Tao] – *Undated ed. in 7 j., with pref. by Zhao Wenbing (1598), in Lü Xinwu (or Lü Sikou 司寇) quanshu 全書 (Zhongyang copy) or quanji 全集 (Fu Sinian copy, Beitu copy) (a composite collection thus named by librarians, starting with Quwei zhai ji 去偽齋集, preceded by cover-leaf 重刻大司寇新吾 呂先生文集, 本衙繩其居藏板 and ending with postfs. by Lü’s son Zhiwei [1616] and grandson Shenduo 慎多 [1674], followed by other Lü Kun works in variable order depending on the library; apparently an earlyQing reprint using Ming printing blocks). [*Zhongyang] [*Fu Sinian] [*Beitu, 1797 ed. of Shizheng lu (see below)] [Ōki, claimed in cat. to be an original Ming imprint, though Quwei zhai ji, the only dated piece, is missing] – *Undated ed. in 7 j., with pref. by Zhao Wenbing (1598), only j. 4 with mulu, j. 5 split into five juan; clearly a low-quality reprint. [Beitu, with abundant punctuation and upper-margin commentaries added by hand] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– *1797 new engraving by Lü Kun’s descendant in the eighth generation Lü Yu’an (八世姪曾孫寧陵呂譽安重刊), in 7 j., with pref. by Zhao Wenbing (1598); only j. 2 and 4 have mulu. [*Beitu, in Lü Xinwu quanji (see above), no mulu, j. 5 divided into six, with Zhenke 疹科 inserted after j. 4] [*Fu Sinian] [*Gugong Taipei, no cover-leaf] [*Shanghai] [*CASS jinshisuo, no cover-leaf] – *1821 new engraving (重鐫), in 7 j., with prefs. by Zhao Wenbing (1598), (Changbai) Alin 長白阿霖 (1821), who initiated this new ed. with the help of several colleagues (a number of officials are cited), and Ye Shaoben 葉紹本 (1821), postf. by Zhang Jie 張杰 (1824); only j. 2 (not in Beitu copy) and 4 have mulu; j. 5 is divided into six numbered parts. [*Beitu] [*Columbia] – *1827 ed. of the prefectural offices of Kaifeng 開封府署雕版, in 7 j., as part of Lüzi yishu 呂子遺書 (published the same year), with pref. by Kaifeng prefect Li Yumei 栗毓美 (1827) and original pref. by Zhao Wenbing (1598); all juan have mulu. [*Gugong Taipei] [*Ōki] [*Princeton] [*Tōyō Bunka, Imahori collection] – 1841 ed. [LSS] – *1868 Hubei Chongwen shuju 湖北崇文書局 ed., in 7 j., with pref. by Zhao Wenbing (1598); mulu added at the beginning of the work and of each chapter; j. 5 divided into six numbered parts. [*Columbia] [*Beitu] [*Harvard] – *1872 Zhejiang shuju 浙江書局 new ed. (重刊), in 7 j., with a note indicating that, in response to the suggestion of a censor, the throne ordered in 1870 the new semi-official publishing houses recently set up in Jiangsu, Hubei, and Zhejiang to make new engravings of Shizheng lu to ensure wide circulation; with prefs. by Li Yumei (1827) and Zhao Wenbing (1598); this ed. is apparently based on the 1827 ed. [*Beitu, three copies] [*Congress/LL, two copies, one on larger and better paper, with a different presentation of the introductory edict] [*HKU] [*Qinghua] [*Shanghai] [*Tōyō Bunka, same description but without mention of publisher] [*Zhongyang, with Taiwan sōtokufu minseibu 民政部 seal dated 1917] – *1872 Jiangsu shuju ed. 江蘇書局校刊, with red stamp 國子監南學書 at the beginning of the mulu, followed by a mention that the copy passed inspection in 1883 and was found complete; with the same note as in the ed. above, prefs. by Ye Shaoben (1821) and (Changbai) Alin (1821), without Chen Dengyun’s pref. to Fengxian yue (j. 6). [Beitu] – *In revised ed. (修補印本) of Lü Xinwu quanji 呂新吾全集, printed in the Tongzhi and Guangxu periods, using the 1797 ed. [Shanghai][*Beitu]

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– *1889 ed. published by Ningling magistrate Qian Shengzu 錢繩祖, in 7 j., with original pref. by Zhao Wenbing (1598), pref. by Guide 歸德 (Henan) prefect Wenti 文悌 (1889). [*Fu Sinian] [*Qinghua] – *In new ed. (重校刊) of Lüzi quanshu published by the Yunnan Library in 1918, in 7 j., with Lü Kun’s intro. to Mingzhi, pref. to Fengxian yue by Chen Dengyun (1593), pref. by Zhao Wenbing (1598). [Shanghai] – *Photo-repro. of 1797 new engraving, Taipei: Wenshizhe chubanshe, 1971, 2 vols. (Zhongguo wenshizhe ziliao congkan, no. 11), with tables of contents added at the beginning of each vol. [*IHEC] [*Princeton]. – *Photo-repo. of 9-j. ed. at Beitu, in BTGZC, vol. 48. – *Photo-repro. of 9-j. ed. at Beitu, in Xuxiu SKQS, 史, vol. 753. – *Photo-repro. of a “1598 ed.” in 7 j. titled Lü gong shizheng lu, at Gugong Beijing, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 164. – *Photo-repro. of ms. ed. held by Tian Tao, in GZSJC, vol. 1. – *Photo-repro. of unspecified ed. in 7 j., with pref. by Zhao Wenbing (1598), general table of contents, separate mulu except for j. 2, in ZSJC, vol. 6. – Photo-repro. of 7-j. ed., Beijing: n.p., 1998 (in 10 fasc.). [IHEC] – *Modern typeset punctuated ed. in 9 j. (based on copy at Beitu), in Lü Kun quanji 呂坤全集, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2008, vol. 3.

Rem.: This composite work includes public writings by Lü Kun dating to his tenures in Shandong and, especially, Shanxi (see bio. under Mingzhi pian), several or perhaps all of them published separately before, collected by his disciple, Huguang regional inspector Zhao Wenbing, and published in Huguang in 1598, one year after Lü’s retirement. (The resulting editorial inconsistencies are stressed in Li Yumei’s pref. to the 1827 Kaifeng ed., which lists no less than six defects that “need to be rectified.”) J. 1, entitled “Clearly distinguishing functions” ( 明職), has an intro. (引) by Lü Kun himself, dated 1592. (In the 1797 and 1821 eds. it is followed by two lines stating that this is a new engraving realized in 1797 by Lü’s eighth-generation descendant, Lü Yu’an, then magistrate of Zhanhua 霑化.) An explanation of the duties of every official in the provincial structure composed by Lü Kun for distribution to his subordinates in Shanxi, it has been published separately as Mingzhi pian (q.v.). J. 2–4, the longest part of the work, are about “affairs concerning the people” (民務); in several eds. (e.g. Lü’s quanji, or the 1797 ed.) the table of contents of j. 2 is preceded by a proclamation of Lü Kun (as Shanxi grand coordinator) entitled “An itemized selection of important affairs concerning the people, to be entrusted to the officials for them to look for real results” (為款摘民生要務責成有司以求實效事),

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which can be considered as a general introduction to these three chapters. They deal with all sorts of topics regarding the moral and material well-being of the people, such as famine relief, grain storage, production, baojia, schools, customs, land surveys, taxes and corvée, and more. J. 5, itself divided into 6 j. in some eds., is about “community compacts and baojia” (鄉甲約). J. 6, entitled “A covenant on the censorate” (風憲 約), deals with the judicial and surveillance duties of provincial surveillance commissioners; it has a separate pref. by Chen Dengyun 陳登雲 (“Chongkan Fengxian yue xu,” 1593), sometimes placed at the end, and has been published separately under the same title (q.v.). J. 7, entitled yuzheng 獄政, is a directive on taking care of prisoners signed by Lü Kun as Shanxi surveillance commissioner. J. 8–10, titled “A covenant on supreme commanders and grand coordinators” (督撫約) in the 1618 ed., have been expurged from all Qing eds.; they are on military matters and about reinforcing frontier defense against the northern “slaves” (虜), or “Tatar bandits” (韃賊), who are the subject of rather scornful comments. They bear the individual titles “Frontier defense” (邊防), “Defending cities” (城守), and “Loving life” (愛生); the last, which appears only in the rarely seen 10-j. ed., is composed of four documents, on fortifications, planting shrubs as a defense, encouraging bravura, and secret recipes to poison the enemy. J. 8 and 9 have been published separately under the titles Dufu yue and Anmin shiwu 安民實務, respectively, and are quoted in many late-Ming military books, including the massive 1621 encyclopedia Wubei zhi 武備志. They are not alluded to in Zhao Wenbing’s pref., meaning that they were not part of the original edition; but as Xie Yang (see below) has remarked, since in the relatively common 9-j. ed. they are engraved in exactly the same format as the rest, and that j. 1–7 are identical to the 7-j. version, they were probably added by Zhao after the 7-j. version had been first printed. Xie has also carefully examined the textual differences between the original 7- or 9-j. eds. and the 10-j. ed. with Fu Shuxun’s 1618 pref., which was apparently engraved in Shanxi as a tribute to Lü Kun’s governorship there during the 1590s. The emendations appear to aim at making the work less Shanxi-specific, more generally usable, and more centered on concrete administrative methods; according to Xie, they might have been decided by Lü Kun himself, who was dissatisfied with the version put out by Zhao Wenbing. The latter might have been published as a result of Zhao’s efforts to regain Lü’s good will after they had been on opposite sides of political fights at court during the mid-1590s—Zhao choosing the side that lost the emperor’s favor—but without any input from Lü. (In general it seems likely that

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many of the so-called “1598 eds.” in 7 j. are Qing truncated eds. dated 1598 or “Ming” in library catalogs because of the date of the pref. In his DMB biography of Lü Kun, Fang Chao-ying proposes that the original ed. was in 10 juan, but that it was curtailed at the beginning of the Qing into the better-known 7-j. ed., but this does not seem likely.) Much of Shizheng lu consists of proclamations and exhortations directed at various types of local officials, at the rural chiefs in charge of the xiangyue and baojia, or at the populace. These texts or their appendices are often in the form of “covenants” (約 or 條約), in other words regulations whose correct execution depends on a smooth collaboration between officials and the rural chiefs “elected” by their constituencies. All the documents quoted date from Lü’s tenure as touring censor (1589–91) or grand coordinator (1592–93) of Shanxi; they are extremely rich on the socio-economic circumstances of that province in the late sixteenth century. Despite its variegated contents—making it at the same time a general description of the administrative structure of a province, an anthology of administrative papers (公牘) by a provincial official, a treatise on judicial administration, and (in the Ming editions) a treatise on defense—the Shizheng lu was commonly regarded as a handbook for local officials. Thus, Zou Yuanbiao’s pref. to the ed. titled Juguan biyao claims that it can stimulate those in charge of administering the populace (牧民之責 者). While it does not seem to have had much impact in the Ming, and was actually not mentioned in connection with Lü Kun and his oeuvre, the work exerted a tremendous influence on statecraft-minded intellectuals during the entire Qing period, was cited or quoted by innumerable handbook authors, and was even put in practice by some local officials. Bio.: See under Mingzhi pian. Ref. and studies: Siku, 1761. Siku xuxiu, 8:2. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:341. Guji shanben, 史, 2:1101 and 子, 574. Chang, 2:939–40. Guo Chengwei, 74–106. Franke, 6.2.13. Elmquist, “Rural Control in Early Modern China” (containing translations from Shizheng lu). Handlin, “Lü Kun’s Compromises with the Common People.” Littrup, Subbureaucratic Government, 165–68. Handlin, Action in Late Ming Thought, passim. Xie, “Wenji de kanke yu shidai zhengzhi.” Id., Zhengzhi yu shijun. Yamane, “‘Kyokan hitsuyō’ to ‘Jissei roku’.” Yamane, “Ryo Kon no hito to sono chosaku.” Transl.: Text (in 7 j.) with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 3. Bibliography entries for same author: Mingzhi pian; Shizheng lu jiechao; Xingzheng jielu; Fengxian yue; Jiuming shu; Zhancheng huowen. [JK, PEW]

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Xingzheng jielu 刑政節錄 [Excerpts of Judicial Administration] By Lü Kun 呂坤 (z. Xinwu 新吾, h. Shujian 叔簡) (1536–1618) (js. 1574), from Ningling 寧陵 (Henan); recorded by Niu Dawei 紐大煒 (z. Liyun 笠 雲), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.: – *Appended to Mingshen lu (q.v.), titled Lü Xinwu xiansheng 呂新吾先生 xingzheng jielu. [Ōki] – *In Mingfa zhizhang xinli zengding (q.v.), titled Mingru 明儒 Lü Xinwu xiansheng xingzheng jielu (1824, 1833, and 1907 eds.). [Ōki]

Rem.: A series of aphorisms by Lü Kun on the behavior of local officials and philosophy of governement, expressed in semi-vernacular language, recorded by Niu Dawei, the compiler of Mingfa zhizhang xinli zengding (q.v.), first published in 1824.

Bio.: See under Mingzhi pian. Bibliography entries for same author: Mingzhi pian; Shizheng lu; Shizheng lu jiechao; Fengxian yue; Jiuming shu; Zhancheng huowen. [PEW] 0128

[Xinke jingzuan xiangzhu] Shitu xuanjing 新刻精纂詳註仕途懸鏡, 8 j. [A Suspended Mirror for the Official’s Road] By Wang Shimao 王世茂 (z. Erpei 爾培, h. Yangtian 養恬), from Nanchang 南昌 (Jiangxi) 1626 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated Meishu Shiqu ge ed. 梅墅石渠閣梓, with author’s pref. (1626). [*Congress (missing 4 pages in j. 2)] [Hōsa Bunko] [*LSS, Xie Guozhen collection] [Guoli Taiwan tushuguan] – *Undated Jinling Wengu tang 金陵蘊古堂藏 movable-character ed. with author’s pref. (1626). [Tōyō Bunka] – *Undated Jinling Tang-family ed. 金陵唐氏梓行, with author’s pref. (1626). [Naikaku] – Photo-repro. of Meishu Shiqu ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 4–5.

Rem.: This “mirror” is a sort of mini-encyclopedia for local officials made up of a number of texts running independently in two registers covering the top quarter and bottom three-quarters of the page, respectively (similarly represented in the very detailed mulu). Several texts

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bear titles similar and contain materials comparable to popular guides for Ming officials found either as independent works or as part of other collections, without reduplicating them, however; sometimes they are abbreviated versions. Examples are (all qq.v.), in the top register, Siliu panyu (j. 1), Siliu yanyu (j. 2), Siliu canyu (j. 3), Helü panyu 合律判語 (judgments arranged in the order of the statutes in the code, j. 4–7); in the bottom register, Gongyi zhizhang 公移職掌 (see under Wenyi xuan­ yao), [Lütiao] Gaoshi huotao, Xunfang zongyue, Lü gong zhengxun 呂公 政訓 (see under Lü Benzhong’s Guanzhen), and Fajia yaolan 法家要覽 (a nearly complete version of Fajia pouji, in j. 8). Other texts include, on the top, a set of five narrations of cases (three of them involving lecherous monks) solved by ingenious officials, titled Qiduan gong’an zhuan 奇斷公安傳 (j. 8). On the bottom one finds Shishi shimo 筮仕始末, the equivalent of a short handbook for magistrates with 45 quite factual entries starting with appointment at the capital and including the usual advice on behavior, procedure, relations with superiors and subalterns, and administrative duties (in j. 1), and Zhengfu jiyao 政府集要, devoted to the personal and political qualities required of statesmen (in j. 7), also sets of sample communications sent by officials when assuming office (at beginning of j. 1), of model proclamations (告示類, j. 2), of short biographical sketches culled from the histories to illustrate the qualities of model officials (Juguan qingshi lu 居官清事錄, Juguan shenshi 慎事 lu, Juguan qinshi 勤事 lu, Juguan shenshi 神事 lu, Juguan cishi 慈事 lu, all in j. 6), as well as “Nine important things for local officials” (牧民九要) and “Four things to be cautious about” (牧民四慎) (in j. 7); the last concerns judicial administration, viz. arrests, beatings (a text similar to Lü Kun’s Xingjie 刑戒), prisons, and fines. Bio.: Wang Shimao was a prolific publisher of books in Nanjing, most of them appearing under the Cheshu lou 車書樓 label. Extant works show that he was active there during at least 1601–29. The broad range of genres in which he worked suggests that this and other titles were published for the money they would earn rather than for ideals about improving administration. For a sample of his publications, see Quan Ming fensheng fenxian keshu kao 全明分 省分縣刻書考 (Beijing: Xianzhuang shuju, 2001), 江蘇省卷, 江蘇書林, 4b. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 2:1101. Congress Rare Books, 406–7. Chang, 1:144. Nimick, 202. [PEW, TN]

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[QING A] 0129

[Xinji] Shixue dasheng 新輯仕學大乘, 12 j. [A Compendium of Government Knowledge] Comp. (匯纂) Xizhao tang zhuren 犀照堂主人, from Zhejiang 三淛 1666 intro. Ed.:

– *Undated Zhuoguan tang 卓觀堂 ed. (indicated in the lower central margins), title on cover-leaf and running title Shixue dasheng, title in mulu and chapter captions Xinji shixue dacheng, characters 稽古策時 (“examining the ancient and planning for the present”) printed in red on top of cover-leaf; with intro. (引言) written at the Xizhao tang by Gu Dian zhizhi jushi 古滇止止居士 (1666). [*Beitu, no cover-leaf] [*Naikaku, with advertisement text on left side of cover-leaf illegible]. – *Undated new ed., with advertisement text on left half of the cover-leaf illegible, intro. written at the Xizhao tang by Wang Jie 汪杰梁公 (1666). [Jimbun, *Photo-repro. from Naikaku copy] – *Undated new ed. of the Huandu zhai 還讀齋重梓, originally comp. by Xizhao tang 犀照堂原輯, enlarged by the Huangqi tang 黃綺堂增補 (i.e. by its 主人 Chen Diaohou 陳調侯), Zhuoguan tang original blocks (原 板), cover-leaf also including an advertisement text on the left and the characters 稽古策時 printed in red at the top, title on cover-leaf and running title Shixue dasheng, title in mulu and chapter captions Chongke 重 刻 shixue dasheng; with pref. (弁言) to the new ed. by Shen Jie 沈捷敬題 (1677) and original pref. by Gu Dian zhizhi jushi (n.d.). Shen’s pref. makes clear this is a new engraving made after the destruction by fire of the original blocks. The pieces added by Chen Diaohou are marked with the character 增 in the mulu. [*Ōki, only j. 1–6 extant]

Rem.: A guide for general consultation by officials from central and especially local administrations. While celebrating the value of such handbooks as Linmin baojing or Zizhi xinshu and erji (qq.v.), the fanli to the 1677 new ed. claims that the present work seriously improves on and complements them; it also announces a new series (二集), which will include pieces in parallel prose (四六) and letters (啟札), and for which it asks authors to send drafts to the Huandu zhai bookstore in Hangzhou (see next entry). J. 1 contains general essays signed mostly by Xizhao tang (and Huangqi tang in the new ed.), including discussions on the form of documents. J. 2–10 feature examples of various sorts of administrative documents produced by local administrators since the beginning

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Figure 1 [Xinji] Shixue dasheng (#0129) (new Huandu zhai ed.), cover-leaf

0129

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of the Shunzhi reign, classified by genre: memorials (題疏, j. 2), communications (咨移, j. 3), proclamations (文告, j. 4), regulations (條約, j. 5), reports (申詳, j. 6), answers and rejections (批駁, j. 7), and judgments (讞語, j. 8). The author of each piece is named. In j. 9–10 the documents are classified by administrative domain: schools and students (學政), and taxation (賦役). J. 11–12 are in the form of an official handbook (官箴) composed by the author, Xizhao tang zhuren, with a first section devoted to starting one’s career (初仕), and other sections dealing with the various tasks of local officials, classified by the six domains of government. The texts are heavily punctuated and underlined. The work is in a format popular in the 1660s (see under Zizhi xinshu and others). Its authorship is unclear. All the Japanese library cat. give Wang Jie 汪杰 as author, but his name appears nowhere in the work (except as preface author in one of the Naikaku copies, seen in photo-repro. at Jimbun). Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 96–98, reproducing the captions of the 84 judgments in j. 8. [GRT, PEW]

0130

Qidu dasheng 啟牘大乘, 1 + 8 + 1 j. [A Compendium of Letters and Documents] By Lu Yunlong 陸雲龍 (1587–1666) (z. Yuhou 雨侯, h. Tui’an 蛻菴), and Lu Minshu 敏樹 (z. Huimu 蕙畮), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1666 intro. Ed.:

– *Undated Zhuoguan tang 卓觀堂 ed. (indicated in the lower central margin), with pref. by Gu Baowen 顧豹文 (1673), intro. (小引) by Lu Yunlong (1666), family biography of the author by his son Lu Minshu following the fanli. [Shanghai]

Rem.: The complete title in chapter captions and central margins is Xinjuan 新鐫 qidu dasheng beiti 備體; most of the juan start with a cover-leaf bearing the title Qidu beiti 啟牘備體, with the words Shixue dasheng erji 仕學大乘二集 in the top margin (see previous entry), and with the mention Xiling Zhuoguan tang jingzi 西陵卓觀堂精梓. The work is a compendium of model letters in “four-six” style aimed at officials of all ranks, classified according to official position and circumstances. J. shou consists of a list of all titles and positions in the capital and in the provinces, arranged by decreasing rank from 1A (正一品) to unranked (未入流), indicating in each case the positions from where and to which one can be promoted, preceded by a text titled Qinding Man Han pinji

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kao 欽定满漢品級考 (for a similar list in the Ming, see under Guanyuan pinji kao). J. 1–6 are examples of letters classified by official position of the writer and by genres. The style is highly literate, and the literary and historical allusions are explained in inserted notes contributed by the author’s sons. The author of j. 7–8 and 末 is one of them, Lu Minshu. J. 7 consists of fuller examples of letters—both “big” and “small” letters (大 啟 and 小啟)—written for the sake (代) of various officials; j. 8 contains more letters (尺牘) arranged by genre (congratulations, advice-giving, farewell, and so on). J. 末 contains (1) a classified index to family names, arranged by tone and rhyme (姓氏類), and (2) a thesaurus of phrases eulogizing each of the prefectures and counties of the empire, arranged in the order of the official administrative geography (郡邑).

Bio: According to his family biography, Lu Yunlong was a government student (生員) from an impoverished family who after a first attempt at training in examination prose chose not to pass the examinations. Letter writing was one of his specialties. He fell ill aged 80 and before his death wrote prefaces to his works in view of their eventual publication. [PEW]

0131

[Xinbian] Wenwu jinjing lüli zhinan 新編文武金鏡律例指南, 16 j. [A Golden Mirror for Civilian and Military Officials and a Guide to the Penal Code] By Ling Minglin 凌銘麟 (z. Tianshi 天石), from Hangzhou 杭州 prefecture (Zhejiang) 1681 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by the author (1688) and Lu Qi 盧琦 (1681), colophon (題詞) by Song Sijing 宋嗣京 (1684). [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Jimbun] [ZKT] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at ZKT, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 260. – Photo-repro. of j. 15–16 (proclamations), in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 6. – *Modern typeset ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 8.

Rem.: As explained in the author’s pref. and fanli, this composite guide, which emphasizes the inseparability of the civil and military functions of the state, was compiled taking two works as its basis: the late-Ming Linmin baojing (q.v.), and a handbook on military matters titled Mufu jinjing lu 幕府金鏡錄 that was kept in his family and had been offered by Qi Jiguang (係前總戎戚南塘所授); the author completed them with materials culled from “books on the administration of justice”

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(刑政書)—such as explanations of the Code and other guides—whose circulation kept increasing in his time but which according to him still contained errors and inconsistencies, and from anthologies of administrative documents (公牘) copied by hand, also widely circulating. The same pref. deplores that all too often scholars trained in “modern prose” (時文), that is, examination essays, are completely ignorant of law. J. 1–2 are devoted to the rules and practices of concern to civilian and military officials departing from the capital and assuming their new posts; they include information on etiquette (儀注), grades (品級), and appellations (稱呼), as well as lengthy instructions similar to those in standard magistrate handbooks. J. 3 contains memorials by famous people (名 公奏議), and j. 4 is devoted to “communications, ancient and modern” (古今文移), also attributed to authors, with comments. J. 5–10 are devoted to the Penal Code (in the version officially promulgated in 1674 according to the fanli), following the order of its seven parts; there are explanations of the contents of both statutes (律說) and substatutes (例 說), and discussions of technical terms. The explanations (termed shujie 疏解 in the fanli) are introduced by the caption of the relevant article (條) of the Code, preceded by the words “respectfully recite” (敬誦) and followed by the words “superfluous talk” (贅言); the text of the article itself is not quoted. The explanations are fairly short and technical compared to the usual commentaries (疏義), for which it is suggested in the fanli that the reader consult the “[commentaries in] small characters” (似可參用細字). J. 11–12 consist of official correspondence, divided into requests (詳請類), reports (詳報類), and answers (詳覆類). They deal with such domains of government as the grain tribute, river works, salt administration, the postal service, military colonies, the tea and horse administration, tax on reeds, customs, school administration, military horses, and land tax and corvée. J. 13–14 contain examples of judgments, for both criminal and civil affairs, arranged by type of crime or misdemeanor. J. 15–16 are devoted to proclamations, both “interdictions” (禁 諭) and “compacts” (條約). All of the above is “to be kept as models in all yamen” (以存各衙門典要). Many of the pieces in j. 11–16 are attributed; as in j. 3–4, most of them are followed by a short comment (modestly termed liyu 俚語 in the fanli), usually by the compiler but occasionally by other authors. The original title of the work, which was first completed in 1681, appears to have been Wenwu jinjing. What distinguishes it from other similar guides is its inclusion of materials for military officials; it also includes contents going back to the nonextant Mufu jinjing. The author appears to have been a scholar without an official career.

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Bio.: Ling Minglin was a Kangxi-period tribute student; nothing else is known about him. See Hangzhou FZ (1686), 25/24a. Ref. and studies: Siku, 80/1693. Qingdai lüxue, 69–75 (by Song Guohua 宋國華). [GRT, PEW] 0132

Benchao tibo gong’an 本朝提駁公案, 11 j. [Cases Having Led to Rejection under the Present Dynasty] Comp. Li Zhen 李珍 (z. Linji 璘季), from Jin county 金邑 (possibly Jinxi 金谿) (Jiangxi) 1720 Ed.:

– *1720 ed. (新鐫) of the Rongjin tang in Peking 京都榮錦堂梓行, with pref. by comp. (1720). [*Beida] [Faxue suo] [*Kyujanggak, without cover-leaf and with all the mulu at the beginning]

Rem.: A compilation of all sorts of affairs, administrative, political, financial, judiciary, and others, mentioned in the Peking Gazette (邸報) from 1712 to 1720 and having led to rejection or criticism by the emperor or the central authorities. As the pref. recalls, the “daily reports” (日報) copied, published and distributed by the “Gazette offices” (京報房) at the capital come in such a “stream” that it is impossible to remember everything. The compiler, who was in the Beijing book business, selected the entries in the course of compiling a work titled Dingli quanbian (q.v.), which he published in 1715. According to the “principles of compilation” (輯例, i.e., the fanli), the texts collected in Benchao tibo gong’an, all culled from the Gazette, include affairs coming from the six ministries that were rejected by imperial edict (奉上諭批駁六部事件), memorials by court officials to which the ministries responded that they did not need to be discussed (內臣條奏部覆無容議者), sentence proposals sent by provincial governors and rejected by the Ministry of Justice for being contrary to law, and some major judicial affairs of the period (they are in j. 10). Some memorials that were not rejected have been included as well because they dealt with “unusual affairs rarely seen or heard” (未常有之 事罕聞罕見). The given names (名諱) of the high officials mentioned, which are elided in the Gazette, have been supplied for the sake of readers in the future who might not know who is who. It is claimed that even if the work does not compare to a book of “established precedents” (成 例), its function is similar. Specifically, it is meant to provide officials with a classified overview of everything that requires caution, thus to

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avoid breaching the law or incurring the displeasure of the sovereign. The different pieces are arranged chronologically within each of the six domains of government (Personnel, j. 1–2, 114 entries; Revenue, j. 3–4, 128 entries; Rites, j. 5, 63 entries; War, j. 6–7, 86 entries; Justice, j. 8–10, 165 entries; Public Works, j. 11, 5 entries). Each juan has its own detailed mulu, providing captions for each “case”; the cases are dated by the year and month. The work provides a rich and sometimes colorful tapestry of a decade of political and administrative life in the late Kangxi period. For officials at the time it must have been a treasure-trove of “live” information on contemporary trends in government, and thus part of their self-training.

Bio.: Li Zhen was a relative (宗人) of Li Fu 李紱 (1665–1750), a controversial statesman and scholar in the late Kangxi, Yongzheng, and early Qianlong reigns, whose family owned and managed the Rongjin tang at Liulichang at a time when Jiangxi booksellers dominated the market there (the family relation is mentioned in Li Fu’s preface to Dingli quanbian). He may have been a professional compiler of official handbooks and registers, a specialty of the Rongjin tang. His Dingli quanbian was published by the same house in 1715. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 1 (giving compiler’s name as Li Zhenlin 李珍璘). Bibliography entries for same author: Dingli quanbian. [PEW] 0133

Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao 陳文恭手札節要, 3 j. [Important Extracts from Chen Hongmou’s Letters] By Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi) 1768 pref. Ed.:

– *[1846] ed. with original prefs. by Chen Fa 陳法 (1768), Xu Zechun 徐澤 醇 (1846, 存惺齋藏板 in lower central margin), postfs. by Li Wengeng 李 文耕 (n.d.) and Fan Shiyi 范仕義 (1845); Xu says that he was shown a family copy (家藏本) by his classmate (同年) Chen Lianshi 陳蓮史 (Chen Jichang 繼昌, Chen Hongmou’s great-great-grandson), and decided to put out a new ed. [Beitu] – *1868 Chubei chongwen shuju 楚北崇文書局 new ed. with pref. by Chen Fa (1768), postf. by Li Wenbian 李文辨 (to a new engraving funded by Jiang Tishan 蔣梯山 and himself, n.d.); mention “Peiyuan tang oucun gao” 培遠堂偶存稿 in chapter captions. [Ōki, as a set with Liu Heng’s

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Dulü xinde and Yongli yongyan (qq.v.), also printed by Chubei chongwen in 1868] – *1943 punctuated typeset ed. (in Chinese binding) titled Peiyuan tang shouzha jieyao, in Chen Rongmen xiansheng yishu 陳榕門先生遺書 (Guilin: Guangxi sheng xiangxian yizhu bianyin weiyuanhui 廣西省鄉賢 遺著編印委員會, 1944), fasc. 2, with prefs. by [Chen] Fa (1768) and Jiang Fangzheng 蔣方正 (to 重刊, 1837). [Beitu]

Rem.: Chen Fa (js. 1713), a protégé of Chen Hongmou who had a career as prefect and intendant, noted in his preface that even a busy administrator like Chen Hongmou found time to write to his friends and discuss government when traveling from post to post. Chen Hongmou was then in the process of editing parts of his correspondence related to this sort of questions, and Chen Fa’s preface was being written in anticipation of the publication. Only a minority of the letters have dates, all in the 1740s. Some of them are instructions (諭) sent collectively to subordinates. Correspondents include famous officials such as Yinjishan 尹 繼善, Gu Cong 顧琮, or Yin Huiyi 尹會一, as well as family members and close friends. The advice dispensed by Chen concerns honesty and sincerity; it also advocates one’s taking every opportunity in official life for studying. Several letters discuss the promotion of education in peripheral regions (a task to which Chen famously devoted himself during his tenure in Yunnan in the early 1730s). Other extracts discuss financial administration, how to care for the people’s well-being, how to ingratiate oneself with one’s superiors by obeying faithfully their instructions rather than giving gifts, river works, famine relief, the evaluation of subordinates, and justice administration. J. 2 emphasizes ethical and professional problems encountered in the world of officials (官場), and j. 3 insists on the practical aspects of government, notably the accumulation of unresolved judicial cases. This anthology of Chen Hongmou’s letters was very early considered as an important guide for officials. In his 1846 pref., Xu Zechun claims that the book should sit on the table of every official, whether residing at home or on duty (此書無論居家作官 皆當置諸案頭以作箴銘). Bio.: see under Congzheng yigui. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhai­ chao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [LG]

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[QING B]

Man Han lizhi jiyao 滿漢吏治輯要 Sanhe Man Meng Han lizhi jiyao 三合滿蒙漢吏治輯要 See: Lizhi jiyao (Gao E) 0134

Lizhi jiyao 吏治輯要, 1 j. [Essentials of Administrative Discipline] By Gao E 高鄂 [鶚] (z. Xiaoquan 小泉, h. Lanshu 蘭墅) (c. 1740–ca. 1815) (js. 1795), from the Chinese Bordered Yellow Banner N.d. Ed.:

– 1822 bilingual ed. titled Man Han 滿漢 Lizhi jiyao, Manchu transl. by Tongrui 通瑞, coll. and printed by Mingxu 明敘 and Wentong 文通. [ZKT] – *1844 new engraving (新鐫) by the Sanhuaitang 三槐堂梓行 of newly collated (重加校正) ed., republished (重刊) by Mingxing 明星, with pref. by Tongrui (1822). [*Ōki] [*Leiden] [*IHEC, text bound in “Chinese” order from right to left, cover-leaf at the end] – *Undated trilingual ed. titled Sanhe 三合 Lizhi jiyao, with original pref. by Tongrui (1822), pref. by Mengbao 孟保 (1857), who indicates that he translated the text from Tongrui’s Manchu version. [Qinghua] – 1857 trilingual ed. titled Sanhe Man Meng Han 滿蒙漢 Lizhi jiyao, Mongol transl. by Mengbao. [ZKT 史 712 018] – 1887 Juzhen tang 聚珍堂 new ed., Peking, titled Man Han Lizhi jiyao (Manchu title Han I dasan I oyonggo be isabuha bithe), coll. and printed by Yuzhang 裕彰. – 1911 litho. trilingual ed. titled Sanhe Man Meng Han Lizhi jiyao.

Rem.: A work due to the now-famous author to whom the 40 last chapters of Honglou meng are sometimes attributed. It has been described as providing the phrases used in public records of cases (公家案牘成 語), but in fact it is completely different. The original text appears to have been composed in Chinese by Gao E before 1809, before he entered the Censorate and while he was a secretary at the Grand Secretariat; his authorship is revealed in Tongrui’s pref., which says “This is a work by Gao E from Tieling [i.e., a Chinese bannerman], which I have translated into Manchu” (此鐵嶺高公諱鶚者之所作。予繙之以清文). Tongrui is described as a student at the Department of the Imperial Household (內務府附生). In the bilingual ed. seen, the text reads in the Manchu order (from left to right), the book being bound with the spine on the left-hand side; the Chinese text is inserted between the Manchu lines. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Rather than a “handbook” in the conventional sense, the text seems to be a manifesto; it presents itself at the end as a statement (陳) on the selection of officials (銓選) by an modest “slave of the Inner Palace for generations” (內府世僕). Reading at places like a pamphlet on the condition of officialdom in its time, it emphasizes the policies of the state and denounces in precise and very harsh terms the abuses of bad or indifferent officials. The crucial problem of controlling officials (察 吏) is posited in the very first sentence, which emphasizes that officials are the pillars of the state and masters of the people’s destinies (朝廷之 治，察吏為先。吏者，國家之柱石，而生民之司命也). A sizable part of the essay is devoted to the way the higher officials in a province should carefully evaluate local officials before either recommending or censoring them, and honestly report to the throne rather than trying to “sell their reputation” and protect their subordinates. Indeed, the middle and high officials in the provincial bureaucracy seem to be among the main targets of Gao E’s admonitions, disguised as a memorial. Its several editions, spanning one century, suggest that Gao’s words were taken seriously.

Bio.: Better known as a man of letters, after his jinshi Gao E became a secretary (中書) and later a reader-in-waiting (侍讀) at the Grand Secretariat. In 1809 he was appointed censor for the Jiangnan circuit, and in 1813 a supervising censor for Justice (刑科給事中). See QSG, 485/13379; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu 6:201, 207. Widmer, “Honglou meng ying and Its Publisher,” 42 (1887 ed.). [JB, PEW] 0135

Shizheng lu jiechao 實政錄節鈔, 10 j. [Excerpts from A Record of Concrete Governance] By Lü Kun 呂坤 (z. Xinwu 新吾, h. Shujian 叔簡) (1536–1618) (js. 1574), from Ningling 寧陵 (Henan); compiled (纂輯) by Lin Zexu 林則徐 (z. Yuanfu 元撫, Shaomu 少穆, h. Sicun laoren 竢村老人, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1785–1850) (js. 1811), from Houguan 侯官 (Fujian) Ed.:

– *1837 small-sized ed. of the Toubi zhai 投筆齋 published by the Xia family from Jianning 建寧夏氏, with prefs. by Zhao Wenbing 趙文炳 (1598), Chen Dengyun 陳登雲 (1593, to the new printing of Fengxian yue), and Xia Shitang 夏世堂 (1837). [Naikaku (Lin Zexu given as author)] [*Ōki]

Rem.: An abridged and somewhat rearranged version of Shizheng lu (q.v.). Xia, who never succeded at the examinations and only held minor positions in tribute transportation, indicates in his pref. that he looked

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for copies of Shizheng lu to enable Lin Zexu to edit his abridged version; Lin retained everything concerning the people’s affairs (minwu), but otherwise cut passages deemed obsolete. Xia also composed a pref. after Lin had left Zhejiang to become Huguang governor-general. He compares Lin’s administration in Zhejiang with that of Lü in Shanxi. This recension includes the following sections (see under Shizheng lu): mingzhi 明制 (j. 1), minwu 民務 (j. 2–5), and fengxian 風憲 (j. 6–10).

Bio. See under Mingzhi pian. Bibliography entries for same author: Mingzhi pian; Shizheng lu; Xingzheng jielu; Fengxian yue; Jiuming shu; Zhancheng huowen. [JK, PEW] 0136

Shuochu 說儲, 1 ce [A Trove of Theories] By Bao Shichen 包世臣 (z. Shenbo 慎伯, h. Anwu 安吳) (1775–1855) (jr. 1808), from Jingxian 涇縣 (Anhui) Ca. 1801 Ed.:

– *1906 typeset ed. by Liu Shipei 劉師培 (1884–1919), based on author’s ms., with author’s pref. and postf. (跋) by Liu Shipei (1903), Shanghai: Guoxue baocun hui 國學保存會 (Guocui congshu 國粹叢書, 1st ser.). [*Princeton] [Shoudu] – *1936 Taofeng lou facsimile reproduction 陶風樓景印 of the first part of the work in what appears to be Bao’s original ms., or a copy of it, with numerous corrections and additions, title Bao Anwu shuochu shang 包安 吳說儲上, with postf. by Liu Yizheng 柳詒徵 (1936); a label pasted on the back cover says it was reproduced by the Guoxue tushuguan 國學圖書館 [in Nanjing] in 1937 and gives the price as 6 jiao. [Columbia] – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, in Bao Shichen quanji 全集, ed. by Li Xing 李星 and Liu Changgui 劉長桂, Hefei: Huangshan shushe, 1991 (Anhui guji congshu).

Rem.: In his prefatory remarks Bao Shichen states that the text is a response to the demands for instructions to “save the times” formulated by a young man by the name of Yao Jiguang 姚季光 (Chengqian 承謙) who was “traveling” with Bao (i.e., probably, following him in a position in the private cabinet of an official) in the year 1801. The 45-page text, which is a program for reform rather than a handbook properly speaking, is divided into two parts. The entries in the first part deal with general principles and call for sometimes fairly audacious institutional reforms regarding the structure and terminology of governement, the responsibilities and

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status of the subbureaucracy, official salaries, etc.; various regulations and data on grades, functions, salaries, agricultural encouragement, baojia, and so forth, extracted from Collected Institutions-type sources are cited along the way. Part two is more particularly devoted to local government, with entries on the magistrate’s household and cabinet, baojia, the administration of justice, religion and sectarianism, defense, and more. Liu Shipei’s postf. notes that the portions of the text that had been printed in Anwu sizhong 安吳四種 (a collection of Bao’s writings in 36 j., first published in 1846 in a movable-type ed. with a 500-copies print-run [Columbia], then in 1851 in a revised version by Bao himself, with 300 copies printed [Beitu], and again in 1871 by his sons [Beitu, and Taiwan reprint]) omitted the reformist proposals that could not be put in print in the Jiaqing-Daoguang period: indeed, Bao’s Qimin sishu 齊 民四術 (one of the four titles in Anwu sizhong, dealing with questions related to agriculture, rites, punishments, and the military) includes essays extracted from the second part (下篇) of Shuochu, which is more specifically devoted to the problems of prefectures and counties. (These essays from Shuochu are dated 1801; they are mixed with a variety of later materials.) In this way it can be said that Bao’s recommendations on local government—if not his bolder proposals for constitutional reform—had a large distribution as early as the late-Daoguang period, long before the complete Shuochu was revived in 1903. The original ms. in Bao’s hand had been kept in the family; according to Liu Shipei its upper margins bore commentaries by Shen Xiaowan 沈小宛 and Zhou Baoxu 周保緒, which it would have been too complicated to print in his guocui edition. (They can be seen in the 1936 facsimile ed.) Liu also claims that much of Bao’s ideas came from Gu Yanwu, that if they were implemented today they would be much in accord with Western political institutions, and that at the time only Bao and Gong Zizhen 龔自珍 (1792–1841) had such lucidity.

Bio.: A short chronology of his own life by Bao in the form of a preface (1844) follows the general table of contents of Anwu sizhong. From 1797 onwards Bao worked in the cabinets of various high officials; he traveled through Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, serving notably as a military adviser, and later in the provinces along the Grand Canal. He failed the jinshi examination repeatedly, and was appointed to a magistracy in Jiangxi in 1839, which he retained for one year only. His recommendations on government in Shuochu, which he dates to 1801, are largely based on observations made during his trips in the early Jiaqing years. See also Hu Yunyu 胡韞玉 (Hu Pu’an 樸安), Bao Shenbo

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xiansheng nianpu 包慎伯先生年譜, in the same author’s Puxue zhai congkan 樸學齋叢刊 (1923) (modern eds. Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 1971, or Shangwu yinshuguan, 1986; the author was from the same place as Bao Shichen); ECCP, 610–611; Rowe, Speaking of Profit, passim. Ref. and studies: ECCP, 611, speaking of a “work on political economy.” Rowe, “Rewriting the Qing Constitution.” Id., Speaking of Profit. [JB, LG, PEW] 0137

Lishi shi xiaolu 吏事識小錄, 4 j. [A Small Record of Officials’ Practical Knowledge] By Yang Shida 楊士達 (z. Naixuan 耐軒) (?–1861) (1835 jr.), from Jinxi

金谿 (Jiangxi)

1837

Ed.: – 1869 new ed. (重刻) with pref. by Yao Yuanzhi 姚元之, postfs. by Liang Xi 梁溪 and An Shi 安詩. [No known location]

Rem.: According to the Siku xuxiu record, the work is characterized in the pref. as a “book dealing with the management of the world” ( jing­ shi zhi shu 經世之書) and as a “manual for aiding government” (zuozhi guanzhen 佐治官箴). In Yang’s Jinxi XZ biography it is described as a “compilation of essentials on local government by contemporary authors” (輯時人居官為政之大要). It consists of various notes based on administrative documents, the Peking Gazette, and some personal information on current events.

Bio.: Yang Shida was born to a family of officials. After passing the juren in 1835 (not 1836 as said in his gazetteer biographies), he moved to the capital and is reported to have been a famous scholar and debater among the literati residing in the Xuannan 宣南 neighborhood, and have been connected with such famous people as Wei Yuan 魏源, Yao Ying 姚瑩, Bao Shichen 包世臣, and Liu Heng 劉衡. Yang does not seem to have held official positions. In 1861 he was captured and executed by the Taipings during an attack on the village of Putang 蒲塘 in his native Jinxi. Besides the present work, he is said to have also compiled a collection of esentials on local defense past and present, titled Choumou weiyu bian 綢繆未雨編. See Jinxi XZ (1870), 14/6b, 22B/2a–b; Fuzhou 撫州 FZ (1876), 62/9b–10a; Jiangxi TZ (1881), 35/54a. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu 31:715. [PEW]

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Juguan jian 居官鑑, 2 j. [A Mirror of the Office Holder] By Huang Xieqing 黃燮清 (alternative name Xianqing 憲清, z. Yunshan 韻珊) (1805–64) (jr. 1835), from Haiyan 海鹽 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1855 Ed.:

– *In Huang Xieqing, Yiqing lou ji 倚晴樓集, Yiqing lou qizhong qu 七種曲 [1873], ce 9–10. [HKU]

Rem.: This “mirror” is an opera in Kunshan style, complete with stage instructions and indication of musical tunes. It must have been composed around 1855. The main characters are a father and son, both local officials (the latter’s name is Wang Wenxi 王文錫). The successive scenes represent the son’s career; several of them bear titles referring to specific official tasks (such as coastal patrol, provisioning garrisons, famine relief, fighting bandits, and so forth). The play is essentially a staging of the administrative virtues classically extolled in magistrate handbooks: in this sense it can be said that it somehow possessed a comparable didactic value. It is also notable for its patriotic tone in the scenes devoted to the Opium War. The transmission of administrative knowledge within the family by means of a handbook composed by the father, titled Juguan baojian 居官寶鑑, is dramatized in the last scene (“Transmitting the mirror” 傳鑑), when the son gives the copy handed down by his father in the first scene, which he used to consult regularly during his career, to his own newly-appointed son. Wang Wenxi’s career in the play appears to have been modeled on that of Wang Youling 王有齡, who died in 1861 as governor of Zhejiang when Hangzhou was taken by the Taipings, and who was at one point a patron of Huang Xieqing; according to some authors, there actually existed a handbook titled Juguan baojian that had been transmitted within Wang Youling’s family.

Bio.: A poet and playwright of some note, Huang Xieqing did not assume any official position until after the sack of his native Haiyan by the Taipings in 1861, when he served briefly as a magistrate in Hubei. See Haiyan XZ (1877), 16/55b–56a; QSLZ, 73/41b; Li Junzhi 李濬之, Qing huajia shishi 清畫家詩史, 庚 下/36a; Will, “La vertu administrative au théâtre,” 292–9 and passim. Ref. and studies: Will, “La vertu administrative au théâtre,” and references therein. [JB, PEW]

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Juguan bidu shu 居官必讀書, 4 j. [Required Reading for Office Holders] Comp. Yao Kaiyuan 姚凱元, from Huzhou 湖州 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with yellow label pasted on red cover, indicating a printing cost (刊印費) of 10 strings of cash, and label saying “Qinding huangchao tanmiao lingqin jisi lijie huixuan” 欽定皇朝壇廟陵寢祭祀禮節彙選. [Congress] – *Undated typeset ed. with two red labels pasted on a pseudo cover-leaf, one with same text as above and one giving the titles of the four parts. [Tōyō Bunka, Niida Collection] – *Undated typeset Beijing Longyun zhai 京都龍雲齋 ed. [Shoudu]

Rem.: A short compendium of general information for officials. J. 1 is a “complete list” of the places and dates for state cults in the capital (壇 廟祭祀日期齋宿地名全單). J. 2 is a list of the locations of tombs and of the death anniversaries of the emperors of the present dynasty (皇朝忌 辰陵寢全單), with Ming tombs appended. J. 3 lists auspicious days for assuming one’s post and other events of official life (選擇上官接印赴 任日期). J. 4 is the text of Fang Ruqian’s Xiyuan baojian (q.v.). The compiler’s name appears in the postf. to j. 1 and appendix to j. 2; the latter is dated 1889.

Bio.: Yao Kaiyuan (if this is the same person) is mentioned among the compilers of the 1889 Shuntian 順天 prefecture gazetteer with the title office director at the Court of Imperial Entertainment (光祿寺署正). [JB, PEW] 0140

Zuozhi chuyan 佐治芻言 [Humble Sayings in the Aid of Government] By Fu Lanya 傅蘭雅 [John Fryer (1839–1928)] N.d. Ed.:

– In Xizheng congshu 西政叢書 (1897), ce 6. [Beitu] [Harvard] – In Jiangnan zhizaoju suo ke shu 江南製造局所刻書, ce 21–23. [Beitu] – *Jiangnan zhizao zongju 江南製造總局 movable-type ed. [Fu Sinian] – *In Xixue fuqiang congshu 西學富強叢書, Hongwen shuju, 1896, fasc. 25. [Harvard] – *1897 woodblock ed. in 3 juan, based on Zhizao ju 製造局 ed. (with slight differences in the arrangement of paragraphs), in Zhixue congshu chuji 質 學叢書初集 (Wuchang, 1897). [*Harvard] [IHEC]

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– In Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 1297, based on Jiangnan zhizao zongju ed.

Rem.: This work is mentioned here because its title could have been used for any traditional Chinese administrator handbook, even though it has little to do with this genre. The author, an Englishman, was closely involved in the translation program of the Jiangnan Arsenal founded in 1865. The text was orally transmitted and recorded by Ying Zuxi 應祖錫. The 31 chapters (章) and 418 paragraphs (節) in continuous numbering and pagination amount to a sort of course in Western (basically British, with occasional criticism of French theories) government and political economy. There is no date and no preface.

Bio.: A British missionary, John Fryer started his Chinese career in Hong kong in 1861. In 1863 he went to Beijing to teach English in the newly established institute for translation, the Tongwen guan 同文館. He moved to Shanghai in 1865, and in 1867 ceased to be a missionary and became the head of the translation department of the Jiangnan Arsenal (江南製造局). In this capacity he translated and published many scientific and political books and magazines in the following decades and exerted a strong influence on Chinese modernization. He moved to the U.S. in 1896 to become the first professor of Chinese at the University of California, Berkeley, a post from which he retired in 1914. He continued to visit China regularly. Ref. and studies: Listed in Liang Qichao, Xixue shumu biao 西學書目表 (n.p.: Shiwu baoguan, [1896]), 15b, with the comment: “The best book for discussion of government” (言政治最佳之書). [PEW] 1.7

Career Autobiographies

[QING A] 0141

Zai Tao pu 宰桃譜, 1 j. [A Journal of Governing Taoyuan] By Wang Zhichen 王之臣 (js. 1713), from Lixian 蠡縣 (Zhili) 1725 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with author’s pref. (1725). [Beitu]

Rem.: An account of the author’s governance of Taoyuan 桃源 county (Huai’an 淮安 prefecture, Jiangsu). Wang stresses in his pref. the difficulty of the position by recalling that above him he had “seven governors, two commissioners, three intendants, one prefect, and four special subprefects” (邑上有七院兩司三道一府四廳), each sending paperwork to Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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the tune of several tens of bags a day; moreover, he had to accommodate a large number of dignitaries and foreign envoys circulating along the Grand Canal. He claims that he managed to administer this extremely challenging place without mistakes, even with distinction, but was eventually discharged because of drinking and impetuousness (浮躁) that offended individuals in high places. The 42 entries (with captions), written in the first person, discuss all the concrete problems Wang had to handle in Taoyuan, providing interesting information on Taoyuan’s society along the way. They deal with such topics as the improvement of agricultural practices, the slaugther of oxen (there were many Muslims in Taoyuan), official propaganda among the populace, examining local students, the high rate of tenancy, curbing local despots, yamen underlings, soldiers, protecting the small folk hired as transportation laborers, various disruptive religious practices, problems of justice administration, banditry, gambling, alcoholism, prostitution, abuses in tax collection and grain tribute administration, slavery, fire prevention, and more. This comparatively lively evocation of local life as perceived by an official ends with a few literary pieces and letters to colleagues.

Bio.: The preface is followed by a short curriculum vitae (履歷) indicating that Wang received his juren in 1708, his jinshi in 1713, and was appointed to his Taoyuan post in the 2nd month of 1724 by drawing lots; he reached the position on the 2nd day of the 4th month, and was relieved from his charge on the 13th day of the 12th month of the same year. No further information is available on his life and career. [PEW] 0142

Bingta menghen lu 病榻夢痕錄, 2 j. [Traces of Dreams on a Sick Man’s Bed] By Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (z. Huanzeng 煥曾, h. Longzhuang 龍莊, Guilu 歸廬) (1731–1807) (js. 1775), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) 1796 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated engraving in Shuangjie tang zalu 雙節堂襍錄, including Menghen luyu 錄餘 (see next entry), with author’s pref. (1796), picture and colophon. [Beitu] – *In Longzhuang yishu (q.v.), with author’s pref. (1796). [IHEC] – *In Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu (q.v.), with author’s pref. (1796), including Menghen luyu. – *[1851] ed., including Menghen luyu, engraved by Gong Yu 龔裕, with prefs. by Gong Yu (n.d.) and author (1796); author’s picture and colophon Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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composed by himself at age 70 (i.e., 1800); this ed. is part of Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu hekan (q.v.). [Nanjing] – *1872 newly engraved (重彫) ed. in 3 fasc., including Menghen luyu as fasc. 3, with Wang Huizu family biography (家傳) by Ruan Yuan 阮元 (title Xunli Wang jun zhuan 循吏汪君傳), prefaces by author (1796) and the author’s grandson, Wang Shijin 汪世金 (1869); the latter says that Bingta menghen lu is one of Wang Huizu’s few works that survived the sack of Xiaoshan by the Taipings in 1861. At the end of j. 1 and 2 and of the Menghen luyu are the words “republished by [the author’s] grandson Shijin” (孫世金重刊). To the Menghen luyu is appended a “preface to the new edition of Mr. Wang Longzhuang’s Bingta menghen lu” (重刊汪龍 莊先生病塌夢痕錄序) by Yang Ximin 楊希閔 (1855), and a “letter from Mr. Rao Difu discussing the publication of the Menghen lu” (饒滌甫先生 商刊夢痕錄手簡), dated 1846. In this letter Rao Difu (m. Gongchen 拱辰) advocated cutting personal and literary matters from the text and keeping only the materials useful to officials and private secretaries, in order to produce a movable-type edition that would have a wide distribution. As is explained in a final note by Yang Ximin, an unabridged woodblock edition was preferred in the end. [Harvard] – *1886 Shandong shuju ed. 山東書局續刊, including Menghen luyu, with prefs. by Gong Yu (n.d.) and author (1796). [Harvard] – *Undated [Guangxu-period] Jiangsu shuju facsimile ed. 江蘇書局橅 刻 based on Wang sanyi zhai 望三益齋 original ed., with Menghen luyu. [IHEC] – *Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., with author’s pref. (1796), Taipei, Guangwen shuju, 1971 (Nianpu congshu, vol. 13) (without Menghen luyu). – *Photo-repro. of unspecified ed. with author’s pref. (1796) titled Qing Wang Huizu xiansheng ziding nianpu 清汪輝祖先生自訂年譜, yiming 一 名 Bingta menghen lu, Taipei: Taiwan shangwu yinshu guan, 1980 (Xinbian Zhongguo mingren nianpu jicheng, ser. 8). – *Photo-repro. of 1851 ed., copy at Nanjing, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 555. – *Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., with author’s pref. (1796), together with Menghen luyu, under general title Wang Huizu zizhu nianpu erzhong 汪 輝祖自述年譜二種, Beijing: Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 1997 (in traditional binding). – Photo-repro. of copy at Beitu, in Beijing tushuguan cang zhenben nianpu congkan, vol. 107. – Photo-repro. of unspecified Guangxu-period ed., Beijing: Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 2004 (ser. Qingdai Minguo cangshujia nianpu, vol. 1–2).

Rem.: Recollections dictated to the author’s sons as he lay on his “sickbed”—he had become paralyzed in 1795—and edited in the form of a

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self-nianpu. The materials added by Wang himself after a first ed. in 1796 and down to 1806, plus those added by his five sons concerning the last year of his life, were published as Bingta menghen luyu. As seen in the pref., the title of the work alludes to a line by Su Shi to the effect that “Affairs, like a spring dream, leave no trace” (事如春夢了無痕)—Wang would not say such a thing: he was looking for “real” traces so as to be sincere and not delude himself. It may be remarked, on the other hand, that both in the pref. and at some points in the text Wang mentions dreams that he had during his illness, where past judicial cases suddenly became clear. The pref. states that the text is intended for Wang’s sons and grandsons to learn that “to acquaint oneself with the world is difficult and to protect one’s self is not easy” (涉世之難保身之不易); in fact, as it discusses extensively its author’s experience and concrete cases dealt with during his long career as a private secretary, the book was regarded as a sort of handbook for muyou. For an abridged combination of the work and its continuation, see under Menghen lu jiechao.

Bio.: Wang Huizu was born on YZ 8/12/14, so, at the beginning of 1731. He lost his father at a young age and was raised by the latter’s two widows; he supported himself first by teaching and later as a private secretary. His long and distinguished muyou career was a consequence of the many attempts he made to obtain first the juren degree (in 1768, after eight failures), and then the jinshi (in 1775, aged 46, after three failures). He received his first appointment eleven years later as magistrate of Ningyuan 寧遠 in southern Hunan. In 1790 he became acting department magistrate of Daozhou 道州, where after about a year his career was abruptly terminated due to a conflict with the Hunan surveillance commissioner regarding an autopsy he had been unable to perform because of a bad fall while traveling in the mountains. He spent his last years bedridden, dictating his memoirs. Despite this unhappy outcome, Wang’s immense prestige as a model official and patron-saint of the muyou profession endured to the end of the empire and beyond. See QSG, 477/13029– 30; Bingta menghen lu and yulu; family biography by Ruan Yuan (see above, 1872 ed.); Wang Huizu xingshu 行述, 10 j., ms. at Fu Sinian, photo-repro., Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 1977 (a collection of biographical and celebratory texts on Wang Huizu by a large number of authors, including such luminaries as Shao Jinhan 邵晉涵, Zhang Xuecheng 章學誠, Ruan Yuan 阮元, and Hong Liangji 洪亮吉); QSLZ, 75/36b–37b; Qu Duizhi 瞿兌之, Wang Huizu zhuanshu 傳述, Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, n.d. [1934] (reprinted in Minguo cong­shu, ser. 3, no. 76); Qingdai qibai, 1:204–5; Bao Yongjun, Shaoxing shiye Wang Huizu, chap. 2. ECCP, 824–6. Chang, “Liangmu xunli Wang Huizu” (includes a biographical sketch as well as a study of Wang’s methods and ideas based on his writings); Renming quanwei.

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Ref. and studies: ECCP, 825. Li, 9. Chang, 2:808–9. Chang Wejen, “Liangmu xunli Wang Huizu.” Guo Runtao, “Wang Huizu yu Qingdai zhouxian mufu.” Bibliography entries for same author: Menghen luyu; Menghen lu jiechao; Xuezhi yishuo; Xuezhi xushuo; Xuezhi shuozhui; Zuozhi yaoyan; Xu Zuozhi yaoy­ an; Wang Longzhuang wuzhong; Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu; Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu hekan; Longzhuang yishu. [PEW] [QING B]

See also: Zai Hui jilüe 0143

Menghen luyu 夢痕錄餘 [Supplement to Traces of Dreams on a Sick Man’s Bed] By Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (z. Huanzeng 煥曾, h. Longzhuang 龍莊, Guilu 歸廬) (1731–1807) (js. 1775), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) 1806 Ed.: – Included in most eds. of Bingta menghen lu (see under this title)

Rem.: A sequel to Bingta menghen lu (q.v.), Wang Huizu’s remembrances dictated on his “sickbed” in 1796. The text is preceded by a short prefatory statement by the author, dated “three days before the beginning of summer, 1798.” Wang specifies that while Bingta menghen lu “concentrated on exposing facts” (專敘事), the present work “is largely devoted to recording words” (多記言). The text proper starts in the seventh month, 1796, and ends on new year day, 1806, Wang being by then aged 77. Both the prefatory statement and Wang’s text (on its last page) are signed Guilu zhuren 歸廬主人. A supplement covers the last thirteen months of his life; it was composed by his five sons, Jifang 繼坊, Jiyong 繼墉, Jixu 繼垿, Jipei 繼培, and Jihao 繼壕, who tearfully list their names at the end. Bio.: See under Bingta menghen lu.

0144

[PEW]

Menghen lu jiechao 夢痕錄節鈔 [Extracts from Traces of Dreams on a Sick Man’s Bed] By Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (z. Huanzeng 煥曾, h. Longzhuang 龍莊, Guilu 歸廬) (1731–1807) (js. 1775), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang); ed. He Shiqi 何士祁 (z. Zhuxiang 竹薌) (js. 1822), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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N.d. Ed.:

– *Included in certain eds. of Huanhai zhinan wuzhong (q.v.), with pref. by He Shiqi (n.d.).

Rem.: Extracts from Wang Huizu’s “chronological autobiography composed on his sickbed” (病榻自定年普; see under Bingta menghen lu), edited by He Shiqi, the author of Xuezhi bushuo (q.v.), alongside his new edition of Wang’s Zuozhi yaoyan and Xuezhi yishuo (qq.v.). The extracts start in 1756 (Wang’s second year as a private secretary); the text of the original Bingta menghen lu is notably shortened, many facts and details concerning Wang’s private life now omitted, with the editor concentrating on the accounts of judicial cases. Bio.: See under Bingta menghen lu. For He Shiqi, see under Xuezhi bushuo. Ref. and studies: Chang, 2:809. [PEW]

0145

Huanyou jilüe 宦游紀略, 2 j. [A Brief Account of an Official’s Travels] By Gao Tingyao 高廷瑤 (z. Qingshu 青書, h. Xuelu 雪廬) (1765–1830) (jr. 1786), from Guizhu 貴筑 (Guizhou) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. coll. by the author’s two sons and eight grandsons, with prefs. by Bao Yuanshen 鮑源深 (n.d., pref. solicited in 1858), Mo Youzhi 莫友芝 (n.d.), Wang Boxin 王柏心 (n.d., pref. solicited in 1859), and Liu Zao 劉藻 (n.d.), postf. by Li Jinyun 李錦雲 (n.d.); this ed. ends with a set of “poems on six sages” (六賢詩)—six high officials active in the midnineteenth century: Jiang Zhongyuan 江忠源, Senggelinqin 僧格林沁, Hu Linyi 胡林翼, Luo Bingzhang 駱秉章, Guanwen 官文, and Zeng Guofan 曾 國藩—by Gu Fuchu 顧復初 (z. Daomu 道穆); the relation with the main text is unclear. This seems to have been the first printed ed. [Fu Sinian]. – *Undated ed. coll. and printed (校刊) by the author’s sons Gao Yilian 以 廉 (z. Xinquan 心泉) and Gao Yizhuang 以莊 (z. Xiudong 秀東), with 1862 cover-leaf calligraphed by Shi Zanqing 石贊清 (the author’s niece’s husband 姪婿); with prefs. by Bao Yuanshen (1861), Shen Xixu 沈西序 (1861), Zhu Shu 朱樹 (n.d.), Wang Yue 王玥 (n.d.), Xiao Rulan 蕭如蘭 (n.d.), Kong Xiandian 孔憲典 (n.d.), Zhu Zhirong 朱之鎔 (n.d.), Kou Bingjun 寇 秉鈞 (n.d.), Mao Fengyi 毛鳳儀 (1857), Feng Shaojun 馮紹俊 (1862), Mo Youzhi (n.d.), Wu Tingzhen 吳廷楨 (n.d.), Hu Tingzhen 胡廷楨 (1861), Li

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Jinyun (1861), Gu Zhong 顧衷 (1861), Li Xianruo 李咸若 (n.d.), and Shi Zanqing (1862). There are commentaries in the upper margin (not unlike in a novel); each section of the text is followed by a few (highly laudatory) lines by one of two “students,” Hou Jinkai 受業侯金楷 and Fang Hengtai 晚學生方恒泰. [Tōyō Bunko] – *1873 ed. newly engraved (重鐫) in Chengdu, with prefs. by Bao Yuanshen (n.d.), Mo Youzhi (n.d.), Wang Boxin (n.d.), and Liu Zao (n.d.), postf. by Li Jinyun (n.d.). [Beitu] – *1881 ed. by Yan Xikang 嚴錫康 (z. Boya 伯雅), with prefs. by Wei Rongguang 衛榮光 (1883) and Shen Bingcheng 沈秉成 (1883), a letter from Hu Linyi 胡林翼 to Yan Xikang (when both were local officials in Guizhou), a proclamation by Lin Zexu 林則徐 to rebels in Yongchang 永 昌 (Yunnan), prefs. by Bao Yuanshen (1861), Shen Xixu (1861), Zhu Shu (n.d.), Mo Youzhi (n.d.), Li Xianruo 李咸若 (n.d.), and Shi Zanqing (1862), and postf. by Yan Xikang (1881). [Shoudu] – *1883 Zizhou guanshe 資州官舍 ed., with prefs. by Bao Yuanshen (n.d.), Mo Youzhi (n.d.), Wang Boxin (n.d.), and Liu Zao (n.d.), postf. by Li Jinyun (n.d.). (There is mention of a 1883 Zizhong guanting 資中官廳 ed., which is probably the same.) [Beitu] – *In Mumin baojian (q.v.), with prefs. by Wang Wenshao 王文韶 (to “Yunnan ed.” 滇刻, 1894), Bao Yuanshen (n.d.), Mo Youzhi (n.d.), and Wang Boxin (n.d.), postf. by Li Jinyun (n.d.). – *1900 new ed. (重刊), coll. by the author’s grandsons and engraved by the Gao family from Guizhu in the offices of Qishui 蘄水 county (Hubei), with prefs. by Bao Yuanshen (n.d.), Mo Youzhi (n.d.), Wang Boxin (n.d.), and Li Jinyun (n.d.); the first folios of the family biography and of j. 1 bear the inscription Yiyan tang 貽硯堂 in the central margin. [Beitu] [*Columbia] [*Tōyō Bunka, Kuraishi collection, printed in red] – *1908 ed. by the printing office of the Henan official journal 河南官紙刷 印所, with prefs. by Wang Wenshao (to Yunnan ed., 1894), Bao Yuanshen (n.d.), Mo Youzhi (n.d.), and Wang Boxin (n.d.), postf. by Li Jinyun (n.d.). [Harvard] – *Reprint of 1883 ed., in traditional binding, Beijing: Zhongguo shudian, 1990. – *Photo-repro. of 1873 ed., in GZSJC, vol. 6.

Rem.: The work is organized like a career autobiography and discusses the highlights of Gao’s administrative life in rough chronological order (with Anhui in j. 1, Guangxi and Guangdong in j. 2); it must have been composed sometime between Gao’s retirement in 1826 and his death

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in 1830. The emphasis is on the types of problems Gao had to deal with rather than on his own bureaucratic progress. His long incumbency in Canton is the occasion for interesting comments on the peculiarities and special duties of the position of prefect, and he also has considerations on the difficulties of the position of assistant prefect (通判). The successive entries offer a combination of extremely concrete narratives and of personal reflections concerning local government and official life (these are found in particular at the end of the text); they include detailed discussions of (prominently) judicial investigations and the administration of justice, the officials’ private finances, corruption and the problem of gift-giving, and the advisability of a cautious approach in the face of reported rebellious activities. A number of the more interesting judicial cases Gao had to investigate are recounted along the way, with an emphasis on the ingenious techniques he used to solve them. Gao Tingyao, who claims to have always been of impeccable integrity, advocates a hands-on and at the same time prudent approach to local government. The text is vividly written, very critical of the mores of officialdom, at places quite funny and almost satirical, and very harsh regarding some of the author’s colleagues. In all likelihood it was meant as a family document, not for publication. The author’s sons decided to prepare a printed version and requested prefaces from colleagues and relatives long after their father’s death. (The first mention of the project, dated 1844, is found in Xiao Rulan’s pref.) The text also provides a wealth of information on local life. The combination of advice and anecdote may recall Huang Liuhong or Wang Huizu. Indeed, Yan Xikang’s postface to the 1881 ed. states that the work is “very close” to Wang’s handbooks; it also claims that Gao Tingyao had been a model for Lin Zexu, Hu Linyi and Zeng Guofan, which justifies the inclusion of texts by the first two in that ed., demonstrating a shared spirit in the approach to administrative problems. For his part, Mo Youzhi mentions Yu Chenglong’s Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu and Lan Dingyuan’s Luzhou gong’an [qq.v.] as parallels. In general, the preface authors insist that the work provides an ideal model for learning government. The publication history of the text is not entirely clear. According to Mo Youzhi’s and Wu Tingzhen’s prefs., Gao’s son Yizhuang was appointed as a magistrate in Sichuan in 1859 and planned to have the book, still in manuscript form, printed once he would be there; Shi Zanjing’s pref. suggests that the date of the first printing was 1862 or shortly thereafter. The texts in the 1883 and 1900 eds. appear to be identical, with only minor variants. Compared with them, the 1873 ed. reproduced in GZSJC features a quantity of variants, in

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many places amounting to actual rewriting, with details either omitted or added. Given that the text remained unpublished for more than thirty years, it is not impossible that copies were made by people to whom Gao’s sons had lent the manuscript (including several of the preface writers) and acquired a life of their own.

Bio.: Gao started his official career as an assistant prefect (通判) after being remarked for his participation in suppressing a Miao rebellion in the early Jiaqing period and benefitting from the special selection (大挑) procedure for juren in 1801. (According to the intro. to Huanyou jilüe zuanyao [q.v.] he had been received in an imperial audience.) He served with distinction in Anhui for a decade, beginning in 1802, holding several positions of acting assistant prefect and department magistrate and being sent on a variety of special assignments by several governors. Later he served as as prefect in Guangxi, then in Guangdong at Chaozhou 潮州, Zhaoqing 肇慶, and Canton. (According to Guangzhou FZ [1879], 23/12b, 14b, he was prefect—presumably, in a ranking position—in the years 1815–17, and again 1824–26 [復任] after an interruption for illness.) He is said to have enjoyed a wide reputation, notably for his talent as a judge and for his independent character, occasionally the cause of conflicts with his superiors which he seems to have relished. See the family biography (家傳) by Tang Shuyi 唐樹義 at the beginning (or end, depending on the ed.) of the work; Ling Ti’an, Qingdai Guizhou mingxian xiangzhuan, 73–77; Qingdai bieji zongmu, 1925. (Gao is not included in the biographical sketches of noted officials [宦績] in the 1879 Guangzhou FZ.) Ref. and studies: Ma, 139 (Qinghua) (1883 ed.). Chang, 2:809–10 (curiously speaking of a 1799 Mo Youzhi pref.). Shiga, 10. [LG, NP, PEW] 0146

Congzheng zalu 從政雜錄, 1 ce [Miscellaneous Records of an Official’s Career] By Su Tingyu 蘇廷玉 (z. Yunshan 韞山, h. Aoshi 鼇石) (1783–1853) (js. 1814), from Tong’an 同安 (Fujian) 1843 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with pref. by author signed Tuisou ziji 退叟自記 (1843) and postf. (跋) by Wang Chenghu 汪承祜 (1842). [Tian Tao]

Rem.: Based on the present text, the author appears to have specialized first of all in judiciary matters, first as a capital official and then as a prefect and surveillance commissioner. This comparatively short volume (45 folios in all) is comprised of 19 entries in which he recounts in

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simple language certain episodes of his career, especially cases which he helped solve; except for one communication on salt transportation they are not documents, but anecdotes that the author “happened to remember after his retirement and confided to his brush.” He speaks in the first person and discusses his own thoughts and actions, as well as his talent and reputation; the work therefore belongs to the category not of gongdu collections but of career autobiographies, although it could also be classified among anthologies of exemplary judicial cases. While Su modestly says that it was only written for his offspring (as a matter of fact the compilation and collating were done by four sons and three grandsons), his disciple Wang Chenghu protests in the postf. that this is a “golden needle of a government manual” (治譜之金針), not just family instructions, and says that he insisted that it be published. The cases recounted are intended to illustrate the author’s ingenuity in solving difficult affairs, knowledge of the law, and humaneness as a judge. The account of the affairs Su was entrusted with as an official at the Ministry of Justice give a glimpse of the professional milieu there and of discussions between colleagues, as well as of everyday life in Beijing around 1820. He stresses that, contrary to usage, as a surveillance commissioner he insisted to hear many cases in person. There is also a lengthy account of high prices and famine in Sichuan in 1838.

Bio.: After three years as Hanlin bachelor in 1814–17, Su Tingyu filled several positions at the Ministry of Justice from 1825 to 1829. That year he was appointed prefect of Songjiang, then of Suzhou until the following year, after which he held positions of circuit intendant in Shaanxi (1830–31), then Jiangsu (1832). He became surveillance commissioner of Shandong (1832–33) and of Sichuan (1833–35), then Sichuan administration commissioner (1835–38), concurrently Sichuan governor-general for four months in 1838. He was demoted to surveillance commissioner again after having incurred (together with several of his colleagues) the emperor’s displeasure for mismanaging the military operations against “aborigine bandits” (夷匪) (See Qing shilu: Daoguang, 316/24a–25a [DG 18/11/19]). In 1840 he became vice-minister of the Court of Judicial Review. In 1842 he was sent to manage military provisioning in Jiangsu. See Tong’an XZ (1929), 28/43b–45a; Maxiang tingzhi 馬巷廳志, fulu 上/81a–84a; Renming quanwei. [PEW]

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Huanyou jilüe zuanyao 宦游紀略纂要, 1 ce [Essentials from A Brief Account of an Official’s Travels] By Gao Tingyao 高廷瑤 (z. Qingshu 青書, h. Xuelu 雪廬) (1765–1830) (jr. 1786), from Guizhu 貴筑 (Guizhou); abridged and ed. by Liu Zao 劉藻 (orig. m. Heng 蘅, z. Xiangsi 香耜, 湘耜, 相耜), from Guizhu (Guizhou) N.d. Ed.: – *1886 ed. from the government office of Zizhou (刊于資州官舍), with note by [Gao] Peigu 高培榖 (1886). [Beitu]

Rem.: Extracts from Gao Tingyao’s Huanyou jilüe (q.v.) selected by Liu Zao to be used as a “mirror” for future officials; Liu, who came from the same locale as Gao, had read his autobiography with passion when he was young. The general structure of the original work has been preserved, but several episodes have been omitted (e.g., among the criminal cases investigated by Gao); in what has been preserved the narrative is somewhat shortened and there is a degree of stylistic “polishing.” Most general developments on such problems of local government as corruption and the official’s private finances, or the use of torture in judiciary investigations, have been removed. The “I” (余) of the original text has been replaced with “Mister [Gao]” (公). In his note, Gao Peigu (Gao Tingyao’s eldest grandson) says that he decided to publish Liu Zao’s abridgment of the work together with a new corrected ed. of the original Huanyou jilüe while an official in Sichuan (referring probably to the 1883 Zizhou guanshe ed.).

Bio.: For Gao Tingyao, see under Huanyou jilüe. Liu Zao acquired the status of government student (生員) during the Xianfeng era. He is said to have worked as a private secretary in his middle years, and have served in Sichuan as assistant prefect (通判). See Guizhou TZ (1948), 人物志, 5/9b, 藝文志, 8/75a. [PEW] 0148

Huanyou jilüe 宦游紀略, 6 + 1 j. [A Brief Account of an Official’s Travels] By Gui Chaowan 桂超萬 (z. Danmeng 丹盟) (1784–1863) (js. 1833), from Guichi 貴池 (Anhui) 1852 pref. Ed.:

– *1864 Yanghao zhai ed. 養浩齋藏板 with prefs. by Xu Zonggan 徐宗幹 (n.d.) and the author’s elder brother, Gui Qingwan 桂青萬 (1852). [Beitu]

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– *1864 ed. with prefs. by Xu Zonggan (n.d.) and Gui Qingwan (1852). [Jimbun] [*Tōyō Bunko, only j. 1–4 extant] – *1881 Zhuoxiu zhai 拙修齋 ed. with prefs. by Xu Zonggan (n.d.) and Gui Qingwan (1852). [Columbia]. – *Photo-repro. of undated ed., with prefs. by Xu Zonggan (n.d.) and Gui Qingwan (1852), Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 1972 (Shiliao congbian ser.). – *Photo-repro. of undated ed. (different from the above), with prefs. by Xu Zonggan (n.d.) and Gui Qingwan (1852), Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1972 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 81, no. 810). – *Photo-repro. of 1864 Yanghao zhai ed., in GZSJC, vol. 8. – *Photo-repro. of copy at Beitu (without cover-leaf) in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 17–18.

Rem.: An autobiographical account the author started as a professional diary during the first three years of his career, after he had passed the jinshi examination at age 50, and later pursued in less detailed fashion. The organization of the text follows the progress of Gui’s career from being an expectant official in Jiangsu, with a short acting magistracy at Yanghu 陽湖 (j. 1), to several incumbent magistracies at Luancheng 欒城 and other counties in Zhili following a period of mourning for his father (j. 2–4), then as prefect of Yangzhou 揚州 and Suzhou 蘇州 in Jiangsu (j. 5), and finally as intendant and acting surveillance commissioner in Fujian (j. 6). The text can be described as a professional autobiography combining facts, anecdotes, and reflections, and quoting a large number of administrative documents along the way, such as addresses to the populace, judiciary decisions, and various directives. An activist official with a high reputation and a rigorist who says he was appalled by the loose ways of the denizens of Yangzhou and Suchou, Gui seems to have been especially famous as a judge. At the beginning of his career, after Lin Zexu had seen his diary he is said to have opined that Gui’s judicial sentences would have been worth including in Li Yu’s Zizhi xinshu (q.v.). Many of the entries in Huanyou jilüe deal with legal issues, illustrating Gui’s methods for investigating and deciding difficult or bizarre cases. Administrative problems of every kind are discussed as well. The documents and anecdotes also convey a rich amount of information on local society, e.g. on Christian villages in northeast Zhili or on social unrest in Jiangsu in the wake of the Opium War, and much more, not to speak of the violence and unruliness in Fujian—a place that Gui, like many of his colleagues, found ungovernable. In 1862, ten years after his retirement, Gui was again appointed acting surveillance commissioner of Fujian on

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the recommendation of the governor, Xu Zonggan. The documents related to this last post are collected in a sequel titled Xu 續 huanyou jilüe. Gui Qingwan deplores in his 1852 pref. that his younger brother only intended his work (i.e., j. 1–6) to be transmitted to his descendants, when it would be of such help to the officials of the empire; it is clear from Xu’s pref. that he was responsible for the first printing of the work, in 1864.

Bio.: After passing the jinshi in 1833 Gui was appointed acting magistrate of Yanghu (Jiangsu) for a mere 40 days, during which he attracted the attention of governor Lin Zexu, who recommended him for the magistracy of Jingxi 荊 溪. After a leave of absence to mourn his father, Gui was reappointed in 1836 as magistrate of Luancheng (Zhili), where he earned accolades for his bandit suppression efforts. Several other magistracies followed, after which he was promoted to the post of Yangzhou prefect, where he distinguished himself by taking strict measures to restrict corruption by yamen underlings, banditry, pettifogging, and other social evils. Two years later he was transferred to Suzhou, where he continued his efforts to suppress banditry and improve social welfare and customs. In 1849 he was made circuit intendant in Fujian, a post he left because of illness. During the 1850s he helped organize a local militia to fight banditry in his native Anhui. In 1862 he was called back to Fujian, serving first as acting grain intendant and then as surveillance commissioner. He died in office the following year, at age 80. See QSG, 478/13063–64; QSLZ, 76/22a–23a; Fang Zongcheng 方宗誠, Botang ji xubian 柏堂集續編, 16; Qingdai bieji zongmu, 1738; Qingdai qibai, 1:324–25. Xu Zonggan’s pref. indicates that Gui’s xingshu 行述, in 1 j., was printed by his son Lianxing 連瑆. Gui Chaowan was editor of several county gazetteers, including those of his native Guichi and of Luancheng. Ref. and studies: Ma, 123 (Qinghua) (1864 ed.). Shiga, 10. Chang, 2:810. [NP, PEW] 0149

Mengtan suilu 夢談隨錄, 2 j. [ Jottings of Dreamy Conversations] By Li Xiufang 厲秀芳 (1794–1867) (z. Shifu 實夫, h. Tizhai 惕齋) (jr. 1822), from Yizheng 儀徵 (Jiangsu) Ca. 1855 Ed.: – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Zhang Anbao 張安保 (1855) and the author’s nephew, [Li] Bing 炳 (1865), and 12 undated colophons (跋) by a variety of sons, nephews, friends, and disciples; the calligraphy of the title on the cover-leaf is dated 丁巳 (1857). [Shanghai]

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– *1878 ed. in Xieyu congtan, 初集, j. 1, with pref. by Zhang Anbao (1855) and postf. by Cheng Wan 程畹 (1877). [Columbia] – In Biji xiaoshuo daguan, ser. 14 – Photo-repro. of Xieyu congtan ed., in Qingdai biji, vol. 42.

Rem.: A lively and fairly rich first-person account of the author’s tenure as magistrate of Wucheng 武城 (Shandong), where according to the prefs. and colophons he was extremely popular during the years 1838– 44. According to Zhang Anbao’s pref., Li also wrote three juan of “opinions” (臆說) while he was in this post; the present text, described as a “handbook of governance” (治譜), was written after Li had lost all his possessions during the capture of Yizheng by the Taipings in 1853 and was absconding to the country: the intervening events since Wucheng certainly made his remembrances feel like “dreams.” The text starts with Li’s arrival in his new post and ends with his farewell visits. It consists of entries devoted to particular subjects or events. In the original ed. the didactic intent is emphasized by abundant underlining and commentaries in the upper margin, apparently inserted by Zhang Anbao before he returned the manuscript to the author; Zhang explains in a note following his pref. that they should absolutely be reproduced in case of publication. (They are not in the Xieyu congtan ed., however, which has no punctuation at all.) A number of judicial cases are recounted along the way, as well as various administrative events, discussions with colleagues, and so forth. The hassles caused by tribute transportation on the Grand Canal and the problems raised by the maintenance of the Wei 衛 River are described in numerous entries. Many aspects of local administration are dicussed in detail, including the author’s relations with underlings, servants, colleagues, visitors, and so on. Li Xiufang seems to have practiced a hands-on style of administration, often going into the field to resolve problems. The text is highly informative on local conditions and administrative customs. One of the colophons claims that because of its concreteness the book deserves to be circulated alongside Wang Huizu’s Xuezhi yishuo (q.v.); in another note a disciple compares it to Zhoulian xulun (q.v.). Li’s tone and attitude are indeed evocative of those of Wang Huizu. The autobiographical approach may also evoke Gao Tingyao’s Huanyou jilüe (q.v.). Bio.: The son of a literati family, Li Xiufang failed several times in the metropolitan examination. The Wucheng magistracy was his only post in the administration. He ordered the compilation of Wucheng XZ xubian 武城縣志續 編 (1841), of which he wrote the pref. (the last ed. of Wucheng XZ went back to

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1750). He also wrote a Zhenzhou fengtu ji 真州風土記 on his native Yizheng. See the biography by his nephew Cheng Wan 程畹 in XuBZJ, 44/22b–24a. [PEW] 0150

Zhaoyang congzheng lu 昭陽從政錄, 1 ce [An Account of Government Service in Xinghua] By Yu Linnian 俞麟年 (z. Yaping 雅平), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) 1870 pref.

Ed.:

– *1871 engraving, with prefs. by Liang Yuexin 梁悅馨 (1871), Gui Yaheng 桂迓衡 (1871), Wu Lanluo 吳瀾螺 (1871), and author (1870), postf. by the author’s younger brother, Yu Linzhen 麟振 (1870). [Tōyō Bunka, Imahori collection]

Rem.: A first-person account of the author’s acting magistracy at Xinghua 興化 (whose traditional name Zhaoyang is used in the title) during the years 1866–70. Yu says that he made sure to write down his experiences in the county to help his successors. According to the glowing prefs. and to his biography in the Xinghua local gazetteer, Yu was an activist, efficient, and extremely popular official, with a reputation that extended beyond his constituency. The text is made of loosely connected episodes discussing the various problems that faced Yu, beginning with the floods and poverty he found on his arrival in late 1866. There are entries on such topics as the rebuilding of neglected or destroyed hydraulic infrastructures and public buildings, various problems encountered in judicial administration, various sorts of public charities, the reform of fiscal procedures, the impact of poverty on local customs and the increasing number of lawsuits, the impact of the Yellow River’s change of course, and more. The format is not unlike Li Xiufang’s Mengtan suibi (q.v.), although the text is not as lively. One notes the close collaboration between Yu and his various superiors: his magistracy clearly took place during a period of reconstruction, with much mobilization throughout the administrative hierarchy of Jiangsu.

Bio.: From what can be derived from the prefs. and from the beginning of the text, Yu Linnian became an expectant official in Suzhou in 1858, where he was employed at the Judicial Bureau (讞局). He left for mourning after seven months. Back home he was confronted with the Taiping Rebellion during the years 1860–61, and had to flee with his family; they reached northen Jiangsu by sea. There he resumed his status as expectant official, but this time he was

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attached to the Nanjing administration commissioner. In 1862 he was sent to supervise likin in Haimen, and through 1864 received several assignments from the Jiangnan Military Fundraising Bureau (江南糧臺). That year he was assigned to the important Tongzhou Bureau of Contributions of Printed Calicoes (花布捐) in northern Jiangsu, which he drastically reformed. On the strength of his reputation he was appointed acting magistrate of Xinghua, a post he assumed in the winter of 1866. In 1870 he was promoted to be assistant prefect (同知) of Haimen subprefecture 海門廳, which is why he is called taishou 太守 in the pref. We do not know about his later career. See Xu Xinghua XZ (1944), 11/宦績/3b–4a. [PEW]

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part 2

Handbooks for Local Administrators 2.1

Handbooks for Generalist Officials

2.1.0

For Assistant Officials

[QING A]

Zengshan zuoza xuzhi 增刪佐雜須知 See: Zuoza xuzhi 0151

Zuoer xuzhi 佐貳須知, 1 ce [What Assistant Magistrates Must Know] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated, unpaginated ms. ed. with a few emendations in red ink. [ZKT] – *Photo-repro. apparently of the above ms. ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 4, vol. 19.

Rem.: Possibly one of the manuscript copies mentioned in the pref. to Zuoza xuzhi (q.v.), but with a somewhat different organization. The very detailed, concrete, and highly pragmatic entries deal with such topics as general procedures at the time of appointment, how to behave when arriving in post (down to what to wear and the amount to pay the doorkeepers of higher officials), relations with superiors, yamen regulations, private secretaries, the duties and liabilities of the position of assistant official, how to deal with the gentry, how to deal with the superior yamen’s clerks and runners, capturing criminals, judicial investigations, and prison management. The second part of the ms. includes models for many types of documents (some with dates up to 1796), proclamations, letters and other forms of communication, as well as rules regarding life in the inner yamen. [PEW]

0152

Zuoza xuzhi 佐雜須知, 4 j. [What Assistant and Subaltern Officials Must Know] Comp. Woniu shanren 臥牛山人, from Guiji 會稽 (Zhejiang); ed. Haozhai jushi 浩齋居士, from Qincheng 琴城 (Changshu 常熟, Jiangsu?) © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004416208_003

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N.d. Ed.:

– *1796 engraving (鐫) titled zengshan 增刪 zuoza xuzhi, with pref. by Wang Xianglin 王香霖 (1796), as a set with the 1794 ed. of Zhouxian xuzhi (q.v.). [Jimbun] – *Undated small-size ed. titled Zengshan zuoza xuzhi, with pref. (to Xiyuan lu gejue, q.v.) by Fang Ruqian 方汝謙 (1761). [Beitu] – As part of the 1816 Wensheng tang ed. of Zhouxian zuoza xuzhi (q.v.), with pref. by Wang Xianglin (1796) placed before Zhouxian xuzhi. (Zuoza xuzhi is missing from the copy of Zhouxian zuoza xuzhi at Chicago.) – *As part of the 1849 Saoye shanfang ed. of Zhouxian zuoza xuzhi (q.v.), titled Zengshan zuoza xuzhi, with pref. by Wang Xianglin (1796). [*Hunan] [*Shoudu] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida Collection] – *1862 new engraving (新鐫) of the Baoren tang 寶仁堂藏板 titled Zengshan zuoza xuzhi on coverleaf, with pref. by Fang Ruqian (to Xiyuan lu gejue, q.v.) (1862) (sic: this pref. is from 1761); as a set with Zhouxian xuzhi (q.v.). [Tōdai] – *Undated (Guangxu-period) ms. copy of the 1796 ed. [Hunan] – Photo-repro. of 1796 ed., in Guidai difang falü, ser. 3, vol. 1.

Rem.: Wang’s pref. insists that a special manual is needed to help those who start their careers as assistant officials. The work had been transmitted in manuscript form, hence numerous errors. Haozhai jushi has carefully edited the text that is now printed. Even though it is considered laughable by “superior scholars” (上士), it is still a useful model for beginners. The status of Woniu shanren as “original compiler” (原編) and Haozhai jushi as editor is indicated in the chapter captions. The text, in four short chapters, insists on the extremely modest position of the subaltern officials, many of whom start as clerks. It dwells in a fairly concrete fashion on some of the problems particular to their status, such as how to behave with immediate superiors (堂翁), how to deal with clerks and runners from superior yamen, what level of fees is acceptable, how to organize their own yamen and personnel (for example, their private secretaries do not need to be as talented as those of ranking officials, but they must be particularly honest), and how to manage judicial cases. There are several examples of internal yamen regulations and models of official documents. [PEW]

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Figure 2

Zuoza xuzhi (#0152) (1796 engraving, part of 1794 Yishan tang ed. of Zhouxian xuzhi [q.v.]), plate of human body (back side) from Xiyuan lu (q.v.) and beginning of mulu

0152

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[QING B] 0153

Zuoza pu 佐雜譜, 2 j. [A Handbook forAssistant and Subaltern Officials] By Li Gengqian 李庚乾 (original m. Mei 梅, h. Yuezhai 約齋), from Nancheng 南城 (Jiangxi) 1890 pref. Ed.:

– *1893 ed. of the Huiwen tang 會文堂 in Chengdu (四川省城會府東街會 文堂刊), with prefs. by Sichuan surveillance commissioner and incumbent administration commissioner Deshou 德壽 (1892) and by author (1890). [*Beitu] [Shanghai] – *Photo-repro. of 1893 Huiwen tang ed., with a new author’s pref. (後序, 1899, not in the ed. seen at Beitu) placed after the mulu, in GZSJC, vol. 9.

Rem.: The social and political status of assistant and subaltern officials (佐貳 and 雜職, respectively) in the Qing local bureaucracy was rather low. One reason was their lack of power and total subordination to the seal-holding officials; another, especially from the mid-Qing onwards, was that a majority had acquired their positions through contributions to the government (“eight or nine out of ten,” says the author’s pref.—and yet they are even closer to the people than the magistrates). Zuoza pu is a compilation of sayings and deeds by previous authors— including famous men who were not ashamed to start in subaltern positions—and historical considerations (in particular on the positions of zuoza in the Ming), enriched with commentaries; it was composed to compensate for the lack of proper handbooks comparable to the classic works intended for magistrates, and to bolster the self-esteem and dedication of zuoza and enhance their position, something that the author seems to take very much at heart in his pref. The material is arranged by positions from chief secretary of the Administration Commission (布政司經歷) down to postmaster (驛丞). The work opens with “general considerations” (總論) including considerations about zuoza by former luminaries. At the time of composition the author was an expectant department assistant prefect (州同)—so, as he stresses in his pref., a zuoer—in Sichuan. At the beginning are endorsements by Sichuan governor-general Liu Bingzhang 劉秉璋 and other provincial authorities, to whom Li had submitted his text, as well as letters from several intendants acknowledging receipt of Li’s Zuoza pu and other books, viz. his Jiaoguan pu 教官譜 and Shengyu zhengshi 聖諭徵事. The 1899 author’s pref. recounts his repeated attempts to have the work published,

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0513–0154

showing or sending copies of the manuscript to various superior officials who eventually did nothing despite their admiring comments (see the rescripts and letters reproduced before the prefs.).

Bio.: Li Gengqian was a supplementary student (增生). The prefatory materials indicate that, an expecting assistant prefect in Sichuan when he compiled the work, he was at various points assistant magistrate (縣丞) of Ba county 巴縣, later assistant department magistrate (州判) in Mianzhou 綿州, also that he was employed as a collator at the office of the Sichuan surveillance commissioner. He was appointed assistant magistrate in Fushun 富順 in 1894. See Fushun XZ (1934), 9/53a. [GRT] 2.1.1

For Magistrates

[SONG] 0154

Zhixian fa 治縣法 [Methods for Governing Counties] By Lü Huiqing 呂惠卿 (z. Jifu 吉甫) (1032–1111) (js. 1057), from Jinjiang 晉江 (present-day Fujian) N.d. Rem.: This work is now lost; it is mentioned in Zhizhai shulu jieti 直齋 書錄解題 (j. 6, 職官), which lists ten sections dealing with regulations and ordinances (法令), lawsuits (詞訟), punishments (刑獄), registers and logbooks (簿曆), tax levies (催科), deliveries (給納), disasters (災 傷), banditry (盜賊), calling for contributions (勸課), and educating the populace (教化). The title is also mentioned in the pref. to Junzhai dushu zhi 郡齋讀書志, and alluded to in an entry called “Xianghua ditu” 詳劃地圖 in Zhouxian tigang (q.v.).

Bio.: After several postings in the provinces, Lü Huiqing returned to the capital in the 1060s. There he was remarked by Wang Anshi 王安石, who was then launching his famous program of reforms, and soon became his confidant and close collaborator. Rising rapidly through the ranks despite an interruption due to mourning, he was recommended by Wang to succeed him when Wang resigned in 1074. Once in power, Lü made many enemies, and eventually attacked Wang himself when Wang’s return was discussed. When Wang did resume his position in 1075, Lü resigned after a few months. His reputation for disloyalty was such that he was never recalled to the capital, and spent the rest of his career administering various prefectures. See Songren, 2:228–9; Franke H., 2:707–12. Ref. and studies: Satake, “Sakuyū jishin” and “Sakuyū jishin no kenkyū.” [CLa] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Xianwu gangmu 縣務綱目 [Outline of the Tasks of County Magistrates] By Liu Peng 劉鵬 1100 pref. Rem.: Lost. The title is mentioned in Zhizhai shulu jieti 直齋書錄解題.

0156

Zuoyi zizhen 作邑自箴, 10 j. [Self-Admonitions for Magistrates] By Li Yuanbi 李元弼 (z. Jingwu 靖吾, h. Jianggao zhuren 江皋主人) (?–after 1117) 1117 pref. Ed.:

– First ed. printed by the Zhexi judicial commissioner 浙西提刑司 in 1179, with author’s pref. (1117) and postf. (跋) by Zhang Yuanji 張元濟 (n.d.). – Undated facsimile ms. reproducing the Zhexi 1179 ed., with author’s pref. (1117). [Zhongyang] – *Undated (Qing) facsimile ms. reproducing the Zhexi 1179 ed., with author’s pref. (1117) [Beitu] – Undated (Qing) ms. [Tianjin tushuguan] – In Sibu congkan xubian (1934, rpt. Taipei: Shangwu, fasc. 60), reproducing a facsimile ms. kept at the Changshu Qu-family Tieqin tongjian lou 常熟 瞿氏鐵琴銅劍樓—seemingly the one at Zhongyang (see above), which bears the seal of the Tieqin tongjian lou—with author’s pref. (1117) and postf. (跋) by Zhang Yuanji (n.d.). – *Photo-repro. of Sibu congkan xubian ed. (dated 1928), in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 753. – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in ZSJC, vol. 3. – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in GZSJC, vol. 1. – *Modern typeset ed. based on Sibu congkan xubian ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 1.

Rem.: According to the pref., the book was composed (seemingly around 1117) in Guangling 廣陵 (modern Yangzhou) while Li Yuanbi was waiting for his next appointment. He collected about 130 remarks on administrative matters from the local elite (j. 1–4), and added more than 100 entries of his own (j. 5–10). The resulting text, which Li seems to have composed for his own use, has been called by Denis Twitchett “the fullest of the surviving Song handbooks” for local administrative practice. The emphasis is on legal procedures and technical terms rather than moral advice. J. 1 has three sections, on rectifying oneself (正己), regulating one’s family (治家), and performing official duties (處事), respectively. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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205

J. 2–4 carry on with official duties, elaborating (in some disorder) on every kind of topic, including buildings, personnel, procedures, justice, prisons, punishments, taxation, landowning, paperwork, and more, at places going into details that only a practitioner could know. J. 5 contains 72 regulations for the official’s underlings to follow, regarding registers, deadlines, behavior, procedures, paperwork, tax collection, prisoners, and so on. J. 6 is a proclamation in 29 items with rules for the common people. J. 7 contains three proclamations (lit. placards 牓): one (in 21 items) to village personnel (耆壯), one (in 7 items) to inn-keepers (客 店戶), and one warning the people to beware of impostors claiming to be associated with a new official. J. 8 is composed of six proclamations concerning guarantor-house scribes (冩狀鈔書鋪戸), tax collection, brokers (牙人), family information sheets for administration runners (公人), the permits used by official staff to make purchases from guilds, and reception in official hostels. J. 9 provides formats for administrative documents (判狀印板) and examples of proclamations (勸諭牓). J. 10 contains instructions on traveling (登途須知). These concrete items deal with the most basic administrative practices, institutions, and regulations; yet the text is at places allusive and hard to understand.

Bio.: Very little is known of the author’s career. He is said to have been magistrate of Yuhang 餘杭 (Zhejiang) during the Shaosheng period (1094–98). See Songren bubian, 1:388; Songdai renwu, 2:1199. Ref. and studies: Songshi, 204/5144. Guji shanben, 史, 2:1098. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:338. Chang, 1:141–2. Guo Chengwei, 17–18, 20. Hervouet, 171. Siku xuxiu, 11:124. Sô Gen kanshin. Satake, “Sakuyū jishin” and “Sakuyū jishin no kenkyū.” Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. Satake Yasuhiko, “Sakuyū jishin yakuchū kō” 作邑自箴譯注稿 (一) (二) (三), Okayama daigaku hō bungaku bu gakujutsu kiyō, 33 (1973),181–88; 35 (1974), 39–44; 37 (1977), 39–60. [LNY] 0157

Guanzhen 官箴, 1 j. [Admonitions to Officials] By Lü Benzhong 呂本中 (original m. Dazhong 大中, z. Juren 居仁, h. Donglai xiansheng 東萊先生) (1084–1145) (js. 1136), from Shouzhou 壽州 (present-day Anhui) N.d. Ed.: – *1468 ed. published by Imperial University chancellor Xing Rang 邢讓, ed. by Xie Tinggui 謝廷桂, with editor’s colophon (1469) and prefs. by Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Wang Yu 王㒜, Xing Rang, and Lu Jian 陸簡; the caption at the beginning of the text has 宋紫微舍人呂本中居仁著. [Beitu] – *Undated (possibly Ming) new engraving (新刻呂氏官箴), also including Zhoulian xulun and Zhongjing (qq.v.). [Ōki] – *Undated ed., coll. by Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥, also including Zhoulian xulun (q.v.). [Shanghai] – In Gezhi congshu. – *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), 1629 and 50–j. Chongzhen eds., titled Xinke Lü shi guanzhen 新刻呂氏官箴. – *In Shuofu (1646 ed.), j. 70. [Harvard] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 602, with a short note by Chen Fang 陳昉 (1227). – *In Qingzhao tang congshu, cibian, ce 65, with commentaries by Li Yuanchun 李元春 in the upper margin. [Chicago] – 1835 ms. ed. from the family of Ye Tingguan 葉廷琯, with postf. (跋) by Ye Tingguan. [Nanjing] – Hanfen lou 涵芬樓 ed.; *reprint Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1988. – In Baichuan xuehai, 1921, 1927 and 1930 eds., jiaji 甲集 or dingji 丁集 depending on whether the mulu of the Song or the Ming ed. of Baichuan xuehai has been used, reproducing a Song ed. from the Xianchun period. – *In Xuejin taoyuan, 8 集, ed. (訂) by Zhang Haipeng 張海鵬, with Siku summary. [IHEC] – *In Baibu congshu jicheng, reproducing the Baichuan xuehai ed. – *Photo-repro. of the Xuejin taoyuan ed., with Siku notice, in ZSJC, vol. 4. – *Photo-repro. of the Baichuan xuehai ed., in GZSJC, vol. 1. – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 893, and jianbian, fasc. 288.

Rem.: 33 short precepts for local officials. The emphasis is on the official’s personal conduct and attitude and his relations with his professional environment, the leading values being encapsulated in the standard triad qing 清 (uprightness), shen 慎 (prudence), qin 勤 (diligence). Examples or anecdotes about earlier officials are occasionally adduced. According to the Siku commentators, the text was given a title and printed as an independent work only after its author’s death, which might explain why the title is not mentioned in Lü’s Songshi biography.

Bio.: Lü Benzhong was born to a distinguished family of scholars and officials. In the late Northern Song period he fulfilled some minor posts in the provinces, and was called to the capital only in 1124. After a period of mourning he was summoned to the temporary capital of the Southern Song in 1135, given the jinshi rank by special favor, and appointed drafter in the Secretariat (中書舍人); later he fulfilled various court positions. Though during the last

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years before the fall of Kaifeng he had been friendly with Qin Kui 秦檜 (1091– 1155), when the latter became chancellor in the Southern Song and advocated a policy of accommodation with the Jurchen Jin, Lü, whose father had been a staunch partisan of resistance, refused to collaborate with him, and his official career soon came to an end. He is above all known as a poet and an historian of the so-called Jiangxi school of poetry. See Songshi, 376/11635–37; Songren, 2:1199–1201; Franke H., 2:729–35. Ref. and studies: Songshi, 205/5210. Guji shanben, 史, 2:1098. TYG, 2:2/46b (1468 ed.). Hervouet, 171. Chang, 1: 162–3. Siku, 79/1679. Sô Gen kanshin. Xu Zi, 71–77. Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 18–19. Guo Chengwei, 18, 20–21. Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. [PEW] 0158

Zhouxian tigang 州縣提綱, 4 j. [Basic Notions on Magistrates] Anon. (wrongly attributed to Chen Xiang 陳襄 [1017–80]) N.d. Ed.:

– *1783 Wanjuan lou 萬卷樓 ed. by Li Diaoyuan 李調元, with prefs. by Wu Cheng 吳澂 (n.d.) and Li Diaoyuan (n.d.). [IHEC] – In Hanhai (1825 enlarged ed.), 九函. – *1784 ms. ed. (mention 乾隆甲辰七月校 in the caption of j. 1), cover-leaf with a ms. note (by Wu Chongxi 吳重熹 according to cat.) claiming that this copy from the Chang’en [shu]shi congshu was edited and handwritten in 1783 by Wang Fengting 王葑亭 (Tongxian 通先) and that it was purchased in Kaifeng in 1883. [Zhongyang] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 602 (based on Yongle dadian text, itself based on an early Yuan ed.), with pref. by Wu Cheng 吳澂 (n.d.). – In Xuejin taoyuan, 8 集, with Siku summary and pref. by Wu Cheng (n.d.). – 1825 new printing (補刊) by Li Chaokui 李朝夔 of a 1809 ed. of the Wanjuan lou Li Diaoyuan ed. [Zhongyang] – 1835 ms. ed. from the family of Ye Tingguan 葉廷琯, with postf. (跋) by Ye Tingguan. [Nanjing tushuguan] – *Undated ed. published by Zhuang Zhaolin 莊肇麟 (z. Musheng 木生) from Xinchang 新昌, with pref. by Wu Cheng (n.d.), with Chen Fangsheng’s 陳芳生 Buhuang kao 捕蝗考 appended, and Siku notice to both works. [Beitu] [*Ōki, part of Chang’en shushi congshu, printed in 1854]

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– *1884 Hou zhibuzu zhai ed. (校刊) of the Yushan Bao family 虞山鮑氏 後知不足齋, with Siku notice and pref. by Wu Cheng (n.d.), as a twofasc. set with three geographical/military works, the Yudi xingshi lun 輿地形勢論 (engraved 1874), Jiubian tulun 九邊圖論 (engraved 1890), and Haifang tulun 海防土論 (engraved 1872). [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Columbia, in Hou zhibuzu zhai congshu, box #8] – *Official Japanese kambun ed. of the 官版書籍發行所, Tokyo, engraved in 1836, with pref. by Wu Cheng (n.d.) and Siku notice. [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] [*Tōyō Bunko, without indication of publisher, in a 2-ce set with several other works] – *In Banmou yuan congshu, with pref. by Wu Cheng (n.d.) and Siku summary. – *In Chang’en shushi congshu, 乙集. – Photo-repro. of the Jiaqing-period Zhang Haipeng ed., Taipei: Xin wenfeng chubanshe, 1980. – *Photo-repro. of a Zhaokuang ge 照曠閣 ed., with Siku notice, in ZSJC, vol. 3. – *Photo-repro. of Siku quanshu ed., in GZSJC, vol. 1. – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 932, and jianbian, fasc. 60, based on Hanhai text, with table of contents taken from the Xuejin tao­ yuan ed. – *Modern typeset ed. based on Siku quanshu ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 1.

Rem.: According to Akaji and Satake (see below, Sō Gen kanshin), this is the easiest to understand among Song handbooks. The Siku commentators consider that “it can still be used as a guide for administrators” (亦可為司牧之指南). The format is close to that of many late imperial magistrate handbooks, in particular the standard set up by the works of Wang Huizu and his followers, with 106 comparatively short paragraphs bearing captions. J. 1 (28 entries) mainly deals with the conduct and attitude of the magistrate, especially in his relations with his family, his colleagues, and subaltern personnel, the management of his household, etc., recommending both integrity and prudence. The same applies with j. 2–4, discussing technical aspects of local government, including concrete tasks (e.g., how to handle paperwork). Rather than being arranged by major domains of administration, the entries tend to succeed each other by association of ideas, the same topics coming up at different places. There is a strong emphasis on the administration of justice, arrests, cross-examination, court sessions, handling prisoners, and so on;

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fiscal matters are also discussed extensively, as is corvée and personnel management.

Ref. and studies: Siku, 79/1678–79 (criticizing the attribution to Chen Xiang made in the Wenyuan ge catalog). Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:338. Guji shanben, 史, 2:1098. Guo Chengwei, 17, 20. Hervouet, 172. Xu Zi, 35–70. Chang, 1:147–8. Sō Gen kanshin. Übelhör, “Problematische Situationen im Alltag eines Kreisbeamten.” Furubayashi, “Nan.Sō no kanshinsho Shūken teikō.” Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. [PEW] 0159

Zhoulian xulun 晝簾緒論, 1 j. [An Introduction to Governing While Resting during the Day] By Hu Yuqian 胡余潛 (1166–1234) (js. 1211) and Hu Taichu 胡太初 (?–after 1265) (js. 1238), from Tiantai 天台 (present-day Zhejiang) 1235 Ed.:

– Song Xianchun-period ed., with pref. (1235) and postf. (跋) (1253) by Hu Taichu, collected and printed by Zuo Gui 左圭 of the Song in Baichuan xuehai. – Reprint of the above ed. in Baichuan xuehai (1501 and late-Ming eds.), 丁集. – *Undated Ming ed. (according to cat.) with pref. (1235) and posface (1253) by Hu Taichu. [Qinghua] – *1471 ed. by He Jian 何鑑, with pref. by Wang Yu 王㒜 (1471) and postf. by Xie Tinggui 謝庭桂 (n.d.); Ye Dehui’s (1864–1927) colophon at the beginning of the copy at Beitu, which shows he was the original owner before the Beijing Library acquired it, claims that in general single copies of the work are difficult to get; Xie’s postf. indicates that the ed. was engraved on the orders of He Jian, a recent jinshi (1469) just appointed magistrate of Yixing 宜興 (Nan Zhili), to whom Xie, an assistant official, had shown a copy of the text he had acquired in Beijing. [*Beitu, with colophon (跋) by Ye Dehui 葉德煇 (1917)] [Shandong sheng tushuguan, whith colophon by Zhu Xigeng 朱錫庚] – 1501 ed. by Hua Cheng 華珵 at Wuxi 無錫 (Jiangsu). [Zhongyang] – 1536 ed. printed by a Mr. Zheng, publisher at Puyang 蒲陽書林鄭氏, based on the Zuo Gui Baichuan xuehai ed. [Zhongyang] – In Gezhi congshu. – In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), 1629 and 50–j. Chongzhen eds., with pref. by Hu Taichu (dated 1615).

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– *In Shuofu (1647 ed.), j. 70. – *Undated (possibly Ming) ed., also including Lü Benzhong’s Guanzhen and the Zhongjing attributed to Ma Rong (qq.v.). [Ōki] – *Undated ed. with Hu Taichu’s pref. and postf., and with Lü Benzhong’s Guanzhen in the same fasc.; both texts are given as coll. (校) by Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥, the editor of the late-Ming Guantu sijian (q.v.) and Gezhi congshu. [Shanghai, Qing ed. according to cat.] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 602, with pref. (1235) and postf. (1253) by Hu Taichu. – *In Xuejin taoyuan, ser. 8, with Siku summary, ed. and with postf. (跋) by Zhang Haipeng 張海鵬 (1804). – 1835 ms. ed. from the family of Ye Tingguan 葉廷琯, with postf. (跋) by Ye Tingguan. [Nanjing] – *In Qingzhao tang congshu, 次編, ce 65, with commentaries by Li Yuanchun 李元春 in the upper margin. [*Fu Sinian] [*Chicago] – 1921 Shanghai Bogu zhai 上海博古齋 ed., reproducing the Ming Baichuan xuehai ed. – 1922 Shanghai Hanfen lou 上海涵芬樓 ed., reproducing the 1805 Xuejin taoyuan ed. – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 932, based on Baichuan xuehai and Xuejin taoyuan eds. – Photo-repro. of 1501 Hua Cheng ed. collected in Baichuan xuehai, Taipei: Yiwen yinshuguan, 1966. – Photo-repro. of Baichuan xuehai ed., Taipei: Xinxing shuju, 1969. – *Photo-repro. of Hanfenlou ed., Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1989. – *Photo-repro. of Xuejin taoyuan ed., in ZSJC, vol. 4. – *Photo-repro. of Baichuan xuehai ed., in GZSJC, vol. 1.

Rem.: The work was first printed in 1253. The words zhoulian in the title are an allusion to the biography of Gu Kaizhi 顧凱之 in Songshu 宋書, 81/2079. Gu was appointed magistrate of Shanyin 山陰, whose 30,000 households had made his predecessors so busy that they had to work day and night; Gu succeeded so well in simplifying the administration that he could pull down the curtains during day-time and rest. Clearly, Hu Taichu (who did not write the work but gave it its title, see below) chose the allusion to recommend simplified administration. The 15 sections (篇) that compose the work deal with officials’ moral behavior and practical tasks. They include: (1) “Fulfilling one’s duties” (盡己); (2) “Ruling the people” (臨民); (3) “Serving superiors” (事上); (4) “Getting along with colleagues” (寮 [or 僚] 寀); (5) “Controlling

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underlings” (御吏); (6) “Hearing lawsuits” (聽訟); (7) “Monitoring the jail” (治獄); (8) “Urging tax collection” (催科); (9) “Financial administration” (理財); (10) “Corvée service” (差役); (11) “Famine relief” (賑恤); (12) “Enforcing punishments” (行 [or 用] 刑); (13) “Setting deadlines” (期限); (14) “Dealing with the influential and rich” (勢利); and (15) “Avoiding suspicion” (遠嫌). The text is based on first-hand experience and is extremely rich in practical details and technical terms. According to the Siku compilers it may be compared with Zhouxian tigang (q.v.), and though it refers to Song institutions it remains of great value to presentday officials.

Bio.: Born to a poor family, Hu Yuqian lost his father while still an infant; his mother took him along when she remarried. After his jinshi he spent the rest of his life laboring in local positions like assistant magistrate or magistrate, and wrote down his experiences. His difficult childhood may explain his care for the people’s well-being. One year after his death, in 1235, as his son Taichu, who was still preparing for the examinations, was being asked for advice about a magistrate’s tasks by his newly-appointed father-in-law, he compiled his father’s notes under the title Zhoulian xulun. He only retrieved the manuscript he had given away eighteen years later, in 1253, while he was prefect of Chuzhou 處州, and published the text without any addition of his own. Strictly speaking, therefore, even though Hu Taichu is given as author in all the bibliographies, Hu Yuqian must be regarded as the actual author of the text. On Hu Taichu, see Songren bubian, 2:704; Songdai renwu, 3:1769. Ref. and studies: Siku, 79/1680. Guji shanben, 史, 2:1098–9. Sō Gen kanshin. Chang, 1:142–3. Hervouet, 172. Guo Chengwei, 18, 21. Xu Zi, 93–127 (complete text with annotations). Lau Nap-yin, “Cong guanzhen kan Songdai de difang guan.” Lin Huangda, “Songdai guanzhen yu liyuan guanli.” Liu Zhaoyou, “Songdai zhiguanlei shiji kao” (下), 251–2. Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 19–20. Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. [GRT, LNY] [YUAN] 0160

Shansu yaoyi 善俗要義 [The Important Meaning of Good Customs] By Wang Jie 王結 (z. Yibo 義伯, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1275–1336), from Dingxing 定興 (present-day Hebei) N.d. Ed.:

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– *In Siku quanshu, vol. 1206 (as j. 6 of Wang’s Wenzhong ji 文忠集, based on Yongle dadian). – *Modern punctuated ed., based on the previous one, [Hangzhou:] Zhejiang guji chubanshe, 1988 (together with Lixue zhinan, q.v.).

Rem.: 33 instructions composed by the author for his subordinates while he was posted in the Shunde route 順德路. The introductory statement insists that local officials cannot be content with levying taxes and judging cases, but must promote economic development and moral improvement. The short texts, written in clear prose, are meant as guides to educating the populace. Entries 1–9 deal with agriculture, forestry, grain storage, husbandry, irrigation, and other topics of economic interest. Entries 10–11 are on taxes and corvées, and charity granaries. Entries 12–18 are about moral education and family relationships. Entry 19 discusses maintaining hierarchical relations and ensuring obedience between the court, local officials, and the people. The next entries (20–25) are about scholars, lineages, elders, marriage, hard work and respectfulness, and seeing good people and avoiding bad people. Entries 26–27 encourage the gentry and rich to take part in famine relief and promote solidarity in supporting the helpless poor. The last six entries deal with disputes and lawsuits, gambling, banditry, arguments about contracts, improper sacrifices, and idleness.

Bio.: Sometime after age 20, Wang Jie entered the capital for the first time and was recruited as a palace guard (宿衛). He seems to have pleased the future Renzong (r. 1312–20) with his speeches on ethics and government based on ancient models of sovereigns and ministers. At the accession of Wuzong he was appointed to the palace of the heir-apparent (i.e., Renzong). At Renzong’s accession he became an auxiliary academician of the Academy of Scholarly Worthies (集賢直學士) and was sent to administer the Shunde route, where he is said to have been an extremely active official. He filled other provincial positions, notably in the Dongchang route 東昌路, where he was successful in efforts that controlled the Yellow River. From 1322 onward he received appointments in the central government, which he alternated with positions in the provinces. A stern Confucian, he appears to have enjoyed a considerable reputation. See Yuanshi, 178/4143–46. Ref. and studies: Siku, 167/3506–07. [PEW]

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Weizheng jiuyao 為政九要 [Nine Important Points about Governance] By Zhao Su 趙素 (z. Caiqing 才卿, h. Xin’an 心庵, Xubai chushi 虛白

處士)

Ed.:

– *In Guantu zijian (q.v.). – *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), 1629 and 50–j. Chongzhen eds. – In Gezhi congshu. – *In Shitu xuanjing (q.v.), j. 7, under title Mumin 牧民 jiuyao. – *Quoted at the end of Xu Yuanrui’s Lixue zhinan (q.v.), Jujia biyong shilei quanji 居家必用事類全集 ed. – *Quoted in Xu Zi, 128–35.

Rem.: The author—who signs his short undated pref. with his Quanzhen Daoist name Xubai—states that he discovered among his father’s books an unsigned text titled Zizhen 自箴, comprised of several hundred entries. The present work is a selection of 59 short entries from that text, arranged under 9 sections; the title given in the pref. is Weizheng jiuyao zizhen. (It has been suggested that “zizhen” might have been Li Yuanbi’s Zuoyi zizhen [q.v.], but the contents make this unlikely.) Basing himself on the pref.’s phrase “The royal family just founded a regime to be transmitted to its descendants and has taken care of the multitude” (近為天家創業 [制 in some versions] 垂 統撫治萬民), Takigawa (see below) suggests that the work might date from the very beginning of the Ming, but admits that it is in contradiction with its inclusion in Lixue zhinan (q.v.) and Jujia biyong shilei, which are Yuan works (in reality it does not feature in the Yuan ed. of Lixue zhinan, and most known eds. of Jujia biyong shilei date to the Ming period). The nine sections are titled (1) “Following [the example of] the Documents” (因書) [“Yinyan” 言 according to Takigawa], enumerating a few historical examples of virtuous rulers from high antiquity to the Five Dynasties; (2) “Rectifiying one’s heart” (正心); (3) “Rectifying one’s family” (正內), dealing with the official’s private residence; (4) “Rectifying marriage customs” (正婚), a section rich in concrete details; (5) “Prohibiting and arresting” (禁捕), i.e., closing various illegal places and activities and arresting a variety of wrongdoers; (6) “Rectifying agriculture” (正農); (7) “Urgent tasks” (急務); (8) “Sincere government” (為政), an enumeration of a variety of dishonest, cruel, or selfish behaviors that are the opposite of sincere government; and (9) “Taking advantage of the seasons” (時利), discussing agricultural operations.

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Ref. and studies: Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 29–30, calling the author Zhao Sucai 素才. Sō Gen kanshin. Xu Zi, 128–138. [PEW] 0162

Mumin zhonggao 牧民忠告, 2 j. [Loyal Proclamations on Administering the People] By Zhang Yanghao 張養浩 (z. Ximeng 希孟, h. Yunzhuang 雲莊, Qidong yeren 齊東野人, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1270–1329), from Jinan 濟 南 (Shandong) Ed.:

– *In Weizheng zhonggao / Sanshi zhonggao (q.v.). – *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), 1629 and Chongzhen eds. – *1868 Gusu shuju 姑蘇書局 engraving, with pref. by Gong Shitai 貢師 泰 (1355), cover-leaf with mention: “元張文忠公為政忠告三種之一.” [*Chicago] [*Ōki, part of Muling quanshu] [Shoudu, in Muling qizhong (q.v.)] – *1873 Yangcheng shuju 羊城書局 new ed. (重刊), with pref. by Gong Shitai (1355) (as a set with Qinban zhouxian shiyi, Muling shu jiyao, and Liu Lianfang xiansheng lizhi sanshu [qq.v.]). [Beida] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *1896 Shanghai tushu jicheng ed., with pref. by Gong Shitai (1355) (as a set with Muling shu jiyao, Lizhi sanshu, Qinban zhouxian shiyi, Baojia shu jiyao [qq.v.]). [IHEC] – *Modern typeset ed. of the sections “Tingsong” 聽訟 and “Shenyu” 慎鬱, in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 1.

Rem.: A magistrate handbook considered a classic through the end of the imperial period. It is composed of the following ten numbered sections (each with a variable number of captioned paragraphs), covering the cycle of a local tenure, from appointment at the capital to transfer to one’s successor: “Receiving one’s mandate” (拜命), “Assuming one’s position” (上任), “Hearing lawsuits” (聽訟), “Controlling underlings” (御下), “Propagating civilization” (宣化) (j. 1); “Prudent justice” (慎獄), “Famine relief” (救荒), “Serving one’s superiors” (事長), “Being replaced” (受代), and “Life outside of service” (閑居) (j. 2). The work was extremely influential in Edo-period Japan, where numerous copies, commentaries, and translations appeared (see list in Ogawa), as welll as works adapting it to Japanese specifics.

Bio.: See under Weizheng zhonggao. Ref. and studies: Furubayashi, “Gendai no kanshinsho Bokumin chūkoku.” Ogawa, Bokumin no shisō, mentioning (p. 26) a 1338 pref. by Peng Bing 彭炳 in the “first ed.”

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Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. Bibliography entries for same author: Fengxian zhonggao; Miaotang zhonggao; Weizheng zhonggao. [PEW] [MING]

Congzheng lu 從政錄 See: Xue Wenqing gong congzheng lu Congzheng mingyan 從政名言 See: Xue Wenqing gong congzheng mingyan Gaohuangdi yuzhi shouzhi daoren xuzhi 高皇帝御制授職到任須知 See: Shouzhi daoren xuzhi Guozi xiansheng Pushan Jiang gong zhengxun 國子先生璞山蔣 公政訓

See: Jiang gong zhengxun Linmin baojing 臨民寶鏡 Lüli linmin baojing 律例臨民寶鏡 See: Da Ming lüli linmin baojing Wusuo Liu xiansheng juguan shuijing 勿所劉先生居官水鏡 See: Juguan shuijing Zhipu quanshu 治譜全書 See: Zhipu 0163

Zhixian jiashu 知縣家書 [A Magistrate’s Letter from Home] By Wang Sheng 王升 (z. Jinshu 晉叔, h. Zhunan xiansheng 竹南先生) (fl. 1371), from Deqing 德清 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.: – *Yongle-period edited version in Ming shilu: Hongwu, 63/1209–10. – *Zhengtong-period edited version based on copy from Shilu in Wulun shu 五倫書 by emperor Xuanzong (promulgated in 1447), 54/16b. – *Chenghua-period version in Ye Sheng 葉盛, Shuidong riji 水東日記, 11/116.

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– *1475 abbreviated version based on copy from Shilu, in Huzhou FZ 湖州府 志 (1475), 19/18a. – *1560 slightly edited copy based on version in Shuidong riji, in Xu Xianzhong 徐獻忠, Wuxing zhanggu ji 吳興掌故集, 2/28b. – *Wanli-period version based on copy from Shilu, in Lei Li 雷禮, Huang Ming dazheng ji 皇明大政紀, 2/63a. – *Wanli-period version based on copy from Wulun shu, in Deng Yuanxi 鄧 元錫, Huang Ming shu 皇明書, 41/15a. – *Wanli-period version based on copy from Shilu, in Yu Jideng 余繼登, Diangu jiwen 典故紀聞, 3/41. – *Wanli-period version based on copy from Shuidong riji, in Huang Xixian 黃希憲, Xu zijing bian 續自警編, 6/1a. – *Wanli-period version based on copy from Wulun shu, in Xiyuan wenjian lu 西園聞見錄, 13/4b–5a. – *Wanli-period version based on copy from Shuidong riji, in Shen Jiefu 沈節甫, Jilu huibian 紀錄彙編, 139/1326a. – *Wanli-period version based on copy from Shilu, in Zhu Mujie 朱睦㮮, Sheng dian 聖典, 19/14a. – *Tianqi-period version based on copy from Shuidong riji but with names changed to match copy in Shilu, in Xu Xiangmei 徐象梅, Liang Zhe ming­ xian lu 兩浙名賢録, 35/22a. – *Chongzhen-period version based on copy from Shilu, in Xu Xueju 徐學 聚, Guochao dianhui 國朝典彚, 127/1a. – *Chongzhen-period version based on copy from Shuidong riji, in Zhu Guozhen 朱國禎, Huang Ming shigai 皇明史概, 10/42a. – *Chongzhen-period version based on copy from Shuidong riji, in Zhu Guozhen 朱國禎, Huang Ming shigai 皇明史概, 10/42a. – *1637 abbreviated version based on copy from Shuidong riji, in Jiaxing XZ 嘉興縣志 (1637), 14/35a. – *Heavily edited version based on copy from Shilu, in Tan Qian 談遷, Guoque 國榷, 4/444. – *Early Qing version based on copy from Shuidong riji, in Sheng Feng 盛楓, Jiahe chengxian lu 嘉禾徵獻錄, 10/5a. – *1673 version based on copy from Shuidong riji, in Deqing XZ 德清縣志 (1673), 9/2a. – *Kangxi-period version based on copy from Shuidong riji, in Wang Tang 王棠, Yanzai ge zhixin lu 燕在閣知新録, 14/14a. – *Qianlong-period version based on copy from Shuidong riji, in Zhou Zhao 周召, Shuangqiao suibi 雙橋隨筆 (Siku ed.), 2/26a.

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Rem.: Arguably the earliest example in the genre of advice on being a magistrate that remains from the Ming period. (The title above is supplied by us.) The text is a letter from Wang Sheng to his son, who had just been appointed magistrate in Pingliang 平涼 prefecture (Shaanxi, in modern Gansu), discussing general guidelines for serving as a local official. The person carrying the letter was detained for another matter and the letter came into the hands of the Hongwu emperor, who then issued an edict praising Wang for his role as father; Wang responded with a memorial. The story became a popular theme retold in many works in the Ming and Qing. (See for example Ming Taizu wenji 明太祖文集, 8/39a, and Mige yuangui zhengyao 秘閣元龜政要, 7/12b.) The letter, which was never published separately as a handbook, has had two primary lines of transmission. The first originated in an edited copy incorporated in the Ming shilu in the Yongle period and focusing on the advice about service as a magistrate; the second was a longer text recorded in Shuidong riji in the Chenghua period, which contains both the advice about serving as a magistrate and information about family matters.

Bio.: Wang Sheng was from Deqing (Huzhou 湖州 prefecture), but because the Shuidong riji version said he was from Jiaxing 嘉興 county (also in Zhejiang), a version of the letter was copied into the Jiaxing gazetteer as well. The Ming shilu records Wang’s son’s name as Tian 瑱, but both Shuidong riji and his service records from Shaanxi call him Zhen 軫. Wang Sheng received appointment in the last years of the Yuan, but preferred to avoid service. In 1370 his son passed the first juren examination in the Ming and was appointed magistrate of Chongxin 崇信, in Pingliang prefecture, and was instrumental in re-establishing administration there beginning in 1371. The story of how the letter was sent and seized, and then how Hongwu rewarded Wang père et fils, varies depending on the source. According to Huzhou FZ, at the time Wang Sheng was detained in the prison of the Ministry of Justice for an unspecified reason and the letter was seized by a guard. According to Jiaxing FZ, it was the messenger, a certain Yuwen Gui 宇文桂, who was arrested for some reason and searched. See Shuidong riji, 11/115; Deqing XZ (1673), 7/32a; Huzhou FZ (1475), 19/18a–b; Pingliang FZ (1560), 12/3b, 12/8a, 12/10a; Jiaxing XZ (1637), 14/35a–b; id. (1801), 22/3b–4a; Guo Tingxun 過廷訓, Benchao fensheng renwu kao 本朝分 省人物考 (1622), 46/6a. [TN]

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Weizheng zhunze 為政準則, 3 j. [Criteria for Governance] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– Undated ed. with prefs. by Li Yuan 李元 (1523), Fang Yun 方雲 (1383), and Wang Dun 王鈍 (1392), postf. (跋) by Li Lu 李錄 (1523). [Tianyi ge; unknown whether still extant]

Rem.: It is known that this title was much in use in the Ming and some of its history can be reconstructed from various sources. The description provided for the copy in Tianyi ge in the early twentieth century mentions prefs. written in the Hongwu period, specifying that the authors did not know the author of the text. This suggests that the original text dates likely from the early Ming, or possibly the late Yuan, and that it was printed, or more likely reprinted, in the Hongwu period. The text is next mentioned in the 1513 pref. to Juguan geyan (q.v.) as one of the four handbooks for beginning magistrates most in use. The 1523 pref. and postf. to the Tianyi ge copy correspond to a new printing. The information provided makes it possible to identify the official who paid for it as Li Tang 李棠, and the location as Huai’an 淮安 prefecture (Nan Zhili). Li Yuan (js. 1508) was a native of Huai’an, and Li Lu (js. 1521) and Li Tang (jr. 1495) were both serving there for the Ministry of Revenue in 1523. A pref. preserved in a local gazetteer recounts how the text was provided to a magistrate for instruction by a censor in 1526, and then reprinted with two other texts under the title Xiantai zhijiao 憲臺指教 (see Anxi 安溪 XZ [1552], 7/41a–b). Selections from the text were then quoted in Mujian (q.v.), which dates from 1533. Ref. and studies: Mingshi yiwenzhi, 258. TYG, 2:2/47b. TYGXC, 2/47b. Tianyi ge cangshu, 134. [TN]

0165

Shouzhi daoren xuzhi 授職到任須知 [What Must Be Known when Receiving a Charge and Reaching One’s Office] By Emperor Taizu of the Ming (Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋) (r. Hongwu, 1368–98) N.d.

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Ed.:

– *Complete text, titled Gao huangdi yuzhi 高皇帝御制 shouzhi daoren xuzhi, preceded by an undated imperial order, in Da Ming huidian 大明 會典 (1511 ed.), 10/1a–11/37b; (1587 ed.), 9/2b–50a [reprint Taipei: Huawen shuju, 1963]; Ming Huidian (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1989, based on 1587 ed.), 9/53–64.

Rem.: This text, which was handed down by the Ministry of Personnel to every newly appointed magistrate or prefect, can be regarded as the equivalent of an official guide for local officials. Because Shouren daoren xuzhi was given to the new appointee together with his seal, it is quoted in the Yanfeng qingli si 驗封清吏司 section of the Huidian. In the short edict featured at the beginning, Zhu Yuanzhang claims that “Though this book is unpolished, it is truly essential for officials, and the best is that they read it carefully” (此書雖粗俗、實為官之要機。熟讀最良). There are two parts. The first part lists 31 items that cover every aspect of local administration about which the new official must inform himself when assuming his post. Some items begin with a piece of advice and/or prohibition. The second part consists of models for the documents named xuzhi, containing systematic and detailed information on the current situation (such as lists of personnel, inventories, statements of accounts, and the like), that the chief clerks of the six administrative offices of a yamen must hand over to the new incumbent official (各房供報須知式樣). The list of topics and institutions discussed delivers a striking image of government control as it was envisioned at the beginning of the Ming. The dates featuring in some entries (e.g., dates of taking office for the officials and subaltern personnel to enumerate in the documents prepared by the Office of Personnel, or dates of the chief clerks’ statements) are in the format “永樂某年某月某日,” suggesting that, even though it originated with the Hongwu emperor, in the form transmitted through Da Ming huidian the text was prepared during the Yongle period. For some reason, where place names are given as examples they are always Kaifeng 開封 prefecture and its subordinate departments and counties. Copies of the work sometimes appear in the lists of books in local schools (see for example Ningbo 寧波 FZ [1560], 7/48a, with title Xinguan 新官 daoren xuzhi), but no independent edition appears to have survived. Ref. and studies: Nimick, 67 (1511 ed.). [TN, PEW]

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Bichou 筆疇, 1, 2, or 3 j. [A Brush’s Field] Recorded (述) by Wang Da 王達 (z. Dashan 達善, h. Naixuan jushi 耐軒居士, Tianyou Daozhe 天游道者) (1343–1407), from Wuxi 無錫 (Nan Zhili) 1389 intro. Ed.:

– *As j. 9–10 of Wang Da’s Tianyou wenji 天游文集, engraved by Hu Bin from Anding 南平知縣安定胡濱鋟梓 and compiled by Di Hou from Chengting 庱亭翟厚編集 (1440 pref.), with short author’s intro., unsigned and undated. [Zhongyang, *mf. at Princeton] – 1519 ed. in 2 j. printed by Li Yansheng 李彦昇 in Hunan, with prefs. by Liu Cheng 劉澄 (1516) and He Mengchun 何孟春 (1519, to 重刻). [Zhongyang, mf. at Harvard] – Undated (late-Ming) Rongshou tang ed. 榮壽堂刻本 in 2 j., with prefs. by Lu Zhiji 陸之箕 (n.d.), Sun Long 孫鑨 (n.d.), and Lin Shu 林樞 (n.d.), author’s intro., comments by Lu Zhiji, postf. by Zhu Junmin 祝俊民 (n.d.); this ed. must have been engraved in 1567 or later. [Shanghai] – *In Baoyan tang miji (1606 ed.), in 2 j., with prefs. by Lu Zhiji (n.d.), Sun Long (n.d.), and Lin Shu (n.d.), author’s intro., comments by Lu Zhiji (inserted small-character notes introduced by 箕按), postf. by Zhu Junmin (n.d.). [Zhongyang] [*Photo-repro. in Baibu congshu] – *In Shangbai zhai miji, in 2 j., with prefs. by Lu Zhiji (n.d.), Sun Long (n.d.), and Lin Shu (n.d.), author’s intro. [Harvard] – *Extracts (11 paragraphs) in Shuofu xu, j. 3, author given as Chen Shibao from Julu (Zhili) 鉅鹿陳世寶. – Undated ed. in 3 j., edited and printed by Zhu Zhengmin 朱正民. [Nanjing, cat. says 1574] – In Qingxiao ge kuaishu 清睡閣快書. [Congress] – In Ningdu Zeng shi congchao 寧都曾氏叢鈔, ed. by Peng Shiwang 彭士望. [Fudan] – *Appended to 1743 Xiyuan ed. (西園藏板) of Gujin zhangzhe lu 古今長 者錄, ed. by Peng Shiwang 彭士望, with author’s intro. (yin 引) (1389), pref. to abridged version (刪定筆疇序) by monk Yuanxian 閩中鼓山釋元 賢 (n.d.); this shortened version has heavy punctuation and notes in the upper margin. [Harvard] – 1913 ed. in Chinese and Japanese titled Hitchu; narabini, Shodan 筆疇；   並，樵談 (Tokyo: Shoin gakusha shuppansha).

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– *In Baoyan tang miji (1922 ed.), fasc. 3, with prefs. by Lu Zhiji (n.d.), Sun Long (n.d.), and Lin Shu (n.d.), without author’s intro., with comments by Lu Zhiji, postf. by Zhu Junmin (n.d.). [IHEC] – *In Xiyong xuan congshu, 甲編 (1928), fasc. 6, with pref. by Wu You 鄔祐 (1512), author’s name not mentioned. [IHEC] – Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 372. – Rpt. of 1928 ed. (Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 1983). – In Biji xiaoshuo daguan, ser. 4, vol. 5. – In Ming Qing biji shiliao congkan 明清筆記史料叢刊, Ming 明, vol. 29. – *Photo-repro. of Rongshou tang ed. at Shanghai, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 83. – *Photo-repro. of Tianyou wenji version (Beitu copy), in SKCMCS, 集, vol. 27.

Rem.: A work providing general guidance for local officials. The title Guanzhen 官箴 bichou, probably referring to the same text, is mentioned in the pref. to Juguan geyan (q.v.) as one of the handbooks for beginning magistrates most in use. As suggested in Wang Da’s own intro., the original text consisted of the intimate thoughts of an official sent to serve in a forlorn place north of the Passes during the early Ming, written as self-admonition (用以自戒); according to Monk Yuanxian’s pref., it is because of the simplicity of words that can be used for everyday life that Wang compared his text to a “field” (chou). There exist different versions of the text, the history of which can be guessed, at least to a point, based on the preface. The original version in 2 j., in Wang Da’s Tianyou wenji 天游文集, is composed of 100 paragraphs separated by the character you 又; they are followed by a short text titled Dushi biji 讀史筆記 (6 entries). Other editions in circulation during the Ming were in 32 paragraphs (eds. by Lin Shu in Nanjing, Han Wenliang 韓文亮 in Gansu [? 西夏], and Wu You in Jining 濟寧, per the figure given in Zhu Junmin’s postf.), in 55, or in 77 paragraphs (eds. by Pan Yuqing 潘玉卿 in Jinan and by Dai Zhongliang 戴仲良 in Jianzhou). The Baoyan tang miji version has 96 paragraphs. Yuanxian’s abridgement of the 77-paragraph version (which he considered to be the original) in Gujin zhangzhe lu is composed of 29 paragraphs, to which he gave titles; this version is said to have also been engraved in Jianzhou by a certain Xie Chunyi 謝純一. The arrangement of the paragraphs is different in each of the versions seen. This multiplicity of editions testifies to the popularity of the text. The tone is anecdotal, moralizing, and philosophizing at the same time, with an emphasis on being modest and controlling one’s desires, accepting one’s destiny and not being ambitious. As there are

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virtually no direct allusions to the tasks of an official, even in j. 2, which takes more consideration of government, it is somewhat unclear why this text was considered a handbook for beginning magistrates.

Bio.: The records of Wang Da’s life are incomplete, likely because he served under the second Ming emperor and then under the usurper who seized the throne in 1402. He studied with a local scholar whom he accompanied to the Hongwu court; there he impressed Song Lian 宋濂, one of Zhu Yuanzhang’s (Hongwu’s) key advisers. He was selected as a classicist (明經) and assigned to his home county as assistant instructor (訓導) in the school. He then served in the same position in Yuhang 餘杭 (Zhejiang), before being moved to assistant instructor in the prefectural school in Datong 大同 (Shanxi)—this is the desolate place beyond the passes to which his introduction refers and where Bichou was written. One source suggests that he had met with the future usurper Zhu Di on his way north, so it is possible that the work was an attempt to present himself in a favorable light. Present in the capital as an instructor (助教) at the National University at the time of the usurpation, Wang was among the officials willing to serve the new emperor and was rumored to have authored his accession edict. Furthermore, he worked on the revision of the Hongwu Veritable Records to justify the usurpation. He served as junior compiler (編修) and academician reader-in-waiting (侍讀學士) in the Hanlin Academy and oversaw a number of examinations. See Huang Zuo 黃佐 in Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻徵錄, 20/62; Wuxi XZ (1496), 18/10a; Yuhang XZ (1808/1919), 16/6b, 20/3a, 35/22a; Datong FZ (1515/Jiajing), 7/24b; Zheng Xiao 鄭曉, Jianwen xunguochen ji 建文遜國臣記, 7/5b; Deng Shilong 鄧士龍, Guochao diangu 國朝典故, 32/530; Ming shilu: Chengzu, 21/389, 22/407, 29/519, 36/627, 45/704, 51/761, 68/959; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 63. Ref. and studies: Siku, 124/2597–98, discussing an ed. of a reconstructed 107-paragraph text with pref. by Lu Zhiji. [LG, TN, PEW] 0167

Mumin xinjian 牧民心鑑, 2 j. [Mirror of the Heart for Local Administrators] By Zhu Fengji 朱逢吉 (z. Yizhen 以貞, h. Xieli 攜李) (1334–1413), from Chongde 崇德 (Zhejiang) 1404 pref. Ed.: – *Undated Korean ed. with pref. by Zhou Ziye 周子冶, former magistrate of Zhu’s home county (1404), unsigned and undated colophon by author, postf. (in a cartouche on the last page) by Kim Hŭi 金熙 (晦之) (1412). [Kyujanggak]

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– Undated Ming ed. in 2 j. with pref. by Li Xing 李興 (1482), postf. (跋) by Wang Zuo 王佐 (1482) [see Tianyi ge shumu]. Later Tianyi ge catalogers recorded essentially the same ed. with the same contents in 3 j., but this is probably an error. It is not known whether this edition is still extant. – 1799 Japanese ed. in 2 j. [Naikaku] – *1852 official (官板) Japanese punctuated kambun ed. (江戶昌平坂學問 所), reprinting (復刊) the 1799 ed., with pref. by Zhou Ziye (1404), anon. note by a Chinese official. [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection, as a set with Sanshi zhonggao (q.v.), Congzheng mingyan (q.v.), and Xingxin zayan 省心雜言] [*Tōyō Bunko, in a 2-fasc. set with several other works (see under Congzheng mingyan)] – *Undated ed. with pref. by Zhou Ziye (1404) and unsigned and undated colophon by the author. Reprinted with Congzheng mingyan (q.v.) in Congzheng dianfan ji 從政典範集 (Taipei: Laogu chubanshe, 1979; most likely facsimile of 1852 Japanese ed.). – *1853 Japanese kambun ed. of the Gungyokudō at Osaka 大阪群玉堂, titled Mumin xinjian jie 解, with prefs. by Kawada Kyō 河田興 (1853), Saitō Un 齋藤澐 (1850), and Zhou Ziye (1404), with Japanese translation following each entry and annotations by Hiratsuka Hyosai 平冢茂橋. [*Naikaku] [*Ōki] – *1973 typeset ed. titled Bokumin shinkan 牧民心鑑, with transl. and annotations by Hayashi Hideichi 林秀一 (Tokyo: Meitoku shuppansha). – *1990 reprint ed. of copy at Kyujangkak, titled Mongmin simgam yon’gu 牧民心鑑研究, with transl. and annotations by Kim Song-jun 金成俊 (Seoul: Koryo Taehakkyo Minjok Munhwa Yon’guso).

Rem.: The work reflects the late Yuan and early Ming intense focus on the improvement of government by addressing underlying principles. This trend was encouraged by the so-called Jinhua scholars, embraced by the founding Ming emperor, and continued by a generation of officials in early Ming. The author had administrative experience in positions ranging from local clerk to capital official from the 1360s to 1404, when the first ed. was published. With the exception of the Korean ed., the only extant copies appear to be based on Japanese reprints. The text was not preserved in China, nor is there evidence that it was influential beyond the early Ming, perhaps because it did not provide the practical details that are the focus of later handbooks. The pref. present the work as following in the steps of Zhang Yanghao’s Mumin zhonggao (q.v.). The text contains the following thirteen rubrics (with a variable number of subdivisions, totalling 104): “Careful preparations” (謹始), “First actions in office” (初政), “Ordering one’s household” (正家), “Administering Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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affairs” (蒞事), “Propagating moral values” (宣化), “Hearing cases” (聽訟), “Tax collection” (徵科), “Construction and maintenance” (營繕), “Serving superiors” (事上), “Controlling subordinates” (馭下), “Relations with fellow officials and gentry” (交人), “Famine preparations” (備荒), “Finishing well” (善終). Although it is fairly detailed, the advice is entirely in the prescriptive mode and given in the abstract, without much precise or concrete detail.

Bio.: Zhu Fengji was part of a generation of officials in the early Ming who wanted to restore the principles underlying effective governance. His father was dean of a private academy, then instructor (學正) in the government school at Wujiang 吳江 county under the Yuan. Zhu served as a clerk (掾) in the late Yuan; in the early Hongwu period he was selected in the search for capable men (求賢) initiated by Ming Taizu and was made a clerk in the new Secretariat. There he earned a reputation for his incorruptibility and advice on recruiting talented men. Around 1369 he was appointed magistrate of Ningjin 寧津 (Bei Zhili), and in 1373 was promoted to serve as assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) in Huguang. The next steps in his career are obscured by the tampering with historical records following the usurpation of the throne in 1402. Apparently Zhu was caught in one of the purges of the late Hongwu period and banished to a military garrison in Shaanxi. He was assigned as instructor (教授) at the school of the Shandan 山丹 garrison in modern-day Gansu. Some sources suggest that this is when he wrote Mumin xinjian as well as another work titled Tongzi xi 童子習. At some point he was restored as Shaanxi assistant surveillance commissioner. There are indications that he was recalled to the capital during the Jianwen period. Following the 1402 usurpation he was made assistant minister (丞) in the Court of Judicial Review, with an initial assignment to work on the revision of the Hongwu Veritable Records, but was almost immediately sent out to oversee waterworks in Suzhou and Huzhou. He was next assigned to inspect government lands in the capital area and made himself famous for riding alone in all sorts of weather to examine conditions. A 1410 memorial by him is preserved in the Veritable Records. See Shimen 石門 XZ (1818/1821), 14/19b–20a; Jiaxing fu tuji 嘉興府圖記 (1549), 16/6b; Ningjin XZ (1588), 2/3b, 2/5a; Hejian 河間 FZ (1542), 17/24b; Huguang tujing zhi 湖廣圖 經志 (1522), 1/36a; Shaanxi TZ (1542), 19/46a; Zhu Mujie 朱睦㮮, Gechu yishi 革除逸史, 1/11b; Yuan Zhongche 袁忠徹, Futai waiji 符臺外集, in Siming ­congshu 四明叢書, 2/25a; Ming shilu: Taizu, 84/1502, Chengzu, 13/237, 110/1409. Ref. and studies: Mingshi yiwenzhi, 447. TYG, 2:2/48a (1489 ed., in 2 j.). Chang, 1:143 (Japanese 1853 ed.). He Qinhua, 2:201 (Mumin xinjian jie, Hiratsuka ed.). Transl.: Japanese transl. by Hayashi Hideichi (see above). [TN]

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Xinguan daoren yizhu 新官到任儀註, 1 j. [Ritual Protocols for New Officials Assuming Their Posts] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), all eds. – *Undated Ming ed., together with Xinguan guifan (q.v.), similar to the copy in the 1629 ed. of Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.). [Congress] – *Photo-repro. of Guanchang zhengyao 1629 ed. at Beida (caption at head of text Chongke shengchao qinding gexiang 重刻聖朝欽定各項 xinguan daoren yizhu), in GZSJC, vol. 1. – Photo-repro. of Ming ed. in Congress, titled Xinguan daoren yishu 注, in Yuwai Hanji zhenben wenku 域外漢籍珍本文庫, 4th series, History 第四輯, 史部 (Chongqing: Xinan shifan daxue chubanshe, 2013), vol. 22.

Rem.: The work draws together official information about rituals likely to be useful to a new official. It includes official pronouncements up to 1436. Much of the material can be found scattered across sections of works recording official rituals, but the present text appears to predate Da Ming jili 大明集禮, which was compiled in the Jiajing period. It is unclear whether it began as an official compilation or was compiled privately based on official treatises. There are 20 entries in all, plus 6 addenda (拾 遺) and one supplement (附錄). They are all very detailed and precise, with diagrams showing the placing of the persons and objects involved in the rituals, lists of sacrificial foods, texts to read and sing, dances to perform, etc. Contents include the rituals to follow when reading an imperial edict in the provinces, celebrating the emperor’s birthday and other such occasions, convening rural banquets (鄉飲酒), as well as all the cults and sacrifices of state religion. Entry 19 is the only one dealing with the rituals performed by new local officials first taking their posts. Entry 20 deals with the formal dress of civilian and military officials of every rank. The shiyi features texts of placards (榜文) for certain festivals, and prayers (祝文) on the occasion of leaving one’s post. The supplement, titled “Method to select days when assuming office” (上任選擇日期法), is an almanac used to calculate auspicious days. The (Qinding) Gexiang yizhu bianlan listed in Guantu zijian (q.v.) and attributed to Wu Zun 吳遵 probably contains similar materials. Ref. and studies: Ming shilu: Xuanzong, 21/2300, memorial of 1433 by a Nan Zhili magistrate claiming that the rules in question were instituted (定) under

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the Hongwu emperor. Qianqing tang shumu 千頃堂書目, giving title Daoren yizhu. Congress Rare Books, 405–6. Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 13–15, mentioning also a Yizhu bianlan 儀注便覽 by Wu Zun in Hu Wenhuan’s Gezhi congshu (1603), but this is not listed in Zhongguo congshu zonglu; Takigawa concludes that Wu Zun probably is the author of Xinguan daoren yizhu. [PEW] 0169

Mumin beiyong 牧民備用, 1 j. [Ready Materials for Administering the People] By He Wenyuan 何文淵 (z. Juchuan 巨川, h. Dongyuan 東園) (1385– 1457) (js. 1418), from Guangchang 廣昌 (Jiangxi) Ca. 1435 Ed.: – *In Xinguan guifan (q.v.).

Rem.: We know that He Wenyuan wrote a magistrate handbook with this title, most likely in 1435 or 1436: the pref., which is found in his Dongyuan yigao 東園遺稿 (n.d., copy with 1559 pref. at Naikaku), 2/11a–12a, records that he wrote it after serving five or six years as prefect. He says that he collected recommendations on good governance from senior and respected local commoners, and tested their advice in actual administration. According to his son He Qiaoxin 喬新, the original blocks for the work were destroyed, but a local student paid to have them recut (see He Qiaoxin, Jiaoqiu wenji 椒邱文集 [n.d., copy with 1522 pref. at Naikaku], 18/11a–12b). His great-grandson He Yuan 源 was using the texst as guidance during his service as magistrate from 1560 to 1562 (see Jiaxing 嘉興 XZ [1637], 2/13a–b and 11/92a). No separate ed. is known to have survived, but Mumin beiyong is very likely the unattributed text forming the second part of Xinguan guifan (q.v.). He Wenyuan’s concern about providing guidance to newly appointed local officials is evidenced by other documents in his collected writings. The current text in Xinguan guifan, which contains references to administrative developments from the 1450s, when He served in the Ministry of Personnel, is probably an updated version of the original with inserted information on recent changes. The text provides very concrete guidance in plain language; it is organized under nine rubrics, each composed of a series of short entries: “Assuming office” (上任), “Daily schedule” (直日), “Ruling the clerks” (御史, clearly a scribal error for 御 吏), “Administering the people’s affairs” (民情), “Official tasks” (公務),

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“Taxation” (糧料), “Rituals and ceremonies” (禮儀), “Combating disasters” (禦災), and “Lawsuits” (詞訟).

Bio.: In 1420, two years after his jinshi, He Wenyuan was appointed a censor and then regional inspector for Shandong. In 1425, he was sent at the request of the new emperor to review administration in Sichuan and earned a reputation for fair evaluations and toughness in dealings with unethical or incompetent officials. In 1426 he was sent to investigate the military in Shanxi. Then, in response to a special edict he was one of the censors selected to investigate problems with the administration in Nanjing. In 1430, when the Xuande emperor called upon high officials to recommend promising young officials to serve as prefects in nine of the most difficult prefectures, He Wenyuan was recommended by the head of the Censorate and appointed prefect of Wenzhou 溫州 (Zhejiang), where he was celebrated for his administration. Mumin beiyong is based on his service as prefect. He later served in capital offices, notably at the Ministry of Personnel, but was forced into retirement by partisan attacks. He committed suicide in 1457 for fear of being imprisoned and tortured by his political opponents. See MS, 183/4851; Zhang Lun 章綸, “Ming gu Ronglu dafu taizi taibao jian libu shangshu He gong xingzhuang” 明故榮祿大夫太子 太保兼吏部尚書何公行狀, in He’s Dongyuan yigao, 首/2b; Guo Tingxun 過廷 訓, Benchao fensheng renwu kao 本朝分省人物考 (1622), 61/7b; Ye Sheng 葉盛, Shuidong riji 水東日記, 7/83; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 269. Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2399. Mingshi yiwenzhi, 48. See also under Xinguan guifan. [TN] 0170

Xue Wenqing gong congzheng lu 薛文清公從政錄, 1 j. [A Record of Government Service by Mr. Xue Wenqing] By Xue Xuan 薛瑄 (z. Dewen 德溫, h. Jingxuan 敬軒, s. Wenqing 文清) (1389–1464) (js. 1421), from Hejin 河津 (Shanxi) N.d. Ed.:

– In Baoyan tang miji 寶顏堂秘笈 (1606 ed.), coll. (校) by Li Rihua 李日 華 and Shen Fuxian 沈孚先. [*Beitu] [*Photo-repro. in Baibu congshu jicheng, no. 18] – *Undated (Wanli-period) ed. of the Shen-family Shangbai zhai 沈氏尚 白齋 (in Yizheng tang juan Chen Meigong jiacang guang miji 亦政堂鐫 陳眉公家藏廣秘笈, comp. Chen Jiru 陳繼儒, pref. 1615), without pref. [Harvard] – *In Guang Baichuan xuehai, vol. 3, without pref. [Harvard]

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– *Extracts in Shuofu xu, j. 3. – Japanese 1662 ed. [Taiwan daxue] – *In Baoyan tang miji (1922 ed.): guangji, with prefs. by Li Rihua (1615) and Shen Dexian 沈德先 (1615, to Yizheng tang guang miji). [IHEC] – *In Guangbaichuan xuehai, facsimile ed., p. 271–291. [HKU] – *In Biji xiaoshuo daguan, ser. 5. [Fu Sinian] – Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 888; and jianbian, fasc. 284. – *Photo-repro. of Baoyan tang miji ed., without pref., in GZSJC, vol. 1. – *Photo-repro. of Congshu jicheng chubian typeset ed., in ZSJC, vol. 5.

Rem.: A collection of 97 (or 98, depending on ed.) very short statements, some amounting to just a few words (long ones having no more than three or four lines), on the general principles of local government. The style is terse and direct, and, overall, rather efficient. Most considerations are on ethics and behavior, such as love of and respect for the people, foresightedness and prudence, impartiality, integrity and sincerity, avoiding any particularistic ties, and so forth. There is also an insistence on the importance of law in government. For a different selection of Xue’s aphorisms, see next entry.

Bio.: An eager follower of the Cheng-Zhu school, Xue Xuan was the first Ming scholar to be admitted into the Confucius Temple. His career reflected the politically turbulent times in which he served. In 1428 he was made a censor (御 史) and in 1430 was sent to inspect silver mines in Huguang, before returning home for mourning. In 1438 he became assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) overseeing education in Shandong. Patronized by his fellow Hejin native, the eunuch Wang Zhen 王振, he was promoted to vice-minister (少卿) of the Court of Judicial Review, but fell afoul of his patron and was imprisoned in 1443. After Wang died in 1449 and a new emperor came to the throne, Xue was made assistant minister (丞) in the Court of Judicial Review; in that role he helped defend a Beijing wall-gate against Mongol attack. In 1451 he was made minister (卿) of the Court of Judicial Review in Nanjing, and later minister in Beijing. When Yingzong resumed the throne in 1457 he became chancellor (學士) of the Hanlin Academy, with concurrent rank as vice-minister (侍郎) in the Ministry of Rites, and served in the Grand Secretariat. Later he resigned, returned home, and dedicated his life to teaching. See MS, 282/7228; DMB, 616– 19; Koh, A Northern Alternative. [tn] Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2399. Siku xuxiu 23:339. Huang Zongxi 黃宗羲, Mingru xue’an 明儒學案 (Julia Ching and Chaoying Fang, eds., The Records of Ming Scholars [Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987], 90–95). Chang, 1:165. Xu Zi, 182–190.

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Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. [JB, LG, PEW] 0171

Xue Wenqing gong congzheng mingyan 薛文清公從政名言, 1 or 3 j. [Xue Xuan’s Famous Sayings on Government Service] By Xue Xuan 薛瑄 (z. Dewen 德溫, h. Jingxuan 敬軒, s. Wenqing 文清) (1389–1464) (js. 1421), from Hejin 河津 (Shanxi) Ed.:

– *Undated Ming ms. ed. in 3 j., in Maoxue tang congshu 茂雪堂叢書, with pref. by Hu Zuanzong 胡纘宗 (1535) (first folio misplaced after p. 8b; the elevation of the characters 國朝 in the pref. confirms this is a Ming, not a Qing, copy as claimed in cat.). [Beitu] – 1570 ed., Hu Zuanzong given as compiler (編), without pref., as j. 5 of Xude shishu 畜德十書 (comp. Li Ken 李懇). [Nanjing] – 1614 ed., in Wenqing gong Xue xiansheng wenji 文清公薛先生文集. [Yale University] – *In Yu Kun’s Xiangxing yaolan (q.v.), without pref. – Undated (Qianlong-period) ed., edited by Zhang Ding 張鼎 (with Xue Xuan’s Wenji 文集, Shiji 詩集, and Xingshi lu 行實錄). [Tokyo Municipal Library, Ichimura fund 市村文庫] – *Undated Korean ed. in 3 j., Hu Zuanzong given as compiler, coll. by Liu Jiurong 劉九容, without pref. [Kyujanggak] – *1799 official ed. (官版; date of carving [刊] at end of text) in kambun, punctuated, Hu Zuanzong given as compiler, with pref. by Hu Zuanzong (1535). [Tōyō Bunka, with handwritten annotations in margins] – *1851 Japanese punctuated kambun ed. from the Kanpan shoseki hakkōsho 官版書籍發行所, Tokyo, Hu Zuanzong given as compiler, with pref. by Hu Zuanzong (1535); the 1799 ed., of which this is a reprint, is mentioned at the end of this copy. [*Shoudu] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection, without indication of publisher, as a set with Sanshi zhonggao and Mumin xinjian (qq.v.), and Xingxin zayan 省心雜言 by Li Bangxian 李邦獻 (Song)] [*Tōyō Bunko, without indication of publisher, in a 2-fasc. set also including the following texts (qq.v. except for the first): Xingxin zayan, Zhouxian tigang, Sanshi zhonggao, Mumin xinjian.] – 1863 Japanese engraving (補刻), Hu Zuanzong given as compiler, coll. Liu Jiurong, with pref. by Hu Zuanzong (1535), text in kambun, last page with a list of bookstores selling the work in major Japanese cities. [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] – *Undated ed. in 3 j. (continuous pagination), without cover-leaf or pref., “Late-Qing” according to cat. [Beitu] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– *Photo-repro. of 1570 ed., in SKCMCS, bubian, vol. 77.

Rem.: A selection of Xue Xuan’s aphorisms on government that is larger than Congzheng lu (see previous entry) but similar in form and content, featuring 291 entries, about 50 of which are also found in the other work. (Xue’s biography in DMB mistakenly claims the two works are the same.) The partition in three juan in some editions does not affect the contents. The 1570 ed. has only 216 entries. The Japanese eds. feature some variants from the Chinese text, including cutting some entries into two. Though a systematic textual comparison of all eds. remains to be done, the differences in substance seem negligible. Hu Zuanzong’s pref., signed as Henan right provincial administration commissioner (右布政使), suggests that he compiled and published Xue’s sayings on government from his collected works (which he calls the Xue Jingxuan ji 薛敬軒集) to make them available to people concerned with good governance. (He had similarly compiled a Dushu lu 讀書錄 [A Record of Things Read] based on Xue’s dicta on books and learning, in other words, the xue 學 as opposed to the zheng 政.) Hu strongly insists on the impeccable pedigree of Xue’s ideas, which go back to Confucius (via the Cheng brothers and Zhu Xi) and the Duke of Zhou (via the Shiji). He compares Xue’s dicta to the classic Song handbooks, Lü Benzhong’s Guanzhen and Hu Taichu’s Zhoulian xulun (qq.v.), claiming that Xue’s approach is even more useful for everyday government: the work is the “right prescription for today’s officials” (固今時居官者之藥石也). Bio.: See previous entry. Ref. and studies: Siku, 95/1967 (title Congzheng mingyan). [PEW]

0172

Yu shu wen 諭屬文 [Orders to Subordinates] By Luo Lun 羅倫 (z. Yingkui 應魁, Yizheng 彝正, h. Yifeng 一峯, s. Wenyi 文毅) (1431–78) (js. 1466), from Yongfeng 永豐 (Jiangxi) N.d. Ed.:

– *In Xincheng 新城 XZ (Jiangxi) (1516), 11/50a–51b. – *In Luo’s Yifeng xiansheng wenji 一峰先生文集 (1549 postf.), 7/8a–9b, titled Yu shu wen dai Baoqing shou Xie Shixiu zuo 代寶慶守謝世修作. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro at Princeton]

Rem.: A short piece characterizing the service of magistrates and prefects. There is evidence that it circulated as a guide for officials. It is mentioned as part of the library in a private academy founded in 1504

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(see Yan’an 延安 FZ [1504], 1/13b), and a magistrate mentioned that a regional inspector provided him a copy around 1526 to help with his administration (see Huang Yi 黃懌, “Xiantai zhijiao xu” 憲臺指教序, in Anxi 安溪 XZ [1552], 7/41a).

Bio.: Luo Lun was famous for his rigid adherence to ideal standards in both his personal and professional life. After passing the jinshi (as optimus) he was appointed senior compiler (修撰) in the Hanlin Academy. Two months later he impeached grand secretary Li Xian 李賢 for failing to observe mourning for his father and criticized the emperor for ordering Li to return to work. For his trouble Luo was demoted and made maritime trade supervisor (市舶提 舉) in Quanzhou 泉州 (Fujian). In 1467 Li Xian died and his successor Shang Lu 商輅 recommended Luo’s reinstatement, but arranged for him to be assigned to the Hanlin Academy in Nanjing. There Luo found a climate with minimal political responsibilities and opportunities to discuss the upholding of ideals. In 1468 he was called to the capital for questioning with regard to a case of corruption in Fujian, but was easily cleared. In 1469 he pleaded illness and retired from official service. It is likely that the present work was a part of his efforts while back home to advise officials on appropriate practice. Some said that while he was upright he was ignorant of the actual world. That a proposal in 1470 to recall him was declined suggests that the leaders of the government were happy to do without his uncompromising idealism. See MS, 179/4747; Ji’an 吉安 fu Yongfeng XZ (Shunzhi/1662), 5/4b; Quanzhou FZ (1612), 10/31b; Ming shilu: Xianzong, 27/535, 30/587, 43/890, 43/890, 71/1387, 77/1490; DMB, 984. [TN] 0173

Juguan geyan 居官格言, 1 j. [Maxims for Office Holders] By Xu Tang 許堂 (z. Shengzhi 升之) (jr. 1495), from Pingshan 平山 guard (Dongchang 東昌 prefecture, Shandong) Ca. 1510 Ed.: – *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), all eds., with pref. by Hu Xiyan 胡希 顏 (1513) (except in 1629 ed.).

– Undated Ming ed., together with Xinguan guifan (q.v.). [Chongqing City Library, likely from an ed. of Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.)] – In Guantu zijian (q.v.). – *In Gezhi congshu. [Zhongshan]. – *1816 Japanese ms. coll. by Nemoto Makoto 根本孚, with pref. by Hu Xiyan (1513), proposing some textual emendations in the upper margin.

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It has the same numbers of characters per line and shows the same small errors as the copy in the Wanli edition of Guanchang zhengyao. [Naikaku, photo-repro. at Chicago] [Jimbun] [*Princeton] – *Photo-repro. of Chongzhen-period Tang-family Jinling shufang 金陵書 坊唐氏刻 Guanchang zhengyao ed., without pref. and giving the work as anon., in GZSJC, vol. 2.

Rem.: The name of the author appears only in Hu Xiyan’s pref., which says that the work was composed by Xu for his students when he was instructor (學正) in Qianzhou 乾州 (Shaanxi), and emphasizes its usefulness for acting officials as well. The surname Xu also appears in a sample pronouncement in the text. After having mentioned three handbooks widely used by newly appointed magistrates, viz. Mumin beiyong, Weizheng zhunze (qq.v.), and Guanzhen bichou 官箴筆疇 (probably for Bichou, q.v.), Hu adds that Juguan geyan has now become an indispensable addition for the standards of conduct it sets as well as the detailed indications on everyday administration that can be found in the much longer appendix, entitled “Conditions for implementation” (施行條件). The short two parts (上下篇) of the main text are composed of rather terse aphorisms concerning the personal conduct and competence requirements of the magistrate (such as full knowledge of the law and regulations currently enforced). Comparison with other texts reveals that almost every entry is drawn from the writings of Xue Xuan (see under Xue Wenqing gong congzheng lu). According to Takigawa (see below), it borrows many materials from Sanshi zhonggao (q.v.), but on examination only one entry can be traced to that work. The appendix appears to be mostly Xu’s own work and parts of it were adopted into Guanzhen jiyao, Chushi lu, and Juguan biyao weizheng bianlan (qq.v.); it includes a set of six models of proclamations that is dated 1519.

Bio.: Xu Tang was appointed magistrate of Jiangxian 絳縣 (Shanxi) in 1508, then of Anhua 安化 (Shaanxi) about 1510; pleading illness he asked to be transferred to an educational post and was appointed instructor in Qianzhou, in the same province. From 1513 he was an instructor (助教) at the National University, then an administrator in a princely establishment (長史) in Shanxi. See Hu Xiyan’s pref.; Guo Tingxun 過廷訓, Benchao fensheng renwu kao 本朝 分省人物考 (1622), 96/18a; Dongchang FZ (1600), 7/29a,19/56a; Dongchang FZ (1808), 29/16b–17a; Pingyang 平陽 FZ (1645), 3/76b; Qingyang 慶陽 FZ (1557), 10/16a; Qian ZZ (1633/Kangxi), 1/30b. Ref. and studies: Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 27–28, attributing Juguan geyan, in 2 j., to Wu Zun 吳遵 (the compiler of Chushi lu), based on Baqianjuan lou shumu 八千卷樓書目. Nimick, 198–9 (text partially reproduced on 223–8). [PEW, TN]

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Mumin zhengyao 牧民政要, 1 j. [Essentials on Governance for Local Administrators] By Song Jin 宋錦 (z. Zhifu 質夫) (js. 1523), from Hezhou 和州 (Nan Zhili) N.d. Ed.:

– *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), 1629 and Chongzhen eds., titled Xinke 新刻 mumin zhengyao. – *Photo-repro. of text in 1629 ed. of Guanchang zhengyao at Beida, in GZSJC, vol. 2.

Rem.: The text has no author mentioned in the extant eds., but is listed elsewhere as the work of Song Jin (see He ZZ [1901], 19/13b and 36/3b). It contains the following four rubrics (with a variable number of subdivisions, totalling 80): “Care in arresting” (慎捕), “Care in beatings” (慎打), “Care in imprisoning” (慎監), and “Care in fines” (慎罰), followed by a fifth one devoted to “Methods of tax collection” (催科法), introducing procedures and sample documents. The overall thrust is that moderation must be applied in every instance. The reign-title Chongzhen is used in the documents, meaning that the work in its present form must have been prepared for the Chongzhen eds. of Guanchang zhengyao. Takigawa (see below) claims that the two parts of the work are aimed at the private secretaries (muyou) in charge of judicial and fiscal affairs, respectively; yet muyou seem to be an institution posterior to this period. Takigawa also notes that the first four rubrics are reproduced in Shitu xuanjing (q.v.) under the title Mumin sishen 牧民四慎, whereas the section on tax collection is not found elsewhere; he also reports that in the Chongzhen ed. the text is preceded by a brief note (題詞) dated 1615, by Yang Fang 楊芳 (js. 1577), but asserts that he is not the author. (This note is not in the 1629 ed.) Bio.: After earning the jinshi Song Jin was appointed a secretary at the Ministry of Revenue and was assigned to oversee granaries in the grain transport system in the Huai’an region. He then moved to the Ministry of Works, was promoted to vice-director, and was rewarded with others in 1530 on the completion of a major project. He was then appointed prefect of Xuzhou 叙州 (Sichuan) and dealt effectively with the aftermath of warfare in the area. He offended a superior and retired after receiving a negative evaluation. See He ZZ (1901), 19/13b; Huai’an 淮安 FZ (1573), 2/23a; Xuzhou FZ (1687), 2/4a; Ming shilu: Shizong, 119/2849.

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Ref. and studies: Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 23–24. [TN] 0175

Xinguan guifan 新官軌範, 1 or 2 j. [Guidelines for New Officials] Anon. Ca. 1530 Ed.:

– *1584 new engraving of the Jinling shufang 金陵書坊 in 1 j., with pref. by Guo Banshan 郭半山 (1565). This copy was printed from the same woodblocks as the one in the Wanli ed. of Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.) at Beitu, but later, as can be seen from the fact that cracks in the blocks have widened and new ones have appeared. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton] – *In Guanchang zhengyao, all eds., in 1 j. – *In Gezhi congshu, in 2 j. A new ed. most likely based upon the 1584 ed. as it is missing the same characters and does not contain the variants found in the 1629 ed. of Guanchang zhengyao. [Zhongshan]. – *Ed. in 1 j. printed from the same blocks as the copy in the 1629 ed. of Guanchang zhengyao at Beida. [Congress] – Ming ed. together with Juguan geyan (q.v.), likely from a collectanea, although it is unclear whether Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.) or Gezhi cong­ shu. [Chongqing City library] – In Guantu zijian (q.v.), in 2 j. – *Photo-repro. of text from Chongzhen-period Jinling shufang ed. of Guanchang zhengyao, without pref., in GZSJC, vol. 1.

Rem.: The text was collected in Shanxi (before 1531) by a certain Liu Zi 劉子, who kept it several years before allowing its publication. It is attributed to Wu Zun 吳遵 (the author of Chushi lu, q.v.) in an entry of Baqian juan lou shumu 八千卷樓書目, but this seems inconsistent with the date just mentioned. The work features a set of very concrete and detailed instructions, exposed in clear language, for new magistrates. The rather short entries follow the conventional order starting with the assumption of a new post. According to the pref., the work was in much demand even before it was printed. In fact it is composed of two different texts, similar in form and content, following each other: Tili weizheng shiqing 體立為政事情 (2a–18a), comprising 89 entries, and Mumin beiyong (q.v.) (18a–39a), organized under nine rubrics. In the ed. in 2 j., each of the two sections corresponds to one juan, but there is no additional material.

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235

Ref. and studies: Nimick, 201–2 (collated text reproduced on 252–78). Chang, 1:143–4. Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 12–13. Yamane, “Ko Bunkan hen Kanto shikan ni tsuite,” 114–9. [TN] 0176

Guanzhen jiyao 官箴集要, 2 j. [Essentials for the Admonishment of Officials] Comp. Wang Tianxi 汪天錫 (z. Weiqin 惟欽) (jr. 1528), from Wuyuan

婺源 (Nan Zhili)

1535 Ed.:

– *[1535] ed., edited (校正) by Jiaxing prefect Zheng Gang 嘉興府知府鄭鋼, with pref. by Xu Jie 徐階 (1535), postf. (後序) by Zheng Gang (n.d.), postf. (跋) by Li Sui 李遂 (n.d.). [Beida] – *1619 ed. by Wan Xiance 萬獻策 and Xiao Daoguang 蕭道光. [Gugong Taibei] – *Photo-repro. of 1535 ed., in GZSJC, vol. 1. – *Modern typeset ed. with explanations, titled Diancang huiben 典藏繪本 guanzhen jiyao, Beijing: Zhongyang bianyi chubanshe, 2011.

Rem.: Xu Jie’s pref. and Zheng Gang’s postf. suggest that Wang (whose name appears only in the pref.) prepared the work in the name and on the orders of a certain censor Zhang (h. Xishu) from Ruyang 大侍御汝陽 西墅張公, then Zhejiang regional inspector, while he was serving as instructor (教諭) in Renhe 仁和 (i.e., Hangzhou). Zhang had prefect Zheng edit and print the text jointly with Zhu Xi’s Xiaoxue for distribution to the officials and scholars of Zhejiang, with a view to reunite government (政) and knowledge (學). The book draws from earlier works (not referenced in the entries). While the pref. mentions Shihuan zhengui 仕宦箴規 and Zhoulian xulun (q.v.), a careful textual analysis reveals that a wide variety of materials from the Song, Yuan, and early Ming were used, including Weizheng jiuyao and Mumin zhonggao (qq.v.), as well as Xue Xuan’s Dushu lu (see under Congzheng lu). The entries, which are equivalent to a full magistrate handbook dealing with both ethics and concrete administration, are organized among the following sections (篇): “Rectifying one’s heart” (正心), “Rectifying one’s person” (正己), “Maintaining one’s integrity” (持廉), “Rectifying one’s family” (正內), “Official positions” (職守), “Propagating civilization” (宣化), “Dealing with people” (接人), “Controlling subordinates” (馭下), “Taking care of the people” (臨民), and “Being careful in the administration of justice”

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(慎獄) (j. 1); “Bandits” (盜賊), “Merchants” (商賈), “Procedural rules” (公規), “Ceremonies” (禮儀), “Managing affairs” (處置事宜), and “Managing one’s exit” (克終) (j. 2).

Bio.: It is unclear whether Wang Tianxi attempted the jinshi, but in 1533 he took up service as instructor in Renhe and was serving there when Guanzhen jiyao was prepared. At the recommendation of the education intendant (提學) he was assigned to evaluating provincial examinations in Fujian. He died in office. See Wuyuan XZ (1693), 9/經濟/15b; Renhe XZ (1549), 5/7b. Ref. and studies: Guo Chengwei, 19, 21. Guji shanben, 史, 2:1100. Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. Transl. in modern Chinese titled Guanzhen jiyao baihua ben 官箴集要白話本, Beijing: Zhongguo shangye chubanshe, 2010. [TN, PEW] 0177

Jiang gong zhengxun 蔣公政訓, 1 j. [Mr. Jiang’s Teachings on Government] By Jiang Tingbi 蔣廷璧 (z. Wenguang 文光, h. Pushan 璞山) (fl. 1512– 54) (jr. 1522), from Pu’an 普安 guard (Guizhou) [1539] Ed.:

– Undated ed. titled Jiang Pushan zhengxun, comp. (類編) Tan Bingqing 譚秉清, coll. (校正) Wang Huang 王璜, printed by and with pref. by the author’s son, Jiang Zonglu 宗魯. [Tianyi ge] – *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), all eds., titled Guozi xiansheng Pushan 國子先生璞山 Jiang gong zhengxun, with pref. by Xu Jie 徐階 (1560) and note by Jiang Zonglu (n.d.) (no pref. or note in 1629 ed.). – *Undated Jinling shufang ed. by Wang Shangyue 金陵書坊王尚樂. [Beitu, in fact part of copy of Wanli-period Guanchang zhengyao, see below] – *Undated Jinling Sanshanjie shufang new ed. by Wang Shangyue 金陵三山街書坊王尚樂重梓 titled Guozi xiansheng Pushan Jiang gong zhengxun, with pref. (“Ke zhengxun yin” 刻政訓引) by Xu Jie (1560) and note by Jiang Zonglu (n.d.); see below on the origins of this ed. [*Beitu] [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton (lacking the final page of the pref. and the final page of the note)] – In Guantu zijian (q.v.), titled Jiang Pushan zhengxun. – *Undated ed. titled Jiang Pushan zhengxun, in Gezhi congshu. [Zhongshan]. – *Photo-repro. of text in Chongzhen-period Jinling shufang ed. of Guanchang zhengyao by Tang Jinchi and Tang Huichou (金陵書坊唐錦池

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唐惠疇梓), without pref., with colophon by Jiang Zonglu (n.d.), in GZSJC,

vol. 2. Note: The separate copy listed in the Beitu catalog and Guji shanben proved, upon examination, to be part of the incomplete Wanli ed. of Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.) in the same library. Not only is the printing style the same, but the same hand has annotated both works. The separate copy at Naikaku was printed from the same blocks as the Wanli copy, but at a later date, because the same cracks in the blocks have widened. The Beitu copy does have the last page of the pref. by Xu Jie and the last page of the text, both missing in the Naikaku copy.

Rem.: According to Jiang Zonglu’s note, the work originated in recommendations that an anxious Jiang Tingbi sent him while he had just come of age and had been appointed magistrate of Junxian 濬縣 (Henan). Zonglu, who claims it was an invaluable guide during his own career, allowed colleagues to make manuscript copies. Jiang Tingbi did not want to have the text in print, but in 1559, after his death, Zonglu edited it, dividing the recommendations into separate items, with a view to “printing it for transmission in the family” (刻為家傳), so that his sons and grandsons would know the origin of his own successful career (庶蔣 氏子孫知魯成立之所自); his note must be from this year since he signed as Henan surveillance commissioner, a post he occupied only in 1559. In 1560 he was able to prevail upon Grand Secretary Xu Jie (1503–83) to write a preface. It is indicated at the beginning that the text was organized (類 編) by Tan Bingqing 譚秉清 and seven others, who were Jiang Tingbi’s disciples at the Nanjing National University (南雍門人), and collated (校正) by a Junxian subordinate official (治生) named Wang Huang 王璜. The 73 entries are organized into five parts, corresponding to the standard magistrate handbook format. The first, “Caution at the beginning” (謹始), deals with the attitude to maintain and the measures to take on arrival in office. The second, “Rule oneself” (治己), focuses on the private and public behavior of the magistrate. The third, “Dealing with people” (處人), discusses the magistrate’s behavior with his colleagues and the gentry. The fourth, “Controlling subordinates” (御下), focuses on yamen personnel. The fifth, “Substance of administration” (治體), the longest by far, discusses in some detail the technical aspects of government, including the organization of work at the yamen, maintenance of order, administration of justice, taxes and corvée, and more.

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Bio.: Jiang Tingbi was from a family in military exile in Guizhou. His father earned honorary official status (義官) for contributing to famine relief. At some point after passing the provincial examination in 1522, Jiang served as instructor (教諭) in Qingshen 清神 (Sichuan) and distinguished himself for his strictness and for aiding impoverished students of talent with his own salary. He wrote a guide for study, now lost. In 1535 he was appointed instructor (學 正) in Nanjing National University. He was there in 1539 when the first version of Zhengxun was prepared. He was promoted to be assistant prefect (通判) of Yuanjiang 元江 prefecture (Yunnan), but retired rather than take the post. He lived at home until his death about 1554. See Liyang 溧陽 XZ (1813/1896), 10/18a; Jiajing shiqi nian jinshi dengke lu 嘉靖十七年進士登科錄 (under Jiang Zonglu); Pu’an ZZ (1757), 15/2a; Qingshen 青神 XZ (1764), 7/4a; Sichuan zongzhi (1581), 15/58b; Nanyong zhi 南廱志 (1544), 6/8b. Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:2/49a. Guji shanben, 史, 2 :1101. Nimick, 200–1, and 229–51 for collated text. Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 24–27. [TN] 0178

Chushi lu 初仕錄, 1 j. [Records of a Beginner Official] By Wu Zun 吳遵 (z. Gonglu 公路, h. Chuquan 初泉) (js. 1547), from Haining 海寧 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1552 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. coll. by Dangtu 當塗 magistrate Shen Zimu 沈子木, with pref. by Zhang Chun 張春 (1554) and postfs. by Nie Jing 聶靜 (1555, to new ed. 重刻) and Song Yiwang 宋儀望 (n.d.), both from Yongfeng 永豐 (Jiangxi). [Beitu] – *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), all eds. (without postf. in 1629 ed.) – In Guantu zijian (q.v.). – *In Gezhi congshu. [Shoudu]. – *Photo-repro. of the text from the 1629 ed. of Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.) at Beida, without pref. (text caption says the author is a censor of Henan circuit and cites Shen Zimu as collator [校]; it also gives the work as “republished” [重梓] by the two Tangs from the Jinling shufang [see under Guanchang zhengyao]), in GZSJC, vol. 2. The first page of the mulu has been reconstructed, with errors, using photocopies of rubrics from the text. Note: The pref. and postfs. say that Wu Zun prepared the work while a censor in the capital. When he went to serve as Jiangxi regional inspector

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he showed it to the magistrates there. A number of them collaborated under the leadership of Jishui 吉水 magistrate Wang Rushu 王汝述 (js. 1550) to prepare a new printing and had the pref. written for it in 1554; but the work was not completed because of internal dissent. Finally the magistrate of Yongfeng, Ling Ru 凌儒 (js. 1553), who had just assumed his post in 1554, succeeded in getting the blocks cut. The postf. recording this information is dated 1555. It is found in the so-called “Master Shen” ed. at Beitu. The privately owned Wanli Guanchang zhengyao ed. likely has a copy of the text, but was not available for inspection. A different ed. appears in the copy of Gezhi congshu at Shoudu. It contains a number of the errors that appear in the 1629 Guanchang zhengyao ed., but in other places has the same text as the “Master Shen” ed. Most likely it was based on the copy in the Wanli ed. of Guanchang zhengyao. Excerpts of the work were also appended to Zhipu (q.v.). Much of the material of the lizhi pian section (see below) is found in the Shishi shimo included in Shitu xuanjing (q.v.).

Rem.: The work was compiled on the basis of the author’s successful term as magistrate of Changle 長樂, Fujian, in 1548–52. The very concrete and straightforward text covers all the usual magistrate handbook topics. It opens with a section on general guidance, entitled “Revere the foundation” (崇本篇), which contains the following 20 rubrics: “Set one’s mind” (定志), “Careful beginnings” (謹始), “Be respectful” (居 敬), “Restrain preferences” (克偏), “Restrain temper” (懲忿), “Maintain integrity” (持廉), “Observe modesty” (守謙), “Be merciful” (仁恕), “Be decisive” (果斷), “Value silence” (崇默), “Establish trust” (立信), “Avoid suspicion” (遠嫌), “Eliminate slander” (去讒), “Expand magnanimity” (充德量), “Avoid governing alone” (戒獨任), “Eliminate preconceptions” (去先意), “How to order household” (正家法), “Avoid assessing fines” (戒科罰), “Maintain to the end” (保終), and “Know where to stop” (知止). The next section, on arrival at office, is titled “Establish administration” (立治篇) and contains the following 22 rubrics: “Enter the jurisdiction” (入境), “Assume office” (上任), “Must-know registers” (須知), “Inspect the Confucian school” (視學), “Examine the jail” (看監), “Transfer accounts” (交盤), “Hold court” (公座), “Official seal” (印信), “Gatekeepers and jailers” (門禁), “Discuss law” (講律令), “Examine old case files” (查 舊案), “Set up registers” (置紀籍), “Focus on correspondence” (重文移), “Care about affixing signature” (謹僉押), “Check canceled receipts” (考 銷繳), “Map the terrain” (圖地理), “Serve superiors” (承上司), “Oversee staff officials” (處僚屬), “Guard against clerks and scribes” (防吏書), “Control gatekeepers and lictors” (馭門隸), “Differentiate good and bad”

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(別善惡), “Investigate the cunning and powerful” (審機權). Then follow six sections corresponding to the six offices in a local yamen. The section on the office of personnel (吏屬) contains only one rubric: “Be fair in assignments” (公署委). The section on revenue (戶屬) has 13 rubrics: “Be cautious about granaries and treasuries” (慎倉庫), “Clarify tax calculations” (明課算), “Be frugal with supplies” (節供費), “Clear land-tax accounts” (清田賦), “Prepare yellow registers” (造黃冊), “Encourage agriculture and sericulture” (勸農桑), “Be lenient about delays” (寬卯酉), “Fix tax collection schedules” (定催徵), “Examine equal corvée” (審均 徭), “Enlarge commercial taxes” (廣商稅), “Equalize market prices” (平 市價), “Arrange salt regulations” (理鹽法), and “Famine relief” (救災荒). The section on the office of rites (禮屬) contains 6 rubrics: “Care about ceremonies” (謹儀節), “Solemnize public banquets” (肅公宴), “Rectify public morals” (正風化), “Encourage schools” (勵學校), “Be courteous with the gentry” (禮士夫), “Pity the orphans and aged” (恤孤老). The section on the office of military (兵屬) has 7 rubrics: “Dispatching runners” (僉公役), “Emphasize military supplies” (重軍需), “Examine postal service” (查驛遞), “Clarify records of military and artisan households” (清軍匠), “Discipline the night watch” (肅巡警), “Set up baojia” (設保甲), “Select militia” (簡民兵). The section on the office of justice (刑屬) has 5 rubrics: “Be strict about accusations” (嚴告訐), “Examine complaints” (審詞狀), “Be fair in rulings” (公聽斷), “Clarify dispositions” (明發落), “Examining corpses and wounds” (檢屍傷). Finally, the section on the office of public works (工屬) contains 3 rubrics: “Promote water control” (興水利), “Care about laborers” (慎工役), and “Strengthen walls and moats” (固城池).

Bio.: Wu Zun served as magistrate of Changle from 1548 to 1552 and earned a reputation of good administrator for his integrity, for resolving a tax problem, and for his support of the county school. He was promoted to censor (御史) in 1552 and was assigned to inspect salt administration (巡鹽) in the Changlu region in Bei Zhili. In 1553 he was sent to Jiangxi as regional inspector. In 1555 he returned to the Censorate and was sent twice to the Nanjing region as education commissioner (督學). From 1561 to 1567 he served in capital posts in both Beijing and Nanjing, before being demoted to an outside position. See Changle XZ (1641), 3/30b, 6/11a; Baoding 保定 FZ (1571/1607/1608), 7/又15/2b; Yongxin 永 新 XZ (1874), 13/14a; Lei Li 雷禮, Guochao lieqing ji 國朝列卿記, 136/11a–b; Ming shilu: Shizong, 381/6750, 387/6813, 436/7508, 476/7975, Muzong, 3/95. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 史, 2:1101. Nimick, 202. Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 7–11. [TN]

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Shouling baojian lu 守令寶鑑錄, 4 j. [A Precious Mirror for Prefects and Magistrates] Comp. Xiong Zichen 熊子臣 (z. Guoliang 國良, h. Yingchuan 應川) (js. 1565), from Xinchang 新昌 (Jiangxi) 1566 Ed.:

– *Undated (Ming) ms. ed. with pref. by Xiong Zichen 熊子臣 (1566) and postfs. by Ma Ziqian 馬子騝 (1566) and Cai Mu 蔡穆 (1566). [Guangdong Zhongshan Provincial Library]

Rem.: Xiong’s pref. dates publication to 1566. He says that as a new educational official for Yangzhou 揚州 prefecture (Nan Zhili) he called upon Geng Dingxiang 耿定向, then education-intendant censor (提學 御史) for the region; Geng showed him a copy of Shuofu baojian (q.v.) and said that he would have wished to compile a similar work about exemplary local officials but did not have the time. Xiong, four of his subordinates in the prefectural school in Yangzhou, and thirteen selected students took on the task and produced the present work. Ma’s postf. changes that account to indicate that it was prepared under Geng’s direction—which would accord with the mention in the Shouling yifan (q.v.) pref. of a work called Shouling baojian being prepared by a group under the direction of Geng. The work is a collection of biographies of exemplary prefects and magistrates from the Western Han through the Song, with a commentary to each entry. It provides 10 exemplars from the Western Han, 50 from the Eastern Han, 41 for the Tang, and 29 from the Song. The entries are all drawn from the standard histories and were intended to become a guide for future magistrates. Bio.: One source states that Xiong Zichen retired from official service in 1585 or 1586 at the age of 36, which would suggest that he was 17 or 18 when he passed the jinshi. That may explain his first appointment as instructor (教授) in the Confucian school in Yangzhou, where he worked on the present work a year later. From there he was made an erudite (博士) in the National University, later demoted to proctor (監丞). Then he became a secretary in the Ministry of Works and in 1571 was posted to a customs station near Hangzhou 杭州 (Zhejiang). He advanced in the Ministry to bureau vice-director and was assigned to a branch office in Gaoyou 高郵 subprefecture (Nan Zhili). In 1576 he became prefect of Chuzhou 處州 (Zhejiang). Although his honesty was appreciated, in his evaluation he was attacked for lack of administrative ability and in 1580 was made surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in Yunnan. After a period of mourning he was appointed in 1584 at the same rank to a military

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defense circuit in Guangdong. He retired not long afterwards. See Xinchang XZ (1793), 10/33b; Hangzhou FZ (1579), 10/21b; Gaoyou ZZ (1813/1845), 7/43b; Guacang huiji 栝蒼彙紀 (1579), 4/6b, 4/10b, 4/11a, 5/6b, 7/14a, 7/18b, 8/3a; Chuzhou FZ (1733), 9/15a; Yunnan TZ (1691), 15/37a; Lianzhou 廉州 FZ (1637), 7/5b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 95/1919, 154/2846. [GRT, TN] 0180

Qinmin leibian zhaichao 親民類編摘抄 [Excerpts of Categorized Essays on Being Close to the People] By Zhong Huamin 鍾化民 (z. Weixin 維新, h. Wenlu 文陸, s. Zhonghui 忠惠) (1537–97) (js. 1580), from Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang) 1588 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Guo Yuanzhu 郭元柱 (1588) and Shi Guifang 史桂芳 (1586). [Tenmangū 天满宮, Osaka; *Photo-repro. at Keiō University Shidō Bunko (communicated by Richard von Glahn)]

Rem.: Qinmin leibian, Zhong Huamin’s highly detailed and informative account of his policies as magistrate of Hui’an 惠安 (Fujian) and Leping 樂平 (Jiangxi) in the first half of the 1580s, was apparently compiled and printed in 1586 on the insistence of Shi Guifang; the zhaichao was copied and printed later by his disciple and assistant Guo Yuanzhu. The extent of “excerpting” in the latter version is impossible to assert, but must not have been very great. The work includes nine sections (編), numbered 2–10 (no. 1 is reserved for the prefs. and mulu), each beginning with a short statement introduced by the words “Zhong Huamin says” (鍾化民曰). (1) “Equalizing taxes” (均賦) features lengthy directives on surveying the land and rectifying taxes in response to a 1580 edict, warning in particular against local officials’ tendency to declare large but fictitious increases of taxable land. (2) “Clarifying the compilation [of the land, tax, and corvée ten-year yellow registers]” (清造) likewise lists in great detail procedures aimed to discourage a variety of abuses and corruption in the process. (3) “Promoting the advantageous and cancelling the harmful” (興革) features a variety of songs on “emphasizing agriculture” (重農) and has directives on reducing the numbers of corvée laborers (丁口), succoring the poor and orphans, rewarding chastity and filial piety, as well as various measures to alleviate the expenses met by the populace, improve the collection of taxes, discourage lawsuits, forbid female infanticide, improve morality, and more. (4) “Addressing Heaven” (對越), referring to the ritual whereby the magistrate vows to take the

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consequences upon himself if he has committed injustices when adjudicating cases, records a variety of judicial cases where wrongs were redressed. (5) “Stopping litigation” (息訟) features more judicial cases where the magistrate was able to end protracted disputes. (6) “Improving customs” (移風) explains (演義) the Hongwu emperor’s “Six Maxims” in vernacular language, each illustrated with a plate and an historical anecdote and accompanied by a song in fourteen heptasyllabic lines, intended to teach the populace (for a similar effort by Zhong Huamin, engraved on a stele in Shaanxi, see below, Bio.); further materials on morality are appended. (7) “Celebrating rites” (崇禮) concerns correct family rituals, with mourning tables appended. (8) “Learning from the Sages” (私淑) consists of short essays on Confucius, his disciples, and a large number of “former sages” (先賢) whose tablets are arranged in the Confucius shrine. (9) “Exerting oneself to study” (勵學) is a text titled Rixing lu 日省錄 (Record of daily self-examination), consisting of reflections by Zhong based on many years of “silent meditation” (靜坐); it was printed on the insistence of Shi Guifang (who gave it a pref. dated 1585) to be shared with the local literati. The entire work is premised on the intimate connection between correct thinking based on intensive study and “concrete policies” (實政). Being “close to the people” and acting as a “father and mother” official are constantly emphasized. Bio.: After his jinshi Zhong Huamin served as magistrate, first at Huian

惠安 (Fujian) and then Leping 樂平 (Jiangxi). In the 1586 “great reckoning” (大計) he was ranked as the number one official in the empire and was soon made a censor (御史). In 1587 he was sent to Shaanxi as tea and horse trade inspector (巡茶). While there he dealt with local famine conditions. He also

had a stele engraved with Hongwu’s “Six Maxims” accompanied by commentaries in vernacular language and illustrations, rubbings of which were to be distributed to every household (see Chavannes, “Les Saintes Instructions de l’empereur Hong-wou”). In 1588 he participated in a survey of the northern border in Shaanxi. In 1590 he was made regional inspector of Shandong. Again he dealt quickly with famine conditions. In 1591 he was demoted to director (司正) of the Messenger Office, but in 1592 was moved to bureau vice-director, then bureau director, in the Ministry of Rites. His memorials about ritual matters in the imperial house angered the emperor, and he was demoted to assistant minister (丞) in the Court of Imperial Entertainments. He was there in 1594 when Yang Dongming 楊東明 submitted an illustrated report on the grievous famine conditions in Henan and recommended Zhong to handle relief (see under Zhen Yu jilüe). He was granted additional status as a censor and ordered to coordinate relief across the entire province. He based his relief

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administration on his own Jiuhuang shiyi 救荒事宜, now lost, and prepared Zhen Yu jilüe (q.v.) as a report on the measures he took, for which he was rewarded with promotion. In 1595 he was sent back to Henan as grand coordinator, and died in this post. See MS, 227/5971; Zhang Tongde 張同德, Zhaofu ji 昭甫集, 18/9b; Huian XZ (Kangxi), 附 11/44b; Leping XZ (Jiangxi) (1681), 2/5b, 5/13b; Shuofang xinzhi 朔方新志 (1617/1676), 2/5b; Jinan 濟南 FZ (1840), 35/17b; Qingcheng 慶城 XZ (1743), 8/10b; Yu Sen’s intro. to Zhen Yu jilüe (claiming that Zhong Huamin saved the lives of more than 47 million people in Henan!); Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 910. [TN] Bibliography entries for same author: Zhen Yu jilüe. [PEW] 0181

[Xinke] Juguan biyao weizheng bianlan 新刻居官必要為政便覽, 2 j. [A Reader on Essentials of Government for Those in Office] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), 1629 and Chongzhen eds. – *Photo-repro. of Chongzhen-period Tang-family Jinling shufang 金陵書 坊唐氏刻 Guanchang zhengyao text, in GZSJC, vol. 2. – Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 5.

Rem.: There is a mention in the text (2/31a–b) of an event that occurred in Shandong in the 1590s—the murder by a disgruntled gatekeeper of a Jining 濟寧 department vice-magistrate after the latter had been promoted to Linqing 臨清 department magistrate. This fits the career of Han Bangyu 韓邦域 (b. 1564, js. 1586), who served in the late 1590s; so the present text was written no earlier than then. (See Linqing ZZ [1673], 1/52b, and Jining ZZ [1673], 4/34b.) Some of the materials are borrowed from earlier handbooks, viz. Juguan geyan (q.v.) and the two handbooks in Xinguan guifan (q.v.), or possibly the work shares a common source with them. However, these materials have been edited and supplemented, making the work one of the most concrete and detailed on the practical aspects of late-Ming local administration. There are seven sections (類), each composed of a succession of untitled paragraphs. The first section, “Beginning service” (初仕類), deals with appointment at the capital and assumption of office. The other sections discuss the various tasks of local government, with much detail on the procedures to follow and an insistence on the right attitude, namely, prudence, restraint, and

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the respect of established rules. They are arranged according to the six traditional domains of government (j. 2).

Ref. and studies: Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 28–30, attributing the work to Lü Kun 呂坤 based on the mention of a Juguan biyao in 8 j. by Lü (which he does not seem to have seen) in the Sonkeikaku Bunko catalog. Nimick, 203. [TN, PEW] 0182

Wusuo Liu xiansheng juguan shuijing 勿所劉先生居官水鏡, 4 j. [Mr. Liu Wusuo’s Lucid Mirror of the Office Holder] By Liu Shijun 劉時俊 (z. Mengxu 夢敘, h. Wusuo 勿所) (js. 1598), from Longchang 隆昌 (Sichuan) N.d. Ed.: – *Undated Ming ed., title on cover-leaf Juguan shuijing, with mentions “entrusted to the engraver by the Liu residence” 劉衙發刻 and “facsimile eds. severely prosecuted” 翻板重究; chapter captions with title Wusuo Liu xiansheng juguan shuijing, author Liu Shijun, punctuated and commented (批點) by He Qingyuan 何慶元 (in fact there are upper-margin commentaries but no punctuation marks), comp. (編輯) by Kong Zhenshi 孔 貞時, expounded (發明) by Qian Zhili 錢志立, coll. (校閱) by Li Yufang 李 遇芳, engraved and printed (梓行) by Wu Changling 吳長齡; with pref. by Wan Jiankun 萬建崑 (n.d.). [Beida] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in GZSJC, vol. 1. – *Photo-repro. of same ed., section on judgments (讞語), in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 6.

Rem.: A magistrate handbook compiled by the author’s admirers to serve as advice to his successors in the post of Wujiang 吳江 (Nan Zhili) magistrate. The opening mulu lists every piece included in the work. J. 1 includes various essays on local government (discussing justice administration, management of subaltern personnel, tax collection, gifts and bribes, examinations, etc.) as well as model forms and registers. J. 2–3 contain judgments (讞語), some quite extensive, and answers to complaints (批詞) (j. 2), official communications (公移), proclamations (告示), texts for worship and sacrifices (崇祀), and texts celebrating philanthropists (旌善) (j. 3), written by the author as magistrate or legal official in three Nan Zhili counties, namely Lujiang 廬江, Tongcheng 桐 城, and Wujiang. J. 4, titled Fu 附 juguan shuijing, includes some extra

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materials, including pieces on the government of the five capital wards of Nanjing. Some items borrowed from Liu Shijun’s Sanyi zhengbian (q.v.) are inserted. The text can be considered part handbook and part record of administration.

Bio.: After his jinshi, Liu Shijun “observed administration” in the Ministry of Revenue and was assigned to the area around Shanhai guan. In 1599 he was appointed magistrate in Lujiang, and in 1600 was moved to the more difficult post of Tongcheng. In 1601, in an unusual step, he was again transferred to the difficult post of Wujiang, where he was equally successful in rebuilding infrastructure, combating malpractices, and more, and stayed until 1605. He was made secretary in the Ministry of War in Nanjing, and in 1608 became supervising secretary (給事中) for Justice in Nanjing. In 1611 he was appointed assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) for Fujian. At some point he was demoted, and in 1618 was serving as vice-director (司副) of the Messenger Office. In 1620 he was made assistant minister (丞) of the Seals Office and then retired. Not long after his return to his native Sichuan rebels overran the prefectural seat of Chongqing 重慶. He submitted a memorial requesting action, but was instead appointed vice-minister (少卿) in the Court of the Imperial Stud with orders to participate in suppressing the rebels. He recruited troops, worked with military commanders, and developed a strategy for laying siege to the rebelheld city. Despite enmities, he was promoted to vice-minister (侍郎) in the Ministry of War and was permitted to retire. See biography by Yin Shen 尹伸 in Yibin 宜賓 XZ (1812/1932), 48/33b–39a; Longchang XZ (1764), 9/62a, 11/14b– 35a (an account of the siege of Chongqing by Liu Shijun, entitled “Yucheng gongguo jilüe” 渝城功過紀略); Lujiang XZ (1698), 9/8a, 11/19a; Tongcheng XZ (1683), 3/4b, 3/22a; Wujiang XZ (1747), 19/9b, 23/63b–64b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 449/8497, 471/8888, 572/10813, Guangzong, 6/146, Xizong, 4/199, 17/881, 24/1201. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 14–15, providing captions of the judgments and answers to complaints in j. 2 and 4. [LG, TN] 0183

Chushi yaolan 初仕要覽, 1 j. [Essential Readings for Beginning Officials] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), 1629 and 50–j. Chongzhen eds. – *Photo-repro. of Chongzhen-period Tang-family Jinling shufang 金陵書 坊唐氏刻 Guanchang zhengyao text, in GZSJC, vol. 2.

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Rem.: The 33 entries include both moral advice on behavior of officials and practical recommendations on government. A few entries are drawn directly from Chushi lu (q.v.), and others are clearly inspired by it. For this reason Takigawa (see below) considers that the text must date from the Longqing-Wanli period. The parts not based on Chushi lu appear to be original work.

Ref. and studies: Nimick, 203. Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 11–12. [TN, PEW] 0184

Zecheng zhouxian yue 責成州縣約, 1 j. [A Covenant on the Duties of Department and County Magistrate] By Gao Panlong 高攀龍 (z. Yuncong 雲從, Cunzhi 存之, h. Jingyi 景逸, s. Zhongxian 忠憲) (1562–1626) (js. 1589), from Wuxi 無錫 (Nan Zhili) N.d. Ed.: – Extracts collected in Chen Hongmou’s Congzheng yigui (q.v.)

Rem.: A series of short recommendations by the celebrated Donglin leader, dealing with every aspect of local government. The text is intended as a “covenant” between local officials and their superiors, explicitly targeting the majority of “ordinary” magistrates (中人)—i.e., those who are neither “sages” (賢者) nor “bandits” (民賊)but need to be educated. The work is abridged from a “memorial proposing strict duties for subprefecture and county magistrates” (申嚴縣約責成州縣書) that Gao wrote but never submitted. The original is found in his Gaozi yi shu 高 子遺書 (1632 ed., Beiping Mf., reel #793), 7:35b–48a. The full memorial was appended to Zhipu (q.v.) and thus became part of the published local administration guides. It is unclear whether Gao ever intended to submit it as a memorial or whether he meant it for local officials and was using the memorial form to endow his advice with more authority. The piece was not meant as guidance from a fellow official, but rather was written as guidelines to be promulgated by the central government through provincial officials. It focuses on specific procedures in every area of local administration. Bio.: Gao Panlong’s interest in governmental and philosophical reform began during his time as a student and increased when he was at the National University in Nanjing. His taking examinations and assuming office were delayed by the deaths of his adoptive parents. In 1592 he was appointed to the Messenger Office (行人司). He became involved in partisan struggles as a

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member of the “upright” party, and in 1593 was demoted to be jailer (典史) in Jieyang 揭陽 (Guangdong). The illness and death of his natural parents again kept him from office until 1621. During that time he helped establish, and later became the leader of, the Donglin Academy. He lectured and taught a generation of students about being a responsible Confucian, both in and out of office. After he was called back to office he became involved in the partisan struggles of the Tianqi reign. He was eventually dismissed and stripped of his official status. He committed suicide when he received word that imperial agents were coming to arrest him. See DMB, 701–10. Ref. and studies: Xu Zi, 212–8. [TN] 0185

Zhipu 治譜, 10 j. [A Treatise on Governance] By She Ziqiang 佘自強 (z. Yixuan 以鉉, h. Jianwu 健吾) (?–1623) (js. 1592), from Tongliang 銅梁 (Sichuan) N.d. Ed.:

– *1637 Jigu ge ed. 積古閣藏板 titled Zhipu quanshu 全書 on cover-leaf, Zhipu inside the book, with an “Introduction to the engraving of Zhipu” (刻治譜引) by Li Mo 李模 (z. Zimu 子木) (1637), xuji 續集 titled Xiangxing yaolan, appendixes. [*LSS] [Shandong, only xuji] – *Undated ed. (titled Zhipu) with pref. by Hu Xuan 胡璇 (1639), xuji titled Xiangxing yaolan, appendixes. [Beitu] – Chongzhen-period Chengxiang guan 呈祥館 new ed. (重刊) coll. by Yang Guangzuo 楊光祚, based on the Hu Xuan ed., with pref. by Hu Xuan (1639). [Liaoning] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Beitu, in Xuxiu SKQS, 史, vol. 753. – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Liaoning sheng tushuguan, in GZSJC, vol. 2 (titled Zhipu). [Xiangxing yaolan appears in the mulu but is not reproduced]

Rem.: A fairly detailed, extremely concrete and remarkably straightforward magistrate handbook. (The Li Mo ed. is heavily punctuated and underlined.) The arrangement in ten sections (門) follows the standard pattern, starting with the appointment of the magistrate, his assumption of office and the organization of the yamen; the various domains of administration (with three juan devoted to justice) are treated in j. 4–8; the last two chapters are on the magistrate’s dealings with various people (待人) and on “miscellaneous affairs” (雜事), discussing famine relief among other topics. One notes certain elements found in early Qing magistrate handbooks but generally absent from Ming works: for

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example, though private secretaries are not yet mentioned, the author recommends to hire specialized scribes to help the magistrate in his confidential correspondence and accounting. In the 1637 ed. j. 10 is followed by a 10-folio text (with separate pagination) titled Gao Zhongxian gong shenyan xianyue zecheng zhouxian shu 高忠憲公申嚴憲約責成州縣疏, by Gao Panlong 高攀龍 (see under Zecheng zhouxian yue). Then there is a Zhipu xuji consisting of a 30-folio text titled Xiangxing yaolan (q.v.), which deals with the functions of prefectural judge (推官). Another appendix (not part of Zhipu) consists of Wang Kentang’s Shenxing shuo (q.v.). Li Mo’s intro. to this 1637 ed. states that he was given the text by a colleague in 1632 and wished he had been able to use it during his first years as a magistrate; he had it engraved in 1637 in Nan Zhili (畿南) with the help of a group of “comrades” (six collators, readers, editors, and so on, are mentioned, including himself; one notes the names of Chen Longzheng 陳龍正 and Cai Maode 蔡懋德 [1586–1644, see under Xueshi yigui bubian], as well as Hu Xuan and Yang Guangzuo); he also says that he “extracted from his trunk” the two texts appended to the Zhipu proper, which he calls Xianyue shenxing ershu 憲約慎刑二書 (referring to Gao Panlong’s and Wang Kentang’s texts). The appendixes to the eds. at Beitu and LSS include a postf. to Lü Kun’s Xingjie 刑戒 by Zou Yuanbiao 鄒元標 (1592), the Shenxing shuo, with Wang Kentang’s 1612 pref., the Xingjie itself, and the text by Gao Panglong. She’s surname is erroneously written Yu 余 in the Chongzhen ed. held at Liaoning; the ed. with Hu Xuan’s 1639 pref. and the Chengxiang guan ed. have “She” at the head of j. 1–2 and xuji, and “Yu” at the head of j. 3–10. The same error is occasionally found later (see e.g. Zheng Duan’s Zhengxue lu [q.v.], in both pref. and text). Bio.: She Ziqiang’s work was informed by a wealth of local and regional administrative experience and an interest in administrative reform. His life is not well known because, as noted in the gazetteer of his home area, few local records survived the rebellions and warfare of his native Sichuan in the late Ming. After his jinshi She served as magistrate in Yidu 宜都 (Huguang) for a few months, then Baling 巴陵 (Huguang) and Boye 博野 (Bei Zhili). His transfer to secretary in the Ministry of Revenue, where he was serving in 1604, was a shift typical for able magistrates caught in bureaucratic infighting. In 1607 he was assigned to a branch office in the capital region and his quick promotion to bureau director indicates that his career was back on track. From 1609 to 1612 he served in administrative and military circuits in Shaanxi as assistant administrative commissioner (參議), surveillance vice-commissioner (副使), and administration vice-commissioner (參政). After a break in service

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he served in Shanxi from 1617 to 1622, where he was soon promoted to surveillance, then administration commissioner. In 1622 he was made assistant censor-in-chief (僉都御史) and assigned as grand coordinator in the Yan-Sui (延綏) region of Shaanxi. When he died in office (in 1623 apparently: his successor was appointed late that year), the emperor ordered that, in light of his faithful service, his remains be transported at government expense back to his home. See Tongliang XZ (1875), 8/8a, 16/12a, 16/28b; Yidu XZ (1866), 3b/20b; Baling XZ (1804), 15/34b, 17/2b; Yuezhou 岳州 FZ (1685), 22/18a; Baoding 保定 FZ (1571/1607/1608), 8/35b; Changping 昌平 ZZ (1673), 9/6b; Hannan junzhi 漢 南郡志 (1924), 9/15a; Shuo 朔 ZZ (1735), 5/4b; Shaanxi TZ (1667), 17/17a, 17/83b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 464/8761, 495/9319, 497/9378, 558/10541, Guangzong, 4/101, Xizong, 2/77, 21/1054, 30/1519. [TN] Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 34:653. Guji shanben, 史, 2:1101. Nimick, 203. Wu Xinli, Ming Qing xijian shiji xulu, 145–6. Yamamoto, “Minmatsu Shinsho ni okeru chihōkan no funin kankyō.” [PEW] 0186

Da Ming lüli linmin baojing 大明律例臨民寶鏡, 3 + 10 + 3 j. [The Precious Mirror for Attending to the People, Based on the Penal Code of the Great Ming] Comp. Su Maoxiang 蘇茂相 (z. Hongjia 弘家, h. Shishui 石水) (1567– 1630) (js. 1592), from Jinjiang 晉江 (Fujian); coll. by Pan Shiliang 潘士良 (z. Shunzuo 舜佐, h. Yuting 虞廷) (1569–1659) (js. 1613), from Jining 濟寧 department (Shandong) 1632 pref. Ed.:

– *Fragment (one fasc. with j. 5–6) of an undated ed. titled Xinke 新刻 Da Ming lüli linmin baojing, without any tampering with the title, suggesting an authentic Ming imprint; the bookseller (書林) cited as printer (刊) at the beginning (after the compiler and collators) is Zhang Zhongfu 張鍾 福. [Gugong Taipei] – *Undated Shulin Wang Zhenhua ed. (書林王振華梓行), original title Xinke Da Ming lüli linmin baojing in chapter captions, with prefs. by Pan Shiliang (1632) and Qingbai li 清白吏 (1632); title on cover-leaf Linmin baojing; the characters 大明 or 明 in the title have been scraped, suggesting an early Qing printing of late-Ming blocks; bookseller/printer in chapter captions Zhang Zhongfu. [*Jimbun] [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Chicago] [*Princeton]

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– *Undated Shulin Wang Zhenhua ed., title on cover-leaf Xinjuan guanban 新鐫官板 lüli linmin baojing, with pref. by Pan Shiliang (1632); title at head of mulu: “Xinke [two characters erased] lüli linmin baojing”; at the head of j. 首 1: “Xinke mingxing 明刑 lüli …”; Zhang Zhongfu given as printer in j. 首 1. [*Faxue suo] [*Ōki (only one fasc. with front matter and j. 首 1)] – *Undated ed., original title Xinke Da Ming lüli linmin baojing, with pref. by Pan Shiliang (1632); no cover-leaf; characters Da Ming 大明 in chapter captions either erased, or replaced by guanban, or in one case by ming­ xing 明刑. This copy appears to be of composite origin: in j. 首 1 and 末 1 the bookseller/printer is Zhang Zhongfu; from j. 首 3 to j. 10 it is Wang Wencan 王文燦 (only to j. 7 in the Niida copy); these last juan are preceded by a short one-page mulu, obviously from another carver, with title Zengbu 增補 guanban lüli linmin baojing. [*LSS] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection, with cover-leaf indicating a Jixiu tang ed. 積秀堂藏板 and bearing title Xinjuan guanban lüli linmin baojing] – *Undated ed., original title Xinke Da Ming lüli linmin baojing, with pref. by Pan Shiliang (1632), no cover-leaf; character 明 in chapter captions erased; bookseller/printer at beginning of chapters Zhang Zhongfu (despite the different name the contents appear indentical with the corresponding “Wang Wencan” chapters in the ed. mentioned above, and the printing blocks can be assumed to be the same). [*Columbia] [*Ōki, incomplete (j. 首 1 and j. 2 missing; 明 has been left in the title of j. 首 2)] – *Undated ed., original title Xinke Da Ming lüli linmin baojing; character 明 in chapter captions erased; no cover-leaf or pref.; the 3 juan at the beginning (首) and end (末) are missing; bookseller/printer in chapter captions Zhang Zhongfu. [Tian Tao] – *Undated Suzhou Zhenye tang 金閭振鄴堂 ed. titled Xinjuan guanban lüli linmin baojing, with pref. by Pan Shiliang (1632); title at head of mulu: “Xinke [two characters erased] lüli linmin baojing”; at head of j. 首 1: “Xinke mingxing lüli …”; at head of j. 首 2–3, 1–10 and 末 1–3: “Xinke guanban lüli …”; Zhang Zhongfu given as printer in j. 首 1 and 8–9; Wang Wencan in j. 1 and 3. [Beitu] – *Modern typeset ed. of 234 judgments (審語) extracted from j. 5–9, based on copies at Beitu and Faxue suo, title Xinjuan guanban lüli linmin baojing, in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 4. – *Modern typeset ed., with contents of the higher register printed separately at the end of the complete lower-register text, based on copies at Beitu and Faxue suo, in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 6–7.

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Rem.: In chapter captions Su Maoxiang bears the title of minister of Justice, and Pan Shiliang of chief minister (卿) of the Court of Judicial Review. The prefs. insist on the importance of law and its proper application to ensure good governance and the people’s moral improvement. This large-scale encyclopedic guide for local officials may have been intended to compete with such compilations as Guanchang zhengyao or Shitu xuanjing (qq.v.). Pan’s pref. says that it is a “precious mirror” because it is as clear as seeing oneself in a mirror (一開閱自明，如對鏡自 見), and that the book is useful also for officials’ underlings and aides, and even commoners, who will be instructed about what they should avoid doing (庶民必鏡，以知趨避). Yet one may also consider it a “mirror” in that practical instructions and models in handbook style are loosely matched with the corresponding articles of the Penal Code. From j. 首 3 onwards this materializes in the setting of the page, where the upper register (a little less than one third of the page) contains all sorts of materials, mainly on local government, while the lower register is devoted to the Code (the last two end-chapters are devoted to Xiyuan lu [q.v.] and related texts); the same layout is found in the 31-page mulu. J. 首 1–2 are devoted to generalities on the administration and regulations, with numerous models for documents, communications, etc.; the first text cited is an essay on various judicial problems titled Weizheng guimo lun 為政 規模論, found under the title Weizheng guimo jieyao 節要 lun in several similar Ming eds. of the Code with added materials. J. 首 3 is devoted to the statutes and related materials of the “General Principles” (名例) part of the Code; similar to the ten j. that follow—dealing with the six other parts (Personnel [j. 1], Revenue [j. 2–3], Rites [j. 4], War [j. 4–5], Justice [j. 6–10], and Public Works [j. 10])—the statutes and related decrees and precedents introduced in the lower part of the page are enriched with both commentaries and examples of accusations, judicial investigations (審語), discussions (議語), decisions (斷語), judgments (判語), proclamations (告示), and more. In j. 首 3 the upper register is devoted to a set of instructions titled Xinguan daoren yaolan 新官到任要覽, equivalent to the opening section of a standard magistrate handbook; in j. 1–4 it contains a variety of proclamations, communications and directives, addressing both officials and the populace; in j. 5–9 it mostly contains model judgments in “free style” (散體) collected under the general title Xinqi santi wenfa shenyu 新奇散體文法審語 (starting about the middle of j. 5); in j. 10 it is made up of hypothetical cases (introduced by jiaru 假如) under the general title Xinni zhaoyi tishi 新擬招議體式. In fact the contents of the two registers rarely reflect each other exactly: as

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with other handbooks using this layout, one gets the occasional impression of two texts running independently even though they deal with the same general contents. In the copy at Beitu the three end-chapters (末卷) feature the texts of Xunfang zongyue (q.v.), Wuyuan lu and Pingyuan lu (qq.v.), and Xiyuan lu (q.v.), respectively; Xunfang zongyue also features in other copies, and the last two juan are likewise devoted to materials on forensic examination. The practical utility of this extremely rich but somewhat confusing work is stressed on the cover-leaf of the Wang Zhenhua fragmentary copy at Ōki, which enumerates on the left side of the page 28 types of communications, statements (judgments, etc.), or documents illustrated in the book. The book was first printed in Fujian. Its popularity in the first years of the Qing is made apparent by all the editions with the characters “Da Ming” scraped, as shown above, and is confirmed by Liu Banghan, the Zhengxing daguan (q.v.) compiler in 1662, according to whom Linmin baojing used to be considered as the best of all the “books on administrative discipline” in existence (吏治之書向以臨民寶鏡稱最).

Bio.: The compilation of this work seems inconsistent with Su Maoxiang’s career and is better understood as the work of Pan Shiliang. Both men served through the rule of the eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢. Su had a busy career but was not particularly focused on local administration or law. As a secretary in the Ministry of Revenue he was posted at a customs station in Shandong and dealt with famine in the region. After supervising examinations in Guizhou in 1597 and time at home caring for ill relatives, he was made prefect of Zhangde 彰德 (Henan) in 1601. He served there with distinction until leaving office for a period of mourning. He was made surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) of Jiangxi in 1606 and assigned to supervise its schools in 1607, making a reputation for his strictness in examinations. Ater a ten-year interruption due to illness, he was appointed vice-minister (少卿) in the Court of the Imperial Stud in 1618, and became assistant censor-in-chief (僉都御史) in 1620, serving three years as Zhejiang grand coordinator; while there he dealt with six uprisings. In 1622 he was made commissioner of the grain transport office (都漕運使) and again dealt with famine conditions. In 1626 he was assigned to oversee the capital granaries (總督倉場), and was made minister of Justice in 1627, but left office after three months, possibly because of his association with the eunuch Wei Zhongxian. See He Qiaoyuan 何喬遠, Jingshan quanji 鏡山全集, 64/1a; Quanzhou 泉州 FZ (1763/1882), 44/45a–52a; Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (1686/1694), 27/5b–6a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 313/5855, 422/7984, 439/8310, 572/10809, Guangzong, 2/30, Xizong, 27/1362, 36/2961, 74/3606, Chongzhen changbian, 3/146, 3/147, 6/289; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 943.

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Pan Shiliang had a more chequered career and likely prepared the present work as a way to restore his reputation. After his jinshi he served as magistrate of Lixian 蠡縣 (Bei Zhili), did well and was made a censor (御史) in 1620. In 1621 he was assigned to check on military forces in Henan, and in 1622 was appointed regional inspector for the Suzhou-Songjiang region in Nan Zhili. There he intervened to protect local notables from attacks by a eunuch commissioner. In 1624 he headed the Henan circuit in the Censorate, and the following year was made minister (卿) of the Court of the Imperial Stud; but after crossing Wei Zhongxian he was moved to the Court of Imperial Entertainments in Nanjing. In 1628 he became minister of the Court of Judicial Review, but retired after 6 months rather than face removal from office for his association with Wei. Thus he was in disgrace when he wrote the pref. to the present work. He went on to defend his home area at the end of the Ming, and then to serve under the Qing. See Jining zhili ZZ (1841/1859), 8C/1b–2a; Li XZ (1876), 4/9a; Ming shilu: Xizong, 2/102, 9/470, 23/1023, 48/2475, 55/2518, 58/2667, 84/4109, Chongzhen changbian, 5/240, 11/614, 18/1076. [TN] Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2399. Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 53. Chang, 1:26–27. Langlois, 204, 212 (suggests translation “Precious Mirror for Governing the People: the Great Ming Code and Sub-statutes”). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 46–48 (providing the captions of the 234 judgments in the upper register of j. 5–9). Yang Yifan, “Shier zhong Mingdai panli pandu,” 170–1. Tam, “Wan Ming Lüli linmin baojing,” characterizing the work as a “reference book for justice and examinations.” [PEW] 0187

Zhiyao lu 治要錄, 4 j. [Record of Essentials on Government] By Pan Youlong 潘游龍 (z. Linzhang 鱗長), from Songzi 松滋 (Hubei) N.d. Ed.: – *Chongzhen-period ms. ed. with pref. by Fang Wen 方文 (1637). [Hangzhou daxue]

Rem.: Pan mentions this work in the fanli of his Kangji pu (q.v.); it is also listed as a work already published (行世) by the Huaigu tang 懷古 堂 (where Pan signed his pref. to Kangji pu) at the end of the same fanli. The current ms. is missing many pages, but the table of contents and the remaining text show that this is a collection of materials of interest for local officials. It incorporates most of the content of Chushi lu (q.v.) and supplements it with some materials from Zhoulian xulun, Mumin zhonggao, and Juguan biyao weizheng bianlan (qq.v.), and a variety of

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materials from Ming writers. Mentioned in the contents but no longer preserved is Dangguan gongguo ge (q.v.), with 50 items of merit and 38 of demerit. Pan never served in any official capacity (at the end of the pref. Fang Wen claims, “whether [Pan] Linzhang served or not does not make any difference” 鳞長之不仕與仕無異), but he was involved in editing projects for works in several different genres. He likely assembled this text while working on those editing projects.

Bio.: See under Kangji pu. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 史, 2:1102. Bibliography entries for same author: Kangji pu. [TN] [QING A]

See also: Zhengxue lu Guanjian shier ze 管見十二則 See under Zuoli yaoyan 0188

Shidi 仕的 [The Aim of Being an Official] By Wu Yiyi 吳儀一 (z. Shufu 舒鳬, 瑹符), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.: – *In Tanji congshu, 5. [Harvard] – *Quoted in full and with explanatory notes in Xu Zi, 270–3.

Rem.: A set of 18 short paragraphs preceded by an intro., focusing on the duties of local officials, recommending fiscal and judicial moderation, and with an emphasis on enforcing correct customs and rites and encouraging education. The text, in simple language, was reportedly written at the request of a friend recently appointed to a magistracy.

Bio.: Wu Yiyi reportedly studied in the National University (入太學). He was remarked for his erudition and literary talent by a vice-prefect of Fengtian, who invited him to be a private secretary with literary functions. See Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (Qianlong), 94/18b. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu 11:147, 35:704. Chang, 1:168. Xu Zi, 270–5. [PEW]

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Dunxing lu 敦行錄 [Records of Honest Conduct] By Zhang Pengge 張鵬翮 (z. Yunqing 運青, h. Kuanyu 寬宇) (1649– 1725) (js. 1670), from Suining 遂寧 (Sichuan) N.d. Ed.: – *Quoted in Yu Kun’s Xiangxing yaolan (q.v.), j. 1C/13a–19a.

Rem.: A collection of brief remarks on the behavior of magistrates. According to the first entry, magistrate is the most important office in the empire in terms of its impact on the people. Part of the entries is based on anecdotes about ancient officials. The emphasis is on honesty, generosity and frugality, as well as cautiousness and moderation in the administration of justice. Entries describing concrete steps in everyday government are comparatively few.

Bio.: See under Zhijing lu. [PEW] 0190

Yixi suoyan 已畦瑣言, 1 j. [The Trivial Sayings of Yixi] By Ye Xie 葉燮 (z. Xingqi 星期, h. Yixi 已畦, Hengshan xiansheng 橫山 先生) (1627–1703) (js. 1670), from Jiashan 嘉善 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1675 Ed.:

– In Zhaodai congshu (Daoguang ed.), 戊集補, j. 6, with postf. (跋) by Shen Maode 沈楙悳 (1844). For some reason the author’s native place is given as Wujiang. – *In GZSJC, vol. 2, based on Zhaodai congshu ed.

Rem.: The author served two years (1675–77) as magistrate of Baoying

寶應 (Jiangsu). The work was intended as advice to his fellow magis-

trates in the form of random musings on official morality. The first part consists of aphorisms and reflections by the author on good and bad official conduct and includes maxims on subjects such as the proper use of sanctions, the need for integrity, the benefits of frugality, and so on. The second part consists of short descriptions of exemplary officials of the past.

Bio.: Ye Xie came from a illustrious family of officials whose members included seven jinshi. Despite his precocious intellectual accomplishments (like memorizing the entire Chuci 楚辭 at age 4), his professional career was marked by trouble. First appointed in 1675 as magistrate of Baoying, he was dismissed less than two years later, a victim (say his biographers) of his own moral

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scrupulousness, which caused the dislike of his superiors. After his forced retirement he “wandered aimlessly in all directions” before retreating to a mountain cottage, where he lived out his life reading, writing, teaching, traveling, and feeling sorry for himself. He died at age 77. See QSG, 484/13364; Guochao qixian leizheng chubian, 220/56a; BZJ, 95/2a–3b; QSLZ, 70/37b–38a; Guochao xianzheng shilüe, 38/5a; Guochao shiren zhenglüe chubian, 8/9a; Shen Deqian 沈德潛, Guiyu wenchao 歸愚文鈔, 10. Transl.: Chinese text with transl. in modern Chinese, in Guandian, vol. 2 (title Yixi suoyu 語). Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 11:311, 17:283. [NP] 0191

Liren shiyi 蒞任事宜, 1 j. [Advice on Assuming a New Position] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. [Tōyō Bunko] – *Appended to a revised and simplified version of the Six Ministries regulations approved in 1675, titled Qinding shanfan congjian chufen zeli 欽定 刪繁從簡處分則例, engraved and published in 1676 by Li Bolong’s bookstore at the Wanyu zhai 西河沿宛羽齋李伯龍書坊發兌. [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: This comparatively short (42 folios) and anonymous set of recommendations on the public duties of officials (the mulu has 21 entries in all) features most of the rubrics found in standard magistrate handbooks, such as waiting for appointment at the capital, making preparations before leaving for one’s post, the various rituals and visits when assuming one’s duties, dealing with clerks and runners, taxation, schools, prisons, the administration of justice, and so forth. The contents are quite close to the corresponding sections of the roughly contemporary Fuhui quanshu (q.v.), but without the latter’s verbosity. Several models of letters, reports, directives, proclamations, etc., are provided along the way, again very close to those in Fuhui quanshu. [PEW]

0192

Weixin bian 未信編, 6 j. [An Unreliable Treatise] By Pan Biaocan 潘杓燦 (z. Yueshan 月山, Xiangcheng 象承, h. Qieting shanren 且亭山人), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang). 1684 pref. Ed.: Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– *1704 Xueju tang ed. 學聚堂藏板, with intro. (引言) (anon.; by Luo Zhongling 駱鍾麟 [1675] according to two undated eds. cited below), foreword (題詞) by Shen Guan 沈琯 (n.d.), and author’s pref. (1684). [Tōyō Bunko]. – *1704 Xuezhe tang 學者堂 new engraving (新鐫), with intro. (anon.), foreword by Shen Guan (n.d.), and author’s pref. (1684). [*LSS] [*Faxue suo, pref. placed before the foreword] – *1704 Shunxue tang 順學堂 new engraving, with intro. (anon.), foreword by Shen Guan (n.d.), and author’s pref. (1684). [ZKT, j. 1–2 extant] – *Undated Yuanxue tang 願學堂 ed., with intro. (anon.), foreword by Shen Guan (n.d.), and author’s pref. (1684). [ZKT, j. 1–2 extant] – *1704 Jingu yuan 金谷園 ed., with intro. (anon.), foreword by Shen Guan (n.d.), and author’s pref. (1684). [Ōki] – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf), with prefs. by Wu Kangzong 吳亢宗 (1680) and author (1684). [Jimbun, as a set with Weixin bian erji and Bu Weixin bian (qq.v.)] – Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with pref. by Wu Kangzong (1680), intro. by Luo Zhonglin (1675), foreword by Shen Guan (n.d.), pref. by author (1684), postf. (後序) by Hu Wenyi 胡文漪 (1684, placed at the end of the work). [Beitu] – *Undated Ludizhou ed. 陸地舟藏板, with words “Officials’ precious mirror” (仕林寶鏡) at top of cover-leaf and “facsimiles will be sued” (翻刻必 究) at left lower-bottom; with pref. by Wu Kangzong (1680), intro. by Luo Zhonglin (1675), author’s pref. (1684), postf. by Hu Wenyi 胡文漪 (1684), foreword by Shen Guan (n.d.). [Faxue suo] – *Photo-repro. of an undated Ludizhou ed., essentially identical to the above, but without warning against facsimiles on cover-leaf and with some minor differences in mulu wording, in GZSJC, vol. 3. – *Photo-repro. of the undated ed. at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 9–10. This ed. seems to be a different printing of the Ludizhou ed. (see above), or based on it (or vice versa), with some variation in the order of the front materials, and a few variants in the underlining of the text. – Photo-repro. of j. 3 (on criminal procedure), in Gudai difang falü, ser.2, vol. 9.

Rem.: According to the prefs. and the fanli (signed by the author), the work—a magistrate handbook by a private secretary—was based on notes taken in 1675 while Pan Biaocan was retired in a hermitage and written up by his relative by marriage (眷弟) Shen Guan (the author of the foreword); it was not published until 1684. Faulty manuscript copies

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had proliferated in between, hence the decision to engrave an authoritative text in spite of the author’s professed wish to keep in his trunk materials he regarded as “unreliable” (未能信). As far as it can be ascertained, both the page setting and the text itself are identical in all the eds. seen. The text is entirely punctuated (including the prefaces) and heavily underlined with various sorts of dots, the meaning of which is explained in the fanli. There are three main parts, each with a general intro. (引): finances (錢榖), justice (刑名), and “miscellaneous” (幾務), this last including entries on the magistrate’s behavior and career (from assuming his post down to the procedure for transfer and/or promotion) as well as on yamen organization and on general administration (irrigation, relief, baojia, and so on). The contents emphasize concreteness and practicality and introduce a number of models for forms, proclamations, etc. The proclamations are sometimes drafts written for one of the author’s magistrate employers, including Chen Chong 陳沖 in Wuxian 吳縣 (Jiangsu) in 1668, Shen Junsheng 沈駿聲 in Linfen 臨汾 (Shanxi) in 1682 (suggesting that the work, supposed to have been written in 1675, received additions after that date), Zhang Shijing 章士鯨 in Huolu 獲鹿 (Zhili), etc. The various types of documents are explained in very clear paragraphs appended to the examples and captioned with the word shi 釋. Each juan ends with a list of rare terms with the correct pronunciation. The author occasionally refers to earlier (Ming) handbooks, such as Chushi lu, Linmin baojing, Dulü peixi, Minglü jianshi [i.e. Wang Kentang’s Da Ming lü fuli jianshi] (qq.v.), and others. Of especial interest is the “Guide to Autopsies” (檢驗指南) that Pan inserted in the section on judicial administration (in j. 4), where he compiled a large amount of data from Xiyuan jilu (q.v.) and other such sources and enriched it with his own observations—a contribution that would prove quite influential in the development of forensic literature in the Qing, where Weixin bian is frequently cited as a source (see below, Will). Although Wu Kangzong, a muyou colleague of Pan’s, insists in his pref. that this is a “book to assist government” (佐治之書), not a “book to carry out government” (為治 之書), Weixin bian can be regarded as one of the major early Qing standard magistrate handbooks—in his pref. Hu Wenyi calls it a “book to administer the people” (牧民書). Huang Liuhong, the author of the more famous Fuhui quanshu (q.v.), acknowledges it as a model. It is therefore surprising that so far no ed. posterior to 1704 has been located, although this date may not always correspond to the actual year of printing by the different publishers mentioned above, some of which seem to have used

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the same set of printing-blocks. For an anthology of administrative documents selected and edited by Pan Biaocan, see under Weixin bian erji.

Bio.: Pan, who had the bachelor degree (生員), was obliged to start working as a private secretary after his family was ruined by a fire in 1667, in addition to his father’s death. He says in his 1684 pref. that he is more than 50, and must therefore have been born some time before 1634. He served in the cabinets of local officials in Zhili, Shanxi, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang. The prefaces emphasize his qualities as an exacting and erudite scholar as well as his wide experience of local administration. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4335. Shiga, 8, dates the pref. to 1688, and states that j. 5–6 include 135 judicial decisions, dating from 1685 to 1688 and handed down at Lin’an (Hangzhou): this refers evidently to Weixin bian erji (q.v.). Chen, “Legal Specialists,” 9. Will, “Forensic Science and the Late Imperial State,” 95. [CL, GRT, PEW]

0193

Fuhui quanshu 福惠全書, 32 j. [The Complete Book of Happiness and Benevolence] By Huang Liuhong 黃六鴻 (z. Zizheng 子正, h. Sihu 思湖, Jue’an 覺庵, Shipu yunong 石浦迂農) ([1633]–?) (jr. 1651), from Xinchang 新昌 (Jiangxi) 1694 pref. Ed.: (all with 1694 author’s pref., except when otherwise noted):

– *Undated Zhongshu tang ed. 種書堂藏板; authorship on cover-leaf Shipu jue’an shoubian 石浦覺菴授編, with words Xilong zhipu 熙隆治譜 on top of page; appendix with models of formal letters (稟啟附) placed after j. 32 (that is, its logical place), with separate pagination (22 folios in all); it is followed by a publisher’s endnote against pirate editions specifying when the text was composed (1694) and engraved (1699), as well as the total numbers of pages and characters. As this note, which is reproduced verbatim in eds. by other publishers, asks the public to report such pirate editions to the Zhongshu tang in Nanjing, this is possibly the first ed. of Fuhui quanshu. [Columbia] – *Undated ed. with same author’s name, title, and characters on top of cover-leaf, plus a rather long advertisement text found in other eds. as well, but no indication of printer; appendix with model letters and publisher’s endnote inserted before j. 32; the latter starts with p. 23. [Tian Tao] – *Undated Jingshu tang 敬書堂 ed.; same description as the Zhongshu tang ed. above (apart from the name of publisher on cover-leaf); appendix

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with letters bound in the middle of j. 32 (after page 4) seemingly lacking its first four pages. [Ōki] – *Undated Sanduo zhai ed. 三多齋梓, words zhouxian mumin yaolan 州縣 牧民要覽 on top of cover-leaf, author’s name Huang Sihu; appendix with models letters and publisher’s endnote inserted before j. 32, with separate pagination (but “juan 32” in the central margin). [Ōki] – Undated Zhongshu tang ed.; authorship on cover-leaf Huang Sihu lei­ bian 類編; title Juguan 居官 fuhui quanshu (mentioned by Djang Chu, see below). [Congress] [Faxue suo] – Undated small-sized Taoyuan shuwu 桃源書屋 ed., authorship and title same as above. [Mentioned by Djang Chu]. – *Undated small-sized Baohan lou 寶翰樓 ed. [1879 according to cat.], authorship and title same as above; pref. missing, but models of formal letters and note against pirate editions included. [Chicago] – *Undated Huaide tang ed. 懷德堂藏板, cover-leaf with authorial caption “Jijian Huang Sihu leibian” 給諫黃思湖類編, titled Juguan fuhui quan­ shu, and advertisement text; appendix with model letters and publisher’s endnote placed after j. 32. [Jérôme Bourgon, private collection] – Undated Qingshi shantang 清詩山堂 ed. [Taiwan daxue] – *Undated low-quality ed., cover-leaf missing, appendix placed after j. 32, still called “j. 32” but with page-numbering starting anew. [Tōyō Bunko] – *Undated small-sized Lianxi shushi 濂溪書室 ed., author’s name on cover-leaf Huang Sihu, titled Juguan fuhui quanshu; top of cover-leaf with words Zhouxian mumin yaolan; left third of cover-leaf with advertising note; appendix with model letters and publisher’s endnote inserted before j. 32, with separate pagination (but “juan 32” in central margin). [*BN] [*Tian Tao] – *Undated Japanese Shisandô 詩山堂 ed. with pref. (1850), kambun reading marks, and interlinear glosses in katakana by Obata Yukihiro 小畑行 簡. [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida Collection] – *1893 newly engraved (新雕) ed., blocks at the Shatu yuan in Beijing 京都 沙土園, copies sold at the Wenchang huiguan (書行文昌會館). Cover-leaf identical to original Zhongshu tang ed., but mentions of publisher and date on cover-leaf verso. Appendix with model letters followed by publisher’s note (still referring to the Zhongshu tang) placed before beginning of j. 32, which starts without separate pagination (i.e., on p. 23a). [*Columbia] [*Harvard] [*Jimbun] [*Ōki] [*Qinghua] – *Photo-repro. of Shisandō ed., with intro. and index by Yamane Yukio 山根幸夫, Tokyo: Kyūko shoin, 1973.

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– *Photo-repro. of Lianxi shushi ed., in GZSJC, vol. 3. – *Photo-repro. of 1893 Wenchang huiguan ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 3, no. 19. – *Modern typeset ed. of j. 11–20, in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 3.

Rem.: One of the classic, and most often referenced, standard magistrate handbooks, covering all the aspects of a magistrate’s career, his professional and personal behavior, as well as fiscal, judiciary, and other tasks. It is also one of the longest, being at places detailed to the point of verbosity. The 14 sections (部) are devoted to the following topics: selection and appointment (筮仕) (j. 1), assuming office (蒞任) (j. 2–4); taxation (錢榖) (j. 6–8), miscellanous taxes (雜課) (j. 8), registration and assessment (編審) (j. 9), cadastral survey (清丈) (j. 10), crime and criminal procedure (刑名) (j. 11–20), baojia (保甲) (j. 21–23), ceremonies and rituals (典禮) (j. 24), education and public welfare (教養) (j. 25–26), famine relief (荒政) (j. 27), the postal service (郵政) (j. 28–29), miscellaneous administrative affairs (庶政) (j. 30–31), promotion and transfer (陞遷) (j. 32). Each of these major divisions begins with a general statement (總論), followed by a series of subject entries of varying number and length. The author includes a number of his own administrative papers along the way and recounts many anecdotes dating to his years as magistrate, notably in Tancheng 郯城 (Shandong), giving a strong personal voice to his considerations. Pan Biaocan’s Weixin bian (q.v.), composed only slightly before, is acknowledged as a model; however, although both are lengthy treatises discussing the same kind of problems, the organisation is fairly different, and Pan was a private secretary. Djang Chu (see below) speaks of a dozen known eds. of Fuhui quanshu, but clearly there were many more. Bio.: The son of a late-Ming magistrate, Huang Liuhong served twice with distinction as magistrate, first in Tancheng in 1670–72, and then, after a threeyear mourning period, in Dongguang 東光 (Zhili) in 1675–78. This was twenty years after he had passed the juren degree at the young age of 19; for most of that intervening period he traveled throughout the empire, studying the historical and strategic importance of every place he visited. His metropolitan career began with an appointment as department censor to the Ministry of Rites; in 1691 he was promoted to the post of supervising censor at the office of scrutiny for Works (工科給事中). He retired from official service in 1693 due to illness and completed Fuhui quanshu in the winter of 1694; the work was first published in 1699. During the Kangxi emperor’s visit at Nanjing in 1705, Huang was honored with an audience and a poem. He was also the author of numerous works on poetry, philology, and history, which may never have been published. He died aged 88, but the exact year is is unknown. See QDBZW, 275

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(referring to Wang Zhi 王植, Chongde tang gao 崇德堂稿, j. 4); Tancheng XZ (1763), 7/8a, 26a–27a, 20/77a–80a; Dongguang XZ (1693), 5/9a; Xinchang XZ (1793), 11/34a–b; Wu 吳 XZ (1933), 76B/4b–5a. Djang Chu, A Complete Book … (see below), intro. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307. Siku xuxiu, 7:714, 11:306. Chang, 1:145–6 (Qingshi shantang ed.). “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 49 (by Su Yigong 蘇亦工). Saeki, Fukkei zensho goi kai. Jia Jingtao, 190. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 99–100, providing the captions of 4 judicial opinions (看語) and 4 judgments (審語) in j. 12. Watt, District Magistrate, 267, note 56, claims that this is “the one Ch’ing handbook indexed in Morohashi”; in fact the Morohashi dictionary, which borrows Obata’s glosses as explanations of the terms indexed, also provides quotations from Weixin bian (q.v.). Spence, The Death of Woman Wang, xii–xiv and passim. Will, “Bureaucratie officielle et bureaucratie réelle,” passim (also reviewing Djang Chu’s translation). Yamomoto, 61–62. Transl.: Short extracts translated with comments by François-Xavier Dentrecolles (1644–1741), in Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, XV (1722), 83–182 (titled “Le parfait bonheur des peuples”), and in Du Halde, Description de la Chine, vol. 2, 259–84 (titled “L’art de rendre le peuple heureux”); see LandryDeron, “Le parfait bonheur des peuples.” Abridged transl. by Djang Chu, A Complete Book concerning Happiness and Benevolence. [PEW] 0194

Juguan guaguo lu 居官寡過錄, 4 or 6 j. [How an Office Holder Earns Few Demerits] By Hu Yanyu 胡衍虞 (z. Kechen 恪臣, h. Panjiao yeren 盤嶠野人) (1672 selected tribute student 拔貢), from Taigu 太谷 (Shanxi) 1695 pref. Ed.:

– *1775 engraving (鐫) in 4 j. by Chaoyi 朝邑 (Shaanxi) magistrate Wu Zhonggao 吳忠誥, printing blocks at “this yamen” 本衙藏板, with prefs. by Bi Yuan 畢沅 (n.d.), Hu Yanyu (1695), Cao Xuemin 曹學閔 (n.d.), Meng Shenghui 孟生蕙 (n.d.), Fan Taiheng 范泰恒 (1774), and Wu Zhonggao (1774). [*Congress] [*Chicago, mf.] [*Ōki, prefs. in a different order] [*Tōyō Bunka, same]. – *Revised ed. (重訂) in 6 j., in Qingzhao tang congshu, 次編, ce 66–68, collected and printed (彚梓) by Liu Zhenqing 劉振清 (z. Jinting 金亭), and edited (評閱) by Li Yuanchun 李元春 (z. Zhongren 仲仁, h. Shizhai 時齋), with a short intro. (引) by Li Yuanchun; no mulu. [*Chicago] [*Fu Sinian] – *Photo-repro. of Qingzhao tang congshu ed., in GZSJC, vol. 5.

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Rem.: The title implies that the advice provided in the work makes it possible to be a good official (良吏), therefore to receive “few demerits” (寡過). To help readers achieve this goal, the text provides a wide range of information for new magistrates in the form of anecdotes, advice, and references to the lives and words of exemplary officials. The revised ed. has no mulu, but each entry is captioned by a title summarizing its content. The two eds. are differently organized. In the 1775 ed. (with mulu), the entries providing the usual advice to new magistrates all the way from appointment at the capital are spread over the 4 juan. They include considerations on how to deal with underlings, ordinary people, and literati; the places and people to visit and the related procedures and protocol; the documentation necessary when assuming office; and techniques for tax collection, punishment of misdemeanor, crime prevention and prosecution, suppression of banditry, and so forth. In j. 1–2 there is a mix of unsigned entries (presumably due to the author) and texts attributed to a number of authors from various periods (for some, official position, courtesy name, name, and place of origin are all indicated, but there is no date); j. 3–4 are entirely quotations from various authors— j. 3 on judicial matters (including several quotations from Li Yu, obviously culled from Zizhi xinshu [q.v.]), and j. 4 on fiscal and economic ­matters. In his short intro. to the 6-j. revised ed., Li Yuanchun notes that the structure of the book is not very satisfying (前後體例似不甚合); he reorganized it, and also added entries of his own (marked with the character bu 補, and in fact quite numerous) and removed some useless regulations; notes have also been added in the upper margin, some apparently updating the text. The unsigned paragraphs providing advice for new magistrates and on the various domains of local administration are all in j. 1–2; the section on judicial administration in j. 2 includes some quotations from other authors. J. 3–5 are entirely composed of administrative texts (proclamations, correspondences, reports, etc.) borrowed from a variety of authors, covering such topics as controlling clerks, accepting gifts, protecting the populace from harassment, extortion, pettifogging, managing natural disasters, promoting education, and prohibiting heterodox religions (j. 3); the production, transportation, and sale of salt, the grain tribute, land utilization, the collection of customary fees by officials, and the funding of public works projects (j. 4); and military issues (j. 5). J. 6 is entirely composed of judicial sentences (判, 判語, 讞語, etc.), mostly dealing with homicide, sexual crimes, and other serious forms of wrongdoing.

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Bio.: Hu Yanyu barely escaped death as a baby: his widowed mother née Che

車 attempted to throw herself in a well together with her son when the forces of the rebel Li Zicheng 李自成 attacked Taigu in 1644, but survived because

the well was dry. Hu, who never held an official position, seems to have been known as a man of letters. Two essays by him dealing with taxation feature in Huangchao jingshi wenbian 皇朝經世文編 (j. 23 and 29). Wu Zhonggao’s pref. indicates that Hu had given the Juguan guaguo lu text to Wu’s grandfather when the latter went to assume the position of magistrate of Shangrao 上饒 (Jiangxi) (the meeting is also mentioned in Hu’s preface); although it helped him very much in his career, he was not able to have it printed. Later on the text was passed on to Wu’s maternal great-uncle, but Wu retrieved it in 1764, and was able eventually to realize his grandfather’s project and publish the book. See Taiyuan 太原 FZ (1783), 40/24b ; Taigu XZ (1795), 4/23a, 5/14b. Li Yuanchun, a 1798 juren from Chaoyi 朝邑 (Shaanxi), was first selected to be a magistrate, but then appointed case reviewer at the Court of Judicial Review (大理寺評事); later he taught in academies in Shaanxi; in 1853 his contribution to levying war supplies earned him the rank of department vice-magistrate (州同). See Tongzhou 同州 FZ (1881), 11/39a–41a. Ref. and studies: Ma, 125 (Qinghua) (1775 ed. in 4 j.). Siku xuxiu, 23:305. Chang, 1:148. [NP, PEW] 0195

Yuyang shanren shoujing 漁陽/洋山人手鏡 [Yuyang shanren’s Handmirror] By Wang Shizhen 王士禎 (z. Zizhen 子真, Yishang 詒上, h. Ruanting 阮亭, Yuyang 漁洋, Yuyang shanren 漁洋山人, Yuyang laoren 漁洋老人, s. Wenjian 文簡) (1634–1711) (js. 1658), from Xincheng 新城 (Shandong) Ca. 1697 Ed.:

– *Appended to 1868 Hubei ed. of Dulü xinde (q.v.). – *Appended to Lianfang xiansheng sizhong (q.v.). – *In Dulü shizhong (q.v.). – *In Muling xuzhi sizhong (q.v.). – *In Xing’an huiyao (q.v.). – Rubbing from a stone engraving (titled Shoujing lu 錄), in 1 ce, with pref. by Wang Shizhen (1698?) and colophon by Jin Shoujie 金守楷 to the engraving, which he realized in 1839. Rem.: (Depending on ed. the title has 陽 or 洋.) The text consists of

50 short entries providing admonition and advice to the author’s second

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son, who had been appointed magistrate of Tangshan 唐山 (Zhili) in 1697. While the advice is rather conventional, Jin Shoujie’s colophon insists on its value for “concrete governance” (實政).

Bio.: Wang’s original name was 士禛, but after the accession of the Yongzheng emperor had to be changed into 士正, later 士禎. After his jinshi he was appointed prefectural judge (推官) of Yangzhou 揚州 (Jiangsu), where he appears to have been an active and interventionist official. He was promoted to bureau secretary in the Ministry of Rites in 1664. From then on his career entirely took place in the capital. He continued to serve in the ministries until 1678 (with a few years of absence to mourn his mother), then was appointed expositor-in-waiting (侍講) at the Hanlin Academy (1678–80), chancellor of the National University (國子監祭酒) (1680–84), being at the same time a member of the Southern Library (南書房), the group of close literary advisers to the Kangxi emperor. After a period of mourning he resumed his career in ministerial posts, ending as Minister of Justice, a position from which he was cashiered in 1704 being accused of partiality in a judicial affair. His ranks were restored in 1710, however. That he was not granted posthumous honors after his death the following year may be due to his close relations to the heir apparent, Yinreng 胤礽, who after much controversy and drama was eventually deposed and imprisoned in 1712—Wang’s posthumous name was conferred much later by the Qianlong emperor. A prolific man of letter, Wang left a precious testimony on early-Qing court life in a biji titled Chibei outan 池北偶談. See QSG, 266/9952–54; ECCP, 831–33; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu 37:665 (rubbing ed.). [PEW]

0196

Baoshan tang juguan geyan 寶善堂居官格言 [Baoshan Hall Maxims for Office Holders] By Xiong Hongbei 熊弘 [宏] 備 (h. Mian’an 勉庵, Mianzhai 勉齋), from Huai’an 淮安 (Jiangsu) N.d. Ed.: – *Quoted in Muling guijian (q.v.), j. 1. – *In Xueshi lu (q.v.), 3/26a–31b. – *In Gongmen chengquan lu (q.v.), 1/1a–3b

Rem.: The Gongmen chengquan lu version includes 21 short aphorisms on the official’s attitude and behavior, with one instance on “doing good” (行善). Xiong Hongbei also published a work titled Bu fei qian gongde li 不費錢功德例, on “good deeds that do not require spending money,”

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which has a section on administrative personnel (公門) and is quoted in Gongmen xiuxing lu (q.v.). The work is also among those excerpted in Chen Hongmou’s Congzheng yigui (q.v.), suggesting a late-seventeenth or early-eighteenth-century date. Bio.: No information available. Ref. and studies: Xu Zi, 458–61.　 [PEW]

0197

Mu Ji changshi lu 牧濟嘗試錄, 2 j. [An Account of Experiments in Administering Jining] by Wu Cheng 吳檉 (z. Qianzhu 濳竹, Anqing 岸青), from Qiantang

錢塘 (Zhejiang)

1700 Ed.:

– *[1700] ed., with author’s pref. (1700). [Columbia]

Rem.: Wu Cheng explains in his pref. that when he was appointed magistrate of Jining 濟寧 department (Shandong), a place located on the Grand Canal and a major node of land and water routes, he was aghast at the situation he discovered: an unruly and violent populace, general laxity in the yamen, brutal and inefficient taxation practices, population and land registers in disarray, constant flooding preventing the cultivation of lowlands, abuses crippling the management of the workforce for hydraulic repairs, a postal system overburdened by demands, and public buildings and other infrastructures in a state of total decay, not to mention innumerable lesser problems. After eight years of indefatigable work the situation had improved to a degree, even though only taxation and census could be regarded as definitely rid of abuses; Wu then decided to compile the present record of his actions, both to recall his exertions and to help his successors preserve the results obtained and continue improvements. In the words of a Jining gazetteer compiler, with all the precise information it delivers the work is “not only an administrative guide for one department, but also a golden needle on administrative discipline for the entire empire” (不特一州之治譜，亦天下吏治之金鍼也). The entries listed in the mulu include every task and area of competence of a magistrate. Most include precise information on the situation in Jining, some highly detailed, e.g. about dike reconstruction and watercourse maintenance (to which Wu is said to have made a major contribution). General considerations are most of the time illustrated with documents such as sets of regulations (條約), models of administrative forms such

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as tax payer certificates, government-approved contracts (官契式), baojia registers, etc., proclamations to yamen personnel and to the population, communications to superiors, and so forth. In this way the work can be regarded as a mix of the guanzhen and gongdu genres. There are many quantitative data and lists of figures, and in a general way the emphasis is on technique rather than ideology (this is well in evidence, for example, in the section on famine relief, which is an account of Wu’s actions during floods in the fall of 1696). Several of Wu’s essays, always in simple and direct language, are quoted in the 1859 Jining gazetteer.

Bio.: Most of the information on Wu’s career is found in his preface. He studied first with his father, then, from age 12, in the yamen of a great-uncle who served as magistrate. Apparently he did not possess any academic title, but from 1678, at what must have been age 20, he served in the forces that combated the Three Feudatories Rebellion in Fujian. For his participation in a string of victories he was rewarded with appointment as assistant department magistrate in Taian 泰安 (Shandong). As he had been remarked by the Shandong governor after successfully carrying out some unspecified assignments, he was sent as acting magistrate in a half-dozen counties, which gave him first-hand experience of local conditions. In 1693 he was promoted to the post of Xining department magistrate. According to his preface he was aged 24 at the time of his appointment to Taian, and this was 19 years ago, so this first appointment must have taken place in 1682. Now, after eight years of service in Jining, his wish is to be allowed to retire and enjoy life at home. He may not have been able to do so, however, as according to one source he served a total 14 years in Jining. See Jining zhili ZZ (1859), 末/20b, and passim for Wu’s policies and achievements in Jining; Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (1784), 94/7a (making him a Renhe 仁和 native); Shandong TZ (1918), 76/1b–2a. [PEW] 0198

Neixing lu jianshi 內省錄箋釋, 1 ce [Explication of An Account of Examining Oneself ] By Wang Guochang 王國昌 (?–1728), from the Chinese Plain White Banner; commentary by Zhao Sijin 趙嗣晉 (z. Huanwang 煥望, h. Tongya 桐崖) (js. 1691), from Guangde 廣德 department (Anhui) Ca. 1700 Ed.: – Undated ms. ed. with prefs. by Zhao Sijin and Wu Xiangwu 吳襄巫 (z. Zhensun 楨孫). [Location unknown]

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Rem.: Based on a text by Shandong governor (1698–1704) Wang Guochang, with added commentaries by Zhao Sijin, who received a copy of Wang’s work when he was magistrate of Chengwu 城武 (Shandong) in 1700. Wang’s original Neixing lu was composed of 42 entries giving advice on a magistrate’s duties.

Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu 16:387. Bio.: Wang Guochang, who hailed from Fengtian, started his career as a clerk (筆帖式) in the Grand Secretariat, where he filled other functions until he became a bureau vice-director in the Ministry of Justice, and later a censor (監察御史). Between 1689 and 1698 he served as vice-minister in the Ministries of Rites and of War. He then became Shandong governor (1698–1704). There is no information on the rest of his career. See Shandong TZ (1918), 74/13b–14a; Renming quanwei. Zhao Sijin was appointed magistrate of Chengwu in 1698, eight years after his jinshi. (Several gazetteer entries erroneously say Wucheng 武城, another Shandong county.) He successfully dealt with education and river control, and was promoted to be a censor. In that position he made himself known for his uprightness and interventions on a variety of issues. He was also the author of several books on the classics. See Guangde ZZ (1794), 33/14b–15b; Chengwu XZ (1830), 6/4b. [PEW] 0199

Weizheng diyi bian 為政第一編, 8 j. [Manual of Government, First Installment] By Sun Hong 孫綋 (z. Ke’an 可菴), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1702 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. supervised (鑒定) by Shao Taiqu 邵泰衢 (z. Heting 鶴亭), with pref. by Shao Taiqu (1702). In the copy at Beida the first 2 ce (corresponding to the pref. and j. 1–2) are hand-written (with some faulty characters), while the rest is printed. The copy at Columbia is printed from the beginning but lacks j. 5–8; its cover-leaf states: “Second installment will appear soon” (二編即出), and “facsimiles will be prosecuted; blocks kept in this prefecture” (翻刻必究本府藏板). [*Beida] [*Columbia] [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Jimbun, no cover-leaf] – *Photo-repro. of the copy at Beida, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 262.

Rem.: The pref. (whose author introduces himself as an official at the Directorate of Astronomy) indicates that Sun Hong was a private

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secretary with a large experience of administrative affairs and in high demand. The title in chapter captions and central margins is Weizheng diyi. The work is an extremely detailed and practical handbook for magistrates, written in clear language, with only a minimum of ethical or ideological considerations; this may be the reason why it was criticized by the Siku editors as being “just a superficial fascicle for private secretaries, not adequate to help government” (蓋幕客之兔園冊，不足資以 為治也). The chapters have individual tables of contents (in the copy at Naikaku all the tables are at the beginning). The text is punctuated and there is much underlining in the form of small circles. Each chapter starts with a short author’s intro. The first two juan are devoted to “what should be done on the moment” (時宜). J. 1, with 87 entries, discusses every aspect of the appointment procedure at the capital and of what to do when assuming one’s new post (授任), as well as the post-transfer operations to be performed together with one’s predecessor (交盤); j. 2, composed of 58 entries, discusses various local policies (立政)—such as xiangyue, baojia, irrigation, famine relief, and so on—and how to deal with colleagues and subordinates (待人). J. 3–4 are devoted to the administration of justice (刑名); the entries are subsumed under sections on punishments and torture (刑獄), interrogation and asserting the crime (招議), and the various aspects of the judicial process (聽訟); the end of j. 4 has a set of highly detailed tables indicating the punishments applying in every possible case of affray. J. 5–6 deal with fiscal administration (錢榖). J. 7–8 consist of an anthology of administrative documents by various authors (文治), such as requests, communications, reports, judicial decisions, proclamations, and the like. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307. Siku, 80/1694. Chen, “Legal Specialists,” 26. [PEW]

0200

Bu Weixin bian 補未信編, 4 j. [Supplementing An Unreliable Treatise] By Chen Wenguang 陳文光 (z. Junsheng 駿聲, h. Taogu 韜谷), from Pingjiang 平江 (Hunan) 1707 pref. Ed.:

– *[1707] ed. with pref. by Liu Shiling 劉石齡 (1707), fanli by [Chen] Wenguang, pref. by Gu Sixie 顧嗣協 (1707). [*Beida] [*Ōki, as a set with Weixin bian erji (q.v.)] – *Sanduo zhai ed. 三多齋藏板, as a set with Weixin bian and Weixin bian erji (qq.v.), with prefs. by Liu Shiling (1707) and Gu Sixie (1707), fanli by

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[Chen] Wenguang. The cover-leaf at Jimbun has been mistakenly bound at the beginning of Weixin bian erji in the same set; it gives Pan Yueshan (i.e. Biaocan, the author of Weixin bian) as “original selector” (原選) and Chen Taogu (Wenguang) as having “augmented and finalized” (增定) the text, and says that “Models for intendants and prefects” (道府規模) and an “Essentials for magistrates” (州縣要略) have been appended (附刻). [*Faxue suo] [*Jimbun]

Rem.: Liu Shiling’s pref. explains that despite its literary quality, advice on government culled from the classics and histories is not directly usable (推而行之，無所為從政之書也); by contrast, recent treatises like Shixue [dasheng] and Weixin [bian] have not been composed by scholars with literary ability (非文章之士之所為) and are both verbose and incomplete—and yet they have been adopted as models (規 繩) by today’s public. This is why Chen Wenguang, a private secretary, wrote down the product of his own experiences, “precise without being verbose, brief yet complete” (詳而不煩，略而能備). In the fanli, Chen Wenguang aims the same criticism at Weixin bian’s verbosity and incompleteness. His Bu Weixin bian, which as a matter of fact consists of a single fascicle, is a handbook for beginning magistrates in the most conventional format, composed of short but relatively precise entries, occasionally featuring general examples of forms, announcements, registers, correspondences, and so on. J. 1 is devoted to assuming office (初政類, 52 entries); j. 2 to the administration of justice (刑名類, 40 entries); j. 3 to financial administration (錢榖類, 44 entries); j. 4 deals with problems specific to prefects and intendants (道府規模, 27 entries), such as, notably, the control and evaluation of the officials under them. In the Sanduo zhai ed. the work ends with “Forty things that office holders must guard against” (居官當戒四十則), each “admonition” four characters long, and with a short note by Gu Sili 顧嗣立 (n.d.), where he describes Chen’s work as a “ford and bridge in the world of offiicialdom” (宦海津梁) and a “model for an official career” (仕途規矩).

Bio.: Like Pan Biaocan, Chen Wenguang was a legal muyou. After he failed at the 1690 Shuntian provincial examination, he started to travel as a private secretary in Zhili, Shaanxi, and Sichuan. In 1696 he entered the service of magistrate Chen Cangzhou 陳滄洲 (i.e., Chen Pengnian 鵬年, 1663–1723, a famous official in the late Kangxi period) in Xin’an 信安 (Zhejiang), and followed him in his subsequent posts, up to Jiangning prefect (1703): according to Gu Sixie, the expanding reputation of Chen was entirely due to Chen Wenguang’s management of his affairs (皆先生佐理之所致也). In 1705 Gu Sixie met him in the capital and invited him to join him, apparently as a muyou, in his new post in

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Xinhui 新會 (Guangdong). It is there that Chen showed his compilation to Gu, who had it printed. See Gu Sixie’s pref. [CL, PEW] 0201

Pingshan ge zengji Liuqing xinji 憑山閣增輯留青新集, 30 j. [Liuqing’s New Installment, Compiled and Augmented at Pingshan Studio] Selected (選) by Chen Mei 陳枚 (z. Jianhou 簡侯, h. Dongfu 東阜), from Xiling 西泠 (i.e., Hangzhou, Zhejiang); enlarged and comp. (增輯) by his son Chen Deyu 德裕 (z. Zihou 子厚) 1707 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated small-sized ed. printed by the 聚□□ [cover-leaf damaged], with words yingchou quanshu 應酬全書 on top of cover-leaf, and a note to the effect that the bookstore has hired famous collators to correct the wrong characters pervasive in the previous eds.; with pref. by Shen Xinyou 沈心友 (z. Yinbo 因伯) (1708), liyan 例言 by Chen Mei (1707); revised (訂) by Zhang Guotai 張國泰 et al. [Beitu] – *Undated ed. from “this yamen” 本衙藏板, yingchou quanshu on top of cover-leaf, revised (訂) by Ma Quan 馬銓 et al., with pref. by Zhang Guotai (n.d.), liyan by Chen Mei (1708). [Beitu] – *Undated ed. from “this yamen,” yingchou quanshu on top of cover-leaf, with pref. by Zhang Guotai (1708), liyan by Chen Mei (n.d.), revised by Zhang Guotai et al. [Beitu] – *Undated Jixiu tang ed. 積秀堂梓行, yingchou quanshu on top of coverleaf, with pref. by Shen Xinyou (1708). [Ōki] – Taishan tang 泰山堂 ed. revised (訂) by Zhang Guotai et al. [Tōhōku daigaku] – Weijing tang 維經堂 ed. [Niigata prefecture library] – *Suwei tang ed. 素位堂藏板 by Shen Xinyou 沈心友, Yingchou quanshu at top of cover-leaf, with pref. by Shen Xinyou (1708), liyan by Chen Mei (1707), revised (訂) by Zhang Guotai et al. [Tōdai] – 1866 new engraving (新鐫) of the Hanbao lou 翰寶樓藏板, coll. by Zhang Guotai et al. [Jimbun] – *1890 Shanghai typeset ed. 上海鑄版 in 24 j. titled Chongbian 重編 Liuqing xinji, with pref. by Feng Shanzhang 馮善長 (1888). (The Beitu cat. gives Feng as compiler, here and in the 1907 ed., but the pref. makes it clear that it is the work of a Mr. Yi 伊君 from Fujian.) [Beitu, j. 1–8 extant] – *1899 litho. ed. “following the western technique” (仿泰西法石印) in 24 j. titled Zengguang 增廣 Liuqing xinji, with pref. by Feng Shanzhang (1888). [Beitu, j. 1–11 extant] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– *1907 typeset Shanghai Guangyi shuju ed. 上海廣益鑄版 in 24 j. titled Chongbian Liuqing xinji, with pref. by Feng Shanzhang (1900, identical to the one in the 1890 ed.). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of pref., liyan, general mulu, and j. 18–23 from the undated ed. from “this yamen” at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 7–8. – *Photo-repro. of j. 18 (unspecified ed.), in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 10. – *Photo-repro. of j. 22 from undated ed. from “this yamen,” in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 12.

Rem.: The author of this encyclopedic magistrate handbook was never an official. According to Shen Xinyou’s pref., the work, posthumously edited and printed by his son Chen Deyu, is a sequel to five earlier installments (chuji 初集, erji 二集, guangji 廣集, quanji 全集, and caizhen ji 采珍集, respectively), the funding and publication of which had been managed by Shen, who was now asked by Deyu to take care of the ca. 3,000 draft pages left (遺稿) by his father. Chen Mei’s liyan (written at the Pingshan Studio) suggests that in fact the work was already well organized by the time of his death; he says in the last entry that as illness had left him physically crippled for the past four years, but with his mind clearer than ever, he asked his eldest son to select in his text the contents most urgent and most in demand by scholars, and publish them in a book to be entitled “New Installment” (特命大 兒將集中緊要與後學之必需者，檢出合為一冊，名曰新集). A sizable group of people appear to have been involved in the publication of this final effort, because the name of the “reviser” (訂) indicated in chapter captions varies: e.g., in the small-sized ed., in j. 1 it is Zhang Guotai, in j. 2 it is Zhu Congyun 朱從運, in j. 3 it is Wang Yong 汪庸, in j. 4 it is Yu Siji 虞嗣集, and so on. (in the caption of j. 8 Chen Mei is “reviser,” and we find Li Yu 李漁 [see under Zizhi xinshu] as co-compiler [分 輯]). Some juan have the prefix Pingshan ge huiji 彙集 instead of zengji, though this is not always consistent between the mulu and the chapter captions; j. 16 (which has huiji), gives a certain Lu Qi 陸圻 as compiler (纂輯), Chen Deyu as “enlarger” (增輯), and Chen Mei as “new reviser” (重訂); there are other variations. The contents are extremely concrete and detailed. They combine recommendations, general information, and a large quantity of documents. The latter consist of both model (abstract) documents and “real” documents (or extracts thereof) written by a variety of early Qing authors. Each juan has a detailed, sometimes extremely long, mulu. About the first half of the work (j. 1–17) concerns the relations of the official with his colleagues at all levels, in particular the many types of letters, notes, poems, and so on, which were their principal medium: this is the yingchou 應酬 material properly speaking, Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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the ideal pursued being “elegance” (雅). Thus, j. 1–8 provide examples of prose and poetry by a large number of authors, such as congratulation for birthday (壽文), sacrificial pieces (祭文), dicussions and examples of shi 詩 and ci 詞 poems for reciprocation (應酬); j. 9–11, with the subtitle siliu cuiyan 四六粹言, reproduce a large number of letters (啟) sent by officials and classified according to circumstances (such as congratulations, departure, request, thank you note, and so on); j. 12 (四六錦聯) provides examples of parallel “four-six” prose; j. 13–14 (尺牘瓊華) deal with private correspondence (牘), again in all sorts of circumstances, while j. 15 (尺牘碎錦) gives examples of elegant phrasing (麗句) on a variety of subjects. J. 16–17 are examples of “flowery style” (翰藻), again in a variety of categories (類). In contrast, the next chapters deal with the professional aspects of the job of magistrate. The substantial and extremely detailed j. 18—titled Shishi yaogui 筮仕要規, by itself the equivalent of a technical guide for magistrates—is devoted to an official’s tasks and behavior, starting with his appointment in the capital and his installation in his new post, continuing with the various domains of local government (such as taxes, schools, justice, and so forth), exposing the problems encountered in managing the various bureaus of the yamen, and discussing the different forms of official correspondence through essays quoted from other authors; the last section, titled Liubu lüyan 六部律眼, is a long list of the sanctions incurred by magistrates in case of dereliction of duties or public crimes, arranged according to the six domains of government. J. 19 starts with a long section titled Gujin guanzhi 古今官制, which lists, exhaustively, all the official posts in the capital and in the provinces, each with an historical sketch, a brief mention of the duties, the vernacular appellation (名號), and the form of address (稱呼); military officials are appended. Other sections list civilian and military officials by rank (品級); enumerate the different types of correspondence (文移) exchanged between officials of different ranks; discuss the etiquette followed in encounters between the various civilian and military officials (文武儀注); and enumerate the salaries (月俸) corresponding to the different ranks. All these sections are a rich depository of technical vocabulary. J. 20–23 consist in an anthology of texts by a variety of authors, including memorials (奏疏), proposals (條議), proclamations (告示), judgments (讞語), and various forms of official correspondence. J. 24, on geography (輿圖輯玉), includes a complete list of the prefectures of the empire, followed by literary evocations of each of them. J. 25–26 offer literary comments and allusions on surnames (姓氏聯珠). J. 27 is on family rituals. J. 28 proposes a large quantity of

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examples of wording for panels (扁額題詞) and common phrases for spring festival couplets (春聯通用句). J. 29 features appeals for contributions (疏引) by a large number of authors and for a variety of causes, as well as “portrait eulogies” (像贊). Finally, j. 30 has various materials on appellations of persons, seal inscriptions, and artistic matters. The multiplicity of reprints and editions (the list above is not exhaustive) and the number of surviving copies suggest that the work enjoyed wide circulation. Its encyclopedic exhaustiveness and precision are typical of the period. Yet, even though its more technical parts may evoke nearcontemporary magistrate handbooks such as Fuhui quanshu (which it quotes on several occasions) or Weixin bian (qq.v.), it lacks the voice of the experienced practitioner that characterizes the best examples of the genre. The late-Qing 24-j. version titled Chongbian Qingliu xinji, or Zengguang Qingliu xinji, has been drastically revised and updated along lines detailed in the fanli; the practical advice for local officials has virtually disappeared, being replaced by a section on official careers (仕進 門) and one on official costumes and other sumptuary regulations (制 度門) (j. 17); but a detailed section on the Penal Code (律例門) has been added (j. 21–22); in Zengguang Qingliu xinji a supplement on Western ritual customs (新增泰西禮俗考) has been inserted at the end of j. 24. These late-Qing eds. are small-size and with an extremely compact text (45 characters per column in the litographic 1899 ed.). Ref. and studies: Shiga, 7 (Pingshan ge zengding Liuqing quanji 憑山閣增定 留青全集 in 24 j., 1684 pref.). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 78–79 (Jixiu tang ed.),

listing authors’ names and judgment captions in j. 22–23; also describing (76– 78) the 24-j. quanji with 1684 pref. (at Sonkeikaku and Ōki), of which it lists the authors and captions of the judgments collected in j. 2 and 3. [PEW] 0202

Jiaguan jiejing 嘉官捷徑 [An Easy Way to Being a Good Official] By Shi Chengjin 石成金 (z. Tianji 天基, h. Xingzhai 性齋) (1659–?), from Jiangdu 江都 (Jiangsu) 1707 pref. Ed.: – *In Chuanjia bao erji 傳家寶二集, 1739 new engraving (printing blocks kept at “this yamen”), 6/35a–7/14b, with pref. by Xiong Kaichu 熊開楚 (n.d.). [Fu Sinian] – Undated ms. ed., 1 ce, with pref. by Xiong Kaichu (n.d.). [Faxue suo]

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– *Modern ed. as j. 6 of Chuanbao erji, Tianjin: Tianjin shehui kexueyuan chubanshe, 1992, vol. 1, with pref. by Xiong Kaichu (n.d.). – *Complete text with annotations in Xu Zi, 276–308; the intro. states that it corresponds to j. 6 of the Chuanjia bao erji in full; no pref. reproduced.

Rem.: Shi Chengjin, the author of the ca. 120 pieces collected in Chuanjia bao (1707 pref. by Yangzhou prefect Zuo Bifan 左必蕃, 1739 pref. to the new engraving by author, then aged 81), was a wealthy and charitable man from an “illustrious family” of Jiangdu (Yangzhou, Jiangsu) who preferred to pursue Buddhist interests rather than become an official. Xiong Kaichu, the author of the pref., had served as magistrate of Jiangdu for eight years; while he could not find the time to write instructions for his successor based on his experience, Shi Chengjin showed to him this text, which corresponded exactly to what he had wanted to say; he proposed to entitle it “An easy way to being a good official.” The work is composed of four essays: (1) Guannian zhu 官念珠, a 30-page collection of pithy aphorisms and longer entries amounting to a fairly complete and well-informed guide to a magistrate’s behavior and work-style, with an emphasis on moderation and cautiousness: it says at one point that “government should focus on tranquillity” 政以安靜為 主; (2) Shengtang qiejie 升堂切戒, discussing several types of situations where one must abstain from ordering beatings during court hearings (obviously based on Lü Kun’s Xiangxing yaoyu, see under Zhijing lu); (3) Mingxin jiyao 銘心紀要, a collection of aphorisms on the official’s behavior by other authors, with comments; and (4) Zuoyou ming 座右銘, a collection of anecdotes and considerations on good government. The table of contents of the erji mentions four more essays ( Jinshen yaofa 謹 身要法, Ruihao tang xinyu 瑞鶴堂新語, Qianliang yujian 錢糧愚見, and Yumen zhong 于門種), inserted between Guannian zhu and Shengtang qiejie, which do not appear in the text (but see under Juguan shiyi). Bio.: Besides his “serious” works on charity and retribution, Shi Chengjin composed short stories (話本) and humorous pieces (笑話) in colloquial language, also aiming to encourage people to be virtuous and do good deeds, and rich in Yangzhou lore. He was also the author of several books on medicine. See You Zi’an, Shan yu rentong, 130–42. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 63 (by You Shaohua 尤韶華). Xu Zi, 276–308. For the various editions of Chuanjia bao, which were especially numerous in the nineteenth century, see You Zi’an, Shan yu rentong, 134–5. [PEW]

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Juguan shiyi 居官事宜 [Advice Concerning Office Holders] By Shi Chengjin 石成金 (z. Tianji 天基, h. Xingzhai 性齋) (1659–?), from Jiangdu 江都 (Jiangsu) N.d. Ed.: – *As j. 8 of Shi’s Chuanjia bao erji 傳家寶二集, modern ed. (see under Jiaguan jiejing). – * Quoted in full in Xu Zi, 309–32.

Rem.: The title is the one given by Xu Zi. These four entries (titled Jinshen yaofa 謹身要法, Ruihao tang xinyu 瑞鶴堂新語, Qianliang yujian 錢糧愚見, and Yumen zhong 于門種) are cited in the table of contents of Jiaguan jiejing (q.v.), which spans part of j. 6–7 of that collection, but are absent from the copy seen. Jinshen yaofa discusses the personal behavior and character of the official; the five entries in Ruihao tang xinyu deal with grain storage, corvée labor, prisons, forensic examinations, and confessions in cases of banditry; in Qianliang yujian, a fairly long and technical text, the author discusses several things that “cannot be done” (切不可) when levying taxes, and what should be done (宜) instead; Yumen zhong, also quite detailed, is devoted to various aspects of the administration of justice, with an emphasis on avoiding cruelty and abuses.

Bio.: See under Jiaguan jiejing. Ref. and studies: Xu Zi, 309–32. [PEW] 0204

Xingzhai Shi Chengjin suozhu qizhong 性齋石成金所著七種 [Seven Texts by Shi Chengjin] By Shi Chengjin 石成金 (z. Tianji 天基, h. Xingzhai 性齋) (1659–?), from Jiangdu 江都 (Jiangsu) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated (probably Kangxi-period) ed.; the cover bears an inscription to the effect that the copy was acquired in Jiangnan in 1845 and had been coll. by Duan Yucai (1735–1815) (道光乙巳年于江浙所得石成金校刊七種 段氏玉裁手訂). [Ōki]

Rem.: The texts included (in two fasc.), all with undated author’s pref. and most with mulu, are those from Shi’s Chuanjia bao cited under Jiaguan jieji [q.v.], namely Shengtang qiejie 陞堂切戒, Mingxin

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jiyao 銘心紀要, Zuoyou ming 座右銘, Jinshen yaofa 謹身要法, Ruihao tang xinyu 瑞鶴堂新語, Qianliang yujian 錢糧愚見, and Yumen zhong 于門種.

Bio.: See under Jiaguan jiejing. [PEW] 0205

Qinban zhouxian shiyi 欽頒州縣事宜, 1 ce [Advice for Magistrates Published by Imperial Order] By Tian Wenjing 田文鏡 (z. Yiguang 抑光, s. Duansu 端肅) (1662–1732), from the Chinese Plain Blue Banner, after 1727 the Yellow Banner, and Li Wei 李衛 (z. Youjie 又玠, s. Minda 敏達) (1687?–1738), from Xuzhou 徐州 (Jiangsu) 1730 Ed.:

– 1730 Imperial Household (內府) ed. titled Qinding xunchi zhouxian guitiao 欽定訓飭州縣規條. [Liaoning] [Jilin sheng shehui kexueyuan] – Yongzheng-period ed. titled Shengyu tiaolie 聖諭條列 zhouxian shiyi. [Jilin sheng shehui kexueyuan] – 1851 ed. [Kokkai] – *In Huanhai zhinan wuzhong (q.v.), 1859 ed., with [1730] imperial edict (not in all copies), original postf. (原跋) by Lu Kun 盧坤 (n.d.), postfs. (跋) by Ye Shaoben 葉紹本 (1828) and Mingshan 明善 (1851). Ye Shaoben indicates that by his time the work was hardly in circulation and that he had a new ed. engraved for distribution to the officials of Shanxi, where he had been appointed administration commissioner in 1827; this ed. was based on one published by his colleague Jichang 繼昌, then Jiangxi administration commissioner, during a previous tenure in Yunnan. Mingshan states that the book had been used in his family for generations, and that he had a new ed. produced in Hubei (based on a Shanxi ed.) when he was a prefect of Wuchang during the Daoguang period. – *1868 Jiangsu shuju new ed. (重刊) introduced by a 1836 imperial edict ordering all the governors to publish and distribute a new edition of the work (called Qinding xunchi zhouxian guitiao), as has been already done by Shanxi Governor Shen Qixian 申啟賢, and with 1730 edict. [Chicago, *mf. at Princeton] [*Columbia] [Kokkai, in Muling quanshu (q.v.)] [*Ōki] [*Shoudu, in Muling qizhong (q.v.)] – *1873 Yangcheng shuju 羊城書局 (Canton) new ed. (重刊), with 1836 and 1730 edicts (as a set with Weizheng zhonggao, Muling shu jiyao, and Liu Lianfang xiansheng lizhi sanshu [qq.v.]). [Tōyō Bunko]

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– *1875 Hunan sheng Hechi shuju 湖南省荷池書局 ed. titled Qinding xunchi zhouxian guitiao, with 1730 and 1836 edicts, postf. (跋) by Jiangning administration commissioner Li Zongxi 李宗羲 (1866). [Columbia] – *In Huanhai zhinan wuzhong (q.v.), 1886 ed., with postf. by Mingshan (1851). – *1896 Shanghai Tushu jicheng 上海圖書集成 ed., with 1836 and 1730 edicts. (Published with Muling shu jiyao, Lizhi sanshu, Mumin zhonggao [in the same fasc.], Baojia shu jiyao [qq.v.].) [IHEC] – *Photo-repro. of 1886 Huanhai zhinan wuzhong ed., in ZSJC, vol. 10. – *Photo-repro. of the 1859 Huanhai zhinan wuzhong ed., in GZSJC, vol. 3. (The table of contents, probably based on the date of the second postf., speaks of an “1828” ed.)

Rem.: The work was commissioned by the Yongzheng emperor, who wanted to have seasoned high officials write a handbook for inexperienced new magistrates (a first project had been entrusted to Zhu Shi 朱軾 and Shen Jinsi 沈近思 in 1724). The edict of YZ 8/3/4 (undated in 1859 ed.), which serves as a pref., indicates that the emperor has inspected the text and has been satisfied with its style and contents. A copy should be given to every magistrate to keep along and constantly consult. Tian Wenjing is often cited as the book’s only author, but it can be seen in Yongzheng’s edict that both he and Li Wei were entrusted with the task. Both were among his favorite officials and staunch supporters of his policies. The text is composed of two parts bearing the same title (viz. the author’s name and title followed with the words qinzun shengyu tiaolie zhouxian shiyi 欽遵聖諭條列州縣事宜). Part One, by Tian Wenjing, is headed with a table of contents (not given in the 1868 ed.); Part Two, by Li Wei, has neither table of contents nor paragraph captions. The contents of both parts follow the order of standard magistrate handbooks, starting with post assumption (到任) and files transfer (交代), and covering the official’s main tasks in fiscal, judicial, educational, security, and economic matters. Some entries are devoted to yamen organization and controlling personnel. Tian Wenjing’s last entry is on “integrity” (操守). The tone is extremely factual and devoid of rhetoric, and the advice dispended is at the same time precise and generic. Tian Wenjing’s part is somewhat more comprehensive in its coverage. Despite unavoidable overlap, the two texts can be regarded as complementary. Bio.: Contrary to Li Wei (see below), Tian Wenjing, a National University student by imperial favor (恩監), had extended experience of county-level administration, first as assistant magistrate (縣丞) of Changle 長樂 (Fujian)

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(1683–92), then as magistrate of Xiangning 鄉寧 (Shanxi) (1692–1705) and later Yizhou 易州 (Zhili) (1705–06). He entered the ministry bureaus in the capital in 1706 as a vice-director in the Ministry of Personnel, and from 1709 as director in the Ministry of Justice. He was a censor (監察御史) from 1712 to 1717, with several assignments in the provinces. From 1717 to 1723 he was a reader-in-waiting at the Grand Secretariat (內閣侍讀學士). His famed career in provincial governments began as acting administration commissioner of Shanxi in 1723, then of Henan in 1724. He became Henan governor the same year, and kept the post until a few days short of his death in 1732 (actually, 6 January 1733). From 1728 he held the concurrent position of Henan-Shanxi governor-general (河 東總督), with the additional title of governor-general of waterways in Henan and Shandong from 1730. His governance of Henan is abundantly documented in Fu Yu xuanhua lu and its sequels (qq.v.). See QSG, 294/10337–39; ECCP, 719–20. Li Wei, who was known personally to the future emperor Yongzheng, entered an official career by purchasing a position of bureau vice-director at the Ministry of War (1717–19); he was later promoted to bureau director at the Ministry of Revenue (1719–22). After Yongzheng’s accession he rose rapidly in the ranks of the provincial bureaucracy, as post-service and salt intendant (驛鹽道) of Yunnan (1722–24), Yunnan administration commissioner (1724– 25), and Zhejiang governor, a position where he stayed through 1732 (he was not allowed to go on leave to mourn his mother); from 1727 he held the concurrent title of governor-general. His last position was Zhili governor-general (1732–37). Like Tian Wenjing, he was a forceful personality and an activist official feared by his subordinates. See QSG, 294/10333–36; ECCP, 720–21; Qingdai qibai, 1:121–27. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4306–07 (Yiwen zhi: Zhiguan: Guanzhen), mentions an imperially commissioned Xunchi zhouxian tiaogui [not guitiao] of 1730, in 20 juan; on 147/4334 (Zibu: Fajia) it mentions Tian Wenjing’s Qinban zhouxian shiyi in 1 juan. Ma, 124 (Beiping) (1868 Jiangsu shuju ed.). Chang, 1:146 (Huanhai zhinan wuzhong ed.). Guji shanben, 史, 2:1102. Guo Chengwei, 127–41. Li, 7–8, with a long quotation from the section on “protecting oneself against clerks.” Kanshin mokuji, giving different titles: Shengyu tiaoli shiyi for Tian Wenjing’s text, Shengyu tiaoli zhouxian shiyi for Li Wei’s text. Siku xuxiu 23:404. Zhou Shaoyuan and Han Xiutao, “Zhongguo gudai xianzhi yu guanzhen sixiang.” Transl.: Text with transl. in modern Chinese, in Guandian, vol. 2. [PEW]

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Shuzhi tigang 蜀治提綱, 1 ce [General Principles for Governance in Sichuan] By Yang Bi 楊馝 (z. Jingshan 靜山) (1681–1764), belonging to the Chinese Plain Yellow Banner, from Xiangping 襄平 (Liaoyang 遼陽, Fengtian 奉天) 1736 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated Yizhi tang ed. 義質堂藏板, with author’s pref. (1736). [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: This 41-folio text is not a standard magistrate handbook, but a set of systematic and fairly concrete advice belonging to the same genre, handed down to the magistrates of Sichuan by governor Yang Bi, a year after he assumed the Sichuan post, in the form of a circular whose complete caption is “A general directive enumerating the duties of magistrates with a view to enhance administrative discipline” (為指 示州縣應行之事宜臚列通飭以肅吏治事). He says in his introductory comments that he was motivated by the sorry state of local administration in Sichuan and the accumulated bad habits, and that his advice is based on the extensive personal experience acquired during a career whose success was due not to some extraordinary technique (異術), but to the precepts of his late father. He warns rather sternly that from now on slackness and cheating among officials won’t be tolerated. The first 12 entries advise on judicial procedure (how to report on complaints, extract confessions, conduct forensic examinations, write judicial conclusions [看語], report to higher courts, etc.). Then a series of entries deal with the magistrate’s behavior, yamen discipline, the selection of private secretaries, educating the populace and supporting correct values, as well as the different tasks of local administration (including a number of further entries on the administration of justice), a lengthy “song to encourage agriculture” (勸農歌), and a list of the celebratory and fasting days when punishments cannot be applied (停刑日期). The work ends with a long list of “laws easily broken by ignorant rustics” (愚民易 犯律條). Appended are four entries on the attitude a new official should strive to maintain vis-à-vis subordinates and the populace, as well as in his own behavior (附筮仕心法四則). Bio.: Yang Bi says in his pref. that he started his forty-year career at age 19 and rose all the way from magistrate to governor. He served in a variety of provinces, notably as magistrate in Shaanxi (his first post), Zhili, and Shandong in the last third of the Kangxi reign; as prefect in Yunnan; as grain

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intendant of Hunan, surveillance commissioner (1730–33) and administration commissioner of Shaanxi (1733–34), governor of Hubei (1734–35) and of Sichuan (1735–37), a post from which he was cashiered for having disobeyed an imperial rescript. Later he is mentioned as an intendant in Gansu (from 1742) and as vice-minister of the Court of Imperial Entertainments (光祿寺 少卿) (from 1748). See Guochao qixian leizheng, 66/27a; BZJ, 69/20b–21b; Renming quanwei. [LG, PEW] 0207

Guanzhen batiao 官箴八條 [Eight Pieces of Admonition for Local Officials] By Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi) 1744 Ed.: – In Peiyuan tang oucun gao (q.v.), 20/11a–24b.

Rem.: A circular handed down to Shaanxi officials while Chen was governor of that province. The admonitions were circulated in the midst of a campaign to mobilize local officials to visit every settlement in their jurisdictions and devise policies on “what should be promoted or abolished” (興除事宜). The lengthy entries discuss sincerity (存實心), integrity (堅操持), instructing the masses (廣化誨), enduring hardship (耐煩 勞), controlling one’s subordinates (察屬吏), exercising authority upon clerks and runners (馭書役), avoiding selfish calculations (戒揣摩), not causing trouble to the people (禁擾累), not concealing one’s shortcomings (絕回護), and not yielding to anger (息忿怒)—making ten in all. Bio.: see under Congzheng yigui. Ref. and studies: For the circumstances in which these instructions were promulgated, see Will, “The 1744 Audits of Magistrate Activity,” esp. 25ff. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [PEW]

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Zuoli yaoyan 作吏要言 [Important Sayings about Being an Official] By Ye Zhen 葉鎮 (z. Junfan 君藩, h. Yuping 玉屏) (js. 1748), from Shunchang 順昌 (Fujian) N.d. Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. owned by the Dongfang wenxue weiyuanhui 東方文學 委員會, with pref. by Zhang Wanggu 張王榖 (1763, written for a 1764 engraving). Copy includes Juguan zijing pian yinyi (q.v.). – *Appended to (Buzhu) Xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.), 1843 ed. by Tong Lian, with pref. by Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (1764), inserted commentary by Zhu Chun 朱椿 (h. Xingzhai 性齋), followed by Guanjian shier ze 管見十二則 by Zhu Chun. (Cheng Hongmou’s pref. and the “twelve items” do not feature in all copies.) – *In Guanmu tongzhou lu (q.v.), with Chen Hongmou’s pref. (1764) and Zhu Chun’s commentary, three of the “twelve items” inserted in text. – *1889 new ed. from the office of Guangdong administration commissioner You Zhikai 游智開, including Zhu Chun’s commentaries and Guanjian shier ze, with an advertisement by You Zhikai on the cover (1889) and prefs. by Chen Hongmou (to 重刊, 1764) and Jiang Youxian 蔣攸銛 (to 重 刻, 1819). [Shoudu] – *Photo-repro. of text appended to Tong Lian’s Buzhu Xiyuan lu jizheng (with Shu Chun’s commentary and shier ze), in Siku jinhui shu congkan, 史, vol. 72.

Rem.: Chen Hongmou says in his pref. that the work was written while Ye Zhen was a magistrate in Jiangxi, so, in the 1750s; he finds it superior to his own Guanzhen batiao (q.v.). The work is said to have been first printed with the help of a certain Wang Baizhai 少宰王白齋 (Wang Jihua 際華), of whom Ye Zhen was a disciple (門下士), and at whose place Chen was able to see a copy for the first time. The text is in the form of rather short entries (49 in all), some of them close to aphorisms, most of them followed by a commentary by Zhu Chun expanding—at times quite lengthily—on Ye’s considerations. There is a strong emphasis on the personal and professional ethics and behavior of the magistrate; at the same time many practical problems are discussed, such as drawing maps, establishing primary schools, communicating with the populace, encouraging philanthropy, administering justice, and so on. Publication in that form had been decided following a meeting between Zhu Chun and Chen Hongmou. Zhu’s “Twelve humble opinions” expand

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on the same topics and in the same style. The work (together with Zhu’s comments) is much quoted in Muling shu (q.v.).

Bio.: Ye Zhen started his career as an instructor (教習) in a banner school, before being appointed magistrate of Dean 德安 (Jiangxi), and three years later (1753) of Poyang 鄱陽 in the same province. He appears to have earned much popularity there, and was promoted to magistrate of Jinzhou 晉州 (Zhili), a post he had to leave for mourning. He died at age 49. See Shuchang XZ (1765), 6/32a–b; Jiangxi TZ (1881), 132/39b. Zhu Chun (1710–84), a student by purchase (監生) from Louxian 婁縣 (Jiangsu), bought a brevet of assistant prefect (通判) and was vice-prefect (同知) of Jingzhou 荊州 (Hubei) in 1741–47 and prefect of Jinhua 金華 (Zhejiang) in 1747–51; in the following years he assumed several posts of intendant in Zhejiang, Fujian, and Hubei. After 1770 he was surveillance, then administration, commissioner of Guangxi and Yunnan, and became governor of Guangxi (1781–82), with the concurrent title of censor-in-chief (左都御史); the latter title (using the appellation 總憲) is attached to his name at the beginning of Zuoli yaoyan in the version appended to the Tong Lian eds. of Xiyuan lu jizheng. See Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu 31:761 (Qianlong-era ms.) [PEW] 0209

Tumin lu 圖民錄, 4 j. [Planning for the People] By Yuan Shouding 袁守定 (z. Shulun 叔倫/論, h. Yizhai 易齋) (1705– 82) (js. 1730), from Fengcheng 豐城 (Jiangxi) 1756 pref. Ed.:

– *1777 engraving (鐫) of the Shizhu shanfang 石竹山房, with prefs. by Chen Shouyi 陳守詒 (1777) and author (1756). Chen is given as “editor” (訂) in chapter captions (he prepared this ed. while at the Ministry of War; see postfs. by Liu Heng and Yuan Mingtai in later eds.); no mulu; in the copy seen the prefs. appear a second time at the end of the work. [Beitu] – 1824 ed. published by Liu Heng 劉衡 in the Dianjiang 墊江 (Sichuan) official residence, based on a ms. copy obtained from Zhao Ti’er 趙惕爾, the son of a classmate (see postfs. by Liu Heng and Yuan Mingtai in later eds.). [Fu Sinian] – *Undated new ed. (重輯) by Zhou Renfu 周壬福 and Zhou Bao 周堡, both from Changshu 常熟 (Jiangsu), based on a copy given by Chen Yongguang 陳用光, Chen Shouyi’s son, with author’s pref. (1756), biography by Weng

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Xincun 翁心存, and two postfs. (跋) by Zhou Renfu (1836 and 1839). [Columbia] – *Undated ed. with author’s original pref. (1756) and funerary inscription (墓誌) by Jiang Shiquan 蔣士銓, postfs. (跋) by Liu Heng’s son Liu Liangju 劉良駒, (1839), the author’s great-grandson [Yuan] Mingtai 曾孫銘泰 (n.d.), and Liu Heng (1824). [Beitu] – *1839 new engraving (重刻) of the Xinzhongzhu xuan 新種竹軒藏板 titled Yuan Yizhai xiansheng 袁易齋先生 Tumin lu, with prefs. by author (1756) and Liu Heng (1824), postf. by [Yuan] Mingtai (n.d.); 16 “disciples” (後學) are listed as collators (同校), the last-named being Liu Liangju: this is probably the ed. produced by Liu Liangju (whose 1839 postf. is reproduced in later eds.), based on a copy of the ed. published in Henan by Yuan Mingtai in 1833 or thereafter, itself the facsimile (影刻) of a copy of the Liu Heng ed. given to him by Liu Liangju when they met in the capital. [IHEC] – *Undated ed. with author’s “original preface” (1756), funeral inscription by Jiang Shiquan, postfs. (跋) by Yuan Mingtai (n.d.) and Liu Liangju (1839). This ed. is based on the one realized by Yuan Mingtai when he was magistrate of Linxian 林縣 in Henan, itself based on a copy of Liu Heng’s ed. given to him by Liu Liangju, then returned (see the postf., and see above). [Fu Sinian] – *1857 new engraving made at Jinguancheng, i.e. Chengdu (重鐫於錦官 城), blocks kept at the Shaanxi-Gansu guildhall (版藏太平街陝甘公所), collated by ten different persons, including Jiang Ruocai 蔣若采, the official from Chang’an (Shaanxi) who published the work according to Wu Tang’s pref.; with pref. by Sichuan governor-general Wu Tang 吳棠 (1869), who had 1,000 copies printed for distribution, and Yuan Shouding (1756), funeral inscription by Jiang Shiquan, pref. by Liu Liangju (1839, same text as the postf. mentioned above), postfs. by Yuan Mingtai (n.d.) and Liu Liangju (1839, identical to the pref.), note (書後) by Liu Heng (1824). [*Tōyō Bunko] – 1858 ed. [Shanghai] – 1871 Zhejiang shuju 浙江書局 ed. – *1872 Jiangxi shuju 江西書局 new ed. (重栞), with author’s pref. (1756), postfs. by Yuan Mingtai (n.d.) and Liu Liangju (1839), note by Liu Heng (1824). [Jimbun] – *[1873] ed. published by Zhejiang governor Yang Changjun 楊昌濬, title in chapter captions Yuan Yizhai xiansheng Tumin lu, with prefs. by Yang Changjun (1873), Liu Liangju (1839), and author (1756), funeral inscription by Jiang Shiquan; the chapter captions present this ed. as “republished

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by Yang Changjun from Xiangxiang 湘鄉楊昌濬重刊 and coll. by Liang Gongchen from Changle 長樂梁恭辰校字”; this intendant Liang (梁觀 察), said to have given a copy of the work to Yang Changjun, is also the author of a text titled Quanjie lu 勸戒錄, in Youfu dushu tang congke 有福 讀書堂叢刻 (1901), of which j. 7 is devoted to cases of official corruption cited as warning. [*Harvard] [*Jimbun] [*Ōki, with author’s pref. before that of Liu Liangju] [*Shoudu] [*Tōyō Bunka] – *1879 Jiangsu shuju 江蘇書局 new ed. (重刊) with author’s “original preface” (1756), funeral inscription by Jiang Shiquan, postfs. by Yuan Mingtai (n.d.) and Liu Liangju (at Fu Sinian and Beida), note by Liu Heng (1824). [*Fu Sinian] [*Shoudu] [*Beida] – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) bearing a stamp of the Guozijian dated 1883, with author’s “original preface” (1756), funeral inscription by Jiang Shiquan (placed after the mulu), postfs. by Yuan Mingtai (n.d.) and Liu Liangju, note by Liu Heng (1824). [Beitu] – *1890 new ed. (重刊) of the Guiyuan shuju 桂垣書局 in Guilin, with prefs. by Ma Peiyao 馬丕瑤 (1890) and author (1756), funeral inscription by Jiang Shiquan, postfs. by Yuan Mingtai, Liu Liangju, and Liu Heng. [CASS Jinshi suo] – *1896 new ed. by Sheng Fu (Jiechen) at the Tanyuan shufang in Jilin 吉林探源書坊盛福介臣氏重刊, printing blocks kept at the late Duke Zhuangmin shrine 版藏於先壯愍公專祠, with pref. by author (1756); cover-leaf with indication “with a contribution of 40 taels by Chang, Tartar General of Jilin” 吉林將軍長捐資四十兩. [Harvard] – *Photo-repro. of 1890 new ed., in ZSJC, vol. 8 (without cover-leaf). – *Photo-repro. of 1879 Jiangsu shuju new ed., in GZSJC, vol. 5.

Rem.: A standard handbook for magistrates, by an author who served, apparently with much distinction, as magistrate of Huitong 會同 and Zhijiang 芷江 counties and Guiyang 桂陽 department (Hunan), and later in Quzhou 曲周 (Zhili). The work consists of short entries (253 in all) on topics dealing with the magistrate’s personal behavior and with his administrative duties. It is heavily quoted in Muling shu (q.v.). It was obviously considered a work of reference in the nineteenth century, as illustrated by the keen interest manifested by Liu Heng, the author of Yongli yongyan (q.v.), and his son. Liu Heng, who had access to the text in 1820, claims that it served as a blueprint (紛本) for Wang Huizu’s Xuezhi yishuo (q.v.), which indeed is similar in format; he insists that the chief merit of Tumin lu, besides the information on local government it provides, is its emphasis on loving the people (以愛民為主). Most entries generously cite model officials of the past as examples, though in a

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rather allusive fashion, implying a fair knowledge of history on the part of the reader and connecting the author’s utterances with a culture of professional excellence. Only some of the eds. have tables of contents.

Bio.: During his career Yuan Shouding acquired reputation as a capable, virtuous, and popular official. His biographies emphasize his talent at solving difficult criminal cases. After the magistracies mentioned above (he received the first in 1734, four years after his jinshi), he was promoted to be a secretary in the Ministry of Rites, and later became vice-director; he retired at age 55 on the grounds of ill health, and died in 1782 at age 78. See Weng Xincun’s biographical sketch, “Libu zhushi Yuan xiansheng zhuan” 禮部主事袁先生傳, in the Zhou Renfu ed. of Tumin lu. The funeral inscription reproduced in several eds. is entitled “Libu ciji si zhushi Yizhai Yuan gong muzhiming” 禮部祠祭司 主事易齋袁公墓誌銘 and is extracted from Jiang Shiquan’s Zhongya tang wenji 忠雅堂文集 (1843 ed.), 5/42a–43b. See also Guochao qixian leizheng, 144/補錄; Fengcheng XZ (1825), 13/29a–30b. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307. Ma, 135–6 (Beida) (1871 Zhejiang shuju ed.). Siku xuxiu 11:307 (1873 ed.), 31:781 (1890 ed.). Kanshin mokuji. Watt, 258, and index for citations. Chang, 1:146–7 (1824 and 1879 eds.). Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 3. [PEW] 0210

Changshi yu 嘗試語, 3 ce [Pronouncements on Things Tried] By Wang Zhi 王植 (z. Huaisan 懷三, h. Zhuangsi 戅思) (js. 1721), from Shenze 深澤 (Zhili) 1762 pref. Ed.: – *1800 Shenze Wang-family ed., printing blocks at “this yamen” 本衙藏板, with author’s pref. (1762). [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: As indicated in the pref., the work is based on the experience accumulated during a thirty-year career (1721–50) as magistrate in twelve counties and departments. The 34 entries, some quite extensive, follow each other in continuous pagination (75 folios in all). In topic and tone they are strongly evocative of other mid- to late-eighteenth century handbooks stressing the personal qualities, professionalism, and interventionist attitude of the official, and displaying an austere tone: other examples include Tumin lu and Zuoli yaoyan (qq.v.), Chen Hongmou’s proclamations and circulars, and Wang Huizu’s handbooks. There are numerous mentions of what the author did and said during his career, and some lively anecdotes. The entries are titled “Being loyal to the

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sovereign” (忠君), “Establishing policies” (立政), “Serving the gods” (事 神), “Suppressing abuses” (革弊), “Making enquiries” (諮訪) (i.e., to show one cannot be deceived), “Bad customs” (敝俗) (on gambling, prostitution, temple fairs, and operatic shows), “Clerks” (胥吏), “Runners” (衙役), “County affairs” (邑事), “Post transfer” (交代), “Granaries” (倉庾), “Serving one’s superiors” (奉上), “Answering one’s superiors’ requests” (應對), “Dealing with colleagues” (同官), “Colleagues in the same city” (同城), “Relations with gentrymen” (紳士), “Lawsuits” (辭訟), “Pressing tax payments” (催科), “Teaching law” (教法), “Friendly relations among colleagues” (寅誼), “Private servants” (家人), “Community granaries” (社倉), “Local resources” (地利), “Famine relief” (賑恤), “Irrigation” (水利), “Court audiences” (聽斷), “Homicides” (命案) (including accounts of cases solved by the author), “Banditry” (盜案), “Penal law” (刑律) (general discussion of homicides and banditry, forensics, punishments, use of torture, etc.), “Major cases” (大案) (including a case

of rebellion in Guangdong around 1730 and gang rape by male lepers), “Perverse people” (頑梗) (examples in Guangdong), “Maintaining city walls and public buildings” (城署), “Four warnings” (四警) (against different types of negligence or confusion), and “Two important things” (二要) (viz. reading classics and histories, and moderating desires). Administrative and policy papers by Wang Zhi, including some found in the present collection, also feature in j. 7–8 of his writings, titled Chongya tang gao 崇雅堂藁 (with a 1746 author’s pref. and a 1759 pref.; photo-repro. in SKCMCS, 集, vol. 272; title Chongde 德 tang gao in mulu caption and in Siku editors’ note). The judgments (讞) in j. 8 are photoreproduced in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 17. Bio.: After his jinshi Wang Zhi did internships (觀政) in central offices. His first appointment as magistrate, to Heping 和平 (Guangdong), was followed by several acting magistracies, until he became magistrate of Luoding 羅定 independent department. He was called to an imperial audience on the recommendation of Guangdong governor Wang Anguo 王安國, but could only go in 1746 because of mourning leave. It is probably then that he compiled the gazetteer of his native Shenze, published in 1742. Later on he filled three more magistracies in Shandong, including Tancheng 郯城, where Huang Liuhong had served almost a century earlier (see under Fuhui quanshu). He was obviously a model official, with temples in his honor erected in several places. See Shenze XZ (1862), 8/7b–11a. [PEW]

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[Xinbian] Lizhi xuanjing 新編吏治懸鏡, 8 j. [A Suspended Mirror for Administrative Discipline] By Xu Wenbi 徐文弼 (z. Rangyou 勷右, Jinshan 藎山) (jr. 1741), from Fengcheng 豐城 (Jiangxi) 1765 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. titled Lizhi xuanjing. [Fu Sinian, in poor condition]. – *Undated ed. titled Xinbian lizhi xuanjing, with a pink cover-leaf featuring the phrase Churen beiyao quanshu 初任備要全書 on the left side. [Columbia] – *Undated ed. titled Xinbian lizhi xuanjing, with cover-leaf featuring the phrase Churen beiyao diyi 第一 quanshu on top, name of author, and indication benya cangban 本衙藏板 on the right side, titles of the eight sections on the left; the quality of paper and printing seems superior to the other eds. seen. [*Congress/LL] [*BN (pink cover-leaf)] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Leiden] – *Undated ed. responding to the description above, with author’s pref. (1765). [Shanghai] – *Undated ed. titled Lizhi xuanjing, with yellow cover-leaf, j. 1 preceded by the list of works used (at the beginning of j. 1 in the other eds.), a list of counties bearing the same name (天下縣名相同), a list of prefectures and counties bearing the same name but not attached to each other (天下府縣名相同不相屬者), and 5 pages of “circumstances leading to rewards” (編議敘, at the end of j. 5 in the other eds.). [Congress/LL] – *Undated ed. titled Lizhi xuanjing on cover-leaf (giving the titles of the eight sections on the right and left sides), Xinbian lizhi xuanjing in chapter captions. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Jimbun] – *Undated Wuyin shanfang 五蔭山房 ed., yellow cover-leaf with title Xinbian lizhi xuanjing, author’s name (豐城藎山徐勷右彙集) and publisher’s name on the right side, title of eight sections on the left, inscription Churen beiyao diyi quanshu at the top; in the copy at Shanghai the mulu of j. 1 (placed before the pref.) is followed by the two representations of the body in Xiyuan lu (q.v.). [*CASS Jinshisuo] [*Shanghai] – Undated Hongdao tang 宏道堂 ed. – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Fu Sinian, Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 1976, 3 vols. (Biji wubian 筆記五編 ser., ce 5–7).

Rem.: A somewhat heterogeneous but extremely thorough and detailed handbook, explicitly aimed at beginners. The contents of j. 1, on “Assuming office” (蒞任初規), are those of a typical magistrate

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Lizhi xuanjing (#0211) (photo-repro. of undated ed. at Fu Sinian Library), j. 7, picture of a gruel distribution center

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Figure 3

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handbook; the chapter is based on a series of existing works (list at the beginning), plus author’s additions and personal remembrances of his tenure in Yongchuan 永川 (Sichuan) in 1764–68. Among the handbooks most often quoted are Huang Liuhong’s Fuhui quanshu, and Tumin lu by Xu’s fellow countryman Yuan Shouding (qq.v.). (Xu’s pref. mentions a meeting between the two after Yuan had been promoted to a capital post.) The list of works consulted includes Da Qing huidian 大清會典, but not the Da Qing huidian zeli 則例 printed in 1764. The rest of the work features a detailed discussion of the tasks of the yamen’s six bureaus (政務分譜) (j. 2); essentials taken from Xiyuan lu (q.v.) (洗冤括要) (j. 3); a long list of medical prescriptions for poor people residing in faraway districts without access to competent doctors (救急奇方), citing all sorts of ailments and situations, both mortal and non-mortal (j. 4); a list of the administrative punishments meted out to magistrates committing irregularities (處分統紀) (j. 5); a summary of the Penal Code (律總備查), with crimes classified by punishment in ascending order— corresponding to the “general categories” genre (see under Lüli zonglei) (j. 6); a compilation of directives, models, and plates (e.g., of a granary, a noria, a gruel distribution center) regarding various policies to improve local conditions (諸圖定式) (j. 7); and a list of the empire’s administrative units with their four-character code and fiscal quota (輿地便覽) (j. 8). Each juan is preceded by a one-page intro. Although the words xinbian in the title do not appear on all eds., the contents appear to be the same everywhere. Bio.: Xu Wenbi was appointed instructor (教諭) at Poyang 鄱陽 (Jiangxi) in 1749 thanks to his ranking on the supplentary list of the metropolitan examination; then he became magistrate of Jiangjin 江津 and Yongchuan (Sichuan), and from 1773 of Yiyang 伊陽 (Henan). He was known for “concrete policies” (實政), and retired because of old age. See Fengcheng XZ (1825), 16/17a (placing him in the section on “men of letters,” 文苑); Nanchang 南昌 FZ (1873), 45/36b; Yongchuan XZ (1894), 7/13a; Poyang XZ (1871), 5/11a; Yiyang XZ (1838), 3/15a. Ref. and studies: Ma, 124–5 (Qinghua) (Hongdao tang ed.). QSG, 147/4334 (in 1 juan). Chang, 1:151 (Hongdao tang ed.). [PEW]

0212

Xuezhi yishuo 學治臆說, 2 j. [Personal Views on Learning Government] By Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (z. Huanzeng 煥曾, h. Longzhuang 龍莊, Guilu 歸廬) (1731–1807) (js. 1775), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) 1793 pref. Ed.: Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– *1793 engraving (鋟) of the Shuangjie tang 雙節堂藏板, with author’s pref. (1793), with Xuezhi xushuo and Xuezhi shuozhui. [*Ōki, with Zuozhi yaoyan and Xu zuozhi yaoyan] [*Beitu, in Shuangjie tang zalu] – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Jiang Youxian 蔣攸銛 (to 重刊, 1813) and author (1793), with table of contents, also including Xuezhi xushuo and Xuezhi shuozhui. [Congress/LL] – *1837 ed. of the Jiangxi administration commissioner’s office (江西藩庫 藏板), with author’s pref. (1793), with table of contents, also including Xuezhi xushuo and an additional 12 entries titled Chongke fuji 重刻附 記 by Song Tingheng 宋廷鑅, with 1817 pref. (Song also printed an ed. of Xuezhi yishuo in Beijing). [*Harvard] – *1837 new ed. (重刻) of the Zhili administration commissioner’s office (板 存直隸藩署), with prefs. by Muzhang’a 穆彰阿 (1838), Qishan 琦善 (1838), Tuohunbu 托渾布 (1837), and Wang Huizu (1793), the first three being to the new ed. sponsored by Tuohunbu (z. Aishan 愛山), a passionate admirer of the book, whose pref. is followed by his genealogy; Tuohunbu had been appointed Zhili administration commissioner when he was able to have the book engraved. This ed. also includes Song Tingheng’s 12 additional entries and pref., and 12 more entries by Tuohunbu dealing with problems specific to Zhili (such as affairs related to tribute transportation, combating locusts, and sectarians), titled Jifu shiyi 畿輔事宜. This ed. ends with postfs. (跋) by Lu Feiquan 陸費瑔 (1838), Wei Maolin 魏茂 林 (1838), and Tao Liang 陶樑 (1838). [Beitu] – *[1839] ed. with intro. and printed by Yunnan governor Yan Botao 顏伯 燾, with pref. by Dong Guohua 董國華 (1826) and original pref. (to Bingta menghen lu, q.v.) by Wang Huizu (1796), self-pref. by Wang Huizu (1793), together with Xuezhi xushuo and Xuezhi shuozhui, all with tables of contents. [Jimbun] – *[1852] small-sized ed. with pref. by author (1793), with Xuezhi xushuo and Xuezhi shuozhui, as a set with Jin Ying’s Congzheng yueyan (q.v.) and other works by Wang Huizu and Liu Heng. [Ōki] – *1868 Hubei Chongwen shuju engraving 湖北崇文書局開雕, with prefs. by Jiang Youxian (to 重刊, 1813) and author (1793); entire text, including prefs. and table of contents, has continuous page-numbering. Xuezhi xushuo and Xuezhi shuozhui in a separate fasc. by same publisher, same date. [*Beitu, as a set with xushuo and shuozhui] [*Columbia, yishuo and xushuo/shuozhui as two separate books] [*Shoudu, without xushuo and shuozhui] – *Undated ms. copy in running but clear hand, without pref., including Xuezhi xushuo (with author’s postf., 1794), and Xuezhi shuozhui. [Beida]

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– *In Duhua zhai congshu, 7 集, with author’s pref. (1793) and table of contents. [IHEC] – *In Huanhai zhinan wuzhong (q.v.), with prefs. by Jiang Youxian (1813) (not in Tian Tao copy) and author (1793), with table of contents. – *In Longzhuang yishu (q.v.), without table of contents and with author’s pref. – *In Rumu xuzhi wuzhong (q.v.), with table of contents and prefs. by Zhang Tingxiang 張廷驤 (1883), author (1793), and Jiang Youxian (1813, to new ed.) (In varying order depending on ed.). – *In Wang Longzhuang wuzhong (q.v.). – *In Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu (q.v.), Shandong shuju ed., with tables of contents and prefs. by author (1793) and Gong Yu 龔裕 (n.d.); Wangsanyi zhai ed., without tables of contents and with prefs. by Jiangning administration commissioner and acting director-general of grain transport Wu Tang 吳棠 (1862, to a “new edition” 重刻) and author (1793; placed before j. 2 in the copy at Beitu). – *In Mumin baojian (q.v.), with table of contents and prefs. by Jiang Youxian (1813) and author (1793) – *In Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 892, based on Duhua zhai congshu ed., and jianbian, fasc. 287. – *Photo-repro. of 1871 Shenjian tang ed. of Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu, with prefs. by Xu Bao 許寶 (1871, to new ed. of Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu), Yang Shaozu 楊紹祖 (Rongtang 蓉塘) (1871, same), and author (1793), no mulu, in GZSJC, vol. 5. – *Photo-repro. of Wangsanyi zhai Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 755. – Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 9–10.

Rem.: According to his pref., the work is based on notes taken by two of the author’s sons during conversations he had with guests on problems of government. Wang then edited the text, avoiding redundancy vis-a-vis his Zuozhi yaoyan (q.v.): the two works therefore complement each other. The 124 entries cover matters found in standard magistrate handbooks. The emphasis is laid on the official’s behavior, ethics, and intercourse with colleagues, subordinates, and the larger society, rather than on technical administrative details. Ever since its publication, Xuezhi yishuo has been held as a sort of model, perhaps the classic, standard magistrate handbook. As suggested by some of the prefs., a number of eds. not listed above must have been published. For two continuations of the work, see Xuezhi xushuo and Xuezhi shuozhui (qq.v.). Bio.: See under Bingta menghen lu.

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Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307, 147/4334. Ma, 132 (Beida) (Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu Shandong shuju ed.). Chang, 1:159–60. Siku xuxiu 23:405. Xu Zi, 370–419. Guo Chengwei, 232–47. Balazs, “A Handbook of Local Administrative Practice of 1793.” Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 3. A large number of entries translated in Balazs, “A Handbook” (see above); IHEC holds the ms. of a near-complete draft French translation by Balazs. Bibliography entries for same author: Bingta menghen lu; Menghen luyu; Menghen lu jiechao; Xuezhi xushuo; Xuezhi shuozhui; Zuozhi yaoyan; Xu Zuozhi yaoyan; Wang Longzhuang wuzhong; Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu; Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu hekan; Longzhuang yishu. [PEW] 0213

Xuezhi xushuo 學治續說 [A Sequel to Personal Views on Learning Government] By Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (z. Huanzeng 煥曾, h. Longzhuang 龍莊, Guilu 歸廬) (1731–1807) (js. 1775), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) 1794 postf. Ed.:

– Found in the same collections as Xuezhi yishuo (q.v.), with author’s postf. (跋) (1794).

Rem.: A continuation to Xuezhi yishuo, with a total 50 entries.

Bio.: See under Bingta menghen lu. Ref. and studies: Ma, 132. Xu Zi, 420–41. Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 3. [PEW] 0214

Xuezhi shuozhui 學治說贅 [Iterations of Personal Views on Learning Government] By Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (z. Huanzeng 煥曾, h. Longzhuang 龍莊, Guilu 歸廬) (1731–1807) (js. 1775), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) 1800 intro. Ed.: – Found in same collections as Xuezhi yishuo and Xuezhi xushuo (qq.v.), with intro. dated 1800.

Rem.: An additional five entries completing the two previous works. The first entry is a description of ten different sorts of registers (簿記) to be kept by the magistrate.

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Bio.: See under Bingta menghen lu. Ref. and studies: Ma, 132 (Beiping). Xu Zi, pp. 442–52. Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 3. [PEW] 0215

Zhouxian xuzhi 州縣須知, 4 j. [What Magistrates Need to Know] Ed. (評定) Cheng Yan 程炎 (m. later changed to Jisheng 際盛, z. Huanruo 煥若) (js. 1780), from Changzhou 長洲 (Jiangsu) 1794 pref. Ed.:

– *1794 Yishan tang 一善堂 new engraving (新梓), ed. (評定) by Huguang circuit Censor 掌湖廣道監察御史 Cheng Yan, with prefs. by Cheng Yan (1794) and Fang Ruqian 方汝謙 (to Baojian xiyuan lu, 1761). [*Beitu] [*Jimbun, Zhouxian xuzhi zhaiyao 摘要 on cover-leaf, no publisher mentioned, with 1796 ed. of Zengshan zuoza xuzhi (q.v.) appended] [*ZKT, titled Zhouxian xuzhi zhaiyao on cover-leaf, name of publisher (before the caracters 藏板) erased] – *As part of 1816 Wensheng tang new engraving of Zhouxian zuoza xuzhi heke (q.v.), with prefs. by Wang Xianglin 王香霖 (to Zuoza xuzhi, 1796) and Fang Ruqian (1761). [*Chicago, j. 3–4 and entire Zuoza xuzhi missing]. – *As part of 1849 Saoye shanfang ed. of Zhouxian zuoza xuzhi heke (q.v.), with pref. by Cheng Yan (1794) and Wang Xianglin’s pref. to Zuoza xuzhi. [*Shoudu] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection, without Cheng Yan’s pref.] – *1862 Baoren tang 寶仁堂 new engraving (新鐫) titled Zhouxian xuzhi zhaiyao and mention of Huguang circuit Censor Cheng Yan’s editorship (評定) on cover-leaf, with prefs. by Wang Xianglin (1862) (sic) and Cheng Yan (1794), as a set with Zuoza xuzhi (q.v.). [Tōdai] – *Photo-repro. of 1794 ed. (apparently copy at ZKT), in Siku weishou, ser. 4, vol. 19. – Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 3, vol. 1. – *Modern typeset ed. of j. 3, in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 3.

Rem.: All eds. are small-sized and (except the one at ZKT) badly printed. Cheng Yan’s pref. states that this manual is explicitly intended for the inexperienced. The rather detailed text is organized into four parts: (1) Generalities on the magistrate’s functions (官箴總論), consisting of about 20 lengthy entries discussing in very clear language the topics usual in standard handbooks: maintaining an attitude of austerity and integrity when assuming one’s post, being careful in the post-transfer procedure (交代), ensuring security (關防), accepting complaints (放告)

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every day, educating the populace, tax administration, granaries, maintenance of order, investigating crimes, administering justice, guarding against clerks and runners, relations with muyou, notables, and others, mastering the Penal Code, managing the prison, and so forth; (2) Formats and models for official correspondence, directives, etc. (稟諭 條款); (3) 20 court regulations (堂規二十則), considerations on the administration of justice (刑名總論) and on managing homicides (審理 命案), banditry (審理盜案), and various other crimes (審理雜案) ; (4) Advice on how to categorize the cases submitted to the Autumn assizes (辦秋審條款宜入情實), and, as a second part, Baojian xiyuan lu by Fang Ruqian (q.v.).

Ref. and studies: Li, pp. 6–7. Bio.: Though registered in Suzhou 蘇州, Cheng Yan apparently was originally from Xiuning 休寧 (Anhui): both places list him among their jinshi. After his jinshi he was employed in the Grand Secretariat (中書), presumably as a drafter (舍人); later he became a censor (his 1794 pref. is signed in that capacity). He was the author of several books on ancient rituals and local dialects. See Suzhou FZ (1883), 89/19a; Xiuning XZ (1815), 9/21a. [PEW] 0216

Zhouxian zuoza xuzhi heke 州縣佐雜須知合刊 [A Joint Edition of What Must Be Known by Magistrates and Assistant and Subaltern Officials] By Cheng Yan 程炎 (m. later changed to Jisheng 際盛, z. Huanruo 煥若) (js. 1780), from Changzhou 長洲 (Jiangsu), and Woniu shanren 臥牛山人 Ed.: – *1816 Wensheng tang 文盛堂 small-sized new engraving (新鐫). [Chicago] – *1849 Saoye shanfang 掃葉山房 small-sized ed. [*Hunan] [*Shoudu] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection]

Rem.: A joint ed. of Cheng Yan’s Zhouxian xuzhi (1794) and Woniu shanren’s Zuoza xuzhi (1796 ed.) (qq.v.). The copy of the 1816 ed. at Chicago has only j. 1–2 of the former, and the latter is missing; it starts with the prefs. by Wang Xianglin to Zuoza xuzhi (1796) and by Fang Ruqian to Baojian xiyuan lu (q.v.) (1796), the last work forming the second part of j. 4 of Zhouxian xuzhi. The Saoye shanfang ed. starts with Cheng Yan’s pref. to Zhouxian xuzhi (1794) (not in copy at Tōyō Bunka) and Wang Xianglin’s pref. to Zuoza xuzhi, followed by the two Xiyuan lu tables representing the front and back of a corpse and the mulu of the four chapters of the work; Fang Ruqian’s pref. to Baojian xiyuan lu (not in copy at Hunan) has been misplaced at the beginning of Zuoza xuzhi

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and is followed by the mulu; besides, j. 4 of Zuoza xuzhi has been misplaced after j. 3 of Zhouxian xuzhi.

[GRT, PEW] [QING B]

See also Guanmu tongzhou lu, Yongli yongyan, Yongli yutan, Zhouxian xuzhi Guanjian oucun 管見偶存 See: Xuezhi yide bian 0217

Juguan zhiyong pian 居官致用篇 [Usable Materials for Office Holders] By Xie Jinluan 謝金鑾 (z. Chenting 臣廷 or Juting 巨廷, h. Tuigu 退谷) (?–1820) (jr. 1788), from Houguan 侯官 (Fujian) N.d. Ed.: – *Extracts in Gan Hong’s Congzheng wenjian lu (q.v.), j. 1. – *Extracts in Zhou Binglin’s Gongmen chengquan lu (q.v.), j. 1/3b–7b.

Rem.: The author, an expectant official, served as an education official, but his considerations here concern magistrates. The text is composed of twelve short entries on what a magistrate should do and how he should behave, which strongly recall the style and contents of Wang Huizu’s handbooks. Among the topics covered in the extracts chosen by Gan Hong, several insist on the necessity of having as few private secretaries and servants as possible, and a significant number are devoted to the budget and funding of the magistrate’s office and the question of “asking for money” (要錢), fiscal surcharges, and the problem of corruption, all of this being treated in a dispassionate and realistic tone. No integral ed. of this often-quoted text has been found.

Bio.: Though he never went further than the modest position of instructor (教諭), which he exerted in his native Fujian and in Taiwan (then part of Fujian), Xie Jinluan seems to have been an activist and an influential writer and is often cited. The son of an assistant-magistrate who held the juren degree, he was trained at the Aofeng Academy 鰲峰書院 in Fuzhou, which had a strong Neo-confucian and statecraft orientation. He got his first assignment in Shaowu 邵武 (1801), and was later posted in Nanjing 南靖 (1802), Jiayi 嘉義 (on Taiwan), Nanping 南平 (from 1808), and Anxi 安溪. See Zhangzhou 漳州 FZ (1877), 13/28b; Shaowu 邵武 XZ (1855), 13/–; Taiwan TZ (undated ms., no j.

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no., 列傳); Nanping XZ (1921), 11/39b, 23/12a; Minhou 閩侯 XZ (1933), 78/2b–3b; Bandy, “Information and Local Activism,” passim. Ref. and studies: Xu Zi, 453–7. Bibliography entries for same author: Quan Zhang zhifa lun. [PEW] 0218

Zuoli guanjian 作吏管見 [Humble Opinion on Being an Official] By Zhu 朱 (no given name) Ed.: – No copy identified.

Rem.: A work often quoted in Muling shu (q.v.)

[PEW] 0219

Lizhi xuanjing 吏治懸鏡, 1 ce [A Suspended Mirror of Administrative Discipline] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. in clear hand, except in the second half; the title on the cover has the character 縣 instead of 懸. [Beida]

Rem.: The text (unrelated to the better-known [Xinbian] Lizhi xuanjing [q.v.]) starts with a 5-folio mulu featuring 297 entries. The first 6 entries of the text proper are composed of proclamations on such topics as crime and prostitution, growing and selling opium, hoarding grain, and religion. The rest of the manuscript is organized among 13 sections, each called a “general discussion” (總論), corresponding to the various tasks of a local official. They are: appointment by lots (筮仕), assuming one’s post (蒞任), finances (錢榖), ordering documents (清文), justice (刑名), sexual crimes (姦情), baojia (保甲), rituals (典禮), education and nurture (教養), famine relief (荒政), postal service (郵政), policies regarding the people (庶政), and promotion or transfer (昇遷). Various examples or models of official documents are quoted along the way. The tone is quite realistic at places: for example, in the section on “education and nurture,” while the author does mention the official regulations about encouraging orphanages and other charitable enterprises, he recalls that they are more often than not ignored, and cites examples of negligence and corruption. The only mention of a location refers to

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Suzhou and Songjiang; while there is no indication of date, the contents suggest a nineteenth-century work. [LG] 0220

Lizhi cuoyao 勵治撮要, 1 j. [Important Points for a Forceful Administration] By Zhang Jingtian 張經田 (z. Dansu 丹粟, h. Hushan 壺山) (js. 1781), from Xiangtan 湘潭 (Hunan) 1810 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated new engraving (重雕) by Xu Qingxun 徐慶勳, with pref. by Wang Zhiyi 汪志伊 (1805), original postfs. by Chu Pengling 初彭齡 (n.d.) and Li Changsen 李長森 (1807), pref. by author (1810), and postf. (跋) by Xu Qingxun (n.d.). – *Undated ms. ed., unpaginated, apparently based on the above ed., with prefs. by Wang Zhiyi (1805), Chu Pengling (跋) (n.d.), Li Changsen (後書, 1807), and author (1810), postf. by Xu Qingxun (n.d.). [Tian Tao] – *Photo-repro. of ms. ed. above, in GZSJC, vol. 6.

Rem.: The text consists of 28 mostly short paragraphs dealing with the various aspects of local governement as found in standard magistrate handbooks. The author explains in the pref. that he read treatises on government during his leisure time and selected for his own compilation the recommendations he had found efficient when put in practice. Xu Qingxun’s postf. claims that he contributed from his salary for a new engraving of the work because he had been convinced of its efficacy during his own career. Alongside general advice on personal behavior and the approach to being a local official, with much insistence on dedication, hard work, and efficiency, some entries provide rather detailed technical advice, e.g. on investigating criminals and the use of torture, administering justice, dealing with lawsuits and pettifoggers, and organizing baojia. The text of a stele erected in 1808 in Sizhou 思州 (Guizhou) celebrates the establishment of a new granary called the Bianmin cang 便 民倉. In spite of much that can be found in other similar works, the tone is quite personal. The work seems typical of the preoccupations and anxieties of elite officials from the late Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Daoguang periods who strived to maintain an efficient and respected local government amidst mounting problems (other examples would include Wang Huizu, Xie Jinluan, Gao Tingyao, and many more).

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Bio.: The son of a former prefect with a reputation for administrative excellence, Zhang started his career as secretary and, later, assistant reader (協辦侍 讀) at the Grand Secretariat. He was subsequently transferred to the provinces, serving as assistant prefect (通判) in Yanzhou 嚴州 (Zhejiang), and later as assistant prefect in charge of coastal and river defense for the Donghai region (東海海防同知) in Jiangsu. The prefs. to Lizhi cuoyao claim that he also earned reputation as assistant prefect in Hangzhou under Wang Zhiyi (who was Zhejiang administration commissioner in 1795–96). After a period of mourning he became assistant prefect in Chizhou 池州 and several other places in Anhui, then worked on river protection in Henan; in 1807 he was appointed prefect of Sizhou 思州 (Guizhou). (Wang Zhiyi’s 1805 pref. may have been to an earlier version of the work, which was later enriched with materials from Sizhou.) After another mourning leave, he became military defense intendant for the Guidong circuit (貴東兵備道) in Guizhou (1817); in 1824 he had an audience with the emperor, after which he was promoted to grain intendant and later acting administration and surveillance commissioner, still in Guizhou. He retired at age 70 and died six years later. During his career Zhang was known for his administrative competence, earning accolades for his handling of natural disasters and improving the people’s welfare. See Guochao qixian leizheng chubian, 211/65a; Hunan TZ (1885), 179/31a–32a; Sizhou FxuZ (1841), 4/18b; Guizhou TZ (1948), 宦蹟 11/19b. [JB, NP, PEW] 0221

Zuoli jiugui 作吏九規, 2 j. [Nine Rules for Being an Official] By Zhong Zhenlü 仲振履 (z. Zhe’an 柘庵, Linhou 臨侯, h. Yunjiang 雲江) (js. 1808), from Taizhou 泰州 (Jiangsu) 1812 pref. Ed.:

– *1813 engraving (鐫) with prefs. by Jiang Youxian 蔣攸銛 (1818), Li Yun 李 澐 (1813), Zhang Zuonan 張作楠 (n.d.), an anon. text entitled “Ni guanzhen” 擬官箴, pref. by author (1812), colophon by the author’s son, Zhong Yiguang 貽光 (1864). [Shanghai]

Rem.: According to the prefs. and to gazetteer evidence (see below), after two years of training in Guangzhou 廣州 prefecture as an expectant official Zhong Zhenlü served with distinction during thirteen years in Guangdong as magistrate of Xingning 興寧 (1810–15), Dongguan 東莞 (1816–18), Nanhai 南海 (1817–19, acting), and Panyu 番禺 (1819–?, acting). Zuoli jiugui was written while he was Xingning magistrate. Only in 1863 did his son Yiguang discover the printing blocks of the work among his late younger brother’s belongings. He had them reordered

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and completed based on his family copy, and printed, so that his late father would gain posthumous praise. There must therefore have been an earlier printing. The work consists of comparatively detailed prescriptions for magistrates, each with a caption, arranged under the following nine “rules” at the beginning of the work: “Ascertaining ethics” (立品), “Settling down as an official” (居官), “Serving one’s superiors” (事上), “Mobilizing personnel” (用人), “Nourishing scholars” (養士), “Making the people peaceful” (安民), “Resolving lawsuits” (决獄), “Dealing with criminal cases” (辦案), and “Levying taxes” (催科). The content is quite standard, its terseness and sternness somewhat evocative of the recommendations in Wang Huizu’s handbooks, but without any personal or autobiographical touch. Shixiang milu 石香秘錄, a short work on forensics, is printed as an annex. Bio.: See Taizhou zhi (1908), 23/37a–b; Xingning XZ (1929), 4/44b–45a (this gazetteer, originally printed in the Xianfeng era and of which Zhong had produced an earlier version during his tenure, contains several proclamations by him); Guangzhou FZ (1879), 24/25a, 25/23b, 26/23b, 109/17b–18a. [PEW]

0222

Xuezhi tixing lu 學治體行錄, 2 j. [A Record of Personal Practice of Learning Government] By Wang Fengsheng 王鳳生 (z. Zhenxuan 振軒, Zhuyu 竹嶼) (1776– 1834), from Wuyuan 婺源 (Anhui) 1823 pref. Ed.:

– *In Yuezhong congzheng lu (q.v.), with pref. to Yuezhong congzheng lu inserted after the “Xuezhi tixing lu” cover-leaf, and prefs. by Lü Huang 呂璜 (1823), Ma Boyue 馬伯樂 (1823), and author (1823). [*Columbia] [*Ōki] – *Undated ed. in one separate ce (with label “Yuezhong congzheng lu” on the cover), with prefs. by Lü Huang (1823), Ma Boyue (1823), and author (1823). [Shoudu] – *Undated ed. in one ce with prefs. by Lü Huang (1823), Ma Boyue (1823), Dong Guifu 董桂敷 (1824, to Yuezhong congzheng lu), and author (1823). [Ōki]

Rem.: A standard handbook for magistrates composed of 45 comparatively short entries dealing with the themes usual in this genre, such as how to establish one’s authority when assuming a new post, how to protect one’s integrity, how to deal with subordinates, private secretaries, higher officials, local gentry, etc., and discussing the various domains Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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of local government. The acknowledged model is Wang Huizu: Wang Fengsheng indicates in his pref. that he read Zuozhi yaoyan and Xuezhi yishuo (qq.v.) in the Zhibuzu zhai congshu ed. when he was young, and later was given a copy of the family edition by Wang Huizu’s son when he visited Xiaoshan on administrative duty shortly after Wang’s death. In successive posts in Zhejiang he endeavored to “practice personally” (tixing, hence the title) the teachings of his illustrious predecessor, whose combination of ti 體 and yong 用—of study of the classics and administrative practice—was itself based on the model officials of the past. However admirable, the model nevertheless needed to be adapted to new circumstances and completed on some points. Although there are allusions to the author’s experience in Zhejiang, as a whole the work cannot be described as region-specific. It is mentioned by Wei Yuan 魏源 in his stele biography (see below) among the works of Wang Fengsheng that were not published (i.e., not during his lifetime), but this is in contradiction with its inclusion in Yuezhong congzheng lu, whose pref. is dated 1824.

Bio.: Wang Fengsheng’s father, Wang Youliang 友亮 (js. 1781), was a metropolitan official known for his competence in law. Wang himself entered officialdom as a student by purchase (監生). In 1805 he paid a contribution to become an assistant prefect (通判) and was sent to Zhejiang as a probationary official (試用). There he made himself known as a brilliant administrator in posts of acting magistrate and as a collaborator much sought by high officials. Beginning in 1820 he occupied a series of substantive posts as assistant prefect, prefect, and circuit intendant in Zhejiang (a region where he spent much time and of which he came to be known as a specialist), Jiangsu, Hubei, and Henan, in which he earned distinction participating in a variety of famine-relief and especially water-control operations. His career culminated with the position of salt commissioner of the two Huai (兩淮鹽運使) in 1829. In 1832 he was demoted in the wake of a controversy regarding his way of dealing with a notorious salt smuggler; as a result, it was left to governor-general Tao Zhu 陶澍 to implement Wang’s proposals for reforming the Salt Administration. Wang Fengsheng, who was regarded as an outstanding technician of field administration, had a skill in explaining problems by means of maps. See Qingshi, 385/4618; XuBZJ, 34/11a–13a (funeral inscription by Wei Yuan 魏源). Ref. and studies: Watt, 257. Bibliography entries for same author: Huangzheng beilan; Liang Zhe yunku qingcha jieyao; Pinghu xian baojia shiyi; Songzhou congsheng lu; Yuezhong congzheng lu; Zhesheng cangku qingcha jieyao. [PEW]

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Xuezhi bushuo 學治補說 [Supplementary Opinions on Learning Government] By He Shiqi 何士祁 (z. Zhongjing 仲京, h. Zhuxiang 竹薌) (js. 1822), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.: – Extracts quoted in Gan Hong’s Congzheng wenjian lu (q.v.), j. 2.

Rem.: The work offers considerations that He Shiqi thought missing or insufficiently precise in Wang Huizu’s Xuezhi yishuo (q.v.). Gan Hong comments that Wang’s and He’s texts “complete each other” (相表裏), and his selection includes over 60 entries, short paragraphs with a caption that are very much in the same style as Wang Huizu’s work. They cover most aspects of the magistrate’s behavior, functions, relations with his environment, and so on, and usually tend to advocate cautiousness, preparedness, and avoiding abrupt reforms. He Shiqi also published a digest of Wang Huizu’s recollections titled Menghen lu jiechao (q.v.).

Bio.: He Shiqi’s career took place entirely in the two major Jiangnan prefectures of Suzhou 蘇州 and Songjiang 松江. After his jinshi he was acting magistrate of Louxian 婁縣 (Songjiang). During the following decade he held magistracies in Yuanhe 元和 (1825, 1827, 1831) and Wujiang (1830) (Suzhou). In 1832, and again in 1835 and 1837, he was Songjiang vice-prefect (同知), based in Chuansha subprefecture 川沙廳, where he is said to have been extremely popular due to his active intervention in hydraulic maintenance, famine relief, education, and more. After a period of mourning he returned to Suzhou, where he was magistrate of Zhaowen 昭文 in 1846 and 1847 for a few months each, then to Songjiang, where he resumed his post in Chuansha in 1848 and became acting Songjiang prefect in 1851. See Suzhou FZ (1883), 58/25a–b, 27a–b; Songjiang FZ (1883), 20/26a–27a, 29b–30a, 38a, 21/9a; Chuansha tingzhi (1879), 8/5a–b, and passim for his multiple contributions to infrastructures and general well-being. [PEW] 0224

Shuliao wenda 蜀僚問答, 2 j. [Questions and Answers by a Sichuan Official] By Liu Heng 劉衡 (z. Wensheng 文聲, Rentang 訒堂, h. Lianfang 簾舫) (1776–1841) (1800 secondary-list tribute student 副榜貢生), from Nanfeng 南豐 (Jiangxi) 1830 pref.

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Ed.:

– *[1837] ed. with prefs. by Zhuo Bingtian 卓秉恬 (1837), Yang Shida 楊士達 (1836), and Liu Heng (1830), postf. by [Liu] Liangju 劉良駒 (1836). [Beitu] – In Lianfang Xiansheng sizhong (q.v.), with prefs. by Liu Heng (1830) and Zhuo Bingtian (1837). – *1855 small-sized Shanyin Jin Ruiwu tang ed. 山陰金瑞五堂藏板, as a set with Congzheng yueyan (q.v.) and other works, with “original prefs.” by Yang Shida (1836) and Zhuo Bingtian (1837), pref. by Liu Heng (1830), postfs. (跋) by Hong Zihan 洪自含 (1855) and [Liu] Liangju (1836). [Ōki] – *In Xing’an huiyao (q.v.) – *1868 Jiangsu shuju ed. in 1 j., included in Muling shu wuzhong, Muling quanshu, and Muling qizhong (qq.v.). – *1868 Hubei Chongwen shuju 湖北崇文書局 ed., with prefs. by Liu Heng (1830), Yang Shida (1836), and Zhuo Bingtian (1837), together with Liu’s Dulü xinde, and Yuyang shanren shoujing (qq.v.); also included in Muling quanshu and Muling qizhong (qq.v.). [Columbia] – *In Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng yishu (q.v.), in 2 j. – *In Lizhi sanshu (q.v.), in 1 j. – *Ed. in 2 j., appended to the 1868 ed. of Dulü xinde (q.v.), with prefs. by Liu Heng (1830), Yang Shida (1836), and Zhuo Bingtian (1837) – *1871 ed. in Liu Nanfeng xiansheng zhipu (q.v.), with prefs. by Zhuo Bingtian (1837), Yang Shida (1836), and Liu Heng (1830). – *In Dulü shizhong (q.v.), with author’s pref. (1830). – *Undated movable-type ed. in 2 j. with prefs. by Liu Heng (1830), Zhuo Bingtian (1837), and Yang Shida (1836), postf. (跋) by Liu Heng’s son, Liu Liangju (1836); published together with Dulü xinde (q.v.). [Shoudu] – *In Mumin baojian (q.v.), with mulu and without pref. – Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 781, and jianbian, fasc. 248. – *Photo-repro. of 1868 Jiangsu shuju ed., with mulu and without pref., in GZSJC, vol. 6. – *Photo-repro. of an ed. dated 1860 by the editors, with prefs. by Liu Heng (1830), Yang Shida (1836), and Zhuo Bingtian (1837), in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 3, vol. 5.

Rem.: According to Liu Heng’s pref., this short work is the edited transcript of conversations with visitors who came asking for clarification on certain points discussed in Yongli yongyan (q.v.), and then wrote down his answers. It presents itself as a collection of miscellanous commentaries and advice for local officials, based on Liu Heng’s experience as a magistrate and prefect in Sichuan between 1827 and 1829. The entries

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are arranged in no particular order and cover a wide range of topics, with particular emphasis on the procedures for interrogating suspects accused of a crime or an offense. Other topics include charity for the poor, control of corrupt clerks, the moral and practical duties of officials, and the legal and customary norms concerning customary fees. Zhuo Bingtian’s pref. suggests that both Dulü xinde and Shuliao wenda were printed for the first time in 1837.

Bio.: Although he describes himself in the pref. to Yongli yongyan (q.v.) as a “common official” (俗吏), Liu Heng was one of the most celebrated local officials of his day, noted for his practical and honest approach to governance. He narrowly missed success at the provincial examination in 1800, but instead was enrolled as a tribute student (貢生) on the “secondary list” (副榜). After serving as Chinese instructor (漢教習官) at the National University until 1808, he started his career as a local official in 1813 as acting magistrate of Sihui 四會, then in 1817 of Boluo 博羅 and in 1818 of Xinxing 新興, all in Guangdong. After a period of mourning during which he assisted a great-uncle who was prefect of Xi’an and had the opportunity to seriously study law for the first time, he was appointed to Sichuan in 1823, where he held magistracies in Dianjiang 墊江, Liangshan 梁山 and, especially, Baxian 巴縣; in 1827 he was promoted to magistrate of Mianzhou 綿州 independent department, and later acting prefect of Baoning 保寧, and finally Chengdu 成都 (1829). He was famous for his judicial expertise, administrative skill, concern for the common people, integrity and austerity, and appears to have enjoyed wide prestige both in Guangdong and in Sichuan. In 1830 he was promoted to a position of intendant in Henan, but fell ill and could not fill the appointment. He left Sichuan in 1831. For details on his career and style of government, see the dossier assembled in Zizhi guanshu (q.v.) in support of the demand for his inclusion in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen. In addition to his administrative works, Liu Heng was the author of several treatises on mathematics, compiled by the noted astronomer and mathematician Luo Shilin 羅士琳 (d. 1853) under the title Liujiuxuan suanshu 六九軒算書. See QSG, 478/13056–58; QSLZ, 76/7a–9a; Qingdai qibai, 1:286–8; ECCP, 538–9; Renming quanwei. Ref.: QSG, 146/4307 (in one juan). Ma, 136 (Beiping). Siku xuxiu 23:470. Chang, 1: 154–5. Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 3. Bibliography entries for same author: Dulü xinde; Yongli yongyan; Zhouxian xuzhi; Yongli yutan; Lizhi sanshu; Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng yishu; Lianfang xiansheng sizhong; Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng zhipu sanzhong; Liu Nanfeng xiansheng zhipu. [NP]

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Xuezhi yishuo canyi 學治臆說參繹, 6 j. [An Explanation of Personal Views on Learning Government] By Gu Linzhi 顧麟趾 (h. Shuzhai 恕齋), from Lintong 臨潼 (Shaanxi) 1831 pref. Ed.:

– *Ms. draft copy (稿本) with prefs. by Zhu Chunxi 祝淳禧 (1831) (first page missing), author (1831), and Wang Huizu (to Xuezhi yishuo), with Wang Huizu’s Xuezhi shuozhui (q.v.) appended. [ZKT]

Rem.: At the time of composing the work, Gu had completed mourning for his mother’s 1826 death and was in the capital awaiting a new appointment (as was Zhu Chunxi, who introduces himself as the son of an official from the same jinshi class as Wang Huizu). He read Wang Huizu’s Xuezhi yishuo (q.v.) and took it as an inspiration to write further remarks, in turn enriched with extracts from other similar books, e.g. Lü Kun’s Shizheng lu (q.v.). The work is at the same time an expansion of and commentary to Xuezhi yishuo: each entry features the original text of Xuezhi yishuo, followed (in smaller characters) by Gu’s comments or quotes from other authors. There is much punctuation, underlining and correcting in red ink. In his pref. the author says that the text was read and corrected by a certain Yang Zhantang 楊鱣堂, a friend from Sichuan. In the prefs. the character yi 繹 (to explain a meaning) has been systematically corrected into zheng 證 (to prove through experience), suggesting that at some point the preferred title would have been Xuezhi yishuo canzheng, which is indeed found in the mulu that open each of the first four juan. (In his pref. Zhu Chunxi cites the title as Wang Huanzeng xiansheng 汪煥曾先生 Xuezhi yishuo canyi/zheng and speaks of 12 juan.) Zhu Chunxi, who claims that he personally met Wang Huizu after passing the examination in 1808 (in fact Wang died in 1807) and received his advice in the form of a copy of Xuezhi yishuo, congratulates himself that thanks to the work of the younger Gu Linzhi the propagation of the teachings of the great man will be expanded. For Gu Linzhi’s reputation as a judge in the early nineteenth century, see under Shanyou yanyu ji. Bio.: The 1933 ed. of Gu’s Shanyou yanyu ji (q.v.) has an appendix dated 1934 (not in the Taipei reprint) with two short biographical notes. Gu Linzhi became a magistrate in Shanxi after he had acquired a jiansheng degree. He served in Huguan 壺關, Xiaoyi 孝義, and Yuci 榆次 (in 1821) as well as in other counties as acting magistrate. His father, a private secretary who had a long career in

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Shaanxi, died in 1822; at that time Gu himself had spent 17 years as an official, and he claims in the pref. to Xuezhi yishuo canyi that he had continuously benefitted from his father’s advice. Later he served in Jiangxi. He is described as a model official, particularly good at solving cases. In general, the cases recounted in Shanyou yanyu ji give rich indications of Gu’s character and his approach to official duties. See also the biographical sketch in Yuci XZ (1853), 4/13b–14b. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 史, 2:1103. Bibliography entries for same author: Shanyou yanyu ji. [LG] 0226

Zai Lou suibi 宰婁隨筆, 1 j. [Random Notes from Governing Lou County] By Mao Yingguan 毛應觀 (z. Guansan 盥三) (jr. 1804), from Xiaxian 夏縣 (Shanxi) 1836 Ed.: – *Undated ed., without pref. [*Beitu] [*Shanghai]

Rem.: The 31-folio text include 26 entries and an appendix entitled (in the mulu) zaji 雜記, composed of nine entries. The short entries (many no more than a half-folio) are based on the author’s experience as magistrate of Louxian 婁縣, a county created in the early Qing by separating a part of Huating 華亭 (the leading county of Songjiang 松江 prefecture), during the years 1832–34. They expound his ideas on local governance, with an insistence on the peculiar difficulties and corruption in the Lower Yangzi prefectures, which he says at one point threw him into despair when he took over his post. The tone is rather pessimistic and there is a strong emphasis on the importance of the official’s morality and integrity, indispensable to avoid being defeated by a deleterious environment. The topics discussed include the difficulties and corruption in the grain tribute administration, deficits (虧空), levying taxes, controlling subaltern personnel, suppressing banditry, selecting assistants, mobilizing elites, justice administration, river dredging, teaching the peasants to be sparing and store grain (which the author claims to have done successfully through printed propaganda), and various considerations on the official’s ethics and behavior. The last include some anecdotes and on occasion are rather personal in tone, e.g. an entry where the author expatiates on the fact that he was nicknamed “Mao the Simpleton” (毛獃子) by the local gentry, but “Mao Pure-Sky” (毛青 天) by the populace. The entries in the zaji (not separate from the rest

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in the text) include a letter to the governor in which Mao asks to be relieved from his post after a few months, some accounts of his projects in Louxian, and five letters to colleagues.

Bio.: The son of an official, Mao Yingguan was appointed copyist (謄錄) in 1805, one year after his juren. After three years in that position he worked as a teacher, then was appointed magistrate of Gaoyi 高邑 (Zhili) ; this was interrupted by a period of mourning for his father, followed by 18 years during which he stayed home taking care of his mother. After his mother’s death he resumed service and was appointed to Louxian in 1834. The text was written in 1836. At some point Mao was also acting magistrate of Huating. Gazetteer sources indicate that after Louxian he was moved in 1838 to Wujiang 吴江 (Jiangsu), but had to quit after three months due to the intrigues of clerks disgruntled by his rigorous administration. He is also said to have been acting prefect of Songjiang. See “Jiawu ciguan bing” 甲午辭官稟 (no. 1 of the zaji), Xiaxian zhi (1880), 7/52a–b; Wujiang XxuZ (1879), 12/1b–2a. [LG, PEW] 0227

Xuezhi yide bian 學治一得編, 1 j. [Attainments Gained in Studying Government] By He Gengsheng 何耿繩 (z. Zhengfu 正甫, h. Yumin 玉民) (1788–?) (js. 1822), from Lingshi 靈石 (Shanxi) 1841 Ed.:

– *1841 Meishou tang 眉壽堂 ed. with prefs. by author (1841) and Peng Yuwen 彭玉雯 (1842). [*Ōki] [*Tian Tao] – *1874 Hubei Chongwen shuju 崇文書局 ed. with prefs. by Peng Yuwen (1842) and author (1841). [Beitu, with Muling shu jiyao (see under that title) and two other works, as a set titled Muling sishu 牧令四書]. – *Undated Xiaoyuan ed. 嘯園藏板 (as a set with Mingxing guanjian lu and Dulü guanlang [qq.v.]), with prefs. by author (1841) and Peng Yuwen (1843). [*Columbia] [*Tōyō Bunka, Imahori collection, without Dulü guanlang and with joint pref. to the two other works by Xu Shiluan 徐士 鑾 (1880)] – *In Linmin yaolüe (q.v.), with joint pref. to the present work and Muhan’s Mingxing guanjian lu (q.v.) by Xu Shiluan (1880), author’s pref. (1841), and pref. by Peng Yuwen (1843). – *Photo-repro. of Meishou tang ed., in GZSJC, vol. 6.

Rem.: Although the Xiaoyuan congshu pref. speaks of a handbook on the Code and judicial practice, only the first part (titled Li’an jianming

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例案簡明) concerns this domain; it dicusses forensics, the Code,

procedural issues, as well as a variety of crimes. The second part (Xuezhi shulüe 學治述略) consists of general instructions for beginning magistrates in the form of short untitled paragraphs. The Xiaoyuan ed. also includes two texts by intendant Liu Moyuan 劉默園, titled Nibing wuze 擬 稟五則 (a set of rather general recommendations for magistrates) and Yangbu bibu zhangcheng 養捕比捕章程 (regulations concerning the runners entrusted with catching lawbreakers; this last written as magistrate of Pinghu 平湖), as well as five administrative texts by He Gengsheng (two proclamations, two communications to the governor, and the internal regulations of his office) under the general title Guanjian oucun 管見偶存. Twelve articles on famine relief from a Huangzheng quanshu 荒政全書, the regulations of an orphanage (育嬰堂), and a “Song of exhortation and warning” (勸戒歌) attributed to one Ding Lisheng 丁麗生, magistrate of Zhangzi 長子 (Shanxi), are appended. In the Meishou tang ed. all these materials (which total more pages than the text proper) feature as front matter. He Gengsheng was obviously an experienced magistrate. In his own pref. he claims that he reads books on government whenever he has time and asks samples of their administrative documents from the colleagues he happens to meet. His colleague Peng Yunwen’s pref. (which provides details of He’s career) states that the work is simple and easy to put in practice, and that it is a perfect guide for beginning officials. For some reason, Peng’s pref. is dated 1842 in the Meishou tang and Chongwen shuju eds., 1843 in the Xiaoyuan eds.

Bio.: He Gengsheng started as magistrate of Baocheng 褒城 (1824) and Weinan 渭南 (1826–1829) in Shaanxi, earning from his superiors an evaluation as “outstanding” (卓異). After a mourning leave he was appointed magistrate of Dingxing 定興 (1832), then of Yongnian 永年 (1833) in Zhili, from which he was transferred the next year to Daxing 大興, one of the two Beijing counties. Then he was Donglu subprefect 東路同知 for eight years. He participated in coastal defense alongside his colleague Peng Yuwen. Later he was prefect of Guangping 廣平 (1823), Daming 大名 (1823–26), and Baoding (1826–27), all in Zhili. He held a position of intendant in Zhili beginning in 1829. See Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334 (titled Xuezhi yide lu 錄). Ma, 126–7 (Beida) (1874 ed.). Chang, 1:149–50. Qingdai lüxue, 234–42 (by Li Yi 李儀). [PEW]

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[Wen Jinghan xiansheng] Zili yan 文靜涵先生自歷言, 1 ce [Words from One’s Own Progress] By Wen Hai 文海 (z. Jinghan 靜涵), from the Chinese Bordered Yellow Banner, from Yanshan 燕山 (i.e., Beijing) 1846 pref. Ed.: – *1879 Yanfu xuan 延茀軒 engraving (開彫), with prefs. by Yan Xuchang 燕 續昌 (1879) and author (1846), postf. by Yang Zhaoli 楊照藜 (1846). [*Ōki] [*Chicago, mf.] – *1882 ms. copy of the Shi’an shuwu 適安書屋, with prefs. by Yan Xuchang (1879) and author (1846), postf. by Yang Zhaoli (1846). [Beitu] – 1892 Hubei zhengxin ju 湖北徵信局 movable-type ed. titled Wen Jinghan dashou 大守 zili yan, with prefs. by Wang Zhichun 王之春 (1892) and author (1846). – Undated ms. ed. [Shanghai] – *Photo-repro. of 1892 ed., in GZSJC, vol. 6.

Rem.: Advice for magistrates based on the author’s own experience. The text is composed of 41 rather short untitled paragraphs discussing in very factual and concrete terms the usual items found in magistrate handbooks, starting with the required visits upon arriving in the province, and including asking for advice, hiring secretaries and servants, disciplining clerks, reviewing pending cases, taking over accounts (交代), organizing the accounting office (帳房), identifying local bullies, gambling dens, etc., holding court, handling criminal cases, protecting one’s integrity and maintaining frugality (especially in “painful” posts, kuque 苦缺), controlling one’s household slaves (a problem particularly in evidence with Manchu officials), keeping the local gentry at a distance, dealing severely with local bullies and pettifoggers, chasing away or freeing the “port prostitutes” (馬頭娼婦), and dealing with natural disasters. There is very little moralizing. The author’s pref. features a long list of difficulties and threats to integrity (due in particular to debts incurred before assuming one’s position) encountered by a magistrate. Yan Xuchang’s pref. insists that the position of magistrate is much more difficult than that of prefect or intendant, and states that because of its clarity Wen Hai’s work is an even better guide for beginning officials than Muling shu or Fuhui quanshu (qq.v.); Yan got the work from his father, who had acquired it in 1851 in Guangxi, and published it while he was Shanhaiguan intendant in Fengtian. The Hubei ed. was produced

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by administration commissioner Wang Zhichun, who received from his brother a copy of this little-known work and thought highly of it.

Bio.: Wen Hai started as a magistrate and became prefect of Fuzhou 撫州 (Jiangxi), where the preface to the work was composed; the author of the postface was one of his admiring subordinates in Fuzhou. Wen was appointed prefect of Ruizhou 瑞州 (Jiangxi) in 1849. See Ruizhou FZ (1873), 7/49a; Gao’an 高 安 XZ (1871), 8/25b, listing him as a Manchu, not a Chinese bannerman. Ref. and studies: Ma, 134 [Qinghua]. Siku xuxiu 11:127 (1892 ed.). Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 3. [PEW] 0229

Muling yaojue 牧令要訣, 1 j. [The Essential Secret of Being a Magistrate] By Bichang 壁昌 (z. Dongyuan 東垣, h. Xingquan 星泉, s. Qinxiang 勤襄) (1778–1854), from the Mongol Bordered Yellow Banner 1848 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Xu Jiyu 徐繼畬 (n.d.) and Chen Qingjie 陳 慶偕 (1848), postf. by Guo Boyin 郭伯陰 (n.d.); published together with Shoubian jiyao (q.v.). [BN] – *[1859] ed. with prefs. by Xu Jiyu (n.d.) and Chen Qingjie (1848), colophon by Gao Yingyuan 高應元 (1859), postf. by Guo Boyin (n.d.), part of a posthumous collection titled Bi Qinxiang gong yishu sanzhong 壁勤襄公遺書 三種 (1859 pref.), also comprising a text titled Bingwu wenjian lu 兵武聞 見錄 as well as Shoubian jiyao (q.v.). [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of an undated ed., with prefs. by Xu Jiyu (n.d.) and Chen Qingjie (1848), postf. by Bichang (n.d.), in GZSJC, vol. 7.

Rem.: A short (24 folios) elementary handbook for beginning magistrates, based on the author’s own experience. According to Bichang’s postf., he wrote it in 1848 at age 71; he insists on the plainness of his advice. There is no mulu and the entries, which have no caption, succeed one another without apparent order or logic. Yet the text contains much valuable and detailed information of a practical and extremely concrete nature. It discusses the most basic topics, such as population registers (門戶冊), rules for the tribunal (堂規), levying taxes, dealing with judicial cases, river conservancy, famine relief (with a plate representing a gruel distribution center), arresting bandits, and local defense. In his pref. to Huang Fuchen’s Dai Zhili zongdu quanyu muling wen (q.v.), a text inspired by Bichang’s treatise that he wrote in Huang’s name, Bichang’s

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son Hengfu 恒福 says that he printed and distributed his father’s treatise wherever he was posted; Gao Yingyuan’s colophon confirms that the text was distributed in all the prefectures and counties of Shanxi and Henan, where Hengfu was governor.

Bio.: A Mongol bannerman from the Eledete 額勒德特 clan, Bichang, whose father Heying 和瑛 reached the rank of minister, began his official career as a clerk (筆帖式) at the Ministry of Works. From there he was appointed magistrate of Yangwu 陽武 (Henan) and Zaoqiang 棗強 (Zhili), then prefect of Daming 大名 (Zhili). In 1827 he was dispatched to Chinese Turkestan in the entourage of imperial commissioner Nayancheng 那彥成; his energetic efforts in suppressing rebellion, pushing needed reforms, and promoting economic development earned him promotions to a series of military posts on the border from 1829, in such places as Yarkand, Ush, Ili, and others. Later he occupied the posts of Shaanxi governor, Fuzhou Tartar general, and Liang-Jiang governor-general (1843). Recalled to the capital in 1847, he was sent to Fuzhou 福州 (Fujian) as Tartar general, a post he left after a few months on the grounds of illness. In 1853 he was mobilized to participate in the defense of the metropolitan area against the Taiping northern offensive. After his death in 1854 he was posthumously made grand guardian of the heir-apparent. See QSG, 368/11485–88; Renming quanwei. Bibliography entries for same author: Shoubian jiyao. [NP, PEW] 0230

Qiuzhi guanjian 求治管見, Xuzeng 續增 qiuzhi guanjian [Modest Opinions about the Search for Good Government] By Dai Zhaochen 戴肇辰 (z. Youmei 友梅) (1810–90), from Dantu 丹徒 (Jiangsu) 1849 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Xu Qiaolin 許喬林 (1851), Shen Qi 沈岐 (1852), Zhu Longguang 朱龍光 (n.d.), and author (1849). [*Columbia] [*Ōki] – *1881 ed. reprinted (重刊) by the author’s nephew Dai Jie 姪杰, with prefs. by Xu Qiaolin (1851), Shen Qi (1852), Zhu Longguang (n.d.), and author (1849). [Shoudu] – In Dai Youmei qizhong 戴友梅七種, with prefs. by Xu Qiaolin (1851), Shen Qi (1852), Zhu Longguang (n.d.), and author (1849). – *In Dantu Dai shi yishu 丹徒戴氏遺書, with prefs. by Xu Qiaolin (1851), Zhu Longguang (n.d.), and author (1849). [Beitu]

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– *In Dai shi zazhu 戴氏雜著, with prefs. by Xu Qiaolin (1851), Shen Qi (1852), Zhu Longguang (n.d.), and author (1849). [Fu Sinian] – *Photo-repro. of an unspecified ed. (with the 4 prefs. mentioned above), in GZSJC, vol. 8.

Rem.: 24 short entries (making 11 + 9 folios in all) covering the rubrics usual in standard magistrate handbooks, such as administering justice, examining students, encouraging philanthropy, dealing with local notables, handling ruffians (棍徒), hiring private secretaries, managing one’s household, controlling one’s servants, controlling clerks and runners, ordering village chiefs to compile registers and maps, promoting baojia, maintaining good relations with superiors and colleagues, improving customs, and not relaxing one’s attention. According to Xu Qiaolin (who also contributes a few commentaries in the text), this short work written in plain language should be regarded as a welcome addition to Wang Huizu’s Xuezhi yishuo (q.v.): of the latter he says that in spite of being extremely useful—contrary to most handbooks, which are “out of touch with the world” (遠於世情)—it is a little hard for beginners. The format in comparatively short paragraphs introduced by a brief formula (to the effect that such-and-such a thing is not possible (不可), or is necessary (須, 必須), or cannot be dispensed with (不可不), etc., is indeed the same as in Wang Huizu’s handbooks. The prefs. state that although Dai wrote the work before he held any official position, he had early connections with the administrative milieu through his family, notably by following an uncle who had been appointed magistrate of Laiyang 萊 陽 (Shandong). Bio.: See under Xueshi lu. By 1849 Dai Zhaochen was still waiting for an appointment to a magistracy, but since 1842 he had held a number of junior positions in the Liang-Huai Salt Administration. Ref. and studies: Ma, 135 (Beiping) (Dantu Dai shi yishu ed.; does not cite the Xuzeng). Siku xuxiu 22:333 (Dai Youmei qizhong ed.). Bibliography entries for same author: Conggong lu; Conggong xulu; Conggong sanlu; Xueshi lu. [PEW]

0231

Juguan guinie 居官圭臬, 2 j. [The Standard for Office Holders] By Shen Baozhen 沈葆楨 (z. Hanyu 翰宇, Youdan 幼丹, s. Wensu 文肅) (1820–79) (js. 1847), from Houguan 侯官 (Fujian) N.d. Ed.:

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– *1862 Tongfu tang ed. 同福堂藏版 (the cover-leaf also says that the printing blocks are kept at the Shizhibao carving shop in front of the Houguan yamen 板藏福省侯官縣前施志寶刻字店), with prefs. by Xu Zonggan 徐 宗幹 (n.d.) and Wang Jingxian 王景賢 (1863). [Ōki]

Rem.: A compilation of texts and notes aimed at magistrates borrowed from a variety of sources, with an emphasis on moral values. J. 1 includes the following: Wenchang dijun zhongjing 文昌帝君忠經; Fuyou dijun zhonggao 孚佑帝君忠誥; Congzheng huilüe 從政彙略 (an anthology of quotations from a number of authors, starting with Lü Benzhong [see under Guanzhen] and including Lü Kun, Chen Hongmou, Xie Jinluan, and many others); Congzheng geyan 從政格言 (a lengthy collection of aphorisms footnoted with quotations from various authors, among them many handbook authors); Guanzhang yue 官長約; and Xiangshen yue 鄉紳約 by Shi Chengjin (see under Jiaguan jiejing). The texts in j. 2 are: Mingzhi by Lü Kun (see under Mingzhi pian); Zhouxian yue 州縣約 by Gao Zhongxian 高忠憲公 (i.e., Gao Panlong’s Zecheng zhouxian yue [q.v.]); Xingjie 刑戒 by Lü Kun; Jisuo yi gai huoban shuo 羈所宜改活板說 (with much information on conditions in prisons, “original posface” by Guangdong surveillance commissioner Zhou Qibin 周起濱 [1857]); Xufan pian 恤犯篇 (detailed considerations on the administration of justice, with additional notes by Jisheng caotang 寄生 草堂); Jiuhuang ce 救荒策 by Lin Xiyuan 林希元; Dangguan gongguo ge by Yuan Liaofan (q.v.); and Zhengji 政蹟 (a collection of anecdotes on model officials of old, classified by type of virtue or achievement). Bio.: After his jinshi Shen Baozhen entered the Hanlin Academy, where he stayed through 1854. In 1854–55 he was a censor, and in 1855 was sent to be a prefect in Jiangxi. During the next few years he was deeply involved in fighting the Taipings, as prefect of Jiujiang 九江 and Guangxin 廣信, then in several intendancies, and finally as governor of Jiangxi (1861). After a period of mourning (1865–67), he was sent to Fujian as high commissioner for naval construction (船政大臣) on the recommendation of Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠, the founder of the Fuzhou Arsenal. He held this position until 1875 (interrupted by mourning his father). In 1875 he was sent for an inspection in Taiwan, and then was appointed to his last position, governor-general of Jiangnan and concurrently high commissioner in charge of foreign trade (辦理通商事務大臣) in South China. See QSG, 316/12043–46; ECCP, 642–44; Qingdai qibai, 1:425–36. Renming quanwei. Pong, Shen Pao-chen and China’s Modernization. [PEW]

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Huanyou suibi 宦游隨筆, 4 j. [Random Notes from an Official’s Travels] By Weng Zulie 翁祖烈 (z. Cizhu 次竹) (js. 1836), from Houguan 侯官 (Fujian) N.d. Ed.:

– *1880 ed. engraving (開雕) of the Houguan Weng family 侯官翁氏藏板, with prefs. by Pan Zuyin 潘祖蔭 (1881), Du Ruilian 杜瑞聯 (1882), and Cheng Zugao 程祖誥 (n.d.). [*Harvard, without Du’s pref.] [*HKU] [*JJS, without Cheng’s pref.] [*Ōki]

Rem.: As emphasized in the prefs., the work is based on Weng Zulie’s experience acquired during more than a decade as magistrate and prefect in Yunnan and Sichuan in the 1840s and 1850s. Pan Zuyin claims that Huanyou suibi is a worthy continuation of the classic works by Lü Kun, Yu Chenglong, and Wang Huizu, viz. Shizheng lu, Zhengshu, and Zuozhi yaoyan (qq.v.). Cheng Zugao stresses the simple language of Weng’s proclamations, which he compares to Lü Kun’s “community compacts”: if local officials could use this work as a model it would bring happiness not just to Sichuan and Yunnan, but to the whole empire. Even though the titles and contents of the 100 entries are largely those of standard magistrate handbooks, the work is longer and more detailed than Wang Huizu’s manuals, and also more rambling, as is natural in a suibi. A number of entries make reference to the peculiarities of various places in Yunnan and Sichuan (notably Dali 大理 and Xichang 西昌) and cite the author’s own experience, providing along the way a lively inventory of local customs. The first two entries deal with copper and silver mining, immediately followed by entries on controlling clerks and runners, torture, poisoning in Yunnan, forensic examinations, warning against suicide, prisons, baojia, gambling, examinations, etc. There are also entries on fire prevention in Dali, currency, irrigation, public scribes (代 書), managing the relations between the Han and Hui, hearing lawsuits, relations with one’s colleagues, a comparison between the positions of prefect and magistrate, civilian and military provincial examinations (in which the author participated), the cost of judicial investigations, the treatment of prisoners, the community granaries of Chengdu, local defense and militia (there is much on the incursions of “Yunnan bandits” 滇匪 into Sichuan), bandit spies, administrative discipline, private secretaries, military affairs, famine relief, and more. The last two entries are on prostitutes and beggars. The ed. cited above was produced by the author’s son, Weng Daohong 道鴻, who in the pref. is introduced as intendant Yicheng 儀丞 (or Yichen 臣) 觀察; he served under the famous Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Cen Yuying 岑毓英 (1829–89, see ECCP, 742–6) and collaborated in the rehabilitation of Yunnan after the Muslim rebellions were crushed in 1873.

Bio.: Information on Weng Zulie’s career is sparse. After his jinshi he was a bachelor in the Hanlin Academy, and his first post in the provinces seems to have been magistrate of Yongshan 永善 (Yunnan). At an unspecified date he was made vice-prefect (同知) of Yongbei independant subprefecture 永北直隸 廳, and in 1846 was appointed acting prefect of Guangnan 廣南, still in Yunnan. He became acting magistrate of Luzhou independent department 瀘州直隸州 in 1851. He was prefect of Chengdu in the 1850s. See Guangnan FZ (1848), 3/5b; Luzhou zhili ZZ (1882), 12/15b; Yongbei zhili ting zhi (1904), 3/19a. [JB, PEW] 0233

Dai Zhili zongdu quanyu muling wen 代直隸總督勸諭牧令文 [Exhortation to Magistrates in the Name of the Governor-General of Zhili] By Huang Fuchen 黃輔辰 (z. Qinwu 琴塢) (1798–1866) (js. 1835), from Guizhu 貴筑 (Guizhou) 1860 postf. Ed.:

– *Appended to the 1868 ed. of Dulü xinde (q.v.), with pref. by Hengfu 恆福 (n.d.) and author’s postf. (1860). – *In Muling xuzhi sizhong (q.v.), with pref. by Hengfu (n.d.) and author’s postf. (1860).

Rem.: General recommendations for the magistrates of Zhili province, written by the author for the sake of governor-general Hengfu, whose assistant he was. In his pref. Hengfu, who was appointed to Zhili in 1859, names as his inspiration Muling yaojue (q.v.), whose author, his father Bichang 壁昌, was serving as a prefect in Zhili when he composed the work. Huang’s postf. maintains the pretense that the work is by Hengfu, suggesting that it must have been originally published under the latter’s name. The short (9 folios) but interesting text starts with general considerations on the many traps, temptations, and obligations that make it so difficult for magistrates to maintain their integrity and devote themselves to their constituencies. Then it enumerates various administrative domains where it is necessary to re-establish, as far as is possible, infrastructures, institutions and procedures that have fallen in disrepair or are rife with abuses, such as schools, charity granaries (義 倉), irrigation, taxation, baojia, the post-transfer procedure (交代), the administration of justice, and more. Several model officials and handbook authors from the present dynasty are referred to along the way, Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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such as Lu Longqi (see under Lizheng zhaiyao), Tian Wenjing and Li Wei (see under Zhouxian shiyi), Fang Guancheng (see under Zhenji), and Yuqian (see under Mianyi zhai oucun gao).

Bio.: The first 16 years of Huang’s career after his jinshi were spent in the Ministry of Personnel, where he was said to be uncompromising and frequently in conflict with his superiors. In 1853 he became a prefect in Shanxi, but soon asked to return home, where he helped to pacify a Miao rebellion, among other notable works. He was later sent back to Shanxi as an intendant, and there helped reform the government mints. In 1859 the governor-general of Zhili, Hengfu, successfully requested to have him as an assistant in matters of defense. Later he left the position because his advice on reinforcing coastal defenses was not followed. He went to Sichuan, and finally to Shaanxi, where at the demand of governor Liu Rong 劉蓉 he delineated policies to establish agricultural colonies and compiled a widely admired treatise on the subject, named Yingtian jiyao 營田輯要 (1864). He was able to see through his recommendations, dying in post in 1866. See ECCP, 341; QSG, 434/12353–54; QSLZ, 76/25b–28a; XuBZJ, 37/3a–7a; QDBZW, 280; Ling Ti’an, Qingdai Guizhou ming­ xian xiangzhuan, 84–86; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307. [PEW] 0234

Huanhai eryan 宦海邇言, 1 ce [Trivial Comments on the Sea of Officialdom] By Lingshou 靈壽 1862 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated, unpaginated ms. ed. (12 folios of text) with author’s pref. (1862), title page with an inscription dated 癸丑 (presumably 1913). [Faxue suo]

Rem.: This carefully written ms. consists of comparatively short paragraphs on a local official’s duties, in the line of the handbooks by Wang Huizu and others. The contents concern an official’s ethics and behavior as well as basic administrative and judicial functions, controlling the lowly personnel, and so forth. The tone is concrete and fairly matterof-fact, even when discussing value-charged topics such as preserving one’s integrity and not mixing up official duties and money-making, or keeping close to the people. Some of the contents are typical of the midnineteenth century, such as considerations on baojia and tuanlian, levying contributions (辦捐), caution in requesting the collaboration of the gentry, and the dangers of hiring “braves.” Some Sichuan specificities are mentioned. The last two entries concern expectant officials. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Bio.: The author suggests in his pref. that he had a rather chaotic career, starting as an intern at the Ministry of Justice (觀政秋曹), then being imprisoned for three years “because of problems,” then serving in the army for three years, then living at home, and finally becoming an assistant official in Sichuan after having paid a contribution (納貲為丞而之蜀) Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 61 (by You Shaohua 尤韶華). [PEW] 0235

Mumin zhuiyu 牧民贅語 [Useless Chatter on Administering the People] By Wang Jingxian 王景賢 (z. Zixi 子希, h. Xizhai 希齋) (jr. 1839), from Minxian 閩縣 (Fujian) N.d. Ed.:

– *In Xiting shanguan ji 羲亭山館集, ce 7, appended to a text titled Kunxue suoyan 困學瑣言, with pref. by Bian Baodi 卞寶第 (1869). [Fu Sinian] – 1874 ed. – *Photo-repro. of Xiting shanguan ji ed., in GZSJC, vol. 9.

Rem.: A short six-folio text delivering some maxims on the job of magistrate, mostly based on the rubrics of standard handbooks. There are some interesting remarks on the attitude of governors and private secretaries toward magistrates. Bio.: Wang was the author of a compilation of essays titled Yiyuan wenchao

伊園文抄, and another of poetry, titled Yiyuan shichao 詩抄. See Qingren bieji

zongmu (Hefei: Anhui jiaoyu chubanshe, 2000), 1:174. Nothing else is known of his career, except that he was recommended as xiaolian fangzheng 孝廉方正 in 1851. He seems to have worked for other officials, and was apparently a local activist, particularly at times of famine. See Minhou 閩侯 XZ (1933), 47/16b, 77/5b–6a. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 11:165 (1874 ed. titled Mumin zhuiyan 言). [PEW] 0236

Huanxiang yingchou beilan 宦鄉應酬備覽, 2 ce [A Reader on Social Obligations for Officials In Post and At Home] By Yi Anle wo zhuren 亦安樂窩主人 1875 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by author (1875). [Tōhoku University, *Mf at IHEC]

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Rem.: A guide to the complexities of the professional, social, and private correspondence of officials (including the military) and their families. The author, who introduces himself as a private secretary, insists in the short pref. on the numerous errors of etiquette one is prone to make when writing letters, informal reports (禀), name cards, invitations, congratulations, condolences, thank you notes, and so on, and on the difficulty to acquire the necessary knowledge so as not to be criticized or ridiculed. (He mentions the author of a “secret handbook” on such matters who only allowed copying it against a payment of several tens of taels.) The present work is a summary of the experience accumulated during the author’s career and was made public on the insistence of his friends. He is particularly intent on correcting the errors that according to him keep circulating “in country places” (鄉俗沿訛已久者)—the first entry is titled “Discussing mistakes” (辨訛). The 38 substantial entries include instructions and models for letters in all sorts of circumstances, taking into account the occasion as well as the respective positions, titles, ages, etc., of the sender and addressee. There are detailed lists of designations (official, customary, alternative, family, and so forth) for both parties in the exchange. Form, materials, style, and language are also discussed. The entries in the second fasc. are more oriented toward intra-family relations. The work is cited in Huanxiang yaoze (q.v.) as a precursor inferior in quality. [PEW]

0237

Zhouxian chushi xiaobu 州縣初仕小補, 2 j. [Some Help for Beginning Magistrates] By Chu Ying 褚瑛 (z. Zishu 子舒), from Shandong 1876 pref. Ed.:

– 1884 Senbao ge 森寶閣 typeset ed. (鉛印本), with prefs. by Zhang Quan 張權 (1878), Han Huizuo 韓輝𧙓 (1881), He Rongzhang 何榮 璋 (1882), Lin Yuantan 林元菼 (1882), Yan Cishu 晏賜書 (1884), Liu Fukang 劉福康 (1884), and three prefs. by author (1876, 1878, and 1882). [Beida] – *Photo-repro. of 1884 Senbao ge ed., in GZSJC, vol. 8.

Rem.: The fanli insists that this is a work based on the author’s personal experience as magistrate of Yangshan 陽山 (Guangdong); it was originally written in 1876 in response to questions from an inexperienced jinshi just appointed in Jiangsu. The author modestly insists that

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his text should be regarded by experienced officials as mere platitudes (腐朽), but that it may be of some help (小補) to beginners; he finally published it, rather than having to produce handcopies whenever admirers came in and wanted to see it. J. 1 is composed of 92 entries, j. 2 of 68 entries (each juan has a mulu). The entries, written in a style simple and precise, cover in fair detail the various steps from arriving in the province to leaving one’s post, expose the standard tasks of local government, such as taxation, justice, maintening order, educating the people, and so forth, and discuss the official’s social intercourse with his professional environment. The author emphasizes attention to detail and not being remiss. A selection of basics from the Penal Code and Xiyuan lu (q.v.), as well as prescriptions to cure wounds, are appended.

Bio.: Han Huizuo’s pref. says that Chu Ying was an official in Guangdong for twenty years. Information found in gazetteers indicates he was appointed magistrate of Yangshan twice, in 1866 and 1870. He was acting magistrate of Dianbai 電白 in 1877, and of Xining 西寧 in 1884. See Yangshan XZ (1938), 4/14b; Gaozhou FZ 高州府志 (1885), 21/40b; Xining XZ (1937), 18/13b. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 11:147, 35:702 (written 初識 instead of 初仕). Guo Chengwei, 327–40. [PEW] 0238

Pingping yan 平平言, 4 j. [Considerations on an Ordinary Job] By Fang Dashi 方大湜 (z. Shouchu 守初, Juren 菊人, h. Duzhuan 都轉) (1821–1886), from Baling 巴陵 (Hunan) 1878 fanli Ed.:

– *1887 ed. printed by the prefectural administration of Changde (常德府 署刊), with prefs. by Bian Baodi 卞寶第 (1887), Dan Xiangliang 但湘良 (1887), Du Guichi 杜貴墀 (1878), new pref. (後序) by Du Guichi (n.d.); fanli dated 1878 and signed by Eryong tang zhuren 二庸堂主人自識, postf. (跋) by Liu Yi 劉燡 (n.d.) (placed at the beginning of j. 4 in Beitu’s copy); Liu Yi, the prefect of Changde (Hunan), had the ms. left by Fang Dashi printed for the first time. [*Beitu] [*Columbia] [*Fu Sinian] – *1890 typeset ed. of the Hubei administration commissioner office 鄂省 藩署機器擺印, with prefs. by Bian Baodi (1887), Dan Xiangliang (1887), Du Guichi (1878), new pref. by Du Guichi (n.d.), fanli dated 1878 and signed by Eryong tang zhuren, postf. by Liu Yi (n.d.). [Tōyō Bunko] – *1892 ed. engraved at the public offices of Zizhou 資州官廨, with pref. by Du Guichi (1878), new pref. by Du Guichi (n.d.), prefs. by Bian Baodi

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(1887) and Dan Xiangliang (1887), fanli dated 1878, postf. by Liu Yi (n.d.). [*Beitu] [*Ōki] – *1893 ed. of the Customs bureau of the Yunnan provincial capital 梓於滇 垣榷局, with pref. by Yun-Gui Governor-General Wang Wenshao 王文韶 (1893), memorial listing the accomplishments of Fang Dashi and asking they be communicated to the Bureau of Historiography 臚陳已故藩司 政績請付史館摺 (1889), pref. by Du Guichi (1878), fanli dated 1878 and signed by Eryong tang zhuren. – *1896 Guangya shuju 廣雅書局 ed. with prefs. by Dan Xiangliang (1887), Du Guichi (1878), Bian Baodi (1887), fanli dated 1878, postf. by Liu Yi (n.d.), postf. (後序) by Du Guichi (n.d.). [Harvard] – *In Mumin baojian (q.v.), based on the 1878 ed. published by Du Guichi, with prefs. by Wang Wenshao 王文韶 (1893), Du Guichi (1878), author’s fanli (1878), postf. by Liu Yi (n.d.) – *1915 typeset ed. reprinted (重印) at the Sichuan higher court of justice 四 川高等審判廳, with prefs. by Ye Erheng 葉爾衡 (1915), Du Guichi (1878), new pref. (序) by Du Guichi (n.d.), prefs. by Bian Baodi (1887) and Dan Xiangliang (1887), 1878 fanli, postf. by Liu Yi (n.d.). [*Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of 1892 Zizhou ed., in GZSJC, vol. 7.

Rem.: The 285 comparatively short entries, which seem to be a random collection of reflections, advice, and anecdotes concerning the administrative, judicial, and financial aspects of local government, cover the usual contents of standard magistrate handbooks, but in a particularly lively way. J. 1 discusses the various aspects of the official’s preparation when still expectant (候補), behavior, relations with colleagues and subordinates and with notables, how to preserve one’s integrity, how to fill out various forms, and so forth; it also includes a detailed bibliography of the works with which a magistrate should be familiar. J. 2 is similar in style, but focuses more directly on administrative practice; in addition to warning against improper types of official behavior, it provides information on how to handle litigation, how to hire and pay private secretaries and servants, and how to determine judicial penalties. J. 3 is devoted entirely to judicial administration, on which it provides detailed and comprehensive advice concerning commonly encountered problems, discussing, e.g., tricks for taking testimony, what to do if one of the plaintiffs is rich and the other poor, how to deal with litigation masters (訟師), what to do if a witness has been bribed, and so forth. J. 4 is a miscellany of administrative topics ranging from effective methods for suppressing banditry to the proper use of judicial torture, and from the organization of the yamen to the care of orphans and the

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poor. The author explains in the fanli that the work was first written to help his sons and grandsons in their official careers; while this is a topos, Pingping yan appears to have been considered particularly useful by the general readership of its time.

Bio.: Fang Dashi began his career as a military man, helping to quell local uprisings and stem the advance of the Taipings with the forces of Hu Linyi 胡林翼 (see under Hu Linyi pandu jinghua), whose cabinet he joined in 1851. His first magistracy was an acting position in Hu’s native county (Yiyang 益陽, Hunan), where he spent over a year and gained a tremendous reputation. He was granted the post of magistrate of Guangji 廣濟 (Hubei) in 1855—the year Hu Linyi was appointed governor of Hubei—where he was remarked for his skills in managing the baojia system, organizing local militia, and fighting banditry. His reputation for being exceptionally competent and active earned him appointment as acting prefect of Xiangyang 襄陽 (Hubei) in 1861, notwithstanding the fact that he had lost his ranks because of his inability to prevent rebels from attacking Guangji; in 1869 he was promoted to the post of Yichang 宜昌 prefect (also in Hubei), where he distinguished himself by his famine relief efforts. In 1871 he became prefect of Wuchang 武昌. After 1879 he was promoted several times, serving as acting and, subsequently, incumbent intendant for various Hubei circuits, Zhili surveillance commissioner, and Shanxi administration commissioner. He retired for ill health in 1882 and died at home. Throughout his career, Fang was admired by his peers, subordinates, and the populace alike for his administrative expertise, honesty, and knowledge of agriculture, sericulture, and river works. A number of works of his on specialized fields of administration are mentioned, e.g. Nongsang tiyao 農桑提要, Buhuang zuanyao 捕蝗 纂要, Tigong zhaiyao 隄工摘要, Xiufang chuyan 修防芻言, Nongjia zhanyan 農嘉占驗, and Liren bo’an 歷任駁案. [Harvard-Yenching has a Sangcan tiyao 桑 蠶提要, 2 j., in a 1900 ed., also in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 978]. See QSG, 479/13082–83; QSLZ, 77/20b–22a; Mumin baojian ed. of Pingping yan, with a biographical sketch included in the memorial requesting that his accomplishments be communicated to the Bureau of Historiography (see above, 1893 ed.). Ref. and studies: Ma, 134 (Beiping) (1885 ed.). Siku xuxiu, 35:703, 37:673. Chang, 1:152. Watt, 268–9 n. 59. Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 4. [LG, NP, PEW] 0239

Huanxiang yaoze 宦鄉要則, 7 or 8 j. [Important Models for Officials In Post and At Home] By Zhang Jianying 張鑒瀛 (z. Baoyan 寶嵒), from Weining 溈寧 (probably Ningxiang 寧鄉, Hunan) 1879 fanli Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Figure 4

Huanxiang yaoze (#0239) (1890 Ronglu tang ed.), cover-leaf

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Ed.:

– *1884 new engraving (新鐫) in 7 j., inscription “校對無訛善成莘記藏板” on cover-leaf, with author’s fanli dated 1879. [Beitu] – *1885 Shanghai ed. (刻於滬上) with pref. by Weilan shi zhuren 味蘭室主 人 (1885), titled Xinzeng 新增 huanxiang yaoze, only 1 ce corresponding to j. 2 in the other eds., under general caption “Important rules when entering the career” (筮仕要規). [Kyujanggak] – *1889 small-sized typeset Zhenyi shuju 珍藝書局 ed., 1 + 7 j., with author’s fanli dated 1879. [*Shoudu] [Shanghai] – *1890 small-sized new engraving (新鐫) from the Ronglu tang in Peking 京都榮錄堂藏板, in 7 j., with author’s fanli dated 1890. [*CASS Jinshisuo] [*Ōki (with Huanxiang xin yaoze [q.v.])] [Shanghai] – *1890 new engraving (新鐫), in 7 j., printing blocks kept at “this residence” 本宅藏板, with author’s fanli dated 1890 (with Ronglu tang Huanxiang xin yaoze [q.v.]); apparently identical to the above. [Columbia] – *1892 very small size Shanghai shuju litho. ed. 上海書局石印 in 1 + 7 j., with short intro. (弁言) and fanli by Zhang Jianying (1879). [Shanghai] – *1892 very small size new ed. (重校) of the Weigun [?] caotang 味棍艸堂, titled Xinzeng 新增 huanxiang yaoze, with pref. by Lu Jianxiang 陸間庠 [?] (1892), otherwise essentially identical to the previous entry, except for a few additions and illustrations and for the title in the central margin. [Shanghai] – *1894 very small size ed. of the Lingyun ge in Shanghai 上海凌雲閣印, in 7 j., with author’s fanli (1879). [Tōyō Bunka, Imahori collection] – *Undated very small size litho. ed. titled Xinzeng huanxiang yaoze, with pref. by Qin Zaizeng 秦再增 (1886), otherwise identical to the previous entry. [Shanghai] – *1902 very small size litho. ed. of the Shanzuo shulin 山左書林印, in 1 + 7 j., with short intro. (弁言) and fanli by Zhang Jianying (1879); j. 首 (placed before the mulu), entitled bingqi yaojue 稟啟要訣, is about letter formats. [CASS Jinshi suo] – *Undated litho. ed. in very small size. [IHEC, j. 1–3 missing] – *1905 litho. ed. titled Xinzeng huanxiang yaoze, in 1 + 8 juan, cover-leaf calligraphed by Youwei zhai zhuren 有味齋主人, with pref. by Huanxiang laoren 宦鄉老人 (1886), fanli dated 1895 and signed by Huaihai jushi 淮海 居士; j. 首 (placed before the mulu) entitled bingqi yaojue. [*CASS Jinshi suo, without fanli] [Tōyō Bunka, Imahori collection, very small size, without fanli] – 1911 Beijing Ronglu tang small-sized ed., in 7 j.

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– *Photo-repro. of 1905 ed., Taipei: Laogu wenhua shiye gongsi, 1982. – *Photo-repro. of 1890 本宅 ed., in GZSJC, vol. 9.

Rem.: A practical and extremely concrete handbook centered on the formal aspects of the life of administrators—both in service (宦) and retired (鄉)—with a wealth of details on the formats, procedures, and terminology applying to the different types of documents and correspondence, both public and private, and a strong emphasis on etiquette. It is probably the most thorough introduction in existence to every kind of paperwork involved in an official’s life. The pref. to the 1885 Shanghai ed. says that since the appearance of Huanxiang yaoze “there are established tracks so as not to be made fun of by distinguished people” (有可循之成轍不致貽笑於大方). J. 1 is devoted to formal correspondence related to the judicial, fiscal, ritual, and administrative functions of officials, providing sample formats and descriptions of the most commonly written and received documents, such as memorials, communications between civilian and military officials of every rank, reports to superiors, proclamations, judgments, and the like, explaining every step of the procedure as well as the terminology in use and formal constraints such as page layout, taboos to respect, words to use, and so on. Some texts from other authors (e.g., Huang Liuhong) are quoted along the way. J. 2 deals with the various steps from selection at the capital to assuming one’s post, transferring accounts (交盤), dealing with clerks and with the administrative bureaus (房), for which there is a long list of abuses to discourage, as in standard magistrate handbooks; there is a strong emphasis on documents and forms as well as on the social aspects of official life, such as the etiquette and rituals governing intercourse between officials of equal or different rank and the numerous forms of correspondence involved, all described with the utmost detail. J. 3 starts with a long list of errors to avoid in writing correspondences (辨訛), then discusses the style of various messages between officials (通札式); this is followed by numerous examples of epistolary address for every conceivable kind of circumstance (各信起首式), by instructions on how to write calling cards (官銜手本式), CVs (履歷手本式), cards on twin red sheets (雙紅稟式), or one red and one white (紅白稟), enclosures (夾單稟式), and more, also in all sorts of circumstances (the variety is staggering). J. 4 is devoted to correspondence between officials written for marriages, birthdays, and other ceremonies, including lists of gifts, thank-you notes, as well as models for invitation (請帖式) or parting (辭帖式) notes. J. 5 focuses on the documents related to funerals and mourning; tables of degrees of mourning are provided at the end. J. 6 is

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devoted to the terms of address (稱呼) to use in writing concerning relatives, both male and female, in every conceivable combination, including relatives by marriage; the last section deals with terms of address to use towards masters, friends, classmates, and there is an appendix on terms to use by women. J. 7 features a variety of materials, such as a list of all the official titles (including honorary titles for officials’ parents) arranged by descending order of rank (品級), first civilian and then military; the regulations on conferring honorary ranks to the officials’ ascendants; honorary ranks conferred to elderly people (from age 70 to age 120 and over); alternative appellations for official titles in the capital and in the provinces; schools and examinations; and regulations on avoidance and mourning. In his short introduction (弁言) the author claims that his aim has been to provide access to a type of knowledge that private secretaries like to “copy secretly” (秘鈔) in order to enhance its value. The fanli insists that the book’s contents are much fuller than those of Huanxiang yingchou beilan (q.v.), which was published a few years earlier: the term yingchou well emphasizes the importance of social intercourse in the work’s approach to official life. In the Zhenyi shuju, 1892, and 1905 eds. the introductory statement and fanli are preceded by a short but extremely precise juan 首, titled Zengbu 增補 huanxiang yaoze (introduced in the 1886 Huanxiang laoren pref. to the 1905 ed.), devoted to the presentation of official documents and correspondence and to the alternative appellations for both posts and their incumbents. For an update published at the very end of the Qing see Huanxiang xin yaoze.

Ref.: Li, 5. Kanshin mokuji (1879 ed.). P.G. von Möllendorff, Das chinesische Familienrecht (Shanghai, 1895), 3, mentions an 1892 ed. published in Shanghai which he attributes to Lu Runxiang 陸潤庠; the title is translated as “Wichtige Regeln für Beamte und Volk.” [LG, NP, PEW] 0240

Muling jingyan fang 牧令經言方, 1 ce [Prescriptions for Magistrates Based on Personal Experience] By Fang Wuchang 方戊昌 (z. Jifang 季方 / 寄舫), from Tongcheng

桐城 (Anhui)

1881 pref. Ed.:

– *1888 Yiquanshi zhai 一拳石齋 ed., with “original preface” by author (1881) and pref. by Fang Longguang 方龍光 (1888). [Shoudu]

Rem.: A set of 120 mostly short paragraphs (the entire work is 47 folios long) in which the author distills experiences accumulated during

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close to 15 years as county and department magistrate in Shanxi. The word fang in the title alludes to medical prescriptions, a metaphor that is developed in both prefaces: “The way of governance is like the way of medicine” (夫治道猶醫道也). The author hopes that his readers will adapt his well-tested “prescriptions” and vary the doses according to need. The entries—many start with the phrase “one cannot dispense with …” (不可不)—cover in a very exhaustive way the subjects usually treated in magistrate handbooks regarding the ethics and behavior of the official, the technical aspects of his charge, how to handle staff, his private budget, and so on. Many are comparable in tone and format to Wang Huizu’s handbooks, whose cautious and serious approach they strongly evoke; there are many phrases found in earlier handbooks as well. Yet the text also has an individual quality, e.g., in an entry on the discouragement that threatens the magistrate when his initiatives are criticized by the population, his colleagues, and his superiors alike; also when the author discusses what is acceptable and what is not to balance one’s private budget; or when he denounces the way the customary gifts (陋規) remitted to higher officials in Shanxi have been recently camouflaged under the term “public expenses” (公費). A number of entries allude to the customs and administrative habits peculiar to Shanxi. The concreteness of such passages balances the banality or simple “correctness” of other pronouncements in the book.

Bio.: The prefs. indicate that early in life Fang Wuchang was impressed by his readings of Yuan Mei, Wang Huizu, and Liu Heng. Later he joined the army in Henan, and in 1860 was recommended to become a magistrate as a tribute student by imperial grace (恩貢). He was sent to Shanxi, where he served in several posts, including Quwo 曲沃, Lucheng 潞城 (1869), Hejin 河津, Linjin 臨晉, Yangqu 陽曲, Wenxi 聞喜 (1874), and Yizhou 沂州 independent department (1878). He showed Muling jingyan fang to Fang Longguang—whose acquaintance he had made in Taiyuan in 1881 (they were both from Tongcheng); he died shortly thereafter. See Yi ZZ (1880), 21/30a–b; Wenxi XZ (1919), 11/12a; Lucheng XZ (1884), 1/17b. [PEW] 0241

Gongyu lu 貢愚錄, 1 j. [Ignorant Advice Offered] By Wang Jinzhi 王晉之 (z. Zhufang 竹舫, h. Wenqing shanren 問青山 人) (jr. 1855), from Jizhou 薊州 (Zhili) N.d. Ed.:

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– In Li Jiang 李江 and Wang Jinzhi, Longquan shiyou yigao hebian 龍泉師友 遺稿合編 (1894–96), Wenqing yuan ji 問青園集 (by Wang Jinzhi). [Beitu] [Harvard,1923 new ed.] – *Photo-repro. of 1896 ed., in GZSJC, vol. 7.

Rem.: A record of advice submitted in a rather free tone by the author, a private secretary, in the course of discussions with his employer Zhang He 張和, the magistrate of Lulong 廬龍 (Zhili). (A note at the beginning says that Zhang assumed office in 1884.) The contents of this short text (8 folios) deal principally with the more desirable ways of examining the county’s government students and selecting candidates for the first degree (童生). Wang displays his low opinion of the present state of scholarship and of literati morality and his scorn for “modern prose” (時 文, i.e., eight-legged essays) as a means of assessing scholars; hence his preference for “orthodox studies” (正學), i.e., “ancient studies” (古學) and metaphysics (性理), and his advice to create a local academy that would teach it (he proposes a set of rules at the end of the text); at the same time, he is careful not to antagonize public opinion. There are also considerations on the official’s budget, gifts, and maintaining integrity. Albeit short, the book is a good illustration of the ways muyou tried to smooth out things for their employers. Bio.: At some point after his juren Wang Jinzhi became a lecturer at the Jingyi Academy in Changli (Zhili) 昌黎敬義書院. Later he directed the Guangren tang publishing house in Tianjin 天津廣仁堂. He is the author of several collections of poetry. See Qingren bieji zongmu (Hefei: Anhui jiaoyu chubanshe, 2000), 1:159–60 (no original source indicated). [GRT]

0242

Juguan yaoze 居官要則, 1 j. [Important Rules for Office Holders] By Chen Qingzi 陳慶滋 (z. Haoyun 鶴雲), from Jiangxia 江夏 (Hubei) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with author’s pref. (n.d.); a seal at the end indicates that the printing blocks are kept at the Longyun zhai at Liulichang, Beijing (板存 京都琉璃廠龍雲齋). [LSS; for some reason the label on the case and the catalog card have the title Juguan yaojue 訣, which appears nowhere in the book]

Rem.: The author claims that initially this account of his own experiences was intended to be private, but his sons, nephews and sons-in-law found out about it and had it printed. This comparatively short handbook is both dense and rich in concrete advice, and it has a no-nonsense Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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quality that may reflect its author’s military background and long experience in the field (see below). Most examples are borrowed from Chen’s tenure at Dingzhou 定州 (Zhili). After general considerations on the qualities a local official must demonstrate in his personal and professional behavior (insisting that the job is far from being always pleasant), several sections, some fairly detailed, are devoted to such topics as the management of runners (差票法)—whom he refuses to treat as systematically evil individuals; how to handle cases at court (問案法, with an interesting development on the use of torture); famine relief (辦 賑法); ensuring security around the yamen and in town (養勇查夜法); private secretaries (請幕友); defense and military tactics; and more. The author affirms his belief in fate and retribution, and generally insists on maintaining an austere way of life, keeping courtesies among colleagues (應酬) to a minimum.

Bio.: Chen indicates in his pref. that he had to abandon his studies when he fled the Taiping assault on Wuchang, the capital of Hubei, of which Jiangxia is the leading county; he enlisted in the armies mobilized against the Taipings and fought in Anhui and Jiangsu. He was awarded the rank of vice-prefect (同知) on the recommendation of Hu Linyi 胡林翼, but could not reach his assignment in Jiangxi due to his mother’s death. Later he was recalled to combat the Nian in Zhili, and was kept there to fill the position of prefect. Gazetteer evidence shows he was appointed department magistrate of Dingzhou 定州 in 1872, and again in 1884; in between he was (probably among other positions) department magistrate of Jizhou 冀州, and prefect of Yongping 永平 in 1881. At the time of writing the pref. to Juguan yaoze he had just been appointed intendant in charge of the Yongding River (總理永定河道) after an imperial audience following his term at Dingzhou. Later he signed the pref. of the Wuji 無極 1893 county gazetteer with the title of prefect of Baoding 保定. See Lulong 盧龍 XZ (1931), 13/5a; Ding XZ (1934), 9/34b ; Ji XZ (1929), 13/25a; Wuji XZ (1893), pref. [PEW]

0243

Muling xuzhi 牧令須知, 6 j. [What Magistrates Must Know] Comp. (手輯) Gangyi 剛毅 (z. Ziliang 子良) (1834–1900), from the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner 1888 pref. Ed.:

– *1885 engraving (鐫) of the Yunnan Rehabilitation Bureau 板存滇省善後 局, with author’s pref. (1885). [Beitu, j. 1–3 extant]

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– *1888 new edition of the Jinyang (Taiyuan) Official Training Center 重栞 於晉陽課吏館, cover-leaf calligraphed by Ge Shida 葛士達, with author’s pref. (1888). [Beitu] – *1889 Jiangsu shuju ed., with author’s pref. (1888). [*Shoudu] – 1889 ed. (without publisher imprint), with author’s pref. (1888). – *Undated Beijing Ronglu tang ed. 京都琉璃廠榮錄堂藏板, probably from the same blocks as the above (imprint at the back of cover-leaf says “published [刊刻] by Gangyi,” whose titles are fully given, including grand councillor), with author’s pref. (1892) (identical to the 1888 pref., except for the date at the end and the place where it is supposed to have been written, viz. “in the Jinyang office” in 1888, “in the Guangdong governor’s office and sent to the capital” 粵東節署來都 in 1892). [Tian Tao] – *Photo-repro. of 1889 ed. without publisher imprint, Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1971 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 65, no. 648). [Columbia] – *Photo-repro. of Ronglu tang ed., in GZSJC, vol. 9.

Rem.: The 1885 version was printed at the Yunnan administration commissioner’s office, where the author was in charge in 1884–5; in his pref. to the 1888 enlarged version Gangyi characterizes this original version as a compilation of “models of different types of official documents” (吏牘程式各種) aiming to protect magistrates from clerkly manipulation. The 1888 enlarged version was produced in Shanxi, where Gangyi was governor 1885–88; it was meant for use as a handbook in the Official Training Center (課吏館) he had just established there. (On this center, see also the postfs. to Xiyuan lu yizheng and Qiuyan jiyao [qq.v.], as well as Gangyi’s memorial reproduced in Jinzheng jiyao [q.v.], 2/8a–9a; in his pref. to Shenkan nishi [q.v.], Gangyi says that “wherever he went” he established a keli guan where the Muling xuzhi would be discussed. Indeed, the 1885 pref. already was written in the Yunnan administration commissioner’s keli guan. The court ordered the other provinces to do the same [see also under Zhongzhou keli lu].) The chapter captions cite Gangyi as author (著 or 手輯) and Ge Shida (see under Shenkan nishi) as compiler/reviser (編訂). Compared with the original version, Gangyi added materials on the problems met in particular by officials assuming their new posts (居官蒞政). J. 1 (which appears to have been substantively rewritten between 1885 and 1888) provides an overview of some common issues confronting magistrates in the course of their daily activities: servants, defense, customary fees, clerks and runners, gambling, tax collection, the postal service, judicial procedure, natural disasters, and baojia; Gangyi quotes from a number of his own related

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proclamations (告示) and comments on them. J. 2–6 are organized along the six bureaus of an administrative yamen (六房), likewise detailing tasks by explaining documents, which come after an introductory section. Thus, j. 2 (personnel) provides examples of documents sent when arriving at a new post, evaluating a subordinate official, impeaching a superior official, requesting a leave of absence for mourning, and many other occasions; j. 3 (revenue) introduces scores of documents concerning the collection and reporting of taxes, the census, and caring for the poor; j. 4 (rites), 5 (military affairs), and 6 (justice and public works) are similarly organized. The pref. deplores the low quality of local government in the author’s days and emphasizes the necessity for an official to be familiar with the concrete realities of administration, rather than delegating everything to private secretaries and clerks.

Bio.: See under Juguan jing. Ref. and studies: Ma, 126 (Qinghua, Beida) (1889 Jiangsu shuju ed.). Chang, 1:104. Siku xuxiu, 12:514. Bibliography entries for same author: Da Qing lüli zonglei; Jinzheng jiyao; Juguan jing; Qiuyan jiyao; Shenkan nishi; Xiyuan lu yizheng. [LG, NP, PEW] 0244

Shusheng chujian 書生初見, 1 j. [Preliminary Views of a Student] By Weng Chuanzhao 翁傳照 (z. Shaoxi 少畦) (1865–98), from Shanhua

善化 (Hunan)

1894 pref. Ed.:

– 1895 ed., with prefs. by Yu Yue 俞樾 (1893), Quyuan jushi 曲園居士 (1895), Xu Shujun 徐樹鈞 (1893), and Xu Shuming 徐樹銘 (1893), colophons by Chengyuan laoren 澂園老人 and Zhang Mengyuan 張夢元 (n.d.), prefs. by Liu Guoguang 劉國光 (n.d.) and author (1894), postf. by Wu Ximeng 吳希孟 (n.d.). – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in GZSJC, vol. 9.

Rem.: Opinions and advice on governing the people written in 1893 for the author’s elder brother, Weng Chuanxu 傅煦, while Chuanzhao was in Shanghai waiting for Chuanxu’s return from the capital: Chuanxu, who had been a salt administrator in Fujian, had bought a rank of assistant prefect and gone to Beijing to get an appointment. Before they could meet, the author was dispatched to Jiangsu with the rank of magistrate. He became a disciple of Yu Yue, who in 1895 convinced him to publish the work. Although at the time of writing Weng Chuanzhao had

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no administrative experience, he compiled materials from Muling shu, Zuozhi yaoyan (qq.v.), and other handbooks, to which he added information that he had himself gathered as well as data and experiences handed down by his father, a former official in Fujian (conditions in Fujian are frequently cited in the text). The resulting 64 entries (without captions) cover all the topics of importance for local administration, the behavior of the magistrate, the necessity to study local conditions and regulations, administering justice (a topic extensively discussed), how to relate to the local populace, and more. They are followed by some random remarks (瑣談). In many instances the author provides original insights on topics commonly discussed in magistrate handbooks. Bio.: Sent to Jiangsu in 1893 with the rank of magistrate, Weng Chuanzhao assumed functions in bureaus dealing with “foreign affairs” (洋務局), and later was in charge of likin taxes upriver from Zhenjiang. He died at age 34. See “Shaoxi Weng jun zhuan” 少畦翁君傳 and “Shaolan Weng jun zhuan” 少蘭翁 君傳, in Yu Yue, Chunzai tang quanji 春在堂全集 (1899 new ed.), Chunzai tang zawen 雜文, 6 編 3. [GRT, PEW]

0245

Chongkan muling chuyan 重刊牧令芻言, 1 ce [Common Talk for Magistrates, New Edition] By Chen Jitang 陳際唐 (z. Yaozhai 堯齋, h. Bunong 補農) (1854–1920), from Huaining 懷寧 (Anhui) 1906 pref. Ed.:

– *1908 ed. with two prefs. by author (1908 and 1906), pref. by Yuan Dahua 袁大化 (1907), and two rescripts (批) by the governor of Shanxi. [Jimbun, 2 copies]

Rem.: The author says in his prefaces that the text had been composed “in the past” (曩) and that in 1906 he had 1,000 copies printed in movable characters (排印) for distribution to 35 counties in Shanxi and to many important persons and other acquaintances elsewhere, some of whom had reprints made in their own provinces, notably Yuan Dahua, the administration commissioner of Henan, who also produced a 1,000-copy edition. The present 1908 ed. is an updated version assumed to take account of the latest developments in the “New Policies” (新政). The work is supposed to rest on the experience acquired during a career that was guided by the motto “diligence in administration and love of the people” (勤政愛民), and speaks the language of tradition despite a

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rapidly changing system. The 18-folio text is composed of paragraphs in very plain language, mostly discussing the administration of justice: how to minimize the hardships of people coming to the yamen to register a complaint, in particular avoiding delays and strictly managing runners, how to discourage people from going to court for trifling matters, how to investigate crimes and hold court, write judgments, guard against pettifoggers, and so on. Most entries deliver a rather lively picture of the causes for conflict among the populace, of the many complications and abuses in the procedure, of the behavior of yamen runners, and more. There is an entry on opium, and one rather graphic account of how senior prisoners in cahoots with prison guards bully the new prisoners. Some of the entries are specific about the customs in Shanxi; none in fact alludes to the New Policies.

Bio.: Chen Jitang was a stipend student (廩生); he started his career in 1897 (as school instructor, 教諭) by paying a contribution, and then rose through the ranks through further payments. He was dispatched to Jiangsu with the rank of magistrate and was appointed acting magistrate of Danyang 丹陽 (1897), where it is said he was so good that his constituents did not want him to leave, then Yuanhe 元和 (1898) and Wuxian 吳縣 (two of the three leading counties of Suzhou)—all three places described as “difficult counties” (劇 邑) in the prefs. to the present work. In 1905 he was dispatched to Shanxi as Hedong intendant (河東道), and in 1909 was Shanxi acting surveillance commissioner. From there he was sent to Xinjiang, first as intendant of the Zhen-Di circuit (鎮迪道), and finally in 1911 as surveillance commissioner. See BZJ sanbian, 20/21a–23a; Huaining XZ (1918), 16/30a; Danyang XZ (1927), 12/3b–4a; Wu XZ (1933), 3/21a; Renming quanwei. Bibliography entries for same author: Qiushi zhai gongdu huicun. [PEW] 0246

Huanxiang xin yaoze 宦鄉新要則, 1 ce [New Important Models for Officials In Post and At Home] Comp. Ronglu zhuren 榮錄主人 1908 Ed.:

– *1908 ed., Shanghai: Zhongguo tushu gongsi and Nanyang guan shuju, cover-leaf calligraphed by Zheng Tingliang 鄭廷樑, with an advertisement for a work titled Xin guanchang chidu 新官場尺牘 in 2 vols. [Beitu] – *1911 engraving of the Beijing Ronglu tang 京都榮錄堂開雕, with intro. (弁言) by Ronglu zhuren (1911). [*Columbia] [*Ōki]

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– Reprint of the 1911 ed., Taipei: Laogu wenhua shiye gongsi, 1982.

Rem.: A complement to Huanxiang yaoze (q.v.) motivated by the novelties of the “New Policies” (新政) period. The intro. explains that in the present, civilized, period (當今文明之世), even bureaucracy becomes progressively enlightened (官場亦漸開通), as seen in such areas as new styles of letters and documents. People still attached to the old conventions are “not few,” however; therefore the work is taking over formats described in the original Huanxiang yaoze and adapting them (酌而損 益之). (For example, it is said that self-derogatory phrases like bixian 卑 縣, and others, are no longer used.) The 53 entries (starting with appellations in diplomatic exchanges 外交稱呼式) deal entirely with phrasing and form in official documents and correspondence. The title on the cover-leaf and at the head of the mulu is Huanxiang xin yaoze; in the intro. it is Xin huanxiang yaoze; at the beginning of the text it is Xinzeng 新增 huanxiang yaoze qibing yaojue 啟稟要訣; the running title is either Huanxiang xin yaoze or Huanxiang yaoze. In the latter case, it turns out that the printing blocks of the original Huanxiang yaoze (Ronglu tang ed.) have been re-used, only changing the folio numbers. Only 15 folios (out of 93) have the title Huanxiang xin yaoze. [PEW] [MINGUO] 0247

[Guanmu bixi] Xianzheng quanshu 官幕必攜縣政全書, 12 j. [A Complete Book on County Government] By Xu Tianzui 許天醉, Zhao Xiulan 趙繡嵐, Hua Xuzhi 華緒之 and Yin Hongsheng 印洪聲 Ed.:

– *[1925] Shanghai Zhengyi hezuoshe typeset ed. in traditional binding, with several calligraphies, all dated 1925, at the beginning, and with pref. by Liu Tieleng 劉鐵冷 (1925). [*Harvard] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunka] [*Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: A highly detailed handbook for Republican local administrators. The pref. implies that it is necessary to get rid of the dominance of the networks of private secretaries that tended to control things under the Qing, the problem being a lack of competent people. There are four sections: (1) important rules for officials (服官要則); (2) documents (文件), under seven categories; (3) regulations (法令), under eight

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categories; (4) tables and registers (表冊). All of the hundreds of model documents are listed in the table of contents.

[PEW] 2.1.2

0248

For Prefectural Judges

Xiangxing yaolan 祥刑要覽, 1 j. [Essential Readings for Administering Auspicious Punishments] By She Ziqiang 佘自強 (z. Yixuan 以鉉, h. Jianwu 健吾) (js. 1592), from Tongliang 銅梁 (Sichuan) N.d. [late Ming] Ed.: – Appended to Zhipu (q.v.)

Rem.: The 30-folio text bears no relation to Wu Ne’s work by the same title (q.v.); it is a detailed, concrete, and at places fairly technical handbook for prefectural judges (推官), dealing with their twin functions of evaluating officials (官評) and administering justice (理刑). There are 36 entries in all, of which the first in particular emphasizes the extreme difficulty of the post (called xingting 刑廳), its crucial role in ensuring fair and efficient justice as well as a correct evaluation of local officials, and the importance of having incumbents of perfect integrity; the last justifies the hard material conditions a prefectural judge must be prepared to face. Investigation techniques and prevention of clerical corruption are discussed at length. There are several detailed entries on evaluating magistrates and their subordinates and underlings by extracting and recording information from every conceivable source, including the general populace and clerks and runners. The various forms for reporting on officials are described in detail. Other topics include reviewing the sentences proposed by local official and compiling them into registers; checking the financial accounts and lowly personnel of the subordinate counties; which fees, gifts and other civilities can or cannot be accepted; and more. The last entry is devoted to the rituals a prefectural judge must observe when visiting provincial officials.

Bio.: See under Zhipu. Ref. and studies: Cha Hye-won, “Minmatsu chihōkan no jinji idō to chihō yoron.” Bourgon, “Des châtiments bien tempérés,” 49. [TN]

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2.1.3 HANDBOOK FOR PREFECTS

For Prefects

[QING B] 0249

Zhifu xuzhi 知府須知, 4 j. [What Prefects Must Know] By (Changbai) Yanchang 長白延昌 (z. Shoufeng 壽峰) 1883 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. carefully written on paper patterned in red, with pref. by (Changbai) Shouyan zhuren Shiyan 長白守硯主人師言氏 (1883). [ZKT] – *Undated ms. ed. on plain paper, in formal kaishu, originally titled Zhifu 知府 xuzhi on the cover label and in the text but corrected into Shiyi xuzhi 事宜須知, with author’s pref. (1883), found again at the end (with its original wording and signature, viz. Shouyan zhuren Shiyan); the pref. (at the beginning) and main text have many corrections and additions, apparently by the author during preparation for publication, i.e. the printed Shiyi xuzhi (q.v.), which in general reflects exactly the corrections inserted here. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. probably of the ms. ed. at ZKT, in Siku weishou, ser. 4, vol. 19. – *Photo-repro. of same ms. ed., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 3, vol. 15.

Rem.: An earlier version of Shiyi xuzhi, published a few years later (see next entry). The full name of the author does not appear. The pref. is the same as the note (dated 1885 and signed by Changbai Yanchang) to the printed Shiyi xuzhi, with a limited amount of variants. The contents are nearly identical (the corrections inserted in the ms. at Beitu were probably in preparation for the published version).

Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu 31:358. [PEW] 0250

Shiyi xuzhi 事宜須知, 4 j. [What Must Be Known about Appropriate Matters] By (Changbai) Yanchang 長白延昌 (z. Shoufeng 壽峰) 1885 postf. Ed.:

– *1887 ed. engraved and printed by the Yang Hongwen tang at Guilin 桂 林楊鴻文堂刻刷 (as indicated at the end of the text), with pref. by Qin Huan 秦煥 (1887), colophon (跋) by Li Zonggeng 李宗庚 (1885), pref. by Xu Shaoshu 徐紹樞 (n.d.), note by author (1885). [*ZKT] [*Beitu, 4 copies] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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0249–0251

– *1897 ed. engraved and printed by the Yang Hongwen tang at Guilin, with pref. by Qin Huan (1887), colophon by Li Zonggeng (1885), pref. by Xu Shaoshu (n.d.), note by author (1885). [Shoudu] – *Photo-repro. of 1897 ed., in GZSJC, vol. 9.

Rem.: A handbook describing, in the usual way, the path from appointment at the capital to installation in a new position, but written for prefects, rather than magistrates—the work was first titled Zhifu xuzhi (see previous entry). The 84 entries are distributed among four sections: procedure at the capital (在京, 24 entries), setting off on one’s journey (起程, 7 entries), reaching the provincial capital (到省, 23 entries), and assuming one’s post (蒞任, 30 entries). The 1897 ed. has an additional 8 entries dated from that year. There is a mulu at the beginning of each juan. The author was appointed prefect of Xunzhou 潯州 (Guangxi) in 1880, after having spent twenty years in the metropolitan administration. He acknowledges in his note that he was completely bewildered by the new assignment and would have been lost without the advice of his friends and relatives, which he decided to note down so that it would not fall into oblivion. Most entries are short, but very clear. The emphasis is on practical and social advice. For example, j. 1 has extensive lists of clothes and shoes to take, as well as books, which are especially important when one goes to a wilderness like Guangxi; and as is stressed in Li Zonggeng’s colophon (Li served under Yanchang as a magistrate), questions of etiquette and relations with one’s superiors and colleagues (禮節儀文) are discussed in great detail. In sum, the subject of what the same colophon calls “truly a precious mirror for good two-thousand-shi officials” (真良二千石之寶鑑) is how to negotiate the “official path” (仕途), rather than government itself. Bio.: No information available other than that mentioned above. Ref. and studies: Ma: 124 (Qinghua) (1887 ed.). Siku xuxiu, 5:627. [LG, PEW] 2.1.4 Others [YUAN] 0251

Fengxian zhonggao 風憲忠告, 1 j. [Loyal Proclamations for Censors] By Zhang Yanghao 張養浩 (z. Ximeng 希孟, h. Yunzhuang 雲莊, Qidong yeren 齊東野人, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1270–1329), from Jinan 濟 南 (Shandong) N.d. Ed. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– In Weizheng zhonggao (q.v.), all editions. – Appended to the 1491 and 1552 eds. of Xian’gang shilei (q.v.). – *Ming ed. with pref. by Lin Quansheng 林泉生 (1355), together with Yushi zhen jijie 御史箴集解, 1 j., a commentary to Yushi zhen (see below) by Xue Xuan 薛瑄 (see under Congzheng lu), with pref. by Xue Xuan (1429). [Beitu] – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf), together with Miaotang zhonggao (q.v.). [Ōki] – Hanfen lou 涵芬樓 ed.

Rem.: A set of exhortations directed at censors on tour. The ten sections include “Regulating oneself” (自律), “Educating” (示教), “Investigating” (詢訪), “Making on-the-spot inspections” (按行), “Investigating and detaining” (審錄), “Recommending worthy men” (薦舉), “Exposing and impeaching” (糾彈), “Reporting to the emperor” (奏對), “Facing calamities” (臨難), and “Maintaining one’s integrity” (全節). The text recommends caution, impartiality, and humanity. The ten sections are followed by a Yushi zhen 御史箴 in 52 short sentences (句) and a Xianchen zhen 憲臣箴 in 24 sentences; the pithy exhortations were later enriched with lengthy commentaries by Xue Xuan, himself a censor. Bio.: See under Weizheng zhonggao. Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:2/47a–b. TYGXC, 2/47a (appended to Xian’gang shilei 憲綱事類, 2 j., another work compiled by Zhang Yanghao according to TYG, 2:2/43b [but see under that title]). Siku xuxiu, 8:190. Xu Zi, 162–71. Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. Bibliography entries for same author: Miaotang zhonggao; Mumin zhonggao; Weizheng zhonggao. [PEW] [MING]

Ducha yuan xunfang zongyue 都察院巡方總約 See: Xunfang zongyue 0252

Xian’gang shilei 憲綱事類 [Classified Matters Concerning the Censorate] Anon. 1439 and later Ed.:

– *[1491] ed. of the 1439 version, with 1439 edict, with Fengxian zhonggao [q.v.] and Yushi zhen appended (see under Fengxian zhonggao), with note (書憲綱事類後) by [Shandong] Transport Commissioner Zhou Zhen Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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周軫 (1491), indicating that this ed. was printed by Shandong regional inspector Chen Ruiqing 陳瑞卿 (Chen Bi 璧, ?–1514) because getting copies from the central government was difficult. [*Beiping Mf., reel #723] [Gugong Taipei] – *1439 version, with edict of the Zhengtong emperor to the Ministry of Rites and the Censorate (1439), in Huang Ming zhishu 皇明制書 (undated [sixteenth-century] official ed. published in Dantu 丹徒, Nan Zhili), j. 10. [Beitu] – *1439 version, with 1439 edict, in Huang Ming zhishu (1579 ed. by Zhang Lu 張鹵), j. 15. [Tōyō Bunko] – In Huang Ming zhishu, 1613 augmented ed. published in Dantu. [Ōki, not in cat.] – *1539 ed. published at Ganzhou fu 贛州府 by Wang Yingpeng 王應鵬, with Fengxian zhonggao (q.v.) and Yushi zhen with commentary by Xue Xuan 薛瑄集解 appended (in ce 3); the place and date of publication feature at the end of the Fengxian shiyi appended to the main text (see below). [Fu Sinian] – *1552 new ed. comp. by Zeng Pei 曾佩 (js. 1541), with a Part 2 (下) including Shenming 申明 xian’gang, by censor-in-chief Wang Tingxiang 王廷相 (1474–1544), Fengxian zhonggao (q.v.), by Zhang Yanghao, and Yushi zhen 御史箴 with the commentary by Xue Xuan, with Xianchen zhen 憲臣箴 appended; with note (書憲綱事類後) by Zeng Pei (1552); printed by fellow censor Shen Gulin 沈古林. [*Shanghai] [Tianyige, only Part 2 extant] – Ming ed. in 3 j. without author’s name. [Nanjing, only 1 j. extant] – *Photo-repro. of 1552 ed., Tianyi ge copy, in Tianyi ge cang Mingdai zhengshu zhenben congkan 天一閣藏明代政書珍本叢刊 (Beijing: Xian­ zhuang shuju, 2009), vol. 22. – *Photo-repro. of 1439 version published in Dantu (copy at Beitu), in BTGZC, vol. 46. – *Photo-repro. of 1439 version in 1579 Huang Ming zhishu, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 788. – *Photo-repro. of same ed., Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1969. – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Zhongguo jiancha zhidu wenxian jiyao 中國 監察制度文獻輯要 (Beijing: Hongqi chubanshe, 2007), vol. 2. – *Modern typeset ed. based on text in Huang Ming zhishu 皇明制書 (Jiajing-period ed.), in Zhongguo zhenxi falü dianji jicheng 中國珍稀法律 典籍集成, 乙編, vol. 2 (Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 1994).

Rem.: Xian’gang (lit. “laws and regulations”) is a comparatively short set of instructions for the members of the censorate sent to the provinces and to the surveillance commissioners stationed there, approved by the emperor and published and circulated by the Censorate in Beijing; in

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its first known version it has articles on the procedures for and behavior of regional inspectors, as well as a list of the directives they must hand down to the local officials. It was first promulgated at the beginning of the Hongwu reign and was frequently revised afterwards, notably in 1393 and 1439. Its basic contents remained the same through the various editions, but there were significant emendations and additions. In his 1439 edict, Yingzong indicates that his father (the Xuande emperor) had ordered to keep the instructions he had added to the Hongwu and Yongle basic text, but suppress all the additions made by officials; but he died before the work could be promulgated. Yingzong himself has added directives currently enforced (益以見行事宜), the text of which he now orders to compile and print for circulation among the entire bureaucracy. The 1439 Xian’gang (in 34 articles) was enriched with a set of 15 articles titled Xianti 憲體, defining the scope of the regional inspectors’ duties and regulating their behavior, and with further articles devoted to the rituals to follow in interviews between the regional inspectors and other officials (出巡相見禮儀, 4 articles), a list of all the areas of local civilian and military government to be checked on by regional inspectors and on which local officials must report (巡歷事例, 36 articles), and rules for reviewing documents (刷卷條格, 6 articles), the entire set being called Xian’gang shilei. In the 1491, 1539, and 1552 eds., these materials were complemented with Zhang Yanghao’s Fengxian zhonggao (q.v.) and the accompanying Yushi zhen (both with their original prefaces, by Lin Quansheng and Xue Xuan respectively), as well as other materials. By combining all of this into one single book, these eds. can be regarded as complete handbooks for regional inspectors, covering both the practical and ethical aspects of their assignment. In the 1539 ed., a set of proposals titled Qinding fengxian shiyi 欽定風憲事宜, in 16 articles, submitted by the vice-censor-in-chief of the right (右副都 御史), Wang Yingpeng (see next entry), and his colleagues and approved by the emperor for publication and circulation on JJ 11/12/1, is appended (附) to the text of Xian’gang shilei. Likewise, Part 2 of the 1552 ed. begins with a set of three memorials with draft regulations (some borrowed from earlier memorials by other authors) submitted by censor-in-chief Wang Tingxiang 王廷相 (see under Junchuan gongyi bogao) and his colleagues in 1533 and 1534, under the general title Shenming xian’gang 申 明憲綱 (the bibliographic treatise in MS, 97/2395, mentions a Shenming xian’gang lu 錄 in 1 j. by Wang), discussing various aspects of the question, such as the ethics and behavior of regional inspectors, their methods of investigation, relations with the grand coordinators (巡撫) and

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341

mutual areas of competence (obviously a constant problem), the registers to submit when reporting on their investigations, and more. (All these texts reveal the problems encountered by the regional inspector system at the time.) The texts of Fengxian zhonggao and Yushi zhen are then reproduced.

Ref. and studies: Da Ming huidian 大明會典 (Wanli ed.), j. 210, article “Chuxun shiyi” 出巡事宜, partially reproducing the texts of the 1393 and 1439 revisions of Xian’gang. TYG, 2:2/43b (in 2 j., attributed to Zhang Yanghao, the author of Fengxian zhonggao), 45b (in 1 j.). Tianyi ge shumu, 98. Guji shanben, 史, 2:1100. Chang, 1:88 (1491 and 1539 eds.). Hucker, Censorial System, 334, n. 58. Ogawa, Mindai chihō kansatsu seido, 46–55. Zhang Zhaoyu 張兆裕, intro. to photo-repro. of Tianyi ge copy. [PEW] 0253

Ducha yuan zou ming zhizhang su fengji ce 都察院奏明職掌肅風紀册 [A Memorial from the Censorate to Clarify Duties and Enforce Discipine] By Wang Yingpeng 王應鵬 (z. Tianyu 天宇, h. Dingzhai 定齋) (d. 1536) (js. 1508) from Yinxian 鄞縣 (Zhejiang) 1532 Ed.:

– 1532 ed. [Tianyi ge] – *Photo-repro. of ed. above, in Tianyi ge cang Mingdai zhengshu zhenben congkan 天一閣藏明代政書珍本叢刊 (Beijing: Xianzhuang shuju, 2009), vol. 22.

Rem.: Originally a memorial submitted by Wang Yingpeng, then vicecensor-in-chief of the right (右副都御史), after consultation with his colleagues at the Censorate (the full list is given at the end), the text was approved by the Jiajing emperor for publication in the form of a manual to be handed over to all the grand coordinators (巡撫都御史), regional inspectors (巡按監察御史), and censors sent on special assignments (公差都御史). Like Shenming xian’gang, of about the same date (see under Xian’gang shilei), it displays the grave concerns voiced at the time regarding the behavior of censors sent to investigate local governments. The 18-folio text has 11 entries on the rights and duties of censorial personnel posted to the provinces. In particular, it addresses the problem of the relations between the regional inspectors (assigned to investigate the government of one province for one year, whose growing influence and, it would seem, arrogance was seen as a problem) and the grand coordinators (who were the equivalent of regional governors), and attempts

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to carefully delineate their respective areas of responsibility and avoid jurisdictional disputes (侵越紛更). The contents of the memorial also appear, with some differences, in Ming shilu: Shizong, 145/3361–68 (WL 11/12/甲戌, 26 Dec. 1532).

Bio.: Wang Yingpeng had a wealth of experience as a censor in the provinces. After his jinshi he first served as magistrate of Jiading 嘉定 (Nan Zhili), where he successfully arrested people that others had not dared to challenge. In 1515 he was made a censor (御史) and served as regional inspector first in Fujian, then in Shandong. In both positions he was known for his strict oversight. In 1522 he was assigned to inspect schools in the capital area. In 1524 he was made surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in Henan, where he was similarly strict with schools. Some records indicate that he was appointed vice-minister (少 卿) in the Court of Judicial Review. In 1527 he was made Shandong surveillance commissioner. In 1528 he became assistant censor-in-chief (僉都御史) and was assigned as grand coordinator for the Baoding area near the capital and then for Shanxi. In 1531 he was made vice-censor-in-chief (副都御史) in charge of the Censorate. In 1533 he was imprisoned and stripped of his office, but later he honorably retired. See Jiao Hong 焦竑, Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝 獻徵錄, 55/20a; Yin XZ (1686), 16/27b; Ningbo 寧波 FZ (1560), 28/39a; Jiading XZ (1605), 3/11a, 9/4b; Ming shilu: Wuzong, 124/2495, Shizong, 11/412, 42/1103, 80/1788, 84/1899, 92/2126, 129/3075, 146/3379, 194/4088. [TN] Ref. and studies: Zhang Xianbo 張憲博, intro. to the Tianyi ge photo-repro. [PEW] 0254

Fengxian yue 風憲約, 1 or 2 j. [A Covenant on Laws and Customs] By Lü Kun 呂坤 (z. Xinwu 新吾, h. Shujian 叔簡) (1536–1618) (js. 1574), from Ningling 寧陵 (Henan) N.d. Ed.:

– *Ming anon. ed. in 2 j., some missing pages at the beginning and end, with indication “juan 6” in central margin, suggesting a fragment of the complete Shizheng lu [q.v.]. [Beiping Mf., reel #724] [Gugong Taipei] [*Tōyō Bunko, from Beiping Mf.] – *1893 ed. of the Hunan surveillance commissioner office, in 1 j., titled Lü Xinwu xiansheng Fengxian yue, with pref. by Hunan Surveillance commissioner Wang Lian 王廉 (1893), with Yuzheng 獄政 appended. [*Columbia] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Photo-repro. of ed. drawn from Shizheng lu (q.v.), with Yuzheng appended, in Gudai difang falü, ser. 1, vol. 8.

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– *Modern typeset ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 2.

Rem.: A separate ed. of j. 6 of Lü’s Shizheng lu (q.v.) (this juan has a separate pref. by Chen Dengyun 陳登雲, dated 1593). It is composed of two parts: (1) Tixing shiyi 提刑事宜, in 52 articles, emphasizes the judicial function of the provincial surveillance commissioner and explains how to deal with various crimes; the articles are arranged as follows: homicides (人命), theft (盜情), sexual crimes (姦情), prisons (監 禁), hearing lawsuits (聽訟), torture (用刑), and models of complaints (狀式); they amount to a highly detailed set of directives on the judicial procedure, of interest to all local officials. (2) Ancha shiyi 按察事宜, in 20 articles, emphasizes the surveillance function of the same official; it is in fact the equivalent of a small handbook, dealing with a variety of problems of local administration. The 1893 edition also has a set of regulations on prison management, the Yuzheng 獄政 (with separate pagination), which is in fact j. 7 of Lü Kun’s Shizheng lu.

Bio.: See under Mingzhi pian. Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:141 (anon. ed. on Beiping Mf.). Delporte, “Handbooks and Local Jurisdiction.” Bibliography entries for same author: Mingzhi pian; Shizheng lu; Shizheng lu jiechao; Xingzheng jielu; Jiuming shu; Zhancheng huowen. [PEW] 0255

Xunfang zongyue 巡方總約, 1 j. [General Covenant for Regional Inspectors] By Sun Peiyang 孫丕揚 (z. Shuxiao 叔孝, h. Lishan 立山, s. Gongjie 恭介) (1532–1614) (js. 1556), and others 1594 Ed.:

– *Undated ed., title on first page Ducha yuan 都察院 xunfang zongyue, with a directive by Zhejiang regional inspector Chen 陳 ordering to print the text and circulate it among the officials of the province (1604), and memorial by censor-in-chief Sun Peiyang and others asking that the new regulations be published and distributed (1594), and 1594 postf. [Shanghai] – *Undated movable-type ed., same description as above, without postf., but ending with the names of the officials who “collectively proposed” the text (會議), viz. Henan regional inspector Gan Shijie 甘士价 and several subaltern colleagues, dated WL 22/5/– at the end. [Tōyō Bunka]

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– Undated (Wanli-period) ed. published alongside Xiyuan lu (q.v.) under title Xiyuan lu Xunfang zongyue heke 合刻. [Sonkeikaku] – *In Xingshu juhui (q.v.), fasc. 8, same description as copy at Tōyō Bunka, without postf. – *In Da Ming lüli linmin baojing (q.v.), j. 末上. – *In Shitu xuanjing (q.v.), j. 5, with slightly different wording at places, some variations in the numbers of entries, no date or signature to the opening memorial, and explanations of terms and allusions (總釋) inserted after each main section. – *Photo-repro. of the Da Ming lüli linmin baojing version in Yang Yifan, Zhongguo jiancha zhidu wenxian jiyao, vol. 4.

Rem.: The work’s general idea was to provide regional inspectors and provincial surveillance commissioners—in principle the local representatives of the Censorate—with a coherent and stable set of instructions, both on the procedures of the local administrations they were supposed to inspect and on their own procedures during their tours. This would prevent local administrators from being showered with different or even contradictory “covenants” by the successive censors on tour: from then on only local problems not dealt with in the General Covenant could be the object of specific directives. All of this is expounded in detail in the memorial titled “Xunfang zongyue shu 疏” sent by Sun Peiyang and his colleagues (including Lü Kun as assistant censor-in-chief of the right 左僉都御史) on WL 22/5/21 to present the text, which got the imperial approval two days later. It had been elaborated by Henan circuit censor Gan Shijie and a group of subordinate officials and was meant to update earlier sets of directives addressed to the touring censors (see under Xian’gang shilei). A synthesis of covenants previously issued in various provinces, it harps on the present trend to routinization and negligence and insists on restoring and reinforcing the original procedures in field administration and in the work of regional inspectors. There are six sections in the text proper (titled Ducha yuan xunfang zongyue): (1) The 3 entries in “Xian’gang lei” 憲綱 類 recall certain basic principles and directives in the original Xian’gang quanshu 全書 and its sequels. (2) The 10 entries in “Bianli lei” 辯 (or 辨, depending on ed.) 吏類 describe ten sorts of officials that need to be identified and censured for behavior (such as covetousness, cruelty, deceitfulness, sycophancy, laziness, indifference, and so forth). (3) The 21 entries in “Zhishou lei” 職守類 discuss in great detail the responsibilities and problems of the entire hierarchy of civilian and military officials in the provinces. (4) The 41 entries in “Buyue lei” 部約類

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discuss in similar detail a variety of problems of local government, classified under the traditional six categories (Personnel, Revenue, Rites, War, Justice, and Public Works), that must come under the scrutiny of surveillance officials; examples include the evaluation of administrators, office-transfer procedures (交代), clerks and runners, official correspondence and registers, taxation and lijia 里甲, account-checking, tree-planting and irrigation, institutions to help the poor, xiangyue 鄉約, improving customs, baojia, training and evaluation of military officers, the various aspects of judicial administration, prison management, and the maintenance of frontier defenses. (This section has been omitted in the Shitu xuanjing ed. because “it is generally similar to the other rubrics” [大概與他項相類].) (5) “Xunshi lei” 巡視類 (6 entries) deals more specifically with the inspections of the touring censors: how to tour prefectures, how to ensure security and secrecy in the censor’s special compound, and problems of decorum, etiquette, provisioning, and accounting. Finally (6) “Yueshu lei” 約束類 (one entry) is about preventing rapacious and cruel officials from overusing fines and physical punishments; it quotes a set of two times eight admonitions consisting of four short “don’t” (勿) each, entitled “Shengxing 省刑 yueshu” and “Shengfa 省法 yueshu” respectively, which it had been decided earlier to order every local official to post in his office. The extremely detailed Xunfang zongyue text (a total 50 folios including the front materials) is written in the form of an address to the reader, not without rhetorical effects and sometimes speaking in the first person in formulas such as “When the present censor was at the Ministry of Justice …” (該本院官 刑部時). As such, it can be considered a typical example of guanzhen, addressed both to the local officials, among whom it was supposed to be circulated, and to the touring censors who were to inspect them. It also provides an interesting view of the problems in local administration as seen from the censorate at the end of the sixteenth century.

Bio.: Sun Peiyang had a wealth of experience in regional censorial posts. After passing the jinshi he first served in the Messenger Office. In 1562 he became a censor (御史) and in 1564 was made regional inspector for the capital area. He went on to serve as regional inspector in the Huai region, and in 1566 in the area around Yangzhou 揚州 (Nan Zhili). In 1567 he went on sick leave, and returned to serve as a censor in 1570. In 1571, not long after being moved to assistant minister (丞) in the Court of Judicial Review, his dismissal was arranged by grand secretary Gao Gong 高拱. After Gao was forced out of office in 1572, Sun was recalled and in 1573 he was made assistant censor-in-chief (僉都 御史) and grand coordinator for Baoding and the surrounding territory in the

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capital region. He strengthened defenses there, and continued to serve with his rank increased to vice-censor-in-chief (副都御史). For offending grand secretary Zhang Juzheng 張居正 he opted to retire for illness in 1577. In 1585, however, he was made governor (尹) of the metropolitan prefecture in Nanjing. In 1586 he became chief minister (卿) of the Court of Judicial Review and in 1587 was made vice-minister (侍郎) of Revenue. In 1589 he was appointed censorin-chief (都御史) in Nanjing, but left claiming illness in the following year. In 1592 he took up the post of minister of Justice, and in late 1593 was made censor-in-chief; it was in this capacity that he submitted the present work to the throne. In 1594 he moved to serve as minister of Personnel (where he set up the procedure for appointing local officials by lots) and was in and out of that office in the middle of the factional fights of the period. See DMB, 1218; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 史, 2:1002. [TN, PEW] 0256

Liangyuan fake sidao zhuoyi qianliang zhengjie shiyi 兩院發刻司道 酌議錢糧徵解事宜, 1 j. [Propositions by the Commissions and Circuits Regarding Tax Levy and Delivery, Published by the Two Provincial Chiefs (of Henan)] Comp. Henan Provincial Administration Commission 1616 Ed.:

– *1616 ed. printed on orders of the Henan provincial government. [Beitu]

Rem.: The text features proposals resulting from discussions on tax collection by various circuit officials in Henan initiated by the Provincial Surveillance Commission. It was printed on orders of the regional inspector and grand coordinator for distribution to all the local officials in the province. [TN]

0257

Benxue zhinan 本學指南 [A Guide to the Knowledge of Memorial Writing] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– 1936 ed. in Miaoyuan congshu, based on a Wanli-period small-size ms. ed. (鈔袖珍本), with pref. by Luo Zhenchang 羅振常 (n.d.) – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in Congshu jicheng xubian (Taiwan ed.), vol. 67. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Figure 5

Benxue zhinan (#0257) (photo-repro. of 1936 Miaoyuan congshu), model of memorial envelope, front and back

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Rem.: Luo’s pref. says that the original ms. was titled Shufa 書法 zhinan at the beginning (the words Benxue zhinan featured on the cover label), followed by the mention “卷上,” though the text seemed complete. It was followed by an appendix devoted to discussions of the meaning, pronunciation, and form of characters, not included here. According to Luo it must have been a “secret booklet” (秘本) that memorial writers transmitted to each other. Seals indicate that at one point it had been the property of Kuixu 揆叙 (1674–1717); printing it at present may be useful for historians using Ming and Qing documents and interested in contemporary regulations. The 22-folio text lists with exacting precision the rules concerning the page layout, character elevations, wording, phraseology, signatures, seals, enveloppes, etc., used in any kind of memorial (including attachments, lists, etc.) and for any purpose. Then it proposes a series of models (規範) corresponding to a variety of circumstances and showing the format (體式) to adopt. The last 3 folios consist of plates representing different memorial cover-leaves. In the Miaoyuan congshu ed., Benxue zhinan has been paired with a similar text titled Zouzhe kuanshi 奏摺款式, originally a Daoguang-period manuscript, featuring the same sort of contents adapted to the so-called “palace memorials” (奏摺) of the Qing period. Ref. and Studies: Sakurai, “Hongaku shinan no rekishiteki seikaku.” Wang, “Dilemmas of Empire,” 100, n. 75 Transl.: Japanese translation in Sakurai, “Hongaku shinan yakuchū kō” (1) and (2). [TN, PEW]

[QING A] 0258

Fengxian jinyue 風憲禁約, 1 j. [Prohibitions and Rules for Censors] By Wei Yijie 魏裔介 (z. Shisheng 石生, h. Zhen’an 貞菴, s. Wenyi 文毅) (1616–1686) (js. 1646), from Boxiang 柏鄉 (Zhili) N.d. Ed.: – No known ed. available (not reproduced in SKCMCS).

Rem.: 54 regulations on the duties of a touring censor (巡按). The Siku commentators note that Wei does not seem to have held such functions.

Bio.: After two years as Hanlin Academy bachelor (庶吉士) following his jinshi, Wei Yijie served as a supervising secretary (給事中) in various offices between 1647 and 1655. Then he was appointed vice-censor-in-chief, later

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349

censor-in-chief (1657–63). He belonged to the Inner Secretariat (內秘書院) in 1664–79; during those years he was also minister of Personnel and Rites. He retired in 1671. See QSG, 262/9887–90; Qingdai qibai, 1:74–76; ECCP, 849–50; Renming quanwei; Struve, “Ruling from Sedan Chair.” Ref. and studies: Siku, 101/2072. QSG, 147/4334 (cited alongside the same author’s Xuncheng tiaoyue [q.v.]). Bibliography entries for same author: Xuncheng tiaoyue. [PEW] [QING B] 0259

Quan Zhang zhifa lun 泉漳治法論 [On the Methods for Policing Quanzhou and Zhangzhou] By Xie Jinluan 謝金鑾 (z. Chenting 臣廷 or Juting 巨廷, h. Tuigu 退谷) (?–1820) (jr. 1788), from Houguan 侯官 (Fujian) N.d. Ed.:

– *[1868] new ed. (重刊) with prefs. by Wu Tang 吳棠 (to 重刊, 1868), Zhao Shenzhen 趙慎畛 (1823), Chen Shouqi 陳壽祺 (1823), and author (n.d.), with Zhi nanyu shi lun 治難獄事論 appended. [*Columbia] [*Congress/ LL] [*Tōyō Bunko] – Appended to Xie’s Gezinan jilüe 蛤仔難紀略. – *Quoted in Zhi Tai bigao lu (q.v.) Rem.: At the time of writing Xie Jinluan was an instructor (學正) in Nanjing 南靖 (Zhangzhou 漳州 prefecture) and Anxi 安溪 (Quanzhou 泉州 prefecture) in his native Fujian, which in his own eyes gave him

authority to denounce the social evils of the region. The relatively short text apparently was written shortly after Xie’s appointment to Anxi in the early 1800s, when he had to deal with a criminal case involving local students (see below, Bandy). It provides local officials with advice on how to combat practices such as vendettas, kidnappings, resistance to administrative orders, and so forth, of which the author gives very striking descriptions. It was published in 1823, after Xie’s death, by governorgeneral Zhao Shenzhen, who was appalled by what he saw when he was posted there and found Xie’s pamphlet the ideal text to discipline the local bureaucracy and instruct the gentry and people: its impact, he insists, derives from the fact that this is a Fujianese talking to Fujianese. (An earlier ed. may have been published by the Aofeng Academy 鰲峰書 院 in Fuzhou, Xie’s alma mater and a center of local activism, which was

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also entrusted with printing the 1823 ed.) 45 years later, when he passed through the region on his way to Guangdong in late 1867, governorgeneral Wu Tang was told by someone that the ways of controlling the violent denizens of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou could be found in Xie’s work; he managed to get an old copy and had it engraved anew for distribution among the officials, gentry and people of the two prefectures (he describes it as “a book to discipline officials and educate the gentry and people” 以治其吏以教士與民之書). Zhao Shenzhen insists at the beginning of his pref. that Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and Taiwan constitute the most difficult and crucial part of a Min-Zhe governor-general’s tasks, and that controlling Zhangzhou and Quanzhou means that one has control of Taiwan. The appended Zhi nanyu shi lun (from p. 18a), of unknown authorship, is devoted to vendettas. The title is followed by the mention “借刻.” Bio.: See under Juguan zhiyong pian. Ref. and studies: Bandy, “Information and Local Activism,” 67–72. Bibliography entries for same author: Juguan zhiyong pian. [PEW]

0260

Gongwen chengshi 公文程式, 1 ce [Models for Public Documents] Anon. 1866 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., fasc. with mention “同治五年捌月初捌日辰刻訂” and seal “安徽寧國府通判之關防,” title added by library. [Hunan]

Rem.: This booklet deals with rules to observe on formatting and phraseology in officials’ correspondence regarding both public affairs (公事) and personal relations (應酬). There is also advice on wrapping and envelopes. [PEW]

0261

Houbu renyuan yaojin shilüe 候補人員要緊事略, 1 ce [A Brief Record of Important Matters for Expectant Officials] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated (Tongzhi-period) ms. ed. [Hunan]

Rem.: A guide for expectant officials (houbu) residing in the capital of Hunan province. The advice mainly concerns clothing and accessories, Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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0259–0262

how two behave when meeting colleagues, official names, correspondence formats, and other matters regarding etiquette. [GRT] 0262

Quanjie qianyu 勸戒淺語 [Simple Words to Exhort and Admonish] By Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 (z. Bohan 伯涵, h. Disheng 滌生) (1811–72) (js. 1838), from Xiangxiang 湘鄉 (Hunan) 1861 author’s note Ed.: *1879 Jiangxi provincial government ed. (江西撫署藏板), with note by Zeng Guofan (1861) and postf. (跋) by Li Wenmin 李文敏 (1879). [Beitu] Rem.: This thin nine-folio fasc. contains exhortations and admonitions aimed at four categories of officials and literati, namely magistrates (州縣), military officers (營官), commissioned officials (委員), and gentrymen (紳士), with four articles (條) in each case; it is specified that the advice can be extended to other types of officials, for example, for the first category, all the local officials from intendant to assistant and subaltern official (佐雜). The wording of this highly compressed form of advice is not without strength and elegance, and the choice of topics may not be haphazard. For example, the magistrates are advised (in this order) to carefully rule their private quarters (治署內以端本), lucidly use punishments to combat litigation (明刑法以清訟), give a priority to agriculture (重農事以厚生), and encourage frugality (崇儉樸以養廉); while the military are encouraged to prohibit trouble-making by their soldiers (禁騷擾以安民), admonish them not to smoke and gamble (戒 煙賭以儆惰), train them (勸訓練以禦寇), and encourage frugality (尚 廉儉以服眾). According to Li Wenmin, Zeng Guofan composed the text when he was governor-general of Liang-Jiang (1860–68) and Zhili (1869– 70); at the time it was printed for distribution to his subordinates. Li is producing this new edition after his appointment as governor of Jiangxi (1878), out of fear of lacking the necessary leadership capabilities. Bio.: Born to a modest peasant family, Zeng Guofan started a successful capital career immediately after his jinshi, first at the Hanlin Academy and later in the higher rungs of the ministerial bureaucracy. He was ordered to organize the Hunan militia against the Taiping Rebellion while he was there on mourning leave. His campaigns at the head of his Hunan Army (湘軍), assisted by a pleiad of able generals, many of whom would become high officials after the war was over, are famous. His position and military authority were greatly strengthened after his appointment as governor-general of Jiangnan in 1860. After the fall of Nanjing, the Taiping capital, in 1864 and the final victory over

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the Taipings, of which he was considered the principal artisan, Zeng worked at rebuilding the economy and administration of Jiangnan, and later of Zhili, where he was governor-general from 1868 to 1871. One of the initiators of the so-called self-strengthening policies encouraging the borrowing of Western techniques, and also a devoted Neo-confucianist, he encouraged a revival of the values of austerity and competence in the civil service. See QSG, 405/11907– 18; XuBZJ, 5/11b–28a; QSLZ, 45/11a–24a; ECCP, 751–6; Qingdai qibai, 2:1036–47; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307. Ma, 137 (Beiping). Siku xuxiu, 31:785. [PEW] 0263

Bijiao lu 弼教錄, 2 j. [On Aiding Education] By Wang Maozhong 王懋中 (z. Guangwen 廣文, h. Guifang 桂舫), from Minxian 閩縣 (Fujian) 1900 Ed.:

– *1900 edition engraved with funds contributed by vice-prefect Wu Yong 同知銜吳永, “added student” Wu Huanwen 增生吳煥文, and “supplementary student” Xie Jinglan 附生謝景瀾, blocks kept at the Futun school 富屯學舍, engraved by Wang Youshi 王友士 in Fuzhou; with prefs. by Dai Hongci 戴泓慈 (1900) and author (1900). [JJS] Rem.: A handbook composed by the instructor (教諭) of Shunchang 順昌 (in Yanping 延平 prefecture, Fujian) as a complement to his teaching (為輔宣講而作). The contents are entirely aimed at literati and commoners, whose “eyes must tremble and hearts made careful” (慄目儆心).

Both the author and Dai Hongci (1853–1910)—education commissioner of Fujian 1897–1900, later sent on a research trip to Europe and president of the Fabu 法部—stress in their prefaces the complete disregard for laws and rites in the region, especially in Shunchang since the city fell to rebels 40 years earlier: the archives and books kept by the administration have been entirely destroyed, and 70% of the population are recent immigrants. The author justifies his endeavour by quoting a 1737 edict found in Xuezheng quanshu 學政全書 (Complete book on provincial education commissioners), to the effect that besides expounding Shengyu guangxun 聖諭廣訓, educational officials must publish and circulate the contents of the Penal Code. The 16 sections (門) deal with a variety of illegalities and crimes and their punishment in the Code. The author follows code categories, very clearly and with occasional rearrangement; the topics and contents have been selected to introduce

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the literati and populace to the laws that concern them directly, and in a form easy to comprehend. (For this reason everything that concerns the bureaucracy has been omitted.) The material (whose origin is not indicated in the text) has been culled from Da Qing huidian shili, the Penal Code, Xuezheng quanshu, and a selection of relevant commentaries, leading cases, and ministry precedents; there are some interlinear author’s comments. The sections are: (1) schools (學校), dealing with illegalities committed by students and degree-hoders; (2) customs (風教), with regulations on topics like religious propaganda, obscene books, sorcerers and teachers of martial arts, etc.; (3) family relations (倫紀), including burials and inheritance; (4) rebellion (悖逆), including rebellious behavior within the family; (5) disobeying prohibitions (違 禁), dealing with various forms of counterfeiting, sumptuary laws, laws on maritime commerce, and more; (6) homicide and wounds (傷殺); (7) affrays (斗毆); (8) marriage (婚姻); (9) sexual crimes and abduction (姦 拐); (10) robbery (盜竊); (11) false accusations (誣詐); (12) fiscal crimes (賦役); (13) lawsuits (詞訟); (14) insults (罵詈); (15) bribery (贓私), including couterfeiting of currency and smuggling; (16) various crimes (雜 犯). Bijiao in the title is usually associated with mingxing 明刑, “making punishments clear”; despite its contents, however, the work should not be regarded as a legal handbook, but rather as working materials for educational officials. [PEW]

0264

Xiangdong zhenyan 鄉董箴言, 1 j. [Words of Admonition for Rural Managers] By Li Yingjue 李應玨 (z. Yushan 玉山), from Huazhou 化州 (Guang­dong) 1900 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed., blocks at the offices of Mengcheng 蒙城 county, with prefs. by Lian Fu 聯福 (z. Weichen 偉臣) (1900) and author (n.d.). [*Columbia] – Photo-repro. of same ed., Taichung: Wenting ge tushu youxian gongsi, 2013 (Wan Qing sibu congkan, ser. 9, vol. 63)

Rem.: “Admonitions to rural managers” in 42 articles form the main part. They were composed and circulated among the notables by the author, a magistrate appointed to Guo 渦 county (presumably Guoyang 渦陽, Anhui) in 1899 and, shortly thereafter, to Mengcheng (Anhui). The text is aimed at the “rural managers” he established everywhere,

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following the model of the Zhouli, to stabilize and administer a society having suffered from constant violence and disorder since the Nian Rebellion. He used to have interviews with them once a month. The contents are quite detailed and close to those found in official proclamations by local officials: they deal with local defense and public order, reforming popular customs, improving agricultural production, rehabilitating irrigation, facilitating commerce and communications, establishing post offices, famine relief, discouraging lawsuits, etc. One notices admonitions against attacking Catholic churches and against bound feet. The text reflects socio-economic conditions in post-rebellion Anhui. There are two appendices: (1) a long collection of quotations with commentaries titled Shisan jing jiaxun 十三經家訓, compiled earlier by the author and intended to help the rural managers in their effort at educating the populace; (2) a treatise on sericulture titled Cansang shuolüe 蠶桑說 略, composed by the author in 1895, also printed here to encourage the managers to develop sericulture. [PEW] 2.2

Handbooks for Private Assistants

2.2.1 For Private Secretaries 2.2.1.1 General Works [QING A] 0265

Muxue juyao 幕學舉要, 1 j. [Essentials of Private Secretary Learning] By Wan Weihan 萬維𩙶 (z. Fengjiang 楓江) (1700?–?), from Wujiang

吳江 (Jiangsu)

N.d. Ed.:

– *Yunhuitang 芸暉堂 undated ed., with author’s colophon (1770), in the same bookcase as some eds. of Lüli tushuo (q.v.). [*Congress/LL] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *In Rumu xuzhi wuzhong (q.v.), with pref. by Zhang Tingxiang 張廷驤 (1883) and author’s colophon (1770). – *Undated ed. with author’s colophon (1770). [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of 1892 Zhejiang shuju edition of Rumu xuzhi wuzhong, with prefs. by Gu Zhaoxi 顧肇熙 (to Rumu xuzhi wuzhong, 1884), Zhang

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Tingxiang (1883), and author (1770), note by Liu Shutang 劉樹堂 (to Rumu xuzhi wuzhong, 1885), and fanli to Rumu xuzhi wuzhong, in GZSJC, vol. 4. – *Modern typeset ed. based on Yunhui tang ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 3.

Rem.: The work was composed in the 1740s based on the author’s personal experience as a private secretary (muyou) in Zhili; it is unclear whether it was first engraved at that time: all the known editions are of a much later date, and at the time of writing his colophon the author was already seventy-one. There are 12 sections covering much of the financial, judicial, and administrative responsibilities typically devolved to muyou in the mid-Qing dynasty: “General considerations” (總論), “Banditry” (盜案), “Homicides” (命案), “Sexual crimes” (姦情), “Fugitives” (逃人), “Taxation” (錢榖), “Post transfer” (交盤), “Community granaries” (社倉), “Famine relief” (災賑), “Catching locusts” (捕蝗), “Water management” (水利), and “Officials” (官方). The tone is generally discursive, but the entries are short, consisting of comments rather than essays, and providing a combination of practical advice, anecdotes, legal commentary, and sample documentary formats. The section on “fugitives,” for example, features entries on the laws governing escaped criminals and military deserters as well as advice on how to apprehend them, e.g., methods for publicizing information about their flight, tricks for interrogating possible witnesses, and ideas for where to search. The difference between handbooks aimed at officials and handbooks written (like this one) from the point of view of a private secretary is especially in evidence in the final section on “officials,” a collection of concrete suggestions for muyou on how to deal with their employers.

Bio.: See under Chenggui shiyi. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4335. Chang, 1:156. Will, Bureaucracy and Famine, 11. Bibliography entries for same author: Chenggui shiyi; Da Qing lüli jizhu; Huangzheng suoyan; Lüli tushuo; Lüli tushuo bian’e; Xingjian lu; Xingqian zhinan. [NP, PEW] 0266

Xingqian zhinan 刑錢指南, 3 j. [A Guide for Legal and Fiscal Secretaries] By Wan Weihan 萬維𩙶 (z. Fengjiang 楓江) (1700?–?), from Wujiang

吳江 (Jiangsu)

1768 Ed.:

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– *1768 new engraving (新鐫) of the Jingju tang 敬聚堂藏板, with pref. by author (1768) and postf. (跋) by his nephews and disciples (受業甥), Wei Tang 魏塘 and Wei Zhengheng 魏正鑅 (n.d.). [Ōki] – *1774 revised and enlarged (增訂) Yunhui tang ed. 芸暉堂藏板, with author’s pref. (identical to his 1768 pref., but redated 1773), and postf. by Wei Tang and Wei Zhengheng (n.d.); apart from the “supplements” (續增) at the end of each juan, the printing blocks are obviously those of the 1768 ed., but the mulu of the three juan have been put together at the beginning of the work (not in the copy at Tōyō Bunko). [*Columbia, as a set with Xingjian lu and Chenggui shiyi (qq.v.)] [*Congress/LL] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko, as a set with Xingjian lu and Chenggui shiyi] – *Photo-repro. of j. 3 of 1774 ed., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 13

Rem.: Wan explains in his pref. that he wrote the text after all his other works composed during thirty years of pondering on administrative problems, viz. Lüli tushuo, Muxue juyao, Huangzheng suoyan, Xingjian lu, Chenggui shiyi, and Da Qing lü jizhu (qq.v.). The postface describes the work as an “aid to enter the muyou profession” (入幕之津梁). J. 1 deals with justice. J. 2 deals principally with finances, starting with the post-transfer procedure (交代) and ending with several entries on fires (失火). J. 3, entirely devoted to famine relief, is composed of directives, precedents, and regulations published by the governments of Anhui, Hunan, and Jiangsu, and includes several texts and illustrations on combating locusts. The contents of these three thick chapters are both detailed and concrete. The “enlargement” in the 1774 ed. consists of one further entry to both j. 1 and 2, and a comparatively large (33 folios) set of directives and circulars from the provincial authorities of Zhejiang and Jiangsu on a variety of administrative subjects, each bearing a caption (not in the copy at Tōyō Bunko). Bio.: See under Chenggui shiyi. Ref. and studies: Ma, 126 (Qinghua) (1774 ed.). Pelliot, 146, claiming that it is also called Lixue zhinan 吏學指南. Bibliography entries for same author: Chenggui shiyi; Da Qing lü jizhu; Huangzheng suoyan; Lüli tushuo; Lüli tushuo bian’e; Muxue juyao; Xingjian lu. [PEW]

0267

Xingjian lu 行簡錄 [On Taking Things Simply] By Wan Weihan 萬維𩙶 (z. Fengjiang 楓江) (1700?–?), from Wujiang 吳江 (Jiangsu) 1770 pref.

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Ed.:

– *1774 revised and enlarged (增訂) Yunhuitang ed. 芸暉堂藏板, as a set with Xingqian zhinan and Chenggui shiyi (qq.v.), with prefs. by author (1770) and Zhang Duanmu 張端木 (1773). [*Columbia] [*Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: A purely factual vademecum concerning the regulations regarding local administration in Zhejiang—budgetary rules, salaries, quotas, standard prices, fiscal time-schedules, compulsory deadlines, and so forth—for the information of private secretaries there. As in the same author’s Chenggui shiyi (q.v.), the mulu provides the page number of each individual entry.

Bio.: See under Chenggui shiyi. Bibliography entries for same author: Chenggui shiyi; Da Qing lüli jizhu; Huangzheng suoyan; Lüli tushuo; Lüli tushuo bian’e; Muxue juyao; Xingqian zhinan. [PEW] 0268

Zuozhi yaoyan 佐治藥言 [Prescriptions for Aiding Government] By Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (z. Huanzeng 煥曾, h. Longzhuang 龍莊, Guilu 歸廬) (1731–1807) (js. 1775), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) 1785 pref. Ed.:

– *First ed. (by Bao Tingbo 鮑廷博) in Zhibuzu zhai congshu, ser. 12 (1785), with prefs. by Lu Shiji 魯仕驥 (1786) and author (1785), note by Wang Zongyan 王宗琰 (1786), postf. by Bao Tingbo (1786). [IHEC] – *1789 engraving (鋟) of the Shuangjie tang 雙節堂藏板, with prefs. by Wang Chen 王宸 (to 重刻, 1788), Lu Shiji (1786), and author (1785). [*Ōki] [*Beitu, in Shuangjie tang zalu] – *Undated ed. with author’s pref. (1785). [Ōki] – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Lu Shiyi (1786), author (1785), and Wang Chen (1788), with Xu zuozhi yaoyan. A good-quality imprint, as a set with Xuezhi yishuo (q.v.) and its sequels; the last page of the shuozhui has the mention “男繼壕深可校字”; a stamp indicates that this copy belonged to the National University and its condition was checked in 1883. [Beitu] – *Undated ed. with punctuation and underlining. [Tōyō Bunko] – *Undated Ronglu tang 榮錄堂 ed., with “original pref.” by Lu Shiji (1786), pref. by Ruan Yuan 阮元 (to Chongke Xuezhi yishuo Zuozhi yaoyan, n.d.), author’s pref. (1785), postf. by Wang Zongyan (1786), pref. by Wang Chen (1788), postf. by Bao Tingbo (1786) placed after the mulu of Xu zuozhi

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yaoyan, postfs. (跋) to Xu zuozhi yaoyan by author (1785), Bao Tingbo (1786), and Zou Wenbing 鄒文炳 (1816); numerous commentaries in upper margin. [Beitu] – *In Rumu xuzhi wuzhong (q.v.), with prefs. by Lu Shiji (1786), Zhang Tingxiang 張廷驤 (1883), author (1785), postf. by Bao Tingbo (1786) – *In Huanhai zhinan wuzhong (q.v.), with prefs. by Lu Shiji (1786), Ruan Yuan (n.d.), author (1785), Wang Chen (1788), note by Wang Zongyan (1786), postf. by Bao Tingbo (1786). (The exact number and disposition of the prefatory material varies depending on the Huanhai zhinan ed. used.) – *In Wang Longzhuang wuzhong (q.v.). – *In Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu (q.v.), with prefs. by Lu Shiji (1786), Wang Chen (1788), and author (1785), postf. by Bao Tingbo (1786), note by Wang Zongyan (1786); only author’s pref. and note in the Wangsanyi zhai ed. – *In Longzhuang yishu (q.v.). – *Undated [1852] small-sized ed. with prefs. by Wang Chen (1788), author (1785), biography (循吏汪君傳) by Ruan Yuan, postf. by Bao Tingbo (1786), with Xu zuozhi yaoyan, as a set with Jin Ying’s Congzheng yueyan (q.v.) and other works by Wang Huizu and Liu Heng. [Ōki] – *1866 new engraving (重鐫) with prefs. by Wang Chen (“self-pref.” 自序, 1788), Lu Shiji (1786), and author (“to 重刻,” 1785; apparently the signatures for Wang Chen’s and Wang Huizu’s prefaces have been exchanged); Xu zuozhi yaoyan in the same fasc. [Tōyō Bunka, Niida Collection] – *1868 Hubei Chongwen shuju ed. with author’s pref. (1785), and with Xu Zuozhi yaoyan; together with Muling shu jiyao (see under that title) and two other works, as Muling sizhong (q.v.). [*Beitu] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida Collection, not as a set] – *1881 new engraving (重鐫), with Xu zuozhi yaoyan, blocks kept at “this residence” (本宅藏板), with prefs. by Lu Shiji (1786), Ruan Yuan (to 重刻, n.d), (Changbai) Eshan 長白鄂山 (to 重刊, 1823), author (1785), and Sun Shijin 孫世金 (to Chongjuan jiacang 重鐫家藏 Zuozhi yaoyan Xuezhi yishuo, 1779). Sun claims in his pref. that Wang Huizu’s two handbooks were reprinted in facsimile thirteen times (十三次翻刻), with remarkably few errors, but that the original ed. (善本家藏原刻) was destroyed by the Taipings in 1861; beginning in 1874, Sun undertook to have books of his own collection newly engraved. [Beitu] – *In Mumin baojian (q.v.), with prefs. by Lu Shiji (1786), Ruan Yuan (to joint ed. of Xuezhi yishuo and Zuozhi yaoyan, 1808), and author (1785), note by Wang Zongyan (1786), postf. by Bao Tingbo (1786), followed by

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the pref. to new engraving by Wang Chen (1788), the mulu of Xu Zuozhi yaoyan, and the postf. by Zou Wenbing to the same work. – *Extracts in Gongmen chengquan lu (q.v.), j. 1/15a–24a. – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian (fasc. 895) and jianbian (fasc. 289), based on Zhibuzu zhai congshu ed., with prefs. by Lu Shiji (1786) and author (1785). – *Photo-repro. of 1789 Shuangjie tang ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 755. – *Photo-repro of undated Ronglu tang ed., with prefs. by Lu Shiji (1786), Ruan Yuan (to 重刻, n.d), and author (1785), postf. by Bao Tingbo (1786), in ZSJC, vol. 10. (This Ronglu tang ed. is different from the one described above and has no upper-margin commentaries.) – *Photo-repro. of Shenjian tang engraving of Wang Longzhuang xian­ sheng yishu, with author’s pref. (1785), in GZSJC, vol. 5. – Photo-repro. of Wang sanyi zhai ed. of Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu, in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 10.

Rem.: The work, composed of 40 entries, is aimed at private secretaries, as opposed to the same author’s Xuezhi yishuo, which is for magistrates; but most of the prefaces insist that it is a must reading for beginning magistrates as well. As the author spent most of his muyou career as a legal specialist, problems of judicial administration occupy a significant part of the text and of its continuation, Xu zuozhi yaoyan (q.v.). Apart from technical points, there are numerous considerations on the ethical and behavioral aspects of a private secretary’s functions, how he must “establish his character” (立品), be upright in his conduct (自處宜潔), and even “leave in case of disagreement” with his employer (不合則去). For this reason, the work has been singled out as one rare example of “admonitions” (箴言) specifically aimed at private secretaries, as opposed to technical treatises (see e.g. the pref. to Guanmu tongzhou lu [q.v.]). Wang Chen’s pref. suggests that because the first printing was inserted in the collectanea Zhibuzu zhai congshu, Wang Huizu had no free-standing printed copies to distribute to the many people who asked for it, and therefore “gave it to the engraver” (the Shuangjie tang was Wang’s private studio). Ruan Yuan’s pref. and Zou Wenbing’s postf. to Xu zuozhi yaoyan (q.v.) suggest that in 1816 there was a new ed. of the work as well as of Xuezhi yishuo (q.v.). Bio: see under Bingta menghen lu. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334. Ma, 131–2 (Beida) (1868 ed.). Chang, 1:156–7. He Qinhua, 2:335–7. Bourgon, “Un juriste nommé Yuan Mei,” 66–72, analyzing in detail a case representative of Wang Huizu’s “style” as a legal muyou.

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Transl.: Large parts of the sections devoted to judicial administration are translated in Van der Sprenkel, Legal Institutions in Manchu China, 137–51. Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 3. Bibliography entries for same author: Bingta menghen lu; Menghen luyu; Menghen lu jiechao; Xuezhi yishuo; Xuezhi xushuo; Xuezhi shuozhui; Xu Zuozhi yaoyan; Wang Longzhuang wuzhong; Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu; Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu hekan; Longzhuang yishu. [PEW] 0269

Xu zuozhi yaoyan 續佐治藥言 [A Sequel to Prescriptions for Aiding Government] By Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (z. Huanzeng 煥曾, h. Longzhuang 龍莊, Guilu 歸廬) (1731–1807) (js. 1775), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) 1785 postf. Ed.:

– *1786 ed. [Harvard] – Found in the same eds. and collections as Zuozhi yaoyan (q.v.). Postfs. by author (1785) (all eds.), Bao Tingbo 鮑廷博 (1786) (in 1789 Shuangjie tang ed.; Zhibuzu zhai congshu ed.; Ronglu tang ed.; Huanhai zhinan wuzhong, undated [1852] ed. and 1886 ed.; Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu, Shandong shuju ed.; 1866 ed.), and Zou Wenbing 鄒文炳 (1816 [丙子], in Huanhai zhinan wuzhong), postf. to Zuozhi yaoyan (書佐治藥言後) by Wang Zongyan (1786).

Rem.: 26 entries forming a continuation of Zuozhi yaoyan (see under that title), dealing with similar topics.

Bio: See under Bingta menghen lu. Ref. and studies: Xu Zi, 355–69. Chang, 1:157–9. Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 3. Bibliography entries for same author: Bingta menghen lu; Menghen luyu; Menghen lu jiechao; Xuezhi yishuo; Xuezhi xushuo; Xuezhi shuozhui; Zuozhi yaoyan; Wang Longzhuang wuzhong; Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu; Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu hekan; Longzhuang yishu. [PEW] 0270

Xingqian bilan 刑錢必覽, 10 j. [A Must-Read for Legal and Financial Secretaries] By Wang Youhuai 王又槐 (z. Yinting 蔭庭, h. Wuqiao 午橋), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1793 pref. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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361

Ed.:

– *Undated small-sized ed. from “this yamen” (本衙藏板), with warning against facsimile eds. (翻刻必究), coll. (參訂) by Luo Yunsui 羅允綏 and the author’s younger brother, Wang Youwu 又梧, further coll. (校字) by Lu Tianchi 陸天墀, with author’s pref. (1793), and with the same author’s more detailed Qiangu beiyao (q.v.) appended. [*Harvard] [*IHEC, no cover-leaf, without Qiangu beiyao] [*Jimbun] [*Tōyō Bunko, without Qiangu beiyao] – *1814 newly engraved (新鐫) small-size ed., same description. [*Congress/ LL, Qiangu beiyao missing] [*Ōki, same] – *1886 Birun tang 畢潤堂 small-size ed., title on cover-leaf Xingming bilan Qiangu beiyao 刑名必覽錢榖備要, with author’s pref. (1793), including both Xingqian bilan and Qiangu beiyao (q.v.) as a set. [Kyujanggak] – *Photo-repro. of 1814 newly engraved ed. (with Qiangu beiyao), in Siku weishou, ser. 4, vol. 19. – *Modern typeset ed. based on 1814 ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 3.

Rem.: 10 chapters providing the essentials on the functions of legal and financial private secretaries in concrete and detailed fashion. The pref. claims that it should be read by officials and secretaries alike. The author says he has “practiced Shen and Han learning (申韓學, alluding to the famous legalists Shen Buhai 申不害 and Han Fei 韓非) for over thirty years” and in many posts. J. 1–4 (with tables of contents) are on judicial matters, discussing procedural rules, testimonies, homicides (including homicides within public precincts), forensics, banditry and robbery, stolen goods, amnesties, and more. J. 5–6 (j. 5 without mulu) are on fiscal matters. J. 7–10 (with mulu) introduce regulations on lawsuits, fires, sending away exiles, and the autumn assizes; j. 9 quotes a Qiuyan zhi zhaichao 秋讞志摘鈔, by vice-minister of Justice Ruan Kuisheng 阮葵生 (see under Qiuyan zhilüe). Bio.: According to Zhang Tingxiang’s pref. to Ban’an yaolüe (q.v.), Wang Youhuai was “a veteran legalist from the mid-Qianlong period” (乾隆中葉法 家老手); Zhang claims that the several legal compilations of Wang, a muyou of high reputation and one of the most knowledgeable legal minds of his time, were widely consulted by local administrators. Besides the works published under his name (see below), Wang also participated in several larger projects, notably the revision of the most popular commented edition of the Penal Code in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centures. Bibliography entries for same author: Ban’an yaolüe; Qianggu beiyao; Xiyuan lu jizheng; Zhizheng jiyao shizhong; Cheng’an suojian ji (fourth series). In his pref. to the last, Wang lists all these titles and characterizes them as “books for private secretaries” (幕書) [PEW]

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Zuozhi zhenyan 佐治箴言 [Admonitions on Aiding Government] By Magistrate Zhuchu 竹初大令 1797 pref.

Ed.: *In Guanmu tongzhou lu (q.v.), 1/71a–78b, with “original preface” by Fei Chun 費淳 (1797) and colophon by Zhifei zhai zhuren 知非齋主人 (1792).

Rem.: A text that aims at providing private secretaries with the same sort of ethical and comportment advice (箴) as usually found in handbooks for officials. (For another example, see Wang Huizu’s Zuozhi yaoyan.) The ca. 25 entries insist on the fundamental role of the secretary in helping his employer to be a good official; in most cases they present the employer as either inexperienced or moderately competent, and in need of constant guidance. Bio.: The name Zhuchu might correspond to Qian Weiqiao 錢維喬 (1739–?), a 1762 juren from Wujin 武進 (Jiangsu) who held several magistracies through the late 1780s. His autobiography is in his Zhuchu wenchao 竹初文鈔, 6. [PEW] [QING B]

0272

Guanmu tongzhou lu 官幕同舟錄, 2 or 3 j. [On Officials and Secretaries Being in the Same Boat] By Fei Shanshou 費山壽 (z. Youtang 友棠, h. Lize 笠澤), from Zhenze

震澤 (Jiangsu)

1867 pref., rev. ed. with 1886 pref. Ed.:

– *1867 Lize sansheng shuwu 笠澤三省書屋 ed. in 2 j. (13 and 21 entries respectively), with prefs. by Xu Mei 許楣 (1867) and author (1867), postfs. by Shen Zhizhou 沈志周 (1869) and Wang Youhong 王猷鴻 (n.d.). [*LSS, bearing the mention that the printing blocks are at the Maoshang zhenli ji at Suzhou 板存蘇城毛上珍麗記 and that each copy costs 280 cash] [*Tian Tao] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *[1886] Lize sansheng shuwu ed. in 3 j., with prefs. by author (1867), Xu Mei (1867), [Fei] Yanli 延釐 (“to the follow-up” 續序, 1886), and author (1886); the cover-leaf and imprint at the back are those of the 1867 ed.; the actual date is found in the pref. [*Columbia] [*Ōki]

Rem.: As clearly stated in the prefs., the work is premised upon the crucial contribution to good governance of the more competent among

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private secretaries, and on the necessity for officials and muyou to cooperate closely and efficiently: in the words of the author’s pref., “the official and the secretary depend upon each other like a man of Yue and a man of Qin sailing on the same boat help each other” (官與幕相倚如 秦越之同舟而濟). The author himself had a long muyou career. Xu Mei was his employer when he wrote his 1867 pref. to the first ed., but Fei had written the work earlier, during the 1850s, after his first employer had been recalled to fight against the Taipings. When he published the 1886 enlarged ed. (with the materials rearranged into 3 juan), Fei was aged 76 and had been retired for two years, during which, in spite of failing eyesight, he combed through materials accumulated since 1867. The original idea at the start of this rich collection was to reproduce two specific texts that had a formative influence on Fei’s approach to administration, viz. Zuoli yaoyan (q.v.)—a magistrate handbook—and Zuozhi zhenyan (q.v.)—a handbook for private secretaries—together with additional materials and comments of his own. The two texts appear in j. 1 of the 1886 enlarged ed. (described here); a text titled Zhouxian dangwu ershisi tiao 州縣當務二十四條, based on and updating Tian Wenjing’s and Li Wei’s Qinban zhouxian shiyi (q.v.), is inserted between them. The rest of the work consists of a number of more or less substantial pieces, some of them mere lists of aphorisms, many unattributed and possibly by Fei himself, dealing with the behavior of the magistrate and/or the private secretary. J. 2 includes, among other entries, (1) two collections of aphorisms on “good deeds that do not require spending money,” with occasional commentary in small-character notes, aimed at officials and secretaries and titled Guanzhang bu fei qian gongde yibaiba tiao 官長不 費錢功德一百八條 and Muyou bu fei qian gongde bashiwu tiao 幕友不 費錢功德八十五條, respectively (see also under Mingxing bijiao lu for a shorter version); (2) extracts from Wang Huizu’s works dealing with private secretaries, including the nearly-complete text of Zuozhi yaoyan (q.v.); and (3) two long series of anecdotes on officials and/or secretaries, given as example or warning (respectively titled Guanmu kefa shi 官幕可法事 and Guanmu kejie shi 可戒事): these and other materials in the work emphasize the retributions (果報) earned by the actions of administrators. Most entries in j. 3 do not deal with the specific duties of private secretaries; they are general considerations about, principally, famine relief, combating locusts and floods, and praying for rain (this fairly detailed section was added by Fei for the 1886 ed.). In both eds. there is a rather substantial appendix with separate pagination and mulu, also compiled by Fei, titled Jijiu yingyan liangfang 急救應驗良方,

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providing prescriptions for rescuing survivors of homicide attempts, suicide attempts, etc., that the officials might have to examine. Fei claims in his 1886 pref. that the first ed. of his work enjoyed wide distribution thanks to several high officials who had it reprinted and circulated in their respective provinces. [PEW] 0273

Mingfa zengguang 名法增廣, 6 j. [An Amplification on Penal Law] Anon. 1878 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. copy in clear hand, cover of the first fasc. dated 1878; the end of the ms. has the mention “copied and kept by Feng Shigu from Runan ” 汝南馮士古抄存. [Beitu]

Rem.: Presumably a manual for private secretaries in charge of their employer’s correspondence. The work is organized according to the six domains of government, namely Personnel (j. 1: 38 entries), Revenue (j. 2: 15 entries), Rites and War (j. 3: Rites: 26 entries, War: no entry), Punishments (j. 4–6: 67 entries), and Works (mentioned on the cover of j. 6: no entry). The entries consist mostly of models for a variety of documents sent by local officials, from magistrate up to administration commissioner, such as memorials (奏), communications (稟), answers (詳復), requests (詳請), reports (通詳), CVs (履歷), lists (計開), and so forth. Many are anonymous “models” (格式, or 式), but some look like “real” documents featuring place-names and dates, occasionally personal names (although these are mostly replaced with punctuation marks); most of the dates, when given, correspond to the late 1780s and early 1790s, the latest being 1797. A majority of the entries with place-names are from Hunan. The models for memorials include (fictitious) imperial rescripts. The section on Punishments is by far the most developed: j. 4, “On cases” (案略), is mostly an itemized list of procedural advice, such as “Essentials to know” (節略須知), “Articles on handling cases” (辦案條 款), and the like, some emanating from particular provinces, like Henan or Hunan; the documents in j. 5–6 deal at great length with examples of “lack of caution” (疏防), i.e., failure to arrest criminals within the prescribed time period and other similar cases of administrative negligence, with the resulting censure and sanctions. [PEW]

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2.2.1.2

Works for Fiscal Specialists

[QING A] 0274

Minfan zhengwu 閩藩政務, 3 j. [Administrative Tasks of the Administration Commissioner of Fujian] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated Qing-period ms. ed., j. 1 extant, mulu extant for j. 2–3. [Beitu]

Rem.: An enumeration of tasks and data concerning the financial administration of the Taiwan circuit and of Fujian province, to which it belonged. There are 66 entries in all. Topics in j. 1 include the quotas and salaries of civil and military officials, clerks, soldiers and their families; customs duties and other taxes and rents; the annual expenses and revenues of the provincial treasury and of the different administrative units; the budget of postal stations; the expenses of the various yamen; and more. The mulu entries for j. 2 record fiscal revenue and disbursements in Fujian and Taiwan, including expenses for sacrifices, examinations, the Aofeng Academy 鰲峰書院 in Fuzhou (founded in 1707), traveling dignitaries (欽差盤費), granary reserves, regulations on contributions (捐監事例), etc.; those for j. 3 concern mostly the management of navy forces and the various types of ships. This ms. may have been a handbook for private secretaries working for the Taiwan intendant and Fujian administration commissioner. [SWF]

0275

Qiangu yaolüe 錢榖要略, 1 ce [Essentials for Fiscal Secretaries] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [*Tōyō Bunko, together with Qiangu zhaiyao (q.v.) and a slim fasc. containing a few letters, labeled Linzi xian zhengtang Qi dalaoye shengqi 臨淄縣正堂齊大老爺升啟 (the only Linzi magistrate with the name Qi was Qi Shicheng 世澄, serving 1866–68)] [*Mf. at IHEC]

Rem.: The main text is in clear script; insertions in cursive. The contents refer specifically to Shandong regulations. The original text seems

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to date from the 1750s, but there are additions down to 1838. There is no mulu, but contents are indicated in the central margins. They deal with post transfer (交代), tax collection, granaries, grain purchases and loans, horse breeding, the postal service, and more.

Ref. and studies: The section on managing grain stocks is analyzed in Will and Wong, Nourish the People, chap. 10. [PEW] 0276

Qiangu jielan 錢榖節覽, 1 ce [Brief Readings for Fiscal Secretaries] Comp. (纂輯) Ni Shiluo 倪師洛 (z. Xiaowei 曉微), from Wumen 吳門 (i.e., Suzhou 蘇州, Jiangsu) 1747 pref. Ed.:

– *[1754] Sanyang tang 三養堂 ed. (no cover-leaf), with prefs. by Shi Xizai 石熙載 (z. Huichou 惠疇) (n.d.) and Ni Shiluo (1747). [CASS Jinshisuo]

Rem.: Rather than a practical handbook, this work by a fiscal muyou is an attempt to explain the historical origins of the current fiscal situation and problems in the author’s native Suzhou area. According to Shi’s pref. and Ni’s note appended to the mulu, Ni collected materials from many sources but was too anxious about lacunae and errors to be able to complete and publish his work; at his request, his friend Shi Xizai and a team of colleagues edited and collated the text (24 names are listed as collators 參校), and raised funds to have it printed. Ni had also compiled a text titled Suanzhang tiyao 算章提要, likewise devoted to the historical origins of mapping, weights and measures, and accounting. Shi’s pref. notes that these materials can also be of use to examination candidates for writing essays (策). Entries may be divided into several sections (the cumulative numbering of the 94 sections is indicated in the mulu); they may include a general explanation, an historical survey, and an account of the Qing situation in the Suzhou area. Every aspect of finances and taxation is minutely discussed. Due to its precise institutional information, the work would have had pedagogic value to apprentice muyou specializing in fiscal matters. In his pref. Shi Xizai claims that the work is truly important for administering the state and pacifying the world (誠為治平要覽). Ni, the compulsive improver, says there are still many lacunae and requests the distinguished gentlemen to mail him their remarks in the hope of putting out a supplemented edition.

Bio.: We only know from a note appended to the mulu that when he was young Ni was too sickly to pass the examinations and had to make a living

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0275–0277

as a muyou. He and Shi Xizai worked in the same cabinet in Anhui (皖江) in 1754, and this was when Shi took charge of editing and publishing the text. Ni’s pref., which is essentially a historical overview of taxation down to the early Qianlong tax rebates granted to Suzhou and Songjiang, was written in the administrative offices of Chuzhou 滁州 seven years before his colleagues took hold of the manuscript he kept ceaselessly editing, and published it. [PEW] 0277

Qiangu shicheng 錢榖視成, 2 j. [Looking Toward Success as a Fiscal Secretary] By Xie Minghuang 謝鳴篁 (h. Canglang jushi 蒼筤居士) 1788 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. probably copied at the beginning of the Daoguang period, with author’s pref. (1788). [Hubei] – *Ms. ed. copied in 1907 by Jingfan Toutuo 京凡頭陀, in cursive hand with additions in red, with original author’s pref. (原序, 1788) (a note after the pref. says that it was copied by Jingfan Toutuo Chen Yunxiu 諶允修 in the middle (中浣) of the eigth month of 1907; a note at the end of the ms. says that the copying was completed on the 2nd day of tenth month, same year). [*Harvard] [*photo-repro. at Princeton] – *Ms. ed. copied by Liu Tang 柳堂, in Juguan zalu 居官雜錄, mention on cover “錢穀視成，蒼筤居士原本，柳堂手錄.” [Zhongshan] – *Photo-repro. of Hubei ms. above, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 834.

Rem.: The text introduces itself as a manual written by the author to help his son to learn the trade of a private secretary specializing in financial affairs. The contents cover all the relevant domains, beginning with the Penal Code (律例). They more particularly concern the territory of the two Jiangsu administration commissioners, where the author pursued a 30-year career based on his competence in accounting (會計學), and include a number of in-depth and extremely precise observations on the fiscal practices in that province. J. 1 has sections on penal law (律例), budget items (款項), tax levies (徵收), payments (解 支), and annual accounts (奏銷). The sections in j. 2 are on checking accounts (盤查), post-transfer accounts (交代), famine relief (灾賑), lawsuits (詞訟), and miscellaneous (雜記). In the copy at Hubei, a note at the end of the mulu says that the upper-margin notes of the original copy have been transferred at the end, and that future additions can be inserted after them (原本天頭注更錄於後，將來或有可附之事，以備

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添查續注). The Harvard ms. is in a somewhat flamboyant cursive script difficult to decipher and written on low-quality paper. There is abundant punctuation, and a few corrections and marginal commentaries in kaishu, by another hand. (A note on the cover-leaf indicates that the punctuation and corrections on the original are in red ink.) Examples dated 1823, 1829, and so on, on both mss., show that the text was further enriched with new entries while more handwritten copies were being done. There are several quotations from the works of Wan Weihan (see under Muxue juyao and other titles). [GRT, PEW]

0278

Qiangu lizhi kao 錢榖吏治考, 4 ce [An Investigation of Finances and Administrative Discipline] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. in 4 fasc. numbered yuan 元, heng 亨, li 利, and zhen 貞. [Beida]

Rem.: An account of the financial affairs of Zhejiang province, possibly dating from the last decade of the Qianlong reign. Ce 1 deals with the land tax and corvée, land reclamation, taxes on contracts, taxes on brokers, and other miscellaneous taxes. Ce 2 concerns the salt tax, customs taxes, surcharge fees (耗羨), funds kept in the province (存留), and various administrative expenses. Ce 3 discusses government purchases of various materials (paints, textiles, saltpeter, copper, and so forth), seawall work, examination expenses, expenses for building ships, expenses for celebrations (獎勵), and community and charity granaries. Ce 4 discusses officials’ nourishing-integrity allowances (養廉銀), salary reductions, cancellations, and deductions (降住罰俸), the distribution of military pays, the delivery of tax monies and grains to superior echelons, the collection of tribute grain, levying and delivering funds for river works, and expenses for academies. The work can be described as a clear exposition of the Qing financial system, as it applied to Zhejiang. It was probably compiled by private secretaries working at the administration commissioner’s office, and for their use. [GRT]

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0277–0280 0279

Qiangu zhaiyao 錢榖摘要, 2 ce [A Selection of Essentials for Fiscal Secretaries] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Mf. at Princeton] [*Mf. at IHEC]

Rem.: This ms. features some passages in difficult shorthand. It includes the rubrics usual in handbooks for financial secretaries, such as post transfer procedures (交代), tax collection, fiscal reports, granaries, salaries, the postal service, famine relief, grain loans, hydraulic maintenance, various sanctions, and more. (There is a mulu at the beginning of each fasc.) Additions are in the upper margin, and contents indicated in the central margins. Some information (e.g., meltage fee rates, county rankings, postal routes) refers specifically to Shandong, with an entry on Shandong regulations (東省例). The date seems to be late Qianlong. [PEW]

0280

Qiangu zhaiyao 錢榖摘要, 1 ce [A Selection of Essentials for Fiscal Secretaries] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., bearing the mention “recorded by Yu Yinghuang” (余映 潢記) on the cover. [Beitu]

Rem.: A handbook for fiscal muyou, discussing their various responsibilities under 28 rubrics devoted to such topics as post-transfer accounting (交代), the various sorts of taxes, granary reserves and buildings, use of meltage-fee surcharges, payments to higher echelons, annual financial reports (奏銷), salt administration, grain tribute, sales of grain and other forms of famine relief, and so forth. The text distinguishes between regulations to obey, methods to employ, and important points to pay attention to. It includes numerous references to the fiscal regulations and circumstances of Shandong, where it must therefore have been composed and utilized. The dates mentioned suggest that the work is from the end of the Qianlong period. [GRT]

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2.2.1.2 Handbooks for Private Secretaries: Fiscal Specialists

Qiangu zhinan 錢榖指南, 4 ce [A Guide for Fiscal Secretaries] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., without juan numbers, unpaginated. [Tian Tao] – *Modern typeset ed., in Guo Chengwei 郭成偉 and Tian Tao 田濤 (eds.), Ming Qing gongdu miben wuzhong 明清公牘秘本五種 (Beijing: Zhongguo zhengfa daxue chubanshe, 1999), 261–550.

Rem.: The contents are essentially precedents and regulations, most of them from the Qianlong period. Ce 1 deals with banner lands and an official’s career path; ce 2 with official sanctions and recompenses, post transfers, deadlines, and official correspondence; ce 3 with fiscal management, economic policies, exiles and criminals; ce 4 with famine relief, granary management, and related policies. [PEW]

0282

Qiangu jinzhen 錢榖金針, 2 j. [The Golden Needle of Fiscal Secretaries] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– Ms. ed. handcopied by a Mr. Qinsheng 琴生氏手抄. [ZKT] – *Photo-repro. of above ms., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 834.

Rem.: A handbook for fiscal specialists copied in a careful and very clear hand. The entries do not correspond exactly with the mulu. The first entries, dealing with the post-transfer procedure (交代), are preceded by a “general introduction to fiscal administration” (錢榖入門). Other entries are devoted to year-end accounts, postal stations, the grain tribute, construction materials, and military supplies, as well as various deadlines and budgetary items. The information is entirely factual and quantitative. The province concerned seems to be Jiangxi; the latest date mentioned is 1778. [PEW]

0283

Jingu zhaiyao 金榖摘要, 1 ce [A Selection of Essentials for Fiscal Secretaries] Anon. N.d.

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0281–0284

Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Beitu]

Rem.: Nine sections on local financial administration (time schedules, sanctions, post transfer, year-end accounts, and so on), plus several appendixes, e.g. on relief after an earthquake. Model forms of documents are dated “Qianlong such-and-such year,” and contents largely composed of ministry regulations, principally about North China. [HDT]

0284

Qiangu beiyao 錢榖備要, 10 j. [Essentials for Fiscal Secretaries] By Wang Youhuai 王又槐 (z. Yinting 蔭庭, h. Wuqiao 午橋), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1793 pref. Ed.:

– *1793 small-sized new engraving (新鐫) from “this yamen” (本衙藏板), with warning against facsimile eds. (翻刻必究), coll. (參訂) by Luo Yunsui 羅允綏 and the author’s younger brother, Wang Youwu 又梧, further coll. (校字) by Lu Tianchi 陸天墀. [Ōki] – *Undated small-sized ed. from “this yamen,” with warning against pirate editions, appended to Wang’s Xingqian bilan (q.v.), both works coll. by Luo Yunsui and Wang Youwu, further coll. by Lu Tianchi; only Xingqian bilan has a pref. [*Harvard] [*Jimbun] – *1814 new engraving (新鐫), without pref.; printing blocks kept at “this yamen.” [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Columbia] – *1893 Shanghai Guxiang ge 上海古香閣 ed. [校印] in small type, coll. by Luo Yunsui and Wang Youwu, further coll. by Lu Tianchi, no pref. [IHEC] – *Photo-repro. of joint 1814 ed. of Xingqian bilan and Qiangu beiyao, in Siku weishou, ser. 4, vol. 19.

Rem.: A handbook for private secretaries specializing in finance by a prolific private secretary with high reputation in official circles, especially known as a legal specialist. The very concrete and detailed contents draw heavily from Jiangsu provincial regulations. J. 1–3 deal in large part with the technicalities of transfer procedures (交代) between outgoing and incoming officials. J. 4–6 concern accounts and financial management, with much detail on administrative sanctions. J. 7–10 are on famine relief and related measures (notably combating locusts), and include quotations from provincial regulations of Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Henan, and Zhejiang. See also Xingqian bilan. Bio.: See under Xingqian bilan.

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Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 147 and note 8. Chang, 1:51–52 (1893 ed.). Bibliography entries for same author: Ban’an yaolüe; Xingqian bilan; Xiyuan lu jizheng; Zhizheng jiyao shizhong. [PEW] 0285

Qiangu beiyao 錢榖備要, 20 ce [Essentials for Fiscal Secretaries] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Unpaginated, undated ms. ed. [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: The contents of this highly detailed handbook for fiscal private secretaries are distributed among 24 rubrics, each with a detailed table of contents, indicating overall how numerous were the muyou’s financial responsibilities: (1) “Levying taxes” (徵收); (2) “Delivering payments [to higher administrators]” (解支); (3) “Lawsuits” (詞訟); (4) “Government purchases” (採辦); (5) “Reduced-price grain sales” (平糶); (6) “Year-end financial reports” (奏銷); (7) “Post-transfer procedures” (交代); (8) “Salaries” (俸祿); (9) “Disaster relief” (災賑); (10) “Community granaries” (社倉); (11) “Granaries and treasuries” (倉庫); (12) “Land tax” (錢糧); (13) “Real estate” (田宅); (14) “Salt administration” (鹽政); (15) “Currency” (錢 法); (16) “Exemptions and relief” (蠲卹); (17) “Sale of confiscated property” (承變); (18) “Shipbuilding” (船政); (19) “Coastal defense” (海防); (20) “Financial audits” (盤查); (21) “Population” (戶口); (22) “Miscellaneous taxes” (稅課); (23) “Land reclamation” (勸墾); and (24) “Postal administration” (郵政). Along the way, the work quotes a number of regulations and precedents from Fujian. It seems to date from the late Qianlong or Jiaqing period. Ref. and studies: Tanii Yōko, “Shindai sokurei shōrei kō,” 153–6. [PEW]

0286

Qiangu dayao 錢榖大要, 1 j. [Important Aspects of Financial Administration] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. with punctuation marks in red ink. [LSS]

Rem.: Although Wu Xinli (see below) characterizes the work as a handbook for magistrates (官箴), the contents he describes seem typical of the manuals published or handcopied for the use of the private Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0284–0288

373

secretaries who took care of financial and fiscal matters for the sake of their employers. The work opens with a detailed section on the transfer of accounts (交盤) at the time of assuming a new post; it ends with considerations on the necessity of checking carefully the authenticity of correspondence from superiors that deals with taxes or important criminals. There are also sections on guarding against the “seven harms” (七害), i.e., seven categories of agents and intermediaries, including clerks and runners, that may bring trouble to a magistrate. Ref. and studies: Mentioned in Li, p. 7. Wu Xinli, Ming Qing xijian shiji xulu, 150–1. [PEW]

0287

Qiangu qieyao 錢榖挈要, 10 j. [Summary Information for Fiscal Secretaries] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. [Zhongyang, not in cat.] – *Photo-repro. of above ms., Taipei: Xuesheng shuju, 1986, 3 vols. (Zhongguo shixue congshu, Part 3, ser. 1). One of the seals at the beginning of the ms. indicates that it was acquired by the Civilian Affairs Department of the (Japanese) Taiwan Governor-General (臺灣總督府民政部) in 1917.

Rem.: An unpaginated ms., without pref. or fanli, with a few interlinear additions by another hand. There are 29 sections concerning all the aspects of financial administration, each with a detailed mulu. A general mulu has been provided in the reprint. Contents refer to the situation in Fujian as well as Taiwan, which may explain the presence of the manuscript in Taiwan at the beginning of the Japanese occupation. There are many quotations from provincial regulations (省例) and from reports (詳文), most of them dated, with a majority from the second half of the Qianlong period or from Jiaqing. The style is extremely clear.

Ref. and studies: Tanii Yōko, “Shindai sokurei shōrei kō,” 150–9. [PEW] 0288

Xiaobei lou lizhi kao 小北樓吏治考, 4 ce [The Xiaobei Pavilion Study of Administrative Discipline] Anon. N.d. Ed.: Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– *Undated ms. ed. in clear hand, paginated, with title of entries in the central margins, fasc. numbered 元, 亨, 利, and 貞, general mulu at the beginning and separate mulu at the beginning of each fasc.; on the cover labels the character 北 is written 𧉥. [Jimbun]

Rem.: A fairly complete handbook for fiscal private secretaries. The 24 entries in ce 1 discuss the different sorts of taxation and related problems. The 40 entries in ce 2 deal with various expenses, both civilian and military, met by the prefectures and counties. The 32 entries in ce 3 deal with agricultural matters, granaries, canal maintenance, and many problems related to grain tribute. The 26 entries in ce 4 contain further considerations on tribute administration, but they mostly deal with the salaries and allowances of a large array of personnel. There are additions in cursive hand in the upper margin and on inserted pages or paper slips, some with dates ranging from the 1830s to as late as 1904, suggesting that the original manuscript was used by several persons (some of the additions are marked with seals). However, the dates cited in the main text are never later than the 1780s. Several entries give general information on regulations, but most are extremely specific and precise, and always refer to Zhejiang. The manuscript provides a detailed view of the financial administration of that province in the late eighteenth century. [PEW] [QING B]

Duozhi shiyi 度支事宜 See: Qingdai zhouxian caizheng zhidu 0289

Jingu xuzhi 金穀須知, 1 ce [What Must Be Known About Finances] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Guangdong shengli Zhongshan tushuguan]

Rem.: A guide to the financial administration of the two Jiangsu Administrative Commissions (Nanjing and Suzhou). There are two parts: (1) Contribution figures (捐款), detailing the expenses contributed by every yamen in the province; the dates mentioned are from the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods. (2) Tax collection and financial outlays, including rubrics on the various sorts of taxes and tribute grain, on sums locally kept and sums delivered to higher administrative units, transportation fees, salaries, etc. Regulations, amounts, and changes over time Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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0288–0291

are explained under most rubrics. This is clearly a manual written by and for fiscal private secretaries. [GRT] 0290

Qiangu jingqi 錢榖精騎, 4 ce [The Fiscal Secretaries’ Elite Horseman] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. in cursive hand but very clearly laid out, unpaginated, with punctuation in red ink and some comments by another hand inserted. [Jimbun]

Rem.: A fairly detailed handbook for fiscal private secretaries, probably mid-nineteenth century, and apparently concerning Huzhou 湖州 prefecture (Zhejiang). There is a mulu at the beginning of each fasc. The text starts with a long section on post-transfer procedures (交代事宜). Many communications (稟) concern the 1849 major floods in the region and the famine relief that took place: in fact, much of the present work can be regarded as a gongdu collection concerning that disaster. Of interest in ce 1 is a “method of computation for allocating contributions” (捐攤算法). [PEW]

0291

Qiangu zhaiyao lanyao leichao 錢榖摘要攬要類鈔, 2 ce [A Categorized Copy of Essentials to be Grasped by Fiscal Secretaries] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Beida]

Rem.: A handbook for private secretaries specializing in financial matters, with extremely detailed rules applicable to Shandong. The title at beginning of ce 2 is Qiangu zhaiyao, and may have been the original title of the work copied. The contents, organized under 22 headings (目), deal with topics usual in this type of book, e.g., transfers of accounts (交代), rules for delivery of taxes and payments (解支), contributions (捐 款), granaries, disaster management and famine relief, official salaries, and more. Established precedents (成案) and procedural regulations (章程) are occasionally appended. [GRT]

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376 0292

2.2.1.2 Handbooks for Private Secretaries: Fiscal Specialists

Jingu suoyan 金榖瑣言, 2 or 4 j. [Trivial Words on Money and Grain] By Zhu Buting 朱補庭, from Tiaoxi 苕溪 (Zhejiang), and Wang Wanchun 汪畹春, from Nanjing (Jiangsu) 1804 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. in 2 j., unpaginated, with pref. by Chen Yan 陳彥 (1807) and author’s pref. “written in a Shuzhou hotel by the woodcutter of Thirteen-Springs Mt. in Tiaoxi” (苕溪十三泉山樵書於舒州旅邸) (1804). [Faxue suo] – Undated ms. ed. in 4 j., with the same two prefs. [Zhongyang, not in cat.] – *Photo-repro. of the ms. at Zhongyang, Taipei: Xuesheng shuju, 1986.

Rem.: The ms. at Faxue suo, written in a clear hand on pre-framed paper, contains the rubrics usual in handbooks for fiscal private secretaries, with a total 86 entries listed in the mulu at the beginning. Chen’s pref. clearly attributes the work to Zhu and Wang. According to the “woodcutter’s” pref., this recension was realized in 1804, when several fiscal specialists happened to meet in Anqing 安慶, the Anhui provincial capital (it names Wu Erquan 吳二泉, Xue Maoxuan 薛懋軒, and Wang Wanchun 汪畹春). Several entries deal with problems specific to Anqing and Anhui. The “woodcutter” (clearly Zhu Buting), who says he is more than 60, claims wide experience as a fiscal muyou in many provinces—and yet he is still frightened by the difficulty of things—and claims that his classically-trained employers entirely relied on assistants for administrative work. He also states that although there have been excellent handbooks for private secretaries, they have been so frequently copied that they are ruined for study. The copy at Zhongyang (on plain paper and in a difficult hand) features the same two prefs. but has 116 entries in all, partly overlapping the list in the 2-juan ed. Ref. and studies: Chang, 2:833. “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 65 (by You Shaohua 尤韶華). [PEW]

0293

Qiangu bidu 錢榖必讀, 1 ce [Required Reading for Fiscal Secretaries] By Liu Yourong 劉有容 (h. Songqin 松琴), from Shaoxing 紹興 (Zhejiang) 1805 pref. Ed.:

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377

– *Undated ms. ed. with author’s pref. (1805). [Beida] – *Undated ms. ed. with author’s pref. dated “Jiaqing 60” (probable error for “Jiaqing 10” [1805]). [Harvard]

Rem.: The Harvard copy is a short but dense unpaginated 34-page fasc. in a very clear hand. According to the author’s fanli, the work is a selection of important “established regulations” (定例) and Jiangnan provincial regulations (省例), to which are added his own views (己意, meaning, he says, not his own partial views, but following “principles that make it be this way,” 必當如是之理法); the latter represent ca. 30 percent of the text. In other words, instead of merely copying extant regulations—which according to him is what the authors of the books used by administrators are doing—he has inserted ideas for actually managing finances. The fanli explicitly states that the text needs to be read carefully by the muyou who are not yet experts. The contents are organized under 32 headings (目) and feature everything that a fiscal secretary must be familiar with, from post transfer procedure (交代) to “checking irregularities” (嚴查弊竇), and including grain tribute, prisoners’ rations, official salaries, taxes, granaries, merchant and fishing boats, salt, government purchases, brokers, postal stations, famine relief, public expenses, and much more. The treatment is extremely concrete. The author insists he has devoted great space to delicate problems (e.g., a long section titled tianzhai 田宅 that deals with the administration’s transfers of land and houses). [GRT, PEW]

0294

Qiangu zhaiyao 錢榖摘要, 4 j. [A Selection of Essentials for Fiscal Secretaries] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Chicago]

Rem.: A manuscript written in an extremely difficult shorthand. The rubrics are the usual ones in handbooks for fiscal muyou. The latest precedents quoted are from the Daoguang period. Contents seem to be referring more particularly to Jiangxi regulations. [PEW]

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378 0295

2.2.1.3 Handbook for Private Secretaries: Law Specialists

Qingdai zhouxian caizheng zhidu 清代州縣財政制度, 1 ce [The County and Department Financial Institutions of the Qing] Anon. N.d. Ed.

– *Undated ms. ed., with author’s intro. (弁言) (n.d.). [Hunan]

Rem.: Manuscript copy of a handbook for fiscal private secretaries, written by several hands. The present title has been added by the Hunan Library, but the anonymous author’s intro. suggests that the original title may have been Duozhi shiyi 度支事宜. The last part of the text has been copied from Wan Weihan’s Muxue juyao (q.v.). The material refers primarily to Jiangxi regulations, on which the work gives detailed information, but there are also regulations from other provinces. The contents are similar to those of other handbooks for fiscal specialists, viz. assessing, levying and delivering the various sorts of taxes, melting surcharges, official salaries and nourishing-integrity allowances (養廉銀), contributions (捐款), grain tribute, public expenses, and transfer of accounts (交 盤). Each section is subdivided into detailed subsections. The contents suggest a date after 1838. The work ends with the copy of an imperial edict specifying the nature of the first and second sessions in provincial and metropolitan examinations, namely, “five essays on the history of Chinese politics” (中國政治史事論五篇) and “five essays on the politics and sciences of the foreign countries” (各國政治藝學策五道): this dates the manuscript from after the 1901 examination reform. [GRT] 2.2.1.3

Works for Law Specialists

See also under 4.1.3: Handbooks on Judicial Procedure 0296

Xingming banli zhaiyao 刑名辦理摘要, 1 ce [Essentials on Legal Private Secretary Work] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Hunan]

Rem.: A guide for legal muyou consisting of some 40 entries on the various steps of the judicial procedure (including the transfer of

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0295–0298

documents and prisoners to superior courts) and the different types of crime and dismeanor. Some entries deal with the official’s salary and nourishing-integrity allowance (養廉) and the post-transfer procedure (交代). The mention benfu 本府 in one entry seems to imply that the work concerns prefectural legal advisers. [GRT]

0297

Rumu xuzhi 入幕須知, 1 j. [Things to Know for Entering Private Secretary Service] Handcopied (手錄) by Diantou jushi 點頭居士 N.d. Ed.: – *Undated ms. ed. [Beida]

Rem.: A manual for private secretaries specializing in law. The 82 entries deal with punishments and mostly refer to the first section of the Penal Code, viz. the “general notions” (名例), suggesting that this may be an unfinished work. They are rather basic and may be notes for teaching apprentices. This work should not be confused with Rumu xuzhi wuzhong (q.v.) [GRT]

0298

Yide outan 一得偶談 [Casual Discussion of a Single Achievement] By Wang Youfu 王有孚 (z. Xuji 需吉, h. Baixiang 白香), from Yuanhe

元和 (Jiangsu)

1805 Ed.:

– *[1805] Bu’ai xuan ed. 不礙軒藏板, with prefs. by Ge Zhouyu 葛周玉 (1805), Li Wenyun 李文運 (1805), the author’s elder brother Yuheng 遇亨 (一得偶談讀律得序, 1805), and author (1804), chuji ending with note and short autobiography by author (n.d.), postf. (跋) by his younger brother Yuangao 元鎬 (n.d.); erji with pref. by author (1805), postf. by Sun Lüfu 孫 履福 (n.d.). [Ōki] – *Included in Bu’ai xuan dulü liuzhong (q.v.). – *Photo-repro. of a “1805 ed.,” probably the same as above, in Lüxue wen­ xian, ser. 3, vol. 4. Rem.: The work is comprised of a chuji 初集 and a erji 二集. The title at the beginning of the chuji is followed by the subtitle Dulü de 讀律 得; at the beginning of the erji it is followed by the subtitle Dushu de 讀

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書得. The prefaces praise Wang’s understanding of the meaning of the

law based on his mastery of the classics and history. In his own pref., Wang, a legal private secretary, compares the statutes in the Code to established medical prescriptions (成方) and the substatutes and cases to the medicines a doctor uses to finetune a prescription. The 50-folio long chuji consists of loosely organized, comparatively short paragraphs featuring some autobiographical elements and remembrances and offering reflexions on the law and how it should be studied and used, the private secretary’s ethics and duties, life in the yamen, how to develop cases (“like building a house,” 辦案之法臂如築室), current abuses in maintaining baojia and catching criminals, how to handle various crimes, how to deal with lawsuits, the use of torture and punishments, forensics, the intervention of spirits and ghosts, certain differences between north and south China, and so forth. A draft memorial (presumably written for Wang’s surveillance commissioner employer) proposes improvements to the law for four different types of crime not handled consistently because of a lack of specificity in the Penal Code. There are also some considerations on proclamations to improve customs, and on local granaries. These recollections and reflexions of an experienced legal specialist who is moderate in outlook and near the end of his career are written in straightforward language for the instruction of his colleagues. The erji is a sort of biji discussing various literary and cultural topics; it has no connection with administrative affairs. Wang also published a small collectanea of works on law, Bu’ai xuan dulü liuzhong (q.v.).

Bio.: According to the prefaces, the autobiographical essay, and the text itself, Wang’s forebears moved from Taiyuan 太原 (Shanxi) to Jiangsu at the time of the fall of the Northern Song, and by the middle of the Ming had come to live in the city of Suzhou. Wang specialized in law after having failed the examinations, and from 1772 onwards spent thirty years as a private secretary in the service of more than ten employers in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Shanxi. He was hired by the Shanxi surveillance commissioner, Li Zhou 李舟 (z. Yuecha 月槎), in 1798. In 1800 he went to serve the magistrate of Danchuan 丹川, also in Shanxi, where he still was in 1804. The text mentions officials he advised in various places, usually providing the dates of his employment. Bibliography entries for same author: Bu’ai xuan dulü liuzhong. [PEW]

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0298–0299 0299

Xingmu yaolüe 刑幕要略 [Essentials for Legal Secretaries] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *In Rumu xuzhi wuzhong (q.v.), with pref. by Zhang Tingxiang 張廷驤 (1883). – *Photo-repro. based on 1892 Zhejiang shuju ed. of Rumu xuzhi wuzhong, in ZSJC, vol. 10. – *Photo-repro. based on same ed., in GZSJC, vol. 5. – Photo-repro. based on same ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 16.

Rem.: According to the pref., this work by an experienced legal muyou had been copied again and again, hence many errors, which the editor tried to fix based on a good-quality ms. he had been shown—hence all the entries that end with such indications as “modified” (修改) or “augmented” (增). The work, which is organized by topics along the lines of the Penal Code, provides concrete advice on every aspect of the judicial procedure. An introductory section (the longest of the text), entitled “Managing cases” (辦案), deals with such general matters as procedural principles, general information, judicial officials, and the judicial system. It is followed by a section on general principles (名例) and by information on specific types of crimes related to marriage, land, grain storage, buying and selling, ritual matters, military issues, courrier issues, banditry, homicide, affrays, litigation, bribery, fraud, miscellaneous crimes, arrests, imprisonments, punishments, and more. Examples and additional explanations on various issues are inserted in small characters throughout the text. The sections on general principles, like those on specific crimes, consist of miscellaneous thoughts on the topic at hand, often useful but with relatively little organization or analysis. There are interesting considerations on collecting confessions (rules to obey, things to avoid). The work appears helpful for understanding the Code concerning a particular crime, less so on the system as a whole. An appendix provides a useful discussion of the role of the legal secretary and his importance to the legal system. Ref. and studies: Li, 9. Chang, 1:160. Qingdai lüxue, 334–47 (by Li Yi 李儀). [NP]

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2.2.2 Handbooks for Private Servants

Xingyou liangfang shize 刑友良方十則, 1 ce [Ten Good Prescriptions for Legal Secretaries] By Wu Kun 吳堃 (z. Xinqing 信卿), from Tiaoxi 苕溪 (浙湖苕溪) (probably Huzhou 湖州, Zhejiang) 1850 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed., with author’s pref. (1850) and postf. by Zhu Xiangqing 朱翔青 (n.d.). [Beitu]

Rem.: A thin 8-folio fasc. introducing some “prescriptions”—in fact, rather commonplace material in this sort of text—for private secretaries specializing in law. They include moderation concerning prison and torture, counseling the magistrate “from behind the screen,” not imprisoning women without serious cause, avoiding the implication of too many people in a case, resisting bribes, and admitting one’s errors when they have consequences for other people. The author spent 28 years as a legal secretary in Sichuan; he insists on the impact the work and conduct of muyou may have on the lives of people and how in that function one is eminently in a position to “save others” (濟人). The “prescriptions” in the title allude to a doctor’s prescriptions, based on Fan Zhongyan’s saying that being a good minister is like being a good doctor, since in either case one “saves others.” [JB, PEW] 2.2.2

For Private Servants

Yayi zhishi 衙役職事 See: Tanjia xinbian 0301

Changsui lun 長隨論 [On Private Servants] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Jishan tang 積善堂 ms. ed. dated 1862 on the cover, which also bears the inscription “This treatise is not like those of other authors” (此論拫 [sic] 別位不同). [Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection]

Rem.: The 76-page text, of unknown date, is written in a comparatively clear if not very elegant hand (and with occasional negligence), with some marginal scribbling in large characters without clear relation to the text. Similar to other works of the same sort (see under Jishi xuzhi

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0300–0302

pian and Shishi junzhi lu), the introduction recalls the noble origin of the term changsui, coined by emperor Taizu of the Song for a trustful attendant of his lieutenant Zhao Pu 趙普, alludes to famous officials who were born to changsui families (including “a certain Zhuang” 莊某, probably Zhuang Yougong, see under Piantu lun) and to the many cases where private servants rescued their masters “from mud and fire,” and insists on the remarkable talents of a great many changsui—all of this to deplore that they are held in such low esteem today. The introduction also recalls that changsui are called tangguan 堂官 or neishi 內使 when they serve governors and governors-general, and jiajiang 家將 or neiding 內丁 when they serve high military officials. It enumerates the different “grades” (品) of changsui, all the way from remarkable men with a brilliant future who should in fact be called “temporary servants” (暫隨), to most despicable and uncultured types who take shameless advantage of their situation. The many qualities and considerable knowledge discussed in the lengthy introductory part were certainly indispensable, considering all the responsibilities that rested on changsui entrusted with helping their employers in all the circumstances of their public life and in all their tasks, enumerated in great detail in the body of the work. Special discussions are devoted to checking on the prison, managing documents, using the different sorts of seals, as well as supervising the post-transmission procedure (交代), granaries, postal horses, kitchens, the official’s escort, tax payments, and so forth. Some sections at the end are devoted to the special responsibilities of changsui serving provincelevel officials (督撫司道). Ref. and studies: The title is mentioned by Li, 5; see also Piantu lun, Qingdai zhouxian gushi (qq.v.) [PEW]

0302

Piantu lun 偏途論 [A Discussion of the Oblique Path] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *In Jindai baihai 近代稗海, ser. 11 (Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe, 1988), 615–68, with anon. pref. (n.d.), ed. and with presentation by Xie Xingyao 謝興堯, based on a Daoguang-period ms. owned by the editor. Rem.: A handbook for the officials’ private servants (長隨). The work, also called Shitu guifan 仕途規範 or Changsui lun 長隨論, is described (with the variant titles Shitu guifan, Piantu fu 福, Changsui fu) in an Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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2.2.2 Handbooks for Private Servants

entry of the early-Republican yeshi 野史 collection Qingbai leichao 清稗 類鈔 (82/9–10), mentioning it as a manuscript found in a bookstore; the text is attributed in that source to the famous official Zhuang Yougong

莊有恭 (1713–67), who ranked first at the 1739 jinshi examination and was (claims the source) the son of a gatekeeper (司閽) of Suzhou 蘇州

prefecture, in other words, a changsui. The author of the pref. to Piantu lun also mentions this attribution, but nothing of the sort concerning Zhuang Yougong’s background is found in his biographies. The introductory part stresses the moral and behavioral qualities expected from changsui, clearly taking pains to enhance the respectability of a group commonly despised by scholar-officials. The main part of the text is composed of detailed discussions (論) of the servants’ tasks under 24 categories, such as controlling the gate, being in charge of paper-work, finances, granaries, horses, or kitchens, going on special assignments, and so forth (see also next entry). There are many examples and lists of “things to know,” illustrating the crucial duties performed by changsui for the sake of their employers and the competence and knowledge that was expected from them. Ref. and studies: Li, 10. The contents of the work have been intensively used by Guo Runtao, “Changsui xingzheng shulun” and “Qingdai de ‘jiaren’.” [PEW]

0303

Changsui xuzhi 長隨須知 [What Private Servants Must Know] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated unpaginated ms. in 1 ce. [ZKT] – Qianlong-period ed. [LSS]

Rem.: The ms. at ZKT is a fairly detailed compendium of the knowledge and technical skills required from the servants working within a local official’s private bureaucracy (as analyzed notably in Guo Runtao’s essays, see under Piantu lun). The introduction is followed by a series of “discussions” (論) devoted to the various specialized tasks entrusted to servants: taking care of the residence gate (管門), being in charge of the seals (簽押), supervising granaries (管倉), collecting tribute grain (收 漕), supervising sales of reduced-price grain (平糶), the postal service (管號), runners (辦差), kitchens (管廚), going on special assignments (出差), and escorting the official (跟班). The next section provides detailed instructions for managing the paperwork involved in various tasks,

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0302–0304

385

such as taking possession of a new post, financial and fiscal administration, and the like; the text insists that everything must be done with the utmost care and precision. Then a section titled Haojian xuzhi 號件須 知 is devoted to the logbooks in which every document was coded and monitored. A last section, titled Daoan wenyuan kaican 盜案文員開參, concerns the sanctions incurred by officials in case of undue delay in managing various types of official business, leaving cases unresolved, and other breaches of duties. Ref. and studies: Mentioned in Li, 11. [PEW]

0304

Shishi junzhi lu 使事均知錄, 2 j. [On the Sameness of the Knowledge Expected from Employer and Employee] Recorded (錄) by Mochi shanren 墨池山人, from Gaoming 高明 (Guangdong) 1833 Ed.: – *1833 engraving of the Qianzhu shuwu 潛注書屋鐫藏, with prefs. by Mochi shanren (1833) and Jupo laoren 菊坡老人 (n.d., placed after the mulu of j. 1). [Ōki] Rem.: The top of the cover-leaf has the words Yamen tongxiao 衙門通

曉, used as an alternative title in the pref. and in chapter captions. The title proper is an allusion to a passage in the Analects to the effect that “If the prince employs his minister with ritual politeness and the minister serves the prince with loyalty, then even though employing and serving each has its own way, the principle is the same for all” (君使臣以禮, 臣 事君以忠, 則使與事各有其道，而理均一也). This is a way to emphasize the importance and dignity of private servants (長隨), to whom j. 1 is devoted. Indeed, the responsibilities and skills of changsui as described in the work can be compared to those of a minister upon whom his ruler entirely depends. After a general entry entitled “Changsui,” and an entry describing the responsibilities of all the field officials from governor-general and governor downwards, a long entry on the “gate keeper,” whose position is described as “important like the throat” (咽 喉重任), suggests that he must know the circumstances of the constituency about as well as his employer. Similar entries, most with sets of detailed guidelines, concern the servant in charge of seals (管印)—i.e., of the various documents sent by the official, of which a lengthy list is provided; the granary keeper (管倉), with rules on the transfer of reserves

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between officials succeeding one another (交盤); the servants in charge of the kitchens (廚房), of the prison (監獄), of the postal horses (馬號), and of a variety of other tasks in which they may have to request the help of and supervise the clerks and runners of the regular six administrative bureaus (六房). On the face of it, j. 2, entitled “Xinren shiyi” 新 任事宜, is directed at the magistrate himself rather than his retainers. It contains the kind of advice on assuming a new post usual in magistrate handbooks, with a detailed list of the steps to take and things to do. There is a section on the rules of post transfer (交代規例), short descriptions of the different administrative bureaus, and a series of paragraphs on the different sorts of crimes and civil conflicts. However, the level of practical detail and the very matter-of-fact tone confirm that in fact the text is intended for the magistrates’ aides rather than for himself. The work ends with a long “poem” on the Penal Code in heptasyllabic verse, titled Zuanji lüli jingyan 纂輯律例精言, and a much shorter one on correspondence management, titled Wenyi bianlan 文移便覽. [PEW]

0305

Jishi xuzhi pian 寄食須知篇, 1 ce [What Must Be Known by Those Feeding on Officials] By Sun Qing 孫慶 (z. Shiting 石亭, h. Yunmen waishi 雲門外史) 1843 Ed.: – *Unpaginated ms. copy in clear hand. [Beitu]

Rem.: A short (17 folios) handbook for officials’ private servants (長隨). The introductory section (drawing in part from Piantu lun [q.v.]) insists on how indispensable the changsui (or tangguan 堂官 in the case of those serving high officials) are for their employers, and stresses the values of competence and dependability that should characterize the profession. It also has interesting remarks on the social background of changsui. The first part comprises detailed essays devoted to the various responsibilities resting on changsui, like keeping the gate, taking care of the seals, supervising the kitchens, welcoming visiting officials, guarding the granaries and treasuries, escorting one’s employer, and so on. The second part consists of “various matters” (雜記), such as lists of important dates within the annual cycle, alternative appellations for the various officials, for province names, etc., epistolary appellations, the formats of name-cards to use in various circumstances, what officials should wear on certain dates or occasions, a few heptasyllabic “songs” for changsui

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0304–0306

387

use, and finally, a jocular medical prescription for “those among us who become ill with arrogance” (吾輩中如有傲慢成病者), prescribing various doses of prudence, peacefulness, sense of public duty, and the like. A note scribbled at the end dates the text from 1843 and says that Sun Qing became the gate-keeper (司閽) of a certain Wending gong 文定公 during the Jiaqing era (possibly Sun Yuting 孫玉庭 [1753–1834]); at the beginning of the first section the author says that he has served officials for forty years. However, the list of emperors’ temple names included in the text reveals that the present copy was made at the turn of the Tongzhi and Guangxu eras. [PEW] 0306

Waiguan xinren jiyao 外官新任輯要, 2 ce [Essentials for Newly Appointed Local Officials] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. without cover-leaf. [Beida] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in GZSJC, vol. 6.

Rem.: Contrary to what is suggested by the title, found in the library catalog but appearing nowhere in the book, the work is aimed not at new officials, but at their servants (長隨). The content is based on the various books for officials and for private servants that circulated in administrative circles. It is in fact extremely close to Piantu lun or Changsui xuzhi (qq.v.). It includes sections on what must be checked by the newly arrived official—including a long checklist entitled “Things to do after receiving one’s seals” (接印後事宜)—as well as rules regarding the duties of the gate-keeper (管門執帖事), signatures (簽押條款), judicial and fiscal affairs, special assignments (承辦差務), the management of prisons, kitchens, granaries, and so on, a long itemized list of rules on “using seals” (用印), an enumeration of the different registers and logbooks (簿) (分別掛號), and much more. Some entries (e.g., on judicial and fiscal affairs) are no more than lists of terms and phrases. Two topics do not appear in any other handbook for servants: special assignments to manage salt affairs (鹽政專管) and to manage boats (船政專管). The model proclamations mention either “Daoguang” or “Xianfeng” as the reign-period. (The present compilation must have been assembled later, during Tongzhi or Guangxu.) There is also a model letter to invite a muyou to join the official’s staff. The last entry in the first fasc. is a

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comparatively long “Address on the tasks at the gate” (諭門務), implying that the servant in that position must possess the talents and knowledge of a yamen general secretary. The second fasc. contains, among other things, several sets of instructions, all titled dalüe xuzhi 大略須知, explanations of the duties of each of the yamen bureaus (房), and considerations on the dignity and respectable origins of the status of changsui, similar to those found in other such handbooks (see previous entries). Despite some repetition and a rather disorderly layout, the text is relatively free of wording errors. [GRT, PEW]

0307

Tanjia xinbian 彈鋏新編, 1 ce [A New Book on Drumming on One’s Dagger] By Wang Shansheng 王善升 (z. Jingquan 景泉, h. Jiyou sanren 笈游散 人), from Wanping 宛平 (Zhili) 1871 intro. Ed.:

– 1873 ed. printed at the Huguang governor-general’s office, with pref. by Wang Shansheng (1873) and “short intro.” (小引) by Jiyou sanren (1871). [Private collection of Professor Xin Deyong 辛德勇] – *Undated ms. ed. titled Yayi zhishi 衙役職事 on cover, without indication of author or date. [CASS Jinshisuo] – *In Jindai shi ziliao 近代史資料, no. 91, June 1997, 20–38, based on the above ms.

Rem.: A short handbook for private servants (not yamen runners, as wrongly suggested on the cover of the ms.), listing their tasks under 18 categories. Only the first two entries, which are mere lists of terms, concern the duties of the private secretaries in charge of legal and fiscal affairs, respectively. The rest deals with the management of paperwork (稿案), seals (用引), fiscality (錢漕), granaries (管倉), tribunal audiences, escorts (跟班), kitchens (管廚), and so forth, by servants. The contents are close to those of Piantu lun (q.v.) and other such works. The ms. copy is carelessly written, contains many errors and lacks a few lines at the end. The phrase tanjia in the title, which is explained in the short intro., alludes to an anecdote recounted in Shiji and Zhanguo ce about a certain Feng Huan 馮驩 (or Xuan 諼), a man of Qi who was a lowly guest at a grandee’s residence during the Warring States period, sang and drummed on his dagger to obtain better treatment, and eventually became influential and was able to return his host’s generosity. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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0306–0309

Ref. and studies: Xin Deyong, “Qingdai zhouxian yamen de bangong shouce.” Id., “ ‘Yayi zhishi’ buzheng.” Id., Weihai zhai dushu ji, 79. [GRT, PEW] 0308

Qingdai zhouxian gushi 清代州縣故事 [Stories from the Counties of the Qing Period] Comp. Cai Shenzhi 蔡申之 1941 Ed.:

– Published as journal articles in 1941. – 1st ed. in book form, Hong Kong: Longmen shudian, 1968. – Reprint Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1970 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 50, no. 500). – *In Qingdai zhouxian sizhong 四種, Taipei: Wenshizhe chubanshe, 1975.

Rem.: Not a handbook strictly speaking, but a compilation of short articles based on several texts, notably manuscripts acquired by the author, most of which apparently anonymous texts intended for the officials’ contractual and private servants (長隨 and 家人, respectively) and supposed to convey the “secret knowledge” they needed. The sources cited in the intro. are the following: Changsui lun 長隨論 (q.v.), Gehang shijian 各行事件, Gongmen yaolüe 公門要略, Menwu zhaiyao 門務摘要, Jiaodai mijue 交代秘訣, and Zhengyu zaji 政餘雜記. The main text also quotes from such works as Huangxiang yaoze, Zhouxian shiyi, Zuozhi yaoyan (qq.v.), and others.

Ref. and studies: Chang, 2:948. The texts are used as sources in Guo Runtao, “Changsui xingzheng shulun.” [PEW] 2.2.3

For Clerks

[YUAN] 0309

Lixue zhinan 吏學指南, 8 j. [A Guide to Clerkly Knowledge] By Xu Yuanrui 徐元瑞 (z. Junxiang 君祥), from Wu 吳 prefecture (Jiangsu) 1301 pref. Ed.:

– Original Yuan ed. reported last seen in 1929. *Columbia has a ms. dated yihai 乙亥 (1835 according to cat.), said to be a copy of a Yuan ed. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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2.2.3 Handbooks for Clerks

(影元本), without author’s pref. but with an intro. (引) by Yunmeng 雲夢 (Hubei) magistrate Shi Moyun 石抹允 (n.d.). – *Yuan ed. with intro. by Shi Moyun (n.d.) and a list of model statesmen from antiquity to the Song, titled Lidai lishi leilu 歷代吏師類錄, preceding the mulu. [Beitu] – Yuan ed. published by Muhubin 穆虎彬 in De’an 德安 prefecture. [Beitu] – As part 8 (辛集) of the Yuan encyclopedia Jujia biyong shilei quanji 居 家必用事類全集, without juan division (the entries corresponding to j. 8 are missing), undated Ming ed. of the Directorate of Ceremonial (司禮監) according to cat. (the origin of this indication is unclear), with pref. by author (1301); the list of model statesmen from antiquity to the Song, titled Lishi dinglü zhi tu 吏師定律之圖, is included in the mulu and placed at the beginning of the text. [*Beiping Mf., reels #85–86] [Gugong Taipei] – Cuiyan tang 翠巖堂 ed. dated Zhengde yimao 正德乙卯 (this year does not exist). [Tianyi ge] – As part 8 of a [1568] ed. of Jujia biyong shilei quanji, with pref. by Feilai shanren 飛來山人 (1568), apparently same text and format as the version above, without juan-division and with only 85 sections, including the list of eminent statesmen at the beginning (contents of j. 8 missing), and Weizheng jiuyao (q.v.) at the end. [Nanjing] – *1673 Shōhakudō 松柏堂 kambun ed., with pref. by Tian Rucheng 田汝成 (1560), as part of Jujia biyong shilei. [Jimbun] – *Undated ms. ed. with pref. by author (1301), with some underlining and corrections in red ink; the cover label has the seal “Xizhuang wenku” 西 莊文庫. [Harvard] – Undated (Qing) ms. ed., non paginated, with intro. by Shi Moyun, list of eminent statesmen at the beginning. [Faxue suo] – *Undated [1934] mimeo hand copy, together with an index by number of strokes by Saeki Tomi 佐伯富, based on Shōhakudō ed. (Offprint from Tōyōshi kenkyū, vol. 6, no. 4). [Jimbun] – *Mimeo hand-copy (different from the previous one) based on a Ming ed. of Jujia biyong shilei quanji at Jimbun, not divided into juan, collated with another Ming, two Japanese (also based on Ming originals), and one Korean eds., including pref. by Shi Moyun (supplied from another ed.), with pref. by Miyazaki Ichisada 宮崎市定 (1951) and index by Japanese pronunciation, Kyoto: Tōyōshi kenkyūkai, 1951. [*Princeton] [*Jimbun] – Photo-repro. of undated Korean ed. at Korean National Library. [Jimbun] – *Undated Korean ed., with Lidai lishi leilu at beginning, and postf. by Yi Un-jun 李云俊 (1458). [Kyujanggak] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1979. – As part 8 of an undated Korean ed. of Jujia biyong shilei quanji, with author’s pref. (last six sections missing). – *Photo-repro. of Shōhakudō ed., Kyoto: Chūbun shuppansha, 1984. – Photo-repro. of a Ming ed. of Jujia biyong shilei quanji held at Qinghua, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 117. – *Photo-repro. of 1568 Feilai shanren ed. of Jujia biyong shilei quanji at Nanjing, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 1184. – *Photo-repro. of Yuan ed. at Beitu, with intro. by Shi Moyun (n.d.) and Lidai lishi beilu, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 973. – *Photo-repro. of same ed. in large format and Chinese binding, Beijing: Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 2004 (ser. Zhonghua zaizao shanben 中華 再造善本). – *Photo-repro. of undated Korean ed. of Jujia biyong shilei quanji, Beijing: Shumu wenxian chubanshe, n.d. – *Modern typeset ed., based on 1951 Tōyōshi kenkyūkai mimeo copy, checked with other eds., with presentation by Zhaqisiqin 扎奇斯欽 (1969) and pref. by Ye Qianzhao 葉潛昭, and an index of terms, Taipei: Dahua yinshuguan, 1969. – Modern typeset ed., based on a Ming ed. of Jujia biyong shilei quanji, Tian Rucheng 田汝成 given as author, in Zhongguo fazhi shiliao, ser. 2, vol. 4 (Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1982). – *Punctuated ed. coll. by Yang Na 楊訥, [Hangzhou]: Zhejiang guji chubanshe, 1988 (Yuandai shiliao congkan, ser. 1), together with Weizheng zhonggao (q.v.); this ed. is based on the 1673 Japanese ed., but the quotations from ancient texts have been checked. – *Modern typeset ed. based on a Ming ed. of Jujia biyong shilei, coll. and completed with the Muhubin ed. at Beitu, in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 1 Rem.: The complete title is Xili youxue zhinan 習吏幼學指南. The work is a beginner for subaltern officials, or clerks (吏), whose position

in the bureaucratic apparatus was much more important in the Yuan than under other dynasties, and whose role in the correct application of law and to complement the regular officials is stressed in the pref.: hence the importance for them to know law well. It is actually an extremely rich glossary providing definitions for hundreds of terms and phrases (2,109 entries in all). They are arranged thematically under 91 sections (類) (85 in the Ming eds.) and cover many domains, such as functions, administrative organization, behavior, qualities, laws and regulations, admonitions, judicial procedure, social and family relations, “affairs” (事), and so on. The last section contains admonitions (諸箴) and edifying anecdotes (諸說) on model officials. The entire text Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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is a sort of summa of the professional culture of a well-trained li, and can be used as a guide for reading Yuan-dynasty documents. The text of Weizheng jiuyao (q.v.) is appended (not in the known Yuan eds. and not in the Korean ed. of Jujia biyong shilei).

Ref. and studies: Siku, 130/2712 (under Jujia biyong shilei quanji). Siku xuxiu, 11:125. TYG, 2:2/48a (Cuiyan tang ed.). TYGXC, 2/47b (probably the same; Xu Yuanrui erroneously given as a Ming author). Guji shanben, 子, 1:146. “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 71 (by You Shaohua 尤韶華). Ch’en, Chinese Legal Tradition under the Mongols, 60 n. 62. Okamoto, “Rigaku shinan no kenkyū.” [PEW] [QING A] 0310

Zaiguan fajie lu 在官法戒錄, 4 j. [Models and Warnings for Administration Employees] Comp. (編輯) Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi) 1743 pref. Ed.:

– *Included in the various eds. of Wuzhong yigui (q.v.). – *1743 Peiyuan tang 培遠堂 ed., with compiler’s pref. (1743). [*Tian Tao] [Qinghua] – *Undated Tuisi tang 退思堂 ed., with author’s pref. (1743). [Congress/LL] – 1821 ed. (參評) by Chen Xi 陳熙, with prefs. by Chen Xi (1821) and Fei Bingchang 費丙章 (1823). [Beitu] – *1873 new ed. (重刊), blocks at the Rongzhai printer shop 容齋刻字店 in front of the administration commissioner’s yamen in Hangzhou, with pref. by Chen Hongmou (1743). [Shanghai] – *1904 ed. engraved in Peking by a group of Guangxi natives, with compiler original pref. (1743). [Columbia] – *Extracts in Gongmen chengquan lu (q.v.), j. 1/24a–27b – *1943 punctuated typeset ed. (in Chinese binding), in Chen Rongmen xiansheng yishu 陳榕門先生遺書 (Guilin: Guangxi sheng xiangxian yizhu bianyin weiyuanhui 廣西省鄉賢遺著編印委員會, 1944), fasc. 13, with pref. by Chen Hongmou (1743). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of Zhonghua shuju 1936 Wuzhong yigui (q.v.) ed., in ZSJC, vol. 8. – *Photo-repro. of undated Huiwen tang ed. 彙文堂藏板 with compiler’s pref. (1743), in GZSJC, vol. 4. – In Qingdai biji, vol. 30 Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Rem.: A compilation on subaltern functionaries (吏胥), usually called “clerks” in the literature, discussing first of all the moral and psychological chasm between clerks and ranking officials, which according to the preface appeared during the Wei and Jin dynasties: for Chen, it is possible to make the clerks behave as responsible and self-respecting assistants, as did their predecessors in the Han period. The aim of the work is to illustrate this point based on historical examples. There are three sections: (1) “General considerations” (總論, j. 1), 62 items; (2) “Records to emulate” (法錄, j. 2–3), 167 items; (3) “Records for warning” (戒錄, j. 4), 79 items. The quotations (with indication of source) are followed by Chen’s comments. Considerations on the question of retribution (因 果) loom large in the work. For nineteenth-century abridgments, see Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao, Gongmen guobao lu, and Gongmen xiuli lu (qq.v.).

Bio.: See under Congzheng yigui. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307. Siku xuxiu, 23:264. Chen Hongmou, Peiyuan tang oucun gao (q.v.), 16/10a–12a, directive of 5th month 1743 ordering the distribution of Zaiguan fajie lu to all the yamen of Jiangxi, of which Chen was then governor. Rowe, Saving the World, 339–44, saying the 1821 ed. launched again Chen’s reputation in the nineteenth century. Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 3. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [PEW] 0311

Gongmen guobao lu 公門果報錄 [A Record of Retributions for Yamen Personnel] Comp. Song Chuwang 宋楚望 (z. Jingchuan 荊川, h. Hengzhai 恒齋) (js. 1733), from Yuyang 玉陽 (Dangyang 當陽, Hubei) N.d. Ed.: – *1892 Jiangsu shuju ed. (刊版), with pref. by Jiangsu administration commissioner Deng Huaxi 鄧華熙 (to 重刻, 1892), original pref. (原序) by Song Chuwang (n.d.), original postf. (原跋) by Shi Chengzu 師承祖 (n.d.). [*Ōki] [*Fu Sinian]

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– *1893 Jiangsu shuju new ed. (重刊), with pref. by Deng Huaxi (1892), original pref. by Song Chuwang (n.d.), original postf. by Shi Chengzu (n.d.). [Shoudu] – *Photo-repro. of 1893 Jiangsu shuju ed., in GZSJC, vol. 9.

Rem.: A significantly abridged version of Chen Hongmou’s Zaiguan fajie lu (q.v.). Deng Huaxi’s pref. says that the work was re-engraved at the suggestion of a clerk in his office who owned an old copy. Song Chuwang’s pref. claims that the admonitions to clerks in Chen’s original work are almost like those in Huanhai cihang (q.v.) for officials, but that the work may be a little above the capabilities of the less educated clerks. His own selection concentrates on entries emphasizing retribution (因果報應) in clear language. The format of each entry is the same as in the original work. Among Chen Hongmou’s 308 entries Song has selected 6 items from the general statement (總論), 20 from “Records to emulate” (法錄), and 24 from “Records for warning” (戒錄). The last two sections in particular emphasize the kind of wrongdoing committed by officials, clerks, runners, and other government functionaries in connection with the criminal justice system at local level. Among the issues considered are abuses committed by prison officials, corruption by judicial officials and their subordinates, and the excessive use of torture and punishment. It is unclear at what point the two supplements found in the 1892 and 1893 eds. were appended: (1) Xulu 續錄 (placed after the postf.), including 9 further entries, some about events dating from the first half of the nineteenth century and dealing with such topics as homicide investigation, disaster relief, and the infliction of criminal punishments; (2) Zuozhi guobao fajie lu 佐治果報法戒錄, given as appendix (附錄), featuring 20 anecdotes about private secretaries, introduced by a statement by Xiong Hongbei (see under Baoshan tang juguan geyan) on the secretaries’ crucial importance to government. The work ends with a recipe to cure the wounds inflicted during official beatings (杖瘡 方). Shi Chengzu’s postf. says that when he was magistrate of Lianshui 漣水 (Andong 安東, Jiangsu) in 1803 he was able to examine a copy of Gongmen xiuxing lu (q.v.) in 1 j., composed of extracts from Zaiguan fajie lu, printed while Song [Chuwang] was prefect of Changzhou 常州; he edited it and printed (刊訂) a number of copies for distribution to the subaltern personnel (庶人), and hoped to further circulate it among his colleagues. Bio.: Song Chuwang’s career was entirely in Jiangsu: magistrate of Jurong 句容 (1740), then Dantu 丹徒 (1742), and later Haizhou 海州 and Taicang 太倉 departments (in 1752); in 1754 he became prefect of Changzhou, a post from

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395

which he resigned to take care of his aged parents. After a period of mourning he was appointed acting prefect of Songjiang 松江 in 1761, then of Xuzhou 徐 州, where he was concurrently acting intendant of the Huai-Xu-Hai 淮徐海 circuit. He asked to return home because of old age. Through his career he appears to have been a particularly activist and popular official, as attested by the existence of biographies as an “eminent official” (名宦) in the gazetteers of several of the places where he served. See Dangyang XZ (1794), 7/6a ; Dangyang XZ (Tongzhi), 12/3a; Jurong XZ (Qianlong), 7/37b; Jiangning 江寧 FZ (1811), 26/14a; Zhili Taicang ZZ (1802), 10/21b ; Zhijiang 枝江 XZ (1866), 17/17a; Songjiang FZ (Jiaqing), 43/36a Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:231. [NP, PEW] [QING B] 0312

Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao 在官法戒錄摘鈔, 4 j. [Excerpts from Models and Warnings for Administration Employees] Comp. Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi); selection by Liu Zhaoshen 劉肇紳 (1776–?) (z. Ziyue 子約, h. Moyuan 默園), from Hongdong 洪洞 (Shanxi) 1823 Ed: – *1823 Mianxing tang ed. 勉行堂藏板, with pref. by Liu Dayi 劉大懿 (1823), original pref. to Zaiguan fajie lu by Chen Hongmou (1743). [Shanghai] – *1868 Hubei Chongwen shuju 崇文書局 ed., with pref. by Liu Dayi (1823) and author’s original pref. to Zaiguan fajie lu (dated 1744). [Columbia] – *In Wuzhong yigui zhaichao (q.v.).

Rem.: An abridged version of Chen Hongmou’s anthology of commented anecdotes on clerks (see previous entry), printed separately (see under Wuzhong yigui zhaichao). A former surveillance commissioner claiming to be wary of clerk manipulation, Liu Dayi says in his preface that he was introduced to Zaiguan fajie lu by Lin Zexu 林 則徐 in 1822 while serving in Fujian; he was much enthusiastic about it because it tackled a problem he had frequently experienced with the clerks in his service and was a perfect tool for improving administrative discipline. He therefore instructed his son Zhaoshen to add it to Chen Hongmou’s four other titles (i.e. the Sizhong yigui [q.v.]), of which he had already published abridgments. Liu also says that 20–30

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percent of entries on retribution (涉及因果者) were cut in the process of selection.

Bio.: For Chen Hongmou, see under Congzheng yigui. For Liu Zhaoshen, see under Sizhong yigui zhaichao. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [PEW] 0313

Gongmen xiuli lu 公門修吏錄 [On Improving Yamen Personnel] Comp. Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi) 1830 Ed.: – 1830 ed. by the office of the Guangdong surveillance commissioner. – 1889 ed. by the office of the Guangdong surveillance commissioner.

Rem.: An abridgement of Chen Hongmou’s Zaiguan fajie lu (q.v.).

Ref. and studies: Mentioned in Rowe, Saving the World, 527, note 60. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Guitiao huichao; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [PEW] 0314

Gongmen xiuxing lu 公門脩行錄, 1 or 4 j. [Records for Self-Cultivation among Yamen Personnel] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 1 j. (no cover-leaf), no pref. [Tōyō Bunka] – 1876 Beijing Jishan zhai 京都積善齋 ed. [Tōyō Bunka, Chen Hongmou given as author in cat.]

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– *1882 new engraving (重鐫), printing blocks at the Zhu Juwen zhai, north of the gate of the Henan administration commissioner east yamen 板存豫省藩司東轅門北朱聚文齋, price per copy 65 to 85 cash depending on quality; with pref. by Zhang Hengshen 張恒升 (to 重刊, 1880), “original prefs.” by Liu Chun 劉淳 (1856) and Tang Lidu 唐李杜 (n.d.). [Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection, case containing six identical copies; Liu Puzhai 劉樸齋 given as author in cat.]

Rem.: A short compilation on retribution for good and bad deeds by yamen personnel. Though both eds. seen are 43 folios long (but with denser pages in the 1882 ed.) and with contents largely overlapping, they are somewhat different in organization and layout. The undated ed. is split into two parts titled “Records to emulate” (法錄, 26 items) and “Records for warning” (戒錄, 22 items). The 1882 ed. starts with an anthology of sayings by famous sages, with comments. The first entry is Lü Kun’s eight admonitions against the excessive use of torture (呂 叔簡先生居官刑戒八則), and Chen Hongmou is generously quoted (as in the other ed.). However, the bulk of the text in both eds. consists of “historical” anecdotes, mostly the same, but with a larger number of them in the 1882 ed., recounting the good or bad consequences of clerks’ and runners’ behavior, with a strong emphasis on divine retribution, and split into positive and negative examples (the opposition is made explicit—with two parts each bearing a title—in the undated ed. only). The source and model is obviously Chen Hongmou’s Zaiguan fajie lu (q.v.). In his pref., Liu Chun, a legal private secretary, says he came across a printed copy of the book in 1837 and encouraged his colleagues and the local clerks to make copies of it; he eventually had a new version printed in 1846. There is abundant and varied punctuation. The work, in whichever version, seems to have had a wide circulation already in the eighteenth century. [PEW]

0315

Gongmen chengquan lu 公門懲勸錄, 2 j. [Records of Punishment and Encouragement for Yamen Personnel] Comp. (輯) Zhou Binglin 周炳麟 (z. Zhuqing 竹卿) (jr.), from Nanhai 南海 (Guangdong) 1896 pref. Ed.:

– *In Youfu dushu tang congke, ce 3, with compiler’s pref. (1896), followed by indication “new edition of the Yizheng [Jiangsu] Wu-family Youfu dushu

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tang 儀徵吳氏有福讀書堂重刊, 1900.” [*Fu Sinian] [*Harvard] [Ōki, ed. of Youfu dushu tang congke with 1902 pref. by Xu Jue 許玨] – Photo-repro. of Youfu dushu tang ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1965 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan). – Modern typeset ed. based on Youfu dushu tang ed., in Congshu jicheng xubian, vol. 54.

Rem.: The term gongmen refers to the personnel assisting the official in his yamen. (In some works it also includes the official himself.) J. 1 includes extracts from the following works (qq.v.): Baoshan tang juguan geyan by Xiong Hongbei, Juguan zhiyong pian by Xie Jinluan, Dangguan gongguo ge by Yuan Huang, Zuozhi yaoyan by Wang Huizu, and Zaiguan fajie lu by Chen Hongmou. J. 2, titled Juguan guobao shuo 居官果報說, is a large collection of anecdotes on the theme of retribution, attributed to, or about, persons of all venues in the world of administration and the gentry.

Bio.: Zhou Binglin passed the Shuntian juren examination at an unspecified date. He was acting magistrate of Yuyao 餘姚 (Zhejiang) in 1891–95 and 1896–97, and of Fenghua 奉化 (Zhejiang) in 1895–96. See Fenghua XZ (1908), 16/58a; Yuyao XZ (1899), 18/38a–b. Ref. and studies: Chang 1:231–2. You Zi’an, Shan yu rentong, 119. [PEW] 0316

Zhenghao zhumo yaofa 征號硃墨要法, 1 ce [Important Methods for Fiscal Registration and the Use of Red and Black Ink] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Ms. ed. without date or authorial indication, with the characters shen 申 and Luoyang xian feng 洛陽縣封, and the seal of Luoyang county (Henan), on the back cover. [ZKT]

Rem.: This undated 13-folio fasc. is a comparatively detailed guide on the functioning of the yamen offices of Luoyang county, which may have been intended either for local clerks (which seems more likely) or for the magistrate’s private secretaries. It includes detailed instructions as well as models of documents on many aspects of local administration, notably how to handle incoming and outgoing documents, and what sorts of register to maintain regarding taxation, justice, arrests, hydraulic works, correspondence, and more. [LG]

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part 3

Handbooks Dealing with Metropolitan Agencies [YUAN] 0317

Miaotang zhonggao 廟堂忠告, 1 j. [Loyal Proclamations for Those Serving at Court] By Zhang Yanghao 張養浩 (z. Ximeng 希孟, h. Yunzhuang 雲莊, Qidong yeren 齊東野人, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1270–1329), from Jinan 濟 南 (Shandong) N.d. Ed.: – *In Xue Wenqing gong congzheng lu (q.v.) – *In Weizheng zhonggao (q.v.)

Rem.: See under Weizheng zhonggao. A series of general considerations on being employed in the central government, under the following ten headings: (1) “Self-cultivation” (修身); (2) “Employing wise officials” (用賢); (3) “Emphasizing the people” (重民); (4) “Thinking in the long term” (遠思); (5) “Adapting to change” (調變); (6) “Accepting resentment” (任怨); (7) “Sharing criticism” (分謗); (8) “Meeting emergencies” (應變); (9) “Contributing opinions” (獻納); and (10) “Retiring” (退休). Bio.: See under Weizheng zhonggao. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 8:189. Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. Bibliography entries for same author: Fengxian zhonggao; Mumin zhonggao; Weizheng zhonggao. [PEW] [MING] 0318

Liutai zaji 留臺雜記, 8 j. [Various Records on the Nanjing Censorate] By Fu Yan 符驗 (z. Dake 大克, h. Songyan 松巖) (js. 1538), from Huangyan 黃巖 (Zhejiang) 1542 pref. © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004416208_004

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Ed.:

– 1603 ed. with author’s pref. (1542); date appears on the first page of the supplemented records in j. 5. [Tianyi ge, only 6 juan extant] – *Photo-repro. of 1603 ed. at Tianyi ge, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 257.

Rem.: The Siku quanshu zongmu tiyao states that the work was written as a history of the Nanjing Censorate (南京都察院), but it more resembles a gazetteer of that institution and can be regarded as a guide for incoming censors. It begins with maps of the offices, followed by a history of the official positions in the Censorate, an explanation of the division of responsibilities between the various circuits, and a copy of Xian’gang (q.v.), and ends with a list of officials. According to the table of contents, the missing two juan contained relevant literary pieces. The body of the work was prepared when Fu Yan served in the Fujian Circuit of the Nanjing Censorate and was completed while he was on assignment as regional inspector in Nan Zhili. That the work proved useful is indicated by subsequent efforts to update the list of officials up to 1581, and by its republication in 1603.

Bio.: In 1539 Fu Yan was selected for the Fujian circuit of the Nanjing Censorate as a probationary censor (試監察御史). He was confirmed as a full censor in 1541 and earned a reputation for being willing to challenge the powerful. His numerous assignments, including regional inspector in Nan Zhili, were the background for Liutai zaji. In 1542 he was made prefect of Changzhou 常州 (Nan Zhili). In 1545 he was impeached for his previous work at the censorate by a Changzhou native who was head of the Bureau of Evaluations (考功司郎中) in the Nanjing Ministry of Personnel and apparently wanted to settle scores. Despite his reputation he was removed from office and assigned to minor posts. He moved back up the ladder slowly. In 1545 he became assistant magistrate (通判) in Qi department 蘄州 (Huguang). From there he was promoted to magistrate of Jian’an 建安 (Fujian), then became vice-prefect (同知) in Zhangde 彰德 (Henan) in 1549. He finished his career as assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) of Guangxi. See Huangyan XZ (1579), 5/78b; Changzhou FZ (1618), 10/27b; Min shu 閩書 (1631), 56/19a; Ming shilu: Shizong, 231/4760–61, 246/4936, 299/5687. Ref. and studies: Mingshi yiwenzhi, 632. Siku, 80/1686. [TN]

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0318–0319 0319

401

Quancao yizhu 銓曹儀注, 5 j. [Rules of Etiquette in the Ministry of Personnel] By Tang Boyuan 唐伯元 (z. Renqing 仁卿, h. Shutai 曙台) (js. 1574), from Chenghai 澄海 (Guangdong) 1596 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated Ming ed. with author’s pref. (1596) and postf. by Cai Yinglin 蔡應麟 (1596). [*Beiping Mf., reel #723] [Gugong Taipei] [Nanjing]

Rem.: A highly detailed manual on the rules of etiquette governing the public behavior of Ministry of Personnel officials and their dealings with their colleagues of various ranks and belonging to various offices, in the many circumstances of administrative life. J. 5 deals with etiquette in relation to different events at the capital, beginning with court audiences and including the review of metropolitan officials (京察). In his pref. the author deplores the decadence of etiquette and the lack of selfrespect (自貴) among the Ministry’s officials since the Jiajing period; he has researched the ritual texts established by the dynastic founders as well as precedents (掌故) to help his colleagues restore the values of this powerful office. The postf. notes that, contrary to the other ministries, the Ministry of Personnel lacked a printed booklet on etiquette.

Bio.: Tang Boyuan started as magistrate of Wannian 萬年 (Jiangxi). At the end of 1575 he was moved within the province to the more challenging magistracy of Taihe 泰和. He was highly successful in both positions. After a full tenure of six years he was promoted to secretary, later bureau director, in the Nanjing Ministry of Revenue. His seriousness got him into trouble when he decided that an alternative version of the Great Learning was more reliable and submitted to the court a printed copy he had prepared. He also disputed some figures being honored in the Confucian Temple. For this he was demoted in 1585 to assistant magistrate (判官) in Haizhou 海州 (Nan Zhili), where he fulfilled the magistrate’s duties. He was quickly moved to prefectural judge (推官) in Baoding 保定 (Bei Zhili), and in 1586 was made secretary in the Ministry of Rites. In 1591 he was promoted to assistant minister (丞) in the Seals Office. After a brief period of mourning he was promoted to bureau vice-director, then director of the Bureau of Appointments in the Ministry of Personnel. He deplored the lax procedures there and instituted strong reforms, of which the present work was probably a part. The emperor chose to visit the offices and found the conditions to be quiet and serious. Tang retired before receiving subsequent promotion and died a year later. See MS, 282/7257; Chenghai XZ (1764), 16/2b–3b; Yue daji 粤大記 (1581), 14/30a; Taihe XZ (1753),

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10/23a; Hai ZZ (1660/1670), 4/14b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 159/2922, 237/4392, 241/4497; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 395. [TN] [PEW] 0320

Fengxian shiyi 風憲事宜, 1 j. [Advice for the Censorate] Anon. 1612 pref. Ed.: *Undated new ed. (重刻) with pref. by Qian Huan 錢桓 (to 重刻, 1612). [Beitu] Rem.: A handbook for the Censorate originating in the Tang dynasty and revised several times. The present “renovated” (復新) ed. is attributed in the pref. to a Mr. Xu 許 from Dongyang 東陽, i.e., Xu Honggang 許弘綱 (js. 1580), then censor-in-chief (總憲), who also reprinted Taiyi jilüe (q.v.), another work on the Censorate, in 1612. Fengxian shiyi is mentioned in a printing of Taigui 臺規, a description of the procedures for officials in the Censorate stored in the same box as Taiyi jilüe and probably printed at the same time. This was all part of an effort to restore discipline and predictability in the operations of the Censorate. The text is composed of 40 entries detailing in concrete and simple language the career, functions, and duties of censors, beginning with their appointment, first visit to their office, and assumption of position, with an insistence on the proper procedures and rituals. Sample memorials, some mentioning dates in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, are provided along the way. The many functions described include overseeing the management of criminals held in the Ministry of Justice prison (提牢); checking on ritual behavior (糾儀) in a variety of circumstances, e.g., during regular imperial audiences and “classics mat lectures” (經筵) (with several explanatory diagrams), banquets, and other court rituals (including a monthly calendar of events); checking records (刷卷); leaving on special assignments (公差); and more. Entry #37 is a long list of the places and institutions, both in the capital and in the provinces, which each circuit is in charge of controlling; entry #39 lists the paraphernalia and music instruments (鹵簿樂器) used by the censorate in various circumstances; the lengthy entry #40 is on rituals in the princely domains (王國儀注). The substantial appendix (附錄) is a proclamation in the form of an itemized covenant (條約) detailing the organization and duties of the Censorate; there is much overlap with the text proper, but the presentation is in a more compact form. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 史, 2:1102. [TN, PEW]

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0319–0322 0321

403

Taiyi jilüe 臺儀輯略, 1 j. [A Brief Account of the Rituals of the Censorate] Anon. 1612 Ed.:

– *1612 new ed. (重刻), based on a 1566 engraving, ed. (訂正) in 1612 by Xu Honggang 許弘綱 (js. 1580) and reprinted (重刊) by Lin Gongzhang 林恭 章, Tian Fengyi 田鳳儀 and others, with pref. by Xu Honggang (to 重刻, 1612). [Beitu] – *Undated ms. copy reproducing the edition above. [Beitu, dated Qing in cat. for no obvious reason]

Rem.: 53 entries dealing with the regulations and daily rituals of the Censorate, in both Beijing and Nanjing, and including its delegates in the provinces. They concern first the Censorate’s own personnel (本 院官) in their activities and mutual encounters, then personnel from other offices in the bureaucracy (各衙門官) in their dealings with the Censorate. The entries are arranged according to the place where the various rituals are performed, e.g., “in the posterior hall” (後堂行禮), “under the eaves” (簷下行禮), “outside the eaves” (簷前行禮). The pref. says that this new engraving was made necessary by the derelict condition of the old one, which in addition had become obsolete in some respects; it also indicates that the present text was collated by Tian Fengyi. Xu Honggang, Lin Gongzhang, Tian Fengyi and the other collaborators involved in the production of this edition (see last page of the book) were all officials of the Censorate (though not always censors), Xu himself being acting censor-in-chief. [TN, SWF, PEW]

0322

Gongbu changku xuzhi 工部廠庫須知, 12 j. [What Must Be Known About the Workshops and Storehouses of the Ministry of Works] Comp. (輯) He Shijin 何士晉 (z. Wu’e 武莪, Xiangming 象明, h. Ezhou 鵝洲) (js. 1598), from Yixing 宜興 (Nan Zhili) 1615 pref. Ed.:

– Undated (Wanli-period) ed. with prefs. by Lin Ruchu 林如楚 (1615) and compiler (1615). [Beitu] [Cishu chubanshe library, Shanghai 上海辭書出 版社圖書館] [Nanjing] – *Photo-repro. of Cishu chubanshe copy, in Xuanlan tang congshu xuji, ce 105–116. [Princeton]

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– *Photo-repro. of Cishu chubanshe copy, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 878. – *Photo-repro. of Beitu copy, in BTGZC, vol. 47. – Photo-repro. of Xuanlan tang congshu xuji ed., Taipei: Zhengzhong shuju, 1985. – Modern ed. edited by Jiang Mu 江牧, Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 2013.

Rem.: The Shanghai and Beitu copies were printed from the same blocks, but the order of the material in the first two juan is different and neither matches the table of contents. The work shows many other signs of being an incompletely prepared collection that was later put together by a printer for sale. Its aim was to lay down the rules, procedures, and precedents related to the workshops and storehouses attached to the Ministry of Works in order to prevent the many abuses and manipulations by eunuchs, merchants, and clerks, who were denounced in He’s pref., which he signed as supervising censor for the Ministry of Works (工科給事中). The fanli also notes that the actual list of posts and functions is fairly different from the one in Da Ming huidian 大明會典 and that describing the present situation will prevent newcomers from depending on clerks for their information. In the copy at Beitu (which seems less disorganized), j. 1 contains memorials by He Shijin and his colleagues (both censors and Ministry leaders) on the operation of the Ministry of Works (these materials are found in j. 2 of the Cishu chubanshe copy); j. 2 has further itemized propositions by He Shijin and others (the same materials are found in j. 1 of the Cishu chubanshe copy, but in a different order). The remaining chapters provide detailed propositions, regulations, quotas, etc., regarding a variety of specialized outfits attached to the four departments of the Ministry, viz. the Bureau of Construction (營繕司), the Bureau of Forestry and Crafts (虞衡司), the Bureau of Irrigation and Transportation (都水司), and the State Farms Bureau (屯田司). These later sections were prepared in coordination with department officials, whose names are given.

Bio.: Like many in his time He Shijin was caught up in the politics of the late Ming, but he was strongly shaped by his early years. He was born late in his father’s life and his birth frustrated the plans of relatives to take over his father’s property. When he was nine his father was killed in a brawl instigated by his relatives, but his stepmother protected him and saw to his schooling. After passing the jinshi he was appointed prefectural judge (推官) in Ningbo 寧波 (Zhejiang). While there he made the charges that brought his father’s attackers to justice. He served in Ningbo with distinction and was promoted to supervising censor for the Ministry of Works. The many memorials he submitted about abuses and ways to reform practices form the background for Gongbu changku

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0322–0324

xuzhi. Though the Wanli emperor ignored his memorials, He went on challenging the cost of repairs to palace buildings and ceremonies for the emperor’s favorite son. The emperor had him demoted and sent out of the capital, but he was recalled after Wanli’s death, only to antagonize the eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢 by his strictness. He was wrongly accused of taking a bribe and is said to have died of apoplexy when he was deprived of his ranks. See MS, 235/6127–30; Zou Qi 鄒漪, Qi Zhen yesheng 啟禎野乘, 2/7; Zhao Jishi 趙吉 士, Xu biaozhong ji 續表忠紀, 2/54a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 449/8504, 450/8511, 451/8532, 451/8534, 452/8544; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 269. Ref. and studies: Yang, Les aspects économiques des travaux publics, 51–52. [TN, PEW] [QING A] 0323

Xuncheng tiaoyue 巡城條約, 1 j. [Regulations on Touring the Boroughs] By Wei Yijie 魏裔介 (z. Shisheng 石生, Zhenbai 貞白) (1616–86) (js. 1646), from Boxiang 柏鄉 (Zhili) 1657 Ed.: – No known ed. available (not reproduced in SKCMCS)

Rem.: A series of 40 regulations concerning the “five boroughs” (五城) of Beijing promulgated by the author while he was left censor-in-chief (左都御史) in 1657. The Siku commentators complain that some of these regulations (such as against little boys playing football on the streets) are on minute topics and unenforceable. Bio.: See under Fengxian jinyue. Ref. and studies: Siku, 101/2072. QSG, 147/4334 (cited with the same author’s Fengxian jinyue [q.v.]). Bibliography entries for same author: Fengxian jinyue. [PEW]

0324

[Man Han] Liubu chengyu 滿漢六部成語, 6 j. [Terminology of the Six Ministries, Manchu and Chinese] Anon. 1742 Ed.:

– 1742 Hongyuan tang ed. 鴻遠堂梓行. [Jimbun] – 1795 new engraving (重鐫) of the Beijing Wensheng tang 京都文盛堂. [Taiwan daxue] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– *1816 new engraving (重鐫) of the Beijing Wensheng tang (梓行); title on cover-leaf Liubu chengyu, running title Man Han liubu chengyu. [*Jimbun, photo-repro. of a copy having belonged to Kagawa University 香川大學] – 1842 eds. of the Wenying tang 文英堂, Juxing tang 聚星堂, Xiaoyou tang 小酉堂, and the Ministry (署堂刊), apparently identical to each other. – *1842 ed. “of the Ministry” (堂刊) titled Man Han liubu chengyu on coverleaf, with pref. by (Dingxuan) Meng Bao 定軒孟保 (a Chinese bannerman) (繙譯六事箴言序, 1851, in Manchu and Chinese); the Liushi zhenyan referred to by the pref. seems to be another work, transl. into Manchu by Meng Bao. [Ōki] – *Undated ed., no cover-leaf, running title Man Han liubu chengyu, with 1851 pref. [Ōki] – Late-Qing ed. of the Chinese part with explanations titled Liubu chengyu zhujie 注解. – Ed. based on a ms. copy of the above, titled Rikubu seigo chūshaku kaidai 六部成語注釋解題, coll. and with intro. by Naitō Kenkichi 內藤乾吉, Kyoto: Kōbundō, 1940. – Edited and revised version compiled by Xinjiang shaoshu minzu guji bangongshi 新疆少數民族古籍辦公室 and Xinjiang renmin chubanshe xiwen bianjishi 新疆人民出版社錫文編輯室, titled Man Han hebi 滿漢合璧 liubu chengyu, Xinjiang renmin chubanshe, 1990, based on the 1816 ed. – Modern ed. based on the Naitō ed. titled Liubu chengyu zhujie, Hangzhou: Zhejiang guji chubanshe, 1987. Rem.: According to Wang Zhonghan’s 王鍾翰 pref. to Qingdai liubu

chengyu cidian (see below), the first reference to this Manchu-Chinese glossary of administrative terms and phrases used in the Six Ministries is found in an 1805 entry of Qinding kechang tiaoli 欽定科場條例, j. 59, giving a list of the Manchu books to be used in the examinations for translators. The first published version goes back to 1742, however; the 1842 ed. is the last known ed. following the original format, i.e., a parallel list of Manchu and Chinese terms without explanations. The text reads Manchu-style, from left to right; the Chinese is inserted between the Manchu lines. Apart from being used as reference when examining translators, the work served as a glossary of terms in the everyday work of translating documents in the Six Ministries. The late-Qing version with explanatory notes appended to the terms is said to contain many errors. Ref. and studies: Li Pengnian et al., Qingdai liubu chengyu cidian; the 2,572 terms of the original glossary (the 1842 “Ministry” ed. has been used) are listed in the same order and have been provided with new explanations; the sources

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used are listed in the intro., which also mentions most eds. cited above; the Manchu terms do not appear. Naitō Kenkichi, intro. to the 1940 ed.; also in Tōyōshi kenkyū, 5, 5 (1939), 20–34. E-tu Zen Sun, intro. to Ch’ing Administrative Terms (see below). Transl.: E-tu Zen Sun, Ch’ing Administrative Terms (transl. based on the 1940 ed. by Naitō Kenkichi, with additional notes and commentaries by the translator.) [PEW] 0325

Yashu mingmu 衙署名目, 1 ce [A Terminology of Official Bureaus] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *1889 new engraving (新鐫) from the Juzhen tang 聚珍堂, near the Longfusi in Beijing. [Shoudu]

Rem.: A Chinese-Manchu glossary of terms useful for administrators. There are 8 sections: administrative buildings; command offices of the 24 sections of the eight-banner system; granaries and treasuries in the capital; the gates of the capital; names of the gates of the imperial city and of the forbidden city; names of the imperial palaces and halls; 67 temples and monasteries, and imperial tombs; passes close to the capital, and various places associated with the Manchu dynasty. [LG] [QING B]

For handbooks dealing with the autumn assizes, see section 4.1.6 0326

Tilao beikao 提牢備考, 4 j. [Reference Material for Officials in Charge of the Ministry of Justice Prisons] Comp. Zhao Shuqiao 趙舒翹 (z. Zhanru 展如, h. Qinfang 琴舫, Shenzhai 慎齋) (1848–1901) (js. 1874), from Chang’an 長安 (Shaanxi) 1885 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed., printing blocks at the Ministry of Justice Bureau of the Code 板寄存律例館, with pref. by Zhao Shuqiao (1885), postf. by Zhao Shuqiao (n.d.). [Beitu] [*Ōki] – *1893 new ed. engraved in the public offices of Dong’ou [Fujian] 重刻 于東甌官舍, with prefs. by Lei Bangrong 雷榜榮 (1885, followed by a Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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short commentary by Zhao Shuqiao dated 1893, telling why the pref. was not printed in 1885), and Zhao Shuqiao (1885), postf. by Zhao Shuqiao (n.d.); the last page of j. 4 has the mention 東甌郭博古齋刻字. Despite a few variants the text is mostly identical to the previous ed. [*Columbia] [*Congress/LL] [*Qinghua] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko] – Photo-repro. of a copy of the Lüli guan ed. held by the library of Cishu chubanshe 辭書出版社, Shanghai, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 867. – Photo-repro. of Guangxu-period ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 15. – *Modern annotated ed. in simplified characters, with baihua transl., titled Tilao beikao yizhu 譯注, ed. Zhang Xiufu 張秀夫 et al., Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 1997. – Modern ed., together with Gengzi tilao biji 庚子提牢筆記 by Bai Zengzhuo 白曾焯 and Waiyang jianyu kao 外洋監獄考, Beijing: Zhongguo zhengfa daxue chubanshe, 2007.

Rem.: A fairly rich and interesting compilation of materials aimed at the tilao, i.e., the officials in charge of the two prisons of the Ministry of Justice (the Nanjian 南監 and Beijian 北監), which had been in existence since the Ming. Zhao was appointed to the position in 1879 and found it was full of pitfalls, due in part to the fact that the management was in complete disarray and the regulations and other materials were dispersed among many places, or lost. He decided to provide an orderly account that might be used as reference by his successors. The 4 chapters are devoted to, respectively, (1) provisioning, equipment and funding (囚糧), with discussion of regulations and precedents, figures, and information on the measures taken by the author; (2) regulations (條 例), with comments; (3) procedures (章程), with dates provided and discussions; (4) miscellanea (雜考), including notes on prison lore, anecdotes on past tilao, etc.

Bio.: Zhao Shuqiao started his career with positions in various departments of the Ministry of Justice, where he stayed through 1886, earning a high reputation. Thereafter he held such positions as prefect of Fengyang 鳳陽 (Anhui) (1886–91), Zhejiang surveillance, then administrative commissioner (1893–95), and Jiangsu governor (1895–97). At the time of the Boxer debacle, he was minister of Justice, grand councillor, and a member of the Zongli Yamen. A close associate of Gangyi (see under Juguan jing and other titles) and a member of the pro-Boxer faction around empress dowager Cixi, he was allowed to commit suicide in 1901 at the behest of the Western powers. See QSG, 465/12752–53; QSLZ, 63/18a–22a; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334. Ma, 99 (Beiping). He Qinhua, 2:341–9. Qingdai lüxue, 362–71 (by Li Yi 李儀). [PEW]

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part 4

Handbooks Specializing in Particular Techniques 4.1

Law and Justice

4.1.1

Explanations of the Penal Code

[SONG] 0327

[Song] Xingtong 刑統, 30 j. [The Song Penal Code] Comp. Dou Yi 竇儀 (z. Kexiang 可象) (914–966), from Yuyang 漁陽 (present-day Hebei), et al. 963 Ed.:

– *Undated Ming ms. ed. on preframed paper, originally at Tianyi ge, first pages badly damaged, possibly incomplete, titled Chongxiangding 重詳 定 xingtong. [*Beiping Mf., reel #532] [Gugong Taipei] – *1918 Guowuyuan fazhi ju 國務院法制局 ed., Beijing, based on the same Tianyi ge manuscript (重校天一閣本), with prefs. by Wang Shitong 王式通 (1918) and Fang Shu 方樞 (1918), title in chapter captions Chongxiangding xingtong. [*Columbia] [IHEC] – *Undated Jiaye tang ed. from Wuxing 吳興劉氏嘉業堂刊, with postf. (ba) by Liu Chenggan 劉承幹 (1921), title in chapter captions Chongxiangding xingtong. [*Columbia] – Jiaye tang congshu ed. In addition to the Jiaye tang ed. described above, this one features Dou Yi’s presentation memorial, a general and a detailed mulu, a supplementary chapter (附錄) discussing the history and characteristics of the text, a 33-folio “Editorial report” (校勘記) carefully exposing article by article the collating work effected at the Jiaye tang, in particular by comparing the Xingtong text with the Tang Code with Commentaries (see below); preceding Liu Chenggan’s postf. is one by Shen Zengzhi 沈曾姪 (1922), introducing further collation notes. – Photo-repro. of 1918 ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1964. – Photo-repro. of Jiaye tang congshu ed. (in Chinese binding), Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 1982. – Photo-repro. of 1918 ed., Beijing: Zhongguo shudian, 1990 (Haiwang cun guji congkan 海王邨古籍叢刊).

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004416208_005

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– *Photo-repro. of Jiaye tang congshu ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 862. – Modern typeset and punctuated ed., coll. by Wu Yiru 吳翊如, based on Jiaye tang congshu and 1918 eds., Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1984. Rem.: The Song Code was called Song xingtong 宋刑統, or Song Jianlong 建隆 xiangding xingtong. The word xingtong was an abbreviation of xingfa tonglei 刑法統類 or xinglü 刑律 tonglei already in use by

the mid-ninth century. The text was compiled at the end of the Later Zhou dynasty based on the Tang Code with Commentaries (Tanglü shuyi 唐律疏議) of 652, to which it is about 90 percent similar, with the insertion of some 200 later ordinances and other regulations, and published with few changes at the very beginning of the Song, in the fourth year of the Jianlong era (963); later editions with minor revisions were put out in 966, 1071, 1094, and 1131. Song xingtong features 502 statutes under 12 parts, similar to Tanglü shuyi, but an intermediate level of 213 sections (門) was added. (Wang Shitong’s pref. to the 1918 ed. provides a detailed history of the text.) In later imperial times its text survived only in a few manuscript copies based on a manuscript held by the Tianyi ge. (The ms. reproduced in the Beiping Mf. may be one of these copies.) There may be variants between these manuscripts and the modern eds. based on them. In the late Qing Shen Jiaben 沈家本 sent people to the Tianyi ge to transcribe the ms. it held, but did not publish it; the 1918 ed. is an edited version of this transcription, whose many lacunae it tried to complete with parallel texts. The Jiaye tang ed. used the original Tianyi ge manuscript (which the postf. claims is a Song ms.), hence several variants between the two early Republican eds., including in the number of characters said to be illegible and replaced with the sign □. Like the Tang Code—and as suggested by the phrase tonglei—Xingtong mixes up statutory laws (with small-character explanations inserted) with additional materials, mainly in the form of commentaries (疏), ordinances (令), model forms (式), discussions (議, 疏議), memorials (起請), questions and answers (問, 答), and the like. For this reason it should be regarded as a working aid for administrators, as opposed to a bare corpus of codified law. There may be variants between the Beiping Mf. manuscript and the editions based on the Tianyi ge ms. Bio.: Dou Yi, who had served under the Later Jin (he passed the jinshi during the Tianfu 天福 era [936–44]) and Later Zhou dynasties, became minister of Public Works, later of Rites, and Hanlin academician under the Song. He was entrusted by the Song founder, who seems to have held him in high esteem,

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with supervising the compilation of the Jianlong chongding xingtong 建隆重 定刑統, i.e. the Song xingtong. See Songshi, 263/9092–94; Songren, 5:4294–95. Ref. and studies: Songshi, 204/5143 (竇儀重詳定刑統). TYG, 2:2/58a (ms. ed., author unknown). Hervouet, 185. Chen Pengsheng et al., 80–82. Okano, “Sō keitō,” including a detailed history of the Tianyi ge ms. and description of the different eds., and a bibliography of relevant studies in Chinese and Japanese. Xue Meiqing, Song xingtong yanjiu. [PEW] 0328

Xingtong fu 刑統賦, 2 j. [Prose-Poem on the Song Penal Code] By Fu Lin 傅霖 N.d. Ed.:

– Undated (Yuan) ed. in 1 j. (34 folios), with pref. by Zhao Mengfu 趙孟頫 (1316). [Shoudu] – In Gezhi congshu, in 1 j. – *Full text in Xingtong fu jie and Xingtong fu shu (qq.v.). – *In Ouxiang lingshi, ce 26, with intro. by Miao Quansun 繆荃孫 (1896), Siku summary, note from Tieqin tongjian lou cangshu mulu 鐵琴銅劍樓藏 書目錄, colophon (跋) by Zhu Yizun 朱彝尊 (n.d.), pref. by Zhao Mengfu (1316), entry on Xingtong jie 解 from Songshi, note on the history of the Xingtong by Xu Song 徐松 (1839). [Fu Sinian] – *Photo-repro. of Ouyang lingshi ed., in Congshu jicheng xubian, shehui kexue lei, vol. 52. – *Photo-repro. of the Yuan ed. at Shoudu, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 37. – *Photo-repro. of the same ed., in Chinese binding, Beijing: Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 2006 (ser. Zhonghua zaizao shanben 中華再造善本).

Rem.: A free adaptation of the main points of the Song Penal Code in irregular verse arranged under eight “rhymes” (韻). Authorship is not altogether clear. According to the entry of Fazhui (q.v.) devoted to a Ming commentary titled Xingtong jiyi 輯義, the Song ordered Dou Yi 竇儀, the original compiler of Xingtong (q.v.), to compose the fu in order to make the Xingtong’s content easier to understand and memorize, and Fu Lin later wrote the commentary (see under Xingtong fu jie). All other sources, however, give Fu Lin as author of the fu. According to Zhao Mengfu’s pref., he composed only the fu, and a Mr. Xi 郗 added a rhymed commentary (又從章析而韻釋之). (The entry on Xingtong jiyi in Fazhui says that Xi’s name was Qianyou 乾祐.) The Siku commentators think that Fu

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Lin himself wrote the commentary (併自為註), although, following the Dushu houzhi 讀書後志 by Chao Gongwu 晁公武 (1105–80), they admit it may have been someone else; in his postf. to Xingtong fu jie (q.v.), Shen Jiaben 沈家本 also mentions the uncertainty, but concludes that the extant commentary must not be by Fu Lin. The oldest extant ed. (the Yuan ed. at Shoudu) has the caption “composed (撰) by the left court gentleman of manifest virtue and law school erudite (左宣德郎律學博士) Fu Lin, rhymed explanation (韻釋) by Mr. Xi from Dongyuan (東原郗氏),” which would imply that Mr. Xi only composed the illustrative songs in simple four-character verse introduced by ge yue 歌曰 that follow the commentary introduced by jie yue 解曰 after each line of the fu. (Names of dynasties alluded to in the songs show that they date from the Yuan.) An argument against Fu Lin’s direct authorship of the jie, at least as it stood from the Yuan ed. onwards, might be that one of its entries (p. 2a) begins with the words, “The former worthy, law school erudite Fu Lin, seeing that the law comprises 1,000 articles …,” and so forth (前賢律學 博士傅霖見律有千條…). (Most jie entries are simply introduced by the word an 按.) The version described in the Siku catalog (but considered too faulty to be copied into the Siku quanshu) consisted, according to the editors, of the fu proper, Mr. Xi’s “explanation by rhymes” (which for some reason they date to the Yuanyou period [1086–94]), and additional notes (增註) by Wang Liang 王亮, the latter being (it is said) largely copied from earlier commentaries; Fu Lin’s original commentary had been removed (然於霖所自註。竟削去之。已非完本). The text reconstructed for Miao Quansun’s Ouxiang lingshi, based on several commentaries, features the explanations (attributed to Mr. Xi), the songs, and Wang Liang’s additional notes. The last, however, are absent from the Yuan ed. and are found only in Xingtong fu jie (q.v.). The main text of Xingtong fu insists on principles and on the general meaning of the law, while the jie commentaries propose clear explanations of the relevant notions and discuss the content of the related statutes; the language in the explanations and songs is simple and easy to understand. The work was clearly intended as a guidebook for officials and examination candidates, and possibly for the public at large. According to Langlois (see below), the basic point is that “law must rest on constant principles and still retain sufficient flexibility to deal with unique situations.” Ten commentaries to the Xingtong fu were composed during the Jin and Yuan periods, of which, according to the Siku commentators, several could be found in the Yongle dadian. Four are extant and were collected in 1913

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by Shen Jiaben in his Zhenbilou congshu (see under Xingtong fu jie and Xingtong fu shu).

Bio.: The place of origin of Fu Lin is not known. Shen Jiaben considered that the composition of Xingtong fu cannot have occurred after the Chunxi era (1174–89), but excluded its being as early as Northern Song. On the other hand, one Fu Lin from Qingzhou 青州 does appear as a contemporary in the biography of Zhong Yong (946–1024); since he is described as a recluse who refused to become an official, it is unclear whether he is the same person (see Songshi, 293/9803). Ref. and studies: Siku, 101/2069–70. Guji shanben, 子, 1:144. Hervouet, 185–6. Chen Pengsheng et al., 649–51 (describing the work as a “reader in the law,” 一部律學讀). Langlois, “‘Living Law’ in Sung and Yüan Jurisprudence” (see 170, note 15, in this work for further studies); Langlois translates Xingtong fu as “Prose-Poem on the Penal Tradition.” Xue Meiqing, Song xingtong yanjiu, chap. 12. [PEW] 0329

Xingtong fu jie 刑統賦解, 2 j. [Prose-Poem on the Song Penal Code, with Explanations] By Fu Lin 傅霖, with commentaries by Mr. Xi from Dongyuan 東原郗 氏 and Wang Liang from Yidu 益都王亮 N.d. Ed.:

– Undated ms. copy in very clear hand from the Huang-family Shiliju 黃氏士 禮居, titled Xingtong fu jie zengzhu 增注, with colophon by Zha Shenxing 查慎行 (1650–1727) (n.d.), saying he aquired the ms. from a bookseller in 1714, pref. by Zhao Mengfu 趙孟頫 (1316), margin annotations and postf. (1822) signed by Raofu 蕘夫 [i.e., the bibliophile Huang Pilie 黃丕烈, 1763– 1825]; with printed text of Xingtong fu appended, handwritten colophon by the bibliophile (and Shen Jiaben’s 沈家本 nephew) Shen Zhaokui 沈兆 奎 (1938), dealing with the history of the three Xingtong fu commentaries published by Shen Jiaben (see below); according to Shen Zhaokui, the present ms. was copied by Huang from the Zha Shenxing copy that he had obtained and offered to a certain Zhang 張 from Changshu 常熟, and the whereabouts of the original are unknown.[Beitu] – *Ms. from the Songfen shi 誦芬室校鈔, with pref. by Zhao Mengfu (1316), postfs. by Zhu Yizun 朱彝尊 (n.d.), Zha Shenxing (n.d.), and Xu Song 徐 松 (1839) [BN]

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– *In Zhenbi lou congshu, ce 5, based on an ancient ms. belonging to a Daxing Xu family (大興徐氏舊鈔本), with Siku summary and description extracted from Tieqin tongjian lou cangshu mulu 鐵琴銅劍樓藏書目 錄, “postf.” by Zhu Yizun (n.d.), pref. by Zhao Mengfu (1316), note by Zha Shenxing (n.d.), prefs. by Xu Song (1839), Mao Guangsheng 冒廣生 (1902), and Dong Kang 董康 (1903), postf. by Shen Jiaben (1911). [*Tōyō Bunka] – *Photo-repro. of Zhenbi lou congshu version, in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 1, vol. 1. – *Photo-repro. of the ms. at Beitu, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 972.

Rem.: A commentary to Xingtong fu (see previous entry). Shen Jiaben’s recension in Zhenbi lou congshu, his collectanea of rare mss., was based on a ms. originally transcribed by a certain Xu Xingbo 徐星伯 from Daxing from a copy belonging to Ye Runchen 葉潤臣 from Hanyang; the Xu ms. was in turn transcribed by Shen Jiaben’s disciple Dong Kang, who completed certain lacunae using the text quoted in Xingshu juhui (q.v.). Shen and Dong tried in their edition to distinguish between the different strata of the text and commentaries. Fu Lin’s verses are followed by three different sorts of commentary, clearly distinguished: (1) “Explanations” (解), which according to Dong Kang are Fu Lin’s original notes, though Shen Jiaben is not so sure; (2) “Songs” (歌), a mnemonic paraphrase of the “Explanation” in four-syllable verse, by Mr. Xi; (3) “Supplementary notes” (增注) by Wang Liang, possibly of a date later than the first two. Only this last element is an addition to the Yuan ed. of Xingtong fu, the rest being identical. According to Zhu Yizun’s postf., Mr. Xi was a Song author and Wang Liang a Yuan author; but other prefaces claim that Xi was also a Yuan author, which indeed seems more likely. (Xue Meiqing [see below], 262, tends to agree that Xi was from the Song and Wang Liang from the Yuan but probably flourishing after the time of Zhao Mengfu’s pref., which does not mention him.) In his postf., Shen Jiaben highlights many inconsistencies between these commentaries and what he himself reconstructed from Song law in his Lidai xingfa kao 歷代刑法考. Three further commentaries to Xingtong fu have been collected by Shen Jiaben in his Zhenbi lou congshu, the first two based on a ms. owned by a Mr. Wu from Huangchuan 璜川吳氏: (1) Cujie 粗解 Xingtong fu (1 j.), commentary by Meng Kui 孟奎, from Zou county 鄒縣 (Shandong), with prefs. by Meng Kui (1340) and Shen Weishi 沈維時 (1352), description extracted from Tieqin tongjian lou cangshu mulu, said to be indeed “crude” and fraught with errors. (BN has a ms. copy of Cujie Xingtong fu,

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with the same pref., which belonged to the Wu 吳 library at Huangchuan 璜川, and mentioned in Dong Kang’s pref.; Zhongyang also has a ms. copy.) (2) Bieben 別本 Xingtong fu jie (1 j.), with 1911 postf. by Shen Jiaben, an anonymous and incomplete recension that corresponds to rhymes no. 3–8 in Fu Lin’s original work (the Zhenbi lou congshu Zhongguo shudian reprint (n.d.) and the Lüxue wenxian reprint also have a postf. by Yifeng 藝風 [1909] and a note entitled “Cujie Xingtong fu jiaoyu 校語”). (3) Xingtong fushu (q.v.). The various commentaries insist on the importance of understanding the true meaning of the law, as opposed to its letter, if one is to take account of circumstances and show flexibility and restraint in applying punishments. All four commentaries are reproduced in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 1, vol. 1. Ref. and studies: Songshi, 204/5145 (in 1 j., with mention “author unknown”). Siku, 101/2069–70 (on Xingtong fu), claiming that the jie is by Fu Lin. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:280–1 (on Cujie Xingtong fu). Shen Jiaben, Jiyi wencun 寄 簃文存, 7/6a–8b. Guji shanben, 子, 1:144. Hervouet, 185–6. Langlois, “‘Living Law’ in Sung and Yüan Jurisprudence” (see under Xingtong fu): 175–6. Chen Pengsheng et al.: 651. Xue Meiqing, Song Xingtong yanjiu, chap. 12. [JB, PEW] [YUAN] 0330

Xingtong fu shu 刑統賦疏, 1 j. [Prose-Poem on the Song Penal Code, with Commentary] Comp. Fu Lin 傅霖, commentary by Shen Zhongwei 沈仲緯, from Wu county 吳縣 (Jiang-Zhe) N.d. Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. on non-framed paper, possibly Yuan-period, with prefs. by Yu Nao 俞淖 (1339) and Yang Weizhen 楊維楨 (沈氏刑統疏序, 1341), four colophons by Huang Pilie 黃丕烈 (1821) added at the end. [Zhongyang] – *In Zhenbi lou congshu, ce 8–9, based on a ms. owned by a Mr. Miao from Jiangyin 江陰繆氏, with description extracted from Tieqin tongjian cangshu mulu 鐵琴銅劍藏書目錄, prefs. by Yang Weizhen (1341) and Yu Nao (1339), text followed by several colophons by Huang Raofu 黃蕘夫 (i.e., Huang Pilie, three dated 1821, two undated), editorial notes (刑統賦 疏校語), postf. by Shen Jiaben (1911). [*Tōyō Bunka]

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– *Photo-repro. of Zhenbi lou congshu version, in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 1, vol. 1, also with Huang Raofu’s five colophons and the editorial notes; Shen Zhongwei given as author.

Rem.: Shen Jiaben’s postf. states that Shen Zhongwei was active under emperor Shundi of the Yuan (r. 1333–67). Fu Lin’s original “rhymes” are followed (in the fullest cases) by an explanatory commentary (疏解) based on Tang lü shuyi 唐律疏議, followed in turn by a “straightforward explanation” (直解) and “comparisons of terms” (語較), then again by substatutes (通例) selected from current Yuan legal usage. According to Yang Weizhen’s pref., the aim was to revive Fu Lin’s teaching, viz. interpret the law taking account of changing circumstances. Shen Jiaben notes some interpolations in the text attributed to Fu Lin, as well as obvious errors in the quotations from Tang lü shuyi. Still, according to Langlois (see under Xingtong fu), this is the best extant commentary to Xingtong fu (q.v.). Ref. and studies: See under Xingtong fu. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:281. Guji shanben, 子, 1:145. [PEW]

[MING]

See also: Da Ming lüli limin baojing Da Ming lüfa quanshu See: Da Ming longtou biandu pangxun lüfa quanshu Dingjuan liuke zouzhun yuzhi xinban fenlei shizhu xingtai falü 鼎鐫六

科奏准御製新頒分類釋註

See: Xingtai falü Lüli jianshi 律例箋釋 Wang Kentang jianshi 王肯堂箋釋 Wang Yibu xiansheng jianshi 王儀部箋釋 See: Da Ming lü fuli jianshi Xiangxing bingjian 祥刑冰鑑 See: Da Ming lüli xiangxing bingjian Xingshu juhui 刑書據會 See under Section 4.1.7.

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Zhaodai wangzhang 昭代王章 See: Dingjuan qinban bianyi lüli zhaodai wangzhang 0331

Xingming qimeng li 刑名啟蒙例, 1 j. [Examples for Enlightening Beginners in the Law] By He Guang 何廣 (z. Gongyuan 公遠), from Huating 華亭 (Nan Zhili) N.d. Ed.:

– Undated ed. appended to a Chenghua-period printing of Da Ming lü, with author’s pref. (n.d.). [Tian Tao] – Undated ed. appended to a Hongzhi-period printing of Da Ming lü by a Mr. Chen on Ministry of Justice Street (刑部街陳氏). [Beitu] – *Modern punctuated critical ed. based on both eds. above, in Zhongguo zhenxi falü dianji jicheng 中國珍稀法律典籍集成 (Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 1994), 乙編, vol. 1.

Rem.: According to the notes to the modern ed., the work was originally titled Qimeng yitou 啟蒙議頭 and appeared after the promulgation of the first Ming Code, compiled by Liu Weiqian 劉惟謙 in 1374, and before the version promulgated in 1389 (for the latter, see under Da Ming lü zhijie). The pref. is essentially the same as that of He Guang’s Lüjie bianyi (see next entry): it claims that the aim is to explicate the difficult or ambiguous points in the Code to those without a strong judiciary experience (非老於案牘者). The work first discusses a series of crimes and how to handle them. Then comes an enumeration of crimes arranged first by punishments (from death by slicing to strangulation), then by the six main parts of the Code. Similar contents are found in other texts bearing titles with the words xingming qimeng (see under Da Ming lü xuji, Da Ming lü zhiyin, Da Ming lüli zhushi zhaoni zheyu zhinan, Xingtai falü).

Bio.: A native of Huating, He Guang later registered in neighboring Shanghai

上海. He was recommended as a classicist (明經) during the Hongwu period

and became eligible for appointment. The postf. to Lüjie bianyi (q.v.) mentions his service as magistrate of 新□ in Jiangxi, and he is indeed listed as serving from 1376 to 1377 in Xinjian 新建. According to this postf., it was during his spare time in Xinjian that he compiled Lüjie bianyi. He likely served in other posts, including assistant minister (丞) in the Court of the Imperial Stud in 1382. In 1404 He was first promoted to be a censor, and then almost immediately became surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in Shaanxi. After establishing himself as an effective official he found himself caught up in political

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struggles and used illness as an excuse to withdraw from public life. He likely continued to edit Lüjie bianyi during these years. In 1416 he was made assistant administration commissioner (參議) in Huguang. Nothing further is known of him. See He Sanwei 何三畏, Yunjian zhilüe 雲間志略, 7/25a; Nanchang 南昌 FZ (1588), 13/17a; Shanghai zhi (1504), 8/6b–7a; Huating XZ (1521), 15/2b; Chu 滁 ZZ (1673), 13/30b; Shaanxi TZ (1542), 19/40b; Huguang zongzhi (1591), 19/25a, 67/15b; Ming shilu: Taizong, 29/520, 31/558, 183/1972. Bibliography entries for same author: Lüjie bianyi. [TN] 0332

Lüjie bianyi 律解辯疑, 30 j. [Discussing Doubtful Points in Explaining the Code] By He Guang 何廣 (z. Gongyuan 公遠), from Huating 華亭 (Nan Zhili) 1386 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated (likely early Yongle) ed. (no cover-leaf, first pages damaged), with pref. by author (1386) and postf. (後序) by Que Jing 卻敬 (1386). [*Beiping Mf., reel #515; copy in bad condition] [Gugong Taipei] – *Modern typeset and punctuated ed. based on the same ed., in Zhongguo zhenxi falü dianji jicheng 中國珍稀法律典籍集成 (Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 1994), 乙編, vol. 1. – *Modern typeset and punctuated ed. based on the ed. above, in Zhongguo zhenxi falü dianji xubian 中國珍稀法律典籍續編 (Harbin: Heilongjiang renmin chubanshe, 2002), vol. 4 (postf. author named Xi 郤 Jing).

Rem.: The work appeared after the promulgation of the first Ming Code, compiled by Liu Weiqian 劉惟謙 (1374), and before the version promulgated in 1389 (see under Da Ming lü zhijie). The author of Fazhui (q.v.) claims it was compiled in 1389, but the pref. and postf. are dated 1386, and according to the postf. He Guang composed the work during his spare time when he was magistrate of Xinjian (Jiangxi), that is, in 1376–77. However, the present version might be a later revision (see below, Tam Ka-chai). The author’s aim, as expressed in the pref., is to explicate difficult or ambiguous points in the code for those without strong judiciary experience (see under Xingming qimeng li). The front matter includes several rhymes to memorize the structure of the Code (律條目綜合歌), the mourning system, various legal categories, explanations of terms, and so forth, occasionally in the form of “questions and answers,” and with frequent reference to the Tang Code. The body of the work follows the order of the general principles and six domains of government, with the 30 sections usual in the Ming and Qing codes. The Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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lengthy commentaries, discussions, explanations of terms, etc., following the text of each statute (or fragments thereof) are signaled by terms such as jiangyue 講曰, jieyue 解曰, yiyue 議曰, zhuyun 注云, youyue 又 曰, wenyue 問曰, or dayue 答曰. They are of a mostly concrete and practical nature. The names of the 30 sections appear in large characters in ornate boxes; the captions of the statutes as well as the terms introducing the explanations are in black cartouches; the text of the statutes is printed in bold.

Bio.: See under Xingming qimeng li. Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2399. Mingshi yiwenzhi, 48. TYG, 2:2/58a (in 1 j., author Wei Ming 魏銘). Chang 1:14. Langlois, 211 (title translated “Distinguishing Doubtful Matters to Explain the Code”). He Qinhua, 2:210–6, mentioning ms. copies in the library of the Faculty of Law, University of Tokyo, and in the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, as well as a printed copy (damaged) at Beitu (not in cat., apparently a printout of the Beiping Mf.). For Tam Ka-chai, “Ming Taizu dui xingfa qingzhong,” 88–91, the text in its present form must be posterior to 1389 since it follows the outline of the code established that year and confirmed in the final 1397 version; there are indeed indications that He Guang finalized it in the early Yongle period. However, according to Huang Zhangjian 黃彰健, followed by Yang Yifan 楊一凡, the text of the Code in Lüjie bianyi might be the 1376 version, itself a revision of the 1374 first version (none of them preserved), which was still in use before 1386. But see Jiang Yonglin, The Great Ming Code, xlviii-xlix and xcv n. 136, who doubts this might be the case. See also Yang Yifan’s intro. to the Zhongguo zhenxi falü dianji xubian ed. (in vol. 3), 7–8. Both Huang and Yang consider that the present ed. was printed in the Yongle period or later, as confirmed by a preface-like text inserted after the article on document verifications (照刷文卷), which uses Zhu Yuanzhang’s posthumous appellation. Zhang Boyuan, Lüzhu wenxian congkao, 161–71, apparently discussing the printout of Beiping Mf. at Beitu, regards it as a revised ed. dating from after 1461, based on a few commentaries that appear to have been borrowed from Lütiao shuyi (q.v.) and on the unsigned “preface” inserted in the middle of the text. Bibliography entries for same author: Xingming qimeng li. [TN, PEW] 0333

[Da Ming lü zhijie] Tae Myǒng yul chikhae 大明律直解, 30 j. [Literal Explanation of The Great Ming Code] Commentary by Ko Sa-Kyǒng 高士褧 and Kim Chi 金祇

1395 Ed.:

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– Hongmun-gwan 弘文館 copy, possibly the original ed., titled Tae Myŏng yul, with postf. by Kim Chi (1395). [Formerly at the Library of the Imperial University, Seoul] [Korea University Library, Seoul] – 1686 ed. of the P’yŏngan provincial government 平安監營開刊, with postf. by Kim Chi (1395). [Kyujanggak] – Pibyǒn-sa 備邊司 copy. [formerly at the Chōsen sōtokufu 朝鮮總督府, Seoul] – Ms. ed. [Naikaku; the Japanese postf. in the 1974 reprint speaks of a printed ed. titled Da Ming lü, held at Naikaku] – *1936 ed. of the Chōsen sōtokufu chūsūin 中樞院 (Seoul), based on the Hongmun-gwan ed. and coll. with other eds. above, pref. by Ushijima Shōzō 牛島省三 (1936), intro. by Hanamura Yoshiki 花村美樹. [Tōdai] – Modern ed. in Pǒpche charyo 法制資料, 第 13 輯 (comp. Han’guk Pǒpchech’ǒ 韓國法制處), 1958. [Seoul University Library] – *Modern ed. in Pǒpche charyo chip 法制資料誌 (comp. Han’guk Pǒpchech’ǒ 韓國法制處), 1964, with Chinese text and Korean transl. [Fu Sinian] – *Reprint of the 1936 ed., Seoul: Kyǒngin munhwa-sa 景仁文化社, 1974, without the Hanamura intro., fanli translated from the original Japanese into Korean, with postf. by Kim Chi (1395 [using the Hongwu reignname]), and anon. postf. [possibly the Hanamura text] entitled “Taimin ritsu chokkai kaisetsu 解說” (n.d.). (See also a new printing in 2000.) [Collège de France Korea Institute] – *Photo-repro. of the 1686 ed. at Kyujanggak, with intro. (大明律解題) by Chŏng Kŭngsik 鄭肯植 and Cho Chiman 趙志晚 and comparative tables, Seoul: Seoul Taehakkyo Kyujang-gak 서울大學校奎章閣, 2001.

Rem.: A Korean ed. of the Ming Penal Code with original commentary, promulgated by the Korean government in 1395, in the fourth year of the Yi 李 dynasty. (The Ming Code—with a few adaptations to Korean currency, geography, and so on—remained the basis of Korean law through the end of the Yi in 1910.) The title Da Ming lü zhijie was given by the Japanese sōtokufu. It is the only source reproducing the 1389 version of the Ming Code (now lost), which established the format and contents of the 1397 final version. The commentaries are in Chinese characters with idu 吏讀 (“clerk readings”) additions; in the 1936 ed. the latter are underlined to distinguish them from the rest, and the text is followed by a glossary of terms entitled idu yakhae 吏讀略解, listing all the idu and other Korean common terms in the Code arranged by number of strokes, with a transliteration in modern Korean; the Code article where they feature is indicated, and in the Japanese recension there is an explanation in

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Japanese. In the 1936 ed. the variants between the different eds. used are indicated in the upper margin.

Ref. and studies: Franke 6.3.3 (1). Bourgon and Roux, “The Chosǒn Law Codes,” 25, 31. Tanaka Toshimitsu, “Chōsen kan Daiminritsu kōkai ni tsuite,” 11. Huang Zhangjian, “Lüjie bianyi, Da Ming lü zhijie ji Ming lü jijie fuli.” [PER, PEW] 0334

Lütiao bianlan zhiyin 律條便覽直引 [An Handy Guide to Penal Statutes] By Chen 陳 N.d. Ed.:

– This work, which is mentioned in Fazhui (q.v.), does not seem to be extant. Ref. and studies: Langlois, 211 (title translated “Handy Reference to the Statutes”), saying that the work is “mid-Ming, not later than 1566.” [TN] 0335

[Da Ming lü jiangjie] Tae Myǒng yul kanghae 大明律講解, 1 + 30 j. [Commentaries and Explanations on the Penal Code of the Great Ming] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. [Kyoto Univ.] – *Undated Korean movable-type ed. [Sonkeikaku, *Photo-repro. at Fu Sinian] – 1536 xylographic ed. with words 嘉靖十五年六月 日受教慶州府行移二 十件印出 on cover-leaf verso. – Korean movable copper-type ed. dated to the reign of Yŏngjo 英祖 (1724– 76). [Kyujanggak, incomplete] – *[1810] xylographic new ed. of the P’yŏngyan provincial government (Kiyŏng 箕營), imprint 庚午初夏箕營新刊 in large characters on last page, dated 1510 by Huang Zhangjian (see below), but 1810 by Tanaka (see below) and in the Kyujanggak cat. [*Jimbun] [Kyujanggak] [*Ōki] [*Sonkeikaku][*Zhongyang] – *1903 movable-type Korean ed. published by the Ministry of Justice (光武 七年癸卯八月 日法部奉旨印頒 on last page), with a list of errata at the end. [*Beitu] [*Columbia] [*Faxue suo] [*Tōdai] [Kyujanggak] – *Photo-repro. of 1903 ed., Seoul: Kyujanggak, 2001.

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– *Photo-repro. of 1903 ed., in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 1, vol. 4.

Rem.: A commentary on the Ming Code similar in format to comparable works, but known through Korean eds. only. Most Japanese catalogs attribute it to a “Ming anonymous author,” but its Chinese origin has recently been challenged (see below, Tanaka). It appears to have been available in Korea since the 1440s. It begins with a general table of contents listing the parts and sections of the Code, explanation of “eight characters,” tables (five punishments, instruments for punishment, and mourning), and detailed table of contents listing the 460 statutes of the code (j. 首); this table (placed immediately after the general table in the ed. at Sonkeikaku) splits the Code into two parts, called shangjuan 上卷 (j. 1–12) and xiajuan 下卷 (j. 13–30 starting with the 兵律 part). (Contrary to most editions of the Code with commentaries, both mulu indicate the juan numbers for each entry.) There seem to be two different versions: (1) In the 1810 and 1903 eds., which are identical in contents and pagesetting, the commentaries in the body of the work are very unevenly distributed and at times rather scarce. They are inserted in small characters either at the end of a statute or after individual paragraphs or sentences thereof, and signaled by black cartouches with the words jiang yue 講曰 or (less frequently) jie yue 解曰; they are borrowed from Lüjie bianyi (q.v.), with some abstracting and editing, and mostly do not do more than paraphrase and explicitate the text of the law, not unlike the small-character notes (註) in the original text of the Code, and like them frequently introduced by wei 謂, “it means that….” However, in some instances they quote parallel laws and highlight the differences. (2) In the Sonkeikaku copy the commentaries are significantly more abundant and printed in the same font as the main text. They are frequently introduced by the words bianyi 辯疑, obviously referring to Lüjie bianyi (q.v.), but other Ming commentaries are quoted as well. There are no substatutes (tiaoli) cited in any of the eds. available. The Tae Myǒng yul kanghae became the standard version of the Ming Code in Chosǒn Korea, due to the fact that its commentaries were seen as more useful to administrators and the court than the idu translations in Tae Myǒng yul chikhe / Da Ming lü zhijie. Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:25 (photo-repro. of the Sonkeikaku copy at Fu Sinian). Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:283. Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli hui­ bian, pref., 19. Tanaka, “Chōsen kan Daiminritsu kōkai ni tsuite.” Wu Xinli, Ming Qing xijian shiji xulu, 155–6, describes an ed. at Beitu with annotations in red and black ink and occasional explanations in Korean, but this is clearly not

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the one available at the Beitu rare books department, which is the 1903 ed. Bourgon and Roux, “The Chosǒn Law Codes,” 31–32. [PEW] 0336

Lütiao shuyi 律條疏議, 1 + 30 j. [Comments and Explanations to the Penal Code] By Zhang Kai 張楷 (z. Shizhi 式之, h. Jie’an 介庵, Shoumozi 守黑子) (1398–1460) (js. 1424), from Cixi 慈溪 (Zhejiang) 1461 pref. Ed.:

– *[1461] ed., no cover-leaf, with pref. by Zhang Ying 張鎣 (1461). [Shanghai] – *[1471] ed. (16 j. extant), with prefs. by Zhang Ying (1461) and Zhou Lin 周麟 (1471); Zhou Lin says that this new engraving was made on the initiative and with the funding of the magistrate of Jingmen department (Huguang), Yu Gao (荊門守俞誥). [*Beiping Mf., reels #518–519] [Gugong Taipei] – 1471 Mingde tang 明德堂 new ed. (重刊) in 2 + 30 + 2 j., titled Da Ming 大明 lütiao shuyi, printed by the Shi family opposite the Cheng’ensi in Nanjing 南京大中街承恩寺對住史氏, with pref. by Ni Qian 倪謙 (1467); the two j. of appendices (附錄), placed in ce 4 (out of 18), are devoted to redeemable and non-redeemable crimes (欽定條例) and to a discussion of doubtful points (律條講疑), respectively (see below); apparently same text as the above. [Zhongyang (j. 18–19 missing, some pages missing elsewhere)] – *1544 Mingde tang ed. reprinted (重梓) by Fu Yan 符驗 (js. 1533), with pref. by Ni Qian 倪謙 (to 重刊, 1467). [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Fu Sinian] – Undated ed. at Tianyige, given as “incomplete” although j. 1–30 are extant, and as “anonymous.” – *Photo-repro. of 1544 ed., in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 1, vol. 2–3.

Rem.: This commentary to the Ming Penal Code includes explanations appended to each article or paragraph thereof as well as short essays following the table of contents and at the beginning of certain sections (the essays and explanations are introduced by the words “shuyi yue” 疏議曰; the one following the table of contents offers an historical perpective on the Code). The explanations are mostly expansions of the text of the law in clearer language; however, some of them provide concrete and detailed discussions as well as the historical background of the law under consideration. A few doubtful places are discussed in the

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form of questions and answers (問答). There are also some discussions of the “intention of the law” introduced by the words “jinxiang lüyi” 謹 詳律意. In the 1544 ed. the pref. is followed by a comparatively short section titled Lütiao jiangyi 律條講疑, discussing 11 difficult or ambiguous laws; the discussions are introduced by the words “jiang yue” 講曰. Then comes a general table listing the parts and sections of the Code and a detailed table listing all 460 statutes. The tables (including the five punishments, instruments for punishments, mourning, and eight characters) are each followed by an essay putting the Ming code in historical perspective. The work proper is followed by a short appendix titled Qinding tiaoli 欽定條例 listing the crimes (almost all of them capital) which are either non-redeemable (不准贖) or redeemable (准贖) according to the Code and the [Grand] Pronouncements (誥). This appendix on zhenfan 真犯 and zafan 雜犯 capital crimes first appeared with the 1397 edition of the Ming Code under the name Qinding lügao 律誥; in the Zhou Lin 1471 ed. of the present work it is placed after the pref. and titled Lügao gaizai 律誥該載. In the same ed. it is followed by an extremely long set of tables detailing the “public offenses” (公罪) ascribable to public servants and their punishments; this is followed by more tables listing a large variety of public and private offenses, arranged by administrative domains, each time set against a scale of punishments depending on gravity and circumstances (this entire section of tables, which does not feature in the 1544 ed., is titled Lütiao zuiming tu 律條 罪名圖). According to Ni Qian’s pref., Zhang became proficient in law during his time at the Censorate and the work was composed during the spare time left by his administrative work. Zhang Ying’s 1461 pref. says that after having completed the work Zhang Kai kept it in a trunk, only allowing the occasional colleague to make a copy, hence the ensuing propagation of writing errors. As confirmed by Ni Qian’s 1467 pref., the first printing was realized by a Jiangxi assistant surveillance commissioner (僉憲) named Song Ru 宋儒 (z. Zonglu 宗鲁) after careful editing by his colleagues. The 1467 new engraving (for which Ni’s pref. was written) was funded by a magistrate of Jiangpu 江浦 named Wang Di 王迪, from Hejian 河間 (Bei Zhili), who thought that every person sincerely interested in government (誠仕學) should be able to get a copy. Zhou Lin says in his 1471 pref. that he had this new ed. printed because the work had too little circulation. The materials incorporated in Lütiao shuyi are most likely the same as those in two other works on law mentioned in Zhang’s biography, titled Da Ming lüjie 大明律解 and Lütiao cuoyao 律條撮要. Fazhui (q.v.) mentions the latter work as well as Lütiao shuyi, which it describes under the title Da Ming lü shuyi. Zhang Ying’s Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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and Zhou Lin’s prefs. insist on the importance for beginners confronted with legal cases (於入官之初而議事讞獄) to be able to use such a book for reference.

Bio.: Zhang Kai was a learned man who earned a strong reputation for his discussions of northern border issues, but his role in suppressing the Deng Maoqi and related rebellions on the Fujian and Zhejiang borders in 1448 was criticized. Zhang first “observed administration” in the Ministry of War in 1426. Later he was made a censor (御史) in Nanjing. He became famous for investigating corruption in the Ministry of Justice and triggering the removal of the minister and ten other high officials. After a strong evaluation in 1431 he was assigned to the Court of State Ceremonial in Beijing and remained there for the remainder of the Xuande reign. At the start of the Zhengtong reign in 1436 he was returned to his position in the censorate. From 1440 he occupied various province-level posts; in 1447, when a plague of locusts hit the southern part of the capital area he was assigned as grand coordinator to deal with it. In 1448 he was assigned as army-inspecting censor (監軍) in the campaign against Deng Maoqi and related rebels. Though his biography claims that he was integral to the success of the campaign, he was charged with inappropriate behavior, stripped of his official rank and sent home. When Yingzong returned to the throne in 1457, Zhang had his rank restored in retirement. In 1458 he traveled to the capital to offer his thanks in person and ended up being reappointed as grand coordinator in Shaanxi to handle a problem with military supplies. In 1459 he was appointed, still with the same rank, to oversee the censorate in Nanjing. In 1460 he was summoned to court for further honors but fell ill and died in the capital suburbs at the age of 63. See Yang Shouchen 楊守陳, Yang Wenyi gong dongguan gao 楊文懿公東觀稿, 7/15a; Lü Yuan 呂原, Lü Wenyi gong quanji 呂文懿公全集, 10/17a; Xu Hong 徐紘, Huang Ming mingchen wanyan lu 皇明名臣琬琰錄, 後 5/5b; Ningbo junzhi 寧波郡誌 (1468), 8/58b–59b; Ming shilu: Yingzong, 291/6209, 293/6266, 302/6403, 321/6669; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 543. Ref. and studies: Mingshi yiwenzhi, 448. TYG, 2:2/58a (in 10 j., with Ni Qian 1467 pref., “published by the officials and population of Nanjing” 南京吏民重 刊). TYGXC, 2/49a. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:281–2. Pelliot, 136. Langlois, 211, giving date as 1471 and noting that the full title is Lütiao shuyi fu lütiao zui­ ming tu 附律條罪名圖 (in his translation: “Commentary on the Statutes, with Appendix of Diagrams of Punishment in the Statutes”). He Qinhua, 2:198 and note 2 (listing a Da Ming lü jie 大明律解 in 12 j. [also in MS, 97/2399] by the same author and saying it must be the same text). Zhang Boyuan, Lüzhu wen­ xian congkao, 186–204 (based on 1461 ed.). [TN, PEW]

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Chongzeng shiyi Da Ming lü 重增釋義大明律, 7 j. [Newly Augmented Edition of the Great Ming Code with Explanations of its Meaning] Anon. 1485 Ed.:

– 1485 Aofeng tang ed. 皇明乙巳鰲峰堂刊本 (indicated at the end of the work). [Tianyi ge, with sections damaged] – *Photo-repro. of above ed. in Tianyi ge cang Mingdai zhengshu zhenben congkan 天一閣藏明代政書珍本叢刊 (Beijing: Xianzhuang shuju, 2009), vol. 19.

Rem.: The 7 j. correspond to the seven parts of the Code, viz. the general principles and the six domains of government. The date of the imprint is inferred from the fact that the precedents quoted date to the Chenghua period. The comparatively scarce commentaries (j. 6 on “Punishments” has none at all) are placed after the articles to which they correspond and marked by a cartouche with the words shiyi 釋義, or 釋 詞 (in one case). Some of them provide explanations of the terms in the text or of the meaning of the article. In most “newly added” or “additional” commentaries (with the words xinzeng 新增 or xuzeng 續增 following the cartouche), the content is in fact the text of a substatute (條例). Ref. and studies: Chen Shilong 陳時龍, intro. to reprint ed.

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Da Ming lü jie fuli 大明律解附例, 1 + 30 j. [An Explanation of the Code with Substatutes Appended] Ed. Hu Qiong 胡瓊 (z. Guohua 國華, h. Jiufeng 九峰) (js. 1511), from Nanping 南平 (Fujian) 1521 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with pref. by He Mengchun 何孟春 (書九峰 胡侍御律解後, 1521). [*Sonkeikaku, *Photo-repro. at Fu Sinian)] – *1521 ed. (no cover-leaf), with pref. to the Penal Code by the Hongwu emperor (1397), presentation memorial of the first Ming Code by Liu Weiqian 劉惟謙 and others (1374), prefs. by Hu Qiong (律解附例序, 1521) and He Mengchun (1521) placed at the end of the work. [Beitu] – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with pref. to the Penal Code by Hongwu (1397) and presentation memorial by Liu Weiqian and others (1374), no other pref. [Hōsa Bunko, *Photo-repro. at Fu Sinian]

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Rem.: This is said to be the oldest ed. of the Ming Code with substatutes (例) appended to the relevant statutes (律). Hu Qiong’s pref. says that among more than ten recent commentaries, the Bianyi 辨疑, Jieyi 解頤, Shuyi 疏義, and Jijie 集解, from which he has presumably drawn, are the clearest and most complete (最稱明備); in his own effort he has seeked simplicity and comprehensiveness. The three eds. seen display some differences. (1) The copy at Sonkeikaku starts with a general mulu (總目) listing the parts and sections of the Code, a detailed table of the statutes (大明律目錄, through the “Rites” part 禮律), the tables of five punishments, instruments for punishments, mourning, eight characters, and He Mengchun’s pref., written in the offices of the censorate attached to the Yunnan grand coordinator 雲南巡撫都察院. He says that the work he is now reading has been engraved at Guiyang (九峰侍御貴 陽所刻律解) and alludes to Hu Qiong’s pref., absent from that copy. The Code proper starts with j. 1. J. 13–30 are introduced as a “Part 2” (下卷) and begin with the rest of the detailed table of the Code, starting with the “Military” part (兵律). The chapter captions have the title Da Ming lü, and the running title is Lü jie fuli. Hu Qiong is mentioned with his title of censor and as having “collected commentaries” (監察御史臣胡 瓊集解). The commentary following each statute is introduced by the word jie 解 in a black cartouche; of variable length (sometimes quite short), it is mainly devoted to definitions and explanations of terms, but also includes occasional allusions to the current socio-political situation. It is sometimes followed by quotations from Da Ming ling 大明令 and/or by substatutes (例). (2) The copy at Beitu has both 1521 prefs. by Hu Qiong and He Mengchun, placed at the end of the work. It starts with the Hongwu pref. and Lu Weiqian’s memorial and features the same tables as in the Sonkeikaku copy; the chapter captions and contents are likewise the same, as is the division of the mulu into two parts (j. 1–12 and 13–30), the second being introduced as “Part 2” (下卷). (3) The copy at Hōsa Bunko is a clearly different and slightly larger engraving, apparently somewhat later than the two others; it has some errors in page- and juan-numbering. It starts with the Hongwu pref. and Liu Weiqian’s memorial, followed by the detailed mulu of the Code, going through the “Rites” part 禮律, and the tables. At the head of j. 1 and 13 (i.e., the beginning of “Part 2”), Hu Qiong is introduced with his (later) title of Zhejiang regional inspector, and his name is followed by that of Henan regional inspector Hu Xiaocai 胡效才 (js. 1517, Henan regional inspector 1528), who authored additional explanations placed after Hu Qiong’s commentary and the substatutes and marked with the caption

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zengfu 增附 in a black cartouche; these additional explanations consist mostly of imperial or ministerial decisions with dates ranging from Chenghua to early Jiajing (the latest seems to be 1526). The running title is the same as in the two other eds. Two texts have been appended to j. 1 with continuous pagination (1a–13b), namely, Weizheng guimo jieyao lun 為政規模節要論 (also found in several other Ming editions of the code with commentaries) and Xingming qimeng xinmiao zongji (see under Da Ming lü xuji). There are no prefs. or postfs. Bio.: After passing the jinshi, Hu Qiong was appointed magistrate of Cixi

慈谿 (Zhejiang) in 1513; there he was successful at refusing requests made by

family members of powerful officials and disciplining the yamen staff. In 1516 he became a censor (御史), but had to retire on account of illness. On his return in 1518 he was sent to Guizhou as regional inspector. He found the place poorly governed and launched a reform program to promote proper rites by destroying unauthorized shrines and constructing shrines honoring the worthy. He also impeached officials for corruption. Publishing the Da Ming lüjie fuli was part of the same reform effort. In 1521 he was transferred as Zhejiang regional inspector, but soon left for mourning. On his return to the censorate he chose to join the officials who pleaded with the emperor in the 1524 Rites Controversy and died from the beating he received in prison. See MS, 192/5101; Ningbo 寧波 FZ (1560), 25/59b–60a; Cixi XZ (1899), 16/21b; Guizhou TZ (1555), 9/9b; Guizhou TZ (1597), 2/34b; Ming shilu: Wuzong, 142/2803, Shizong, 9/344; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 354. [TN] Ref. and studies: Franke 6.3.3. (4) (Hōsa copy), titled Da Ming lü jijie. Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 16–19 (dating the Hōsa copy to 1529 or 1530). He Qinhua, 2:200. Zhang Boyuan, “Da Ming lü jijie fuli,” 37 (Beitu copy). Id. Lüzhu wenxian congkao, 269–70, mentioning alternate titles Da Ming lü jijie and Da Ming lü fujie 附解. [LG, PEW] 0339

Da Ming lü zhiyin 大明律直引, 8 j. [A Handy Guide to the Penal Code of the Great Ming] Anon. 1526 Ed.:

– *1526 ed. (dated 丙戌年刊行 at end of last chapter), with imperial pref. to the Ming Code (1397), here titled “Imperial pref. to Da Ming lü zhiyin,” and presentation memorial of the first version of the Code by Liu Weiqian 劉

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惟謙 and others (1374); the low quality of printing suggests a commercial ed. [Sonkeikaku, *Photo-repro. at Fu Sinian] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 3, vol. 1. – *Typeset and punctuated ed. of the substatutes and articles on analogy contained in the text (大明律直引所附問刑條例和比附律條), based on above ed., edited by Yang Yifan 楊一凡 and Qu Yingjie 曲英傑, in Zhongguo zhenxi falü dianji jicheng, yibian 中國珍稀法律典籍集成, 乙編 (Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 1994), vol. 2.

Rem.: The original version is supposed to date from 1395 and be the first text featuring the table of five punishments found in all the eds. of the Ming and Qing Codes; the one discussed here is obviously a later recension with additions. The complete title in the caption of j. 1–7 is Da Ming lü zhiyin zengzhu bihu [ fu] tiaoli shiyi jiaru 增註比互 [附] 條例 釋義假如; in j. 8 it is Ming lü zhiyin weizheng guimo jieyao bihu jiaru lun 為政規模節要比互假如論. The pref. and memorial at the beginning are followed by tables and diagrams on the five punishments, instruments for punishments, six spoils, mourning, and eight characters; the “general table” (總目) that follows is the list of statutes in the Penal Code. J. 1–7 feature the Code with its small-character annotations, enriched with “explanations of terms” (釋義), hypothetical cases (the jiaru 假如 type, involving characters named Zhao Jia 趙甲, Qian Yi 錢乙, and so on, here in paragraphs called xinzeng 新增), substatutes (問刑條例, 76 in all) and articles on analogy (比附律條) dating to the Hongzhi reign, commentaries (introduced by the words zhu yun 註云), and a few commentaries introduced by the words shuyi 疏議 (probably quoting from Lütiao shuyi [q.v.]). J. 8 is a compendium on the administration of law, including such materials as rhymed “songs” (歌) on various relevant topics; a text called Jinke yulü 金科玉律, also found in other compilations (see under Da Ming lüli zhijun qishu and Zhi’an wenxian); a series of entries on the judicial procedure titled Xingming qimeng xinmiao chuanzhao ziyan shi 刑名啟蒙心紗 (sic) 串招字眼式 (see under Da Ming lü xuji), the chuanzhao ziyan section consisting of a long series of two- or three-character phrases to use in judgments; more phraseology concerning the various domains of law; official prices (in strings of cash, 貫) for a large number of goods and products; and a list of all the characters and phrases that must be elevated when writing reports. Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:2/57b (in 5 j., sole mention of 1397 imperial pref.). Chang 1:25. Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 19–20. Intro. to the 1994 typeset ed., 7–8. [PEW]

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Da Ming lü dufa 大明律讀法, 30 j. [A Method for Reading the Code of the Great Ming] Comp. Sun Cun 孫存 (z. Xingfu 性甫) (js. 1514), from Chuzhou 滁州 (Nan Zhili) 1531 Ed.: – Jiajing-era new ed. (重刊) published by the Jiangxi assistant administration commissioner, just promoted Henan surveillance commissioner, Fan Yongluan 江西等處承宣布政使司左參政今陞河南按察使范永鑾. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of ed. above, in Xuxiu SKQS, 史, vol. 862. – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 276.

Rem.: The author’s name and the publication date do not feature in the work but are found in a 1531 Shilu entry (see below). The title Da Ming lü dufa appears only in the front part of the work (there is no cover-leaf), the rest being simply titled Da Ming lü; but it applies to the entire text, since the latter corresponds in form and content to the principles delineated in the “Da Ming lü dufa fanli 凡例” included at the end of the front part. The work endeavors to provide the reader with all materials that can help understand and peruse the Code. The front part includes the Hongwu pref. to the Code (1397); the 1374 memorial of presentation of the Code (進大明律表) by Liu Weiqian 劉惟謙 et al.; a 1500 rescript approving the Ministry of Justice’s memorial on the Hongzhi substatutes; an extract from the Jiajing emperor’s accession edict ordering to strictly observe the Code in the judicial process and cancelling the substatutes posterior to the 1500 Wenxing tiaoli 問刑條例; the prefs. to the various Grand Pronouncements (大誥) of the Hongwu emperor; the tables of six spoils, five punishments, instruments for punishment, mourning degrees, eight characters, and redemption rates; a list of the books used in compiling the work (including, among others, all the Hongwu foundational pronouncements and regulations, the Da Ming huidian 大明會典, the substatutes, commentaries such as Lütiao shuyi, [Da Ming lü] zhiyin, and Lüjie fuli [qq.v.], Xiyuan lu, and Fajia yaolan [qq.v.]); and the fanli. In the body of the work each of the 30 sections of the Code is preceded by a detailed mulu listing all the statutes. Each statute may be followed by one or more of the following materials: a (usually short) commentary introduced by the words jijie 集解; relevant extracts from Dagao, Da Ming ling 大明令, and other such works; substatutes (問刑條例); new Jiajing substatutes; and remarks on substatutes no longer authorized, but still

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useful, introduced by the words fukao 附考. The fanli insists that no one character from the text of the Code and current substatutes has been cut, that the errors in old editions have been corrected, and that only commentaries on real difficulties, not on parts of the text easy to understand, have been retained.

Bio.: After his jinshi Sun Cun was appointed secretary at the Ministry of Rites, rising later as vice-director. Then he served as prefect of Ganzhou 贛州 and Changsha 長沙 in Jiangxi and of Jingzhou 荊州 and Chuzhou 處州 in Huguang. He ended as Henan administration commissioner (1543). See Hunan TZ (1757), 99/12b–13a; Anhui TZ (1878), 200/7a; Henan TZ (1556), 12/18b; Chuyang zhi 滁陽 志 (1614), 11/6b, 12/23a; Chuzhou zhi (1897), 7.3/30a–b. Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2399, citing Da Ming lüli by Fan Yongluan and Da Ming lü dufa shu 書 by Sun Cun as two different works, an obvious mistake as remarked by Shen Jiaben in a colophon in his Jiyi wencun 寄簃文存, 7/14a–15a. A 1531 entry in Ming shilu: Shizong, 137/3229 (JJ 11/4/18), says that the prefect of Jingzhou 荊州 (Huguang), Sun Cun 孫存, presented a Da Ming lü dufa shu compiled and printed by him, clearly the same work according to the short description given. Interestingly, the emperor rebuked Sun for daring to publish the founding emperor’s Great Ming Code with his own additions, thereby confusing established texts (以紊成典); Sun was censured and the printing blocks were destroyed, which apparently did not prevent Fan Yongluan from publishing a new edition and Sun Cun from pursuing his career. Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 23–24. [PEW]

0341

Da Ming lü shiyi 大明律釋義, 30 j. [An Explanation of Meanings in the Penal Code of the Great Ming] By Ying Jia 應檟 (z. Zicai 子材, h. Jing’an 警菴) (1494–1553) (js. 1526), from Suichang 遂昌 (Zhejiang) 1543 pref. Ed.:

– 1549 new ed. printed by Jinan prefect Li Qian 濟南府知府李遷校正重刊 (indicated on the last page of the work), with 1397 imperial pref. to the Ming Penal Code, and author’s note (自序 in the central margin) (1543; repeated at the end of the work). [Location unclear] – 1552 new ed. printed by the Guangdong Provincial Administrative Commission 廣東布政使司重校刊行, with 1397 imperial pref. to the Ming Penal Code, and author’s note (自序 in the central margin) (1543). [Shanghai] [Sonkeikaku]

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4.1.1 Explanations of the Penal Code

– *Photo-repro. of copy of 1552 ed. at Shanghai, in Xuxiu SKQS, 史, vol. 863. – *Photo-repro. of 1549 ed., in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 2, vol. 1–2.

Rem.: An explication of the Ming Penal Code comparable in structure to Ming lü jijie fuli (q.v.) and similar works. The front matter includes the Hongwu emperor’s pref. to the first ed. of the Ming Code, followed by the general mulu giving the titles of the parts and sections of the code, and by tables on the five punishments, instruments of punishment, degrees and rules of mourning, eight characters, six spoils, and redemption tariffs (the order may vary according to ed.), and detailed table of the Code (1549 ed.). There are more detailed mulu at the beginning of each part of the Code, giving a complete list of the sections and statutes therein (the parts on “General principles” and “Officials” have one consolidated mulu); these partial mulu are separately numbered as j. 1, j. 2, and so on. Contrary to most other works, only the statutes are quoted and commented upon, not the substatutes (條例). The explanations following the text of the law, which may be described as expansions in clearer and more explicit language, with a few author’s commentaries inserted, are introduced with the words shiyi yue 釋義曰. Other commentaries are only rarely quoted explicitly, but the author explains in his note that he did consult them (he speaks of “the shuyi, zhiyin and other such books” 疏義直引諸書—meaning presumably Lütiao shuyi and Da Ming lü zhiyin [qq.v.]), and added his own views. There are no punctuation marks but the layout of the titles, text, and commentaries is very clear.

Bio.: Ying Jia had a wealth of experience in law and administration. He was appointed secretary in the Ministry of Justice in 1527 and became famous when he refused a large bribe in a case of corruption from Fujian and ensured a conviction. He rose to bureau director in 1530 and was sent to review cases in Nan Zhili. He says in his note that, while working at the Ministry, and not being good at socializing (不善應酬), he had devoted his free time to studying the law and writing notes, which in time evolved into a book. After assignment to Nan Zhili he had no more time to work on it. From 1534 to 1540 he had excellent ratings for service as prefect of Jinan 濟南 (Shandong), Changzhou 常州 (Nan Zhili), and Baoqing 寶慶 (Huguang). In 1535, while in Changzhou, his memorials reviewing cases were published as Yanyu gao (q.v.). After a period of mourning he returned to the capital in 1542 and was reappointed prefect, then quickly reassigned as surveillance vice-commissionner overseeing education (提學副 使) in Huguang. While in the capital, some colleagues had persuaded him to go back to his previous work and have it published to help those in charge of the judiciary process, which he did in 1543. He went on to provincial posts in

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Shandong, Henan, and Shanxi. He oversaw grain transport briefly before being assigned in 1551 as supreme commander of Guangdong and Guangxi, where a new ed. was published. He died in office in 1553. See his note in Daming lü shiyi; Jiao Hong 焦竑, Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻徵錄, 58/56a; Suichang XZ (1765), 7/6a–b; Guacang huiji 栝蒼彙紀 (1579), 12/46b; Ming shilu: Shizong, 267/5281, 404/7074; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 891. [TN] Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2399. Mingshi yiwenzhi, 48. TYG, 2:2/57b (in 5 j., sole mention of 1397 imperial pref.). TYGXC, 2/49a. Langlois, 213 (title given as “Da Ming lü [li] shih i” and translated “Commentary to the Great Ming code”). He Qinhua, 2:225–27. Zhang Boyuan, Lüzhu wenxian congkao, 239–51. Bibliography entries for same author: Yanyu gao. [PEW] 0342

Da Ming lüli fujie 大明律例附解, 12 + 1 or 2 j. [The Great Ming Code with Explanations Appended] Anon.

1544 or earlier

Ed.:

– *1544 new ed. (重刊) of the Qianjiang Academy 邗江書院 (date on last page). [*Ōki, incomplete (see below)] – *Undated new ed. (重刊) of the Qianjiang Academy, with imperial pref. to the Penal Code (1397), memorial of presentation of the first version of the Ming Code by Liu Weiqian 劉惟謙 et al. (1374), imperial prefs. to Yuzhi dagao 御製大誥 (1395), Yuzhi dagao xubian 續編 (1386), Yuzhi dagao sanbian 三編 (1386), and Yuzhi dagao wuchen 武臣 (n.d.), joint memorial of presentation of the new substatutes (重修問刑條例題稿) by minister of Justice Gu Yingxiang 顧應祥 (1483–1555) and others (1550). (In the Fu Sinian catalog the entire work is erroneously attributed to “Gu Yingxiang et al.”). [Hōsa Bunko, *Photo-repro. at Fu Sinian] [*Tōyō Bunko] – 1550 new ed. (重刊) printed by Gong Banglu 龔邦錄. [Kansai Univ.] – *Undated new ed. based on Qianjiang Academy original ed. (邗江書院 原板重刊; a different, apparently later, engraving from the eds. above), with imperial pref. to the Penal Code (1397), memorial of presentation by Liu Weiqian et al. (1374), imperial prefs. to Yuzhi dagao (1395), Yuzhi dagao xubian (1386), Yuzhi dagao sanbian (1386), and Yuzhi dagao wu­ chen (n.d.); as a set with Zhaoni jiaru (q.v.). [*Beitu, Hongwu pref. missing, with the memorial by Gu Yingxiang et al. and a table of redemption tariffs extracted from Da Ming lü dufa (q.v.) (大明律讀法所載在外納贖諸 例橫圖)] [*Tōyō Bunka, *Photo-repro. at Fu Sinian]

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4.1.1 Explanations of the Penal Code

– Undated new ed. based on Qiantang Academy original ed. (邗江書院原 本重刊). [Songpo 松坡 Library, mf. at Harvard] – *1568 new ed. (重刊) of the Xiangshan shushe at Qiupu, Chiyang (i.e., Chizhou 池州, Anhui) (池陽秋浦象山書舍), in 16 j., cover-leaf with title Xinkan Jingben 新刊京本 Da Ming Lüli, Chiyang jun 郡 at the top, and the mention 隆慶二年孟夏杜氏刊行; title Da Ming lüli fujie and mention of Xiangshan shushe in chapter captions; front matter similar to that in the Qianjiang Academy ed.; the last page has a cartouche with 池郡秋浦杜氏 象山重刊. [*Jimbun] [Naikaku]

Rem.: The main part of the work consists of the Ming Code with commentaries and additional materials; it is preceded by a mulu in the form of a complete list of statutes, and by the usual tables and diagrams on the five punishments, degrees of mourning, eight characters, and so forth. The text of the statutes (with occasionally quite extensive explanations in small characters inserted) is followed by a commentary (introduced by an 按), frequently quoting from such sources as [Da Ming lü] jiangjie, [Da Ming lü] zhiyin, [Lüjie] bianyi, and [Lütiao] shuyi (qq.v.); then by extracts from such works as Huidian 會典, Da Ming ling 大明令, and by substatutes from Wenxing tiaoli 問刑條例 and Chongxiu tiaoli 重修條例 (the texts and extracts quoted in the undated ed. “based on the Qianjiang Academy original” are occasionally different from those in the other eds.). The 12 chapters are followed by various appendixes: (1) nine folios on the use of statutes by analogy (比附律條), enumerating a number of crimes and misdemeanor which must be punished “as if it were according to …” (比依). (2) (in the copy at Ōki) the joint memorial of presentation of the new substatutes by Gu Yingxiang and others. (3) A relatively long (28 or 31 folios depending on the ed.) “Appendix” (附錄) containing a variety of materials useful to the judiciary profession, such as a poem of 14 pentasyllabic lines entitled “Poem on complete sincerity in deciding on punishments” (金科一誠賦), followed by an explanation line by line (for a similar commentary, see under Dulü peixi, j. 4A); a text titled “A discussion of essentials on models for government” (為政 規模節要論), discussing various points of law; a set of extremely precise instructions on the material presentation of memorials (寫本格式); a table of officially sanctioned market prices converted into paper-money for a large array of products and goods (新奏准時估折鈔則例); a complement to a guide on judging cases titled Duanyu zhinan buyi 斷獄指南 補遺, which includes a large quantity of terminology, model phraseology, advice on the composition of judgments, explanations on the degrees of mourning, and more; it ends with a rhymed poem on the Penal

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Code in 40 heptasyllabic verse (not in Chiyang copy). (For comparable materials see also Da Ming lü xuji.) The incomplete copy at Ōki is only fragments of the larger work bound haphazardly into one sole fasc. It features: (1) The bifu lütiao 比附律條; (2) The first 14 folios of j. 3 (戶律); (3) The last page (9a) of j. 12, on “Public works” (工律); (4) The last three folios (26–28) of j. 2, on “Officials” (吏律); (5) The “Appendix” (附錄). Comparison shows that these fragments are from the same engraving as the copies at Hōsa Bunko and Tōyō Bunko, i.e., with 10 columns per page instead of 9 in the undated ed. “based on the Qianjiang Academy original ed.,” hence the differences in page-numbering. Ref. and studies: Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 24–26. [PEW]

0343

Da Ming lü shu fuli 大明律疏附例, 30 + 1 j. [A Commentary to the Great Ming Code with Substatutes Appended] Anon. Ca. 1545 Ed.:

– *1568 new ed. with imperial pref. to the Ming Code (1397) and a directive by Henan grand coordinator Li (欽差巡撫河南等處地方都察院右僉都御 史李) explaining why he had the work reprinted; the text is followed by “隆慶二年九月日重刊.” [*Beiping Mf., reels #531–532] [*Beitu] [Gugong Taipei] – *Modern typeset and punctuated ed. of the substatutes contained in the text (大明律疏附例所載續例附考及新例), based on above ed., edited by Yang Yifan 楊一凡 and Qu Yingjie 曲英傑, in Zhonguo zhenxi falü dianji jicheng, yibian 中國珍稀法律典籍集成, 乙編 (Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 1994), vol. 2. Rem.: In his memorial, grand coordinator Li [Li Bangzhen 李邦珍

(js. 1550), Henan grand coordinator 1568–70] says that at the start of his career he acquired a copy of the Code with commentaries and substatutes (律疏附例) of unknown origin and author, with exceptionally rich and original contents: “Truly the opinions of an experienced official, the yarrow stalk and tortoise shell of the jurist!” (誠老吏之斷案，法家之蓍 龜也); he ordered to copy, engrave, and distribute the work among his subordinates to serve as a handbook in view of the regular tests of the officials’ proficiency in law, as required by the Code (statute “Jiangdu lüling” 講讀律令). There is no mulu. The work starts with the tables of five punishments, instruments for punishments, six spoils, mourning

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regulations, eight characters, and redemption tariffs. In the text proper (starting with j. 1), each statute is followed by a commentary introduced by the words jin’an 謹按, expanding at length on the content of the text, and often providing cross-references with other statutes and sections in the Code or mentioning the applicable jurisprudence. Additional remarks in small characters are sometimes appended to the main commentary. Substatutes (問刑條例, corresponding to the Hongzhi list promulgated in 1500; 續例附考 covering the period 1500–1505 with a few additions from the Zhengde reign; and some 新例 dated from the period 1522–43) are occasionally quoted following the commentary. There are also some quotations from Da Ming ling and Da Ming huidian. The Appendix (附錄) is devoted to the table of crimes arranged by decreasing gravity of punishment (both non-subject to amnesty 真犯 and subject to amnesty 雜犯) promulgated in 1497. A further appendix lists additional substatutes (新例補遺) arranged by sections of the Code. Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:2/57b (in 8 j., with mention of 1397 imperial preface). Shen Jiaben 沈家本, Jiyi wencun 寄簃文存, 7/17b–18a, stressing the originality of the commentary and saying it must be the work of one author, not a compilation of earlier commentaries. Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 13–16. Based on dates of substatutes cited and when Li Bangzhen started his career, the intro. to the 1994 typeset ed. concludes that the original version of the work must have been published not long after 1545. [PEW]

0344

Da Ming lü jijie 大明律集解, 30 j. [The Great Ming Code with Collected Commentaries] Comp. (編集) Wang Nan 王楠 (z. Ziliang 子梁) (js. 1544), from Dezhou 德州 (Shandong) 1551–52 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with imperial pref. to the first ed. of the Ming Code (1397) and memorial of presentation (進表) by Liu Weiqian (1374). [Congress]

Rem.: The two prefatory texts are followed by a general table of contents of the Ming Code (with indication of juan nos.), the detailed list of statutes in parts 1–4 of the Code (General Principles, Officials, Revenue, and Rites), tables of five punishments, instruments of torture, mourning, eight characters, and six spoils. Henan Regional Inspector Wang Nan is mentioned as compiler in the caption of j. 1 (巡按河南監察御 史臣王楠編集); his title allows dating the work to 1551–52 (see below).

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437

Several officials who participated in the production—the two Henan administration commissioners as collators (校正)—are mentioned on the last page. The text of the individual statutes (though not all) is followed by Wang Nan’s commentary, introduced by the word jie 解 and printed in small characters. The commentaries, which quote occasionally from Tanglü shuyi 唐律疏議, Dagao 大誥, and Da Ming ling 大明令, are no mere paraphrases but endeavor to explain the institutionnal and juridical meaning of the text. They vary widely in length. According to Huang Zhangjian (see below), they are entirely copied from Hu Qiong’s Da Ming lü jie fuli (q.v.). The work is encased with Chongxiu wenxing tiaoli 重修問刑條例, 7 j., with presentation memorial by Gu Yingxiang 顧應祥 et al. (12th month 1550).

Bio.: Details on Wang Nan’s life are scarce. After earning his jinshi he served in the Messenger Office and then entered the Censorate in 1547. In 1549 he was assigned to be regional inspector in the Xuan-Da region on the northern border and served there for a year. As a part of his duties he had to rework the local militia organization because of devastating population decline after an invasion of the region in 1548. In 1550 he was made regional inspector for Henan. In 1552 he became prefect of Pingyang 平陽 (Shanxi). In 1557 or 1558 he was made surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) of Shaanxi and assigned to the Hexi circuit. See He Chuguang 何出光, Lantai fajian lu 蘭臺法鑒錄, 16/47a; Xuanfu zhenzhi 宣府鎭志 (1561), 26/20a; Longqing zhi 隆慶志 (Jiajing), 4/5a, 6/5b; Guide 歸德 FZ (1660), 10/5a; Henan TZ (1556), 12/7a; Henan TZ (1695), 14/29a; Pingyang 平陽 FZ (1615), 3/5b; Pingyang FZ (1708), 9/5a, 19/5a, 20/19b; Shaanxi TZ (1735), 22/42a, 29/78a; Qingjian 清澗 XZ (1828), 3/3a; Ming shilu: Shizong, 346/6261. [TN] Ref. and studies: Congress Rare Books, 426–7. Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 20, for some reason dating Wang’s tenure as Henan regional inspector to 1547 instead of 1550. Zhang Boyuan, Lüzhu wenxian congkao, 270. [PEW] 0345

Dulü suoyan 讀律瑣言, 30 + 1 j. [Trivial Words about Reading the Code] Commented (註) by Lei Menglin 雷夢麟 (z. Boren 伯仁, Guozhen 國 禎, h. Hengquan 横泉) (js. 1544), from Jinxian 進賢 (Jiangxi) 1556 or 1557 Ed.:

– *Undated Ming ed. without cover-leaf, with the Hongwu emperor’s pref. to the Ming Code (1397). [Tōyō Bunko] – *Undated Ming ed. [Beitu, j. 2–10 and mulu of j. 10 extant]

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4.1.1 Explanations of the Penal Code

– *1557 ed. engraved by the prefect of Luzhou 廬州 (Nan Zhili), Wang Keyong 汪克用, name of publisher and date at the end. [Beitu, two copies: one with j. 2–17, 22–30 and fulu extant, one with j. 18–21, 29–30 and fulu extant] – 1563 ed. engraved by the magistrate of Shexian 歙縣 (i.e., Huizhou 徽州, Nan Zhili), Xiong Bingyuan 熊秉元, with the Hongwu emperor’s pref. to the Code (1397), name of publisher and date at the end. [Zhongyang] – Undated Ming excerpted ed. titled [Xinke] Suoyan zhai fu 新刻瑣言摘 附, 1 j., with pref. by Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥 (1593) (also in Gezhi congshu). [Congress] – *Photo-repro. of 1563 ed., Taipei: Xuesheng shuju, 1986, 2 vols. (Zhongguo shixue congshu, 3rd coll., ser. 1). – *Photo-repro. of 1563 ed., in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 4, vol. 2–3. – *Typeset ed. based on 1563 ed., punctuated and coll. by Huai Xiaofeng 懷 效鋒 and Li Jun 李俊, Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 1999.

Rem.: An explanatory commentary on the Ming Code (based on its 1550 ed.) comparable in format to Minglü jijie fuli (q.v.) and several such works published in the late Ming, to which it may have served as model. Lei Menglin is sometimes said to have synthesized commentaries by earlier authors (see e.g., Chen Sheng’s postf. to Da Ming lüli fujie [q.v.]). The appendices in the supplementary chapter (讀律瑣言附錄) include long lists of redemption tariffs, sanctions applying to officials who increased or decreased punishments either deliberately (故) or by mistake (失), price equivalents to a large number of goods, and mourning rules, as well as models for memorials (題奏之式) and other types of official correspondence, and advice on writing sentence proposals (招 議). The caption of each statute is in a black cartouche. The author’s explanatory notes (introduced by the words suoyan yue 曰) may be quite extensive; they are mostly expansions of the text of the law, with some word changes and much paraphrase, for clarity; moral considerations are occasionally added. The notes are placed after each article and, possibly, small-type commentary (the last introduced with the word wei 謂); wherever relevant, they are followed by quotations of corresponding substatutes extracted from Wenxing tiaoli 問刑條例, first published in 1500, which by 1555 had reached the figure of 385 substatutes. In the chapter captions the author bears the title of director of the Shandong bureau in the Ministry of Justice (刑部山東清吏司郎中), which allows dating the text to 1556 or 1557 (see intro. to the 1999 typeset ed.). Later in the Ming, Dulü suoyan was used as a sort of official commentary to the Penal Code.

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Bio.: Lei Menglin was born into a poor family and spent his youth with a different family in Wuwei suprefecture 無為州 (Nan Zhili), far from his native place. The adoptive family took good care of him but others would ridicule him as an outsider. After he earned the jinshi it was likely no coincidence that he was posted to Wuwei as magistrate. One record states that he assigned heavy labor service duties to those who had once mocked him and also favored his adoptive family. He was promoted to bureau vice-director, first in the Ministry of Works and then in the Ministry of Justice. In 1555 he was sent out to review cases in the northern part of Nan Zhili. He was promoted to bureau director and from that post submitted a copy of Dulü suoyan to the throne. In 1559 he was made surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in Shandong and assigned to the military defense circuit in Tianjin. He finished his career as administrative vice-commissioner (參政) in Shaanxi. See Jinxian XZ (1673), 14/35a; Wuwei ZZ (1803), 35/22b; Tianjin weizhi 天津衛志 (Kangxi/1934), 2/22b; Hejian 河間 FZ (1615), 9/3b; Shaanxi TZ (1711), 17/47b; Ming shilu: Shizong, 430/7434. [TN] Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2399. TYG, 2:2/58b (in 7 j., Wang Keyong 1557 ed., giving date as 1527). Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:283. Langlois, 213. Editors’ intro. to the 1999 ed. He Qinhua, 2:231–6, based on a complete copy of the Wang Keyong ed. at the library of the Faculty of Law, University of Tokyo. [JB, PEW] 0346

Dulü guanjian 讀律管見 [Humble Opinions on Reading the Code] By Lu Jian 陸柬 (z. Daohan 道函, h. Mengzhou 夢洲) (1510–1577) (js. 1550), from Xiangfu 祥符 (Henan) Before 1567 Ed.: – No extant ed. known.

Rem.: A work often quoted in later commentaries. The full text seems to have been lost sometime in the early Qing. In Lüzhu wenxian tongkao (see below), Zhang Boyuan, who lists nine editions of the Code with commentaries that quote Dulü guanjian, concludes that the text must have appeared before 1567. He also notes that it is cited as a reference work in Shen Zhiqi’s Da Qing lü jizhu (q.v.), suggesting that it was still available by 1715. Finally, he reproduces 88 Dulü guanjian quotations found in Chen Sheng’s 1567 Da Ming lüli fujie and Wang Zao’s 1577 ed. of Da Ming lüli fujie (which he dates 1578) (qq.v.).

Bio.: Lu Jian’s family was originally from Jinhua 金華 (Zhejiang), but in his lifetime he resided in a military garrison in Xiangfu. He was a bookish man

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good in straightforward tasks but not so with relatively complicated administration. There is no much mention of his time as magistrate of Nanchang 南 昌 (Jiangxi) from 1551 to 1553, but after he was transferred to Weixian 魏縣 (Bei Zhili) in 1553 he did an excellent job reconstructing a variety of infrastructures after damage from severe flooding. He also reprinted the early Ming Jiuhuang bencao 救荒本草 as a resource for people stricken by famine. Around 1556 he was made a case reviewer (評事) in the Court of Judicial Review. He likely moved up in that office before his appointment as prefect of Baoqing 寶慶 (Huguang) in 1563 or 1564. In 1568 he was among the prefects listed as not being equal to their posts and was demoted to vice-prefect (同知) specially assigned to oversee salt fields in Yunnan. He was then appointed prefect of Duyun 都勻 (Guizhou), but soon returned to a literary life at home. See Xiangfu XZ (1661), 4/6b; Kaifeng 開封 FZ (1585/1620), 12/48b; Jinhua FZ (1578), 17/39a; Nanchang FZ (1588), 13/10b; Weixian zhi (1683), 1/24b; Daming 大名 XZ (1789), 28/9a–b; Baoqing 寶慶 FZ (1684), 24/16b, 33/39a; Ming shilu: Muzong, 16/439; Xiezhou Anyi XZ 解州安邑縣志; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 567. [TN] Ref. and studies: Zhang Boyuan, “Lu Jian Dulü guanjian jikao.” Id., Lüzhu wenxian congkao, 205–38. [PEW] 0347

Da Ming lüli fujie 大明律例附解, 1 + 30 + 1 j. [The Great Ming Code with Explanations Appended] Publ. by Chen Sheng 陳省 (Z. Kongzhen 孔震, H. Youxi 幼溪) (js. 1559), from Changle 長樂 (Fujian) 1567 postf. Ed.:

– *[1567] ed. coll. and printed (校梓) by Chen Sheng, with imperial pref. to the Penal Code (1397), memorial of presentation of the first version of the Ming Code by Liu Weiqian 劉惟謙 et al. (1374), memorial of presentation of Chongxiu wenxing tiaoli 重修問刑條例 by Gu Yingxiang 顧應祥 et al. (1550), postf. by Chen Sheng (1567); the title is Da Ming lüli in the central margin and Da Ming lü in chapter captions; the title Da Ming lüli fujie 附 解 on the microfilm card appears nowhere in the work, but the postf. is titled “Gongshu lüli fujie hou” 恭書律例附解後; the page-numbering is by fasc. [*Beiping Mf., reel #510] [Gugong Taipei]

Rem.: Chen Sheng is introduced in several chapter captions and signs his postf. as Huguang regional inspector 巡按湖廣監察御史; the postf. implies that the compilation is his own work, which was spurred by the low quality of the judicial documents he could examine in Hunan. The work is essentially of the same sort as the several other Da Ming lüli

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fujie described in this section. The first fasc. includes the pref., a general mulu listing the parts and sections of the Ming Code, the tables of five punishments, instruments for punishments, six spoils, mourning, eight characters, and redemption tariffs. From j. 1 onwards each section of the Code has a separate mulu listing each statute. The same Ming commentaries as in other similar works are quoted (notably Dulü suoyan [q.v.], which the postf. acknowledges as the authority that synthesized earlier commentaries), but there is no author’s commentary introduced by an 按 or any such phrase. Da Ming huidian 大明會典, Da Ming ling 大明 令, Dagao 大誥, and other such institutional collections are frequently quoted, as well as a large number of substatutes (問刑條例) and regulations; in fact the balance of commentaries against quotations from institutional texts is more in favor of the latter than in other comparable works. Fasc. 7 is devoted to the following appendixes (附錄): Lüli leichao (q.v.), Bifu lütiao 比附律條 (regulations on analogy), Guansi gushi churu renzui zengqing jianzhong li 官司故失出入人罪增輕減重例 (sanctions against officials deliberately or mistakenly increasing or decreasing punishments), Youlu wulu ren 有祿無祿人 (civil servants with and without pay), Zouxing shigu zeli 奏行時估則例 (official prices for a variety of goods), Weizheng guimo jieyao lun 為政規模節要論, Jinke yulü fu 金科玉 律賦, Lü nan yinyong 律難引用 (situations where it is difficult to cite an appropriate statute), Wenqiu zeli 問囚則例 (regulations on sentencing), Tingwen zhaoyi cidi 聽問招議次第 (recommendations on investigating and proposing sentence), and Tizhou zhi shi 題奏之式 (models for writing memorials). For a somewhat different reprint, see next entry. Bio.: When Chen Sheng prepared this work he had been prefectural judge in Jinhua 金華 (Zhejiang) (1559–62), then had served as a censor with occasional assignments outside the capital, leading up to his appointment as Huguang regional inspector in 1567. After overseeing schools in the capital region he served in several posts in the Court of Judicial Review. He had several assignments as assistant censor-in-chief (僉都御史) before being made vice-censorin-chief (副都御史) and assigned as grand coordinator, first in Shaanxi and then in Huguang. For dealing successfully with a Miao rebellion he was promoted to vice-minister (侍郎) of War. Because he had benefitted from the patronage of grand secretary Zhang Juzheng, after Zhang’s death he was stripped of his office and spent the rest of his life at home. See Changle XZ (1641), 7/17a– 19a; Jinhua FZ (1578), 10/29a; Huguang zongzhi (1591), 19/17a; Guizhou TZ (1597), 15/36a; Ming shilu: Shizong, 515/8461, Muzong, 9/241, 42/1049, 51/1279, 59/1452, Shenzong, 36/842, 105/2041, 124/2312, 132/2456. [TN] Ref. and studies: Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 35. [PEW]

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Da Ming lüli fujie 大明律例附解, 1 + 30 + 1 j. [The Great Ming Code with Explanations Appended] Publ. by Liang Xu 梁許 (z. Junke 君可, h. Daichuan 帶川) (1530–89) (js. 1568), from Mengjin 孟津 (Henan) 1567 Ed.: – *1573 ed. coll. and printed (校梓) by Liang Xu, with two postfs. by Chen Sheng 陳省 (恭書律例附解後, 1567, and 重刻大明律跋, 1573). [Beitu, j. 首 and 2–4 missing]

Rem.: The copy available at Beitu starts with the Code proper at j. 1. The title Da Ming lüli fujie appears only on the cover labels. The chapter captions have Da Ming lü; the mention “edited and published by Zhili regional inspector Liang Xu” (巡按直隸等處監察御史梁許校梓) appears at the head of j. 1. There are no central margin indications to facilitate consultation. The sometimes lengthy commentaries following most statutes are quoted from [Dulü] suoyan (mainly) and [Dulü] guanjian, occasionally [Da Ming lü] jijie (all qq.v.); as the case may be, they are followed by quotations from Dagao 大誥, Da Ming ling 大明令, Huidian 會 典, and by the relevant substatutes from Wenxing tiaoli 問刑條例, and occasionaly additional substatutes (附例, 續例), or Junzheng tiaoli 軍政 條例 where applicable. The last fasc. (#8) is a substantial appendix including Lüli leichao (q.v.) and some ten other texts: the list is the same as in Da Ming lüli fujie published by Chen Sheng (q.v.), of which this is in fact a facsimile ed., as indicated in Chen Sheng’s 1573 postf. (先是省嘗刻 之湖廣，乃茲御史梁君又請原本翻刻之).

Bio.: Information on Liang Xu is spotty. Magistrate of Weinan 渭南 (Shaanxi) in 1568, he was evaluated “outstanding” (卓異) and promoted censor in 1571. At the time of publishing Da Ming lüli fujie he was Zhili regional inspector. He is mentioned as military defense and tax intendant (兵糧道) in Gansu in the late 1570s. See Weinan XZ (1621), 7/9a–b; Henan 河南 FZ (1867), 45/32a; Jingyuan 靖 遠 XZ (Daoguang/Minguo), 3/34b–35a. [PEW] 0349

Da Ming xingshu jinjian 大明刑書金鑑, 6 j. [A Golden Mirror of the Penal Code of the Great Ming] Anon. N.d. (early Wanli-period) Ed.:

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– *Ming-period undated ms. ed. on blue-framed paper, with cover inscribed by the journalist and bibliophile Huang Shang 黃裳 (1919–2012). [Beitu] – Ming-period undated ms. ed. on blue-framed paper, in 4 ce, without juan division. [Shanghai]

Rem.: The two mss. cited above are in fact separate parts of one ms.; according to Zhang Boyuan (see below), a third ms., titled Lütiao jieyao bianyi 律條節要辨議, held at Shanghai, which contrary to its title discusses substatutes (例), not statutes (律), might also be a part of the same original ms. The copy at Beitu contains six sections of the “Revenue” section of the Ming Code, namely, real estate (田宅), marriage (婚姻), granaries and treasuries (倉庫), taxes (課程), debts (錢 債), and markets (市廛). (These six parts are mistakenly described as “6 juan” in the Beitu catalog.) The copy at Shanghai contains the text of the Code, but the parts on Rites and War, as well as sections of the part on Revenue present in the Beitu copy, are missing. The articles of the Code are followed by explanatory commentaries (including explanations of terms) captioned bianyi 辨議, and part of them by hypothetical cases captioned tiefa 貼法. Appended texts include Jinke yicheng fu 金科一 誠賦, Weizheng guimo jieyao lun 為政規模節要論, and Guanyuan fuse, wuguan fuse, guanyuan yuezhi fenglu 官員服色、武官服色、官員月 支俸祿. According to Zhang Boyuan, various sorts of evidence suggest that this ms. scattered among several libraries date from the early Wanli period. Ref. and studies: Langlois, 211. Zhang Boyuan, Lüzhu wenxian congkao, 172–85. [SWF, PEW]

0350

Da Ming lüli fujie 大明律例附解, 1 + 30 + 1 j. [The Great Ming Code with Explanations Appended] Anon. 1577 Ed.:

– *Undated new ed. by Shandong regional inspector Wang Zao (巡按山東 監察御史臣王藻重刊) (no cover-leaf), with imperial pref. to the Penal Code (1397), followed by the publisher’s indication, memorial of presentation of the first version of the Ming Code by Liu Weiqian 劉惟謙 et al. (1374), memorial of presentation of Chongxiu wenxing tiaoli 重修問刑條 例 by Gu Yingxiang 顧應祥 et al. (1550); the title Da Ming lüli fujie appears only on the cover labels (with fujie in smaller characters; actually only

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one ce in the mf. (see below) has a cover and a label); the title in chapter captions and in the central margin is Da Ming lüli. [*Beiping Mf., reels #509–510] [Gugong Taipei] [Shanghai, j. 1–6 and 13–19 missing]

Rem.: The first fasc. includes the pref. and memorials, a general mulu listing the parts and sections of the Ming Code, the tables of five punishments, instruments for punishments, six spoils, mourning, eight characters, and redemption tariffs, and a detailed mulu listing all the statutes in the Code as well as the texts appended in the last fasc. According to Huang Zhangjian (see below), this ed. of the Code with commentaries is exactly similar to Chen Sheng’s Da Ming lüli fujie (q.v.), the only difference being that Wang Zao inserted substatutes covering the period 1562–78. In the 30 juan that form the body of the work the texts of the statutes (with small-character explanations inserted, some of them rather extensive) are followed by a usually quite substantial commentary in small characters introduced by an 按 and frequently quoting from other commentaries, such as [Da Ming lü] zhiyin, [Lütiao] shuyi, [Lüjie] bianyi, [Dulü] suoyan, and [Dulü] guanjian (qq.v.) (Zhang Boyuan [see below] lists seven of them); the substatutes from Wenxing tiaoli are occasionally followed by their own commentary; quotations from Da Ming ling 大明令, Da Ming huidian 大明會典, Zhusi zhizhang 諸司職掌, Dagao 大 誥, and other such works are frequently inserted. The ed. is undated, but substatutes from the early Wanli period are cited. The card on the microfilm gives Wang Zao 王藻 (js. 1568) as “compiler and printer” (輯刻), but the text only mentions him as having reprinted the work as Shandong regional inspector (see above), a function he held in 1577. Ref. and studies: Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 35–36, proposing 1579 or 1580 as publication date. Zhang Boyuan, Lüzhu wenxian cong­ kao, 254–66, based on incomplete copy at Shanghai, highly valuing Wang’s commentary as a compendium of Ming legal knowledge. [PEW]

0351

Mingxing lu 明刑錄 [A Record of Illuminating the Law] By Feng Zi 馮孜 (z. Zijian 子漸, h. Yuanquan 原泉) (1536–1605) (js. 1568), from Tongxiang 桐鄉 (Zhejiang) 1577 Ed.:

– ca. 1581 ed. printed in Jiangxi for distribution to local officials (not extant). – 1590 ed. printed in Guizhou (not extant).

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Rem.: This work, the content of which must have gone into the same author’s Da Ming lü jishuo fuli (q.v.), originated when Feng was an intern at the Censorate in 1568–69 and was required to write commentaries on articles in the Code and submit them for evaluation. He continued this practice through a period of mourning, and in 1577, while serving in the Ministry of Justice, reported that he had completed the work. In 1581 he was assigned to review cases in Jiangxi. Yang Hao 楊鎬 (?–1629), then a magistrate in Jiangxi, later recorded that Feng had the work printed there. (Feng also included a copy in his report from Jiangxi in 1582.) Yang Hao also said that the work included sections titled Zhaoni tishi 招擬體 式 and Lüli zhaiyao 律例摘要, and that the legalists held it in high esteem (法家尚之); when he was in charge of military affairs in Yongping 永平 prefecture (Zhili), in 1592, Yang had the magistrate of Leting 樂亭 print excerpts from Feng’s work under the title Qiusheng bian 求生編. Feng had another ed. of Mingxing lu printed in 1590 when he was serving as surveillance commissioner (按察使) in Guizhou, presumably for distribution to subordinate officials.

Bio.: After his jinshi Feng Zi was assigned to the Censorate to “observe administration.” In 1569 he became magistrate of Taicang 太倉 subprefecture (Nan Zhili), where he combated the corruption of clerks and runners and successfully defended Chongming Island against pirates. In 1574 he was appointed bureau vice-director in the Ministry of Justice; he was promoted to bureau director in 1580, and in 1581 was sent to Jiangxi to review cases. Late in 1582 he became vice-commissioner (副使) in the Henan surveillance commission and was assigned to oversee military preparedness in the north of the province. It was during this period that he prepared Gujin jianglüe (q.v.). In 1585 he was made assistant administration commissioner (參議) in Fujian with supervision over mountainous areas in the west of the province, where violence was prevalent. In 1589 he became surveillance commissioner in Guizhou and in 1591 was moved to the same position in Guangxi. From 1592 he was administration commissioner in Jiangxi. While there he wrote a Qingjie tiaoyi 清戒條議 of more than 20 items aimed at subordinate offices (now lost). In 1594 he went into mourning and on his return took up the same post in Huguang. He retired in 1598 on account of illness. See Zhu Xun 朱勳 (ed.), Guanwo tuce huibian 觀 我圖冊彙編, in Xijian Mingshi shiji jicun 稀見明史史籍輯存, vol. 9; Tongxiang XZ (1887), 15/Huanji/15a–16a; Guizhou TZ (1597), 24/81a; Yang Hao, “Qiusheng bian xu” 求生編序, in Leting 樂亭 XZ (1877), 4/9b–10a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 118/2222, 141/2634, 175/3221, 207/3883, 260/4819, 300/5630; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 620.

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Bibliography entries for same author: Da Ming lü jishuo fuli; Gujin jianglüe. [TN] 0352

Da Ming lüli fushu 大明律例附疏, 1 + 30 j. [The Penal Code of the Great Ming with Appended Commentary] Anon. 1585 Ed.:

– *1585 ed. (no cover-leaf) published by Jiangxi regional inspector Sun Xun 孫旬, with emperor Hongwu’s prefs. to the 1397 Code and to the successive Dagao, memorial of presentation of the first ed. of the Code by Liu Weiqian 劉惟謙 (1374), statement of Sun Xun et al. on the publication of the work “to facilitate explanation and reading” (為發刊律疏以便講讀 事) (10th month, 1585), memorial of president of Ministry of Justice Shu Hua 舒化 asking for the authorisation to prepare a new edition of the Code including the substatutes (“Chongxiu wenxing tiaoli tigao” 重修問 刑條例提稿, 4th month, 1585), memorial of Shu Hua and vice-president Geng Dingxiang 耿定向 presenting the draft of this 1585 new ed., titled Da Ming lü fuli (9th month 1585). [Ōki, j. 1 missing]

Rem.: Sun Xun’s statement, which is the equivalent of a preface, says that the publication of this commentary responds to the promulgation of the new 1585 ed. of the Ming Penal Code; it is based on what he describes as a remarkable commentary (誠老吏之斷案，法家之蓍鑑也) that he bought when he started his career, about which the only indication provided is that it was published in Henan and that copies were difficult to find in Jiangxi—it is in fact the 1568 new ed. of Da Ming lü shu fuli (q.v.), of which according to Huang Zhangjian (see below) the present work is an updated copy; now a new text integrating the new statutes and substatutes needed to be prepared, engraved and distributed to all the yamen of Jiangxi to “study day and night” (朝夕講讀). (The text is signed by Sun Xun as “publisher” [發刊] and the provincial administration and surveillance commissioners as “collators” [校刊].) This is followed by the general table of contents of the Code, the tables of five punishments, instruments of punishment, mourning regulations, eight characters, six spoils, and redemption tariffs. The two 1585 memorials on the revision of the Code (see above) are inserted at this point; then come the detailed table of contents of the Code (大明律目錄), to which is appended the 1497 list of capital crimes susceptible to amnesty or not (真犯雜犯死罪), and a last appendix on the many categories of people

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eligible for redemption of beatings (笞杖罪的決人犯). In the body of the work the text of the statutes is followed by a sometimes rather extensive explanatory commentary (in smaller type) introduced by the words jin’an 謹案, then by substatutes (條例) when applicable. Ref. and studies: Huang Zhangjian, Da Ming lüli huibian, pref., 43–44. [PEW]

0353

Da Ming lü jishuo fuli 大明律集說附例, 1 + 9 j. [A Collection of Explanations on the Great Ming Code, with Substatutes] Composed (著) by Feng Zi 馮孜 (z. Zijian 子漸, h. Yuanquan 原 泉) (1536–1605) (js. 1568), from Tongxiang 桐鄉 (Zhejiang); compiled (編) by Liu Dawen 劉大文 (z. Binyu 彬予) (js. 1586), from Boping 博平 (Shandong) 1591 Ed.:

– *[1591] ed. (no cover-leaf) with prefs. by Liu Dawen (1591) (to “engraving 刻 Da Ming lü jishuo”), Wang Zhiyou 王之猷 (to “engraving anew …” 新刻, n.d.), Wang Ming 王明 (1592), Gao Ju 高舉 (to “engraving …”, n.d.), and Zhao Shouzu 趙壽祖 (1591), postf. by Wang Deguang 王德光 (1591). [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection, *Photo-repro. at Fu Sinian] – *Photo-repro. of the above ed. (same copy) in Yuwai Hanji zhenben wenku 域外漢籍珍本文庫, ser. 2, 史部 (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 2011), vol. 17–18.

Rem.: The complete title with the words “fuli” appears only in chapter captions, where four collaborators are also listed, including Feng Zi, Liu Dawen, Zhao Shouzu as “reader” (閱), and Wang Deguang as collator (校); the latter, a prefectural judge (司理) at Anqing 安慶 (Nan Zhili), was entrusted by Zhao Shouzu, the Anqing prefect, with engraving and publishing the work. The prefs. clearly designate Liu as the author; according to Zhao Shouzu’s pref., he assembled the commentaries of [Dulü] suoyan and [Dulü] guanjian (qq.v.), as well as an “explanatory commentary by Feng Zi” (及原泉馮公所註律解). This last is almost certainly the commentary to the Ming Code that Feng published separately as Mingxing lu (q.v.). In Gao Ju’s pref. Feng is given the title bibu 比部, referring to the Ministry of Justice. The same title is used by the local official in Jiangxi to describe Mingxing lu (see under this title), which suggests that Feng’s material here is drawn from the text he put to print when he was on assignment from the Ministry in Jiangxi. The short introductory section titled Da Ming lü jishuo fuli tu 圖 only features the

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lists of rates of punishment redemption for various categories of people. The commentary proper follows the order of statutes in the Code, of which it provides the titles but does not quote the text. It is usually in two parts: an explanatory enlargement of the text of the statute, possibly distinguishing several paragraphs with circles; and a general, more analytical commentary, starting on a new column and marked by a circle followed by the words “this article …” (此條…). The commentary is followed by the substatutes (條例), distinguished with the character “一.” The sources of the commentaries are not indicated. The central margins only indicate the relevant part of the Code, not the section or statute, making consultation somewhat inconvenient.

Bio.: For Feng Zi, see under Mingxing lu. Liu Dawen earned the jinshi under his original name Dashou 大受 in 1586 and was assigned as a case reviewer (評事) in the Court of Judicial Review (大理寺). He was serving in this office when the present work was prepared. He went on to serve as prefect of Huai’an 淮安, surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in Nan Zhili and Henan, and administration vice-commissioner (參政) in Huguang. See Dongchang 東 昌 FZ (1808), 23/17b, 28/21b–22a; Huai’an 淮安 FZ (1649), 7/8b; Xuzhou 徐州 FZ (1874), 6B/5b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 557/10512. Ref. and studies: Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 44, giving 1592 as publication date. Bibliography entries for same author: Mingxing lu; Gujin jianglüe. [TN, PEW] 0354

Da Ming lüli zhijun qishu 大明律例致君奇術, 1 + 12 j. [The Penal Code of the Great Ming: A Marvelous Method to Assist the Ruler] Comp. (彙輯) Zhu Jingxun 朱敬循 (z. Shuli 叔理) (js. 1592), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) published by Yu Zhangde at the Cuiqing tang (書林萃慶堂余彰德䁀梓), titled Kejingzhu 刻精註 Da Ming lüli zhijun qishu in chapter captions, with imperial pref. to the Ming Penal Code (1397), foreword (弁言) to Zhijun qishu by Luo Dong 羅棟 (n.d.), text of Weizheng guimo jieyao lun 為政規模節要論, mulu of Da Ming lü jijie fuli (q.v.). [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida Collection] [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton] – Photo-repro. of the copy at Tōyō Bunka, in Yuwai Hanji zhenben wenku 域 外漢籍珍本文庫, ser. 2, 史部 (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 2011), vol. 18.

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Rem.: Besides the table of contents (i.e., list of statutes) of the Ming Code with commentaries and substatutes (大明律集解附例目錄), j. 首 includes a table of the five punishments and instruments for punishment, the diagrams of the mourning system (服制) followed by the text of Da Ming lü jijie mingli 名例 on the same subject, a table of the six spoils with corresponding punishments, redemption tariffs at the capital and in the provinces, eight characters, a list of clerical personnel with salary (有祿人) and without salary (無祿人), a short text titled Jinke yulü 金科玉律, the 1497 Zhenfan zafan sizui 真犯雜犯死罪, and a “Song on the six spoils” (六贓總類歌) enumerating the punishments applying in heptasyllabic verse. In the body of the work the pages are split into two registers. The lower register (about two thirds of the page, 19 large characters per column) is captioned by the names of the compiler (called 考 中官叔理), of the collator (同校), a certain Feng Zhongyin (大理丞見 脩馮仲寅), and of the publisher; it is devoted to the text of the statutes and substatutes and to examples of judgments (判語), except in j. 1. The upper register (11 small characters per column) contains various materials more or less directly related to the section of the Code discussed in the lower register. Examples in j. 1 include texts titled Liulü zongkuo 六律 總括 (a selection of general notions on the punishments in the six main parts of the Code), Liuzang zonglun 六贓總論, Weizheng guimo jieyao lun (the same as at the beginning of the work), Lifen zhi wai shiliu zi 例分 之外十六字, Lifen ba zi zhi yi 例分八字之義, Wenqiu zeli 問囚則例, Bifu zafanzui lü 比附雜犯罪律 (on analogy), and Xinzeng lüyi duanfa 新增 律頤斷法 (a dialogue in the form of questions and answers on delicate points of law). In the other chapters the upper register contains hypothetical cases following the typical format, i.e. introduced by jiaru 假如 and with the question zuo he wenni 作何問擬 (or variants thereof) at the end of the account of the facts, followed by the judgment proposal as well as other pieces, with proclamations and other materials occasionally appended, under the general title Duanlü jiezhi 斷律捷指. J. 12, presented as an appendix (附刻), is devoted to Song tixing xiyuan lu 宋 提刑洗冤錄 by Song Ci (i.e., the Yuan version of Xiyuan jilu [q.v.]), while the upper register contains cases solved by the famous Song official, Bao Zheng 包拯 (999–1062), titled Bao Longtu duan’an 包龍圖斷案. Bio.: Zhu Jingxun entered the National Academy under the yin privilege granted to his father Zhu Geng 賡. He went on to pass the juren and jinshi examinations in 1591 and 1592. There is no record of him before he became bureau director in the Ministry of Rites. He was then moved to the same post in the Ministry of Personnel. His next career move was complicated because

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the Wanli emperor was failing to fill high positions. He had already been put forward in 1600 as vice-minister (少卿) in the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, but with his departure from the Ministry of Personnel there would be no one to oversee appointments. When he took up the post in 1605, his father, who had become grand secretary, asked that he be moved to the less sensitive post of vice-commissioner (通政) in the Office of Transmission. Approved in 1606, this was his last official post. See Shaoxing 紹興 FZ (1792), 49/16b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 178/3315, 408/7619, 416/7830, 417/7867; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 143; Renming quanwei. [TN] Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 138 (11 + 1 j.). Langlois, 212 (suggests translation “Marvelous Methods for the Ruler, the Great Ming Code”). Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 45–46, noting that Luo Dong signed his foreword as supervising secretary of the Office of Scrutiny for Justice (刑科給事), a post to which he was appointed in 1592. [PEW] 0355

Da Ming lü jie 大明律解, 8 j. [Explanation of the Penal Code of the Great Ming] By Chen Yuwen 陳遇文 (z. Mingzhou 鳴周) (js. 1577), from Anyi 安邑 (Shanxi) 1593 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with pref. by Chen Yuwen (1593), postf. (跋) by Lu Dashun 盧大順 (1593). [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Fu Sinian] [Sonkeikaku]

Rem.: The text proposes lengthy and extremely didactic commentaries explaining the contents of the statutes in the Penal Code, at points almost word by word. Contrary to most editions of the Code with commentaries, the statutes themselves are normally not quoted, their title being immediately followed by the commentary. There are no mulu nor central-margin running titles, making consultation difficult. The pref. mentions the habitual ignorance of new officials in matters of law and stresses the necessity to compensate for the insufficiencies of the existing treatises, among which it cites [Dulü] guanjian and [Dulü] suoyan (qq.v.). The present work should not be confused with a text by the same title in 12 j., by Zhang Kai (see under Lütiao shuyi). According to Zhang Boyuan (see below), Chen Yuwen’s work is the source of the commentaries (纂註) in Da Ming lü jijie fuli (q.v.); Zhang says that Da Ming lü jie has the alternative title Da Ming lü fujie 附解. A work by that title in 30 j. by Chen Yuwen is held by the Sonkeikaku Bunko.

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Bio.: Following his jinshi in 1577, Chen Yuwen served as magistrate in Mei xian 郿縣 (1578) and Zhenyuan 鎮原 (1580), both in Shaanxi. His effective administration resulted in 1583 in his promotion to censor (御史) of the Shandong circuit; he distinguished himself with the capture of daylight robbers in the capital. In 1584 he was arrested on charges of corruption, but was cleared in the subsequent investigation. In 1585 he has assigned as salt-control censor (巡鹽 御史) in the Lianghuai district to the north of the Yangtze River; he left in 1587 to go into mourning. Upon his return in 1592 he was made regional inspector of the region covering Suzhou and Songjiang in Nan Zhili. For the remainder of his career he served in censorial posts in Beijing and Nanjing, where he died in office. Some sources give his name as 陳宇文. See He Chuguang 何出光, Lantai fajian lu 蘭臺法鑒錄, 19/45a; Fengxiang 鳳翔 FZ (1766), 5b/4a; Zhenyuan 鎮 原 XZ (1935), 10/48b–49a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 142/2657, 151/2797, 151/2804, 175/3224–3225, 180/3368, 185/3463–3464, 185/3467. [TN] Ref. and studies: Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 44–45, citing both the present ed. and Da Ming lü fujie in 30 j. at Sonkeikaku, dated 1592; Chen Yuwen’s preface to the 1592 ed. is as Jiangxi regional inspector, that to the 1593 ed. as Zhili regional inspector. Zhang Boyuan, “Da Ming lü jijie fuli,” 36–37. Id., Lüzhu wenxian congkao, 268–9. Zhang used an incomplete copy held by Jilin daxue, which he dates 1594, with pref. by Chen Yuwen (1592). [PEW] 0356

[Qie yuzhi xinban] Da Ming lüli zhushi zhaoni zheyu zhinan 鍥御製新 頒大明律例注釋招擬折獄指南, 1 + 18 j. [The Code and Precedents of the

Great Ming with Explanations, Proposals for Judgments, and a Guide to Solving Cases] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated Dayou tang new engraving by Nanjing publisher Zhou Jinquan 金陵書坊周近泉重梓 (the last page has “周氏大有堂梓”). [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Beitu, two copies, one without cover-leaf and lacking j. 首, the other with j. 2–5 and 14–18 missing] – Undated (Wanli-period) ed. of the Ye-family Zuode tang 葉氏作德堂. [Hōsa Bunko] – Qing ms. ed. [Faxue suo] – *Modern typeset ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 4–5, based on the Qing ms. copy at Faxue suo (without the front matter, and with upper-register materials moved to the end of the lower-register entire text).

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Rem.: The title on the cover-leaf is Yuzhi Da Ming lüli zhaoni zheyu zhinan, on two columns separated by the mention of the publisher; the complete title appears in the chapter captions, with first character either ke 刻 or qie 鍥 (engrave); the running title is Zheyu zhinan. This densely printed work is typical of late-Ming commercial editions of the Penal Code packing each page with a vast amount of explanatory and/ or ancillary materials. The front matter in j. 首 includes the imperial pref. to the 1397 Code; the lengthy 1585 memorial by minister of Justice Shu Hua 舒化 et al. proposing that the substatutes be inserted after the relevant statutes in the Code (重修問刑條例題稿); the complete list of the 460 statutes (大明律目錄), followed by a “general table” (總目) providing only the 30 sections with the number of statutes therein; the tables of five punishments and of mourning degrees; a 1589 order by the Nanjing prefect that a new substatute on official embezzlement be inserted in the Wenxing tiaoli 問刑條例; a 1590 memorial of the Ministry of Revenue on the sale of official titles to fund frontier defense (introduced as 戶律附 and followed by detailed regulations); the list of capital crimes subject or not to amnesty (真犯雜犯死罪); the tables of six spoils and redemption tariffs; the explanation of the eight characters (例分 八字之義); a series of essays under the title Yi ru zhi zhi lei 亦如之之 類, including Weizheng guimo jieyao lun 為政規模節要論 and Xingming qimeng jiyao 刑名啟蒙集要; a list of all functionaries drawing salaries (有祿人) or not (無祿人); the Jinke yulü 金科玉律; and a “Song on the six spoils” (六贓總類歌) enumerating in heptasyllabic verse the punishments applying. These texts are placed in the lower register; the much narrower upper register features monetary equivalents to a variety of products. Elsewhere in the text the upper register contains such guides as Wenqiu zeli 問囚則例, Bifu zafan zui lü 比附雜犯罪律, Xinzeng lüyi duanfa 新增律頤斷法 (j. 1); models of judicial decisions and official proclamations (判告體式) (j. 2–9); Xiyuan jielu 洗冤捷錄 (2 j.), featuring the Yuan-period version of Xiyuan jilu plus materials from Wuyuan lu (qq.v.), with much reordering and many errors (according to Jia Jingtao, 185) (j. 10–15); judgments and complaints (j. 16–17); and nomenclature, phraseology, and formatting instructions for official documents (j. 18). Some of these materials are quite close to those found in litigation master handbooks. The lower register features the text of the statutes (with explanations in small characters inserted, some quite substantial, some mere paraphrase), followed by fictitious cases of the zhaoni jiaru 招 擬假如 type (see under Zhaoni jiaru) in the form of questions and answers (或問… 答曰), and, as the case may be, by quotations from various regulations, the Grand Pronouncements, etc., and substatutes (條例); all Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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these additions are in smaller characters and narrower columns. J. 18, titled Xinzeng zheyu zhinan zuanfu xingyi geshi bianlan 新增折獄指南 纂附行移各式便覽, provides models for all sorts of official documents.

Ref. and studies: Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 50 (Hōsa Bunko copy). Intro. to the Lidai zhenxi sifa ed., vol. 4. [JB, PEW] 0357

Lüxue jiyi yuanhai 律學集議淵海, 7 j. [An Ocean of Collected Comments on Legal Science] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– Undated ms. at the library of the Faculty of Law, University of Tokyo.

Rem.: An extremely rich commentary on the text of the Ming Penal Code. The 7 juan (6 ce) cover the seven parts of the Code. Although the caption at the beginning has the words “composed in the Hongwu period” (大明洪武編制) preceding the title, the works cited in the text indicate a later, early seventeenth-century, compilation (He Qinhua suggests between 1594 and 1602). The text of each statute is followed by a variety of explanatory and illustratory materials introduced by such captions as “respectful explanation of the intentention of the law” (謹詳 律意) or “substatute” (條例), or consisting of quotes from a number of similar treatises, such as Minglü jijie fuli, Dulü suoyan, Fajia pouji, Lüjie bianyi (qq.v.), and others, some of which seem no longer extant. There are also numerous and very concrete “models” (式) of forms, statements, judgments, and so forth. The contents suggest that the author had at the same time an extensive knowledge of the works of “legal science” (律學) published in the Ming and a deep familiarity with the concrete judicial process. Ref. and studies: He Qinhua, 2:209, 260–6.

0358

[PEW]

Da Ming lüli juhui xizhu 大明律例據會細註, 11 j. [A Collection of Detailed Annotations on the Penal Code of the Great Ming] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. in 7 ce. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton]

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Rem.: A carefully handwritten collection of commentaries on the Ming Penal Code, obviously the Wanli ed. with substatutes. There is no cover-leaf. The title in chapter captions sometimes omits the word xi 細. There is no front matter (such as tables of five punishments, and so on). Contrary to most such works, the text of the statutes and substatutes is not quoted in full, only the first few words (up to seven or eight) being provided, followed by “etc.” (云云) and framed to make them stand out on the page; in the case of substatutes they are preceded by the character yi 一. The titles of the sections within each of the seven parts of the Code are signaled by large circles. The text consists principally of a succession of commentaries and explanations separated from each other by circles and placed under the general caption “collected explanations” (會解). Also used are shorter explanations or definitions, quoted from such commentaries as [Dulü] Guanjian and [Lüjie] bianyi (qq.v.), as well as quotations from the Hongwu emperor’s ordinances (令) and Da Ming huidian 大明會典. Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 137.

0359

[PEW]

Da Ming lü jie fuli 大明律解附例, 1 + 30 j. [An Explanation of the Great Ming Code with Substatutes Appended] Comp. and annot. (纂註) Zheng Rubi 鄭汝璧 (z. Bangzhang 邦章, Liangyu 良玉, h. Kunyan 崑巖) (1546–1607) (js. 1568), from Jinyun 縉雲 (Zhejiang) 1594 Ed.:

– *1594 ed.with the Hongwu emperor’s pref. to the final version of the Ming Penal Code (1397); date of publication (校刊) indicated on last page. [Naikaku]

Rem.: The front matter of this beautifully printed ed. includes the general table of the Code (indicating the juan number and number of articles for each section) and a detailed list of the statutes, followed by the names of Shandong grand coordinator and former bureau director at the Ministry of Justice (巡撫山東都御史前刑部郎中), Zheng Rubi, as compiler and commentator, and 17 other officials as collators and printers (同校刻). Then come the tables of six spoils, five punishments (with explanations), mourning, eight characters, tariffs of redemption (at the capital and in the provinces), the 1497 list of capital crimes subject or not to amnesty (真犯 and 雜犯) listed by decreasing order of punishment

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and with additional precedents on military exile (真犯死罪充軍為民例, 1585 and follow-ups). In the body of the work the commentaries, printed in a leaner style, are introduced by the words zuanzhu 纂註; they follow the statutes, and are in turn followed by the substatutes (條例), some of them with a date. (Not all statutes are followed by a commentary.) The commentaries are in general quite substantial and deal with juridical matters rather than paraphrasing the text or explaining the language (this is occasionally done by the usual notes in small characters inserted in the text of the law and introduced by wei 謂); some are followed by further commentaries with cross-references introduced by the words beikao 備考. According to Huang Zhangjian (see below), both the zuanzhu and beikao are exactly the same as in Chen Yuwen’s Da Ming lü jie (q.v.). The format and content are also quite close to Zhong Zhenji’s Da Ming lü jijie fuli (q.v.), which may have been an imitation of it. The statute captions are highlighted in a black cartouche, and the names of sections are indicated at the top of central margins.

Bio.: After his jinshi, Zheng Rubi was assigned to the Ministry of Justice first as secretary, then as bureau director. He became known for his effective handling of cases and in 1574 was selected by Zhang Juzheng to serve in the Ministry of Personnel. When Zhang’s father died in 1577 and Zhang decided not to observe mourning, Zheng sided with those who objected and was demoted first to vice-minister (少卿) in the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and then to assistant administration commissioner (參議) in Fujian. When he was moved to surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in Guangdong in 1580 he successfully requested to retire home, where he spent the years reading works on administration and submitting memorials. In 1591 he was called back to assume province-level positions in Shanxi, later in Shaanxi; in 1593 he rose to the position of grand coordinator for Shandong. He coordinated relief during the devastating 1594 famine. He left office in 1595 to mourn for his father. On his return in 1599 he was made vice-minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices in Nanjing. In 1602 he was again made assistant censor-in-chief and grand coordinator in the Yan-Sui 延綏 region of Shaanxi. In 1605 he became supreme commander for the stretch of the northern border from the capital region through Shanxi. He arrived in the post in late 1606 and almost immediately fell ill and requested replacement. He died on his way home in 1607. See Jiao Hong 焦 竑, Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻徵錄, 58/79a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 73/1587, 74/1603, 101/1999, 142/2654, 146/2724, 231/4275, 249/4643, 259/4814, 263/4884, 340/6307, 378/7124, 416/7850, 430/8118, 436/8252. Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:2/57b (in 4 j., with sole mention of Liu Weiqian’s 劉惟謙 1374 memorial; not necessarily the same work). Huang Zhangjian,

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Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 46 and 47. Zhang Boyuan, Lüzhu wenxian congkao, 268, considers this as a separate ed. of Da Ming lü jijie fuli (q.v.) [TN, PEW] 0360

Dulü sijian 讀律私箋, 29 j. + fulu 1 j. [A Personal Explication upon Reading the Code] By Wang Qiao 王樵 (z. Mingyuan 明遠, h. Fanglu 方麓, s. Gongjian 恭 簡) (1521–99) (js. 1547), from Jintan 金壇 (Nan Zhili) 1595 pref. Ed.: – *Undated (Wanli-period) ed. with author’s pref. (1595). [Beitu]

Rem.: An explanation of the contents of the Ming Penal Code claiming to be a response to all those commercial editions (諸方刻本) that tend to mix up the text of the law with private commentaries. At first, the author followed the example of the commentators of the classics, and instead of attaching his commentaries to the main text organized them into independent rubrics such as “An easy way to find about the articles of the code” (律條指掌), “Doubtful meanings in the Code” (律 中疑義), and so forth; for the present work, however, he did combine commentaries culled from the best authors and distributed them under each statute in order to illuminate the meaning of the law. The work also concerns itself with historical change and makes comparisons with Tang law in order to show off the ingenuity of the Ming dynastic founder in cutting and adding materials. The main text is preceded by an essay titled “The Origin of Law” (法原), discussing the sources of the legal system of China, and is followed by an appendix consisting of two main parts: (1) On the enforcement of punishments, discussing such topics as monetary redemption of punishments, or exile; (2) Models for composing official documents, such as investigation reports and sentence proposals (招議之式), memorials (題奏之式), and communications (行移 之式). The body of the work follows the same arrangement as the Code, namely General Principles (1 j.), Personnel (1 j.), Revenue (7 j.), Rites (2 j.), War (5 j.), Punishments (11 j.), and Public Works (2 j.). (There is no continuous juan-numbering.) The influential Da Ming lü fuli jianshi (q.v.) by Wang’s son, Wang Kentang, is based on the present work. Bio.: Like his father Wang Nie 臬, who had been beaten for protesting the Zhengde emperor’s southern campaign in 1521, Wang Qiao was a politically naïve but dedicated administrator. After his jinshi he was appointed in the

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Messenger Office (行人司). In 1553, after mourning for his mother, he was made secretary in the Ministry of Justice, but soon left to care for his father. He returned to the Ministry and was later made bureau vice-director. It was during this period that he composed Dulü sijian. His disregard for politics when handling cases led to conflict with Yan Song 嚴嵩, who then dominated the government, and in 1560 he was sent out as an assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) in Shandong. He fell ill from exhaustion while overseeing famine relief, and retired. In 1574 he returned to the same post in Zhejiang, where he strengthened and strictly supervised the militia. In 1575 he was brought into the capital to serve first as vice-minister (少卿), then as chief minister (卿) in the Seals Office. He offended grand secretary Zhang Juzheng 張居正 and was transferred to the position of chief minister of the Nanjing Court of State Ceremonial; early in 1578 he was forced from office. After Zhang’s fall, from 1591 to his ordered retirement in 1595 Wang held a series of offices in Nanjing, ending as right censor-in-chief (右都御史), the post mentioned in the pref. to Dulü sijian. See Jiao Hong 焦竑, Danyuan ji 澹園集, 33/27b; Guo Tingxun 過廷 訓, Benchao fensheng renwu kao 本朝分省人物考 (1622), 29/22a; MS, 221/5817; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 73. Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2399. [GRT, TN] 0361

Da Ming lü jijie fuli 大明律集解附例, 1 + 30 j. [The Great Ming Code with Collected Commentaries and Substatutes Appended] Comp. Zhong Zhenji 衷貞吉 (z. Kongan 孔安, h. Hongxi 洪溪, s. Jiansu 簡肅) (1518–97) (js. 1559), from Nanchang 南昌 (Jiangxi), et al. 1596 Ed.:

– 1596 ed. with commentary (纂註) by censor-in chief Zhong Zhenji and others. [Sonkeikaku] – *1597 ed. in 1 + 31 j., with commentary (纂註) by censor-in-chief Zhong Zhenji and others, first engraved (梓) in 1596, re-engraved in Yangzhou (維揚重梓) in 1597 with supplements by Liang-Huai salt-control censor Yang Guangxun (巡鹽兩淮監察御史楊光巡續增). [Naikaku, *Photorepro. at Fu Sinian] [*Ōki, j. 7–10 and 14–17 missing] – *1610 new ed. (重刊) published by Zhejiang grand coordinator Gao Ju 署 巡撫浙江等處都察院右僉都御史高舉發刻, date of ed. on the last page, with names of the two “clerks in charge” (承行典吏) who checked the work (磨對). [Beitu] [*Tōyō Bunko] [Zhongyang, damaged]

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– Ms. copy (影鈔) of the 1610 Gao Ju ed. [Zhongyang] – *1908 new ed. (重刊) of the Bureau of Revision of the Code 修訂法律館, titled Ming lü jijie fuli, based on a copy of the 1610 ed. owned by the Shen family of Tongxiang 桐鄉沈氏, with pref. by Shen Jiaben 沈家本 (重刻明 律序) and imperial pref. to the Ming Code (1397). [BN] [*Jimbun] – *Photo-repro. of 1908 new ed., Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1969, 5 vols. – *Photo-repro. of 1610 ed. (copy at Zhongyang), Taipei: Taiwan Xuesheng shuju, 1970, 5 vols. – Photo-repro. of 1908 new ed., Yangzhou: Jiangsu Guangling keyinshe, 1989.

Rem.: This carefully produced version of the Ming Code with commentaries originated in the Censorate. In the 1596/1597 ed. the list of collaborators appearing after the mulu is headed by censor-in-chief Zhong Zhenji and his two deputies as commentators (同纂註), followed by 11 censors as collators (同校正); the 1597 enlarged imprint is due to the censor in charge of the Yangzhou Salt Administration (it is not clear what the supplements were), with Yangzhou prefect Guo Guangfu 郭光 復 as collator. The 1610 version published in Zhejiang appears identical to the 1596/97 version in content and design, although it is again a different engraving (the commentary uses the same characters as the text of the law instead of being in smaller characters as in the earlier versions), and adds new substatutes; the list of collaborators is at the same place as in the first version but includes different names: following the mention of Gao Ju as “publisher” (發刻), Zhejiang regional inspector Zheng Jifang 巡按浙江監察御史鄭繼芳 and two other regional inspectors feature as revisers (訂正), followed by Zhejiang administrative commissionner Hong Qirui 洪啟睿, surveillance commissioner Dou Zicheng 竇子 偁, and their deputies, eleven persons in all, as collators (校). The work features the text of the Ming Penal Code established in 1585, with smallcharacter explanations inserted in the text of the statutes, each statute being followed by a comparatively long explanatory commentary introduced by the words zuanzhu 纂注, sometimes with further remarks introduced by an 按, plus occasional “reference materials” (備考, i.e. short notations in small characters specifying some points or suggesting analogies), and finally the relevant substatutes (條例)—sometimes including “newly published” (新頒) substatutes with Wanli dates. It seems that the commentaries largely take up those composed by Zheng Rubi 鄭汝璧 (js. 1568) for his own Da Ming lü jie fuli (q.v.) published in 1594, of which, according to Yang Yifan 楊一凡 (see below, He Qinhua, 260 n. 1), Gao Ju’s publication might in fact be a version edited under a different

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title (Yang does not seem aware of the original Zhong Zhengji version). Eight earlier commentaries are cited along the way, namely Lüjie bianyi (q.v.), Lütiao shuyi (q.v.), Lüshu fuli 律疏附例, Lüjie fuli (q.v.), Da Ming lü dufa shu 大明律讀法書 (probably Da Ming lü dufa [q.v.]), Dulü suoyan (q.v.), Dulü guanjian (q.v.), and Da Ming lü shiyi (q.v.). The overall organization is similar to that in other works of the same type, with Hongwu’s pref. to the Ming Code (1397), a general mulu (總目) listing the parts and sections of the Code and a detailed mulu listing the 460 statutes (only the 1610 ed. provides the juan numbers in the detailed mulu, which is placed after the tables), tables and lists of the five punishments, instruments of punishments, mourning tables and regulations, six spoils, eight characters, redemption tariffs, and the 1497 Zhenfan zafan sizui 真 犯雜犯死罪 listing the relevant statutes by descending degree of capital punishment or military exile, for crimes susceptible to amnesty or not, followed by the 1585 Zhenfan sizui chongjun weimin li 真犯死罪充 軍為民例. Then the text proper of the Code with commentaries starts with j. 1. The short j. 31 is devoted to two memorials by the Ministry of Justice. Bio.: Zhong Zhenji had a wealth of experience as an official by the time this text was prepared. After his jinshi he served as secretary in the Ministry of Justice. From there he was made bureau director in the Ministry of Rites in Nanjing. In 1567 he was appointed prefect of Songjiang 松江 (Nan Zhili), and while there resolved legal cases with heavy political involvement, had the Wusong River dredged, and fostered students. In 1571 he was sent as viceminister (少卿) to the Shaanxi branch office of the Court of the Imperial Stud. Beginning in 1573 he served several years as surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in charge of schools in Henan before going into mourning. He returned to the post in 1579, and in 1581 was sent to Huguang as administration vicecommissioner (參政) and assistant censor-in-chief (僉都御史) in charge of military defense. He was promoted to surveillance commissioner in 1583. In 1584 he was moved to Zhejiang as administration commissioner, and in 1586 was made vice-censor-in-chief (副都御史) and grand coordinator for Henan with oversight of river dikes and military units. He also dealt with a widespread famine in the province. Beginning in 1588 he served as vice-minister of Works, War, and Personnel, before being appointed censor-in-chief (都御 史) in Nanjing. He then served as minister of Works and War in Nanjing before being made minister of Works in 1593. In 1594 he was made censor-in-chief and served there until his death in 1597. See Xu Kaijiang 徐開江, Ming mingchen yanxing lu 明名臣言行錄, 69/8a; He Sanwei 何三畏, Yunjian zhilüe 雲間 志略, 3/35a; Ming shilu: Muzong, 53/1320, Shenzong, 15/459, 91/1879, 108/2076,

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135/2524, 146/2730, 171/3104, 203/3795, 224/4157, 232/4306, 247/4596, 264/4926, 276/5117, 309/5782; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 385. [TN] Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2399, giving Gao Ju as author. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:282–3. Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 46–47, and 50 (Gao Ju 1610 ed.). He Qinhua, 2:254–60. Zhang Boyuan, “Da Ming lü jijie fuli.” Id., Lüzhu wenxian congkao, 267–81. Transl.: The 1970 reprint has been used as the basic text for Jiang Yonglin, The Great Ming Code; Jiang translates only the Hongwu pref. and the text of the original Code as fixed in 1397, not the substatutes and commentaries. [PEW] 0362

Da Ming lüli xiangxing bingjian 大明律例祥刑冰鑑, 30 j. [The Penal Code of the Great Ming and Icy Crystalline Mirror of Auspicious Punishments] Anon. 1599 Ed.:

– *1599 ed. of the Jiabin tang in Nanjing 南都嘉賓堂刊, with pref. (to Xiangxing bingjian) by Dong Yu (h. Kuo’an) from Yuzhang [Nanchang] 豫 章擴菴董裕 (1599). [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton] Rem.: According to the pref. the author was a certain Zhou 周. An edi-

tion of the Ming Code with additional materials in the upper register of the page (18 columns with 16 small characters each, as against 9 columns with 16 large characters in the lower register). The title in chapter captions is Da Ming lüli zhushi 註釋 xiangxing bingjian. The pref. is followed by the table of contents of the Code, listing all the statutes and indicating the number of substatutes attached. The front matter includes the tables on mourning degrees, eight characters, five punishments, punishment instruments, and tariffs of monetary redemption usual in this sort of publication; they are followed by a treatise on the seven sorts of homicide (七殺總論), a table of the six spoils, and a discussion of the same subject (六贓總論). In the text proper, besides the statutes and substatutes the bottom half includes only some interlinear comments in small characters; the upper register (which is rather less densely filled with materials than in other similar editions) features commentaries explaining and complementing the text of the code in very clear language. (The title at the beginning of each chapter is followed by the words 附 式註參審.)

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0361–0363

461

Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 137 (attributing the work to “un certain 周 Tcheou”). Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 47. [PEW] 0363

Da Ming lüli fujie 大明律例附解, 1 + 31 j. [The Great Ming Code with Commentaries Appended] Publ. by Ying Chaoqing 應朝卿 (z. Xingshu 行叔, h. Langao 蘭皐) (js. 1589), from Linhai 臨海 (Zhejiang) 1601 Ed.:

– *1601 ed. coll. and augmented (校增) by Zhili regional inspector (巡按直 隸監察御史) Ying Chaoqing (as indicated in chapter captions); the cover label of the first fasc. has “1596 Censorate new edition, edited and augmented in 1601 by the Liang-Huai salt censor” (萬曆丙申年都察院重修 辛丑年兩淮察院校增), and bears the title Da Ming lüli fujie; the date of publication appears at the end of j. 31 together with Ying’s full title of salt-inspecting censor (巡鹽兩淮監察御史), with Yangzhou prefect Yang Xun 楊洵 as collator (同校); with pref. to the Ming Code by the Hongwu emperor (1397), presentation memorial of the Code by Liu Weiqian 劉惟 謙 et al. (1374), memorial by Gu Yingxiang 顧應祥 et al. on the revision of substatutes (問刑條例) (1550). [*Beitu] [Ōki, title Da Ming lü, j. 首 and 5–12 missing, apparently a reprint edited in 1609 by Huguang administration commissioner Dong Hanru 董漢儒, with additions inserted]

Rem.: This carefully printed recension of the Ming Code generally follows the pattern established by Chen Sheng 陳省 in his 1567 ed. (q.v.). The title Da Ming lüli fujie appears only on the cover labels of some fascicles; in chapter captions it is Da Ming lü. The title in the central margins is Da Ming lüli in j. 首; in the body of the text the name of the relevant sections of the Code appears. The appendix (附錄) comprising Lüli leichao (q.v.) and some ten more texts is placed in the second fasc. after j. 首. The earlier commentaries, principally [Dulü] suoyan and [Dulü] guanjian (qq.v.), are directly cited. There are abundant quotations from such institutional texts as Da Ming ling 大明令, Da Ming huidian 大明會典, and others, followed by the substatutes where applicable. The 7-folio j. 31 contains a few substatutes and precedents dating to the years 1588–93.

Bio.: Ying Chaoqing is mentioned as a native of either Linhai, the leading county of Taizhou 台州 prefecture, or of Xianju 仙居 in the same prefecture.

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After his jinshi he became magistrate of Jian’an 建安 (1589), then of Jinjiang 晉 江 (1590), both in Fujian. His success in these positions led to his promotion to censor for the Shanxi circuit. He was Guizhou regional inspector in 1595, became Liang-Huai salt inspector (兩淮巡鹽御史) in 1599 (where he is said to have alleviated the hardships of salt merchants), and later Huguang regional inspector. (The post of Zhili regional inspector is not mentioned in his biographies; it may have been concurrent to his Liang-Huai [Nan Zhili] position.) He was demoted to the rank of intendant of Yongping 永平道 (Bei Zhili) due to attacks by some enemies, and was eventually appointed Huguang surveillance vice-commissioner, but died before leaving Yongping. See Taizhou FZ (1935), 109/16b–17b; Guizhou TZ (1597), 2/8b; Zhenyuan 鎮遠 FZ (1793), 23/3a; Xianju zhi (1894), 13/34b–35a. Ref. and studies: Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 49 (based on the incomplete Ōki copy). Zhang Boyuan, Lüzhu wenxian congkao, 268, considers this as a separate ed. of Zhong Zhenji’s Da Ming lüli jijie fuli (q.v.) [PEW] 0364

Xinkan biandu lüli fuzhu longtou zhuyi xianglan 新刊便讀律例附註 龍頭主意詳覽, 8 j. [A Newly Printed Easy Reader of the Penal Code with Notes and with Precise Explanations of the Meaning at the Top of the Page]

Comp. (纂集) Gong Ju 貢舉 (z. Dating 達廷), from Ziyang 資陽 (Sichuan) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf), with pref. by Ren Jiadi (Shifeng) 石鳳任甲 第 (n.d.). [*Sonkeikaku] [*Tian Tao, incomplete]

Rem.: This edition of the Ming Code with a commentary looks like an earlier and less ambitious effort by the author of the better-known Da Ming longtou biandu pangxun lüfa quanshu (see next entry). The preface author (a jinshi and fellow Ziyang native) explains in his pref. that the multiplicity of the commentaries by distinguished legalists (he mentions the kao 考, guanjian 管見, fujie 附解, suoyan 瑣言, and more) makes them difficult to use, hence Gongju’s decision to combine them all into one single commentary, so that “scholars [will be able to] recite it as it proceeds and read it conveniently, and will not have to make laborious searches” (使學者隨誦便讀勿勞尋究). The complete title and compiler’s name appear in chapter captions; the central margins have Biandu lüli. The upper register of the page (i.e., the commentary) is titled Xinzuan lüli jiangjie zhuyi shi bianlan 新纂律例講解主意式便覽, with author given as 蜀人達廷貢舉校著. The text of the Code, starting Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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0363–0365

with j. 1, is preceded by two essays discussing, respectively, the six spoils (六贓總論) and the seven sorts of homicide (七殺總論). The layout is very clear, with the statutes and substatutes in the lower register (with some interlinear explanatory notes in small characters), and Gong Ju’s commentary in the upper register. The commentary, not particularly abundant, consists mainly of explanations of sentences and terms, with some moral considerations added; it is systematically placed above the statutes and substatutes referred to. The end of j. 7 (the second of the two chapters devoted to the part on “punishments” 刑律) is devoted to hypothetical judicial cases titled Buzhu guansi gushi churu renzui zeng­ qing jianzhong yishi 補註官司故失出入人罪增輕減重議式 (Model decisions to increase insufficient or decrease excessive sentences in cases involving discrepancies either deliberate or by mistake); the upper margin has captions indicating the content of the cases below. Bio.: No information is available on Gong Ju.

0365

[PEW]

Da Ming longtou biandu pangxun lüfa quanshu 大明龍頭便讀傍訓 律法全書, 1 + 11 j. [An Encyclopedia of the Law of the Great Ming with

Running Commentaries and Convenient Readings at the Top of Page] By Gong Ju 貢舉 (z. Dating 達廷), from Ziyang 資陽 (Sichuan) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. published by Liu Shuangsong at the Anzheng tang bookstore 書林安正堂劉雙松氏梓, with pref. by Ren Jiadi 任甲第 (h. Fengshi 鳳石, js. 1574, also from Ziyang) (n.d.); cover-leaf with mention Huang Ming xinli 皇明新例 at the top, titled Quanbu pangxun biandu longtou lüfa quanshu 全補傍訓便讀龍頭律法全書, and an advertisement to the effect that the present “code” (lü) was compiled by Mr. Dating 達廷氏 after he had ascertained that similar works sold by bookstores with glowing advertisements on their covers are in fact full of mistakes, while the present one is a model of clarity and organization; the printer indicated in chapter captions is Liu Chaoguan, from Fujian 閩書林 [or alternatively 雙松] 劉朝琯繡梓, the same as on the cover-leaf. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida Collection, in 14 ce]

Rem.: A rather carefully printed presentation of the Ming Penal Code, including the substatutes, in combination with various commentaries, models, and practical explanations, meant to save legal practitioners the trouble of having to consult numerous works (hence the words biandu in the title). In the title at the head of j. 2–8 the words pangxun

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Figure 6

4.1.1 Explanations of the Penal Code

Da Ming longtou biandu pangxun lufa quanshu (#0365), first page of j. 7, with text of Penal Code in lower register, model judgments in middle register, and fictitious cases in upper register

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0365

Figure 7

Da Ming longtou biandu pangxun lufa quanshu (#0365), picture of a hand representing punishments for the “six spoils” as enumerated in the “song” featured right and left

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have been replaced with xinli 新例; the title in the central margins and on the cover labels is Da Ming lüfa quanshu. The table of contents, reproducing the order and categories of the code, is preceded by detailed tables and explanations on the five punishments, implements for punishments, “six spoils,” tariffs of redemption, degrees of mourning, and more, as well as the memorial of presentation (by president of Board of Punishments Shu Hua 舒化 et al.) of the 1585 new edition of the Ming code integrating the newly edited substatutes (since the year 1500 collected in Wenxing tiaoli 問刑條例). In the body of the work the pages are split into three registers: the text of the Code, commentary in smaller characters, and substatutes are in the lower register (20 large-size characters per column of main text); the upper register (9 medium-size characters per column)—that is, the longtou—is titled Jiaru zhaoni 假如招 擬 and introduces hypothetical patterns for analogy (see under Zhaoni jiaru); the narrow middle register (3 small-size characters per column), entitled panyu 判語, features examples of model judgments. The materials in the two upper registers correspond to the articles of the code quoted in the lower register. In j. 9–10 the lower register contains additional materials, such as memorials from regional inspectors and memoranda from the ministries, organized according to the six domains of government; the middle register has additional model judgments (補遺 判語), and the upper register is devoted to the text of Xiyuan lu (q.v.) and related materials. In j. 11 the lower register has models of communications between yamen, both in the capital and elsewhere; the upper register has further materials on forensics; the middle register has a first part entitled “enlightening jurists” (刑名啟蒙), and a second part entitled zhaoyan ziyan 招眼字眼, consisting of key words and phrases. Bio.: No information available. Ref. and studies: Langlois, 213 (with the somewhat awkward translation, “Complete Encyclopedia of the Law, the Great Ming Code, Convenient Handbook for Enlightened Judges”). Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 48. [PEW]

0366

Da Ming lüli tianshi pangzhu 大明律例添釋旁註, 30 + 1 j. [The Penal Code of the Great Ming with Inserted Explanations and Side Annotations] Comp. Xu Changzuo 徐昌祚 (z. Bochang 伯昌, h. Kunzhu 昆竹) (1558–1609), from Qinchuan 琴川, i.e., Changshu 常熟 (Nan Zhili) After 1604

Ed.:

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0365–0366

– *Undated ed. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton]

Rem.: An edition of the Ming Penal Code—clearly the 1585 revised version with substatutes—making the original text (bolded and punctuated) easier to understand by inserting here and there explanations and complementary materials in small characters, as well as further notes in still smaller characters between the lines. The layout is very clear, with the title of each statute highlighted in a black cartouche and the columns of the main text separated by narrower columns reserved for interlinear annotations. For long statutes each new paragraph marked by a circle starts on a new column. The work is introduced by the imperial pref. to the 1397 Code and a lengthy fanli where the previous commentators of the Code are criticized for various reasons, first of all their verbosity, the author defending his own formula of inserting explanations “within the text of the law and on the side.” He says that he has made use of previous commentaries but reduced them to essentials. There is a long list of books consulted (32 in all), both official publications and private commentaries (including [Ming lü] Longtu [biandu pangxun lüfa quanshu], see previous entry, to which it is therefore posterior). The rate of additional materials to original text is significantly less than in most annotated editions of the Ming Code. As in the latter, the front matter includes a general table of contents of the Code, tables of the six spoils, eight characters, rates of monetary redemption, compensation for false accusations having resulted in unfair punishment, five punishments, instruments for punishments, degrees of mourning, and a detailed table of contents enumerating all the statutes in the Code.

Bio.: Xu Changzuo was born to a scholarly family that had benefited from the wealth of Xu’s grandfather, who had been a high official during the Jiajing and early Wanli reigns. Thanks to his grandfather’s eminence he entered the bureaucracy as a student of the National University and rose to bureau director in the Ministry of Justice around 1604 or 1605. The publication of Da Ming lüli tianshi pangzhu must date to this period in his career. Ironically for a specialist of penal law, Xu died committing suicide while awaiting in prison to be judged for the murder of an aunt, an act committed out of pure greed; he had been denounced to the authorities by his youngest brother in 1609, eighteen years after the act, which had arisen from a dispute over family assets. See DMB, 581; Changshu XZ (Wanli/1934 ms.), 12/33b, 27/14b; Xincheng 新城 XZ (Jiangxi) (1751), 9/59a–b, 60b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 462/8720. [TN] Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 137. Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 48. [PEW]

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[Xinke yuban xinli] Santai Ming lü zhaopan zhengzong 新刻御頒新例 三台明律招判正宗, 1 + 13 j. [The Santai Studio Ming Code Together with the Correct Standard of Confessions and Judgments]

Comp. Yu Yuan 余員 (h. Fangshan 方山) and Ye Ji 葉伋 (h. Luzhai 魯 齋), from Chong’an 崇安 (Fujian) N.d. Ed.:

– *1606 new engraving (重梓) printed by Yu Xiangdou (h. Wentai) from the Shuangfeng tang bookstore in Jianyang (Fujian) 福建建邑書林雙峰堂文 台余象斗梓行, new engraving by the Yu Wentai bookstore 書林余文台重 梓, title handwritten on the covers Santai Ming lü zhengzong, title in chapter captions Xinke yuban xinli Santai Ming lü zhaopan zhengzong, with imperial pref. to the 1397 Penal Code and memorial of presentation of the new substatutes (重修問刑條例) by Shu Hua 舒化 and others (1585); the date of this Yu Wentai “new engraving” appears in a cartouche at the end of the work. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton] [*Sonkeikaku] – *1618 new ed. printed by the Yu-family Shuangfeng tang in Jianyang (Fujian) 建邑余氏雙峰堂; the date of printing appears in a cartouche at the end. [Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection, no cover-leaf, text starting on p. 4 of the Shu Hua memorial] – Photo-repro. of 1618 ed., in Yuwai Hanji zhenben wenku 域外漢籍珍本文 庫, ser. 1 (修訂本), 史部 (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 2011), vol. 4.

Rem.: A particularly rich collection of practical materials published with the text of the Ming Code. Its publisher Yu Xiangdou is a wellknown figure in the history of late-Ming printing; Santai in the title refers to the Santai guan 館, another name of his studio. Regarding the role of the two compilers, as indicated at the head of j. 1, Yu Yuan (a registrar of the Kaiping garrison, Shanxi 開平衛經歷) was apparently in charge of the commentaries and cases (註招), while Ye Ji (a jailwarden at Dingnan county, Jiangxi 定南縣典史) took care of the proclamations and judgments (示判). The cover-leaf of the copy at Sonkeikaku, which bears the title Xinli Santai Ming lü zhengzong, advertises the formula resorted to in the work, viz. (hypothetical) cases (招擬) in the top register, explanations of pronunciations of terms (音釋) in the middle register, model judgments (判), proclamations (告), and commentaries in the lower register; it also claims that this is “an enlarged second printing with new blocks” (增補二刊新板), and lists the materials that have been added (增), viz. cases from the different bureaus (各房招擬), model judgments for the provincial and capital examinations (鄉會判語), new types of

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proclamations (新式告示), quotes from earlier commentaries ([Dulü] suoyan and [Dulü] guanjian [qq.v.]), models for communications (行移 體式), and Xiyuan lu (q.v.) as appendix (附洗冤錄). The front material in j. 首 includes, besides the memorial of Shu Hua et al., the tables of five punishments, instruments for punishment, mourning system, six spoils, redemption rates at the capital and in the provinces, redemption rates for people having instigated wrong punishments (收贖鈔圖), and eight characters; the table of contents of the Ming Code; and such texts frequently found in similar compilations as Weizheng guimo jieyao lun 為政規模節要論, Zhenfan zafan sizui 真犯雜犯死罪, Jinke yulü 金科玉 律, and Liuzang zonglei ge 六贓總類歌, as well as the punishments corresponding to the six spoils, represented on a picture of a hand (論贓 掌訣圖). Beginning with the table of contents of the Code, and then in the body of the work, the page is split into three registers: main text at the bottom (10 columns of 20 large characters), additional materials at the top (18 columns of 12 small characters), and in between a thin register (two small characters per column) indicating the pronunciation of certain characters. Above the table of contents of the Code, the upper register enumerates the laws applying by analogy for a variety of crimes (比附律條); in the same j. 首 it also features a series of judicial problems in the form of questions and answers, titled Xinzeng lüyi duanfa 新增律 頤斷法, and a collection of model confessions entitled “A complete set on writing confessions” (作招備體), similar in form and content to the “hypothetical cases” of the jiaru 假如 type found elsewhere in the text (see below). In j. 1–11 the main text consists of the Statutes (with the small-character commentary introduced by wei 謂 and a few interlinear commentaries) and substatutes (問刑條例) of the seven parts of the Code, namely, General Principles (j. 1), Officials (j. 2), Revenue (j. 3–4), Rites (j. 5), War (j. 6–7), Justice (j. 8–10), and Public Works (j. 11). Each statute with its substatutes is followed, as the case may be, by quotations from the two commentaries mentioned above, and by model judgments and proclamations. In j. 1 the material in the upper part of the page includes a variety of didactic texts with titles such as Liulü zongkuo 六律總 括, Fajia yinyong 法家引用, Wufu ge 五服歌, discussions of the sixteen characters, six spoils, six kinds of homicides (六殺), and model forms for official communications. From j. 2 onwards, the upper register is entirely dedicated to hypothetical cases in the jiaru format, corresponding to the statutes quoted at the bottom of the page, under the general title Xinni jingsheng zhaoyou 新擬京省招由. J. 12 is devoted to Xiyuan lu and j. 13 to Wuyuan lu (qq.v.), both being ascribed in the captions to Song

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Ci, the author of the original Xiyuan jilu (q.v.); the Xiyuan lu is a Yuan adaptation, however. The upper register contains a variety of materials on lawsuits and judicial administration (unrelated to forensics) under the general title Fajia zonglun 法家總論. The beginning of the complete Wuyuan lu text in j. 13 (to entry 7 of j. 2) appears in the bottom register, while the rest (entries 8–43 of j. 2) is stuffed in the upper register; the latter also includes a variety of models and other documents related to the administration of justice.

Bio.: Little is known about the compilers beyond what is noted in the text. It is likely that they took a minor road to official status, like coming from a clerk background. Ye Ji was from the county bordering Jianyang 建陽, and his service in Dingnan 定南 was from 1574 to about 1580. See Dingnan XZ (1825), 4/26b. Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 138 (giving Shu Hua as author, as do several library catalogs). Langlois, 205–6 (on Fajia zonglun, “General teachings for the jurist”), 211 (title translated as “Standard Forms of Confessions and Judgments for the Ming Code”). Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 47–48. He Qinhua, 2:200. On the publishing activities of Yu Xiangdou (Wentai), see Chia, Printing for Profit, 156–60, Brokaw and Chow, Printing and Book Culture, 171–2, and DMB, 1612–14. [JK, TN, PEW] 0368

Da Ming lü fuli zhujie 大明律附例註解, 1 + 30 j. [The Penal Code of the Great Ming with Substatutes and Explanatory Notes] Commented (註解) by Yao Siren 姚思仁 (z. Shanchang 善長, h. Luofu 羅浮) (fl. 1550–1633) (js. 1583), from Xiushui 秀水 (Zhejiang) 1607 or later Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with first pages damaged and no cover-leaf. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton] – *Undated ed., without cover-leaf, with imperial pref. to the 1397 Penal Code, memorial of president of Ministry of Justice Shu Hua 舒化 asking for the authorisation to prepare a new edition of the Penal Code including the substatutes (重修問刑條例提稿, 4th month, 1585), memorial of Shu Hua and vice-president Geng Dingxiang 耿定向 presenting the draft of this 1585 new ed., titled Da Ming lü fuli (9th month, 1585). [*Beida] – *Undated Korean ms. ed., very carefully laid out, cover bearing the seal of the poet and calligrapher Cho Myŏnho 趙冕鎬 (1804–87), with a different page-setting (10 columns per page instead of 9) but contents identical to the above. [IHEC]

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– Photo-repro. of ed. at Beida, in Beijing daxue tushuguan cang shanben congshu 北京大學圖書館藏善本叢書, Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 1993. – *Photo-repro. of Shu Hua’s 1585 memorial, in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 3, vol. 2.

Rem.: The name of the compiler (lit. “annotator,” zhujie) appears in the chapter captions; his title is vice-president of the Court of Justice (大 理寺左少卿), a post he held (with interruptions) between 1607 and 1616. The pref. and memorials are followed by the general table of contents of the Code, the tables on five punishments, instruments for punishments, degrees of mourning, six spoils, and monetary redemption of punishments, and by the list of capital crimes subject or not to amnesty (真犯 雜犯死罪) approved in 1497 (some sources say 1498), which enumerates the crimes by decreasing order of punishment. Depending on the copy, the detailed table of the 460 statutes in the Code comes either before or after that text. In the body of the work the page is split between a bottom register (9 columns of 18 large characters) and a smaller upper register (18 columns of 5 small characters) (Beida and Naikaku printed ed.). The bottom register contains the text of the statutes and substatutes enriched with explanations or complements inserted in small characters. (In other similar works, e.g. Da Ming lüli xiangxing bingjian [q.v.], these or similar explanations are moved to the upper register or inserted between the lines.) Some further explanations of terms and notions appear in the upper register, but it is left empty on many pages. In general the work features less additional materials than other late-Ming annotated editions of the Penal Code. Biographical materials state that Yao Siren took notes for his own reference and that these were the basis of his explanations; they also suggest that this work was used for reference in the complilation of the Penal Code in the early Qing period.

Bio.: Yao Siren had a variety of administrative experience in addition to his legal work. After earning the jinshi he was made director (正) of the Messenger Office. In 1592 he became a censor (御史) and then had a variety of assignments: overseeing salt production (巡鹽) in 1593, regional inspector in Shandong in 1594 and in Henan in 1596, and checking on the border (廵關) in 1599. He was made assistant commissioner (參議) in the Office of Transmission, first junior in 1602 and then senior in 1606. In 1607 he was made junior vice-minister (少卿) in the Court of Judicial Review and shortly afterwards was promoted to senior. He was out of office for a while, but was restored to the same post in 1614. In 1616 he was appointed prefect (府尹) of Yingtian (Nanjing). He went on to serve as commissioner (使) in the Office of Transmission, and then viceminister (侍郎) and minister (尚書) in the Ministry of Works. He retired in

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1623. See Xiushui XZ (1685), 5/42a; Jiangning 江寧 FZ (1668), 16/11b, 18/31b; He Chuguang 何出光, Lantai fajian lu 蘭臺法鑒錄, 20/34a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 253/4714, 301/5650, 341/6328, 370/6942, 422/7984, 436/8239, 448/8486, 588/9770, 542/10305. [TN] Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 137. Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 48–49. [PEW] 0369

Xingtai falü 刑台法律, 3 + 18 j. [The Laws of the Terrace of Punishments] Coll. (校正) Shen Yingwen 沈應文 (z. Zhengfu 徵甫) (1543–1627) (js. 1568), from Yuyao 餘姚 (Zhejiang); annotated (註釋) by Xiao Jin’gao 蕭 近高 (z. Yizhi 抑之) (js. 1595) from Luling 廬陵 (Jiangxi), assisted (參考) by Cao Yubian 曹于汴 (z. Ziliang 自梁, h. Zhenyu 真予) (1558–1634) (js. 1592), from Anyi 安邑 (Shanxi) 1609 Ed.:

– *1609 ed. of the Xiong-family Zhongde tang in Tanyang (i.e. Jianyang 建 陽, Fujian) 潭陽藝林熊氏種德堂繡梓, with pref. by Fujian regional inspector Xu Jian 徐鑑 (n.d.). [Sonkeikaku] – *Photo-repro. of above ed. in Chinese binding (12 ce), Beijing: Zhongguo shudian, 1987. [Columbia] – *Photo-repro. of the above ed. in western binding, Beijing: Zhongguo shudian, 1990, 2 vols. (Haiwang cun guji congkan 海王邨古籍叢刊).

Rem.: The complete title in the chapter captions is Dingjuan liuke zouzhun yuzhi xinban fenlei shizhu 鼎鐫六科奏准御製新頒分類釋註 Xingtai falü. The caption of j. 1 displays the names of minister of Justice Shen Yingwen as collator, Xiao Jin’gao as annotator, and Cao Yubian as assistant; their biographies suggest that the work was mostly done by Xiao and Cao at a time when they were active in governmental reform and served together in the Office of Scrutiny for Justice (刑科), in other words, were both members of the Six Offices of Scrutiny (六科) alluded to in the complete title and possibly in the phrase xingtai. It is ironical that they should bear the surnames Xiao and Cao, like Liu Bang’s legendary legal assistants whose twin names feature in the titles of many litigation master handbooks (see Section 4.1.8). Xu Jian’s pref. is signed as Fujian regional inspector, a position to which he was appointed in 1613 (Ming shilu: Shenzong, 505/9600), meaning that the pref. may have been inserted afterwards. This elaborately printed work is a substantial commentary to the Ming Penal Code, introducing a large quantity of

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additional materials for reference. The highly detailed mulu reproduces the distribution of materials between the lower and upper registers as featured in the main text; for some reason there is a second mulu devoted to the last two juan, even though it only reproduces the end of the main mulu. J. 首 begins with an enumeration of the crimes punishable by the death penalty (slicing, beheading, and strangulation), both non-subject and subject to amnesty (真犯 and 雜犯); this is followed by a series of tables (six spoils, redemption tariffs, eight characters, five punishments, instruments for punishments, and mourning tables). J. fu 附卷 contains a large number of models of official communications (行移體式) and other documents dealing with the judicial procedure. J. fu 副卷 is devoted to texts on law and legal administration and procedure also found in other similar compilations, viz. Weizheng guimo jieyao 為政規模節要, Xingming qimeng jiyao 刑名啟蒙集要, Jinke yulü 金科玉律; then comes the first part of the Code (名例律), most of the entries being followed by “rules on punishment proposals” (擬罪條例), i.e., substatutes. The text of the six main sections of the Code is displayed in j. 1–16, namely, Personnel (j. 1), Revenue (j. 2–5), Rites (j. 6), War (j. 7–8), Justice (j. 9–15), and Public Works (j. 16). J. 17–18 are devoted to Xiyuan lu (q.v.) in its Yuan version. The commentaries and explanations are inserted directly in the text of each statute; the statutes are followed by fictitious cases in jiaru 假如 format (with questions wen 問 introduced by ru 如, followed by answers da 答 introduced by kande 看得, shende 審得, or similar phrases) and by substatutes. Except in j. 首, the pages are split into a lower register (about two thirds of the page) displaying the main text as described above, and an upper register containing a wide variety of materials (all listed in the mulu), such as: lists of phrases used in accusations and confessions (串招字眼), instructions for formatting and binding memorials and other documents, various technical terms, instructions on the procedure, and more (附卷); official prices of various commodities (欽定 時估例), rules for determining the degree of guilt for various crimes (問 囚則例), regulations on checking official documents (照刷文卷則例), rules on analogies (比附雜犯罪律), questions and answers on how to adjudicate a variety of difficult or ambiguous situations (新增律頤斷法, found in several similar treatises) (副卷); a large number of examples of proclamations (告示) and model judgments for examinations (判 語) corresponding to the laws cited underneath, under the general title gaopan tishi 告判體式 (j. 1–16); a large collection of fictitious judgments (the first few are judgments in four-six prose composed by examination candidates), titled Xinzeng kongbu yuanfa siliu canyu 新增孔部元法四

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六參語 (j. 17–18); and a series of similar pieces titled Chongzeng shencan fayu 重增審參法語 (j. 18). The layout and engraving are very clear, with framed subtitles and various ornamentations; the date and place of ed. are indicated in a cartouche on the last page. The Zhongde tang of the Xiong family was one of the best-known Jianyang publishers in the late Ming. The copy photo-reproduced bears hand-written indications on the end page to the effect that it was bought in 1822 for a price of 2 strings of cash, presumably by a Mr Qiao 喬氏 who wrote his name at the beginning of each chapter, adding the mention cundu 存讀.

Bio.: By the time of publication, Shen Yingwen was seeking to leave office. After a variety of provincial positions in Nan Zhili, Shandong, Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Guangdong, and central government posts in Nanjing and Beijing, he became minister of Justice in 1608 and requested to retire nine times. In 1609 he went on strike, prevented the use of the seal of office, and was finally let go in the first month of 1610. He was called back to service in 1616 but repeatedly attempted to retire, which he was eventually allowed to do in 1621. See Yuyao XZ (1899), 23/1a; Chizhou 池州 FZ (1777), 37/20b; Qingzhou 青州 FZ (1721), 11/24b; Shuntian 順天 FZ (1593), 4/又9a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 133/2474, 168/3045, 199/3736, 210/3930, 259/4813, 284/5258, 321/5968, 329/6082, 331/6125, 405/7568, 412/7722, 449/8496, 451/8530, 462/8720, 466/8793, 542/10304, 586/11213, Xizong, 4/192, 7/325. Both Xiao Jin’gao and Cao Yubian were activist officials involved with the Donglin movement. Xiao began his career as a drafter (舍人) in the Central Drafting Office, and in 1602 was appointed supervising secretary (給事中), first for Rites and then for Works. In 1607 he was made chief supervising secretary (都給事中) for Justice. In 1608, frustrated with the lack of response from the emperor, he requested outside appointment and served in Zhejiang and Fujian before retiring in 1618. He was called back to office in 1621, but retired on excuse of illness in 1623 to avoid the increasing power of the eunuch Wei Zhongxian 魏 忠賢. See MS, 242/6280–81; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 368/6885, 417/7876, 436/8251, 452/8541, 494/9309, 533/10093, 574/10843, Xizong, 9/453, 42/2192, 65/3091. Cao began his career as prefectural judge in Huai’an 淮安 (Nan Zhili). In 1602 he was made a supervising secretary for Personnel before retiring for illness. He was called back in 1606 as supervising secretary for Justice. In 1609 he was made chief supervising secretary for Personnel, and in that position carried out the evaluations of 1610 and 1611 that resulted in the purge of many Donglin opponents. In 1612 he became vice-minister (少卿) in the Court of Imperial Sacrifices before retiring. In 1620 he was called back to office and in 1622 was made assistant censor-in-chief (僉都御史) and helped with the evaluation run by Donglin partisans. In 1623 he retired on the excuse of illness to avoid the

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power of Wei Zhongxian, and in 1624 was stripped of his official status for refusing appointment. After Wei fell he served as censor-in-chief (都御史) until he was dismissed from office in 1630. See MS, 254/6556–57; Xiezhou Anyi XZ 解州安邑縣志 (1764), 8/6a; Pingyang 平陽 FZ (1708), 23/13a; Huai’an 淮安 FZ (Qianlong/1852), 19/22a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 368/6885, 381/7168, 418/7920, 460/8684, 481/9061, 485/9135, 503/9556, Xizong, 4/181, 27/1362, Chongzhen, 1/16, 3/82; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 506. [TN] Ref. and studies: Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 51, finding many errors in the quotations of substatutes. He Qinhua, 2:200 (in 21 j.), 329– 35. Chia, Printing for Profit, 167–9, for considerations on the Zhongde tang. [JK, PEW] 0370

Quanbu xinli minglü tongzong 全補新例明律統宗, 2 + 18 + 3 j. [A Complete Foundation to Illuminate the Code, with All New Substatutes Supplied] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. printed by Chen Qiquan at the Jishan tang 積善堂陳奇泉 梓, with imperial pref. to the Ming Code (1397). [Sonkeikaku]

Rem.: A commercially published encyclopedic edition of the Ming Code with related materials. The complete title appears on the coverleaf (in the central margins it is Minglü tongzong); it is topped by the words “imperially composed and proclaimed” (御製頒行) (referring apparently to the text of the Code) and by a short advertisement signed by Chen Sunxian from Jianyang 建邑陳孫賢 (given as author of the work in the Sonkeikaku catalog). The Hongwu pref. to the 1397 Code is followed by a long list of the texts, official or otherwise, quoted in the present work (31 in all), by a short note in two items insisting on the absence of errors in the text of the Code and substatutes, and by Liu Weiqian’s 劉 惟謙 memorial presenting the 1374 ed. of the Code. J. 首A, titled Xinzeng minglü tongzong fajia pouji zhaiyao 新增明律統宗法家裒集摘要 on the first page, reproduces various materials extracted from Fajia pouji (q.v.), which would date it to after 1551; from about the middle of this chapter and through the end of the work the page is split into two registers, the upper register (about one third of the page) containing a variety of materials more or less related to the text in the lower register. J. 首B contains three texts, Weizheng jieyao lun 為政節要論, Jinke yicheng fu 金科一誠 賦, and Lünan yinyong 律難引用, followed by a general table of contents

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(總目便覽) listing the sections and statutes of the Code. J. 1–17 are devoted to the seven parts of the Code, namely, General Principles (j. 1), Personnel (j. 2), Revenue (j. 3–6), Rites (j. 7), War (j. 8–9), Justice (j. 10– 16), and Public Works (j. 17). The title in chapter captions is Xinke minglü tongzong weizheng bianlan 新刻明律統宗為政便覽 (this is the title featuring in the Sonkeikaku catalog). From j. 2 onwards, each juan (except j. 11) has a second part titled Xinke quanbu xinli 新刻全補新例 minglü tongzong, listing the new substatutes (zengbu 增補 xinli) in the order of the statutes, without upper register. In the first part of each chapter the lower register contains the statutes of the Code, occasionally followed by articles from the Ming Ordinances, and most of the time by commentaries quoted from a variety of works, principally [Dulü] suoyan (q.v.), and in turn by applicable substatutes; according to Huang Zhangjian (see below), they come from the Wanli Wenxing tiaoli (probably published 1607 or later). The upper register features examples of proclamations (告示) and judgments (判語) responding to the text below. In j. 18, titled Xinzeng minglü tongzong quanfu xingyi bianlan 全附行移便覽, the lower register provides model of official correspondence, while the upper register features the Zhenfan zafan regulations (on capital crimes subject or not to amnesty), a text titled Chushi guan mingjian 出仕官 明鑑, and model fictitious judgments (招擬假如各式). The appended three chapters contain Song tixing xiyuan lu (1 j.) and Wuyuan lu (2 j.) (qq.v.); the upper registers contains Xingtong fu (q.v.) and its commentaries, and in the end regulations for regional inspectors, titled Xinzeng chuxun shili 新增出巡事例.

Ref. and studies: Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 50, claiming (for no clear reason) that it is a 1612 publication, and that it is full of errors. [PEW] 0371

Da Ming lü fuli jianshi 大明律附例箋釋, 1 + 30 + 1 j. [An Explication of the Code of the Great Ming with Attached Substatutes] Commentaries comp. (集釋) by Wang Kentang 王肯堂 (z. Yutai 宇泰) (1549– 1613) (js. 1589), from Jintan 金壇 (Nan Zhili); Qing adaptation by Gu Ding 顧鼎 (z. Dingjiu 定九)

1612 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated Ming ed., printing blocks “at this yamen” 本衙藏板, author on cover-leaf Wang Yutai 王宇泰先生著, title on cover-leaf and in central margins Lüli jianshi 律例箋釋, title in chapter captions Da Ming lü fuli,

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with 1397 imperial pref. to the Ming Code, pref. by Wang Kentang (1612, to 律例箋釋), memorial of presentation of the 1585 Penal Code by Shu Hua 舒化 and Geng Dingxiang 耿定向; with Shenxing shuo (q.v.) appended, with pref. by Wang Kentang (1612), Lü Kun’s Xingjie 刑戒, postfs. by Zou Yuanbiao 鄒元標 (1592) and Wang Kentang (1612). [*Beida] [*Ōki] – *Qing-period undated ms. ed., no cover-leaf, with 1397 imperial pref., a “Song on the Code’s table of contents” (讀律總目歌) and another one titled Jinke yulü 金科玉律, pref. by Wang Kentang (1612), title in chapter captions Da Ming lü fuli, no title in central margins; with Shenxing shuo appended (Wang Kentang pref.), and Lü Kun’s Xingjie (Zou Yuanbiao and Wang Kentang postfs.). This ms. carefully reproduces Wang Kentang’s text, including the original elevations for names of Ming emperors etc., but includes a few Qing additions marked as such, either in the text or in notes in the upper margin; there is abundant punctuation and underlining added. [Beitu] – *[1689] ed. with pref. by Xia Zhangqi 夏張琪 (1689) (then in charge of the Dongguan 東莞 garrison in Guangdong) and fanli by Gu Ding, titled Wang Kentang jianshi on the cover-leaf and in chapter captions, running title jianshi, with tables (圖註) as j. 首, and Shenxing shuo, Jianyan shi­ shang zhinan (Jianyan zhinan in the mulu), and Yijiu sishang fa (Yijiu fa in the mulu) (qq.v.) appended as j. 末. Xia’s pref. indicates that he funded the engraving of this ed. on the insistence of Gu Ding (both hailed from the Suzhou region), who came to Dongguan as acting magistrate in 1689; another reason was that he was himself convinced that Wang Kentang’s commentary was for the Code the equivalent of Zhu Xi’s commentaries to the classics. [*Columbia] [*Jimbun, no cover-leaf] – *Undated ms. ed. (artlessly written on plain paper and unpaginated), with pref. by Xia Zhangqi (1689) and fanli by Gu Ding, exactly similar in text and page-setting to the ed. above, of which it is obviously a handwritten copy; the cover labels give the title Da Qing lü jianshi, with Da Qing crossed out by someone and replaced by Ming 明. [Hitotsubashi Univ.] – *[1691] revised ed. (重編) published by Gu Ding, titled Wang Kentang jianshi on the cover-leaf, Jianshi in the central margins, Wang Yibu xiansheng 王儀部先生 jianshi at head of mulu and in chapter captions, with original pref. by Wang Kentang (1612), Gu Ding’s pref. to the revised ed. (重編自序) (1691), and “Eight articles on the revised edition” (重編八則) by Gu Ding, postfs. to the revised ed. (箋釋重編後序) by Min Ying 閔瑛 (1691) and Huang Zhong 黃中 (1691), both placed after j. 30 (after juan 末 in certain copies, or at the head of the work as “prefaces” in others); with tables as j. 首 and Shenxing shuo (without pref.), Jianyan shishang zhinan

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[Jianyan zhinan in the mulu], and Yijiu sishang fa [Yijiu fa in the mulu] (qq.v.) appended as j. 末. [*Beida] [*Beitu, postfs. as prefs. at the beginning] [Faxue suo] [*Fu Sinian] [*Ōki, postf. placed after j. 末] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Photo-repro. of Gu Ding undated ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 1, vol. 25. – *Photo-repro. of Gu Ding 1691 ed., in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 2, vol. 3–5.

Rem.: An extended and fairly discursive commentary to the Ming Code, adapted to the Qing Code in the Gu Ding edition. The title of the Ming ed., also found in the bibliographic treatise of Mingshi, is Lüli jianshi; He Qinhua (see below) assumes that it stands for Da Ming lü fuli jianshi, which is the title found in several library catalogs. The work is based on Dulü sijian (q.v.), a treatise by the author’s father, Wang Qiao 樵, who like his son had been an official at the Nanjing Ministry of Justice; the joint authorship is acknowledged in all known Ming copies, whose chapter captions give Wang Qiao as sijian 私箋 and Wang Kentang as jishi 集釋. He Qinhua’s comparisons suggest that, while he did pick up the “notes” of his father, Wang Kentang enlarged them considerably, providing lengthy explanations in language easy to understand and adding quotations from substatutes. Like many other Ming works of its sort, Lüli jianshi opens with the Hongwu emperor’s pref. to the 1397 ed. of the Penal Code and the 1585 memorial of presentation of the Wanli ed., followed by a variety of tables and other materials: five punishments, instruments for punishments, rules of mourning, six spoils, rates of redemption of punishments, 1497 rules on capital crimes subject to amnesty or not (see under Lüli leichao), general table of contents of the Code, eight characters, and detailed table of contents listing the 460 statutes of the Code (there may be changes in the order depending on the copy). The body of the work consists of entries reproducing the text of the Code, each statute (or paragraph thereof) and substatute followed by explanations and commentaries (there is also a general commentary at the beginning of each section); there are occasional quotes from such texts as Da Ming huidian 大明會典, Da Ming ling 大明令, Xian’gang 憲 剛, etc., or extracts from Xiyuan jilu (q.v.) appended to the statute on forensic examination, as well as hypothetical cases (introduced by jiaru 假如). The Hongwu pref. and Ming memorials have been removed from the early Qing adaptation by Gu Ding. The 1691 chongbian features notable differences with the 1689 ed. sponsored by Xia Zhangqi: the 1691 “Eight articles” use much of the 1689 fanli but have been expanded and differently organized; the mention of Xia’s sponsorship has disappeared. The commentary seems to be essentially the same in the two versions, Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

Figure 8

Da Ming lü fuli jianshi (#0371), article “Causing a person’s death through oppression,” with Wang Kentang’s commentary

0371

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but with some rewriting and changes in wording from one to the other, usually in the direction of a more flowery style. While Wang Kentang’s authorship is reflected in the title of Gu Ding’s adaptation, in the 1691 chongbian only four collators and arrangers, including Gu Ding as “chongbian,” are mentioned in chapter captions (there is no mention at all in the 1689 ed.); Wang Qiao is no longer mentioned. An important difference from the Ming version is that the text of the Code is absent: only the commentary appears. Even the tables in j. 首 (圖註: five punishments, degrees of mourning, eight characters, six spoils, redemption rates, compensations for people unjustly punished) are represented by their sole titles, followed by lengthy commentaries. (Wang Kentang’s original version has no commentary to the tables.) In the body of the work only the titles of the statutes are given, immediately followed by the commentary, most often introduced by the words shi yue 釋曰, discussing each paragraph of a statute one by one when necessary; substatutes are mentioned, but not quoted in full. It also appears that Gu mixed up the substatutes and Wang’s commentaries, made various cuts, and generally tried to make the text simpler and easier to follow by giving prominence to Wang’s commentary at the expense of the law itself; besides, Gu Ding’s “eight articles” indicate that he rearranged the order of the entries to follow the order of the Qing Code promulgated in 1646. He also replaced “Ming” with “Qing” in the text and did other such necessary—in his time—adaptations (not without mistakenly allowing some specific Ming features to stay, as noted by Ch’en Fu-mei [see below]). He specifies that he added the three texts appended in j. 末. In a general way, the Lüli jianshi’s contents and style of commentary were extremely influential both in the late Ming and—thanks to Gu Ding’s revival of the text—during the entire Qing. Wang Kentang’s work also established the standard explanation for the so-called “eight characters” (例分八字之 義)—words with special syntactic importance whose interpretation is crucial for understanding correctly the text of the law. Wang’s explanations and commentaries were systematically printed above the relevant statutes and substatutes in the 1705 Da Qing lü jianshi hechao (q.v.). For a different early-Qing adaptation of Wang Kentang’s commentary, see under Da Qing lü jianshi. Bio.: Wang Kentang was best known for his writings about medicine and forensics in addition to his commentary to the Code and his writings about the classics. After passing the jinshi he was selected as a bachelor (庶吉士) and in 1591 as an examining editor (檢討) at the Hanlin Academy. He was proud of serving in the Hanlin and for the rest of his life identified himself as “examining editor” rather than citing his subsequent positions. A memorial in

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0371–0372

481

which he offered to personally recruit and lead forces against pirates did not draw a response. He resigned on account of illness and was demoted in the next evaluation. He spent 14 years at home and apparently declined two appointments as vice-magistrate (丞). He is mentioned among the scholars that Matteo Ricci met in Nanjing in 1599 and 1600. In 1606 he was appointed on recommendation vice-director of the Messenger Office (行人司副) at the Nanjing Ministry of Rites. He went on to become bureau director in the same ministry, and in 1612 bevame assistant administrative commissioner (參議) in Fujian. In 1613 he was made administration vice-commissioner (參政) in Zhejiang and served briefly before his vigorous efforts to be allowed to retire were approved. His short Mingshi biography is appended to that of his father Wang Qiao (see under Dulü sijian). Wang Kentang’s insistence on reviving the prestige of legal studies, traditionally disfavored by scholars, may have resulted from the difficulties his father encountered for having mishandled some legal cases. Wang Qiao had immersed himself in the study of law and had become one of its best practitioners. See MS, 221/5818; Jintan XZ (1683), 12/41a–42a; Zhenjiang 鎮江 FZ (1685), 36/44a; Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (1686/1694), 18/32a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 212/3978, 239/4434, 380/7155, 413/7742, 495/9325; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 40; Renming quanwei. [TN] No information is available on Gu Ding. Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2399 (title Lüli jianshi). Franke, 6.3.3 (11). “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 45 (title Dulü jianshi 讀律箋釋) (by Xu Lizhi 徐立志). Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 51, noting that that this is the first Ming ed. of the Code with commentaries not only to the statutes but also to the substatutes. Ch’en Fu-mei, 9–18. Gao & Ma, 348–9. Jia Jingtao, 188–9. He Qinhua, 2:236–54, giving title Lüli jianshi, and citing at least four Ming copies held in China (without giving details) as well as an early Qing manuscript copy at Beitu that seems very close to the Ming model (see above). [JB, GRT, PEW] 0372

Dingjuan qinban bianyi lüli zhaodai wangzhang 鼎鐫欽頒辨疑律 例昭代王章, 1 + 1 + 5 j. [Royal Laws of a Brilliant Age: the Penal Code with Discussion of Doubtful Points, Beautifully Engraved and Imperially promulgated]

Comp. (分輯) Xiong Mingqi 熊鳴岐 (z. Wenfu 文甫) (js. 1607), from Fengcheng 豐城 (Jiangxi); corrected (正訛) by Qian Shijin 錢士晉 (z. Kanghou 康侯, h. Zhaozi 昭自) (1577–1635) (js. 1613), from Jiashan 嘉善 (Zhejiang); supervised (督刊) by Du Shihui 杜時會 N.d. Ed.: Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– *Undated ed. with pref. by Ruo Xing 若行 (n.d.), Hongwu’s pref. to Dagao (1385). [Archives and Mausolea Department, Imperial Household Agency, Tokyo] [*Ōki (no cover-leaf, pref. and first page of Hongwu pref. missing, only juan 首 left)] – *Undated Shijian tang engraving by Xiao Shaoqu (Shixi), based on Beijing ed. (師儉堂蕭少衢依京板刻 on the last page, 閩建書林蕭世熙依繡 in chapter captions), with pref. by Ruo Xing (n.d.). [Beitu] – *Photo-litho. reproduction of Shijian tang ed., in Xuanlan tang congshu (1941), ce 73–82. [IHEC] [*Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: A carefully organized and neatly printed commentary to the Ming Code. The names of the three persons in charge appear in chapter captions together with the title (where 辨 is sometimes written 辯). Xiong Mingqi was a supervising secretary for the Ministry of Justice (刑科給事中), the two others were officials at the same Ministry. The work starts with an unnumbered juan including the text of the “General Principles” part of the Code (in small characters in the upper register), and a variety of pedagogical materials in the bottom register (such as mourning tables, punishments for the six spoils represented on the fngers of several hands, various regulations in the form of rhymes, model documents, rules on character elevation, and description of the six ministries taken from the Huidian). This is followed by j. 首, which is devoted to the text of Dagao 大誥, with an abundance of pedagogical materials in the upper register, all detailed in an extensive mulu; in the version at Ōki, Hongwu’s 1385 pref. to Dagao is placed at the beginning of the work; in the Shijian tang version it is placed after the mulu to j. 首. The very thick j. 1–3 cover the entire Penal Code. They are preceded by a mulu listing all the statutes. There are short explanations in small characters (句解) inserted after most statutes, and placed before the substatutes (條例). The upper register is devoted to a commentary titled “Keys for judgments” (招判樞機), the entries of which deal with the crimes discussed in the corresponding statutes in the lower register (they are captioned 定 [某律] 罪款), with occasional “discussion of doubtful points” (辨疑); these explanations (款釋) are due to three officials of the Sanfasi 三法司, Zeng Tongheng 曾同亨 (1533–1607, js. 1559), Li Zhi 李鋕 (js. 1574), and Shen Dajie 沈大節. J. 4 is devoted to a wealth of materials on government in both the upper and lower registers, in the form of regulations, proclamations, model documents, and so forth; as in j. 首, all of this is precisely listed in the mulu at the beginning. It is the same with j. 5, which includes more model forms and documents in the upper register (under the general caption Xingyi zhaopan 行移招判) as well as a classified list of terms and phrases titled Fenlei juyu 分類句語; Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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the bottom register contains a text titled Xiyuan falu 洗冤法錄, featuring 34 entries extracted from the text of the Yuan ed. of Xiyuan jilu (the titles of the entries have been changed) and from Wuyuan lu (qq.v.).

Bio.: Xiong Mingqi served as supervising secretary for the Ministry of Justice early in his career. He went on to serve as bureau director in the same ministry and prefect of Shaoxing 紹興 (Zhejiang) in 1613, and later served in military defense circuits in Yunnan and (in 1620) in Guizhou. He also served in Sichuan, Huguang, and Guangdong. See Fengcheng XZ (1664), 3/47a, 3/49b; Shaoxing FZ (1792), 26/31a; Yunnan 雲南 XZ (Kangxi/Minguo), 方外志/65a; Yunnan XZ (1767), 2/19a; Guizhou TZ (1741), 17/15a; Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (1686/1694), 18/33a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 497/9378, Xizong, 2/76. After his jinshi Qian Shijin was assigned to the Ministry of Justice, first as secretary and then as bureau director. In 1619 he went to serve as prefect in Daming 大名 (Bei Zhili). The remainder of his career was in outside offices and he became an expert in the logistics of grain shipments and military supplies. He eventually reached the rank of Shandong administration commissioner. He then served at the same rank in Henan and Shanxi. He was moved to oversee grain shipments and handled three shipments by sea to circumvent problems with the Grand Canal. He was then sent out to serve as grand coordinator for Yunnan, where he oversaw the construction of infrastructures, the dredging of rivers, and the suppression of uprisings before dying in his post. See MS, 251/6488; Ni Yuanlu 倪元璐, Hongbao yingben 鴻寶應本, 10/8a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 578/10941, Xizong, 12/587, 14/715, 24/1231, 42/2201, 57/2624, 57/2658, Chongzhen, 9/275; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 875. [TN] Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2399 (giving Xiong Mingqi as author, in 15 j.). Fengcheng XZ (1825), 19/15a (Zhaodai wangzhang in 15 j.). Franke, 6.3.8 (title Zhaodai wangzhang, dating the text to the last years of the Wanli period). Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 52–53, pointing many errors and omissions that make the work somewhat disrepectful to the “Royal Laws of a Brilliant Age,” and assuming a date of publication posterior to 1613 based on the compilers’ careers. [PEW] [QING A]

See also: (Xinbian) Wenwu jinjing lüli zhinan Da Qing lüli huibian 大清律例彙編 See: Da Qing lüli huizuan

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Da Qing lüli zhuzhu guanghui quanshu 大清律例硃註廣彙全書 See: Da Qing lü jijie fuli 0373

Dulü peixi 讀律佩觿, 8 j. [A Belt Bodkin Worn to Untangle the Code] Comp. (輯) Wang Mingde 王明德 (z. Liangshi 亮士, Jinqiao 金樵) (ca. 1634–81), from Gaoyou 高郵 (Jiangsu) 1674 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., cover-leaf with “Lengran ge ed.” 冷然閣藏板 on the left, “Compiled by Wang Jinqiao from Gaosha” 高沙王金樵輯次 on the right, and “To be scrutinized by the gentlemen in the private secretaries” [燕] 臺諸先生鑒閱 on the top, with prefs. by Chen Danchi 陳丹赤 (1674), Zhan Weisheng 詹惟聖 (1674), Peng Shidu 彭師度 (n.d.), [Wang] Yujia 宗 弟豫嘉 (n.d.), and author (1674), postf. (跋) by author (1676); as this postf. is written in a “personal” hand, not in anon. kaishu like the rest, this might be the original ms. [Ōki] – *Undated Lengran ge ed., same indications on cover-leaf, with prefs. by Yan Hang 嚴沆 (1676), Zhan Weisheng (1674), Peng Shidu (n.d.), [Wang] Yujia (n.d.), and author (1674), author’s postf. (1676). [Ōki] – *Undated Lengran ge ed., same indications on cover-leaf, with prefs. by author (本序, 1674), Yu Jia (n.d.), Chen Danchi (1674), Yan Hang (1676), Peng Shidu (n.d.), and author again (小序, n.d.), author’s postf. (1676), list of collators, “Eight reading methods” (讀律八法), fanli, and mulu. [Fu Sinian] – *Undated ed. in 5 j., main cover-leaf with same indications, followed by a secondary cover-leaf bearing a lengthy presentation by the Lengran ge owner (主人), with prefs. by Yan Hang (1676), Zhan Weisheng (1674), Peng Shidu (n.d.), [Wang] Yujia (n.d.), and author (1674), author’s postf. (1676). [Congress/LL] – *Undated Lengran ge ed., same indications on cover-leaf, with prefs. by Yan Hang (1676), Chen Danchi (1674), Zhan Weisheng (1674), Peng Shidu (n.d.), [Wang] Yujia (n.d.), and author (1674), in a separate fasc.; author’s “small pref.” (小序) (n.d.) at beginning of second fasc. (which has also the main cover-leaf in the copy at Columbia, the secondary cover-leaf in the copy at Tōyō Bunko), followed by list of collators, fanli, “Eight reading methods,” and mulu; postf. by author (1676). [*Columbia] [*Tōyō Bunko, with some variants in the order of prefs., list of collaborators and “Eight methods” placed after the fanli, first ce with main cover-leaf]

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– *Photo-repro. of a “1676” Lengran ge ed., with pref. (本序, 1674) and postf. (1676) by author, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 37, using copies held by Renmin daxue and ZKT. – *Modern punctuated ed. coll. by He Qinhua 何勤華, Cheng Weirong 程 維榮, Zhang Boyuan 張伯元, and Hong Peimo 洪丕謨, Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 2001, based on the “1676” Lengran ge new ed. (重刊) reproduced in SKCMCS and collated with a “1674” ed. held at Shanghai, with prefs. by Zhan Weisheng (1674), [Wang] Yujia (n.d.), Peng Shidu (n.d.), Yan Hang (1676), and Wang Mingde (1674), author’s postf. (1676).

Rem.: The title compares the work to a bodkin worn hanging from one’s belt and used to help untangle knots. Dulü peixi attempts to explicate the Penal Code for its readers by taking the discussion of key words, phrases, notions, and technical terms as the organizing principle; in so doing, it quotes fragments from the text of the code where necessary, rather than proceeding from a complete reproduction of the statutes in their original order like most similar treatises. According to He Qinhua’s introduction to the modern ed., the theoretically-oriented organization of the work represents a breakthrough in the history of legal science (律 學) in the Ming and Qing and makes it a forerunner of the studies of the late-Qing legal scholars Xue Yusheng 薛允陞 and Shen Jiaben 沈家本. The text is in clear language and carefully punctuated, thus easy to use, which seems to have made it a comparatively popular guide. The author’s father, Wang Yongji 永吉 (js. 1625, d. 1659), had been a president of the Court of Judicial Review (大理寺) in the Ming and became a grand secretary in 1654; he instructed his son that studying the law should not be overlooked, pointing out as an example Confucius’s official function as a minister of justice in the state of Lu (魯司寇). Wang Mingde started his career as a bureau director in the Ministry of Justice, and the authors of most of the prefs. seem to belong to the same milieu of capital bureaucrats, mostly from that same ministry. The mulu is followed (or preceded, depending on the ed.) by a list of no less than 38 collators (參訂 姓氏); the cover-leaf of the copy at Fu Sinian specifies that this is a “private compilation” (私輯, the characters that appear after the name of the author in chapter captions). The fanli presents the work as a complement to Wang Kentang’s Lüli jianshi (q.v.), with which overlap has been avoided: while Lüli jianshi is a comprehensive explication of the statutes, the present work is rather the result of discussions among Wang’s colleagues concerning specific difficulties, or on important points that were insufficiently discussed in the earlier work, which he noted down

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afterwards. J. 1 includes the pref. and other front materials, as well as a discussion of the eight characters—called the “mother of the law” (律 母)—entitled “Bazi guangyi” 八字廣義, and a text entitled “Eight methods to read the Code” (讀律八法). (In some eds. j. 1 contains only the “Eight methods.”) J. 2 contains careful explanations on further characters, phrases and notions basic to the language of law. J. 3 discusses the content of 16 different formulas occurring in the statutes. J. 4A is an explanation (解) line by line of the 14 verses of Jinke yicheng fu 金科一誠賦 featuring in the anonymous Jiajing-period Da Ming lüli fujie (q.v.), while j. 4B has 17 entries discussing the different punishments. J. 5 discusses 64 concluding formulas for judicial decisions mentioning the law “according to which” (以) the case is adjudicated (論). J. 6 is devoted to banishment, and j. 7 to cases that cannot be redeemed (不准折贖). J. 8A and 8B feature both a selection of the original Xiyuan jilu and the Xiyuan lu bu 補 (qq.v.), together with discussions of various forensic problems. Some entries are completed with copies of original documents, all dating from the first fifteen years of the Kangxi reign.

Bio.: After a period of roaming during the Ming-Qing transition, Wang Mingde, who claims not to have pursued classical studies in his youth, entered officialdom through the yin privilege and became bureau director at the Ministry of Justice at the beginning of the Kangxi reign. Later he was appointed prefect of Hanyang 漢陽 (Hubei). He was captured during an operation against a military rebellion in Sichuan, and though he was able to escape when Qing forces quelled the rebellion, he died as a consequence of a crippling accident on his way home. As can be seen in the prefs., he appears to have been very influential as a law specialist. He is also the author of a treatise on river control titled Zhihe tushuo 治河圖說. See Wang’s 1676 postf.; He Qinhua, 2:443, and introduction to the modern ed. of Dulü peixi (based on information found in the gazetteers of Gaoyou department 高郵 and Yangzhou 揚州 prefecture). Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334 (in 1 juan). Siku, 101/2072. Ma, 84 (Beida). Chang, 1:30–31. Gao & Ma, 70. “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 46 (by Su Yigong 蘇亦 工). Ch’en Fu-mei, 19–22, mentioning criticisms by contemporaries as well as by later authors. Chen Pengsheng et al., 651–2. He Qinhua, 2:281–97, and introduction to the modern ed. of Dulü peixi. Qingdai lüxue, 1–21 (by Li Yanjun 李 艷君). Bourgon, 414–32. Bourgon, “Les vertus juridiques de l’exemple,” 20–24 (translating the “Introduction to the meaning of the Eight Characters”). Zhang Boyuan, Lüzhu wenxian congkao, 300–16. [JB, PEW]

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0373–0374 0374

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Da Qing lü jianshi 大清律箋釋, 1+30+2 j. [An Explication of the Great Qing Code] Ed. (訂) Li Nan 李柟 (z. Mu’an 木庵) (1647–1704) (js. 1673), from Xinghua 興化 (Jiangsu); coll. (校) Cai Fangbing 蔡方炳, from Changzhou 長洲 (Jiangsu) Ca. 1700 Ed.:

– *Undated (early 1700s) ed. of the Daiyue lou bookstore 書林帶月樓梓行, with mention “revising and enlarging the original text of Mr. Wang from Jinsha” (增訂金沙王氏原文) on cover-leaf, and words “distributed by the Ministry on imperial order” (部奉旨頒行) in red ink in the top margin. [*BN] [*Ōki]

Rem.: An early Qing, commercially published adaptation of the famous commentary by Wang Kentang (see under Da Ming lü fuli jianshi). The title on the cover-leaf and in the central margins is Da Qing lü jian­ shi; in chapter captions it is Da Qing lü jijie fuli 集解附例 jianshi. The front matter features the imperial pref. (1646) to the first Qing Code (i.e., Da Qing lü jijie fuli), followed by the general mulu, the presentation memorial of the coll. and printed ed. of that same Code (1647), by Ganglin 剛林 et al., and a memorial by censor Sheng Fusheng 盛符升 asking for a drastic revision of the Code so as to adapt it to the new dynasty and remove inconsistencies (1689). J. 首 includes tables—each followed by lengthy explanations—on the five punishments, instruments for punishments, degrees of mourning (general, and for particular categories); an explanation of the eight characters (or “mothers of the law” [律母 八字之義]); another of a further series of characters and phrases, the “eyes of the law” (律眼釋義); tables of six spoils, of rates of redemption of punishments, and of rates of compensation or redemption for persons unjustly condemned (誣輕為重收贖). An appendix titled Da Qing lü jijie fulu 附錄 features a systematic list of the periods of mourning (服 制類抄) arranged by decreasing duration; another appendix contains the list of crimes punished by death arranged by decreasing gravity of the sentence and by the statutes in the sections of the code (按律類 抄; this system adopted in 1645, distinguishing between zhenfan 真犯 (not susceptible to amnesty) and zafan 雜犯 (susceptible to amnesty), is similar to the 1497 regulation cited in the Ming commentaries of the Code); there is also a similar list arranged by the substatutes in the Code

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sections (按例類鈔). In the copy at Ōki a paper slip pasted at the end of the mulu of j. 1 says “collated by Liu Heng from Nanfeng” (南豐劉衡校 閱)—i.e., the celebrated author of Yongli yongyan (q.v.) and other works; indeed, several chapters are covered with small notes carefully written in black and red ink in the margins or between the lines, completing or updating the text. The commentaries in the body of the work are at times more verbose than those of Wang Kentang, or of the Gu Ding edition of Wang’s text, and differently arranged, but they clearly take them as their lead. The two appended juan feature Xingbu xianxing zeli 刑 部現行則例 (i.e., the Qing precedents, which contrary to the substatutes dating to the Ming were not integrated into the text proper in the Shunzhi and Kangxi eds. of the Code), introduced by a memorial of 1679 signed by no less than 79 capital officials; and Bingbu dubu zeli 兵部督捕 則例, introduced by a memorial of 1676.

Bio.: At the head of the mulu Li Nan bears the title of left censor-in-chief (左都御史)—which more or less dates the ed. (see below)—and Cai Fangbing is described as a “lay scholar from Changzhou”(長洲布衣). A large part of Li Nan’s career took place at the Hanlin Academy, where in 1679 he was part of the team entrusted with the Mingshi project as corrector (檢討); as a Hanlin reader-in-waiting (侍讀) in 1690 he became a member of the imperial diary office (日講起居注官). Two years later he was appointed academician of the Grand Secretariat (內閣學士) and vice-minister of Rites; in 1695 he was promoted to the Ministry of Works. In 1696 he was appointed Zhejiang education commissioner, but was prevented to reach the post by his mother’s death. After the period of mourning he resumed his former position at Works (1699), then Revenue. He became left censor-in-chief in 1700. He retired in 1704 on the grounds of illness. See Yangzhou 揚州 FZ (1810), 48/19a–b, citing a Lüli jijie 律 例集解 among his works, probably the same as the present text; Qing shilu: Shengzu, 87/1102, 145/600, 153/694, 167/814, 199/26, 217/197. For Cai Fangbing, see under Guang zhiping lüe. Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 143. [JB, PEW] 0375

Da Qing lü jianshi hechao 大清律箋釋合鈔, 1 + 30 j. [A Combined Copy of the Great Qing Code and Explication] Coll. Qian Fengwen 錢鳳文 from western Zhejiang (淛西) and Lu Fenglai 陸 鳳來 from Gu Wu 古吳 [Suzhou 蘇州, Jiangsu]

1705 Ed.:

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– *1705 newly engraved (新鐫) ed., place of publication Suzhou (古吳), with imperial pref. to Da Qing lü jijie fuli (n.d.), pref. by Qian Zhiqing 錢之 青 (1705). [*Columbia] [Faxue suo, Zundao tang ed. 遵道堂藏板] – *Undated ed., no cover-leaf, first page missing, with imperial pref. to Da Qing lü jijie fuli (n.d.), memorial presenting Da Qing lü by Ganglin 剛林 et al. (n.d.), pref. by Qian Zhiqing (identical except for the absence of the characters 同友陸鳳來, and dated 1702), slightly different arrangement of the front material. [Ōki, j. 1–3 missing; cat. says 錢氏思補堂刊本, but this does not appear anywhere in the text]

Rem.: The author of the pref., who introduces himself as a lay scholar from Wuxing (吳興布衣), i.e., Huzhou 湖州 (Zhejiang), is obviously the collator, Qian Fengwen. He explains that, although the original ed. of Wang [Kentang]’s commentary (see under Da Ming lü fuli jianshi) was lost, it survived through handwritten copies and was published separately, or as an appendix to the [Qing] Code, i.e., in forms that were not convenient to consult. His colleague Lu Fenglai collated it and asked him to copy it together with the Code, also adding Wang Kentang’s Shenxing shuo (q.v.) and a collection of emergency medical prescriptions called Yijiu 醫救; then the text was engraved and published to answer their colleagues’ demand. The pages are split into two equal registers. The lower one reproduces the 459 articles of the Qing Code, each followed by the relevant substatutes (條例) (i.e., Da Qing lü jijie fuli); Wang’s commentary (箋釋) is printed in smaller characters in the upper register. In general, the material above neatly complements the text below. In the 1705 ed. the front matter includes the mulu (giving the list of the 459 statutes), a memorial of the Ministry of Justice requesting a revision of the Code (1670), the memorial of presentation of the new Da Qing lü jijie fuli by grand secretary Ganglin et al. (1647), tables of six spoils, redemption rates (several tables, including redemption for people unjustly accused (誣輕為重贖圖), general table of contents of the Code (parts and sections, providing the number of statutes each time), and additional regulations on punishments promulgated in 1645 by the Qing (順治二年奏定大清律附, running title: 刑名). The latter include: a) a list of the statutes and substatutes in the Code rearranged by punishments (刑名) in decreasing order of gravity (each time indicating the part of the Code to which they belong), beginning with “capital crimes not susceptible to amnesty, immediate execution” (真犯死罪決不待時) and followed by the same crimes with possibility of delaying execution with imprisonment, military exile, etc. (附真犯死罪充軍為民例) (“capital crimes susceptible to amnesty” [雜犯死罪] are not mentioned); the

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corresponding sections in the upper register include Shenxing shuo and Jianyan shi­shang zhinan (qq.v.); b) articles on analogy (比附律條). Then come tables and explanations on the five punishments, instruments for punishment, degrees of mourning (general), six spoils, detailed tables of mourning, explanation of the above tables in the jianshi commentary, explanation of the mourning system (服制) entitled “Da Qing lü jijie mingli 名例,” and eight characters; much of these materials also have Wang’s jianshi commentary on the top of the page.

Ref.: Pelliot, 143. Ch’en Fu-mei, 18–19. “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 23 (by Su Yigong 蘇亦工) [JB, PEW]

0376

Da Qing lüli jianshi 大清律例箋釋, 30 j. [An Explication of the Great Qing Code with Substatutes] By Lu Tailai 陸泰來 N.d. Ed.:

– No known ed. available.

Rem.: Possibly the same adaptation of Wang Kentang’s Jianshi to the Qing code as the one made by Lu Fenglai 陸鳳來 (see under Da Qing lü jianshi hechao). There is no way to verify this, however. Ref. and studies: Cited in Sun Xingyan’s 孫星衍 library cat. Sun shi citang shumu neiwai bian 孫氏祠堂書目內外編 (pref. 1800), 1883 ed., 內 2/18b. Pelliot, 145. [PEW]

0377

Da Qing lü jijie fuli 大清律集解附例, 1 + 30 j. [Collected Explanations on the Code of the Great Qing with Substatutes] Comp. (Aisin Gioro) Wudahai 吳達海 (s. Xiangmin 襄敏) (1601–55) et al., annotations by the owner of the Wangu zhai at Liuli chang 琉璃 廠萬古齋主人輯注

1706 Ed.:

– *1706 Wangu zhai 萬古齋 engraving (鐫) printed in red and black ink; title in j. 1 caption Da Qing lü jijie fuli, running title Da Qing lü (in black) li pizhu jijie (in red) 大清律例批註集解; sold by the Tingsong lou 聽松樓 for 2.4 taels per copy. [Harvard Law School]

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491

– *1706 engraving responding to the same description, but without mention of publisher and name of annotator; cover-leaf with title Da Qing lü in the center, date of carving on the top (in red), subtitle fuli jijie yuanben 原本 (in black) and words Liubu zeli quanpan jichu 六部則例全判即出 (in red) on the right, words zhuchao gejia jianshi beizai 硃鈔各家箋釋備 載 (in red) on the left; seal of the Tingsong lou on cover-leaf (Jimbun and Tōyō Bunko copies); title Da Qing lüli zhuzhu guanghui quanshu 硃 註廣彙全書 on cover labels; titles in chapter captions and running title as above. [*Faxue suo, 2 copies] [*Jimbun] [*Tōyō Bunko, 3 copies]

Rem.: Essentially an updated commercial version of the Shunzhi-era Penal Code with added commentaries, which was adapted from the Ming Code and officially promulgated under the same title in 1646 (in 10 j.) under the general editorship of Wudahai, and revised in 1670. The main text is in black, the annotations and commentaries are in red. J. 首 starts with the 1646 imperial pref., the memorial (n.d.) by Ganglin 剛林 et al. announcing completion of the work, and a memorial by the Ministry of Justice and other yamen (1670) proposing to correct some errors in the Manchu version. Then come the general table of contents of the Code (大清律總目), followed by a text in small red characters, signed by the Wangu zhai owner, on moderation in beatings and applying the cangue (more or less the same as Lü Kun’s Xingjie 刑戒); the detailed table of contents of the 458 statutes (大清律例目錄), with much annotation in red on the content of each statute, sometimes indicating the number of substatutes; the tables of six spoils, redemption tariffs, reductions of punishments, five punishments, instruments for punishment, mourning regulations, eight characters; and the list of crimes arranged by descending order of punishment, susceptible or not susceptible to amnesty (真犯 and 雜犯), as approved in 1645, followed by the statutes on analogy (比附律條) (the last two are absent from the 1706 ed. at Jimbun but have been appended in an extra manuscript fasc.). The main text follows the order of the satutes in the Code. There is much punctuation and underlining in red. The explanations and commentaries from a variety of authors (including himself) collected by the Wangu zhai owner— according to the first 1706 ed. mentioned above—are inserted in red in the upper register (itself framed in red), or between the columns, or in blank spaces or pages. At places they are extremely scarce, and they are mostly unattributed (the only attribution refers to “juhui 據會,” probably standing for Xingshu juhui [q.v.]). This private commentary to the first Qing Code should not be confused with the official 1725 version of

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the Code, with official commentary inserted, compiled under the general editorship of Zhu Shi 朱軾 and published by the palace with a pref. by the Yongzheng emperor, which bears the same title (see for example the photo-repro. in Siku weishou, ser. 1, vol. 26).

Bio.: Wudahai, who belonged to the Manchu Bordered White Banner, was minister of Justice during the first 7 years of the Qing regime after the conquest (1644–50); in this quality he headed the committee that prepared the first Qing Code. At the same time, he was active in participating in the Manchu conquest. Among other feats, in 1644 he chased the rebel Li Zicheng 李自成 through Xi’an, and in 1645 he joined the forces sent south to capture Nanjing. After being in charge of the Censorate for a time, he was right associate director of the Court of the Imperial Clan (宗人府右宗正) from 1652 to his death in 1655. See QSG, 215/8940–41; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” nos. 33–35 (by Su Yigong 蘇亦工). Wu Xinli, Ming Qing xijian shiji xulu, 156–8. Ch’en Fu-mei, 22–26, citing an ed. titled Da Qing lüli zhuzhu guanghui quanshu on the covers. Bodde and Morris, Law in Imperial China, 72, giving title Da Qing lüli zhuzhu guanghui quanshu, citing it as “anonymous,” and claiming that it “apparently never achieved wide circulation.” [PEW] 0378

Da Qing lü jizhu 大清律輯注, 1 + 30 j. [Collected Commentaries on the Great Qing Code] Comp. Shen Zhiqi 沈之奇 (z. Tianyi 天易), from Xiushui 秀水 (Zhejiang) 1715 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with imperial pref. to the Qing code (1646), pref. by Jiang Chenxi 蔣陳錫 (1715), and fanli by Shen Zhiqi (1715). [*Beida] [*Zhengfa] [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunko, with presentation memorial of Da Qing lü by Ganglin 剛林 et al. (n.d.) and memorial by the Ministry of Justice et al. (1670) placed after Jiang’s pref.] [Faxue suo, with postf. (後序) by Xu Dading 許大定 (1715)] – 1745 ed., 10 ce, mention “edited and enlarged by Hong Hongxu 洪弘緒 (z. Shanfeng 山峰)” inserted in mulu (see ed. below), featuring the 458 statutes of the original ed., with 1646 imperial pref., pref. by Jiang Chenxi (1715), postf. by Xu Dading (1715). [Faxue suo] – *1746 new engraving (新鐫) of “this yamen,” facsimile eds. prohibited 本衙藏板翻刻必究, author’s name on cover-leaf 秀水沈天易先生原本,

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493

enlarged and edited by Hong Gaoshan (i.e. Hong Hongxu) from Wulin 武林洪皋山增訂, with prefs. by Zhang Sichang 張嗣昌 (1745) and Zhu Jiegui 朱介圭 (1745), “original pref.” (原序) by Jiang Chenxi (1715), fanli by Shen Zhiqi (1715); followed by Da Qing lü xuzuan tiaoli 大清律續纂條例, 4 j. (listing the new substatutes promulgated between 1740 and 1745, with fanli to both j. 1 and 2), Da Qing lüli jiaozheng tiaokuan 大清律例校正條 款, 1 ce (a list of errata concerning 22 entries), and a short (4 folios) list of analogical uses of the law (articulated by the words 比依), titled Biyin lütiao 比引律條. [Beida] – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf), 6 ce, ed. Hong Hongxu, with prefs. by Zhang Sichang (1745) and Zhu Jiegui (1745), “original pref.” by Jiang Chenxi (1715), pref. (not “fanli”) by Shen Zhiqi (1715), without the supplements of the ed. above; title in chapter captions Da Qing lü jijie fuli 集解附例. [Faxue suo] – *1755 new engraving, cover-leaf similar to 1746 ed. except for the date, with seal indicating that the work was sold at the Sanyu tang across the Wulin (i.e., Hangzhou) examination hall 武林貢院前三餘堂前發兌; with pref. by Zhang Sichang (1745), “original pref.” by Jiang Chenxi (1715), fanli by Shen Zhiqi (1715); followed by Da Qing lü xuzuan tiaoli, Da Qing lüli jiaozheng tiaokuan, and Biyin lütiao. [Columbia] – *Photo-repro. of 1746 ed. (Beida copy), Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 1993, 3 vols.; Da Qing lü xuzuan tiaoli, Da Qing lüli jiaozheng tiaokuan, and Biyin lütiao placed before the main text, right after the fanli. – *Photo-repro. of same Beida copy, in Xuxiu SKQS, 史, vol. 863, titled Da Qing lü jijie fuli in the margins of the reprint (the title on cover-leaf and original running title is Da Qing lü jizhu); Da Qing lü xuzuan tiaoli, Da Qing lüli jiaozheng tiaokuan, and Biyin lütiao placed at the end, following the main text, which is where they are in the original copy. – *Modern punctuated ed. based on copy of 1715 ed. at Zhengfa, edited by Huai Xiaofeng 懷效鋒, Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 1998 (Zhongguo lüxue congkan).

Rem.: This influential work by a muyou specialist is also known as Da Qing lü jijie fuli (i.e., the title of the first Qing Code); indeed, while the cover-leaf and central margins have Da Qing lü jizhu, the title in chapter captions is Da Qing lü jijie fuli. Together with Wang Kentang’s jianshi (q.v.), Shen’s work was acknowledged as a major influence on the general commentary to the Code officially adopted in 1725; later, Shen’s 1715 commentary “with slight revisions appeared in almost every private code published in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries” (Ch’en Fumei). In his fanli (reproduced as an “original pref.” in many later editions of the Code with commentaries), Shen claims that the many facsimile

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eds. (翻刻) of the Penal Code keep transmitting “innumerable” errors; he has corrected these based on the original official imprint, but even the latter contains engraver’s errors (刊刻之誤), which he did not dare to change. As in most works of the same sort published since the Ming (see the entries above), the front matter includes a table listing the statutes of the Penal Code (459 in the original ed., 436 in the 1746 and 1755 eds.), followed by tables of five punishments, instruments for punishment, degrees of mourning, eight characters, six spoils, tariffs of monetary redemption of punishments, and compensations for wrongly inflicted punishments; the tables are accompanied by at times lengthy explanatory texts. The main text is split into two registers. The lower (and main) register quotes the text of the statutes, followed by a commentary in small characters providing a clear and detailed explanation of its meaning, and of the relevant substatutes. The upper register features contents such as explanations of words and terms in the materials quoted in the lower register, historical data on the same materials, further explanations complementing the commentary in the lower register, quotations from earlier commentators (which the author occasionally discusses), or theoretical considerations on the law and its application. In the fanli Shen cites a number of Ming works belonging to the same genre, namely [Dulü] guanjian, [Dulü] suoyan, Xingshu juhui, [Da Ming lü] dufa, [Lüli] xuzhi, [Lüjie] bianyi, [Lütiao] shuyi, Fajia pouji, Lüjie [ fuli], and [Da Ming lü fuli] jianshi (all qq.v.). He says that despite their qualities they are not without defects, and that about half of his commentary is borrowed from these authors and about half is his “humble views” (鄙見). The revision published in 1746 by Hong Hongxu, a legal adviser hailing from Hangzhou, aimed at updating Shen Zhiqi’s work taking account of the new versions of the Qing Code published in 1725, and especially 1740 (Shen had been using the 1646 version with 447 substatutes as against 1,049 in the Qianlong revision, not counting relatively minor changes in the body of statutes); Hong also introduced some references to leading cases, using his own compilation of cases titled Cheng’an zhiyi (q.v.). For the 1755 new ed. of his 1746 publication, Hong added a few entries taking account of minor revisions of the Qianlong Code published in 1743, 1746, and 1750; the order of the tables at the beginning is also slightly different (the six spoils, tariffs of redemption, and compensations for wrongs are placed before the rest, with separate page-numbering; the “eight characters” table is bound just before j. 1, at the beginning of the second fasc.). Bio.: The only information on Shen Zhiqi appears in the fanli, where he says that he worked more than thirty years as a private secretary for provincial as

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well as local officials, a period during which he read a large number of judiciary documents; the present work took him 6 or 7 years to complete. Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 144. “Faxue suo shanben,” nos. 21 (1715 ed., by Su Yigong 蘇亦工), 22 (1745 ed., in 10 ce, by Jiang Juan 蔣隽). Bodde and Morris, Law in Imperial China, 72–73. Ch’en Fu-mei, 27–45. Id., “The Influence of Shen Chih-ch’i’s Chi-chu Commentary upon Ch’ing Legal Decisions.” He Qinhua, 2:266–81. Qingdai lüxue, 22–44 (by Li Yanjun 李艷君). Tanii Toshihito, “Shin ritsu,” 612–3. Min Dongfang, Da Qing lü jizhu yanjiu. Chen Li, “Zhishi de liliang,” 29. Transl.: Extracts translated in Paul-Louis-Félix Philastre, Le code annamite (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1876), as “Explications coordonnées” following individual statutes. [JB, PEW] 0379

Da Qing lü jijie fuli 大清律集解附例, 1 + 30 j. [Collected Explanations on the Code of the Great Qing with Substatutes] Comp. Shen Zhiqi 沈之奇 (z. Tianyi 天易), from Xiushui 秀水 (Zhejiang) 1715 Ed.: – – – –

*1715 ed. [Ōki] *1755 ed. revised and enlarged by Hong Hongxu 洪弘緒增訂. [Ōki] *Photo-repro. of a 1725 Neiwufu ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 1. *Photo-repro. of 1755 ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 863.

Rem.: A version of the same author’s Da Qing lü jizhu (q.v.) published under a different title. Ref. and studies: He Qinhua, 2:266.

0380

[PEW]

Lüli jieshi 律例解釋, 1 + 30 j. [An Explanation of the Code] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. on pre-framed folios, titled Lüli jianshi 箋釋 in the top central margins, inscription “Buhuo tang” 不惑堂 at bottom. [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: This very carefully calligraphed ms. combines Wang Kentang’s Jianshi commentary (see under Da Ming lü fuli jianshi) in its early Qing

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version with later additions (many in red) by another hand in cursive script. The page-setting is similar to that of most Ming and Qing commentaries. Possibly the basis provided by the Code and Jianshi, plus the later unedited additions, might have eventually produced a “new” printed ed. of the Code with commentary—entitled, e.g., Da Qing lüli jieshi—but as it stands now the ms. looks like work in progress. The pre-printed frame divides the page into two registers. The lower register (about two-thirds) contains the statutes and substatutes (條例), with the commentary (introduced by the words jianshi) inserted after each statute or section thereof; the interlinear additions in red cursive script, also found in the mulu and tables in j. 首, insert words or add details, obviously to make the text clearer. The upper register contains only later additions in cursive script (on a great many pages it contains nothing, or just a few words), either in red or in black. (Use of red-ink annotations stops after j. 19, on homicides.) Some of the additions are further commentaries and explanations, or updates, or cross-references. Others— always in black—are substatutes (欽定例, or 增例) not included in the text proper; a few edicts or memorials are also quoted, the latest being from 1727. J. 首 starts with an extremely detailed mulu listing every statute (457 in all), the title of each statute being followed by a commentary in small characters, mostly to indicate the punishments applying. The rest consists of the tables usual since the Ming Code, with occasional— sometimes lengthy—commentaries: five punishments, instruments for punishments, mourning regulations, eight characters, six spoils, redemption tariffs, and, as an appendix (律附), the “capital crimes susceptible and not susceptible to amnesty” (真犯雜犯死罪), as well as those among the latter category that can be punished by military exile (真犯 死罪充軍為民例). [JB, PEW]

0381

Lüli huikao 律例匯考, 10 j. [Combined Examination of the Statutes and Substatutes] Comp. Xu Yi 徐毅 (z. Renyuan 任遠, h. Panlong 盤龍) (js. 1723), from Jing independent department 靖直隸州 (Hunan) 1750 pref. Ed.: – 1739 draft (稿) with additions down to 1756, with prefs. by Mingsheng 明 晟 (1749) and Xu Yi (1750). [LSS]

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497

Rem.: This carefully handwritten draft, first completed in 1739, appears to have been continuously updated taking account of the three successive eds. of the Penal Code published between 1740 and 1750; the last round of updates, from 1750 to 1756, was done by Wang Youzeng 王 又曾 and others; many additions are on pasted paper slips. The aim of the author, apparently a devoted student of the law, was to elucidate the numerous obscurities and contradictions found in the Penal Code and produce a work that would be “clear when opened and provide [the information looked for] as soon as one raises one’s hand” (開卷了然舉手 即得), this being in the interest of “administrative discipline” (吏治). In other words, the compilation was meant to be a working aid for incumbent officials. According to Wu Xinli’s count (see below), besides the 436 statutes of the Code (with their small-type insertions and general commentary), the manuscript includes 1,450 substatutes (條例), 171 additional substatutes (續增例), 14 regulations (則例), 7 imperially-ordered precedents (欽定例), 31 precedents in the form of approved memorials (奏准例), 27 laws cited for analogy (比引例), 471 disciplinary regulations for officials (處分例), 154 leading cases (成案), 72 articles kept for reference (存參), and 23 articles on “remaining doubts” (存疑). This summa is enriched with explanations and with tables borrowed from Dong Gongzhen’s Qiangu bianlan (see under Qiangu xingming bianlan) and Shen Xintian’s Mingfa zhizhang (q.v.). Ref. and studies: Wu Xinli, Ming Qing xijian shiji xulu, 158–60 (on which the description above relies). [PEW]

0382

Da Qing lüli jizhu 大清律例集註, 1 + 33 j. [Collected Commentaries on the Great Qing Code] Comp. Wan Weihan 萬維𩙶 (z. Fengjiang 楓江), from Wujiang 吳江 (Jiangsu) 1766 pref. Ed.:

– *[1769] Yunhui tang ed. 芸暉堂藏板, cover-leaf with words “facsimile eds. will be prosecuted” (翻刻必究) and “printed according to the new complete text [of the Code] promulgated by the Ministry, collated and free of errors” (遵照續奉部頒全本刊刻校對無訛), with prefs. by Lei Chang 雷 暢 (1766), Guan Heng 管蘅 (1766), Wan Weihan (1766), and Wan Weihan (1769), liyan 例言 signed Bilian waishi 碧蓮外史. [Ōki]

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– *1786 engraving (鐫), augmented (增輯) by Hu Liantang 胡蓮塘 from Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang), titled Da Qing lüli jizhu xubian 續編 on cover-leaf, with warning against illegal reproductions and mention “printed according to the new complete text [of the Code] promulgated by the Ministry, with additions as they are published, collated and free of errors” (遵照 續奉部頒全本隨時增刻校對無訛), with prefs. by Lei Chang (1766), Wan Weihan (1766), Wan Weihan (1769), and Ma Tengjiao 馬騰蛟 (n.d.), liyan 例言 by Hu Liantang. [*Faxue suo, with Ma’s pref. placed before the Wan pref.] [*Ōki, copy poorly printed and crammed with additional notes on paper slips]

Rem.: The fanli of the first ed. says that the work takes into account the more recent official collections of substatutes, published in 1767 and 1768 as Xuzuan tiaoli 續纂條例 and Buzuan 補纂 tiaoli. It is introduced as an updated version of the Jizhu 輯註 (i.e., Shen Zhiqi’s Da Qing lü jizhu [q.v.], published in 1715, 1746, and 1755) and uses the same page-setting, with the text of the Code and general commentary in the lower register, and the notes in the upper register. According to the liyan, 50 percent of the commentaries and explanations come from Shen’s jizhu, 30 percent from the original jijie 集解 and zongzhu 總註 (i.e., the 1725 official commentary), and 20 percent from various Ming commentators and from the author’s own suggestions; however, the sources are never indicated and appear to have gone through a variable degree of rephrasing or revision. The articles by analogy (比例) are placed above the corresponding statutes. Each statute starts on a new folio, making it possible to insert new substatutes at the end of the previous entry. The captions of the statutes appear in the central margin, making consultation easier than with other similar works (e.g., the various Jianshi). Wan Weihan says in his 1766 pref. that he composed the work during a period of six years when he was assisting the surveillance commissioner of Zhejiang. The 1769 pref. says that while the text was being entrusted to the printer in summer 1766, the court ordered the compilation of a revised and unified version of the substatutes (i.e., the Xuzuan tiaoli published in 1767), which led Wan to insert the new materials in his jizhu. Likewise, he inserted the 1768 Buzuan tiaoli after the relevant statutes, making the work a systematic presentation of the statutes and substatutes, when no official Lüli quanshu (i.e., the format inaugurated with the 1740 Da Qing lüli) had been published since 1759. (It is unclear whether a first ed. of the present work was actually printed in 1766.) The liyan of the 1786 ed. says that the new substatutes published in 1772, 1778, and 1783 were similarly incorporated. While this 1786 liyan is basically similar to that of the

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1769 ed., it cites some new commentaries that were used, and warns the reader against the faulty “small-size facsimiles put out by booksellers” (坊人翻刻小板).

Bio.: See under Chenggui shiyi. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 30 (by Jiang Juan 蔣隽). Ch’en Fumei, 45–53. Tanii Toshihito, “Shin ritsu,” 613–4. Chen Li, “Zhishi de liliang,” 29. Bibliography entries for same author: Huangzheng suoyan; Lüli tushuo; Lüli tushuo bian’e; Muxue juyao; Xingjian lu; Xingqian zhinan; Chenggui shiyi. [PEW] 0383

Da Qing lüli huizuan 大清律例彙纂, 1 + 33 j. [Collected Commentaries to the Great Qing Code] Comp. Shen Shucheng 沈書城 (z. Xiangnan 緗南), from Wulin 武林 [Hangzhou, Zhejiang] 1789 pref. Ed.:

– *1792 new engraving (新鐫) from “this yamen” 本衙藏板, with prefs. by Qian Qi 錢琦 (1789) and Shen Shucheng (1789); note on cover-leaf claiming that the work gathers commentaries and notes by all the authors (薈萃諸家註疏), the ministries’ deliberations on new articles year to year (歷年條議), and a complete collection of the officially circulated leading cases (通行成案) and disciplinary regulations (處分則例). [Ōki] – *1874 Meihō ryō 明法寮 Japanese kambun ed. with interlinear explanations in kana, reproducing the above ed., but with a cover-leaf dated 1793, ed. by Mizumoto Seibi 水本成美, titled Zōshū kunten shinritsu isan 增輯 訓點清律彙纂, with prefs. by the editor (n.d.), Qian Qi (1789), Sun Jiale 孫嘉樂 (1789), Chen Lang 陳朗 (1785), and Shen Shucheng (1789). [*Ōki, only j. 1–4 extant] [*Tōyō Bunko, mixing fascicles from the 1874 ed. and from a 1879 new printing by the Keishikyoku 警視局藏板] – *Photo-repro. of original ms. of the “translation” made in the Matsumoto han during the Tempō era (1830–43) on which the 1874 Meihō ryō ed. was based, titled Shin ritsurei isan 清律例彙纂, held at Kyoto University (with missing parts supplied from another ms. copy at Naikaku), with prefs. by Qian Qi (1789) and Sun Jiale (1789), published by the Ritsuryō kenkyūkai 律令研究會, Tokyo: Kyūko shoin, 1981. (According to the editors, many explanations found in the mss. were deleted in the 1874 printed ed.)

Rem.: Shen’s pref. suggests that the work was prepared while he was working in the Jiangxi surveillance commissioner’s office. Five contributors are listed as collators (參訂同人), three of them from Hangzhou

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(including Wang Youhuai 王又槐, the author of Xingqian bilan and many other works [qq.v.]), one from Shaoxing and one from Changsha. The fanli (11 items) indicates that the text follows the publication of new and revised substatutes in 1789; the substatutes and regulations promulgated (通行) over the years but not yet integrated into the complete Code (未經纂入全書) have been appended to the commentaries; future modifications to the substatutes and corresponding changes in the commentary would have to be entered on the printing blocks, with possible addition or exchange of blocks. The last fanli entry—omitted in the Japanese version—says that the work was engraved in 1788, and that about 50 new substatutes and chufen regulations received since then, enforceable but not yet “edited” by the Bureau of the Code (未經律例館 纂修), have not been properly inserted, but added after the commentaries for reference; as each statute is starting on a new folio, it would thus be possible to insert new substatutes published in the five-year revisions (續纂條例), possibly inserting an extra page. The principal commentary used is Shen Zhiqi’s Da Qing lü jizhu (q.v.), but Wan Weihan’s Da Qing lüli jizhu (q.v.) (of which the fanli is rather critical), itself greatly dependent on Shen Zhiqi’s work (but also using the official Yongzheng general commentary, or zongzhu 總註), has been used as primary source. The commentary also introduces memorials sent from the provinces and their discussion by the Ministry of Justice, internal discussions of the Ministry making the statutes and substatutes clearer, leading cases (成案) in situations where the statutes and substatutes are insufficient to make a decision, and a selection of disciplinary regulations (處分則 例) complementing the relevant statutes or substatutes; the sources are carefully indicated. According to Wang Youhuai’s and Zhao Zuowen’s fanli for the 1801 Da Qing lüli quanzuan jicheng [q.v.], Shen Shucheng was the first to introduce all these materials in addition to the more juridical commentaries of Shen Zhiqi and others. Substatutes placed far apart are cross-referenced. There are 30 articles on analogical citation of statutes (比引律條), appended to the relevant statutes. J. 首 features a table of the 436 statutes of the Code, as well as the usual tables, with commentaries appended (eight characters, six spoils, redemption of punishments, five punishments, instruments for punishments, and mourning). The clear page-setting divides the page into three registers: the lower register (one half of the page) features the text of the Code in larger characters, with small-character insertions, followed by the official commentary from the Yongzheng Code; the middle register features extracts from the commentaries of Shen Zhiqi and Wan Weihan,

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501

as well as the text and date of the new substatutes (not yet part of the published Code) with the relevant discussions on their elaboration; the much narrower upper register contains cross-references. The central margins contain the name of the relevant part of the Code, followed by the title of the statute discussed on the page, making consultation easy. This format was followed by countless editions of the Qing Code with commentaries in the nineteenth century (see entries below).

Ref. and studies: Shimada Seirō 島田正郎, “Daishin ritsurei isan no sei­ ritsu” 大清律例彙纂の成立, in Shin ritsurei isan (see above), vol. 1, 7–10. Tanii Toshihito, “Shin ritsu,” 614. Bibliography entries for same author: Zeli bianlan. [JB, PEW] 0384

Da Qing lüli huizuan 大清律例彙纂, 1 + 33 j. [Collected Commentaries to the Great Qing Code] Comp. Shen Shucheng 沈書城 (z. Xiangnan 緗南), from Wulin 武 林 [Hangzhou, Zhejiang], and Wang Youhuai 王又槐 (z. Yinting 蔭庭), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1793 Ed.:

– *1793 small-sized new engraving (新鐫) from “this yamen” 本衙藏板, cover-leaf with mentions “original book by Mr. Shen Xiangnan from Wulin” (武林沈緗南先生原本) on the right, and “continued by Wang Yinting [Wang Youhuai] from Qiantang” (錢塘王蔭庭續輯) on the left, with prefs. by Long Duzhao 龍度昭 (1792), Li Sanjin 李三晉 (1792), and Wang Youhuai (1792); the title Da Qing lüli huizuan appears only on the coverleaf, elsewhere it is Da Qing lüli huibian 彙編. [*Beida] [*Ōki]

Rem.: As Wang Youhuai’s pref. explains, the work is an updated ed. of a Da Qing lüli huibian 彙編 printed in a small-size (袖板) and “easy to carry” (便於攜帶) ed. that he had published in 1783; Wang describes it as an enlargement of Wan Weihan’s Da Qing lüli jizhu (q.v.), using the remarks of a host of famous predecessors (the fanli mentions the jijie 集解, jianshi 箋釋, juhui 據會, guanjian 管見, xunchao 訓鈔, suoyan 瑣言, quanti 筌蹄, jizhu 輯註 and jizhu 集註, most of which feature in the present bibliography), plus his own “mediocre views” (鄙見). For the present update, Wang borrowed several innovations attributable to his friend Shen Shucheng in his [Da Qing lüli] Huizuan (q.v.), just published, such as the inclusion of sanctions (處分) and leading cases (成 案), plus the more recent substatutes. In other words, the work—which

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was produced with the help of a group of collaborators several of whom (including his brother Wang Youwu 又梧) are also mentioned in some of his many publications—is a combination of Wang’s old Huibian and Shen’s recent Huizuan, hence the title and the mention of Shen’s original authorship on the cover-leaf. It is actually very close in content to Shen’s Huizuan, despite some differences, such as the number of the “articles by analogy” (比例條) placed above the relevant statutes, which is 60 instead of 30 in the original Huizuan. [JB, PEW]

0385

Zeli bianlan 則例便覽, 49 j. [An Easy Reader on Administrative Punishments] Comp. (摘錄) Shen Shucheng 沈書城 (z. Xiangnan 緗南), from Wulin 武林 [Hangzhou, Zhejiang] 1790 pref. Ed.:

– 1791 new engraving (新鐫), blocks at this yamen 本衙藏板, with pref. by compiler (1790). [Location unknown] – *Photo-repro. of ed. above, in Siku weishou, ser. 2, vol. 27.

Rem.: As indicated in the fanli, this collection of “Disciplinary regulations of the Six Ministries” (六部處分則例), compiled by a private secretary who served employers in Jiangxi, Hubei, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Sichuan during the second half of the Qianlong reign, follows the order of the imperially published Qinding zeli 欽定則例 down to the year 1790. One of the important responsibilities of a muyou was to ensure that his employer would get a good evaluation—lit., to “calculate his evaluation” (計考成); for this it was vital to be familiar with the infinitely complicated and ever-changing chufen zeli, and make sure at each step of the fiscal, judicial and other procedures that no rule had been infringed. The present work embodies the progressive accumulation and constant updating of material of interest to local officials pursued by its compiler during his long career. It starts with sections on “promotions” (升選) and “demotions and fines” (降罰), and ends with sections on “river works” (河工) and “construction” (修造). The regulations related to the process of selecting officials (銓選) have been omitted since they do not concern local officials. Originally meant to help the author in his own work, the text was in the format of the small-sized “easy readers” put out by commercial publishers; on the urge of his colleagues, Shen decided in 1790 to have it printed while he was serving in Cangxi 蒼溪 county (Sichuan). [GRT]

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0384–0386 0386

503

Da Qing lüli quanzuan 大清律例全纂, 1 + 40 + 2 j. [Complete Commentary to the Great Qing Code] Anon. 1796 Ed.:

– *1796 new engraving (新鐫) of the Yang-family Mingxin tang in Hangzhou (板藏浙杭清泰門內洋市街銘新堂楊宅), with prefs. by Zhang Yingji 張映 璣 (1796), Qin Ying 秦瀛 (1796), and Zhang Yutian 張玉田 (1796). [*Ōki] [*Faxue suo, 2 copies] – *1798 enlarged ed. (增修), same description. [Ōki]

Rem.: This seems to be the first of a rather complex and highly successful series of eds. of the Qing Code with commentaries and additional materials that originated in Hangzhou, described in the entries below. They share, with few variants, the same yellow coverleaf, with title on the verso and a text of presentation on the recto (missing only in the present case), followed by imperial prefaces and edicts printed in red, relevant memorials by the Ministry of Justice, prefaces, fanli of the Qing Code (here the 1768 ed.), fanli of the work, table of contents (總目); then list of the statutes (律目) and eight characters (j. 1), various tables (諸圖) (j. 2), mourning system (服制) (j. 3); then again the Code proper (j. 4–39), with the Yongzheng official commentary and the substatutes (條例) in the lower register, commentaries—essentially, those by Wang Kentang, Shen Zhiqi, and Wan Weihan—and additional materials such as Ministry regulations (則例), imperial edicts, leading cases, and the like in the middle register, and finally, cross references in the upper register. J. 40 is devoted to laws to be cited by analogy (比引律條); there may be additional chapters with the regulations on fugitives (督捕則例 上下) and various other materials. All these editions claim to put some clarity—“like a candle in the dark or a comb in the hair” (如暗之得燭，   髮之受櫛), says one pref.—in the so-called huizuan 彙纂 and huibian 彙編 eds. that collected the many commentaries and materials (including chufen zeli and leading cases) during the late Qianlong period (see entries above), and, it is said, tended to be confusing and error-ridden. Although anonymous, the present work is attributed in Zhang Yingji’s pref. to a certain Yao Binyu 姚賓宇 (m. Guan 觀), working together with a private secretary of Zhang’s by the name of Cheng Jieting 程潔亭 (m. Ying 英) and other colleagues. According to Qin Ying’s pref. (Qin was Zhejiang surveillance commissioner in 1794–95), the work was compiled by his private secretary Huang Renzhai 黃忍齋 (m. Benxian 本賢) and his colleagues. Zhang Yutian’s pref. shows that this was indeed a collective Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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effort by a sizable number of legal secretaries working in Zhejiang and Jiangsu, who discussed their work either in person when they happened to belong to the same cabinet, or in correspondence. Sixteen names of co-compilers (編輯同人) are listed after the prefaces, ranked by seniority, to whom is added Wang Youhuai 王又槐 as a collator (參校).

Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 31, giving Huang Renzhai et al. as comp. (by 蔣雋). [JB, PEW] 0387

Da Qing lüli quanzuan jicheng 大清律例全纂集成, 1 + 33 + 2 j. [A Compendium of the Great Qing Code with Complete Commentary] Anon. 1799 Ed.:

– *1799 Hangzhou Youyi zhai 友益齋 new engraving (新鐫) titled Da Qing lüli jicheng at the head of the mulu of each chapter, Da Qing lüli quanzuan jicheng in chapter captions, running title Da Qing lüli quanzuan; with joint pref. by Wang Youhuai 王又槐 and Sun Guanglie 孫光烈 (1799), list of compilers, colophon (跋) by Li Guanlan 李觀瀾 (1799), fanli. [Ōki] – *1801 enlarged ed. (嘉慶六年奉 部頒行續纂增修) of the Hangzhou Youyi zhai titled Da Qing lüli quanzuan jicheng huizhu 彙註 on cover-leaf, Da Qing lüli quanzuan jicheng in the advertisement text on cover-leaf recto, Da Qing lüli jicheng in chapter captions, running title Da Qing lüli quanzuan; with pref. by Wang Youhuai 王又槐 (1801) (identical to the Wang and Sun 1799 pref. in 1799 ed.), list of compilers, colophon by Li Guanlan (1801) (identical to the one in 1799 ed. except for the date), fanli signed by Wang Youhuai and Zhao Zuowen 趙佐文 (identical to the 1799 fanli except for a last paragraph on ministry regulations [則例 and 章程] recently received), list of statutes in the Code. [Faxue suo] – *1804 enlarged ed. (嘉慶九年新例隨時續纂增修) of the Youyi zhai in Hangzhou titled Da Qing lüli quanzuan jicheng huizhu on cover-leaf, Da Qing lüli jicheng in chapter captions, running title Da Qing lüli quanzuan; with pref. by Wang Youhuai (1801), colophon by Li Guanlan (1801), fanli (to Da Qing lüli quanzuan) signed by Wang Youhuai and Zhao Zuowen. [Columbia]

Rem.: Another version of the effort started with Da Qing lüli quanzuan (q.v.). Jicheng in the title seems to refer to the indication, on the coverleaf of the 1799 ed., that this is based on a comparison of the huizuan, huibian, and quanzuan (較彙纂彙編全纂更加詳備) (and see below).

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The cover-leaf recto has an advertisement text describing the work and indicating that the printing blocks are kept and sold at the Youyi zhai, address provided. The list of contributors (編纂同人) following the pref. gives Li Guanlan as original engraver (原刻), Wang Youhuai and Sun Guanglie (1799 and 1804 eds.), or Zhao Zuowen (1801 ed.), as supervisors (纂定), seven (1799 and 1804) or ten (1801) persons as compilers (分輯), and a further five collators (參校). (The list is completely different from the one in Da Qing lüli quanzuan.) The 1799/1801 pref. by Wang Youhuai/ Sun Guanglie deplores the accumulation of errors and redundancies in all the huizuan and quanzuan eds. that followed in the steps of Wan Weihan’s [Da Qing lüli] jizhu (q.v.) and also inserted chufen 處分 and cheng’an 成案 materials (as opposed to the jizhu commentaries of Shen Zhiqi and Wan Weihan, which attempted no more than explaining the law); these drawbacks persisted despite Li Guanlan’s efforts in an edition of the quanzuan “with errors corrected” (正譌), produced while he was serving as a private secretary in Guangdong, in which he added more materials but still left many errors. Wang’s own effort was helped by a team of legal muyou composed of a certain Wei Meipo 魏梅坡 and others who met in the spring of 1799 at Wushan 吳山 and distributed the work between themselves, collecting a quantity of materials into a jicheng. Li Guanlan’s colophon and the fanli specify that the 1795 (for the 1799 ed.) or 1801 revised ed. of the Code has been used. The fanli again stresses the errors that marred Shen Shucheng’s Da Qing lüli huizuan, and notes that, although the Da Qing lüli quanzuan (q.v.) compiled by a team of “sages” was a serious improvement, it was difficult to acquire in such faraway provinces as Fujian and Guangdong, hence Li Guanlan’s amended version produced in Guangdong. For the present recension Wang Youhuai used a set of Li Guanlan’s printing blocks brought from Guangdong to Zhejiang by a “bookseller friend” (坊友); Wang’s work was carefully checked and edited by Zhao Zuowen (who cosigns the fanli in the 1801 ed.) and other experienced legalists during the 1799 meeting mentioned above. The fanli also recalls that the basic commentary used in the work (as in the other eds. of the Code with commentaries belonging to the same family) is the Yongzheng so-called imperial (or official) commentary (御製集解), which later on Wan Weihan combined and edited together with the commentaries of Shen Zhiqi (the jizhu 輯註), Wang Kentang (the jianshi 箋釋), and Lei Menglin (the suoyan 瑣言) to produce his own jizhu 集註 (all qq.v.). The present work relies entirely on the Yongzheng commentary, but uses the jizhu and others while filling in their lacunae and suppressing redundancies. Contrary to Da Qing

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lüli quanzuan and other later recensions (see entries below), the present work is in 33 j., the mulu (providing a complete list of the statutes), eight characters, tables, and materials on mourning forming the equivalent of a j. 首; the 30 statutes usable for analogy (比引律條) are inserted above the relevant statutes instead of being in a separate chapter at the end. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 32 (1801 ed.) (by 蔣隽).

[JB, PEW]

[QING B]

Da Qing lüli jiyao xinbian 大清律例集要新編 See: Da Qing lüli huitong xinzuan; Da Qing lüli zengding jiyao xinbian Da Qing lüli tongzuan 大清律例通纂 Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng 大清律例通纂集成 See: Da Qing lüli chongding jizhu tongzuan Da Qing lüli xing’an huizuan jicheng 大清律例刑案彙纂集成 Da Qing lüli xing’an tongzuan jicheng 大清律例刑案統纂集成 See: Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng 0388

Da Qing lüli chongding jizhu tongzuan 大清律例重訂輯註通纂, 1 + 40 + 2 j. [A Newly Edited General Recension of the Great Qing Code with Collected Notes] Comp. Zhou Menglin 周孟鄰 (z. Xiaochu 曉初), from Yinxian 鄞縣 (Zhejiang), and Hu Zhaokai 胡肇楷 (z. Fanggu 芳谷), from Shangyu 上 虞 (Zhejiang) 1805 Ed.:

– 1805 new engraving (新鐫), cover-leaf indicating that the 1801 ed. of the Penal Code with new substatutes inserted has been used and indicating a price of 3.6 taels per copy because of the high investment involved (工本浩繁). [Cover-leaf reproduced at the beginning of George Thomas Staunton’s transl. of the Qing Code (Ta Tsing Leu Lee, London: 1910)] – 1806 Hangzhou Youyi zhai 友益齋 ed. [Kokkai (not in cat.)] – *1807 new engraving (新鐫), printing blocks kept and copies sold at the Hangzhou Youyi zhai 友益齋 (cover-leaf recto, with address provided; no price given), cover-leaf (verso) indicating that the 1801 substatutes have been used; with prefs. by Qin Ying 秦瀛 (to Lüli chongding tongzuan,

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0387–0388

507

1805), Shen Zhiqi 沈之奇 (to Da Qing lü jizhu, 1715), and the two compilers (to Da Qing lüli chongding jizhu tongzuan, 1805), fanli, list of 11 collaborators (參訂同人, Wang Youhuai 王又槐 being the tenth); title in caption of chapter mulu and in central margins Da Qing lüli tongzuan; the advertisement on the cover-leaf (recto) refers to Da Qing lüli quanzuan (q.v.), saying that despite the work of editing accomplished it still has 27 obsolete substatutes (舊例), and that 7 substatutes are missing; it also claims that the present work was collated seven times and there is not one faulty character left. The copy seen is followed by a work in a similar format, title on cover-leaf Xinxiu xuzuan 新修續纂 Da Qing lüli, 1806 new engraving (新鐫) of “this yamen” (本衙藏板), with a Ministry of Justice memorial (1802) on the preparation of new eds. of the Code in Manchu and Chinese, printed in red at the beginning, a complete list of Ministry officials (刑部堂官), also in red, and a mulu for j. 40–47: j. 40–46 feature the “general categories” (總類), i.e. a classified list of crimes arranged by corresponding punishments in ascending order, and j. 47 (absent from the box) is on laws serving for analogy (比引律條). [Ōki] – *1808 Youyi zhai new engraving (新鐫), same description as 1807 ed. [*Zhengfa] – *1815 new engraving (新鐫), identical to the 1807 Youyi zhai ed. above. [Ōki] – 1815 ed. of the Youyi zhai shufang 書坊 in Suzhou. [Kokkai] – *1816 new engraving (新鐫), title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli chongding tongzuan 統纂 jicheng, indication that it takes account of the 1816 new substatutes promulgated by the Ministry; the Biyin tiaoli, Dubu zeli and Xiyuan lu are mentioned on the cover-leaf as additions (附後); the announcement on cover-leaf recto (giving title Da Qing lüli chongding jizhu tongzuan jicheng), of a form exactly similar to those for Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng (q.v.) and others, indicates that the blocks are kept at the Youyi zhai bookstore 友益齋書坊 in Suzhou (giving the exact address) and that the Xinxiu and Chongding (新修重訂統纂集成二刻) are sold for 3.6 taels; with prefs. by Qin Ying (1805), Shen Zhiqi (1715), and the two compilers (1805), then fanli (to same title), list of collaborators, pref. by Chen Ruolin 陳若霖 (to Lüli tongzuan 統纂 jicheng, 1811); title in chapter captions and running title Da Qing lüli tongzuan. [*Faxue suo] [*Harvard (dated 1814 in cat.); the remaining bits of the brittle pink coverleaf seem to correspond to the above description, including the Suzhou address; the contents are identical] – *1817 small-sized new engraving (新鐫) of the Hangzhou Cenfeng Academy 板藏浙江省岑峯書院, printed (刷印) and sold (兌賣, for a price

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of 5.4 taels) at the Shanshou zhai 山壽叄, title on cover-leaf recto Da Qing lüli chongding jizhu tongzuan 統纂 jicheng, on verso Da Qing lüli chongding tongzuan 統纂 jicheng (with mention 重訂輯註一并附入上下全刻), title in chapter mulu captions and in central margins Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng; based on the 1814 officially published collection of new substatutes (續纂并增修近年條例); with imperial edicts and prefs. by the Yongzheng, Qianlong, and Jiaqing emperors, memorials by the Ministry of Justice, fanli to Da Qing lüli, fanli to Da Qing lüli chongding jizhu tongzuan 統纂 jicheng (giving 1815 as last date of materials included), prefs. by Qin Ying (1805), Chen Ruolin (1811), Shen Zhiqi (1715), self-prefs. by Hu Zhaokai and Zhou Menglin (1805, to Da Qing lüli chongding jizhu tongzuan 統纂 jicheng), list of 11 collaborators (參訂同人), plus 4 for the 1812 Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng, 5 zuanxiu 纂修 and 3 jiaodui 校對 for the 1815 Xinxiu Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng. [Ōki] – 1822 Suzhou Youyi zhai shufang 書坊 ed. [Kokkai] – *1822 engraving, title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli xinzuan tiaoli 新纂條例; the cover-leaf does not follow the pattern usual in this series, but the format and contents of the book are the same; title at the beginning of the mulu of each chapter and in central margins Da Qing lüli tongzuan 統纂 jicheng; with prefs. and edicts by the Yongzheng, Qianlong, and Jiaqing emperors, memorials by the Lüli guan and the Ministry of Justice (down to 1814), fanli to Da Qing lüli, fanli to Da Qing lüli chongding jizhu tongzuan 統纂 jicheng, prefs. by Qin Ying (1805), Chen Ruolin (1811), Shen Zhiqi (1715), and the compilers (1805), list of collaborators, including those who participated in the 1812 (Da Qing lü [sic] tongzuan 統纂 jicheng) and 1815 (Xinxiu Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng) revisions. [Harvard] – *1823 new engraving (新鐫), cover-leaf similar to 1817 small-sized ed. (but this one is the usual size), with same titles, but there is no indication of publisher on the recto, the place for distribution is the Wuben tang 務本 堂 at Hangzhou (3.2 taels per copy), and the date of the officially published substatutes on the recto is 1822; with fanli of Da Qing lüli (1801 更 定), pref. by Zhang Yingji 張映璣 (1806) (identical to his 1796 pref. to Da Qing lüli quanzuan except for the change of date and official title at the end, and the mention of 1805 統纂修改條例 instead of 1795 續纂修改條 例 in the original text), list of collaborators (編輯同人, by order of age, partly similar to that of the 1796 Da Qing lüli quanzuan); title in chapter mulu captions, in central margins, and in chapter captions Da Qing lüli tongzuan 統纂 (but Da Qing lüli quanzuan in the caption to j. 4), no indication of authorship in chapter captions. [Ōki] – *1869 new handcopy (同治八年新謄), cover-leaf with words 遵照嘉慶十 一年奉部頒行續纂并增修近年條例 on the right, and indication 姑蘇閶 Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

509

0388

門內橫街林右益書坊藏板; recto of cover-leaf with same advertisement as on printed versions; only Qin Ying pref.; no fanli.

Rem.: The form and content are similar to those of Da Qing lüli zeng­ xiu tongzuan jicheng (q.v.) and other similar series, with yellow coverleaf, imperial edicts in red, Ministry memorials, fanli to Da Qing lüli, etc., and the Code proper in j. 4–39. Qin Ying’s pref. praises it as an actualization of the former [Da Qing] lüli quanzuan (q.v.), which he had already prefaced in Hangzhou. The compilers’ pref. deplores (in the same way as Wang Youhuai’s preface to Da Qing lüli quanzuan jicheng [q.v.]) that since the publication of Shen Zhiqi’s and Wan Weihan’s commentaries there has been a tendency to add to and delete from them, to the extent of making Shen’s original commentary “gradually disappear” (原註漸歸 湮沒) and leaving readers in a state of confusion. Hu Zhaokai therefore compiled an updated revision of Shen Zhiqi’s commentary, which he showed to Zhou in 1804; together they spent seven months revising it, the resulting work being introduced as an improved version faithful to Master Shen’s intention. (This is why at the start of the chapters Shen Zhiqi is indicated as “original commentator” [原註] in larger characters, with Hu and Zhou as “further commentators” [增輯] in smaller characters.) The fanli of the 1807 and 1808 eds. specifies that the 1801 official version of the new substatutes (律例全書), carefully checked against the original issues, served as a basis, the old ones being kept for reference with indication of their subsequent modification, combination, enlargement, and moving from one section to another; all the post-1801 materials are inserted after the substatutes. (The later eds. give later dates.) Shen Zhiqi’s jizhu provides the basic commentary; together with the other commentaries—quoted when deemed useful for a better understanding of the law—it appears in the middle register of the page, which also contains leading cases, including cases not yet circulated by imperial edict but considered useful for practitioners. Disciplinary regulations for officials (處分則例) are quoted insofar as they may be useful to any “yamen in charge of judgments” (讞獄衙門). On some pages a fourth register is added at the top with some further data. A list of 11 collators (參訂), mostly from Shaoxing and Hangzhou, and including Wang Youhuai, is provided, plus 3 for the 1813 ed. (in addition to the 11 original collators, the 1822 ed. cites 4 persons having worked on the 1812 Da Qing lü [sic] tongzuan jicheng and 8 on the 1815 Xinxiu Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng). Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 28 (by Jiang Juan 蔣雋).

[PEW]

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Da Qing lüli chongding tongzuan jicheng 大清律例重訂統纂集成, 1 + 33 + 2 j. [A Newly Edited Compendium on the General Recension of the Great Qing Code] Anon. 1814 Ed.:

– *1814 new engraving (新鐫), with cover-leaf indicating that it conforms to the 1810 new substatutes promulgated by the Ministry (部頒新例) and that the new substatutes circulated by imperial edict (上諭通行新 例) have been added every season through the fifth month of 1814 (the last date inserted in red); Dubu zeli and Xiyuan lu are mentioned on the cover-leaf as additions (附後); with prefs. by Wang Youhuai 王又槐 (1803) (identical to his 1801 pref. to Da Qing lüli quanzuan jicheng) and Qin Ying 秦瀛 (to Lüli chongding tongzuan 通纂, 1805). [Faxue suo] – *1817 new engraving (新鐫), with cover-leaf indicating that it conforms to the 1814 new substatutes promulgated by the Ministry and that the new substatutes circulated by imperial edict have been added every year (no date inserted); Dubu zeli and Xiyuan lu are mentioned on the coverleaf as additions (附後); with prefs. by Wang Youhuai (1803) and Qin Ying (1805). [Ōki]

Rem.: This recension appears to be a hastily produced rehash of Da Qing lüli chongding jizhu tongzuan (q.v.) (the Qin Ying pref. is reproduced), itself a sequel to Da Qing lüli quanzuan jicheng (q.v.) (the Wang Youhuai 1801 pref. and fanli are preserved, although the fanli is marked as being to Da Qing lüli tongzuan 通纂); likewise, the mulu (also to Da Qing lüli tongzuan 通纂) and the work itself feature the 33-j. structure and design of the quanzuan jicheng; title in chapter mulu captions Da Qing lüli tongzuan 統纂, title in chapter captions Da Qing lüli tongzuan 統纂 (sometimes 通纂) jicheng; the central margins have mostly Da Qing lüli, but some add tongzuan 通纂; in the 1817 ed. indications of authorship and editorship in chapter captions have been entirely scraped away. In short, this seems to be a re-use of the blocks of Da Qing lüli quanzuan jicheng, with much tinkering and deletions. Contrary to almost all the other works belonging to this family of commentaries, the cover-leaf has no recto advertising its contents nor indication of publisher and/ or vendor. But the format is similar: the front matter includes imperial prefaces or related edicts by the Shunzhi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong emperors (printed in red), various memorials by the Ministry of Justice, followed by the prefs., fanli and detailed contents of the Code (here directly in the table of contents of the work), as well as the eight characters and Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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511

explanation borrowed from the jianshi, tables of six spoils, mourning tables, and so forth (all with commentaries); the first part of the Code proper (名例律) starts with j. 1. The pages are split into three registers: the lower register (17 large characters per column plus elevations) features the statutes, Yongzheng commentary (集解), and substatutes; the middle register (18 small characters per column) quotes from the older commentaries (the two jizhu and the jianshi), plus imperial edicts and circulars, memorials, etc.; the upper register (four characters per column) contains cross references; on some pages there are further materials in the upper margin. The Dubu zeli and Xiyuan lu are appended. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 27 (by Jiang Juan 蔣隽), citing Wang Youhuai and Zhao Zuowen 趙佐文 as compilers. [PEW]

0390

Da Qing lüli zengding jiyao xinbian 大清律例增訂集要新編, 1 + 40 j. [A New Compilation of Essentials on the Great Qing Code, Revised and Enlarged] Anon. 1819 Ed.:

– *1819 ed., with fanli of Da Qing lüli, pref. by Shen Zhiqi 沈之奇 (n.d.), fanli, title in chapter mulu captions, chapter captions, and central margins Da Qing lüli jiyao xinbian, chapter captions with Shen Zhiqi as “original annotator” (yuanzhu 原註), Sun Zhaoji 孫肇基 (z. Zitang 自堂) as “further compiler” (增輯), and Wang Weishu 王維樹 (z. Mutang 穆堂) as collator (校參). [Ōki]

Rem.: This recension is essentially similar in form and contents to the parallel series (see under Da Qing lüli quanzuan, huitong xinzuan, chongding tongzuan jicheng, etc.). However, the copy seen (with printing of mediocre quality) has no recto cover-leaf, the imperial pronouncements at the beginning are printed in black, not in red, and the 40-j. structure is slightly different: the “Mourning system” (服制) is at the end of j. 2 and the text of the Code proper starts with j. 3 (instead of 4); the two parts of Dubu zeli are in j. 39 (instead of two appended supplementary chapters), and j. 40 contains Xiyuan lu materials. The middle register of certain chapters contains some bilingual (Chinese and Manchu) indications, e.g., in j. 24 (section on violence and robbery [賊盜]), and the words to be tattooed on a criminal’s face to indicate the nature of the crime and the place of exile are given in the two languages (刺清漢字樣). [JB, PEW]

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4.1.1 Explanations of the Penal Code

Da Qing lüli huitong xinzuan 大清律例會通新纂, 40 j. [A New Recension for Thorough Comprehension of the Great Qing Code] Anon. Ca. 1824 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (cover-leaf missing), with pref. by Shen Zhiqi 沈之奇 (1715), fanli giving late 1824 as last date of included new substatutes; Shen Zhiqi cited as “original annotator” (原註) in chapter captions, Sun Zhaoji 孫肇 基 (z. Zitang 自堂) as “further compiler” (增輯), and Wang Weishu 王維 樹 (z. Mutang 穆堂) as collator (校參). [Tōyō Bunko, dated 1821 in cat., i.e. the date of the latest memorial quoted at the beginning] – *Undated ed., Shen Zhiqi as “original annotator” in chapter captions, Jin Ruifeng 金瑞封 as “further compiler” (增輯) and Yang Benren 楊本仁 as collator (校刊); the materials quoted suggest a date after 1826. [Tōyō Bunko (j. 3–4, 7–10, 15–16, 25–26, 29–32 extant)] – *1836 ed., printing blocks kept in a public building located in the south part of Beijing (板藏在京都宣武門外橋西上斜街路南第七所官房), titled Da Qing lüli chongding 重訂 huitong xinzuan on cover-leaf, with prefs. by Shen Zhiqi (1715) and Chen Ruolin 陳若霖 (to Lüli huitong xinzuan, 1811); the announcement on the cover-leaf recto gives a selling price of 6.00 taels. [IHEC] – 1852 Mingkai guan 明開館 ed. [Hitotsubashi] – 1867 ed. [Miyagi] – 1869 ed. [Kobe University] [Tōdai] – 1871 ed. [Hitotsubashi] [Naikaku] – 1873 ed. of the same guanfang as the 1836 ed., title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli xing’an 刑案 xinzuan jicheng 集成, title in chapter captions Da Qing lüli huitong xinzuan and variants (see below); names of compilers on cover-leaf Yao Yuxiang 姚雨薌 (Yao Run 潤) (原纂) and Hu Yangshan 胡 仰山 (Hu Zhang 璋) (增輯) (thus possibly another version of Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng [q.v.], see 1863 ed.); announcement on coverleaf recto indicates price of 6.4 taels; with pref. by Shen Zhiqi (1715); Shen Zhiqi as “original annotator” is the only name in chapter captions. [Academia Sinica, Institute of Modern History] – *1875 ed., entirely identical to the 1873 ed. above (including cover-leaf), except that the last ed. of the new substatutes used is 1875. [Ōki] – 1877 ed., same compilers. [Tōhoku] – *Photo-repro. of 1873 ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1964; also in Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan sanbian, ser. 22, Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, n.d., vol. 211–220. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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513

Rem.: This edition of the Code with commentaries, keeping Shen Zhiqi’s Da Qing lü jizhu as its main non-official commentary, belongs to the same group as the works featuring the words quanzuan, tongzuan jicheng, or xing’an xinzuan jicheng (or variants) in their titles (see under Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng); it shares with them the overall format, the yellow color and text of the cover-leaf, the imperial materials (printed in red) and Ministry memorials at the beginning, and the preservation of the Yongzheng official commentary following each article of the Code. Its popularity must have been equally great (the Japanese joint cat. lists 34 copies). It seems clear that the publishers were more often than not mixing up cover-leaves and contents responding to different titles. The alternative titles Da Qing lüli jiyao xinbian 大清律例集 要新編 or Da Qing lüli huitong xinbian appear in the captions of some chapters, of their individual mulu (the mulu may feature one title and the chapter caption another one), and as running title; the latter may change in the course of one chapter, suggesting imprints of composite origin (the 1873 ed. features further titles). A distinctive feature is that each statute with its commentaries has separate pagination, apparently to make insertions easier. The central margins feature the names of the relevant section of the Code and of the statute discussed. The front matter includes (with variations in placement depending on ed.): (1) imperial utterances (綸音) printed in red, viz. the original imperial pref. to the Qing Code (1646), the 1679 edict ordering a revision of the substatutes, the 1725 edict ordering a final revision of the new Code, another 1725 edict following the completion of the work, the imperial pref. to the new 1740 Code, and a 1799 edict ordering the grand councillors to deliberate about ways to unify the law and make its application more precise; (2) various memorials, by Bureau of the Code (律例館) director Santai 三泰 and others on the completion of the early Qianlong new Code (n.d.), and by the Ministry of Justice on the successive revisions of the Code (1799, 1800, 1801, 1806, 1810, 1814, 1821, 1825, 1835, 1852, 1870, depending on the ed.); (3) the ministry-promulgated (部頒) fanli of the Code (apparently from the 1801 ed.); (4) Shen Zhiqi’s pref. to his commentary (see under Da Qing lü jizhu) (1715); (5) (in the 1836 ed.) Chen Ruolin’s pref. to Lüli huitong xinzuan (1811); (6) the general mulu; and (7) the fanli of the present work (titled Da Qing lüli jiyao xinbian, or Da Qing lüli huitong xinzuan in the 1836 ed.). The latter specifies that the work includes relevant memorials that were accepted and circulated (通行) and can be cited in judgments, as well as leading cases (成案) and rejected cases (駁案) that cannot be cited as such; it also features the most important administrative regulations on deadlines (例限), the Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Ministry’s explanations on substatutes, the official commentary to the Yongzheng Code (律後總註), and a shortened version of Shen Zhiqi’s jizhu commentary. J. 1 contains the complete list of statutes (律目), as well as the eight characters (例分八字), with the Dulü peixi’s (q.v.) commentary. J. 2 features the tables (諸圖) and the system of mourning (服 制總類), with occasional commentaries extracted from the tongzuan 統 纂 and quanzuan 全纂, and from other authors. J. 3–37 contain the text of the Code proper, with commentaries. The pages are split into three registers: the lower register contains the text of the statutes, followed by the official commentary (in smaller characters) and by the relevant substatutes; the middle register (about the same size, but in small characters) features quotations from Shen Zhiqi’s commentary, relevant edicts and memorials, and some other unattributed commentaries; there are also a few cases from Xing’an huilan (q.v.). The narrower upper register has shorter, purely technical additions (mostly cross-referencing). There are also occasional additions printed in the upper margin, apparently materials posterior to 1820. J. 38 enumerates 30 articles on statutes that can be used for analogy (比引律條). J. 39 has Dubu zeli, and j. 40 has materials on forensics, notably the plates and checklist of bones (檢骨 圖格) officially promulgated in 1770.

Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:36 (1873 ed.). Tanii Toshihito, “Shin ritsu,” 604–9 (a study of the structure of the Qing Code taking the 1873 ed. as basis). Qingdai lüxue, 143–9 (by Jiang Zhaotao 江兆濤), based on the 1873 ed. [JB, PEW]

0392

Lüli jianming lu 律例簡明錄, 2 ce [A Concise Account of the Statutes and Substatutes] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated late-Qing ms. draft in several colors. [LSS]

Rem.: A manuscript copy of the Qing code with additional substatutes and cases; the latest date cited is 1825. The text of the Code (based on the 1740 ed.) is written in black. The additional materials (with dates) are written in the upper margin, between the lines or on blank pages with red, blue, or black ink. The mulu details the sections (門) and statutes (條) within each of the seven parts of the Code. In the main text the titles of statutes are indicated in the central margin and are therefore easy to find. At the end there is a section on the citation of statutes

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0391–0393

by analogy (比引律條), making the work a useful reference book for practitioners or to learn the Code. It also has the value of an evidential study of the Code, as it is possible to trace the origin and evolution of each statute and substatute from the begining of the dynasty to the early Daoguang period, with frequent reference to the laws of the Han and Tang dynasties. Ref. and studies: Wu Xinli, Ming Qing xijian shiji xulu, 160–1.

0393

[LG]

Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng 大清律例增修統纂集成, 40 + 2 j. [A Further Revised Compendium of the General Recension of the Great Qing Code] Comp. (纂輯) Yao Yuxiang 姚雨薌 (z. Run 潤), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang), et al. 1826 Ed.:

– *1826 engraving (鐫), sold for 6.4 taels a copy (no place or publisher indicated), compiler on cover-leaf verso Yao Yuxiang 姚雨薌, title on cover-leaf recto Da Qing lüli xinxiu 新修 tongzuan jicheng, latest Ministry memorial quoted 1825, fanli to Da Qing lüli xinzeng jizhu 新增輯註 tongzuan jicheng, with prefs. by Guangdong surveillance commissioner Chen Ruolin 陳若霖 (to Lüli tongzuan jicheng, 1811), Wu Tingchen 吳廷琛 (to Xinzeng lüli tongzuan jicheng, 1823), Qi Gong 祁𡎴 (to Xinxiu lüli tongzuan jicheng, 1826), and Shen Zhiqi 沈之奇 (n.d., original pref. to Da Qing lü jizhu [q.v.]), title in chapter mulu captions Da Qing lüli xinzeng tongzuan jicheng, in chapter captions Da Qing lüli jijie, running title Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng; Shen Zhiqi cited as “original annotator” (原註) and Yao Yuxiang as “compiler” (纂輯) in chapter captions. [Ōki] – *1829 engraving (鐫), same description as 1826 ed., including the names of authors and collators in chapter captions, but with a red stamp on the cover-leaf verso saying that the printing blocks are kept at the Yao residence Fusu tang in Anchang town 安昌鎮蕧素堂姚宅 and that the books are kept and sold at the Sanyu tang bookstore in Qinghe Lane, Hangzhou 書存浙省清河坊三餘堂書坊發賣, and stating that reproductions will be prosecuted; with pref. by Changde 常德 (to Zengxiu lüli tongzuan jicheng, 1829) inserted before the Shen Zhiqi pref. [Ōki] – 1833 ed. (姚潤纂, 陸枚等增修), sold by the Hangzhou Sanyu tang bookstore 杭州三餘堂書坊發兌. [Kokkai]

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– *1836 new engraving (新鐫), comp. (纂輯) Yao Yuxiang, augmented (增修) by Lu Hanxian 陸翰仙, both from Shanyin, with fanli of the Code (大清 律例部頒凡例, mentioning the addition of substatutes from the period 1727–1801), prefs. by Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), Changde (1829), and Shen Zhiqi (n.d.); title in chapter captions Da Qing lüli jijie, authors Shen Zhiqi from Xiushui (原註) and Yao Run (重輯); sold by the Sanyu tang bookstore in Qinghe Lane, Hangzhou, for a price of 6.4 taels. [IHEC] – *1838 new engraving (新鐫), identical to the above. [Faxue suo] – 1839 ed. (姚潤纂, 陸枚增修). [Kokkai] – 1840 ed. (姚潤纂, 陸枚增修). [Kokkai] – *1841 new engraving (新鐫), comp. (纂輯) Yao Yuxiang, further revised (增修) by Hu Yangshan 胡仰山 (m. Zhang 璋, from Guiji 會稽), sold for 6.4 taels (no place indicated), Xing’an huilan (q.v.) announced as an addition on the cover-leaf, title on cover-leaf recto Da Qing lüli xinzeng tongzuan jicheng, on verso Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng, in chapter mulu captions and in central margins Da Qing lüli xing’an huizuan 刑案彙纂 jicheng, authors in chapter captions Yao Run (重輯), Shen Zhiqi (原註), and Hu Zhang (增修); with prefs. by Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), Wang Ding 王鼎 (to Xinxiu lüli tongzuan jicheng, 1836), and Hangzhou prefect Wen Zhu 文柱 (1838, saying he was Hu Yangshan’s employer), colophon (跋) by Hu Zhang 胡璋 (i.e., Hu Yangshan, 1839), pref. by Shen Zhiqi (n.d.), fanli to Da Qing lüli xing’an huizuan jicheng. [Ōki] – *1843 new engraving (新鐫), comp. (原纂) Yao Yuxiang, enlarged (增輯) by Zhang Weizhi 章畏之 (m. Yue 鉞), from Shangyu 上虞, sold for 6.4 taels by the Tongwen tang bookstore 同文堂書坊 in Hangzhou (as indicated by a red seal on the cover-leaf verso); title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli xinxiu tongzuan jicheng (recto and verso), title in chapter mulu captions and central margins Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng, authors in chapter captions Shen Zhiqi (原註), Yao Run (原輯), Zhang Yue, and Shen Jiashu 沈嘉樹 (增修); with prefs. by Wen Zhu (1838), Changde (1829), Wang Ding (1836), and Shen Zhiqi (n.d.), colophon by Hu Zhang (1839), fanli to Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng. [Ōki] – *1844 new engraving (新鐫), comp. (原纂) Yao Yuxiang, enlarged (增輯) by Zhang Weizhi, sold for 6.4 taels by the Tongwen tang bookstore; title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli xinxiu tongzuan jicheng (recto and verso), title in chapter mulu captions and central margins Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng, with prefs. by Changde (1829), Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), Wang Ding (1836), and Wen Zhu (1838), colophon by Hu Zhang (1839), pref. by Shen Zhiqi (n.d.). [Faxue suo]

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– *1846 new engraving (新鐫), title on cover-leaf (recto and verso) Da Qing lüli xing’an tongzuan jicheng, title at beginning of fanli, in chapter mulu captions and in central margins Da Qing lüli xing’an huizuan jicheng, sold for 6.4 taels (a red imprint on cover-leaf gives the Sanyu tang 三餘 堂 at Hangzhou as seller), authors on cover-leaf Yao Yuxiang (纂輯) and Hu Yangshan (增修), same in chapter captions, with Shen Zhiqi as original annotator (原註); with prefs. by Chen Ruolin (1811), Changde (1829), Wang Ding (1836), Wen Zhu (1838), and Shen Zhiqi (n.d.), colophon by Hu Zhang. [Ōki] – 1850 ed. (姚潤纂, 胡璋增修). [Kokkai] – 1851 ed. (姚潤纂, 胡璋增修). [Kokkai] – *1853 new engraving (新鐫), comp. (纂輯) Yao Yuxiang, further revised (增修) by Hu Yangshan, cover-leaf citing Ministry memos (刑部說帖) and Xing’an huilan (q.v.) as appendixes, with red stamp specifying that new articles promulgated in 1853 have been inserted (咸豐三年欽奉上 諭部示通行新頒條例遂一增修校刊); title on cover-leaf recto Da Qing lüli xinzeng tongzuan jicheng, sold for 6.4 taels (no place indicated), with prefs. by Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), Changde (1829), Wang Ding (1836), and Wen Zhu (1838), colophon by Hu Zhang, pref. by Shen Zhiqi (n.d.); fanli to Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng and to Da Qing lüli xing’an huizuan jicheng. [HKU] – *1855 new engraving (新鐫), comp. (纂輯) Yao Yuxiang, further revised (增修) by Hu Yangshan, sold for 6.4 taels (no place indicated); title Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng on cover labels, Da Qing lüli xinxiu tongzuan jicheng on cover-leaf, Da Qing lüli xing’an huizuan jicheng at beginning of chapters and in central margins; with prefs. by Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), Wang Ding (1836), and Wenzhu (1838), colophon by Hu Zhang (1839), original pref. by Shen Zhiqi (n.d.). [Ōki] – *1859 new engraving (新鐫) from Liulichang 京都琉璃廠藏板, sold for 6.4 taels; compilers on cover-leaf Yao Yuxiang (纂輯) and Hu Yangshan (增修); with prefs. by Wenzhu (1838), Changde (1829), Wang Ding (1836), and Shen Zhiqi (n.d.), colophon by Hu Zhang (1839). [Faxue suo] – *1859 new engraving (新鐫), title on cover-leaf (recto and verso) Da Qing lüli xing’an tongzuan jicheng, at beginning of fanli, in chapter mulu captions, and in central margins Da Qing lüli xing’an huizuan jicheng, authors on cover-leaf Yao Yuxiang (纂輯) and Hu Yangshan (增修), same in chapter captions, with Shen Zhiqi as original annotator (原註); the list of further co-compilers and collators differs slightly from chapter to chapter; with prefs. by Chen Ruolin (1811), Changde (1829), Wang Ding (1836), Wenzhu (1838), and Shen Zhiqi (n.d.), colophon by Hu Zhang; sold for 6.4

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taels (cover-leaf recto); an imprint in red ink on the cover-leaf provides the address of the sellers—Hangzhou Sanshan tang bookstore 三善堂書 坊. [Harvard] – *1863 new engraving (新鐫), title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli xing’an tongzuan jicheng, Yao Yuxiang as original compiler (原纂) and Hu Yangshan as further compiler (增輯), citing Xingbu shuotie and Xing’an huilan as appendices (附刊); title in chapter captions and in central margins Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng; with prefs. by Wen Zhu (1838), Changde (1829), Wang Ding (1836), and Shen Zhiqi (n.d.), colophon by Hu Zhang (1839). [Jimbun] – *1864 new engraving (新鐫), blocks kept at Liulichang 京都琉璃廠藏板, same description as above. [Faxue suo] – *1865 new engraving (新鐫), same description as above. [*Faxue suo] – *1865 new engraving (新鐫), title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli xinzeng tongzuan jicheng (recto), Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng (verso), same in chapter captions and central margins, blocks kept at Liulichang 京都 琉璃廠藏板, otherwise same description as above. [Ōki] – 1866 new engraving, same description as above. [Kokkai] – *1868 Hangzhou Qinglai tang Wu residence ed. 武林清來堂吳宅藏板, cover-leaf giving Ren Pengnian 任彭年 (m. Zeshan 則珊, from Guiji 會 稽) as new compiler (重輯), and with red seal giving a price of 7 taels of fine silver 足紋銀柒兩; title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng, in chapter headings Da Qing lüli xinzeng tongzuan jicheng, running title Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng; with prefs. by Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingshen (1823), Qi Gong (1826), Changde (1829), Wang Kaitai 王凱 泰 (to Chongxiu lüli tongzuan jicheng, 1867), Wu Xu 吳煦 (to Zengxiu lüli tongzuan jicheng, 1868), and Shen Zhiqi (n.d.). [Tōyō Bunko] – *1869 ed., title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli xing’an xinzuan jicheng, comp. Yao Yuxiang, enlarged by Hu Yangshan, with pref. by Shen Zhiqi; printing blocks in an “official building” in Beijing whose address is provided (板藏京都宣武門外橋西上斜街口第七所官房), sold for 6,4 taels; title in chapter captions Da Qing lüli jiyao xinbian 集要新編; in central margins, Da Qing lüli huitong xinzuan. [Tōdai] – *1870 new engraving sold by the Laotong shishan fang 老桐石山房 in Suzhou, title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng, with Yao Yuxiang as compiler (纂輯) and Hu Yangshan as further reviser (增修), citing Xing’an huilan as appendix; title in advertisement on cover-leaf recto Da Qing lüli xinzeng 新增 tongzuan jicheng; title in chapter captions and central margins Da Qing lüli xing’an huizuan jicheng; with prefs. by Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), Wang Ding (1836), and Wen Zhu

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(1838), colophon by Hu Zhang (1839), Shen Zhiqi’s “original pref.” (n.d.). [Jimbun] – *1871 new engraving (新鐫) of the Xiugu dawen tang 繡谷大文堂藏板, cover-leaf with title Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng, giving Ren Pengnian as new compiler (重輯); title in chapter captions and in central margins Da Qing lüli xing’an huizuan jicheng; with prefs. by Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), Qi Gong (1826), Changde (1829), Wang Kaitai (1867), Wu Xu (1868), and Shen Zhiqi’s “original pref.” (n.d.). [Jimbun] – *1871 new engraving (新鐫) of the Hangzhou Qinglai tang Wu residence, sold by the Wu Yixi zhai bookstore 吳亦西齋書坊 in Hangzhou (7 taels a copy), title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng, giving Ren Pengnian as new compiler (重輯); title in chapter captions Da Qing lüli xinzeng tongzuan jicheng, in central margins Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng; with prefs. by Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), Qi Gong (1826), Changde (1829), Wang Kaitai (1867), Wu Xu (1868), note by Wu Xu (書續修新例後, 1871), and Shen Zhiqi’s “original pref.” (n.d.). [Faxue suo] – *1872 new engraving (新鐫) from Liulichang 京都琉璃廠藏板, sold for 6.4 taels; compilers on cover-leaf Yao Yuxiang (纂輯) and Hu Yangshan (增修); title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli xinzeng tongzuan jicheng (recto), Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng on cover-leaf verso, in chapter captions and in central margins, with prefs. by Wen Zhu (1838), Changde (1829), Wang Ding (1836), Shen Zhiqi (n.d.), colophon by Hu Zhang (1839). [Ōki] – 1873 ed. [Naikaku] – 1874 ed. [Hitotsubashi] – *1875 ed., title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli xing’an xinzuan jicheng; comp. (編) Yao Yuxiang, enlarged (補) by Hu Yangshan, printing blocks in an official building in Beijing (板藏京都宣武門外橋西上斜街口第七所官房), sold for 6,4 taels; title in chapter captions and central margins Da Qing lüli huitong xinzuan. [Tōdai] – 1882 ed. [Kokkai] – *1887 new engraving (新鐫) sold by “this bookstore” in Qinghe Lane, Hangzhou 浙省大街清河坊本堂發兌 (no price given), title on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng, giving Tao Donggao 陶東皋 (Jun 駿) and Tao Xiaoyun 陶曉篔 (Nianlin 念霖) as further compilers (增修); same title in chapter mulu captions (sometimes with xinzeng instead of zengxiu) and in central margins (sometimes without zengxiu or tongzuan); title in the advertisement on cover-leaf recto Da Qing lüli xin­xiu tongzuan jicheng; with prefs. by Tao Donggao and Tao Xiaoyun (to Zengxiu lüli tongzuan jicheng, 1878, placed before the imperial pronouncements in

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red), Shen Zhiqi (n.d.), Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), Qi Gong (1826), Changde (1829), Wang Kaitai (1867), Wu Xu (1868), note by Wu Xu (1871), pref. by Ying Baoshi 應寶時 (to Zengxiu lüli tongzuan jicheng, 1878); authorship in chapter captions Shen Zhiqi (原註), Yao Run (纂集), Ren Pengnian (重輯). [Ōki] – *1891 new engraving, same cover-leaf as 1887 ed. except for the date, with red stamp indicating that the bookstore that sells the book (same address) is the Juwen tang shufang 聚文堂書坊; title in chapter mulu captions Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng (sometimes with xinzeng instead of zengxiu), same in the central margins (sometimes without zengxiu or tongzuan); with prefs. by Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), Qi Gong (1826), Changde (1829), Wang Kaitai (1867), Wu Xu (1868), note by Wu Xu (1871), pref. by Ying Baoshi (1878); authorship in chapter captions Shen Zhiqi (原註), Yao Run (纂集), Ren Pengnian (重輯). [Ōki] – 1892 ed. [Kokkai] – 1892 enlarged ed. of the Hangzhou Qiu family Juwen tang 武林邱氏聚文 堂; authorship in chapter captions Yao Run (纂輯), Shen Zhiqi (原註), Hu Zhang (增修); first published in 1878. [Tōdai] – 1894 Shanghai Wenyuan shanfang 文淵山房 typeset ed. [Chūō University] – *1896 new engraving sold by “this bookstore” in Qinghe Lane, Hangzhou; seal on cover-leaf indicating that it is sold by the Juwen tang shufang in Hangzhou (same address as the Sanyu tang in earlier eds.); title on coverleaf Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng, Tao Donggao and Tao Xiaoyun as further compilers (增修); same title in chapter captions and central margins; title in advertisement on cover-leaf Da Qing lüli xinxiu tongzuan jicheng; with prefs. by Tao Donggao and Tao Xiaoyun (1878, placed before the imperial pronouncements in red), Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), Qi Gong (1826), Changde (1829), Wang Kaitai (1867), Wu Xu (1868), note by Wu Xu (1871), pref. by Ying Baoshi (1878). [Jimbun] – *1896 small-size Shanghai Wenyuan shanfang typeset ed. (鉛石木板), sold 4 Mex. dollars (洋四元) a copy, cover-leaf with Tao Donggao and Tao Xiaoyun as further compilers (增修); title Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng throughout, except on the cover-leaf recto (xinxiu instead of zengxiu); general mulu to the work (not to Da Qing lüli) arranged by juan (not by sections of the Code); the complete list of statutes (律目) is part of j. 1; authorship in chapter captions Shen Zhiqi (原註), Yao Run (纂集), Ren Pengnian (重輯); with prefs. by Shen Zhiqi (n.d.), Changde (1829), Wang Kaitai (1867), Wu Xu (1868), note by Wu Xu (1871), prefs. by Ying Baoshi (1878), Tao Donggao and Tao Xiaoyun (1878), Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), Qi Gong (1826). [Ōki]

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– *1898 new engraving identical to the 1896 Hangzhou ed. above, but without the Taos’ prefs. [IHEC] – *Undated ed. (1st fasc. missing), title on cover labels Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng, in chapter mulu captions Da Qing lüli xinzeng tongzuan jicheng, in central margins Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng; material quoted dates into the 1890s. [Harvard] – 1900 ed. Shanghai Wenyuan shanfang typeset ed. [Ōki] – *1901 Shanghai Juwen tang new engraving, entirely similar to the earlier ones, with prefs. by Shen Zhiqi (n.d.), Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), Qi Gong (1826), Changde (1829), Wang Kaitai (1867), Wu Xu (1868), note by Wu Xu (1871), prefs. by Ying Baoshi (1878), Tao Donggao and Tao Xiaoyun (1878). [Ōki] – 1904 Shanghai Wenyuan shanfang ed. [Sakata 酒田 Municipal Library] – *1907 small-size typeset ed., cover-leaf with Tao Donggao and Tao Xiaoyun as further compilers (增修); cover-leaf recto saying that the 1870 new substatutes (部頒纂修新例) are used, sold by the Shanghai Wenyuan shanfang (4 Mex. dollars per copy); with prefs. by Shen Zhiqi (n.d.), Changde (1829), Wang Kaitai (1867), Wu Xu (1868), note by Wu Xu (1871), prefs. by Ying Baoshi (1878), compilers Tao Donggao and Tao Xiaoyun (1878), Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), and Qi Gong (1826). [Zhengfa] – *1907 ed. of the Zhu-family Jiaojing shanfang 孫谿朱氏校經山房刊, title on cover-leaf recto Da Qing lüli xinxiu tongzuan jicheng (no price indicated), Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng on verso, Tao Donggao and Tao Xiaoyun as further compilers (增修), seal of the Jiaojing shanfang, (校經山房督造書籍); with prefs. by Tao Donggao and Tao Xiaoyun (1878, placed before the imperial utterances in red), Shen Zhiqi (n.d.), Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingshen (1823), Qi Gong (1826), Changde (1829), Wang Kaitai (1867), Wu Xu (1868), note by Wu Xu (1871), pref. by Ying Baoshi (1878); chapter captions listing Shen Zhiqi as “original annotator,” Yao Run as “compiler” (纂輯), Ren Pengnian as “new compiler” (重輯). [Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] – 1908 Shanghai Wenrui lou 上海文瑞樓 litho. ed. [Kobe] – *1909 Shanghai Wenyuan shanfang small-size typeset ed. (鉛石木 板), sold 4 Mex. dollars per copy, cover-leaf with Tao Donggao and Tao Xiaoyun as further compilers (增修); entirely similar to the 1896 ed. of the same boostore. [*Ōki] [*HKU, indication “newly engraved” (新鐫) on cover-leaf] – *1910 litho. small-size new ed. (新修) of the Shanghai Wenrui lou 上海 文瑞樓重校石印, title on cover-leaf, in chapter captions, and in central margins Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng, Tao Donggao and Tao

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Xiaoyun as further compilers (增修); with original pref. by Shen Zhiqi (n.d.), prefs. by Changde (1829), Wang Kaitai (1867), Wu Xu (1868), note by Wu Xu (1871), prefs. by Ying Baoshi (1878), Tao Donggao and Tao Xiaoyun (1878), Chen Ruolin (1811), Wu Tingchen (1823), and Qi Gong (1826). The cover-leaf is followed by an advertisement for subscribing to Da Qing fagui daquan 大清法規大全 at 50 percent discount; it explains that the traditional texts (namely, Da Qing lüli, Xing’an huilan, Zizhi xinshu, and Liubu chufen) are no longer of any use and that the new work will collect all the new laws and regulations. This ed. is similar in content and organization to the earlier eds. (but with different numbers of characters per column). [Faxue suo]

Rem.: Despite the wild variety in titles and in the names of “further compilers,” all the versions above are essentially the same work with updates (but not necessarily in the same engraving or size). They all display an advertising text on the recto of the yellow-color cover-leaf (sometimes giving the price and/or place of sale, or publisher 藏板), saying, with some variants in wording, that the Yongzheng ed. of the Code, including its “general commentary” (總註), has been respectfully taken as a basis and complemented with the substatutes featuring in the latest version of the new substatutes promulgated by the Ministry 部頒纂修新例 in 1838 (or 1852, 1855, 1865, 1872, and so forth, as the case may be), to which has been added a careful selection of all sorts of official and private materials, such as edicts, circulars (通行), leading cases (成案), Six Ministries regulations (六部則例), and various private commentaries—in sum, “everything that concerns a judiciary yamen and can be put to use at any time” (凡有關讞獄衙門動輒引用者), or a similar formula; laws for analogy 比引律條 and Dubu zeli have been printed at the end, as well as (in some eds.) the rules for autumn assizes, Xiyuan lu (q.v.), and other materials. The various prefs. suggest that this zengxiu version continued a Xinzeng lüli tongzuan jicheng published by Yao Yuxiang in 1823, revised in 1826, and augmented by Hu Yangshan in the 1830s, which was itself a continuation of a Lüli tongzuan jicheng published in Zhejiang by a certain Shen 沈 in 1811—“Shen Zhiqi from Xiushui” 秀水沈之奇 according to Ying Baoshi’s 1878 pref., obviously a confusion with the author of the famous 1715 Da Qing lü jizhu, who is always given as “original annotator” (原註) in chapter captions and whose commentaries are generously quoted in the middle register of the page. In 1867, the former administration commissioner of Jiangsu, Wu Xu (z. Xiaofan 曉帆), a Hangzhou native who had started as a muyou and had bought a set of printing blocks during his tenure in Jiangsu, entrusted

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the preparation of a new revised ed. to a former muyou colleague by the name of Ren Pengnian, a native of Guiji, like the brothers Tao Donggao and Tao Xiaoyun who would prepare a new ed. in 1877–78. According to the Taos’ pref., the new version produced by Wu Xu was welcomed with enthusiasm by legal secretaries, who since the destructions caused by civil war had “lost their compass” (兵燹後頗少完本，秉案之客如失 南車). Ten years later, however, revisions were necessary and the printing blocks of Wu Xu’s version were in bad shape, which justified the production of a new edition by the Juwen tang 聚文堂 in 1877 with the help of the Taos. To judge by the number of editions listed above (there are probably others) and the quantity of copies held in modern libraries (the joint catalog of Chinese books in Japanese libraries features 31 copies, not counting alternative titles, the Faxue suo holds an unknown number scattered in its stacks), these pre- and especially post-Taiping versions of the Code with commentaries seem to have more or less dominated the market. The front matter includes—with some degree of regularity—imperial prefaces and edicts related to the Code (printed in red); memorials related to the various revisions; the official fanli of the Code (大清律例 部頒凡例, corresponding apparently to the 1801 ed.), and the fanli to Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng, which insists in particular that the substatutes in force have been carefully checked, every deletion, increment or transfer being indicated (there are some differences of wording depending on the ed.); the prefaces; the general table of contents (by juan) and the list of contents of the Qing Code (律目, sometimes before the prefaces). J. 1 contains the detailed list of statutes, plus the explanation of the eight characters; j. 2 has the tables (諸圖); j. 3 is devoted to the mourning system; j. 4–39 have the text of the Code and its commentaries; j. 40 features the rules on analogy (比引律條), including those in autumn assizes regulations (秋審條款), and tables and checklists for autopsies (檢屍圖格); the Dubu zeli feature at the end in two separate juan. In the main section the page (16 large characters per column plus elevations) uses the further title Da Qing lüli jijie 集解 in chapter captions (the title Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng, or a variant thereof, features in chapter mulu captions), Shen Zhiqi being cited as original commentator (原註), Yao Run as original compiler (原輯) or new compiler (重輯), or simply compiler (纂輯), and a variety of other people (depending on the edition) as “further compilers”; this register contains the text of the statutes, the Yongzheng general commentary, and the substatutes. The middle register (15 small characters per column, plus

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elevations) contains commentaries, mainly Shen Zhiqi’s jizhu 輯註, but there are some quotes from Wan Weihan’s jizhu 集註, Wang Kentang’s jianshi 箋釋, and others; it also contains relevant quotations from leading cases taken from Xing’an huilan (q.v.), memos from the Bureau of the Code (說帖), approved memorials, ministry regulations on sanctions (處分則例), and so forth; given the abundance of materials this register occasionally continues long after the text in the lower register has stopped. The upper register (4 small characters per column) provides further technical details, mainly in the form of cross-references. In some places there is a fourth register at the top (3 small characters per column) with further additional materials. In most eds. the printing is of comparatively low quality and reveals the frequent re-use of the same blocks. The name of the section, sometimes statute, discussed on the page is provided in the central margins. The work in its various editions can be said to be a product of the Hangzhou school of legal specialists, and the prefaces show that it received full support from the highest Hangzhou authorities. While editions continued to be produced in Hangzhou during the entire nineteenth century, however, the same format and content was used by publishers operating in other places, notably Suzhou and Beijing. Note that the description above goes back to the first Tongzuan produced at the turn of the century (see above), of which the present work is a later variant. [PEW]

0394

Da Qing lüli anyu 大清律例按語, 104 j. [Notes on the Great Qing Code] Anon. Daoguang period Ed.:

– 1834 ms. ed. on pre-framed paper (date according to cat.), 9 fasc., clearly incomplete. [Zhengfa] – *1847 engraving (鐫) of Pan Shicheng’s 潘仕成 Haishan xianguan 海山 仙館藏板, with pref. by Huang Entong 黃恩彤 (大清律例按語序, 1847). [*Harvard] [*Ōki] [*Qinghua] [Tōyō Bunka] – *1851 Haishan xianguan ed., with pref. by Huang Entong (大清律例按語 根源序, 1847); title Da Qing lüli anyu genyuan 根源 at the head of part of the chapters. [Columbia] – Undated ms. ed. in 43 fasc., no juan separation. [Ōki] – *Undated ms. ed. carefully written on pre-framed paper (with title printed at the top of central margin), without pref. or compiler’s name,

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incomplete (contents stop in the middle of the “Punishments” part [刑

律]). [Princeton]

– 1894 movable-type ed. in 72 j. by Shaanxi salt-control intendant (鹽法道) Chonglun 崇綸.

Rem.: The work (here described from the 1847 ed.) amounts to a commentary to the Code, more specifically to the substatutes and their revisions, produced by the offices of the Ministry of Justice. Huang Entong (himself an official of the Ministry for fifteen years, including ten years as supervisor of the Bureau of the Code 律例館提調, and later governor of Guangdong 1845–46) explains in the pref. that despite their rich qualities the treatises published in the Ming and Qing—he cites Fajia pouji and Dulü peixi (qq.v.)—are either partial or far-fetched, whereas the anthologies of judgments—e.g., Zheyu guijian or Minggong shupan (qq.v.)—concentrate on court proceedings or value literary quality; in other words, they are of interest to legalists (法家) but do not amount to a true “legal science” (律學). In the process of adding or removing substatutes (條例), he thinks, the present dynasty has consistently dwelt on the Ministry of Justice officials’ careful consideration of the proposals sent by the provinces, guided by a concern for humaneness based on equity (以中正為體以仁恕為用); hence—in Huang’s rosy appreciation—for two hundred years there were no cases stranded in the courts (公庭無滯獄) and no people unjustly imprisoned (囹圄無冤民). The present work is based on a ms. compilation called Jin’an 謹按 held at the Ministry—up till then a “secret treatise of the official bureaus” (官閣秘本), of which only a few incomplete ms. copies circulated, and to which officials in charge of composing substatutes, like Huang himself, would refer whenever they had doubts about a law and needed to trace the discussions that had accompanied its elaboration (每于法有 疑，得參末議，沿流溯源，必稽求謹按一書以為準繩) in order to understand the “intent” of the lawmakers (立法之意). It includes excerpts from memorials sent in response (覆奏檔案) since the Yongzheng period, and is described by Huang as an anthology of materials on the intentions presiding over the creation of law (其于立法之意擇精語詳). Pan Shicheng (h. Deshe 德畬) (1804–73), the scion of a wealthy Canton merchant family (see ECCP, 605–6) and a former Ministry of Justice official—in his pref., Huang Entong describes him as “a famous director at the Ministry of Justice and a lofty talent of the Bureau of the Code” (雲署之望郎, 雪堂之峻品)—who had a complete copy in his “trunk,” decided to print it in his Haishan xianguan congshu. (In fact the congshu itself does not includes this title.) Huang notes that although “the law

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belongs in common to the government and people” (惟法者國與民共 之者也), its text contains many subtleties that can only be taken into account by those able to understand the genealogy of the laws (詳其沿 革) and see their connectedness (觀其會通). In this way, by making everything immediately clear (無不昭若發矇，瞭如指掌), the Anyu can

be of considerable help to beginners at a loss at court and not knowing how to adduce the correct law in difficult cases. According to Huang, the work should make the consultation of the previous treatises largely useless. The 1847 ed. is divided by reigns, viz. Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Daoguang. Within each reign it quotes the statutes, including the revised versions—the revisions concerning essentially the small-character inserted comments—as the case may be, followed by the substatutes and their later revisions or replacements, in the order of the Code. (For the Daoguang period this arrangment is repeated under four years, namely 1824, 1829, 1834, and 1839, which were years of “small revision” of the Code.) The more or less extended commentary, introduced by the words 臣等謹按, follows the text of the statute or substatute to which it applies; it makes the meaning of the text more explicit and its area of application clearer, recalls the circumstances of revision, and occasionally suggests a better placement for a substatute within the Code. In this way the work is not unlike the later Duli cunyi by Xue Yunsheng (q.v.). The ms. ed. at Princeton, which contains a few slips pasted in and pointing character errors, is in part a different sort of work. It has no division by reigns but displays a continuous text, with dates of statutes (always 1740) and substatutes (always Qianlong-period) indicated in the central margin; the copy is incomplete and seems to be in 30 juan. There are comparatively few commentaries. It is almost certainly earlier than the printed version. Jia Hui (see below), who says he could not see the 1847 Haishan xianguan ed., describes an undated ms. ed. in 12 fasc. at Zhengfa that seems different from the one in the online cat. (see above); it covers the revisions of substatutes in 1824, 1829, 1834, and 1839. Ref. and studies: Ma, 84–85 (Qinghua) (1894 ed.). Qingdai lüxue, 243–61 (by Jia Hui 賈輝), regarding Huang Entong as compiler. Tanii Toshihito, “Shin ritsu,” 615–6, discussing it together with its “sister work” Da Qing lüli genyuan 根源, 124 j., comp. Yulu 裕祿 (z. Shoushan 壽山), 1871 ed. of the Anhui fuwen shuju 安徽敷文書局. The latter work is an expansion and reorganization of Da Qing lüli anyu, dropping the separation by reign periods and incorporating data from the Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns; it does not seem to have enjoyed much circulation. See Guo Chengwei’s 郭成偉 essay in Qingdai lüxue, 310–3. Guo mentions another version of Da Qing lüli anyu (apparently not extant)

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that was hand-written in 20 copies in Shaanxi in the late 1840s under the sponsorship of acting surveillance commissioner Chonglun 崇綸 (whose 1847 pref. features in Da Qing lüli genyuan), based on a Ministry of Justice copy he had bought; the 1894 printed ed. of this recension is mentioned by Ma Fengchen (see above). [JB, PEW] 0395

Lüli bianlan 律例便覽, 8 j. [The Penal Code: An Easy Reader] By Cai Songnian 蔡嵩年 (h. Yunfeng 雲峰) (jr. 1840) and Cai Fengnian 蔡逢年 (h. Yannong 硯農, 研農) (js. 1852), from Dantu 丹徒 (Jiangsu) 1859 Ed.:

– *1859 ed. with prefs. by Xu Zonggan 徐宗幹 (1859), Qi Changgeng 齊長 庚 (1859), and Cai Fengnian (1859), with Chufen zeli tuyao (q.v.) in 6 j. appended. [*Beitu] [*Ōki] – 1864 Jiangsu shuju new ed. (重刊). [Harvard Law School] – 1868 new ed. by Nie Erkang 聶爾康, based on 1859 ed. – *1869 enlarged ed. (增修) with pref. by Cai Fengnian (n.d.), “original pref.” by Cai Fengnian (1859), and pref. by Dong Xun 董恂 (1869), fanli signed by the Cai brothers (1864), prefs. by Zhou Zupei 周祖培 (1864) and Jiang Qingji 江清驥 (to 重刊, 1865), with Chufen zeli tuyao (q.v.) in 6 j. appended. [*Jimbun] [*Tōyō Bunko, with prefaces in a different order] – *1870 Jiangsu shuju new edition (重刻 or 重刊), with “original pref.” by Cai Fengnian (1859), prefs. by Zhou Zupei (1864), Ding Richang 丁日昌 (to 重刻, 1870), and Jiang Qingji (1865), fanli by Cai Fengnian and Cai Songnian (1864); Chufen zeli tuyao (q.v.) in 6 j. appended to some copies. [*Columbia, with Ding’s pref. at the beginning] [*Fu Sinian] [Congress] [*Beitu, with Ding’s pref. at the beginning] [*Ōki, same] [*Qinghua, same] – *1872 enlarged edition (增修), with prefs. by Cai Fengnian (n.d.), Jiang Qingji (1865), Zhou Zupei (1864), and Cai Fengnian (1859), fanli by Cai Fengnian and Cai Songnian (1864), with Chufen zeli tuyao (q.v.) in 6 j. appended; title on cover-leaf recto Lüli bianlan, on verso Chufen zeli tuyao, both with mention 同治十一年增修; commentaries in red ink in the upper margin. [*Beitu] [*Harvard] [*Jimbun] [*Ōki] – *1874 ed. by Jiang Qingji 江清驥重刊, sold by the Eryou zhai 二酉齋發兌. [IHEC] – 1888 Jiangsu shuju new ed. (重刊). – 1896 Shanghai shuju litho ed.

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– Photo-repro. of a Tongzhi-period ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 10–11.

Rem.: Cai Songnian, the older of the two brothers who produced the original 1859 edition, was an official at the Ministry of Justice; his aim was to compile a guide that would synthesize the more useful part of the statutes and substatutes in the Penal Code and avoid redundancies, taking account of the fact that the detail and complexities of the Code make it impossible for non-specialists to memorize it in its entirety. The work was completed by Cai Fengnian after the brothers had returned to the south to mourn their mother. There is a set of 14 tables (諸圖) before the mulu, devoted to the “six spoils” and various forms of redemption of punishment. The text proper is split between a small commentary at the top of the page (based on [Da Qing lü] jizhu 輯注 [q.v.] and on various authorities), and the presentation of the statutes and substatutes which have been selected, with some small-character notes marked by zhu 註, at the bottom. The order of the statutes (of which 24 have been omitted because they are rarely used) follows the 1853 edition of the Code; the substatutes have been occasionally rearranged for the sake of clarity; it may happen that the text of either a statute or a substatute be omitted when there is a redundancy. A few leading cases (成案) introducing judgments by analogy (比照科斷) are cited where the statuses and substatutes lack clear indications. Explanatory notes are sometimes inserted after the text of a statute or substatute. The text is punctuated, and the paragraphs within individual articles are separated by a circle (as in the original Code). J. 1–7 correspond to the seven parts of the Code (general rules and “Six Ministries”); j. 8, only 2 pages long, introduces the regulations on “catching fugitives” (督捕則例). Jiang Qingji says in his pref. that the usefulness of the Cai brothers’ work was revealed to him when he was appointed acting surveillance commissioner of Jiangsu in 1860 and was faced with a bewildering accumulation of old files; he compares it to Tanglü shuyi 唐律疏議 for balance and to Xingtong fu jie (q.v.) for concision. He eventually had a new collated ed. engraved, adding several tens of post-1860 substatutes. The original Jiang Qingji ed. has not been seen, but the fanli of the 1870 Jiangsu shuju ed., dated 1864 and signed by the two brothers, must correspond to it. The Jiangsu shuju ed. was published on the order of Governor Ding Richang, as indicated in an entry of Ding’s Fu Wu gongdu (q.v.), undated ed., 41/9a–b, recommending to update the contents; it was supposed to be appended to Muling shu jiyao (q.v.). Bio.: Information on the Cai brothers is scarce. Songnian served as bureau director in the Ministry of Justice. In 1880 he became prefect of Yuanzhou 袁

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529

州 (Jiangxi), and died in post in 1883. According to Zhou Zupei’s pref., after his

jinshi Fengnian worked in the Ministry of War. He is mentioned as salt and tea intendant (鹽茶道) in Sichuan under governor-general Ding Baozhen 丁寶楨 (in that function 1876–86), who at one point censured him for corruption. See Dantu XZ (1879) 22/27b, 54b; Guizhou TZ (1948), 人物志 3/55a; Yichun 宜春 XZ (1940), 15/21a. Ref. and studies: Alabaster, 619 (1859 ed.). Lüli bianlan (or “Manuel du Code”), dated 1866, is cited as one of the sources of Father Guy Boulais’s Manuel du Code chinois (Shanghai: Imprimerie de la Mission catholique, 1924). Ma, 83–84 (Beida) (Jiangsu shuju ed.). Qingdai lüxue, 285–93 (by Yang Xiaohui 楊曉輝). [JB, PEW] 0396

Da Qing xinglü zeyao qianshuo 大清刑律擇要淺說, 2 j. [Simple Explanations to a Selection of Criminal Laws from the Great Qing] Comp. Zhihe 志和 (z. Aiyun 靄雲, h. Chunpu 春圃) (1823–83) (js. 1852), from the Manchu Plain Bue Banner 1864 Ed.:

– *1864 Huiwen shanfang ed. 板存會文山房, with prefs. by Yuanzhai Yuming 遠齋玉明 (1863), Wang Yingdou 王映斗 (1863), Dechun 德椿 (1863), Liu Qi 劉杞 (1864), Zhang Dingyong 張鼎鏞, and Zhihe (1864, written at 刑部官舍之自問堂), fanli signed by Ziwen tang guoke 資問堂過客. [Ōki]

Rem.: An explanation of the code in very plain colloquial language for the general populace (“women and children’s language,” says the author). As one article in the fanli says, “This compilation is only meant to exhort society and frighten the stupid, those who are officials shouldn’t regard it as a regular treatise!” (是編不過為勸世警愚，作吏者弗視為 正本). The author insists on his effort to be easily comprehensible even for the least intelligent. Some of the prefs. imply that this is needed in a world filled with lawyers (言申韓者) who try to use specialized knowledge to deceive the people. The author selected statutes and substatutes most concerned with popular mores and education (風俗教化) and arranged them into 8 sections, namely, rebelling against one’s superiors (犯上), crimes against relatives within the mourning system (服制), sexual crimes (犯姦), homicides (人命), gambling (賭博), violence and robbery (賊盜), desecration of tombs (發塚), and false accusations (誣 告). Each quotation from the law is followed by a lengthy explanation in baihua in a very familiar tone, ending frequently with the phrase “Don’t

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you think this is frightening?” (你說可怕不可怕). The quotations from statutes all begin with the word fan 凡, those from substatutes with the word yi 一.

Bio.: Zhihe started his career as a Hanlin bachelor (庶吉士) (1852–53), and later an academician expositor-in-waiting (侍講學士) (1859–60). He was right vice-censor-in-chief in 1861–62, vice-minister of Justice in Shengjing (盛京刑 部侍郎) in 1862–69, then in Beijing (1869–72), and in the following years occupied a variety of ministerial posts both in Shengjing and in Beijing. He was a grand secretary (內閣學士) from 1877. He was censor-in-chief (左都御史) in 1879–80 and minister of War in 1881–83. At the same time he filled a number of positions in the Banner organization, at court, and in the Imperial Household Department. See Renming quanwei. [PEW]

0397

Da Qing lüli huiji bianlan 大清律例彙輯便覽, 1 + 40 + 2 j. [A Collection of Convenient Readings on the Great Qing Code] Anon. 1872 Ed.:

– *1872 ed. new engraving (新鐫) of the Hubei Judiciary Bureau 湖北讞局. [*HKU] [*IHEC, only j. 1–24] – 1873 Zhe Hang Dulü shanguan 浙杭讀律山館 ed. [Kokkai] [Naikaku] – 1873 ed. of the Shancheng tang in Beijing 京都善成堂. [Kokkai] – 1873 Beijing Liulichang ed. [Gumma University] – *Undated ed. (1873 according to cat.), no cover-leaf, no indication of publisher. [Kokkai] – *1877 official Ministry ed. 京都部內官板, sold by the Shancheng tang 善成堂發兌. [Jimbun] – 1877 “Ministry ed.,” printed by the Baoshan tang 寶善堂. [Jimbun, sold by the Shancheng tang 善成堂發兌] [Kokkai] – 1879 Shancheng tang ed. [Kokkai] – 1883 ed. “at the capital” (京都). [Chūō daigaku] – 1885 Zhe Hang Dulü shanguan ed. [Kokkai] – 1887 Dulü shanguan ed. [Kokkai] – *1888 ed. “at the capital.” [Columbia] [*IHEC, printing blocks kept at the Shancheng tang at the capital according to cover-leaf] [Kokkai, same] [*Tōyō Bunko] – 1892 ed. with supplement (補刊), printing blocks kept at the Shancheng tang. [Kokkai]

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– 1898 ed. “at the capital.” [Beitu] – *1903 ed. “at the capital.” [Columbia] – Photo-repro. of 1903 ed., Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1975.

Rem.: A rather massive and well-printed ed. of the Qing Code with commentaries. In the 1872 ed. the fanli is preceded by a communication of the Hubei administration and surveillance commissioners, Zhang Jianji 張建基 and Liu Cexian 劉策先, to the governor and governorgeneral presenting the project, which they describe as a revised version of Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng (q.v.) with additional materials, to be partly funded from the “integrity-nourishing funds” (養廉銀) of the province’s prefects and magistrates; this is followed by the rescripts (dated 1871) of governor-general Li Hanzhang 李瀚章 and governor Guo Boyin 郭柏蔭; there is a list of 6 supervisors (監校), 7 collators (同校), and 6 assistant collators 彙輯同校, all of them Hubei acting or expectant officials; fanli titled 大清律例湖北讞局新增凡例. The other editions seen are clearly commercial reprints. For some reason (possibly the date of the latest imperial edict cited at the beginning), the catalog entries for most editions in Japanese libraries speak either of an 1845 official compilation (道光二十五年撰) or of an 1870 compilation (同治九年纂). The claim that this is a “Ministry edition” on the cover-leaf of the 1877 ed., which was apparently erased from that of the 1888 ed., is certainly spurious. The cover-leaf and fanli in all eds. except 1872 have beilan 備 覽 instead of bianlan (found everywhere else in the book). The coverleaf verso in the “capital” eds. features 14 titles of works whose contents have been inserted in the main text or appended to it (內附), including Da Qing huidian 大清會典, Bo’an xinbian (q.v.), Chufen zeli 處分則例, Zhongshu zhengkao 中樞政考, Xing’an huilan (q.v.), Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiao (q.v.), Linian biyin jiajian cheng’an 歷年比引加減成案, Xiyuan lu (q.v.), collections of new substatutes, approved circulars from the ministries (各部議准通行), and more. The structure and contents are similar to those in the Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng series—as acknowledged in the fanli—namely, imperial edicts (綸音, in red ink in the 1872 ed.) and memorials from the central offices related to the compilation of the Code at the beginning, followed by the official fanli (部頒), the fanli to the work at hand (with beilan instead of bianlan), the mulu of the work, the list of statutes in the Code (with explanations in small characters appended to part of them), tables, explanation of the mourning system, and the Code proper in j. 4–39, for which the annotations of Tongzuan jicheng have been preserved (j. 40 is devoted to the articles on analogy 比引律條 and the checklist and plates of the skeleton in Xiyuan lu). The

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Dubu zeli in 2 juan and the lists of distances for exiles (五軍道里表 and 三流道里表) are appended. There are no prefaces or indications of authorship. The pages are split into four registers, which start together at each new statute, but can be of very uneven length. The statutes, the official (Yongzheng) commentary, and the substatutes are at the bottom; quotations of Shen Zhiqi’s jizhu and other related materials—mainly edicts and memorials establishing “precedents” (成案)—are in the register above; additional materials (mainly regulations, chufen zeli and the like) are in the third register, which sometimes is empty, and at other times occupies many pages while other registers are empty; the top is for cross-references. The 1888 ed. and 1903 eds. (not the 1872) also contain a supplement with autumn assizes cases titled Qiushen shihuan bijiao hui’an (q.v.).

Ref. and studies: Ma, 83 (Beida) (1872 ed.). Qingdai lüxue, 304–9 (by Song Guohua 宋國華). [JB, PEW] 0398

Dulü tigang 讀律提綱, 1 j. [An Outline for Reading the Code] By Yang Rongxu 楊榮緒 (original m. Rong 榮, z. Puxiang 浦香) (1808– 74) (js. 1853), from Panyu 番禺 (Guangdong) N.d. Ed.:

– *1877 Xuehai tang congke (學海堂叢刻之五) ed., in Qixiu shanfang congshu, ce 5, with prefs. by Chen Li 陳澧 (1878) and the author’s son, [Yang] Jinren 近仁 (1876), stele biography (碑銘) by Chen Li, memorial from the Ministry of Rites asking for Yang’s admission to the temple of eminent statesmen (1875), pref. by Li Zou 李諏 (1877). [Fu Sinian] – *Same ed., same date, congshu title Xuehai tang congke, ce 5, with prefs. by Chen Li (1878) and Li Zou (1877), stele biography by Chen Li, postf. by Yang Jinren (1876), Ministry of Rites memorial (1875). [IHEC] – *1877 ed. without indication of congshu or publisher, with prefs. by Chen Li (1878) and Li Zou (1877); the memorial of the Ministry of Rites, stele biography, and postf. by Yang Jinren (1876) are placed at the end; name of Fuwen zhai printing shop, which produced the book in Canton (羊城內 西湖街富文齋承刊印), on last page. [*Ōki] [*Columbia, with Xuehai tang congke mentioned but ce number erased; Yang Jinren’s postf. at end (with mention of Canton printer) has been inserted between the memorial and biography]

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533

– In Congshu jicheng sanbian, reproducing the Qixiu shanfang congshu ed. at Fu Sinian.

Rem.: The work consists of reflections, presented in clear language, on various aspects and problems of interpretation of statutes and substatutes in the Penal Code. One pref. states that it will be “useful for teaching if the court reestablishes the law doctors” (律博士) that existed in the Jin 晉 and if law studies are restored to the distinction they possessed in the Han. Rather than following the order of the Penal Code, the contents are organized into 71 short essays discussing a variety of subjects and legal notions, adducing the relevant items in the Code and occasionally mobilizing the author’s classical knowledge. Most captions begin with the word lü 律 and are in the form “The Code does or says such and such.” Not a handbook in the narrowest sense, the text must not have been originally intended for circulation since it was retrieved from a trunk by the author’s son in 1875. Bio.: After his jinshi in 1853 Yang Rongxu entered the Hanlin Academy. He joined the Censorate in 1860, and was appointed prefect of Huzhou 湖州 (Zhejiang) in 1863, being able to assume the post after the city was recovered from the Taipings in 1865. He devoted himself to the reconstruction of the area. His efforts earned him laudation as “outstanding” (卓異) at the 1871 great evaluation, and he was summoned to audience. He was ordered to resume his office, but was no longer intererested in it and purchased a promotion to intendant; he died in office in 1874, much to the despair of the Huzhou population. See the stele biography by Chen Li and the 1875 Ministry of Rites memorial; see also biographical materials (including the biographies in Qingshi liezhuan and Panyu XZ) at the beginning of Yang’s unpublished drafts, Yang Fuxiang xiansheng yigao 楊黼香先生遺稿 (Hong Kong: Chongwen shudian, 1972); QSG, 479/13084-85; QSLZ, 77/1a–b; BZJbu, 24/27b–29b. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334. Qingdai lüxue, 186–95 (by Li Yi 李儀). [PEW]

0399

Da Qing lüli zengxiu huizuan dacheng 大清律例增修彙纂大成, 1 + 40 + 6 j. [A Compendium of Collected Commentaries on the Great Qing Code, Further Revised] Anon. 1898 Ed.:

– *1898 small-size litho. ed. [Faxue suo]

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534

4.1.1 Explanations of the Penal Code

Rem.: The text carrying the presentation at the back of the cover-leaf states that Da Qing lüli huizuan dacheng, the work of which the present item is a revised version, “follows entirely” (悉宗) the model of Lüli tongzuan (see under Da Qing lüli xuzeng tongzuan jicheng), but also adds materials from such sources as Chufen zeli 處分則例, Zhongshu zhengkao 中樞政考, Da Qing Huidian 大清會典, and more (a list of 14 titles for materials appended [內附] is provided on the same page); it was using the 1870 edition of the Code. In the present revised version the new materials promulgated in between have been appended to each article. J. 首 includes (under the general caption lunyin 綸音 in the cental margin) the imperial prefs. to the various eds. of the Code and the Ministry’s memorials on revisions, the fanli to the Code (大清律例部頒凡例), the fanli to Da Qing lüli huizuan dacheng (which again claims that the tongzuan jicheng has been exactly followed as far as the text of the Code and commentaries are concerned), the mulu, and the list of statutes (律目). The text of the Code proper (starting on j. 4) appears on the bottom register, which contains the statutes, the Yongzheng official commentary, and the substatutes; the register above contains the commentaries (by Shen Zhiqi 沈之奇 and others) and a variety of other materials, such as ministry regulations (則例), imperial edicts and circulars, leading cases, cases from Xing’an huilan (q.v.), and so forth, relevant to the law featured at the bottom; a third register is mainly devoted to the regulations on punishments (chufen zeli); the upper (narrower) fourth register provides cross-references. At times the layout in four registers is broken so as to allow more room for the texts started in one of the registers, which can even use the entirety of the page if there is nothing more to insert in the other registers. Although in a small size and densely printed, this edition is well produced and easy to consult. [PEW]

0400

Da Qing xianxing xinglü jiangyi 大清現行刑律講義, 4 ce [An Explanation of the Meanings of the Great Qing Penal Laws Currently in Use] Comp. Zhong Lian 鍾濂, from Qiantang 錢塘 (Hangzhou, Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated typeset ed. in continuous pagination (153 folios); title handwritten on the cover: Hubei fazheng xuetang 湖北法政學堂 Da Qing xianxing xinglü jiangyi; running title Hubei shenpan yuan yangcheng suo 湖北審

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535

0399–0401

判員養成所 Da Qing xianxing xinglü jiangyi; the name of the compiler appears on p. 67, following an explanatory note. [Tian Tao] Rem.: A didactic commentary of the general section (名例門) of the

Code intended for the students of a new law school in Hubei province. Each of the 38 statutes is followed by very detailed explanations regarding its rationale (法理) and history (沿革); comparisons with the draft new Penal Code (新刑律草案) and with Japanese modern criminal law (日本現行刑法) are provided, as well as quotations from substatutes currently in force (現行例). [PEW]

0401

Lüli zhaiyao 律例摘要, 10 j. [Essentials of the Penal Code] By Fei Bin 費斌, from Guian 歸安 (Zhejiang) 1902 pref. Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. without juan division, with author’s pref. (1902). [Faxue suo] – *Undated Jiaoyu tushuju typeset ed. 教育圖書局排印本, with author’s pref. (1905). [Ōki, 2 copies]

Rem.: A somewhat abridged version of the Code for teaching at the Tianjin Beiyang Police School 北洋巡警學堂, created in 1902, where the author had been appointed as professor. He says in the pref. that this is to be used while the new Code ordered by the dynasty has not been completed. The pref. alludes to the cancellation of “cruel punishments,” but slicing (凌遲) is still mentioned, as in the old Code, of which this appears to be a rather straightforward reproduction, with a degree of “selection” (摘) that remains to be ascertained through a comparison with the full text, and with some additions from other sources and further explanations. In the section on Five Punishments in j. 1, the author cites some materials denouncing excesses in applying cruel punishments. J. 4–9 are devoted to criminal law (刑律). A short essay titled Dulü yaolüe 讀律要略, 1 j., is appended; it is a general commentary on the main statutes in the Code, rather in the form of a paraphrase. Bio.: No further information about Fei Bin is available. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 78 (by You Shaohua 尤韶華). Qingdai lüxue, 511–5 (by Li Hua 李華). [PEW]

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536

4.1.2.1 Rearranged Presentations of the Code and Regulations

4.1.2

Rearranged and Simplified Presentations of the Code and Regulations

4.1.2.1

Rearranged and Summarized Presentations

[MING] 0402

Lüli leichao 律例類鈔 [A Classified Listing of the Articles of the Code] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *[1567] ed. appended to Da Ming lüli fujie (publ. Chen Sheng 陳省) (q.v.). – *1573 ed. appended to Da Ming lüli fujie (publ. Liang Xu 梁許) (q.v.). – *1601 ed. appended to Da Ming lüli fujie (publ. Ying Chaoqing 應朝卿) (q.v.). – In Gezhi congshu

Rem.: This title includes two related texts dealing with capital crimes: (1) The 1497 Zhenfan zafan sizui 真犯雜犯死罪, listing relevant statutes by decreasing degree of capital punishment, and within each category of punishment further classifying them according to the six main parts of the Code; there are two parts, one on crimes for which amnesty cannot be granted (真犯死罪), the other on crimes that can be (雜犯死罪), containing a section on military exile. A further section, dated 1550, is devoted to the relevant substatutes (條例), with the same arrangement. (2) The 1585 Zhenfan sizui chongjun weimin li 真犯死罪充軍為民例) (not in the Liang Xu ed.). [PEW]

[QING A]

See also: Dingli cheng’an hejuan Benchao zeli quanshu 本朝則例全書 see: Liubu zeli quanshu Lüli zonglei 律例總類 see: Da Qing lüli zonglei

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0402–0403 0403

537

Jizheng beikao 集政備考, 18 ce [Collected Policies: Reference Materials] Comp. (彙輯) Ji Yongren 嵇永仁 (z. Liushan 留山) (1637–76), from Wuxi 無錫 (Jiangsu) 1670 Ed.:

– *[1670] ed. (no cover-leaf) with prefs. by Yang Yongjian 楊雍建 (1670), Gong Shizhen 龔士稹 (1670), Deng Shi 鄧詩 (1670), and Xu Zongzheng 徐 宗正 (1670). [Naikaku]

Rem.: According to the fanli, the contents are based on material taken from official documents transmitted by the ministries (部咨案驗), as well as memorials (章疏) carried in the Peking Gazette (邸報) for more than ten years. The nearly 1,600 entries (or “precedents,” li 例) cover the period 1648 through 6th month, 1670, with the largest numbers concentrated in the last decade. One of the aims was to avoid clerks’ manipulation of regulations not well known by officials. The arrangement is by “Six Ministries,” each with separate juan numbering (viz., Personnel: 8 j., Revenue: 6 j., Rites: 9 j., War: 7 j., Justice: 9 j., and Public Works: 2 j.), and by sections and subsections under each ministry. There is no general mulu, but each individual juan has a mulu. A majority of entries are in the form of approved memorials from the Six Ministries. The author is generally careful to record the discussions and changes that led to the current drafting of a regulation. This historical bent may have detracted from the usefulness of the work to practitioners intent on finding right away the regulations in force, and possibly explains why, in contrast to the contemporary Liubu tiding xinli (q.v.), it does not seem to have been widely circulated and had no new enlarged editions.

Bio.: Ji Yongren’s father had briefly served in the Southern Ming court in Nanjing in 1644–45. Ji became a government student (生員) in 1652, and later worked, intermittently it seems, as a private secretary with particular expertise in river conservancy and famine relief. During his last years he was invited by Fan Chengmo 范承謨, the governor-general of Fujian (1672–74) (see under Sici tang gao), to join his private secretariat; he was captured together with Fan by the rebel Geng Jingzhong 耿精忠 in 1674, and committed suicide in prison after Fan’s execution, which took place three years later. He is also known to have practiced medicine. See Takatō (below), 138–40, and sources cited therein; bio. in the “Loyalists” (忠義) section of QSG, 488/13482–83. Ref. and studies: Takatō, “Shinsho no hōkoku sokurei shū” (including a complete list of the sections and subsections, p. 165–7). [PEW]

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538 0404

4.1.2.1 Rearranged Presentations of the Code and Regulations

Liubu tiding xinli 六部題定新例 [New Regulations Proposed by the Six Ministries] Comp. Pan Jing 潘敬 1670 and later Ed.:

– Incomplete ed. with only 2 ce of dubu zeli 督捕則例. [Kokkai] – 1670 ed. in 25 ce. [Faxue suo] – 1670 ed., only 6 j. extant, with 6 j. of added precedents (續增新例) and 8 j. of regulations (則例). [ZKT] – *Undated new ed. with “Duli baze” 讀例八則 by Pan Jing (1670) and pref. by minister of Rites Gong Dingzi 龔鼎孳 (1673). [Ōki]

Rem.: After its first drafting in 1670 the work went through several new and enlarged eds. The copy at Ōki features regulations up to 1685; it is a composite ed. in 16 ce and 11 j., with several extra juan and fascicles without juan numbering inserted: the impression is of a work in progress with constant addition of new materials. The entries are arranged by “Six Ministries” and subsections; they all date from the Kangxi reign. In contrast with Jizheng beikao (see previous entry), the process whereby regulations have been elaborated is usually ignored. The work was mostly intended for practitioners, and its success possibly explains why it apparently had several enlarged eds. According to Takatō (see below), the appearance of Jizheng beikao and Liubu tiding zeli in 1670 may have reflected the intense reorganization of regulations (including the restoration of numerous Shunzhi-period articles) that took place after the Kangxi emperor assumed personal rule in 1668, making systematic presentations of the new situation desirable in the eyes of the public. Bio.: No information available. Ref.: Takatō, “Shinsho no hōkoku sokurei shū,” esp. 144–6.

0405

[PEW]

Benchao zeli leibian 本朝則例類編 [Classified Compendium of the Regulations of the Present Dynasty] Comp. Lu Hai 陸海 (h. Tianchi 天池), from Huating 華亭 (Jiangsu) 1704 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 2 + 12 j. (14 ce), with prefs. by Li Nan 李柟 (1704), (Changbai) Yi Sigong 長白宜思恭 (n.d.), and Lu Hai (n.d.); the last fasc. is

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0404–0405

539

an appendix providing “supplementary regulations” (續增新例) ministry by ministry, up to 1710. [Naikaku] – *Undated Qingyi tang ed. 慶宜堂梓行, with prefs. by Yi Sigong (n.d.) and Lu Hai (自識, n.d.). [Ōki, two incomplete copies] – Undated ed. in 18 j., 15 ce. [Seikadō Bunko] – 1713 new ed. (新刊) of the Qingyun tang 青雲堂藏板 titled Benchao xuzeng 續增 zeli leibian, cover-leaf with the mention “facsimiles will be prosecuted” (翻刻必究), with prefs. by Li Nan (1704), Yi Sigong (1704), and Lu Hai (自識, 1704). [Faxue suo]

Rem.: One of the first privately published compendia of legal precedents and administrative regulations that flourished early in the eighteenth century. As explained in the prefs., whereas officials need to refer to only one book for penal law (律令), there are several books for regulations and precedents of all kinds, which moreover are constantly changing; all of this may confuse not only them, but also ordinary people (百 工技藝) who are likewise supposed to know such matters. For this reason the compiler (whose prefatory text is a sort of fanli) devoted many years to combining these scattered materials into one single book and classifying them by categories, so as to avoid redundancies and lacunae. Among the collections of regulations published by the government he cites Qinding liubu chufen 欽定六部處分, Xingbu xianxing 刑部現行, Zhongshu zhengkao 中樞政考, Dubu zeli 督捕則例, and Libu xuzeng chufen 吏部續增處分; however, the latter had not been updated since 1686, and the publications by private booksellers (坊本) were full of lacunae and errors. Lu specifies that the contents of his work cover the period until 8th month, 1703. They are arranged by categories under the “Six Ministries.” The highly detailed 2-j. mulu, filling up two fasc. (or 2 j. according to Lu’s pref.), includes analytical presentations of regulations dealing with several subjects as well as cross-referencing from one place to another. In the body of the work, each “ministry” is split into two juan, except Public Works and the supplement on dubu zeli. In the Naikaku and 1713 copies, the work is followed by a supplement (續增) (through 10th month, 1710 in the Naikaku copy). Bio.: Lu Hai was the scion of a distinguished family from Songjiang that appears to have been on the decline after the Ming-Qing transition. According to Yi Sigong’s pref., he failed the examinations several times and had a twentyyear career as a private secretary. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 2, describing the 1713 ed. (by Su Yigong 蘇亦工). Kishimoto, “Guanyu Qingdai qianqi dingli ji,” 378–9, describing the ed. at Naikaku. [PEW]

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540 0406

4.1.2.1 Rearranged Presentations of the Code and Regulations

Benchao xuzeng zeli leibian 本朝續增則例類編, 20 ce [Enlarged Classified Compendium of the Regulations of the Present Dynasty] Comp. Tang Juye 湯居業 (z. Jiecun 介存), from Jiaxing 嘉興 (Zhejiang) 1713 Ed.:

– *1713 new ed. (新刊) of the Yonghe tang 永和堂藏版, indication “facsimiles will be prosecuted” (飜刻必究) on cover-leaf, with prefs. by Wang Shan 王掞 (n.d.), Lu Shaoqi 陸紹琦 (n.d.), and Tang Juye (n.d.). [Naikaku] – *1721 new ed. (新刊) of the Yonghe tang, same indication “facsimiles will be prosecuted” on cover-leaf, with prefs. by Wang Shan (n.d.), Lu Shaoqi (n.d.), and Tang Juye (n.d.). [Ōki]

Rem.: The compiler is said in the first pref. to be “about to start as a private secretary” (行將佐理當塗). Tang himself says he happened to copy each new regulation that he got hold of, and now has extracted them from his trunk to compile a sequel to the work of Lu Hai (see previous entry), which he admires considerably but which needs to be updated by taking new regulations into account. He has adopted its format as well, including the highly detailed mulu. Many regulations date from the period 1703–1712, but there is also a large number of pre-1703 entries. The 1721 ed. has the same contents as the 1713 ed. Ref. and studies: Kishimoto, “Guanyu Qingdai qianqi dingli ji,” 379–80. [PEW]

0407

Dingli quanbian 定例全編, 50 + 6 j. [A Compendium of Established Regulations] Comp. (輯) Li Zhen 李珍 (z. Linji 璘季), from Jinxi 金溪 (Jiangxi) 1715, supplemented 1723 Ed.:

– *1715 new ed. (新刊) of the Rongjin tang at Liulichang 京都琉璃廠榮錦 堂書坊梓行, with prefs. by Li Fu 李紱 (典例全編序, 1716) and Li Zhen (1715); with a supplement titled Xuzeng xinli 續增新例 in 6 j., dated 1723, with intro. (小引) by the Rongjin tang owner 榮錦堂主人謹白 (n.d.). [*Columbia] [Faxue suo, without supplement] [*Ōki (no cover-leaf)] – *Undated ed. [Kyujanggak, only j. 3–9, 33–40, 45–50, and 3–6 of supplement]

Rem.: A vast, well-printed compilation of the established regulations currently in force, arranged by Six Ministries and other capital institution (the Lifanyuan, Censorate, Neiwufu, Hanlin Academy, Three Courts,

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0406–0407

541

National University, guards, and so on) and following the structure of Da Qing huidian 大清會典. The term dingli (established regulations), as defined in the fanli and used in the work, refers to all regulations approved by the emperor, based on proposals from government agencies and senior local officials. The cover-leaf verso (Columbia copy) provides a 10-item list of the official compilations of regulations and other government documents that have been used, beginning with Da Qing huidian, and including the correspondence exchanged between provincial governors and the Six Ministries (各督撫咨詢六部合議諮覆知照) as well as the new regulations added every quarter prior to the publication of the work. As explained in the introduction to the supplement, new additions should have been printed and inserted every quarter, but were instead published separately. The contents consist of regulations dating from 1636 to 1715, and to 4th month, 1723 if one includes the supplement in the last two fascicles. They are arranged in the order of the Six Ministries and other state bodies as described in Da Qing huidian. As explained in Li Fu’s pref., the basis of the work is not the Penal Code, as in other similar compilations, but the Huidian (i.e., the Kangxi ed. promulgated in 1690, in which the Penal Code is quoted in extenso), complemented by the more recent regulations and precedents. Li Fu makes the interesting remark that the printing blocks of the Huidian are kept at the Ministry of Rites and that the work is difficult to acquire, while commercial publishers are content with publishing the Penal Code and attached substatutes; hence the usefulness of the present compilation. A general mulu listing the rubrics under each court or ministry is followed by detailed mulu by court and ministry listing every entry (the text proper starts only in the fourth fasc.). In his own pref., Li Zhen refers to Lu Hai’s Benchao zeli leibian, Sun Lun’s Dingli cheng’an hejuan, and Tang Juye’s Benchao xuzeng zeli leibian (qq.v.) as worthy predecessors, but not devoid of errors and omissions. According to the fanli, the articles culled from the Huidian (that is, up to 1686) are quoted in the same abbreviated form, whereas those posterior to 1686 are quoted in full. Bio.: See under Benchao tibo gong’an. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 43 (by Su Yigong 蘇亦工). Kishimoto, “Guanyu Qingdai qianqi dingli ji,” 380–3. Bibliography entries for same author: Benchao tibo gong’an. [CL, PEW]

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542 0408

4.1.2.1 Rearranged Presentations of the Code and Regulations

Liubu zeli quanshu 六部則例全書, 16 ce [Compendium of Regulations of the Present Dynasty] Comp. (輯) Ehai 鄂海 (?–1725), from the Manchu Bordered White Banner 1716 pref. Ed.: – Undated ed. with 1716 pref. [Sonkeikaku, photo-repro. at Jimbun] – 1722 revised and enlarged ed. (重訂增刊) of the Kuanshu tang 寬恕堂藏 板 based on 1716 ed., title on cover-leaf Benchao 本朝 zeli quanshu, with pref. by Shaanxi-Sichuan governor-general Ehai (1716), account of compilation (纂輯則例記言) by Zhu Zhiren 朱植仁, three tables of contents of Liubu zeli quanshu, respectively entitled “Dingli zongmu” 定例總目, “Chufen zongmu” 處分總目, and “Quanshu mulu” 全書目錄; the coverleaf has the mentions “compiled (纂輯) by the Kuanshu tang,” “Published with supplements, spring, 1722” (康熙六十一年春季重訂增), and “Blocks kept at this yamen, supplemented every quarter” (本衙藏板按季續增); a paper slip with some comments by a private secretary who bought the work in 1899 is pasted on the first page of the pref. [Faxue suo]

Rem.: The work is divided into two parts: first, the regulations (zeli) of the Six Ministries (ce 1–12); then the regulations on sanctions (chufen) of the same ministries (ce 13–16). The arrangement follows the order of the Six Ministries. The regulations have been compiled as of 1697, new regulations being added year after year.

Bio.: Ehai started his career as a clerk (筆帖式) in the Grand Secretariat and bureau director in the Imperial Household Department. In 1696 he followed the expedition led by Kangxi against Galdan and became Shaanxi surveillance commissioner (1697), then administration commissioner (1698–1701), then again Shaanxi governor (1701–10). His subsequent positions included Huguang governor-general (1710–13), Sichuan-Shaanxi governor-general (1713–18), and Shaanxi governor-general (1718–21), in which capacity he contributed to the war effort against Tsewang Araptan. He was demoted in 1721 and sent to redeem himself by developing agriculture in the Turfan area, where he died. See QSG, 316/10079–80; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 3 (by Su Yigong 蘇亦工) (on which the present description is based). [PEW]

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0408–0409 0409

543

Li’an quanji 例案全集, 30 to 42 j. [A Complete Collection of Precedents] Comp. (編輯) Zhang Guangyue 張光月 (z. Woshan 我山), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) 1722 and later Ed.:

– *[1722] Sijing tang 思敬堂 ed. in 35 j. (no cover-leaf, beginning of first pref. missing, the name Sijing tang appears at the bottom of the central margins), with prefs. by Li Fu 李馥 (1722), Chen Ruji 陳汝楫 (1722), and Zhang Guangyue (1722). [Congress] [*Ōki] – *1733 Sijing tang new engraving (新鐫) in 39 j., supervised by Zhejiang governor Li Lushan (i.e., Li Fu) 兩浙大中丞李鹿山先生鑒定) [in that post late 1722 to early 1724], cover-leaf with phrases: “new materials printed as soon as they arrive” (續增隨到即刊) and “reproductions will be prosecuted even at a distance of 1,000 li” (these mentions are found in subsequent eds.); with prefs. by Li Fu (1722), Chen Ruji (1722), and Zhang Guangyue (1722). [Naikaku] – *1734 new engraving (新鐫) of the Sijing tang 思敬堂藏板 in 42 j., with prefs. by Li Fu (1722), Chen Ruji (1722), and Zhang Guangyue (1722). [*Columbia] [*Tōdai] – *1737 new engraving (新鐫) of the Sijing tang in 45 j., with prefs. by Chen Ruji (1722), Li Fu (1722) and Zhang Guangyue (1722); cover-leaf with mention 兩浙大中丞李鹿山先生鑒定, blocks kept at the Sijing tang. [Tōyō Bunko] – *1737 Sijing tang ed. in 30 j. [Tōdai] – 1737–1759 Sijing tang ed. in 34 j., with xuzeng 續增 in 11 j. (by Liu Guangyu 劉光煜), and xuzeng xinbian 續增新編 in 40 j. (by Shen Ruchun 沈如焞; blocks kept at the Shensi tang 愼思堂藏板). [Kokkai] – Ed. in 45 + 41 j. (xuzeng xinbian, by Shen Ruchun). [Naikaku] – *[1759] newly engraved (新鐫) supplement covering the period 1736–57, titled Li’an xuzeng xinbian 例案續增新編, in 40 j., comp. by Shen Ruchun (h. Gaizhai 溉齋, from Qiantang), with prefs. by Li Zhiyun 李治運 (1759, to Xuke 續刻 Li’an quanji) and Shen Ruchun (n.d.), fanli by Shen Ruchun (1756). [Naikaku, no cover-leaf] Rem.: A massive conspectus of “precedents” (or “regulations”) (例)

compiled by a legal private secretary with a strong reputation (according to prefs.) and meant as an aid for administrators. Part of the contents are extracted from such works as Qinding chufen zeli 欽定處分則例 and Xuzeng 續增 chufen zeli (punishments for civil officials), Zhongshu

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4.1.2.1 Rearranged Presentations of the Code and Regulations

zhengkao 中樞政考 (punishments for military officials), Xianxing 現行 zeli (currently in force but not yet codified), and others—all of which are “indispensible guides for government knowledge” (皆仕學津梁 必不可少), according to the fanli, but difficult to master by any single official, according to Li Fu’s pref.; they are carefully footnoted to each entry. The rest of the precedents are based on unpublished “leading cases” (成案) or ministerial propositions (often relaying memorials by high provincial officials) approved (依議) by the emperor; the exact date of the emperor’s rescript is always provided. The entries follow the order of the statutes in the Penal Code, which made it possible to organize in an easily searchable way a large quantity of materials at the same time very diverse—in the words of the compiler, regarding “the laws of the Court, the evaluation of officials, and the life and death of the people” (朝廷法令，吏治之考成，民命之生死)—and connected to each other. Each juan corresponds to a section of the Code (the entire first part, viz. the mingli 名例, which is not divided into sections, is contained in j. 1). This makes for juan of very unequal length, from a few folios to over a hundred. The only exceptions to this pattern are the first section (職制) of the part on “officials” (吏) (j. 1–4), and the section on “granaries and treasuries” (倉庫) in the part on “revenue” (戶) (j. 9–10). J. 34 is devoted to regulations and precedents on fugitives (逃 人). The part of the work described above apparently corresponds to the original recension, all the dated entries being from the Kangxi reign. Most juan feature a detailed mulu indicating the caption of each statute in a black cartouche (including those statutes for which no precedents are provided in the text proper), followed by the captions of each precedent, and, most conveniently, providing the folio numbers—certainly an oddity in a traditional Chinese mulu. In the 1734 ed., j. 35 and 36, respectively titled Xuzeng yi 續增一 and Xuzeng er 二, are devoted to a supplement whose entries with their folio numbers have been inserted in the mulu of the chapters of the original work; the dated entries are from the first three years of the Yongzheng reign. J. 37–41 (Xuzeng san 三 to qi 七) are a further supplement to the work, with detailed mulu at the beginning of each juan, encompassing all the sections of the Code; the dated entries are from the 4th to 7th years of Yongzheng. J. 42 (Xuzeng ba 八) is yet another supplement, whose mulu and entries cover the entire Code, although only a selection of statutes are represented; the entries extend through the 10th year of Yongzheng. In the 1737 ed. in 45 j., j. 43–45 are devoted to Xuzeng 9, 10, and 11, respectively. (The 1733 ed. in 39 j. stops at Xuzeng wu 五.) Most juan are headed by the name

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0409–0411

of the compiler together with a collator (校訂), who varies depending on the juan. From Supplement 3 onwards, sometimes only Zhang Guangyue’s name appears.

Ref. and studies: Ma, 86 (Qinghua) (1731 Sijing tang ed. in 41 j.). Pelliot, 145, mentioning a 1733 ed. in 39 j. and a 1737 ed. in 45 j. Nakamura, “Shindai no keian,” 732–3. Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 327. [PEW]

0410

Xinli yaolan 新例要覽 [Essential Reading on the New Regulations] Anon. 1732 Ed.:

– 1732 new engraving (新鐫), printed by the Shishi tang 石室堂梓. [Location unknown] – *Photo-repro. of ed. above, in Siku weishou, ser. 1, vol. 26.

Rem.: A short advertisement on the cover-leaf states that only new regulations have been selected, with no omissions whatsoever regarding those of importance in the domains of justice and finance (擇其緊要關 鍵最於刑名錢穀大有裨益者，備列無遺). The carving and printing are of good quality. There is no juan division, but the sections devoted to each of the “Six Ministries” (split into two sections in the cases of Revenue and Justice) have a separate mulu and separate page-numbering. These mulu help finding one’s way in the chapters, as there is no clear principle of classification. Each entry is dated (the dates cover the first decade of the Yongzheng reign). [PEW]

0411

Dingli leichao 定例類鈔, 26 j. [Notes on Established Regulations Arranged by Categories] Comp. Huang Wenwei 黃文煒, from Xin’an 新安 (i.e. Shexian 歙縣, Anhui) 1732 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. of “this yamen” (本衙藏板) with pref. by Huang Wenwei (1732). [Jimbun]

Rem.: A highly detailed but easy to handle compendium of the regulations of the Six Ministries (六部則例), of which the author—currently surveillance commissioner of Guangdong—remarks that some have not

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been circulated to the provinces for implementation (通行), but have appeared in the Peking Gazette. He started recording them in 1723, classifying and editing them into the present work (別類分門刪訂成蛈), which therefore concerns regulations issued 1723–32 (with a few from the last year of Kangxi). The first fasc. is entirely devoted to the mulu, which lists every regulation in the work. Due to its contents, entirely concerned with the life and duties of officials, this compilation was evidently intended first of all as a practical guide for them, even though the author claims that it should also contribute to the effort in teaching the laws to the populace in order to prevent crime (the so-called “education through understanding the punishments,” mingxing bijiao 明刑弼教). The several hundred regulations—either imperial edicts or approved memorials—are arranged by practical categories within each of the “Six Ministries,” namely Personnel (j. 1–6), Revenue (j. 7–12), Rites (j. 13–16), War (j. 17–20), Justice (j. 21–25), and Public Works (j. 26). The central margins indicate the ministry and the category.

Bio.: A selected tribute student (拔貢), Huang Wenwei purchased a magistrate brevet and was appointed magistrate of Huixian 輝縣 (Henan) in 1706. Somewhat later his next assignment was managing military supplies in Shaanxi and farther west. There his integrity impressed Yang Wenqian 楊文 乾 (1682–1728), Shaanxi surveillance commissioner at the beginning of the Yongzheng period, to such an extent that Yang helped him buy a brevet of viceprefect. When Yang became governor of Guangdong in 1725, he recommended him for the post of prefect of Shaozhou 韶州 (1726). In 1727 he became prefect of Gaozhou 高州, from which he was promoted salt controller for Guangdong and Guangxi, and finally Guangdong surveillance commissioner (1730–32). He was relieved from this post for an unspecified reason, and sent to Suzhou 肅州 (Gansu) to help in military affairs, eventually becoming Suzhou intendant. See Hui XZ (1895), 11/37a–b; Gao ZZ (1759), 9/48b, 10.17b; Anhui TZ (1878), 186/16b; Chongxiu Suzhou xinzhi 重修肅州新志 (1737), 肅州/22b. [PEW] 0412

Dingli xubian 定例續編, 12 j. [A Collection of Established Regulations, Continued] Comp. (手輯) Liang Maoxiu 梁懋修 (z. Chunfu 純夫), from Gao’an 高安 (Jiangxi) 1745 Ed.:

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0411–0413

547

– *1745 new engraving of the Rongjin tang at Liulichang 京都琉璃廠榮 錦堂新鐫, with prefs. by Jiang Bo 蔣薄 and Liang Maoxiu. [Ōki, j. 1–5 extant]

Rem.: Liang Maoxiu is described as a private secretary in Jiang Bo’s preface. In his own pref. he stresses that the government compilations of laws and regulations are in such numbers that it is difficult for a beginning official, even assisted by competent muyou, to acquire and master them all; he also asserts that despite their usefulness, works such as Li’an quanji or Benchao xuzeng zeli leibian (qq.v.) contain many errors and omissions, and in any case have become outdated. Hence the present compilation, which complements them by collecting regulations issued during the more than twenty years since 1723. The contents are arranged according to the seven parts of the Penal Code and the sections therein: though the title of the work is clearly meant to indicate a complement to Dingli quanbian (q.v.), published by the same bookseller, the organizing template is no longer that of Da Qing huidian as in the quanbian. The general mulu is followed by a detailed mulu listing every regulation (with date indicated) chapter by chapter. In the body of the text the central margins indicate the part and section of the Code. The source indicated in the compiler’s pref. is the Peking Gazette (邸抄), from which he carefully copied the items authorized for general circulation (曾奉議准 通行者). Liang Maoxiu claims that what was originally a private compilation for a private secretary’s use was seen by a “bookseller friend” (坊 友) who asked to have it printed. (For the Rongjin tang and its Jiangxi connection in the early Qing, see under Benchao tibo gong’an.) Ref. and studies: Ma, 86 (Qinghua). Kishimoto, “Guanyu Qingdai qianqi dingli ji,” 384–6. [PEW]

0413

Da Qing lümu fuli shizhang 大清律目附例示掌, 4 ce [A Guide to the Articles and Substatutes of the Qing Code] By Xia Jingyi 夏敬一 (z. Yunqin 允欽, h. Muliu zhuren 慕柳主人), from Jiangyin 江陰 (Jiangsu) 1774 Ed.:

– *1774 ed. of the Muliu shanzhuang 慕柳山莊藏板, with indication “approved by vice-minister of Justice Wu from Haifeng” (海豐吳少司寇 鑑定) on cover-leaf; with prefs. by Zhou Riyuan 周日沅 (Qiaolin 樵林)

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(1774), Cao Xueshi 曹學詩 (1774), author (n.d.), and Chen Shengzu 陳繩祖 (n.d.). [Ōki]

Rem.: In his pref. the author (probably a legal private secretary) states that this is a book to help the officials and people to read the code, instead of considering it as a “secret book for private secretaries” (入幕 秘笈). It is meant to help locate and elucidate contradictions and redundancies between statutes and substatutes or among different substatutes, as well as the materials scattered between different sections, those appearing in Huidian but not in the Code or vice versa, those only published in the Peking Gazette, and so on—in other words, everything that is likely to bewilder the beginning student. It “looks for a method of easy consultation amidst the utmost complication” (於極繁之中求一 便覽之法). By attaching all the relevant substatutes to each statute, the resulting reordering is supposed to be consistent and read smoothly (務 期貫串一覽無遺). Elsewhere in the pref. the author says that the book is merely a shortcut to look into the substatutes (不過為查例之捷徑), and is unsuitable for deep legal scholarship (原無當於律學之淵深). The work was started in 1763; in 1767 it was seen by Wu Chen 吳陳, the surveillance commissioner of Jiangsu, who encouraged its publication; but it was finalized and printed at the urging of the author’s colleagues only years later. Each statute discussed is followed by the quotation of the relevant substatutes and by discussions introduced by an 按. [PEW]

[QING B]

Da Qing xinglü tushuo 大清刑律圖說 See: Da Qing lüli tushuo 0414

Lügang 律綱, 1 j. [Essentials of the Code] Comp. Zhang Yingji 張映璣 (z. Junzhi 璿之, h. Mu’an 穆蓭) (1742– 1811), from Haifeng 海豐 (Shandong) N.d. Ed.: – *Undated Yide tang ed. 衣德堂藏板. [Ōki]

Rem.: A slim volume (34 folios) of extracts from the Code culled from Da Qing huidian (遵依大清會典摘錄 on cover-leaf) by the salt commissioner of Liang-Zhe and Jiangnan (兩浙江南都轉鹽運使)—a post that Zhang Yingji occupied from 1796 to 1806. The entries, most of them

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0413–0415

introduced by fan 凡, include definitions and generalities on punishments, redemption, the sections of the Code, the various characters used in writing sentences, using torture, forensic examinations, the autumn assizes, exiles, fugitives, and more.

Bio.: Zhang Yingji, a tribute student by purchase (例貢), acquired a brevet of bureau vice-director and occupied that position at the Ministry of Justice from 1781 to 1784; he was bureau director in the same ministry from 1784 to 1788. He started his career in the provinces in Hubei as prefect of Yichang 宜昌 (1788–90), then of Wuchang 武昌 (1790–92). He was transferred to Zhejiang as an intendant, and stayed there in various capacities through 1806. During this period he was twice acting surveillance commissioner. See Wuding 武定 FZ (1859), 23/37b–38a, Wudi 無棣 XZ (1925), 10/10b–11a; Renming quanwei. [PEW] 0415

Lüli xuzhi 律例須知, 1 ce [What Must Be Known about the Code] By Ye Shizhuo 葉世倬 (z. Ziyun 子雲) (1752–1823) (jr. 1774), from Shangyuan 上元 (Jiangsu) 1818 Ed.: – *Undated ed. with 1818 author’s foreword (弁言). [*Ōki] – Photo-repro. of 1818 ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 6.

Rem.: The author of this short pamphlet (18 folios, plus 4 on the mourning system), who signs as circuit intendant of Yanping 延平, Jianning 建寧, and Shaowu 邵武 prefectures in Fujian (分巡延建邵 道), explains in his foreword that he made a selection of articles in the Penal Code easily broken by “ordinary people confined to the baseness of what they have heard and seen and restricted by the filthiness of their bad customs” (百姓囿於見聞之陋，錮於習染之汙), and added some explanations. There is an appendix on mourning degrees, titled Fuzhi 服 制. The work was meant as a tool to help the local officials in his jurisdiction (through whom it was to be distributed to the households) educate their constituents and keep them away from breaking the law. It consists in a succession of short paragraphs marked by the character yi 一, quoting or paraphrasing the law with occasional explanations in small characters added. They deal with a wide variety of crimes and dismeanors, starting with violence within the family. The succession of entries is by free association rather than following the order of the Penal Code. The text sounds indeed much easier to grasp by ordinary people and closer to the accidents, conflicts, and simple illegalities of everyday life than

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the Code itself. Some entries concern region-specific matters dealt with in substatutes, such as illegal emigration to Taiwan or the surveillance of vagrants in Beijing. The substatutes dealing with baojia organization are quoted in full, and several entries concern economic transactions.

Bio.: Ye Shizhuo was hired for the Siku quanshu project in 1783, before embarking on a career as magistrate, then vice-prefect, in Sichuan (1786–88), Zhejiang (1788–93), and after a period of mourning, Hubei and Shaanxi (1794– 1808). He was prefect of Xing’an 興安 (Shaanxi) from 1808 to 1817, then was sent to Fujian as an intendant (see above). After two years (1819–20) as intendant of the Taiwan circuit, he held a series of province-level positions in Jiangxi, Shanxi, and Fujian (governor 1822–23). See Shangyuan XZ (1824), 15/86a–87b; Jiangning 江寧 FZ (1880), 14B/4b–5b; Renming quanwei. [PEW] 0416

Huidian jianming lu 會典簡明錄, 1 j. [A Simplified Presentation of the Collected Institutions] Ed. (訂) Zhang Xianghe 張祥河 (z. Yuanqing 元卿, s. Wenhe 溫和) (1785–1862) (js. 1820), from Huating 華亭 (Jiangsu) 1826 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated movable-type ed. with pref. by Zhang Xianghe (1826), as a set with an anthology of instructions and maxims by the Kangxi emperor with pref. by the Yongzheng emperor (1726). [Ōki] – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Yuan Chang 袁昶 (校刻會典簡明錄緣起, 1897) and Zhang Xianghe (1826). [Ōki]

Rem.: A highly compressed version of the 1818 Da Qing huidian, justified in the pref. by the mass and complexity of the original and the difficulty to acquire it in remote places. The order of the original work is followed, but the description of the institutions (i.e., the Huidian proper) is not included. As Zhang says in the pref., “I have only noted what concerns changes and additions or deletions” (僅錄其有關沿革增損 者); in other words, the work features a selection of the precedents (則 例 or 事例) published alongside the Huidian, which the author “submitted to abbreviation again and again” (簡之又簡). The dates cited range through the Jiaqing reign.

Bio.: Zhang Xianghe’s career took place in the capital, where he became a secretary at the Grand Secretariat (中書舍人) after his jinshi and occupied several other positions close to the center of power, then in the provinces, first as grain intendant (督糧道) of Shandong (1831) and later as surveillance commissioner

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0415–0417

551

of Henan and administration commissioner of Guangxi, then (after a period of mourning) of Gansu. The same year he was promoted to Shaanxi governor. In 1851 a censor accused him of indulging in poetry and drinking parties and neglecting his duties, but he was excused thanks to the support of the governor-general. After he had taken measures to prevent Taiping forays into southern Shaanxi, he was called to the capital and made a grand secretary (內閣 學士). He occupied a number of metropolitan positions during the following years, including prefect of Shuntian and censor-in-chief, until he retired on the grounds of illness. A prolific poet, he was one of the founders of the Xuannan Poetry Club 宣南詩社 in Beijing. See Lou 婁 XxuZ (1879), 17/15a–16b; Songjiang 松江 FxuZ (1883), 24/26a–27b; Renming quanwei. [PEW] 0417

Da Qing lüli zonglei 大清律例總類, 9 ce [General Categories of the Great Qing Code] Comp. Lang Rulin 郎汝琳 (h. Shishan 石珊), from Daixian 代縣 (Shanxi) 1850 pref. Ed.: – *1883 supplemented ed. of the office of the [Guizhou] surveillance commissioner based on the original Lang Rulin ed. 臬署補刊雁門郎氏元版, with pref. by Lang Rulin (1850). [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: This presentation of the “general categories” of the Code (see next entry for the principles at work) was a Guizhou effort: Lang Rulin signs his pref. as magistrate of Guizhu 貴築, the leading county of Guiyang 貴陽, and a note after the pref., giving the total number of pages and characters of the present ed. as 615 and 164,432 respectively, indicates that Wang Bing’en 王秉恩, the collator and author of the supplements (校補), was an expectant magistrate in Guizhou. Lang’s pref. insists on the usefulness of such rearrangements to help officials to decide on sentences by “comparing categories” (比類參觀). He was encouraged to compile the work by the Guizhou surveillance commissioner, Wu Tang 武棠, who hailed from the same county as him, and had with him a Lüli zonglei in 8 juan published by the Ministry of Justice in 1835. (Wu Tang appears to have been active in promoting the printing or reprinting of administrative manuals: see under Tumin lu, Zuozhi yao­ yan, and Quan Zhang zhifa lun.) Lang’s editing of this basic text consisted in supplying the “tens and hundreds” of articles that had been created or modified during the past fifteen years, and to append the regulations

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on deadlines applying in each case (各案限期), “to which we must pay particular attention” (吾輩尤宜加意). The sections on the various punishments (with the punishment indicated in the lower central margin) are followed by a section on analogy (比引律條, 30 entries). The Lixian huibian 例限彙編 in 2 j., also compiled and augmented (增輯) by Lang Rulin, is appended; the deadline regulations are classified under 15 rubrics, and by incremental duration of time within each rubric. Bio.: Lang Rulin was magistrate of Changsha 長沙 (Hunan) in 1832 and again in 1834, acting magistrate of Renhuai 仁懷 (Guizhou) in 1839, magistrate of Guizhu in 1843, and again in 1849. See Changha XZ (1871), 17/17b; Zunyi 遵義 FZ (Daoguang), 28/30a; Guiyang FZ (Xianfeng), 10/45a–b. [PEW]

0418

Da Qing lüli zonglei 大清律例總類, 8 ce [General Categories of the Great Qing Penal Code] Comp. Gangyi 剛毅 (z. Ziliang 子良) (1834–1900), from the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner N.d. Ed.: – *Junwen shuju 濬文書局 1887 new ed. (重刊), title on cover and coverleaf Lüli zonglei, running title Da Qing lüli, followed by “zonglei” in smaller characters. The cover-leaf has the date 光緒甲申 [1884] 孟春 and the indication 剛毅重刊; the inscription Junwen shuju and the date 1887 appear on the verso. [Congress/LL]

Rem.: A presentation of the “general categories” that were annexed to the successive eds. of the Qing Code from 1740 onward. The organizational principle was to recompose the Code by categories of punishment (not by type of crime) in ascending order, from the lightest (ten strokes of the light rod) to the harshest (death by dismemberment). Each category provides a list first of the statutes, then of the substatutes involving the punishment discussed, following the order of the chapters in the Code. Such presentations were considered useful for establishing sentences by analogy, of which the last section provides a few examples. For an earlier effort published under the same title, see previous entry.

Bio.: See under Juguan jing. Ref. and studies: Bourgon, 324 sq. Fu-mei Chang Ch’en, “Editions of the Ch’ing Code.” Bibliography entries for same author: Jinzheng jiyao; Juguan jing; Muling xuzhi; Qiuyan jiyao; Shenkan nishi; Xiyuan lu yizheng. [JB]

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0417–0419 0419

553

Da Qing lüli tushuo 大清律例圖說, 1 j. [Illustrated Explanations of the Great Qing Code] Comp. Xu Wenda 徐文達 (z. Renshan 仁山) (1830–90), from Nanling

南陵 (Anhui)

1883 pref. Ed.:

– *1887 new ed. (重刊) titled Da Qing xinglü 刑律 tushuo, with proclamation by Huang Renji 黃仁濟 (z. Zhaohuai 兆懷) (1894), pref. by Xu Wenda (1883); an inscription at the end indicates a printing of the office of the (Guangxi) Youjiang (military) intendant 右江道署. [Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] – *Undated ed. with proclamation by Huang Renji (1894), pref. by Xu Wenda (1883), printed at the office of the Youjiang intendant; also in Huang’s Huang shi congke 黃氏叢刻. [Ōki]

Rem.: A set of six pictures representing the punishments provided for in the Penal Code, from dismemberment (凌遲) down to beatings, each accompanied by a list of the crimes (lit. “penal denominations,” 罪名) that entail them, in decreasing order. In this sense the work follows the model of the “general categories” (see under Da Qing lüli zonglei), but it starts with the harshest punishments, and the text is much simpler than that of the original Code. Rather than a handbook for administrators, the work was originally a proclamation to be posted around and printed in book form for distribution among the populace as a warning against lawbreakers: while not particularly sophisticated or spectacular, the pictures were intended to be realistic enough to impress the masses. (For other examples of such illustrations see under Jinshan xian baojia zhangcheng, or Da Qing xinglü tu, a set of six plates representing the same punishments appended to an undated ed. of Shengyu guangxun zhijie 聖諭廣訓直解.) It was composed by Xu Wenda while he was acting intendant of the Yangzhou-Huai’an-Haizhou circuit with the rank of administration commissioner (布政使銜署淮揚海道), a position he held in 1882–84. Huang Renji’s proclamation was made as military intendant of the Youjiang region in Guangxi (廣西分巡右江兵備道); it was accompanying the printing and posting of Xu’s illustrations and text, to which were added Zeng Guofan’s 曾國藩 “Songs to discourage lawsuits” (息訟 歌): both are “simple and easy to understand.” Xu’s pref. and Huang’s proclamation are likewise composed in very simple language. The work is typical of official efforts to regain control of a society disorganized by war and rebellion in this period.

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Da Qing xinglü tu (see under #0419), picture of a beating

4.1.2.1 Rearranged Presentations of the Code and Regulations

Figure 9

554

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0419–0420

555

Bio.: Xu Wenda’s official career was a consequence of his accomplishments in providing and moving supplies during the military operations against the Taiping and Nian rebellions in the 1860s and 1870s under Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang 李鸿章. He was several times promoted, reaching the rank of administration commissioner in 1875. In the 1870s and 1880s he was active in mobilizing military supplies, in famine relief, and in flood control in northern Jiangsu, and assumed several acting positions of intendant. He was ranking Huai-Yang-Hai intendant in 1888–89 and Fujian surveillance commissioner in 1889–90. See Nanling XZ (Minguo), 25/8b–10b; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Niida, Chūgoku hōsei shi kenkyū: keihō, 120 (on visual representations of punishments in general), 159, 163 (also mentioning Jinshan xian baojia zhangcheng [q.v.], and see Plate II). [JB, PEW] 0420

Da Qing lüli jianming mulu 大清律例簡明目錄 [A Simplified Table of Contents of the Great Qing Code] Comp. Yan Xiling 閻錫齡 (z. Mengguang 夢光, Mengjiu 夢九) (拔貢 1873), from Qixian 祁縣 (Shanxi) 1888 Ed.:

– *1888 Beijing Ronglu tang ed. 京都榮錄堂刊刻 (see under Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan and Lüli yan’an xinbian). [Zhengfa] – Photo-repro. of ed. above, in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 15.

Rem.: A table of contents of the Qing Code with some commentaries added. The attribution to Yan Xiling is found in Liu Yitong’s 1903 pref. to Lüli yan’an xinbian (q.v.). The first pages list important words and characters in legal texts, tariffs of redemption and of commutation of punishment, and the “six spoils,” usually found in table form in eds. of the Penal Code. The rest essentially gives the titles of the statutes, with a few occasional annotations. The entire 43-folio text can be described as a very elementary primer on the Code and procedure, following the order of the six parts of the Code.

Bio.: A selected tribute student (拔貢) sent to study at the National University in 1873, Yan Xiling passed the court examination (朝考) in 1874 and was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of Justice. He was later promoted to bureau director, and from 1897 to 1901 was a censor. See Qi XZ (1882), –/39b; Renming quanwei. [JB, PEW]

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556 0421

4.1.2.1 Rearranged Presentations of the Code and Regulations

Duli cunyi 讀例存疑, 54 j. [Remaining Doubts when Reading Substatutes] By Xue Yunsheng 薛允升 (1820–1901) (z. Keyou 克猷, h. Yunjie 雲階) (js. 1856), from Chang’an 長安 (Shaanxi) 1900 pref. Ed.:

– *1905 ed. engraved by the Liulichang Hanmao zhai in Beijing 北京琉璃 廠翰茂齋鐫字, coll. (校正) Xu Shiying 許世瑛, with Ministry of Justice memorial (approved on GX 29/11/29) presenting the manuscript to the throne and asking to communicate it to the bureau in charge of the new Code, prefs. by author (1900), Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 (1906), and Shen Jiaben 沈家本 (1904), and a “general discussion” (總論) preceding the mulu and the detailed table of statutes. [Ōki] – *Modern typeset ed., punctuated and edited by Huang Jingjia (Huang Tsing-chia) 黃靜嘉, based on the ed. above, with editor’s pref. by Robert L. Irick (1970), pref. by Huang Jingjia (n.d.), biography and chronology of Xue Yuncheng by Huang Jingjia, photo-repro. of the Ministry of Justice memorial, of the prefs. by Xue Yunsheng, Yuan Shikai, and Shen Jiaben, of the general discussion, and of the mulu and table of statutes (see above); with systematic numbering of the stautes and substatutes, captions, and cross-references in the upper margin. Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1970, 5 vols. – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, with notes and index by Hu Xingqiao 胡星橋 et al., Beijing: Zhongguo renmin gong’an daxue chubanshe, 1994.

Rem.: One of the three completed manuscripts by Xue Yunsheng that could be rescued after the Boxer incident (the other two being Tang Ming lü hebian 唐明律合編 and Fuzhi beikao 服制備考). It was published by the Ministry of Justice not long after his death. (Tang Ming lü hebian was published by Xu Shichang 徐世昌 in 1922, but Fuzhi beikao, kept at the Shanghai Library, was never printed.) Duli cunyi was meant as a working aid for the Ministry of Justice officials in charge of revising the Qing Code; however, in his pref. Shen Jiaben also stresses that all those in charge of justice should abide by the clarified version of the Code established by Xue Yuncheng (司讞者胥得所遵守焉). The work consists of the complete text of the statutes and substatutes of the Code in force at the moment of compiling, with indications on the history of each of them (which proves especially useful in the case of substatutes), and a critical comment by Xue, introduced by jin’an 謹案. The parts of

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557

the manuscript recently located in the Niida collection at Tōyō Bunka reveal that some of the historical notes and comments were inserted by Shen Jiaben before publication. The work can be compared to Da Qing lüli anyu (q.v.), though Xue does not quote exhaustively the old substatutes as did the earlier work. One of Xue’s aims was to find out about contradictions within the overall text and to determine which substatutes should be suppressed or revised. The extremely well designed 1970 Huang Jingjia ed. is in fact the most user-friendly among all modern eds. of the Qing Code; in particular, the system of numbering the statutes and substatutes it employs makes cross-reference easy and has been adopted as a standard by many scholars today.

Bio.: After his jinshi, Xue Yunsheng was appointed as an extra-quota secretary at the Ministry of Justice. Following a long interruption (1860–69), possibly for mourning leave at first, he resumed his position at the Ministry, where he was rapidly promoted to bureau vice-director, and then director (following his ranking first at the 1870 capital evaluation). In 1872 he was appointed prefect of Raozhou 饒州 (Jiangxi); later he was promoted to be an intendant in Sichuan (1877), then surveillance commissioner of Shanxi (1878), where he participated in famine relief during the great Guangxu famine, and finally administration commissioner of Shandong (1879) and acting director-general of grain transport (漕運總督). He returned to the capital in 1880 as vice-minister of Justice. He spent the rest of his career in the same ministry, though at some points he jointly assumed positions in other ministries or went to the provinces on special assignments. He became acting minister of Justice in 1883, and ranking minister in late 1893. In 1897 he was demoted due to a corruption case involving his son; he recovered his rank in 1899. During the Boxer troubles in 1900 he went back home in Shaanxi, where despite his old age the refugee court employed him as vice-minister, then minister, of Justice. The author’s preface to Duli cunyi (q.v.) is dated 1900 and was written in Xue’s residence in Beijing, suggesting he completed the work just before leaving the capital. He died in Kaifeng while travelling with the court on the way back to Beijng. See Duli cunyi, Huang Jingjia ed., 11–34, and sources cited therein; Sun Jiahong, “Li jin jiehui wang yun jie,” 290–3. Ref. and studies: Ma, 85 (Beiping). He Qinhua, 2:320–6. Qingdai lüxue, 472–80 (by Song Ling 宋玲). Bourgon, “Le savoir juridique chinois à la veille de l’introduction du droit occidental,” 167–71. Bibliography entries for same author: Qiucao gaoshi; Qiushen fenlei pici. [PEW]

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4.1.2.2 Rhymes

Rhymes

[SONG]

See: Xingtong fu [MING] 0422

Dulü ge 讀律歌, 1 j. [A Song to Read the Code] By Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥 (z. Defu 德甫, Defu 德父, h. Quan’an 全庵, Baoqin jushi 抱琴居士), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.: – In Gezhi congshu.

Rem.: A rhymed adaptation of the law for easy memorization.

Bio.: Hu Wenhuan, a bookseller in Hangzhou, had many works compiled and printed, including Guantu sijian (q.v.) and Gezhi congshu. He used a wide number of courtesy names in his printing career. He had been a National University student (監生), and in 1613 was appointed assistant magistrate (縣丞) in Leiyang 耒陽 (Huguang). In 1614 he served for a year as acting magistrate of Xingning 興寧 (Huguang). There is no other record of official service. See Leiyang XZ (1716), 4/32a; Xingning XZ (1759), 3/7a, 3/28a. On the extent of his printing career, see Wang Baoping, “Mindai no kakushoka Ko Bunkan.” [TN] [PEW] [QING A]

See also: Xiyuan baojian 0423

Da Qing lüli gejue 大清律例歌訣, 3 j. [Mnemonic Rhymes on the Great Qing Code] By Cheng Mengyuan 程夢元 (z. Yimen 易門, h. Tizhai 惕齋), from Hefei 合肥 (Anhui) N.d. Ed.: – * 1879 Hubei shuju 湖北書局 engraving (開雕), with pref. by Pan Conglong 潘從龍 (Runcang 潤蒼) (n.d.), published as a set with Xiyuan lu gejue (q.v.). [Columbia]

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0422–0424

– *In Muling xuzhi sizhong (q.v.) – *In Xing’an huiyao (q.v.) – Undated (Guangxu-period) Nan Qinghe Wang-family 南清河王氏 movable-type ed., in Youmeng congbian 牖蒙叢編. [Beitu] – 1900 Qinzhong guanshuju 秦中官書局 movable-type ed.[Shaanxi sheng tushuguan]

Rem.: J. 1 and 2 are a rhymed adaptation of the Code in seven-word verse; the contents are somewhat fuller than in Dulü guanlang (q.v.), but less detailed than in Dulü yide ge (q.v.)—to cite similar works. J. 3, titled Da Qing lüli mingdao zhaiyao 命盜摘要 (anon.), consists of a series of short entries, written in very straightforward language, giving general information and advice on the different steps of the procedure regarding homicides and theft as well as some useful definitions; it is identical to Mingdao anjian zhaiyao (q.v.), with only minor variants, and is also found in Xing’an huiyao (q.v.).

Bio.: The only information available on Cheng Mengyuan is that he originally was a stipend student (廩生) and reached the position of prefect of Xiangyang 襄陽 (Hubei), where he also assumed the charge of Jingnan intendant 荊南道 in 1763, which suggest that the work must be mid-Qianlong. See Hefei XZ (1920), 17/18b; Xiangyang FZ (1885), 19/59a. Ref. and studies: Qingdai lüxue, 348–61 (by Li Yi 李儀). [PEW] [QING B]

See also: Xiyuan lu gejue, Baojian bian buzhu Lüli jingyan gekuo 律例精言歌括 See: Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan Lüli jingyan jilan 律例精言輯覽 See: Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan 0424

Lüli qiyan 律例七言 [The Penal Code in Seven-Word Verse] Anon. 1874 pref. Ed.:

– *As j. 4 of Chen Kun’s Congzheng xu yulu (q.v.), with pref. by Chen Kun (1874). The mention “author unknown” appears in the general table of Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

560

4.1.2.2 Rhymes

contents of Rubuji zhai huichao, of which Congzheng xu yulu is one part. In the caption of j. 4 Chen Kun is given as collator-publisher (校刊) of the work. [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: A comparatively simple adaptation of the Penal Code in seven-word rhyming verses. There are no commentaries or explanations. Chen’s pref. states that the entire text amounts to 5,334 characters, which certainly is a serious abridgment of the Code; it also says that it was published in Guangdong in 1808 by a certain Zhu Shenyang 朱深揚 from western Sichuan. Chen adds that the work not only can be of help to beginning officials, but should also be bought by every family and read regularly, so as to instil a fear of punishments. [PEW]

0425

Da Qing lü qiyan jicheng 大清律七言集成, 2 j. [A Compendium of Seven-Word Verse on the Great Qing Code] Comp. (重輯) Cheng Xichun 程熙春 (z. Shaoying 少穎), from Yixing 宜興 (Jiangsu) 1878 Ed.:

– *1878 ed. with prefs. by Zha Bingzhang 查丙章 (1879), Fang Junyi 方濬頤 (1878), and Cheng Xichun (1878). [Faxue suo] – Photo-repro. of above ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 12.

Rem.: Cheng’s pref. indicates that this adaptation of the Penal Code in seven-word verse (following in the steps of several others) was composed for a “training center for officials” (課吏局) set up by the junior guardian of the heir-apparent, governor-general Zhihuang 宮保稺璜制 軍 (i.e., Ding Baozhen 丁寶楨, Sichuan governor-general 1876–86) to help expectant officials acquire practical knowledge before their first appointment. The neatly printed small-size two-fasc. work contains several appendices: a somewhat edited version of Baojian bian (or Xiyuan baojian, q.v.), together with its original comments; a short text dealing with the techniques for handling lawsuits, titled Huang jijian (or shi) shensong qiyao 黃給諫 (氏) 審訟七要; Lü Kun’s 呂坤 Xingjie 刑戒; and a Baojia shiyi 保甲事宜 which according to a note had been successfully implemented in Junlian 筠連 county (Xuzhou 敘州 prefecture, Sichuan) and then circulated in the entire circuit. Bio.: A student by purchase (監生), Cheng Xichun was dispatched to Sichuan with the rank of magistrate. He served as acting magistrate in Chongqing department 崇慶州 (where he successfully resisted three attacks by Taiping

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561

forces), Shehong 射洪 (1868), Junlian 筠連 (1872), Taiping 太平, and Wanyuan independent subprefecture 萬源直隸廳 (1876). By 1879 he had just moved to Zhejiang with the rank of prefect. It can be seen from the prefaces that Cheng was interested in law already before entering the career. A work by him titled Lüli yunyan 律例韻言, which must be the same sort of adaptation as Da Qing lü qiyan jicheng, is mentioned. See Yixing Jingxi xian xinzhi 宜興荊溪縣新志 (1882), 10/3b; Yi Jing xuzhi 宜荊續志 (1920), 9A/22a–b; Xuxiu Junlian XZ (1948), “Zhixian” 知縣; Tongchuan 潼川 FZ (1897), 19/77b; Xuzhou FZ (1895), 28/12a. [PEW] 0426

Dulü guanlang 讀律琯朗, 1 j. [The Wisdom Star for Readers of the Code] By Liang Tashan 梁他山 1879 Ed.:

– *Undated Xiaoyuan ed. 嘯園藏板 (together with Xuezhi yide bian and Mingxing guanjian lu [qq.v.]), with two colophons (識) dated 1879 by Zhuo Dezheng 卓德徵 (Houzhai 厚齋) and Ge Yuanxu 葛元煦 (Lizhai 理 齋). [Columbia] – *In Linmin yaolüe (q.v.), with colophon by Ge Yuanxu (1879) at the beginning and by Zhuo Dezheng (1879) at the end.

Rem.: Rhymes in heptasyllabic verse abstracting in a highly compressed way the contents of the Code in a form easy to remember and recite. The vocabulary of the Code is essentially preserved. The different sorts of red underline distinguish between the words that indicate the leading principle (綱領), main points (眼目), and relevant punishments (罪名) for each statute. Ge Yuanxu compares the work with Chen Tizhai’s 陳惕齋 Lüli gejue 律例歌訣, published in “sleeve” format but lost during the mid-ninetenth century rebellions. Zhuo Desheng (a private secretary), who had used Dulü guanlang in manuscript form for more than ten years, considered that if it were bought by (every) family it would be advantageous for administrative discipline (吏治) and the people’s morality (人心), which is why he sent it to his friend Ge Yuanxu (the editor of Xiaoyuan congshu) for printing.

Bio.: Nothing is known about Liang Tashan; the colophons say he was from Guangdong. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334. Pelliot, 150. Bourgon, 288. Qingdai lüxue, 262–8 (by Jiang Zhaotao 江兆濤), comparing the work with Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan (q.v.), which is essentially a later imitation. [JB, PEW]

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562 0427

4.1.2.2 Rhymes

Fajue qiming 法訣啟明, 2 j. [The Secrets of the Code Made Clear] By Shengtai 升泰 (z. Zhushan 竹珊, s. Gongqin 恭勤) (1838–92), from the Mongol Plain Yellow Banner 1879 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Jin Shiwen 金師文 (1878) and Shengtai (1879). [Congress/LL] – *Undated ed. of the Longyun zhai printer shop 龍雲齋刻字鋪 at Liulichang in Peking, as a set with Baojian bian buzhu (q.v.), with prefs. by Jin Shiwen (1878) and Shengtai (1879). [*Jimbun] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *1884 new ed. (重刻) of the Zuijing shuwu 最靜書屋藏板, with prefs. by Lu Chuanlin 鹿傳霖 (1884), Tang Xianyang 唐咸仰 (1884), and Jin Shiwen (1878); Shengtai’s pref. has been moved to the end; the prefs. indicate that this ed. was produced in Kaifeng at the initiative of a certain prefect Ju 鞠. [*Columbia] [*Jimbun] – Photo-repro. of a 1879 ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 13. Rem.: A version of Lüli gejue 律例歌訣 (see under Da Qing lüli gejue)

with explanations in the form of amplifications in prose following each couplet or quatrain. (This is different from other works based on the Lüli gejue rhymes, such as Dulü guanlang and Dulü yide ge [qq.v.].) Shengtai, the author (or rather, sponsor) of the work, had received from a friend a manuscript copy of Lüli gejue, and although he made much use of it he found it too simple and lacking explanations. He asked Jin Yanqiao 彥翹 (Jin Shiwen), a legal secretary from Huzhou he had hired in 1877 when he was surveillance commissioner of Zhejiang, to write a commentary. The resulting Fajue qiming was engraved in 1879 in Yunnan, where Shengtai had been promoted administration commissioner. (In his own pref. Jin Shiwen claims that he was ill and that Shengtai enlisted the help of three of his colleagues.) Shengtai wanted a text where beginning officials would be able to find about the provisions of the code “at a glance.” In his pref. he alludes to the new officials who are not prepared by their training for the examinations to sit on court overnight and need such tools as Fajue qiming to avoid making mistakes and being the laughing stock of the audience—a topos in many prefaces to handbooks on law and justice. The publication of Baojian bian buzhu (q.v.) was part of the same effort.

Bio.: A Mongol of the Zhuote 卓特 clan, Shengtai enjoyed a long and varied career as a civil and military official. Having started as a clerk in the Ministry

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0427–0428

of Revenue during the Xianfeng period, he was appointed prefect of Fenzhou 汾州 (Shanxi) in 1867; in 1877 he was promoted to Zhejiang surveillance commissioner, and in 1878 became Yunnan administration commissioner. In 1881 he was apppointed grand secretary and vice-minister of the Ministry of Rites. The remainder of his career was spent as a military official stationed first in Urumqi (1882–1885), and later in Tibet (1887–89); his last post was grand minister assistant administrator of Tibet (駐藏幫辦大臣) (1889–92), which required him to govern Tibet jointly with the Dalai Lama. See QSG, 453/12589–91; QSLZ, 60/5a–b; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Bourgon, 288. Bibliography entries for same author: Baojian bian buzhu. [JB, PEW] 0428

Dulü yide ge 讀律一得歌, 4 j. [Songs to Get the Code at Once] By Zong Jizeng 宗繼增 (h. Hengzhai 恆齋), from Lushan 魯山 (Henan) 1887 pref. Ed.: – *1886 small-sized ed., with Geci 歌詞, 1 j., and Xiyuan lu geci 洗冤錄歌詞, 1 j., appended. [Tian Tao] – *1887 ed. engraved at the Fanchuan yixin yangqi xuan 樊川怡心養氣軒, with prefs. by (Changbai) Yulu 長白裕祿 (1888), Huang Pengnian 黃彭 年 (1886), Wu Chunjia 鄔純嘏 (1887), Wu Zhen 武震 (1886), and author (1887). [*Congress/LL] [*Columbia] – *1890 Jiangsu shuju 江蘇書局 ed. with prefs. by (Changbai) Yulu (1888), Huang Pengnian (1886), Wu Shunjia (1887), Wu Zhen (1886), and author (1887). [*Fu Sinian] [*Shoudu]

Rem.: A mnemonic version of the Penal Code adapted in heptasyllabic verse. Huang Pengnian’s pref. cites it as one among four such “songs” (歌訣) that were used in the law school (學律館) he set up in Wuchang to teach local officials when he was Hubei surveillance commissioner (1883–85). Each page provides the original Penal Code text in the upper third of the page, and the version in verse in the lower two-thirds. Small characters inserted between the lines help the comprehension of the seven-character verse. Bio.: No information is available on Zong Jizeng. Ref. and studies: He Qinhua, 2:337–8.

[PEW]

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564 0429

4.1.2.2 Rhymes

Da Qing lüli jingyan gekuo 大清律例精言歌括 [Rhymes on the Subtle Words of the Great Qing Code] By Shen Guoliang 沈國樑 (z. Gancheng 幹丞, h. Xin’an jushi

心岸居士)

1887 Ed.:

– *1888 Ronglu tang ed. (see under Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan and Lüli yan’an xinbian).

Rem.: A rhymed synopsis of the code in seven-word verse, apparently extracted from Da Qing lüli gejue (q.v.). This Ronglu tang ed. has the titles Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan (q.v.) on the cover-leaf, Lüli jingyan gekuo at the beginning of the text, and Da Qing lüli jingyan in the central margins. It opens with an eight-verse “commentary” (鑒) by Xin’an jushi (Shen Guoliang), emphasizing—after Su Shi 蘇軾—the uselessness of possessing a vast culture if one has not read the Code. Shen Guoliang’s authorship is indicated in the pref. (see under Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan). Nothing is known about him. According to Jiang Zhaotao (see under Dulü guanlang), the text is in fact Liang Tashan’s Dulü guanlang (q.v.). [PEW]

0430

Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan 大清律例精言輯覽, 1 ce [A Reader for the Subtle Words of the Penal Code of the Great Qing] By Shen Guoliang 沈國樑 (z. Gancheng 幹丞, h. Xin’an jushi

心岸居士)

1887 Ed.:

– *1888 Ronglu tang ed., Beijing 京都榮錄堂藏板, with prefs. by Shen Guoliang (1887) and Zha Meilang 查美朗 (1891). [*Congress/LL] [*Harvard] [*Ōki] – *Ronglu tang ed. using the same printing blocks and featuring the same date of imprint on cover-leaf, with self-pref. (自序) by Liu Yitong 劉以桐 (1903) and pref. by Shen Guoliang (1887), in a set titled Lüli yan’an xinbian (q.v.); Liu’s pref. is to the entire set. [Columbia] – Photo-repro. of 1888 Ronglu tang ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 15.

Rem.: Despite the title on the cover-leaf, this short 25-folio carefully punctuated fasc. consists of only one text, namely, [Da Qing] lüli jingyan gekuo (q.v.). The copies held at Congress/LL and Harvard are part of a set of three fascicles titled Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan on the box label, also including Da Qing lüli jianming mulu (q.v.) and Xinzeng xiyuan baojian Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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(or Baojian bian as running title), i.e., Fang Ruqian’s Xiyuan baojian (q.v.), dated 1901 on the cover-leaf. In the set at Columbia (titled Lüli yan’an xinbian) (q.v.), Cizi ji (q.v.) has been added to these three texts. Jiang Zhaotao (see under Dulü guanlang) shows that Shen Guoliang’s pref. is in fact a word-for-word copy of Chen Ruolin’s 1811 pref. to Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng (see under Da Qing lüli chongding jizhu tongzuan, 1816 ed.), only the title being changed.

Ref. and studies: Bourgon, 287–8. Qingdai lüxue, 396–408 (by Yan Xi 嚴曦), stressing that the abundance of legal technical terms shows that the text was aimed at legal practitioners and literati, rather than commoners. [JB, PEW] 4.1.2.3

Synoptic Tables

[MING] 0431

Da Ming lütu 大明律圖, 1 j. Anon. N.d. Ed.: In Gezhi congshu 格致叢書. Rem.: Presumably a presentation of the Ming Penal Code in table form. [QING A]

Lüli tushuo zhengbian 律例圖說正編 See: Lüli tushuo Xinzeng xingqian zhizhang 新增刑錢指掌 See: Mingfa zhizhang zengding Xiuzhen lübiao 袖珍律表 See: Lübiao 0432

Qiangu xingming bianlan 錢榖刑名便覽, 2 j. [A Convenient Guide for Private Secretaries Specialized in Finances and Law] By Dong Gongzhen 董公振 (z. Nanhou 南厚), from Huating 華亭 (Jiangsu); coll. Dong Gongci 公賜 (z. Duanmu 端木), from Huating 1734 Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

566

4.1.2.3 Synoptic Tables

Ed.:

– *1734 engraving of the Chengyi tang 誠意堂, with author’s pref. (1734). [ZKT] – *[1737] Chengyi tang ed. with same cover-leaf as above (“1734 engraving”), plus the mention “augmented in 1737” (乾隆二年續增); the fanli has been placed after the table of contents of j. 1; j. 2 has 9 more tables than the 1734 original ed.; apart from these differences the two eds. are obviously using the same printing blocks. [ZKT, 2 copies of apparently same ed., one lacking cover-leaf and first folio of pref.] – *Undated ed. (cover-leaf missing), no pref., only j. 1 has table of contents, j. 2 has 61 tables; additional pages inserted with regulations down to 1736. [Ōki] – *Undated ed. with author’s pref. (1734). [Naikaku Bunko; *Photo-repro. at Fu Sinian]. – *Undated ed. with author’s pref. (1734), including updates to 1741 on intercalary pages; cover-leaf and beginning of pref. missing. [Columbia] – *1742 Chengyi tang new engraving, titled Zengbu 增補 qiangu xingming bianlan, with author’s pref. (1734). [*Tian Tao] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Photo-repro. of an undated ed. with author’s pref. (1734), without updates and with 52 tables in j. 2, in Siku weishou, ser. 2, vol. 26. – Photo-repro. of 1734 ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 6.

Rem.: A mnemonic aid for local officials, indicating the sanctions incurred whenever regulations are not correctly enforced. The format is a succession of tables, most of them followed by quotations from the regulations, sometimes by leading cases (成案). Each juan has a table of contents. J. 1 is devoted to fiscal and financial affairs (47 tables), j. 2 to judicial affairs, including problems of administrative discipline (52 tables in the original 1734 ed., 61 tables in the others). The tables are designed so as to make the sanction incurred immediately apparent; the sanction is a function of the culprit official’s rank and of the seriousness of the administrative mistake, such as a deficit or delay (deadlines, which it is imperative to abide by, are discussed in the first tables). The title of each table is inscribed in the central margin, making browsing easy. The basis of the contents is the 1729 edition of the Penal Code, but regulations have been recorded through summer, 1734, and it is possible to emend the tables by taking new regulations into account. In some of the copies seen extra pages (marked with you 又) quoting regulations after 1734 have been inserted. The author was himself a private secretary (he uses the term kuangzan 匡贊 in his pref.). The financial section (qiangu) has been appended in a revised and edited form to the 1743

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Mingfa zhizhang zengding (q.v.), and it constitutes the second part of Xingqian zhizhang (q.v.)

Ref. and studies: Ma, 125–6 (Qinghua) (1734 Chengyi tang ed.). Pelliot, 145. Chang, 1:32. [PEW] 0433

Mingfa zhizhang 名法指掌, 2 j. [A Guide to Penal Law] By Shen Xintian 沈辛田 (z. Gengyu 畊于, h. Jiasou 家叟), from Wucheng 烏程 (Zhejiang) Ed.: – 1740 ed. (probably no longer extant).

Rem.: This first version of Shen Xintian’s highly successful arrangement of the Penal Code in the form of synoptic tables does not seem to have survived. It was soon superseded by Shen’s own new version, the 1743 Mingfa zhizhang zengding (q.v.). Shen’s pref., reproduced in the latter, recalls how he started the composition of the tables in 1734 while traveling to join the cabinet of a Yunnan surveillance commissioner named Yao 姚 (one assumes in an acting position, as no Yao is mentioned in the lists of incumbents). The 1740 ed. could be engraved thanks to the generosity of the prefect of Guangnan, Chen Shunsi 陳順思 (or Chen Kefu 克復, see his pref. in Mingfa zhizhang zengding), whom Shen met on his trip back home; the engraving was made in Shen’s native Wucheng (Huzhou, Zhejiang) after a further round of checking and editing with the help of his brother, resulting in some 30 new tables being added to the hundred-some already designed by Shen Xintian. The aim was to make up for the insufficiencies of Dong Gongzhen’s Qiangu xingming bianlan (q.v.), published in 1734, in the field of law. While Dong’s work concentrated on sanctions (處分) and the official’s evaluation (考成), in Shen’s perpective law and justice (刑名) dealt with the people’s lives and involved a much more complex set of regulations and tasks: what he essentially did, in effect, was to introduce the Penal Code into the tables. Li Xiqin’s pref. to Mingfa zhizhang zending indicates that when he was appointed Guangxi surveillance commissioner in 1741 and hired Shen as a private secretary, Shen showed to him his Mingfa zhizhang; and it was under him that Shen was able to revise it so as to take into account the new Penal Code promulgated in 1740, and produce his Mingfa zhizhang zengding. Shen’s 1740 Mingfa zhizhang was followed by a series of works that aimed to improve it and, above all, update its contents. The basic design

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remained the same, however: a set of tables easy to consult (指掌圖), making it possible to see at a glance the denominations, circumstances, and punishments for the various sorts of crime (刑名, or 罪名), and the sanctions (處分) applying in case of maladministration; in the words of a later editor, “The work of Mr. Shen focused on providing a method for establishing [what] crime [has been committed] and determining its denomination; where administrative punishments would apply at the same time, they could be seen as an addition inside each table” (沈氏 著書專為定罪而設名法。有兼處分者，附見各圖) (see fanli of Mingfa zhizhang tu [q.v.]). The different types of crime were distributed among broad categories arranged in a convenient order more or less following that of the Code. In this way inexperienced officials would be able to make informed decisions rapidly without getting lost in the maze of statutes and substatutes, and to avoid errors due to excessive haste. One may note, however, that in his fanli of 1824, Niu Dawei (see below) insisted that the tables only give clues (引線) and that one must go back to the complete text of the Code and to the approved leading cases (成案); a similar remark was made by Xu Hao (see below) in 1870; and in fact, Shen Xintian himself apologized for the probable omissions in his tables and urged his readers to check with the Code. The posterity of Mingfa zhizhang includes (1) the above-mentioned Mingfa zhizhang zengding, first published in 1743 by Shen Xintian and with later updated eds.; (2) Mingfa zhizhang xinli zengding in 4 j., published in Canton in 1824 under the editorship of Niu Dawei, republished in 1860; (3) Mingfa zhizhang xinzuan, published in Sichuan in 1830 under the editorship of Huang Luxi; (4) Dufa tucun, compiled in 1836 by Shao Shengqing under the supervision of Huang Luxi; and (5) Chongxiu mingfa zhizhang tu, edited in 1870 by Xu Hao (qq.v.).

Ref. and studies: Will, “La réglementation administrative et le code pénal mis en tableaux.” [PEW] 0434

Mingfa zhizhang zengding 名法指掌增訂, 2 j. [A Guide to Penal Law, Revised and Enlarged] By Shen Xintian 沈辛田 (z. Gengyu 畊于, h. Jiasou 家叟), from Wucheng 烏程 (Zhejiang) 1743 Ed.:

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569

– *Undated Lianxi (Qiaoxi 橋西?) caotang ed. 蓮西草堂藏板, title on cover-leaf Zengding xingqian 刑錢 zhizhang, author Shen Xintian, running title Mingfa zhizhang zengding, with pref. by Tang Suizu 唐綏祖 (n.d.), followed by fanli, prefs. by Li Xiqin 李錫秦 (1743), Shen Xintian (n.d.), and Chen Kefu 陳克復 (“original pref.,” i.e., to original Mingfa zhizhang, n.d.). [Ōki] – *1743 Tongde tang 同德堂 ed. with prefs. by Tang Suizu (n.d.), Li Xiqin (1743), and Shen Xintian (n.d.), “original pref.” by Chen Kefu (n.d.); the words zengding appear at the beginning of the table of contents, not on the cover-leaf. [Columbia] – 1745 Hangzhou Youwen tang 有文堂 ed., with prefs. by Shen Xintian and Li Xiqin. [Zhongyang, not in cat.] – *1754 ed., title on cover-leaf Mingfa zhizhang xuding 續訂, zengding in chapter captions and in running title; with prefs. by Li Xiqin (1743), Tang Suizu (n.d.), “original pref.” by Chen Kefu, a short text signed Qiaoxi caotang zhuren [Shen] Xintian 橋西草堂主人辛田 listing the days of the month when certain types of torture should not be applied, pref. by Shen Xintian (自序, n.d.), fanli; at the end a few tables not in the mulu have been added (e.g., on redemption rates and famine relief). [Beida] – *1805 small-sized Jixiu tang ed. 積秀堂梓行, title on cover-leaf Xinzeng 新增 xingqian zhizhang, authors on cover-leaf Shen Gengyu and Dong Nanhou (see under Xingqian zhizhang), but the book itself is Shen’s Mingfa zhizhang zengding, with prefs. by Li Xiqin (1743), Tang Suizu (n.d.), Shen Xintian (n.d.), “original pref.” by Chen Kefu, and fanli; Fuke bianlan (see below) has no mulu and Shen’s note found in the other eds. is absent. [Beida] – *1833 small-sized Dacheng tang ed. 大成堂梓行, title on cover-leaf Xinzeng xingqian zhizhang, authors on cover-leaf Shen Gengyu and Dong Nanhou, but book inside is Shen’s Mingfa zhizhang zengding, with prefs. by Li Xiqin (1743), Tang Suizu (n.d.), “original pref.” by Chen Kefu, and fanli; Shen Xintian’s pref. is placed in the fasc. containing Fuke bianlan (see below); the second half of j. 2 is missing. [Beida] – *1836 small-sized ed. by Jing Yuansheng 經元升梓行, title on cover-leaf Xinzeng xingqian zhizhang, authors on cover-leaf Shen Gengyu and Dong Nanhou, but book inside is Shen’s Mingfa zhizhang zengding, with pref. by Tang Suizu (n.d.), “original pref.” by Chen Kefu (n.d.), prefs. by Li Xiqin (1743) and Shen Xintian (n.d.). [CASS Jinshisuo] – 1860 Guangdong ed. [Zhengfa] – *1867 small-sized Jinglun tang ed. 經綸堂梓行, title on cover-leaf Xinzeng mingfa zhizhang, authors on cover-leaf Shen Gengyu and Dong Nanhou,

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but book inside is Shen’s Mingfa zhizhang zengding, with prefs. by Tang Suizu (n.d.), Li Xiqin (1743), “original pref.” by Chen Kefu, pref. by Shen Xintian (n.d.), and fanli; before the fanli an inscription in a circle says that the book can be bought at the Guangxi provincial capital for 0.4 taels (實銀肆錢正，價不二). [Beida] – 1870 Hubei chongwen shuju 湖北崇文書局 ed. [Zhengfa]

Rem.: A presentation of the Penal Code in synoptic tables. The fanli, which in the Tongde tang ed. is placed after the table of contents of j. 1 and followed by Chen Kefu’s “original pref.,” specifies that the substatutes cited in this ed. have been updated through the summer of 1743; in other words, this is an enlarged and revised ed. of Mingfa zhizhang (q.v.), of which there existed an ed. engraved in 1740. A note by Shen Xintian reproduced after his pref. (the latter clearly to the original 1740 ed.), dated 1743 and written at the Guangxi surveillance commissioner’s office, states that the 1740 ed. had to be engraved anew to take account of the new ed. of the Code (i.e., the 1740 Da Qing lüli 大清律例, distributed in 1742): this new Code, which Shen was able to study in 1743, changed some 30–40 percent of the contents of the previous one. Some 50 new tables were added, making a total of 255; the printing blocks of the old ed., he says, can now be scraped. This enlarged ed. was realized while Shen was employed by the surveillance commissioner of Guangxi, Li Xiqin. It may seem puzzling that editions were put out without the slightest revision through the 1860s, when several completely updated new versions were being published in the nineteenth century (see entries below). The contents of the tables summarize the punishments stated in the Code (罪名); at the same time, they include data on the administrative sanctions (處分) incurred by officials in case of judicial maladministration. The tables are arranged according to the following sections: deadlines (限期), homicides (人命), lawlessness (匪類), banditry (盜案), theft (竊 盜), forcible robbery (搶奪), sexual crimes (姦情), selling persons (略 賣), tomb desecration (發塚), gambling (賭博), counterfeiting (私鑄), fraud and cheating (詐偽), miscellaneous crimes (雜犯), salt administration (鹽務), fugitives (疏縱), real estate, credit, and marriage (田債 戶婚), pettifogging (詞訟), and six spoils (六贓). In addition to j. 1 and 2 (上下), there is an extra section (sometimes in an extra fasc.) on administrative sanctions, titled Mingfa zhizhang zengding shangjuan bian­ lan 上卷便覽 (running title Fuke bianlan 附刻便覽), in fact an edited and simplified version of the section on finances in Dong Gongzhen’s Qiangu xingming bianlan (q.v.), comprising 72 tables in all. (Most tables concern financial administration, but some deal with other domains of administrative activity.) In the Lianxi caotang and 1754 eds. and in the Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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nineteenth-century eds. titled Xinzeng xingqian zhizhang on the coverleaf, it is called not … shangjuan bianlan but … fuke bianlan, sometimes with Gexiang chufen 各項處分 at the beginning; in the Lianxi caotang and 1836 eds. this section is placed at the beginning of the work, after the prefs. and before the Mingfa zhizhang proper. Shen Xintian’s note following the mulu of this extra section indicates that the bookseller (坊 間, possibly the Tongde tang in Guilin), considering that Dong’s book was difficult to buy in frontier provinces, asked Shen to add a part on finances; he therefore used a manuscript copy brought by a colleague to insert the material from Dong’s work, adapting it to his own format and in fact improving its usability.

Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:32, describing the 1745 Hangzhou ed., with Qiangu xingming bianlan (q.v.) appended. Qingdai lüxue, 294–303 (by Li Yi 李儀), under title Chongxiu 重修 Mingfa zhizhang, also mentioning some of the titles below, somewhat confused on the editorial history of the text. [PEW] 0435

Zengding xingqian zhizhang 增訂刑錢指掌, 4 j. [A Guide to Law and Finances, Revised and Enlarged] By Shen Xintian 沈辛田 (z. Gengyu 畊于, h. Jiasou 家叟), from Wucheng 烏程 (Zhejiang), and Dong Gongzhen 董公振 (z. Nanhou 南 厚), from Huating 華亭 (Jiangsu) 1744 Ed.:

– *1744 new engraving (新鐫) of the Rongjintang at Liulichang, Beijing 京 都琉璃廠榮錦堂梓行, with pref. by Huang Shulin 黃叔琳 (1744); mention “A must-read for gentlemen and officials” (士宦要覽) on top of cover-leaf. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Fu Sinian] [*Ōki] [Beitu, cat. giving Li Tianqu 李天衢 as author] – 1759 Beijing Baomin tang 北京寶名堂 ed. [Beitu] – *1856 new engraving (新鐫) of the Wenbao tang at Liulichang 京都琉璃 廠文寶堂梓行, with pref. to the original work (原書) by Li Xiqin 李錫秦 (n.d. [1743]), pref. to the newly enlarged work (新增名法指掌序) by Shen Xintian (n.d.) (latter’s running title shows it was borrowed from an ed. of Niu Dawei’s Mingfa zhizhang xinli zengding [q.v.]). [Ōki] – *1868 new engraving (新鐫) of the Wenbao tang at Liulichang, identical to the above but in small size (14 × 10 cm), and without Shen Xintian’s 1743 note after his pref. – Photo-repro. of an unspecified copy at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 2, vol. 22. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Rem.: Huang Shulin’s pref. recalls that the authors are private secretaries specializing in law and in finances, respectively, and indicates that the synoptic tables (指掌圖) that comprise the work have been edited for joint publication by a certain Li Tianqu 李天衢, introduced as a “prefectural assistant” (郡參). The work is a combination of Shen Xintian’s Mingfa zhizhang (q.v.), apparently in its 1740 version with a few supplementary tables (j. 1–2), and of the section on fiscal affairs (錢榖) in Dong Gongzhen’s Qiangu xingming bianlan (q.v.) (j. 3–4), here titled Qiangu zhizhang 錢榖指掌. In the last section quotations of regulations are occasionally appended to the tables. The regulations summarized in the tables are as of summer, 1740. The contents of the 1856 “new engraving” seem identical to that of the original ed.

Ref. and studies: Guo Runtao, Guanfu, muyou yu shusheng, 371, giving Li Tianqu as compiler (輯), and Qiangu zhizhang for the title of Dong Gongzhen’s work. [PEW] 0436

Lüli tushuo 律例圖說, 10 j. [The Penal Code in Tables with Explanations] By Wan Weihan 萬維𩙶 (z. Fengjiang 楓江) (1700?–?), from Wujiang

吳江 (Jiangsu)

1750 pref. Ed.:

– *1750 new engraving (新鐫) of the Yunhui tang 芸暉堂藏板, with prefs. by Li Xiqin 李錫秦 (1750), Chai Ke’an 柴可安 (n.d.), and Wan Weihan (1750). [LSS] – *1753 Yunhui tang revised and enlarged ed. (增訂), with prefs. by Li Xiqin (1750), Chai Ke’an (n.d.), and Wan Weihan (1750); the cover-leaf has a redink stamp saying “collated and error-free” (校正無訛). [Tōyō Bunko] – *1756 Yunhui tang new engraving (新鐫) titled Zengding lüli tushuo, with prefs. by Li Xiqin (1750), Chai Ke’an (n.d.), Wan Weihan (1750), and Wan Weihan (後序, 1756); the cover-leaf of the copy at Congress has a stamp to the effect that the contents have been updated to winter, 1757; the same information is printed on the cover-leaf of the copies at Ōki and Jimbun. [*Congress/LL] [*Beitu] [*Jimbun] [*Ōki] – *Undated Yunhui tang ed. titled Lüli tushuo zhengbian 正編, with prefs. by Li Zhiyun 李治運 (1763), Shen Yi 沈翼 (to Lüli tushuo zhengbian, 1774), Li Xiqin (原序, 1750), and Xu Pei 徐培 (1762); with undated Yunhui tang ed. of Muxue juyao (q.v.) appended. [Tōyō Bunko]

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– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Shen Yi (1774), Wu Shiying 吳士映 (to 三訂, 1773), Li Xiqin (原序, 1750), Li Zhiyun (1763), Xu Pei (1762), and author (1763); no cover-leaf, but clearly same Yunhui tang ed. as the two listed below. [Columbia] – *Yunhui tang 1774 ed., identical to the preceding and obviously using the same printing blocks, except for the cover-leaf (missing in the former) and for the fact that the prefs. by Li Zhiyun and Li Xiqin are in reverse order. The mention “kept by Sun at the Jinghe tang” (敬和堂孫收藏) at the beginning of the general mulu seems in contradiction with the coverleaf, according to which the blocks are kept at the Yunhui tang. A red seal on the cover-leaf informs that the contents have been edited in 1774 according to the new substatutes promulgated in 1773. [Columbia] – *Yunhui tang 1774 ed. titled Lüli tushuo zhengbian, similar to the above description, but with prefs. in a different order and without Jinghe tang mention at the beginning of the general mulu. [Ōki] – *Undated Yunhui tang ed., title on cover-leaf Lüli tushuo zhengbian, same description as the copy listed above. [Columbia] – *Undated Yunhuitang ed. identical to the above (with some variation in pref. order), title on cover-leaf Lüli tushuo zhengbian, no mention of the Jinghe tang. A red seal on the cover-leaf states that the contents have been edited in 1777 according to the new substatutes promulgated in 1776; no fanli. [Tian Tao] – *Undated Yunhuitang ed. identical to the 1774 ed., title on cover-leaf Lüli tushuo zhengbian, no mention of the Jinghe tang. A red seal on the coverleaf states that the contents have been edited according to new substatutes promulgated in 1784; with an extra fasc. consisting of an undated Yunhui tang ed. of Muxue juyao (q.v.). [Congress/LL] – Photo-repro of 1750 ed., Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2015 (Qingshi yanjiu ziliao congbian). – *Photo-repro. of a Yunhui tang undated ed. titled Lüli tushuo zhengbian, with prefs. by Shen Yi (1774) and Wan Weihan (1763), general table of contents (in addition to the mulu at the head of chapters), and list of collaborators, in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 3, vol. 2–3.

Rem.: Taken together, the prefaces suggest there were basically two significantly revised (訂) eds. after the 1750 original ed.: one ca. 1763 and one 1774, respectively, which does not exclude other printings with emendations. For example, Wan Weihan’s second pref. (1756) says that as early as 1753 new materials were added to make a zengding ed., and that in the 1756 ed. all regulations down to 1755 have been included; during the five

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years elapsed since the first ed. more than 50 new tables have been designed, and in the existing tables more than 90 entries have been modified: that is why the original ed. should no longer be used. The words zhengbian appended to the title in certain eds. mean an “authentic,” as opposed to a pirated, edition (see under Lüli tushuo bian’e). The undated Yunhui tang ed. in the Tian Tao collection bears a seal on the cover-leaf stating that “this compilation is kept in the Wan family; the original book is subjected to additions or deletions according to circumstances” (是集 萬氏家藏。原本隨時增減). Indeed, several of the 1774 eds. (or undated eds. responding to the same description) bear seals on their cover-leaves indicating that the contents have been updated following a recent edition of the substatutes published by the Ministry of Justice; these additions appear at the end of the mulu of each chapter under the caption xuzeng 續增 and are appended at the end of the chapter. The fanli of the (better produced) 1750 ed., signed Suxing zhuren 素行主人, states that the more than 460 tables in the work—which it says “are indeed simple but comprehensive, not summaries” (實簡而該非略)—are based on Da Qing lüli (presumably the 1740 ed.) for the substatutes up till 1739, on the further official publication of 104 new substatutes approved over the period 1740–1745, and on the author’s own research for more recent regulations memorialized but not yet published; “leading cases” (成案) have been omitted altogether since their suggestions concerning the application of the law are only useful when the details of the case are examined; only provincial regulations approved for nationwide application have been included; and some of the contents of the official Xiyuan lu (q.v.) have been compiled into three tables. The author would not dare to add his own “humble opinions.” The work is in the form of synoptic tables. Their contents cover much more than the Penal Code, as they include a great amount of practical information on every aspect of the administrative organization. A large quantity of articles from the Disciplinary Regulations (處分則例), indicating the sanctions incurred by officials when they go against the law, have been integrated (they are especially numerous in the sections on “Personnel” and “Revenue,” while the statutes and substatutes from the Code are more in evidence in the section on “Justice” [j. 6–9]), making “one compilation out of two books” (彙兩 書為一編), in the author’s words. In fact the work is better described as a compendium of information on all the regulations of interest to local officials as of the date of printing, culled from various bodies of penal and administrative law and arranged in such a manner that it can be consulted rapidly by using the mulu and the titles of tables written in the central margins. Some tables feature only “positive” regulations, no Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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sanctions or punishments. The aim is purely practical: there is no commentary or discussion and the date of the substatutes and precedents is never indicated. The chapters follow the order of the six sections of the Penal Code, but the author warns that some materials have been moved around for the sake of logic and to facilitate comparison and reference. The mode of presentation and the contents are comparable to those in Mingxing tushuo, Xingqian zhizhang, Lüli tushuo zhangzhen (qq.v.), and other such works. Bio.: See under Chenggui shiyi. Bibliography entries for same author: Chenggui shiyi; Huangzheng suoyan; Lüli tushuo bian’e; Muxue juyao; Xingjian lu; Xingqian zhinan. [PEW]

0437

Liubu lixian tu 六部例限圖, 3 j. [Tables of Administrative Deadlines for the Six Ministries] Comp. Wu Chongxiao 吳翀霄 (z. Shengjiu 升九), from Zuili 檇李 (i.e. Jiaxing 嘉興, Zhejiang) 1761 Ed.:

– *[1763] ed. (no cover-leaf) with prefs. by Ling Cunchun 凌存淳 (1761), Long Tingdong 龍廷棟 (1761), and Xu Peisheng 須珮聲 (1761). [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: A set of 195 tables featuring all the regulations on deadlines found in the disciplinary regulations (處分則例) as of 1760, said in one of the prefs. to be useful to any administrator, from Beijing ministry officials down to private secretaries and clerks in the provinces. There are two fanli signed by the compiler, the second saying that the work was completed and printed in 1761, and that the present copy, dating from three years later, incorporates some further materials. There are 42 tables in the “Personnel” section (j. 上); 62 in the “Revenue” section, 8 in the “Rites” section, 6 in the “War” section (j. 中); 64 in the “Justice” section, 13 in the “Public Works” section (j. 下). Not to be confused with a work by the same title in 6 j., published in 1791 (q.v.) [PEW]

0438

Lüli tushuo zhangzhen 律例圖說掌珍, 10 ce [The Penal Code in Treasurable Tables with Explanations] By Lu Weitian 魯緯天 (z. Tingli 廷禮), from Hangzhou 杭州 (Zhejiang) 1761 Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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4.1.2.3 Synoptic Tables

Ed.:

– 1755 ed. of the Renji tang 忍濟堂藏板, with prefs. by Xu Jingxi 徐景熹 (1751) and Yang Jingsu 楊景素 (1754). [Faxue suo] – *1761 Renji tang ed. with prefs. by Yang Jingsu (1760) and Hu Ge 胡格 (1760), both titled “Preface to Xingqian zhangzhen 刑錢掌珍,” referring to a previous title of the same work (see below); the title given at the beginning of the fanli is Lüli zhangzhen; the general table of contents gives the name of two co-compilers (同編校), Lu Tingli (Weitian) and Yan Jun 嚴濬 (Guoting 果亭), both natives of Wulin 武林 (Hangzhou). Lu Weitian may have been both author and publisher, since the fanli is signed Renji zhuren 忍濟主人, with the seals of Lu Tingli/Weitian. [Columbia, not in cat.]

Rem.: A series of tables arranged in separately paginated sections following the “Six Ministries” order (the name of the “ministry,” or administrative domain, appears at the bottom of the central margin). According to the prefaces, the author, a muyou from western Zhejiang with almost four decades of experience, was an expert in law and mathematics. The tables present synoptically the regulations or laws (the latter mainly in the “Justice” section) and the sanctions incurred in case of irregularity in their application. There are a few general tables. The fanli specifies that the contents represent the regulations as of 1760; each table fits in the recto of the page, the verso being left empty to add updates. (The copy at Columbia [no longer in cat. and apparently lost since we saw it] has some such manuscript additions besides having been carefully punctuated in red ink.) In addition to empire-wide regulations, Lüli tushuo zhangzhen presents the provincial regulations enforced in Fujian on such specific topics as fiscal quotas, integrity-nourishing salary supplements (養廉 銀), the postal system, vendettas (械斗), illegal immigration to Taiwan (偷渡), and opium. Otherwise, the format is the same as in such works as Lüli tushuo, Xingqian zhizhang [qq.v.], and others. Indeed, according to Wan Weihan’s 1763 pref. found in the 1774 eds. of his Lüli tushuo (q.v.), Lüli tushuo zhangzhen was originally called Xingqian zhangzhen (hence the titles of prefs. noted above), until more than a hundred tables from his (Wan Weihan’s) work were pirated and inserted into it, the title being changed to Lüli tushuo as well, “with the aim of making a profit.” But Wan warns that obsolete tables have been used, hence the “errors” he lists in his Lüli tushuo bian’e (q.v.). Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 79 (by Jiang Juan 蔣隽).

[PEW]

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577

Lüli tushuo bian’e 律例圖說辨譌, 10 j. [The Penal Code in Tables with Explanations, with Identification of Errors] By Wan Weihan 萬維𩙶 (z. Fengjiang 楓江) (1700?–?), from Wujiang

吳江 (Jiangsu)

1763 Ed.:

– *1763 Yunhui tang 芸暉堂 new engraving (新鐫), with prefs. by Li Zhiyun 李治運 (“to Lüli tushuo bian’e,” 1763), Li Xiqin 李錫秦 (“original pref. to Lüli tushuo,” 1750), Wan Weihan (“author’s pref. to Lüli tushuo bian’e,” 1763), Xu Pei 徐培 (“to Lüli tushuo bian’e,” 1762), and Qiu Zhaoshi 裘肇師 (“to Lüli tushuo bian’e,” n.d.); the set also includes the 1763 Yunhui tang ed. of Huangzheng suoyan (q.v.), in one fasc. [Columbia] – 1767 Yunhui tang ed. (藏板), with prefs. by Li Xiqin (1750), Xu Pei (1762), Li Zhiyun (1763), and Wan Weihan (1763). [Faxue suo] – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with prefs. by Li Zhiyun (1763), Xu Pei (1762), Qiu Zhaoshi (n.d.), Li Xiqin (1750), and Wan Weihan (1763). [Fu Sinian] – *1771 Yunhui tang enlarged ed. (增輯), titled Sanding 三訂 lüli tushuo bian’e, with prefs. by Li Zhiyun (1763), Li Xiqin (1750), Xu Pei (1762), Qiu Zhaoshi (n.d.), and Wan Weihan (1763). The last fasc. consists of the 1763 Yunhui tang new engraving of Huangzheng suoyan (q.v.), with author’s pref. (1752). [*Beitu, with Li Xiqin’s pref. at the beginning and without Wan Weihan’s pref.] [*Congress/LL] [*Ōki, with Li Xiqin’s pref. at the beginning and without Wan Weihan’s pref.] – *Undated Yunhui tang ed. with Lüli tushuo zhengbian cover-leaf (n.d.), prefs. by Shen Yi 沈翼 (to Lüli tushuo zhengbian, 1774) and Li Xiqin (1750); although the chapters have the title bian’e, the list of errors and the “Introduction to bian’e” (see below) are nowhere to be seen. With undated Yunhui tang ed. of Muxue juyao (q.v.) appended. [Tōyō Bunko] – Undated ms. ed., with prefs. by Li Xiqin (1750) and Li Zhiyun (1763), with text of Huangzheng suoyan (q.v.) appended. [Location unspecified] – *Photo-repro. of the ms. ed. above, in Siku weishou, ser. 2, vol. 27.

Rem.: An edition of Wan Weihan’s Lüli tushuo enriched with a list of errors found in Lüli tushuo zhangzhen (q.v.), the rival work by Lu Weitian. The prefs., which are the same as in the eds. titled Lüli tushuo, are followed by an “Introduction (例言) to Lüli tushuo bian’e” signed by Bilian waishi 碧蓮外史; it lists 20 places where the tables of the Zhangzhen are in error and claims that this is only a sample. The 1771 ed. appears to have been produced much more carefully than Lüli tushuo zhengbian (see previous entry).

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4.1.2.3 Synoptic Tables

Bio: See under Chenggui shiyi. Ref. and studies: Ma, 81 (Qinghua) (1771 ed.). “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 77 (by Jiang Juan 蔣隽). Bibliography entries for same author: Chenggui shiyi; Huangzheng suoyan; Lüli tushuo bian’e; Muxue juyao; Xingjian lu; Xingqian zhinan. [JB, PEW] 0440

Lübiao 律表, 1 + 36 or 38 j. [Legal Tables] Comp. Zeng Hengde 曾恒德 (z. Weizhan 惟占, h. Shengxuan 省軒) (jr. 1753), from Hui’an 惠安 (Fujian) Ca. 1778 Ed.:

– 1780 ed. of the Guizhou grain intendant office 貴州糧署, in 1 + 38 j. [Liaoning] – *Undated ed. in 1 + 38 j., 5 ce in large format; j. 37–38 devoted to Dubu zeli 督捕則例上下. A sixth fasc. contains Xiyuan lu biao (q.v.), also by Zeng Hengde. [*Beitu] [*Congress/LL] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Small-sized ed. dated 丙子 (1816 or 1876), in 1 + 36 j., engraved by the Jindong shuhang in Beijing 京都金東書行 and titled Xiuzhen 袖珍 lübiao, edited and with a pref. by Cao Yi 曹沂 (1791). Dubu zeli in a separate fasc.; same for the substatutes from the period 1778–88 (under title Zuanxiu tiaoli biao 纂修條例表), and Xiyuan lu biao, making a total of 8 fasc. [*Congress/LL] [Jimbun] – *Undated small-sized Chengyu tang engraving 承裕堂鐫行, title Xiuzhen lübiao, Cao [Yi] as editor (曹氏重訂) on the cover-leaf, otherwise entirely similar to the one above. [*Ōki] [Zhengfa] – 1876 ed. in 38 + 1 j. with Xiyuan lu biao appended. [Jimbun] – 1876 Jingdu shuju 京都書局 ed. in 38 j. (6 ce), published as an addendum to Xiyuan lu (q.v.). [Zhongyang, Taiwan fenguan] – *1883 Guizhou surveillance commissioner office enlarged ed. complementing the [Guizhou] grain intendant 1780 ed. 光緒九年夏貴州臬署 補刊乾隆庚子糧署元版, in 1 + 38 j., 5 ce in large format, with prefs. by (Changbai) Songchang 長白松長 (general pref. to editing Lübiao and Xiyuan lu xiangyi 校刊律表洗冤錄詳義總序, 1883) and Delong 德隆 (to Chongkan lübiao, 1780), postf. (跋) by Zhang Jun 張鈞 (n.d.); j. 37–38 devoted to Dubu zeli; 2 additional fasc., one titled Zuanxiu tiaoli biao 纂修 條例表, one with Xiyuan lu biao. A note after the first pref. says that the original printing blocks (which were in Guizhou, see below) totaled 305 pages, 84,994 large characters, 14,270 medium characters, 148,455 small

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579

characters, 162 frames 圍, and 3,328 dots; it also gives the corresponding numbers for the 74 pages that were added (these are marked by the character 補 in the lower central margin). Zhang Jun’s postf. indicates that the 1780 Guizhou ed. was based on a copy mailed by Zeng Hengde to Delong (then grain intendant and acting surveillance commissioner) that same year, and then distributed to all the prefectures of the province. The 1883 ed. appears to have been produced in Guizhou as part of an effort to rebuild legal expertise in the province (for a parallel publication under the same sponsor in 1883, see under Lüfa xuzhi). [*Faxue suo] [*Ōki, no cover-leaf] [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Columbia, 1st fasc. (j. 1–4) missing, without Xiyuan lu biao, bound with Lüfa xuzhi (q.v.)]

Rem.: A presentation of the statutes and substatutes of the Penal Code in table form, making use of the Yongzheng official commentary (大清律集解總註) and other commentaries and of the punctuated version found in Da Qing huidian 大清會典. J. shou is devoted to tables on the mourning system, the six spoils, eight characters, and other general notions. The work was compiled when the author was serving at the Ministry of Justice (his full title in chapter captions is “director of the Ministry of Justice Fengtian bureau and compiler at the Bureau of the Code” 刑部奉天司郎中律例館纂修官); he spent eight years drawing the tables himself. He explains in the fanli that his aim was to separate and organize every paragraph by drawing lines so as to make the contents immediately clear, important and secondary materials being distinguished by larger and smaller type. There are explanatory notes borrowed from various specialists and occasional author’s comments in the upper margin. In general the aim was to present the materials in a form as compact as possible. The substatutes in the 1772 and 1778 eds. of the Code were entered. Xiyuan lu biao, using the same editorial principles, is in a separate fasc. In the pref. to the xiuzhen version, Cao Yi (also a former official of the Ministry of Justice) says that after Zeng Hengde left for a position of prefect, taking along the printing blocks, Cao’s father, then Cao himself, produced this new ed. to meet customers’ demand, adding the substatutes from 1778 to 1788 in an extra fasc.

Bio.: Though a native of Fujian, Zeng Hengde passed the Shuntian juren examination as a Shandong resident, apparently availing himself of ancestors there. After a stint as instructor (助教授) at the National University, he entered the Ministry of Works as bureau secretary. He was then moved to the Ministry of Justice, where he became eventually a director and compiler at the Bureau of the Code. In 1781 he was appointed prefect of Yunyang 鄖陽 (Hubei), where he appears to have been extremely efficient. Later he was acting prefect of

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4.1.2.3 Synoptic Tables

Jingzhou 荊州 (Hubei). He died in post. See Hui’an XxuZ (Daoguang, 1936), 2/21a, 6/53a, 7/67a; Yunyang zhi (1797), 5B/26b–27a; Zhang Xuecheng 章學誠, Hubei TZ jiancun gao 檢存稿, in Zhang shi yishu 章氏遺書 (Jiaye tang ed.), 24/34a–b. Ref. and studies: Ma, 75–76 (Beida) (Chengyu tang ed., dated 1791). Chang, 1:36. Qingdai lüxue, 112–24 (by Jia Hui 賈輝). [JB, PEW] 0441

Zeli tuyao bianlan 則例圖要便覽, 49 j. [Essential Tables of Regulations for Convenient Consultation] Comp. Shi Zhongyin 石中隱 1790 Ed.:

– *1790 revised engraving (改鐫), printing blocks kept at “this yamen” (本衙 藏板), with pref. by Shi Zhongyin (1790). [Congress/LL] – *1792 new engraving from “this yamen” titled Zengding 增訂 zeli tuyao bianlan, revised by Wang Youhuai 王又槐 (z. Yinting 蔭庭) and Chen Jingxiu 陳敬修 (z. Ketang 哿堂), with pref. by Wang Youhuai (1792) and “original pref.” by Shi Zhongyin (1790). [Harvard]

Rem.: The 49 rather short juan (fitting in just 8 fascicles), each with a detailed table of contents, present the Disciplinary Regulations (處 分則例) in the form of synoptic tables following the order of the Six Ministries, intended for newly appointed officials. Shi Zhongyin states in his pref. that the Regulations provide detailed information that does not feature in the Penal Code, with which it is like “the outside and the inside.” The first ed. of Zeli tuyao was compiled in 1776 (one year before the new 1777 ed. of Chufen zeli), then enlarged and revised several times to take into account this new 1777 ed. as well as the regulations published afterwards. Apparently the 1790 new engraving was realized in Hangzhou. Wang Youhuai, who constantly had the work with him during his travels as a private secretary, compiled this enlarged and slightly reorganized version with his “comrade” Chen Jingxiu. There are two fanli in the Wang Youhuai recension: one titled Zeli tuyao fanli—that of the Shi Zhongyin version—specifying that among the regulations concerning the administration of the five capital wards (五城) and the central government yamen, only those of interest to provincial officials have been retained; and one titled Zeli tuyao xuzuan 續纂 fanli, signed by Wang Youhuai and Chen Jingxiu, stating that despite two revisions there were still missing regulations in Shi Zhongyin’s compilation, and

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581

specifying which rearrangements have been made, like regrouping the regulations on official appointments (銓選則例) in the front chapter (卷首). Bio.: No information is available on Shi Zhongyin.

0442

[PEW]

Liubu lixian tu 六部例限圖, 6 j. [Tables of Administrative Deadlines in the Regulations for the Six Ministries] Comp. Xu Yue 徐鉞 (z. Jingfu 靜夫), from Jiaxing 嘉興 (Zhejiang), and Wang Youhuai 王又槐 (z. Yinting 蔭庭), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1791 Ed.:

– *1791 ed. from “this yamen” (本衙藏板), protected against facsimiles (翻刻必究), with pref. by Qi Liaosheng 戚蓼生 (1790). [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: A set of 313 tables featuring all the regulations on deadlines found in the Disciplinary Regulations (處分則例), as of summer 1790. Although it contains more material, it is entirely similar to the work by the same title compiled by Wu Chongxiao in 1761 (q.v.), to which there is no allusion in the pref. or fanli. There are 62 tables in the “Personnel” section, 112 in the “Revenue” section, 13 in the “Rites” section, 12 in the “War” section, 91 in the “Justice” section, and 23 in the “Public Works” section. Three more texts are appended in the last fasc.: (1) Zhongshu li­xian tu 中樞例限圖, by Wang Youhuai and his brother Wang Youwu 又 梧 (z. Fengjie 鳳偕), a set of 33 tables concerning imperial audiences, the central offices, the administration and defense of the metropolitan area, and more; (2) Qiushen zhangcheng 秋審章程, ed. by Wang Youhuai; (3) Cizi huizuan 刺字彙纂, comp. by Xu Yue and ed. by Wang Youhuai, with pref. by Xu Yue (1790). (For the last two texts, see under Zhizheng jiyao). [PEW]

0443

Xianqi jilan 限期集覽, 6 j. [A Compendium of Administrative Deadlines] By Shen Zhanlin 沈沾霖, (z. Xiangkui 湘葵) (jr. 1783), from Zhenze 震

澤 (Jiangsu)

1793 Ed.:

– 1793 engraving (鐫) of the Mu-family Jinwen zhai 穆氏近文齋, blocks kept at “this yamen,” warning against reproductions (翻刻必究) on cover-leaf, with prefs. by Jiangsu surveillance commissioner Xiong Mei 熊

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4.1.2.3 Synoptic Tables 枚 (1793), also given as “supervisor” (鑒定), and Shen Zhanlin; with Cizi

bianlan (q.v.) appended. [SOAS]

Rem.: Regulations about the prescribed time allowed for various official duties, set in table form. According to Ma Fengchen’s fairly detailed description (see below), though the date of publication is 1793, in reality the contents extend to 1843. The work is based on the regulations of the Six Ministries, on provincial regulations, and on “concluded cases” (成 案), from which everything that concerns deadlines has been extracted. The text is organized by “Six Ministries” (or administrative domains: 吏 政, 戶政, and so forth). Regulations concerning the capital have been omitted.

Bio.: After working for some time as a private secretary, Shen Zhanlin won his juren at the Shuntian examination. He is then mentioned as assistant instructor (訓導) in Baoshan 寶山 (Jiangsu) in 1796 and in Wujiang 吳江 (Jiangsu) at the beginning of the Jiaqing era; later he was assistant instructor in Ningguo 寧國 prefecture (Anhui), apparently for some 20 years, before retiring. See Suzhou 蘇州 FZ (1824), 102/27a–b; Suzhou FZ (1883), 65/19b; Baoshan XZ (1883), 7/4b; Wujiang XZ (1879), 39/7a. Ref. and studies: Ma, 112–3 (Qinghua). Bibliography entries for same author: Jiangsu cheng’an; Cizi bianlan. [PEW] [QING B] 0444

Lüli tigang 律例提綱, 1 ce [An Outline of the Penal Code] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: This comparatively thin notebook, unpaginated, but carefully written in characters of various sizes, focuses on the regulations for deadlines relative to all sorts of administrative and judicial activities, and on the related sanctions (處分). The presentation is a combination of lists and tables. The topics are enumerated in the mulu and indicated in the central margin. Despite the title, they are mostly different from the statute captions usual in Code commentaries (such as, e.g., Dulü tigang [q.v.]). For example, the first entry deals with “Investigating disasters” (查災). The underlying text is that of the Disciplinary Regulations

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583

(處分則例) rather than the Penal Code. The work was probably compiled and used by a private secretary, whose duty it was to make sure that his employer was not infringing any regulations.

[JB, PEW]

0445

Mingfa zhizhang xinli zengding 名法指掌新例增訂, 4 j. [A Guide to Penal Law, Revised and Enlarged Version with New Precedents] Comp. Niu Dawei 紐大煒 (z. Liyun 笠雲), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) 1824 Ed.:

– *1824 ed. engraved in Guangdong and sold by the Yuan’an tang 粵東刊板遠 安堂發兌. The cover-leaf has only Mingfa zhizhang, but the complete title features in the central margins; with prefs. by Li Xiqin 李錫秦 (to Mingfa zhizhang zengding [q.v.], 1743), Tang Suizu 唐綏祖 (to Mingfa zhizhang zengding, n.d.), Chen Kefu 陳克復 (n.d.), and Shen Xintian (n.d.), followed by Shen’s 1743 author’s note (see under Mingfa zhizhang zengding), and by his “original colophon to [Qiangu xingming] bianlan” (q.v.) (便覽 原跋), also dated 1743. [*Congress/LL] [A copy seen in November 2000 at the Guji Bookstore, Beijing, has the title Mingfa zhizhang Daoguang sinian 道光四年 zengding, no indication of publisher’s name.] [*BN, with Daoguang sinian zengding on the right side of cover-leaf, no indication of publisher’s name] [*Ōki, same, and with mention 粵東節署藏板] – *Undated ed. nearly identical to the above, but clearly another engraving, with a different page numbering system (by section instead of juan; the BN and Ōki copies above also have page numbering by section), printed on poorer paper, and with the prefs. and other front material (except the two fanli) moved to the end of j. 4. (This disposition indeed corresponds to what is announced in the 4-article fanli, see below.) [Congress/LL (two copies)] – *1825 enlarged ed. (道光五年增修) of the Baoming zhai 寶名齋藏板, with prefs. by Li Xiqing (原書李序, 1743), Tang Suizu (n.d.), Chen Kefu (n.d.), Shen Xintian (n.d.), with note and colophon (1743), fanli to the original work and to the new recension. [Beida] – *1833 new ed. (重刊) of the Rongsheng tang in Beijing (板存京都楊梅 竹斜街路北榮陞堂搢紳舖兌), clearly a different engraving from the Guangdong imprints, title on cover-leaf Mingfa zhizhang xinli zengding, prefs. and other front matter identical to the Guangdong editions. [Ōki]

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4.1.2.3 Synoptic Tables

– *1860 revised and enlarged ed. (咸豐十年增訂) published in Guangdong, identical to the 1824 Guangdong ed. [*Princeton] [*Ōki, with mention 粵 東節署藏板] [Beida] – *1907 enlarged ed. (增修) of the Eryou zhai 二酉齋藏板, prefs. and other front matter identical to the other eds.; the text also appears to be the same as in the earlier eds. [Ōki] – Photo-repro. of 1824 ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 6–7.

Rem.: This new version of Shen Xintian’s Mingfa zhizhang, the first to be in 4 j., includes a “fanli to the original Mingfa zhizhang” (in fact, to Mingfa zhizhang zengding) in 5 articles, followed by a “fanli to the enlarged version with new precedents,” in 4 articles, of 1824, with a final note by Niu Dawei (missing in the 1825 ed. and in the Guangdong copies at BN and Ōki), the actual editor of this version. Niu explains that he was working as a commissioned official (委員) at the office of LiangGuang governor-general Ruan [Yuan] 阮元 when the latter ordered him to prepare a new enlarged version of Shen Xintian’s old guide. Niu Dawei also recorded a series of aphorisms by Lü Kun on the behavior of local officials and philosophy of governement, expressed in semi-vernacular language, titled Ming ru Lü Xinwu xiansheng xingzheng jielu 明儒呂新 吾先生刑政節錄, which is inserted after the prefs. (see under Xingzheng jielu). The 1824 new fanli recalls that the section on finances borrowed from Dong Gongzhen and added in 1743 was comprised of 70 tables, making a grand total of 325 tables; by contrast, the present revision of “more than 80 years later,” when “a majority of [the articles] on crimes and sanctions have been added, removed, or modified,” has 360 tables; readers are invited to update the work by inserting new regulations published since. Some rearranging of the material was also done. J. 4 has two appendixes, one on the articles related to the six spoils (六贓, 21 tables), the other on administrative sanctions (各項處分, 53 tables). The fanli also specifies that this ed. produced in Guangdong includes the precedents concerning that province, but that it is not exhaustive on those related specifically to the capital or the other provinces when they do not concern Guangdong as well. Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 145 and n. 9.

[PEW]

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585

Mingfa zhizhang xinzuan 名法指掌新纂, 4 j. [A Guide to Penal Law, Newly Compiled] Comp. Huang Luxi 黃魯溪 (z. Xingchuan 杏川), from Wuxian 吳縣 (Jiangsu) 1830 Ed.:

– *1830 ed. with prefs. by Sichuan governor-general (Changbai) Qishan 長白琦善 (1830), Sichuan administration commissioner Guiliang 桂良 (1830), Sichuan surveillance commissioner (Changbai) Jiheng 長白吉恒 (1830), Sichuan salt and tea intendant Li Fengchen 李逢辰 (1830), and compiler (1830). [*Congress/LL] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *1832 new ed. of the Mianxing tang 勉行堂藏板, with prefs. by Qishan (1830), Guiliang (1830), Jiheng (1830, Li Fengchen (1830), and compiler (1830). Only these prefatory materials are from Huang Luxi’s xinzuan: the rest is an exact reproduction of the 1824 ed. of Mingfa zhizhang xinli zengding (q.v.), down to the title in chapter captions and central margins, including the mention that the work was carved in 1824 in Guangdong on the order of Ruan Yuan, but without the note by Niu Dawei at the end of the fanli. The cover-leaf of this carefully produced edition claims that it is a 1832 new engraving (重鐫) and that facsimiles (翻刻) will be prosecuted. [LSS] – *1836 engraving (鐫) updated 1846 (丙午春日增修), printing blocks at the Yushan Shao family 虞山邵氏藏板; a note on the cover-leaf, which bears the title Dufa tucun (q.v.), says that the new precedents have been updated to 1850; the text inside is titled Minfa zhizhang xinzuan. [*Jimbun] [*Ōki] – *1866 engraving (鐫) with prefs. by Jiheng (1830), Guiliang (1830), Qishan (1830), Huang Luxi (1830), and Li Fengchen (1830). [*Beitu (prefs. in different order)] [*Ōki] – 1891 Maohong daotang 卯宏道堂 ed. [University of Niigata] – Photo-repro. of 1830 ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 8.

Rem.: Huang Luxi, who composed this new version of Shen Xintian’s synoptic tables (see under Mingfa zhizhang zengding), was an expectant magistrate in Sichuan. He explains in his pref. that during the ca. eighty years elapsed since Shen’s publication 60–70 percent of the substatutes and precedents have been changed, and that as a result 20–30 percent of the original tables are obsolete. Huang prepared his new version with the help of Shao Shengqing 邵繩清, the principal compiler of Dufa tucun (q.v.) a few years later, during a stint as acting magistrate in 1828–29.

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Contents are as of 1829. The work was collated and published with the help of eight colleagues after Huang was back to Chengdu. It includes 259 tables under 20 categories (門), beginning with the regulations on deadlines (例限) and continuing with the various sorts of crimes, from homicides downwards; to these are added in j. 4 some tables and explanations on the six spoils (under title Liuzang huilan 六贓匯覽), and a set of 52 tables devoted to the administrative sanctions regarding the administration of both finances and justice that could not be integrated into the tables in the body of the work (處分統略). There are some notes in the upper margins for cross-referencing from one category or table to another. The fanli insists that the wording in the tables follows the latest precedents published, and that no “opinion” or addition has been inserted. Only Li Fengchen’s pref. notes that this recension was “replicating” (昉, probably for 仿) that of Niu Dawei published six years earlier (see under Mingfa zhizhang xinli zengding), but that Huang checked it and made it simpler to use (the number of tables is smaller by about a hundred). The confusion between the two recensions is made apparent in the 1832 edition (see above). [PEW]

0447

Dufa tucun 讀法圖存, 4 j. [Tables Kept on Hand to Read the Law] Designed and comp. (繪編) Shao Shengqing 邵繩清 (z. Chuntao 春 濤), from Changshu 常熟 (Jiangsu) 1836 Ed.:

– *1836 Yushan (i.e., Changshu) Shao-family ed. 虞山邵氏藏板 (the coverleaf specifies that this version has been edited and enlarged to take account of the precedents currently applying), with pref. by Liang Shijun 梁士俊 (1836) and compiler’s fanli (1836); the copy at Columbia has a seal on the cover-leaf verso indicating the address of the Shao residence in Chengdu (錦城玉沙街虞山邵寓) where the printing blocks are kept and putting the price of each printing (labor and materials) at a rather high 4 taels; the copies are inscribed with a serial number, the one at Columbia being #189. [*Columbia] [*Congress/LL] – *Yushan Shao-family ed. engraved (鐫) in 1836 and revised (增修) in 1846 (the cover-leaf has a note saying that the new regulations have been compiled until 1850), with pref. by Liang Shijun (1836) and compiler’s fanli (1836); no indication of address or price; running title Mingfa zhizhang

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0446–0447

587

xinzuan (q.v.), of which this is probably a reprint. [*Ōki] [*Jimbun] [*Tōyō Bunko] [Zhengfa] – *Updated 1860 engraving of the Yushan Shao family (with same specification as in the 1836 ed. on cover-leaf verso), with pref. by Liang Shijun (1836) and compiler’s fanli (1836); the 4-tael price is printed on the coverleaf recto (頒讀此書議定每一部紋銀四兩整). [*Beitu] [*Tian Tao, without cover-leaf, last page of fanli missing]

Rem.: The compiler was a judicial private secretary with more than thirty years of experience in five provinces, ending in Sichuan (the pref., by a fellow judicial secretary, and the fanli by Shao Shengqing were written in Chengdu). The work takes Shen Xintian’s Mingfa zhizhang (q.v.), whose conception—a presentation of the law in the form of synoptic tables for rapid reference—was nearly a hundred years old, as its model. While he was staying with Huang Xingchuan 黃杏川 (Huang Luxi 魯溪), Shao first prepared Mingfa zhizhang xinzuan (q.v.), an updated version of Shen’s work published by Huang in 1830 that followed in the steps of the 1824 Mingfa zhizhang xinli zending (q.v.) edited by Niu Dawei 紐大 煒. Dufa tucun was completed later, after Shao had spent a period as private secretary of an intendant named Li Futang 李馥堂 (i.e., Li Fengchen 逢辰, see under Jiajian cheng’an xinbian), who also held the seals of surveillance commissioner for a while, during which he worked on autumn assizes dossiers and had the opportunity to consult many leading cases (成案). Compared with the previous one, the new work added new substatutes and regulations, increased the number of tables, and modified their order. The total adds up to 24 sections (門) and 356 tables, as against 19 sections and 257 tables in Mingfa zhizhang xinzuan. The first tables deal with the deadlines enforced for each type of affair (as was the case in the original Mingfa zhizhang); the rest of j. 1–3 is devoted to the different sorts of crimes, starting with homicides and ending with articles on real estate and commercial affairs; notes in the upper margin cross-reference the different tables for comparison with similar cases. At the end of j. 3 a new section titled Liuzang huilan 六贓匯覽 includes tables indicating the various grades of punishment for taking “spoils.” The last juan includes tables dealing with the introductory “general” part of the code (名例紀要), with administrative sanctions (處分統略), and with the autumn assizes (秋審先程). The fanli specifies that regulations which are never used have been omitted. The editor also insists (in the same terms as those used in the fanli of Mingfa zhizhang xinzuan) that the wording in the tables follows faithfully the text of the law and that

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4.1.2.3 Synoptic Tables

no “opinion” has been added. The authorial caption at the beginning of each chapter gives Shao Shengqing as “designer/compiler” (繪編), aided by several collators (including Liang Shijun), and Huang Xingchuan as general supervisor (鑒定), placed above the other names. Ref. and studies: Qingdai lüxue, 163–85 (by Li Yanjun 李艷君).

0448

[JB, PEW]

Chufen zeli tuyao 處分則例圖要, 6 j. [Tables with the Essentials on Disciplinary Regulations for Officials] Comp. Cai Fengnian 蔡逢年 (h. Yannong 硯農, 研農) (js. 1852), from Dantu 丹徒 (Jiangsu) 1859 Ed.:

– *1859 ed., appended to the 1859 ed. of Lüli bianlan [q.v.], with pref. by Cai Fengnian (n.d.). [Ōki] – *Undated ms. ed. in 2 fasc., without pref., clearly designed but written in shorthand; the covers bear the characters “fei qing” 飛清 below the title. [Ōki] – Ed. in 4 j., appended to the Jiang-family ed. of Lüli bianlan [q.v.]. – 1864 Jiangsu shuju new ed. 江蘇書局重刊. [Harvard Law School] – *Enlarged (增修) ed. with pref. by Cai Fengnian (n.d.), appended to the 1869 enlarged ed. of Lüli bianlan (q.v.). [Tōyō Bunko] – *1870 ed., without pref., appended to the 1870 Jiangsu shuju ed. of Lüli bianlan [q.v.]. – *1870 Jiangsu shuju new ed., no author’s name or pref., clearly same as above. [Tōyō Bunko] – *1872 ed. in 6 j. appended to the 1872 enlarged ed. of Lüli bianlan [q.v.] – *Undated ed. in 6 j., 2 ce (no cover-leaf), with pref. by Cai Fengnian (n.d.). [Harvard] – *1872 new ed. in 6 j., 3 ce, cover-leaf with indication 律例便覽同治十二年 增後, with prefs. by Jiang Qingji 江清驥 (1864), Zhou Zupei 周祖培 (1864), and original pref. by Cai Fengnian (1859). [Harvard] – *1888 Jiangsu shuju new ed. [Shoudu]

Rem.: This very carefully designed and executed presentation of the disciplinary regulations for officials (處分則例) in the form of synoptic tables was compiled as an appendix to the Cai brothers’ Lüli bianlan (q.v.), which went through several editions. The six rather short juan consist of tables abstracting the contents of Liubu chufen zeli (disciplinary

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589

0447–0449

regulations arranged by the Six Ministries), i.e. the sanctions applying for every administrative mistake (公罪) or personal misdemeanor (私 罪) on the part of an official. Cai Fengnian explains in the pref. that inserting this information into the main work would have made it too complicated. The layout of the tables is very clear. Each juan has a table of contents, and the titles of the tables appear in the lower central margin. In the ms. version the text in the tables is in a shorthand occasionally difficult to read, and each table uses either a half-folio (i.e. a recto or a verso), or two half-folios facing each other (a verso and a recto), while in the printed version the tables using more than a half-folio are on the recto and verso of the same folio. Some tables have a commentary in small characters in the upper margin. Each juan is devoted to one of the six ministries, with a table of contents at the beginning (except for j. 1 in some eds.). There are 18 tables in the section on Personnel (吏), 36 in the section on Revenue (戶), 5 in the section on Rites (禮), 9 in the section on War (兵) (plus 2 additional [增] in the printed version), 68 in the section on Justice (刑) (69 in the 1870 version and in the ms., with the addition of a table on “Control of criminals sent home to take care of aged parents” [查報留養] at the end), and 12 in the section on Public Works (工). The 1872 ed. uses red ink for the notes in the upper margin and punctuation. The Jiangsu shuju eds. have no author’s name and no explanatory text. The date of the regulations is not specified. For a comparable, albeit much more detailed, work, see Zeli tuyao bianlan. Ref. and studies: Alabaster, 621. Ma, 56 (Qinghua) (1859 ed.).

0449

[JB, PEW]

Chongxiu mingfa zhizhang tu 重修名法指掌圖, 4 j. [Revised Guide to Penal Law with Tables] Comp. Xu Hao 徐灝 (z. Ziyuan 子遠) (1810–79), from Panyu 番禺 (Guangdong) 1869 Ed.:

– *1869 ed. printed in the Guilin government offices 刊於桂林節署, with prefs. by Guangxi governor Su Fengwen 蘇鳳文 (1869) and Xu Hao (1869), “original pref.” by Shen Xintian 沈辛田 (n.d.), followed by Shen’s 1743 note and colophon to Dong Gongzhen’s bianlan (see under Mingfa zhizhang zengding), fanli by Xu Hao; title in chapter captions Chongxiu mingfa zhizhang tu, running title Chongxiu mingfa zhizhang. [Beida]

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4.1.2.3 Synoptic Tables

– *1870 Hubei Chongwen shuju new engraving 湖北崇文書局重雕, title on cover-leaf Mingfa zhizhang, with prefs. by acting Huguang governor-general Li Hanzhang 李瀚章 (1870), Hubei governor Guo Boyin 郭柏蔭 (1870), and Guangxi governor Su Fengwen (1869), “original pref.” by Shen Xintian (n.d.), followed by Shen’s 1743 note and colophon to Dong Gongzhen’s bianlan, and pref. (1869) and fanli by Xu Hao; title in chapter captions Chongxiu mingfa zhizhang tu, running title Chongxiu mingfa zhizhang. [*Beida] [*Beitu] [*Columbia] [*Congress/LL] [*Ōki, two copies, one as a set with the 1868 Hubei chongwen shuju ed. of Dulü xinde (q.v.) and three other texts] [*Tian Tao] – *1870 new ed. of the Hunan administration commissioner’s office 湖南 藩署重刊, with “original pref.” by Shen Xintian (n.d.), followed by Shen’s 1743 note and colophon to Dong Gongzhen’s bianlan, fanli to the new ed. by Xu Hao (n.d.); title on cover-leaf Chongxiu mingfa zhizhang tu si juan 四卷. [*Ōki] – *1900 ed. of the Ronglu tang in Beijing 榮錄堂刊刻, with pref. to the new ed. by Censor Yan Xiling 閻錫齡 (1900), “original pref.” by Shen Xintian, followed by Shen’s 1743 note and colophon to Dong Gongzhen’s bianlan, prefs. by Xu Hao (1869) and Su Fengwen (1869), fanli to Chongxiu mingfa zhizhang tu by Xu Hao; title on cover-leaf Mingfa zhizhang. [Ōki]

Rem.: Xu Hao claims in his pref. that only when he could see the tables created by Shen Xintian (see under Mingfa zhizhang) was he able to make any sense of the Penal Code, which he had been reading since he was young. The present version of the tables, following in the steps of the updated eds. prepared by Niu Dawei in 1824 (see under Mingfa zhizhang xinli zengding) and Huang Luxi in 1830 (see under Mingfa zhizhang xinzuan), is a new revision that prefect Xu Hao was asked by governor Su Fengwen to prepare. Xu based his work on the Huang Luxi recension. A rather thorough reworking appeared necessary, involving some shifting around and reorganization of contents and resulting in a total 310 tables. Substatutes and regulations up to 1869 are included. As in the Niu Dawei and Huang Luxi revisions, penal law (刑名) and administrative sanctions (處分)—that is, those applying, mostly, to financial matters, inherited from the work of Dong Gongzhen in the Yongzheng period and until then introduced as an appendix—are no longer separated, since the latter “are also law.” The tables concerning officials’ private and public offenses, as well as the rules on avoidance and related topics, have been organized into a new category (類) called gongsi chufen 公 私處分; those on delays in investigating and judging affairs and other such problems (which in all the previous recensions were placed at the

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Figure 10 Chongxiu mingfa zhizhang tu (#0449), j. 1, tables on “premeditated homicide of an official” and “premeditated homicide of a senior”

0449

591

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592

4.1.2.3 Synoptic Tables

front of the work in the xianqi 限期 section) become a category called Shenduan chufen 審斷處分; and finally, those concerning taxes, finances, granaries, and salt administration have been put together as a Qiangu chufen 錢榖處分 category; these three categories, together with that on corruption (贓私), compose j. 4; the other categories are: homicides (人 命) (j. 1); subversion (逆匪), violent robbery (強盜), theft (竊盜), forcible robbery (搶奪), tomb desecration (發塚), kidnapping (擄略), and sexual crimes (犯姦) (j. 2); fraud and cheating (詐偽), negligence (疏縱), miscellaneous crimes (雜犯), salt smuggling (私鹽), family and marriage (戶婚), real estate and credit (田債), and pettifogging (詞訟) (j. 3). This new effort at producing a convenient guide to penal and administrative legislation, which was supported by prestigious sponsors, is explicitly related to the context of post-Taiping reconstruction. Xu Hao notes that it is fitting that the present revision should be done in Guilin, where Shen’s Mingfa zhizhang zengding had been printed in the past. Publication and distribution by the semi-official Hubei publishing company was decided by governor Guo Boyin after Su had sent him a copy of the work for his inspection.

Bio.: Xu Hao came from a family of private secretaries originally from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) who had moved to Panyu. Xu himself started his career as a muyou in Guangdong and served several high officials. In 1865 he became an official and acquired the title of prefect in Guangxi, where he was involved in defense and was put in charge of the Bureau of Military Supplies and Reconstruction (軍需善後局). He was assistant prefect (通判) of Liuzhou 柳州, magistrate of Luchuan 陸川, and acting prefect of Qingyuan 慶遠. He assisted several Guangxi governors in a variety of tasks, and was promoted to the rank of intendant. When he died in 1879 he possessed only books—he was also known as a scholar and writer—and the governor paid for his funeral. See Panyu XxuZ (1931), 21/10b–13a. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4312. Ma, 128–9 (Beida) (1870 Hubei ed.). He Qinhua, 2:338–41 (1869 ed.). [PEW]

0450

Mingxing tushuo 明刑圖說 [Tables with Explanations for Understanding Punishments] By Tieshan 鐵珊 (z. Shaopei 紹裴), from the Chinese Plain White Banner N.d. Ed.:

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0449–0450

593

Figure 11 Mingxing tushuo (#0450), second scroll (detail)

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4.1.2.3 Synoptic Tables

– *A pair of undated xylographic plates mounted on scrolls, 55,5 cm wide and 126 cm high. [Ōki]

Rem.: This set of two large tables abstracting the crimes and punishments in the Penal Code is mentioned in two different prefaces. Hu Taoxuan’s pref. to Xuji mingxing tushuo (q.v.)—a work described as an expansion and reorganization of Mingxing tushuo—states that the two tables were not very convenient to handle. Ju Jiechang’s 1886 pref. to Jiangu buyi kaozheng (q.v.) calls the work Xingming 刑明 tushuo and speaks of four ms. sheets (四幅) obtained by his colleagues from the Judicial Bureau (讞局諸君子) when he was prefect of Kaifeng. They thought them comprehensive and so hung them near their desk for consultation and collected funds to have them printed. Tieshan is described in both prefaces as a former intendant of the Ganliang 甘涼 circuit in Gansu (a post he obtained in 1875). The scrolls held in the Ōki collection manage rather spectacularly to compress a large quantity of detailed information in narrow columns under general headings. The latter do not follow the conventional order of the Code but alternate laws mainly from the “Revenue” (戶) and “Justice” (刑) parts. On the first scroll, which is headed with the conventional motto “Making punishments clear for the sake of education means punishing in the hope of not punishing” (明刑弼教刑期無刑), they are: affrays (鬥毆), criminals taking care of their victim (保辜), homicides (人命), violent robbery (強盜), theft (竊盜), kidnappings and trading in human beings (搶奪 略占), and real estate (田宅). The second scroll has the motto “If the larger structure is grasped the details can be inferred” (大綱既握節目可 推) on the top, and includes the following headings: sexual crimes (犯 姦), family and marriage (戶婚), debts (錢債), miscellaneous crimes (雜 犯), lawsuits and judgments (訴訟斷獄), and miscellaneous (雜錄). Bio.: Tieshan, whose original family name was Xu 徐, started his career as a clerk (筆帖式) and served in the Court of Colonial Affairs (理藩院) from 1855 to 1860. Having received the rank of magistrate, he participated in the campaign against the Nian rebels. His feats earned him further promotions, and in 1864 he was sent to Gansu with the rank of prefect. He was acting magistrate in several places, which he defended successfully against Muslim rebels. After a period of mourning in 1867 he became prefect of Lanzhou 蘭州 in 1872, and Ganliang circuit intendant in 1875. Among other things he developed irrigation in the region, and seems to have earned much popularity for this. In 1886–90 he served as intendant of the He-Shaan-Ru circuit (河陝汝道) in Henan. He died in this position after having directed flood relief and dike construction along the Yellow River. See QSG, 451/12560; QSLZ, 77/2b–3b; Renming quanwei. [PEW]

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0450–0451 0451

595

Xuji mingxing tushuo 續輯明刑圖說, 1 ce [A Sequel to Tables with Explanations for Understanding Punishments] By Hu Hongze 胡鴻澤 (z. Taoxuan 陶軒) (js. 1874), from Jingxian 涇

縣 (Anhui)

1881 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Li Hongzao 李鴻藻 (n.d.), author (自識, 1881), Liu Fenglun 劉鳳綸 (1882), and Qi Shichang 祁世長 (1886), colophon (跋) by Zhu Zumou 朱祖謀 (n.d.). [*Princeton] [*Congress/LL] [*Ōki] [*Tian Tao] – *Undated ed. identical to the above, but without Li Hongzao’s pref. [Congress/LL] – *1882 engraving (鐫) of the Jingchuan Hu family 涇川胡氏藏板, with prefs. by Li Hongzao (n.d.), author (1881), Liu Fenglun (1882), and Qi Shichang (1886), colophon by Zhu Zumou (n.d.). [*Columbia] – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Li Hongzao (n.d.), author (1881), Liu Fenglun (1882), and Qi Shichang (1886), colophon by Zhu Zumou (n.d.), “preface to the new edition of Mingxing tushuo” (重刊明刑圖說序) by the instigator of this new ed., Xie Ruqin 謝汝欽 (1898), otherwise identical to the others. [Ōki] – Undated litho. ed. with 1886 pref. [Ōki] – Photo-repro. of 1886 litho. ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 14.

Rem.: An expansion of Tieshan’s Mingxing tushuo (q.v.). Hu Hongze, Tie’s disciple, reorganized and completed the materials into one continuous table bound into a 53-folio volume. The main topics (fights, abuses, homicides, real estate conflicts, rapes, and so on) are indicated in the upper margin; details on crimes and punishments are abstracted in a synoptic and very clear way. Official sanctions for maladministration are not included, and in a general way the level of detail is less than in such works as Mingfa zhizhang zengding (q.v.) and its nineteenth-century sequels. The last section sets in table form general notions such as the five punishments, technical terms in legal texts, degrees of mourning, etc. The work is said to have been published with the encouragement of a legal private secretary, Zhang Xinyuan 張心淵, and the prefs. insist on its usefulness as an aid in handing down sentences. Bio.: The prefs. indicate that Hu Hongze served as magistrate of Guangxin

廣信 and Shangrao 上饒 (Jiangxi). We also know that he became acting magistrate of Longnan 龍南 in the same province in 1875—presumably his first

appointment. See Longnan XZ (1876), 5/2a.

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596 4.1.3

4.1.3 Handbooks on Judicial Procedure

Handbooks on Judicial Procedure

[MING]

Xingming qimeng xinmiao zongji 刑名啟蒙心妙總集 See: Da Ming lü xuji 0452

Fengji jilan 風紀輯覽, 4 j. [A Compilation of Readings on Rules and Principles] By Fu Hanchen 傅漢臣 (z. Yuangong 元功) (js. 1526), from Pingdu department 平度州 (Shandong) 1531 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with author’s “small preface” (小序, 1531), postf. (跋) by Jiang Shunmin 蔣舜民 (1531). [*Beiping Mf., reels #532–533] [Gugong Taipei] [Tōyō Bunko (*Beiping Mf.)]

Rem.: The hundreds of entries listed in the 13-folio mulu (with some entries omitted, and others not apparent in the text) of this extremely detailed and practical guide to the administration of justice are organized into four sections (類), corresponding to the four juan. (1) “Judicial hearings” (聽斷) includes accusations, arrests, questioning, and so on, with careful distinctions between statuses and circumstances and with entries devoted to every conceivable crime and misdemeanor; while some entries are extremely short, others propose examples of reports, confessions, memorials, etc.; after j. 1 are inserted several pages dealing with the rules of memorial writing. (2) “Forensic examinations” (相檢) consists of the full text of the Yuan version of Xiyuan jilu (q.v.), starting with Yuan-period regulations and model documents and continuing with the original Xiyuan jilu entries. (3) “Proposing sentences” (議 擬) gives examples of sentence proposals (introduced by “we conclude that …” [議得] and using the fictitious names Zhao Jia 趙甲, Qian Yi 錢 乙, etc.), responding to a vast array of situations; this is the longest section of the work. (4) “Enforcing punishments” (發落) comprises among others entries detailing with utmost precision all the circumstances and personal statuses leading to reduction, increase, redemption, etc., of sentences. The work delivers a strikingly detailed image of the complex regulatory apparatus in force in mid-Ming. The layout of the pages makes it somewhat difficult to consult. The author’s title as given in chapter captions is regional inspector for the Metropolitan region (巡 按直隸監察御史). Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0452–0453

597

Bio.: All of Fu Hanchen’s official service before writing Fengji jilan was focused on review of legal cases. After his jinshi he was appointed prefectural judge (推官) of Zhenjiang 鎮江 (Nan Zhili), and he became a censor (御史) in 1529. He was serving as regional inspector in the Zhending 鎮定 region of Bei Zhili when the work was printed and went on to serve as regional inspector in Gansu before retiring. See He Chuguang 何出光, Lantai fajian lu 蘭臺法鑒錄, 15/30a; Laizhou 萊州 FZ (1604), 4/33a; Zhenjiang FZ (1750), 24/42b; Gansu TZ (1736), 27/29b; Ming shilu: Shizong, 105/2496–97, 145/3373. [TN] Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2395 (author’s name Fu Han 傅漢, likely an error). Mingshi yiwenzhi, 45 (same), 1228 (author Fu Hanchen). TYG, 3:1/14b. [PEW] 0453

Shuwen huibian 淑問彙編, 6 j. [A Compendium on Being a Good Judge] Comp. (編輯) Li Tianlin 李天麟 (z. Zhongren 仲仁, Gongzhen 公振) (js. 1580), from Muma Battalion 牧馬千戶所, Wuding subprefecture 武 定州 (Shandong) 1593 Ed.:

– [1593] official Huguang ed., with a proclamation (pai 牌) by Huguang regional inspector Li [Tianlin] (n.d.), and pref. by Jingzhou 荊州 prefectural judge Wan Jiankun 萬建崑 (n.d.). [*Beiping Mf., reel #571] [Gugong Taipei]

Rem.: The date of the ed. can be deducted from the year of Li Tianlin’s tenure in Huguang. The opening proclamation, titled “to illuminate the law and be cautious in administering punishments in order to bolster administrative discipline and emphasize the people’s lives” (為明法紀 慎刑獄以飭吏治以重民命), complains about the disastrous state of judicial administration in Huguang, which Li successfully attempted to remedy wherever he went for his inspections. To prevent the unavoidable relapse into negligence, corruption, and delays, he is said to have ordered three local officials, including two prefectural judges (推官), to edit and publish his Shuwen huibian (called a “legalist’s book” 法家書 in the pref.), a work inspired by Lü Kun’s Fengxian yue (q.v.), to be consulted morning and evening by all the officials of the province. J. 1, titled “Fengxian yuezhang” 風憲約章, which reproduces the first part (Tixing shiyi 提刑事宜) of Lü Kun’s work with occasional rearranging and rewording, discusses homicides, banditry, sexual crimes, prisons, court hearings, torture, and lists models of complaints (狀式) for various types of crimes, used to test the officially approved scribes (代書). J. 2–3, “Lüli bianyi” 律例辨疑, comment on a large number of statutes, following the Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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order of the Code. J. 4, “Zhaoni tishi” 招擬體式, provides extremely detailed advice and examples on the writing of judicial reports, with tables, songs and other such materials appended. J. 5, “Jianyan shiyi” 檢驗 事宜, discusses forensics. J. 6, “Tingduan hengjian” 聽斷衡鑑, illustrates the qualities of a judge (such as equity, prudence, rectitude, and sagacity) through sketches of historical figures. The entire work amounts to an extremely thorough and concrete handbook on the various aspects of judicial procedure. Bio.: Li Tianlin demonstrated activism in every post he filled. Though registered in Shandong, he grew up and passed his examinations in the capital. After his jinshi he was appointed magistrate of Xiangfu 祥符 (Henan) and compiled its first gazetteer. In 1585 he was made censor (御史) and in 1586 served as salt-control censor (巡鹽御史) in Zhejiang. In 1588 he was regional inspector in Huaiyang 淮陽 (Nan Zhili). After a period of mourning he returned to the Censorate in 1591 and in 1593 went out to serve as regional inspector in southern Huguang. He served there until his appointment in 1594 as Henan surveillance vice-commissioner (副使). He then retired but was called back to service in 1601 and sent to the same post in Shaanxi, where after several promotions he became surveillance commissioner. In 1611 he was demoted to assistant administration commissioner (僉事) in Jiangxi, but apparently never took up the post. See He Chuguang 何出光, Lantai fajian lu 蘭臺法鑒錄, 19/48a; Shuntian 順天 FZ (1886), 98/14b–15a, 115/76a; Xiangfu XZ (1661), 1/27a, 2/4b, 3/7b–8a; Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (1686/1694), 18/14a; Sizhou zhi 泗州志 (1698), 7/10a–b; Hengzhou 衡州 FZ (1671), 18/4b; Xing’an 興安 FZ (1783/1848), 4/2a, 5/1b, 13/1b, 17/1b; Shaanxi TZ (1711), 18A/92a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 163/2976, 239/4430, 270/5015, 359/6703, 413/7740, 446/8468, 480/9041. [TN] Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:138–9. [PEW]

0454

Shenxing shuo 慎刑說, 1 j. [On Being Cautious in the Application of Punishments] By Wang Kentang 王肯堂 (z. Yutai 宇泰) (1549–1613) (js. 1589), from Jintan 金壇 (Nan Zhili) N.d. Ed.: – *Appended to Da Ming lü fuli jianshi (q.v.) and its sequels, with author’s intro. (1612). – *In Xiyuan lu huibian (q.v.). – *appended to Zhipu (q.v.). – *Included in Yu Kun’s Xiangxing yaolan (q.v.).

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Rem.: Shenxing shuo is organized under the following six sections, each composed of several paragraphs: “Homicides” (人命), “Robbery” (盜情), “Sexual crimes” (姦情), “Prisons” (監禁), “Hearing lawsuits” (聽 訟), and “Instruments for physical punishment” (用刑). Though comparatively short (a little more than 23 folios in the Ming ed. of Da Ming lü fuli jianshi), the entire work amounts to a fairly complete treatise on the judicial procedure, emphasizing its concrete aspects (as opposed to paper-work and correspondence) and insisting on moderation and care. Lü Kun’s Xingjie 刑戒 is appended, with postf. by Zou Yuanbiao 鄒元標 (1592) and (in Da Ming lü fuli jianshi) by Wang Kentang (1612) Bio.: See under Da Ming lü fuli jianshi. Ref. and studies: Bourgon, “Des châtiments bien tempérés,” 51–52.

0455

[PEW]

Da Ming lü xuji 大明律續集, 1 ce [A Further Collection of the Code of the Great Ming] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated Ming ed., without cover-leaf or introductory matter, folios numbered 23 to 43. [*Ōki; *Photo-repro. at Fu Sinian]

Rem.: A fragment from a handbook on the Ming Penal Code. The central margins have the words Da Ming lü at the top and xuji in the middle, and the last page bears the inscription Da Ming lü xuji zhong 終; the title Xingming qimeng xinmiao zongji 刑名啟蒙心妙總集 used in the Fu Sinian cat. corresponds to the first section only. The entries in that section (numbered with the character “一,” many beginning with the word fan 凡), consist of instructions dealing with various aspects of the judicial process, including questioning criminals and witnesses, forensic examination, and writing sentence proposals. Pages 26a–28b feature several models of forensic reports corresponding to various types of death. The entries on pages 29a–33b, titled “Wenqiu zeli” 問囚則例, discuss the correct assessment of a variety of crimes. Pages 33b–38b, “Qinding shigu li” 欽定時估例, list the official price of a large number of articles, like precious metals, textiles, garments, hats, vegetables, animals, and utensils. The last section, “Bi fu lütiao” 比附律條, provides a long list of analogies, in each case using the words “biyi” 比依 to introduce the article of the code applying. (For similar materials see also Da Ming lüli fujie and other eds. of the Code with commentaries.) [PEW]

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[QING A] 0456

Xingming yide 刑名一得, 2 j. [Notions Acquired from Legal Practice] By Bai Ruzhen 白如珍 (z. Yuanfeng 元峯, h. Yiqing 一清), from Yihuang 宜黃 (Jiangxi) Ed.:

– *[1784] movable-type ed. from the offices of the Yunnan surveillance commissioner 滇南皋署藏板 (indicated on cover-leaf), with prefs. by (Jueluo) Yuzheng 覺羅玉正 (n.d.), Zhan Yi 詹益 (1784), and author (1784). [Faxue suo] – *Undated, unpaginated ms. ed., with prefs. by Yuzheng (n.d.), Zhan Yi (1784), and author [end missing]. [Ōki] – *Undated, unpaginated ms. ed. in cursive hand, without juan division, no pref., titled Xingming yide qiangu zongyao 錢榖總要 on the cover; the section corresponding to the second part of the title (in the same fasc.) is entirely devoted to the procedural aspects of disaster relief; two more fasc. (in more cursive hand) contain copies of judicial cases, mostly from the Jiaqing period. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of Yunnan 1784 ed., in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 3, vol. 4. – *Modern typeset ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 3, based on Yunnan 1784 ed. Rem.: A collection of 15 detailed discussions (論) on various catego-

ries of crime and problems of procedure, by a legal muyou from the late Qianlong era availing himself of his training and of first-hand experience acquired in the service of local officials during more than twenty years. The author offers valuable practical advice on how to handle some of the most frequent and serious crimes, covering forensic investigation, procedure and tactics of adjudication, deadlines, accurate interpretation of statutory nuances, as well as tips on how to draft different types of legal documents, how to distinguish between the different sorts of homicides, how to proceed in case of doubt, how to handle litigation masters (訟師), and so forth. Contents include homicides (including suicides) (命案), sexual crimes (including those that led to homicide) (犯姦及 因姦致命案), robbery with violence and theft (強竊盜案), forcible robbery (搶奪), miscellaneous crimes (雜案), and responses to complaints (whether the magistrate must open a case or simply arbitrate a dispute) (批呈詞) (j. 1); reporting on cases (詳案) (with subsections on recording confessions [叙供] and writing conclusions [作看]), writing informal reports (i.e., concurrently with the formal reports) (作稟), rejected cases (駁案), reports (i.e., to various authorities when certain categories of

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601

people, e.g. students, are involved) (詳報), military exile and penal servitude (軍遣發配), points of entry in the different provinces for exiles sent off from Anhui (解犯入境首站)—where the author was employed in 1782–83 (see below)—increasing and decreasing cangue and beatings (枷杖加減), six spoils (六贓), and sanctions against officials (參罰) (j. 2). The work is explicitly aimed at private secretaries, without whose help inexperienced officials cannot hope to succeed. The author’s pref. refers to Wan Weihan’s works on “secretary learning” (幕學) (see under Chenggui shiyi and others) and insists on the importance of considering carefully not just legal issues, but also the particular circumstances of cases (案情), to adjudicate cases correctly: “The Code and leading cases are the root of ‘secretary learning’; the affairs of the world and human feelings are the knowledge [on which it relies]” (夫律例成案幕學之根 本也，世務人情幕學之見識也). The ms. at Ōki has some variants and wrong character (e.g., 祥 for 詳), and the section on violent robberies is missing. As shown in detail by Guo Runtao and Chen Li (see below), the text is largely identical to Wang Youhuai’s better-known Ban’an yaolüe (q.v.) and a few other texts, of which it is apparently the source. However, Xingming yide continued to be mentioned right through the end of the Qing. Bai Ruzhen’s work was widely used by private secretaries in ms. copies featuring various titles and attributions and with variations in their organization and contents (see under Ban’an yaolüe, Juguan zizhi lu, Lüfa xuzhi, Qintang bidu, and Yuanshu lunyao). Bio.: According to the prefs., Bai Ruzhen became a legal adviser after he failed at the examinations. He is described by Yuzheng as a knowledgeable “old hand at judicial matters” (刑名老手); Yuzheng hired him when he was magistrate of Shenqiu 沈邱 (Henan) in the 1780s. In 1782, Bai was invited to assist Anhui governor Tan [Shangzhong] 譚尚忠 (1724–97); his own pref. suggests that he left his job in the winter of 1783 and then started to put together Xingming yide for publication, based on contents he had jotted down when working in Zhili and Henan. By this time, he had been a muyou over 20 years, making him a contemporary of Wang Huizu, another famous legal muyou of the Qianlong period; in fact, his work was published only one year before Wang’s famous Zuozhi yaoyan (1785). Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:149, citing a copy at the Huizhou Museum 安徽省徽州地區博物館, and giving date 1752. Chen Li, “Legal Specialists,” 33. Id., “Zhishi de liliang,” 21–24. Guo Runtao, “Ban’an yaolüe yu Xingming yide.” Bibliography entries for same author: Qintang bidu. [CL, CC, PEW]

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Ban’an yaolüe 辦案要略 [Essentials for Handling Cases] By Wang Youhuai 王又槐 (z. Yinting 蔭庭, h. Wuqiao 午橋), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *1794 ed. in Zhizheng jiyao (q.v.). – *In Rumu xuzhi wuzhong (q.v.), with pref. by Zhang Tingxiang 張廷驤 (1883), based on the previous ed. – *Photo-repro. of 1892 Zhejiang shuju ed. of Rumu xuzhi wuzhong, in GZSJC, vol. 4. – Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 16. – *Ed. annotated by Huadong zhengfa xueyuan yuwen jiaoyanshi 華東政 法學院教研室, Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 1987, with pref. by Zhang Tingxiang (1883), based on 1884 ed. of Rumu xuzhi (originally printed in mimeo in 1982).

Rem.: The text includes 14 entries—12 presented as “discussions” (論)—dealing with various topics related to criminal affairs and the administration of justice from the point of view of an experienced legal secretary. Zhang Tingxiang notes in his pref. that, whereas Wang’s Xingqian bilan and Qiangu beiyao (qq.v.), composed some ninety years ago, are still found in bookstores, his small congshu, Zhizheng jiyao (q.v.), has long been out of print; he further notes that of the 10 texts included therein, Ban’an yaolüe is the one that is not outdated, nor does it contain materials easy to find elsewhere. The topics discussed include homicides (命案), sexual crimes and related homicides (犯姦及因姦致命案), theft, both violent and stealthy (強竊盜案), forcible robbery (搶奪), miscellanous crimes (雜案), answering complaints (批呈詞), reporting on cases (詳案), recording confessions (敘供), writing conclusions (作看), writing informal reports (作稟), rejected cases (駁案), with appealed cases appended (附上控案), the various kinds of reporting (詳報), increasing and reducing cangue and beatings (枷杖加減), and the six spoils (六贓). The Zhizheng jiyao text includes an additional entry on “Taking care of shipwrecked foreigners” (撫恤難番). The material in each section is organized along the lines of the Penal Code and includes practical hints as well as interpretations of difficult legal concepts. Each general type of crime is further subdivided into several subcategories. For example, the section on “homicides” distinguishes between homicide as the result of an affray, premeditated homicide, murder by poisoning, murder resulting from illegal torture, and others. “Miscellaneous crimes” discusses

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kidnapping, the selling of people (e.g., wives), fraud, forgery, and other types of wrongdoing. In addition to information about substantive legal issues, the work also has discussions of procedural issues (e.g., how to transcribe testimonies and confessions, answer complaints, write reports, follow the laws, conduct an investigation, etc.) interspersed throughout the text. The work is extremely useful for understanding Qing law in practice, as well as the role of legal secretaries in the judicial process. It is more or less identical to Bai Ruzhen’s Xingming yide (q.v.), which, as shown by Chen Li and Guo Runtao (see below), is in fact its source, as it was for other works as well (see under Xingming yide). The circulation of Ban’an yaolüe seems to have been quite limited until it was included in Rumu xuzhi.

Bio.: See under Xingqian bilan. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4335 (in 1 juan). Chang, 1: 321–2. Guo Chengwei, 171–91. He Qinhua, 2:303–7. Qingdai lüxue, 100–11 (by Li Yi 李儀). Karasawa, “From Oral Testimony to Written Records,” 104–6. Guo Runtao, “Ban’an yaolüe yu Xingming yide.” Chen Li, “Zhishi de liliang,” 21–24. Bibliography entries for same author: Qiangu beiyao; Xiyuan lu jizheng; Xingqian bilan; Zhizheng jiyao. [NP, PEW] 0458

Qintang bidu 琴堂必讀, 2 j. [Required Reading for the Zither Hall] By Bai Ruzhen 白如珍 (z. Yuanfeng 元峰, h. Yiqing 一清), from Yihuang 宜黃 (Jiangxi) N.d. Ed.: – *Undated ms., with anon. pref. by a fellow Yihuang native (n.d.). [Faxue suo]. – *1841 engraving (鐫) of the Yunxiang guan 芸香館藏板, with pref. by Yuwen 裕文 (z. Xiuyan 秀岩) composed at the Zhibuzu zhai 知不足齋 (1841). [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of 1841 ed., in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 3, vol. 5 (Yuwen’s pref. signed 芸香館主人).

Rem.: The “Zither Hall” (qintang) is a literary appelation for the court room. In the 1841 ed. the name of the author, given as Bai Yuanfeng, appears only in the pref., where Yuwen defines the work as consisting of “detailed discussions about the auditing of cases and reporting to superiors by officials, as well as providing important models for the training of private secretaries” (備論有司問案稟詳以及習幕規模要道). He also

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says that the contents are “clear as showing one’s palm” (瞭如指掌) and that it is a perfect guide for beginners. The ms. and the 1841 eds. are identical in substance, but they have different prefaces, and the 1841 ed. arranges some of the items in a different order, making its j. 2 thicker. The author of the pref. to the undated ms. ed. claims that Bai’s Xingming yide (q.v.) had been printed and circulated for some time, but people later realized that some of the printed versions were incomplete. He came across a complete hand-written version in the year xinwei 辛未 (1811), ten years before writing his pref., and wanted to print it; the ms. must therefore date from ca. 1821. The same pref. writer also argues that this work should be “required reading” (必讀) for ranking officials (métaphorically, “the court room” 琴堂) as well as muyou, hence the new title. The 1841 printed ed. is very likely based on the 1821 ms. As confirmed by Chen Li and Guo Runtao (see below), this is essentially a new version of the same author’s 1784 Xingming yide (q.v.), with some additional contents and some rearranging of the entries, and apparently based on the Ban’an yaolüe (q.v.) recension. Additional sections include adjudication (斷獄總要), forensics (驗傷, a long section, citing some leading cases along the way), important information to collect for each type of crime (辦案要款), and muyou apprenticeship (論習幕, discussing how to organize and compose the report of a case). Absent are the sections on military exile and penal servitude, the destinations for exile, and sanctions against officials. Qintang bidu later seems to have been circulated in ms. copies under various names, including Xu Jiacun zuomu biji 許葭村作幕 筆記 and Xiangxing guanjian 詳刑管見 (see below, Chen Li). Bio.: See under Xingming yide. Ref. and studies: Guo Runtao, “Ban’an yaolüe yu Xingming yide,” 271–4. Chen Li, “Zhishi de liliang,” 9–12. Bibliography entries for same author: Xingming yide. [CL, PEW]

0459

Ming’an yaolüe deng qizhong 命案要略等七種, 4 ce [Essentials on Homicides and Six Other Essays] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated and untitled ms. ed. (partly damaged); title as found on the label of the case and in the Ōki cat. [Ōki]

Rem.: This ms. written in clear kaishu with punctuation in red is actually composed of ten, not seven, different texts: (1) “Important points

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on homicides”; (2) “Important points on robberies” (盜案要略); (3) “Important points on fugitives” (逃人要略); (4) “General discussion” (總 論); (5) “Discussion of homicide cases” (命案論); (6) “Discussion of robbery cases” (盜案論); (7) “Miscellaneous duties” (雜務); (8) “Essentials on recently promulgated laws” (新頒律例纂要), in effect an enumeration of statutes and substatutes, sometimes in abridged form; (9) “New deadlines for investigations and arrests” (承審承緝新限); (10) “Selections from the disciplinary regulations for officials” (處分摘錄). (1)-(5) are in ce 1; (6)-(8) are in ce 2; (9) is in ce 3; (10) is in ce 3–4. (1)-(7) have a continuous page-numbering (43 folios in all); the three others have separate page-numbering. The title of each text is indicated in the central margin. The entire collection—three essays, four itemized discussions, and three lists of regulations—amounts to a comprehensive guide to every concrete aspect of the procedure for the different sorts of cases concerned, all the way from the preliminary investigations to writing the final report, emphasizing in particular (in the essays and discussions) the errors and irregularities to avoid, and providing (in the last three items) a convenient inventory of relevant laws and regulations. Some of the chufen regulations are dated, always from the Qianlong reign and down to 1773; it may therefore be assumed that the manuscript dates to the late eighteenth century. [PEW]

[QING B]

See also: Da Qing lüli gejue Dufa xinde 讀法心得 See: Dulü xinde 0460

Mingdao anjian zhaiyao 命盜案件摘要 [A Selection of Essentials on Documents Related to Homicides and Banditry] Anon., possibly by Cheng Mengyuan 程夢元 (see under Da Qing lüli gejue and Xing’an huiyao) N.d. Ed.: – *Ms. copy appended to a ms. copy of Dulü xinde (q.v.). [LSS]

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discussing reports, investigations, confessions, reviews, and punishments. The text is identical (with only minor variants in wording) to j. 3 of Da Qing lüli gejue (q.v.). [PEW]

0461

Lüfa xuzhi 律法須知, 2 j. [What Must Be Known About the Law] By Lü Zhitian 呂芝田, from Jingde 旌德 (Anhui) 1803 pref. Ed.:

– *1883 ed. of the Guizhou surveillance commissioner office 貴州臬署栞, with original pref. (原序) by the author’s younger brother, Lü Deyao 德堯 (1803), and postf. by Guizhou acting surveillance commissioner Changbai Songchang 長白松長 (1883); the total number of pages (142), of large (48,945) and small (2,691) characters, and of dots (6,735) is given in an endnote also indicating that the book was edited (校刊) by Guizhou expectant magistrate Wang Bing’en 王秉恩. [Columbia, bound with Lübiao (q.v.)] – *Undated punctuated new ed. (重刊) with an intro. by Wu Chongxi 吳 重憙 from Haifeng 海豐 (1886), saying that he produced it for the sake of colleagues (重付梓以貽同舟僚友). [Beida] [*Congress/LL] [*Faxue suo] [*Ōki, without cover-leaf or author’s name] [*Shoudu] [*Tōyō Bunko, without cover-leaf or author’s name] – *1887 new punctuated ed. published in Canton 粵東刊板, edited by Wang Bing’en, with pref. by Lü Deyao (1803) and postf. by Bai Songchang 白松 長 [obviously Changbai Songchang] (1883); as in the 1883 ed., the total numbers of large and small characters and of dots are given at the end, with the same figures. [*Shoudu] [*BN, undated, without cover-leaf] [*Beida] – *Undated punctuated ed. of the Guilin Jiang Cunyuan tang 桂林蔣存遠 堂刻刷, with pref. by Lü Deyao (1803), postfs. by Changbai Songchang (1883) and Shen Xizhou 沈錫周 (1886). The figures on the last page, including pref. and postf., are slightly higher than in the 1883 ed.: 143 pages, 49,246 large characters, 2,701 small characters, 6,785 dots. [Faxue suo] – *1893 Guiyuan shuju 桂垣書局 ed., with pref. by Lü Deyao (1803), postfs. by Changbai Songchang (1883), Chen Xizhou (1886), and Zhang Renjun 張人駿 (1894); this ed. is identical to the one above, including the Guilin Jiang Cunyuan tang imprint on the last page, the only difference being the addition of Zhang Renjun’s postf. with separate page numbering. [Harvard].

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607

– *Photo-repro. of 1883 Guizhou ed., in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 4, vol. 5; the cover-leaf verso of the copy reproduced has a stamp with the printer’s name and indicating that no printing fees are requested (大道關張榮興 函印不取板資). – *Modern typeset ed. based on 1883 Guizhou ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 3.

Rem.: Reportedly, Lü Zhitian was an experienced Guizhou muyou who authored three other works titled Yinan huojie 疑難豁解, Shenxiang beiyao 申詳備要, and Jingjing tang ji cheng’an 靜鏡堂集成案, seemingly unpublished. Shen Xizhou’s pref. indicates that the work was kept in Lü’s family in the form of ms. notes in some disorder. In his postf. Zhang Renjun wonders whether Lü’s pref. to the present work was not in fact to Yinan huojie. All the eds. available today are late-nineteenth-century eds. originating with Songchang’s decision to rescue the text: he explains that he contributed money to engrave the present version as a complement to the eds. of Lübiao and Xiyuan lu xiangyi (qq.v.) he was producing for distribution in every prefecture and county in his jurisdiction, and entrusted Wang Bing’en with putting the text in order and printing it. For his part, Shen Xizhou was shown a copy by his classmate Wang Bing’en and produced his own ed.; finally, Guangxi surveillance commissioner Zhang Renjun claims that many textuals errors have been corrected for his Guiyang shuju edition. The work consists of 419 items (則) distributed among ten “treatises” (論), providing extremely clear and concrete advice on the successive steps of the judicial procedure and on the legal problems related to various sorts of crimes and circumstances; they are: (1) “Writing down confessions” (敘供, 40 items); (2) “Homicides” (命案, 93 items); (3) “Theft” (竊盜, 78 items) (j. 1); (4) “Forcible robbery” (搶 奪, 5 items), (5) “Miscellaneous cases” (雜案, 152 items: this long and somewhat disorderly section deals with cases involving officials or degree-holders, with general bureaucratic procedures concerning mourning leaves, taking up or leaving one’s post, opening coffins for autopsies, deadlines for solving crimes, kidnapping and elopement, wife-selling, sexual crimes, and a number of other crimes and misdemeanors classified as zafan 雜犯 in the Code, rules on boat registration, management of exiles, transportation of public funds, and much more); (6) “Impeachments” (參案, 22 items); (7) “Writing conclusions,” or kanyu 看 語 (作看, 9 items); (8) “Rejected cases” (駁案, 7 items); (9) “Answering complaints” (批詞, 11 items); (10) “Writing explanatory reports” (作 稟, 2 items)—as opposed to formal reports (詳) stating conclusions. Various models (格式) are provided along the way, including forms for

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reporting forensic examination in cases of homicide. The 1887 Canton ed. (Shoudu copy) has a special appendix on this last topic (附檢驗通 報文), based on Xiyuan lu (q.v.), and placed in front of j. 1. Wu Chongxi’s 1886 intro. says that reading this work makes it possible “not to think of lawsuits as unmanageable by oneself” (不至視獄詞為必不能親理之事). Chen Li’s careful examination (see below) shows that the text is mostly derived from Bai Ruzhen’s Xingming yide (q.v.). While some entries in the original work have been omitted, a number of Bai’s sections have been copied almost verbatim, though in most cases there are updates or additions. Omissions and additions are especially in evidence in the section on “miscellaneous cases” (論雜案), where the latest examples included are dated 1808, suggesting that Lü may have continued to revise his work after the 1803 pref. In addition, he rearranged some of Bai’s entries. Comparison shows that Lüfa xuzhi was probably not directly indebted to the later version of Bai’s work titled Qintang bidu (q.v.), as the few additional entries appearing in it are not featured in Lüfa xuzhi. In other words, Lüfa xuzhi and Ban’an yaolüe/Qintang bidu seem to be based on two different variants of Xingming yide (see below, Chen Li).

Bio.: Lü Zhitian acquired his knowledge of the law through his long stay with his father when the latter was employed as a private secretary by the governors of Guangdong and Hubei. Later he spent some thirty years “living from his brush” (橐筆), i.e., working as a private secretary, in Guizhou. See Lü Deyao’s pref., and Anhui TZ (1934), 藝文考, 子 7, 法家, 4b. Ref. and studies: Ma, 129 (Beida) (Canton ed.). Qingdai lüxue, 125–37 (by Li Yi 李儀). Chen Li, “Zhishi de liliang,” 22–25. Sommer, Sex, Law and Society, 108, mentioning an 1897 ed. at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. [CL, JB, PEW] 0462

Dulü xinde 讀律心得, 3 j. [Knowledge Acquired from Reading the Law] Comp. (纂輯) Liu Heng 劉衡 (z. Wensheng 文聲, Rentang 訒堂, h. Lianfang 簾舫) (1776–1841) (1800 secondary-list tribute student 副榜貢 生), from Nanfeng 南豐 (Jiangxi) Ed.:

– *Unpaginated ms. copy in careful hand; the same handwritten fasc. contains a selection of articles from the Code on lawsuits and on the management of prisons, as well as several texts dealing with judicial administration: a fragment of Zheyu bianlan (q.v.) (from the entry on counterfeiting silver ingots, going on to the end); a text titled Dulü yaolüe 讀律 要略; and another titled Mingdao anjian zhaiyao (q.v.). [LSS]

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– Ed. titled Dufa 法 xinde. [Jimbun] – *Undated ed. with pref. by Wu Jiabin 吳嘉賓 (1836) and postf. (跋) by Liu Heng’s son, Liu Liangju 良駒 (1836). [Congress/LL] – In Lianfang xiansheng sizhong (q.v.), with pref. by Wu Jiabin (1836). – *In Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng yishu (q.v.). – In Xing’an huiyao (q.v.). – *1868 Hubei Chongwen shuju 湖北崇文書局 ed. in 1 ce, with pref. by Wu Jiabin (1836) and postf. by Liu Liangju (1836), also including Liu’s Shuliao wenda and two other texts: Yuyang shanren shoujing and Dai Zhili zongdu quanyu muling wen (qq.v.). [*Columbia] [*Ōki] [Congress/LL] – *In Dulü shizhong (q.v.), same date, same publisher, with pref. by Wu Jiabin (1836) and postf. by Liu Heng. – *In Lizhi sanshu (q.v.), with pref. by Wu Jiabin (1836) and postf. by Liu Liangju (1836). – *1871 ed. in Liu Nanfeng xiansheng zhipu (q.v.), with pref. by Wu Jiabin (1836) and postf. by Liu Liangju (1836). – *Ed. in 1 j. reprinted by Dai Jie 戴杰 (Shuren 樹人) from Dantu, with pref. by Dai Jie (1880). [Shoudu] – *In Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng yishu (q.v.). – *1880 ed. in Mingxing bijiao lu (q.v.) (itself in Tianrang ge congshu), with “original pref.” by Wu Jiabin (1836). [IHEC] – *In Mumin baojian (q.v.), with pref. by Wu Jiabin (1836) and postf. by Liu Liangju (1836). – 1927 Yiyun jingshe 一雲精舍 ed., in rpt. of Tianrang ge congshu. [Fu Sinian] – *Undated typeset ed. published with Shuliao wenda (q.v.), without pref. or postf. [Shoudu] – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 781, based on Tianrang ge congshu ed., with pref. by Wu Jiabin (1836). – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng jianbian, fasc. 248, based on Tianrang ge congshu ed., with pref. by Wu Jiabin (1836). – *Photo-repro. of 1868 Chongwen shuju ed., in GZSJC, vol. 6. – *Photo-repro. of an ed. dated 1860 by the editors, with pref. by Wu Jiabin (1836) and postf. by Liu Liangju (1836), in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 3, vol. 5.

Rem.: A short and at the same time extremely useful practical guide to the judicial process, written for magistrates by the celebrated author of Yongli yongyan (q.v.). J. 1, titled “Li song cuoyao” 理訟撮要, discusses the procedures for settling lawsuits and investigating criminal cases taking account of the various possible circumstances; at the beginning there is a summarized list of contents rearranged according to principles

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specified at the end of each group of considerations (in a way similar to Yang Rongxu’s Dulü tigang [q.v.]). J. 2, titled “Tongyong niduan zui­ ming” 通用擬斷罪名, focuses on determining penalties; the rules for increasing or diminishing punishment are presented in table form at the end. J. 3, “Xiangxing suibi” 祥刑隨筆, discusses the procedural rules for questioning and using torture, holding court, and inflicting local punishments. The statutes and substatutes in the Code that the magistrates should consult in carrying out these procedures are footnoted to each short entry, with occasional small variants of the original text. Protecting against pettifoggers and corrupt underlings (防棍蠹) and being cautious with torture (慎用刑) are a frequent subject. According to Liu Liangju’s postf., the work was written by Liu Heng while he was assisting his greatuncle in Xi’an 西安 prefecture (see bio. under Yongli yongyan); he used it as an aid when holding court in Chengdu 成都 around 1830. Indeed, it can be described as a sort of magistrate’s checklist to ensure that all the relevant laws and regulations have been considered in making a judicial decision. The manuscript copy that Liangju brought back to Beijing was much in demand for further copies by acquaintances leaving to assume a post. A printed ed. was produced in 1836 after several colleagues of Liu Liangju who had been employed in the Ministry of Justice had checked the text against current laws. Bio.: See under Yongli yongyan. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334. Chang, 1:32–33. Guo Chengwei, 277–94. Qingdai lüxue, 150–62 (by Li Yi 李儀). Bibliography entries for same author: Yongli yongyan; Zhouxian xuzhi; Yongli yutan; Shuliao wenda; Lizhi sanshu; Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng yishu; Lianfang xiansheng sizhong; Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng zhipu sanzhong; Liu Nanfeng xiansheng zhipu. [JB, NP, PEW]

0463

Zhaojie shuo 招解說, 4 ce [On Forwarding Confessions] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated (Jiaqing-period) ms. ed. [Tian Tao] – *Modern ed. in simplified characters in Guo Chengwei 郭成偉 and Tian Tao 田濤 (eds.), Ming Qing gongdu miben wuzhong 明清公牘秘本五種 (Beijing: Zhongguo zhengfa daxue chubanshe, 1999), 551–644, based on above copy.

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Rem.: A practical and extremely thorough handbook of judicial administration, including advice on investigation and hearings, model judicial decisions, administrative sanctions, time schedules for the procedure, and more. There are 89 entries in all, following a general introduction. [JB]

0464

Juguan zizhi lu 居官資治錄, 4 ce [On Helping Office Holders with Governance] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. calligraphed on Danxiang shuwu 澹香書屋 pre-printed paper. [Beitu] – Photo-repro. of above ed., in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 2, vol. 21.

Rem.: This very carefully calligraphed technical handbook, clearly aimed at private secretaries (the first entry is titled “lun mufa” 論幕法), was possibly intended for publication. The four fasc., each with a mulu, are numbered 元, 亨, 利, and 貞. The entries, mostly “discussions” (論), detail with precision every aspect of the judicial procedure, all the way from the preliminary investigation after a complaint has been lodged, through the final report and the new investigation in case of rejection of the report. There is insistence on the proper way of drafting the various documents that compose a file, and discussions of the various sorts of crimes. Extracts from model cases illustrate the recommendations for deciding on punishment, the advice on applying the cangue and beatings, and the summary information on forensics. According to Guo Runtao (see below), this might be a copy of Qintang bidu (q.v.) with some rearrangement of the entries and additional materials. Ref. and studies: Guo Runtao, “Ban’an yaolüe yu Xingming yide,” 273–4. [JB, PEW]

0465

Yuanshu lunyao 爰書論要, 4 ce [Important Points on Judicial Procedure] Anon. N.d.

Ed.:

– *Undated, non-paginated ms. ed. [Ōki]

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Rem.: The intro. to this sizable (ca. 115 folios) ms. written in a neat hand insists on the necessity of a sound knowledge of procedures and documentary forms, the details of which the officials and muyou tend to leave to clerks (經承書辦), who turn out to be ignorant people—at least in Nanyang 南陽 (Henan), to which the text is referring, and which according to the anonymous author is a prefecture hard to administer (劇郡) and with many difficult judicial cases to solve: he speaks of four to five hundred homicides or robberies (命盜) every year. The author insists on the crucial position of prefectures in the judicial process. The work includes 125 paragraphs (篇) under 22 categories (門), dealing both with the nature of cases and with the various sorts of documents used in the procedure. The dominant worry is to see the cases forwarded to the provincial authorities by the prefecture rejected, which apparently was very frequent. The first category is devoted to the writing of depositions (論敘供); it is followed by a lengthy discussion of how to handle homicides (論命案), including suicides, to which is appended an essay on the circumstances and motivations of homicides (命案總論). Then come two short essays over-titled “Concise essay on private secretary duties” (幕務約編), devoted respectively to the procedure for criminal cases (辦 案) and to checking draft judicial opinions (看稿). Ce 2 starts with a discussion of robbery and theft (論盜賊), also extremely long and detailed (ca. 30 folios), again with a general essay appended (盜賊總論). A much shorter section on forcible robbery (論搶奪) follows. Ce 3 is entirely devoted to “various cases” (論雜案). Ce 4 has shorter essays on impeachement cases (followed by the rates of monetary redemption for officials who have been condemned) (論參案); rejected cases (論駁案); the writing of conclusions following the testimonies and confessions (論作看); responses to complaints (論批詞); again several entries are over-titled “Concise essay on private secretary duties,” including short entries on the various types of documents used in the procedure; there is also a long proclamation against the corruption of runners (通飭蠹役積弊札) by an unnamed prefect, dated 1839. The penultimate paragraph considers informal letters (稟) as opposed to official reports (詳). As shown by Guo Runtao (see below), a large number of entries are directly drawn from Ban’an yaolüe (q.v.). Ref. and studies: Guo Runtao, “Ban’an yaolüe yu Xingming yide,” 274.

[PEW]

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0465–0467 0466

Ban’an falüe 辦案法略 [Brief Method for Managing Cases] Comp. Chen Kun 陳坤 (z. Zihou 子厚), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) Ed.:

– *As j. 2 of Chen Kun’s Congzheng xu yulu (q.v.). [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: The eleven entries, each composed of several paragraphs, discuss the entire judicial procedure at local level in a very precise and detailed fashion. 29 cases from Suzhou 蘇州 prefecture and 114 cases from Wuchang 武昌 prefecture are cited along the way. The mention “author unknown” appears only in the general table of contents of Rubuji zhai huichao, where Congzheng xu yulu features as fasc. 19–22; at the head of j. 2 there is the mention “compiled (輯) by Chen Kun.” The format and style are similar to Ban’an jilüe (q.v.).

Bio.: We only know that Chen Kun started as a private secretary and then became an official. In his pref. to Congzheng xu yulu (q.v.) he claims he had a forty-year career, mostly devoted to judicial affairs. No further details are available. [PEW]

0467

Ban’an jilüe 辦案紀略 [A Brief Account of Managing Cases] Comp. Chen Kun 陳坤 (z. Zihou 子厚), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *As j. 1 of Chen’s Congzheng xu yulu (q.v.); the title as well as Chen Kun’s authorship appear only in the general table of contents of Rubuji zhai hui­chao, where Congzheng xu yulu features as fasc. 19–22. [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: The 33 entries, each composed of a variable number of paragraphs, deal primarily with judicial procedure (the first is titled “Ban’an zonglue 總略”). Other aspects of local government, such as fiscal administration, famine relief, financial reports, and the like, are also included. The sanctions incurred in case of administrative mistakes (處 分) are mentioned where applying. The entire text, 80 folios long, has the factual tone and precise contents of a handbook for private secretaries, which was apparently the author’s occupation at the beginning of his career (see pref. to Congzheng xu yulu). Bio.: See previous entry

[PEW]

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Gongdu zhaiyao 公牘摘要 [Selection of Essentials on Public Documents] By (Changbai) Zhongxiang 長白種祥 N.d. Ed.:

– *As j. 3 of Chen Kun’s Congzheng xu yulu (q.v.). [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: The title and author’s name appear in the general table of contents of Rubuji zhai huichao, in which Congzheng xu yulu is included. The title at the head of j. 3 is Zhong da zhongcheng Xiang gongdu zhaiyao san ze 種大中丞祥公牘摘要三則. The three entries are devoted to investigating serious crimes (審鞫重案), managing ordinary lawsuits (審 理尋常詞訟), and capturing criminals (緝捕之法). Each is composed of several extremely detailed and carefully punctuated paragraphs, following the same format as Ban’an jilüe and Ban’an falüe (qq.v.) edited by Chen Kun in the same collection. Bio.: The author was obviously a Manchu. No further information about him is available. [PEW]

0469

Mingxing guanjian lu 明刑管見錄, 1 j. [Humble Opinions on Clarifying Punishments] By (Changbai) Muhan 長白穆翰 (z. Huchen 虎臣) (1804–63), from the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner 1845 pref. Ed.:

– *1847 Meishoutang 眉壽堂 ed., with prefs. by He Gengsheng 何耿繩 (1847), Wang Languang 王蘭廣 (1847), and author (1845, placed after the mulu comp. by Wang Languang). [Beitu] – *Undated Xiaoyuan ed. 嘯園藏板 (together with Xuezhi yide bian and Dulü guanlang [qq.v.]), with prefs. by He Gengsheng (1847), Wang Languang (1847), and author (1845), postfs. by author (n.d.) and Bao Jipei 鮑繼培 (n.d.). [Columbia] – *1873 new engraving (重鐫), blocks kept at the Zhu juwen zhai carving shop 朱聚文齋刻字舖 near the Henan administration commissioner’s office in Kaifeng, price per copy 60 or 90 cash depending on the worker; with prefs. by author (1845), Wang Languang (1847), He Gengsheng (1847), and Henan Administration Commission store-keeper (河南布政 司巨盈庫大使) Song Guangzuo 宋光祚 (1873), postfs. by author (n.d.) and Bao Jipei (n.d.). [Tian Tao]

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– *1877 new engraving (重鐫), with pref. by Ye Hehai 葉河海 (Ye Pei 霈) (to 重刊, 1877) and three “original prefaces” (n.d.) that for some reason have been made anonymous (the third by Muhan); in the first two Muhan’s name is replaced by the words sima 司馬 or xiansheng 先生), and in Ye’s pref. he is “a certain assistant prefect” (某司馬), even though Ye claims that his father knew him well. [Beitu] – 1882 Zhejiang guan shuju 浙江官書局 new ed. (重刊). – *In Linmin yaolüe (q.v.), with joint pref. to the new ed. of Xuezhi yide bian (q.v.) and Mingxing guanjian lu by Xu Shiluan 徐士鑾 (1880), and prefs. by He Gengsheng (1847), Wang Languang (1847), and author (1845). – *1885 new engraving by the Hubei [Judicial] Bureau 鄂局重穎, with author’s pref. (1845) and postf. by (Changbai) Yulu 長白裕祿 (1883). [*Beida] [*Congress/LL] – 1887 new ed. (重刊) of the Shaanxi surveillance commissioner office. [Location inclear] – *1899 new ed. (重刊) of the Shandong surveillance commissioner office (山東臬署), with prefs. by Hu Jinggui 胡景桂 (to 重刻, 1899), Huang Pengnian 黃彭年 (to a new ed. [重刻] of the Shaanxi surveillance commissioner office, 1887), author (1845), postf. (跋) by Lü Shen 呂申 (1899). [Beitu] – *1902 third engraving done at the Binzhou official residence (邠州官 舍三刊), based on a 1887 new engraving (重栞) of the Shaanxi surveillance commissioner office, in Huailu yuan congkan, with prefs. by Muhan (1845), Huang Pengnian (1887), and Li Jiaji 李嘉績 (to 三刊, n.d.) (Li Jiaji, the Huailu yuan congkan compiler, was at the time department magistrate of Binzhou [Shaanxi].) [*Beitu] [*IHEC] – *1902 engraving (刊刻) of the Ronglu tang in Beijing 京都榮錄堂藏板, with author’s pref. (1845) and postf. by (Changbai) Yulu (1883). [*Beitu] [*Fu Sinian] – *1904 Zhejiang guanshuju 浙江官書局 new ed. (重刊) with prefs. by author (1845) and Nie Qigui 聶緝槼 (1904), postf. by (Changbai) Yulu (1883). [*Columbia] – In Biji xiaoshuo daguan, ser. 30, no. 7. – *Photo-repro. of Xiaoyuan congshu ed., in Qingdai biji, vol. 42. – *Photo-repro. of 1899 Shandong ed., in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 2, vol. 72. – Photo-repro. of Shaanxi 1887 ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 14.

Rem.: Advice on administering justice for beginning and inexperienced magistrates, in 29 rubrics. He Gengsheng’s pref. notes that works like Chen Hongmou’s Congzheng yigui or Wang Huizu’s Zuozhi yaoyan and Xuezhi yishuo (qq.v.), which deal with the larger principles of local

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government, cannot go into details, and this is what the present work does. The text’s organisation in 29 rubrics was effected by the magistrate of Raoyang 饒陽 (Zhili), Wang Languang, who stresses in his pref. that the work can help not only beginners but experienced officials as well. Notes in the upper margin refer to the author’s tenure as acting department magistrate of Pingquan 平泉州 (Zhili); his pref. was written in Luanyang 灤陽 (probably Luanping 灤平), where the work was first printed. Every step of the procedure is discussed, with an insistence on the peculiar circumstances of such crimes as homicides, robbery with violence, sexual crimes, etc. The prudence, leniency, and compassion of the judge are stressed. There is an entry on how to deal with pettifoggers (訟棍), likened to carbuncles on the body (如人身之有瘡 疽). The last entries deal with special assignments to investigate cases in other counties and with joint investigations. The prefs. and postfs. celebrate Muhan’s experience in law and efficiency as a judge. Huang Pengnian’s 1887 ed. was produced for a library of books on administration that he collected in a pavilion named Suliu tang 蘇柳堂, near his offices of Shaanxi surveillance commissioner, to teach officials about law. The success of the work can be seen in the fact that it had eds. in several provinces (Huang Pengnian’s pref. mentions Jiangxi, Anhui, and Hubei).

Bio.: Muhan started his career as a clerk (筆帖式) in the Imperial Household Administration (內務府) in the mid-1830s. He was selected for an official position in 1840 and sent to Zhili with the rank of assistant prefect (通判). He administered several counties, in acting or full positions, notably around Chengde 承德 prefecture, where he spent much of his career in the 1840s and 1850s; the counties he administered include Pingquan, Fengning 豐寧, Luanping, Yizhou 易州, and Chaoyang 朝陽. He died in office. See Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334. Ma, 128 (Beida) (1847 ed.). Pelliot, 151 and note 9. Chang, 1:140. Qingdai lüxue, 202–11 (by Li Yi 李儀). Ch’ü T’ung-tsu, Local Government, 127. Bourgon, 226–8. [JB, PEW] 0470

Zheyu bianlan 折獄便覽 [A Convenient Handbook on Deciding Cases] By Mingshan 明善 (z. Yuntian 韞田, h. Xizhong 熙仲) (1795–1852), from the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner 1850 pref. Ed.:

– *In Huanhai zhinan wuzhong (q.v.), with pref. by Mingshan (1850) and postf. (跋) by Jishan 驥善 (1850). In some copies of Huanhai zhinan

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617

wuzhong the work has a cover-leaf giving it as a 1850 ed. with the mention “printing blocks kept in this yamen” and the name of the Ronglu tang 榮 錄堂 in central margins; in others it is presented as a 1867 “new edition” (新刊) of the Beijing Shenyi tang 京都慎詒堂藏板, without postf. [Beitu] [*Congress/LL] [*Harvard] [*Ōki, no cover-leaf, no postf.] [*Tian Tao, same] – *In Xing’an huiyao (q.v.). – *Undated ms. ed. on squared paper, with pref. by Qin Huan 秦煥 (1887), original pref. by Mingshan (1850), pref. by (Changbai) Yanchang 長白延 昌 (1886); the text is carefully written but there are corrections inserted; prefs. indicate that it was prepared for a new printing by Yanchang (or Shoufeng 壽峯), who says he had the edition of this highly useful text prepared before departing for Xunzhou (see under Shiyi xuzhi). [Beitu] – *Undated ms. ed. carefully written, with original pref. by Mingshan. [Beitu] – *Undated typeset ed. of the Taigu shanfang in Shengjing 盛京金銀庫街 太古山房排印, with prefs. by Wang Hehuan 王荷幻 (1905) and Mingshan (1850), postf. by Jishan (1850). [Beitu] – *Fragmentary ms. copy (see under Dulü xinde). [LSS] – Photo-repro. of 1850 ed. cited as anonymous, in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 9.

Rem.: The 19-folio text consists of 31 entries on questioning techniques, discussing which questions must be asked (須問) the criminal and witnesses by the official in charge of a case. The arrangement is by type of crime and by status of the person being questioned. The last entry is devoted to “various questions” (雜問). According to the prefs., contents are based on the author’s experience as prefect of Jingzhou 荊 州 and Wuchang 武昌 (Hubei). The text, which was kept by an uncle of his who rearranged it, follows the tradition of the so-called “three questionings and five listenings” (三訊五聽) technique found in Zhouli. Mingshan insists that proper administration of justice should rely on a combined knowledge of the classics and of the Penal Code and bemoans the helplessness of scholars who neglect to study law before becoming officials. However, this manual should be helpful not only to beginners but also to seasoned officials. Bio.: Mingshan was a Manchu from the Fuca clan. His father Changyitai 昌 宜泰 made his name as a prefect of Kaifeng; in his pref. Mingshan says that he got his first experience of lawsuits while observing him. He himself did not succeed in the examinations, but became a clerk (筆帖式), then a commandant in the Beijing Gendarmerie (步軍統領), where he had to curb criminal activities, and later a bureau director in a ministry. He was appointed prefect

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of Jingzhou in 1846, where he contributed from his own money to dike-works that protected the city successfully. From there he was transferred to Wuchang; he was killed when the Taipings captured the city in 1852. See QSG, 490/13533; Jiangxia 江夏 XZ (1881), 6/9a; Fengtian TZ (1934), 205/6a–b; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Li, 6–7. [LG, PEW] 0471

Xiangxing gujian 祥刑古鑑, 2 j. [An Ancient Mirror of Auspicious Punishments] By Song Banghui 宋邦僡 (z. Huiren 惠人) (?–1875) (jr. 1843), from Liyang 溧陽 (Jiangsu) 1864 Ed.:

– *[1864] ed. with prefs. by Qin Gengtong 秦賡彤 (1863), Chen Wentian 陳 文田 (1863), and author (1864), cover-label calligraphy by Shen Bingcheng 沈秉成 dated 1864. With Mingshen lu (q.v.) appended. [*Beitu] [*Tōyō Bunko] – Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 3.

Rem.: A treatise on moderation in applying punishments in 16 rubrics: (j. 1) “One should be careful when setting precedents” (修例宜慎); “One must be fair and lenient in handing down judgments” (定讞必平 恕); “Tirelessly investigate in order to get the right facts” (耐煩聽察務得 確情); “Warning against excessive use of torture” (戒濫刑); “One cannot have an a priori view when accepting a complaint” (受訴不可有成見); “Deciding by oneself is important when adjudicating a case” (決獄貴 有斷制); “Sincerely guide ignorant folks to make them repent” (至誠開 導令愚民悔悟); “Cases must be concluded quickly to avoid complications” (案宜早結以免拖累); (j. 2) “Be strict on statuses” (嚴名分); “Be prudent in doubtful cases” (慎疑獄), “Warn against implicating [relatives]” (戒株連); “Redress unjust judgments” (平反冤獄); “Prevent tampering with documents” (杜舞文); “Practice benevolence beyond the law” (體法外之仁); “Pity prisoners” (恤囚); and “Reading the classics one can penetrate the meaning of the law” (蒙讀書可以通律意). Each rubric includes three sections preceded by a short intro.: “Instructions from the classics” (經訓), with occasional commentaries by “ancient Confucians”; “Maxims” (格言) from previous emperors and officials, occasionally quoting from official handbooks; and “Historical examples” (事實) culled from historical and encyclopedic works (without indication of source). The last two are arranged chronologically. Essays by such authors as Wang Huizu, Liu Heng, Yang Jingren, Yuqian and others (see Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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their works in this bibliography) are attached to some of the rubrics. Three texts are appended: Lü Kun’s Xingjie 刑戒; “Jianyan zonglun” 檢 驗總論 from Xiyuan lu (q.v.); and a short prescription to cure wounds caused by blades titled Shenmiao jinchuang yaofang 神妙金瘡藥方. The author, who spent many years as an official in the Ministry of Justice (see below), explains in the fanli that he borrowed much material from Jiang Yi’s Chenjian lu and Yang Jingren’s Jingshi bian (qq.v.), the format of which he followed in the present work.

Bio.: In 1856, 13 years after his juren, Song Banghui was appointed bureau vice-director at the Ministry of Justice, where he stayed until 1871, becoming bureau director in between and being employed in the Autumn Assizes Bureau (秋審處). He is said to have been exceptionally scrupulous in reading criminal files, and to have known how to discourage clerk interference. He was appointed censor in 1871, and prefect of Changsha 長沙 (Hunan) in 1873. In Changsha he earned considerable popularity through his support of charities, and when he died in poverty in office in 1875 he was mourned by the population and regarded as the best Changsha prefect for more than a hundred years. See Hunan TZ (1885), 43/55a, 108/31b; Shanhua 善化 XZ (1877), 18/43a; Liyang XZ (1897), 9/20a–21a. Ref. and studies: Qingdai lüxue, 196–201 (by Li Yi 李儀). Bourgon, “Des châtiments bien tempérés,” 55–58. Bibliography entries for same author: Mingshen lu. [JB, PEW] 0472

Qingsong yaoyan 清訟要言, 1 ce [Important Considerations on Clearing Lawsuits] Comp. Wang Kaitai 王凱泰 (original m. Dunmin 敦敏, z. Bufan 補帆, s. Wenqin 文勤) (1823–75) (js. 1850), from Baoying 寶應 (Jiangsu) 1875 pref. Ed.:

– *1875 ed. engraved at the gubernatorial office in Fuzhou, with author’s pref. (1875); lower central margins say “Jianmingjian zhai” 儉明簡齋, presumably the publisher. [Columbia]

Rem.: The first part of this 46-folio volume consists of texts by four authors dealing with various steps of judicial procedure, such as receiving complaints, investigating a case, examining documents, arrests by runners, holding court, interrogating prisoners, and the like; they are: (1) “Tingsong tiaoyue” 聽訟條約 by Zhong Yunting 鍾雲亭; (2) “Lisong tiaocheng” 理訟條程 by Liu Lianfang 劉廉舫 (Liu Heng 衡); (3) extracts from the collected works (文集) of surveillance commissioner Yao Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Shifu 姚石甫; and (4) extracts from Wang Zhenxuan’s 王振軒 (Wang Fengsheng 鳳生) Congzheng lu (see under Yuezhong congzheng lu). The compiler’s own views, which he calls his “humble opinions” (管見) in the pref., are inserted here and there. (Wang indicates that he had already printed the first two texts in 1867 for distribution to all the yamen of Zhejiang as models when he was surveillance commissioner there in 1867.) This is followed by a set of texts promulgated by the compiler after his appointment in Fujian in late 1870, under the general title “Fu Min xiyu” 撫閩檄諭. The first piece is a general directive consisting of eight articles on “clearing lawsuits” (清訟事宜), modeled on a text by this title promulgated by Zeng Guofan when he was governor-general of Zhili (see under Qingsong zhangcheng); Wang says in the pref. that he was prompted to publish it after he had ascertained that the problems with lawsuits are much worse in Fujian than in any other province. In addition there are several circulars and proclamations by Wang. Like the extracts quoted in the first part of the book, all these texts attempt in clear and precise language to curb such classic abuses in the judicial procedure as the accumulation of unresolved affairs, ignoring legal deadlines, over-reliance on private secretaries and servants, excessive summons, imprisonment, and torture, allowing clerks and runners to raise fees from people involved in lawsuits, laxity in forensic investigations, lack of rigor when dealing with false or malicious accusations, and so forth.

Bio.: After his jinshi, Wang Kaitai served in the Hanlin Academy through 1863 (with a 2-year interruption for mourning his mother), first as bachelor (庶吉士) and later as compiler (編修). In 1863 he was dispatched to north Jiangsu to help Li Hongzhang in the war against the Taipings. After mourning his father, in 1865 he was sent to Zhejiang as an intendant, and assumed the post of surveillance commissioner in 1866–67. He was then administration commissioner of Guangdong (1867–70), and governor of Fujian (1870–75). He died in Fuzhou after a stay in Taiwan, where he had been sent despite his illness to take measures against Japanese threats. See QSG, 426/12250–52; Panyu 番禺 XxuZ (1883), 14/3b–4a; Baoying XZ (1932), 12/29a–30a; Renming quanwei. [PEW] 0473

Tingsong qieyao 聽訟挈要 [Essentials for Hearing Lawsuits] By Ruan Zutang 阮祖棠, from Guiji 會稽 (Shandong) 1891 Ed.:

– *In Jiangsu shengli (q.v.), ser. 4, under year 1891, Niezheng 臬政.

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– *1892 separate ed. published in Nanjing, with author’s pref. (1892), a communication (稟) of Ruan to the provincial authorities (1891), and the answers (批) he received, including one by governor Gangyi 剛毅. [Congress/LL] – Photo-repro. of 1892 ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 15. Rem.: The surveillance commissioner Chen [Shi’s] 陳湜 order that

introduces the text indicates that this short treatise comprising 18 entries was received from Ruan Zutang, the prefect of Xuzhou 徐州, and that it was considered useful enough to be printed by the provincial government and circulated to all counties of the province. The text is devoted to techniques for hearing lawsuits and making investigations. The entries are not unlike those in standard magistrate or private secretary handbooks like Zuozhi yaoyan (q.v.). The last entry deals with cases involving foreigners. The text is followed by additional remarks (4 entries in all) submitted by two expectant officials under the title Tingsong xuzhi 須知. A fuller version of Tingsong xuzhi was later circulated (see next entry).

Bio.: The author indicates in his pref. that being an orphan from an early age he could not study for the examinations and had to turn to law. He was a legal private secretary in Fujian for 11 years. He became an official through purchase in 1879, and served in the judicial bureau of Jiangsu, where he acquired experience in dealing with lawsuits. Later he held positions of prefect and intendant in Jiangsu, and was sent as consul in Yokohama. [JB, PEW]

0474

Tingsong xuzhi 聽訟須知 [What Must Be Known to Hear Lawsuits] By Mo Baochen 莫葆辰 and Xu Zhijue 許之玨 1891 Ed.:

– *In Jiangsu shengli (q.v.), ser. 4, under year 1891, Niezheng 臬政. [*Shoudu] [*Tian Tao]

Rem.: See under Tingsong qieyao. The surveillance commissioner’s order quoted at the beginning indicates that this fuller version of remarks appended to Tingsong qieyao was addressed to the Jiangsu governor, Gang[yi] 剛毅, and similarly printed and circulated in the province. The authors were two expectant assistant prefects from the Bureau of Judicial Investigations (發審局委員). The text is a sort of amplification of Tingsong qieyao, with the same list of entries (only one is omitted),

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often quoting from them verbatim, and providing additional comments. Three additional entries are appended.

[JB]

0475

Qingsong zhangcheng 清訟章程, 1 ce [Procedures for Settling Lawsuits] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. by the Jiangsu surveillance commissioner office. [Beitu]

Rem.: Regulations and related materials (such as official communications, notifications, and memorials) concerning the settling of accumulated cases (清厘積案) in Jiangsu and Zhili provinces during the Tongzhi and Guangxu periods. The work appears to have been printed as a guide for local yamen when such a campaign of clearing the backlog of unresolved cases was launched in Jiangsu in 1898. The model followed in Jiangsu was a similar campaign headed by Zhili governor-general Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 and Zhili surveillance commissioner Zhang Shusheng 張樹聲 in 1869; this is why the work includes a text titled “Directives in ten articles on settling lawsuits” (清訟事宜十條) by Zeng Guofan, together with a related memorial, another titled “Procedures for evaluating merits and demerits in settling lawsuits” (清訟功過章程) by Zhang Shusheng, as well as several models of registers (清冊) used in Zhili. [GRT]

4.1.4

Collections of Leading Cases and Memoranda

[YUAN]

Yuan dianzhang 元典章 See: Da Yuan shengzheng guochao dianzhang 0476

Da Yuan shengzheng guochao dianzhang 大元聖政國朝典章, 60 + 1 j. [Statutes and Precedents of the Sacred Administration of the Great Yuan] Anon. 1322 Ed.:

– *1322 ed. in 40 fasc., plus a supplement (新集) without juan division; date of printing based on a colophon and other internal evidence. [Gugong Taipei]. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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The following four facsimile eds. are based on the copy held by Gugong Taipei: (1) *Taipei: Guoli gugong bowuyuan, 1972, with postf. (跋) by Chang Bide 昌彼得, in 16 fasc. in 4 boxes, photo-reproduced in color and bound Chinese-style. (2) *Taipei: Guoli gugong bowuyuan, 1976, with postf. by Chang Bide 昌彼 得, 3 vols, in modern binding (reprint in black and white of 1972 Gugong ed.). (3) *Beijing: Zhongguo guangbo dianshi chubanshe, 1998, with cumulative page numbers. (4) *In Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 787. – *Undated (Qing-period) ms. ed., copied in traditional characters without the Yuan-era simplifications or page formatting found in the 1322 ed. Comparison suggests it was directly copied from the latter, held in the Imperial Library when Sir Thomas Wade (1818–95) served as head of the British legation in Beijing (1861–82). [Cambridge University Library, Wade Collection] – 1908 Beijing ed. of the Xiuding falü guan 修訂法律舘, comp. and with postf. by Shen Jiaben 沈家本, based on a flawed Qing-period ms. ed. – Photo-repro. of 1908 Shen Jiaben ed. by Dong Kang 董康, in his [Wujin Dong shi] Songfen shi congkan [武進董氏] 誦芬室叢刊 (1916–22), vols. 15–44. – *Photo-repro. of Shen Jiaben ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1964, 2 vols. (2nd ed. 1974). – Photo-repro. of Shen Jiaben ed., with corrections by Chen Yuan 陳垣 (1880–1971) appended, Beijing: Zhongguo shudian, 1990 (Haiwang cun guji congkan 海王邨古籍叢刊). – Modern typeset ed. based on 1322 ed., punctuated and annotated by Chen Gaohua 陳高華, Zhang Fan 張帆, Liu Xiao 劉曉, and Dang Baohai 黨寳 海, with four appendices (comparisons to other sources; tables of contents; surviving abstracts, prefaces, and colophons [提要, 序, 跋]; works cited in the annotation), Beijing: Zhonghua shuju / Tianjin: Tianjin guji chubanshe, 2011, 4 vols. – Modern typeset ed. based on 1322 ed., punctuated and annotated by Hung Chin-fu 洪金富, Taipei: Academia Sinica Institute of History and Philology, 2016, 4 vols. (Special Publications, no. 110).

Rem.: A voluminous collection of imperial edicts and judicial decisions commonly known as Yuan dianzhang 元典章, organized as a handy legal reference work for administering the law. The main body of the work contains documents dating from 1257 to 1320. A supplement, titled “New collection of statutes and precedents from the Zhizhi era” (新集至

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治條例), includes records up to 1322. The 1322 woodblock print ed. held at Gugong Taipei is the only original copy surviving, the other eds. being either reprints of this original or based on flawed later manuscripts no longer extant (with the exception of the ms. ed. in the Wade Collection at Cambridge). The Mongol-Yuan government failed to promulgate a formal legal code. Instead, decisions issued by the court and its central offices served as the basis of adjudication at all levels of government. Yuan dianzhang is a collection of such decisions. The documents it contains include accounts of the original lawsuits or incidents that initiated the judicial proceedings as well as judgements by each level of the bureaucracy (often contradicting each other) as the cases were passed up for review. Final decisions were rendered by one of the Six Ministries, then approved by the emperor or Central Secretariat (中書省) and distributed to local offices. These documents were stored in local yamen archives as sources of law and filed according to which of the Six Ministries had been responsible for the decision. Yuan dianzhang appears to be a copy of such an archive, with some legal documents from other sources added in. The purpose of the work is confirmed by a decorative cartouche on the opening page reproducing a 1303 communication from the Central Secretariat calling for a compilation of “imperial edicts and statutes and precedents issued by the court” to serve as a reference book for officials (see Birge, Marriage and the Law, Appendix A, for a translation). Visual aspects of the text confirm that Yuan dianzhang was a product of the commercial publishing industry in Jianyang 建陽 (Fujian). Its publication was likely a collaboration between a provincial official with access to yamen archives and a Jianyang printer. Niida (see below) and others have concluded that Yuan dianzhang is an updated version of an earlier work titled Dade dianzhang 大德典章. The text we have today is likely the result of repeated revisions and updates—indeed, the supplement can be considered the last of such updates. The documents in Yuan dianzhang record all aspects of governance and daily life in Mongol-Yuan China. They include direct testimonies of plaintiffs and defendants recorded in Yuan-era vernacular. The work also includes documents and passages in Sino-Mongolian, a form of direct translation of Mongolian into Chinese preserving Mongolian syntax, used to record any speech or writing originally in Mongolian, such as those of the emperors and many high officials. (Both types of writing—one regarded as vulgar, the other found unintelligible and attributed to uneducated clerks—led the editors of the Siku quanshu project to eventually exclude Yuan dianzhang from the collection (see Birge,

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Marriage and the Law, 70). The work is organized into ten sections, namely, “Imperial decrees” (詔令), “Sage [or Sacred] administration” (聖 政), “Court principles” (朝綱), “Censorate principles” (臺綱), all quite short, plus six much longer sections for each of the Six Ministries. The organization of judicial decisions under the names of the Six Ministries likely served as a precedent for the Ming Penal Code, which departed in this way from earlier Chinese law codes. Moreover, language in the Ming code sometimes repeats verbatim decisions in Yuan dianzhang, suggesting that the latter influenced later law in multiple respects (see Birge, Women, Property, and Confucian Reaction, chap. 4). Within each of the Six Ministries sections are divisions by general subjects, and within these are subdivisions by more specific subjects. For instance, under the Ministry of Revenue we find topics such as marriage, fields and houses, paper money, and taxes and corvée; likewise, the heading “Marriage” has subdivisions for marriage of military personnel, divorce, levirate marriage, secondary wives, marriage between slaves and commoners, marriage of entertainers, and so forth. Within each subsection the cases are arranged chronologically. The subject titles are in large, bold print, and the titles of cases are flagged by a circle and set off in white on black characters. A detailed table of contents lists the titles of every case (with some errors). A chart appears at the beginning of most juan summarizing the decisions therein. Taken together, these could be read as a rudimentary law code. Indeed, Yuan dianzhang would have been of value to officials at every level, to private litigation specialists, then growing in number, and to the literate public at large. Ref. and studies: Siku, 83/2:1739–40 (copy at the Imperial Household Administration 內府藏, 前集 in 60 j., 新集 without juan numbering). Chang Bide, “Ba Yuanfang kanben Da Yuan shengzheng guochao dianzhang.” Niida, Chūgoku hōsei shi kenkyū: hō to kanshū, hō to dōtoku, 182–99. Uematsu, “Institutions of the Yüan Dynasty and Yüan Society.” Birge, Women, Property, and Confucian Reaction, chap. 4. Yoshikawa and Tanaka, Gentenshō no buntai. Birge, Marriage and the Law, 57–77. Transl.: Annot. transl. of j. 18, “Marriage,” in Birge, Marriage and the Law, 87– 277. Gendai no hōsei kenkyū han 元代の法制研究班, “Gen tenshō reibu kōtei to yakuchū” (1) (2) (3)『元典章禮部』校定と譯注 (一) (二) (三), Tōhō gakuhō, 81 (2007), 137–89; 82 (2008), 169–211; 83 (2008), 219–94 (annot. transl. of 3 chapters from the “Libu” 禮部 section). [BB]

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[QING A] 0477

Dingli cheng’an hejuan 定例成案合鐫, 30 + 1 j. [A Combined Engraving of Regulations and Leading Cases] Comp. (編輯) Sun Lun 孫綸 (z. Danshu 丹書), from Wujiang 吳江 (Jiangsu); coll. (校閱) Sun Hui 孫繪 1707 pref. Ed.:

– *[1707] Wujiang (Jiangsu) Lejing tang ed. 吳江樂荊堂藏板, with prefs. by minister of Justice Wang Shan 王掞 (1707) and Sun Lun (1707), no coverleaf, first p. of pref. missing. [Columbia] – *Undated [1713] Wujiang Lejing tang ed., with xuzeng 續增, cover-leaf with words “Until fall 1713” (see below), with prefs. by Wang Shan (1707) and Sun Lun (1707). [Faxue suo] – *Undated [1719] Wujiang Lejing tang ed., cover-leaf with words “Until fall 1719,” words 翻刻必究 scraped, with pref. by Wang Shan (1707); title in central margins and chapter captions Dingli cheng’an hechao 合鈔, but hejuan on cover-leaf and in general mulu caption; with xuzeng in 1 ce appended, title on cover-leaf Dingli cheng’an xuzeng, mention “promulgated by the Six Ministries” (六部頒行) on right side. [Beitu; cat. and reprint collection give title hechao, author Sun Danshu, and publisher Wujiang Dong 東 jing tang, probably a typo] – Undated ed. with xuzeng in 7 j., mulu in 2 ce, titled Dingli cheng’an hechao on cover-leaf, with pref. by Sun Lun (1707). [Tokyo Toritsu daigaku] – *Undated [1719] Wujiang Leting tang ed., with xuzeng in 2 ce without juan separation, cover-leaf with mention “Until 1719” on the right side; a red seal advertises the work warning not to confuse it with the faulty facsimiles put out by commercial publishers (此書原本續增俱從幕府中參考行 世, 與坊間翻本訛刻不同); with prefs. by Wang Shan (1707) and Sun Lun (1707). Material in the nearly 200-folio xuzeng covers the period 1707–18. [Ōki] – *Undated [1721] Wujiang Leting tang ed., with xuzeng in 16 ce, cover-leaf with indication “Until 1721” on the right side; the upper margin of the cover-leaf also has the characters 康熙六十年秋季以續增全; same red seal text as in the ed. above, of which this is clearly an update; with prefs. by Wang Shan (1707) and Sun Lun (1707). Latest cases in the xuzeng dated 1717. [Faxue suo] – *Undated ed. titled Dingli cheng’an xuzeng 續增 on the cover-leaf, 4 ce without juan separation, with the 1707 prefs. by Wang Shan and Sun Lun. Contents cover years 1707–11. [Ōki] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– *Undated Wujiang Lejing tang ed., cover-leaf with words 原編, 續編, and 新編 and inscription “facsimiles will be prosecuted” (翻刻必究), with Dingli cheng’an hejuan xuzeng 續增 in 6 ce appended (material through the first Yongzheng years), no Wang Shan pref., first 2 folios of Sun Lun’s pref. missing; a different engraving from the late-Kangxi eds. above, with 11 columns per page instead of 12, and name of compiler and collator in chapter captions. [Harvard] – *Undated, incomplete copy (6 ce) of xuzeng, with ce 2 of the mulu, 1 ce on General principles (名例), 1 ce on Personnel (吏部), 2 ce on Revenue (戶部) (most of it on granaries and treasuries 倉庫), and 1 ce on War (兵部); section on Justice (刑部) missing although a detailed table of contents is provided in ce 5. Contents cover years 1707–40. [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of the ed. titled Dingli cheng’an hechao at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 2, vol. 9–12.

Rem.: The work features a combination of regulations (as found in Xianxing zeli 現行則例), leading cases (成案), and a variety of edicts and regulations on sanctions (處分) covering the first four decades and a half of the Kangxi reign, through spring 1707, in the earliest ed., and expanded in the later eds.: the date to which the contents have been expanded is indicated on the right of the cover-leaf with the formula “Before such-and-such year, such-and-such quarter,” then in smaller characters, “New precedents and leading cases will be subsequently printed each quarter” (後有新例成案按季續刻). Most copies bear the mention “facsimiles will be pursued” (翻刻必究), suggesting a serious commercial operation, as confirmed by the number of new eds. Only precedents or regulations still in effect at the time of publication are included. The text also includes the different ministries’ replies to provincial governors, which according to the compiler constitute “established rules” (定例) as well. It is organized according to the parts and sections of the Penal Code and follows the same outline in 30 chapters, plus one chapter on fugitives (逃人定例) appended. The chapters are of widely variable length. In each section the leading cases (not limited to penal matters) are placed after the regulations and other materials and printed in smaller characters, as a complement; they feature only the minimum of detail necessary to explain the final decision, or why it was rejected. The fanli claims that despite the precision of the laws and regulations it is necessary to read many leading cases to avoid making ungrounded judgment proposals. It also insists that documents must be written with care to avoid rejection. The work is in part intended as a guide to writing memorials and reports; it actually includes rejected cases as examples of errors to guard against. The prefs. emphasize that contrary to other Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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similar compilations, this one is most detailed on military administration and includes documents culled from Zhongshu zhengkao 中樞政 考. The sections of special interest for the daily operations of local officials—those on personnel, financial, and judicial affairs—are more developed and include a particularly large number of non-penal regulations. In this sense, the work has also the character of a generalist administrative handbook. Depending on the ed., there is a general mulu at the beginning (following the structure of the Penal Code) and a detailed mulu at the beginning of each chapter (listing every entry in it), or alternatively, a detailed mulu for the entire work in two (sometimes three) opening fascicles. The supplement titled Dingli cheng’an hejuan xuzeng (with a separate cover-leaf) features entries covering a period from 1707 through variable years depending on the ed. (up till the mid-1740s); the arrangement is similar, including the detailed mulu, but without juan separation; in the mulu the regulations are signaled by the supplement to which they belong (presumably compiled by the same publisher), namely xu 續, zaixu 再續, sanxu 三續 and so forth, all the way to baxu 八續, xinbian 新編, and an erbian 二編 published in 1740. Like Cheng’an zhiyi, this anthology is valuable because of its comprehensive coverage and its preservation of a large number of legal cases and rules from the Shunzhi and Kangxi eras.

Bio.: While the prefs. are quite vague about the author, Wang Shan’s pref. indicates that Sun Lun was a government student who worked as a private secretary (以諸生從事幕僚). Ref. and studies: Ma, 85–86 (Beida) (title Dingli cheng’an hebian 合編, 1708 ed. with 11-j. supplement). Pelliot, 145. “Faxue suo shanben,” nos. 39–40 (by Su Yigong 蘇亦工). Nakamura, “Shindai no keian,” 733 (1719 ed.). Kishimoto, “Guanyu Qingdai qianqi dingli ji,” 383–4. [JB, CL, PEW] 0478

Xinli cheng’an hejuan 新例成案合鐫, 8 ce [A Combined Printing of New Regulations and Leading Cases] Anon. 1734 Ed.:

– *1734 engraving (鐫) printed at the capital (京刊定本). [Columbia]

Rem.: Regulations from the period 1723–34. The term cheng’an in the title apparently points to the fact that the emphasis is on the imperial edict or rescript that established each regulation, of which the exact

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date is always provided. The regulations themselves may stem from an imperial edict, from the proposal of a ministry, etc., or be given without indication of where the text originated. The work is organized by the Six Ministries and its contents deal with every conceivable sort of topic. Fasc. 1–5 cover the years 1723–29, with each fasc. devoted to one ministry (Ministry of Works features at the end of fasc. 5). For some of the ministries (Personnel, Revenue, War, Justice), the detailed mulu is preceded by a more or less extensive set of tables introducing various materials in synoptic form, with its own mulu, and titled Xinli cheng’an tu 圖 in the margin. Within each part the materials are arranged year by year (not every year featuring necessarily in a given part). The last three fascicles are supplements (一續、二續、三續、四續, the last two in the last fasc.) devoted to the years 1730, 1731, 1732, and 1733, respectively, with the same arrangement by ministries, but one general mulu at the beginning. [PEW]

0479

Cheng’an huibian 成案彙編, 2 + 26 j. [A Compilation of Leading Cases] Comp. (Jueluo) Yaerhashan 覺羅雅爾哈善 (z. Weiwen 蔚文) (?–1759), from the Manchu Plain Red Banner 1746 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Zhou Xuejian 周學健 (1746) and Yaerhashan (n.d.). [Ōki]

Rem.: The impulse for this compilation came from Zhou Xuejian. Reading through “thousands” of cases when he was a vice-minister of Justice (1741–43), Zhou was able to see how difficult it was to reach satisfactory decisions using analogy for the ten to twenty percent of cases that raised problems; at the same time, he worried that the decisions reached might be known only in the provinces from which the cases had originated, and that as a result local officials would be limited to a parochial view of things. After he had been promoted Fujian governor in 1743, Zhou became extremely nervous regarding the proper delivery of his judicial duties; he would have liked to compile a collection of leading cases for guidance, but his busy schedule prevented him from doing so. The work was eventually accomplished by Fujian surveillance commissioner Yaerhashan, who shared Zhou’s ideas about law: colleagues were mobilized to forward and edit the leading cases they had themselves collected, and within five months an anthology of more than 2,000 cases was assembled. The work includes relevant memorials issuing from all

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Six Ministries, arranged according to the order of the statutes in the Penal Code. (Only the sections, not the relevant statutes, are indicated in the central margins.) The fanli is especially clear about the use of analogy (比附) or comparison (比照) in judging cases, and emphasizes the usefulness of maintaining a database of leading cases to illustrate the underlying reasoning and serve as models, if not as “precedents” with legal authority. The 2,691 cases are numbered; 53% belong to the “Justice” section (刑律), of which two-fifths are about violent crimes (with usually longer accounts); in general, the Ministry of Justice clearly dominates the process since it is in charge of adjudicating even cases that are also referred to other ministries. The mulu (in 2 j. at the beginning of the work) lists the cases one by one with rather long captions, some actually corresponding to two or more cases. Besides leading cases (成案), there are also “rejected cases” (駁案), i.e. whose eventual closure is not known.

Bio.: Yaerhashan’s career began in 1725 with secretarial positions in the Grand Secretariat and Grand Council. He became a censor in 1736, and in 1739 was sent to the provinces, where he held several positions of prefect in Sichuan and Jiangsu. In 1744 he became an intendant in Fujian, then Fujian surveillance commissioner (1745–48), then again acting Jiangsu governor (1748–50). After a stint in Beijing in positions of vice-minister, he was appointed Zhejiang governor (1751–54). Back in Beijing he joined the Grand Council, and ended as minister of War (1757–58). Meanwhile, he occupied a variety of positions in the banner hierarchy. See Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 145, giving Zhou Xuejian as author. Nakamura, “Shindai no keian,” 733. Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 327. [JB, PEW] 0480

Cheng’an zhiyi 成案質疑, 31 j. [Inquiring about Doubtful Points in Leading Cases] Comp. (同輯) Hong Hongxu 洪弘緒 (z. Gaoshan 皋山), from Hangzhou 杭州 (Zhejiang), and Rao Han 饒瀚 (z. Dunfu 敦夫), from Xiugu 繡谷 (Jiangxi) 1746 Ed.:

– *1746 engraving (鐫) from “this yamen” 本衙藏板, cover-leaf with warning against facsimile eds. (翻刻必究); Hong Hongxu given as compiler (編輯), supervised (鑒定) by Anhui governor Pan Siju 潘思榘 (潘大中 丞), with pref. by Pan Siju (1745); a red imprint on the cover-leaf indicates

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that the work is sold at the Sanyu tang facing the Examination Hall in Hangzhou (武林貢院前三餘堂發兌). [*Faxue suo, with a seal after the pref. indicating that the copy was acquired by the Republic-period connoisseur of law books, Zhu Yinian (朱頥年所藏法律書籍)] [*Naikaku] – *1755 engraving (鐫) from “this yamen,” cover-leaf with same indications as above, with pref. by Pan Siju (1745); on the Tōyō Bunko copy a seal indicates that the work is sold at the Sanyu tang (same as in 1746 ed.). [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Ōki, only j. 1, in 8 ce, extant]

Rem.: A massive compilation of over 4,300 leading cases covering the first hundred years of the Qing (the work is bound in 80 fasc.). The names of the two compilers, both legal private secretaries with a long experience, appear in the chapter captions, but only Hong Hongxu features on the cover-leaf. Hong also authored a revised version of Shen Zhiqi’s Da Qing lü jizhu (q.v.). At the time of his pref. Pan Siju (1695–1752, js. 1724), who had started his distinguished career in the Ministry of Justice, where he became a bureau director, was Zhejiang administration commissioner (he was appointed Anhui governor in the 5th month of 1746). Pan calls the two compilers his “friends” (友人). He emphasizes in his pref. the crucial importance of consulting leading cases in administering justice, noting that in order of priority, leading cases come after statutes and substatutes to decide whether a criminal can be pardoned or benefit from the doubt (凡罪有可矜可疑者，首按律，次以例，終援 成案). The documents are arranged according to the order of the Code (with a few rearrangements explained in the fanli), the 30-chapter structure of which is likewise preserved. (Some chapters are relatively short; others, e.g. on violence and robbery [賊盜], extend over several fascicles.) An extra chapter has been added for cases concerning fugitives (逃人). Cases not yet concluded by the Ministry of Justice have been included, the conclusions (查明) to be inserted in future engravings. The authors have also included the cases already published in such works as Chuxu leibian 初續類編 (possibly Cheng’an huibian and Cheng’an xubian [qq.v.], or, alternatively, Benchao zeli leibian and its sequel [qq.v.]), Dingli cheng’an [hejuan], and Li’an quanji (qq.v.). Each juan is preceded by a detailed list of the cases therein, with captions indicating contents. The title of the relevant statute is written at the bottom of the central margin. Hong Hongxu also added comments alongside cases where he felt the judgments were not fully consistent with the relevant articles in the Code. In terms of the number of cases included, Cheng’an zhiyi can probably be matched only by Xing’an huilan and its two sequels. It is also of special value for preserving some of the earliest Qing leading

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cases, which are missing in most extant anthologies, including the three Xing’an huilan. Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 144–5. Chen, “Zhishi de liliang,” 30–31.

0481

[CL, PEW]

Cheng’an xubian 成案續編, 12 j. [A Compilation of Leading Cases, Continued] Comp. (Changbai) Tongde 長白同德 (h. Rongzhai 容齋), from the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner, and Li Zhiyun 李治運 (z. Ningren 寧人) (1710–71) (js. 1730), from Wujiang 吳江 (Jiangsu) 1755 Ed.

– *1755 [Hangzhou] Tongxin tang ed. 同心堂藏板, with prefs. by Zhejiang governor Zhou Renji 周人驥 (1755) and Zhejiang surveillance commissioner Tongde (1754). [*Columbia] [*Ōki, also including an erke 二刻 in 8 j., with pref. by Li Zhiyun (1763), and a bu 補 in 2 j. (1771), as well as Xingming tiaoli 刑名條例 (1781)] [Faxue suo, only the erke]

Rem.: A voluminous (32 fasc. in all) compendium of leading cases covering the period 1746–53. As indicated in the fanli, the work is a continuation of Cheng’an huibian (q.v.), compiled by Fujian surveillance commissioner Ya[erhashan] 雅爾哈善, which included leading cases up to 6th month, 1746; contrary to the latter, which was classified by the general sections (門) of the Code, it follows detailed categories based on the titles of the statutes within each section (like “homicides by intention or premeditation” [故謀殺], and all the other sorts of homicide), or even independent from them (like homicides provoked by madness [風 病], or the category “honorific citations” [旌表], covering 21 cases of female suicide, already found in Cheng’an huibian). These detailed categories are indicated in the central margins, making consultation easy. Not all the categories in the Penal Code are covered, however. There are two tables of contents: one general (總目), and one detailed (37 folios), providing the captions of all the cases within each category; the captions appear to have been carefully devised to indicate their judicial content. While the Zhejiang cases are quoted from documents received from the Ministry of Justice by that province, those from other provinces are quoted from the Peking Gazette (邸鈔). Most of the entries are ministry memorials recapitulating the circumstances of the case and presenting the conclusions of the ministry, followed by the imperial rescript handed down in response and, as the case may be, by an indication of

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0480–0482

the issue of the Peking Gazette where the case was found. Occasionally, the memorial emanates from the governor of the province where the case occurred. The Tongxin tang, where the work was engraved, was located within the Zhejiang surveillance commissioner compound. Four “friends” (友人) who participated in the collating are listed at the beginning. The second installment (erke) was compiled by Li Zhiyun, who held the position of Zhejiang surveillance commissioner from 1758 to 1765. It covers the years 1754 to 1762; the organization and format are similar to those of the first installment.

Bio.: Tongde was vice-prefect (同知) in Rehe 熱河 (1741–47), then in Jiaxing 嘉興 (Zhejiang), based in Zhapu 乍浦. In Zhejiang he rose to the positions of intendant (1751–52), surveillance commissioner (1752–55), and administration commissioner (1755–56). He was cashiered for his involvement in a case of corruption and sent to redeem himself in a military post station (軍臺) in the northwest. In 1761 he was again appointed Shaanxi surveillance commissioner, but does not seem to have stayed there more than two months. See Qing shilu: Gaozong, 506/31b–34a; Renming quanwei. After his jinshi, Li Zhiyun was employed at the Ministry of Justice as secretary, later vice-director, then became bureau director in the Ministry of Rites. In 1741 he became education commissioner of Shandong, in 1745 prefect of Yulin 榆林 (Shaanxi), later Hubei grain intendant, and surveillance commissioner of Anhui (1752–55) and Zhejiang (1758–65). See Suzhou 蘇州 FZ (1883), 106/26b–27a; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 145. Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 327, 328 (on erke). [JB, PEW]

0482

Cheng’an xubian 成案續編, 10 ce [A Compilation of Leading Cases, Continued] Anon. Ca. 1757 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 10 ce, also including Xingming tiaoli 刑名條例. [Ōki]

Rem.: The periods covered are 1754–56 (Cheng’an xubian) and 1754– 57 (Xingming tiaoli). Contrary to Tongde’s Cheng’an xubian (q.v.), the arrangement is by years, each with its own cover-leaf and mulu, namely, 1754 (ce 1–2), 1755 (ce 3), and 1756 (ce 4–5). Each year is arranged according to the seven parts of the Code and its 30 sections (some parts and/ or sections may be omitted). Xingming tiaoli (ce 6–10), which covers the

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years 1754–57, follows the same pattern; it mostly contains approved ministry memorials received in communication (准咨).

[JB, PEW]

0483

Mouyi beikao 謀邑備考, 8 j. [Reference Materials for Urban Tacticians] Comp. Wu Guanghua 吳光華 (z. Tiheng 體恒), from Xiushui 秀水 (Zhejiang) 1758 Ed.:

– *[1758] ed. with prefs. by Gao Yi 高𧾰 (z. Guanqun 冠群) (1758) and Wu Guanghua (1758). [LSS] – *Undated ed. in 8 ce, without pref., with fanli by Wu Guanghua, handwritten mulu listing every entry in the work (in 8 j.); at first sight the page numbers seem to follow each other haphazardly (e.g., j. 1 starts on a p. 104) and the different sections to be mixed up, but on close examination it appears that the printed ed. was unbound and bound again following the order in the hand-written mulu (see below); this was easily done since each entry (i.e., case) starts on a new folio; there are no chapter captions, but the juan numbers are written on the covers of each ce. [Columbia] – *Undated ed. in 6 ce, without preface, no juan separation, no author’s name. [Fu Sinian] – Ms. ed. in 8 j. including a case dated 1789 at the end, probably added by the copyist. [Faxue suo] Rem.: An anthology of leading cases (成案) compiled by a private secretary described by his employer Gao Yi, prefect of Nanyang 南陽

(Henan), as the best he ever met in the province. Gao had Wu’s selection printed, and he claims that whoever is sitting on a court should keep a copy nearby. Wu Guanghua’s pref. includes interesting considerations on the importance of leading cases—discussed by the court and approved by the emperor—as examples of how to “find the right path between laxness and severity” (寬嚴得中). This is in response to those who consider that each case features unpredictable circumstances, and therefore cannot be taken as a model to judge other cases. In fact, claims Wu, leading cases are no more than “taking from within the Code to divine what is in the Code” (律例之中而神明乎律例); discussing them regularly makes it possible to interiorize the Code’s meaning and acquire the instruments necessary to adduce analogies when the need arises. The book is derived from years of taking note of appropriate leading cases; it was put in its present form and published at the

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urging of prefect Gao, who is cited as supervisor (鑒定) at the beginning of the mulu. Only a few of the cases cited, most of which date from the period 1746–58, could be adjudicated by applying directly the articles of the Code. There are examples of parallel cases that resulted in divergent decisions by the Ministry of Justice. The text consists of full quotations of the final decisions handed down by the Ministry; the date of the emperor’s approval (依議) is provided, and there is a caption indicating the type of affair and punishment decided upon. Each j. includes dozens of cases corresponding to a particular category of crime; the last j., titled “Cases adjudicated by the province” (外結案), consists of cases judged by the Henan surveillance commissioner and approved by the governor. In the reorganized copy at Columbia, j. 1 is on affrays (鬥毆), j. 2 on premeditated or willful homicide (謀故殺), j. 3 on sexual crimes leading to death (姦命), j. 4 on rape (強姦) and other sorts of sexual crimes, j. 5 on various forms of robbery, j. 6 on various forms of murder, j. 7 on tomb desecration and various sorts of trickery and counterfeiting, and j. 8 on miscellaneous cases (雜案) and cases of censure (參案). In the copy at Fu Sinian, ce 1–3 are on homicides (凡命), ce 4–5 on robbery (盜案), and ce 6 on cases of censure (參案). The title of the work refers to a phrase in the Zuozhuan (Xiang 31st year) alluding to a strategist who achieved success when making plans in the countryside (謀於野) but not in the cities (謀於邑): men good at composing documents—like the writer and his public—correspond to the latter, except that they fulfill their aims. [PEW]

0484

Gesheng tizi bo’an 各省題咨駁案, 14 series (集) [Rejected Cases Submitted by the Various Provinces] Anon. Ca. 1760 Ed.:

– *Photo-repro. of an undated ms. of unspecified location, in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 13–16.

Rem.: A massive and carefully hand-copied anthology of criminal cases in which the Ministry of Justice rejected the sentence proposed by the provincial governments and either sent the case back for reinvestigation or directly submitted its own proposition to the emperor. The cases date from the period 1738–60. Though the purpose of this collection is unclear, it likely was a document internal to the Ministry and intended to provide examples of legal reasoning to its officials—a

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role that the anthologies of shuotie would play from the late eighteenth century onwards (see the many relevant titles in this bibliography). The cases are arranged by type of crime, more or less following the order of the sections and statutes in the Penal Code (not all are represented). Each series begins with a mulu giving the captions of the relevant statutes, a short characterization of the situations discussed under them, and the number of corresponding cases. Each entry (marked by the classifier yiqi 一起) is placed under the ministry’s provincial bureau that discussed it, and consists of a summary of the memorial submitted to the emperor by the ministry, followed by the imperial rescript that responded to it. There are 14 series. Ser. 1 has cases corresponding to the parts of the Code on “General Considerations” and “Justice”; ser. 2 to 14 are all about “Justice”; the last part of ser. 14 has a few entries corresponding to “Revenue” and “War.” [PEW]

0485

Cheng’an xinbian erji 成案新編二集, 1 + 15 j. [A New Compilation of Leading Cases, Second Series] Comp. (輯) Min Wobei 閔我備 (h. Buli 補籬), from Wuxing 吳興 (Zhejiang) 1763 Ed.:

– *[1763] ed. with prefs. by Yan Jun 嚴濬 (to 續刻成案, 1762), Yan Xishen 顏 希深 (1763), and the compiler’s younger brother, Min Eyuan 鶚元 (1763). [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Ōki, j. 1–2, 8, 10–12, 14 extant] Rem.: The prefs. mention a Cheng’an xinbian chuji 初集 by the same

compiler, possibly lost, printed by a certain vice-minister of Personnel Wang 王少宰, from Huating (possibly Wang Huifen 王會汾 [1704–64], who held this position in 1748–49, but was from Wuxi), and widely circulated among specialists, for whom it was an incomparable guide in their judgments. The sponsor of the present compilation was Jiangxi surveillance commissioner Yan Xishen, who had invited Min Wobei as an adviser (the cover-leaf has the mention 西江廉訪使顏濬溪先生鑒 定). The years covered (indicated on top of the cover-leaf) are 1756 to 1762. The compilation is organized according to the parts and sections of the Penal Code. The general mulu at the start, which fills two fascicles, lists the cases one by one under the relevant statute (not all statutes are represented). In the body of the work the relevant part and section of the code are indicated in the central margin.

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Bio.: While Min Eyuan, the author of the third pref., pursued an official career in the higher rungs of the provincial bureaucracy (he signs his pref. as Shandong surveillance commissioner), his elder brother abandoned the examination path after a failure in 1729 and remained a legal private secretary. [JB, PEW] 0486

Xingbu bo’an huichao 刑部駁案彙鈔, 8 j. [Anthology of Cases Rejected by the Ministry of Justice] Comp. Ding Xiangjin 丁湘錦 (z. Renke 人可, h. Nan’e 南阿), from Ningdu 寧都 (Jiangxi) 1764 pref. Ed.:

– *[1764] new engraving (新鐫) of the Yongchun tang in the capital 京都咏 春堂藏板, supervised (鑒定) by Tao Qisu 陶其愫, with prefs. by Yang Xifu 楊錫紱 (1764), Su’erde 蘇爾德 (1764), and Tao Qisu (1764), fanli by Ding Nan’e [Ding Xiangjin] (1764); author’s name Ding Renke. [Faxuesuo] – *Modern punctuated ed. based on the ed. above, in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 6 (erroneously stating that this work was published “by the Eishundō in Kyoto, Japan” “in the 43rd year of Qianlong [1704]”). This modern ed. places the table of contents before the prefaces, not after them as in the original ed.

Rem.: 253 cases from the period 1736–62 for which the provincial governors’ sentence propositions were rejected by the Ministry of Justice. The cases were copied from the Peking Gazette by Ding Xiangjin and supplemented with leading cases (成案) selected from the archives of the various Ministry of Justice departments by Tao Qisu (z. Jianfu 簡夫), a friend and fellow Jiangxi native of Ding’s and an official at the ministry for a decade, to whom Ding had shown his selection from the Gazette. The cases are arranged according to the parts and sections of the Code: (1) General principles (名例, 12 cases) (j. 1); (2) “Justice” (刑律) covering most of the 8 juan of the work, with sections on violence and robbery (賊盜, 69 cases) (j. 1–3), homicides (人命, 104 cases) (j. 4–6), affrays (鬥 毆, 34 cases) (j. 7), and corruption (受贓, 20 cases) (j. 8); (3) the rest of j. 8 has 7 cases on “Revenue” (戶律), 1 on “Rites” (禮律), and 6 on “War” (兵 律). When a case falls under different sections (e.g., rape and homicide), it is allocated to the section implying the gravest punishment. Each case is put under the ministry department to which it was allocated (i.e., by province for all the cases under “punishments”); a caption (sometimes heading several cases) indicates the nature of the crime; then follows

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the original memorial and sentence proposal by the provincial governor, the comments of the relevant bureau at the ministry asking for more investigations and/or a new sentence proposal (sometimes several times in a row), and a summary of the final sentence approved by the ministry and by the emperor; the date of approval by the emperor is sometimes indicated. The fanli insists that the texts of the cases, whether full copies or summaries, reproduce faithfully the original material available. The option is preserved to complement the various entries year after year by inserting new cases. As in other similar collections, these records illustrate the extent to which Qing jurists paid meticulous attention to the nuanced circumstantial differences between cases when deliberating on which law was applicable to a particular case.

Bio.: Ding Xiangjin is mentioned as a selected tribute student (拔貢) among the compilers of the 1773 Licheng 歷城 (Shandong) county gazetteer. His original name was Ding Xuxian 序賢. Tao Qisu’s pref. indicates that he came to Beijing in 1761 to seek selection at the Ministry of Personnel, and left the same year to join the private cabinet of the governor of Hunan (楚南幕府). Nothing more is known about his career. During Ding’s stay in the capital Tao mobilized the department clerks at the Ministry of Justice to copy cases to complement Ding’s collection. The work stayed unpublished two years for lack of funds, but could eventually be engraved thanks to the help of several officials listed at the end of the fanli. When Ding came back to Beijing in 1764 the work was in print. He asked Tao to mail him similar cases from the ministry every year. [CL, PEW] 0487

Bo’an chengbian 駁案成編, 8, 9, or 10 ce [A Compilation of Rejected Cases] Comp. (纂輯) Hong Bin 洪彬 (z. Shifan 士範, h. Xunzhai 恂齋), from Qimen 祁門 (Anhui) 1767 Ed.: – *1767 Shigu tang ed. 式榖堂藏板 supervised by Chashan 茶山鑒定 (i.e., Qian Weicheng 錢維成), with prefs. by Ministry of Justice vice-minister Qian Weicheng (1767) and compiler (n.d.). [*Columbia, in 10 ce] [*Oki, in 9 ce] – *1787 ed. in 8 ce. [*Faxue suo] [*Zhengfa]

Rem.: Hong Bin, who was a bureau secretary at the Ministry of Justice when he compiled the work but claims that even when living in the country before becoming an official he occasionally read rejected cases (居鄉里時偶誦西曹駁案), notes in his pref. that the rejection

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0486–0488

proposals forwarded by the ministry to the emperor were collected by the ministry’s Zhejiang bureau. He used his spare time at the ministry to assemble what he views as an anthology of the more significant and instructive pieces in terms of juridical analysis (蒐秋官奏牘, 擇其剖疑柝 [析] 似斷折若神者). The cases, all listed in the mulu with a short caption and with the criminal’s name, are arranged by chronological order of imperial rescript and cover the period 1736–65 (copy at Ōki, corresponding to the period indicated in Hong Bin’s preface, with 280 cases), or 1736–70 (copy at Columbia, featuring a supplement [續增] corresponding to the years 1766–70 in the mulu). In the body of the work there is no indication of year, content, or criminal’s name in the captions of the cases or in the central margin, making research somewhat inconvenient. There is no juan division, and each case is separately paginated, with indication of the ministry bureau in charge. The cases begin with a quotation of the original report and sentence proposal by the provincial governor, followed by the ministry’s comments and emperor’s rescript.

Bio.: Information on Hong Bin’s career is spotty. After serving as bureau secretary at the Ministry of Works he was transferred to the Ministry of Justice, where he became bureau vice-director. From there he was appointed prefect of Shiqian 石阡 (Guizhou). but was deemed not up to the task and demoted to assistant prefect (府佐) in 1776. He was appointed department magistrate of Lingzhou 靈州 (Gansu) in 1783. See Qimen XZ (1873), 30/9b; Guizhou TZ (1948), 前事志 20/68a; Lingzhou zhiji 志蹟 (1798), 11/22b. Ref. and studies: Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 327. [CL, PEW]

0488

Bo’an xinbian 駁案新編, 32 j. [A New Collection of Rejected Cases] Comp. (校刊) Quan Shichao 全士潮 (z. Qiutao 秋濤), from Zhenze 震 澤 (Jiangsu) 1781 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by Ruan Kuisheng 阮葵生 (1781). [*Columbia (no cover-leaf)] [Gugong Beijing] [*Ōki (j. 1–8 missing)] – *Undated sequel titled Xuzeng 續增 bo’an xinbian, anon., with cases covering the period 1783–97, using the same 32-j. table of contents. [*Ōki] – *In Bo’an huibian (q.v.), with pref. by Ruan Kuisheng (1781) and commentaries in the upper margin. – Extracts in Zuile caotang congchao 最樂草堂叢鈔 (ms., Republican period), j. 378–379. [Tōdai]

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– *Photo-repro. of undated ed. listing cases up to 1790, with pref. by Ruan Kuisheng (1781), Bo’an xubian appended, Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968 (Falü congshu, vol. 1). – *Photo-repro. of undated ed. at Gugong Beijing in Gugong zhenben congkan 故宮珍本叢刊 (Haikou: Hainan chubanshe, 2001), vol. 361–362, with pref. by Ruan Kuisheng (1781). [Columbia] – Modern punctuated ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 7.

Rem.: A large collection of “rejected cases” (bo’an) assembled by a group of six Ministry of Justice officials led by Quan Shichao. Each entry reproduces the original memorial of the governor who forwarded the case to the central government with a judgment proposal, as well as more or less full quotations of the memorials of the various agencies that intervened in the discussion and of the imperial edicts that answered them, “so that the reader can know at a glance all the reasons why a certain case has been rejected or rectified and why a certain substatute has been changed [based on the case]” (俾閱者知某案因何駁正 并某條例因何改定之處一目了然，源委悉得). Besides such “rejected memorials” (提駁), concerning capital cases, there are “rejected communications” (咨駁) concerning cases incurring exile, for which governors directly addressed the ministry without memorializing the emperor. The practical value of the work is emphasized in the pref., composed by a censor who spent ten years as a supervisor (提調) of the Bureau of the Code (律例館) in the ministry, according to whom it should be acquired and read by local officials (司牧者) so that they will be able to find the proper balance between law and circumstances (通乎情法之準) and concentrate on understanding the sources of the laws and ordinances (究心律令之源). According to the cover-leaf of the original ed., the period covered by the cases is “from 1736 to the present year”; according to the fanli, it is 1736–84; according to the fanli of Xuzeng bo’an xinbian, it is 1736–82. There are eds. covering more years. Each case is signaled by the classifier yiqi 一起, preceded by the name of the ministry department that treated it and sometimes by other details on the nature of the case. The presentation follows the order of the relevant statutes in the Penal Code (319 categories in all; there is nothing concerning the part on “Works,” gonglü 工律); the most important sections are violence and robbery (賊盜), homicides (人命), and affrays (鬥毆). For each case the name of the criminal and the nature of the crime are indicated in the central margin, making the work easier to browse. There are occasional commentaries in the upper margin. Bio.: Quan Shichao was a selected tribute student (拔貢). He held multiple functions at the Ministry of Justice. His complete title (as given on the

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641

cover-leaf of the original ed.) is “Secretary of the Shaanxi bureau in charge of the autumn assizes, concurrently at the Huguang bureau and at the bureau of expedition, compiler at the Bureau of the Code” (陝西司主事總辦秋審兼湖廣 司督催所律例館纂修). He was appointed acting prefect of Zhangzhou 漳州 (Fujian) in 1791 and ranking prefect the next year. See Jinjiang 晉江 XZ (Qing ms., n.d.), 18/22b; Zhangzhou FZ (1877), 12/7a; Da Qing jifu xianzhe zhuan 大清 畿輔先哲傳, 35/22b. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4312 (in 39 j., possibly by adding the number of j. of xinbian and xubian in the Bo’an huibian ed.). Chang, 1:306–7 (two entries, with contradictory descriptions of the xubian). He Qinhua, 2:365–70. Qingdai lüxue, 60–68 (by Yang Xiaohui 楊曉輝). Pengsheng Chiu, “Refining Legal Reasoning from Precedents,” passim; according to Chiu the work emphasizes cases where the emperor expressed his own opinion. Nakamura, “Shindai no keian,” 730–31. Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 328. [PEW] 0489

Suojian ji 所見集, 37 j. [A Collection (of Leading Cases) That I Have Consulted] Comp. (編) Ma Shilin 馬世璘 (z. Shixian 仕仙, h. Womei 臥媚), from Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang) 1781 Ed.:

– *1781 engraving (鐫) of the Zaisi tang 再思堂藏板, introduced on the cover-leaf as recorded (錄) by Mr. Womei 臥郿氏 from Renhe (Zhejiang), with prefs. by Chen Shengzu 陳繩祖 (n.d.), Yang Changlin 楊長林 (1780), Sun Jiale 孫嘉樂 (n.d.), and compiler (1780). [Ōki]

Rem.: This original ed. of the work corresponds to the first series described in the next entry. The title on the cover-leaf and in chapter captions and central margins is Suojian ji; at the beginning of some of the prefaces it is Cheng’an 成案 suojian ji.

Bio.: According to Chen Shengzu’s pref., Ma Shilin was an “old Guangdong sojourner” (嶺南老客) who had spent more than forty years as a private secretary and copied over a thousand leading cases during his career. Ma indicates in his own pref. that he was the son of an official and got interested in administrative affairs while following his father in his various postings. Though preparing for the examinations, he also read law books; he concentrated further on legal matters after he had been forced to give up any ambitions to pass the examinations, and to earn a living. [PEW]

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4.1.4 Collections of Leading Cases

Xinzeng cheng’an suojian ji 新增成案所見集, 37 + 18 + 21 + 18 j. [New Enlarged Collection of Leading Cases That I Have Consulted] Comp. (編) Ma Shilin 馬世璘 (z. Shixian 仕仙, h. Womei 臥媚), from Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang) (ser. 1–3); Xie Kui 謝奎 (z. Xinghuan 星環, h. Misou 米叟) and Wang Youhuai 王又槐, both from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) (ser. 4) 1792 Ed.:

– *Undated Zaisi tang ed. 再思堂藏板 (ser. 1–3), introduced on the coverleaf as recorded (錄) by Mr. Womei 臥郿氏 from Renhe (Zhejiang); with prefs. by Sun Shiyi 孫士毅 (to 成案所見集全編, 1792), Yang Changlin 楊 長林 (1780), Sun Jiale 孫嘉樂 (n.d.), compiler (1780), and Chen Shengzu 陳繩祖 (n.d.) (ser. 1–3); Sanyu tang ed. 三餘堂梓行藏版 with prefs. by Xie Kui 謝奎 (1805) and Wang Youhuai (1805) (ser. 4). [Columbia (some sections missing)] – *1793 engraving (鐫) of the Zaisi tang, same description as above, ser. 1–3 with prefs. by Chen Shengzu (n.d.), Sun Shiyi (1792), Yang Changlin (1780), Sun Jiale (n.d.), and compiler (1780); ser. 4 with prefs. by Xie Kui (1805) and Wang Youhuai (1805), with a short essay by Xie Kui titled “Zhuodao lun” 捉刀論. [*Ōki] [*Shanghai] – 1812 ed. enlarged (增輯) by Wang Youhuai and Hu Zhaokai 胡肇楷, titled Xinzeng cheng’an suojian ji zongbian 總編. [Shanghai]

Rem.: This massive collection of leading cases, printed in small format, is made up of four series: chuji 初集 (covering the period 1736–80; the text proper, following the prefaces and 2 j. of mulu, starts at j. 4 and there are no missing j. 1–3 as suggested in some catalogs); erji 二集 and sanji 三集 (covering the period 1781–92), included in the xubian 續編; and siji 四集 (covering the period 1793–1805). The chuji appeared independently in 1781 under the title Suojian ji (see previous entry) and was republished in 1793 together with series 2 and 3 and with the same fanli except for the indication of the period covered, under the title Xinzeng (Xinzuan 新纂 in chapter captions) cheng’an suojian ji. Then the siji, prepared by different authors, was published separately. As indicated in the fanli, the collection concerns cases rejected by the Ministry of Justice for revision (部駁改正) and cases adducing analogy (援引比 照); cases not yet concluded are included because the argumentation therein exposes the subtleties in the meaning of the Code (闡發律義 之精微) and weighs the level of gravity of the circumstances (衡斷案 情之輕重). Each case starts on a new folio, facilitating further insertion

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0490–0491

of new cases. The 75-page mulu of the chuji (in 2 j.) provides the title of each case. The sequel compilations likewise begin with a detailed mulu. The title at the head of the mulu of the sanji and siji is Xuzuan bogai bizhao Cheng’an suojian san (si) ji 續纂駁改比照成案所見三 (四) 集. The cases are arranged according to the order of the sections and statutes of the Penal Code. The section of the code and caption of the status corresponding to the documents are indicated in the central margin. As in other similar compilations, the part on “Justice” occupies by far the most space (19 out of 22 fasc. in the Shanghai copy), with the sections on homicide, robbery, and affrays containing the largest number of cases. In the Ōki copy the second installment (二集) has a very short j. 19 devoted to Public Works. Most entries consist of a Ministry of Justice memorial (with dated imperial rescript) introducing the proposition of the governor regarding the case at hand, commenting on the problems it raises, and asking for a new investigation and judgment proposal. The work, which was graced with prefaces by influential people (by 1792 Sun Shiyi was one of the most powerful officials in the empire), seems to have been quite influential. It is mentioned as a source by the compilers of Xing’an huilan (q.v.). Bio.: See previous entry. Ref. and studies: Sun Dianqi 孫殿起, Fanshu ouji xubian 販書偶記續編 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1980), 91. Nakamura, “Shindai no keian,” 733–4. Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 28. [JB, PEW, PWK]

0491

Jiangsu cheng’an 江蘇成案, 16 j. [Leading Cases from Jiangsu] Comp. (編輯) Shen Zhanlin 沈沾霖 (z. Xiangkui 湘葵) (jr. 1783), from Zhenze 震澤 (Jiangsu), approved (鑑定) by Jiangsu surveillance commissioner Xiong Mei 熊枚 1794 Ed.:

– 1794 ed., with pref. by Xiong Mei (1794). – *Modern punctuated ed. based on the ed. above, in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 8.

Rem.: A collection of 138 leading cases from Jiangnan implying exile or military exile, following the order of the Code. Printed and distributed in the 5th month (1794) 仲夏印行 (according to Lidai panli pandu ed.). According to the pref., the work was compiled between 1776 and 1794. The cases featured only concern three parts of the Code: General

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Principles, Revenue, and Justice. The documents mostly report the circumstances of the case as submitted by the governor or governor-general, followed by some considerations by the Ministry. Most of the cases end with a date followed by the words zhunzi 准咨. Bio.: See under Xianqi jilan. Ref. and studies: Qingdai lüxue, 559. Bibliography entries for same author: Cizi bianlan; Xianqi jilan.

[CC]

[QING B]

Xuzeng xing’an huilan 續增刑案匯覽 See: Xing’an huilan 0492

Xingshi ming’an kaican 刑事命案開參, 1 ce [Impeachments Involving Homicide Cases] Anon. Ca. 1805 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., no pref. or mulu. The first page has the words 刑命 案開參 written in the left margin. The inside cover has the inscription “Magistrate Hu of Chenzhou independent department” (郴州直隷州正 堂胡). The fasc. is in the same box as Xingshi panli in 3 ce (q.v.). The longer title is used in the Lidai panli pandu modern ed. [Faxue suo] – *Modern typeset ed. based on the above ms. ed., titled Xingshi ming’an kaican, in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 6.

Rem.: The ms. contains 31 pieces (some dealing with the same affair) focusing on the sanctions incurred by officials for mistakes or negligence (失察, 疏放), lack of exertion (不力), or missing deadlines, in the management of homicides. The sometimes fairly long documents, issued by higher offices and transmitted by the Ministry of Personnel, go over the affairs in detail in order to determine the precise dates from which deadlines are calculated or establish the circumstances of administrative mistakes and the list of officials involved. Reports from magistrates, autopsy reports, and testimonies are sometimes lengthily quoted. Most documents deal with the incapacity of officials to arrest or even identify the criminal. Some of them are “models,” the title ending with the character shi 式, with blank spaces for dates and the character mou 某 instead of person, place, or office names. All the affairs recorded

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happened in Hunan and occurred between 1764 and 1804. The ms. was apparently kept at some point in the yamen of Chenzhou 郴州 (Hunan). (There were only two department magistrates named Hu in the nineteenth century: Hu Jun 胡鈞, appointed in 1836, and Hu Lizhen 胡禮箴, appointed in 1852; see Hunan TZ [1885], 122/17b.) [CL, CC]

0493

Cheng’an beikao 成案備考, 4 ce [Reference Materials on Leading Cases] Comp. Shen Tingying 沈廷瑛, from Changshu 常熟 (Jiangsu) 1808 Ed.:

– *1808 engraving (鐫) with compiler’s pref. (1808). [*Ōki (cover label with date 1805)] [*Faxue suo] [*Zhengfa] – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 18.

Rem.: A detailed presentation of 36 cases covering the years 1805–07. Shen says in his pref. that he served in the Ministry of Justice and in Hubei and Fujian for nearly 30 years. After he was dismissed in 1805 he started collecting leading cases more systematically than before. He stresses the importance of collecting leading cases as material for using analogy (以資比較) where no statutes or substatutes are directly applicable. He stresses the usefulness of those he has collected, not only as models for future judgments since they were approved, but also because of the legal reasoning that informed the preliminary discussions. He specifies that these are cases that have not been circulated (通行) and therefore cannot be cited in judgments without the ministry’s special approval: this is why they are called “reference materials” (beikao). There is a mulu for each of the three years 1805, 1806, and 1807, providing a quite detailed characterization of each case and indicating the statute or substatute used as a basis for judgment. Each entry consists of a full quotation of the final memorial of the Ministry of Justice, sometimes as long as 20 folios, thus far more detailed than the summary case records in the anonymous work bearing the same title (q.v.), with which the present one should not be confused. The cases concern disputes, adultery, rape, theft, wrong accusations, homicides, suicides, and more. The pedagogical intent of this carefully realized publication is obvious.

Bio.: Shen Tingying apparently entered his official career as a student by purchase (監生). We do not have any details on his career at the Minstry of Justice, to which he alludes in his preface and which must have started around 1780. He was appointed acting prefect of Yuezhou 岳州 (Hunan) in 1797, and

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prefect of Changsha 長沙 in 1799. He became prefect of Zhangzhou 漳州 (Fujian) in 1805, but was dismissed (被議閒居) for an unspecified reason. It seems that he resumed his official career later and was appointed prefect of Puzhou 蒲州 (Shanxi) in 1809. See Hunan TZ (1885), 121/18a, 23a; Zhangzhou FZ (1877), 12/4b; Gongzhong dang Jiaqing chao zouzhe 宮中檔嘉慶朝奏摺 (Taipei: Gugong bowuyuan, 1993), vol. 7, 143 and vol. 26, 380. Ref.: Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 328. [CL, PEW] 0494

Shuotie jiyao 說帖輯要, 78 ce [A Collection of Important Memoranda] Comp. (重編) Song Qian 宋謙 1811 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. with pref. by Chen Tinggui 陳廷桂 (1811). [Fu Sinian]

Rem.: Chen Tinggui’s pref. states that he had 10 years of experience at the Ministry of Justice and signs as director of the Zhili bureau, in charge of the autumn assizes, and compiler at the Bureau of the Code (總辦秋審律例館纂修); he notes that Song Qian, the compiler, worked for years as an official in that bureau, but we know nothing more about him. In his moments of leisure, Song compiled anew the shuotie that had accumulated over the years, eliminating unnecessary statements and selecting important points, and arranging them by year and category. The pref. also implies that the work was intended for publication. The first two fasc. (j. 首 1–2) contain memoranda from the years 1784–95 as well as the pref. and a general mulu for this part of the work, in which the cases are referred to the relevant statutes in the Code; however, the order of the Code is not strictly respected and the parts to which the statutes belong are not indicated. In these 2 fascicles each entry has a caption summarizing the crime and its judicial resolution. Fasc. 3–78 contain memoranda from the years 1796–1833 (suggesting that the work was completed long after the pref.), including 6 j. of mulu (fasc. 3–8), following the order of the seven parts of the Code and with a last section on arrest of criminals (督捕則例); each entry in the mulu mentions the year, a name (usually of the criminal), and an indication of the ministry department (司) concerned. This mulu can be used as an index to j. 9–77, which are arranged by years; each year opens with a table of names (those mentioned in the mulu entries, with a few discrepancies), and the cases are arranged according to the order of the Code, with captions summarizing the case and the final judgment. J. 78 is undated and

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647

lists memoranda according to crime qualifications, beginning with premeditated homicide (謀殺人). Ref. and studies: Chang, 2:813 (title Shuojie).

0495

[CC]

Xingbu gesi panli 刑部各司判例, 8 ce [Decisions from the Bureaus of the Ministry of Justice] Anon. Ca. 1813 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. on paper pre-framed in red, no pref. or mulu. The title is on the box. The cover-leaf of one ce has the characters tongxing 通行, and another one has wuyong zuanji 毋庸纂輯. A small red slip of paper pasted on the first page of each ce indicates the category of the cases therein. [Faxue suo]. – *Modern typeset ed. based on the above ms., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 6, divided into 6 j. even though the original ms. is not. Rem.: Documents related to 48 “circulars” (通行), dating from the

years 1810–13. Such circulars were mostly derived from specific legal cases involving issues or circumstances not explicitly covered by the statutes or substatutes of the Qing Code or by preexisting leading cases or circulars. They were codified by the Ministry of Justice with the emperor’s sanction to guide future judicial practice, and as a result modified, clarified, invalidated, or added a number of substatutes. While substatutes were recognized as such only through the periodical formal process of codification by the Bureau of the Code (律例馆), the circulars took effect once confirmed by the throne, and thus more accurately reflected the constant changes of the Qing legal system. Most of the documents in the present compilation are fairly detailed. [CL]

0496

Lüli guan shuotie 律例館說帖, 6 ce [Memoranda from the Bureau of the Code] Anon. Ca. 1814 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Ōki]

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Rem.: Ce 1–4 are about cases dated 1805, ce 5–6 about cases dated 1814. Written clearly and elegantly, these legal memoranda apparently were drafted by members of the different bureaus of the Ministry of Justice. Cases are organized by the provinces in which they originated, with the caption and year written in the central margins. Most documents start with “We carefully observe” (謹查) and end with “We respectfully/still await your decision” (恭/仍候鈞定). The governors’ original memorials are not quoted. Detailed legal reasoning about their proposed judgment is provided. Together with leading cases, Ministry of Justice memoranda like these were a main source for famous publications such as Xing’an huilan. [CL]

0497

Jiaqing nianjian shuotie 嘉慶年間說帖, 10 ce [Memoranda from the Jiaqing Period] Anon. Ca. 1814 Ed.:

– *Untitled and undated ms. ed. (title given by the library). [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: This carefully written and organized collection of Ministry of Justice memoranda may have been a working document compiled by ministry officials for their own use—or rather, part of what must have been a fuller compilation. Each fasc. (except fasc. 3) has a separate mulu. Fasc. 1–2 (in the numbering of the library, which is clearly mistaken) are devoted to homicides; the cases discussed are arranged by statute in the Code, with a caption suggesting the problem at hand and adding the name of the principal criminal; these names in turn are inscribed in the central margin in the body of the text, making it easy to find the corresponding memorandum; for each memorandum (a few are formal memorials with an imperial rescript) the ministry provincial department (司) that submitted it is indicated, as well as the year. The period covered is 1797–1811. Fasc. 3, which is of a different nature, contains recommendations and ministry memorials related to the classification of criminals for the autumn assizes. The memoranda in fasc. 4, whose presentation is the same as in fasc. 1–2, deal with the last sections in the “Justice” part of the Code, and with one of the two sections in the “Public Works” part (it must therefore have been the last fasc. of the original series). Fasc. 5 discusses cases regarding the part on “General Principles” (名例律). Fasc. 6 goes back to “Justice,” section “violence and robbery” (賊盜). Fasc. 7–8 (in reverse order) contain memos from 1812, arranged Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

649

0496–0499

by parts and sections of the Code and carefully numbered (78 in all), the numbers appearing also in the central margin; each memo is introduced by the words jiaohe 交核 (“transmitted for examination”), then “such-and-such province memorialized (題),” followed by the contents of the province’s memorial and the comments of the ministry officials. The same description applies to fasc. 9 (year 1813, 39 entries) and 10 (year 1814, 33 entries). [PEW]

0498

Bo’an xubian 駁案續編, 7 j. [A Further Collection of Rejected Cases] Anon. Ca. 1816 Ed.:

– *Undated ed., printing blocks “at this yamen” 本衙藏板. [*Columbia] [Gugong Beijing] [*Ōki] – *In Bo’an huibian (q.v.). In the latter’s 1884 ed. the coverleaf is calligraphed by the famous legal specialist Xue Yunsheng 薛允升 (1820–1901). – *Photo-repro. of the copy at Gugong Beijing, in Gugong zhenben congkan 故宮珍本叢刊 (Haikou: Hainan chubanshe, 2001), vol. 363.

Rem.: A sequel to Bo’an xinbian (q.v.), including 62 cases and covering the period 1796–1816. The running title is Bo’an xinbian xu 駁案新編 續. Each case has separate page-numbering, but there is also continual numbering by juan at the bottom of the central margin. All the cases correspond to the “Justice” part of the Code. The captions provided in the mulu, indicating the nature of the crime, are reproduced in the central margins together with the criminals’ names. (In the Tushu jicheng ed. of Bo’an huibian the captions are missing both in the mulu and in the central margins.) Ref. and studies: Nakamura, “Shindai no keian,” 731.

0499

[PEW]

Xingming zalan 刑名雜覽, 1 ce [Miscellaneous Readings on Judicial Administration] Anon. Ca. 1822 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., stating “46 folios in all” at the end. [Beitu] Rem.: A manuscript anthology of leading cases (成案) approved by

the Ministry of Justice, mainly during the years 1813–22. The arrangement Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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follows the order of the xinglü 刑律 section in the Penal Code, but only certain categories of crime are (incompletely) covered, namely, affrays (鬥毆), abuse (罵詈), litigation (訴訟), and bribery (受贓). Punctuation has been added in red ink, as well as running heads indicating which crime category is being discussed. This fasc., whose title appears to have been added later on the cover, must have been part of a set. Documents like these represented final comments and decisions of ministry bureaus on the sentences submitted to them by provincial governors. For this reason, both the clerks at the ministry and the private secretaries in the cabinets of provincial officials used to compile such collections for future reference when similar cases were encountered. The present fasc. may have been written by either private secretaries or ministry clerks. [JB, GRT]

0500

Bizhao an 比照案, 5 ce [Cases Decided by Analogy] Anon. Ca. 1822 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., no pref., with general table of contents in front of ce 1. [Faxue suo].

Rem.: The case records are dated between 1813 and 1822. They are all legal decisions by the Ministry of Justice made by analogy in cases where there was no statute, substatute, circular, or leading case directly applicable. The cases are arranged according to statutory categories in the Qing Code. A comparison with the contents of Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an (q.v.), which correspond to the same period but continue through 1834, reveals that the two collections largely share the same cases in exactly the same language, even though they are often not cited in the same order. At the same time, Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an has more cases for many of the categories found here. Therefore, the present collection may be either an excerpt of Xingbu bijiao jiajian cheng’an, or (more likely) one of the three manuscript copies of case collections used by Xu Lian and Xiong E when they compiled that work in the early 1830s. (See under Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an and Jiajian cheng’an xinbian.) Ref. and studies: Ma, 93 (Qinghua).

[CL]

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0499–0502 0501

Xingshi panli 刑事判例, 3 ce [Decisions on Criminal Cases] Anon. Ca. 1822 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., no pref. or mulu; the title is on the box. [Faxue suo] – *Modern ed. based on the above ms. ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 6.

Rem.: A collection of miscellaneous legal documents, clearly arranged into two parts. The shorter first part contains very brief (often one- or two-sentence) summaries of 140 legal cases submitted by governors-general or governors to the Ministry of Justice (each entry begins with the words du/fu zi 督/撫咨), concluding with the decision recommended by the relevant provincial bureau, either confirming or correcting the governor’s proposal. The cases date from the years 1813–22. The arrangement seems to be by type of crime. Only in three examples is a death sentence recommended; in the rest of the cases it is various forms of exile, or even a beating. The entries in the second part are much more detailed. They consist of 124 sentence proposals submitted to the emperor by the ministry, introduced by such phrases as yide 議得, shende 審得, xingbu huikande 刑部會看得, xingbu yi 刑部議, xingbu zouwei 刑 部奏為, etc., and ending with an imperial rescript. They date from the years 1759–1821. In each instance a detailed account of the case, concluding with the governor’s sentence proposal, is followed by the ministry’s deliberation, citing the law or previous imperial decisions, and concluding with a sentence proposal, which the imperial rescript confirms, alters, or rebukes. The crimes discussed are mostly homicides. Some of the more important cases included in this collection are missing from other voluminous anthologies of Qing legal cases, such as Xing’an huilan or Bo’an huibian. [CL, CC]

0502

Gesheng xingbu an 各省刑部案, 10 ce [Cases Referred to the Ministry of Justice by the Various Provinces] Anon. Ca. 1823 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., unpaginated, no mulu, only 5 ce extant out of 10. [Faxue suo]

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4.1.4 Collections of Leading Cases

– *Modern punctuated ed. based on the ms. ed. above, in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 6.

Rem.: 334 short cases involving serious punishment, submitted to the Ministry of Justice by governors and governors-general, are included in the extant fascicles. They are arranged in the order of statutes in the Code. Almost all the cases deal with the “Justice” part of the Code (刑 律); only the last two are listed under a law belonging to the part on “Public Works” (工律); another one refers to a statute in the part on “Revenue” (戶律), but for some reason it appears in the middle of statutes belonging to “Justice” (p. 788 in the Lidai panli pandu ed.). Some statutes have only one case listed under them, while others have more than fifty. The type of crime (罪名) is indicated in the central margin. Each case is captioned with the name of the ministry bureau that dealt with it (corresponding to the province where it occurred), the year (with some exceptions), and the name of the criminal. It consists of a short summary of the crime or offense, followed by a sentence proposal based on existing statutes or substatutes (依…律/例) or, as the case may be, on analogy (比照…律/例), sometimes arguing that “there is no article in the law on which the case can be adjudicated” (律無治罪正條), or a similar phrase. A few cases end with the ministry’s considerations or with the emperor’s final decision modifying the proposed sentence. The collection was apparently compiled to serve as a guide for proposing judgments based on analogies. Only a few cases are dated to the first few years of the Daoguang reign; nearly all of the others are dated with a year number without indication of the reign; as these numbers range from 18 to 25 and from 1 to 3, it can be concluded that the collection covers the year JQ 18 to DG 3 (1813–1823). This is confirmed by looking at the cases also found in Xing’an huilan (q.v.). Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 53, listing the laws relevant to the cases (by You Shaohua 尤韶華). [CL, CC]

0503

Cheng’an beikao 成案備考, 10 j. [Reference Materials on Leading Cases] Anon. Ca. 1823 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. in several versions. [Beida, 3 copies] [*Columbia, with mulu listing the statutes in the Code corresponding to actual entries in the text] [*Faxue suo, no mulu, unpaginated] [*Harvard, no mulu, unpaginated, on pale red preframed paper with Danxiang shuwu 澹香書屋 in Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0502–0504

653

the lower central margin] [Jimbun] [*Ōki, with mulu, unpaginated, on plain paper, names of relevant statutes written on large labels pasted on the cover of each fasc.]

Rem.: Not to be confused with the 1808 printed work by the same title (q.v.). These are clearly copies, with variable page settings and a few variants, of the same collection of several hundred leading cases, many decided by analogy (i.e., in the absence of a staute or substatute directly applying), emanating from the Ministry of Justice. Each entry indicates the name of the provincial department which treated the case and the year (only occasionally, and never in the Columbia version, which only gives the reign name, Jiaqing or Daoguang), followed by a concise presentation of the case with the ministry’s conclusion, and in some cases by the final decision in the form of an enforceable imperial rescript marked by the words qinci 欽此. The cases span the period 1813–23 (a few are undated). (The single case dated 1826 in the copy at Faxue suo obviously results from a copying error, as it is dated 1822 in other sources, including Xing’an huilan sanbian 刑案匯覽三編 [Beijing: Beijing guji chubanshe, 2004], 359.) The margins feature the category of crime discussed. The order followed is that of the statutes in the Qing Code. Comparison with Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an and Jiajian cheng’an xinbian (qq.v.) shows a similarity of purpose and in the nature of the cases included, even though the language and format may vary in the case reports: for example, in Cheng’an beikao the entries are not introduced by the mention of the official or agency that submitted the original memorial (奏 or 題) or memorandum (咨) discussed.

Ref. and studies: Ma, 91–92 (Beida). “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 7 (by You Shaohua 尤韶華). Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 331 (Columbia copy). [CL, PEW] 0504

Guanyi leichao 館議類鈔, 8 j. [A Classified Anthology of Internal Opinions in the Bureau of the Code] Anon. Ca. 1823 Ed.:

– *Ms. from the Huanling shanfang 環靈山房, with pref. by Zhu Yun 朱枟 [橒] (n.d.). [Shoudu]

Rem.: This neatly calligraphed and carefully presented collection is a handbook for the law specialists of the Ministry of Justice in charge of the different provinces. While some regulations are reproduced, most Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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4.1.4 Collections of Leading Cases

texts are internal memoranda (說帖) from the Bureau of the Code (律 例館) dealing with cases from the period 1812–23. The pref. insists that

such advice must be preserved and circulated to help in the interpretation of law and determination of punishments. J. 1–5 are devoted to the various sorts of homicides; j. 6 contains cases of theft, kidnapping, swindling, etc.; j. 7 discusses kidnapping women; j. 8 deals with redemptions and miscellaneous crimes (雜犯). [JB]

0505

Yuedong cheng’an chubian 粵東成案初編, 38 + 1 j. [Leading Cases from Guangdong, First Installment] Comp. (編次) Zhu Yun 朱橒 (z. Yunmu 雲木), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) 1828 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by compiler (1828) (first page missing, no coverleaf). [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of same ed., section on accusations (控訐) (j. 26–29), in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 19–20.

Rem.: The cases were collected and copied by a private secretary who worked in the Guangdong surveillance commissioner office in the years 1815–28—a period during which he says he wrote several thousand judicial documents. He selected cases that were unusual or difficult; he also copied interesting cases drafted by colleagues. The arrangement, under eight categories of crime with a variable number of subcategories, is described in the “general categories” (總類) listed at beginning and further discussed in the fanli. Next comes a “general mulu” (總目) detailing entries of j. 1–14, all devoted to the category “homicide”; the same contents are found at the beginning of each juan. J. 15–38 also feature detailed mulu. The eight categories include homicides (命案), injuries (傷 人), bandits and robbers (盜匪), escaped prisoners (失囚), accusations (控訐), miscellaneous cases (雜讞), crimes committed by officials (職 官), and administrative punishments (議處). The cases are in the form of communications (咨) from the Ministry of Justice (or Ministry of Personnel in the last two categories) notifying the Guangdong provincial authorities of the final decision. Each communication reproduces the memorial submitted by the ministry, followed by the emperor’s rescript. The ministry memorial first quotes from the original Guangdong governor memorial submitting the case and proposing a sentence, then

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655

0504–0506

comments on it, and at the end proposes a final decision. The entries are introduced by a detailed caption; the relevant category of crime is indicated in the central margin.

Bio.: The only information available on Zhu Yun is that he had the status of student by purchase (監生) and served as vice-prefect (同知) of Guangzhou 廣州 in 1833 and assistant prefect (通判) of Gaozhou 高州 in 1837, both in Guangdong. See Guangzhou FZ (1879), 23/18b; Gaozhou FZ (1885), 21/15b. By the late 1820s he seems to have served as a muyou in Canton (see under Zijing lu). Ref. and studies: Alabaster, 620. Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 333 (1832 ed. in 40 j.) [PEW] 0506

Li’an beijiao 例案備較, 4 j. [Regulations and Cases for Comparison] Anon. 1829 Ed.:

– 1829 new engraving (新鐫). [Jimbun] [Shanghai]

Rem.: A selection of representative rejected cases (駁案), ministry memoranda (說帖), and leading cases (成案) edited by the Ministry of Justice Bureau of the Code (律例館). Ref. and studies: Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 328. [PEW]

0507

Xing’an zhaiyao 刑案摘要, 1 ce [An Anthology of Important Materials on Judicial Cases] Anon. Ca. 1830 Ed.:

– *Unpaginated ms. ed. in cursive hand. [Beitu]

Rem.: This densely written 67-folio booklet was evidently part of a set, as suggested by the character yun 允 below the title on the cover; the first page bears the mention cheng’an 成案; the central margins have the character xing 刑 (showing that this fasc. is devoted to cases responding to the “Justice” part of the Code) plus a few words indicating the nature of the case discussed on the page. Most entries are in the form of memoranda (說帖) written by the different provincial bureaus of the Ministry of Justice and commenting on particular cases; some are

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4.1.4 Collections of Leading Cases

general discussions, however. The dates of the entries range from 1810 to 1830 approximately, with a few from the Qianlong period. This must have been a reference book for officials and clerks at the ministry. [PEW]

0508

Shuotie zhaiyao chaocun 說帖摘要抄存, 14 ce [A Selection of Important Memoranda of the Ministry of Justice Copied for Preservation] Comp. (Changbai) Qingnian 長白清年 (z. Tai’an 泰菴) 1831 pref. Ed.:

– *[1848] ed. from the Kaifeng prefectural office 板存開封府署, with prefs. by Cun Ye 存業 (1831), Li Yuan 黎源 (1831), Li Yuan (1831, same text in a different script), compiler (1831), and Yuexing’a 岳興阿 (1848). [*Columbia, only 7 ce extant] [*Tōyō Bunko, same]

Rem.: The title at the head of the fanli is Xingbu shuotie gesheng tong­ xing cheng’an zhaiyao chaocun 刑部說帖各省通行成案摘要抄存; the running title is Li’an zhaiyao 例案摘要. The compiler stresses in his pref. that, if consulting the leading cases (成案) is necessary to overcome the limits of the Code and find arguments for analogies, the leading cases in published collections like Bo’an xinbian and its sequel Bo’an xubian (qq.v.) may be too old compared with the most recent regulations. Therefore it is important to also consult the memoranda of the Ministry of Justice. The present anthology features the more important memoranda as “leading cases circulated to the provinces” (通行成案). It was compiled because the original Xingbu shuotie was too bulky for handcopying. (It is unclear what this Xingbu shuotie, mentioned as “a book,” refers to.) The engraving, at a cost estimated at more than 600 taels, was done in 1831 with the editorial and financial help of Qingnian’s colleagues (a list of thirty names is provided after the prefs.), and later of the prefect of Kaifeng, Cun Ye. It was apparently under his colleagues’ pressure that Qingnian overcame misgivings about printing memoranda that had not been promulgated by the government (instead of handcopying them to share them with interested colleagues). The last pref. (also by a Kaifeng prefect) implies that the copy seen is a 1848 corrected ed. Contrary to the memoranda and cases circulated by the Ministry, which are arranged by chronological order, the arrangement in the present compilation follows the order of the statutes in the Penal Code, in imitation of Bo’an xinbian (and many other such publications as well), while still indicating the year and province of origin for further checking. Moreover it is arranged

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0507–0509

657

according to 4 categories, namely: (1) a selection of memoranda dealing with the statutes in the “General Principles” part of the Code (名例 律各門參核例案條議): some of the entries are just a paraphrase of the relevant statute and of some of its substatutes, others are explanations or commentaries about a statute; still others are, or include, cases (in fasc. 1); (2) discussions of the law found in shuotie or in “circulars” (通行), occasionally with indication of the date and of the province concerned but without discussing the contents of the case itself (辨晰例案精言); (3) cases for which there is no exact provision in the Code and whose adjudication involves analogy or some adjustment of the penalty incurred (律例無明文酌量比照加減各案); (4) cases rejected because of a faulty interpretation of the law (錯擬議駁各案). Each fasc. has separate pagenumbering and is numbered by a character in the lower central margin (forming the verse 每聞善事心先喜 in the 7 fasc. held at Tōyō Bunko; in the copy held at Columbia the order has been mixed up); for each entry the caption of the statute (or part of the statute) referred to is indicated in the central margin.

Bio.: The prefs. indicate that Qingnian was a juren who acquired the rank of magistrate in 1826 through the datiao 大挑 procedure; he was first sent to work under the Shandong and Henan director-general of the Grand Canal (東河), who after two years asked that he be employed as a local magistrate because of his inexperience in river conservancy. Having been sent to Henan in 1828, he was appointed to the province’s judicial bureau (讞局) by Cun Ye, the prefect of Kaifeng. While there, he compiled three works as aids in judicial administration, titled Xingming yide 刑名一得 [different from the 1784 work by the same title (q.v.)], Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan 秋審比較條款, and Shuotie chaocun 說帖 抄存, of which the present publication is probably an abridged version. [PEW] 0509

Shuotie 說帖, 69 or 83 ce [Ministry Memoranda] Anon.

Ca. 1831 or 1836

Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. with pref. by Chen Tinggui 陳廷桂 (1811). [Columbia, 2 copies]

Rem.: This seems to be alternate recensions of Shuotie jiyao (q.v.), in two different stages of development. The title appears only in the mulu (titled “Shuotie mulu”) and on the cover labels. The pref. (“Shuotie mulu xu”) is the same as in Shuotie jiyao. The mulu features 7 j. (首, 1–6), j. 首

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listing materials from the years 1784–95 and j. 1–6 materials from the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods up till 1831 in one copy and 1836 in the other. The two parts of the mulu (j. shou and j. 1–6, respectively) are similarly arranged in the order of the statutes in the Code, the entries corresponding to a new statute starting on a new folio; the part and section of the Code and statute caption are indicated both in the text proper and in the central margin; for each memorandum there is a rather detailed caption summarizing the legal problem at hand, the date, the provincial bureau involved, and the name of the culprit. In the work proper the arrangement is strictly chronological: the memoranda are arranged under each successive year and without clear logic—presumably in the original order of the Bureau of the Code archive; the central margin provides the names of the bureau and culprit (in some very rare instances the Bureau and the problem at hand, or the Bureau and a general circular), which are in fact the only mention (with the date) helping locate a memorandum from the mulu: in other words, contrary to most anthologies of leading cases and memoranda, only the mulu has been arranged in the order of the Penal Code, thus functioning as an index by contents. The year is indicated unsystematically, making research somewhat awkward: it is found either in the central margin, or at the beginning of each new year covered, or on the cover label of the fasc. The two manuscripts held at Columbia are not entirely similar: the second one is of a larger size but with two characters less per column, and more carefully written, and it is on preframed paper. From 1796 onwards it also features more entries than the first one (they have been inserted along the way); in the Daoguang period its selection of cases is only partly overlapping with that in the other copy, and it covers five more years. [PEW]

0510

Xingbu shuotie 刑部說帖, 52 ce [Memoranda from the Ministry of Justice] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. in careful hand on pre-framed paper; title given by library. [Fu Sinian]

Rem.: A reference compilation covering part of the Jiaqing and Daoguang years, of which large sections look as if they might be printed in their present form. (The same is true of not a few shuotie compilations.) The entries are in the form of internal notes, sometimes

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0509–0511

659

introduced by “we observe” (查), or “carefully observe” (謹查), requesting the approval of the Ministry of Justice directors (these are shuotie properly speaking). More rarely, they are in the form of memorials from the ministry requesting an imperial rescript. The very detailed mulu at the beginning follows the order of statutes in the Code (not all the statutes are cited, however, and names of the parts and sections of the Code are not provided), and lists each entry with a detailed caption including the province, year, and name of criminal. Doubts are raised, however, when observing that this zongmu (ce 1) stops at the “War” laws (兵律), implying that one or more ce of mulu might be missing (some are found later on in the compilation). In fact, examination reveals some disorder in the numbering of the 52 fasc., and suggests that not a few fasc. are missing. Some fasc. are devoted not to a particular section of the Code but to a particular year (with a serial number), featuring a mulu at the beginning but no indications in the margins. At least one fasc. bears the title Shuotie jiyao 輯要 at the beginning. In the more complete fascicles the central margin indicates the title of the relevant statute and the name of the criminal. [PEW]

0511

Xingbu gesi panli 刑部各司判例, 7 ce [Judgments from the Different Bureaus of the Ministry of Justice] Anon. Ca. 1833 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. on paper pre-framed in red, no pref. or mulu; the title appears on the case. [Faxue suo]

Rem.: Over 150 Ministry of Justice legal memoranda dating from 1832 (in 3 ce) and 1833 (in 4 ce). The documents are organized by year and then by different ministry bureaus. Each folio has the names of the bureau and of the principal offender inscribed in the central margin. With a few exceptions, each case starts with the phrase “Pursuant to the statute/substatute …” (查律/例載) to introduce quotations from the relevant statute and/or substatute, and then elaborates on the circumstances of the case at issue and applies the quoted law to it. It concludes with the bureau’s comment on the provincial governor’s proposed sentence, or with its reply to the inquiry of a superior judge in the ministry. Also included in the collection are some circulars (通行) drafted by the bureaus. Unlike many other collections of case records from the

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Ministry of Justice, the documents contain no quotations from imperial edicts (諭旨) or from memorials (題奏) sent by the provincial authorities. Comparison with works like Xing’an huilan (q.v.) shows that this is clearly a collection of internal legal memoranda (說貼), possibly original copies, drafted by the ministry bureaus during the two years concerned. [CL]

0512

Jiajian cheng’an xinbian 加減成案新編, 6 j. [New Compilation of Leading Cases concerning Increases and Reductions of Sentences]; Liangqi cheng’an xinbian 兩歧成案新編, 2 j. [New Compilation of Leading Cases concerning Contradictory Conclusions] Comp. (鈔訂) Li Fengchen 李逢辰 (z. Yunzhong 允中, Yunting 允廷, h. Futang 馥堂) (js. 1814), from Yuanhe 元和 (Jiangsu) 1833 Ed.:

– *1833 engraving (鐫) of the Yushan Shao family at Chengdu 板藏錦宮城 虞山邵寓, title on cover-leaf Cheng’an xinbian, with the words 分加減兩 歧, 編次各校正無訛, and giving a price of 4 taels per copy; title in chapter captions and running title Jiajian cheng’an xinbian; with prefs. by Li Fengchen (1833) and Shao Shengqing 邵繩清 (also given as collator and publisher 校刊) (1833); Liangqi cheng’an xinbian, no separate cover-leaf, same title in chapter captions and central margins, with pref. by Shao Shengqing (1833). [*Beida] [*Columbia] [*Faxue suo] [*Oki] [*Zhengfa, titled Biyin 比引 cheng’an xinbian].

Rem.: This twin compilation includes two sorts of leading cases: those that had to use analogy (比附) because of the lack of a specific statute or sustatute (in the former work); and those that could not even use analogy because they featured contradictory circumstances (情涉兩 歧) leading to contradictory assessments (事經兩擬), and necessitated a balanced decision (in the latter work). Li Fengchen explains that in his capacity of acting Sichuan surveillance commissioner he was able to see the large proportion of cases responding to such descriptions. The work features cases, dating mostly to the Jiaqing and early Daoguang reigns (to 1823), from which Li copied extracts while at the Office of Scrutiny for Justice (刑科) in the Censorate. The entries, which indicate the provincial bureau of the Ministry of Justice to which the case was referred as well as the date, are short summaries focusing on the statute or substatute used for analogy, or (in Liangqi cheng’an xinbian) on the divergences in the judgment propositions. In Jiajian cheng’an

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0511–0512

661

xinbian they are arranged according to the order of the statutes in the Penal Code, summed up in the general mulu and in the detailed mulu at the beginning of each juan (the statutes on “Justice” 刑律 cover j. 2–6, with those on “Public Works” 工律 at the end of j. 6). Comparison with the 1834 Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an (q.v.) reveals that the cases in Jiajian cheng’an xinbian are identical (but often arranged in a different order within the same section); however, the former work has no cases from 1823. They may have used a common manuscript source. In Liangqi cheng’an xinbian the cases are arranged according to eight categories of crime—dealing with people related by mourning (服制), homicides (人 命), affrays (鬥毆), sexual crimes and abduction (姦拐), violence and robbery (賊盜), forcible robbery (搶奪), fraud and cheating (詐偽), and miscellaneous crimes (雜犯). Li insists that all these materials can help jurists (i.e., legal muyou) enlarge their knowledge (皆足為申韓家擴其識 見). Shao Shengqing was entrusted by Li with assembling and collating the texts and printing them; he stresses in his first pref. that even leading cases that have not been publicly circulated (通行) and cannot therefore be cited in a judgment may help judges reach a proper decision. Four cases are appended to j. 6, referring to the “Articles on analogy” (比引律條), “Regulations on catching fugitives” (督捕則例, 2 cases), and “Mongol regulations” (蒙古則例).

Bio.: After his jinshi, Li Fengchen became a bachelor (庶吉士), then a junior compiler (編修) at the Hanlin Academy. From 1824 he was a censor (監察御 史), first in the Shandong and then in the metropolitan circuit; later he was a censor in the Office of Scrutiny, first for Personnel and later for Justice. He signs his pref. as Sichuan salt and tea intendant and acting surveillance commissioner (署四川按察使司按察使鹽茶道), and says this is his fourth year in his intendancy—he got there in 1829, and held the seals of surveillance commissioner in 1833; he died after two years in that post (see Dufa tucun, fanli). His interest in the autumn assizes must have been considerable since he is credited with a Qiuyan huibian 秋讞會編 in 56 j. in the Suzhou gazetteer. See Suzhou 蘇州 FZ (1883), 63/27b, 137/35b; Wu 吳 XZ (1933), 13/15a. Shao Shengqing was a veteran legal muyou in five provinces for more than 30 years. When compiling this work with Li Fengchen, he was advising the latter in the surveillance commissioner’s office in Chengdu. He also published other influential treatises on judicial administration, including Dufa tucun (q.v.) (see under this title, Liang Shijun’s pref.). Ref.: Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 328. [CL, PEW]

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Xingbu shuotie jieyao 刑部說帖揭要, 28 j. [An Anthology of Ministry of Justice Memoranda] Comp. Hu Tiaoyuan 胡調元 (z. Xieqing 燮卿), from Tingzhou 汀州 (Fujian) 1833 Ed.:

– *1833 new ed. (重刻) of the Lequan tang at Jinkui 金匱樂全堂藏板, with prefs. by Yang Guozhen 楊國楨 (1833), Li Yumei 栗毓美 (1833), Zhang Yuan 張垣 (1833), Cun Ye 存業 (to 重刻, 1833), Zou Minghao 鄒鳴鶴 (1833), Zhou Qiyun 周啟運 (n.d.), and Zhang Zengpei 張曾霈 (to 重刻, 1833). [Columbia]

Rem.: According to the prefs., the original work of which this is a new ed. was published in a movable-type ed. (集珍板) with poor circulation; the materials had been collected by Hu Tiaoyuan when he was an official at the Ministry of Justice. Hu’s own pref. to the Xuzeng sequel (see next entry) says that this first installment was completed in 1830 in 16 fasc. The present facsimile (翻刻) was edited and published in Kaifeng by Zhang Zengpei (z. Wencha 問槎) from Jinkui, with the help of a large array of disciples and nephews for the collating. The original ed. already included a sequel (續增) in 17 juan, or 4 fasc. (see next entry). The entries—that is, the memoranda written by the various provincial bureaus of the Ministry of Justice—are dated and arranged in the order of the sections in the Penal Code (as enumerated in the general mulu at the beginning and in the central margins in the work), and of the statutes therein. They cover the period 1784–1829. Each juan is preceded by a list of the entries it contains, with captions giving their general content and the name of the culprit in the case discussed; the latter also appears at the bottom of the central margin and can thus serve as an index for browsing.

Bio.: The prefaces (as well as Hu’s own pref. to Xuzeng, next entry) indicate that Hu Tiaoyuan spent a long period at the Ministry of Justice before leaving for Anhui, where he became acting prefect of Luzhou 廬州 and later (in 1825) incumbent prefect of Yingzhou 穎州; he was still in Yingzhou when he signed his pref. of 1831. It was after his move to Yingzhou that with the help of some colleagues he edited and put in order the materials he had collected from the many volumes handcopied by his colleagues at the Ministry. Zhang Zengpei is described as a canjun 參軍 (unofficial name for a Provincial Administration Commission registrar) and an expert in legal studies; he was visiting Henan as an adviser because of a mourning period (以奉諱之後遊幕中州).

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Ref. and studies: Ma, 88 (Qinghua) (with xuzeng). Bibliography entries for same author: Xuzeng xingbu lüli guan shuotie jieyao. [PEW] 0514

Xuzeng xingbu lüli guan shuotie jieyao 續增刑部律例館說帖揭要, 17 j. [A Sequel to An Anthology of Memoranda of the Ministry of Justice Bureau of the Code] Comp. (采輯) Hu Tiaoyuan 胡調元 (z. Xieqing 燮卿), from Tingzhou 汀州 (Fujian) 1833 Ed.:

– *1833 ed. of the Lequan tang at Jinkui 金匱樂全堂藏板, coll. and published (校刊) by Zhang Zengpei 張曾霈 (z. Wencha 問槎), with “original pref.” by Hu Tiaoyuan (1831), pref. by Zhang Yingyun 張應雲 (1831), colophon (跋) by Peng Shoushan 彭壽山 (1831). [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: A sequel to Xingbu shuotie jieyao (see previous entry). According to Hu Tiaoyuan’s pref., the two works in their original printing made a total 20 fasc. citing more than a thousand cases. The memoranda that he used were culled from the “more than a hundred volumes” of memoranda that his colleagues had copied at the Ministry; he explains how he cut or ignored everything that was redundant or not useful to understand the meaning of the law, and claims that the work “sincerely should be used as a model by the judges so that they can avoid the abuse consisting in ‘changing the circumstance to fit the law’” (司讞者允宜奉為圭臬 庶可免移情就例之弊). The presentation of the entries is the same as in Xingbu shuotie jieyao. Bio.: See previous entry. Bibliography entries for same author: Xingbu shuotie jieyao.

0515

[PEW]

Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an 刑部比照加減成案, 32 j. [Leading Cases with Increased or Decreased Sentences Decided by Analogy at the Ministry of Justice] Jointly ed. (同訂) Xu Lian 許槤 (z. Shuxia 叔夏, h. Shanlin 刪林, 珊林) (1797–1862) (js. 1833), from Haining 海寧 (Zhejiang), and Xiong E 熊莪 (z. Bichen 璧臣), from Tianmen 天門 (Hubei) 1834

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Ed.:

– *1834 ed. of the Peng printing store in Guiyang 版存黔省北門外黑石頭彭 刻字舖, with prefs. by Xu Lian (1834) and Xiong E (1834). [Ōki] – 1834 Beijing Jialing zhai 京師嘉量齋 ed. [Ministry of Justice Library, Tokyo] [Tianjin] – *Photo-repro. of 1834 ed. (Tianjin copy), without printer name, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 865. – *Modern punctuated ed. by He Qinhua 何勤華 et al., Beijing: Zhongguo falü chubanshe, 2009 (see under Bo’an huibian).

Rem.: It seems that facsimile eds. of the work, featuring the same date and stating “jointly edited by Xu and Xiong,” were produced in different places. Xu’s pref. recalls the importance of drawing inspiration from leading cases (成案) to “modulate” (加減, or 上下) sentences through the use of analogy (比照). The present compilation was first edited (校) by Xiong E, an official at the Ministry of Justice when Xu Lian met him. According to Xiong (cited in Xu’s preface), it is “a golden needle for deciding judgments in present times” (當世決獄金鍼); in his own pref. Xiong also stresses the clarity and brevity of the bizhao jiajian leading cases, as opposed to the proliferation and cumbersomeness of ministry memoranda (說帖). Another Ministry of Justice official who was associated with the compilation was Li Zhangyu 李璋煜 (see under Xiyuan lu bianzheng cankao). Xu Lian edited the work, based on the comparison of several handwritten copies, added abundant punctuation to the text, and had it engraved. The cases are arranged following the order of the sections and statutes in the Code, as listed in the mulu. (Only a selection of the statutes are represented.) The central margins indicate only the relevant part and section of the Code. A few cases at the end refer to Lifan yuan zeli 理藩院則例, Menggu zeli 蒙古則例, and Biyin tiaoli 比引 條例. The entries are quite short. Each indicates the ministry’s provincial bureau (清吏司) that treated the case, the date of decision, and the rank of the provincial official who submitted the case; a brief abstract of the circumstances precedes the bureau’s statement explaining why it considers the punishment proposed should be either increased or decreased. The cases date from 1813 to 1822. For a sequel, see Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an xubian (1843).

Bio.: After his jinshi, Xu Lian worked for a time as compiler of a gazetteer of inscriptions held by the National University titled Guozi jian jinshi zhi 國子監金石志. It was after the completion of this work, and while he stayed in the capital awaiting appointment, that he made friends with Li Zhangyu

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and Xiong E, the Ministry of Justice officials with whom he discussed the contents of the present work. His first post in the provinces was department magistrate of Pingdu 平度 (Shandong), where he arrived in 1836 in the wake of a famine and rebuilt a number of public buildings as well as the city wall. In 1843 he was made acting prefect of Zhenjiang 鎮江 (Jiangsu); later he became prefect of Xuzhou 徐州, then of Huaian 淮安 (1846–48) in the same province. His last position was grain intendant (糧儲道) in Suzhou (1850–52). He retired because of illness and died in Rugao 如皋 shortly thereafter, at age 75. After his death he was worshiped in the temple of eminent officials in Pingdu. He was also known as a specialist of epigraphy and of ancient scripts. See Xu Lian, Gujun ge yizhu 古均閣遺著 (1888); Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (1898), 137/27a–28a; Haining ZZ gao (1922), 28/47a–b; Pingdu ZZ (1849), 4/表3/6b; Pingdu XxuZ (1936), 7/1b; Huaian FZ (1884), 13/8b; Wu 吳 XZ (1933), 22/15a; Shandong TZ (1918), 77/37a–b. Xiong E, a student by purchase (監生), started his career in the Ministry of Justice in 1821 with the purchased rank of bureau director. He stayed there (with an interruption for mourning in 1831–33) through 1836, when he became prefect of Linjiang 臨江 (Jiangxi). He continued in Jiangxi as acting or expectant prefect to 1845, then becoming grain (1845–46) and salt (1846–48) intendant, and later acting surveillance commissioner (1848–51) and administration commissioner (1852). For the precise dates of his acting and incumbent positions in Jiangxi, see Jiangxi TZ (1881), j. 13 passim; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4312. Ma, 92 (Beida). Alabaster, 620 (“important and instructive”). Nakamura, “Shindai no keian,” 734. Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 329. Bibliography entries for same author: Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an xubian; Xiyuan lu xiangyi; Jiangu buyi kaozheng. [PEW] 0516

Xing’an huilan 刑案匯覽, 1 + 60 + 1 j. [A Conspectus of Judicial Cases] Supervised (參定) by Bao Shuyun 鮑書芸 (z. Jihan 季涵), from Shexian 歙縣 (Anhui); comp. (編次) by Zhu Qingqi 祝慶祺 (z. Song’an 松菴), from Guiji 會稽 (Zhejiang) 1834 Ed.: – *1834 engraving (鐫) of the Tangyue shensi tang 棠樾慎思堂藏板, with pref. by Bao Shuyun (1834). [*Columbia] [*Tōyō Bunko, with Xuzeng 續增 xing’an huilan in 16 j., printed in 1840, pref. by Bao Shuyun (1840)]

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– 1844 new ed. by Jin Guyuan 金谷園 based on Tangyue shensi tang ed. [Taiwan shifan daxue] – *1852 enlarged ed. (增刊) of the Tangyue shensi tang, with pref. by Bao Shuyun (1834); with Xuzeng xing’an huilan in 16 j., pref. by Bao Shuyun (1840). [Columbia] – *Undated Tushu jicheng ju 圖書集成局 small-sized ed. 仿袖珍板印, with pref. by Bao Shuyun (1834); with Xuzeng xing’an huilan in 16 j., pref. by Bao Shuyun (1840), and Xinzeng 新增 xing’an huilan in 16 j. (q.v.), pref. by He Weikai 何維楷 (1886). [Columbia] – *1893 Hongwen shuju ed., Shanghai 上海鴻文書局代印, with pref. by Bao Shuyun (1834); with xuzeng xing’an huilan in 16 j., pref. by Bao Shuyun (1840), and Xinzeng xing’an huilan, in 16 j., pref. by He Weikai (1886). A well-printed, handy and very compact ed. (22 48-character columns per page, 20 fasc. fitting in one single box). [IHEC] – Photo-repro. of Shanghai Tushu jicheng ed. (dated 1888), Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968. – *Photo-repro. of 1834/1840 Tangyue shensi tang ed. of Xing’an huilan and Xuzeng xing’an huilan, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 867–872. – *Modern punctuated ed. in simplified characters, together with Xuzeng xing’an huilan and Xinzeng xing’an huilan, under general title Xing’an huilan sanbian 三编, with general prefs. by Zhang Jinfan 張晉藩 and Lin Qian 林乾 (2003), Beijing: Beijing guji chubanshe, 2004, 4 vols.

Rem.: Bao Shuyun conceived the idea of compiling a systematic collection of leading cases after he joined the Ministry of Justice in 1823 and could see the unorganized accumulation of cases from successive years, forming a mass “as vast as an ocean” (浩如淵海). He was not able to carry it out, however, but after he returned to Yangzhou on mourning leave for his mother he met Zhu Qingqi, a specialist in law who showed him his own compilation of cases, and the two set to work together to produce a “complete set” (全帙) based on their shared ideas. The three main sources of cases are (1) the memoranda (說帖) exposing the opinions of the Bureau of the Code (律例館) on difficult or doubtful cases, in existence since 1784, which represent about one half of the contents; (2) leading cases (成案), excluding those that were turned into substatutes (about one quarter of the contents); (3) general circulars (通行), i.e. leading cases or imperial edicts inspired by cases that were circulated among the bureaucracy. Some published sources, including the Peking Gazette, were also utilized. In general the authors chose to retain cases that posed special problems because of the lack of a specific substatute. The detailed mulu, set in a separate fasc. in some eds., lists the captions

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(案由) of every one of the ca. 5,600 cases under the statute to which they belong primarily, the statutes being set in the order of the Penal Code; the list of cases is repeated at the head of each juan, and the captions appear in the upper margin at the beginning of each case. There is also a table of the statutes in the Code (律目), specifying those for which cases are introduced in the work (有案). The caption of the statute under which the cases are classified is indicated in the lower central margin to facilitate browsing. J. 首 is devoted to imperial amnesties and their exceptions (赦款章程). The entries in j. 末 are about the regulations of the Ministry of Justice (刑部事宜), and include cases left over (拾遺備 考) in which similar circumstances led to different judgments (情同議 異). Two sequels, the 1840 Xuzeng xing’an huilan (ca. 1,670 cases) and the 1886 Xinzeng xing’an huilan (q.v.) (a little less than 300 cases), follow exactly the same format. The materials for the Xuzeng were collected and edited by Zhu Qingqi in Beijing and published by Bao after Zhu’s death; leading cases represent about three quarters of the contents, ministry memoranda about one tenth. The materials for the Xinzeng were assembled in a mere three months by Pan Wenfang 潘文舫 and Xu Jianquan 徐 諫荃. The pref. and fanli of the Xinzeng insist that the original work has been hailed as a guide and a compass by judges ever since its publication, but that it is very cumbersome; therefore the new installment has been printed in small-size format. It may be noted that a Xing’an huilan sanbian (q.v.) in 124 j. was compiled by the famous late-Qing jurist Shen Jiaben 沈家本 as a follow-up to Bao Shuyun’s two works (Shen does not seem to have heard of the Xinzeng); however, due to the Boxer troubles and Shen’s later work in revising the Penal Code it was never published. Bio.: The only indication about Bao Shuyun, found in his 1834 pref., is that he entered the Ministry of Justice in 1823 (where he was a vice-director according to She XZ [1828], 7D/11b) and had to leave for mourning a few years later; he does not seem to have been reappointed. According to the same pref., at some point in the process of compilation Zhu Qingqi left Yangzhou to join the private cabinet of Zhejiang-Fujian gouvernor-general Sun Erzhun 孫爾準, and returned to resume the work in Yangzhou in 1832; the 1840 pref. says he was appointed at the capital in 1834 and “had been a judicial official at the Court of Judicial Review for years” (作吏雲司有年)—it is doubtful that yunsi might stand for the Yunnan department of the Ministry of Justice, as said in Bodde and Morris (see below)—without further precision. According to Bao, Zhu thought of his judicial work as “a means to help the world” (思假此以濟世). It is not quite clear how the compilers, who worked in Yangzhou, collected such a mass of materials, much of which was kept in the archives of the Ministry of

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Justice. One sentence in the 1834 pref. can be interpreted as referring to materials copied either by Bao when he was at the Ministry (as understood in Chang), or by Zhu during a hypothetic tenure at the capital (as understood by Bodde and Morris). Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4312 (Zhu Qingqi as author; with xuzeng in 10 j.). Ma, 89–90 (Beiping) (1852 ed.). Chang, 1:310–2. He Qinhua, 2:360–5. Qingdai lüxue, 221–33 (by Li Yanjun 李艷君). Ch’en Fu-mei. Chiu Pengsheng, “Zhenxiang dabai,” 139–40 and passim. Wejen Chang, “Legal education,” 328 n. 43, states that the work “reduces the facts of most cases to a few lines. Nor is the legal reasoning elaborate.” Nakamura, “Shindai no keian,” 715–30. Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 329. Alabaster (quoting 350 cases from Xing’an huilan). Bodde and Morris, Law in Imperial China, 144–59, and Part Two for transls. and commentaries of cases. [PEW] 0517

Shuotie leibian 說帖類編, 6 + 36 j. [A Classified Collection of Ministry Memoranda] Anon. 1835 Ed.:

– *1835 engraving (鐫), version coll. and copied by the Bureau of the Code 律例館校鈔本, with pref. by Dai Dunyuan 戴敦元 (1834). [Beitu] [*Columbia] [*Harvard] – *Undated ed. from the Senbao zhai at Huanchuan (possibly Xiaogan 孝感, Hubei) 楚澴川森寶齋藏板 titled Xinzuan xing’an 新纂刑案 shuotie leibian, apparently identical to the ed. above, with pref. by Dai Dunyuan (1834). [Tōyō Bunko] – Photo-repro. of the copy at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 2, vol. 55–61.

Rem.: The author of the pref. (written at the Ministry of Justice) notes that some 50 years had elapsed since the publication of Quan Shichao’s Bo’an xinbian (q.v.); the archives were accumulating by the day and officials in charge of the autumn assizes, fearing that in the end they would be thrown into disorder, decided to use their spare time to compile them, selecting the more important documents and eliminating the superfluous, and arranging them chronologically and by categories. He also remarks that the pieces quoted in the commentaries currently used to supplement the Penal Code, such as Huizuan, Huibian, Tongzuan and Quanzuan (see section 4.1.1., Qing A and B), have all been “selected and compiled” (采輯) by private secretaries in the provinces and are full of

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lacunae (挂一漏百); in contrast, the present compilation “collects [the documents of] the Ministry of Justice in their integrity, looks for pearls [directly] in the abyss and picks jade [directly] from the mountain” (是 書匯刑部之全，求珠于淵，采玉于山). (These considerations are already found, though with a few changes of words, in Chen Tinggui’s 1811 pref. to Shuotie [q.v.]) The general mulu is followed by a mulu in 6 j. titled Shuotie jianming mulu 說帖簡明目錄, listing the titles of each memorandum in each category (that is, the parts, sections, and statutes in the Penal Code), with their date, the ministry provincial bureau involved, and the name of the culprit; the statutes concerned are indicated at the bottom of the central margin. In the body of the text the documents can be located through the part and section of the Code to which they belong (in the upper central margin) and the name of the culprit (in the lower central margin). The cases date mostly from the Jiaqing and Daoguang reigns, with a few from late Qianlong. (In the ed. seen at Tōyō Bunko parts of the jianming mulu have been mistakenly bound with the text proper through j. 6, obviously due to a confusion between the numbering of the chapters of the mulu and of the main text.) Ref. and studies: Alabaster, 621 (“old … but not out of date”; Dai Dunyuan as author). Ma, 87–88 (Qinghua) (Senbao zhai ed.). [PEW]

0518

Shuotie bianli xinbian 說帖辨例新編, 48 j. [A New Collection of Memoranda Discussing the Substatutes] Comp. (輯) Wang Jinzhi 汪進之 (z. Qinxi 琴谿), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1836 Ed.: – *1836 movable-type ed. with prefs. by (Changbai) Chengge 長白成格 (1837), Chen Guisheng 陳桂生 (1837), Qian Tingxun 錢廷薰 (1837), Liu Qinglin 劉慶麟 (1835), and compiler (1831, and 續序, 1837). [*Columbia] [*Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: The aim of the compiler—described in one of the prefs. as a literatus with a strong interest in statecraft—was to select, edit for the sake of consistency and simplification, and rearrange according to the order of the Code, the memoranda keeping track of the discussions at the Ministry of Justice that were compiled annually since 1783 and existed in manuscript copies. A first version in movable type had been started in Beijing in 1824 by the compiler’s son, Wang Rong’en 榮恩, but

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it was abandoned because the layout of the categories was unsatisfactory. During the period 1828–31 Wang Jinzhi was able to complete the work in Hubei, and was about to have it printed with the help of one of his sons-in-law, Zheng Dunyun 鄭敦允—who was a prefect there, and who earlier had made it possible for him to consult the shuotie when he headed the Autumn Assizes Bureau (秋審處) at the ministry—but again the project foundered after Zheng was moved to another position. Eventually Wang Jinzhi was able to get the work published in his native Hangzhou with the help of a host of officials, cousins, and friends. The compilation follows the order of the statutes in the Penal Code. The very long mulu (2 fasc.) lists every entry in the work (each entry corresponds to a particular situation and includes one or more cases; there are 2,741 cases in all, covering the period 1784–1830). By far the largest proportion of the book (j. 12–47 and a part of j. 48) concerns statutes in the “Justice” part of the Code (刑律). [PEW]

0519

Gesheng lüdang 各省律檔, 88 ce [Legal Archives concerning the Different Provinces] Anon. Ca. 1840 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Zhengfa]

Rem.: This large collection contains both memorials and communications submitted by provincial officials to the Ministry of Justice or to the emperor, and legal memoranda submitted by the bureaus of the Ministry of Justice, concerning a variety of legal issues. They are dated from the years 1796–1840. In form and substance, this collection resembles publications such as Shuotie leibian (q.v.). A preliminary comparison involving identical cases shows that the responses to the memorials or memoranda that are included in Shuotie leibian are absent in the present collection. (Compare, for example, the Sun Lunyuan 孫倫元 case in ce 1 with the Sun Shouzhi 孫守智 case in Shuotie leibian, 13/1a–2b; or the Yang Zhang shi case (楊張氏案) in ce 3 with the same case in Shuotie leibian, 26/8a–9a.) This suggests that the present collection may have served both as a constantly updated database for the use of Ministry of Justice personnel and as a prototype (or source) for the legal documents published in Shuotie leibian and similar anthologies. It is of particular

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value to scholars of Qing jurisprudence and judicial practice as a rung in the process of producing reference collections for practitioners. [CL]

0520

Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an xubian 刑部比照加減成案續編, 32 j. [A Sequel to Leading Cases with Increased or Decreased Sentences Decided by Analogy at the Ministry of Justice] Ed. (訂) Xu Lian 許槤 (z. Shuxia 叔夏, h. Shanlin 刪林, 珊林) (1797– 1862) (js. 1833), from Haining 海寧 (Zhejiang) 1843 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with pref. by Xu Lian (1843). [Columbia] – *Photo-repro. of same ed. (copy at Zhejiang), in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 866. – *Modern punctuated ed. by He Qinhua 何勤華 et al., Beijing: Zhongguo falü chubanshe, 2009 (see under Bo’an huibian).

Rem.: A sequel to Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an (q.v.), ed. by Xu Lian and Xiong E (1834), with materials corresponding to the decade elapsed since then. The presentation is the same as in the earlier work. In his pref., Xu gives the manipulations of the Ministry of Justice clerks and the lack of training of the officials as one important reason why he and Xiong E published their first collection in 1834.

Bio.: See under Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an. Ref. and studies: Ma, 92–93 (Beiping). Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 329. Bibliography entries for same author: Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an; Xiyuan lu xiangyi; Jiangu buyi kaozheng. [PEW] 0521

Cheng’an xinbian 成案新編, 24 j. [A New Compilation of Leading Cases] Anon. 1849 Ed.:

– 1849 ed. [Beida]

Rem.: A printed ed. of documents copied by the Bureau of the Code (律例館) of the Ministry of Justice. It was conceived as a complement to Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an (q.v.), whose contents do not go beyond 1822. (The publisher apparently was not aware of the 1848 sequel to this

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work.) The cases cover the Daoguang period. The autumn assizes regulations (秋審實緩章程) are appended.

Ref. and studies: Ma, 91 (Beida). Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” also mentioning three mss. by the same title, also held at Beida (not in cat.), and one work at Harvard (same). [PEW] 0522

Zougao cheng’an 奏稿成案, 4 ce [Draft Memorials on Leading Cases] Anon. Ca. 1863 Ed.:

– *Undated, untitled small-size ms. ed. in several clear hands. [Columbia]

Rem.: The title Zougao cheng’an appears in the library catalog; the covers of fasc. 1 and 4 are titled Zougao cheng’an quan shengsi 全省 司. This anthology appears to have been compiled by members of the Ministry of Justice in late Qing, probably to train new staff members. Ce 1 contains about 50 draft memorials (奏底) prepared by the various provincial bureaus of the ministry to be forwarded by the ministry chiefs in the course of the criminal procedure (they are not “leading cases” strictly speaking since they have not yet been approved by the imperial rescript requested in conclusion). Most of them deal with affairs that occurred in the capital (including homicides, theft, gambling, opium trafficking, and more) and therefore were directly investigated by the ministry (現 審). They cover the period 1860–63. The central margins bear the name of the relevant bureau and the name of the criminal. Ce 2–4 contain reports by the ministry bureaus dealing with homicide cases submitted to the review process handled by the Three Judicial Offices (三法 司) in the year 1851 and referred to the 1852 autumn assizes; fasc. 2 and 3 have a mulu listing the types of homicides discussed in the documents. Each entry has a short commentary added in the upper margin. The summary of the factual circumstances is followed by the sentence proposed by the Sanfa si, then by the emperor’s approval or demand for revision. Cases involving deferred strangulation or decapitation (絞/斬 監候) include additional documents since they will be again reviewed by the provincial authorities and by the Autumn Assizes Bureau (秋審 處) of the ministry the following year. Each case also records the specific findings of the ministry officials at different stages of the judicial review, introduced by such terms as “司看批,” “复看批,” or “總看批.” The final judgment is inserted in the upper margin for each case report. The

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673

collection sheds light on the internal mechanisms of the Qing judicial review near its final stage. Ref. and studies: Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 331. [CL, PEW]

0523

Zengding xingbu shuotie 增訂刑部說帖, 8 j. [Memoranda from the Ministry of Justice, Revised and Enlarged] Ed. (督修) Guoying 國英, from the Manchu Plain White Banner, et al. 1883 Ed.: – *1883 ed. of the office of the Guangxi surveillance commissioner 板存廣 西臬署, with pref. by Guoying (1883), with Zengding tongxing tiaoli 增訂 通行條例, 2 j. (printed in 1883), appended. [Columbia]

Rem.: Besides Guangxi surveillance commissioner Guoying, given as director of the compilation (duxiu), four officials with the rank of prefect are “supervisors” (監修), and 26 lesser or expectant officials are “in charge” (承修), “sharing” (分修), or collators, apparently most of them members of the Judicial Bureau (讞局) of the province. Guoying claims that when he arrived in Guangxi in 1881, he could see all the procedural errors (錯謬) in the judiciary archives and decided to compile and publish the memoranda of the various bureaus of the Ministry of Justice, which expose excellently the “intentions of the substatutes” (例意); although some are in Xing’an huilan (q.v.), he says, they are not easy to research. According to the fanli the compilation was based on an “old preserved manuscript copy” (舊藏鈔本). Likewise, Guoying had the regulations promulgated during the period 1851–83 and currently applying, but not yet published in book form, compiled as a supplement (they are arranged chronologically). The memoranda in the text proper are arranged in the order of the parts, sections, and statutes of the Code; each piece has a short explanatory caption, and the title of the relevant statute is indicated in the central margin. Memoranda that do not accord with the substatutes currently applying have been omitted. Bio.: Guoying started his career as a Manchu secretary (筆帖式). In 1869–73 he was intendant of the Gui-Sui circuit 歸綏道, and in 1873–74 “supervisor” (監督) of Guihuacheng 歸化成 (present-day Hohhot). In 1874 he was appointed Guangdong and Guangxi salt controller (鹽運使), and from 1877 to 1884 held positions of surveillance commissioner in Guangdong, Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Zhejiang. See Renming quanwei.

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Ref. and studies: Ma, 87 (Qinghua) (giving Gong Jiaxiang 龔嘉相 as compiler 纂). [PEW] 0524

Xing’an huilan xubian 刑案匯覽續編, 32 j. [Continuation to A Conspectus of Judicial Cases] Comp. (彚纂) Wu Chao 吳潮 (h. Shuhan 述韓) (js. 1852), from Yizheng 儀徵 (Jiangsu), and He Xiyan 何錫儼 (h. Xiaoyan 小嵒), from Yizheng (Jiangsu) 1884 Ed.

– 1887 Tuisi xuan 退思軒 ed. [Jimbun] – 1900 ed. published by Li Baohe 李保和 at Rongcheng 蓉城 (Sichuan), edited (刪訂) by Lan Peiqing 藍佩青 and supervised (鑒定) by Xue Yunsheng 薛允升, with prefs. by Pang Zhonglu 龐鍾璐 (n.d.), Wu Chao (1871), Bian Baodi 卞寶第 (1884), Peng Zuxian 彭祖賢 (1885), Tan Junpei 譚均 培 (1886), Kuai Debiao 蒯德標 (1885), Huang Pengnian 黃彭年 (1884), Li Fangyu 李方豫 (1887), and Huang Renfu 黃仁黼 (1887), colophon (跋) by Pu Wenchang 濮文昶 (1887), postf. (後序) by Lu Youqin 陸佑勤 (n.d.), pref. by Lan Peiqing (1884), prefs. to new ed. (叢刊) by Changchun 長春 (1900) and Li Baohe (1900). – *Photo-repro. of 1900 ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1970. – Modern typeset ed., ed. by Yang Yifan 楊一凡 and You Shaohua 尤韶華, in Xing’an huilan quanbian 全編, Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 2008.

Rem.: A sequel to Xing’an huilan (q.v.) and its first continuation, covering cases from the years 1838–71. The compilation was started in 1871 by Wu Chao, He Xiyan, and Li Fangyu in cooperation with Xue Yuncheng—Wu and Xue being then in charge of the autumn assizes; Xue is named as “supervisor” (鑒定) in the chapter captions. After the completion of the first draft, He Xiyan took it to his new post in Hubei and worked on it to make it simpler, but he died before being finished and the task was overtaken by his friend Lan Peiqing, who produced the final ms. and had it published in 1884. Changchun’s pref. to the 1900 ed. insists that the work is not useless compared to the shorter but better circulated Xinzeng xing’an huilan (q.v.). Close to 1,700 cases have been collected from sources similar to those of the original Xing’an huilan, of which close to 1,200 are memoranda (說帖) and about 250 are leading cases (成案), the rest consisting of circulars (通行), memorials (奏議), and internal communications (咨覆). A narrow register (6 characters per column) is reserved at top of page, containing sparse annotations Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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0523–0525

on problems of procedure. The content of each case is indicated in the lower central margin. There is a detailed mulu at the beginning of each juan. The end of j. 32 is devoted to the regulations on fugitives (督捕則 例) and to internal procedures of the ministry (刑部事宜).

Bio.: The son of Wu Wenrong 文鎔, who was governor of Jiangxi during most of the 1840s, Wu Chao worked at the Ministry of Justice for 18 years after his jinshi. He was then sent to Henan as an intendant, where he distinguished himself in river works and became acting surveillance commissioner. In that post he is said to have insisted on drafting all the documents by himself instead of entrusting them to private secretaries. Following a conflict with superiors he was demoted to prefect of Ningguo 寧國, later of Taiping 太平 (Anhui), where he died in post at age 69. See Jiangdu 江都 XxuZ (1926), 27/18b–19a. He Xiyan earned merits as a copyist at the Historiography Institute (國史館 謄錄) and was appointed magistrate of Anlu 安陸 (Hubei) in 1876, where he seems to have been an able official. He died in post in 1880. See De’an 德安 FZ (1888), 10/73a–b. Ref.: Ma, 90–92 (Qinghua) (1887 ed.). Chang, 1:311–2. Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 330 (dated 1884). [PEW] 0525

Bo’an huibian 駁案彙編, 12 ce [A Combined Collection of Rejected Cases] Comp. Zhu Meichen 朱梅臣, from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) 1884 Ed.:

– 1884 ed. (光緒甲申春校刻) in 41 j., cover-leaf calligraphed by Zhang Zhiwan 張之萬, mulu calligraphed by Xue Yusheng 薛允升 (1884), with pref. by Liu Ruifen 劉瑞芬 (to Xinke 新刻 bo’an huibian, 1883). [Beida] – *Undated Shanghai Tushu jicheng ju small-sized litho. ed. 圖書集成局仿袖 珍板印) with pref. by Liu Ruifen (1883). [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Ōki] – 1923 Shanghai Dacheng shuju 大成書局 ed., title on label Xinzeng 新增 bo’an huibian; the Bo’an xinbian in 32 j. is titled Bo’an huibian. [Harvard] – *Photo-repro. of 1884 ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 873–874. – *Modern punctuated ed. edited by He Qinhua 何勤華 et al., based on the Tushu jicheng ed., Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 2007; vol. 2 contains Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an (q.v.) instead of Qiushen shihuan bijiao hui’an.

Rem.: This collection offers in compact form Bo’an xinbian, Bo’an xubian, and Qiushen shihuan bijiao hui’an (qq.v.). Liu Ruifen (who signs as Jiangxi surveillance commissioner) says in the pref. that putting the three works together was his own project, but he was preempted by Zhu

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Meichen, who then requested a pref. from him. In the 1884 ed. Bo’an xinbian has no mulu, contrary to the xubian.

Bio.: No information is available on Zhu Meichen. Ref. and studies: Ma, 89 (Qinghua). Nakamura, “Shindai no keian,” 731–2. Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 329 (dated 1861). Sun Bin, “Chanfa lüyi,” is based on cases from Bo’an huibian. [PEW] 0526

Linian tongxing cheng’an 歷年通行成案, 2 ce [Leading Cases Circulated over the Years] Anon. Ca. 1886 Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. [Faxue suo] – *Photo-repro. of same ms. ed., in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 20.

Rem.: An anthology of Ministry of Justice-approved decisions officially circulated to provincial administrations, carefully handwritten on pre-framed paper, possibly in view of publication. The title at the head of the mulu of each of the two parts (部) is Linian tongxing, the words cheng’an having apparently been added by the library. The 54 entries are in chronological order and cover a selection of years over the period 1838–1886, with between 1 and 5 entries per year. They consist of memoranda or summaries of memorials, each ascribed to the provincial section (司) of the ministry that drafted it, or in a few cases to the Bureau of the Code (律例館). A number of entries deal with criminal cases, but many are devoted to general problems of law or procedure submitted to the ministry, generally with a view to unifying practices or preventing certain abuses (topics include the excessive recourse to capital appeals for small affairs, mourning regulations, sanctions on officials, regulations against planting opium poppy, criminal confessions rewritten by private secretaries, and many more). The central margins provide the name of the bureau from which the text originated, and depending on the case, the name of the criminal in the case at hand or the general topic discussed. This selection, the logic of which is not readily apparent, was probably assembled to serve as a guide or model for ministry personnel. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 67 (by You Shaohua 尤韶華). [PEW]

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0525–0528 0527

Xinzeng xing’an huilan 新增刑案匯覽, 16 j. [A Conspectus of Judicial Cases, Newly Enlarged] Comp. Pan Wenfang 潘文舫 and Xu Jianquan 徐諫荃 1890 Ed.:

– Included in several eds. of Xing’an huilan (q.v.). – *1890 Ziying shanfang 紫英山房 small-sized ed., title on cover-leaf Xinzeng xing’an huilan sanbian 三編, with pref. by He Weikai 何維楷 (1890). [*Beida] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Photo-repro. of the ed. above (Beida copy), in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 872.

Rem.: The compilers’ names appear only in the preface (dated 1886 in the Xing’an huilan eds.). The cases recorded cover the period 1842–85. The fanli specifies that the new substatutes and regulations promulgated since the earlier work have all been added. It also states that the present compilation has few ministry memoranda (說帖), and that most of the materials have been found in the Peking Gazette, in memorials, or in notes taken by “friends.” Documents on matters that did not exist at the time of the previous Xing’an huilan—such as militia, likin, troubles caused by “braves” (勇), and other questions that arose during the midnineteenth century rebellions—have been included. There is a detailed mulu following the order of the statutes in the Code, but only the names of the Code sections (like “homicide,” and so forth) are indicated in the central margins. At the beginning of each entry a short description of the particular content of the case is given in small characters in the upper register. Bio.: No information is available on Pan Wenfang and Xu Jianquan. Ref. and studies: Ma, 91 (Qinghua). Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 330 (dated 1886). [PEW]

0528

Shuotie 說帖, 27 j. [Memoranda] Anon. Ca. 1890 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Columbia]

Rem.: This compilation of Ministry of Justice memoranda is neatly calligraphed on pre-framed leaves. It starts with a full-fasc. mulu listing every entry in the work; the juan numbers seem to have been added

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afterwards, both in the upper margin of the mulu and on the cover labels of the fascicles (each fasc. corresponds to a juan). For each entry in the mulu a detailed caption, the provincial bureau of the Ministry in charge of the case, and the main culprit’s name are provided. (In the body of the work the entries have no caption, but the date of the document is given.) The entries, some of which are fairly long, are arranged following the order of the statutes in the Code, which are signaled by their captions in the mulu; in the body of the work the part and section of the Code as well as the caption of the statute are indicated in the central margin. Not all the statutes in the Code are represented: for example only two statutes from the “Personnel” part (吏律) are featured. Some statutes have only one or two entries, some have dozens. The part on “Justice” (刑律) has by far the most numerous entries, covering all of j. 7–27. The cases included cover the period 1840–90 approximately, with the largest number dating from the Guangxu period. [PEW]

0529

Linian tongxing shuotie 歷年通行說帖, 24 ce [Circulars and Memoranda from Successive Years] Anon. Ca. 1892 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. on paper preframed in red, title given by library. [Princeton] Rem.: The first two ce (with mulu) contain circulars (通行) issued by

the Ministry of Justice for guidance in judicial practice. The rest of the work consists in memoranda submitted by members of the Ministry in the course of deliberations on legal issues or to help in decisions of legal cases. The cases are dated between 1838 and 1892; the documents are arranged by the year. [CL]

0530

Xing’an mingli 刑案名例, 12 ce [Judicial Cases: General Principles] Anon. Ca. 1894 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., no pref. or mulu; the title only refers to the first part of the collection. [Zhengfa]

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0528–0531

679

Rem.: This collection features hundreds of legal cases from the different counties of Zhili province. Most of them date from the Guangxu reign through 1894, with a few from the Daoguang, Tongzhi, and Jiaqing reigns (as early as 1805). The cases are arranged according to the different sections of the Code, starting with “General Principles” (名例), which might be the reason why someone later added the current title to this anthology. The vast majority of cases concern the different categories of offenses in the “Justice” section of the Code (刑律). The date and locale of most cases are explicitly noted. While many of the case records are sketchy, others are very extensive. These records of legal decisions by both the local courts and the Ministry of Justice regarding cases from Zhili provide valuable information about judicial practices in a particular jurisdiction during the late Qing. [CL]

0531

Xing’an huilan sanbian 刑案匯覽三編, 124 j. [A Conspectus of Judicial Cases, Third Installment] Comp. Shen Jiaben 沈家本 (z. Zidun 子惇/敦, h. Jiyi 寄簃) (1840–1913) (js. 1883), from Guian 歸安 (Zhejiang) 1899 pref. Ed.:

– *Unpublished ms. ed. [Beitu] – Photo-repro. of above ms. ed. titled Shen Jiaben ji 輯 Xing’an huilan sanbian, Nanjing: Fenghuang chubanshe, 2016, 34 vols. Rem.: According to Shen’s pref. (in Shen Jiyi xiansheng yishu 沈寄簃 先生遺書, Wencun 文存, 6/17a–19a), this sequel to Xing’an huilan (q.v.),

covering the period from late Daoguang to Guangxu, was drafted while he was an official at the Ministry of Justice, and edited and revised when he was prefect of Tianjin (1893–97) and Baoding (from 1897), where the muyou working in the Zhili provincial government encouraged him to have it printed. A note dated 1907 adds that although Shen had found the money to do so, the troubles in 1900 brought the project to a halt. Seven years later, with the new Code in the making, the ms. had become a thing of the past and was no longer worth publishing. The contents take over at the point where Bao Shuyun’s original Xing’an huilan and Xuzeng xing’an huilan stopped, that is, in 1838. Among his sources Shen mentions (1) a work (of which he does not give the exact title) published in Hubei collecting materials from the Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns, and reportedly incomplete (possibly Xing’an huilan xubian [q.v.],

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whose 1884 ed. was apparently produced in Hubei); (2) a ms. titled Bo’an jicheng 駁案集成 in 32 j., coming from the Ministry of Justice Bureau of the Code (律例館) and covering the years 1838–50; (3) a ms. in 8 ce, also from the Bureau of the Code, and containing materials posterior to 1838; (4) materials on the Xianfeng, Tongzhi and Guangxu periods collected by Shen himself while he worked at the Bureau of the Code from 1888–93. Curiously, he does not mention Xinzeng xing’an huilan (q.v.), published together with the later eds. of Xing’an huilan.

Bio.: Regarded as a founding father of the modernization of law in China, Shen Jiaben entered the Ministry of Justice in 1864, the year before he passed the juren, and remained there to the end of his career apart from a stint as prefect of Tianjin 天津 and Baoding 保定 (Zhili) during the years 1893–1900. (When Baoding was captured by the Eight-Nations Army in 1900 he had to extricate himself from accusations regarding the destruction of a Catholic church.) At the Ministry he was secretary (主稿) in several provincial bureaus, joined the Bureau of the Code (律例館) and the Bureau of Assizes (秋審處), and after 1901 became vice-minister, administrator of the new Metropolitan Institute of Legal Studies (京師法律學學堂), and (from 1907) high commissioner for reforming the Code (修訂法律大臣). See QSG, 443/12447–48; Bourgon, “Shen Jiaben et le droit chinois à la fin des Qing”; Li Guilian, Shen Jiaben zhuan. Ref. and studies: Li Guilian, Shen Jiaben zhuan, 104–6. Bibliography entries for same author: Cizi ji; Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan fu an; Qiuyan xuzhi. [PEW] 0532

Hunan bubo cheng’an 湖南部駁成案, 34 j. [Hunan Leading Cases Rejected by the Ministry] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– Undated ed. [Beida]

Rem.: Not seen.

Ref. and studies: Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 333. 0533

Xing’an xinbian 刑案新編, 40 ce [A New Compilation of Judicial Cases] Comp. Zhao Erxun 趙爾巽 (z. Gongxiang 公鑲, h. Cishan 次珊) (1845– 1927) (js. 1874), from the Chinese Plain Blue Banner 1902

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0531–0533

681

Ed.:

– *1902 Lanzhou guanshuju movable-type ed. 蘭州官書局排印, with pref. by He Fukun 何福堃 (1902). [Beida]

Rem.: He Fukun indicates that none of the pieces included in the work are found in similar collections currently in print (he mentions Xing’an huilan and Bo’an xinbian [qq.v.], Bijiao anyu 比較按語, and Qiushen zhaiyao 秋審摘要); he claims that after he had been appointed surveillance commissioner of Gansu in 1898 (his position when writing the pref.) this manuscript collection of internal memos, memorials, procedures, etc. from the different bureaus of the Ministry of Justice was entrusted to him for publication by Zhao Cishan 趙次山 (i.e., Zhao Erxun) while he was en route to assume a high position in Xinjiang. Zhao is probably the compiler, but his name does not appear on the cover-leaf or elsewhere. The editing was done by a group of officials attached to the Judicial Bureau (讞局) of the province, and the work was produced within two years. The carefully printed fascicles are numbered according to the characters of a poem by Du Shenyan 杜審言 of the Tang (Quan Tang shi, j. 62 #3), composed of eight pentasyllabic verses (the numbering added by the Beida librarian is in part erroneous); within each fasc. the documents are arranged in chronological order, but the overall logic is not quite clear. Only fasc. 1 and 5 have a mulu (entitled 歷年通行目 錄, respectively 上部 and 下部), giving detailed captions for each entry, as well as fasc. 24 (名例律上, in fact a 50-page mulu dealing with all sorts of categories, and with no clear relation with what follows), and 36 (should be 16) (刑律鬥毆上). For each document the bureau (司) of the Ministry of Justice from which the memo emanated is indicated as well as the date; the name of the bureau appears in the central margin, together with either the name of the principal culprit in the case discussed (which may be an old case), or a few words indicating the nature of the topic when it is a general discussion. Though there are documents from the Daoguang (beginning in 1838), Xianfeng, and Tongzhi reigns, the vast majority date to Guangxu. Despite its somewhat confused arrangement the work is full of interesting discussions and must have been widely consulted by legal specialists. Bio.: After his jinshi, Zhao Erxun was a bachelor (庶吉士), then compiler (編修) at the Hanlin Academy until 1883. He served as a censor (監察御史) in 1883–85, then was sent to Guizhou as prefect of Shiqian 石阡 (1885–93), then Eastern Guizhou intendant (貴東道) for a year. From 1894 he served as surveillance commissioner (Anhui and Shaanxi), administration commissioner (Xinjiang and Shanxi), and governor (Shanxi and Hunan). In 1904–05 he was

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minister of Revenue, and after serving in the Northeast was appointed Sichuan governor-general (1907–10, with an interim as Huguang governor-general); in this position he worked at securing the Tibetan frontier of Sichuan. In 1911 he became governor-general of the three eastern provinces (東三省總督). Though a staunch Qing loyalist, he held a variety of positions under the Republic, including director of the Bureau of Qing History (清史館館長). In this role he supervised the compilation of Qingshi gao, completed in 1927, the year of his death. See Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Ma, 92 (Beida) (giving Wang Ruxian 汪汝賢 as supervisor 監修). Bibliography entries for same author: Zuxiang gui liutiao gaoshi; Duxian Zhao zhengdun lizhi sanshi tiao bing zhawen. [PEW] 0534

Yunnan sheng xing’an huibian 雲南省刑案彙編, 8 ce [A Collection of Judicial Cases from Yunnan] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated (Guangxu-period) ed., without cover-leaf (title supplied by library). [Beitu] – Photo-repro. of ed. above, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 2, vol. 13–14.

Rem.: These poorly printed and badly bound fascicles consist of reports of the Yunnan Bureau (雲南司) on criminal cases from that province submitted to the Ministry of Justice. Each entry includes an abstract of the report sent by the Yunnan-Guizhou governor-general or Yunnan governor, the imperial rescript forwarding the file to the ministry, and the ministry’s report in response; the latter features a detailed account of the case, the rescript in response to the report, and possibly an account of the reexamination of the case at the autumn assizes, sometimes for several years in a row. The cases date from the late 1890s to mid 1900s. Some were subjected to delays due to the court’s taking refuge in Xi’an in 1900–02, and the proceedings sometimes encompassed the transition from the old Xingbu 刑部 to the new Fabu 法部. Ref. and studies: Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 333. [PEW]

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Cheng’an zachao 成案雜抄, 10 ce [A Miscellany of Handcopied Leading Cases] Copied (抄) by Chen Naixun 陳乃勛 N.d. Ed.:

– Guangxu-period undated ms. in cursive hand. [Faxue suo] Rem.: Three fascicles in the collection have the words 成案 on their

covers, of which two have mulu, but these do not exactly correspond to the actual contents. The cases are not classified. Their circumstances are narrated in some detail. One fasc. (peitao fuqie 配逃復竊) is devoted to cases dealing with various sorts of fugitives. Another one (chayu 查語) is classified by crime designation (罪名) and has simple case narrations corresponding to each of them, each time indicating the county where the crime took place. Another fasc. is devoted to three sexual cases (姦 案), including the famous case of Yang Naiwu 楊乃武 (1873–77). There is also one fasc. of “various reports” (雜詳), one of responses to requests (呈批), and three of “others” (查別). Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 9 (by You Shaohua 尤韶華) (on which the description above relies). [PEW] 4.1.5

Anthologies of Judicial Sentences and of Model Cases

[SONG] 0536

Yiyu ji 疑獄集, 3 to 10 j. [A Collection of Doubtful Cases] By He Ning 和凝 (898–955) and He Meng 和㠓 (z. Xianren 顯仁) (951– 995) (js. 983), from Junyi 浚儀 (Kaifeng 開封 prefecture) N.d. Ed.:

– 1273 ed. in 10 j. titled Yiyu lu 錄, coll. by Yang Cheng 楊澄, with pref. by Chen Bo 陳柏. – *Undated ed. in 10 j. published (校刊) by Zhejiang administration commissioner Ren Zhong 任忠 and edited (重訂) by Zhejiang surveillance commissioner Li Songxiang 李崧祥, including the texts by He Ning (j. 1–2), those by He Meng (j. 3–4), and Bu 補 yiyu ji, 6 j., by Zhang Jing 張景 (1535), with prefs. by Li Songxiang (1535), He Meng (n.d.), and Du Zhen

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4.1.5 Anthologies of Judicial Sentences and Model Cases 杜震 (1279); this is the oldest extant ed. [*Beitu, two copies, one with Li

Songxiang’s pref. placed after the two others] [*Shanghai] [Zhongyang] – *Undated early Qing ms. ed. in 3 j., enlarged (增輯) by Zhang Jing 張景, with prefs. by He Meng (n.d.) and Du Zhen (1279). [Shanghai] – *Undated Qing ms. ed. in 3 j., on plain paper, with prefs. by He Meng (n.d.) and Du Zhen (1279), postf. by Wu Changyuan 吳長元 (year 辛巳, 1761 or 1821, as Wu says that the ms. had been “acquired by his friend Bao Yiwen 鮑以文,” i.e., Bao Tingbo 廷博 [1708–1814], the bibliophile who owned the Zhibuzu zhai 知不足齋 in Hangzhou). [Zhongyang] – Undated Qing ms. ed. in 3 j., coll. by Song Yun 宋筠 (Qing). [Shanghai] – *Undated Qing (according to cat.) ed. comprising Qianji 前集 by He Ning (47 cases), with prefs. by Chi Fengxiang 遲鳳翔 (to 重刻疑獄集, 1564) and Du Zhen (1279); Houji 後集 by He Meng (32 cases), with pref. by He Meng (n.d.); Xuji 續集, by Zhang Jing (in 2 j., 59 and 69 cases), with pref. by Li Songxiang (1535); and fulu 附錄 by Chi Fengxiang (10 cases under title Xu Xiangyi gong yizheng shitiao 許襄毅公異政十條 [i.e., Xu Jin 許進, 1437– 1510]), with pref. by Li Lian 李濂 (1564). [Beitu] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 729, based on Li Songxiang ed., with prefs. by Li Songxiang (1535), He Meng (n.d.), and Du Zhen (1279); published together with supplement by Zhang Jing in 6 j. – 1816 Zhongyu xianguan 種榆仙館 ed. in 2 (He Ning and He Meng) + 2 (Zhang Jing) + 1 (Chi Fengxiang of the Ming) j. [Shanghai] – *1851 new revised ed. in 10 + 1 j. titled Chongkan 重刊 Yiyu ji, ed. and published (校刊) by Jin Fengqing 金鳳清 from Tongxiang 桐鄉, with prefs. by Jin Fengqing (1851), Li Songxiang (1535), Du Zhen (n.d.), and He Meng (n.d.). This ed. includes 4 chapters of the original work by the Hes and 6 from the Bu 補 yiyu ji by Zhang Jing, plus appendix (附錄) compiled by Jin Fengqing, featuring thirty cases from the Qing period. [Beitu] [Shanghai, in 4 + 6 + 1 j., giving Chi Fengxiang (Ming) as compiler of supplement juan] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *1853 ed. in 10 + 1 j. coll. and printed by Xu Jiyong 徐繼鏞 from Lingnan, with prefs. by Guo Zhirong 郭志融 (1853), Li Songxiang (1535), Du Zhen (1279), and He Meng (n.d.); the supplement juan ( fulu) has 30 cases. [Ōki] – *Modern typeset ed. based on 1853 ed. but attempting to reconstruct the original 3-j. text, also including Zheyu guijian (title Yiyu ji Zheyu guijian jiaoshi 校釋), coll. and commented by Yang Fengkun 楊奉琨, Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 1988. – *Modern typeset ed. based on 1853 ed. (but only 29 cases in the fulu), in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 1.

Rem.: The original work is supposed to have been in 3 j., one by He Ning (29 cases) and two by his fourth son He Meng (38 cases). He Meng

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presented the work to the throne (in 984 according to Yang Fengkun, see above). In the 4-j. eds., the cases in j. 4 are posterior to He Meng’s time and are therefore additions by later authors. The exemplary judicial decisions are extracted from histories and biographies, present and ancient. The Bu yiyu ji added a total 128 cases (the figure 182 in the Siku notice is likely a scribal error). There are variations in the numbers according to edition, however. The version in Siku quanshu includes 79 entries (in j. 1–4 by the Hes) plus 128 (in the 6 j. by Zhang Jing); apparently it was emended by both Wu Ne (author of Xiangxing yaolan, q.v.) in the fifteenth century and Zhang Jing in the sixteenth. The 1853 ed. features the same number of cases as the Siku quanshu ed., and in the same order of appearance, but with variants in the captions and in wording. The aim of the different authors was to provide judges with examples for judgment by analogy (觸類旁通). Together with Zheyu guijian and Tangyin bishi (qq.v.), Yiyu ji came to form a triptych of model cases continuously enlarged and updated from the Song period onwards.

Bio.: Information on He Ning is scarce. He is mentioned as a Hanlin academician and chief examiner in 933, under the Later Tang, and as a chief minister (宰相) under the Later Jin (936–46). See Songshi, 249/8795, 269/9235. After his jinshi, He Meng became assistant magistrate (主簿) of Huoqiu 霍 邱, and in 984 was appointed magistrate of Chongren 崇仁. He received the title of case reviewer at the Court of Judicial Review (大理評事), and was later transferred to magistrate of Nanchang 南昌 after having been remarked by the Jiangnan fiscal commissioner. He then became review evaluator (詳覆官) at the Ministry of Justice, and later assistant minister of the Court of Imperial Entertainments (光祿寺丞). From there on his career picked up: his literary talents earned him imperial favor and he held several positions at court and in the central administration, including participant in the drafting of imperial proclamations (知制誥). At the time of his death at age 45 he was in charge of appointments at the Ministry of Personnel (判吏部銓). See Songshi, 439/13014–15; Songren, 2:1498–99. Ref. and studies: Songshi, 204/5143, 439/13014–15 (in 3 j.); j. 204 (in the bibliographic treatise) also mentions a Xu 續 yiyu ji in 4 j. by Wang Hao 王皡 (p. 5138) and a Yiyu ji in 3 j. by Zhao Tong 趙仝 (p. 5145). Siku, 3:2066. TYG, 3:1/14a–b (1273 ed.). Tianyi ge shumu, 223. Jia Jingtao, 81–82. Gao & Ma, 404. Pelliot, 128, 143. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 子, 1:152–3. Guji shanben, 子, 1:143–4. Chen Pengsheng et al., 645–7. Yang Fengkun, intro. to 1988 ed. Shimada, “Gigokushū, Setsugoku kikan, Tōin hiji.” [JB, CC, LG, PEW]

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Minggong shupan qingming ji 名公書判清明集, 14 j. [A Collection of Enlightened Judgments by Famous Officials] Anon. 1261 pref. Ed.:

– 1261 ed. with anon. pref. (1261), without juan division. [Seikadō Bunko] The following five facsimile eds. are based on the copy held by the Seikadō Bunko: (1) In Sibu congkan (1929). (2) *Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1935, in Xu guyi congshu, no. 37 (ce 82–86), published by the Shanghai Hanfen lou 涵芬樓. [Fu Sinian] (3) *Reprint of the 1935 Hanfen lou ed., in Sibu congkan xubian (Taiwan Commercial Press ed., 1966), vol. 67. [Fu Sinian] (4) *Tokyo: Koten kenkyūkai, 1964, with Yongle dadian preserved fragments appended, and afterwords by Nagasawa Kikuya 長澤規矩也 and Niida Noboru 仁井田陞 (1964). [Columbia] (5) *Taipei: Dahua shuju, 1980. [Fu Sinian] – *Undated ed. in 14 j., ed. by Sheng Yiren 盛以仁, with pref. by Zhang Siwei 張四維 (1569). [*Shanghai] [Beitu, only 10 j. extant] [*Fu Sinian, photorepro. of copy at Shanghai, j. 8–9 missing] – *Photo-repro. of 14-j. ed., apparently complete (location not given, probably Shanghai), with pref. by Zhang Siwei (1569) and postf. (後序) by Sheng Shixuan 盛時選 (1569), in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 973. – *Photo-repro. of 14-j. version at Shanghai, dated 1569, apparently complete, with pref. by Zhang Siwei (1569) and postf. by Sheng Shixuan (1569), in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 37. – Modern punctuated and coll. ed. based on the Song and Ming eds., in Zhongguo gudai shehui jingji shi ziliao 中國古代社會經濟史資料, 1st ser., Fuzhou: Fujian renmin chubanshe, 1985. – *Modern punctuated ed. in 14 j. with supplements (pref. reproduced in appendix), based on the Song and Ming eds. and Yongle dadian fragments, ed. Shehui kexueyuan lishi yanjiusuo Song Liao Jin Yuan yanjiu shi 社會科學院歷史研究所宋遼金元研究室, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1987 , 2 vols. (2nd ed. 2002). – Modern ed. based on the 14-j. ed. at Shanghai, Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2005. – Modern typeset ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 2.

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Rem.: An anthology of judicial decisions composed by “famous judges,” a majority of them from Jianzhou 建州 (present-day Fujian). The 1261 pref. has been attributed by certain scholars (see below, Chen Zhichao) to Zhan Yanfu 詹琰夫, a literatus from Fujian who authored a Daoist work in 1216; he might possibly also be the compiler of the work. The period covered is more or less the first half of the thirteenth century. The 1569 pref. explicitly states that this is a handbook for officials. The original Song work seems to have been compiled for the market from materials easily available in the Jianzhou prefectural archives. The two versions are actually quite different: (1) the Song ed. with 1261 pref. contains only 117 cases, all of them belonging to the “family and marriage” section (戶婚門), arranged into 22 subcategories, with an introductory list of 28 different authors (among them Zhen Dexiu and Song Ci, the authors of Zhengjing and Xiyuan jilu [qq.v.]), of whom only 13 are represented in the extant text. (2) The Ming ed. with 1569 pref. contains 473 decisions; the huhun section covers j. 4–9, with a somewhat different arrangement of subcategories and more authors; the rest of the 14 j. are devoted to sections (each with subcategories) concerning “officials” (官 吏, 1–2), “taxes and services” (賦役, 3, also including “academic affairs,” 文事), “human relationships” (人倫, 10), “categories of persons” (人品, 11), and “punishing crimes” (懲惡, 12–14). Each case has a caption describing its content, followed by the name of the judge. Zhang Siwei says in his pref. that he had the text copied from two different sections of Yongle dadian (under the characters qing 清 and pan 判, respectively); it was then edited and published by his disciple Sheng Yiren. According to He Zhongli (see below), the treatment of corruption cases illustrates the attitude of elites towards the political and institutional crisis of the time. De Pee (see below) considers that the work was to serve primarily as a collection of writing models, even though by that time the verdict (shupan) was no longer a required genre in examinations; along with Birge (see below), he emphasizes the strongly Neo-confucian orientation betrayed in the work’s treatment of social and familial matters. Ōzawa et al. (see below) stress that the contents of the cases demonstrate the wide resort to courts by all strata of the population. Both Niida Noboru and Shiga Shūzō (see below) have studied family property and inheritance as illustrated in the huhun section of the work, the latter criticizing the notion of “common family property” (kazoku kyōsan 家族共產) introduced by the former. For Lau Nap-yin (see below), Qingming ji is a synthesis of two genres that flourished in the Song, the

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compilation of model cases and the administrative handbook; indeed, a quantity of entries deal with purely administrative matters, beginning with Zhen Dexiu’s instructions to his subordinates (of 1222 and 1232; see under Xishan zhengxun) that open the work: “… the Qingming ji is not merely a casebook but also a guidebook for legal governance, i.e., rule by the law.”

Ref. and studies: Siku, 3:2071, giving the work as “anonymous” and describing a 17-j. ed. including Yuan-period cases, based on Yongle dadian; also noting that the authors are all given their zi only (when the Song ed. gives their ming as well). Guji shanben, 子, 1:146. Chang, 2:804–5 (Sibu congkan ed.). Chen Pengsheng et al., 648–9. Birge, Women, Property, and Confucian Reaction. Burns, “Private Law in Traditional China (Sung Dynasty).” Chen Zhichao, “Songshi yanjiu de zhengui shiliao.” De Pee, “Cases of the New Terrace: Canon and Law in Three Southern Song Verdicts” (see note 1 and passim for more references, and Appendix I for the history of the text). He Zhongli, “Lun Nan Song xingzheng weiming zhi yuanyin ji qi yingxiang.” Linck, Zur Sozialgeschichte der chinesischen Familie im 13. Jahrhundert, and review article by Bettine Birge in Journal of Sung-Yuan Studies, 24 (1994), 269–85. Brian E. McKnight, “Introduction,” in McKnight and Liu, The Enlightened Judgments (see below), 1–28. Niida, Chūgoku hōsei shi kenkyū, vol. 2, 371–441. Ōzawa (ed.), Shuchō suru ‘gumin’ tachi. Id., “Ko Sekiheki no ‘ninjō’.” Shiga, “Family Property and the Law of Inheritance in Traditional China.” Takahashi, “Meikō shohan seimeishū.” Songdai guanzhen yanduhui, ed., Songdai shehui yu falü. Lau Nap-yin, “Enlightening Our Understanding of the ‘Enlightened Judgments’.” Transl.: Umehara Kaoru 梅原郁, transl. and annot., Meikō shohan seimeishū (Kyoto: Dōhōsha, 1988) (transl. of the 1261 ed.). Seimeishū kenkyūkai 清明集 研究會 (transl. and notes), Meikō shohan seimeishū (chōaku mon) yakuchū kō 名公書判清明集 (懲惡門) 譯注稿, 5 vols., Tokyo: Seimeishū kenkyūkai, 1991–95. Id., Meikō shohan seimeishū ( jimpin mon 人品門) yakuchū kō, 2 vols., Tokyo: Seimeishū kenkyūkai, 2000–02. Id., Meikō shohan seimeishū ( jnrin mon 人倫門) yakuchū kō, Tokyo: Seimeishū kenkyūkai, 2005. Id. Meikō shohan seimeishū (kanri mon 官吏門) yakuchū kō, 2 vols., Tokyo: Seimeishū kenkyūkai, 2008–10. Translation of three cases in de Pee (see above). Translation of two cases in Birge, Women, Property, and Confucian Reaction, 115–7, 124. The Enlightened Judgments, Ch’ing-ming chi: The Sung Dynasty Collection, transl. by Brian E. McKnight and James T.C. Liu, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999 (an annotated transl. of approximately half the text of the full version, with presentation). Takahashi Yoshirō, Yakuchū Meikō shohan seimeishū (kokonmon) 訳注名公書判清明集 (戸婚門), Tōkyō: Sōbunsha, 2006. Id., Yakuchū Meikō shohan seimeishū (kanrimon, fu’ekimon, bunjimon) 訳注明公書

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判清明集 (官吏門·賦役門·文事門), Sapporo: Hokkaidō daigaku shuppankai,

2008. 0538

[PEW]

Zheyu guijian 折獄龜鑒, 8 j. [A Magic Mirror for Solving Cases] By Zheng Ke 鄭克 (z. Wuzi 武子, Keming 克明) (js. 1124), from Kaifeng 開封 (present-day Henan) N.d. Ed.:

– 1571 ed. in 2 j. and 2 ce published (校梓) by the prefect of Huai’an 淮安 (Nan Zhili), Chen Wenzhu 陳文燭, with 1570 pref. by unknown author (first page missing) and colophon (跋) by Yang Cheng 楊澄 (1571), postf. (後序) by Chen Wenzhu (1571). [Zhongyang] – *1595 ed. in 2 j. and 4 ce printed in Huaiqing prefecture (Henan) (懷慶 府刊本)—date and place are indicated by a handwritten note on the cover—with prefs. by Zhang Taizheng 張泰徵 (to Chongkan 重刊 zheyu guijian, 1595) and Yu Yinglong 虞應龍 (1342, or possibly 1337, the year cycle 壬午 does not fit with reign name 至元, as noted by the editor; Yang Fengkun [see below] ascribes it to the first Zhiyuan era, or 1282]). Zhang Taizheng, who ordered this new ed., was Henan administration commissioner; the names of the four Huaiqing prefecture officials who collated the text are given at the beginning of each juan. [Beida] – *Extracts in Shuofu (1647 ed., 1989 rprt. of Hanfen lou ed.), j. 20, under title Xi 晰 yu guijian (14 entries). – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 729, in 8 j., based on Yongle dadian, with “original pref.” by Yu Yinglong (1342 or 1282), postf. by Zhao Shituo 趙時橐 (1261). – *In Zhiyong congshu, with cover-leaf calligraphed and pref. by Xu Lian 許槤 (1835). [*Columbia] [*Congress/LL] – *In Mohai jinhu, 106–107, with pref. by Yu Yinglong (1342 or 1282), Siku notice, and postf. by Zhao Shituo (1261); the last page indicates that the work was collated and printed by Zhang Haipeng in 1809 (皇清嘉慶十四 年歲在屠維大荒落余月昭文張海鵬較梓). [IHEC] – *1837 Zhang Pengfei new ed. (張鵬飛重刊) of the Lailu tang 來鹿堂藏版, newly compiled (重輯) by Xu Lian, with mulu listing all 279 entries, with pref. by Xu Lian (1835) and postf. (跋) by Zhao Shituo (1261). [*Congress/ LL] [*IHEC] – *In Shoushan ge congshu, ce 84–85, based on Siku quanshu, with Siku notice, ed. (校) by Qian Xizuo 錢熙祚 (z. Xizhi 錫之), with pref. by Yu Yinglong (1342 or 1282), Siku notice, postf. by Qian Xizuo (n.d.).

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– In Pinghua shuwu congshu (q.v.), with Siku notice, “original pref.” by Yu Yinglong (1342 or 1282), postf. by Qian Xizuo (n.d.). – *1852 Lüyun shuwu 綠筠書屋 new ed. (重刊) with pref. by Xu Lian (1835), postf. by Zhao Shituo (1261). [Fu Sinian] – *In Mingbian zhai congshu, sanji 三集 (1864), with prefs. by Yu Zhaojun 余肇鈞 (1866) and Xu Lian (1835). [Tōyō Bunko] – *1878 Lanshi zhai ed. 蘭石齋校刊, coll. by Hu Wenbing 胡文炳 (z. Huchen 虎臣), with pref. by Hu Wenbing (1878), postfs. by Zhao Shituo (1261); published as a set with Zheyu guijian bu (q.v.); Hu’s pref., which is rather critical of the text, indicates that he suppressed some entries that he considered misleading or redundant and corrected various errors basing himself on the standard histories. [Beitu] – *1882 enlarged ed. (續纂), printing blocks kept “at the office” (署內藏 板), with the date in Xu Lian’s 1835 pref. rewritten as “1882,” but otherwise identical to 1835 ed. [*Congress/LL] – Shangwu yinshuguan ed., Shanghai, 1935–37 (Wanyou wenku, ser. 2, no. 344). – Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 783–784, based on Mohai jinhu ed. – *Photo-repro. of Shoushan ge congshu ed., in ZSJC, vol. 4. – Modern ed. coll. and punctuated by Liu Junwen 劉俊文, Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1988. – *Modern typeset ed. coll. and commented by Yang Fengkun 楊奉琨, together with Yiyu ji (title Yiyu ji Zheyu guijian jiaoshi 校釋), based on Congshu jicheng chubian ed., Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 1988. – *Modern typeset ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 1, based on Shoushan ge congshu ed.

Rem.: A collection of model judicial cases. The work is said to date from the beginning of the Shaoxing era (1131–1162). (Zhao Shituo’s 1261 postf. is to a new ed. that he had engraved to replace a worn-out ed. that was the only one available). The Song bibliography Shulu jieti 書 錄解題, j. 7, speaks of 279 entries (條) dealing with 395 cases (事): in the Siku quanshu complete recension followed by later eds. there are in fact 279 (or 280, depending on ed.) main cases, many of them with appended cases, making a grand total of 395, under 20 sections (門). A number of cases are mentioned in different sections, the one where the full text appears being referred to by yijian … men 已見…門. There are also cross-references to different sections for comparable sorts of crimes or investigating methods. Each case is captioned with the name of the judge who resolved it. Sources are indicated. The Siku notice mentions the alternative title Jueyu 決獄 guijian (found in Wenxian tongkao) and Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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notes that the Songshi bibliography speaks of an original 20 j. (as does Wenxian tongkao); they would correspond to the 20 categories (門) in the work. The 8-j. division goes back to the Siku quanshu ed. The aim was to complement the Yiyu ji by He Ning and He Meng (q.v.), using historical texts and biographies. (A note in the 1595 ed. gives a detailed list of the sources used, including the dynastic histories, imperial edicts from the Song, and a number of famous Song authors, such as Ouyang Xiu 歐陽修, Wang Anshi 王安石, Shen Gua 沈括, Su Shi 蘇軾, and others.) Only five of the 20 sections were preserved in the printed editions available in the eighteenth century; such is the case with the 1595 ed. (the oldest extant today), which features 113 entries in all and whose editors remark in a note placed after the mulu that several missing categories are referred to in the extant entries. On the other hand, the Yongle da­dian text used for the Siku quanshu ed. appears to be complete. According to Yang Fengkun (see below), however, the 395 entries it contains include only 280 entries dating to the Song, the rest coming from later eds. and having found their way into the Yongle dadian. This is the text that Xu Lian used for the 1835 Zhiyong congshu ed., which seems to have been the first complete printed ed. in the Qing. His pref. mentions an ed. lacking a mulu that he had obtained from Li Fangchi 李方赤 (i.e., Li Zhangyu 李璋煜, the compiler of Xiyuan lu bianzheng cankao [q.v.]), and indicates that his effort to publish Zheyu guijian was related to the publication of a collection of leading cases dealing with augmented and reduced sentences, Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an (q.v.), with which, as can be seen in its pref., Li Fangchi was also associated. A number of the cases presented in the entries are followed by theoretical comments by Zheng Ke dealing with problems of investigation and judicial decision. One also finds mentions of the work under the title Zheyu bianlan 便覽 (e.g. Pan Wei’s pref. to Xiyuan lu xiangyi, q.v.). Bio.: No biography of Zheng Ke is available. Besides his jinshi year, the only information (in the Siku notice) is that he was district defender (縣尉) of Shangyuan 上元 (present-day Nanjiing) at the beginning of the Southern Song, and that in 1133 he was appointed administration chief in the Huzhou judicial commission (湖州提刑司幹官). Ref. and studies: Songshi, 204/5144 (in 3 j.). Siku, 3:2067. QSG, 147/4335 (ed. compiled on imperial order during the Qianlong period). Guojia shanben shuzhi, 子, 1:153. Guji shanben, 子, 1:146. Hervouet, 237–8. Jia Jingtao, 82–85 (curiously describing the Wanli ed. as “complete”). Pelliot, 129. Yang Fengkun, intro. to 1988 ed. Hawes, “Reinterpreting Law in the Sung.” Shimada Masarō, “Gigokushū, Setsugoku kikan, Tōin hiji.”

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Transl.: Wang Lansheng 王蘭升 (transl. and annot.), Zheyu guijian xuanyi 選譯, Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 1961. Yang Fengkun (transl.), Zheyu guijian xuan 選, Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 1981 (selecting 54 cases). Chen Zhongye 陳重業, Zheyu guijian yizhu 譯注, Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2006.

0539

[JB, CC, PEW]

Tangyin bishi 棠陰比事, 1 to 3 j. [Parallel Cases from under the Pear Tree] By Gui Wanrong 桂萬榮 (z. Mengxie 夢協) (js. 1196), from Cixi 慈谿 (present-day Zhejiang); revised version by Wu Ne 吳訥 (s. Wenke 文恪) (1372–1457), from Changshu 常熟 (Jiangsu), 1 + 2 j. 1211 and 1234 prefs. Revised version with 1442 pref.

Ed. :

– *Undated Yuan ed. without juan division (144 cases), with pref. by Gui Wanrong (1211), postf. (後序) by Zhang Fu 張虙 (1211), and an unrelated text dealing with abuses in the salt administration, titled Ni dui yi (?) peng Huaidong yu tiju liuxiang shimu 擬對壹抨淮東於提舉第六相事目. [Beida] – *Undated Japanese kambun ed. in 3 j. (144 cases), based on a Yuan ed. by Tian Ze 田澤 (from Juyan 居延), with notes on the pronunciation and meaning of certain words inserted in the text, short captions added in the upper margin, and commentaries by Zheng Ke 鄭克 (author of Zheyu guijian [q.v.]) inserted after the cases; with prefs. by Tian Ze (1308) and Gui Wanrong (1211). The last page has the mention of the printer Seki Kichiuemon (in Kyoto) 二条鸖屋町関吉右衛門開板. [Beida] – *Undated Japanese ed. from the Seireikaku 青藜閣 at Edo, “read” by Mr Hokuzan (日本東都北山先生閱), with prefs. by Yamamoto Nobuari 山 本信有 (Hokuzan) (1752–1812) (n.d.), Tian Ze (1308), and Gui Wanrong (1211), same contents as the above but with address of the Edo bookseller Suwaraya Ihachi 須原屋伊八 at the end. [Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 729 (text ed. by Wu Ne in 1 j. + supplement, fulu 附 錄), with author’s original pref. (1211). – 1831 movable-type ed. in Xuehai leibian, with pref. by Gui Wanrong (1211), text edited by Wu Ne (80 cases) (running title Tangyin bishi yuanbian 原 編), followed by Gui Wanrong’s later pref. (後序, 1234) with a commentary by Wu Ne, pref. by Wu Ne to the Xubian (n.d.) and Bubian (1442). – *Published as j. 3–4 of the 1834 ed. of Wu Ne’s Xiangxing yaolan (q.v.). – *1849 ed. of the original text (144 cases) by Zhu Xuzeng 朱緒曾, reproducing a facsimile of a Song ed. (影宋本) acquired that year by Huang

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Raopu 黃蕘圃 (i.e. the bibliophile Huang Pilie 丕烈), with prefs. by Zhu Xuzeng (1849) and Gui Wanrong (n.d.), colophon (識) by Gui Wanrong (1234); text followed by colophons (識) by Gui Wanrong’s maternal cousin Zhang Fu 張虙 (1211), Huang Pilie (1808), Zhu Xuzeng (n.d.), and postf. (跋) by Zhu Xuzeng (n.d.). [*Columbia] [*Congress/LL, two copies from the same blocks, both lacking Zhu Xuzeng’s colophon and one lacking Gui Wanrong’s 1234 colophon] [*Qinghua] – *1867 movable-type ed. of the Muxi shanfang 木樨山房擺板 in 1 j., with colophons (識) by Zhang Fu (1211) and Gui Wanrong (1234), prefs. by Gui Wanrong, Zhu Xuzeng (to Chongkan Songben 重刊宋本 Tangyin bishi, 1849), and [Gui] Songqing 桂嵩慶 (to Juzhenben 聚珍本 Tangyin bishi, 1867), text followed by colophon by Huang Pilie (1808) and postf. (跋) by Zhu Xuzeng (n.d.). [*Beida] [*Harvard] – *In the 1920 Shanghai Hanfen lou litho. reprint of the Xuehai leibian 1831 ed., fasc. 47. [*Fu Sinian] [*IHEC] – *Undated ed. with pref. by Zhang Fengtai 張鳳臺 (1921), colophons by Zhang Fu (1211) and Gui Wanrong (1234), prefs. by Gui Wanrong, Zhu Xuzeng, text followed by colophons by Huang Pilie (1808), Chen Xiqi 陳 錫麒 (1874), postf. (跋) by Wan Rong 萬鑅 (1895). [Harvard] – *In Sibu congkan xubian (zibu, fasc. 31) (in 2 j.), based on the Shanghai Hanfen lou photo-repro. of a facsimile of a Yuan ms. (featuring original 144-case text) held in the Shuangjian lou 雙鑑樓 of Mr. Fu [Zengxiang] 傅增湘 (z. Yuanshu 沅叔, 1872–1945) at Jiang’an 江安, with prefs. by Liu Li 劉隸 (1213) and Gui Wanrong (1211), later pref. by Gui Wanrong (1234) and pref. by Zhang Fu (1211), postf. (跋) by Zhang Yuanji 張元濟 (n.d.); a note following Zhang Fu’s postf. indicates that the facsimile was realized in 1812 by a certain Jiesou 介叟, then aged 85, based on a copy from the Nanquan caotang 南泉草堂 of the Wu family from Shimen 石門吳氏. [IHEC] – In Sibu congkan guangbian, vol. 27, based on same ed. – In Sibu congkan xinbian, shehui kexue lei, vol. 27, based on Xuehai leibian ed. – *In Siming congshu, ser. 3, fasc. 32, in 1 j. (144 cases), engraved (開雕) in 1935 at the Zhang-family Yueyuan 張氏約園, with pref. by Zhang Shouyong 張 壽鏞 (1934), Cixi XZ biography 慈谿縣志本傳 by Quan Zuwang 全祖望, prefs. by Liu Li (1213), Zhu Xuzeng (1849), [Gui] Songqing (1867), and Gui Wanrong (1211), colophons by Gui Wanrong (1234), Zhang Fu (1211), and Huang Pilie (1808), postfs. (跋) by Zhu Xuzeng (n.d.) and Zhang Shouyong (1934). [*Fu Sinian] [Harvard]

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– Typeset ed. based on Xuehai leibian ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian (in 1 + 2 j.) (Zhonghua shuju rpt., vol. 782). – In Biji xiaoshuo daguan, ser. 6. – Photo-repro. of 1920 Shanghai Hanfen lou ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1964. – Photo-repro. of 1831 Xuehai leibian ed., Taipei: Wenyuan shuju, 1964. – *Photo-repro. of Yuan ed. at Beida, Beijing: Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 2005, in traditional binding (ser. Zhonghua zaizao shanben 中華再造善本). – *Modern typeset “arranged” (整理) ed. based on Japanese Yamamoto Hokuzan ed.; followed by Wu Ne’s recension (Tangyin bishi yuanbian 原 編 with 80 cases, xubian 續編, and bubian 補編), based on Xuehai leibian ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 1.

Rem.: The original work is a collection of 144 model cases arranged under 72 couplets composed of two 4-character verses, each with a different rhyme; each couplet is followed by an exposition of the two cases concerned. As indicated in the pref. and in the Siku entries on Tangyin bishi and Yiyu ji (q.v.), Tangyin bishi was composed by combining cases culled from Zheyu guijian (q.v.) and Yiyu ji. The title of the work alludes to the Earl of Shao’s 召伯 (Western Zhou) practice of deciding cases fairly and magnanimously under the shade of a pear tree. Tangyin bishi was compiled in 1211–12 during a five-year waiting period between Gui’s first and second appointments; obviously intended for self-reference because of the nature of the author’s postings, this judicial case-book was also aimed at “people with the same aspirations” (同志) to whom Gui Chaowan distributed complimentary copies, urging them in his pref. to learn from the legal tradition and understand the purposes of the compilers of Yiyu ji and Zheyu guijian. The work was first published in 1213 by Liu Li 劉隸, a scholar-official from Jiangsu, and later in 1234 by Gui himself. Gui’s 1234 later pref./colophon states that this new engraving was made after Emperor Lizong 理宗 (r. 1225–1264) had spoken highly of the book during an audience with him. The early-fourteenth century edition published by Tian Ze, a retired judicial official, with Zheng Ke’s commentaries inserted, found in a Japanese ed. of the Edo period, does not seem to have survived in China. The revision by Wu Ne reduced the text to 80 cases and one juan (leaving out redundancies and cases “that cannot be used as models”), but added two supplements (xubian 續編 and bubian 補編) including 23 and 27 cases respectively, of which only the last four are from the Ming period; Wu also rearranged the cases by content (according to the gravity of the punishment) rather than by rhyme, making it more convenient to use. The 23 cases of the xubian are split into 13 examples of good conduct to be imitated and 10 examples of bad conduct to be Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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warned against. The first five from the original work are followed by Wu Ne’s comments, quoting the Ming Penal Code. Some of the cases in the bubian are also followed by short comments. The Siku quanshu text features the 80 cases of the Wu Ne revision and the 27 cases of the bubian, here given as an “appendix” (附錄); the captions of the cases in the fulu are followed by a short note commenting on the nature of the case. According to Zhu Xuzeng’s pref. to the 1849 ed., which criticizes the dismissal of “redundancies” by Wu Ne, after the latter’s version was published Gui Wanrong’s original text progressively went into oblivion. Zhu’s own 1849 ed. was an effort to restore it in its original form, and so was the movable-type ed. produced in 1867 by Gui Wanrong’s descendant, Gui Songqing. The latter says in his pref. that the printing blocks of Zhu’s ed. were destroyed in Nanjing during the Taiping occupation, which spurred him to produce several hundred copies of his new movable-type ed. Interestingly, Gui Songqing relates his effort to the context of the so-called Tongzhi restoration (同治中興), marked by imperial edicts encouraging officials to study the Code and not leave it to secretaries and clerks; he insists that, together with Yiyu ji and Zheyu guijian, Tangyin bishi is a useful aid in citing the Code and examining crimes, and can therefore help officials to avoid career setbacks due to their sentences being turned down by the Ministry of Justice. Although it introduced no new materials compared with Yiyu ji and Zheyu guijian, the original Tangyin bishi apparently had a wide diffusion in Korea and Japan.

Bio.: Zhu Xuzeng’s undated colophon to his 1849 ed. includes rather detailed biographical data on Gui Wanrong. Gui was a native of Cixi (Zhejiang) (in the work he is said to be from Siming 四明, the name of a mountain in present-day Ningbo). His first posting was as district defender of Yugan county (餘干縣尉), and the next one as administrator for public order of Jiankang superior prefecture (建康府司理參軍); both positions entailed special responsibility for police activities. He retired as prefect of Changde superior prefecture 常德府. He was considered a follower of Yang Jian 楊簡 (1141–1226), seen as the founder of the Cihu School 慈湖學派: see Song Yuan xue’an 宋元學案 (Zhonghua shuju ed.), 74/2490–91. Yang Jian was also known for his concern with justice, which spurred him to interrogate prisoners personally and in general try to temper the judicial process with mercy; this may be illustrative of a special interest in law on the part of certain Neo-confucian schools. For Gui Wanrong (who has no standard biography), see Songren, 3:1937; Songren bubian, 2:851; Songdai renwu, 3:1618; Franke H., 2:1218–22. For Wu Ne, see DMB, 1491–2. Ref. and studies: Siku, 3:2067. Guji shanben, 子, 1:144. DMB, 1492. Hervouet, 238. Jia Jingtao, 83–84. Pelliot, 129. Zhang, 1:304–5. Dunham-Stewart, “The Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Sung Magistrate and the Fundamental Importance of the ‘T’ang-Yin Pi-Shih’ in Chinese Literary Evolution.” Hatano, “Tōin hiji no shohon ni tsuite: Tōin hiji genryū kō.” Shimada, “Gigokushū, Setsugoku kikan, Tōin hiji,” 326–9. Transl.: Kuei Wan-jung, T’ang-yin pi-shih, “Parallel Cases from under the Pear-tree”: A 13th Century Manual of Jurisprudence and Detection, transl. with pref. and notes by R.H. van Gulik (Leiden: Brill, 1956). Tōin hiji 棠陰比事, transl. by Komada Shinji 駒田信二, Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1964 (Chūgoku koten bungaku taikei, vol. 39, 379–500). [CC, LNY, PEW] [MING]

Yunjian yanlüe 雲間讞略 See under section 6.3 0540

Sichuan gedi kan’an ji qita shiyi dangce 四川各地勘案及其它事宜檔 冊, 16 ce [Archives on Investigations and Other Directives from Various Places in Sichuan] Anon. N.d. Ed.: – – – –

*Undated ms. ed. [Beitu] *1 fasc. titled Minshi dang yicun 民事檔遺存. [LSS] *Photo-repro. of Beitu copy, in BTGZC, vol. 51. *Modern punctuated ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 3, with pages consolidated into case files following the reordering proposed by Katō Yūzō (see below).

Rem.: This manuscript collection, split between two libraries, represents a small portion of the archives of the Sichuan Provincial Administration Commission (布政司) and consists of files from 6 prefectures, 8 subprefectures, 18 counties, 1 garrison, and 1 chief’s office (長 官司). The majority of the files can be dated to 1551, and it is reasonable to assume that all are from that year. While many of the cases naturally reflect the dominant concerns of the Commission, such as tax collection and delivery, there are also cases about such issues as official or clerical malfeasance, land disputes, and the compilation of registers. The case reports can be classified into two different types. The first consists of reports in which the cases were sent forward as individual files, clearly indicating the offices from which they originated. In the second type the

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cases were originally part of consolidated reports, each beginning with the stock phrase “One item dealing with …” (壹起為…). The collection also includes an incomplete report on the state of county administration in Pi county 郫縣 (Chengdu 成都 prefecture) and an announcement of new regulations from the Ministry of Personnel.

Ref. and studies: Jiang Yonglin, “Cong Mingdai falü wenhua kan Zhonghua diguo falü de xingshixing,” 119. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 6. Katō Yūzō, “Chūgoku Gen Min hōsei shi,” appendix. Nimick, “Case Files from the Sichuan Provincial Administration Commission,” providing a description of the contents of each file and with an index allowing files to be read despite disordered pages in the original and reprints.Yang Yifan, “Shier zhong Mingdai panli pandu,” 166–7. [TN] 0541

Wang Gongyi gong bogao 王恭毅公駁稿, 2 j. [Cases Rejected by Wang Gai] By Wang Gai 王概 (z. Tongjie 同節, h. Shuzhai 恕齋, s. Gongyi 恭毅) (1418–74) (js. 1442), from Luling 廬陵 (Jiangxi); edited by Gao Quan 高銓 (z. Zongxuan 宗選, h. Pingshan 平山) (1443–1511) (js. 1469), from Jiangdu 江都 (Nan Zhili) 1492 pref. Ed.: – [1492] ed. with prefs. by the author’s son, Wang Chen 臣 (1492), and Gao Quan (1492), who compiled and published the text, colophon (跋) by Yang Jun 楊峻 (1492). [Tianyi ge; uncertain whether still extant] – *[1492] ed., with prefs. by Wang Chen (1492) and Gao Quan (1492). [Shanghai (1st page of pref. missing)] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Shanghai, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 37. – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Shanghai, in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 5. – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Shanghai, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 974.

Rem.: Documents from cases rejected by Wang Gai while he presided over the Court of Judicial Review (大理寺) from 1463 to 1473. Biographies record that after he resolved a number of challenging cases, legal clerks began to collect his cases as models. Gao Quan, who had been his assistant, edited the texts and added nine model forms corresponding to nine causes for rejection (駁稿諸式), featured at the beginning of the work. The rejections are followed by the detail of the cases. The 50 entries in j. 1 deal in particular with administrative crimes, affairs of property and marriage, and theft and abduction; the entries are captioned by a title indicating the nature of the crime or misdemeanor and may

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contain more than one rejection (always introduced by 大理寺為…事), meaning there are significantly more cases discussed than there are entries; their order more or less follows the articles in the Penal Code, and some are quite lengthy (the entire work has more than 220 folios). The ca. 47 entries in j. 2 (2 folios are missing from the ed. at Shanghai) concern homicides (with several affairs discussed under each entry), affrays, bribery, falsification of documents, and more; for the last cases cited the rejections are based on substatutes (例).

Bio.: Wang Gai had already a rich judicial experience when he treated the cases cited here. After his jinshi he was appointed in 1444 as secretary in the Ministry of Justice, where he became bureau vice-director in 1448, and later acting director. During his time at the ministry he earned a reputation for resolving cases that others could not. In 1451 he became administrative vicecommissioner (參政) of Henan, and in 1455 surveillance commissioner in the same province. During the political turmoil of the early Tianshun reign he was accused, imprisoned for a year, then reinstated. In 1462 he was appointed censor and grand coordinator in Shaanxi, and in 1463 became chief minister (卿) of the Court of Judicial Review. He served there until he was made minister of Justice in 1473, and died the following year. See Ming shilu: Yingzong, 114/2305, 163/3159, 189/3879, 200/4258, 220/4771, 304/6424, 318/6634, 347/6991, 358/7132, 119/2303; Shang Lu 商輅, “Zishan dafu xingbu shangshu shi Gongyi Wang gong Gai shendao bei” 資善大夫刑部尚書諡恭毅王公槩神道碑, in Jiao Hong 焦竑, Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻徵錄, 44/36a–37a; Lei Li 雷禮, Guochao lieqing ji 國朝列卿記, 56/18a; Luling 廬陵 XZ (1670), 20/21a. By the time he compiled Wang Gai’s case records and wrote the pref., Gao Quan also had broad experience with reviewing cases. After his jinshi he joined the Court of Judicial Review, where Wang was chief minister, as case reviewer (評事), and remained there through the end of Wang’s tenure. In 1476 he was sent to Fujian to review the backlog of cases as part of an empire-wide effort. From 1478 to 1488 he served as assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) in Shandong, Zhejiang, and Henan, then became surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in Zhejiang. In 1492 he was promoted to Henan surveillance commissioner. He continued a successful career before it was ended by conflict with the powerful eunuch Liu Jin 劉瑾 in 1507. See Ming shilu: Xianzong, 155/2839, 174/3145, 213/3699, 255/4311, Xiaozong, 21/487, 65/1247; Li Dongyang 李東陽, “Zishan dafu Nanjing hubu shangshu zeng taizi shaobao Pingshan Gao gong mubiao” 資善大夫南京戶部尚書贈太子少保平山高公墓表, in Jiao Hong 焦 竑, Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻徵錄, 31/32a–33b; Lei Li 雷禮, Guochao lie­qing ji 國朝列卿記, 34/26b; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 69.

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Ref. and studies: Siku, 101/2071 (copy presented by the Liang-Jiang governorgeneral). TYG, 3:1/14b. Guji shanben, 子, 1:147. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 2–3 (listing every entry). [LG, TN, PEW] 0542

Yanyu gao 讞獄稿, 5 j. [Draft Reports on Judicial Cases] By Ying Jia 應檟 (z. Zicai 子材, h. Jing’an 警菴) (1494–1553) (js. 1526), from Suichang 遂昌 (Zhejiang) 1535 Ed.:

– *[1535] ed., with pref. by Suzhou Prefect Nie Bao 聶豹 (1531) and note on printing by Zhou Nan 周南 (at beginning of j. 1). [Beitu] – Photo-repro. of 1535 ed., Tianjin: Tianjin guji shudian, 1981. – *Photo-repro. of a ms. said to date from the Chongzhen period, with pref. by Nie Bao (1531), in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 5–6.

Rem.: Late in 1530, when Ying Jia was a bureau director at the Ministry of Justice, he was sent to Jiangnan to do a joint review (會審) of the capital cases together with the provincial officials. The present work contains his reports in the form of memorials. In his note, Zhou Nan says that he saw these memorials when he was serving under Ying Jia in Changzhou in 1535. The first two had been published by Nie Bao in 1531, and here Zhou has printed all nine of them for the benefit of those administering justice. (He is mentioned as editor [校] in chapter captions.) J. 1 contains a discussion of people put in jail until they can reimburse stolen property. The rest of the chapters contain reports on the review of cases, with summary of each case. The cases are arranged by prefectures: j. 2 concerns Suzhou 蘇州 and Songjiang 松江 (56 criminals); j. 3 concerns Changzhou 常州 and Zhenjiang 鎮江 (35 criminals); j. 4 concerns Yingtian 應天, Taiping 太平, and Guangde 廣德 (18 criminals); j. 5 is devoted to robbery cases (強盜) in all the prefectures in the region (15 criminals). Bio.: See under Da Ming lü shiyi. Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:2/59a. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 5 (enumerating some of the crimes involved). Hamashima, “Mindai no handoku.” Bibliography entries for same author: Da Ming lü shiyi. [TN]

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Renyu leibian 仁獄類編, 30 j. [Humane Trials, by Categories] Comp. Yu Maoxue 余懋學 (z. Xingzhi 行之, s. Gongmu 恭穆) (1539– 98) (js. 1568), from Wuyuan 婺源 (Nan Zhili) 1608 Ed.:

– 1608 Zhifang tang 直方堂 ed. with compiler’s pref. (1595) and an additional note by his son, Yu Changzuo 昌祚 (1608). [Tianjin Library] – *Photo-repro. of 1608 Zhifang tang ed. at Tianjin Library, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 973. – *Photo-repro. of 1608 Zhifang tang ed., in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 1–2.

Rem.: An anthology of cases and anecdotes culled from historical and contemporary sources, originally meant to enlarge the work of the Hes (the authors of Yiyu ji) and of Zhang Jing (the author of a Ming “supplement,” Bu yiyu ji) (see under Yiyu ji), of which it was to be an “enlargement” (廣集). The author claims in his pref. to have made regular use of Yiyu ji when he was a prefectural judge and an assistant to regional inspectors. In 1590 he was appointed vice-minister of Justice but could not use Yiyu ji any more because he had lost his copy. Therefore he started combing through both historical texts and documents from the reigning dynasty to compose the work, which he was able to complete only after his retirement in 1593. He renamed it Renyu bian because it was not exclusively composed of “dubious cases” (疑獄), and hoped it might help “those who acquire virtue by being respectful in administering justice” (敬刑成德者). The ca. 1,000 cases are classified under 29 categories, beginning with “Transforming by virtue” (德化)—the first three entries are on Confucius—and ending with “Imperial benevolence” (皇仁), with such categories in between as “Redressing injustices” (平反), “Investigating thoroughly” (詳審), “Bringing wickedness to light” (燭奸), “Punishing wickedness” (懲奸), “Dreams sent by the gods” (神 夢), “Extraordinary cases” (異獄), “Retribution of benevolence” (仁報), “Retribution of harshness” (酷報), and more. The text was completed in 1595, but the above-mentioned arrangement in categories (類) was fashioned later by the author together with his son, Changzuo, who completed the editing after Yu’s death in 1598. He also appended Yu’s “Ten rules on judicial cases” (獄案十條) as j. 30. There is a general mulu, and detailed mulu for each juan, listing the captions of each case. Bio.: After his jinshi Yu Maoxue served as prefectural judge (推官) in Fuzhou 撫州 (Jiangxi). In 1573 he was made supervising secretary (給事中) for Works in Nanjing. There he submitted a number of memorials challenging the powerful

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and finally offended Zhang Juzheng 張居正, who arranged in 1575 to have him stripped of his official status and sent home. Following Zhang’s death and disgrace, Yu was called back and resumed his active role. From 1583 to 1590 he moved through a series of offices in Nanjing and Beijing and implemented reforms in each one. In 1590 he was made vice-minister of Justice in Nanjing, and was then moved to the Nanjing Ministry of Revenue to oversee grain shipments. He also served for a time as acting head of the Nanjing Ministry of Works. He was dismissed for old age in 1593, and in his retirement worked on a large number of books, including the present work. See Jiao Hong 焦竑, Danyuan ji 澹園集, 24/32a; MS, 235/6119; Wuyuan XZ (1693), 9/31b; Wuyuan XZ (1925), 22/12a–13a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 35/810, 132/2451, 146/2731, 164/2992, 192/3613, 211/3957, 216/4049, 227/4216, 241/4497; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 267. [TN] Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:147. [PEW] 0544

Sanfang yiduan 三方臆斷, 5 j. [Subjective Decisions Taken in Three Places] Comp. (輯梓) Chen Youxue 陳幼學 (z. Zhixing 志行, h. Yuntang 筠堂) (1541–1624) (js. 1589), from Wuxi 無錫 (Nan Zhili) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated (Wanli-period) ed., text preceded by a ms. copy of biographies extracted from Mingshi and Wuxi XZ, and by a ms. mulu. [Shanghai] Rem.: A collection of case reports, or judicial conclusions (招略),

from the author’s service as a local official. The pieces in j. 1 date from his tenure as magistrate of Queshan 確山 (Henan); those in j. 2–3 are from his service as magistrate of Zhongmou 中牟 (Henan); j. 4–5 correspond to his posting as prefect of Huzhou 湖州 (Zhejiang). The work was compiled while Chen was in the last position. Each entry provides an extensive report of the case, including all the procedural steps followed, and concludes with a sentence proposal closing with the words “Investigation recorded, report completed” (具招申詳訖), or the like. The cases typically deal with disputes that ended with a homicide. The copy seen, carefully printed in large characters, is bound in 10 ce (some breaking in the middle of the text); in some folios the under-sheets have been taken from a printout of the Changsha county gazetteer.

Bio.: After obtaining the juren in 1573 Chen Youxue worked as a tutor and became known for his didactic materials. After his jinshi, obtained 26 years

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later, he became magistrate of Queshan in 1591, where among other efforts he cracked down on abuses by families of officials. His superior, the prefect for Runing 汝寧, became concerned for his safety and in 1593 recommended his transfer. He was moved to the more challenging post in Zhongmou, where he was confronted almost right away with a locust disaster; this prompted him to launch a program of infrastructure building and agricultural development. In both counties he dealt with abuses by the local princely establishments (王府). After five years in Zhongmou, Chen was promoted through a series of offices in the Ministry of Justice, ending as director. He was appointed prefect in Huzhou in 1604, where he again was in conflict with powerful families, and also engaged in famine relief. Though promoted to surveillance vice-commissioner (副使), he was assigned to continue overseeing Huzhou. He moved on to other assignments and then retired, refusing attempts to call him back into service in the Tianqi period. See MS, 281/7217; Wuxi XZ (1690), 18/11a; Runing 汝寧 FZ (1695), 7/73a; Zhongmou XZ (1626), 1/7b, 1/10b, 1/11a–13a, 5/12a; Huzhou FZ (1870/1874), 5/22b, 62/44a; Zou Yi 鄒漪, Qi Zhen yecheng 啟禎野乘, 4/10b; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 577. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 13–14. [PEW, TN] 0545

Mengshui zhai cundu 盟水齋存牘, 13 + 10 j. [Official Documents Kept at Meng River Studio] By Yan Junyan 顏俊彥 (z. Kaimei 開美, 開眉, h. Yanshu 彥叔, Xuequ 雪臞) (js. 1628), from Tongxiang 桐鄉 (Zhejiang) 1631 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Han Rizuan 韓日纘 (n.d.), Lu Ao 陸鏊 (1632), Chen Zizhuang 陳子壯 (n.d.), He Wuzou 何吾騶 (n.d.), Wang Yinghua 王應華 (n.d.), Lu Zhaolong 盧兆龍 (1632), Li Yue 李樂 (n.d.), and author (1631). One page missing at the end of j. 10 and several pages at the end of j. 13. According to Tam, “Justice in Print” (see below), 131, this is a second printing published by the author in Zhejiang at the very end of the Ming; the pref. by Li Yue (1535–1621) is not to Mengshui zhai cundu but to a work by Yan’s father, Yan Xueyi 學易. [Beida] – *Ms. copy of printed ed. with prefs. by Han Changzuan 韓昌纘 [sic] (n.d.), He Wuzou (n.d.), Chen Zizhuang (n.d.), Lu Zhaolong (1632), Lu Ao (1632), Wang Yinghua (n.d.), and author (1631). Incomplete, 1 or 2 pages missing at the end of j. 3; full table of contents, but only j. 1–5 of text of first installment (一刻) extant, and gaps in second installment (二刻);

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according to Tam, “Justice in Print,” 129, this could be the original ms. sent to the publisher for the carving of a first ed. [Xiamen University Library] – *Modern punctuated ed. based on the copy at Beida, Beijing: Zhongguo zhengfa daxue chubanshe, 2002.

Rem.: A collection of judicial sentences and related documents by an author who introduces himself as a “Guangzhou prefectural judge” (廣 李), and also served as acting magistrate of Panyu 番禺 and Xiangshan 香山, as well as acting prefect of Guangzhou 廣州 for over two years. He seems to have been the sort of famous judge to whom colleagues from neighboring prefectures sent difficult cases to solve. In his pref. Yan notes that writing a sentence is much more difficult than writing an examination essay because of the consequences involved. He also stresses the extreme difficulty of serving in an area that has suffered many calamities recently and where poverty and banditry are rife. He decided to publish an anthology based on his draft sentences after going through the archives of his first three years in post. His aim may have been to advertise his own competence in order to enhance his prospects for promotion to the censorate (i.e., the so-called tuizhi xingqu 推知行取 procedure, which selected jinshi-ranking prefectural judges and magistrates for such promotions), at the same time sharing his experience with the rest of the profession. The work is comprised of two installments (一 刻 and 二刻), each with its table of contents. The first installment covers cases judged during Yan’s first term in Guangzhou (1628–30) and at the beginning of his second term, and must have been circulated about the latter date; its 856 entries are arranged under the following categories: “Verified cases” (勘合) initiated by Yan’s predecessors, 1 j.; “Judicial sentences” (讞略), introduced by “I have observed that …”(審得), 5 j.; “Reopened cases” (翻案), 1 j.; “Reopened cases as acting prefect” (署府翻 案), 1 j.; “Non-confirmed sentences” (矜審), 1 j.; and “Official communications” (公移), 1 j. The last three juan consist of judicial sentences handed down as acting prefect of Guangzhou and acting magistrate of Panyu and Xiangshan, respectively. The second installment, probably prepared by Yan after his arrival in the capital in 1633, covers the years 1631–33 and also retrieves some earlier cases omitted in the first installment. Its 583 entries are organized into “Verified cases,” 1 j.; “Judicial sentences,” 3 j.; “Reopened cases,” 1 j.; “Official communications,” 1 j.; “Unconfirmed sentences,” 1 j.; “Dubious reserved cases” (矜疑), 1 j.; and sentences as acting prefect, 2 j. The mulu lists the pieces one by one, indicating the nature of the crime, the name of the accused, and the final decision, or the contents of the communications. Most sentences conclude with the

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rescript (批) of the superior authority. The work delivers a rich picture of social life and the administration of justice in the region during the years covered, and has already been the subject of several studies (see below).

Bio.: The record of Yan Junyan’s life has been confused by later biographers and has only been clarified recently. Yan was active in politically influential literary societies even before passing the examinations. Immediately after his jinshi he was appointed prefectural judge (推官) in Guangzhou, and served there until 1633, with acting positions at several points (see above). A story about his involvement with the surrendered pirate Zheng Zhilong 鄭芝龍 and his removal from office in 1630 has proved false. He went to the capital for promotion in 1633, but either because of dismissal or links with people out of political favor he received no appointment and returned home. During the brief Hongguang 弘光 reign of the Southern Ming (1644–45) he was appointed prefectural judge in Songjiang 松江 (Nan Zhili), then bureau secretary at the Ministry of Works, but he went into mourning before taking up the post. He was away from Nanjing when it surrendered to the Qing. After the conquest he lived as a recluse. See Tam, “Justice in Print,” 96–136, for a critical biography surveying all the available sources; Tam, “Daizui Guang li.” Ref. and studies: Franke, 5.9.24. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 48–52 (counting 1,315 cases in all, and providing the captions of all the cases in the 1st installment, j. 1–4). Jiang Yonglin and Wu Yanhong, “Satisfying Both Sentiment and Law,” 57. Cheng Weirong, “Mengshui zhai cundu ji qi fanying de wan Ming jicheng zhidu.” Inoue, “Mingmo Guangzhou de zongzu.” Tong Guangzheng, Mingdai minshi pandu yanjiu, 10–11. Ye Xian’en [葉顯恩], “A Note on the Official Documents Preserved in the Meng Shui Studio”; Chinese version in Ye, Huizhou yu Yuehai lungao 徽州與粵海論稿 (Hefei: Anhui daxue chubanshe, 2004), 343–9. Tam, “Justice in Print,” passim, attempts to correct a number of errors and misinterpretations in the previous literature. Tam, “Mengshui zhai cundu suo fanying de wan Ming Guangdong.” (See further references in Tam Ka-chai 譚家齊, “Mingdai pandu yanjiu zhi huigu yu zhanwang” 明代判牘研究之回顧 與展望 [Presentation at CUHK, 2013], notes 22 and 28.) [TN, PEW]

0546

Xunci 㽦辭, 12 j. [Plowing Words] By Zhang Kentang 張肯堂 (z. Zaining 載寧, h. Niyuan 鯢淵) (d. 1651) (js. 1625), from Huating 華亭 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1630 Ed.:

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705

– *Chongzhen-period ed. with prefs. by Cheng Jingzhi 成靖之 [Cheng Jiming 基命] (1634, to Wan’er ji) and Si Weibiao 司惟標 (calligraphed by Wang Zhichen 王之臣, n.d.). [*Beiping Mf., reels #566–567] [Gugong Taipei] [*Shanghai] – *Photo-repro. of above ed. (Gugong copy), Taipei: Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 1970 (Mingdai shiji huikan 明代史籍彙刊, vol. 20), with pref. by Liu Guangyou 劉光祐. – *Reprint based on Beiping Mf. in Zhongguo xijian shiliao 中國稀見史料, ser. 1, vol. 7–8 (Xiamen: Xiamen daxue chubanshe, 2007). – *Modern punctuated ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 4, based on copy at Beitu (presumably the Taipei photo-repro.), erroneously calling the author of the first preface Cheng Jing.

Rem.: An anthology of cases adjudicated around 1630 by the author as magistrate of Junxian 濬縣 (Bei Zhili), or in some instances as acting magistrate in neighboring counties. The work was originally part of Wan’er ji 莞爾集, a 20-j. collection of the author’s administrative pieces from his tenure at Junxian, now lost but mentioned in the Mingshi bibliographic treatise and described in Cheng Jiming’s preface. The 308 entries deal with a total 302 cases. (A few are general narratives, e.g. on bandit suppression, and some cases are discussed in several entries.) Each entry is a “judgment” (讞)—the word that defines the nature of Zhang’s authorship in chapter captions—and uses the name of the culprit as its title. It consists of a short narrative of the case and ends with the legal and/or moral basis for judgment, the sentence itself being indicated only occasionally. The text is over-abundantly punctuated. The mulu also features 24 “commentaries on important criminals” (審錄要囚 參語) as an appendix, though in fact they are not distinguished from the rest of j. 12. A number of cases deal with military families and military domains. According to Jiang Yonglin (see below), the 302 cases judged by the author are not in the form of official documents but are rather rewritten narratives emphasizing the author’s reliance on the Penal Code and on moral values in making decisions. Yang Yifan (see below) also notes the elegance of the style. In fact they are more like “rescripts” (批) in form. According to Jiang, in two-thirds of the cases the litigants were from outside Junxian, partly due to Zhang’s reputation as an impartial judge; he remarks that in his judgments Zhang hardly ever invoked the substatutes (例) attached to the Ming Code, making a point of relying on the regular statutes instead. This seems to contradict a number of assessments of judicial practice in the Ming, beginning with that of the Mingshi itself. In any event, in a number of cases involving local

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interests, in particular those of lineages, Zhang seems to have avoided a strict application of the Code and preferred to decide in a way that preserved local practice. Many cases are indeed dealing with “minor affairs” (such as family or commercial conflicts) that the magistrate would resolve by simple arbitration and with arguments more moral than juridical. The work may be considered both as a model anthology for officials and (Jiang’s interpretation) as warnings intended as admonishment to the public. According to Cheng’s preface, the word xun 㽦 in the title is used in comparison with deep plowing that brings out the richness of the soil: in the same way, Zhang’s direct and well-crafted judgements go directly to the hearts of the contending parties. (Jiang renders the title as Court Verdicts That Touch the Heart.)

Bio.: An activist official and a participant in the factional struggles of the late Ming, Zhang Kentang was first appointed magistrate of Yugan 餘干 (Jiangxi), but apparently went into mourning before serving there. On his return he was appointed to Junxian (Bei Zhili) and began his service in 1629 or 1630. When word came in 1631 of the threat of rebels he developed strategically placed defensive works and prepared the local militia. The same year he was also acting magistrate for the neighboring Huaxian 滑縣. In 1633 he successfully defended the city against a rebel attack. Due to his outstanding performance in Junxian he was made a censor (御史) in 1634 and submitted recommendations for local defense. He spent some time as regional inspector of Fujian, but by 1639 was back in the capital engaging in factional struggles around military operations. In 1642 he was first made assistant minister (丞) in the Court of Judicial Review, then assistant censor-in-chief (僉都御史) and grand coordinator of Fujian. He remained there during the collapse of the Ming and of the first Southern Ming court in Nanjing. In 1645, he participated in establishing the Longwu emperor’s court. He was overseeing naval operations when Zheng Zhilong defected to the Qing and the Longwu court was destroyed. By 1649 he had established a base in the Chusan 舟山 archipelago (Zhejiang), where he was joined by the Southern Ming regent Zhu Yihai 朱以海. In 1651 the regent departed but ordered him to resist the Qing assault. When the key city fell he committed suicide with his family. See MS, 276/7065; Gao Yutai 高宇泰, Xuejiao ting zhengqi lu 雪交亭正 氣錄, 8/3a; Huating XZ (1791), 13/5b–7a; Jun XZ (1801), 6/11a, 28b, 33b, 42b, 56b, 12/31b, 19/30b–31b; Hua 滑 XZ (1932), 13/24b. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:148. Chang, 2:806. Shiga, 7. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 53 (counting 245 cases in all). Yang Yifan, “Shier zhong Mingdai panli pandu,” 171–3. Tong Guangzheng, Mingdai minshi pandu yanjiu, 13–15. Hamashima, “Minmatsu Kahoku no chihō shijin zō,” focusing on the peculiarities of the North China gentry as revealed in the text. Id., “Mindai no

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handoku.” Jiang Yonglin, “Defending the Dynastic Order at the Local Level.” Yu Zhijia, “Cong ‘Xunci’ kan Mingmo Zhi Yu Jin jiaojie diqu de weisuo junhu yu junmin susong” (proposing “Cultivated Judgments” for Xunci). Jiang Yonglin and Wu Yanhong, “Satisfying Both Sentiment and Law,” 57. [TN, PEW] 0547

An Wu qinshen xigao 按吳親審檄稿 [Draft Opinions from Cases Personally Tried as Regional Inspector of the Wu Region] By Qi Biaojia 祁彪佳 (z. Youwen 幼文, Hongji 弘吉, h. Shipei 世培, Huzi 虎子, s. Zhongmin 忠敏, Zhonghui 忠惠) (1602–45) (js. 1622), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1634 Ed.: – *Undated ms. ed., without pref., table of contents, or fanli. [Beitu] – *Modern punctuated ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 4.

Rem.: One of 26 titles in Qi Biaojia’s Nachlass preserved at Beitu (see also Puyang yandu, kandu, etc.), which according to Hamashima’s description (see below) already have the form of a “collected works” ready for publication. The ms. is indeed carefully written in regular script on pre-framed, though non-paginated, folios. The text starts with an order to the prefects and magistrates under Qi specifying how the criminals listed further on (the list is not reproduced), as well as witnesses if any, should be delivered for his reviewing. Then come 148 judicial statements delivered by Qi as Suzhou-Songjiang regional inspector in 1633–34, based on his own interrogation of the persons involved. The comparatively short texts (introduced by 一件… 事, with a brief indication of the nature of the case) are addressed to the officials who originally dealt with the cases, e.g., the Suzhou prefectural judge (蘇刑官), or the chief of the Suzhou police (蘇總捕, a position held by a vice-prefect 同知), and several prefects and magistrates; Qi exposes his views and indicates how the affair must be handled, saying e.g. “no further investigation” (免究), or “a dossier must be opened” (相應立案), sometimes giving a deadline, e.g. “report within five days” (五日內招報). A majority of entries concern criminal cases, but some contain data of interest on socio-economic conditions in Jiangnan and on local administration, even though the concrete information contained in the original dossiers is mostly absent from the texts collected here. This appears to be a selection of the more serious or noteworthy cases reviewed by Qi.

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Bio.: Qi’s first position after his jinshi was prefectural judge (推官) of Xinghua 興化 (Fujian), a post he reached at the beginning of 1624 and where he stayed

almost five years until he had to leave to mourn his father in late 1628; he also served for a time as acting Putian 莆田 magistrate. In 1631 he was promoted to a position of censor (御史), and in 1633 became regional inspector for the Suzhou-Songjiang area. Having earned the malcontent of some powerful retired officials through his management of troubles caused by bondservants, he retired to his home county to take care of his aging mother. During that period he was deeply involved in local efforts at combating famine. He resumed his position of censor in 1643 and presided over the “great reckoning” (大計) in Beijing, then was sent to Nanjing to supervise the Nan Zhili provincial examination. The fall of the capital at the hands of Li Zicheng occurred while he was still in the South. He served the Southern Ming for some time as Jiangnan grand coordinator, but eventually decided to retire to his Zhejiang home because of factional opposition. The scion of a local great family, he was an official of considerable brilliance, prestige, and influence; he was also famous as an author of dramas. When the Manchus invaded Zhejiang he committed suicide rather than accept their offers for service. See MS, 275/7051–54; Donglin liezhuan 東林列傳 (Siku quanshu ed.), 11/3b–7b; Qi Zhongmin gong riji 祁忠敏 公日記 (Qi’s diary, covering the years 1631–45); ECCP, 126. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 44–45 (listing all 148 captions). Yang Yifan, “Shier zhong Mingdai panli pandu,” 174. Hamashima, “Pekin toshokan sō An Go shinshin kōkō kanshō,” quoting and commenting on 19 cases dealing with civil affairs, and including a complete listing of the manuscript works of Qi Biaojia held at Beitu. Bibliography entries for same author: An Wu xigao; Puyang yandu, kanyu; Puyang bingdu, pingyu, zalu; Xun’an Su Song dengchu jietie; An Wu xigao, paishigao; Jiuhuang quanshu. [CC, PEW] 0548

An Wu xigao 按吳檄稿 [A Suzhou-Songjiang Regional Inspector’s Draft Directives] By Qi Biaojia 祁彪佳 (z. Youwen 幼文, Hongji 弘吉, h. Shipei 世培, Huzi 虎子, s. Zhongmin 忠敏, Zhonghui 忠惠) (1602–45) (js. 1622), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1634 Ed.: – Undated late-Ming ms. ed. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of same ms. ed., in BTGZC, vol. 48.

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– *Photo-repro. of same ms. ed., in Gudai difang falü jiabian, ser. 1, vol. 9–10.

Rem.: A large collection of 1,102 judicial statements delivered by Qi while he was reviewing judgments by local officials as regional inspector for Suzhou and Songjiang (Nan Zhili) in 1633–34. The contents cover a wide range of topics, including evaluations, crimes, tax delivery, and earthquakes. It also includes reports on proclamations that Qi issued to address various problems. The text contains data of interest on socioeconomic conditions in Jiangnan, even though the concrete information contained in the original dossiers is mostly absent from the pieces collected here.

Bio.: See under An Wu qinshen xigao. Bibliography entries for same author: An Wu qinshen xigao; Puyang yandu, kanyu; Puyang bingdu, pingyu, zalu; Xun’an Su Song dengchu jietie; An Wu xigao, paishigao; Jiuhuang quanshu. [TN] 0549

Puyang yandu, kanyu 莆陽讞牘、勘語, 14 ce [Judgments and Decisions from Xinghua] By Qi Biaojia 祁彪佳 (z. Youwen 幼文, Hongji 弘吉, h. Shipei 世培, Huzi 虎子, s. Zhongmin 忠敏, Zhonghui 忠惠) (1602–45) (js. 1622), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.: – *Undated, untitled ms. on pre-framed paper. [Beitu] – *Modern punctuated ed. based on the ms. ed. above, in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 5, with a 70-page detailed table of contents.

Rem.: This very carefully written ms. is part of the ms. collection of works by Qi Biaojia held at Beitu (see under An Wu qinshen xigao). (There is no author’s name in the ms., but the title is mentioned in Qi’s list of works in his diary.) It was probably intended for publication. It is a massive collection of judgments delivered by Qi during the years 1624–28, when he was prefectural judge (推官) at Xinghua 興化 (Fujian) and acting magistrate of Putian 莆田, the leading county of Xinghua. (According to Dentō Chūgoku handoku [see below], there are 1,514 cases in all.) The judgments, most of them introduced by the words shende 審 得, review original judgments by local officials; they deal with both civil and criminal affairs. Most are comparatively short pieces, with a caption indicating one or several of the following elements: the administrative unit that transmitted the case (e.g., circuit intendant, prefecture, and

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so forth), the nature of the crime or dispute, the name of the person(s) involved, and the punishment when applying. Some cases feature twice in the collection. The first part of the collection represents primarily cases that emerged within Xinghua prefecture, mostly civil affairs, some closed without inflicting a punishment. In the second part criminal cases are the majority, many of them from other Fujian prefectures, likely remanded to Qi by other authorities for re-hearing. A number of cases in this second part involve piracy and boat-people.

Bio.: See under An Wu qinshen xigao. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 38–44 (based on the Lidai panli pandu ed., listing the captions of all the case in the first part, devoted to Xinghua and Putian). Hamashima, “Pekin toshokan sō Hoyō gendoku kan shō,” quoting and commenting on fifty cases dealing with conflicts between landlords and tenants. Id., “Mindai no handoku.” Yang Yifan, “Shier zhong Mingdai panli pandu,” 173–4. Bibliography entries for same author: An Wu qinshen xigao; An Wu xigao; Puyang bingdu, pingyu, zalu; Xun’an Su Song dengchu jietie; An Wu xigao, paishigao; Jiuhuang quanshu. [CC, TN, PEW] 0550

Zheyu xinyu 折獄新語, 10 j. [Latest Anecdotes on Judicial Decisions] By Li Qing 李清 (z. Xinshui 心水, Yingbi 映碧, h. Tianyi jushi 天一居 士) (1602–83) (js. 1631), from Xinghua 興化 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1637 Ed.:

– *Undated (Chongzhen-period) punctuated ed., without pref. or postf., running title Danning zhai xinyu 澹寧齋新語. [Beitu, with handwritten introductory note by modern writer Huang Shang 黃裳 (1919–2012), dated 27 June 1952) and with heavy handwritten additions to the printed punctuation and underline] – Undated (Chongzhen-period) ed. from “this yamen” 本衙藏板, with some character variants and possibly a little later than the previous one, with pref. by Wang Siren 王思任 (n.d.) and postf. by Zhu Minggao 朱明鎬 (n.d.). [Jilin daxue] – *1935 Shanghai Zhongyang shudian typeset ed. (Guoxue zhenben wenku, ser. 1, no. 3) republished by Jinxia ge zhuren 襟霞閣主人重刊, apparently based on Chongzhen ed. at Beitu, 1 ce in Chinese binding, with subtitle Fengqu pandu 風趣判牘. [Zhejiang]

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711

– *1937 Shanghai Zhongyang shudian typeset ed. (Guoxue zhenben wenku, ser. 1, no. 3), republished by Jinxia ge zhuren 襟霞閣主人重刊, 1 vol., western binding. [IHEC] – *Photo-repro. of Chongzhen ed. (Jilin University copy), in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 972. – *Photo-repro. of Chongzhen ed. (Beitu copy), Nanjing: Fenghuang chubanshe, 2013 (Zihai zhenben bian 子海珍本編, Dalu juan 大陸卷, ser. 1, vol. 24). – Modern typeset and punctuated ed. titled Zheyu xinyu zhushi 折獄新語 注釋, edited by Lu Youxun 陸有珣 et al., Changchun: Jilin renmin chubanshe, 1989. – *Modern punctuated ed. based on Chongzhen ed. (Beitu copy, missing parts supplied from Jilin copy), in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 4.

Rem.: An anthology of judicial cases (mostly reports introduced by the phrase “it is found that” (審得), dating from the years 1631–37, when the author was prefectural judge (推官) of Ningbo 寧波 (Zhejiang). The 210 cases deal with marriage (婚姻, j. 1), inheritance (承襲, j. 2), real estate (產業, j. 3), forgeries (詐偽, j. 4), sexual crimes (淫姦, j. 5), banditry (賊情, j. 6), taxes (錢糧, j. 7), administrative mistakes (失誤, j. 8), recidivists (重犯, j. 9), and injustices (冤犯, j. 10). An appendix features three examples of “doubtful cases” (疑犯) and 20 “reports” (詳語) (the last are absent from the Beitu copy). The cases in this xiangyu section are introduced by the words kande 看得 instead of shende 審得 in the rest of the work. The text of the Guoxue zhenben wenku ed. apparently reproduces the heavy punctuation and underlining of the original (similar in both Chongzhen eds., but lost in the Lidai panli pandu modern ed.). According to Tam (see below), this collection belongs to a genre of “heavily edited” cases rewritten as narratives aimed not only at practioners of justice but also at the larger public to instruct and entertain about crime and punishment. Indeed, in his note handwritten on the Beitu copy Huang Shang says that the text recalls Ming fiction literature; he also remarks that the work is “not without its usefulness” to study the circumstances of urban society (市井人情). In many of the cases the final decision is omitted. In both Chongzhen copies the authorship (著) is attributed to Li Qing, while Wang Siren 王思任 (z. Jizhong 季重, 1575–1646, js. 1595), an official with legal expertise and a popular author who retired to his native Shaoxing in 1636, and who also signs the pref. (in the Jilin copy), is given as “reviser” (訂); according to Tam, 157–8, Wang’s role as editor and preface writer is probably spurious and a bookseller’s invention.

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Bio.: After his jinshi Li Qing started his career as prefectural judge of Ningbo; in 1638 he became a supervising secretary (給事中) for Justice. One of his memorials resulted in his demotion in 1640 to record keeper (照磨) in a provincial surveillance commission, but he went into mourning before taking the post. In 1642 he was summoned back to the capital and made supervising secretary for Personnel. He was away from the capital when it fell to rebels in 1644 and joined the Southern Ming court in Nanjing, where he was first made chief supervising secretary (都給事中) for Works and then assistant minister (丞) of the Court of Judicial Review. He was away from Nanjing when it surrendered to the Manchus in 1645. He returned home, did not serve under the Qing, and in the Kangxi period declined to join the editorial staff for the Ming dynastic history. See MS, 193/5120; ECCP, 454; Tam Ka-chai, “Justice in Print,” 143–149. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:148. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 54–56 (listing all the cases). Hamashima, “Mindai no handoku.” Yang Yifan, “Shier zhong Mingdai panli pandu,” 175–6. Jiang and Wu, “Satisfying both Sentiment and Law,” 57. Langlois, 211. He Qinhua, 2:353–7 (strangely claiming that “this is the only surviving Ming individual collection of judgments”). Yang Yifan, intro. to Lidai panli pandu, vol. 4, 8–10, claiming that the copy at Jilin daxue is “slightly later” than the one at Beitu, and noting variants. Wang Shirong, Zhongguo gudai panci yanjiu, 77–85. Tong Guangzheng, Mingdai minshi pandu yanjiu, 17–18. Tam Ka-chai, “Justice in Print,” passim. [CC, PEW] [QING A]

Shou Wan yanci 守皖讞詞 Xun Zhang yanci 巡漳讞詞 See: Xu gong yanci 0551

Jiting cao 棘聽草, 20 or 12 j. [Drafts from Hearings under the Jujube Tree] By Li Zhifang 李之芳 (z. Yeyuan 鄴園, s. Wenxiang 文襄) (1622–94) (js. 1647), from Wuding 武定 (Shandong) 1654 Ed.:

– *[1654] Suxin zhai 素心齋 ed. in 20 j. (no cover-leaf, beginning of pref. missing), with author’s pref. (1654). [Ōki] – *[1702] ed. in 12 j. with author’s pref. (1654) and an account of the engraving of the new ed. (重刻棘聽草紀事) by the author’s fifth son, Li Zhonglin 鍾麟 (1702).[*Beida, “Shunzhi” ed. in cat.] [*BN] [*Congress/LL] [Faxue suo] [*LSS] [*Ōki] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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713

– *Ed. in 12 j., identical to the above, as ce 15–20 of Li Wenxiang gong wenji 李文襄公文集 (1702 Tongxi tang ed. 彤錫堂藏, opening with three imperial edicts addressed to Li Zhifang on KX 26/10/6). [Fu Sinian] – *Photo-repro. from Li Wenxiang gong wenji ed. at Fudan daxue, in Qingdai shiwen ji huibian, vol. 80. – *Modern punctuated ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 9, based on the 12-j. 1702 ed.

Rem.: Documents on a total 381 cases adjudicated by the author during the 6 years he spent “his head buried in judiciary files” (沉首案牘 中) as prefectural judge of Jinhua 金華 (Zhejiang). The title alludes to a passage in the Liji to the effect that “the great manager of criminals (大 司寇) heard cases under a jujube tree.” The original ed. published in 1654 in 20 j. was compiled by Li Zhifang from hundreds of draft sentences that he had found on the top of a shelf when about to leave his post, and could not resolve to throw away. J. 2–13 are devoted to judgments (讞 詞) on affairs under the following 12 categories: homicides (人命), robbery (盜情), corrupt yamen personnel (衙蠹), tax fraud (科詐), taxes (糧 課), property (產業), marriage (婚嫁), sexual crimes (姦淫), false accusations (誤妄), frauds (詐偽), negligence (疏逸), and prisoners (錄囚). J. 14–20 include investigation reports (勘詳) and judgments written by Li Zhifang as acting official in several other capacities. The 1702 ed. in 12 j., made while Li Zhonglin was publishing his father’s collected works, had to be engraved anew because the original printing blocks were unusable. It uses the same 12 categories with a few changes in their order, the judgments edicted as acting official being appended to the relevant chapters; Li Zhonglin also provided notes to indicate where penal law had changed since his father’s time. There is a further fasc. with a text by Li Zhifang titled Fuyi xianggao 賦役詳稿, with undated author’s pref., featuring six reports and some further advice on taxation problems in Zhejiang; these pieces were already found (with other materials) in j. 1 of the 1654 ed. under the general title kanxiang 勘詳, and in Li Wenxiang gong wenji they precede Jiting cao; Li Zhifang is said to have reformed the abusive late-Ming fiscal practices in Zhejiang. Bio.: Li Zhifang, who rose to the post of minister of Personnel, was known as a diligent and incorruptible official. Two years after his jinshi he was appointed prefectural judge (推官) of Jinhua. Based on his stellar performance in Zhejiang, he was promoted to the posts of second-class secretary, later bureau director, in the Ministry of Justice. His next appointments were as censor in charge, successively, of the Guangxi, Huguang, and Henan circuits. He was Zhejiang governor-general from 1673 to 1682, the period of the Three Feudatories Rebellion. His official correspondence and proclamations during

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that period are found in his Li Wenxiang gong bielu (q.v.). Then he became minister of War (1682–84) and of Personnel (1684–87). The pinnacle of his career was his appointment to the post of Grand Secretary in 1687, from which he was removed by the Kangxi emperor after only a year, reportedly due to illness but in fact because of his involvement with the impeached grand secretary Mingju 明珠 (see ECCP, 577). After his forced retirement, Li Zhifang returned to his native place, where he died 6 years later. In addition to his writings on legal issues he also published several works on military affairs. See Li xiangguo Wenxiang nianpu 李相國文襄年譜 (pref. 1691), published together with Jiting cao and Fuyi xianggao [BN copy]; QSG, 251/9715–19; QSLZ, 6/51a–56b; Wuding FZ (1859), 23/31a–32a; Li’s nianpu at the end of certain copies of Li Wenxiang gong wenji/quanji; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Ma, 128 (Beiping) (1702 ed.). Chang, 2:807 (12-j. ed.). Shiga, 7 (20-j. and 12-j. eds.). “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 62 (by Su Yigong 蘇亦工). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 79–85 (1654 ed.), counting 449 judgments in all and listing their captions (j. 2–18, 20). Bibliography entries for same author: Li Wenxiang gong bielu. [PEW] 0552

Xinbian pingzhu Yu Chenglong pandu jinghua 新編評注于成龍判牘精 華 [A New Annotated Anthology of Yu Chenglong’s Judgments] By Yu Chenglong 于成龍 (z. Beiming 北溟, h. Yushan 于山, s. Qingduan 清端) (1617–84) (supplementary-list presented student 副榜貢生 1639), from Yongning 永寧 (Shanxi) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated Dongya shuju 東亞書局 ed. (38 pp.), Shanghai, compiled by Jinxia gezhu 襟霞閣主, annot. by Qiuhen louzhu 秋痕廔主. [Zhejiang]

Rem.: a selection of 33 judicial sentences by the author. The pieces included have been regarded as fakes published for commercial reasons.

Bio.: See under Qinmin guan zixing liujie. Bibliography entries for same author: Qinmin guan zixing liujie; Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu; Yushan zoudu; Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu jiyao. [PEW] 0553

Li Xin cungao 理信存稿, 4 ce or 6 j. [Preserved Drafts from a Guangxin Prefectural Judgeship] By Li Shihong 黎士弘 / 宏 (z. Kuizeng 愧曾) (1618–97) (jr. 1654), from Changting 長汀 (Fujian) Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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715

1669 pref. Ed.:

– Undated ed. in 6 j., with prefs. by Zhou Tiguan 周體觀, Li Yuankuan 黎元 寬, Zhou Lianggong 周亮工, Lin Yujun 林毓俊, and author, colophons (跋) by He Yisun 賀貽孫 and He Wusheng 賀吳生. [Fujian sheng tushuguan] – *[1670] ed. in 4 ce, with prefs. by Zhou Tiguan (1670), Li Yuankuan (n.d.), Zhou Lianggong (1670), Lin Yujun (n.d.), and author (1669), colophons by He Yisun (n.d.), He Wusheng (n.d.), and He Shuqian 何屬乾 (n.d.). [Faxue suo] – *Photo-repro. of the 3 juan of “judicial conclusions” (審語) from copy at Faxue suo, in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 9–10. – *Photo-repro. of the section on public proclamations (告示) from same copy, in Gudai bangwen gaoshi, vol. 3.

Rem.: Versions of the work in 2, 3, or 4 juan are mentioned, which may or may not correspond to the extant versions. This anthology of official documents corresponds to the author’s tenure as prefectural judge (理刑, or 司李, or 推官) in Guangxin 廣信 prefecture (Jiangxi) during the years 1662–67. As he indicates in his pref., Li selected the materials between 1667 and 1669, during his free time as magistrate of Yongxin 永 新 (Jiangxi), the post to which he was appointed after the empire-wide cancellation of the position of prefectural judge in 1667, and had them engraved. During his time in Guangxin, Li Shihong handled about 750 legal cases from 13 counties, sometimes with several thousand people in the audience to witness his adjudications. The work includes 22 reports (詳文) to superiors, 17 public proclamations (告示), and 190 legal conclusions (審語). Most of the legal conclusions (arranged in 3 j. in the ed. at Faxue suo) involve serious crimes like fraud, robbery, kidnapping, or homicide; with a few exceptions, these cases were sent down (發審) by the prefect, circuit intendant, surveillance commissioner, governor, or governor-general to Li Shihong for investigation and trial. They are introduced by the words shende 審得, or kande 看得, and are mainly meant to review previous judgments, establish the facts, and assign culpability; they may conclude by confirming a previous judgment proposal (招擬), or proposing a different punishment, or suggesting further investigations. The work is completed by (1) a series of judicial anecdotes titled Li Xin zaji 雜記, in which the author gives examples of his ingenuity at solving cases and tricking litigants into telling the truth (10 folios in all); and (2) a set of memorials by the governor-general of Jiangxi mentioning the reconstruction and repopulation of devastated areas of Guangxin with which he entrusted Li Shihong and proposing that Li be rewarded for his hard work and efficiency. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Bio.: Li Shihong got his juren degree at the Shuntian examination at the age of 36. He was appointed prefectural judge of Guangxin about a decade later, and became known as a capable and fair judge during the 6 years he spent there, to the extent that judicial affairs from all the Fujian prefectures were submitted to him. As a magistrate of Yongxin in 1668–71 he seems to have been extremely popular; he was evaluated as “outstanding” (卓異), and was promoted to be vice-prefect (同知) of Ganzhou 甘州 in western Shaanxi (later Gansu). He was promoted to prefect of Changzhou 常州 (Jiangsu), but while on his way was rerouted to western Shaanxi to help combat various mutinies connected with the Wu Sangui Rebellion. His efforts earned him several promotions in the region, ultimately as administration vice-commissioner (參政). In 1679 he asked to retire to take care of his aged mother. See QSG, 285/10201–03; QSLZ, 74/14b–15a; Fujian TZ (Siku ed.), 48/38a; Yongxin XZ (1874), 10/11b–12a; Gansu TZ (Siku ed.), 32/37a, Li Guopeng, “Li Shihong yanjiu,” 5–8; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 69 (by Su Yigong 蘇亦工). Li, “Li Shihong yanjiu,” 9. Yamamoto, 63–64. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 89–91, counting 175 entries in the 3 juan devoted to judgments (判語) (Faxue suo copy) and listing their captions. [CL, PEW] 0554

Xinbian pingzhu Lu Jiashu pandu jinghua 新編評註陸稼書判牘菁華 [A New Annotated Anthology of Judgments by Lu Longqi] By Lu Longqi 陸隴其 (z. Jiashu 稼書, h. Sanyu tang xiansheng 三魚堂 先生, s. Qingxian 清獻) (1630–93) (js. 1670), from Pinghu 平湖 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *1934 Shanghai Zhongyang shudian new typeset ed. (重印), comp. Jinxia gezhu 襟霞閣主, with comments by Qiuhen louzhu 秋痕廔主. [Zhejiang] Rem.: An anthology of judgments pronounced in Jiading 嘉定 and Lingshou 靈壽 (Jiangsu) in the years 1675–77 and after 1683 by a “famous official of the Qing” (清朝名吏, the words preceding the title on

the cover and cover-leaf). The 80 pages include 71 entries. The titles of the “admirable judgments” (妙判) provided in the mulu for each entry suggest the contents of the cases.

Bio.: See under Lizheng zhaiyao. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 100–1, reproducing the captions of 46 judgments (判) and 2 rescripts (批).

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0553–0556

Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng zhaiyao; Lizheng zhaiyao. [TCF] 0555

Yiyu jian 疑獄箋, 4 j. [Comments on Doubtful Cases] By Chen Fangsheng 陳芳生 (z. Shuliu 漱六), from Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang) 1691 pref. Ed.: – Undated ed. with pref. by Chen Fangsheng (1691). [Beida] – *Ms. copy dated jiaxu 甲戌 (1874 or possibly 1934), based on a Sibao zhai 四寶齋 printed ed., with prefs. by Chen Fangsheng (1691) and Wang Dingchen 王鼎生 (1691). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of undated printed ed. at Beida, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 37, with Siku notice added. – *Photo-repro. of apparently same copy, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 974.

Rem.: A text based on He Ning’s and He Meng’s Yiyu ji and its enlarged version by Zhang Jing (see under Yiyu ji). Cases have been removed from the earlier versions and new cases have been added; the main innovation is that the 276 cases in j. 1–3 are arranged according to 58 categories. J. 4 is composed of 85 anecdotes on eminent men of the past dealing with how to deliver judgments, under 19 categories. The prefs. to Yiyu ji by He Meng, Du Zhen, and Li Songxiang are reproduced at the end of j. 3. The ms. copy at Beitu has 5 more categories, and its j. 4 includes two other texts, Xixian lunshuo 昔賢論說 and Yanyu chengfa 讞語成法. Chen’s pref. comments on the two sorts of “doubt” that may arise, either on the facts (情事之疑) or on the interpretation of the law (法律之疑); they should always favor the defendant. Bio.: No information is available on Chen Fangsheng. Ref. and studies: Siku, 101/2073. QSG, 147/4334 (titled Yiyu ji 集 jian). Pelliot, 143. Qingdai lüxue, 54–59 (by Xu Guangxian 許光縣). Bibliography entries for same author: Xiyuan jishuo; Buhuang kao. [JB, LG]

0556

Shoubang jinlüe 守邦近略 [Recent Account of a Prefectureship] By Zhang Guanshi 張官始 (h. Yizhai 抑齋) (jr. 1660), from Renhe

仁和 (Zhejiang)

1694 Ed.:

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– *[1694] ed., with author’s address to the city god of Ji’an 吉安 prefecture (告城隍文, 1694) and prefs. by Xiao Daohong 蕭道弘 (1694) and Zhao Yin 趙隱 (1694). [Congress]

Rem.: As stated in his announcement to the city god, this is an account of the author’s two years as prefect of Ji’an (Jiangxi), where he was appointed in 1692. The prefaces insist on his integrity and humanity; Zhang’s own preface stresses the peculiar difficulty of being a prefect in comparison with being a magistrate. The work is composed of four “collections” (集). The first includes 37 proclamations and prohibitions addressed to underlings and to the populace, and 10 “cases” (shi 事). Collections 2–4 are entirely comprised of “cases,” i.e., judicial findings introduced by the phrase “We found that …” (看得), dealing with both serious crimes and minor civil affairs. The findings, written in very clear language, are extremely rich on the everyday life of local society and on the relations between state and society in late-seventeenth-century Jiangxi.

Bio.: Information on Zhang Guanshi is spotty. After his juren he was at some point instructor in the Shaoxing prefectural school (紹興府學教授), from which he was promoted to be assistant instructor at the National University (國子監助教). Nothing is known of his subsequent career until he became prefect of Ji’an. He resigned in 1694 because of a deficit in one of the counties subordinate to Ji’an. See Shaoxing FZ (1792), 29/37a; Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (1694), 24/39a; Renhe XZ (1687), 10/43b. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 112–13, listing the captions of all 103 cases in the work. Yamamoto, 61. Yamamoto, “Kenshō no ninshiki to jittai,” is mainly based on the work. [PEW] 0557

Luzhou gong’an 鹿洲公案, 2 j. [Cases Investigated by Mr. Luzhou] By Lan Dingyuan 藍鼎元 (z. Yulin 玉霖, Ren’an 任庵, h. Luzhou 鹿洲) (1680–1733), from Zhangpu 漳浦 (Fujian) 1729 pref. Ed.:

– *Original ed. in Luzhou quanji 鹿洲全集 (1732), fasc. 12–13, with pref. and interlinear comments (評) by Kuang Minben 曠敏本 (1729). [Beitu] – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf), with pref. and interlinear comments by Kuang Minben (1729). [*Columbia] [*Zhejiang] – 1826 Zhaocheng Jiru tang 肇城積儒堂 ed. [Beitu]

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719

– In Luzhou quanji, 1865 Guangzhou Weiwen tang 羊城緯文堂 ed. [Beitu] – *1879 Suwei tang 素位堂 ed. with pref. and interlinear comments by Kuang Minben (1729), in Luzhou quanji 鹿洲全集, published by Lan’s seventh-generation descendant, Lan Qian 謙. [IHEC] – *1881 ed. published at the Jiangzhou official residence 江州官舍, with pref. by Kuang Minben (1729). [Fu Sinian] – Photo-repro. of 1732 Luzhou quanji ed., in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 128. – *Modern typeset, punctuated Dada she 大達社 ed. (1935 or later) titled Lan gong qi’an 藍公奇案, ed. (評) Tang Zaitian 唐在田, with pref. by Zhu Taimang 朱太忙 (1935), entries in an order different from the original. [Harvard] – *Reprint of unspecified ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1971 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan xubian, ser. 41, no. 407).

Rem.: 24 judicial cases handled by the author while he was magistrate of Puning 普寧 and simultaneously acting magistrate of Chaoyang 潮 陽, both attached to Chaozhou 潮州 prefecture (Swatow), Guangdong, during the years 1727–29. All the eds. seen (except the 1935 modern ed.) are identical in content and layout. Kuang Minben’s pref. enthusisastically discusses the talents of Lan Dingyuan as a judge, also insisting on his hard-working habits and on his way of winning the people’s compliance. The pref. suggests that the original title of the collection was “Random record of cases” (公案偶紀), and indeed the mulu uses the words Ouji. The cases Lan chose for this anthology were, reportedly, those whose circumstances were “somewhat uncommon” (稍異). Each case is recounted in detail in a lively first-person narrative; it has abundant punctuation as well as interlinear small-character notes and is followed by a short commentary (all by Kuang Minben). According to Kuang, Lan’s selection compares favorably with the famous Longtu gong’an 龍圖公案, which suffers from some spurious stories and features too many ghosts, and therefore is “no good for instructing” (不 足為訓). Indeed, Lan prides himself more than once on being “a new Longtu,” and he solves certain cases through manipulating the people’s beliefs in gods and ghosts. The cases involve a variety of crimes and disputes. They include pieces of interest regarding such subjects as piracy, heterodox sects, famine conditions, and more. The overall picture is of a violent and unruly society impoverished by recent famine. Lan’s efficacy in investigating cases relies not only on his ingenuity but also on the routine—though well-considered—use of torture; and the punishments he inflicts on criminals can be cruel. The Siku editors placed the work (as a cunmu) in the section on “biographies.”

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Bio.: Although he never rose above the bachelor degree (生員), Lan Dingyuan was enlisted very soon as a scholar in the cabinets of leading officials in his native province. During the years 1710–20 he stayed at home to take care of his aged mother. In 1721 he accompanied the naval expedition sent to quell the Zhu Yigui 朱一貴 Rebellion in Taiwan, and became a well-known specialist of the island’s geography. In 1724 he went as a student to the National University in Beijing, where he acquired considerable reputation among high officials as a geographer. Following an audience with the Yongzheng emperor in 1727, he was appointed magistrate of Puning (Guangdong), and concurrently of Chaoyang. Despite his popularity with his constituents he was discharged following a conflict with one of his superiors. (The composition of Luzhou gong’an might be part of an effort to defend his actions as magistrate.) He still enjoyed the support of high officials, however, and following a new audience with Yongzheng in 1733 he was appointed acting prefect of Guangzhou. He died after one month in this post. See QSG, 477/1310–11; QSLZ, 75/16a–17b; Zhangpu XZ (1936), 22/8b–9b; ECCP, 440–1; Qingdai qibai, 1:105–6; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Siku, 64/1409. Pelliot, 144 and note 2. Shiga, 10. Chang, 2:807–8 (dating the Suwei tang ed. to 1880 and giving the name of Lan’s descendant as Zuo 佐). He Qinhua, 2:357–60. Chen Pengsheng et al., 652–4. Transl.: Japanese transl. with intro. and commentary by Miyazaki Ichisada 宮崎市定, Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1967 (23 cases); according to Miyazaki, “there is no book more interesting on the reality of traditional Chinese society.” Modern Chinese transl. by Liu Pengyun 劉鵬雲 and Chen Fangming 陳方明, Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 1985. Modern Chinese transl. by Zhu Shizi 朱世滋 and Zhou Chuanjia 周傳家, titled Baihua quanyi Lan gong qi’an 白話全譯藍公奇 案, Beijing: Beijing Yanshan chubanshe, 1993. [PEW] 0558

Xu gong yanci: Qingdai mingli Xu Shilin pan’an shouji 徐公讞詞—清代 名吏徐士林判案手記 [Judgments of Mr. Xu: Manuscript Accounts of the Famous Qing Official Xu Shilin’s Judgments]

By Xu Shilin 徐士林 (z. Shiru 式孺/儒, h. Yufeng 雨峰) (1684–1741) (js. 1713), from Wendeng 文登 (Shandong); ed. Chen Quanlun 陳全倫, Bi Kejuan 畢可娟 and Lü Xiaodong 呂曉東 N.d. Ed.: – Two undated ms. drafts, respectively titled Shou Wan yanci 守皖讞詞 and Xun Zhang yanci 巡漳讞詞. [Wendeng Municipal Library] – *Modern typeset ed. based on the above mss., Jinan: Qi Lu shushe, 2001.

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721

Rem.: The book includes the text of two ms. drafts composed of Xu Shilin’s judgments, originally kept by his family and now held at the Wendeng municipal library. The first ms., in 2 ce, titled Shou Wan yanci (Judgments from an Anhui prefect), features 43 pieces dating to the period when Xu Shilin was prefect of Anqing 安慶. The second ms., also in 2 ce and titled Xun Zhang yanci (Judgments as Zhangzhou intendant), includes 32 pieces dating to the period when Xu was intendant of the Ting-Zhang-Long circuit 汀漳龍道 in Fujian. The judgments, mostly about civil affairs, are introduced by the words shende 審得 (“We found that …”). In the modern ed. the texts are annotated and followed by a translation into modern Chinese; they are supplemented with materials borrowed from Xu Yufeng zhongcheng kanyu (q.v.), biographical materials, and poems and memorials by Xu Shilin.

Bio.: The son of a peasant, Xu Shilin began his career in the central administration after becoming a jinshi. In 1727 he was appointed prefect of Anqing, where he stayed until 1732. He then became surveillance commissioner of Jiangsu, but due to his failure to deal with money counterfeiting when prefect of Anqing he was downgraded to the post of Ting-Zhang-Long circuit intendant in Fujian. His subsequent career led him to the positions of administration commissioner, then governor of Jiangsu in 1740; he died the following year while on his way home to take care of his aged mother. The Qianlong emperor celebrated his ability and integrity and ordered that he be entered into the Temple of Eminent Statesmen in Beijing (京師賢良祠). He appears to have been especially known for his talents as a judge and his hard-working nature. See QSG, 308/10569–71; official biography (國史列傳) and biographical essay titled “Xu Yufeng zhongcheng shilüe” reproduced at the begining of Xu Yufeng zhongcheng kanyu (see next entry); Shandong TZ (1918), 176/4a–5a; Dengzhou 登州 FZ (1881), 39/43a–b; Renming quanwei. [PEW] Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:148. Bibliography entries for same author: Xu Yufeng zhongcheng kanyu. [GRT]

0559

Xu Yufeng zhongcheng kanyu 徐雨峰中丞勘語, 4 j. [ Judicial Investigations by Vice-Censor-in-Chief Xu Shilin] By Xu Shilin 徐士林 (z. Shiru 式孺/儒, h. Yufeng 雨峰) (1684–1741) (js. 1713), from Wendeng 文登 (Shandong) N.d. Ed.:

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– *1906 ed. of the Wujin Li-Family Shengyi lou 武進李氏聖譯樓校栞, with pref. by Li Zunian 李祖年 (1898), Xu Shilin liezhuan 列傳, and Xu Yufeng zhongcheng shilüe 事略, postf. by Yu Linfeng 于霖逢 (n.d.). [Beitu] [*Columbia] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Photo-repro. of copy at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 11. – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 17–18. Rem.: Li Zunian, from Wujin 武進 (Jiangsu), signs the pref. as magis-

trate of Wendeng, Xu Shilin’s native place; he claims that Xu’s reputation for his integrity and talent as a judge was still alive in Jiangsu long after his death. The collection was compiled by Yu Linfeng, a Wendeng licenciate, from an archive kept at the residence of one Zhang Outang 張藕 塘; Yu then showed it to Li Zunian. It contains “court opinions” (introduced by such terms as kande 看得, shende 審得, and the like) handed down by Xu as prefect of Anqing 安慶 (Anhui) (j. 1–3), as Jiangsu surveillance commissioner, and as intendant of the Ting-Zhang circuit 汀漳道 in Fujian (j. 4). The contents of the 104 rather detailed cases (案)—some discussed in more than one document—are indicated in the mulu. They concern mostly civil affairs, such as conflicts about landed property and graves and litigation regarding various sorts of transactions (on land, houses, commerce, and marriage); regarding the latter one notices the lengthy discussions of contracts, making the work an important source on contractual practice in the Qing. Other cases concern illicit sexual relations, disputes about the selection of an heir, affrays, homicides, suicides, falsification of contracts or registers, and theft. Although most cases date from the Yongzheng period, some affairs went back as early as the Shunzhi period. Bio.: See under Xu gong yanci. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 8. Chang, 2:808. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 127–9, reproducing the captions of 69 Anqing judgments in j. 1–3 and the 34 Fujian judgments in j. 4. Bibliography entries for same author: Xu gong yanci. [CC]

0560

Qianlong yuannian Shandong sheng xingshi anjian wenchao 乾隆元 年山東省刑事案件文抄, 1 ce [Hand Copies of 1736 Judicial Documents from Shandong] Anon. Ca. 1736 Ed.:

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Rem.: This carefully copied ms. contains communications from the Shandong surveillance commissioner to various prefects of the province, all dated from the 1st year of Qianlong (1736), criticizing reports on criminal affairs they submitted and ordering them to investigate and report again. In other words, they are “rejections” (駁), even if the term appears only in some of them. The usual concluding formula is “Don’t be careless and produce unsuitable results like before” (勿再仍前草率 致干未便), or variants thereof. The documents may have been collected as models for the private secretaries who were their actual writers, both for form and for how to scrutinize incoming reports for insufficiencies and inconsistencies and for their conformity to the latest precedents; or perhaps they emanated from one particular secretary. In the copy seen, a large part of the documents have been carefully punctuated and underlined in red, suggesting the work was used as a reference tool. [PEW]

0561

Zisong bian 自訟編, 4 ce [A Book of Self-Accusation] By Wan Shining 萬世寧 (z. Banbu 板卜) (js. 1736), from Jiangling 江 陵 (Hubei) 1752 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 4 ce (130 folios in continuous pagination), with author’s pref. (1752). [LSS] Rem.: A collection of judicial decisions (running title is yanyu 讞語, or shenyan 審讞) handed down over the years by a magistrate posted in Xuancheng 宣城 and Jingchuan 涇川 (i.e., Jingxian 涇縣), and in Xiuning 休寧 when writing his pref. (all three places in Anhui). Each de-

cision is given a caption. They all deal with civil cases, like conflicts over landed property (notably grave sites), contracts, marriage, adoption and inheritance, fights between neighbors, and so on. Most entry captions are in the format “A attacking (控) B, decision after investigation (審過 讞語).” The texts, written in simple language, are extremely rich on everyday life and on the details of judicial and administrative practice. The author claims that his father had instructed him to deal with lawsuits without delay and publish his decisions at once. Each decision was written in two copies, one posted in front of the yamen. A deep sense of his own inadequacies, which Wan strived to make good through his efforts, is supposed to explain the title. The individuals involved in the publication are all cited at the end of the pref.; the engraving of the book was funded on the author’s own salary. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Bio.: Wang Shining was three times acting magistrate of Jingxian in 1742–43, and was appointed to Xiuning in 1751. No further information on his career is available. See Jing XZ (1914), 13/26b, 31/70b; Xiuning XZ (1815), 7/27a. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 132. [PEW] 0562

Xinbian pingzhu Yuan Zicai pandu jinghua 新編評註袁子才判牘菁華 [A New Annotated Anthology of Judgments by Yuan Mei] By Yuan Mei 袁枚 (z. Zicai 子才, h. Jianzhai 簡齋, Cunzhai 存齋, Suiyuan 隨園) (1716–98) (js. 1739), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *1934 Shanghai Dongya shuju ed., comp. Jinxia gezhu 襟霞閣主, with comments by Qiuhen louzhu 秋痕廔主. [Zhejiang]

Rem.: 43 judicial decisions by Yuan Mei during his magistracies in Jiangpu 江浦, Lishui 溧水, and Jiangning 江寧, all in Jiangsu, in the 1740s. In the entry captions the final character pan 判, du 牘, or pi 批 is systematically preceded by the word “marvelous” (妙).

Bio.: Yuan Mei is better known as a man of letters and hedonist; he had a rather short, though successful, official career. For his competence and continued interest in administrative and judicial matters, see Bourgon, “Un juriste nommé Yuan Mei.” See in general QSG, 485/13383; ECCP, 955; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 131–2, listing the captions of all the pieces. [PEW]

0563

Xinbian pingzhu Zhang Chuanshan pandu jinghua 新編評註張船山 判牘菁華 [A New Annotated Anthology of Judgments by Zhang Wentao] By Zhang Wentao 張問陶 (z. Chuanshan 船山) (1764–1814) (1790 js.), from Suining 遂寧 (Sichuan) N.d. Ed.:

– *1934 Shanghai Dongya shuju 東亞書局 typeset ed., comp. Jinxia gezhu 襟霞閣主, with comments by Qiuhen louzhu 秋痕廔主. [Zhejiang]

Rem.: 40 model judicial decisions handed by the author as prefect of Laizhou 萊州 (Shandong), including 28 judgments (判) and 12 rescripts (批).

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Bio.: Born to a family of officials—his great-grandfather was the famous Zhang Pengge 張鵬翮 (see under Zhijing lu)—Zhang served in the Hanlin Academy in various capacities until 1805, after which he became a censor (監察御史). Following two years (1809–10) as bureau director at the Ministry of Personnel, he was appointed prefect of Laizhou, but resigned in 1812 following a conflict with a superior. He was known both as a dedicated and outspoken official and a man of letters with wide connections, especially famous as a poet, calligrapher, and painter. See QSG, 485/13384; Qingdai qibai, 1:370; ECCP, 59–60; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 132–3, listing the captions of all 40 cases. [PEW] [QING B]

See also: Huaiqing zhengji, Weinengxin lu 0564

Shusong pi’an 蜀訟批案, 4 ce [Responses to Complaints in Sichuan] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. handcopied by Wang Dingzhu from Zhending 眞定王 定柱手鈔. [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: This neatly written ms. features the anonymous author’s rescripts in answer to lawsuits in various Sichuan counties. It may have been intended as a draft for a published anthology. The four unpaginated fascicles are numbered 元、亨、利、貞 (a famous formula from the Yijing) on the cover-leaf. Each entry has a caption giving the name of the accuser and the nature of the complaint, followed by the rescript (批), which varies from a few words to a page or more. It is likely that the author was a private secretary (possibly Wang Dingzhu himself) writing for several employers. The first two fasc. resemble a kind of log-book listing the rescripts day by day, occasionally in some disorder; the official for whom they were composed appears to have been an intendant (the words bendao 本道 appear several times) based in Chongqing (Ba county 巴縣 is referred to by the author as his bencheng 本城), acting as an appellate judge—hence the large number of cases from a variety of counties on certain days; indeed, the rescript often consists in

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requesting the file from the concerned magistrate, or sending back the plaintiff to him. The dates only include a month and a day, with no possibility of guessing the year. The entries in fasc. 3–4, which do not follow any clear chronological order, are usually more extensive, and some deal with the developments of the same affair; the official seems to be a magistrate located in an area with non-Chinese populations, possibly near the Tibetan frontier. Many entries in fasc. 4 involve requests by xiangyue and other sub-officials. The conflicts—almost all of them “civil”—are about landowning, inheritance, money-lending, business arrangements, land reclamation, and more. The only clear date found in the text is 1799, and other less explicit mentions suggest that the cases may be from the first half of the Jiaqing period. [PEW]

0565

Shanyou yanyu ji 山右讞獄記 [Judgments from Shanxi] By Gu Linzhi 顧麟趾 (h. Shuzhai 恕齋), from Lintong 臨潼 (Shaanxi) N.d. Ed.:

– Undated Zhengyi shuju 正誼書局 ed., Anqing. [Fu Sinian, not in cat.] – *1898 ed. coll. and printed by the Luoshan (Henan) Fang family 羅山方 氏校印, title on cover-leaf Gu Shuzhai xiansheng 顧恕齋先生 Shanyou yanyu ji, with prefs. by Fang Lianzhen 方連軫 (1898) and author (n.d.), followed by a brief comment (評) by Weng Jitang 翁寄塘, postf. by Qian Tang 錢棠 (n.d.). [Beitu] – *1933 Jiaping Dongyin lu 癸酉嘉平冬飲廬 typeset ed., with prefs. by Fang Lianzhen (1898) and author (n.d.), postfs. by Qian Tang (n.d.) and Wang Xie 王瀣 (1933). [*Fu Sinian] [*Zhejiang] – *Photo-repro. of 1933 Jiaping Dongyin lu ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1973 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 94, no. 936).

Rem.: An anthology of 15 cases investigated by the author as acting or incumbent magistrate, or as commissioned official (委員), in several counties in Shanxi during the Jiaqing and early Daoguang periods. The author’s pref. includes the account of a case botched by a Henan magistrate, and is followed by the account of another case that occurred in one of the counties where he served as magistrate, illustrating how unlikely things can happen (理所必無，事所或有)—one more reason for the magistrate to display the utmost caution. Indeed, several of the cases that make up the work include an unforeseen turn of events just when the case seemed solved. The nature of each case, including robbery,

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false accusations, homicides, and suicides, is indicated in the mulu of the 1933 ed. (the 1898 ed. has no mulu). The cases (mostly criminal) are in the form of lively narratives recounted in the first person, some rather brief, some quite extended. The author does not hesitate to tell about his occasional doubts or feelings of despondency when an investigation seems to be stalled. Fang Lianzhen, who worked at the Autumn Assizes Bureau for twenty years and became acquainted with the text when a relative brought it to him from Shaanxi in 1885, claims that the judgments included can serve as “master and method” (可師可法); he had an edition of the work published in Anhui while he was serving there as a prefect. Qian Tang’s postf. recounts how during his tenure in Xiaxian 夏 縣 Gu Linzhi had shamed two descendants of the Song statesman Sima Guang 司馬光 into stopping a fight over a piece of land that had been going on for twelve years—a story he had heard from Gu himself when they met in the capital in 1829. Wang Xie, the author of the last postf., discovered the text when the 1898 ed. was sent to him from Guangdong by a friend; he notes that of the 4 cases with a date, the earliest is from 1808 (when Gu was magistrate of Xiaxian), the latest from 1821 (when he was magistrate of Yuci 榆次). He emphasizes the poor circulation of the work, noting for example that it is not mentioned in Zheyu guijian bu (q.v.), which includes extracts from mid-nineteenth century authors; he decided to have the new 1933 edition published because the text can serve as a model of compassion in the administration of justice in an age when “using torture to investigate has been abolished” (廢止刑訊之世). Bio.: See under Xuezhi yishuo canyi. Ref. and studies: Ma, 129 (Zhengyi shuju ed. [Beiping]). Chang, 2:810 (1933 ed.). Bibliography entries for same author: Xuezhi yishuo canyi. [PEW]

0566

Panyu lucun 判語錄存, 4 j. [Preserved Records of Judgments] By Li Jun 李鈞 (z. Mengshao 夢韶, h. Boheng 伯衡) (1792–1859) (js. 1817), from Hejian 河間 (Zhili) 1832 pref. Ed.:

– *1833 ed. with prefs. by Bian Fenghui 邊鳳翽 (1831), Liu Lisong 劉禮淞 (n.d.), Bao Chengdao 鮑承燾 (1832), Zhang You 張輶 (1833), Mo Zhen 莫 鎮 (1831), Yu Hui 余𩆁 (1833), and author (1832); postfs. (跋) by Ma Yi 馬 懿 (1832), Shi Xi 施熙 (n.d.), Hu Zhizhong 胡致中 (1833), Bian Jue 邊玨

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(1833), and author (n.d.); 10 disciples (受業) are mentioned as collators, including Ma Yi, Shi Xi, and Bao Chengdao. [*BN] [*Columbia, lacking pref. by Zhang You] [*Congress/LL] [*Ōki] – Modern typeset, punctuated ed. based on 1833 ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 10.

Rem.: An extremely interesting collection of 113 lucidly written judicial sentences, introduced by “We found that …” (審得), by a prefect appointed to Henan 河南 prefecture (i.e., Luoyang) in 1829 after more than a decade at the Hanlin Academy, and going through late 1832. The author is said to have acquired much prestige as a judge. Each “affair” (事) is given a caption indicating its nature and is dated with precision; the titles are listed in the mulu. The entries are chronologically arranged and carefully punctuated. About 30 cases deal with civil affairs like property and inheritance, marriage, indebtedness, etc., the rest being criminal cases.

Bio.: After his jinshi Li Jun entered the Hanlin Academy, where he stayed as a compiler (編修) through 1829, taking up a variety of literary assignments at the same time. In 1829 he was appointed prefect of Luoyang, a post he held until 1834. Then he was prefect of Kaifeng (1834–37), grain and salt intendant (糧鹽 道) in Henan (1837–38), Shaanxi surveillance commissioner (1838), an assignment cut short by mourning for his mother; then again Guizhou surveillance commissioner (1840–43), and vice-minister of the Court of Judicial Review (大理寺少卿) from 1843 to 1849, a post he resumed in 1853 after a period of leave for mourning his father. He was acting governor of Shuntian (順天府尹) in 1854, and Shandong and Henan director general of the Grand Canal (河東 河道總督) (1855–59), his last post. See Renming quanwei and archives quoted therein. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 8. Bourgon, 403–4, 405–9. Gao & Ma, 234. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 139–41, listing all the captions. [JB, PEW] 0567

Xue’an chumo 學案初模, 10 ce [Elementary Models for the Study of Cases] Comp. Yilibu 伊里布 (z. Xinnong 莘農, s. Wenmin 文敏) (1772–1843) (js. 1801), from the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by Yilibu (1838). [Tōyō Bunko] – *1881 new engraving (重鐫) of the Gansu surveillance commissioner office, with prefs. by Wei Guangtao 魏光濤 (1882) and Yilibu (1838). [*Columbia] [*Congress/LL]

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729

– *1881 new engraving (重鐫), original compiler’s (原訂) name on coverleaf 伊莘農中堂, no indication of publisher, with pref. by Yilibu (1838). [Ōki]

Rem.: A series of 20 model cases (most of them capital) from Yunnan in the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods, compiled from the Yunnan archives by Yilibu while he was Yun-Gui governor-general. As stated in the compiler’s pref., the aim of the work was to present Yunnan and Guizhou officials with examples of investigations and judicial decisions dealing with ordinary cases—as opposed to affairs raising complex technical or theoretical issues of law, as in most such anthologies—that would help inexperienced officials avoid rejection by the ministry and all the ensuing trouble in terms of new investigations, moving prisoners back and forth for further interrogation, and so on. The cases, all of them approved by the ministry, are classified by type of crime. The text consists of full quotations of the confessions extracted from the defendants, accusers, and witnesses, and of the conclusions reached at each step of the procedure, with some comments written in the upper margin detailing the proper way to proceed, how to write down the depositions, etc. In other words, this not a collection of “judgments,” but rather of dossiers ending with a judgment proposal. For a sequel, see under Xue’an chumo xubian. Bio.: A member of the imperial Gioro 覺羅 clan, Yilibu was appointed to the National University, after his jinshi, as instructor (學正) and later archivist (典簿). In 1813 he was sent to Yunnan with the rank of assistant prefect (通判). In 1815–21 he was department/subprefecture magistrate of Tengyue 騰越 in western Yunnan. Following short tenures as prefect or intendant in Yunnan, Anhui, and Shanxi, he became Zhejiang surveillance commissioner (1823–24), then administration commissioner in Hubei and Zhejiang. His long career as Yunnan governor started in 1827, and from 1833 to 1837 he was acting, then ranking Yunnan-Guizhou governor-general. He was Liang-Jiang governor-general in 1839–41 and Guangzhou Tartar general in 1842–43. Yilibu was closely involved in the Opium War. In May 1841 he was ordered to Beijing and condemned to banishment for having failed to attack the British in Dinghai. However, when the war took a bad turn for the Chinese in early 1842 he was recalled to serve as a possible negotiator. He was a member of the delegation that signed the Treaty of Nanjing in August 1842. See QSG, 370/11503–05; ECCP, 387–9; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Asen, “Vital Spots, Mortal Wounds, and Forensic Practice” (analyzing a case from Xue’an chumo). Bibliography entries for same author: Xue’an chumo xubian. [PEW]

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Xue’an chumo xubian 學案初模續編, 10 ce [Elementary Models for the Study of Cases, Continued] Comp. Yilibu 伊里布 (z. Xinnong 莘農, s. Wenmin 文敏) (1772–1843) (js. 1801), from the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner 1839 pref. Ed.:

– *1881 new engraving (重鐫) of the Gansu surveillance commissioner offices, with pref. by Yilibu (1839). [*Columbia] [*Congress/LL] – *1881 new engraving (重鐫), original compiler’s (原訂) name on coverleaf 伊莘農中堂, without indication of publisher, with pref. by Yilibu (1839). [Ōki] – *1899 new typeset ed. of the Qingzhong shuju 秦中書局重刊, in 3 ce, with pref. by Yilibu (1839). [CASS Jinshisuo]

Rem.: A sequel to Xue’an chumo (q.v.), using the same format and with 20 more cases. The title on the cover-leaf of all eds. is Xue’an xubian. According to the pref., Yilibu realized that he had not covered all the types of crimes usually committed by ordinary people; he states that his audience would be new (i.e., inexperienced) officials. Bio.: See previous entry. Bibliography entries for same author: Xue’an chumo.

0569

[PEW]

Fupan lucun 府判錄存, 4 or 5 j. [Preserved Judgments of a Prefect] By Qiu Huang 邱煌 (original m. Jie 杰, z. Shushan 叔山, h. Meifang 枚 邡) (js. 1805), from Bijie 畢節 (Guizhou) 1839 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 4 j. with a Ministry of Personnel memorial (1839 rescript) and prefs. by Zhu Weibi 朱為弼 (n.d.) and author (1839). [Congress/LL] – *Undated ed. in 5 j. with prefs. by He Zengyuan 何增元 (1840), Deng Tingzhen 鄧廷楨 (a nephew of the author) (1840), Lu De 路德 (1841), Zhu Weibi (n.d.), and author (1839); j. 5 seems added after 1845. [*Columbia] [Beitu (with the Deng and Lu prefs. in reverse order)] – *Photo-repro. of copy at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 18–20.

Rem.: A collection of judicial (appellate) decisions and proposals written by the author as acting prefect of Fengxiang 鳳翔 (Shaanxi) in 1836 and again in 1839–40, and of Tongzhou 同州 (Shaanxi) in 1840– 45. 154 cases are included. Only the cases in j. 5 are followed by short

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commentaries, due to a certain Zhang Qihan 張其翰. Most cases are precisely dated. The texts are heavily punctuated. The rescripts of higher authorities are occasionally quoted, and some documents attached to sentence proposals as evidence are reproduced. The author seems to have enjoyed very high prestige as a judge able to quickly solve cases that had been dragging on for years. All the prefs. insist on his indefatigable activity in the tribunal, his habit of holding hearings publicly in the outer court (外堂), and his insistence on writing judgments in his own hand. The texts quoted are extremely rich both on judicial practice and on the society and economy of the region. The memorial reproduced at the head of the 4-j. ed. (with rescript dated DG 19/9/15) deals with the problem of prefects who ignore appeals not to embarrass the magistrates under them, or do not investigate appellate cases in person, causing many unsatisfied litigants to appeal directly to the capital. It is obviously quoted to emphasize Qiu Huang’s devotion and efficiency. The 5-j. ed. closes with a report on an investigation of problems encountered by the postal system in Guanzhong 關中, made in 1845 while Qiu was Tongguan intendant 潼關道, and two letters to Lin Zexu 林則徐 (then governor of Shaanxi) on the tensions between the Han and Hui populations.

Bio.: After his jinshi Qiu Huang was a bachelor (庶吉士) (1805–08), then a compiler (編修) (1808–19) at the Hanlin Academy, a period during which he worked for several literary or historical projects and was several times an examiner in provincial examinations. After a leave for mourning he became a censor (監察御史). From 1829 he served as a prefect in Shaanxi, in Yan’an 延 安 (1829–36, 1842–43), Fengxiang, and Tongzhou (see above); he concurrently held several positions of intendant. He was Hubei grain intendant (糧儲道) and tax circuit intendant (督糧道) in 1843–44. He is said to have earned such popularity in Yan’an that after his departure a shrine was erected in his honor. See prefaces to Fupan lucun; Guizhou TZ (1948), 人物志, 3/23b–24a; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 8 (5-j. ed.). Bourgon, 402–3 (translating the pref.). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 141. Noriko Kamachi, “The Casebook of Judge Qiu.” Zhan Wanqiang, “Cong pandu Fupan lucun kan Qingdai zhonghouqi Guanzhong diqu de hehuo jingying ji susong.” [PEW]

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Xingshi an huichao 刑事案彙鈔, 1 ce [A Manuscript Collection of Criminal Cases] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated, unpaginated Qing ms. ed., title provided by the library. [Beitu]

Rem.: A booklet containing 17 judicial cases from Gansu province handcopied in several hands. The cases are listed in a mulu at the beginning; captions are sometimes written in the central margin. The documents were presumably copied from the Shaan-Gan governorgeneral archives. The counties and departments cited are Pingluo 平羅, Dingyuan 定遠, Ganlan 皋蘭, Chengxian 成縣, Huating 華亭, Zhengxian 徽縣, Suzhou 肅州, Jinxian 金縣, Minzhou 岷州, Fengxian 鳳縣, Hezhou 河州, and Yihe 宜禾. The cases include various sorts of homicides (by accident, in an affray, by intent, connected with an adulterous affair, with burglary, and so forth). The texts may consist of the magistrate’s reports on his investigations, including witnesses’ testimonies and criminals’ confessions, and sentence proposals (看語), with or without the Ministry of Justice’s answer citing the imperial rescript to the governorgeneral’s memorial that submitted the case to the throne; they may also be limited to the ministry’s communication, which as a rule reproduces the original report; or be draft reports by various officials, such as the surveillance commissioner or governor, summing up the original reports and asking the governor-general to memorialize the throne. There are occasional commentaries in the upper margin, dealing mostly with questions of style and presentation, or stressing the circumstances key to the case. The cases date from the late 1830s to mid-1840s. This manuscript may well have been a preliminary draft of a collection of cases intended for eventual publication. [PEW]

0571

Qisha zonglun 七殺總論, 10 ce [A Treatise on the Seven Sorts of Homicide] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated, unpaginated ms. ed. in running, clear hand and carefully laid out, comprising 10 unnumbered pre-framed fasc. [Jimbun]

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Rem.: The first fasc. of this massive manuscript, which starts after 15 empty folios, bears the title Qisha zonglun at the beginning of the text, followed by a short explanation on each of the seven sorts of homicide. The list here varies slightly from the usual one since it omits “robbery and homicide” (劫殺) at the beginning but adds “homicide by intimidation” (威逼殺) at the end. This is followed by a “qisha mulu” listing 7 cases illustrating each category, and by the 7 cases themselves, to which is added another case of weibi sha. The 9 thick fasc. which make up the rest of the ms. quote a large number of homicide cases, all from Zhili, without any further explanation or comment. The entries (some extremely long) are official reports recalling the circumstances of the crime, quoting testimonies as well as further administrative correspondence as the case may be, and proposing conclusions to the superior authority. The authors of the reports are occasionally magistrates, but mostly prefects or intendants to whom the cases have been referred, or the Zhili surveillance commissioner. There may be more than one author/report for a single case. Most cases have a caption indicating the nature of the affair. Correspondence with the Ministry of Justice is occasionally cited. The dates range mostly from mid-Qianlong to the end of Daoguang, but the cases are not arranged in chronological order. It is unclear why this collection was assembled. As is usual with this sort of dossier, reading through provides a rich and often lurid image of rural society. Some fascicles (perhaps erroneously intermingled with the rest) feature a different sort of material, some dating to the mid-1880s, mostly but not exclusively concerned with the administration of justice in Zhili, such as, e.g., a set of directives on improving the handling of lawsuits (直隸清訟事宜) handed down by Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 (Zhili governor-general 1868–70), with related documents. [PEW]

0572

Xinbian pingzhu Hu Linyi pandu jinghua 新編評注胡林翼判牘菁華, 1 ce [A New Annotated Anthology of Judgments by Hu Linyi] By Hu Linyi 胡林翼 (z. Kuangsheng 貺生, h. Runzhi 潤之 [潤芝], Yongzhi 詠之, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1812–61) (js. 1836), from Yiyang 益陽 (Hunan) N.d. Ed.: – *[1934] Shanghai Dongya shuju 東亞書局 typeset ed., comp. by Jinxia gezhu 襟霞閣主, annot. by Qiuhen louzhu 秋痕廔主. [Zhejiang]

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Rem.: An anthology of judgments by a “famous official of the Qing” (清朝名吏, the words preceding the title on the cover and cover-leaf). The 34-folio volume in traditional Chinese binding features 38 “marvelous judgments” (妙判), both civil and criminal, and 28 “marvelous rescripts” (妙批) written by Hu Linyi as prefect of Anshun 安順, Zhenyuan 鎮遠, Sinan 思南, and Liping 黎平 in Guizhou. Bio.: One of the heroes of the war against the Taipings, Hu Linyi started his career at the Hanlin Academy after his jinshi, first as a bachelor (庶吉士), and from 1838 as a compiler (編修). After a period of mourning he purchased a promotion to the rank of prefect, and was sent to Guizhou. He served there from 1847 to 1853, and became an expert in organizing militia against various bandits and sectarians. This experience served him well in the operations against the Taipings, which he joined in Hunan and Hubei from 1854. Becoming an assistant of Zeng Guofan 曾國藩, he was appointed acting governor of Hubei in 1855 after a stint as surveillance, then administration commissioner. He became ranking governor after he had retaken Wuchang in the last days of 1856. He remained in this position until his death, participating in a number of major military campaigns and at the same time building up the province’s administration and fiscal resources to help in the war effort. See QSG, 406/11927– 35; QSLZ, 42/44b–51b; XuBZJ, 25/15b–26b; ECCP, 333–5; Qingdai qibai, 2:943–50; Wu Chengqiao, Qingdai lizhi congtan, 3/565–70; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 146–7, listing the captions of the 38 judgments. Bibliography entries for same author: Hu Wenzhong gong yiji; Hu Wenzhong gong zhengshu. [TCF, PEW]

0573

Wenxin yiyu 問心一隅, 2 j. [Examining Oneself with a Limited View] By Hu Xuechun 胡學醇 (z. Qiuchao 秋潮), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) 1851 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Hu Qixin 胡啟心 (1851), Dai Zuoji 戴作楫 (1906), and the author’s grandson, Hu Deli 得立 (n.d.). [*Columbia] [Ōki] [*Shanghai] – Photo-repro. of above ed., Taichung: Wenting ge tushu youxian gongsi, 2010 (Wan Qing sibu congkan, ser. 1, vol. 88).

Rem.: A selection of judicial cases handled by the author as magistrate of Boping 博平 (Shandong)—the work is subtitled Boping cheng’an 成案—1844–51 and assembled by him in 1851. Hu Qixin, who

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was his assistant, celebrates his generosity and cleverness, which distinguish him from ordinary legalists (無刑名法家之流弊). Dai Zuoji’s pref. comments on the title of the work: “With a limited view it is possible to examine oneself; does this mean that with no limited view it is not possible to examine oneself?” (夫一隅而可問心，將無一隅而不可問心 矣); according to him, each case recounted can be used as a model. Hu Deli claims he was able to witness his grandfather’s handling of litigants in court, how he used to earnestly instruct them and how his decisions were always accepted, even if they involved a beating; he was persuaded by a friend to print a text that had been transmitted within the family over three generations. The work includes 46 cases, both criminal and civil, recounted at the first person and commented upon along the way by the author. They are particularly informative on the unfolding of the procedure and on the relations between the magistrate and his superiors in dealing with difficult and disputed cases. Exchanges are occasionally recorded in vernacular language. Bio.: Hu Xuechun is described in the sources as a student by purchase (監生) and administration employee (吏員) hailing from Wanping 宛平 (one of Beijing’s two counties); apparently Shanyin was his ancestral place of origin. In 1842 he was appointed acting magistrate of Boxing 博興 (Qingzhou 青州 prefecture, Shandong). During his tenure at Boping he rebuilt the local academy and examination hall, and led extended river works to prevent flooding. In 1845 he was (probably acting) magistrate of Chiping 茌平 (Dongchang 東 昌 prefecture, Shandong). See Boping XZ (1900), 6/13a; Qingzhou FZ (1859), 11B/29a–b; Chiping XZ (1935), 8/11b; Shandong TZ (1917), 59/18a. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 10 (noting that the author’s given name does not appear in the book, where he is called by his z., but can be found in other sources). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 146. [PEW]

0574

Mingshen lu 明慎錄, 1 j. [On Understanding Moderation] By Song Banghui 宋邦僡 (z. Huiren 惠人) (?–1875) (jr. 1843), from Liyang 溧陽 (Jiangsu) 1865 pref. Ed.:

– *Appended to Xiangxing gujian (q.v.) – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Han Biyuan 韓弼元 (1865) and author (1865). [*Faxue suo] [*Ōki]

Rem.: A short collection of 43 exemplary judicial cases drawn from history, in the same format as Yiyu ji and Zheyu guijian (qq.v.), followed Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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by brief commentaries. The work was compiled as a complement to Xiangxing gujian and is supposed to provide examples of moderation in administering justice. It starts with the classic apology of Ouyang Xiu’s father, a model for magistrates who want to spare the lives of those accused of capital crimes. Lü Kun’s Xingzheng jielu (q.v.) is appended. Bio.: See under Xiangxing gujian. Bibliography entries for same author: Xiangxing gujian.

0575

[JB]

Wuzhong pandu 吳中判牘, 1 j. [Judgments Rendered in Suzhou] By Kuai Demo 蒯德模 (z. Zifan 子範, h. Daigeng tang 帶耕堂) (1816– 77), from Hefei 合肥 (Anhui) 1874 pref. Ed.:

– *In Linmin yaolüe (q.v.), with pref. by Yu Yue 俞樾 (1874), postfs. by Ge Yuanxu 葛元煦 (1878) and Liu Jiamo 劉家謨 (1874), and three undated short postfs. (跋) by Liu Yumin 劉毓敏, Lü Hui 呂煇, and Zhang Baoling 張保齡. [Ōki, with postfs. by Zhao Tingming 趙廷銘, Liu Yumin, Lü Hui, Zhang Baoling, and a longer postf. by Liu Jiamo] – *1917 Saoye shanfang 掃葉山房 ed., Shanghai (in Qingren shuohui 2 清人 說薈二集), with pref. by Yu Yue (1874). [Beitu] – *1929 Kuai-family ed. with prefs. by Cheng Xianjia 程先甲 (Yikui 一夔) (1929) and Yu Yue (1874), undated short postfs. by Liu Yumin, Lü Hui, and Zhang Baoling, postfs. by Liu Jiamo (1874) and Ge Yuanxu (1878), part of a set of 4 ce published in Nanjing, comprising Kuai’s Daigeng tang yishi 帶耕堂逸詩 (with 1 ce of biographical and celebratory texts and 1 ce of poetry), and a concluding ce entitled Kuai gong Zifan liren zhi suo chongsi lu 蒯公子範歷任治所崇祀錄. [*Beitu, with complete set] [*Fu Sinian] [*LSS] – In Congshu jicheng xubian, 史, vol. 44. – *Photo-repro. of Xiaoyuan congshu ed., in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 31. – Modern annotated ed., Nanchang: Jiangxi renmin chubanshe, 2012, ed. Liang Wensheng 梁文生 and Li Yawang 李雅旺.

Rem.: An anthology of 45 judicial sentences (without captions) written by the author while he was magistrate of Changzhou 長洲 (Jiangsu)—i.e., Suzhou—in the years 1864–68, immediately after the city had been liberated from the Taipings, when everything needed to be reconstructed. It was edited and commented upon later after he had been promoted to prefect of Suzhou and of Zhenjiang 鎮江 (Jiangsu),

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then of Kuizhou 夔州 (Sichuan). The work was published on the advice of Yu Yue. Yu’s pref. stresses the stylistic quality of the sentences and invokes the glorious tradition of sentence-writing in the Tang, as exemplified in Longjin fengsui pan (q.v.). The 1929 ed. was prepared by the author’s grandsons. Cheng Xianjia’s pref. contrasts the quality of the justice dispensed by Kuai Zifan with the corrupt practices of his time. The text is rich in information on local society.

Bio.: A simple student, Kuai Demo rose through the ranks by organizing militia in the late 1850s under Li Hongzhang 李鴻章. After the defeat of the Taipings he served as magistrate of Changzhou and Taicang 太倉, then as prefect of Suzhou, later Zhenjiang (1870) and for a short time of Nanjing. He ended his career as prefect of Kuizhou (Sichuan), where he served four years and died in post. A model official, he was honored in shrines to eminent officials at several places. He is said to be also the author of a Zizhi guanshu 自治官書, no longer extant. See QSG, 479/13079–81; XuBZJ, 45/3b–6b; Xuxiu Luzhou 廬州 FZ (1885), 34/15a–16a; Fengjie 奉節 XZ (1893), 25/6a–b; Wu 吳 XZ (1933), 64/18a–b. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 9. Chang, 2:808. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 156. [PEW] 0576

Xing’an chengshi 刑案成式, 10 j. [Model Judicial Cases] By Meng Hushi 孟壺史, from Guiji 會稽 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *1877 Mochi shuwu 墨池書屋 ed., with prefs. by Li Wenmin 李文敏 (1878), Ren Daorong 任道鎔 (1877), and Zhou Suxian 周溯賢 (1877), postf. (跋) by the author’s son, [Meng] Qingyun 慶雲 (1877). [Columbia]

Rem.: A collection of 106 cases from Jiangxi counties, drafted by a legal specialist who worked as a muyou in that province for more than fifty years, first for local officials and then, for the last thirty years, at the surveillance commissioner office during the Daoguang and Xianfeng periods. (Ren Daorong and Zhou Suxian sign their prefs. as, respectively, surveillance commissioner and former surveillance commissioner of Jiangxi.) The drafts were assembled by some 70 disciples (門下士) from what had been preserved, and later were published posthumously by Meng’s son, a local official recently appointed in Jiangxi. The cases are arranged in the order of the Penal Code, viz. General Principles, Revenue, Rites (j. 1), and Justice (j. 2–9); j. 10 contains some further cases as an addenda. For each entry the statute referred to is indicated in the central margin. The entries are in the form of lengthy communications

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submitted to the higher authorities, narrating the circumstances of the case, reproducing the confession and testimonies, quoting previous official correspondence in the course of the procedure, and proposing a sentence. The cases date from the 1840s and 1850s. Meng Qingyun’s postf. insists that the collection should be regarded as not only a “ford and bridge for private secretaries” (幕府之津梁), but also a “weightscale and mirror for officials” (吏途之衡鑑). Ref. and studies: Chen Li, “Legal Specialists,” 17. Id., “Zhishi de liliang,” 20, 27–28. [PEW]

0577

Zheyu guijian bu 折獄龜鑑補, 6 j. [Supplement to A Magic Mirror for Solving Cases] Comp. Hu Wenbing 胡文炳 (z. Huchen 虎臣, h. Lanshi 蘭石) (jr. 1849), from Suzhou 肅州 (Gansu) 1878 Ed.:

– *1878 Lanzhi zhai engraving 蘭石齋開雕, published with the original Zheyu guijian (q.v.), with pref. and postf. by Hu Wenbing (1878). [Beitu] – Guangxu-period Lu-family Wanjuan lou 陸氏萬卷樓 ed., in Qunshu jia­obu 群書校補. [IHEC] – *Undated, unpaginated ms. ed. in careful hand, with pref. and postf. by Hu Wenbing (1878). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of 1878 Lanshi zhai ed. (copy at Tianjin), in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 973. – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 3–4.

Rem.: A large “supplement” to the Song-period Zheyu guijian (q.v.), motivated by the fact that it contains too few materials and is not exhaustive, and jointly published with it. Hu Wenbing also considered the organization in 20 categories (門) of the original work confusing, and replaced it with four categories, viz. “Crimes against propriety” (犯 義), “Sexual crimes” (犯姦), “Banditry” (犯盜), and “Various crimes” (雜 犯). The cases are arranged by severity of punishment (於朝廷之用刑錄 之). There are more than 500 entries culled from the histories and classics, and more than 300 chosen among the “miscellaneous writings of the sages of our time” (時賢說部). While allowing that such materials might help beginners, the author insists that circumstances are constantly changing and that the outcome of an affair depends entirely on the quality of the men in charge and on their ingenuity in investigating and questioning. The pref. includes a development highly critical of the

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existing situation, namely, that turnover of local officials is too fast and no long-term policy can be established; in fact, adjudicating lawsuits is the only thing that a local official can do with entire dedication, and he can do it every day. J. 1 opens with Lü Kun’s Xingjie 刑戒.

Bio.: Though Hu Wenbing was a native of Suzhou (Gansu), the ancestral home was in Heyang 郃陽 (Shaanxi). After becoming a selected tribute student (拔貢) in 1849 and winning the juren the same year, he spent the next few years teaching in various academies in his native Gansu and attracting large audiences. In 1862 he was selected for appointment through the datiao 大挑 procedure, and at some point was sent to Hunan with the rank of magistrate. He became acting magistrate of Linxiang 臨湘 in 1869, and of Huitong 會同 in 1873, his post becoming substantive in 1875. Despite his good reputation he was dismissed after three years in Huitong for having antagonized a superior, and returned home in Shaanxi, where he resumed teaching. He died aged over 70. See Gansu xin 新 TZ (1909), 69/52b; Linxiang XZ (1872), 9/11b; Huitong XZ (1876), 8/9a. Transl.: Zheyu guijian bu yizhu 譯注, by Chen Zhongye 陳重業, Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2006. [PEW] 0578

Rudong panyu 汝東判語, 6 j. [ Judgments from Rudong] By Dong Pei 董沛 (z. Juexuan 覺軒, h. Mengru 孟如), from Yinxian 鄞縣 (Zhejiang) 1883 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with author’s foreword (題辭) (1883). [*LSS] [*Ōki, as a set with Wuping zhuiyan and Hui’an zhai biyu (qq.v.)] – In Zhengyi tang quanji 正誼堂全集. [Ōki] – In Dong Mengru suo zhu shu 董孟如所箸書 (with Wuping zhuiyan 吳平贅 言 [q.v.]). [Jimbun]

Rem.: The work is mainly a collection of the author’s court decisions, compiled and carefully published by his private secretaries after he left his position of acting magistrate of Dongxiang 東鄉 (Fuzhou 撫州 prefecture, Jiangxi), where he served one year during 1882–83. (Rudong is apparently an ancient literary name for Dongxiang.) The 142 cases discussed in j. 1–5 all belong to the category of “civil” cases (lit. “household, marriage, and real estate” 戶婚田土). The magistrate’s judgments (批 in j. 1–3, 判 in j. 4–5), comparatively short but well argued and in simple language, are mostly in response to accusations (詞) concerning such

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issues as succession and inheritance, conflicts between families allied by marriage, land transactions, commercial disputes, and the like; they order settlements and deliver the occasional lecture, sometimes transfer the case to the higher courts, but only rarely inflict punishments. J. 6 consists of proclamations and official communications on all sorts of subjects, including yamen organization, the students’ work at the Rudong Academy 汝東書院 (which dated back to the Ming), rectification of marriage customs (notably repudiation and the accompanying conflicts, which seem to have been particularly frequent in the area), and various administrative matters. The entire text is highly informative on the somewhat uncouth social life in the Jiangxi periphery.

Bio.: The only source on Dong Pei’s career is the last entry of Hui’an zhai biyu (q.v.), a communication to the provincial authorities in which Dong asks for a leave, invoking illness and the difficulty of the post. He indicates that he was appointed to Jiangxi with the rank of magistrate (likely after having purchased the required brevets and licenses) and arrived to Nanchang on GX 4/3/27 (29 April 1878). His first acting magistracy (in Qingjiang, see under Wuping zhuiyan) covered the period GX 6/9/16 to GX 7/8/22; his second magistracy (in Dongxiang) was from GX 8/2/9 to GX 9/2/2; his third (in Jianchang, see under Hui’an zhai biyu) started on GX 9/3/7; on GX 9/7/20 he was advised that the proposition of the governor that he be made incumbent in the post had been accepted (the last page of the document is missing). A work titled Nanping zhuiyan 南屏贅言 (mentioned in Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 164), published in 1886 and with contents through 1885, shows he was also assigned to Shangrao 上饒. In his pref. to Wuping zhuiyan, Chen Luanguang (who was a preceptor to Dong’s son) describes rather vividly Dong’s indefatigable way of life (“he couldn’t stop one quarter-hour”), his impatient and efficient style of management, his straightforwardness with superior officials, and his popularity among small people. He appears to have been of a conservative bent: Hui’an zhai bidu (3/13b–15b) contains a communication to a fellow magistrate criticizing the encouragement of “literary societies” (文社), which, according to Dong citing Ming precedents, might be a hotbed of political opposition. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 9. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 163–4. Bibliography entries for same author: Hui’an zhai biyu, Wuping zhuiyan. [PEW] 0579

Shizheng lu 實政錄, 1 or 2 ce [Records of Concrete Governance] By Zha Guangtai 查光泰 (z. Rujiang 如江), from Haining 海寧 (Zhejiang) 1891 postf. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Ed.:

– *Unpaginated ms. ed. in clear hand, in 2 ce; the first page bears the mention “cases adjudicated by Zha Guangtai from Haining” (海寧查光泰治 獄錄), “abbreviated and commented” (刪評) by Cai Shouzhen 蔡壽臻 (z. 鶴君) from Tongxiang 桐鄉, with colophon by Gen jushi 艮居士 (i.e. Cai Shouzhen) at the end of the book (1891). [Beitu] – *Unpaginated Guangxu-period ms. in cursive script, titled Shizheng lu on cover-leaf, Shizheng lu yuangao 原稿 on cover-leaf verso, and Haining Zha gong zhiyu lu 海寧查公治獄錄 (calligraphed by Cai Lu 蔡璐) on next folio, with note by Cai Lu (1962) followed on the verso by the mention “originally composed” (原著) by Zha Guangtai from Haining, “abbreviated and commented” by Cai Shouzhen from Tongxiang. [Beitu]

Rem.: Cai Lu’s one-page note inserted at the beginning of the second ms. indicates that Zha Guangtai was his maternal uncle; he was a close associate of Cai’s father, Cai Shouzhen (or Dingfu gong 定甫公), both being magistrates in Shuntian 順天 prefecture (Zhili) at the beginning of the Guangxu era. Both had kept records of the judicial affairs they managed. The text of Zha’s notes was copied by Cai with some emendations (刪節), and enriched with a short commentary (評論) at the end of each piece (introduced by the words “Gen jushi yue” 艮居士曰). The pieces themselves are extended narratives of judicial cases, the author speaking in the first person. The cases date from the years 1874–75, 1877, 1881–82; they took place in Baodi 寶坻, Sanhe 三河, and Zhuozhou 涿 州. They offer vivid narratives of affairs involving the usual array of disputes, fights, violence, social misery, and so on, and are an occasion to show off the magistrate’s courage, sagacity, and respect for the procedure. According to Cai Lu, his father wrote similar accounts in a work titled Shuomeng lu 說夢錄; he comments that reading the two works later he was impressed by the care with which those two officials treated and recorded judicial affairs and by their concern with the sufferings of the people.

Bio.: Zha Guangtai entered the career as a student by purchase (監生). His various and usually short tenures as acting magistrate are detailed in the lists of Shuntian FZ (1889), j. 81–82. His career led him to the position of deputy salt controller of the Shanglu Salt Administration (長蘆運同). See Haining 海寧 ZZ gao (1922), 15/13b. [PEW]

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Shenkan nishi 審看擬式, 1 + 4 + 1 j. [Models for Investigation of Cases] By Gangyi 剛毅 (z. Ziliang 子良) (1834–1900), from the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner 1887 pref. Ed.:

– *1887 ed. engraved by the keli guan 課吏館 at Jinyang 晉陽 (Shanxi) with author’s pref. (1887), j. 末 consisting of Shenkan lunlüe shize 審看論略十 則 by Ge Shida 葛士達 and a postf. (跋) by same author (1887). [*Beitu] [*Congress/LL] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *1889 Jiangsu shuju ed. 刊於江蘇書局 with author’s pref. (1887), j. 末 with Ge Shida’s Shenkan lunlüe shize and postf. (1887). [*Beitu] [*Fu Sinian] [*Harvard] [*Ōki] – *1892 Yuedong shuju ed. 刊於粵東書局 with author’s pref. (1887), j. 末 with Ge Shida’s Shenkan lunlüe shize and postf. (1887); clearly same printing blocks as above. [Ōki] – 1892 Zhejiang shuju ed. [Jimbun] [Stanford] – *Appended to the 1892 Zhejiang shuju ed. of Rumu xuzhi wuzhong (q.v.), in 4 j., with author’s pref. (1887), j. 末 with Ge Shida’s Shenkan lunlüe shize and postf. (1887). [IHEC] – *1896 ed. using the same printing blocks as the 1887 ed., with prefs. by the author and Liu Shutang 劉樹堂 (1896). [Beitu] – *1899 Beijing Ronglu tang 京都榮錄堂 ed., based on 1889 Jiangsu shuju ed., with author’s pref. (1887), j. 末 with Ge Shida’s Shenkan lunlüe shize and postf. (1887). [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Photo-repro. of 1889 Jiangsu shuju ed., in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 2, vol. 72. – Photo-repro. of 1887 ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 14–15.

Rem.: A practical treatise of “Code studies,” expressing a concern with both arithmetical precision in dealing with punishments and the enhancement of legal knowledge, since the latter makes it possible to bridge actual cases and the text of the law. The author recalls in his pref. his 15 years at the Ministry of Justice, his career in the provinces, and his previous publications on legal issues (he mentions Qiuyan jiyao and Muling xuzhi [qq.v.]). The work is intended for local officials to help them avoid relying exclusively on private secretaries and clerks to deal with their legal responsibilities. J. shou features methodological essays that are reminiscent of Yong Rongxu’s Dulü tigang (q.v.): on the meaning of certain phrases in the Code (論律義), on the main categories of crimes (論案情), and on how to record confessions (論敘供); j. 1–4 feature more than 80 judgment proposals by magistrates (opening with the

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words shenkan de … 審看得) selected from the files of the training center for officials (課吏館) that Gangyi had established in Taiyuan 太原 (Shanxi). They are classified according to the ordering in the Code; the names of counties and of magistrates are replaced by mou 某. Ge Shida’s postf. indicates that the work (which as a private secretary he was entrusted by Gangyi to edit and print for distribution as a model) resulted from the daily discussions Gangyi had with his subordinates concerning the cases they were handling; it insists that an official needs guides like this one, in the same way a worker needs well-sharpened tools to do a good job. Pengsheng Chiu (see below) emphasizes that the cases selected had not been rejected by the higher courts; in other words, they were meant to teach local officials to make correct judgments in accord with procedure and with received legal reasoning.

Bio.: See under Juguan jing. Ref. and studies: Ma: 129–30 (Beida) (Jiangsu shuju ed., dated 1887). QSG, 147/4334 (in 6 juan). Chiu Pengsheng, “Zhenxiang dabai,” 141–2 and passim. Id., “Refining Legal Reasoning from Precedents,” passim. Qingdai lüxue, 421–35 (by Li Yi 李儀). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, listing the captions of the cases. Bibliography entries for same author: Da Qing lüli zonglei; Jinzheng jiyao; Juguan jing; Muling xuzhi; Qiuyan jiyao; Xiyuan lu yizheng. [JB, PEW] 0581

Xinji xing’an huibian 新輯刑案彙編, 16 j. [A New Compendium of Criminal Cases] Comp. Zhou Shouchi 周守赤 (z. Chunfan 春颿), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) 1896 Ed.:

– *1896 Ailian shushi ed. 板藏愛蓮書室, title Xing’an huibian calligraphed by Chen Chou 陳疇 (z. Lianyuan 蓮逺), with prefs. by Chen Yi 陳彝 (1896) (then vice-minister of Rites, who hired Zhou Shouchi as his legal adviser when he was Anhui governor 1886–88), Gu Senshu 顧森書 (1896), and Zhou Shouchi (1896), postfs. by Quan Huanwen 全煥文 (1896), Zhang Qiu 章球 (1896), Fang Pu 方溥 (1896), Jiang Jingyong 江景鏞 (n.d.), Zheng Yanhong 鄭延鴻 (n.d.), Chen Chou 陳疇 (1896), Wang Guanguang 王觀 光 (1896), the author’s nephew Hu Bin 胡彬 (1896), and the author’s son Zhou Xirong 周錫榮 (1896). [Faxue suo (in 16 ce)]. – *1897 Tushu jicheng ju ed. 圖書集成局印, with prefs. by Chen Yi (1896), Gu Senshu (1896), and Zhou Shouchi (1896), postfs. by Quan Huanwen

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(1896), Zhang Qiu (1896), Fang Pu (1896), Jiang Jingyong (n.d.), Zheng Yanhong (n.d.), Chen Chou (1896), Wang Guanguang (1896), Hu Bin (1896), and Zhou Xirong (1896). [Faxue suo (in 8 ce)]. – Photo-repro. of 1897 ed., in Wan Qing sibu congkan, ser. 5, vol. 50–51 (2011).

Rem.: An anthology of legal documents (memorials and communications to the ministry) related to 150 judicial cases—mostly about homicide and robbery—handled by a famous legal private secretary with some four decades of experience while he was working for the governors of Anhui from 1886 to 1896. Zhou Shouchi’s students (及門) and relatives repeatedly urged him to publish his writings as an aid for future legal specialists (後學津梁), and he finally selected these cases for print. At least 16 of the students (apparently all muyou) helped compile, proofread, and publish the collection together with his two sons and a few nephews and grandsons. The cases are listed in the mulu at the beginning. J. 1–3 focus on robbery and related crimes (盜賊); j. 4–8 on homicides (人命); j. 9–10 on crimes among relatives (服制); j. 11–14 on adultery and kidnapping (姦柺); and j. 15–16 on miscellaneous cases (雜 案). Gu Senshu’s pref. states that works like Mingfa zhizhang, Lüli tongzuan jicheng, and Xing’an huilan (qq.v.) have been standard guides to judicial administration, but most are too sketchy and selective in their representation and interpretation of the Code and legal cases. In contrast, the present publication contains complete records (including testimonies, confessions, and judgments) of the cases included, making it essential not only for future legal specialists (刑家), but also for ranking officials in charge of judicial administration (聽訟之官). According to Chen Yi’s pref., once published, these cases “will not only set the standard for secretary learning, but also render an outstanding service for legal studies” (不但幕學之圭臬，實律學之功臣也). The 150 cases illuminate the operation of the judiciary at all levels. Bio.: According to the prefs., Zhou Shouchi commenced his career in Guangdong, then worked in Jiangsu, and from 1885 moved to Anhui. Reportedly, governors Wu Yuanbing 吳元炳 (in office 1885–86), Chen Yi 陳彝 (1886–88), Shen Bingchen 沈秉成 (1889–94), and Furun 福潤 (1894–96) all relied heavily upon his legal expertise (依之如左右手). His services were also valued by Zeng Guoquan 曾國荃 (1824–90) and Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 (1837–1909). Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 11:284. Chang, 2:811. [CL]

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Xing’an huichao 刑案匯抄, 2 ce [A Hand-Copied Collection of Criminal Cases] Anon. Ca. 1898 Ed.:

– *Undated, unpaginated Guangxu-period ms. ed. in cursive hand. [Beitu] Rem.: A collection of reports on the circumstances (案由) of 17 crimi-

nal cases having occurred in Zhili; most of the reports, which start with the caption “To report” (為報明事) and lengthily detail the cases, quoting the evidence, are due to the Zhili surveillance commissioner (whose name does not appear) and are addressed to the governor for approval and submission to the throne. The dates range from 1885 to 1898. There is a mulu at the beginning of each fascicle. The materials were obviously compiled for reference (as suggested by the way repetitions and formulas are abbreviated with the words 云云), though it is unclear by whom and for whom; the clerks at the Zhili surveillance commissioner office are a possibility. [PEW]

0583

Xinbian pingzhu Duan Wuqiao pandu jinghua 新編評註端午橋判牘菁 華 [A New Annotated Anthology of Judgments by Duanfang] By Duanfang 端方 (z. Wuqiao 午橋, h. Taozhai 陶齋, s. Zhongmin 忠 敏) (1861–1911) (jr. 1882) N.d. Ed.:

– *[1934] Shanghai Dongya shuju 東亞書局 ed., comp. by Jinxia gezhu 襟霞 閣主, with comments by Qiuhen louzhu 秋痕廔主. [Zhejiang] – *Photo-repro. of ed. above, in Nan Huaijin, Qingdai mingli pandu qizhong huibian.

Rem.: An anthology of judgments by a “famous official of the Qing” (清朝名吏, the words preceding the title on the cover and cover-leaf). The 38 folios (in traditional binding) include 50 “admirable rescripts” (妙批) and 21 “admirable judgments” (妙判). The individual captions in the mulu indicate the contents of the case. The accounts of cases are comparatively detailed, as are the commentaries by Qiuhen louzhu.

Bio.: A Manchu bannerman of mixed Manchu and Chinese descent, Duanfang had at first an indifferent career that included stints as a secretary and department director in the Ministry of Works, inspector of customs in

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Kalgan, and circuit intendant in Zhili. He then joined the 1898 reform movement, during which he briefly headed the newly created Bureau of Agriculture, Commerce, and Industry. When the reforms failed he escaped punishment and was appointed Shanxi surveillance commissioner in late 1898, and acting governor the following year. Then he held a series of posts as governor or governorgeneral in Hubei (1901–1904), Huguang and later Liang-Guang (1904), Hunan (1904–1905), Liang-Jiang (1906–1909), and Zhili (1909). He was killed by his own troops while on his way to his new post of acting Sichuan governor-general in late 1911. He is remembered as a promoter of industry and technical education, a patron of talented men, and a collector of antiques. See QSG, 475/2b; ECCP, 780–82; BZJbu, 34/24b–26a; Renming quanwei. [PEW] Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 185–6, listing all the captions. [TCF] 0584

Fanshan pandu 樊山判牘, 4 j. [Judgments by Fan Zengxiang] By Fan Zengxiang 樊增祥 (z. Jiafu 嘉父, Yunmen 雲門, h. Fanshan 樊山, Tianqin 天琴) (1846–1931) (js. 1877), from Enshi 恩施 (Hubei) N.d. Ed.:

– *1911 Fazheng xuexi suo 法政學習所 ed., in 4 fasc., phrase “Essential for judgments” (審判必備) on cover-leaf, with author’s pref. (n.d.). [Zhejiang] – *Undated Shanghai Huiwen tang ed. 會文堂新記書局, in 1 vol., with anon. pref. (n.d.). [Zhejiang] – *Undated Fazheng jiangxi suo ed. 法政講習所印行, in 4 fasc., with anon. pref. (n.d.). [Congress/LL] – *Undated litho. Fazheng xueshe ed. 法政學社校印, in 2 fasc., title on cover-leaf Jingjiao 精校 Fanshan pandu, with anon. pref. (n.d.); together with j. 1–2 of Fanshan pandu xubian (q.v.), 1911 Datong shuju ed. [*HKU] [*Tōyō Bunka, Imahori collection, in 4 fasc., “Printed by Guangyi shuju” (廣益書局印行) on cover labels, without xubian] – *Undated Fazheng xueshe ed. in 1 vol. (1924 or later), published by Shanghai Guangyi shuju, with same anon. pref. as above, but in a hand easier to read; both Fazheng xueshe (on cover-leaf) and Guangyi shuju (on cover) are designated as “publishers” (印行); cover-leaf followed by a Guangyi shuju advertisement for its recent publications in the domain of law, one dated 1924; “Fazheng xueshe jiaoyin 校印” in central margins; cover-leaves of both this ed. and the two eds. above with phrase “A must for judgments” (審判必需). [Congress/LL] – Undated Shanghai Jinzhang tushuju 上海錦章圖書局 litho. ed.

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– Undated Shanghai Zhuji shuju 鑄記書局 typeset ed. [Shanghai] – 1924 Shanghai Saoye shanfang 上海掃葉山房 litho. ed., with xubian 續編 (4 j., j. 1–2 extant). [Zhongyang] – *1933 Shanghai Dada tushu gongyingshe 大達圖書供應社 ed., author’s name Fan “Chucai” 楚才, in 2 vols., no juan division, including zhengbian 正編, with same anon. pref. (n.d.) as in Fazheng xueshe ed., and xubian, with editor’s pref. (1912). [*Harvard] [Zhejiang: zhengbian, dated 1934]

Rem.: The number of entries varies slightly depending on edition: 416 in 1911 ed., 403 in Huiwen tang ed., 418 in Fazheng jiangxi suo and Fazheng she eds., 410 (zhengbian) + 688 (xubian) in 1933 ed. Most are answers (批) to “declarations” (呈詞), “supplications” (懇詞), “accusations” (訴詞), etc., from citizens, also to communications (稟) from colleagues; there are 10 judgments (判) at the end of j. 4. The entries, many rather short, are all listed in the mulu of the individual juan (the Fazheng xueshe ed. at HKU has a cumulative mulu for the 4 juan); they are written in simple, occasionally sharp, language. Fan Zengxiang admits to the latter in his preface to the 1911 ed., saying that colloquialisms, repetitions, angry or jocular expressions in the “answers” can help convey the point to litigants. (This preface partly duplicates the one to Fanshan pipan [q.v.], including considerations to the effect that at first Fan did not keep copies of his rescripts.) Both Fan and the anonymous preface author claim that his answers were copied and circulated among the populace. The anonymous author insists on Fan’s extraordinary reputation as a judge, claiming that he was equated with such models as Hai Rui (see under Xingge tiaoli) or Lu Longqi (see under Lizheng zhaiyao). Fan himself says that during the period when he was out of office (see below) he studied theories on law and government, both ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign; he compiled a collection of his “rescripts and documents” (批牘) while serving in Shaanxi, but this publication did not have a large circulation. (Fan’s pref. to the 1911 ed. might have been originally written for this Shaanxi collection.) The anonymous pref. author had recently bought a copy in which he made selections, also adding more recent materials; he insists on the usefulness of such a guide for law specialists at a time—the Chinese Republic—when the judiciary has become independent and the judicial process is being improved (司法獨立, 改良裁判之時). For a sequel, see under Fanshan pandu xubian. Bio.: Fan Zengxiang’s forebears had been military officers for seven generations. A gifted student, he had been remarked by Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 (1837– 1909) at a prefectural examination and later was invited to join his cabinet in

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Hubei as a scholar. He passed the juren in 1867; he entered the Hanlin Academy after his jinshi and stayed there through 1880. After one year (1883–84) as magistrate of Tangshan 唐山 (Zhili), he was sent to Yichuan 宜川, which marked the beginning of his long career in Shaanxi. He was acting magistrate of several other counties until 1887. After a period of mourning during which he worked for Zhang Zhidong, he returned to Shaanxi in 1891 as acting magistrate of Xianning 咸寧 and ranking magistrate of Weinan 渭南, a post listed as “difficult” which he seems to have assumed some time later and where he stayed through 1899 and acquired much reputation as a judge. He was promoted to the rank of prefect in 1899 and according to some sources joined the cabinet of Ronglu 榮祿 (1836–1903). In 1900, he was remarked by the Empress Dowager during the flight of the court to Xi’an and distinguished himself serving the cabinet in exile. In 1901 he was promoted to Shaanxi surveillance commissioner, and after a stint in the same post in Zhejiang in 1902–03 returned to Shaanxi and became acting administration commissioner in 1904. He was dismissed from office in 1907 on unspecified charges of wrongdoing, but was reappointed Jiangning administration commissioner in 1908, seemingly thanks to Yuan Shikai’s and Zhang Zhidong’s intervention, and stayed in this post until 1911. According to one pref. he was “the best administration commissioner in the empire” and a supporter of the “New Policies.” When Liang-Jiang governor-general Duanfang 端方 was recalled to Zhili in 1909, Fan Zengxiang took care of his office for a while. After the 1911 Revolution he served briefly under the military governor of his native Hubei, Li Yuanhong 黎元洪, but because of opposition refused the latter’s offer to become Hubei civil governor. He went into retirement, refusing Li Yuanhong’s and Yuan Shikai’s invitation to join the government. Fan was also famous as a poet and littérateur. Much of his poetry and prose is found in Fanshan ji 樊山集 (28 j., carved in 1893 at his Weinan offices) and Fanshan xuji 續集 (28 j., carved in 1902 at the Xi’an surveillance commissioner’s office and in 1906 for the last 6 j.). These two collections, together with some more literary pieces as well as Fanshan gongdu and Fanshan pipan (qq.v.), make up a collection titled Fanshan quanji 全集, found in several libraries with some variants in contents; a 1913 Shanghai Guangyi shuju 廣益 書局 lithographic ed. went through several printings. See Qian Haiyue 錢海岳, Haiyue wenbian 海岳文編 (1932), 105a–107b; 1894 pref. to Fanshan quanji; author’s pref. to Fanshan zhengshu; Qingdai qibai, 3:1829–32 (entirely devoted to his literary feats); McCord, The Power of the Gun, 106, 111–2 (for his brief tenure in Hubei in 1912); Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Zhao Qian, “Cong Fanshan pandu kan Qingdai nüzi jicheng quan.” Xiu Siyan, “Qingdai xian guanli yu songshi.”

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Bibliography entries for same author: Fan Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan gongdu; Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan pandu xubian; Fanshan pipan; Fanshan pipan jinghua; Fanshan zhengshu; Xinbian Fanshan gongdu jinghua. [JB, PEW, TCF] 0585

Fanshan pandu xubian 樊山判牘續編, 4 j. [Judgments of Fan Zengxiang, New Installment] By Fan Zengxiang 樊增祥 (z. Jiafu 嘉父, Yunmen 雲門, h. Fanshan 樊 山, Tianqin 天琴) (1846–1931) (js. 1877), from Enshi 恩施 (Hubei) N.d. Ed.:

– *1911 Datong shuju 大同書局 litho. ed. with pref. by “villager Zigang” (甫里村民紫岡氏) (1911). [HKU, only j. 1–2, appended to undated Fazheng xueshe ed. of Fanshan pandu (q.v.)] – *1912 Datong shuju litho. ed., with pref. by editor (編者) (1912). [Congress/ LL] – *1923 Huiwen tang shuju 會文堂書局 ed., Shanghai, no pref. [Zhejiang] – *1936 Guangyi shuju 廣益書局 ed., Shanghai, with pref. by editor (1912), no juan division. [Columbia]

Rem.: The 1912 pref., which draws heavily from Fan’s own pref. to Fanshan pipan (q.v.), recalls the author’s accomplishments as a judge during his tenure in Shaanxi: he saw through the pettifoggers’ machinations, answered close to ten thousand complaints in his own hand, and earned Shen Jiaben’s praise for his “sensitivity and rationality” (切情入 理) as well as “combination of elegance and worldliness” (雅俗共喻). Using the same terms as the preface to Fanshan pandu (q.v.), it also insists on the importance of publishing this outstanding model now that the judiciary is getting independent and improving its procedures (the cover of the 1923 ed. has the words “Essential for judgments” 審判比備); it goes on explaining that while the bookstores have already published anthologies of Fan’s judicial papers, only 30–40 percent of his output has been covered, and that the present sequel aims to make the rest available. There are indeed more entries than in Fanshan pandu (682 in the 1923 ed., 715 in the undated Datong shuju ed.); almost all are “answers” (批). The only indication of locale is the mention “from there on, [documents] from Weinan” (以下渭南) in the course of the mulu of j. 2. As in Fanshan pandu, the documents are undated. Bio.: See under Fanshan pandu.

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Bibliography entries for same author: Fan Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan gongdu; Fanshan pandu; Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan pipan; Fanshan pipan jinghua; Fanshan zhengshu; Xinbian Fanshan gongdu jinghua. [LG, TCF, PEW] 0586

Xinbian xiangzhu Fan Fanshan pandu jinghua 新編詳註樊樊山判牘 菁華 [A New Annotated Anthology of Fan Zengxiang’s Judgments] By Fan Zengxiang 樊增祥 (z. Jiafu 嘉父, Yunmen 雲門, h. Fanshan 樊 山, Tianqin 天琴) (1846–1931) (js. 1877), from Enshi 恩施 (Hubei), N.d. Ed.:

– *1923 Shanghai Dongya shuju 東亞書局 ed., comp. Jinxia gezhu 襟霞閣 主, with comments by Qiuhen louzhu 秋痕廔主 [Zhejiang] – 1936 Shanghai Zhongyang shudian 中央書店 ed.

Rem.: An anthology of judgments by a “famous official of the Qing” (清朝名吏, the phrase preceding the title on the cover and cover-leaf). The 42-page book includes 17 “admirable rescripts” (妙批) and 45 “admirable judgments” (妙判). The entry captions in the mulu indicate the contents of the cases, rather than just giving the name of the defendant as in Fan’s other compilations. The contents are often repetitive; only the final judgement is provided, lacking a full account of the case; the commentaries are comparatively short. The authenticity of the texts anthologized remains to be checked, but this is one more example of the popularity of Fan Zengxiang’s judgments in the Republican period. Bio.: See under Fanshan pandu. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 176, providing a complete list of captions. Bibliography entries for same author: Fanshan gongdu; Fanshan pandu; Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan pandu xubian; Fanshan pipan; Fanshan pipan jinghua; Fanshan zhengshu; Xinbian Fanshan gongdu jinghua. [TCF]

0587

Fanshan pandu jinghua 樊山判牘精華, 1 ce [An Anthology of Fan Zengxiang’s Judgments] By Fan Zengxiang 樊增祥 (z. Jiafu 嘉父, Yunmen 雲門, h. Fanshan 樊 山, Tianqin 天琴) (1846–1931) (js. 1877), from Enshi 恩施 (Hubei) N.d. Ed.:

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– 1924 Shanghai Gonghe shuju 共和書局 ed., comp. by (編纂) Jinxia gezhu 襟霞閣主. [Zhejiang]

Rem.: An anthology of Fan Zengxiang’s “best judgments,” like the other jinghua signed by the same compiler of dubious authenticity, but illustrative of the prestige and commercial value of Fan’s name well into the Republican Period.

Bio.: See under Fanshan pandu. Bibliography entries for same author: Fan Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan gongdu; Fanshan pandu; Fanshan pandu xubian; Fanshan pipan; Fanshan pipan jinghua; Fanshan zhengshu; Xinbian Fanshan gongdu jinghua. [PEW] 0588

Fanshan pipan 樊山批判, 15 j. [Answers and Judgments by Fan Zengxiang] By Fan Zengxiang 樊增祥 (z. Jiafu 嘉父, Yunmen 雲門, h. Fanshan 樊 山, Tianqin 天琴) (1846–1931) (js. 1877), from Enshi 恩施 (Hubei) 1897 Ed.:

– *1897 typeset ed. of “this yamen” 本衙藏板, with author’s pref. (n.d.). [*Congress/LL] [*Tian Tao] [*Tōyō Bunko, with Fanshan shiwen 時文, 1 j.] [Jimbun] – *In Fanshan quanji 全集. [Jimbun] [*Ōki, 1897 ed.] [Kyoto University, 1919 4th printing of 1913 Shanghai Guangyi shuju 廣益書局 litho. ed.] – *Photo-repro. of 1897 ed. in Fanshan ji 集, vol. 5–6, Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1978 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan xubian, ser. 61). – *Modern typeset ed. based on 1897 ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 11. Rem.: A collection of answers (批, j. 1–14) and judgments (判, j. 15)

handed down by the author (who insists that he wrote them in his own hand). Fan explains that in his first positions (down to 1887) he did not keep copies of his rescripts. Only from the resumption of his career in Shaanxi in 1891 did he order scribes to make copies of them; he had been urged to do so during his stay in the capital in 1890–91 by such famous friends as Li Ciming 李慈銘—who said that Fan’s rescripts could be used as a “guide to a horse” 前馬 by beginning officials—and Shen Zipei 沈子培; but when he moved from Xianning 咸寧 to Weinan 渭南 he found that a large part of his archive had disappeared. The documents in the present collection represent about ten percent of his output during his four years of tenure in Weinan. The pi, which are not dated, are rarely longer than one 276-character page; they deal with every kind of

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“civil” affairs or conflicts and perfectly illustrate the magistrate in his role as an educator admonishing his “children”; the captions give the name of the plaintiff but do not indicate the nature of the case. The 10 judgments in j. 15, which are also rich in social content and in Fan’s admonitions to those on trial, are comparatively longer, and the captions are more suggestive of the contents. (They are the same as those at the end of j. 4 of Fanshan pandu.) Fan explains in the preface that the much larger number of pi is due to the fact that he wrote them all by himself as soon as the litigants’ requests were submitted; in contrast, he would only write personally the pan in complicated and important affairs (such as those collected in the work), but allowed clerks to record the testimonies and draft the judgment, not adding anything to it if their work seemed acceptable.

Bio.: See under Fanshan pandu. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 9. Chang, 2:811–2 (citing an 1894 Weinan “this yamen” ed. in Fanshan ji). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 174, counting a total 1,629 entries and listing the captions of the 10 judgments in j. 15. Intro. to Lidai panli pandu ed., by Xu Lizhi 徐立志. Will, “Adjudicating Grievances,” 25–32, for an analysis of two judgments. Bibliography entries for same author: Fan Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan gongdu; Fanshan pandu; Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan pandu xubian; Fanshan pipan jinghua; Fanshan zhengshu; Xinbian Fanshan gongdu jinghua. [JB, PEW] 0589

Xinbian Fanshan pipan jinghua 新編樊山批判精華, 12 ce [A New Anthology of Fan Zengxiang’s Answers and Judgments] By Fan Zengxiang 樊增祥 (z. Jiafu 嘉父, Yunmen 雲門, h. Fanshan 樊 山, Tianqin 天琴) (1846–1931) (js. 1877), from Enshi 恩施 (Hubei) Ed.:

– *1915 Shanghai Wenhua shuju ed. 上海文華書局印行. [*Columbia, Wenhua shuju on cover-leaf; Guangyi shuju 廣益書局, 17th printing, 1928, on last page] [*Zhejiang] – *1915 Shanghai Guangyi shuju ed., exactly similar to the above, but without fanli; last page indicates 13th printing, 1924. [University of California/ Hathi]

Rem.: The fanli (“to Xinbian Fanshan pipan jinghua,” 1915) claims that this new anthology was made necessary by the numerous gaps and errors in Fanshan pandu (q.v.). Its contents were drawn from an original Dongxi caotang draft (東溪草堂原稿/本) and the quality is vastly

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superior to that of the “bookstore editions” (坊本) found on the market: hence the words jinghua in the title. There are in fact three parts: Pidu 批牘 jinghua in 34 j. (820 entries), Pandu 判牘 jinghua in 1 j. (12 entries), and Gongdu 公牘 jinghua in 6 j. (117 entries). (The title on coverleaf is Xinbian Fanshan pi/gong/pan du jinghua.) According to the fanli, no more than one-third of the original draft has been omitted, and the total is more than twice as much as the documents already printed by other publishers. The book will be “a model for our country’s politicians, a guide for our jurists, a useful friend for our men of letters” (可為我國 政治家之模範，法律家之導師，文學家之益友). Bio.: See under Fanshan pandu. Bibliography entries for same author: Fan Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan gongdu; Fanshan pandu; Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan pandu xubian; Fanshan pipan; Fanshan zhengshu; Xinbian Fanshan gongdu jinghua. [TCF]

0590

Chang Yuan pandu 常沅判牘, 2 ce [Judicial Records from Changning and Yuanjiang] By Yang Xu 仰煦, from Shangyu 上虞 (Zhejiang) Ed.:

– *Undated (probably 1910s or 1920s) typeset ed., no pref. or mulu, coll. by the court clerk (書記官) and author’s disciple, Su Chengji 蘇程驥. [Faxuesuo].

Rem.: Records of legal decisions made by the author concerning civil and criminal matters in two Hunan counties, Changning 常寧 and Yuanjiang 沅江, during the first few years of the Republican period. Ce 1 contains about 60 “Judgments in civil matters in Changning county” (長 寧縣民事判詞); each case has a caption describing the parties and the cause of action, followed by the judgment proper (主文), and then by a detailed explanation of the facts and of the grounds for the judgment (事實及判决之理由). The judgments are not dated. Following the same format, ce 2 has about 20 “Judgments in criminal matters in Changning county” (長寧縣刑事判詞), then about 20 “Judgments in civil matters in Yuanjiang county” (沅江縣民事判詞), and finally, about an equal number of “Judgments in criminal matters in Yuanjiang county” (沅江縣刑 事判詞). The documents provide interesting details about local judicial practices in the early Republican period, a transitional stage toward a presumably “modern” legal system considerably influenced by Western/ Japanese legal concepts and institutions. [CL]

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4.1.5.1

Phrase Models and Handbooks for Examination Candidates

[TANG]

Jiayi pan 甲乙判 See: Baidao pan Panjue lu 判決錄 See: Longjin fengsui pan 0591

Longjin fengsui pan 龍筋鳳髓判, 2 or 4 j. [Dragon-Sinews and PhoenixMarrow Decisions] By Zhang Zhuo 張鷟 (z. Wencheng 文成, h. Fuxiu zi 浮休子) (js. 679), from Shenzhou 深州 [Hebei] N.d. Ed.:

– *[1504] ed. in 2 j., published by Shen Jin 沈津 (z. Runqing 潤卿), with pref. by Zhu Yunming 祝允明 (1504, to “new engraving” 新刻), note by Du Mu 都穆 (1504); the last page (Beiping Mf. copy) has the annotation 徐禎卿 唐寅鈔 (79 cases under 51 administrative units) (Xu Zhenqing also copied the 1632 ms. listed below). [*Beiping Mf., reel #25] [*Beitu] [Gugong Taipei] – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) in 4 j. titled Longjin fengsui pan zhu 注, with prefs. by the “hermit” (小隐) Liu Yunpeng 劉允鵬 (1548) and Zhao Weiqing 趙惟卿 (1577), colophon (跋) by Liu Yunpeng (n.d.), postf. by Zhang Yanting 張延庭 (1576), chapter captions giving Zhang Zhuo as author (造), Liu Yunpeng as annotator (注), and Wei Daping 魏大平 and Wei Dayong 魏大用 as printers (梓). [Beitu] – 1585 new ed. (重刊) in 4 j. published by the Zhou 周 family in Nanjing. – *1632 ms. ed. in 2 j., titled Longjin fengsui, no author’s name or pref., with a note at the end indicating it was copied during that year by Xu Zhenqing 徐禎卿 (Tangyin 唐寅) from a Yuan-era ms. belonging to a certain Mr. He 何. [*Beiping Mf., reel #25] [Gugong Taipei] – *Extracts in Shuofu (1647 ed.), j. 25, under title Panjue lu 判決錄. – *Undated Qing ms. ed. in 2 j., by Zhang Derong 張德榮, with postf. by Han Yingbi 韓應陛 (1858). [Beitu]

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– *Undated Qing ms. ed. in 2 j., with postf. (跋) by Peng Yuanrui 彭元瑞 (signing with his z. Yunmei 芸楣) (n.d., saying the work was borrowed from the Zhibuzu zhai 知不足齋 for copying in 1779). [Beitu] – *Undated Qing ed. in 2 j., with postf. (跋) by Qian Tianshu 錢天樹 (1832). [Beitu] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 889, in 4 j., based on Liu Yunpeng ed. (no pref.) (75 cases under 48 administrative units). – *In Quan Tang wen 全唐文 (1814), j. 172–174 (preceded and followed by a few other texts), bearing no title and with neither juan-numbering nor annotations (78 cases under 50 administrative units). – *In Xuejin taoyuan, ser. 19, fasc. 188, ed. (訂) by Zhang Haipeng 張海鵬, in 2 j., without annotations, with Siku notice, pref. by Zhu Yunming (1504), postf. by Zhang Haipeng (1804). [*Fu Sinian (1922 rpt.)] – *In Huhai lou congshu, with mention 湖海樓雕本 at the bottom of the central margins, in 4 j., annot. by Liu Yunpeng and completed (補正) by Chen Chun 陳春, with pref. by Liu Yunpeng (to Longjin fengsui pan zhu, 1548), colophon (跋) by Zhang Yanting 張延廷 (to Chongke 重刻 longjin fengsui pan zhu, 1585), prefs. by Liu Yixiang 劉一相 (Weiheng 維衡) (to Fuke 複刻 longjin fengsui pan zhu, 1585) and Chen Chun (1811), postf. (跋) by Wang Jipei 汪繼培 (to Longjin fengsui pan Liu zhu buzheng 劉注補正, 1811). [*Fu Sinian] [IHEC] [*Kokkai, dated 1811 on cover-leaf] [*Ōki, no cover-leaf] – *1846 ed., in Haishan xianguan congshu, fasc. 49–50, in 4 j., annot. (原註) by Liu Yunpeng and completed (補正) by Chen Chun, with pref. by Liu Yunpeng (1548), colophon by Zhang Yanting (1585), prefs. by Liu Yixiang (1585) and Chen Chun (1811), postf. by Wang Jipei 汪繼培 (1811); this is the version established for the Huhai lou congshu, but in a different engraving. [*Fu Sinian] [*HKU] – *In Huhai lou congshu xubian, exactly reproducing the Huhai lou congshu engraving. [*Fu Sinian] [Tōyō Bunko] – *1884 Hanqing yi 汗青簃 ed. in 4 j., title on cover-leaf Longjin fengsui pan zhu, with Siku notice, pref. by Liu Yunpeng (1548), colophon by Zhang Yanting (1585), prefs. by Liu Yixiang (1585) and Chen Chun (1811), postf. by Wang Jipei (1811); clearly a reproduction of the 1811 Huhai lou ed. [Ōki] – Photo-repro. of 1504 ed. at Beitu, Beijing: Guojia tushuguan, 2010 (Zhongguo zaizao shanben: Mingdai). – *Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 785–786, based on Huhai lou congshu, with Siku notice, Zhu Yunming pref., Zhang Haipeng postf., and Tangshu biography added from the Xuejin taoyuan version. [IHEC]

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– Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng xinbian, Shehui kexue lei, vol. 27, based on Huhai lou ed. – *Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng jianbian, fasc. 249, based on Huhai lou ed. with some additions. – Modern typeset ed. in 2 j., Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985. – *Modern typeset ed., punctuated and annotated by Tian Tao 田濤 and Guo Chengwei 郭成偉, based on Jiajing-period ed. and collated with Quan Tang wen and Huhai lou congshu eds., Beijing: Zhongguo zhengfa daxue chubanshe, 1995 (79 cases under 50 administrative units). – *Modern typeset ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 1, based on Quan Tang wen ed. – Modern typeset annotated ed. titled Longjin fengsui pan jianzhu 箋注, Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 2013.

Rem.: The title “Quintessential Decisions” has been proposed. Although the work has been described as the earliest known complete collection of officially approved judicial cases, only the names being fictitious (see intro. to Lidai panli pandu ed.), it is in fact a collection of fictitious cases written as examination models, “writing decisions” (書 判) being an important test for selecting officials through the quanxuan 銓選 procedure during the Tang—and indeed, in this kind of usage, a form of literary writing (文章). The pan in the Tang were “decisions,” or even “opinions,” in the general sense, i.e., dealing with difficult or dubious administrative cases of any sort. Therefore only part of the cases in the present work are of a judicial nature; others deal with administrative discipline, and still others are essentially policy proposals set in the form of memorials. The entries are arranged according to a list of about 50 civilian and military departments and offices belonging to the central government and imperial palace, starting with the grand secretariat (中 書省) and ending with the bureau of gardens (勾盾署; the case is usually lacking for this last entry, though not in the two Beiping Mf. copies; the 1504 ed. announces two cases but has only one); there is either 1 or 2 entries per category (the numbers of cases and of administrative units differ slightly according to the edition, see above for examples). The “cases” concern either the mistakes or crimes of officials belonging to the institutions cited, or problems having arisen within their jurisdictions. Each entry features a short presentation of the problem at hand, followed by the text itself, set in flowery parallel-sentence style (駢文) and laden with literary and historical allusions. In the Liu Yunpeng recension, which was used for most subsequent eds., an abundance of explanatory

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notes are inserted in the text; likewise, the historical origin of each institution and its nature under the Tang are explained in a footnote at the beginning of each category. In the eyes of the Siku commentators, Hong Mai’s 洪邁 criticism in an entry of his Rongzhai suibi 容齋隨筆, to the effect that Zhang Zhuo is accumulating stories rather than deciding on punishment and discussing the law, is unjustified inasmuch as the work was composed for the sake of literary allusions, not of “established law” (本為隸事而作，不為定律而作). The commentators also remark that, whereas the early Song literary anthology Wenyuan yinghua 文苑英華 contains many such model judgments from the Tang period (its pan section runs j. 503–552), they are mostly unsigned; the only attributed collections are those by Zhang Zhuo and Bai Juyi (see under Baidao pan), the former emphasizing stylistic elegance (縟麗) and the latter, fluency (流利). (The bibliographical chapter of Xin Tangshu, 60/1618, lists three more titles, however, two of which are titled Baidao pan.)

Bio.: Zhang Zhuo, who according to his biographies was a child prodigy, earned the jinshi degree in 679 and subsequently passed several imperial special examinations with high honors. He was appointed deputy magistrate of Chang’an (長安尉) and later assistant director of the Court of State Ceremonial (鴻臚丞). While he served as a censor he was criticized for his rashness and irascibility; and at the beginning of the Kaiyuan era (713–41) was demoted because of his vocal criticism of current policies, but avoided being exiled to Guangdong. He ended his career as vice-director of the Transit Authorization Bureau of the Ministry of Justice (司門員外郎). He appears to have enjoyed immense prestige as a writer, to the extent that ambassadors from Japan and other tributary states would pay large sums to acquire his works. See Jiu Tangshu, 149/4023–24; Xin Tangshu, 161/4979–80; Quan Tang wen, 172/1a. The Siku commentary has somewhat different indications on the posts held by Zhang. Ref. and studies: Songshi, 207/5293 (in 10 j.). Wenxian tongkao 文獻通考 (Shitong 十通 ed.), 231/1845b. Siku, 3:2789 (classified as leishu). Chang, 2:804 (title Panjue lu, from a 1496 ed. of Shuofu). Chang Wejen, “Legal Education,” 325 n. 26. Guo Chengwei, “Longjin fengsui pan chubu yanjiu 初步研究,” in Tian Tao and Guo Chengwei ed. (see above), 188–202. Huo Cunfu, “Zhang Zhuo Longjin fengsui pan yu Bai Juyi Jiayi pan.” Jidong Yang, “The Making, Writing, and Testing of Decisions in the Tang Government,” passim. [CC, PEW]

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4.1.5.1 Phrase Models & Handbooks for Examination Candidates

Baidao pan 百道判, 2 j. [One Hundred Decisions] By Bai Juyi 白居易 (772–846) (z. Letian 樂天, h. Xiangshan jushi 香山 居士) (js. 800), from Taiyuan 太原 (Shanxi) Ca. 803 Ed.:

– The work is found in all extant eds. of Bai Juyi’s Collected Works, which are too numerous to enumerate here. The version closest to Bai’s original arrangement of his own works is the Nawa Dōen 那波道園 1618 Japanese ed. titled Bai shi wenji 白氏文集, based on a lost Song ed., which has been included in Sibu congkan; in this recension the work appears in j. 49–50 under the title Jiayi pan (see below). In the more common arrangement (following the oldest extant ed., dating to the Shaoxing era of the Song), Baidao pan comprises j. 66–67 of Bai’s prose collection: examples include the Siku version, where the prose collection is titled Bai shi changqing ji 白氏長慶集 (Changqing [821–24] being the reign-period during which the first version of Bai’s collection was compiled), and where the 2 juan of pan are left untitled. In this arrangement, Baidao pan includes 101 cases instead of 100. Among additional materials featuring in modern editions one finds 2 juan of waiji 外集, the second of which usually includes two more cases similar to those in Baidao pan. For a standard modern ed., see Bai Juyi ji 白居易集 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1979), 66/1378–67/1423.

Rem.: A collection of fictitious “model decisions” composed by Bai Juyi as a preparation for the 803 (802 according to some sources) session of the Ministry of Personnel’s “test on writing decisions” (書判拔 萃科) (see under Longjin fengsui pan). The work is sometimes referred to as Jiayi pan 甲乙判 (which might be rendered as Fictitious Decisions as the persons involved are all designated by cyclical characters): examples include the Wenxian tongkao “Treatise on examinations” and the Sibu congkan table of contents. Although it is nowhere mentioned as a separate publication, but always as part of Bai’s Collected Works, Baidao pan must have circulated as an independent text since in his pref. to the Collected Works Bai’s friend, the poet Yuan Zhen 元稹, claims that “as for Baidao pan, the new jinshi graduates competed to pass it around in the capital” (及百道判新進士競相傳於京師)—presumably as a model for the pan examination to which they would be subjected before appointment. Fu Xinglin (see below) has noted that case 89 (88 in the Sibu congkan recension) actually is Bai’s own answer to the case submitted at the 803 examination. The decisions are about conflicts (many of them

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within the bureaucracy) covering a wide range of topics, such as marriage, funerals, inheritance, rites, examinations, administrative affairs, agriculture, public works, military affairs, penal crimes, and more. Along with Longjin fengsui pan, Baidao pan is the only remaining collection of model cases for examinations from the Tang dynasty. Each entry includes the “question” (or subject), always introduced by the word de 得 (“We found that …”), and the decision (or judgment) proposed in response, written in a parallel-sentence style remarkably free of literary allusions or flourishes. The longest subject is 45 characters long and the longest answer is 146 characters long. The work may have been used as a model for Hu Jie’s Baiyi xinpan (q.v.).

Bio.: Bai Juyi’s ancestors hailed from Xinzheng 新鄭 (Zhengzhou 鄭州 prefecture, present-day Henan). Celebrated for his literary skills, Bai is considered one of China’s greatest poets. His works are usually known for their Buddhist and Daoist influences, their “realism,” and their empathy with the life of the common people. Yet Bai Juyi also had a long career as a scholar-official. Born into a family of local officials, he passed the jinshi in 800 and ranked first at the Ministry of Personnel’s judicial examination in 803 (or 802). His first appointment was as reviewer at the Secretariat (秘書省校書郎), usually the starting point for high-profile careers. Thereafter his career alternated between central government offices (Hanlin academician, vice-director and director of the Ministry of Justice, and others), local appointments (sometimes at his request, notably in 822 when he was appointed prefect [刺史] of Hangzhou and then of Suzhou, and at least once after being degraded in 815), and short periods of retirement. Bai Juyi is usually described as a high-minded official, unhappy with court policies and factionalism. Ref. and studies: Hong Mai 洪邁, Rongzhai suibi 容齋随筆, j. 10, “Tang shupan” 唐書判. The Xin Tang shu bibliographical treatise (j. 60) mentions a Baidao pan ji 集 in 1 juan by Luo Binwang 駱賓王 (Baidao pan in 2 j. according to Songshi, j. 208; see also Siku notice to Luo Cheng ji 駱丞集, where it says 3 juan), as well as a work by the same title, in 1 j., by Zheng Kuan 鄭寬. Siku, 4:3159 (on Bai shi changqing ji). Chen Dengwu, “Cong Bai Juyi Baidao pan kan jingyi zheyu de shijian.” Fu Xinglin, “Baidao pan yanjiu”; id., “Bai Juyi Baidao pan de yishu chengjiu”; id., “Lun Bai Juyi Baidao pan de sixiang jiazhi.” Huo Cunfu, “Zhang Zhuo Longjin fengsui pan yu Bai Juyi Jiayi pan yitong lun.” Jian Changchun, “Baidao pan ji qi xueshu jiazhi.” On Bai Juyi’s competence as a legal debater, see Benjamin Wallacker, “The Poet as Jurist.” [CC, PEW]

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[MING]

Chongke shiyin canshen pibo siyu huotao 重刻釋音參審批駁四語活套 See: Canshen manlu 0593

Baiyi xinpan 百一新判, 2 + 1 j. [One Hundred and One New Decisions] By Hu Jie 胡介 (z. Rufang 汝方, h. Yunlou 雲樓) (jr. 1528) from Tongzhou 通州 (Nan Zhili) 1537 pref. Ed.: – *1559 ed. with joint pref. by Peng Ze 彭澤 and Jiang Yishan 江一山 (1559) and pref. by author (1537). [Nanjing bowuyuan, only j. 1–2 extant]

Rem.: A collection of model judicial decisions in “four-six” parallel prose composed 1536–37. The author, who was nostalgic of the examinations on “judgments” (or, more broadly, “decisions”) in the Tang and Song, apparently prepared it after his failure at the jinshi examination. Bai Juyi’s collection of judgments Baidao pan (q.v.), which also has 101 entries, may have served as a model. The current ed. was published posthumously by Hu’s disciples, Peng Ze and Jiang Yishan. The first two juan represent his first collection of 101 model decisions. His disciples encouraged him to write an additional collection, which was originally the appended j. 3, now lost (the contents are included in the mulu). In j. 1–2 the cases are divided according to the six areas of administration in the Penal Code, with the exception of one case that refers to the dynastic founder’s “Grand Pronouncement” (大誥). According to the table of contents, the third juan originally contained another 101 judgments, likewise divided among the six areas of administration.

Bio.: Hu Jie was known for his wide-ranging reading, and particularly for his knowledge of the “four-six” parallel phrases used in legal documents. He served as magistrate in three counties: Dongyang 東陽 (Zhejiang), Zouping 鄒平 (Shandong), and Qiyang 祁陽 (Hunan). He arrived in the first post in 1542 but soon went into mourning. He returned to his second post, and was transferred to his final post in 1547 and served there until his death ca. 1551. See Dongyang XZ (Daoguang), 5/5a; Jinhua 金華 FZ (1578), 12/23a; Zouping XZ (1695), 4/12b; Qiyang XZ (1765), 4/8a. Ref. and studies: Guan Junbo and Wang Mingfa, “Baiyi xinpan chutan.” Tam Ka-chai, “Ming Taizu ‘Yuzhi dagao’,” 8–9. [TN]

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0593–0595 0594

Jingji shiwu zhujie panxuan 經濟時務註解判選, 6 j. [A Selection of Annotated Judgments Dealing with the Management of Current Affairs] Selected (精選) by Hu Rujia 胡汝嘉 (z. Maoli 懋禮, h. Qiuyu 秋宇) (js. 1553), from Yingyang 鷹楊 garrison, Nanjing (Nan Zhili) 1566 intro. Ed.: – *Undated ed., published by the Zhou Dongya bookstore in Nanjing 金陵 書林東厓周氏梓行, with intro. (引) by Wang Xi 王璽 (1566). [Ōki]

Rem.: An anthology of model judgments for examination candidates. The pref. insists on the usefulness of the work in promoting knowledge of the law and ensuring fair justice. The authors of the model judgments are indicated, and it states that for some judgments actual examination papers (墨卷) are reproduced; the texts are larded with small-character notes explaining the literary and historical allusions. They are arranged following the order of the Penal Code (clearly indicated in the mulu in table form), excluding the first part (General Principles), viz. Personnel (吏律), 27 items; Revenue (戶律), 36 items; Rites (禮律), 23 items; War (兵律), 32 items; Justice (刑律), 39 items; and Public Works (工律), 15 items. Only 172 out of the 460 statutes of the Ming Code are discussed. Each essay bears the title of the relevant statute. The title at the beginning of the mulu is Xinkan 新刊 Jingji shiwu panxuan; at the beginning of j. 1 it is Xinkan yutang jingzhi juye beiyong 玉堂精製舉業備用 Jingji shiwu zhujie panxuan. Bio.: After his jinshi Hu Rujia was accepted as a bachelor (庶吉士) in the Hanlin Academy. In 1555 he was promoted to junior compiler (編修). The present work was compiled while he was still a promising young official. He was involved in the political struggles of the late Jiajing and early Longqing reigns and was pushed to posts outside the capital. He retired from his final post, Zhejiang surveillance vice-commissioner serving in a military circuit (兵備副 使), in 1579. He was known for writing as well as calligraphy and painting. He wrote in many genres, including novels, though little of his work survives. See Chen Tian 陳田, Mingshi jishi 明詩紀事, 己 11/6a; Jiangning 江寧 XZ (1683), 10/127b; Ming shilu: Shizong, 398/6987, 427/7384. [TN] [PEW]

0595

Canshen manlu 參審漫錄, 4 j. [Random Notes on Writing Judgments] Comp. (彙集) Xiao Liangpan 蕭良泮 (z. Longzhu 龍渚), from Taihe 泰和 (Jiangxi), and Yuan Yingkui 袁應奎 (z. Ruilong 瑞龍), from Ruijin 瑞金 (Jiangxi) N.d.

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Ed.:

– *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), three Chongzhen eds. – *Modern punctuated ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 4, titled Chongke shiyin canshen pibo siyu huotao 重刻釋音參審批駁四語活套, based on the first Chongzhen ed. (at Faxue suo).

Rem.: The title at the head of j. 1 is Chongke shiyin canshen pibo siyu huotao; at the head of j. 2 and 3 it is Canshen manlu; running title Canshen. Xiao Liangpan is cited as compiler and Yuan Yingkui as coauthor (同編); a certain Kang Yingqian 康應乾, also from Taihe, is cited as collator and annotator (校註). Takigawa (see below) assumes from the form of the entries that the text must date to the Wanli period. The entries in j. 1 are called canyu 參語, those in j. 2 are called canyi 參議 (canyu in the copy used in Lidai panli pandu), those in j. 3 are called shenyu 審語, and those in j. 4 are called boyu 駁語, piyu 批語, and shenshi yu 審釋語. They consist of mostly short extracts from accounts of judicial cases, judgments, and rescripts in a mix of parallel prose and guwen, and are intended as models for those who have to draft such documents. In particular they provide the reader with a repertoire of well-chosen terms (some with pronunciation [音釋]), phrases, and historical allusions (all with explanations provided in notes). A number of entries use fictitious names of the form Zhao Jia 趙甲, Qian Yi 錢乙, and so on. According to Takigawa, the work was a handbook for yamen clerks drafting judicial documents, but it might rather have been aimed to examination candidates. It is comparable in this respect to the various texts providing examples of sentences phrased in parallel prose; several entries are identical with those in Xinzuan siliu canyu 新纂四六參語, a text found on the top of pages in j. 3 of Shitu xuanjing (q.v.). Bio.: No information is available on either of the authors. Ref. and studies: Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 30–31. Yang Yifan, “Shier zhong Mingdai panli pandu,” 169. [PEW]

0596

Siliu canyu 四六參語, 2 j. [Judgments in Six-Four Parallel Sentences] By Kong Zhenyun 孔貞運 (z. Yongheng 用恆) 1600 postf. Ed.:

– *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), 50-j. Chongzhen ed., with pref. by Chen Sande 陳三德 (n.d.) and postf. (跋) by Chen Dayi 陳大義 (1600). – Separate ed. titled Xinkan Kong buyuan fati siliu canyu 新刊孔部元 [院] 法題四六參語. [Huadong shifan daxue] [Sichuan daxue] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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763

Rem.: The complete title at the head of j. 1 is Chongke Kong buyuan fati siliu canyu 重刻孔部院法題四六參語. A phrase-book of the “foursix” sort, i.e. proposing models for writing judicial sentences in parallel sentences, possibly aimed at yamen clerks. The contents are comparable with those in Canshen manlu (q.v.), without duplicating them, and without annotation.

Bio.: Not to be confused with the official by the same name (js. 1619) who served in the Hanlin Academy and as grand secretary, the author of the present work was part of a group related to Zhang Xigao, the compiler of Wenyi xuanyao (q.v.); as related in the pref. to that work, he had been able to collect the official documents on which he based his work. Nothing more is known about him. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:148. Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 31–32, citing a text titled Xinzeng Kong buyuan fa siliu canyu 新增孔部院法四六參語, reproduced on the top of the pages of Dingjuan liuke zouzhun yuzhi xinban fenlei shizhu xingtai falü (see under Xingtai falü), which might be the same thing; and mentioning an allusion to the punishment of officers and soldiers who were defeated during the two invasions of Korea by Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1592–98). [PEW] 0597

Xinzuan siliu yanyu 新纂四六讞語 [ Judgments in Six-Four Parallel Sentences] Anon. 1600 colophon Ed.:

– *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), all three Chongzhen eds., with colophon (跋) by Chen Dayi 陳大義 (1600). – *Modern punctuated ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 4, based on the first Chongzhen ed. of Guanchang zhengyao.

Rem.: A collection of ten judgment proposals, introduced by the words shende 審得, published as models for writing judiciary documents in parallel sentences of four and six characters. According to Yang Yifan (see below), the style suggests that these cases have been written by the same person. Occasional notes are inserted to explain terms and allusions to the classics and to reference books, suggesting that the collection may have been intended for examination candidates. According to Takigawa (see below), yan 讞 should be understood as “dubious cases submitted to the central authorities,” rather than simply “judgments”; some of the pieces look like final judgments by magistrates, however. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Dates mentioned in the text correspond to the Wanli era. The same contents under the same title are found in the upper register of j. 2 of Shitu xuanjing (q.v.)

Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 62 (giving Kong Heng 孔恒 as author). Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 32–33. Yang Yifan, “Shier zhong Mingdai panli pandu,” 169. [CC, PEW] 0598

Xinzuan siliu helü panyu 新纂四六合律判語, 2 j. [A New Collection of Judgments in Six-Four Parallel Sentences, Arranged According to the Code] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), all three Chongzhen eds. – *Photo-repro. of probably 1629 ed. of Guanchang zhengyao, in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 1, vol. 4. – *Modern typeset ed., in Guo Chengwei 郭成偉 and Tian Tao 田濤 (eds.), Ming Qing gongdu miben wuzhong 明清公牘秘本五種 (Beijing: Zhongguo zhengfa daxue chubanshe, 1999), 59–137, “arranged” (整理) from an unspecified late-Ming ed. with some missing pages. – *Modern typeset ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 4, based on the first Chongzhen ed. of Guanchang zhengyao.

Rem.: A compilation of model judgments in parallel prose, arranged according to the six government categories of the Penal Code, excluding “General Notions” (名例律). Each entry is put under the title of the relevant statute. The content of the Code is unevenly covered, with only 142 statutes quoted (out of 460), all listed in the mulu; for example, the “Justice” part (刑律) has only statutes from its eleventh and last section, viz. “Judgment and imprisonment” (斷獄). As in Canshen manlu and Xinzuan siliu yanyu (qq.v.), notes are inserted in the text to explain the literary and historical allusions. The same (or similar) model judgments, sometimes simply called panyu, are found in the upper register of the page in several late-Ming editions of the Penal Code with additional materials (see under section 4.1.1). Ref. and studies: Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 33–35. Yang Yifan, “Shier zhong Mingdai panli pandu,” 169–70. [PEW]

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0597–0600 0599

765

Siliu jiepan hecan 四六解判合參, 2 ce [ Judgments in Four-Six Parallel Prose, Cross-Referenced] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– Undated (Wanli-period) ed. [Tian Tao, not seen] Rem.: Judicial sentence proposals (擬判) written in four- and six-

characters parallel prose. 0600

Biaolü panxue 標律判學, 2 j. [The Science of Judging, with Laws Indicated] Comp. Jiao Hong 焦竤 (z. Ruohou 弱侯, h. Yiyuan 漪園) (1541–1620) (js. 1589), from Jiangning 江寧 (Nan Zhili) N.d. Ed.:

– *1596 ed. of the Qiaoshan tang 書林喬山堂繡梓, with pref. by grand secretary Zhang Wei (in post 1592–98) 大學士張位一序; title at beginning of mulu and in chapter captions Xinqie Hanlin biaolü panxue xiangshi 新鍥 翰林標律判學詳釋. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton]

Rem.: This commercially-published anthology of model sentences for examination candidates is obviously a new recension of an old text. According to the chapter captions, Jiao Hong (said to be a taishi 太史, i.e., Hanlin compiler) “collated anew” (重校) the work, and the pref. introduces it as “this record by Mr Jiao” (焦先生是錄). The same pref. claims that an imperial order was requested to oblige all the petty officials in the empire who were candidates for promotion (天下三塗掾) to use this work as a “standard” (矩矱), and that the text was checked by the ministry for conformity with the Penal Code. Each page is divided into an upper register reproducing the text of the code in the standard order of the six domains of government (omitting “General Principles”), and a lower register (about 5/7 of the page) with model judgments corresponding to most of the articles, each followed by an explanatory note (註釋) elucidating the historical and literary allusions in the text.

Bio.: A brilliant scholar and famous bibliophile, Jiao Hong studied under Geng Dingxiang (see under Shuofu baojian yaolan); after ranking first at the Palace Examination he was appointed to the Hanlin Academy. He was made head of a project to write a history of the Ming, but though he is said to have excused himself, he completed a large amount of bibliographic and biographic research; this was later published as Guoshi jingji zhi 國史經籍志 and became

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an important source in its own right, as did his 120 juan of biographies titled Xianzheng lu 獻徵錄. Jiao conducted the prefectural examinations in the capital in 1597, but was denounced for the subversive views expressed in the papers of certain successful candidates and sent to be assistant magistrate (同知) in Funing 福寧 subprefecture (Fujian). He resigned after a little over a year and devoted himself to writing. See ECCP, 145–46; MS, 288/7392–94; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 676. [TN] Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 138, giving title Biaolü panxue xiangshi 詳釋. He Qinhua, 2:201, giving the same title. Chang Wejen, “Legal Education,” 325 n. 26, insists that the judgments are in the tradition of moral (rather than legal) comments written in flowery style. [PEW] 0601

Panyu quanshu 判語全書, 6 j. [Complete Book of Judgments] By You Daxun 游大勳 (z. Jizhi 集之) from Wuyuan 婺源 (Nan Zhili) 1621 Ed.: – Ming ed. [Anhui sheng (dated 1621 in catalog)]

Rem.: Not seen.

Bio.: You Daxun was a tribute student in the late Wanli period. In 1618 he was appointed assistant instructor (訓導) in Ningguo 寧國 (Nan Zhili), but did not serve long. He likely published the present work to improve his chances of appointment. In 1628 he was appointed assistant prefect (通判) in Guangxi 廣西 (Yunnan) and was doing well up to the outbreak of a local rebellion. He was ordered to lead native troops to set up a defensive post, but was taken by surprise by the rebels and lost his life. See Huizhou 徽州 FZ (1699), 10/33b; Ningguo 寧 國 XZ (1647), 3/27b; Guangxi 廣西 FZ (1739), 17/4a–b. [TN] [QING A] 0602

Heli pan qingyun ji 合例判慶雲集, 4 ce [An Auspicious Collection for Examination Judgments That Accord with the Law] Comp. (評選) Zhou Mengxiong 周夢熊, from Kaifeng 開封 (Henan) 1729 Ed.:

– *1729 newly engraved (新鐫) joint ed. by the Dasheng tang 大盛堂, Sanle tang 三樂堂, Guangyu tang 光裕堂, and Sanhuai tang 三槐堂. [ZKT] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 4, vol. 19. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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0600–0603

– *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 3, vol. 2. – *Modern typeset ed., based on above ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 3. Rem.: A handbook for preparing the test on “judgments” (判) at the

official examinations. The title at the beginning and in central margins is Heli pan qingyun ji; on the coverleaf it is Cepan 策判 qingyun ji. According to the compiler’s introduction, titled “panli size” 判例四則, the work stemmed from the candidates’ need to take more seriously the test on judgments, instead of composing empty essays focused on literary style and revealing their ignorance of the law, as they are encouraged to do by the many collections of model judgments published by booksellers for their usage. The compiler therefore selected material from “several tens of good books” (善本), edited it, and appended the text of recent substatutes (新例). The work is organized in seven sections (類), each featuring entries (one per page) captioned with the same number of characters, namely 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, respectively; the captions (also listed in the mulu) refer to the captions of statutes in the six parts of the Penal Code corresponding to the “Six Ministries,” and are followed by one of the six characters indicating the part to which the statute belongs (吏, 戶, and so on). The entries consist of short texts in rather literary and moralistic language, starting with general considerations on the topic at hand and stating that “now so-and-so” (今某) has committed such-and-such offense against the law in question and incurs suchand-such punishment (the punishment is underlined with punctuation marks in the form of small triangles; small circles are used as underline elsewhere in the text). Bio.: No information is available on Zhou Mengxiong.

[GRT, PEW]

[QING B] 0603

Xinpan xiansheng 新判先聲, 4 ce [A Herald of the Latest Judgments] Anon. 1800 Ed.: *Small-sized ed. (袖珍本) engraved (鐫) in 1800; the cover-leaf has the subtitle An lü hezhu (er zi zhi jiu zi) 按律合註 二字至九字. [Beitu] Rem.: These four carefully-produced, small volumes are models for “judgments” (判) that examination candidates were required to write. In the mulu and in the work itself the topics (題) are arranged by number of characters, from two (e.g., 錢法) to nine (e.g., 在官求索借貸人 財物); the short judgments—always contained in a single folio with 12 Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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columns of 12 characters, including the topic—are in flowery language and conclude elegantly with the proposed punishment. As indicated in a quotation from Kechang xinli 科場新例 at the beginning of the book, the punishment proposed must specify what sort of death sentence, what sort of exile and how far, how many strokes of bamboo stick, and so forth; these details are recalled in a “Table of the five punishments” 五刑之圖 following the quotation. [PEW]

4.1.6

Autumn Assizes

[QING A and B]

Gesheng qiushen 各省秋審 Jinnian qiushen hui’an 近年秋審彙案 See: Xicao qiushen hui’an Qiushen lüeli 秋審略例 See: Qiucao gaoshi Qiushen zhizhang 秋審指掌 See under: Bu’ai xuan dulü liuzhong Xingbu gesi zhongqiu zhaoce 刑部各司重囚招冊 Xingbu Jiangnan si zhongqiu zhaoce 刑部江南司重囚招冊 Xingbu Zhili si zhongqiu zhaoce 刑部直隸司重囚招冊 See: Xingbu Zhili gesheng zhongqiu zhaoce 0604

Xingbu Zhili gesheng zhongqiu zhaoce 刑部直隸各省重囚招冊 [Min­ istry of Justice Reports on Serious Criminals from All the Provinces] Anon. Ca. 1736 to ca. 1906 Ed.

– *Undated ed., title in cat. Xingbu Jiangnan si 江南司 zhongqiu zhaoce, 1 ce (incomplete), cases decided by the Jiangnan bureau of the Ministry of Justice in 1736. [Ōki] – *Undated ed., title in cat. Xingbu Zhili si zhongqiu zhaoce, in 10 ce, cases decided by the Zhili bureau of the Ministry of Justice in 1784–1785. [Ōki] – *Undated ed., title in cat. Xingbu gesi 各司 zhongqiu zhaoce, in 16 ce, cases decided 1872–77. [Ōki] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0603–0604

769

– *Undated ed., title in cat. Xingbu gesi zhongqiu zhaoce, in 15 ce, cases decided through 1883, with handwritten slips inserted throughout. [Ōki] – *Undated ed. in 12 ce, title on cover labels Xingbu Zhili gesheng zhongqiu zhaoce, cases decided through 1889. [Ōki] – *Undated ed. in 15 ce, title on cover labels Xingbu Zhili gesheng zhongqiu zhaoce, cases decided mostly in 1892. [Ōki] – *Undated ed. in 4 ce, title on cover labels Xingbu zhongqiu zhaoce, cases decided 1890–1892. [Ōki] – *Undated ed. in 46 ce, title on box labels Gesheng qiushen 各省秋審, cases decided 1888–95, with numerous handwritten additions on paper slips. [Columbia] – *Undated ed. in 46 ce, including cases decided in 1906 (Guangxu 32). [Faxue suo]

Rem.: This series of collections (the titles appear on the cover labels of some of the fascicles, or have been supplied by librarians) contain reports from the Qing Ministry of Justice concerning serious criminal cases, decided in 1736 and 1784–85 in the first two eds. seen, and in the Guangxu period in the rest. It is not entirely clear to whom these poorly printed fascicles were intended. They were probably produced for the joint review (會審) by the several ministerial instances involved, and then for the emperor’s final review and approval in the autumn asssizes. Then they would be collected as reference material for the personnel of the Ministry of Justice provincial bureaus—the rule was that each year two officials and one clerk were selected in each bureau to take charge of autumn assizes full-time—and/or the provincial authorities who initially submitted the dossiers. (For a testimony of a surveillance commissioner reviewing “autumn assizes registers” [秋審冊] to make a decision on a case submitted to the Ministry, see Zhang Jixin 張集馨, Dao Xian huanhai jianwen lu 道咸宦海見聞錄, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1999, 86.) Clearly, the few copies seen are only a tiny part of what must have been put out in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The format is the same everywhere: entries are categorized by provincial bureau in the ministry (usually one fascicle per province—some are very slim, with only one or two cases—but there are a few examples of one fasc. with several provinces, and in the more voluminous copies the cases from one province may extend over several fascicles), and then by chronological order of the final decisions. Each report (introduced by the marker 一起) starts with the name (preceded by the nature of punishment incurred, e.g., “beheading” 斬犯), age, home province, prefecture, and county of the criminal. The bureau concerned, punishment, and name of criminal are indicated in the central margin. While some sets in the Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

770

4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

series have short documents, most case reports provide a full record— albeit in abbreviated form—of the exchanges between the various entities concerned, including the throne (in the form of rescripts) as well as the provincial authorities, the ministry bureaus, and the Three Judicial Offices (三法司), leading to a final decision—execution “confirmed” (情 實) or “deferred” (緩決)—within the framework of the autumn assizes. There is in principle a separation between three different categories: crimes by officials (官犯), crimes involving people related by mourning (服制) and crimes in “ordinary” circumstances (常犯). However, though such separation exists, it is rarely signaled in the printed text. Many entries document how a particular capital offender who was sentenced to deferred execution after the autumn assizes (絞/斬監候) could see his sentence reviewed and deferred year after year until eventual execution or, alternatively, commutation to a lesser sentence. The handwritten additions in the 46-ce ed. at Columbia are thus placed at the end of cases and provide the Sanfa si’s answer to the emperor’s request for a new evaluation in a multi-year process. The term zhaoce 招冊 in the title generally referred to the summary reports of serious criminal cases drafted and submitted by lower courts, together with their proposed sentences, for review by higher tribunals; the dossiers featured in the present collections seem to combine abbreviated versions of those original reports, submitted to the emperor in view of the autumn assizes. While leading cases and ministry memoranda (see section 4.1.4) are valuable for capturing the detailed process of legal reasoning within the Ministry of Justice bureaus in complex or doubtful cases, the present series is useful because it provides a wide sampling of judgments in “serious” criminal cases. [CL, PEW]

0605

Qiuyan zhilüe 秋讞志略 [A Brief Treatise on the Autumn Assizes] Comp. Ruan Kuisheng 阮葵生 (z. Baocheng 寶誠, h. Wushan 吾/廡 山) (1727–89) (js. 1761), from Shanyang 山陽 (Jiangsu) Ca. 1780 Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed., part of a ms. collection named by the library Xingbu andu huilu 刑部案牘彙錄, comp. Chen Pu 陳溥. [Beitu] – *In Gangyi’s Qiuyan jiyao (q.v.).

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0604–0605

771

– *Modern typeset ed., based on two mss. at Beida and checked against the Gangyi version, in Lidai zhenxi fasi wenxian, vol. 13.

Rem.: According to Sun Jiahong (see below), this handbook on the autumn assizes must have been completed between 1775 and 1784; Shen Jiaben (see below) says that the text circulated in manuscript copies with variants and updates (the one in the collection assembled by Chen Pu is an example). However, its first printed ed. is Gangyi’s own version included in his 1884 Qiuyan jiyao (q.v.). It includes the following sections: (1) “Evolution” (沿革, not in the Gangyi version); (2) “General considerations” (總類, a short section including definitions and procedural rules) (not in 1884 ed. of the Gangyi version); (3) “Regulations on abstracting cases” (摘敘略節條款, with some commentaries introduced by 謹按), (4) “Regulations on analogy” (比對條款, same), split into a list of regulations to compare between cases to confirm and to defer (計開 比對情實緩決格款) and a list to compare between cases to defer and to pardon (計開比較緩決可矜條款). The regulations on analogy (on which see also under Qiushen bijiao shihuan tiaokuan and other works in this section) were printed in 1767 and internally distributed to the various departments of the Ministry of Justice and to the provincial governments in order to get unified sentence proposals; the present work takes into account an actualized set of regulations that was circulated (通行) in 1784 and appears here under the title Xuzeng tiaokuan 續增條 款 (only in Gangyi’s version). In the modern ed. the regulations on analogy end with a few edicts and precedents dating from 1781 to 1897.

Bio.: Ruan Kuisheng started his career with secretarial positions in the Grand Secretariat and Grand Council. He became a bureau secretary at the Ministry of Justice in 1771 and was appointed administrator of the autumn assizes (總辦秋審官) for the Yunnan bureau the next year. He became a bureau vice-director in 1774, and a director in 1776. After positions in the Censorate and the Office of Transmission (通政司), he returned to the Ministry of Justice as right vice-minister. He died of illness in 1789 at age 63. See Ruan Yuan 阮元, Yanjing shi erji 揅經室二集, j. 3, “Xingbu shilang Wushan Ruan gong zhuan” 刑部侍郎吾山阮公傳; Shanyang XZ (1873), 14/8b–11b (citing examples of his judgments, for which he seems to have acquired a considerable reputation). Ref. and studies: Huai’an 淮安 FZ (1884), 38/8b, cites a Qiuyan zongzhi 總志 by Ruan Kuisheng, probably the same work. Shen Jiaben, pref. to Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan fu an (q.v.), giving title as Qiuyan zhigao 稿; Takatō, “Shindai shūshin seido,” 36–37; Sun Jiahong, Qingdai de sixing jianhou, 179–80. [PEW]

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772 0606

4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

Qiushen 秋審, 10 ce [Records from the Autumn Assizes] Anon. Ca. 1785 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Faxue suo]

Rem.: This anthology features more than one hundred cases concluded at the autumn assizes during the Qianlong reign, most of them from the period 1765–85. Some were gathered from the Peking Gazette. Many are recounted in great detail. Ce 1 focuses on cases related to offenses by officials. Cases in ce 2 involve suicides caused by the defendant(s) and committed under duress or by shame. Most cases in ce 3 deal with robbery. Ce 4 features cases of false accusation and fraud (including one involving a litigation master). Ce 5 focuses on crimes—including murder, injury, adultery, etc.—in which parties are related by mourning. Ce 6 is devoted to cases of rape. Cases of rebellion, treason, or seditious religious activities are included in ce 7. Ce 8 concerns theft and misappropriation. Ce 9 contains cases of injury by accident or death beyond the statutory limitation of responsibility. Ce 10 includes other miscellaneous cases involving fraud or cheating in the civil service examinations. [CL]

0607

Qianlong dang’an 乾隆檔案, 12 ce [Documents from the Qianlong Period] Anon. N.d. Ed.: *Undated ms. ed. [Faxue suo]. Rem.: This collection appears to have been compiled and used within the Ministry of Justice. It includes a large number of imperial edicts and memorials (the latter prompted by or responding to the former) regarding the autumn assizes throughout the entire Qianlong reign. The edicts and memorials are copied in a clear hand and arranged chronologically, with the year of their issuance noted in the central margin. A number of edicts record emperor Qianlong’s censure of “inappropriate” tendencies among Qing judicial officials at the autumn assizes. Many of them concern imperial pardons or commutations for the thousands of capital offenders on the death roll or in jail. Coupled with more detailed archives of the legal cases involved, these records are a crucial source on the history of the operation and evolution of the autumn assizes in eighteenth-century China. [CL]

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773

0606–0609 0608

Jiaqing dang’an 嘉慶檔案, 10 ce [Documents from the Jiaqing Period] Anon. Ca. 1811 Ed.:

– *[1811] ms. ed. copied in different hands, cover of the last fasc. with a handwritten line reading “Copied in Jiaqing 16,” which is also the year of the last entry, suggesting compilation in 1811. [Faxue suo]

Rem.: Clearly a sequel to Qianlong dang’an (q.v.), probably also for internal reference by Ministry of Justice officials and other judges involved in the autumn assizes. It covers the years 1796–1811. Like Qianlong dang’an, this mostly consists of imperial edicts and memorials related to the autumn assizes. The collection also includes some circulars (通行) issued by the Ministry of Justice on specific legal issues. In addition, it contains valuable statistics about the number of offenders whose death sentence was confirmed or commuted during the autumn assizes in any particular year. A quick glance through the documents suggests that during the latter part of the period covered the assizes tended to upgrade rather than mitigate the penalties proposed by provincial judges for a large number of capital offenders. [CL]

0609

Xuxue tang ji 敘雪堂集, 8 ce [A Collection from the Exoneration Hall] Comp. Shen Yide 沈衣德, from Yinchuan 銀川, in Ningxia 寧夏 prefecture (Gansu), assisted by Fu Lin 傅林 and Guo Ying 郭鍈 1812 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ms. ed. with compiler’s pref. (1812). [Faxue suo]

Rem.: The work, which features a general mulu at the beginning, comprises brief summaries of a large number of Qing legal cases as reviewed in the autumn assizes, mostly before 1812. As noted by the compiler and suggested by the title, these documents were collected and edited by Shen from the archives spread around in the Xuxue tang (lit. the Exoneration Hall, i.e., the Autumn Assizes Bureau—the term goes back to the Song) to give its staff ready reference in adjudication. Shen, an official at the bureau, explains in the pref. that whenever there was a doubtful case the bureau always resorted to leading cases for reference (每遇棘手之件, 必資成案以考核). However, the voluminous and unsystematic archive made it hard to find relevant cases when they were most needed. As a result, Shen himself had been taking notes Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

774

4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

about cases involving complicated circumstances and the death penalty, accumulating more than four boxes (帙) of materials over eight years. Consequently, he compiled them into the present anthology, at the same time adding succinct “rules” (章程) for each category of cases. The cases date from the Qianlong and Jiaqing reigns. However, several memorials and imperial edicts dated after 1817 and as late as 1841 have been inserted later (and scribed in a different style) in the middle of ce 1, apparently to update Shen’s compilation. The text starts with two imperial edicts by emperors Jiaqing and Yongzheng, and then enumerates the years of imperial mercy granted in the past as well as the legal rules regarding increasing or commuting punishments in the autumn assizes. In the remainder of the work, legal cases are arranged by categories used in the autumn assizes regulations (秋審條款), first under “crimes by officials” (官犯), “crimes involving persons related by mourning” (服制), and “crimes involving persons of different statuses” (名分) (ce 1–2); further on under “homicides” (人命) (ce 3–4); then under “capital crimes eligible for pardon” (雜犯死罪) (ce 5–6); and finally under “theft” (竊 盜) and other miscellaneous items (ce 7–8). For each case the name of the offender, the ministry bureau that handled the case, and the year of judgment are listed in the upper margin; a terse description of the affair concludes with the final decision. Except in the last part of ce 8, the only decisions mentioned are “execution confirmed” (照實) or “execution deferred” (照緩). Bio: No information is available on Shen Yide. Ref. and studies: Ma, 94 (Beiping). Shen Jiaben 沈家本, Xuxue tang gushi 叙雪堂故事, in Shen Jiaben weike shu jizuan bubian 沈家本未刻書集纂補編 (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanse, 2006). [CL]

0610

Qiuyan bi 秋讞比, 8 j. [Autumn Assizes Judgments by Analogy] Anon. Ca. 1837 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Beida]

Rem.: Cases related to the autumn assizes, covering the years 1805–37. The extremely carefully written text fills folios with pre-printed columns. Each column has two vertical lines of characters; the top has spaces for the year, the province concerned, the decision (shi 實 or huan 緩), and the name of the criminal (in larger characters); the bottom has a short abstract of the case. A few cases have abstracts covering two or more Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0609–0611

775

columns; most are much shorter, sometimes just a few words. The work is arranged following categories indicated in the mulu, corresponding mainly to the homicide sections in the Code, with many subcategories detailing the various possible relations between the criminal and the victim; there are also sections on sexual crimes, false accusations, and miscellaneous cases. The contents of each of the 8 ce are carefully calligraphed on the cover. The text may have been prepared for publication. [PEW]

0611

Bu ni qiushen shihuan 部擬秋審實緩, 16 ce. [The Ministry’s Proposals for Immediate Execution or Deferment at the Autumn Assizes] Anon. Ca. 1830 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. neatly written on plain paper, title only on covers, together with no. of fasc. (卷) and name(s) of section(s) written on the bottom edge of the fasc. [Faxue suo]

Rem.: Classified proposals by the Ministry of Justice for decisions on the crimes submitted for review at the autumn assizes. The several thousands of cases recorded cover the period 1809–30. The types of crimes are arranged according to the following sections: homicides in an affray (鬥殺) (ce 1–4); plotted and intended homicides (謀故殺) and joint attacks (共毆) (ce 5); joint attacks (continued) (ce 6); killings involving spouses (夫妻) (ce 7); killings involving persons related by mourning (服制) (ce 8–9); protection and vengeance (救護報仇), miscellaneous crimes (雜犯), and second offenses by criminals having benefited from punishment diminutions (減釋復犯) (ce 10); sexual crimes (姦情) and kidnappings (拐搶) (ce 11); robbery (強搶) and theft (竊盜), each with resistance to arrest (拒捕) appended (ce 12); theft (continued) (ce 13); resistance to arrest, false accusations (誣告), and blackmail (訛詐) (ce 14); use of analogy to grant pardon or deferment of execution (衿緩比較) (ce 15–16). Each entry is captioned by the name of the criminal and features the punishment proposed, a brief argument for either execution or deferment, the name of the ministry bureau involved, and the year, followed in most case by an argued “general response” (搃 [總] 批), made apparently by the presiding judge(s) of the assizes and confirming or modifying the sentence proposed by the bureau officials. The subsections, listed in a mulu at the beginning of each fasc. and indicated in the central margins, correspond to particular circumstances, e.g. the nature of the wounds inflicted in an affray, or the type and number of persons Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

involved, and so on; each contains one or several cases. This well-organized ms. was obviously meant for regular reference. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 4 (by You Shaohua 尤韶華). [CL, PEW]

0612

Xicao qiushen hui’an 西曹秋審彙案, 8 ce [A Collection of Autumn Assizes Cases from the Ministry of Justice] Anon. Ca. 1836 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. neatly written on paper pre-framed in red, titled Xichao qiushen hui’an on cover of each ce (printed labels), Jinnian 近年 qiushen hui’an at the head of sectional mulu. [*Faxue suo] [*Ōki] – *Undated ms. ed. on pre-framed paper titled Qiushen hui’an, in 8 ce, with sectional mulu. Cases mostly from the Jiaqing period. This ms. appears exactly identical in form, content, and possibly calligraphic style, to the one above, except that the latter also includes more recent cases dating from the Daoguang period. [Ōki]

Rem.: This collection is organized like other similar anthologies of autumn assizes cases, but it does not cite the relevant regulations. The cases date from between 1790 and 1836, with most of them from the Jiaqing reign. There is a separate mulu for each juan (or section in the version without juan numbering), listing the subsections therein; the names of the subsections are in turn reported in the central margins. Each case, headed by the name of the criminal, is very briefly described; the province, date, and decision feature in the upper margin. J. 1 focuses mostly on cases involving spouses (夫妻), parties related by mourning relations (服制), and parties of different status (名分). Cases in j. 2–4 deal with murder, intentional killing, and killing in an affray. In j. 5 the cases are mostly about fraud, extortion, and adultery, while those in j. 6 deal with robbery, kidnapping, and grand theft. J. 7–8 focus on second offenders on parole and other miscellaneous crimes as well as judicial leniency. This is possibly the anthology of autumn assizes cases in 8 juan compiled in the mid-Daoguang period (道光中年有鈔本八卷) that Shen Jiaben mentions as one of the earliest extant collections of this type. Ref. and studies: Shen Jiaben, pref. to Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan fu an (q.v.). [CL]

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0611–0613 0613

777

Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan 秋審實緩比較條款, 2 ce [Regulations on Immediate or Deferred Execution at the Autumn Assizes, Using Analogy] Comp. Xie Chengjun 謝誠鈞 (h. Xinzhai 信齋, 心齋), from Guiji 會稽 (Zhejiang) 1840s

Ed.:

– Undated ed.; Song Beiping (see below), probably based on his reading of the prefs. to the eds. listed below, asserts that this ed. was first published in the Daoguang period, but this does not seem to be the case (see below). [Zhengfa] – *1878 Jiangsu shuju 江蘇書局 ed., with prefs. by Xie Chengjun (n.d.) and Yu Yue 俞樾 (n.d., apparently 1878); running title Qiushen tiaokuan. [*Faxue suo] [*Fu Sinian] [*Beida] [*Beitu] – *1879 Pan 潘 family ed. in 5 j., titled Qiushen shihuan tiaokuan, running title Qiushen tiaokuan. [*Columbia] [*Beida] – *1887 Beijing Xiehua shuju typeset ed. 京都擷華書局擺印 titled Qiushen bijiao shihuan tiaokuan on cover-leaf, Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan at head of text, running title Qiushen tiaokuan, with prefs. by Yu Yue (n.d.) and Xie Chengjun (自序, n.d.). [*Columbia] [*Zhengfa, with a handwritten comment after Xie’s pref., dated 癸卯 (1903?)] – Undated ms. ed. [Jilin daxue tushuguan] – *Undated ms. ed. in 3 j., on plain paper, titled Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan, no pref. [Harvard] – Undated ms. ed. in 7 ce. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of 1878 Jiangsu shuju ed., in Qingdai qiushen, vol. 7. – *Modern typeset ed. based on 1887 ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 13.

Rem.: The work was compiled during the Daoguang period while Xie (whose name appears only in the prefs.) was a private secretary working for a succession of Zhili surveillance commissioners over more than twenty years. He explains in his pref. that his work in preparing the dossiers for the autumn assizes was greatly facilitated when one of his employers, Dai Zongyuan 戴宗沅 (z. Lanjiang 蘭江, in post 1826–29, formerly a bureau director at the Ministry of Justice), let him duplicate his own ms. copy of the Ministry of Justice autumn assizes regulations (titled Qiuyan 秋讞 tiaokuan, probably same as Qiushen tiaokuan, see under Qiuyan jiyao) regarding how to decide on either immediate execution (情實, lit. “case confirmed”) or deferment (緩決). Later some of Dai’s successors (the last of them in office 1837–39) showed to Xie a

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778

4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

compilation of cases from all provinces issuing from the Autumn Assizes Bureau, titled Qiulu bi’an 秋錄比案. (Shen Jiaben [see below] mentions a late-Daoguang and a Sichuan 1872 ed. of a Qiushen bi’an that seems to be the same thing, as well as an 1866 Beijing ed. with many additions.) Xie combined the two texts into the present work, editing the regulations, adding his own commentaries, and appending the cases for reference. This took him 5 or 6 years, so the work must have been completed sometime in the mid-1840s; a friend urged publication and offered the funds. As can be seen in Yu Yue’s pref., however, the project aborted, and Xie entrusted the ms. to his son-in-law Chen Zhongquan 陳仲泉 (i.e., Chen Hanfen 翰芬, see Jiashan XZ 嘉善縣志 [1892], 19/76a–b); this, Yu says, occurred 22 years before he wrote his pref., which would make 1856 if we assume that the date of the pref. is the same as that of the Jiangsu shuju ed. At one point, Jiangsu administration commissioner Enxi 恩錫 (in post 1871–77) agreed to print the work (by then Xie was no longer alive), but the engraving was unfinished when he died in 1877; Chen then asked Yu Yue, his examination classmate (they both passed the Shuntian juren examination in 1844), for help, and the printing was completed in 1878. The book was designed to help the provincial authorities make correct propositions for the autumn assizes by using the regulations to check the cases and using the cases to “adapt” the regulations (由條款而參考比案，由比案而折衷條款). While the autumn assizes regulations on analogy (比對條款) may have been printed or circulated for internal use in the Ministry earlier, they were apparently sent to the provinces for the first time (seemingly in 42 articles) in 1767, and again in 1784. However, they seem to have been hard to find, and before Xie’s work was published the revised versions had rarely been available outside the Ministry of Justice and the small circle of its former employees. They are also reproduced (with minor variants) at the beginning of several compilations of decisions related to the assizes described in this section. In the present work they are organized in the standard order: (1) Crimes by officials and (2) crimes against people related by mourning (職官服圖門, 1 and 21 entries); (3) homicides (人 命門, 64 entries); (4) sexual crimes, robbery and theft (姦 [盜] 搶竊 門, 65 entries); (5) various crimes (雜項門, 33 entries); then follow the rules to decide on deferment or pardon using analogy (秋審矜緩比較 條款門, 13 entries). An “entry” corresponds to a particular type of crime within the larger categories. Each entry is followed by a commentary in small characters quoting various cases from the Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Daoguang periods, called cheng’an 成案 in Xie’s pref. even though they are not full cases but short summaries inserted in a general discussion Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0613–0614

779

(the latest is dated 1842). Besides making the regulations available to the general public, Xie’s elaborate commentary and the related cases became the model for almost all subsequent works on this topic, and his work was long regarded as a valuable guide to Qing criminal justice. For a revised version of Xie’s treatise, see Qiuyan zhi (q.v.). For a compilation following the same model, see Shen Jiaben’s Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan fu an (q.v.).

Bio.: According to the pref., Xie Chengjun, the son of a minor official, became a legal adviser and worked for “several decades” in that capacity. Among his Zhili surveillance commissioner employers were Dai Zongyuan 戴宗沅 (in post 1826–29), Hua Jie 花杰 (1829–31), Guang Congxie 光聰諧 (1831–33), and Lu Feiquan 陸費瑔 (1837–39). Ref. and studies: Ma, 93 (Beiping) (Jiangsu shuju ed.). Qingdai lüxue, 212– 20. Sun Jiahong, Qingdai de sixing jianhou, 180–1. Chen Li, “Regulating Private Legal Specialists,” 273–4. Id., “Zhishi de liliang,” 19–20. For the history of the autumn assizes regulations, see Shen Jiaben, pref. to Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan fu an (q.v.); Song Beiping, Qiushen tiaokuan yanjiu; Sun Jiahong, Qingdai de sixing jianhou, 170–84. [CL, PEW] 0614

Qiushen shihuan 秋審實緩, 5 + 1 j. [Immediate and Deferred Executions at the Autumn Assizes] Comp. Huang Shi 黃奭 (z. Youyuan 右原) (1809–53) (jr. 1832), from Ganquan 甘泉 (Jiangsu) Daoguang period Ed.:

– *In Zhizu zhai congshu. [*Harvard] [Jimbun] – *Modern typeset ed., based on Zhizu zhai congshu ed., in Lidai zhenxi fasi wenxian, vol. 13.

Rem.: A set of autumn assizes regulations on the use of analogy to decide on confirming, deferring, or pardoning the execution of the capital sentences examined at the annual autumn assizes. There is no pref. or intro. The 5 j. correspond to the 5 categories of crime usual in autumn assizes sources (see under Qiuyan zhilüe and similar sources). J. 1 (21 entries) is devoted to cases involving officials and cases involving persons related by mourning (職官服圖門); j. 2 (64 entries) is about homicides (人命); j. 3 (65 entries) deals with sexual predation and violent theft (姦盜槍竊); j. 4 (43 entries) with “miscellaneous crimes” (雜項); j. 5 (10 entries) with “pardon and deferment” (矜緩). Each (usually short) entry describes a particular set of circumstances under the more general Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

780

4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

criminal category, and ends with two characters recommending either confirmation or deferment (or possibly pardon, in j. 5). There are no accompanying cases. Appended is a text titled Qiushen zhangcheng 秋審 章程, a mix of rules and models (see under Zhizheng jiyao). The copy at Jimbun has an extra juan titled Zhisheng fulu 直省附錄.

Bio.: The son of a Yangzhou salt merchant originating from Yuyao 餘姚 (Zhejiang), Huang Shi entered administration as a student by purchase (監生) and reached the position of bureau vice-director in the Ministry of Justice. It is presumably there that he acquired the autumn assizes materials he compiled later. In 1832 he was recommended by the Shuntian prefect to obtain the juren degree by special imperial favor (欽賜舉人). He does not seem to have pursued an official career after this. He was known above all as a scholar and bibliophile specializing in long-lost texts that he edited and of which a sizable part was published after his death. See Ganquan XxuZ (1926), 23/1a–3a; Yangzhou 揚州 FZ (1874), 7/5b. [PEW] 0615

Xuxue tang ji 叙雪堂集, 12 ce [A Collection from the Exoneration Hall] Anon. Ca. 1856 Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed., no pref. or mulu. [Faxue suo]

Rem.: This collection generally follows the format of Shen Yide’s Xuxue tang ji (q.v.) and seems to have been designed as a sequel to it. However, there are minor technical differences in the way similar information about each case is presented. The earliest date is 1827, but most cases were reviewed at the autumn assizes between 1840 and 1856. Ref. and studies: See under Xuxue tang ji by Shen Yide.

0616

[CL]

Xinglü caoan 刑律草案, 24 ce [Draft Regulations on Criminal Justice] Anon. Ca. 1856 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Zhengfa].

Rem.: Ce 1 includes statutory texts such as the “Deadlines for the Autumn and Court Assizes Concerning the Different Provincial Bureaus” (各省秋朝審截至日期) and the “Regulations on Immediate or Deferred

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0614–0617

781

Execution at the Autumn Assizes Using Analogy” (秋审實緩比較條款). The remainder is devoted to brief summaries of cases decided in the autumn assizes, dated 1840–56. These cases differ from those in Shen Jiaben’s Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan fu an (q.v.). The term caoan in the title may be explained by the fact that the established rules on the autumn assizes and the relevant leading cases selected by the Ministry of Justice by this time were de facto laws binding the judges of the autumn assizes at all levels, but had not been promulgated as codified law.

Ref. and studies: On the role of established rules and leading cases in the Qing autumn assizes, see Song Beiping, Qiushen tiaokuan yanjiu; id., “Qiushen tiaokuan yuanliu kao”; Sun Jiahong, Qingdai de sixing jianhou. [CL] 0617

Shuangjiu yaolu 爽鳩要錄, 2 j. [Important Matters for Judicial Officials] By Jiang Chaobo 蔣超伯 (z. Shuqi 叔啟, h. Tongzuai 通齋) (1824–75) (js. 1845), from Jiangdu 江都 (Jiangsu) 1866 pref. Ed.:

– *In Mingxing bijiao lu (q.v.). – *Undated ed. with author’s pref. (1866). [Fu Sinian] – *1878 new ed. (重刻) with pref. by Liang Jiayu 梁家鈺 (z. Xiangfan 湘帆) (1878). [Fu Sinian] – *Photo-repro. of Mingxing bijiao lu ed., in Qingdai qiushen, vol. 7.

Rem.: A long list (198 entries) of criteria for proposing sentences for the autumn assizes, as provincial governments were required to do every year. The contents are similar to those in Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan (q.v.), but without explicit classification. The author could avail himself of his long tenure at the Ministry of Justice (see below). Shuangjiu in the title refers to a minister of Justice (司寇) in high antiquity whose name came to mean “judicial officials” in general.

Bio.: After his jinshi Jiang Chaobo was appointed secretary at the Ministry of Justice, where he stayed (becoming eventually a bureau director) until he was appointed censor (監察御史) in 1860; during part of this period he also served as a secretary (章京) in the Grand Council. From 1861 he assumed positions of prefect in Nanning 南寧 (Guangxi) (1861–63), then Gaozhou 高州 (1863–64), Chaozhou 潮州 (1864), and Guangzhou (1866), all in Guangdong. In Gaozhou and Chaozhou he distinguished himself combating banditry and piracy. Later he was acting Guangdong surveillance commissioner. He retired in 1871. See Jiangdu XxuZ (1883), 21/18b–19b; Renming quanwei.

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4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334. Qingdai lüxue, 277–84 (by Song Guohua

宋國華).

0618

[PEW]

Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an 秋審實緩比較成案, 24 j. [Leading Cases on Execution and Deferment at the Autumn Assizes, Decided by Analogy] Comp. (Changbai) Yingxiang 長白英祥 (z. Haoqing 豪卿) (1823–?), from the Manchu Plain Blue Banner, and Lin Enshou 林恩綬 (z. Xiaoping 筱屏), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) 1873 Ed.:

– *1873 engraving (鐫) of the Sichuan surveillance commissioner office 四川 臬署存板 titled Qiushen cheng’an on cover-leaf, with prefs. by Yingxiang (1872) and Lin Enshou (n.d.). [*Beida] [*Faxue suo] [*Liaoning] [*Ōki] – *1876 engraving (鐫) published at Liulichang (板存京都琉璃廠) titled Xinkan xingbu 新刊刑部 qiushen shihuan bizhao 比照 cheng’an on coverleaf, Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an in chapter captions and in central margins, with prefs. by Yingxiang (to Xinke Qiushen shihuan …) (1872) and Lin Enshou (n.d.). [*Beida] [*Beitu] [*Columbia] [*Faxue suo] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *1881 enlarged ed. (續增附刻) of the Sichuan surveillance commissioner office 四川臬署存板, supplement sponsored by Chonggang 崇網 (see under Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an xubian), cover-leaf with title Qiushen cheng’an, mentioning “1873 engraving” and “with 1881 supplement appended” (光緒辛巳年續增附刻), with pref. by Sun Guangxie 孫 光爕 (1881). [Jimbun] – *[1881] enlarged ed. without cover-leaf, title in chapter captions and in central margins Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an, with prefs. by Sun Wenyao 孫文耀 (to Xuzeng qiushen shihuan …, 1881), Lu Chuanlin 鹿傳 霖 (1881), Chonggang (to Xuzeng qiushen shihuan …, 1881), Sun Guangxie (to Xuzeng qiushen … shuhou 書後, 1881), Lin Enshou (1881), and Zhu Ying 朱濚 (to Zengke 增刻 qiushen shihuan … 1881); updated cases are inserted in each section of the original text, with page numbers preceded by 又. [*Harvard] [Zhengfa] – *Undated ms. in 16 j., no pref. [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of 1873 Sichuan ed., in Qingdai qiushen, vol. 14–18. – *Photo-repro. of [1881] enlarged ed., title Xuzeng qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an, no cover-leaf, with prefs. by Sun Wenyao (1881), Lu Chuanlin (1881), Chonggang (1881), Lin Enshou (1881), and Zhu Ying (1881), in Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0617–0618

783

Qingdai qiushen, vol. 19–20, Chonggang et al. given as compilers, with detailed table of contents supplied by the modern editor. – *Modern typeset text of j. 1, titled Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan, in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 13, based on 1873 ed. (copy at Faxue suo).

Rem.: A collection of cases aimed at complementing the official rules issued by the Ministry of Justice (部定實緩章程) on the use of analogy to help provincial officials establish the lists of criminals proposed for immediate (情實) or deferred execution (緩決) at the autumn assizes by taking account of the more recent jurisprudence (see under Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan). Yingxiang brought to Sichuan, where he had been appointed surveillance commissioner, cases he had copied or collected when he served at the ministry. They mostly cover the period 1828–70. According to the prefs., these decisions, which resulted from the debates among the ministry’s high officials and had been approved by the emperor, are especially valuable for provincial officials because of their precision and fairness, but their consultation should be useful to magistrates as well. The materials were arranged by a legal secretary, Lin Enshou, who should be considered the actual compiler, though library catalogs put the work under the name of Yingxiang; the printing was supervised by two of Yingxiang’s colleagues, censor Li Xiangen 李仙 根 and magistrate Wang Lantian 王藍田. J. 1 contains (1) “Deadlines for the Court and Autumn Assizes” (朝秋審截至日期); (2) Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan (q.v.), dealing, in that order, with crimes committed by officials and crimes involving people within the five degrees of mourning (職官服圖門), homicides (人命門), rapes, forcible robbery and theft having caused deaths (姦盜搶竊門), and “miscellaneous crimes” (雜項); (3) “Regulations on Pardoning or Deferring Execution in the Autumn Assizes” (秋審矜緩比較條款); and (4) “Regulations Concerning Crimes Related to Opium” (鴉片煙案章程), promulgated in 1841. J. 2–24 introduce the cases corresponding to these various categories, although not necessarily in exactly the same order. The cases are listed by type of crime and by name of criminal. For each type of crime the list of criminals is preceded by a quotation of the corresponding regulation, and the type of crime is indicated in the lower central margin, making consultation easier; for each entry the name of the criminal is followed by a short summary of the case and of the argument for the decision, printed in small characters; the decision is indicated in a black cartouche at the end, whether it followed the proposal (e.g., 照實) or reversed it (e.g., 改 緩); the year and the province which submitted the case are indicated in the upper margin. Each chapter has a separate mulu (listing the types of crimes discussed) and there is a detailed mulu at the beginning. In the Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

784

4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

undated ms. at Ōki, j. 1 has only the list of deadlines and the regulations on immediate execution and deferment; the cases cover 1810–55, with the vast majority from the 1830s–40s. One notes that many Qing jurists (see prefs. to Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an xubian) claimed that this anthology had cases until 1869, when in fact the different editions examined all include a number of cases from 1870.

Bio.: Yingxiang, who started his official career as a language student, was chief Manchu compiler for the Veritable Records (實錄館満縂編纂官) during the years 1861–66. He worked in the Ministry of Justice at some point. He later became a circuit intendant in Hubei before being promoted to Sichuan surveillance commissioner (1868–75). Lin Enshou was a legal muyou at the Sichuan Surveillance commissioner’s office at the time of publication, and apparently was staying in that capacity eight years later since he is listed among the collators of the sequel to the present work (see under Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an xubian). Ref. and studies: Ma, 94–95 (Beida) (Beijing ed.). Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 330, citing an 1872 ed. in 16 j. and an 1876 ed. in 24 j. Chen Li, “Regulating Private Legal Specialists,” 274. [CL, PEW] 0619

Qiushen shihuan bijiao hui’an 秋審實緩比較彙案, various descriptions [Compendium of Cases from the Autumn Assizes Using Analogy] Comp. Mei Yuan 梅園 1880 Ed.:

– *1880 ed. of the Xiehua shuju in Beijing 京都擷華書局刊 in 1 + 16 + 1 j. (1 j. on autumn assizes regulations, 16 j. on Guangxu-period cases, 1 j. on Tongzhi-period cases), with pref. by Sang Chunrong 桑春榮 (1879), comp. (輯) by “Intendant Mei Yuan” (梅園觀察) according to the pref. (see below). [Columbia]. – *Ed. in 2 j. in Bo’an huibian (q.v.), with pref. by Sang Chunrong (1879). Cover-leaf in 1884 ed. of Bo’an huibian bearing “[cases] promulgated by the Ministry from 1851 to 1883,” and “originally printed by Xiehua shuju in Beijing (京都擷華書局原印) in the second month of 1883” on the back; in the Tushu jicheng ju ed. of Bo’an huibian the title is Qiushen shihuan bijiao hui’an xinbian 新編, Qiushen shihuan bijiao hui’an in the central margins.

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0618–0619

785

– *1884 ed., titled Qiushen bijiao hui’an xubian 秋審比較彙案續編, in 8 j., with 1884 postf. by Shen Jiaben 沈家本 (signed “寄移主人”), who collated and printed the work. Cases dated 1878–83. [*Ōki] [*Beida]. – *1907 Ronglu tang ed. 榮祿堂排印, in 1 + 16 j, with pref. by Sang Chunrong (1879), with xubian 續編 in 8 j. [*Beida, 2 incomplete copies] [*Columbia] – *1908 Shanghai jicheng tushu gongsi ed. 上海集成圖書公司, in 2 j., titled Qiushen bizhao 比照 hui’an, comp. Mei Yuan. [Beida]. – *Undated ms. ed. in 8 ce, artlessly written on plain paper, with sectional mulu. Cases dated 1816 to 1832. Date and provincial origin of each case noted in upper margins. [Ōki]. – *Undated ms. ed. in 4 j., very carefully written, with punishment confirmations and revisions (照實, 照緩, 改實, 改緩) printed using special seals of the Ministry; 732 cases covering 1853–70. [Beida]. – *Undated ms. ed. in 12 j., title on yellow labels pasted on the fasc. covers, with 1,785 cases covering 1850–76; decisions on confirmation or revision (照實, 照緩, 改實, 改緩) printed using special seals of the Ministry. [Beida]. – *Undated ms. ed. in 1 + 16 j. Title hand-written on the cover, with sectional mulu. Cases dated 1851 to 1874, each section preceded by the relevant regulations from Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan (q.v.), presented in full in the front juan. The original paper and seals used in the documents suggest it might be original records from the Ministry of Justice. [Ōki]. – *Undated ms. ed. in 16 j. carefully written on pre-framed paper, each section preceded by relevant regulations. [Ōki] – *Undated ms. ed. in 1 + 8 j., carefully written on pre-framed paper. [Ōki] – Undated ms. ed. in 16 j. [Jimbun] – Undated ms. ed. in 8 j. (cases from Xianfeng period) + 16 j. (cases from Tongzhi period). [Seikadō Bunko] – Undated ms. ed. in 4 j., titled Qiushen shihui bijiao hui’an xuchao 續鈔. [Jimbun] – Undated ms. ed. in 16 j. (cases from Tongzhi period) + 1 j. (cases from Guangxu period). [Jimbun] – *Undated ms. in 1+8 j. Title scribed on the cover page, no pref., with sectional tables of contents. J. 1 provides the Rules on Confirming or Deferring Execution in the Autumn Assizes, Using Analogy. In j. 2–8, the cases are dated 1851 through 1874, each section being preceded by a reiteration of the relevant regulations. Apparently incomplete, as it stops with the section on homicides. [Ōki]

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786

4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

– *Photo-repro. of 1907 Beijing Xiehua shuju typeset ed. 京都擷華書局排 印, in 1 + 16 j. (autumn assizes regulations in front juan), with pref. by Sang Chunrong (1879), in Qingdai qiushen, vol. 21–23. – *Photo-repro. of 1883 Beijing Xiehua shuju ed. (原印), titled Qiushen shihuan bijiao hui’an xinbian 新編, in 2 j., cover-leaf with mentions “from 1850 to 1883,” and “collated and printed by Sang Chunrong from Daxing” (大興桑春榮校印), with pref. by Sang Chunrong (1879), in Qingdai qiu­ shen, vol. 23. – *Photo-repro. of 1884 Qiushen bijiao hui’an xubian ed. (see above), in Qingdai qiushen, vol. 23–24. – *Modern typeset ed. of j. 1 of the 1880 ed., titled Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan, in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 13.

Rem.: The present entry gathers a number of printed and manuscript works of various scope and covering various time periods, bearing the same title (which is also used for appendixes to some nineteenthcentury private eds. of the Penal Code) and more or less following the same format (also found in Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an [q.v.] and other such compilations). The audience intended varies: whereas some mss. were clearly assembled by Ministry of Justice employees for their own use as reference material, others may be copies of these, or copies of printed versions; for their part, the printed versions were clearly aimed at the larger public of local officials or their muyou involved in preparing the dossiers sent to the ministry for the autumn assizes. A number of these works include Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan (q.v.) as an introductory juan; the regulations are then recalled at the beginning of each section where the relevant cases are listed. In the usual format, each entry (i.e., case) provides the province, year, and name of criminal at the beginning, followed by a brief summary of the circumstances, and the final decision (“confirmed,” “deferred,” etc.). With some exceptions, most of the cases date from the late Daoguang to early Guangxu periods. These collections combine to provide a fairly comprehensive coverage of the capital cases reviewed at the autumn assizes during the late Qing.

Bio.: Many library catalogs give Sang Chunrong (1801–82) (z. Bochai 柏儕, s. Wenke 文恪, js. 1832, from Wanping 宛平, Zhili) as author, including 16-j. eds. that feature his preface. In fact, Sang makes clear that he was too old to hold the pen and that the work for which he wrote the pref. was compiled by an “intendant Mei Yuan,” who is impossible to identify. Still, he may have been influential in the process, as at the end of his distinguished career he was viceminister (1866–72), then minister of Justice (1872–79), positions in which he is

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787

0619–0620

said to have been highly respected for his engagement and strictness, and of course attended a number of autumn assizes sessions. See XuBZJ, 13/19a–20b (quoting from Shuntian 順天 FZ). Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4312 (Qiushen bijiao hui’an xubian in 8 j., author unknown). Wang Zhiqiang, “Case Precedent in Qing China,” 330, speaks of an 1883 “relatively small collection.” [CL, PEW] 0620

Qiuyan zhi 秋讞志, 1 +4 j. [Treatise on the Autumn Assizes] Coll. Xu Shenwang 許伸望 (z. Yonggeng 泳庚), from Wuchang 武昌 (Hubei) 1880 Ed.:

– *1880 Hui budushu zhai ed. 版存悔不讀書齋 in 4 j., no pref. or mulu, titled Qiuyan zhi in central margins, Qiushen shihuan jinhuan bijiao tiaokuan 秋審實緩矜緩比較條款 in chapter captions. The front chapter (卷首) is missing from this copy. [Faxue suo]. – *1880 Hui budushu zhai ed. in 4 j., apparently an 1881 reprint, with prefs. by Lou Jie 婁杰 (重訂秋讞志序, 1881) and Xu Shenwang (1880). The coverleaf and substantive contents are identical to the above ed. [Faxue suo]. – *1880 Hui budushu zhai ed. in 1 + 4 j., apparently a corrected reprint released in 1881 or shortly after, with prefs. by Lou Jie (1881), Xu Shenwang (1880), and Xie Chengjun 謝誠鈞 (n.d.), the latter with a note by “Hui budushu” (i.e., Xu Shenwang) appended, saying that he had not seen Xie’s pref. until now. The cover-leaf and substantive contents are identical to the two eds. above, except that the corrections added manually in the second one are now printed; the head juan (卷首) added by Xu Shenwang (missing from the above eds.) is bound separately from the rest, before the pref. [Ōki]. – *Photo-repro. of Hui budushu zhai ed., with prefs. by Xie Chengjun (with Hui budushu note), Lou Jie, and Xu Shengwang, in Qingdai qiushen, vol. 8. – Modern ed. based on one of the 1880 eds. at Faxue suo, in Lidai sifa zhenxi wenxian, vol. 13.

Rem.: An updated, enlarged ed. of Xie Chengjun’s Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan (q.v.), even though Xu Shenwang did not know its original author at the time of first printing (contrary to Lou Jie, he does not acknowledge Xie’s authorship in his pref.). Neither was he aware of the 1878 Jiangsu shuju ed. of Xie’s work. By this time, Xie’s ms. (or copies of it) had been in circulation for more than two decades in regions

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788

4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

including Zhili, Hubei, Henan, and Jiangsu (see bio. below). Xu kept the original structure of Xie’s work, but he added a section devoted to the more recent Ministry of Justice autumn assizes regulations that were included in Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng (q.v.) as updated by Tao Jun 陶駿 (z. Donggao 東臯) in 1874. This new section (missing in the first two eds. cited) is placed at the outset, separately from the revised text of Xie Chengjun’s original work. The discrepancies between these new regulations and those cited by Xie are again briefly noted in the upper margins of the other sections of the work, reminding the reader of the more detailed discussion of the new regulations in juan shou.

Bio.: Xu Shenwang was a legal muyou active in the last decades of the Qing. He started his apprenticeship in Hubei, where he borrowed a ms. copy of Qiuyan zhi from a friend (also a muyou). He could only copy part of the text before he had to return it. He later went on to advise officials in Henan, where a muyou named Gao Rongtai 高蓉台 showed him the same work. Thus, he acquired Xie’s work in its entirety without knowing its author. When he started to work for Henan surveillance commissioner Jiang Qixun 蔣琦洵 (1837–1902), the anthology allegedly helped him avoid mistakes in handling the autumn assizes cases on behalf of his employer; he updated and published the work during his time in Kaifeng. According to Lou Jie’s pref., Gao Rongtai was once a muyou for Tao Xiaoxiu 陶暁秀, Xie Chengjun’s nephew or son-in-law (甥), which explains how Tao (and then Gao) had access to Xie’s work. A note in the upper margin of Lou’s pref. says that Gao may have also helped update Xie’s work. Lou had seen a ms. copy of the latter, titled Qiuyan zhi, some years before, when he was a muyou in Zhili, and once planned to update and print it. His pref. was apparently written for a reprint of Xu Shenwang’s ed. that he had seen at his employer’s yamen in Henan in 1880. Ref. and studies: Chen Li, “Zhishi de liliang,” 19–20. [CL] 0621

Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an xubian 秋審實緩比較成案續編, 24 j. [A Sequel to Leading Cases on Execution and Deferment at the Autumn Assizes, Decided by Analogy] Sponsored by Chonggang 崇綱 (z. Fusan 扶三); comp. Sun Guangxie 孫光爕 (z. Youqiao 友樵), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang), and Sun Wenyao 孫文耀 (z. Guchun 古春), from Zheshui 淛水 [Qiantang?] (Zhejiang). 1881 Ed.:

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0620–0621

789

– *1881 engraving of the Sichuan surveillance commissioner office 四川臬 署存板 titled Cheng’an xubian 成案續編 on cover-leaf, Qiushen shihuan bijiao xuzeng in central margins, with prefs. by Chonggang (to Xuzeng qiushen shihuan …, 1881), Lu Chuanlin 鹿傳林 (1881), Sun Guangxie (to Xuzeng qiushen shihuan …, 1881), Sun Wenyao (to same, 1881), Lin Enshou 林恩綬 (1881), and Zhu Ying 朱濚 (to Zengke 增刻 qiushen shihuan …, n.d.). This supplement was published together with the 1873 ed. of Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an (q.v.). [*Faxue suo] [*Harvard, incomplete] [*Jimbun] [*Tōyō Bunko].

Rem.: A sequel to the 1873 Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an (q.v.), containing cases covering 1853–77, mostly from the Tongzhi period. When leaving in 1878 to become an intendant in Sichuan (later acting surveillance commissioner on three occasions), Chonggang (who is cited as compiler in library catalogs) brought with him copies of selected autumn assizes cases from the Ministry of Justice. Inspired by the work published under the auspices of his predecessor Yingxiang, he decided to update it by inserting the more recent cases, up to 1877. The various muyou in his office were then entrusted with this task. (They are identified by name in Chonggang’s pref.) A copy of Qiushen tiaokuan that had been recently published in Zhejiang and brought by one of them, Wu Wu’an 吳悟安, was also used to update Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan reproduced at the beginning of the 1873 work. The original structure of Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an has been entirely retained, the new materials being in the same format and placed in the same chapters as in the original work; there are actually no chapter captions, only juan numbers in the central margins, and the page numbers are preceded by the character you 又, indicating that the additional entries were meant for insertion in the original work at the end of each juan (see Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an, 1881 ed. at Harvard). According to the pref. by Sun Guangxie (one of the legal muyou involved), Chonggang ordered that the work be distributed to all the magistrates of Sichuan.

Bio.: Chonggang, a Mongol official, was appointed acting Sichuan surveillance commissioner three times in about 1879 (he held a position of intendant). As for the actual compilers, Sun Wenyao had been a legal adviser to ranking officials in ten provinces during the seven years before this project. At the time of publication he was advising the Sichuan surveillance commissioner. Like Sun Wenyao and Lin Enshou, Sun Guangxie appears to have been a muyou in the same office at the time, but in a junior position, as he describes himself in his pref. as “placed at the end of the team” (厠賓從之末). [CL]

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790 0622

4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

Qiuyan jiyao 秋讞輯要, 6 j. [Essentials on the Autumn Assises] Comp. (輯) Gangyi 剛毅 (z. Ziliang 子良) (1834–1900), from the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner 1884 Ed.:

– *1884 ed., author’s name Ziliang 子良氏 (only on cover-leaf), no pref. or postf.; the back cover of the copy at Zhejiang has the words “compiled by Ruan Wushan” (阮吾山輯), i.e., by Ruan Kuisheng, the author of Qiuyan zhilüe (q.v.). [*Columbia] [*Ōki] [*Zhejiang] – *1886 Shanxi Junwen shuju new ed. 山西濬文書局重刊, with postf. by Taiyuan prefect Shen Jinxiang 沈晉祥 (1886). [*Faxue suo] [*Liaoning] – *1889 Jiangsu shuju 江蘇書局 ed. in 1 + 6 j., with postf. by Shen Jinxiang (1886); Gangyi’s name appears only in a short note at the end of the mulu to j. 首 (see below), where he presents this ed. as a “facsimile.” [*Beitu] [*Fu Sinian] [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Ōki] – 1893 Guangdong shuju 廣東書局 ed. in 1 + 6 j., published by Guangdong governor Gangyi, with postf. by Shen Jinxiang (1886) (in j.  首). [Guangzhou Library] – *Photo-repro. of 1889 ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1969 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 24, n° 236). – *Photo-repro. of 1884 ed., in Qingdai qiushen, vol. 9–11.

Rem.: The 1889 ed. of this treatise on the autumn assizes begins with a j. 首 quoting 67 imperial edicts related to the assizes and covering 1742 to 1807; a note by Gangyi at the end of the mulu of this juan suggests that this section is a facsimile (摹刊) of a Ministry of Justice original copy (刑部原本). J. 1 contains two texts (preceded in the 1884 ed. by 4 folios of general considerations titled Qiushen shiyi 秋審事宜): (1) Qiuyan zhilüe 秋讞志略 (q.v.), and (2) Qiushen tiaokuan 秋審條款 (regulations classified according to the nature of cases; see under Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan for the five-category model used). The body of the work (j. 2–6) consists of the cases themselves, following the same classification in 5 categories (門), viz. cases involving officials (3 entries) and cases involving people within the five degrees of mourning (38 entries) (j. 2); homicides (68 + 72 entries) (j. 3–4); sexual crimes and violent robbery (40 entries) (j. 5); various cases (28 entries), followed by cases with pardon or deferment decided by analogy (j. 6). While autumn assizes regulations had been occasionally made available outside the ministry since 1767, their circulation remained limited and many legal specialists or local judges had a hard time finding copies (see Xie Chengjun’s

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0622–0623

791

pref. to Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan). Printed updated versions, including cases, appeared only in the late nineteenth century (see under Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan and Qiuyan zhi); Gangyi’s own printed ed. contributed to bringing together the different versions of the rules. His more original contribution, however, lies in his set of updated cases. According to Shen Jinxiang’s postface, the documents published in Qiuyan jiyao were hitherto kept secret at the Autumn Assizes Bureau. Gangyi, who had become familiar with them during his long career in the ministry, compiled them for himself and had them published when he was administration commissioner of Guangdong; but he could not take the printing blocks with him when he left the position. After he had been transferred from Yunnan to Shanxi in 1885, he got imperial approval to establish a center to train officials in law in Taiyuan (see under Muling xuzhi); there he used the text of Qiuyan jiyao to complement the study of the Code. Shen Jinxiang, the prefect of Taiyuan at the time, believed that the work should be used as a model by all officials, not just those entitled to submit sentences for the assizes; he therefore had a new edition produced.

Bio.: See under Juguan jing. Ref. and studies: Ma, 95 (Beida) (Jiangsu shuju ed.). Song Beiping, Qiushen tiaokuan yanjiu. Qingdai lüxue, 409–20 (by Li Yi 李儀). Bibliography entries for same author: Da Qing lüli zonglei; Jinzheng jiyao; Juguan jing; Muling xuzhi; Shenkan nishi; Xiyuan lu yizheng. [CL, PEW] 0623

Qiucao gaoshi 秋曹稿式, 4 j. [Writing Models for the Autumn Assizes] By Xue Yunsheng 薛允升 (z. Keyou 克猷, h. Yunjie 雲階) (1820–1901) (js. 1856), from Chang’an 長安 (Shaanxi) 1886 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. on paper with red pre-framing from the Yiwenzhai 懿 文齋 store at Liulichang 琉璃廠 in Beijing, with prefs. by Kong Guangxian 孔廣銜 (1886) and Wei Qinglin 尉慶麟 (1886). [Faxue suo]. – *1901 Lanzhou guanshuju 蘭州官書局 ed. titled Qiushen lüeli 秋審略例, with general mulu for 4 j., pref. by Jiang Lianfeng 江聮葑 (n.d.). [Beida, j. 3–4 missing] – *Late-Qing ms. ed. titled Qiushen lüeli, with general mulu for 4 j. [Beida, j. 3–4 missing].

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792

4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

– *Photo-repro. of the ed. at Faxue suo, in Qingdai qiushen, vol. 18–19 (author given as Xizhen 熙楨). – Photo-repro. of Guangxi-period ms. ed. cited as anonymous, in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 13. Note: According to the two prefs. in the ms. at Faxue suo, these “samples” (摘例一編) were compiled by a relatively young official in the Zhili Bureau of the Ministry of Justice, who intended to publish them; however, in both prefs. the person’s name has been crossed out and made illegible, a few words inserted nearby attributing the collection to a Manchu vice-director of the Fujian bureau (福建司幇印員外郎) named Xizhen. Biographic materials indicate that by 1886 Xizhen (h. Weizhou 維周) was about six years old, and that he held the position in question around 1903. In fact, as suggested by the characters 維周謹藏 on the cover, Xizhen must have gotten hold of a copy of the work and tried to attribute its authorship to himself. Based on comparison, Sun Jiahong (see below) concludes that Qiucao gaoshi is in fact the complete text of Xue Yunsheng’s 4-j. Qiushen lüeli, of which it is said that several hand copies circulated inside the Ministry of Justice. The ms. with only 2 juan extant was bought at a bookshop by the historian Wang Zhonghan 王鐘翰 (1913–2007), then a student at Yenching University, in the 1930s and offered to his university’s library.

Rem.: This appears to be one of the works left by the famous late-Qing jurist Xue Yunsheng. The authorship is confirmed by Jiang Lianfeng, a Ministry of Justice official in 1891 and a student of Xue’s, in the pref. to his 1901 ed. The work was designed to teach judicial officers in the Ministry of Justice how to draft documents to summarize, report, memorialize, and conclude criminal cases submitted to the autumn assizes. A large number of samples (often with hypothetic names and blank dates) are included. In each sample, meticulous instructions are offered, in smaller font, about the appropriate wording, style, and order of the different components of a legal document or case report. Some samples were based on actual cases decided between 1860 and 1870, but the hypothetic samples in j. 1 have “Guangxu.” In addition to being a useful textbook for inexperienced Ministry of Justice officials, an important goal or effect of this kind of work would presumably be increased standardization of the numerous legal documents that were generated or processed by the Ministry in the late Qing.

Bio.: For Xue Yunsheng, see under Duli cunyi. For Xizhen, see Zhongguo diyi lishi dang’an guan cang Qingdai guanyuan lüli dang’an quanbian 中國第一歷 史檔案館藏清代官員履歷檔案全編 (Shanghai: Huadong shifan daxue chubanshe, 1997), vol. 8, 555.

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0623–0625

793

Ref. and studies: Sun Jiahong, Qingdai de sixing jianhou, 163–7; id. “Li jin jiehui wang yunjie,” 297–302. Bibliography entries for same author: Duli cunyi; Qiushen fenlei pici. [CL, PEW] 0624

Qiushen shihuan bijiao 秋審實緩比較, 8 j. [Cases from the Autumn Assizes, Confirmed or Deferred, Using Analogy] Anon. Ca. 1891 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. written on paper with red pre-framing, no pref., mulu at the beginning, title in central margins. [Zhengfa].

Rem.: Unlike many works with similar titles, this one does not quote the autumn assizes regulations but is a collection of cases arranged by the order of sections and subsections therein. The mulu at the beginning lists the different types of cases covered in the work, starting with “crimes by officials” (官犯) and ending with “various circumstances for sending back a criminal to care for his parents” (各項留養). The cases are dated 1884 to 1891. There is a brief description of each case in the upper margin, with the year, province, and the number of the original file volume from which the case record was extracted. The two-character decision (confirmed or deferred execution) features at the end of each case. [CL]

0625

Qiushen suojian ji 秋審所見集, 5 ce [Works Seen concerning the Autumn Assizes] Comp. Lai Leshan 來樂山 1899 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., cover suggesting that the ms. is based on a work printed by Lai Leshan in 1899; seal on the cover (朱頥年所藏法律書籍) indicating that the ms. belonged to Zhu Yinian, a connoisseur of law books and editor of Fazheng xuebao 法政學報 in the early Republican period. [Faxue suo]. – *Photo-repro. of Qiushen suoyan (see below), in Qingdai qiushen, vol. 19. – Photo-repro. of Qiushen chabi (see below), in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 12.

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794

4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

Rem.: The 5 ce correspond to 4 different texts. (1) (ce 1) Qiushen suoyan 秋審瑣言, by Feng Zhongdai 馮鍾岱 (z. Shenfu 申甫) (js. 1877), from Piling 毘陵 (i.e., Wujin 武進, Jiangsu), enlarged (增輯) by (Yehe) Yuqing 葉赫餘慶. After an introduction to the autumn assizes procedures (秋審事宜), the text provides extremely detailed advice on how to draft the different parts of reports on assizes cases: which information can or cannot be omitted, the use of related but different terms to distinguish various kinds of injuries or circumstances in a homicide, how to describe the relationship between the parties to a case, and so on. (2) (ce 2) (Qiushen) shihuan bijiao tiaokuan 秋審實緩比較條款 (see under this title for contents). (3) (ce 3) Qiushen chabi 秋審查篳, on the comments inserted in the autumn assizes case reports to discuss circumstances that cannot be decided by applying the existing law and to propose legal solutions. Notes in small characters explain the legal basis of the proposed sentences and suggest how to write such inserted comments. The text corresponds to the last part of j. 2 and to j. 3 of Qiucao gaoshi (q.v.), except for the last few items (e.g., j. 3 of the latter title has a case dated 1870, missing here). (4) Qiushen lüeli 秋審略例, 2 j., corresponding to j. 1 and 4 of Qiucao gaoshi. While the contents are generally identical, some minor omissions or additions are found near the end of the corresponding sections in Qiucao gaoshi. Some cases are dated 1873 in j. 4 of Qiucao gaoshi, but cases in j. 2 of the present text do not specify their years. Apparently the two works are derived from the same source. [CL]

0626

Qiushen fenlei pici 秋審分類批辭, 1 ce [Autumn Assizes Decisions by Categories] Ed. (重訂) Xue Yunsheng 薛允升 (h. Yunjie 雲階) (1820–1920), from Chang’an 長安 (Shaanxi) 1899 Ed.:

– *[1899] ms. ed., probably in Xue’s hand, with inscription 己亥中春雲亭竽 吏重訂 on cover. [Beida]

Rem.: According to a note pasted on the last page and dated 1909, the ms. was offered in 1899 to the author of the note, a certain Guo Zhao 郭昭, by his teacher Xue Yunsheng and is probably in Xue’s own hand. (“Yunting yuli” in the cover inscription [see above] must be one of Xue’s

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795

0625–0627

sobriquets.) Though the note speaks of 2 ce, the text here seems complete and it may be that the two fasc. were later bound into one. According to the note, when he made the gift Xue claimed that he always prized these “models for the autumn assizes” (秋審程式) and always had them with him when attending the assizes. Each case is abstracted in the preprinted columns (either one column of large characters or two columns of small characters), with the province (in abbreviated form) and the name of criminal at the head; the decision (照緩 or 改實) is written in red at the end. As in all lists of this form, the nature of the crime is inscribed in the central margin. The following categories are included: “seniors within the five degrees of mourning” (有服尊長), “juniors” (卑幼), “juniors within the five degrees of mourning” (有服卑幼), “women” (婦 女), “old people” (老人), “children” (幼孩), “lethal spots” (要害), “stabbing” (穿透), “multiple homicides” (各斃一命), “four to ten-plus wounds caused by a blade” (金刃四傷至十傷以上), “premeditated murder” (原 謀斃命), “criminals acting collectively” (聽糾), “wounds inflicted after a fall” (倒後傷), “sexual offenders” (奸匪), and “affray between gamblers” (賭匪共毆). The cases correspond to the autumn assizes of the years 1868–69. According to Sun Jiahong (see below), this is a compilation typical of what he calls the “Assizes regulations cum leading cases” (秋 審條款附成案) genre. Bio.: See under Duli cunyi. Ref. and studies: Sun Jiahong, “Li jin jiehui wang Yunjie,” 296–7. Bibliography entries for same author: Duli cunyi; Qiucao gaoshi.

0627

[PEW]

Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan fu an 秋審比較條款附案, 5 j. [Regulations on the Use of Analogy in the Autumn Assizes, with Cases Appended] Comp. Shen Jiaben 沈家本 (z. Zidun 子惇) (1837–1910) (js. 1883), from Gui’an 歸安 (Zhejiang) 1903 pref. Ed.:

– *1906 typeset ed. with pref. by Shen Jiaben (1903); title on coverleaf Qiushen tiaokuan fu 坿 an, title at beginning of pref. Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan fu an, title at beginning of text Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan. [Columbia] – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Qingdai qiushen, vol. 11–12.

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796

4.1.6 Autumn Assizes

Rem.: A commentary to the rules issued by the Ministry of Justice regarding the use of analogy at the autumn assizes similar in format and content to Xie Chengjun’s Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan (q.v.), of which it quotes extensively the comments while complementing them with materials posterior to the Daoguang period. At the same time, Shen Jiaben provides in his own comments a full history of the rules and their application since they were published for the first time in 1767 in about 40 items, comparing the different versions that were circulated during the ensuing century and also quoting from Ruan Kuisheng’s Qiuyan zhilüe (q.v.) (which he names Qiuyan zhigao 稿). As he explains in the pref., in 1888–89, Shen had assembled a large compilation of cases related to the assizes culled from various manuscript and printed collections, which he enumerates (he stresses that the evidence becomes truly abundant from the Jiaqing reign only). Printing was delayed by his posting in Tianjin in 1893, and later the ms. was dispersed during the Boxer troubles. This is why he compiled the present work on the model of Xie Chengjun’s above-mentioned commentary, with a view to helping the officials in charge to be aware of the variations of severity over time and to propose judgments both fair and generous.

Bio.: See under Xing’an huilan sanbian. Bibliography entries for same author: Cizi ji; Qiuyan xuzhi; Xing’an huilan sanbian. [PEW] 0628

Qiuyan xuzhi 秋讞須知, 10 j. [What Must Be Known About Autumn Assizes] By Shen Jiaben 沈家本 (z. Zidun 子惇/敦, h. Jiyi 寄簃) (1840–1913) (js. 1883), from Guian 歸安 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.: – Unfinished ms. ed. left by the author. [Faxue suo] – *Photo-repro of above ms. ed., in Qingdai qiushen, vol. 8–9. – *Text arranged and ed. by Han Yanlong 韓延龍, in Shen Jiaben weike shu jizuan ershiyi zhong 沈家本未刻書集纂二十一種, Beijing: Shehui kexue chubanshe, 1996, vol. 1.

Rem.: A note by Shen at the beginning of j. 5 states that this is an unfinished work (未成之書) that needs considerable editing and asks his colleagues to carefully check it (請諸公細核). According to Sun Jiahong

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797

0627–0630

(see below), this might suggest that he had already given the first four juan to his colleagues at the Ministry of Justice to help him suppress redundancies and supply missing materials. The size of the book and its highly detailed contents indicate that Shen ambitioned to put out a definitive synthesis of all the manuals on the autumn assizes procedure currently in circulation in the Ministry. The work is entirely devoted to the organization, wording, and phraseology of the documents produced by the Autumn Assizes Bureau. The text, which at places looks more like an accumulation of notes, is organized around such notions as the “main point of a case” (案首), or its “body” (案身), or “tail” (案尾), the “main point in the caption” (標首), “phrasing an exception” (除筆), “phrasing an observation” (查筆), and the proposed decision at the end (出語). These are briefly discussed in general, and then illustrated by a large quantity of short extracts from actual documents (some dated), arranged by categories of crimes or circumstances.

Bio.: See under Xing’an huilan sanbian. Ref.: Sun Jiahong, “Li jin jiehui wang yunjie,” 305; id. Qingdai de sixing jianhou, 167–68. Bibliography entries for same author: Cizi ji; Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan fu an; Xing’an huilan sanbian. [PEW] 4.1.7

Forensics

[SONG]

Song tixing xiyuan jilu 宋提刑洗冤集錄 See: Xiyuan jilu 0629

Xiyuan lu 洗冤錄 [The Washing Away of Wrongs] Rem.: A generic and widely used title for Xiyuan jilu (q.v.) and all the works that issued from it, described below.

0630

Xiyuan jilu 洗冤集錄, 5 j. [Collected Writings on The Washing Away of Wrongs] By Song Ci 宋慈 (z. Huifu 惠父) (1186–1249) (js. 1217), from Jianyang 建陽 (present-day Fujian) 1247 pref.

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798

4.1.7 Forensics

Ed.:

– Yuan-period ed. titled Song tixing 宋提刑 xiyuan jilu, with author’s pref. (1247) supposed to be in his original calligraphy. [Beida, original not accessible to readers] – Undated ms. ed. based on a Yuan ed. [Seikadō bunko] – Undated (Ming) ed. based on a Yuan ed. [Nanjing] – Undated ed. with 1546 pref. by Wang Ji 王吉, titled Xiyuan lu. – *Undated ed. titled Xinke 新刻 xiyuan lu, with Yuan regulations (洗冤錄 體式) at the beginning, edited (校) by Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥, with pref. by Song Ci (1247), in Gezhi congshu (according to cat.), with red-ink corrections (e.g., Xiyuan lu into Xiyuan jilu at the beginning), comments, and note by Fuweng 復翁 [Huang Pilie 黃丕烈 (1763–1825)]. [Beitu] – 1807 ed. reproducing a lost Yuan ed., in Dainan ge congshu, with 1247 author’s pref. Title at head of table of contents and in chapter captions Song tixing xiyuan jilu. The original Song text is preceded by a section reproducing Yuan-dynasty regulations, titled Shengchao banjiang xinli xiyuan lu 聖朝頒降新例洗冤錄; apart from this addition, the ed. is said to be exactly similar to the Yuan ed. kept at Beida. – *Same 1807 ed., further coll. by Gu Guangqi 顧廣圻覆校, carved by Liu Wenkui in Nanjing 金陵劉文奎鐫; cover-leaf verso has mention “Lanling Sun shi Yuan qian chongkan” 蘭陵孫氏元槧重刊 (referring to Sun Xingyan 孫星衍, the publisher of Dainan ge congshu). [Tōyō Bunko] – *Same Liu Wenkui engraving in Song Yuan jianyan sanlu (q.v.), together with Pingyuan lu and Wuyuan lu, published by Sun Xingyan’s brother-inlaw, Wu Zi 吳鼒, in 1812. – *Reprint of Dainan ge congshu ed., Shanghai Boguzhai 上海博古齋, 1924. [Columbia] – Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 1456, based on Dainan ge congshu ed. – *Photo-repro. of Yuan ed. at Beida, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 37, and in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 972. – *Photo-repro. of Yuan ed. at Beida, in Chinese binding, Beijing: Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 2005 (Zhonghua zaizao shanben 中華再造善本). – *Modern typeset ed. based on 1807 Dainan ge congshu ed., Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 1958. The pref. reproduces the original calligraphy, the rest is in modern type and punctuated. The Yuan supplement has been omitted. – *Modern typeset ed. based on Yuan ed. at Beida, coll. by Jia Jingtao 賈靜 濤, Shanghai: Keji chubanshe, 1981.

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0630

799

– *Annotated ed. with transl. in modern Chinese by Yang Fengkun 楊奉琨, titled Xiyuan jilu jiaoyi 校譯, Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 1982. [IHEC] – *Modern typeset ed. preceded by a transl. in modern Chinese with commentaries and notes by Song Chuqiao 宋楚翹, Hong Kong: Xibei yinshe, 1997, enlarged ed. 2002; the enlarged ed. includes an essay on studies and transl. of Xiyuan jilu in various Asian and European countries. – Modern typeset ed., Beijing: Zhongyi guji chubanshe, 1999 (Zhonghua yishu jicheng 中華醫書集成 ser.). – *Modern typeset ed. based on Yuan ed., with abundant notes by Zhang Song 張松, Zhang Qun 張群, and Duan Xiangkun 段向坤, based on later eds. of and commentaries to Xiyuan lu and on parallel works, in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 9. Rem.: The classic on Chinese forensics (檢驗), which served as a

model for all the subsequent works in the same discipline. According to his pref., the author drew from several existing works (now lost) as well as his own experience as a judicial official. The pref. is followed by a note asking wise gentlemen (賢士大夫) who might have heard of or know from their own experience data missing from the present compilation, to note them on a piece of paper and communicate them to the author in order to fill gaps (以廣未備). The original Song ed. is not extant. The material is arranged in 53 sections. The first sections feature official regulations (條令), various indications on the procedure, considera­­tions on dubious cases (疑難), generalities on the various circumstances of autopsies (depending on the time of the year, the age or sex of the victim, the condition of the corpse). From j. 3 (section 17) onwards the entries are more focused on the techniques to use and are arranged by causes and circumstances of death. In 1742 an updated version of Song’s work, organized somewhat differently and with new materials, was published by the Ministry of Justice (see Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu) and remained the official manual of forensics for the rest of the dynasty; this version in turn was published privately by a number of editors who enriched it with a variable amount of updates, additions, and criticisms in the form of inserted commentaries, precedents, leading cases, and appended essays and treatises, drawing from a large body of medico-legal scholarship (see in particular under Xiyuan lu jizheng and Xiyuan lu xiangyi).

Bio.: After his jinshi and a period of mourning, Song Ci served in several low-ranking local positions in present-day Jiangxi and Fujian. He then was appointed, among other posts, judicial commissioner (提點刑獄 or 提刑按

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4.1.7 Forensics

察使) in Guangdong (1239), governor of Changzhou 常州 (毘陵太守) (1241),

judicial commissioner of Hunan (1247), where he composed Xiyuan jilu, and military commander of Guangdong (廣東經略) (1249), where he died in post. See Franke H., 3:990; Songren, 1:752–3. Ref. and studies: Siku, 101/2070, describing an ed. in 2 juan culled from the Yongle dadian. TYG, 3:1/14b (with 1546 Wang Ji pref.). Guji shanben, 子, 1:145. Hervouet, 186. Jia Jingtao, 65–80, 181, 183–185, and passim. McKnight, The Washing Away of Wrongs (intro.). Gao & Ma, 366. Chen Pengsheng et al., 609– 611. Pelliot, 126–127, note 1 (mentions a large number of editions of the different Xiyuan lu variants and sequels). Yu Shenchu, Zhongguo yixue jianshi, 160–163. Transl.: McKnight, The Washing Away of Wrongs, using the 1958 ed. (see above) but omitting the Yuan materials added to the original Song text. Annotated ed. in simplified characters with transl. in modern Chinese by Gao Suijie 高隨捷 and Zhu Linsen 祝林森, titled Xiyuan jilu yizhu 譯注, Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2008. [PEW] [YUAN] 0631

Pingyuan lu 平冤錄 [The Smoothing Away of Wrongs] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *1584 Wang Shenwu Jinling shufang 金陵書坊王慎吾 ed., in Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), Wanli ed. [*Beitu] [Nanjing] – *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), all eds. except 1629. – *In Guantu zijian (q.v.). – *Undated ed. titled Xinke 新刻 Pingyuan lu, ed. (校) Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥, from Gezhi congshu (according to cat.). [Beitu] – Undated Qing ed., together with Wuyuan lu (q.v.). [Beitu] – *In Song Yuan jianyan sanlu (q.v.). – Photo-repro. of the Wang Shenwu Jinling shufang ed. at Nanjing, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 972. – Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 3.

Rem.: A treatise on forensics of uncertain date, with 43 entries. A certain Zhao Yizhai 趙逸齋 is sometimes given as author or editor. Although the original text is no longer extant, a significant part of its contents seems to have been drawn from Xiyuan jilu (q.v.), and much of the rest is found in Wang Yu’s Wuyuan lu (q.v.). The Ming and Qing

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801

0630–0632

versions of Pingyuan lu still found at Beitu and in some collections have been shown to be no more than the text of j. 2 of Wuyuan lu.

Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:145. Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 39–41. Jia Jingtao, 181–2. [PEW] 0632

Wuyuan lu 無冤錄, 1 or 2 j. [On There Being No Wrongs] By Wang Yu 王與 (z. Yuzhi 與之) (1261–1346), from Dong’ou 東甌 (Zhejiang) 1308 pref. Ed.:

– Korean ed. in 2 j. annot. by Ch’oe Ch’iun 崔致雲 (1390–1440). [Osaka Prefectural Library] – *Undated Ming ed. in 1 j., titled Xinke 新刻 wuyuan lu, edited (校) Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥, with pref. by Yangjiao shansou 羊角山叟 (1384), from Gezhi cong­shu (according to cat.); with a handwritten endnote to the effect that Pingyuan lu and Wuyuan lu were borrowed and copied in 1808 by the bibliophile Gu Guangqi 顧廣圻 (1766–1835). [Beitu] – Undated Ming-period Jinling shufang 金陵書坊 ed. in 1 j., published by Wang Shenwu 王慎吾, without pref. or postf., 12 + 17 entries. [Nan­ jing] [Beitu, dated 1584, with postf. by Ding Bing 丁丙 of the Qing] [Faxue suo] – *Undated Ming new ed. (新刊) in 2 j., without author’s name, preceded by an anon. and undated (Ming) postf. (後序) to Xiyuan jilu (q.v.) (possibly the ed. from Guanchang zhengyao [q.v.] mentioned in Shen Jiaben’s pref., see below). [Beitu] – 1606 ed. by bookseller Yu Wenzhi 書林余文台 titled Xinke shengchao banjiang xinli Song tixing wuyuan lu 新刻聖朝頒降新例宋提刑無寃録. [Shanghai, damaged, not accessible] – *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), all eds. except 1629. – *In Guantu zijian (q.v.). – *As j. 13 of Santai Minglü zhaopan zongzheng (q.v.), with complete contents of the Shen Jiaben recension (see below). – *[1797] Korean ed. (no cover-leaf) titled Zengxiu wuyuan lu daquan 增修 無冤錄大全 on the box, including Zengxiu wuyuan lu in 2 j., with colophon (跋) by Ku Yun-myŏng 具允明 (當宁 [present emperor] 二十年丙 辰, 1796), fanli, and explanation of terms (字訊) (in ce 1, with mention 丁巳七月[i.e., 1797] 玲營新刊 on last page); and explanations in Korean

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4.1.7 Forensics

script, titled Zengxiu wuyuan lu yanjie 諺解, in 3 j. (ce 2–3, with the same mention on the last page) [*Ōki, dated 正宗二十一年, i.e., 1796] – Korean ed. titled Zengxiu wuyuan lu yanjie 增修無冤錄諺解 (probably same as above). [Beitu] – *In Song Yuan jianyan sanlu (q.v.) (1812), with pref. by Yangjiao shansou (1384) (in 2 j., comprised of 13 and 17 entries, respectively, corresponding to j. 1 in the Shen Jiaben recension). – *Undated Japanese kambun annotated ed. in 2 j., titled Xinzhu 新註 wuyuan lu, with prefs. by Wang Yu (1308), Yangjiao shansou (1384), and Liu Yisun 柳義孫 (1438), postf. (跋) by the Korean official Ch’oe Malli 崔 萬里 (?–1445) (庚申, 1440). [Tōyō Bunko] – *In Zhenbi lou congshu, ed. Shen Jiaben 沈家本, facsimile ed., Beijing: Zhongguo shudian, n.d., ce 10, based on a Chongzhen-period ed. (giving only j. 1 of the original text) and a Korean copy brought from Japan, with prefs. by Shen Jiaben (1909), Wang Yu (n.d.), and Yangjiao shansou (1384), and Siku summary. [*Tōyō Bunka] [IHEC] – 1915 Hunan guan shuju 湖南官書局 typeset ed. titled Wuyuan lu jizhu 輯 注 (集注 on cover-leaf). A new ed. of the Korean ed. used for the above, with a comment (按語) by Shen Jiaben and Wang You 王佑 (who had acquired the Korean copy in Japan). [Beitu] – In Jingxianglou congshu, in 2 j., with prefs. by Wang Yu, Yangjiao shansou, Liu Yisun, postf. by Ch’oe Malli (1440), postf. (後記) by Huang Qun 黃群 (1929); based on a Xinzhu 新注 wuyuan lu, also using the Korean edition mentioned above; according to Jia Jingtao this ed. has many textual errors and is inferior to the Zhenbi lou congshu ed. – *Modern critical punctuated typeset ed. in 2 j., ed. and annot. by Yang Fengkun 楊奉琨, Shanghai: Shanghai kexue jishu chubanshe, 1987; with intro. by Yang Fengkun (1983), pref. by Wang Yu (1308), appendix including Siku notice, prefs. by Yangjiao Shansou, Liu Yisun and Shen Jiaben, postf. by Huang Qun, and an essay by Yang Fengkun (see below). – In Congshu jicheng xubian (Taipei: Xin wenfeng chuban gongsi, 1989), ser. 52; in Congshu jicheng xubian (Shanghai: Shanghai shudian chubanshe, 1994), 史, vol. 44. – *Photo-repro. of the Jinling shufang Ming ed. at Nanjing, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 37. – *Photo-repro. of the Jinling shufang, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 972 – *Modern typeset ed. based on the Wang Shenwu ed. (copy at Faxue suo), in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 9.

Rem.: Documents and regulations on forensics dating mostly from the first three reigns of the Yuan. The work draws heavily from Xiyuan

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0632

803

jilu and Pingyuan lu (qq.v.), which it criticizes in many places. The front part (13 entries) includes discussions (論辨) on various points, composed by Wang Yu himself (it is included in j. 1 in the Shen Jiaben recension). J. 1 (格例, 17 entries) includes model forms, recommendations and regulations (in the form of approved precedents) on forensic examination dating to the early Yuan period. (The text cites a precedent of 1315 and mentions the examination of the corpse of a pregnant woman done by Wang Yu in 1323, suggesting that Wang may have produced a revised ed. following the first ed. with 1308 pref.) Most ancient eds. are limited to the contents above. J. 2 (43 entries), as reconstructed by Shen Jiaben, is likewise composed of excerpts from the Yuan-period models for reporting called jie’an shi 結案式, and from Xiyuan jilu and Pingyuan lu. This section, which is absent from Ming eds., is comparable in contents and format to Xiyuan jilu, with a general statement on autopsies (檢驗 總說) at the beginning, followed by the discussion of specific points. The Japanese annotated ed. is based on an undated Korean annotated ed. [postf. dated gengshen 庚申, probably the 1440 Ch’oe Malli postf.]; its contents (front part, j. 1 composed of 17 regulations [格例], j. 2 composed of 43 entries) are the same as those in the reconstructed Shen Jiaben recension. The notes inserted in the text in smaller characters are rather unsophisticated and obviously intended for a non-Chinese audience; they also mention the borrowings from Xiyuan lu. As noted by the Siku commentators, compared with Xiyuan jilu the present work contains useful new materials; the presentation has also been somewhat improved and simplified (with 43 entries instead of 53). In Shen Jiaben’s Zhenbi lou congshu ed. (which is used as a basis for Yang Fengkun’s modern recension), the entire material has been reorganized into 2 juan by including the front part in j. 1. Bio.: Wang Yu occupied several low-level posts in his native Zhejiang. At the end of his career he was magistrate of Leqing 樂清, in Wenzhou route 溫 州路; Wuyuan lu was composed after his retirement, using the experience acquired during his career as background. See Yang Fengkun ed., intro. and end essay. Ref. and studies: Siku, 101/2070, describing an anonymous text without pref. or postf., and mentioning a Yongle dadian version giving Wang Yu as author and with his pref. dated 1308. Guji shanben, 子, 1:145–6. Jia Jingtao, 182–3, 186–9. Pelliot, 127, note, citing a number of Korean editions. Yang Fengkun, “Wang Yu shengping shilüe ji Wuyuan lu chengshu niandai wenti kaobian” 王與生平事略 及《無冤錄》成書年代問題考辨, in his ed. of Wuyuan lu, 145–54.

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Transl.: 1736 Japanese transl. by Kawai Naohisa 河合尚久, engraved in 1768 by the Sūbundō 崇文堂 in Tokyo [*Waseda University, Osaka 1799 printout]. Wuyuan lu jinyi 今譯, transl. Gan Jianyi 甘建一 et al., Hainan chuban­ she, 2011. [LG] [MING]

Dabi jikan tiaoge 大辟集勘條格 See under: Fajia tiyao 0633

Chongke xiyuan lu 重刻洗冤錄, 1 j. [A New Carving of The Washing Away of Wrongs] By Song Ci 宋慈 (z. Huifu 惠父) (1186–1249) (js. 1217), from Jianyang 建 陽 (present-day Fujian), et al. 1609 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with pref. by Wang Zaijin 王在晉 (1609). [Qinghua]

Rem.: Though the work is attributed to Song Ci, only 29 entries of his original 53 are left. The first two fasc. feature Xiyuan lu in continuous pagination (70 folios). The third fasc. (still with title Xiyuan lu in the margins) contains extracts from Yiyu ji (q.v.) titled Xufu yiyu zhaiyao 續 附疑獄摘要 (64 cases). According to the pref. the book was published by a certain Mr. Chen, assistant surveillance commissioner of Huguang 觀 察武昌憲副陳公 (that is, Chen Yuwang 陳于王, appointed surveillance vice-commissioner [副使] in 1607), said to have been particularly intent to improve the condition and morality of the people. [PEW]

0634

Xiyuan lu jianshi 洗冤錄箋釋 [An Explication of The Washing Away of Wrongs] By Wang Kentang 王肯堂 (z. Yutai 宇泰) (1549–1613) (js. 1589), from Jintan 金壇 (Nan Zhili) N.d. Ed.: – No known extant ed.

Rem.: This text, mentioned by Tong Lian in his pref. to (Buzhu) Xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.) as an independent work, probably corresponds to the Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0632–0635

805

extracts (32 entries) from Xiyuan jilu (q.v.) quoted after the statute “Not being sincere in examining the wounds of a corpse” (檢驗屍傷不以實) in Wang’s Da Ming lü fuli jianshi (q.v.).

Bio.: See under Da Ming lü fuli jianshi Ref. and studies: Jia Jingtao, 189. Will, “Forensic Science and the Late Imperial Chinese State,” 93. [PEW] [QING A]

See also: Xiangxing yaolan Baojian bian 寶鑑編 Baojian xiyuan lu 寶鑒洗冤錄 See: Xiyuan baojian Xiyuan lu huibian 洗冤錄彙編 See: Xiyuan huibian Yijiu sishang fa 醫救死傷法 See under: Jianyan shishang zhinan 0635

Xingbu tiding yanshi tu 刑部題定驗屍圖, 1 ce [Plates for Examing Corpses, as Established by the Ministry of Justice] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated Qing official ed. [Ōki]

Rem.: A separate ed. of the officially sanctioned ed. of the plates representing a corpse (front and back) appended to most eds. of Xiyuan lu (q.v.), followed by the checklist of lethal and non-lethal spots to fill by the magistrate based on the coroner’s observations and send to the higher authorities. This particular copy was filled by the acting magistrate of Ruzhou independent department 汝州直隸州 (Henan); the coroner (仵作) was a certain Sun Yaozong 孫耀宗, and the victim was a nine-year old boy named Liu Wanbang 劉萬邦, who had been wounded by a blade in two places, one lethal. The seal of Ruzhou has been affixed to each joint between two folios. [PEW]

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806 0636

4.1.7 Forensics

Jianyan bilan 檢驗必覽 [Indispensable Readings on Forensics] Ed.:

– Undated ed. [Tōyō Bunka (only in printed cat.)]

Rem.: Not found. 0637

Xiyuan lu bu 洗冤錄補, 2 j. [The Washing Away of Wrongs, with Supplement] By Wang Mingde 王明德 (z. Liangshi 亮士, Jinqiao 金樵), from Gaoyou 高郵 (Jiangsu) 1674 Ed.: – As j. 8A–B of Wang’s Dulü peixi (q.v.). – As j. 4 of Yu Kun’s Xiangxing yaolan (q.v.) (with 37 entries).

Rem.: The text consists of a selection of entries from the original Xiyuan jilu (here called Xiyuan lu) with comments by the author appended to each section (附說); there are also data culled from Wang’s own experience in supplementary appendixes (附說補). The selection used comprises the same 32 entries found in Wang Kentang’s Da Ming lü fuli jianshi (q.v.) following his commentary to the statute “Being insincere in reporting on an autopsy” (檢驗屍傷不以實). It is first quoted in full under the caption “Xiyuan lu yuanwen 原文”; then each entry or fragment thereof is repeated, followed by Wang Mingde’s comments and additions: this reiteration with comments and additions forms the Xiyuan lu bu proper. According to Jia Jingtao (see below), Wang Mingde was the first author to complement significantly the original Xiyuan jilu. Yao Deyu’s 姚德豫 pref. to his Xiyuan lu jie (q.v.) says that Wang, a bureau director at the Ministry of Justice, used both his personal experience and that of his father, Wang Yongji 永吉, a late-Ming magistrate and a capital official in the early Qing. Like the Siku commentators in the entry on Dulü peixi, who speak of strange occurrences and magical prescriptions and see the text as closer to xiaoshuo, Jia Jingtao considers that much of Wang’s opinions are irrational and non-scientific, and deplores that they were in turn used by the editors of the official Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu (q.v.). Bio.: See under Dulü peixi. Ref. and studies: Jia Jingtao, 189. Will, “Forensic Science and the Late Imperial Chinese State,” 92–94. [PEW]

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0636–0639 0638

807

Jianyan shishang zhinan 檢驗尸傷指南, 1 j. [A Guide to Inspecting Corpses and Wounds] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *In Pan Biaocan’s Weixin bian (q.v.), 4/11b–45b, titled Jianyan zhinan. – *Appended to the Gu Ding recension of Wang Kentang’s Da Ming lü fuli jianshi (q.v.); running title Jianyan zhinan. – *Large extracts in Fuhui quanshu (q.v.), j. 15–16.

Rem.: The original version of the text seems to be the one in Weixin bian (q.v.). It features most of the main contents of the Yuan ed. of Xiyuan jilu (q.v.), plus some additions from Wuyuan lu (q.v.), with careful rewriting and adding the author’s personal opinions. It is closely associated with Yijiu sishang fa 醫救死傷法, 1 j., a text on emergency treatment of wounds and other injuries that was an important reference work for the editors of the 1742 official Xiyuan lu (see under Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu). In Weixin bian and Fuhui quanshu the two texts appear in combination, with the contents of Yijiu sishang fa distributed after the relevant sections of Jianyan shishang zhinan. They are introduced separately in Gu Ding’s jianshi.

Ref. and studies: Jia Jingtao, 189, 190. Will, “Forensic Science and the Late Imperial Chinese State,” 94–95. [PEW] 0639

Xiyuan jishuo 洗冤集說, 8 j. [Collected Discussions on The Washing Away of Wrongs] Recorded (述) by Chen Fangsheng 陳芳生 (z. Shuliu 漱六), from Renhe 仁

和 (Zhejiang)

1687 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with pref. by Song Ci (to “Xiyuan lu,” 1247). [Columbia] – *Undated Jujin tang ed. 聚錦堂藏板 with prefs. by Song Ci (same) and Chen Fangsheng (1687) (not listed in mulu), otherwise identical to above ed. [*Congress/LL] [Faxue suo] – Undated Xue-family Youheng tang ed. 薛氏有恒堂, in 6 j., with some differences from the eds. above (no dufa 讀法 and no list of Xiyuan lu eds., but a list of Chen Fangsheng’s works).

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4.1.7 Forensics

– *Modern typeset ed. of j. 7–8, based on ed. with 1687 pref. (Faxue suo copy), in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 10.

Rem.: Chen’s pref. and fanli state that he has not seen Pingyuan lu (q.v.) and Mingyuan lu 明冤錄, that Wuyuan lu (q.v.) is full of errors and omissions, and that all the editions of Xiyuan lu (q.v.) available also have “thousands” of textual errors, as detailed in Wang Kentang’s Lüli jianshi (see under Da Ming lü fuli jianshi) and in the remarks and commentaries provided in Wang Mingde’s Dulü peixi and Pan Biaocan’s Weixin bian (qq.v.). A full text free of errors still being in demand, Chen has attempted to realize such, complementing the full Xiyuan lu [i.e. Xiyuan jilu, q.v.] with materials extracted from Wuyuan lu, the Yuan-period checklist called Jie’an shi 結案式, Dulü peixi, Weixin bian and other works. (The source is indicated for each entry.) Major variants in the various eds. of Xiyuan lu are footnoted. Textual problems are pointed out. Different underlines distinguish the more or less important parts of the text. Ten different Ming and Qing recensions of Xiyuan lu, of which a complete list is provided, have been used to collate the text. The contents of Pingyuan lu are reportedly similar to those of Xiyuan lu and Wuyuan lu; as for the as yet unseen Mingyuan lu, which appeared after the three others, it is regretted that its contribution cannot be known. The contents of the work are carefully explained in a “Reading method” (讀法).

Bio.: No information available. Ref. and studies: Jia Jingtao, 190, speaking of a “1687 ed.” (probably the Jujin tang ed.) which according to him is the only one extant. Will, “Forensic Science and the Late Imperial Chinese State,” 96–97. Bibliography entries for same author: Yiyu jian, Buhuang kao. [PEW] 0640

Xiyuan huibian 洗冤彙編, 1 or 2 ce [A Collection on The Washing Away of Wrongs] Comp. (集述) Lang Tingdong 郎廷棟 (h. Puzhai 樸齋) (1666–1711), from Guangning 廣寧 (Fengtian), ed. (重訂) by Yang Chaolin 楊朝麟 (h. Yaosou 堯藪), from the Chinese Plain White Banner 1710 pref. Ed.:

– *1718 new engraving (新鐫) of the Baoyi zhai 保頤齋藏板, title on cover-leaf Xiyuan lu huibian, new ed. supervised (鑒定重刊) by Anhui surveillance commissioner Zhu Qutang 朱瞿堂 (m. Zuoding 作鼎), with prefs. by Zhu Zuoding (to Xiyuan huibian, 1718), Tong Guorang 佟國勷

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0639–0640

809

(to Chongding xiyuan huibian, n.d.), Song Ci (original pref. to “Xiyuan lu,” 1247), Lang Tingdong (to Xiyuan huibian, 1710), anon. note (apparently by Yang Chaolin), text titled “Jishu benmo” 紀述本末 (n.d.), postf. (跋) by Yang Chaolin (to Chongding xiyuan huibian, 1715). [*Beitu] [*Ōki, with colophon (跋) by Huang Guangxia 黃光夏 (1726) inserted after the cover-leaf] – *Undated, unpaginated ms., very carefully written on Likan tang 笠龕堂 faintly ruled paper, 3 ce, with prefs. by Tong Guorang (n.d.) and Song Ci (1247), fanli, pref. by Lang Tingdong (1710), “Jishu benmo.” [Beida]

Rem.: The prefs. indicate that the work was first compiled by Lang Tingdong, whose ms. was later edited and published by Yang Chaolin under the supervision (鑒定) of Tong Guorang (they were respectively surveillance commissioner and governor of Jiangxi, overlapping during the years 1714–17). Both “Jishu benmo” and Yang’s postf. mention that Yang worked with the help of a legal adviser named Pan Ruilong 潘𧇖 隆 (z. Yongzhai 庸齋); “Jishu benmo,” a text that offers an overview of the editorial history of Xiyuan lu before explaining the rationale of the present work, adds that Pan was helped by his son Pan Fa 發 (z. Xingyu 省愚). (The authorship of “Jishu benmo” is unclear: it may be by Pan Ruilong, or by the six individuals—possibly muyou—whose names are placed at the end with the mention cankao 參考.) Zhu Zuoding (who signs his pref. as surveillance commissioner of Anhui) had received a hundred copies from Yang Chaolin and handed them out to his subordinates to discuss the text with them, but as he feared insufficient circulation he had the book “reproduced” (翻刻) at his own expense (this is the 1718 ed.). The fanli gives a precise list of the various recensions (or extracts) of Xiyuan lu, and of Pingyuan lu and Wuyuan lu (qq.v.) as well, found in particular in such works as Guanchang zhengyao, Santai Minglü [zhaopan] zhengzong, Fengji jilan, Linmin baojing, Wang Kentang’s Lüli jianshi, Weixin bian, and Dulü peixi (all qq.v.). It also acknowledges the compiler’s debt to Chen Fangsheng’s Xiyuan jishuo (q.v.), whose description is indeed very close. The work begins with the quotation of a series of statutes, substatutes and regulations on forensic examination taken from the Qing Penal Code and other government sources, replacing the obsolete “regulations” (結式條令) found in the usual editions; this is followed by Wang Kentang’s Shenxing shuo (q.v.) (Wang’s name is not mentioned). The main text is comprised of 85 sections covering the contents of the original Xiyuan jilu and its sequels, with a record of 10 dubious cases as an appendix (附疑案). The sources are always indicated in abbreviated form. The unsigned note by Yang Chaolin specifies that it was

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4.1.7 Forensics

on the insistence of the Nanchang prefect, Wang Hongjue 汪弘玨, that the saving-life prescriptions (急救方) originally found in Song Ci’s work were added at the end of the volume after the engraving had already been completed (it had been considered that they did not really concern forensic examinations)—they are indeed absent from the mulu. Lang Tingdong intended to bring consistency to a body of knowledge that had grown somewhat disorderly over the centuries, with the very concrete aim of providing local officials with a reliable handbook giving them all the necessary information at a glance (一目了然) when confronted with the urgency of actual cases. See below for a slightly different version of the same work, bearing the same title but with different authorship.

Bio.: Like his editor Yang Chaolin, Lang Tingdong was a Chinese bannerman. His father Lang Yongqing 永清 had briefly been governor of Shandong before his death in 1681. Lang started as magistrate of Changtai 長泰 in Fujian, which he rehabilitated in the wake of the Three Feudatories Rebellion and where according to his biographer he was immensely popular, though his stay was cut short by his mother’s death. After the mourning was over he volunteered to join Kangxi’s expedition against Galdan in 1696, and later rose rapidly in the ranks; he became Hunan surveillance commissioner in 1704, a post in which he won the praise and repeated recommendation of governor Zhao Shenqiao (see under Zhao Gongyi gong zizhi guanshu). He compiled Xiyuan huibian during his long tenure there (through the beginning of 1711); he remarks in his pref. that Song Ci, the author of the original Xiyuan jilu, was also a Hunan tixing 題刑 when he composed his work, and claims that the office of Hunan surveillance commissioner has preserved the tradition of the original Xiyuan jilu ever since. See Li Fu’s 李紱 tomb eulogy of Lang and his wife (they died within a few months of each other) in Guochao qixian leibian, 151/14a–17a and BZJ, 81/11a–13a. Ref. and studies: Ch’en Fu-mei, 22, citing Sun Zuji 孫祖基, Zhongguo lidai fajia zhushu kao 中國歷代法家著述考 (Shanghai: 1934), 63b, according to whom the “strange stories” added by Wang Mingde to the Xiyuan lu text, with ghosts and spirits intervening, make the work close to xiaoshuo. See also under Xiyuan jilu. Jia Jingtao, 191–2. Will, “Forensic Science and the Late Imperial Chinese State,” 97–99. [PEW]

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0640–0642 0641

811

Jianshi kaoyao 檢屍考要, 1 ce [Crucial Points to Study for the Examination of Corpses] Comp. Zhu Gang 朱綱 (z. Zicong 子驄, s. Qinke 勤恪) (?–1728), from Gaotang 高唐 (Shandong) 1726 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Bulantai 布蘭泰 (1726) and compiler (1726). [Congress/LL]

Rem.: Extracts from Chen Fangsheng’s recension of Xiyuan lu materials known as Xiyuan jishuo (q.v.). There is no table of contents. As indicated in the pref., the entries are culled from Xiyuan lu and other similar works, but the sources are not specified. Jianshi kaoyao is in fact the title of the first section (1a–12b); it includes plates representing the front and back of the body with lethal spots indicated, and general instructions concerning autopsies. The numerous shorter entries that follow (53 folios in all) discuss the topics usual in forensics. According to Bulantai, the governor of Hunan under whom Zhu Gang distinguished himself as acting surveillance commissioner and to whom he showed his manuscript, the compilation is clear and comprehensive, and better than the rest of the Xiyuan lu literature at emphasizing the important points. In his own pref., Zhu Gang praises Song Ci’s Xiyuan jishuo (sic, for jilu), but notes that its complexity makes it difficult to use and that it includes much that does not deal with corpse examination—hence his effort to produce a more straightforward handbook.

Bio.: Zhu Gang’s father Zhu Hongzuo 弘祚 (d. 1700) rose to the post of Fujian-Zhejiang governor-general. Zhu Gang, a tribute student (貢生), became at some point a bureau secretary, then vice-director, then director in the Ministry of War. From 1714 he had positions of intendant in Zhili, surveillance commissioner of Henan (1721–23), administration commissioner of Hubei (1723) and Hunan (1723–27), governor of Yunnan (1727–28) and Fujian (1728), where he died in office. See QSG, 274/10050–51; Renming quanwei. [PEW]

0642

Xiyuan huibian 洗冤彙編, 2 j. [A Collection on The Washing Away of Wrongs] Newly revised (重訂) by Lu Zhou 盧周 (z. Xingyu 省愚), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang), supervised and sponsored by Feng Yuanzhen 封元震 (z. Xiyuan 修遠) (jr. 1702), from Dezhou 德州 (Shandong) 1728 Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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4.1.7 Forensics

Ed.:

– *1728 Lunxu tang 倫叙堂 ed., with pref. by Feng Yuanzhen (1728) and original pref. by Song Ci (1247). [Faxue suo] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 5–6.

Rem.: Feng Yuanzhen, who first became interested in studying Xiyuan lu as a government student (諸生) and later used it as a bureau vicedirector in the Ministry of Justice, explains in his pref. that despite its crucial importance for the administration of justice, Song Ci’s Xiyuan jilu (q.v.) was not always circulated in correct and good-quality prints. During his tenure as prefect of Hanyang 漢陽 (Hubei), he and his legal adviser Lu Zhou started to revise and collate the different eds. of Xiyuan lu and other derivative works. 29 colleagues who helped edit the project (叅訂同人) are mentioned before the mulu. Yet, though Lang Tingdong and his compilation bearing the same title (q.v.), dating to ca. 1710 and of which the earliest ed. preserved is from 1718, are not mentioned, the fanli and contents are essentially the same as in his work, with the following exceptions: (1) in the present case the section devoted to Wang Kentang’s Shenxing shuo 慎刑説 is placed at the end of the text, and it is much longer than the excerpts found in Lang’s work; (2) the checklist for identifying lethal and non-lethal wounds, as well as three other regulations on forensic examinations issued in 1726, 1717, and 1728 (entitled respectively “Xingbu xinding shige” 刑部新定屍格, “Shige zenggai zhiming sichu” 屍格增改致命四處, and “Jinzhi kang taiyan shang” 禁 止抗擡驗傷), are now inserted after the section on statutes and substatutes; (3) a two-page discussion on poisoning (中毒論) has been inserted in a later part of the work; on the other hand, the work does not have the sections on doubtful cases (疑案) and on emergency cures (急救方) appended to Lang’s title. Otherwise, the two works are generally identical in their substantive contents, and it seems clear that they originated from the same text—or perhaps, that the later one was an unacknowledged revision of the earlier one. We also remark that four of the six individuals whose names follow the “Jishu benmo” in the earlier text are found among the 29 helpers in the list mentioned above. There is some uncertainty about the 1728 work’s authors. The cover-leaf bears the name of Lu Xingyu as “new reviser” (chongding) (in his pref. Feng Yuanzhen says that his muyou Lu Xingyu produced an old copy of Xiyuan lu on which they worked); the chapter captions give Wang Jinxi 王晉錫 and Feng Xiuyuan 封修遠 (Feng Yuanzhen) as supervisors (鑒 定), Lu Ruilong 盧𧇖隆 (z. Yongzhai 庸齋) as original compiler (甫輯), and his sons Lu Zhou 周 (z. Xingyu) and Lu Cheng 成 (z. Jiting 繼亭) as

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0642–0643

813

“new revisers” (chongding). The names and courtesy names (Ruilong, Yongzhai, Xingyu) are the same as those of the father and son muyou who assisted in the compilation of Lang Tingdong’s Xiyuan huibian (except for the name of the son, which was Fa 發, not Cheng), they are also from Qiantang, but the surname is Lu, not Pan 潘 as in the earlier work. If we admit that they are indeed the same people, which seems quite likely, there is no immediate way of solving the Pan/Lu conundrum. In any event, the postface to the 1718 version and preface to the 1728 version suggest that these muyou collaborators did more than just editing and proofreading.

Bio.: No information is available on Lu Zhou, who was a private secretary, as confirmed in Feng’s pref. Scattered gazetteer evidence shows that Feng Yuanzhen, the supervisor of the work, served as a prefect in Hubei, in De’an 德安 (1728 and again 1732), Hanyang 漢陽 (no dates given), and Anlu 安陸 (1741). See De’anFZ (1888), 9/28b; Hanyang FZ (1747), 29/29a; Zhongxiang 鍾祥 XZ, 10/44a. [CL, PEW] 0643

Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu 律例館校正洗冤錄, 4 j. [The Washing Away of Wrongs, Edited by the Bureau of the Code] Anon. 1742 Ed.:

– *Undated Palace Administration 內府 ed. (yellow binding), dated 1740 in cat. [Gugong Taipei] – *1777 new engraving (新鐫) in reduced size (縮本), printing blocks at “this yamen” (本衙藏板), coll. and published (校刊) by Jin Tinglie 金廷烈 (h. Yongzhai 庸齋), with pref. by Jin Tinglie (1764). [*SOAS] [*Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin] – *Undated Wuying dian 武英殿 Palace Administration ed., as a set with Sanliu daoli biao 三流道里表 (presentation memorial dated 1811). [Ōki] – *Undated ed. with Huang Shulin’s 黃叔琳 1744 pref. to Xingqian zhizhang (q.v.). The manuscript cover indicates that Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu was inserted in front of the latter work, making it into an 8-fasc. collection titled Xingqian zhizhang quanhan 全函; the checklist of bones (檢骨 格) has been inserted after the pref., and the representation of the skeleton (檢骨圖) is found after the mulu to j. 1. The presence of these two items suggest a post-1770 ed. [*Ōki]

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4.1.7 Forensics

– *Undated ed. with Jiangu tu and Jiangu ge appended after j. 4, therefore post-1770. [*Beida] [*Fu Sinian] [*Tōyō bunka] [*Ōki] – Appended to many eds. of the Qing Code. – Several undated eds. without indication of publisher. – *Photo-repro. of a Qianlong-era copy held at Shanghai, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 972.

Rem.: An enlarged and partly modified version of the Song-period Xiyuan jilu (q.v.), coll. and edited by the Bureau of the Code (律例館) of the Ministry of Justice. Two nineteenth-century author’s prefaces to forensic treatises (see under Xiyuan lu bianzheng and Xiyuan lu jie) claim it was composed in the Kangxi era, and most of the secondary literature gives the date 1694, without supporting evidence. Chen Chongfang (see below) has conclusively demonstrated that this Lüli guan version of Xiyuan lu was prepared in 1742 in the wake of the compilation of the Qianlong ed. of Da Qing lüli (imperial pref. 1740, proofreading completed late 1741). One of the main works used to complement and revise the Xiyuan jilu was Wang Mingde’s Xiyuan lu bu (q.v.), appended to Wang’s Dulü peixi (q.v.), but many other texts were used as well: the last essay in Qu Zhongrong’s Xiyuan lu bianzheng (q.v.), entitled “Jin Xiyuan lu nei zacai ge shu” 今洗冤錄内雜采各書, lists no less than twenty of them, including a significant number of medical works and several miscellanea, in addition to the original Xiyuan jilu (q.v.). The organization of the table of contents is fairly different from the original Xiyuan jilu, of which only about 60 percent of the contents have been preserved. In 1770 a set of plates representing the skeleton front and back (檢骨圖) and corresponding bone checklists (檢骨格) were added. Copies without the plates are therefore pre-1770. From its publication, Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu became the official Xiyuan lu recension, which local officials were required by law to use in their forensic investigations. It is appended to many private editions of the Qing Code. The text features together with commentaries and various other supplementary materials in private editions that enjoyed wide distribution; the best-known are Xiyuan lu jizheng, Xiyuan lu xiangyi, and Xiyuan lu yizheng (qq.v.). Despite its legal authority, the official Xiyuan lu was subjected to much criticism by forensic specialists who deplored its contradictions, gaps, and errors: see, e.g., Xiyuan lu bianzheng, Xiyuan lu jie, and Jianyan hecan (qq.v.).

Ref. and studies: Gao & Ma, 364. Jia Jingtao, 190–1. Chen Chongfang, “Qing Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu.” [PEW]

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0643–0644 0644

Xiyuan baojian 洗冤寶鑑, 2 j. [A Precious Mirror of The Washing Away of Wrongs] By Fang Ruqian 方汝謙 (z. Muyuan 牧園) (js. 1757), from Tongzhou

通州 (Jiangsu)

1761 pref. Ed.:

– *As second part of j. 4 of Cheng Yan’s Zhouxian xuzhi (q.v.), titled Baojian xiyuan lu, with pref. by author (1761) variously placed depending on ed. – *Undated Shanghai Tongwen shuju litho. ed. 上海同文書局石印, very small size, with prefs. by author (incomplete) and Wu Wencheng 吳文澂 (1822). [Kyujanggak] – *Undated ed. with pref. by Yushan 預山 (1882). [Shoudu] – *1901 Ronglu tang 榮祿堂 ed. titled Xinzeng 新增 xiyuan baojian, with Bihui zhou 辟穢咒 appended (also see under Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan and Lüli yan’an xinbian). [Congress/LL] – *As j. 4 of Juguan bidu shu (q.v.) (no pref.).

Rem.: A rhymed adaptation of the contents of Xiyuan lu (q.v.) in heptasyllabic verse, with 32 entries in all. In the 1901 ed. the lines are paired in one-column distichs, with occasional commentary; Bihui zhou is a half-page-long incantation against pollution by unclean beings. The text is also found under the titles Baojian xiyuan lu and Baojian bian. Wu Wencheng’s pref. states it was intended for “prefects and magistrates close to the people” (親民令尹). Fang’s preface insists that, contrary to the rest of judicial administration, autopsies cannot be delegated to private secretaries. Yushan’s 1882 pref. says he produced his new ed. after being appointed Henan surveillance commissioner and seeing how ignorant of forensics magistrates were; his ed. is of very small size and carefully printed. The 1901 Ronglu tang ed. gives the author’s name as Wei 魏 Ruqian (zi Muyuan 牧園), but the name is correct in Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan and Lüli jingyan xinbian (qq.v.), which are 1888 Ronglu tang imprints. The 1901 ed. was part of a set of guides for law experts published by the Ronglu tang in Beijing in the last years of the nineteenth century. For a further annotated version, see Baojian bian buzhu. For a nineteenth-century imitation, see Xiyuan lu gejue. Bio.: See under Juguan zijing pian yinyi. Ref. and studies: Jia Jingtao, 196–7. Li, 6. Bibliography entries for same author: Juguan zijing pian yinyi.

[JB, LG]

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816 0645

4.1.7 Forensics

Xiyuan lu beikao 洗冤錄備考 [Reference Materials on The Washing Away of Wrongs] Promulgated by Shandong governor Guo Zhuozhai 山東中丞國拙 齋頒發, i.e., Guotai 國泰 (?–1782), from the Manchu Bordered White Banner 1777 Ed.:

– Included in j. 5 of various eds. of Xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.). Rem.: The 11 items (十一則) in this short text (about 5 folios) concern

forensic methods to clarify the causes of death in circumstances such as drowning, hanging, being trampled by animal, and others, in particular by examining the bones. The contents are highly technical and sound like the work of a practitioner. The last two entries are dated 1767 and 1751. Though Guotai spent several years at the Ministry of Justice in the 1760s and was Shandong surveillance commissioner in 1771–72, he never held a local position and is not particularly known for an interest in forensics. It is therefore unclear whether he himself authored the text, or compiled it from other sources, or simply promulgated an unattributed piece.

Bio.: The son of a governor-general, Guotai started his career with a purchased rank of ministry bureau secretary. In the years 1767–71 he was bureau vice-director, then director at the Ministry of Justice. In 1771 he was directly appointed Shandong surveillance commissioner. Later he stayed in Shandong as administration commissioner (1772–77) and governor (1777–82). In 1780 he was concurrently appointed acting Shandong and Henan director-general of the Grand Canal (河東河道總督). In 1782, he was accused of gross corruption and of having emptied the treasuries and granaries of Shandong, imprisoned in the capital, and allowed to commit suicide. See QSG, 339/11077–78; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Jia Jingtao, 192. [PEW]

0646

Xiyuan lu biao 洗冤錄表, 4 j. [Tables Representing The Washing Away of Wrongs] Comp. (編次) Zeng Hengde 曾恒德 (z. Weizhan 惟占, h. Shengxuan 省軒) (jr. 1753), from Hui’an 惠安 (Fujian) N.d.

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0645–0647

Ed.:

– Appended to various eds. of Lübiao (q.v.). – *Undated ms. in very neat hand. [Ōki] – *1883 enlarged ed. (補刊) of the Guizhou surveillance commissioner office, based on an “original 1780 ed. of the grain [intendant] office” (乾隆 庚子糧署元版). [Columbia]

Rem.: The text is almost word for word that of the 1742 official recension of Xiyuan lu (see Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu), arranged in synoptic tables by the author of Lübiao (q.v.). (The ms. version’s tables have no lines to mark off each box.) The upper margin contains personal observations by the compiler as well as materials extracted from such works as Xiyuan lu bu or Xiyuan lu beikao (qq.v.). Bio.: See under Lübiao. Ref. and studies: Jia Jingtao, 192.

0647

[PEW]

Jianyan bianlan 檢驗便覽, 1 ce [A Reader in Autopsies] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Ōki]

Rem.: This thick fasc. (without page-numbering) contains a variety of carefully hand-written materials on forensics, all listed in a detailed mulu at the beginning. There are many added punctuation marks, corrections, and insertions. The 150 entries (some composed of several items or long quotes, and some extremely short) deal with every conceivable sort of problem in forensic examination, in a generally concrete way. Quotations of documents such as autopsy reports or discussions by province surveillance commissioners are numerous. The first entry, “Xiyuan lu buyi” 洗冤錄補遺, is a 1733 request by a Hubei magistrate to have methods for wounds difficult to examine inserted in the Xiyuan lu text. Part of the entries provide dates (mostly covering the Qianlong reign, with a few dated 1798). It cannot be ascertained by whom this very rich collection of materials was assembled and used—whether an official, a private secretary, or possibly a coroner—but it does illustrate the vitality of the discipline at the time. [PEW]

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[QING B]

Xiyuan lu jizheng huizuan 洗冤錄集證彙纂 Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng 補註洗冤錄集證 Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng 重刊補註洗冤錄集證 Zengbu zhushi xiyuan lu jizheng 增補註釋洗冤錄集證 See: Xiyuan lu jizheng 0648

Jianyan kaozheng 檢驗考證, 2 ce [Evidential Research on Autopsies] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. in clear hand. [LSS]

Rem.: Organized and written with extreme care, this ms. is composed of 2 fasc., each with its own mulu. The cover of what seems to be fasc. 2 bears the inscription (incomplete because one corner of the leaf has been torn away): “This is a secret book kept in the family. It must be preciously preserved. Don’t lightly […]” 此係家藏秘本當珍護之勿輕 … The entries, more or less arranged by Xiyuan lu categories, consist of case reports, or fragments thereof, debating forensic problems not satisfactorily discussed in Xiyuan lu or raising particularly interesting problems. Some reports are in the form of approved memorials by the Ministry of Justice or by governors; others are reports by magistrates detailing their investigations and the coroners’ observations. The work can be regarded as a sort of reference book rich with technical information. The sources—especially in the case of magistrate reports—remain unclear. The cases cited originate from several provinces, a majority in the south; they all date from the Qianlong (mostly late Qianlong) and Jiaqing reigns, but the copy consulted seems to be from a later date. [PEW]

0649

[Chongkan] [buzhu] Xiyuan lu jizheng [重刊] [補注] 洗冤錄集證, 4, 5 or 6 j. [Collected Evidence on The Washing Away of Wrongs] Comp. Wang Youhuai 王又槐 (z. Yinting 蔭庭, h. Wuqiao 午橋), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang), and others 1796 and later expansions Ed.:

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– 1796 ed. by Wang Youhuai, assisted by Sun Guanglie 孫光烈 (z. Ouchuan 毆川) and Wang Youwu 王又梧 (z. Fengjie 鳳偕), with supplements edited by Li Guanlan 李觀瀾 (z. Xuzhou 虛舟, from Shanyin 山陰, Jiangsu). [Chen Chongfang 陳重方, private collection] – *1803 new engraving (新鐫) of “this yamen” 本衙藏板 in 5 j., titled Xiyuan lu jizheng huizuan 彙纂 on cover-leaf, Xiyuan lu jizheng at chapter heads and in central margins; authors on cover-leaf Wang Youhuai (增輯) and Li Guanlan (補輯); Sun Guanglie and Wang Youwu mentioned as assistants in chapter captions; with prefs. by Li Guanlan (1796) and Wang Youhuai (1796). J. 5 (comp. Li Guanlan) includes Xiyuan lu buyi 補遺 (3 items, proposed in 1733 by Qishui 蕲水 magistrate Wang Xi 汪歙 for inclusion in Xiyuan lu), Xiyuan lu beikao (q.v.), Jianyan zashuo 檢驗雜說, Jianyan zashuo gejue 歌訣. The low quality of paper and print suggests a private commercial publisher. [Harvard] – *1813 new engraving of “this yamen” (本衙藏板) titled Xiyuan lu jizheng huizuan 彙纂, in 5 j., with prefs. by Wang Youhuai (1796) and Li Guanlan (1796). A cheap small-sized ed. apparently based on the 1803 ed. above. [IHEC] – *1825 new engraving (新鐫) of “this yamen” 本衙藏板 titled Xiyuan lu jizheng huizuan, in 5 j., with pref. by Wang Youhuai (1796); authors on cover-leaf Wang Youhuai (增輯) and Li Guanlan (補輯); apparently based on the two eds. above. [BN] – 1831 ed. in 6 j., titled Zengding 增訂 Xiyuan lu jizheng quanzuan 全纂. [Beitu (not in cat.)] – *1833 ed. by Ruan Qixin 阮其新 (z. Chunyu 春畬), new engraving (新鐫) of the Ruan-family Chengben tang 誠本堂阮氏藏板, in 5 j., titled Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng, authors on cover-leaf Wang Youhuai (增輯), Li Guanlan (補輯), and Ruan Qixin (補注), with prefs. by Wang Youhuai (1796), Li Guanlan (1796), Ruan Qixin (1807, essentially a copy of the Siku notice on Xiyuan lu with a few comments), Ruan Qixin (1832), Li Shilin 李士林 (1832), Qi Gong 祁𡎴 (1833), Li Yanzhang 李彥章 (to Xiyuan lu buzhu, 1835), and Ruan Zutang 阮祖棠 (Qixin’s grandson) (1878). J. 5 with Xiyuan lu buyi, Xiyuan lu beikao, and Jianyan zashuo; there are several appendixes: tables (檢骨圖) and checklist (檢骨格) for bones (or collectively, Jiangu tuge), list of utensils to use in autopsies (檢骨應用物件), and Baojian bian (q.v.) appended (附). Note: Ruan Zutang—a legal secretary, as was his grandfather before he became an official—says he published the present copy using the printing blocks kept in the family (he also inserted the pref. of Li Yanzhang written for his 1835 ed., see below); the Chengben tang

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was Ruan Yuan’s 阮元 pavilion in the governor’s compound in Hangzhou, where he resided as governor 1799–1805 and 1807–09; Ruan Qixin (then a legal adviser) wrote his 1807 pref. there; his family relationship with Ruan Yuan is unclear. [Univ. of California, *reprod. Hathi Trust] – *[1835] ed. by Li Yanzhang 李彥章 (z. Zewen 則文, Lanqing 蘭卿), from “this yamen” 本衙藏板, in 6 j., titled Buzhu xiyuan lu quanzuan 全纂 on cover, Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng on cover-leaf, Xiyuan lu buzhu quanzuan in chapter captions, running title Xiyuanlu quanzuan; authors on cover-leaf Li Guanlan (補輯) and Ruan Qixin (補註); a red imprint on the coverleaf says the book is sold by the Sanshan tang bookstore in Hangzhou (浙省清河坊南首三善堂書坊發兌); with prefs. by Li Guanlan (1796), Li Shilin (1832), Qi Gong (1833), Ruan Qixin (1832), Li Yanzhang (to Xiyuan lu buzhu, 1835), and Ruan Qixin (1807); j. 5 with Xiyuan lu buyi, Xiyuan lu beikao, and Jianyan zashuo; j. 6 with Jiangu tuge and Jiangu yingyong wujian. Li Yanzhang, a former colleague of Ruan Qixin in Guangxi, explains that he modified the format of Ruan’s ed. printed in Guilin (see above, 1833 ed.), shown to him in Yangzhou by Ruan’s son (who was presumably taking the printing blocks to the Ruan-family Chengben tang, see 1833 ed.), to highlight his original contributions. The engraving and page layout are quite different from the 1833 ed., and there are many variations in the materials appended to the main text or in the upper margin. [Harvard] – *Undated small-size ed. of “this yamen,” in 6 j., contents identical to the ed. above; as a set with Xiyuan lu jianyan jizheng, i.e., Lang Tingqi’s Jianyan jizheng (q.v.) (in 2 j.). [Beitu] – 1837 ed. by Zhang Xifan 張錫蕃 (z. Hesheng 鶴生), titled Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng, based on the Ruan Qixin ed., published in Canton. – *[1843] ed. by Tong Lian 童濂, in 4 j., titled Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng, printed by Wang Dingchun from Shangyuan 上元王鼎淳栞 (mention at the end of Jianyan tuge and of the appendixes), with pref. by Tong Lian (1843); with Jiangu tuge, preceded by the relevant memorials, and Zuoli yaoyan (Chen Hongmou’s pref. to the latter missing in some copies) and Guanjian shier ze (qq.v.) appended; commentaries in the upper margin in green/blue and red, punctuation marks in red; main text coll. by Grand Secretariat drafter Zhong Huai (z. Xiaoting) from Jiangdu (內閣侍讀銜中 書舍人江都鍾淮小亭甫校刊), Zuoli yaoyan and Guanjian shier ze coll. by National University archivist and former Pingyin magistrate Xu Qiaolin (z. Shihua) (國子監典簿前平陰縣知縣許喬林石華校刊). [*Beida, with abundant annotations and pasted commentaries, 2 more fasc. with manuscript copies of Xiyuan baojian bian, Xiyuan shixiang milu, Jianyan zhinan, Xiyuan lu buyi, [Xiyuan lu] beikao, Jianyan zashuo, Jianyan gejue,

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Xiyuan lu bianzheng, Jianyan hecan, and Xiyuan bujie] [*Beitu] [*CASS Jinshisuo] [*Chicago] [*Faxue suo, possibly in a different engraving] [*HKU] [*Harvard] [*Liaoning] [*University of Michigan, without appendixes] [*Tian Tao: same ed., but about half-sized, Zuoli yaoyan without Chen Hongmou’s pref. and Guanjian shier ze] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Undated ed. in 6 j. titled Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng, no coverleaf, with prefs. by Tong Lian (1843), Ruan Qixin (1807), Wang Youhuai (1796), Li Guanlan (1796), and Yao Deyu 姚德豫 (1831, to Xiyuan lu jie), upper-margin commentaries in green/blue, red, and yellow. [Qinghua] – *1844 new ed. (重校刊) of the [Guangzhou] Hanmo yuan 省城翰墨園藏 板, in 6 j., by Wen Sheng 文晟 (z. Shulai 叔来), titled Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng, with prefs. by Ruan Qixin (1807), Wang Youhuai (1796), Li Guanlan (1796), Ruan Qixin (1832), Qi Gong (1833), and Zhang Xifan (1837), postfs. (跋) by Liu Kaiyu 劉開域 (1844) and Wen Sheng (1844) (placed after j. 4 or j. 5 depending on the copy), upper-margin commentaries printed in green/blue, red, and yellow. J. 5, titled Chongkan xi­ yuan lu huizuan buji 彙纂補輯, features Xiyuan lu buyi, Xiyuan lu beikao, Jianyan zashuo, and Jianyan zashuo gejue, to which are appended (附刊) Jiangu tuge and Jiangu yingyong wujian, Baojian bian, Jijiu fang, and Shixiang milu; j. 6 includes three more appendixes (附刊): Xiyuan lu bian­ zheng (with pref.), Jianyan hecan, and Xiyuan lu jie (with pref.) (qq.v.). According to the postfs., this print was commissioned to Wen Sheng by the Guangzhou authorities after Zhang Xifan had left taking the printing blocks with him. [*Beitu] [*Congress/LL] [*HKU] [*Ōki, cover-leaf calligraphed by Wen Sheng, with title Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng and without mention of Hanmo yuan; the Daya tang 大雅堂 and Zuiwen tang 醉文 堂 are indicated as 領刻 at the end of Wen Sheng’s postf.] [*Princeton, same cover-leaf but with indication of Hanmo yuan] [*Qinghua] [*Univ. of Toronto] – *Undated ed. of the Daya tang 大雅堂 and Zuiwen tang 醉文堂, in 6 j., titled Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng, with prefs. by Ruan Qixin (1807), Wang Youhuai (1796), Li Guanlan (1796), Ruan Qixin (1832), Qi Gong (1833), Zhang Xifan (1837), Li Zhangyu 李璋煜 (1838, to Xiyuan lu bianzheng [q.v.]), and Qu Zhongrong 瞿中溶 (author’s pref. to Xiyuan lu bianzheng, 1827), postfs. by Liu Kaiyu (1844) and Wen Sheng (1844), upper-margin commentaries in three colors. Except that all the prefs. and postfs. are printed together at the beginning, with the addition of Qu Zhongrong’s pref., this ed. is identical in contents to the 1844 Hanmo yuan ed. [Univ. of Toronto]

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– *Undated small-sized ed. from “this yamen” 本衙藏板, in 6 j., titled Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng on cover-leaf, Xiyuan lu buzhu quanzuan 全纂 in chapter captions, with pref. by Ruan Qixin (1807); this ed. is followed by Xiyuan lu jianyan jizheng, i.e., Lang Jinqi’s Jianyan jizheng (q.v.), here in 2 j., with prefs. by Li Guanlan (1796, to Xiyuan lu jizheng), Li Shilin 李士 林 (1832, to the Ruan Qixin ed. of Xiyuan lu jizheng), Qi Gong (1833), Ruan Qixin (1832) (all to Xiyuan lu jizheng), and Li Yanzhang (1835, to Xiyuan lu buzhu). [Congress/LL] – 1858 Cuijing yingge 萃精英閣 ed. – *1864 new ed. in 6 j. titled Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng, with prefs. by Ruan Qixin (1807), Wang Youhuai (1796), Li Guanlan (1797), Ruan Qixin (1832), Qi Gong (1833), Zhang Xifan (1837), and Tong Lian (1843), postfs. by Liu Kaiyu (1844) and Wen Sheng (1844) (placed after j. 5), upper-margin comments in several colors. [IHEC] – *1865 new ed. (重校刊) of the Guangdong governor’s offices 粵東省 署藏板, in 5 j., titled Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng on cover-leaf, Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng in chapter captions and as running title, with prefs. by Ruan Qixin (1807), Wang Youhuai (1796), Zhang Xifan (1837), Li Guanlan (1796), Ruan Qixin (1832), and Qi Gong (1833), postfs. by Liu Kaiyu (1844) and Wen Sheng (1844), upper-margin comments in green/ blue and red; j. 5, titled Chongkan xiyuan lu huizuan buji, features Xiyuan lu buyi, Xiyuan lu beikao, Jianyan zashuo, and Jianyan zashuo gejue. The Jiangu tuge, preceded by relevant memorials, Baojian bian, Jijiu fang, and Shixiang milu, and Xiyuan lu jie (q.v.) weiding gao 未定稿, followed by the two postfs., are appended; a last fasc. contains Xiyuan lu bianzheng and Jianyan hecan (Harvard copy). In the copy at Qinghua, the box containing the 5-j. main text has two more fasc. under general title Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng, same publisher, dated 1873, with the following texts: Xiyuan lu bianzheng, Jiangu tu, Jiangu hecan, Xiyuan lu jie (q.v.), and the postfs. by Liu Kaiyu and Wen Sheng. [*CUHK] [*Harvard] [*Qinghua] – 1865 ed. in 5 j., titled Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng, plus Jianggu tuge (1 j.) and Baojian bian (1 j.), with xianxiang milu, Jijiu fang, Xiyuan lu jie appended (附刊), upper-margin commentaries in three colors. [Liaoning] – *1870 Jingyiya tang 京肄雅堂 ed. titled Chongkan buzhu Xiyuan lu jizheng, exactly similar to the 1844 Wen Sheng ed. [Beitu, not in cat.] – *1872 new ed. (重校刊) in 6 j. titled Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng on cover-leaf, Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng in chapter captions and as running title, title on cover-leaf calligraphed by Wen Sheng, same description as 1844 Hanmo yuan ed., of which this is clearly a reprint. [*Faxue suo] [*Jimbun]

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– 1872 ed. of the Guangdong governor’s offices 粵東省署藏板, in 6 j., attributed to Song Ci, Wang Youhuai, Li Guanlan, Wen Sheng (續輯), and Ruan Qixin (補註), with upper-margin comments in three colors. [Liaoning] – *1877 Zhejiang shuju engraving 浙江書局開雕 titled Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng on cover-leaf, Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng elsewhere, with prefs. by Zhejiang governor Mei Qizhao 梅啟照 (1879), Ruan Qixin (1807), Wang Youhuai (1796), Liang Gongchen (1879), Yao Deyu 姚德豫 (1831), Tong Lian (1843), Li Guanlan (1796), Ruan Qixin (1832), Qi Gong (1833), and Zhang Xifan (1837), upper-margin comments in multiple colors.; j. 5 titled Chongkan xiyuan lu huizuan buji, j. 6 titled Xuzeng xiyuan lu bianzheng cankao, with Jiangu tuge, Baojian bian, Jijiu fang and Shixiang milu in j. 5, Xiyuan lu bianzheng, Jianyan hecan, and Xiyuan lu jie in j. 6. [*Beitu] [*Columbia] – 1879 litho. ed. in 5 j. titled Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng on cover-leaf, Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng elsewhere. [Beitu] – *1881 new ed. (重刊) in 4 j., blocks kept at office of surveillance commissioner registrar 板存按察司經歷署, titled Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng, with Jiangu tuge, Xiyuan lu buyi, and Jiangu buyi kaozheng (q.v.) appended; a well-printed large-size ed. [Congress/LL] – *1882 Beijing Wenbao tang ed. 京都文寶堂 new ed. (重校刊) in 6 j. titled Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng on cover-leaf, Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng elsewhere, j. 5 titled Chongkan xiyuan lu huizuan buji, j. 6 titled Xuzeng xiyuan lu bianzheng cankao, with Jiangu tuge, Baojian bian, Jijiu fang and Shixiang milu in j. 5, Xiyuan lu bianzheng, Jianyan hecan, and Xiyuan lu jie in j. 6. [*Beitu] [*Tian Tao, with the words “comments in five colors” (五色批) on the box.] – *1891 new ed. (重校刊) in 5 j. from Liulichang in Beijing 京都琉璃廠藏 板, titled Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng on cover-leaf, Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng in chapter captions and as running title, with prefs. by Ruan Qixin (1807), Wang Youhuai (1796), Li Guanlan (1796), Ruan Qixin (1833), Qi Gong (1833), and Zhang Xifan (1837), postfs. by Liu Kaiyu (1844) and Wen Sheng (1844); j. 5 includes Xiyuan lu buyi, Xiyuan lu beikao, Jianyan zashuo, and Jianyan zashuo gejue; the appendixes (附刊) include Xiyuan lu bianzheng, Jianyan hecan, Xiyuan lu jie (Princeton copy; other texts also feature in the mulu. The Beitu copy has Baojian bian, Shixiang milu, Xiyuan lu jie, Xiyuan lu bianzheng, and Jianyan hecan). [*Beitu] [*Princeton] – *1892 Shanghai tushu jicheng yinshuju 上海圖書集成因書局 typeset ed. in 6 j., with prefs. by Li Zhangyu (1838, to Xiyuan lu bianzheng), Qu Zhongrong (1827, to same), Yao Deyu (1831, author’s pref. to Xiyuan lu jie

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weiding gao), Tong Lian (1843), Ruan Qixin (1807), Wang Youhuai (1796), Li Guanlan (1796), Ruan Qixin (1832), Qi Gong (1833), Zhang Xifan (1837), and the Tushu jicheng ju zhuren 主人 (1892), postfs. by Wen Sheng (1844) and Liu Kaiyu (1844). [Congress/LL] – *1904 ed. of the Wenchanghui in Beijing 北直文昌會 in 6 j., titled Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng. Attributed to Song Ci, Wang Youhuai (增輯), Wen Sheng (續輯), Li Guanlan (補輯), and Ruan Qixin (補註), upper-margin comments in three colors. [*Liaoning] [Harvard] – *1907 Shanghai shuju litho. ed. 上海書局石印 in 5 j., titled Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng on cover-leaf, Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng elsewhere, with the prefs. mentioned above, with Xuzeng xiyuan lu bianzheng, Jianyan hecan, and Xiyuan lu jie in j. 5, Jiangu tuge, Baojian bian, Jijiu fang, and Shixiang milu appended. A cheap small-sized ed., without colors. [Beitu] – *1911 Guangyi shuju 廣益書局 litho. ed., with pref. by Mei Qizhao (1879), titled Zengbu zhushi 增補註釋 xiyuan lu jizheng, with Shixiang milu appended. [Beitu, not in cat.] – 1914 Shanghai Zhangfuji shuju 章福記書局 ed., in 6 j, authors Song Ci (撰), Wang Youhuai (增輯), Li Guanlan (補輯), and Ruan Qixin (補註), title on cover-leaf Zengzhu 增註 xiyuan lu jizheng, running title Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng; j. 5 titled Xuzeng xiyuan lu bianzheng cankao 辯證參考 on cover-leaf. [Harvard] – 1916 [Shanghai] Guangyi shuju litho. ed. 廣益書局石印 in 5 j., authors Song Ci (撰), Wang Youhuai (增輯), Li Guanlan (補輯), Ruan Qixin (補註), and Qu Zhongrong (辨正), titled Zengbu zhushi 增補注釋 xiyuan lu jizheng on cover-leaf, Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng elsewhere; j. 5 titled Chongkan xiyuan lu huizuan buji, with Xuzeng xiyuan lu bianzheng, Jianyan hecan, and Xiyuan lu jie; Jiangu tuge, Baojian bian, Jijiu fang, and Shixiang milu appended. [Beitu] [Harvard]. – *1921 Shanghai Wenrui lou shuju 上海文瑞樓書局 litho. ed. in 5 j., reproducing the 1911 Guangyi shuju ed., same title on cover-leaf, Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng in j. 1–4, Chongkan xiyuan lu huizuan buji in j. 5, with prefs. by Mei Qizhao (1879), Liang Gongchen (1879), Li Guanlan (1796), Ruan Qixin (1832), Qi Gong (1833), and Chen 陳 [sic] Xifan (1837); j. 5 with Xuzeng xiyuan lu bianzheng, Jianyan hecan, and Xiyuan lu jie; Jiangu tuge, Baojian bian, Jijiu fang, and Shixiang milu appended. [Beitu] – 1936 Shanghai Hongwen shuju 鴻文書局 ed., in 5 j., edited (校閱) by Pu Shizhao 浦士釗, titled Zengbu zhushi xiyuan lu jizheng daquan 大全 on cover-leaf, Xiyuan lu jizheng daquan elsewhere, with Xiyuan lu bianzhen in 3 j. appended. [Harvard]

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– *Reprint of 1921 ed. in Biji xiaoshuo daguan, ser. 12 (Taipei: Xinxing shuju, 1967), vol. 7. – Photo-repro. of Daya tang/Zuiwen tang undated ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1968.

Rem. Wang Youhuai’s pref. recalls that the new Xiyuan lu version published by the Ministry of Justice (see under Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu) made it possible to update the famous Song forensics treatise by making use of more recent medical works. J. 1–4 consist of this official Xiyuan lu recension with Wang Youhuai’s “additions” (增輯) in the upper margin or at the end of each section; they include materials using both the author’s personal experience and other works. This is followed (in j. 5) by “supplements” (補輯) compiled by Li Guanlan, including Xiyuan lu buyi sanze 補遺三則 by Wang Xi 王歙 (z. Yuesun 越孫) (1733) (a magistrate of Qishui 蘄水, Hubei, surname sometimes written 汪), Xiyuan lu beikao (q.v.) in 11 items, Jianyan zashuo 檢驗雜說, and Jianyan zashuo gejue 格訣; the last two texts are said to include valuable new materials on various techniques of forensic examination. The 1803 and 1813 eds. (in j. 5) and the 1825 ed. (as an appendix following j. 5) also include plates representing the skeleton (檢骨圖) with accompanying bone checklist (檢骨格) and list of equipment and paraphernalia used for bone examination (檢骨應用物件); these materials, added to the official Xiyuan lu text in 1770, feature in various placings in all subsequent eds. of Xiyuan lu jizheng (see below); they are sometimes preceded by the memorials that led to their adoption and promulgation. Ch’en Fu-mei (see below) remarks that Wang Youhuai, Li Guanlan, and Sun Guanglie, the three main authors of this recension, were during the same period compiling the edition of the Code with commentaries that had the widest distribution in nineteenth-century China, viz. Da Qing lüli quanzuan jicheng (q.v.) and its sequels. The Wang Youhuai/Li Guanlan recension was later enriched by various authors under such titles as Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng and Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng. In the recension he edited in 1832 (Buzhu …), Ruan Qixin, who had an extended forensic experience both as an officer in one of the Beijing boroughs and in Guangxi, inserted notes and personal observations at various places, as well as a large number of cases, many found in the 1829 Jianyan jizheng (q.v.); they feature in all subsequent editions. Ruan also added a set of 32 rhymed stanzas with commentaries titled Baojian pian 寶鑒篇 (or bian 編)—that is, Xiyuan baojian (q.v.)—and the emergency prescriptions called Jiuji fang 救急

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方; these two texts are found in j. 5 of the undated Daya tang/Zuiwen tang ed. and of the 1844 Hanmo yuan ed. (alongside several other texts, including Jianyan zashuo and Jianyan zashuo gejue), in the appendices to the 1921 Wenduan lou ed., etc. The original ed. of this Ruan Qixin recension (published after his death by Qi Gong in 1833) was followed by eds. by Li Yanzhang (1835) and Zhang Xifan (1837), whose prefs. can be found in later editions; in the Zhang Xifan ed., a text titled Shixiang milu 石香秘錄, comprising 8 entries, due to Jiang Shixiang 蔣石香 and edited by the former magistrate of Panyu 番禺 (Guangdong), Zhong Zhenlü 仲 振旅, and by Zhang Xifan (who also added colors for the upper-margin comments), and essentially consisting of quotes from the official recension, was added to j. 5. The 1843 Tong Lian version (with Zuoli yaoyan appended) is an abridged version of the 1837 Zhang Xifan ed., whose j. 5 has been removed: Tong Lian explains in his pref. that he found the materials therein of little value and preferred to replace them with an exemplary magistrate handbook. The texts excised by Tong were reintroduced in all the later recensions. The recension edited by Wen Sheng (Chongkan buzhu …), realized in Canton in 1844 (and made necessary, according to his postf., because Zhang Xifan had left taking along the printing blocks of his own recension), inserted new materials in the upper margins and at the end of sections; it added a j. 6 whose exact contents may vary depending on edition, with such texts as Xiyuan lu bianzheng, Xiyuan lu jie, and Jianyan hecan (qq.v.), which are critical of the Qing official Xiyuan lu recension and together constitute the (Xuzeng) Xiyuan lu bianzheng cankao (q.v.), and with Xiubi gu bian 羞閉骨辨 as an appendix; the 1770 memorial presenting the anatomic plates with commentary (檢骨圖格), and the plates themselves, are found in j. 5 (also in the supplement [增] to the 1843 Tong Lian ed.), in the undated Daya tang/Zuiwen tang ed., and elsewhere. The “Canton connection” illustrated by the Zhang Xifan and Wen Sheng eds. is explained in the postf. to the latter by the fact that Guangdong natives “have no respect for life” (輕生), hence many homicides and a high demand for a valuable forensics manual. Xiyuan lu jizheng and its later enlargements seem to have been the most widely used ed. of Xiyuan lu during the entire nineteenth century. The numerous different editions as well as the considerable numbers of copies surviving in modern libraries attest to the success of the pattern invented by Wang Youhuai and his colleagues at the end of the eighteenth century. Most of the eds. from 1843 to 1882 mentioned above are extremely careful productions, with an elaborate system of punctuation

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and underline, many of them using inks of two, three or four different colors for the commentaries and citations in the upper margin (some fasc. have the words wuse pi 五色批 xiyuan lu on the cover, counting black as the fifth color); the colored punctuation (jiadan 加丹) was introduced by Zhang Xifan.

Bio.: For Wang Youhuai, see under Xingqian bilan. Ruan Qixin (?–1833, from Guiji 會稽, Zhejiang), once studied law (申韓之學) with his sibling’s father-in-law in Hangzhou, probably around 1807 (when he wrote a pref. for Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng). In 1813 he became (probably through purchase) an officer in Beijing’s South City (南城指揮), in charge among other things of forensic examinations. He was appointed department magistrate of Xilong 西龍州 (Guangxi) in 1828, and wrote his 1832 preface there. He died in 1833. Zhang Xifan, the editor of the 1837 Xiyuan lu jizheng recension, hailed from Yuanhe 元和 (Jiangsu) and entered the career as a student by purchase (監生); in 1837 he was magistrate of Panyu 番禺 (i.e., Guangzhou, Guangdong); later he became a prefect in Anhui and a salt intendant in Shanxi. He died in 1854 combating the Taipings. See Panyu XZ (1871), 32/23a–b. Not much is known about Tong Lian, who hailed from Jiangxia 江夏 (Hubei). He signed his 1843 preface as assistant prefect in charge of checking salt shipments in the Liang-Huai region (兩淮淮北監掣同知). In 1849 he was appointed Liang-Huai salt controller (兩淮都轉鹽運使). See Yangzhou 揚州 FZ (1874), 6/1b. Wen Sheng (z. Yiting 宜亭) (?–1859, jr. 1819), was from Pingxiang 萍鄉 (Shanxi). His career was entirely in local administration in Guangdong: he served as magistrate of Maoming 茂名 (1834–38), Jiashan 賀山 (1841–44), and Panyu 番禺 (1844–47), then as department magistrate of Nanxiong 南雄 (1847–48) and Jiaying 嘉應 (1848–53) independent departments, then again as prefect of Huizhou 惠州 (1853–55) and Chaozhou 潮州 (1855–59). See Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334 (by Wang Youhuai, in 4 juan). Ma, 97–98 (Beida) (Zhejiang shuju ed.). Ch’en Fu-mei, 63–65. Jia Jingtao, 191–5. Transl.: “The ‘Hsi Yüan Lu’ or ‘Instructions to Coroners’,” transl. by Herbert A. Giles, China Review, 3 (1874), reprinted in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 17, 1924 (a transl. of the Tong Lian ed. of Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng). Bibliography entries for same author (Wang Youhuai): Ban’an yaolüe; Qiangu beiyao; Xingqian bilan; Zhizheng jiyao shizhong. [JB, CL, PEW]

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Xiyuan lu quanzuan 洗冤錄全纂, 4 j. [A Compendium of The Washing Away of Wrongs] Comp. Hua Xigao 華希高 (z. Tui’an 退庵), from Jinkui 金匱 (Jiangsu) 1803 Ed.:

– *1803 new engraving (新鐫) of the Jingde tang 經德堂藏板, with compiler’s pref. (1803). [Faxue suo]

Rem.: An edition of the official Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu (q.v.), with commentaries. The pages are divided into halves. The lower part follows the order and format of other Qing commercial eds. of Xiyuan lu, such as Wang Youhuai’s Xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.). Hua Xigao appends commentaries (附考) after most sections to further explicate the relevant issues or provide more recent examples or developments of judicial practice. A number of recent cases dating to Qianlong (down to 1793) are included. The upper part of the page contains remarks and quotations from a large number of previous works, citing passages from such texts as Pingyuan lu and Wuyuan lu (qq.v.), Li yuanlu 理冤錄, [Xiyuan] huibian (q.v.), [Xiyuan lu] buyi, [Xiyuan] lu biao (q.v.), [Xiyuan lu] beikao [q.v.], [Xiyuan lu] jizheng [q.v.], [Xiyuan] jishuo [q.v.], Xiyuan jilu [q.v.], Zhinan 指南, Dulü peixi [q.v.], Shuijing ji 水鏡集, Zhiyi ji 質疑集, Huangdi neijing tu 黃帝內經圖, Bencao gangmu 本草綱目, Yizong jinjian 醫宗金鑒, and more. Compared with the 1803 revised ed. of Wang Youhuai’s Xiyuan lu jizheng, Hua Xigao’s work includes far more commentaries in the upper half of pages, and at the same time differs from, modifies, or expands the commentaries following each section of the main text in the lower half. In other words, it further synthesizes, updates, and develops late imperial Chinese forensic jurisprudence.

Bio.: A student by purchase (監生), Hua Xigao is mentioned as a subprefectural magistrate (通判) attached to Guangxin 廣信 prefecture (Jiangxi) in 1800 and 1804. By 1812 he was registrar (經歷) at the Jiangxi Administration Commission; he was appointed acting magistrate of Fuliang 浮梁, then of Fengcheng 豐城, in the same province. He remained in Fengcheng until after 1820, and died in post. He seems to have been highly successful, and was ranked as “outstanding” (卓異) in 1819. See Guangxin FZ (1873), 6A/38a; Fuliang XZ (1832), 10/40a; Fuliang XZ (1886), 6/76a; Fengcheng XZ (1873), 1/13b, 3/4a, 7/28b. [CL]

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829

Song Yuan jianyan sanlu 宋元檢驗三錄, 4 ce [Three Records on Forensics from the Song and Yuan Dynasties] Comp. Wu Zi 吳鼒 (z. Shanzun 山尊, Jizhi 及之, h. Yi’an 抑庵) (1755– 1821) (js. 1799), from Quanjiao 全椒 (Anhui) 1811 pref. Ed.:

– *1812 ed. (刊) of the Quanjiao Wu family 全椒吳氏藏板, engraved by Liu Wenkui in Nanjing 金陵劉文奎家鐫, with pref. by Wu Zi (1811), postf. (後序) by Gu Guangqi 顧廣圻 (1810). [*Beitu] [*Fu Sinian] [*Jimbun]

Rem.: This carefully printed collection includes Xiyuan jilu, Pingyuan lu, and Wuyuan lu (qq.v.). Wu Zi’s pref. mentions other works from the Song-Yuan period that had been lost, notably a Neishu lu 內恕錄, as well as the Jie’an shi 結案式 of the Yuan; even the three surviving texts came to be disfigured by emendations or otherwise impossible to trace. Wu Zi was fortunate to locate a Yuan imprint of Xiyuan jilu and old manuscript copies of Pingyuan lu and Wuyuan lu at the house of Gu Guangqi (see ECCP, 417–9; a brother-in-law of the bibliophile and Dainan ge congshu compiler, Sun Xingyan 孫星衍) in Suzhou, which he used to produce the present small-sized ed. easy for officials to take along. (For an independent Gu Guangqi publication of the same engraving, see under Xiyuan jilu.) Gu Guangqi notes in the postf. that Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥 (editor of Guantu zijian [q.v.]) had already printed the three works in the late Ming, but the texts he used were full of errors.

Bio.: Wu Zi’s career took place entirely in the Hanlin Academy, as bachelor (庶吉士) (1799–1801) and then compiler (編修) (to 1806 or later); he concurrently held various literary positions. For this reason his interest in forensics may seem surprising. His full title at the head of the pref. and of chapters is 中議大夫日講起居注官揔纂國史教習庶吉士翰林院侍講學士. The position of academician reader-in-waiting (侍讀學士) is the highest he reached. He left it to take care of his aged mother. See QSG, 485/13386; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:146. [PEW] 0652

Xiyuan lu bianzheng 洗冤錄辨正, 1 j. [Corrections of Errors in The Washing Away of Wrongs] By Qu Zhongrong 瞿中溶 (z. Jingtao 鏡濤, Mufu 木夫, h. Mu jushi 木 居士) (1769–1842), from Jiading 嘉定 (Jiangsu) 1827 pref. Ed.: Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– *As j. 5 of Chen Kun’s Congzheng xu yulu (q.v.), with prefs. by Li Zhangyu 李璋煜 (1838) and Qu Zhongrong (1827), followed by two additional notes by Qu, dated 1829 and 1839 and signed “Mu jushi” and “Weng Laomu 翁老 木, age 70,” respectively. [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Included in several eds. of Xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.), j. 5 or 6, with prefs. by Li Zhangyu and Qu Zhongrong and the two notes by Qu; see in particular j. 6 of 1844 ed. of Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng, with cover-leaf dated 1847, calligraphed by Li Zhangyu, titled Xuzeng 續增 xiyuan lu bianzheng cankao 參考 on cover-leaf; in j. 5 of the 1921 Shanghai litho. ed. of Zengbu zhushi xiyuan lu jizheng, in 3 j., titled Xuzeng xiyuan lu bianzheng, with prefs. by Li Zhangyu (1838), Qu Zhongrong (1827), and Yao Deyu (to Xiyuan lu jie weiding gao, 1831); j. 2 and 3 in fact reproduce the texts of Jianyan hecan and Xiyuan lu jie (qq.v.), respectively. – *As part of Li Zhangyu’s Xiyuan lu bianzheng cankao (q.v.). – In Qingdai biji, vol. 36.

Rem.: Essentially an effort to collate the official recension of Xiyuan lu with the original Xiyuan jilu (q.v.) in order to locate wrong characters and errors; there is also a discussion of the checklists (尸格) and plates (尸圖) of the corpse. Qu indicates in his pref. that he used a Yuan imprint of the original 1247 Xiyuan jilu ed. that he had been able to copy, and collated it with other eds. he had acquired. He also notes that, while the ministry’s standard ed. of Xiyuan lu should be available in every yamen, he has observed that all too often only faulty commercial booklets (坊刻惡劣小冊) were used, which were kept as “talismans” (護身符) by clerks and coroners. He therefore decided to publish his corrections and remarks. (He had wanted to compile a new reorganized ed. of the original Xiyuan jilu, but was unable to complete it.) Li Zhangyu, cited as “new editor” (重訂) in all the editions seen, says in his pref. that during the decade he spent as an official in the Ministry of Justice Bureau of the Code (律例館) he was eager to borrow and copy any rare books by famous legalists he could get his hands on; now he came across Qu Zhongrong’s Xiyuan lu bianzheng and had it printed for wider distribution. The work consists of entries keyed to a selection of 19 entries in the official Xiyuan lu (indicating juan, page and column of the passage corrected and discussed), plus discussions of the plates representing the body and of the sources used in compiling the official recension. Qu’s emendations seem to concern no more than textual details, but in his commentaries he strives to show they are details with real practical consequences. He is in general quite critical of the official Xiyuan lu recension and finds the wording in the original work superior. One may note

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that Yuqian’s Mianyi zhai xucun gao (q.v.), j. 16, contains an early-1840 directive praising Xiyuan lu bianzheng and ordering the officials in Jiangsu to use it together with the official Xiyuan lu when doing forensic work.

Bio.: Mei Qizhao’s 1879 pref. to Xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.) notes that Qu Zhongrong was the son-in-law of the famous scholar, Qian Daxin 錢大昕 (1728–1804), and that his scholarly credentials were superior to those of the other authors of Xiyuan lu recensions. In his own pref. Qu says he entered officialdom in 1806; later he claims that “although he was not an acting magistrate for a long time” (未久攝州縣), he has acquired no little experience “in the tracks of Song Ci” (the author of Xiyuan jilu) during 15 or 16 years spent in Hubei and Hunan, though he does not specify in what capacity. Qu was a student by purchase third class (附監生); he became acting subprefectural magistrate (通判) of Chenzhou 辰州 (Hunan) and magistrate of Fuzhou 富州 (Yunnan). He was known as an evidential scholar and an epigraphist. See Jiading XZ (1881), 19/47b–48a. Ref. and studies: Jia Jingtao, 193 (dated 1827). QSG, 147/4334. Will, “Forensic science and the Late Imperial State,” 117–9. [PEW] 0653

Jianyan hecan 檢驗合參, 1 ce [Cross-References for Autopsies] Comp. Lang Jinqi 郎錦騏 (z. Jinggu 靜谷) (jr. 1789), from Daizhou

代州 (Shanxi)

1829 pref. Ed.:

– *In (Xuzeng) Xiyuan lu bianzheng cankao (q.v.). – *Undated ms. ed. with pref. by Lang Jingqi (1829), together with Jianyang jizheng (q.v.). [Ōki] – *1835 new ed. (重刊) by Zhou Zhu’an [Zhou Jin] 竹菴周氏藏板, with prefs. by Zhou Jin 周縉 (1835) and Lang Jinqi (1829), together with Jianyan jizheng (q.v.); Jianyan hecan is placed in fasc. 3, Jianyan jizheng in fasc. 1–2. [Congress/LL] – *1836 new ed. (重刊) by the Beiping Luo family 北平羅氏藏板, with prefs. by Luo Yu 羅煜 (n.d.), [Luo] Zhao 炤 (to 重刊檢驗集證合參, 1836) (Luo Yu and Luo Zhao are introduced in the chapter captions as jointly republishing [甫重刊] the work), and Lang Jinqi (1829); Jianyan hecan is placed after Jianyan jizheng; Luo Zhao’s pref. indicates that he produced this ed. while serving in Shaanxi, where the work could not be obtained. [Qinghua]

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– *1847 new engraving (重刻) by Jiang Rong 姜榮 (z. Aishan 愛珊) at the Jiang-family Huanzhu shanfang 還珠山房姜藏板 in Jingyang 涇陽 (Shaanxi), with prefs. by Jiang Rong (1847) and Lang Jinqi (1829), together with Jianyan jizheng. [Columbia] – *1883 new ed. (重刊) of the Guizhou surveillance commissioner office, with prefs. by Lang Jinqi (1829) and Zhou Zuoji 周作楫 (1849), together with Jianyan jizheng; the prefs. are to the two texts, jointly published in one fasc. titled Jianyan hecan jizheng. The same ed., in large, finely engraved volumes, also includes Xiyuan lu xiangyi (2 fasc.), Xiyuan lu zhiyi and zhiyi bu (1 fasc.), and Xiyuan lu biao (1 fasc.) (all qq.v.). Zhou’s pref. indicates that a Guizhou ed. was produced as early as 1849 based on a text transmitted by the author’s son, Lang Shishan 石珊, who had a long experience of dealing with judicial cases in Guiyang and was magistrate of Guizhu 貴筑 (the capital county of Guizhou) in 1849. [*Columbia] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko, without Xiyuan lu biao] – *In j. 6 of the 1844 and 1864 eds. of Xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.) (without pref.). [*Ōki] [Princeton]

Rem.: In his preface Lang Jinqi insists that the Xiyuan lu text is not easy to use for post-mortems (檢驗) without risking errors: this is what he found out during a 30-year career with many difficult cases to solve. The insufficiencies and contradictions of Xiyuan lu are particularly in evidence regarding the human skeleton: the checklists accompanying the plates representing the body and the skeleton lack explanations and are not always in agreement with each other. Together with his colleagues and private secretaries, Lang went through the Xiyuan lu text and commentaries to collect all data concerning bones; then they took the spots listed in the checklist (屍格) appended to the plate representing the body one by one and either indicated the name of the corresponding bone inside the body, quoting the relevant sources and explaining the congruence or discrepancy between the outside and the inside, or indicated the absence of a corresponding bone. The Jianyan hecan text, which can be described as a checklist of the body parts cross-referenced with data on the skeleton, represents the results of this effort. The appended Jianyan jizheng (q.v.) serves as a repository of examples of difficult cases. At the same time, Lang Jinqi oversaw the fabrication of two wooden dummies, one representing the body (lit., the corpse, shi 屍), and one the 365 parts of the skeleton (骨), each piece bearing an inscription to identify it; they were stored at the prefecture of Guilin 桂林 (Guangxi) for future reference.

Bio.: Lang Jinqi became magistrate of Nan’an 南安 (Fujian) in 1793; he is mentioned as acting magistrate of Ningyang 寧洋 in the same province in 1795.

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Later he assumed two magistracies in Zhili, in Renqiu 任邱 (1799) and Yongnian 永年 (1805). He also served in Henan. In 1829, when writing his pref., he was prefect of Guilin (Guangxi); earlier on he had been prefect of Liuzhou 柳州 in the same province. See Longyan 龍巖 ZZ (1890), 9/30a; Renqiu XZ xubian (1837), 1/24a, 2/29b (noting his reputation for solving difficult cases, neighboring counties asking for his services); Dai ZZ (1882), 2/24a; Yongnian XZ (1877), 22/16a; Nan’an XZ (Minguo), 19/18a. Ref. and studies: Jia Jingtao, 193. QSG, 147/4335 (in 1 juan). Will, “Developing Forensic Knowledge through Cases,” passim. [PEW] 0654

Jianyan jizheng 檢驗集証, 2 ce [Collected Evidence for Autopsies] Comp. Lang Jinqi 郎錦騏 (z. Jinggu 靜谷) (jr. 1789), from Daizhou

代州 (Shanxi)

N.d. Ed.:

– *Same 1835, 1847, and 1883 eds. as Jianyan hecan (see previous entry). – *Ed. in 2 j. titled Xiyuan lu 洗冤錄 jianyan jizheng, following the undated small-sized Xiyuan lu buzhu quanzuan (see under Xiyuan lu jizheng).

Rem.: This companion work to Jianyan hecan (q.v.) introduces cases personally attended by Lang Jinqi in Guangxi, plus some cases described by Ruan Chunyu 阮春畬 (i.e., Ruan Qixin 其新), the editor of an influential recension of Xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.) in 1832, and others collected from his colleagues, making a total of 157 cases. The very long mulu lists the cases by type of forensic problem, but without explicit classification or sections. The “cases” essentially consist of more or less extended extracts from official autopsy reports presenting the local official’s final conclusions. While some of the entries are no more than mere fragments from the coroners’ reports that were inserted in the magistrates’ reports, others are extended narratives including exchanges about dubious points among coroners, magistrates, and higher authorities. Some explicitly indicate that the problem at hand cannot be understood on the sole basis of Xiyuan lu; others show how the evidence can in fact be matched with Xiyuan lu contents even though at first sight this does not appear to be the case. In general, most of the entries, including the shortest, deal with situations likely to cause problems or at least uncertainties for officials using the official Xiyuan lu when performing autopsies. In a number of entries the name and place of origin of the victim are indicated, and several are dated. A majority of entries are also found in the supplements added by Ruan Qixin to the various sections of Xiyuan lu Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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in his 1832 recension of Xiyuan lu jizheng and reproduced in all the later editions; it is not possible to decide which author borrowed from the other, however. It may be noted that quite often the cases are grouped differently in the two works. Bio. and Ref. and studies: See under Jianyan hecan.

0655

[PEW]

Xiyuan lu jie 洗冤錄解 [Explication of The Washing Away of Wrongs] By Yao Deyu 姚德豫, from Xiangping 襄平 (probably Liaoyang 遼陽, Fengtian) 1831 pref. Ed.:

– *1832 Suzhou Yao Shouchun tang 蘇州姚壽春堂 ed. with prefs. by Shu Tiansong 菽田宋 and Zhang Weixiao 張惟孝, postf. (後序) by author (1831). [Beitu] – *1870 ed. with pref. by author (洗冤錄解未定稿自序, 1831). [Qinghua] – *In (Xuzeng) Xiyuan lu bianzheng cankao (q.v.). – Appended to several eds. of Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng (see under Xiyuan liu jizheng), with pref. by author (1831). – *Modern typeset ed., apparently based on 1870 ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 10.

Rem.: The author’s “preface to his non-final draft” (or postf. in the 1832 ed.) begins with a history of the Xiyuan lu text under the Qing; then it explains that the present work aims at correcting the errors and explaining the terms in the various texts cited at the beginning, including the plates of the skeleton with checklists (檢骨圖格) that were appended in 1770 following the request of Anhui surveillance commissioner Zengfu 增福. Interestingly, Yao insists that a correct application of the law presupposes a knowledge of both Confucianism (儒) and medicine (醫). The 30 entries include many original views, notably on the skeleton and eye muscle. Bio.: Yao Deyu signs as acting magistrate of Cixi 慈溪 (Zhejiang) and says that he has had a thirty-year administrative experience in nine counties. No further information has been found. Ref. and studies: See Xiyuan jilu. Jia Jingtao, 193–4. He Qinhua, 2:203, titled Xiyuan lu jijie 集解 (based on QSG, 147/4334). Will, “Forensic Science and the Late Imperial State,” 116–7. [JB, PEW]

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835

Xuzeng xiyuan lu bianzheng cankao 續增洗冤錄辨正參考 [Further Reference Materials for Discussion of The Washing Away of Wrongs] Newly ed. (重訂) Li Zhangyu 李璋煜 (z. Fangchi 方赤) (js. 1820), from Zhucheng 諸城 (Shandong) 1838 pref. Ed.:

– *1842 new Shanghai Tushu jicheng yinshuju ed. by Li Zhangyu, with prefs. by Li Zhangyu (1838) and Qu Zhongrong 瞿中溶 (1827), and Wen Sheng’s postf. to the 1844 ed. of Xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.). [Beitu] – In Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.), as j. 6 or as a three-part appendix (上、中、下), depending on ed.

Rem.: A joint ed. of Xiyuan lu bianzheng, Jianyan hecan, and Xiyuan lu jie (qq.v.).

Bio.: We know from Xu Lian’s pref. to Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an (q.v.) that by the mid-1830s Li Zhangyu was an official (提調官) at the Bureau of the Code (律例館) of the Ministry of Justice, with a high reputation for his competence, and that about 1834 he was appointed to be a prefect. No further information is available. Ref. and studies: Jia Jingtao, 194. [JB, PEW] 0657

Xiyuan lu buzhu quanzuan 洗冤錄補注全纂, 6  j. [A Complete Compilation of Supplementary Notes to The Washing Away of Wrongs] Comp. Zhong Huai 鍾淮 (z. Xiaoting 小亭) (1815–53) N.d. Rem.: According to Jia Jingtao, this is an abridged version of Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.), with some “critical additions” (增評) by the author. Tong Lian’s allusion to the Zhong Xiaoting version in the pref. to his own ed. of Xiyuan lu jizheng (1843) implies that it was published after the one by Zhang Xifan (1837). The same title also appears in the chapter captions of an undated ed. in 6 j. (apparently unabridged) of Xiyuan lu jizheng (see under that title). Ref. and studies: Jia Jingtao, 195.

[PEW]

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4.1.7 Forensics

Xiyuan lu xiangyi 洗冤錄詳義, 4 j. [Explanation of the Meaning of The Washing Away of Wrongs] Comp. (編校) Xu Lian 許槤 (z. Shuxia 叔夏, h. Shanlin 刪林, 珊林) (1797–1862) (js. 1833), from Haining 海寧 (Zhejiang) 1854 pref. Ed.:

– *1856 Gujun ge Xu-family ed. 古均閣許氏藏板, cover-leaf verso stating “new editing and printing by Xu Lian, completed 7th month, 1857” (咸豐 丙辰七月許槤重校刊訖), with prefs. by Xu Lian (1854) and Song Ci 宋慈 (to 宋本洗冤集錄, 1247); this ed. is described as a fine example of Qing printing in Huang Shang, Qingdai banke yiyu, 374–5. [*Beitu] [*Faxue suo, with seals “Yunlun ge” 雲輪閣 and “Quansun” 荃孫 on first page of main text, indicating the copy once belonged to Miao Quansun 繆荃孫 (1844–1919)] – *1876 Pangxi zhai 滂洗齋 ed. by [acting] vice-minister of Justice Pan Zuyin 潘祖蔭, with prefs. by Pan Zuyin (1876), Song Ci (1247), and Xu Lian (1854). [Beitu (with Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan 秋審比較條款, 1 j., dated 1879)] – *1876 Ge-family Xiaoyuan engraving 葛氏嘯園開雕, with prefs. by Xia Tongshan 夏同善 (n.d.), Wang Siyi 王思沂 (1877), Wu Dating 吳大廷 (1877), Ge Yuanxu 葛元煦 (1876), Xu Lian (1854), and Song Ci (1247), Xiyuan lu zhiyi and zhiyi bu (q.v.) appended (with separate cover-leaf, also dated 1876). Xia’s pref. notes that Ge Yuanxu in Shanghai and Pan Zuyin in Beijing produced new eds. because the original printing blocks had been lost during the civil war in the southeast; Ge’s pref. says the copies and notes held in his family were destroyed by war, and that he therefore accepted to make the present reprint using a copy brought to Shanghai by a certain Wu Chunnong 吳春農. [*Beitu, no cover-leaf] [*CUHK, without zhiyi bu] – *1875 (sic) Hubei Chongwen shuju 湖北崇文書局 ed., with prefs. by Hubei administration commissioner Pan Wei 潘霨 (z. Weiru 偉如) (to 重刻, 1877), Song Ci (1247), and Xu Lian (1854), Xiyuan lu zhiyi and zhiyi bu (q.v.) appended. Pan’s pref. indicates that this ed., sponsored by him, was based on the one sponsored by his younger brother Pan Zuyin (h. Zheng’an 鄭 盦, Boyin 伯寅) at the capital (see above), of which Zuyin mailed several copies to him; the actual date of this ed. must therefore be after 1875. Pan also claims he made much use of the work during his career, and had this new engraving made when he found out that the Hubei official press was lacking the title in its catalog. [*Beitu] [*Tian Tao]

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– *1877 new ed. of the offices of the Hubei administration commissioner 湖北藩署重刊, with prefs. by Pan Wei (1877), Song Ci (1247), and Xu Lian (1854), Xiyuan lu zhiyi and zhiyi bu (q.v.) appended, postfs. by Pan’s brother Pan Jiefan 潘介繁 (n.d.) and cousin Pan Kangbao 潘康保 (1877), who also helped proofread. The last page mentions “engraved and printed by Chen Mingde from Han’gao (i.e., Hankou 漢口)” (漢皋陳明德二房刻刷); apparently same engraving as the one above. [*Beida] [*Harvard] – 1877 Beijing ed. published by Pan Wei, with Xianzhe mingyan 先哲名言 and Jijiu fang 急救方 appended (i.e. the two texts that make up the supplement to Xiyuan lu zhiyi, q.v.). [Described by Jia Jingtao] – *Undated Xu-family Gujun ge ed., engraving of better quality than the above eds. [Beitu, cover with same 1876 seal as in Pan Zuyin’s ed.] – *1880 Yunnan shuju new ed. (重刊), with prefs. by Pan Zuyin (1876), Song Ci (1247), and Yunnan surveillance commissioner Li De’e 李德莪 (1880). [Fu Sinian] – *1883 new engraving of the Guizhou surveillance commissioner’s office 貴州臬署重刊, with Siku notice on Xiyuan lu and prefs. by Song Ci (1247) and Xu Lian (1854), zhiyi (with pref. by Ge Yuanxu, 1876) and zhiyi bu appended (separate cover-leaf), postfs. by Pan Jiefan (n.d.) and Pan Kangbao (1876); each folio with a cartouche indicating the number of large and small characters engraved. In a set also including Jianyan hecan and Jianyan jizheng [qq.v.]; red seal on cover-leaf with characters 大道観 張榮興承印，不取板資. [*Beitu] [*Columbia] [*Ōki] [*Toronto] – *1886 engraving (開雕) of the Shandong shuju 山東書局藏版, cover-leaf recto reproducing the cover-leaf of Xu Lian’s Gujun ge ed., with prefs. by Gao Qizhen 高其鎮 (to 重刻, 1886), Qi Shoulin 祁壽麐 (to 重刻, 1886), Xu Lian (1854), and Song Ci (1247); according to the prefs. this ed. was commissioned by governor Zhang Yao 張曜 after he assumed the post in 1886. [Beitu] – *1887 new ed. of the Liulichang Ronglu tang in Beijing 京都琉璃廠榮錄 堂重刊 (on cover-leaf verso), with prefs. by Pan Wei (1877), Song Ci (1247), and Xu Lian (1854), Xiyuan lu zhiyi and zheyi bu (q.v.) appended (with separate cover-leaf, without Jingyan fang at the end), postfs. by Pan Jiefan (n.d.) and Pan Kangbao (1877), last page with mention “engraved and printed by Chen Mingde from Han’gao”: this seems to be a reprint of the 1877 Hubei ed.; according to the cover-leaf each copy sells for 1 silver tael (紋銀一兩整). [*Beitu] [*Ōki] – *1890 Hubei guanshu chu 湖北官書處 new engraving (重刻), with prefs. by Pan Wei (1877), Song Ci (1247), and Xu Lian (1854), Xiyuan lu zhiyi and

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zhiyi bu appended. This ed. is identical to the “1875” ed. [*Columbia] [*Congress/LL] – *Undated Guanbao shuju 官報書局 typeset ed., with facsimile of the cover-leaf (recto and verso) of the 1856 Gujun ge ed., the rest of the text a typeset imitation of Xu Lian’s original ed.; mention 官報書局排印 in lower central margins; the Beitu cat. says Gansu 甘肅 guanbao shuju, but there is no mention of Gansu anywhere in the copy seen. [Beitu] – Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 2014. – *Photo-repro. of 1877 Hubei ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 972. – *Modern typeset ed. of prefs. by Xu Lian and Pan Wei and of j. 1, in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 10.

Rem.: Before compiling the present work Xu Lian had made himself known as a legal specialist with the publication of Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an and its sequel (qq.v.); he also was involved in the 1837 Lailu tang ed. of Zheyu guijian (q.v.). According to his pref. (written at the Shishi qiushi studio at Suzhou 蘇城實事求是齋), “The Xiyuan lu is to forensics what the Code is to judicial sentences”; he stresses that, whereas a faulty judicial sentence can be corrected during the review and appeal processes, an autopsy is made once and for all since the decomposition of the corpse prevents a later examination; he also insists that scholars selected to become magistrates on their proficiency in eight-legged essays are easy preys to coroners’ false reports, either because of their lack of experience or because they stay away from the filthiness of corpse examination. The aim of this new Xiyuan lu ed. was to establish a critical edition of a text long corrupted by transmission and emendation. All the versions and relevant texts available to the author have been repeatedly consulted. The layout of the printed page uses three levels: the bottom register (層) gives the Xiyuan lu text in the official Qing version (see Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu), with punctuation; the middle register is the xiangyi proper, adducing the author’s comments and critiques of problematic passages in Xiyuan lu, discussions, quotes from some 30 other works (including the original Xiyuan jilu), from provincial and national precedents, and from commentaries to the Code, as well as some relevant cases Xu gathered as a local official in different places; the upper margin features the rubric headings listed in the 21-folio mulu to help the reader find his way in the main text. Besides providing a carefully established Xiyuan lu text, Xu Lian’s main contribution lies in the xiangyi section. He claims that he is so concerned about making any unfounded comments that every word he utters there is based on undisputable evidence (自一字一句非確有依據不輒下懼妄作也).

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839

He made four rounds of revision of his text before publishing it. Finally, we note that, following Yao Deyu, the author of Xiyuan lu jie (q.v.), Xu Lian criticized the officially sanctioned figures of the corpse and skeleton and proposed his own versions. To the Chinese-style plates representing the body and the skeleton he added sets of actualized plates (lit. “modern likenesses,” xian­ni 現擬) of the skeleton and bones, which may have been taken from Western representations, though Xu claims they were drawn by artists who attended autopsies with him. This part of Xu’s research was published separately in 1886, with comments (see Jiangu buyi kaozheng). The work appears to have had a relatively wide circulation.

Bio.: See under Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334 (citing together the xiangyi and zhiyi, by Xu and Ge). Ma, 98 (Beida) (1890 Hubei shuju ed.). Chang, 316. Jia Jingtao, 195–6. He Qinhua, 2:394–403. Qingdai lüxue, 269–76 (by Zhang Chi 張翅 and Yuan Jiachao 袁家超). The transl. of Xiyuan jilu (q.v.) by McKnight indicates the page numbers of the corresponding passages in Xiyuan lu xiangyi (unspecified ed.). Bibliography entries for same author: Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an; Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an xubian; Jiangu buyi kaozheng [JB, CL, PEW] 0659

Chongji xiyuan lu waibian 重輯洗冤錄外編, 2 j. [The Washing Away of Wrongs, Outer Part] By Cheng Xiangdong 程祥棟 (z. Xiaosong 小松, 曉崧) (1801–71), from Taizhou 泰州 (Jiangsu) 1867 Ed.:

– 1867 ed. of the Baopu shanfang 抱朴山房, with prefs. by Cheng Xiangdong (1867) and Lang Jinqi 朗錦騏 (1829). [Tian Tao]

Rem.: (Not seen.) Cheng Xiangdong’s authorship and the work’s complete title are confirmed in his biographies and in the bibliographic chapter of the Taizhou gazetteer (see below). It is not possible at this point to ascertain the exact form and content of the work. According to his gazetteer biographies, it was widely circulated in Sichuan (流播 川中); Cheng is also said to have composed several books on medicine.

Bio.: Born to a family of officials, Cheng Xiangdong did not progress beyond the status of stipend student (廩生). According to his funeral inscription (see below), he was hired in the cabinet of Sichuan governor-general Qishan 琦善

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(in post 1847–49), and stayed in the same cabinet for ten years. He then bought a brevet of magistrate and served in Xinfan 新繁 (he was appointed in 1860), Leshan 樂山, and Jiangjin 江津. His ability to protect these places against the threats of rebels and of mutinied troops ultimately earned him the rank of prefect. At age 70 he asked to be allowed to return home on the grounds of illness, and died not long after. See Yangzhou 揚州 FZ (1874), 9/51b–52a; Xinfan XZ (1947), 6/7a–b; Taizhou zhi (1919), 20/18b–20b (funeral inscription by Wang Guangye 王廣業), 32/3b. [PEW] 0660

Xiyuan lu zhiyi 洗冤錄摭遺, 2 j., and zhiyi bu 補, 1 j. [Retrieved Materials on The Washing Away of Wrongs, with a Supplement] Comp. Ge Yuanxu 葛元煦 (h. Lizhai 理齋), from Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang)

1876 intro.

Ed.:

– Appended to several eds. of Xiyuan lu xiangyi (q.v.) from 1876 on, with intro. by Ge Yuanxu (1876).

Rem.: In his intro. (absent from some eds.), Ge Yuanxu says that while he was working on a new ed. (重刊) of Xiyuan lu xiangyi, he found that some materials collected in the five-color ed. of Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.) had not been included in Xu Lian’s admirable work. They are reproduced here as a complement to Xu Lian’s compilation. J. 1 is made up of several annotations and additions from the Wen Sheng ed. of Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.), neatly arranged in the order of Xiyuan lu entries; j. 2 includes Shixiang milu and Baojian bian (see ibid.). The Xiyuan lu zhiyi bu text includes an anthology of quotations on forensics by Lü Kun 呂坤, Li Yu 李漁, Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀, Wang Huizu 汪輝祖, Wang Shizhen 王士禎, and many others, titled Xianzhe mingyan 先哲名言, comp. and with an intro. by Zhang Kaiyun 張開運, from Tongcheng 桐城 (Anhui), as well as a text titled Jingyan fang 經驗方 (12 items), a collection of prescriptions to cure wounds and poisoning. Bio.: No information is available on Ge Yuanxu.

0661

[PEW]

Xiyuan lu gejue 洗冤錄歌訣 [Rhymed Formulas on The Washing Away of Wrongs] Anon. N.d. Ed.: Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0659–0662

841

– Appended to Xiyuan lu yizheng (q.v.). – *Small-size 1879 Hubei shuju engraving (開雕), published as a set with Da Qing lüli gejue (q.v.), with pref. by Pan Wei 潘霨 (n.d.) (see under Xiyuan lu xiangyi) concerning the latter work as well. [*Columbia] [*Hubei] – *1908 Gansu guanbao shuju 甘肅官報書局 typeset ed. [Beitu] – *In Muling xuzhi sizhong (q.v.).

Rem.: A rhymed setting of the main sections of Xiyuan lu (q.v.) with occasional comments and explanations in prose. Apart from a few variant characters, both text and commentary are identical to the 1761 Xiyuan baojian (q.v.); in the Hubei shuju ed. the title at the beginning of the text is followed by the secondary title Baojian bian (an alternative title for Xiyuan baojian). Pan Wei’s pref. states that when he was a magistrate he had a hard time reading the Code, and that Xiyuan lu gejue and Da Qing lüli gejue, plus Liu Heng’s Dulü xinde and He Gengsheng’s Xuezhi yide bian (qq.v.), which he used for self-instruction, greatly helped him; their re-publication in Hubei, based on a copy from his own “trunk,” will provide the newly appointed magistrates with a “yardstick” (準繩). The Xiyuan lu gejue text is followed by a short appendix on saving-life prescriptions, Jijiu fang 急救方 (with notes signed by Li Dachun from Beiping 北平李達春識); by rhymed advice on autopsies titled Jianyan zashuo gejue 檢驗雜說歌訣 (without commentaries in prose); and by an appendix titled “Rules on the seven sorts of homicide” (七殺式), which offers clear commentaries on the relevant statutes and substatutes in the Code. The titles of the above texts are indicated in the central margin, but the page-numbering is continuous (45 folios in all). (The Beitu cat. gives Gangyi 剛毅 as author of both 1879 and 1908 eds.) [JB, PEW]

0662

Jiangu buyi kaozheng 檢骨補遺考證, 1 ce [Supplementary Evidence for Examining Bones] Comp. (輯著) Xu Lian 許槤 (z. Shuxia 叔夏, h. Shanlin 刪林, 珊林) (1797–1862) (js. 1833), from Haining 海寧 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with pref. by Ju Jiechang 嵩海鞠捷昌 (1886). [Columbia] – *Appended to 1881 ed. of Xiyuan lu jizheng (q.v.).

Rem.: A handbook on forensics, focusing on the examination of bones and including 9 pages of plates and 16 of text (titled Xiyuan lu quanzuan 洗冤錄全纂). The original date of compilation of what appears to be materials culled from Xu’s own Xiyuan lu xiangyi (q.v.) is not Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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known. According to the pref., the present ed. was published by officials and judicial secretaries in Kaifeng together with a set of 4 plates titled Xingming tushuo (obviously same as Mingxing tushuo [q.v.]); the aim of such publications was to help officials in the reviewing courts not to be led astray by the sloppy work of coroners or by the claims of the victims’ families.

Bio.: See under Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an. Bibliography entries for same author: Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an; Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an xubian; Xiyuan lu xiangyi. [PEW] 0663

Baojian bian buzhu 寶鑑編補注, 2 j. [Supplements to A Precious Mirror of The Washing Away of Wrongs] Comp. Shengtai 升泰 (z. Zhushan 竹珊, s. Gongqin 恭勤) (1838–92), from the Mongol Plain Yellow Banner, Le Liying 樂理瑩, and others 1880 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by Shengtai (1880) and postf. (後序) by Le Liying (n.d.). [Harvard] – *Published as a set with Fajue qiming (q.v.), with pref. by Shengtai (1880) and postf. by Le Liying (n.d.). [Jimbun]

Rem.: The pref. and postf. explain that when the Mongol Shengtai was promoted from Zhejiang surveillance commissioner to Yunnan administration commissioner in 1878, he could see that in the wake of the destructions caused by the Muslim rebellions the region was sorely in want of able legalists. He therefore had his Fajue qiming printed (q.v.). To answer the same sort of problem in the more specialized field of forensics he took the Baojian bian appended to Xiyuan lu xiangyi (q.v.) (in fact, included in Xiyuan lu zhiyi [q.v.], itself appended to most eds. of Xiyuan lu xiangyi; Baojian bian is an alternative name for Fang Ruqian’s 1761 Xiyuan baojian [q.v.]); he asked Le Liying (a secretary at the Ministry of Justice who was then filling an acting position as magistrate) and others to rearrange the rhyming couplets so that the various kinds of wounds would be discussed following the list of 22 lethal spots (致命穴) on the face and back of the body, and to insert commentaries adapted from the original Xiyuan lu text. The resulting buzhu version of Baojian bian is significantly longer than its model, differently organized, and with much more commentary in prose. There is no mulu. Bio.: See under Fajue qiming. Bibliography entries for same author: Fajue qiming.

[JB, PEW]

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843

Xiyuan lu yizheng 洗冤錄義證, 4 j. [Evidence on the Meaning of The Washing Away of Wrongs] Comp. (編輯) (Changbai) Gangyi 長白剛毅 (z. Ziliang 子良) (1834– 1900), from the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner 1891 Ed.:

– *1891 Jiangsu shuju ed., with pref. by Gangyi (1891) and original pref. to Xiyuan jilu (q.v.) by Song Ci (1247). The front page has the indication Qiantang Zhu Kebao shujian 錢塘諸可寶署檢; Zhu Kebao, an expectant magistrate (補用知縣) in Jiangsu, is the author of emendations (校記) to the Xiyuan lu text officially circulated (通行本), the list of which, including the sources used, is provided at the end of each juan. [Shoudu] – *1892 new ed. of the Guangdong’s governor office 粵東撫署重刊, with prefs. by Gangyi (1891) and Song Ci (1247), postf. (跋) by Gangyi (1892); Zhu Kebao’s lists of corrections are included. [*Congress/LL] [*Harvard]

Rem.: In his pref. to this carefully annotated new ed. of Xiyuan lu (based, like all Qing editions, on the eighteenth-century official recension compiled at the Ministry of Justice), Gangyi indicates that he made cuts in the over-abundant scholarly annotations of Xu Lian’s Xiyuan lu xiangyi (q.v.; they are quoted alongside the main text) and completed them with materials from Lang Jinqi’s Jianyan jizheng (q.v.); there are also quotes from Jianyan hecan (q.v.). One interesting novelty is that at the end of j. 1 the traditional illustrations (those of Xu Lian, which updated the plates promulgated in 1770) showing the bones have been supplemented with “new reproductions” (新摹) of Western-style anatomical plates, the origin of which is not specified; it is recalled, however, that the 1770 plates and checklists to fill during an autopsy still have to be used for reports, any variant requiring careful explanation. Two texts are appended to j. 4: Jingyan fang (see under Xiyuan lu zhiyi); and Xiyuan lu gejue (q.v.). According to the 1892 postf., the work was compiled during Gangyi’s tenure as governor of Jiangsu (1888–1892) and first published there. After he was moved to Guangdong he had a new engraving made there under the supervision of expectant prefect Wang Bing’en 廣東候 補知府王秉恩, indicated as “collator” (重校) at the end of that ed.

Bio.: See under Juguan jing. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334 (title Xiyuan lu zheng). Ma, 98 (Beida) (Jiangsu shuju ed.). Jia Jingtao, 196. Bibliography entries for same author: Da Qing lüli zonglei; Jinzheng jiyao; Juguan jing; Muling xuzhi; Qiuyan jiyao; Shenkan nishi. [JB, PEW]

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Xiyuan lu cankao 洗冤錄參考, 2 ce [References for The Washing Away of Wrongs] Comp. Wang Chichang 王熾昌 (z. Yuxun 豫恂), from Xiangtan 湘潭 (Hunan) 1919 Ed.: – *1919 ed. with prefs. by Huang Qinglan 黃慶瀾 (1919) and compiler (1918). [Faxuesuo]

Rem.: According to the prefs., the work was written when Wang Chichang was a prosecutor in the district- (地方) and higher-level procuracies of Beijing Municipality. To help students in forensics, Wang drew upon both Chinese medical works (such as the imperially-sponsored Yizong jinjian 醫宗金鑑) and Western forensic knowledge in order to “extend the meaning” (引申) of Wang Youhuai’s Xiyuan lu jizheng and Xu Lian’s Xiyuan lu xiangyi (qq.v.). He followed the order of topics in the latter but stopped after discussing “Suicide by hanging” (自縊), short of the first two juan of the Qing Xiyuan lu, when the Republican government started to restructure the court system and promoted a new kind of forensic science (法醫之學). The present work reproduces most of the comments by Wang Youhuai, Xu Lian, and their successors; Wang Chichang then adds his own comments (introduced by jin’an 謹按) to clarify his predecessors’ meaning and rationale, or to compare past practices with recent developments and foreign forensic science. While admitting that not all of the old practices of forensic examination would be applicable in an age of legal reform (法律改良之時), Wang believes that much of value can still be found in the Xiyuan lu corpus. According to both prefs., a serious problem with recent developments in Chinese judicial administration is that outside Beijing and other big cities or Treaty Ports with hospitals and medical experts, many local prosecutors and county magistrates rely upon inexperienced coroners who know little about not only Western but also traditional Chinese forensics. In August 1918 the Ministry of Justice (司法部) promulgated standard charts (驗斷檢斷書并傷單格式), largely based on Xu Lian’s Xiyuan lu xiangyi, to the local courts and prosecutors, requiring them to fill them out with information on fatal wounds, just as their late imperial predecessors had done.

Bio.: At the time of publication Wang Chichang had become a senior prosecutor in the Zhejiang provincial procuracy (浙江第一高等檢查分廳監督 檢察官). Ref. and studies: Asen, “Dead Bodies and Forensic Science,” 206–11. [CL] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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845

Handbooks for Litigation Masters

[MING] 0666

[Xinqie] Falin jinjian lu 新鍥法林金鑒錄, 3 j. [A Golden Mirror of Jurists, Newly Engraved] Anon. 1594 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with some missing pages. [Tian Tao] [*IHEC, photo-repro.] – 1594 Jinling shushi 金陵書室 ed. comp. by Zhulin Langsou 竹林浪叟, with 1594 pref. [Congress]

Rem.: The contents are largely similar to those of Zheyu qibian (see below), but organized differently. The examples of accusation and rebuttal (in j. 1 and 2) do not include the magistrate’s answer. J. 3 is devoted to classified phrases and terms (硃語 and 珥語), some of which run to long sentences; the last section, entitled “Models for declarations and guarantees” (呈結諸式), features a number of models for requests, bonds, affidavits, and the like. (The first entry is a complaint against the acting magistrate’s fiscal extortion.) The narrow upper register is devoted to explaining the pronunciation of characters. Ref. and studies: Fuma, “Shōshi hihon no sekai,” 192–3 (copy at Congress). [PEW]

0667

[Xinqie] Xiao Cao yibi 新鍥蕭曹遺筆, 4 j. [Bequeathed Writings from Xiao and Cao, Newly Engraved] Comp. (輯) Jinshui Zhulin Langsou 錦水竹林浪叟, edited and annotated by Zhulinzi from Nanjing 金陵竹林子 1595 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. printed by the East Suzhou Baixuejing she 吳東白雪精舍 in Nanjing, with pref. by Jianghu Sanren 江湖散人 (1595). Final page of text with cartouche saying that this is originally a Nanjing ed. 金陵原板. [*Ōki, no cover-leaf] [*Beitu, dated 1595 on cover-leaf, no preface signature, mention “Jinling yuanban” both on top of cover-leaf and at the end] – *1619 ed. published by the Suzhou Official Baixuejing she 吳吏白雪精舍, with anon. pref. (n.d.). The cover-leaf and final page state that this is a Nanjing ed. 金陵原板. [Beitu] – *Undated, incomplete ed., front matter, first 6 pages, and several pages at the end of j. 1 missing. Same content and format as the ed. above, the only Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

846

4.1.8 Handbooks for Litigation Masters

observable difference being that the indication 金陵原板 on the last page is formatted differently. [Beitu] – *Undated (probably Qing) ed. with anon. pref. to Xiao Cao yibi (n.d.) (same text as the eds. above), fanli entitled “明鏡凡例,” title Xinqie Xiao Cao mingjing 明鏡 in j. 1 caption, Xinqie Xiao Cao yibi in j. 2 caption, Xinqie zengbu 增補 Xiao Cao yibi in j. 3 caption, Qie Xiao Cao yibi in j. 4 caption, Xiao Cao yibi in central margins everywhere. [Columbia] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Ōki, in Yuwai hanji zhenben wenku 域外漢籍珍本 文庫, ser. 3, 史部 (Chongqing: Xinan daxue chubanshe 2012), vol. 28. – Photo-repro. of 1595 ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 4.

Rem.: A handbook supplying a variety of information about legal cases. According to Fuma Susumu (see below), this is the oldest known litigation master handbook (but see previous entry). A comparatively narrow top register is reserved for annotations on the reading of obscure characters and some further explanations or commentaries. The fanli indicates that this is a work for litigation masters, here called “legalists” (法 家). J. 1 begins with texts entitled “Ten ‘brocaded’ pieces of subtle advice on presenting a complaint” (做狀十段錦玄意), “Admonitions on ancient taboos” (古忌箴規, a list of 10 errors one “cannot commit” [不可]), and “Humble views of a jurist” (法家管見). Then is a section on advice about testimonies (串招式), followed by examples divided into various categories and coming from various locations. This continues into j. 3, and is followed (still in j. 3) by “phrases from the new precedents” (新 條硃語), divided according the traditional six areas of administration, and two sections, one on following up on borrowed phrases (續句便要) and the other on catchwords arranged by categories (分條珥語). Then comes a series of “Sample pronouncements” (告示例). J. 4 includes two sections titled “Appended court sentences” (附判語) and “Essentials for understanding the law” (明律摘要). Ref. and studies: Fuma, “Shōshi hihon ‘Shōsō ihitsu’ no shutsugen,” 163. [TN, PEW]

0668

[Xinke jiaozheng yinshi cijia bianlan] Xiao Cao yibi 新刻校正音釋詞 家便覽蕭曹遺筆, 4 j. [Bequeathed Writings from Xiao and Cao, Newly Published and Edited, With Correct Pronounciations and Made Easy to Read for Writers of Complaints] Edited and annot. Xianxian zi from Henan 豫人閒閒子訂註 1595 Ed.: – 1595 ed. (probably same as below) [Beitu]

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0667–0668

847

– *Undated Ming ed. from the Deju tang at Suzhou 古吳德聚堂, with pref. (to new engraving of Xiao Cao yibi) by Ruiyun guan zhuren 瑞雲館主人 (n.d.); a comparatively well produced ed. [*Fu Sinian, no cover-leaf or indication of publisher] [*LSS] [*UCLA, no cover-leaf or indication of publisher] – 1845 ed. [Beida] – *1892 ed., cover-leaf with inscription 本衙藏板, coll. by Yanhua sanren 烟 花散人較對, with inscription “Xiyuan bianlan” 洗寃便覽, same pref. as in eds. above but signed by Qingyun zhuren 慶雲主人 (n.d.). [*Columbia] [Congress] – *1915 Shanghai Jinzhang tushuju 上海錦章圖書局 litho. ed., with inscription “Xiyuan bianlan,” same pref. as in eds. above but signed by Shishi zi 識時子 (n.d.). [Fu Sinian] [*Michigan] – *Modern typeset critical ed. with pref. attributed to Shishi zi, based on 1915 ed. at Beida and ed. at Beitu, in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 12.

Rem.: A version of the archetypal handbook for litigation masters featuring general information on the Penal Code, classified examples of complaints, examples of petitions to officials (e.g. to get tax reductions, or to keep a good official in the locality), advice on phrases and language to use in court, examples of proclamations by governors, questions and answers on legal decisions (新增斷律問答, the first question dealing with the classic problem of how to divide property among the four sons of a man, born, respectively, to his principal wife, his secondary wife, a maid, and an adulterous relationship), and sentence proposals at the capital and in the provinces (新增京省招擬). The upper margin features indications on correct pronunciations. J. 1 begins with six items from the Ming founder’s “Grand Pronouncements” (大誥), primarily concerned with how to live an untroubled life. These are followed by four maxims with explanation under the title Guanzhen sishi 官箴四誓. Next come excerpts from Wenxing tiaoli 問刑條例 substatutes concerning the commutation of legal punishments. Then the Code entries on the “ten abominations” (十惡律條) are excerpted. There are also sections on the eight categories of people with special status (八議條例) and related punishments (應議者犯罪), on the five punishments and related commutations (五刑定律), the six spoils (六贓辯) and the corresponding punishments (六贓擬罪歌), the seven types of homicide (七殺辯) and corresponding punishments (七殺擬罪), and more. This chapter ends with a short work on crimes entitled “The hand mirror of the complaint specialist” (詞家手鏡), divided into sections on homicide, robbery, and registered household problems. A sample complaint is provided for each entry. J. 2 continues the same text with sections on household Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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4.1.8 Handbooks for Litigation Masters

matters, land holdings, mountain land and grave sites, marriage, rape, fraud, and debts. J. 3 begins with a selection of sample requests submitted to the magistrate titled Mingqing chengzhuang bingtie 鳴情呈狀稟 帖, followed by a series of sample case summaries (新贈審參法語) and of sample pronouncements from capital and provincial offices (部院 告示). Next is the above-mentioned Xinzeng duanlü wenda, and, in j. 4, Xinzeng jingsheng zhaoni. (The order of presentation of materials may vary depending on ed.) Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:138

0669

[TN, PEW]

Pili shoubi 霹靂手筆, 4 j. [The Brush that Ensures Fast Judgments] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated Ming ed. with anon. pref. to Pili shoubi xingsong rumen yaojue 興訟入門要訣 (n.d.); title in chapter captions Xinjuan dingbu shizhu 新鐫 訂補釋註 pili shoubi. [*Congress] [Fu Sinian, *mf. of Congress copy]

Rem.: The pref. (largely damaged) states that one must make a reasoned complaint (作為有理狀訴) when the possibilities for redressing injustices have been exhausted and the village constables are unable to distinguish wrong from right; but then a competent brush is required. It is followed by a warning that one should not write complaints for the sake of enrichment and with the consequence of ruining two families (i.e., the plaintiff and the defendant). Then comes a set of “ten admonitions for legalists” (法門箴規十段 [written 叚] 錦), also called “warnings about instigating lawsuits” (興訟誡語) at the end, which enumerates everything one “cannot” do (不可). Pili shou in the title probably refers to an official or clerk who adjudicates cases rapidly (the running title has only these three characters). J. 1 contains “submissions” (呈狀) by communities requesting disaster relief, tax rebates, money for a school teacher, etc.; complaints by individuals about various injustices (說帖); memorials by high officials censuring subordinates (奏本); models for reports by rural chiefs or individuals (狀式); a series of questions and answers on points of law (斷律問答); “songs” presenting the punishments in the Code in the form of pentasyllabic couplets (律例總歌); and songs on sexual crimes (犯姦歌). The upper register of the pages is devoted to sample terms and phrases used in documents related to each of the six domains of administration (六科硃語). J. 2–4 feature examples

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849

Figure 12 Pili shoubi (#0669), j. 1, models for petitions, reports, and guarantees sent by local communities

0668–0669

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850

4.1.8 Handbooks for Litigation Masters

of complaints classified according to various domains of the law (such as tombs, taxes, marriage, houses and fields, sexual crimes, homicides, robbery, debts, and forensic examinations); each entry includes the accusation (告), followed, as the case may be, by a counter-accusation (訴) and/or the response (批) of the official. For a number of cases the county where they are supposed to have occurred is indicated. Occasional explanations, commentaries, or indications on pronunciation are inserted in small characters between the lines. J. 4 ends with materials on forensics titled Xiyuan tiaolü 洗冤條律 and Chufu jianyan tishi 初復檢驗體式. The upper register has more terms (硃語), as well as forensic reports and related terminology; it also contains what seems to be quotes from a text titled Zhuangyu zhaiyao 狀語摘要, providing phrases (彙語) related to various types of affairs. According to the Library of Congress rare books catalog, the contents appear to be largely taken from Zheyu qibian (q.v.).

Ref. and studies: Congress Rare Books, 484; the LC online cat. says the ed. must date from after 1562. [PEW] 0670

Ke falin zhaotian zhu 刻法林照天燭, 5 j. [The Legalists’ Candle that Illuminates the Sky] Comp. (輯) Jianghu Cuizhong Langsou 江湖醉中浪叟 N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated Yangyun shanguan 養雲山館 ed. titled Zhaotian zhu at beginning of mulu, Ke falin zhaotian zhu in chapter captions. [Congress]

Rem.: A very badly printed handbook for litigation masters featuring 112 examples of complaints (狀詞) arranged by penal categories, namely, homicides (人命), graves (墳山) (j. 1); sexual crimes (姦情), households and corvée (戶役), robbery and violence (盜賊), debts (債負) (j. 2); cheating and injuring (騙害), marriage (婚姻), affrays (鬥毆), and succession and inheritance (繼立) (j. 3). J. 4–5 feature theoretical pieces such as “Selected terms, classified” (分款粹語), “Discussion on the six spoils” (六贓總論), “Discussion on the seven forms of homicide” (七殺 總論), “Questions and answers to decide according to law” (斷律問答), “Song on sexual crimes” (犯姦總歌), “Song on statutes and substatutes” (律例總歌), and more. J. 4 also has three examples of memorials censuring officials, including one against Yan Song 嚴嵩 (1480–1567) and his son Yan Shifan 世蕃. The large number of cases originating from Jiangxi suggests that the compiler hailed from that region.

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851

0669–0672

Ref. and studies: Congress Rare Books, 483–4. 0671

[PEW]

Zheyu mingzhu 折獄明珠, 4 j. [Bright Pearls for Solving Cases] Comp. Qingbo Yisou 清波逸叟 1602 pref. Ed.:

– *1601 ed. with pref. by compiler (1602). [Naikaku, *photo-­repro. at Fu Sinian; *Photo-repro. at Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] – Undated ms. copy, without indication of author. [Sonkeikaku]

Rem.: A handbook for litigation masters in casebook form. The complete title in chapter captions is Xinke zhaixuan zengbu zhushi fajia yaolan 新刻摘選增補註釋法家要覽 zheyu mingzhu. The pages are split into two registers. The upper register (about one-third of the page) features such texts as Liulü zongkuo ge 六律總括歌, Liulü zhuyu 六律硃 語, as well as lists of juridical terms and phrases (法律套語) for use in complaints on various subjects, and official exhortations and prohibitions (in j. 4). The lower register includes, (1) general notions on the law and general admonitions to the lawyers who write complaints, several in rhyme form; and (2) (from j. 2) more than sixty cases under nine categories (類), viz. disputes on real estate (爭占), robbery and violence (盜 賊), households and corvée (戶役), homicides (人命), succession and inheritance (繼立), marriage (婚娶), sexual crimes (姦情), debt (負債), merchants (商賈), and administrative conflicts, each featuring documents by plaintiff, defendant, and judge. The examples have the appearance of “real” cases.

Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 138. Chang, 1:320. Chiu Pengsheng, “Zhenxiang dabai,” 139 and passim. Id., “Refining Legal Reasoning from Precedents,” passim. [PEW]

0672

[Xinjuan] Fajia tou danhan 新鐫法家透膽寒, 16 j. [The Thorough Terror of Legalists, Newly Engraved] By Buxiang zi, from Hunan 湘間補相子 1618 (?) pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with author’s pref. dated 戊午 (1618?), title on cover-leaf Xinjuan tou danhan, printing blocks kept at “this yamen” (本衙藏板). [Beida]

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852

4.1.8 Handbooks for Litigation Masters

– Daye tang ed. 大業堂梓行. – *Undated Daguan tang ed. 大觀堂梓行 with author’s pref. dated 戊 午 (1618?) and signed Buxiang zi Yingyi shi 穎以氏, title on cover-leaf Xinjuan tou danhan, with indication “Xiangjian Buxiang zi yuanben 原 本” on right side. [Ōki] – *Undated ed. “printed at this yamen” 本衙梓行, otherwise identical to the one above, though in a different and slightly smaller engraving. [Ōki] – Qing ed. from Nanjing 金陵藏板. [Kokkai] – 1812 ed. printed by the Liujing tang 六經堂. [Leiden] – Qing Huaide tang 懷德堂 ed. [Congress, not in cat.] – 1839 ed. [Beitu] – *Modern typeset critical ed. based on a privately owned copy, and on the eds. at Beida and Beitu, in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 11.

Rem.: The short 16-j. work (fitting in one fasc. in the copy at Beida) features mostly examples of accusations (告, sometimes 首) with the corresponding counter-accusations (訴). They are arranged under 16 categories (類) dealing with, respectively, sexual crimes (姦淫), violence and robbery (賊盜), treason (叛逆), homicide (人命), tomb violations (墳墓), houses (房屋), marriage (婚姻), land (田土), agriculture (耕種), taxation (錢糧), transfers of property (推收隱寄印契丈量), fraud (囮 塌罔利, concerning price speculation and usury), felling trees and tax abuses (苗木竹草附漏稅增稅), swindling and gambling (刁拐賭博), official corruption (貪官墨吏), and various forms of contraband or counterfeiting (一切私條). The number of “accusations” (詞) per category varies between 5 and 17. Despite many misprints the volumes are clearly printed; the content of each accusation and counter-accusation is abstracted in a brief small-character note. The work indirectly offers an interesting range of all the sorts of crimes or irregularities people were likely to go to court to complain about in the late Ming. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:148. Zheng Qin, Qingdai sifa shenpan, 239. Fuma, “Shōshi hihon no sekai,” 192, considering it an untypical handbook for litigation masters inasmuch as it contains only accusations and rebuttals. [PEW]

0673

[Xinjuan zhushi] Famen bianlan gongting yueshu 新鐫註釋法門便覽 公庭約束, 1 ce [Easy Reader for the Jurist and Court Rules, Newly Engraved and with Explanations]

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0672–0674

853

Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated (Ming) ed. compiled by the Fuhui tang (j. 4 has the mention 孚 惠堂編集 at the beginning), 4 j. extant, many pages missing. [Beitu]

Rem.: The materials included in the four extant chapters clearly show that the work belongs to the category of handbooks for litigation masters. J. 1, titled “Court rules” (公廳約束), essentially consists of models of documents related to lawsuits in the so-called “civil affairs” (戶婚田 土) category, each time distinguishing between accusations (告), counter-accusations (訴), and the judge’s response (批). J. 2, titled Liuke lüli zonglun 六科律例總論, discusses penal law under the six domains of government. J. 3 and 4, devoted respectively to “guaranteeing and keeping” (保留類) (possibly referring to petitions to keep a local official), and to cases concerning violence and robbery (賊盜類) and marriage (婚 姻類), feature the same three-part structure as in j. 1, with complaints, counter-accusations, and the judge’s response or sentence (判). [GRT]

0674

[Xinjuan yinshi simin bianlan] Xiao Cao mingjing 新鐫音釋四民便覽 蕭曹明鏡, 5 + 1 j. [The Lucid Mirror of Xiao and Cao, Newly Engraved, with

Word Pronounciations and Easy to Read for the Four Categories of People] Comp. (編) Jianghu Yiren 江湖逸人 N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. published by a “Nanjing owner” (金陵主人梓), with an incomplete juan from another source bound at the beginning. [Beitu]

Rem.: Like several others in this section, the title of this handbook for litigation masters alludes to the ancient figures Xiao He 蕭何 and Cao Can 曹參, ministers of the Han founder whose names came to symbolize the profession of lawyer; the titles of these works often introduce their contents as the “legacy” (遺筆) of Xiao and Cao. The first pages of the opening text (not part of Xiao Cao mingjing) are missing; the rest (17 folios) consists of a hand-copied list of analogous sentences (比依) for situations not covered directly by the Code. It apparently concerns the capital since it makes reference to situations in a number of capital offices; later sections are entitled “Xinzeng gulü duanfa” 新增顧律斷法 (in question and answer format), “Lü zonghua” 律總話, and “Tingduan erci” 聽斷二詞. The book itself, with a dense and relatively sophisticated page

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4.1.8 Handbooks for Litigation Masters

setting, is a short treatise on the Code and contains much material found in official or private secretary handbooks as well. Each page is divided into two registers. The top part (about one-third of the page) has the following sections in j. 1: “Rhymed poem on applying sincerely the law, with complements” (全補金科一誠律賦, each pentasyllabic verse being followed by an explanation), “Statutes on the five punishments” (五刑定 律, with appended commentaries), several entries on fees and redemption payments, then “Chart on the six spoils punishments” (六贓課法掌 記), an explanation of the “eight characters,” and advice on testimonies (串招式). J. 2 contains the following titles: “Examination of formulas in the six parts of the Code” (按六律話語套), “New phrases for use” (新條硃 語), “Phrases for use in yamen” (衙門類硃語), and “Catchwords arranged by categories” (分條珥語). J. 3 features “Terms for written arguments” (全補要覽說帖切語) and “Sample pronouncements” (告示例); the last title continues through j. 4. In j. 5 are the following titles: “Models for agreements” (結狀諸式) and “Court sentences” (全補判語). The bottom part (about two-thirds of the page) has the following sections in the first juan: “Important considerations for a general discussion on the six parts of the Code” (六律總論要語, in 16 heptasyllabic lines), “Essentials on the statutes on Personnel” (吏律摘要), followed by the corresponding sections for the other five domains, “The mourning system five degrees” (五服喪制), “Discussion of the six spoils” (六贓辨), followed by a “Song on punishments for the six spoils” (六贓擬罪歌), “Discussion on the seven sorts of homicide” (七殺辨), followed by the corresponding punishments (七殺擬罪), “Important opinions on initiating lawsuits” (興詞 切要講意), “Admonition on the ten things that cannot be done” (十不 可箴規), and “Humble opinions of a jurist” (法家管見). J. 2–4 contain sample cases from different areas organized under a variety of headings. J. 5 contains only an appendix entitled “Gebi panyu” 各筆判語. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:147.

0675

[TN, PEW]

[Dingqie Jinling yuanban anlü bianmin] Zheyu qibian 鼎鍥金陵原板按律便 民折獄奇編, 4 j. [A Marvelous Compilation on Solving Cases, Nanjing Original Printing Blocks, In Conformity with the Law and Convenient to the People] Comp. (編次) Letian zi 樂天子, from Yunshui 雲水

N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed., no cover-leaf; the cover has the title Xiao Cao yibi 蕭曹遺筆 and the words “published by the Cuiyun guan” 翠雲館刊行. [*Congress, *mf. at Fu Sinian] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0674–0675

855

Figure 13 Zheyu qibian (#0675), beginning of j. 1, with examples of stock phrases to use in complaints in the upper register

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856

4.1.8 Handbooks for Litigation Masters

Rem.: A comparatively cleanly written, well-organized and wellprinted handbook for litigation masters. The page is split between a main lower register and an upper register with 6 characters per column. The hierarchy of sections and subsections is clearly indicated by titles distinguished from one another by different elevation and framing. In j. 1 the main register contains a variety of texts, including Fajia tiyao 法家 體要 (general discussion of litigation master techniques and rhetoric in terms of “winning every battle” [百戰而百勝], to be distinguished from the work by the same name [q.v.]), Zuozhuang shi duanjin 做狀十段錦 (ten pieces of advice for writing accusations), and Fajia guanjian 法家 管見 (more advice for winning lawsuits); and in the second part of the chapter, materials similar to those found at the beginning of the Penal Code, such as the ten abominations, eight deliberations, five punishments (with rates of redemption), six spoils, seven sorts of homicide, all with explanations and occasional rhymes (歌), as well as Jinke yicheng fu 金科一誠賦 with its commentary (see under Da Ming lüli fujie). J. 2 features advice on how to deal with testimonies (串招式), which was clearly of interest to judges rather than to litigation masters, as well as a series of models of requests (呈狀類) addressed to the authorities by the population, or by specific groups of people (e.g. local students, or a family), or by individuals, on a large array of topics, asking either for relief or for redressing some wrong; this is followed by various models for guarantee or recommendation (呈結諸式), and other sorts of documents, including formulae to acknowledge one’s own crime (首狀類), with occasional rescripts by officials. J. 3–4 are composed of examples of accusations (告) and rebuttals (訴), followed by the official’s comment (introduced by yun 云) or rescript (批). The officials are identified by their surname and rank, but other data (such as place or date, and litigants’ names) are lacking. The entries are organized along such categories as homicides, violence and robbery, conflicts about tombs, disputes about wrong appropriation (爭占, dealing with family residences and other property, inheritance, adoption, etc.), swindling and fraud, marriage, debt, tax and corvée, affrays, succession and adoption (繼立), sexual crimes, and exonerating people from accusations (脫罪). The end of j. 4 is devoted to a selection of judgments (判語). The contents of the upper register are only occasionally connected with the lower register. In j. 1 they consist of “varied phrases” (各色硃語)—mostly fourcharacter formulas to be used in accusations, arranged according to the six domains of government—followed by phrases to be used by (or about) a variety of categories of people and by more catchwords and

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857

stock-phrases, also arranged according to various categories of people or subjects (分條珥語). This carries over to j. 2. The end of j. 2 and j. 3–4 feature supplementary penal regulations (問刑則例); the last pages of j. 4 contain the regulations on official prices (欽定時估例). Ref. and studies: Congress Rare Books, 484–5.

0676

[PEW]

[Dingqin] Facong shenglan 鼎鋟法叢勝覽, 4 j. [Superior Readings on the Assembled Laws] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. originally published by the Shide tang at Nanjing 金陵世德 堂原板梓, with 1666 handwritten inscription (康熙丙午魁先办) on leaf before text and a handwritten note at the end, last pages of j. 4 missing. [Beitu]

Rem.: A well-printed handbook for litigation masters with contents similar to those of the various versions of Xiao Cao yibi (q.v.), though the arrangement is somewhat different. Each page is divided into two registers. The top part (about one-fifth of the page) has the following sections in j. 1: Jinke yicheng fu 金科一誠賦; special phrases for use in documents related to the “Personnel” domain (吏條硃語), followed by a similar section for the other five areas of administration; more phrases for use in complaints (新條硃語, divided into many categories, starting with “yamen” 衙門類); and catchwords arranged by categories (分條珥 語). These contents continue on the top of the page through j. 2. In j. 3 the top section begins with the Code entries concerning the ten abominations (十惡律條); next comes a discussion of the seven types of homicide (七殺辨), followed by a section on the relevant punishments (七殺 擬罪); then come a commentary on the six spoils (六贓辯) and a rhyme on the related punishments (六贓擬罪歌). The next sections are devoted to such topics as the eight categories of people with special status (八議條例), crimes by people with special status (應議者犯罪), the five punishments (五刑定律) and related commutations (納紙則例), and the meaning of the “special characters” (例分八字釋義 and 例分之外 十六字義). The top of the pages in j. 4 begins with a series of questions and answers related to the various types of legal cases (新增端律問答), followed by a section on substatutes (問刑條例) and by “Four admonitions about the law” (附律四箴). The bottom of the pages is organized

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4.1.8 Handbooks for Litigation Masters

differently. The first three texts in j. 1, viz. Famen tiyao 法門體要, Famen dinglun 法門定論, and Famen jinnang 法門錦囊, are about how a party who wants to start a case against someone (我若要興訟告人) must proceed, detailing in particular the rules and tricks for writing complaints. They are followed by further advice, notably a text titled Famen quxiang 法門趨向, which makes recommendations on the behavior of the accuser and his witnesses in court; p. 7a–b bears a diagram with explanations on how to select an auspicious day to file a complaint. The rest of j. 1 is devoted to examples of accusations (告) and counter-accusations (訴) arranged in various categories, both criminal and “civil,” beginning with homicides (人命); this continues through the next two juan; there are also some complaints by communities and requests to the magistrate (帖). J. 4 has a large section of lengthily argued requests (entitled shuotie lei 說帖類) on various civil conflicts; it ends with examples of certificates (結狀), and with a series of magistrate’s judicial decisions (with some word explanations inserted) titled Xinzeng shencan fayu 新 增審參法語, including first rescripts in “civil” conflicts, then judgments arranged by the six categories of government. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:148.

0677

[TN, PEW]

[Xinke pingzhi guan pingshi] Xiao Cao zhijun shu 新刻平治館評釋蕭 曹致君術, 1+6 j. [The Art of Xiao and Cao in Assisting the Ruler, Newly

Published with Explanations by the Hall of Peace and Tranquillity] Comp. (彙編) Wolong zi 臥龍子 N.d. Ed.:

– *Ming small-size ed. with only 2 j. from “this yamen” (本衙藏板), printed by Zhiben 古潭知本甫梓行. [Tōyō Bunko] – *Same ed. in 1+6 j. [Ōki] – Qing ed. [Congress] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Ōki, in Yuwai hanji zhenben wenku, 域外漢籍珍本 文庫, ser. 3, 史部 (Chongqing: Xinan daxue chubanshe, 2012), vol. 29.

Rem.: A relatively thorough manual for litigation masters. The coverleaf has the words zhaotian zhulü 照天燭律 at the top; the complete title appears in the chapter captions, where the name of the compiler is preceded by the words qintang 琴堂 (meaning a governmental yamen). The cases featured are arranged by types of crime or misdemeanor; they include violence and robbery (賊盜) (j. 1), sexual crimes (姦情), homicides (人命), and marriage (婚姻) (j. 2), affrays (鬥毆), indebtedness Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0676–0678

859

(債負), real estate (產業), and corvée (戶役) (j. 3), cheating and harming (騙害), adoption and inheritance (繼立), and tombs (墳山) (j. 4). They typically include the accusation (告), counter-accusation (訴), and magistrate’s conclusions (審語). To this are added examples of results of investigations (考實), declarations by village chiefs (呈詞), defendant’s argument (說帖), and magistrate’s answers (批語). There are short commentaries in the upper register (three characters per line), and occasionally a few words in small characters between the lines. The cases are rather simple; the protagonists are given names, but indications of time or place are few. Each section is followed by examples of phraseology with explanations (雜語) and of word pronunciation (音釋). J. 首 has general presentations (several of them in the form of rhymes) on lawsuits, the Penal Code, sexual crimes, and long lists of terminology and set phrases (all of this is placed in j. 1 in the mulu). J. 5 has entries on various sorts of documents as well as general proclamations (禁示). J. 6 contains models of complaints and testimonies, discussions of judgments in the form of questions and answers, definitions of the various types of homicide, and more. Several indications scattered in the text (such as dates, the mention of certain institutions, the mention of the Hongwu emperor’s Dagao, etc.) confirm that this is a Ming work. [CC, PEW]

0678

[Xinke dingbu shizhu] Xiao Cao yibi 新刻訂補釋註蕭曹遺筆, 3 j. [Bequeathed Writings from Xiao and Cao, Newly Published, with Supplements and Explanations] Selected (選) by Zhilü zi 知律子

N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed., with j. 2 and 3 apparently incomplete, bearing the mention “selected and published by Zhilü zi of Tiaocheng” 苕城知律子選梓 right after the title, suggesting an ed. made at Huzhou 湖州 (Zhejiang). [Shoudu, dated Qing in cat.]

Rem.: A short treatise on the Code (1 ce) for the use of litigation masters. Each page is divided into two registers. The top part (about onefifth of the page) gives selections of the Code in the form of rhymes, maxims, etc., such as “Song on the six parts of the Code” (六律歌) in j. 1; “Questions and answers on the above” (問答如前), a series of questions and answers related to the various types of legal cases, in j. 2; and “General song on the Ming Code” 明律總歌 (on the different sorts of crimes and their punishments) in j. 3. The bottom part consists of Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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4.1.8 Handbooks for Litigation Masters

undated texts such as communications, complaints, etc., on cases both civil and criminal, given as examples. Although it is aimed at litigation masters, the work strongly evokes the collections of recipes for judicial private secretaries like Fajia pouji (q.v.). [JB, LG]

0679

[Xinke fajia Xiao Cao liangzao] Xue’an mingyuan 新刻法家蕭曹兩造 雪案鳴冤, 4 j. [The Legalists Xiao’s and Cao’s Painstaking Study of the

Plaintiff’s and Defendant’s Voicing of Injustice, Newly Carved] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in two small fasc., printing blocks “at this yamen” (本衙 藏板), title on cover-leaf Xue’an mingyuan, with words 兩便刀律 on the top and Xinke fajia Xiao Cao liangzao on the right-hand side. There is a picture of the tribunal at the beginning, figures with Ming apparel and hairdo. [Fu Sinian]

Rem.: The caption of j. 1 has the indication “commentary by the Humbly Opinionated” (管見子註釋). The (not easy to translate) title in chapter captions has the word lü 律 added after xue’an mingyuan. A somewhat roughly produced guide for litigation masters. The first juan begins with representation of the 12 zodiac mansions (十二宮) on the picture of a hand, with a brief commentary on their relation to judicial activities, followed by short essays entitled “Elementary secret formulas to initiate lawsuits” (興訟入門要訣) and “Admonitions for beginners” (法門箴規). The rest of the work mostly consists in accusations (告) and counter-accusations (訴), sometimes followed by a judgment (判, 審語), arranged by type of crime, beginning with homicides. Each entry is both short and simple; it starts with a framed, usually four-character phrase characterizing the crime and followed by the word “affair” (事). There are a few proclamations (告示) at the end of j. 4. A narrow upper register (three characters by column) contains explanations of terms, advice on writing complaints, phrases, and more. [PEW]

[QING]

Fabi quanshu 法筆全書

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0678–0680

861

See: [Xinzeng] Fayu jinnang 0680

Xingtai qinjing 刑臺秦鏡, 2 + 6 j. [A Magic Mirror of the Terrace of Punishments] Comp. Zhuying xuan zhuren 竹影軒主人 1673 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with pref. by Zhuying zhuren (1673). [Beitu]

Rem.: A practical handbook for litigation masters covering all the aspects of legal science and judicial procedure, with a quality of production unusual for this sort of work. The pages are split into two horizontal parts, keywords are set in frames, definitions are underlined, etc. The mulu details the contents of the upper and lower parts separately for each juan. The title at the head of the mulu is […] fali xuzhi cilin huiyu xingtai qinjing □□法理須知詞林彚語刑臺秦鏡; the chapter captions feature various prefixes preceding the words Xingtai qinjing, e.g. Xinke fajia guanjian huiyu 新刻法家管見彚語 (j. 上), Xinjuan falin huiyu 新鐫 法林彚語 (j. 下), Xinke falin xinyu 新刻法林新語, and some further variations. Indeed, the work is introduced as an updated version of works titled Fajia guanjian lu 法家管見錄 and Falin huiyu 法林彙語. The title alludes to Qin Shihuangdi’s divinatory mirror, which became in the literature a synonym for a judge’s sagacity. The compiler was assisted by two persons, named Shiyinliao 市隱了 as collator (校閱) and Hechushi 和處士 for the printing (刊行). The organization and content are close to similar handbooks, such as Fajia jingtian lei (q.v.) and others in this section. J. 上 and 下 feature a variety of essays, rhymes, guides (指南), explanations (直解), and other general materials. J. 1 has materials on punishments in the upper register, while the lower register contains examples of memorials of censure, including the denunciation of Yan Song 嚴嵩 by censor Zou Yinglong 鄒應龍 in 1561. In j. 2–5, the upper part of the page is devoted to various regulations, extracts from the Code, lists of words and phrases, and more; the lower part contains examples of complaints (告), counter-accusations (訴), and judgments (審語). Both levels are classified according to the same categories, namely (in that order) marriage, sexual crimes, homicides, banditry, corvée, succession, real estate, tombs, runner exactions and frauds, and merchants. J. 6 is devoted to forensics (top) and a variety of judicial questions (bottom). The title Xingtai qinjing must have been regarded as good advertisement, as several litigation master handbooks with quite different contents and bearing

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862

4.1.8 Handbooks for Litigation Masters

different titles use it for their cover-leaves (see under Fabi tianyou, Fabi xinchun, and Fajia jingtian lei).

[JB, PEW]

0681

[Xinke] Fabi xinchun 新刻法筆新春, 2 j. [A New Spring for the Legal Brush, Newly Carved] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with title Xingtai qinjing 刑臺秦鏡 and mentions “with Great Qing Code inside” (內附大清律例) and “characters checked, no mistakes” (較正字畫無訛) on the cover-leaf. [*Columbia] [*Ōki]

Rem.: The work is entirely different from Xingtai qinjing (q.v.), but identical in contents, with few variants, to Fajia jingtian lei and Fabi tianyou (qq.v.), though the three works are different engravings in different sizes; indeed, j. 2 is titled Xinke fabi jingtian lei 新刻法筆驚天雷. For a description, see under Fajia jingtian lei; the main variant is the quotes from the Code found in certain eds. of Fajia jingtian lei, but absent from the other eds. and from Fabi xinchun and Fabi tianyou as well. [PEW]

0682

[Sanchi dingheng] Fajia xinshu 三尺定衡法家新書, 4 j. [A New Book for Legalists: Deciding on the Evaluation of Cases According to Law] By Wu Tianmin 吳天民 1825 Ed.:

– *Small-sized 1825 ed. engraved by Zhu Tingzhen 朱廷禎 at the Yugeng tang 與耕堂. The words sanchi dingheng in the title appear only on the cover. [BN] – 1862 ed., ed. (編) Da Keqi 達可奇, title Xinke 新刻 fajia xinshu. [Location unknown] – Photo-repro. of 1862 ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 9.

Rem.: An extremely detailed and specialized handbook for litigation masters. Contrary to many books featuring the same sort of material, the pages are not split into two registers. J. 1 (首) contains a wealth of data on the formats for complaints, on sentencing, and on the general categories of the Penal Code, presented in rhymed verse (律法總歌); there are also “questions and answers” on judicial decisions in typical situations (斷罪 問答), and explanations on the contents and application of categories Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0680–0683

863

like the six spoils (六贓) or seven sorts of homicide (七殺), on the rules for redeeming punishments, and other similar topics. J. 2 is devoted to the categories (類) of the Code most used in local courts for both penal and civil cases (see under Fajia jingtian lei). J. 3 introduces various types of relevant administrative documents, plus examples of prohibitions (e.g., against adultery) and proclamations (e.g., to pray for rain). J. 4 includes more proclamations, and models of judicial sentences (判斷類). [JB]

0683

[Xinke] Fajia jingtian lei 新刻法家驚天雷, 2 j. [The Legalist’s HeavenFrightening Thunder, Newly Carved] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated small-sized Shulin xiyuan 書林西園 ed., no pref., cover-leaf with mention “includes the Code of the present dynasty” (內附本朝律 例); title in mulu: Fabi 法筆 jingtian lei; title in chapter captions: Xinke fabi jingtian lei; in the copy at BN the date 1845 seems to have been written in by the librarian. [*BN] [*IHEC mf.] [*Qinghua, no cover-leaf, first four pages of j. 1 missing] – *Undated ed. in larger size, cover-leaf with mention “second carving” (二刻) above the title and “includes the Great Qing code” (內附大清律 例) on the right side; no mulu; title in chapter captions Xinke fabi jingtian lei. [Ōki] – *1888 new ed. (新刊) in 2 + 6 j. titled Jingtian lei, printing blocks at “this yamen,” cover-leaf with mention “includes the Great Qing code”; the contents appear to be arranged differently from the above eds.; the title in the captions of j. 上 and 下 is Xingke fabi 新刻法筆; in the captions of j. 1–6 it is Xinke fabi jingtian lei; j. 6 is devoted to Xiyuan lu (q.v.). [Congress/LL] – 1915 Shanghai Jinzhang tushuju 錦章圖書局 ed. in 8 j. [Univ. of Washington]

Rem.: A handbook for litigation masters concentrating on the categories (類) most useful in a local court, all corresponding to either the part on “Revenue” or that on “Punishments” in the Penal Code. The text is virtually identical to Fabi xinchun, Fabi tianyou, and Fayu xinnang (qq.v.). In the 2-j. ed., j. 1 is devoted to “Homicides” (人命), “Sexual crimes” (姦 情), “Banditry” (賊情), and “Marriage” (婚姻); j. 2 deals with “Property” (田業), “Corvée” (戶役), “Deceptions” (騙害), “Debts” (債負), “Affrays” (鬭毆), “Succession and inheritance” (繼立), “certificates” (執照), plus models of declarations (呈狀) and reports (稟帖). Each page is divided

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4.1.8 Handbooks for Litigation Masters

into two horizontal parts. The lower part includes the relevant statutes in the Code (not in the copies at Qinghua and Ōki), and mainly cases given as examples, each with the accusation (告), counter-accusation (訴), and magistrate’s judgment (審語) or rescript (批語), but occasionally also with the intervention of other officials, or with memoranda (說 帖) submitted by one of the parties. The upper part, using about a third of the page, concentrates on a series of key notions, often presented in forms easy to memorize. Examples include a “Guide to lawsuits” (訴訟 指南), explanations on the different sorts of theft and homicide, the different degrees of beating, exile, and death, the general categories of the Penal Code (律例總類), and various notions, as well as examples of phrases and terms used in complaints, with entries corresponding to the various categories of affairs and terms, and so forth. The upper part also contains numerous examples of complaints and accusations (with judgments), a long text in four-word verse titled Yushi jing 玉石經 (a denunciation of clerk and runner corruption), and official proclamations. The material in the upper part is not directly related to what features below. The complaints and judgments feature “real” names and place-names, but it is difficult to say whether they are based on actual cases. Though the eds. are Qing, the overall contents are definitely Ming. [JB, PEW]

0684

[Xinzeng] Fayu jinnang 新增法語錦囊, 2 j. [The Brocaded Pouch of Legal Words, Newly Enlarged] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with indications “Great Qing Code provided as appendix” (大清律例附載) in the cover-leaf upper margin, and “a combined anthology of famous authors” (諸名家合選) on the right side; title Fabi quanshu 法筆全書 in mulu and chapter captions. [BN]

Rem.: Except for the title and a few variants, the text is identical to those of Fajia jingtian lei, Fabi xinchun, and Fabi tianyou (qq.v.).

[JB]

0685

[Xinke] Fabi tianyou 新刻法筆天油, 2 j. [The Heavenly Glossiness of the Legalist’s Brush, Newly Published]

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865

0683–0686

Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with title Xingtai qinjing 刑臺秦鏡 on cover-leaf, words “Fajia xinshu” 法家新書 on the right side, and “Benya zixing” 本衙梓行 on the left side. Title Xinke fabi tianyou in chapter captions. [Ōki]

Rem.: Except for the title and a few variants, the text is identical to those in Fajia jingtian lei, Fabi xinchun, and Fayu jinnang (qq.v.).

[PEW]

0686

[Dingkan Xue xiansheng jingxuan] Xiao Cao zhenglü daobi cifeng 鼎 刊薛先生精選蕭曹正律刀筆詞鋒, j. 3–4 [The Eloquence of Xiao’s and

Cao’s Legally Correct Knife and Brush, Carefully Selected by Mr. Xue] Comp. Mr. Xue 薛先生 N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated incomplete ed. (j. 3–4 extant). [Beitu (not in cat.)]

Rem.: Each chapter is introduced by captioned pictures of the magistrate at his bench. The pages are split into two horizontal levels. In j. 3 the picture caption reads “Putting to the question in a suit concerning marriage” (拷問婚姻); then the upper third has the following sections: “A marvelous selection of eloquence” (詞鋒拔奇), “Song on the statutes and substatutes” (律例歌), “Catchwords arranged by categories” (分條珥 語), “What to know about the eight characters” (八字須知), and “Advice about testimonies” (串招式), while the lower two-thirds have cases under the category of “marriage” (婚姻類). In j. 4 the picture caption reads “Releasing prisoners” (釋放囚犯); then the upper third has sections titled “Ten-thousand-tael good words” (萬金良言), “Proclamations on various topics” (諸事告示), and “Propagating one’s undying good name” (傳芳不朽), while the lower two-thirds have cases listed in categories concerning indebtedness (債負類), certificates (執照類), and “filing complaints” (呈狀類). On top of the last page it is said that this is the end of the juan, but the text on the bottom is cut off in the middle of a sentence. Another picture appears at the end, probably for the next juan; the caption is damaged but the first three characters read 文武朝, and on the magistrate’s bench is a piece of paper with the words 太平. [JB, TN]

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866 4.1.9

4.1.9 Law & Justice: Miscellaneous

Miscellaneous

[MING]

Fajia yaolan 法家要覽 See: Fajia pouji Minglü tongzong 明律統宗 See: Quanbu xinli minglü tongzong 0687

Shenxing lu 慎刑錄, 4 j. [On Cautiousness in Applying Punishments] By Wang Shiqiao 王士翹 (z. Minzhan 民瞻, h. Wuya 吾崖) (js. 1538), from Yongxing 永新 (Jiangxi) 1550 pref. Ed.:

– [1550] ed. with author’s pref. (1550). [Shanghai] – *Photo-repro. of 1550 ed. at Shanghai, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 974. – *Modern typeset ed. of j. 2–3 based on Xuxiu SKQS ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 9. – Photo-repro. of 1550 ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 3.

Rem.: The text was compiled on the basis of sections dealing with homicides in such works as Xiyuan lu (q.v.), Fengji jilan (q.v.), Mingyuan jieyao 明冤節要, Yiyu ji (q.v.), and Xiangxing yaolan (q.v.). The table of contents includes annotations indicating which sections were drawn from which works. The author was stimulated by his inspection of prison registers in Guangxi, where he could see many homicide cases that stood unresolved even after several revisions. The first two juan deal with methods of corpse examination (檢法); j. 3 (the longest) is devoted to 78 dubious cases (疑獄); j. 4 provides models and warnings (法戒) in the form of biographical sketches of officials culled from histories.

Bio.: Wang Shiqiao’s first post was magistrate of Liyang 溧陽 (Nan Zhili), where he arrived in 1539, but he left after a year to go into mourning. On his return he was appointed to Ruian 瑞安 (Zhejiang), where he served from 1542 to his promotion as censor (御史) in 1545. In 1547 he was sent to check on the passes (巡關) and strengthen defenses north of Beijing. Soon after his return in 1548 he was appointed regional inspector in Jiangxi. He went on to a number of capital offices, then became director-general of the Grand Canal (總督 河道). He was removed from office for infringing the regulations concerning recommendations. See Anfu 安福 XZ (1713), 4/23a–24b; Ji’an 吉安 FZ (1585), 20/28a; Liyang XZ (1813/1896), 9/28a; Ruian XZ (1554), 4/40b; Baoding 保定 FZ

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0687–0688

(1571/1607/1608), 7/20b; Jining 濟寧 zhili ZZ (1841/1859), 6F/48a–b; Ming shilu: Shizong, 306/5781, 342/6214, 464/7833, 489/8141, 504/8322, 534/8679. [TN] Ref. and studies: TYG, 3:1/14b–15a. Tianyi ge shumu, 293–4. Guji shanben, 子, 1:146. [PEW] 0688

[Xinke] Fajia pouji 新刻法家裒集, 1 ce [A Collection for the Legalist] Anon. 1551 Ed.:

– [1551] ed. published by Tang Yaochen 唐堯臣, from Nanchang 南昌 (Jiangxi), with pref. (題辭) by Su You 蘇祐 (1548), postfs. (跋) by Huang Hongpi 黃洪毗 (1549) and Tang Yaochen (to “Ke 刻 Fajia pouji,” 1551). [Nanjing] – *Undated ed. coll. (校) by Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥 (the editor of Gezhi cong­ shu), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) (n.d., a Ming ed. since Ming character elevations are respected). [Congress/LL] – *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), all eds. (titled Chongke fajia pouji in 1629 ed.) – In Gezhi congshu. – *Photo-repro. of 1551 ed. at Nanjing, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 37. – *Photo-repro. of 1551 ed., in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 1, vol. 4 (citing Chen Yong 陳永 as compiler), with Siku notice appended.

Rem.: A rather rich compendium of practical information for the legal specialist, focusing on difficult or ambiguous situations with respect to the Penal Code. According to modern authors like Yang Yifan or He Qinhua, basing themselves on Su You’s pref. (which they quote with some differences in wording compared with the 1551 ed.), the final compiler (輯定) was a subaltern official (從吏) named Chen Yong 陳 永, whom they therefore cite as “compiler” (輯); yet the pref. clearly indicates that Chen did no more than fix a text “recorded by hand by Pan Zhi, a librarian at the Metropolitan Censorate” (內臺司籍潘智手 錄)—possibly the real author—that he showed to Su. (Pan is cited as author in the relevant entry in Fazhui [q.v.]; Su You is cited as author in Qianqing tang shumu 千頃堂書目.) The 60 folios (in the 1551 ed.) include the following sections: (1) nine mnemonic rhymes on notions such as degrees of mourning, six spoils, redemption of punishments, exile, and others; (2) explanations on the “sixteen characters” (例分之 外十六字) with special use in law; (3) an 11-folio section titled lü nan yinyong 律難引用, discussing 46 types of situation (mostly introduced Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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4.1.9 Law & Justice: Miscellaneous

by “If …” 如) where the relevant statute does not apply straightforwardly and requiring qualification or the use of analogy; (4) an 11-folio section titled Zhaoni zhinan 招擬指南, giving practical advice on how to compose sentence proposals, with explanations of the terms used in legal language; (5) a 25-folio section in the form of questions and answers, titled Lüyi duanfa 律頤斷法, discussing in very concrete terms a number of judicial quandaries revolving around problems of marriage, property, and inheritance, among others (the first question is about sharing one’s property between four sons: one born by the wife, one by a concubine, one by a servant, and one by a mistress); it is commended by the Siku editors for its “clarity and prudence” (頗得明慎之意); and finally (6) a 7-folio section titled Fajia mijue 法家密訣, providing further advice on questions where the Code is either insufficient or ambiguous. The work is partly or totally quoted in several late-Ming editions of the Penal Code with additional materials in the upper register of the page. The lower register in j. 8 of Shitu xuanjing (q.v.) reproduces sections (1)-(5) above (the last is incomplete) under the title Fajia yaolan 要覽. Ref. and studies: Siku, 101/2071–72, describing an ed. belonging to the Tianyi ge, with pref. (tici) by Su You. Guji shanben, 子, 1:146. Bourgon, 321–3. Pelliot, 137, 139; Pelliot mentions a Fajia er pouji 法家二裒集, part of a collection titled Da Ming lü leichao 大明律類鈔 held at the Kokkai toshokan in Tokyo (not in the current cat.). Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 35– 37, mentioning a Korean edition. He Qinhua, 2:227–31. [JB, PEW]

0689

Fazhui 法綴, 1 j. [A Compilation on Law] By Tang Shu 唐樞 (z. Weizhong 惟中, Zizhen 子鎮, h. Ziyi 子一, Yi’an 一庵) (1497–1574) (js. 1526), from Gui’an 歸安 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1568 Ed.:

– In Tang’s Tang Yi’an zazhu 唐一庵雜著 (Longqing-period ed. by Yang Zilong 楊子龍). [Beitu] – *Undated Ming ed., in Tang’s Tang Yi’an xiansheng quanji 唐一庵先生全 集. [Beitu] – In Muzhong tai ji. [Naikaku] – In ms. copy (抄本) of Muzhong tai ji. [Beida] – In Muzhong tai quanji. [Naikaku, copy at Jimbun] [Kokkai] – *In 1856 new ed. (重刊) of Muzhong tai quanji, fasc. 6. [Beida] – *Photo-repro. of an undated Ming ed., in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 1, vol. 4.

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869

– *Photo-repro. from a late-Ming (Jiajing to Wanli) ed. of Muzhong tai ji ed. privately owned, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 163 – *Photo-repro. of the 1856 Muzhong tai quanji ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 880. – *Modern punctuated ed. in simplified characters, Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe, 1986 (Mingshi ziliao congkan 明史資料叢刊, ser. 5).

Rem.: The work is only found as part of Tang Shu’s own congshu, the Muzhong tai ji, which exists in various versions, and in collections of his works. According to the intro. to the Mingshi ziliao congkan ed., it was entered into Muzhong tai zaji 雜集 in 1568 and engraved in 1569. It consists in a descriptive list of Ming treatises, codes, regulations, etc. concerning penal and administrative law. It may have been intended as a bibliographical aid for officials as well as an initiation to Ming legislation. The following titles are freely discussed, some in rather great detail, others in only a few words: (1) Da Ming ling 大明令 (Great Ming Ordinances), (2) Da Ming lü 大明律 (the Great Ming Code, the elaboration and contents of which are extensively discussed), (3) Dagao 大 誥 (Hongwu’s Grand Pronouncements), (4) Da Ming lü zhiyin (q.v.), (5) Xiaoci lu 孝慈錄, (6) Hongwu’s Jiaomin bangwen 教民榜文, (7) Zuxun tiaozhang 祖訓條章, (8) Zuxun lu 祖訓錄, (9) Daoren xuzhi (see under Shouzhi daoren xuzhi), (10) Hongwu lizhi 洪武禮制, (11) Zhusi zhizhang 諸司職掌, (12) Xian’gang shilei (q.v.), (13) Zishi tongxun 資世通訓, (14) the Xuande emperor’s Guanzhen (q.v.), (15) Dagao wuchen 大誥武臣, (16) Huang Ming zhaozhi 皇明詔制, (17) Guanzhi 官制, (18) Junzheng tiaoli 軍政條例, (19) Wenxing tiaoli 問刑條例, (20) Jiexing shili 節行事 例, (21) Da Ming huidian 大明會典, (22) Shenming xiti gongci 申明襲替 功次, (23) Chongxiu 重修 wenxing tiaoli, (24) Weizheng guimo 為政規 模, (25) Lüjie bianyi (q.v.), (26) Qinding shigu zhechao zeli 欽定時估折 鈔則例, (27) Huiding yunzhuan yuntan dengxiang zuogong zeli 會定運 磚運炭等項做工則例, (28) Zongfan tiaoli 宗藩條例, (29) Caoyun yidan 漕運議單, (30) Jiajing tiaoli 嘉靖條例, (31) Xingtong jiyi 刑統輯義, (32) Da Ming lü shuyi (i.e. Lütiao shuyi [q.v.]), (33) Lütiao cuoyao 律條撮 要, (34) Gongyi gong bogao (i.e. Wang Gongyi bogao [q.v.]), (35) Fajia pouji (q.v.), (36) Fengxian zhonggao Yushi zhen zhu 風憲忠告御史箴註 (a commentary to Zhang Yanghao’s work [see under Fengxian zhonggao] by Xue Xuan, the author of Congzheng lu [q.v.]), (37) Qiuzheng lu 求政錄, (38) Xiangxing yaolan (q.v.), (39) Jinke yicheng fu 金科一誠賦, (40) Fajia yaolan 法家要覽 (an alternative title for Fajia pouji [q.v.], but this seems to be another work), (41) Faluo bianlan 發落便覽, (42) Lütiao fuli 律條附例 by Hu Qiong (probably same as Lüjie fuli [q.v.]), (43) Dulü suoyan (q.v.), (44) Bifu lütiao 比附律條, and (45) Tiaoli beikao 條例備

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4.1.9 Law & Justice: Miscellaneous

考. Liu Ducai (see below), who speaks of a kind of “readings notebook” (讀書軋記) and counts 47 works instead of 45, notes that the first 32 titles (except Lüjie bianyi) are all official publications, whereas the rest is composed of “private writings” (私人著述); for him the word zhui in the title “emphasizes the works’ systematic organization” (顯其系統), and he stresses the value of this overview of legal publications in the Ming, which includes several works now lost. Bio.: See under Zhengwen lu. Ref. and studies: Tam, “Justice in Print,” 105–6. Liu Ducai, “Fazhui” (very critical of the 1986 ed.) Bibliography entries for same author: Zhengwen lu. [CC, PEW]

0690

Xingshu juhui 刑書據會, 3 +12 j. + 2 ce [A Source Collection of Books on Law] Comp. Peng Yingbi 彭應弼 (z. Liangfu 良甫) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated Ming ed., cover-leaf with title Zengbu 增補 xingshu juhui on top of page, Lüli daquan 律例大全 in large characters on the right side, and list of texts included (see below) on the left side; with prefs. by Lu Tingxuan 盧廷選 (n.d.) and Fu Zuoyu 傅作雨 (n.d.), and pref. to Huang Ming zuxun 皇明祖訓 (anon., n.d.). [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton] [*Beitu, j. 6–7, 10 missing, without the 2 extra ce] – *Undated ed., no cover-leaf, no indication of compiler, titled xingshu tonghui 刑書統會 on covers, and Dingjuan Da Ming lüli fasi zengbu xingshu tonghui 鼎鐫大明律例法司增補刑書統會 in chapter captions, with prefs. by Fu Zuoyu and Lu Tingxuan (both to Xingshu juhui, n.d.), and anon. pref. to Huang Ming zuxun; the character 統 seems to have been substituted afterwards for 據 in the captions of some chapters. Otherwise the two eds. are identical. [Kyujanggak] Rem.: The work is named Xingshu huiju 會據 in some sources. The full title in chapter captions is Dingjuan Da Ming lüli fasi 鼎鐫大明律例法 司 zengbu xingshu juhui (with possible variants depending on content).

Peng Yingbi’s name as compiler appears only in the prefaces. The text is a compendium of Ming legal materials, centered on the Penal Code and including the following texts, in a clear presentation and comparatively careful printing (the titles below also appear in the central margins in full or abbreviated form):

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871

– Huang Ming zuxun 皇明祖訓 (j. 首 A). – Tizou benshi 題奏本式 and Xingyi tishi 行移體式, i.e. rules to follow and models for writing memorials and intrabureaucratic correspondence (j. 首 B). – Chongxiu wenxing tiaoli tigao 重修問刑條例題稿 (1585) and Jin xinke Da Ming lü fuli tigao 進新刻大明律附例題稿 (1585), followed by the table of contents of the Ming Code (460 statutes and 382 substatutes), tables of five punishments, degrees of mourning, rates of monetary redemption, etc., Zhaoyi xuzhi 招議須知 (a highly detailed guide to the writing of judicial decisions in the form of models [招議式]), rhymes on various legal topics (各項歌訣), Weizheng guimo zonglun 為政規模總論, and Zhenfan zafan sizui 真犯雜犯死罪 (see under Lüli leichao) (j. 首 C). – The full text of the Penal Code with substatutes, also including quotations from Da Ming huidian 大明會典, Hongwu ordinances (令 and 大 誥), and a few other materials, as well as a commentary to each statute or section thereof (introduced by huijie 會解) and some interlinear explanations in very small characters: parts on General Principles (j. 1), Personnel (j. 2), Revenue (j. 3–4), Rites (j. 5), War (j. 5–6), Justice (j. 7–11), and Public Works (j. 11). The upper register (taking a little less than a quarter of the page) contains such materials as Xingtong fu jie (q.v.), followed by Xinni jiaru zhaoshi 新擬假如招式 (in j. 1), examples of judgments (判語), proclamations (告示), and some hypothetical cases (introduced by jiaru 假 如) related to the laws introduced in the bottom register (in j. 2–11). – Methods of calculation concerning tax conversion, land measurement (with pictures), etc., also with parallel materials in the upper register, general title Liangtian liangcang suanfa 量田量倉算法 (j. 12).

The last two fasc. (7 and 8) do not bear juan numbers. The texts featured are the following:

– Xiyuan lu, i.e. the Song Xiyuan jilu (q.v.) with its Yuan-period additions. – Hongwu lizhi yizhu 洪武禮制儀注, a treatise on rituals promulgated at the beginning of the Ming. – Xunfang zongyue (q.v.).

The prefaces stress that the collection was compiled at a time when the government had recently put some order and revision in the proliferation of decrees (令) and substatutes (例), even though commentaries kept proliferating (there is an allusion to Wang Kentang’s Da Ming lü fuli jianshi [q.v.], which would date the work to after 1612); they celebrate the work’s usefulness as a guide to the legalist and the administrator.

Bio.: Peng Yingbi has left few biographical traces. It is quite likely that he was a National University student (監生) from Putian 莆田 (Fujian) who served as

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4.1.9 Law & Justice: Miscellaneous

assistant magistrate (縣丞) in Liaocheng 聊城 (Shandong) in the late Wanli period. See Dongchang 東昌 FZ (1808), 16/4a. Ref. and studies: Pelliot, 137–8 and n. 1, suggesting the existence of several different eds. with slight differences. Huang Zhangjian, Mingdai lüli huibian, pref., 54. Langlois: 211 (proposes title translation “Essentials of the Penal Code”). [PEW, TN] 0691

Xingxue dacheng 刑學大成, 8 j. [A Compendium of Legal Knowledge] Comp. Lin Chu’nan 林處楠 (z. Zhuchuan 珠川) and Lin Guangqian 林光前 (z. Weiwu 味吾), both from Putian 莆田 (Fujian) N.d. Ed.: – *Undated ed. [Ōki, j. 1–2 missing, j. 3 starting on p. 24, j. 6 on p. 51]

Rem.: The complete title in the caption or at the end of some chapters begins with Xinkan 新刊 or Xinkan jingxuan 精選. The name of Lin Guangqian as co-author appears only from j. 5 onward. The nature of this rather disorderly and poorly printed work, at places strongly evocative of a handbook for litigation masters, is suggested by the indication “A complete reader combining all the books” (合併諸書全覽) following the title in smaller characters on the label of the first fasc. preserved. The copy seen is heavily annotated and punctuated with red and black ink. The work can be described as a patchwork of short treatises on various aspects of legal and administrative practice, notably the phraseology to use, probably aimed at judicial clerks. What is left of j. 3 starts with lists of phrases beginning with the characters “one,” “two,” “three,” etc., and of phrases and characters to elevate in documents; then comes a series of abstracted short model sentence proposals mostly introduced by the words “we propose that …” (議得), classified by type of affair, under the title Wenxing xuzhi 問刑須知. J. 4 contains models of depositions (招式) and other documents for judicial clerks, often using the same names Zhao Jia 趙甲 and so forth found in hypothetical cases of the zhaoni jiaru type (see under Zhaoni jiaru). J. 5, titled Zhaoyi jufan 招議矩範, provides detailed stylistic advice on how to write accounts of confessions and judgment proposals; it is evocative of similar advice found in books for legal advisers (muyou) in the Qing. The extant pages of j. 6 discuss how rules should apply to the civilian or military, how to quote statutes, etc. J. 7 lists two-character expressions commonly used in judicial documents (串招字眼), and various phrases used in transcribing confessions (招由轉語), roughly arranged by types of affairs or

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0690–0692

873

social categories. The second part of j. 7 (in the next fasc.) and j. 8 feature explanations and commentaries (參語) on the different statutes, classified according to the seven parts of the Code, viz. the “general notions” (entitled 名例斷問參語) and “six ministries,” with the exception of Personnel and Rites. There is an “appended j. 8” (附八卷) introducing “secret directives” (秘指). Bio.: No further information is available on Lin Guangqian. Lin Chu’nan entered official service from clerical status and served as assistant magistrate (縣丞) in Xingguo 興國 (Jiangxi) for about a year beginning in 1576. See Xingguo XZ (1872/1960), 19/16b. [JB, PEW]

0692

Zhaoni jiaru 招擬假如, 15 j. [Sentence Proposals on Hypothetical Affairs] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. appended to the undated ed. of Da Ming lüli fujie (q.v.) at Ōki. [*Ōki, *Photo-repro. at Fu Sinian] Rem.: The title in the caption of j. 1 is Xinkan 新刊 zhaoni [the rest

of the title-line has been scraped]; elsewhere it is Zhaoni jiaru; running title Jiaru, followed by the juan number. The work is a collection of judicial reports (招題), i.e., judgments and attached pieces, presented sequentially; there is a continuous numbering (74 cases in all), with captions indicating the nature of the case handwritten in the upper margin. Each report is captioned zhaoti 招題 and starts with the words jiaru (“let’s assume that”), establishing the fact that the reports are fictitious, as confirmed by the names of the litigants in many (but not all) of the cases, like Zhao Jia 趙甲, Qian Yi 錢乙, Sun Bing 孫丙, Zhou Wu 周戊, and so forth (surnames in the order of Baijia xing 百家姓 and given names in the order of tiangan 天干 cyclical characters); it ends with the question “how is it to be adjudicated?” (作何問斷, or 擬斷), and is followed by a text in smaller characters, captioned wende 問得, ending with conclusions on the nature of the crime; then comes an entry entitled ju xiaozhao 具小招, sometimes followed by qufu bian 取服辯 (taking down the acknowledgment of crime) as a second title, comprised of two parts introduced by yide 議得 (requesting an imperial rescript at the end) and a conclusion introduced by zhaochu 照出. Although fictitious, the cases look “real” because of an abundance of details, place-names, and dates (to 1553). They concern all sorts of situations, from civil affairs

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874

4.1.9 Law & Justice: Miscellaneous

dealing with family and economic problems to crimes and administrative or military misdemeanors. Other similar (possibly overlapping) collections of fictitious cases include j. 3–4 of Zhaoni jiaru xingyi tishi (q.v.), the Zhaoni jiaru geshi 各式 printed in Minglü tongzong (q.v.), and more. [PEW]

0693

[Xinkan] Zhaoni zhinan 新刊招擬指南, 1 + 7 j. [A Guide to Sentence Proposals] Comp. (彙輯) Gong Daqi 龔大器 (z. Rongqing 容卿, h. Chunsuo 春所) (js. 1556), from Gong’an 公安 (Huguang) 1577 Ed.:

– *[1577] ed. with prefs. by Jin Yingzheng 金應徵 (1577) and Gong Daqi (1577). [Beida] Rem.: The four thick volumes, numbered 明、刑、弼、教 on the

covers (the first pref. has the topos, “If one wants to have no punishments, one must start with making punishments clear” 欲期無刑當自 明刑始), contain in fact two separate works, both compiled by Gong Daqi, then surveillance vice-commissioner of Zhejiang in charge of the Wenzhou circuit (溫處兵備兼分巡浙東道浙江等處提刑按察司 副使), and formerly an official at the Ministry of Justice, with the help of several Wenzhou 溫州 prefecture officials. (1) (Xinkan) Zhaoni zhinan, a collection of model sentence proposals (introduced by yide 議 得). The judgments are arranged following the order of the statutes in the Penal Code (not all of them are cited); within one statute they may be further arranged by type of circumstances or gravity of punishment. Although the word jiaru 假如 does not appear (since these are sentence proposals, not the accounts of cases preceding them), many have the form of fictitious cases, with the litigants called Zhao Jia 趙甲, Qian Yi 錢 乙, and so forth (see under Zhaoni jiaru); others feature real names and sometimes precise dates. Juan 首 is composed of various introductory materials, many of them in the form of mnemonic songs (歌) or tables (圖), followed by two extremely didactic appendices: (a) Zhaoni fanli 凡 例 (27 entries), explaining in detail the rules for composing judgment proposals (招擬) as well as those concerning the implementation of the sentences (發落); (b) Zhaoni huowen 或問 (20 entries), discussing situations in which a sentence proposal is difficult to decide upon. According to Jin’s pref., Gong composed the work based on old publications of the Ministry of Justice (比部), which he edited and arranged; the book is

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0692–0693

875

supposed to be especially useful for beginners, who if they use it “may be appointed in the morning and take up the job at night” (朝拜宦而夕可 蒞政). In his own pref., Gong claims that, regarding the crucial question of proposing sentences (招擬), the ministry only printed a few books, unsatisfactory and with a poor circulation, and that when he was at the ministry he handcopied final decisions (成議) by the different bureaus and collected them in a book for reference, to which he added some articles from the ministry’s old publications, also for reference. (2) (Xinkan) Bibu zhaoni 新刊比部招擬 (Sentence Proposals of the Ministry of Justice), 5 j., no pref. The arrangement is similar to the precedent work, but the cases are all “real” (with names and dates, mostly from the Zhengde period), with more extended narratives, and including an account of the case, introduced by the name of the defendant (一名 so-and-so, or 一口 in the case of women) and the terms of the accusation (狀招)—with all the wrongful actions described preceded by the catch-phrase buhe 不合. The sentence proposal, introduced by yide, then follows. Bio.: Gong Daqi came from a poor family and the dearth of biographical materials from fellow officials speaks both to his lack of social involvement in the profession and to the unfortunate political fortunes of the patrons that he did have. He was over 40 when he passed the provincial examination, and earned his jinshi in 1556. That he was from the same prefecture as the influential Zhang Juzheng 張居正 may have helped him start his career as a secretary in the Ministry of Justice. Zhaoni zhinan had its origins in his practice of copying down effective sentences. The initial printing of that compilation was the basis for the second part of the present work. He continued to work with case files when he was appointed assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) in Jiangxi. He became assistant administration commissioner (參議) in Guangxi in 1570 and surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in Jiangxi in 1572 and in Zhejiang in 1575. He finalized the present work while in Zhejiang. Late in 1577 Gong was assigned to work for Pan Jixun 潘季馴 (1521–95), Zhang Juzheng’s protégé, on a large and politically controversial conservancy project on the Yellow River. He was rewarded with promotions, but with Zhang Juzheng’s posthumous disgrace and Pan’s degradation for trying to stand up for Zhang, Gong, already past 70, retired from his position of Henan administration commissioner. He died at age 82. See Gong’an XZ (1874), 6/14a–17b; Jiangxi TZ (Siku ed.), 47/61b; Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (Wanli), 11/40b; Jiangnan TZ (Siku ed.), 54/13a; Ming shilu: Muzong, 42/1053, 67/1613, Shenzong, 71/1529, 101/1997, 118/2211–12. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:147. [TN, PEW]

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876 0694

4.1.9 Law & Justice: Miscellaneous

[Xinke] Zhaoni jiaru xingyi tishi 新刻招擬假如行移體式, 4 j. [Models for Correspondence, Followed by Hypothetical Affairs and Sentence Proposals] Comp. Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥 (z. Defu 德甫, Defu 德父, h. Quanan 全 庵, Baoqin jushi 抱琴居士), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.: – *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), all eds. – In Gezhi congshu. – *Modern typeset ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 2, based on the Tang Jinchi ed. (金陵書坊唐錦池) of Guanchang zhengyao.

Rem.: In the caption of j. 1 of this composite work the title is Xinke zhaoni jiaru xingyi tishi; in the caption of j. 2, Xinke wenxing 問刑 xing­yi tishi; in the captions of j. 3–4, Xinke xingyi tishi zhaoni jiaru; running title Xingyi tishi. J. 1 introduces formal models for types of official correspondence used in the Ming such as zhaohui 照會, zicheng 咨呈, zhafu 劄付, diecheng 牒呈, tie 帖, and chao’an 抄案. The mulu details which institution must use which type of communication with which institution, also making a general distinction between correspondence sent from the capital (在京) and from the provinces (在外). Takigawa (see below) considers that this must be identical to a guide promulgated under the Hongwu emperor under the title Xingyi fanjian tishi 行移繁減體式 with a view to simplifying the types of documents in use under the previous dynasty and preventing the clerks from being the only ones to know about it. J. 2 contains a variety of materials (some of which found in other legal compilations of the same period, including handbooks for litigation masters), such as Liulü zongkuo ge 六律總括歌 (a rhyme introducing general notions on the punishments in the six parts of the Penal Code), Wenqiu kanshi ge 問囚看視歌, Wenxing jiemu 問刑節目, Wenqiu cixu 問囚次序 (a general description of the procedure), Zhaoci tizui cixu 招詞提罪次序, Zhaozhuang ziyan 招狀字眼 (a list of words and phrases), Zhaoxing shili 照行事理, Zhaoni jiewei shi 招擬結尾式, Qufu bianshi 取服辨式, model forms for autopsy reports, and more. J. 3–4, each captioned with the words “respectfully conforming to official texts” (謹依官 本), consist of the zhaoni jiaru, i.e., hypothetical cases (see under Zhaoni jiaru). The 12 cases in j. 3 include a description of the circumstances (introduced by jiaru), an account of the facts established by the investigation (introduced by wende 問得: this is the “zhao” 招), the determination of the statute of the code applying (introduced by yide 議得: this is the

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877

0694–0695

“ni” 擬), and a conclusion (introduced by zhaochu 照出). The 30 cases in j. 4 are introduced by jiaru, followed by an example introduced by qianjian 前件. There are internal dates up to 1477. Bio.: See under Dulü ge. Ref. and studies: Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 41–43. [PEW]

0695

Fajia tiyao 法家體要, 2 j. [Essentials for the Jurist] By Bao 包 1565 Ed.:

– *[1565] ed., with pref. by Han Jun’en 韓君恩 (刻法家體要序, 1565) and postf. by Chen Qing 陳慶 (刻法家體要跋, 1565). [Beiping Mf., reel #594]

Rem.: Han Jun’en’s pref. explains that the work was written by a Mr. Bao from Jiaxing (儀制嘉禾包大夫, meaning possibly that he was or had been an official at the Ministry of Rites Bureau of Ceremonies) while he was employed at the Ministry of Justice, and was shown to him by a colleague, a certain assistant surveillance commissioner (僉憲) Wang 王 from Fenyang 汾陽; Han asked Chen Qing (the author of the postf., signed as Shandong surveillance commissioner and indicating that by then Han was Shandong regional inspector 代巡東土) to have it collated and printed for distribution to judicial officials in Shandong (東 土之司理者). It is composed of two texts: (1) Da Ming lüli zhaijie 大明律 例摘解 (Select explanations on the Ming Code), consisting of extremely practical commentaries (introduced by zhaijie yue 摘解曰) on a sizable selection of Penal Code statutes; the statutes are not quoted in full, but indicated by their captions and cited following the order of the Code; the Code sections are not indicated, however, and the central margins have no aids for searching a particular topic. (2) Dabi jikan tiaoge 大辟集 勘條格 (Rules for examination of capital crimes), a handbook on forensics, also of a very practical nature, with a number of detailed entries on how to direct autopsies in various circumstances, the discomforts and difficulties, the precautions to take, and so forth. Ref. and studies: Langlois, 211 (suggests translation “Essentials for the Jurist”). He Qinhua, 2:201, lists this title with author Han Jun’en, in 2 j. [PEW]

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878 0696

4.1.9 Law & Justice: Miscellaneous

Wenyi xuanyao 文移選要, 2 j. [A Selection of Important Communications] Comp. Zhang Xigao 張希皋 (z. Mianfu 勉甫) 1600 pref. Ed.:

– *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), 1629 and Chongzhen eds., with compiler’s pref. (1600). – Separate undated copy with 1600 pref. [Naitō Bunko, Kansai daigaku]

Rem.: An anthology of official communications published as models. They were borrowed by the compiler from his friend and relative Kong Zhenyun 孔貞運, the compiler of Siliu canyu (q.v.), and from another friend named Chen 陳. All the entries are decisions (introduced by ni 擬) of notifications (咨 most of the time) sent by such and such ministry to such and such yamen ordering it to take such and such action. Certain references suggest that they are copies of actual documents, with dates from 1593 to 1599. As Zhang, Kong, and Chen were not officials, they may have accessed these documents as clerks or private administrative assistants. An abbreviated version of the text appears in j. 3 of Shitu xuanjing (q.v.) under the title Gongyi zhizhang 公移指掌.

Bio.: No information is available on Zhang Xigao. Ref. and studies: Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite,” 43, noting that some of the pieces deal with the war against Toyotomi Hideyoshi in Korea. [TN, PEW] 0697

Zheyu yaobian 折獄要編, 10 j. [A Compilation of Important Cases Solved] Comp. (輯評) Zhang Jiude 張九德 (z. Xianzhong 咸仲) (js. 1601), from Cixi 慈谿 (Zhejiang) 1626 Ed.:

– *[1626] ed. with author’s pref. (1626) and postf. (後跋) by Lu Youzhu 盧友 竹 (1626). [*Beiping Mf., reel #572] [Gugong Taipei] – *Undated ms. ed. with author’s pref. (1626) and postf. by Lu Youzhu (1626). [Ōki]

Rem.: Zhang Jiude says he used to collect anecdotal materials on difficult or problematic cases solved by sagacious judges, using biographical data in historical sources, for assistance in his own work as an official at the Ministry of Justice; he served there at a time when he claims that the post was particularly difficult due to political pressures. At first he

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0696–0697

879

kept his ms. in his “trunk” for reference, enriching it with new materials; finally, after he was appointed in northern Shaanxi some twenty years later, he had it engraved by prefect Lu Youzhu, who had himself published a text entitled “Words to warn against killing” (戒殺言); indeed, one leitmotiv in the work is the concern with preventing unjust executions. The cases are arranged in 10 j. corresponding to 10 categories, viz. “Doubtful cases” (疑獄), “Rectifying wrong judgments” (平 反), “Enforcing the law” (執法), “Clever judgments” (敏斷), “Arguing in judgments” (讞議), “Resorting to techniques” (用術), “Promoting virtue” (德化), “Supernatural and strange events” (神異), “Rulings beyond the law” (法外), and “Punishments not meted out” (失刑). There are around 40–50 narratives per juan, occasionally followed by author’s comments that may involve discussions of contemporary (i.e., Ming) law. The sources are not indicated. Zhang Jiude is introduced as a “Ming censor” 明都御史 in chapter captions, suggesting a Qing imprint; the collating (較閱) was done by a surveillance commissioner named Yang Bangxian 楊邦憲 and the engraving was collated (較梓) by the magistrate of Suide 綏德 department (Shaanxi), Lu Youzhu.

Bio.: Records of Zhang Jiude’s life have been complicated by his service as an official when the eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢 was in power. He started his career at the Ministry of Justice in 1602, and was still there in 1605 as a secretary when he and 14 other ministry officials were sent to the provinces to “mitigate punishments” (恤刑) (he was assigned to Jiangxi). We know nothing of his subsequent posts, until he was appointed Shaanxi surveillance vicecommissioner in charge of the Hedong Military Defense Circuit (河東兵備道) in 1621, with his seat in Ningxia 寧夏 prefecture; he was promoted surveillance commissioner in 1623, and later became right administration commissioner of Shaanxi. His policies appear to have been highly successful as a military commander and in river control and education (he may be unique in having opened a “merchant school” [shangxue 商學] to help the sons of merchant families learn their trade). In 1625 he became grand coordinator of the Yan-Sui region in northern Shaanxi, with his seat in Yan’an 延安 prefecture; it is there that he published the present work. He was appointed minister of the Court of Judicial Review (大理寺卿) in 1626, but seems to have stayed in Shaanxi several months before being replaced. His final posting, in 1­627, was minister of Public Works, in charge of Yellow River works. See Cixi XZ (1899), 20/56b, 56/11a–12a; Yunjian zhilüe 雲間志略 (1623), 6/6a; Songjiang 松江 FZ (1818), 26/31a, 42/26b; Chizhou 池州 FZ (1777), 27/2a; Anqing 安慶 FZ (1721), 12/7b; Shuofang xinzhi 朔方新志 (1617/1676), 2/宦蹟/17b, 2/學校/1b; Shaanxi tongzhi (1711), 18a/96a; Henan tongzhi (1695), 39/61a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 368/6886, 409/7629,

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880

4.1.9 Law & Justice: Miscellaneous

Xizong, 30/1538, 60/2815, 86/4172, 87/4219, 87/4224, Chongzhen changbian, 4/195, 7/315, 20/1224. [TN] [PEW] [QING A] 0698

Dulü bianfa 讀律便法, 2 ce [Convenient Method of Reading the Code] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. in very clear hand, no cover-leaf, unpaginated, with abundant punctuation and red underlining. [Ōki]

Rem.: A rich collection of notes on the Penal Code and administration of justice, culled from several sources. There is no general title, Dulü bianfa being the title of the first part (an abridged version of “Dulü bafa” 讀律八法 at the beginning of Dulü peixi [q.v.], the latter work apparently the inspiration of other entries as well). Internal evidence suggests an early Qing date. The only “new regulation” quoted in the text is dated 1682. The work ends with a set of yamen regulations (堂規) whose introduction suggests that the author was an acting department magistrate (署州). [PEW]

0699

Xiangxing yaolan 祥刑要覽, 4 j. [Essential Readings for Administering Auspicious Punishments] Comp. (纂輯) Yu Kun 于琨 (h. Yaopu 瑤圃), from Yanshan 燕山 (Zhili) 1695 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated Yijian tang ed. 易簡堂藏板, with prefs. by Song Luo 宋犖 (1697), Chen Yuqi 陳玉璂 (1695), and compiler (1695). [*Beitu] [*Faxue suo]

Rem.: A general treatise on the Penal Code and punishments intended as a guide for inexperienced officials, with an emphasis on practical matters. The author, serving as prefect, used his spare time to consult all the legal treatises and compile their more useful contents, with a special emphasis on forensics. J. 1 is split into three parts (上中下), namely (a) two general essays on the administration of justice (刑政大 綱) and on the six categories of homicide (六殺總辨), by Yu Kun; (b) Wang Kentang’s Shenxing shuo (q.v.), with Lü Kun’s 呂坤 Xingjie 刑戒

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881

0697–0700

appended; and (c) Xue Xuan’s Congzheng mingyan and Zhang Pengge’s Dunxing lu (qq.v.). J. 2–3 feature Xiyuan lu (54 entries); according to Jia Jingtao it is similar to the Xiyuan jielu recension (see under Da Ming lüli zhushi zhaoni zheyu zhinan), based on the Yuan-dynasty ed. of Xiyuan jilu (q.v.) and with additions from Wuyuan lu (q.v.), with many omissions and errors. J. 4 features Wang Mingde’s Xiyuan lu bu (q.v.) with some edits by Yu Kun. Besides the texts cited in j. 1, the author’s pref. cites Wang Kentang’s jianshi (q.v.) as an authority.

Bio.: It seems that Yu Kun started his career as a Secretariat drafter (中書 舍人) at the Palace Secretariat Academy (內秘書院); from there he was promoted vice-prefect of Huzhou 湖州 (Zhejiang), where he is said to have served as acting prefect in 1683; later he became deputy salt controller (鹽運司運同) in Fujian, then prefect of Changzhou 常州 (Jiangsu) in 1690. (The Yijian tang

was in the Changzhou prefectural compound.) The prefaces say that by then Yu had served for 30 years; according to Chen Yuqi his ingenuity and fairness in judging cases made him popular. See Changzhou FZ (1695), 13/47b (saying he was from Daxing 大興, Shuntian prefecture); Huzhou FZ (1874), 92/15b. Ref. and studies: Jia Jingtao, 191. Bourgon, “Des châtiments bien tempérés,” 49. Qingdai lüxue, 45–53. [JB, PEW]

0700

Zheyu zhiyan 折獄卮言, 1 j. [Appropriate Words for Solving Cases] By Chen Shikuang 陳士鑛 (z. Shangong 山貢, h. Sufeng 宿峰) (1657– 1718), from Xiushui 秀水 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– In Xuehai leibian, with author’s intro. (引) (n.d.), Siku notice appended. – In Xunmin tang congshu, ce 6. – *In Xuehai leibian (1920 Shanghai Hanfenlou reproduction), ce 47. – Typeset ed. based on Xuehai leibian ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 784. – Typeset ed. based on Xuehai leibian ed., in Congshu jicheng jianbian, fasc. 248. – *Photo-repro. of Xuehai leibian ed., in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 37. – *Photo-repro. of Xuehai leibian ed., in Lüxue wenxian, ser. 3, vol. 4. – In Qingdai biji, vol. 30.

Rem.: The author says he served for 30 years in the capital and in the local administrations of Shandong and Sichuan, and in Zhenjiang (京 江) in Jiangnan. The peculiarity of this short treatise (7 folios), which

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882

4.1.9 Law & Justice: Miscellaneous

insists on the importance of sincerity (孚) in the administration of justice, is that it illustrates the mental attitude conducive to appropriate judgments—or on “prudence in administering punishments” (慎刑)— with examples extracted from the classics, notably the Yijing, and other ancient books, the quotations of which make up much of the text. Such attitude, the author says, makes it possible to settle cases with words that are adapted to circumstances, like a jar (卮) tipped up or lifted up depending on whether it is full of wine or dry, hence the title. He also claims that his friends urged him to have his considerations printed in order to circulate them among colleagues involved in the administration of justice. The Siku commentators consider that the text does not contain anything particularly original.

Bio.: A tribute student (貢生), Chen Shikuang became a secretary, then a bureau vice-director at the Ministry of Revenue. He was later transferred to the Ministry of Works as a bureau director. In 1694 he was appointed prefect of Laizhou 萊州 (Shandong). Following a period of mourning he was sent in 1710 to Sichuan as prefect of Chongqing 重慶, but after only two months he was appointed prefect of Zhenjiang 鎮江 in Jiangsu, where he stayed eight years during which he also did stints as acting grain intendant and acting prefect of Suzhou and Songjiang. He died in post in Zhenjiang. He seems to have been famous for his integrity and efficiency. Chen Shikuang is also the author of a treatise on Jiangnan hydraulics, titled Jiangnan zhishui ji 江南治水記. See Huizhou 徽州 FZ (1699), 10/46b; Jiaxing 嘉興 FZ (1879), 52/61a; Laizhou FZ (1740), 6/44b; Chongqing FZ (1843), 4/82b; Sichuan TZ (1816), 116/11b; BZJ, 98/5b–7b. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4335. Siku, 101/2072, describing an ed. kept in the family of the Hanlin compiler Cheng Jinfang 程晉芳. Chang, 1:136–7. Bourgon, 389–98 [JB, LG] 0701

Cizi bianlan 刺字便覽, 1 j. [Handbook on Tattooing] Comp. Shen Zhanlin 沈沾霖 (jr. 1783), (z. Xiangkui 湘葵) (jr. 1783), from Zhenze 震澤 (Jiangsu) 1793 Ed.: – 1793 ed. appended to the same author’s Xianqi jilan (q.v.).

Rem.: A compilation of rules on the tattooing of criminals, deemed insufficient by Shen Jiaben, the compiler of the more detailed Cizi ji (q.v.). Bio.: See under Xianqi jilan. Bibliography entries for same author: Jiangsu cheng’an; Xianqi jilan.

[PEW]

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0700–0703 0702

883

Xinjiang zeli shuolüe 新疆則例說略, 2 j. [Brief Explanation of the Xinjiang Provincial Regulations] Comp. Wu Yixian 吳翼先 (z. Yigu 衣谷), from Rencheng 任城 (i.e. Jining Department 濟寧州, Shandong) 1795 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. based on a 1795 printed ed., with pref. by Zhuang Xin 莊炘 (1795). [Jimbun]

Rem.: Wu Yixian, the compiler, is introduced in the pref. as a private secretary specialized in law. This compilation of Xinjiang regulations concerning exiles had its first printed ed. in 1787; the 1795 revised ed. on which the present ms. is based was prepared after Wu Yixian had entered the cabinet of a certain Zhu Jinjie 朱晉階, who was magistrate of Qianzhou 乾州 (Shaanxi) and showed interest in the book. His successor Zhuang Xin somehow rearranged the work to make it more straightforward and easy to use for officials and their secretaries. The entries concern the regulations regarding criminals sent in exile in Xinjiang for various crimes, or rerouted to other places (改遣), and their variations in the course of the Qianlong reign. The last entries concern the administrative sanctions incurred by officials in case of mistakes (e.g. allowing prisoners to escape from the convoys taking them to exile). [PEW]

[QING B]

Shijing bian 式敬編 See under section 1.2. 0703

Qingsong yuebao ceshi 清訟月報冊式, 1 ce [Models of Monthly Reports of Judicial Activity] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. in running but clear hand, with seal of Diantou jushi 點 頭居士 on cover. [Beida]

Rem.: This thin but informative ms., probably aimed at muyou, offers models for the local officials’ (from county magistrate to intendant) monthly reports on their judicial files. This includes reports on “outstanding cases” (積案清冊), using the “four-column” (四柱) format—lit.

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884

4.1.9 Law & Justice: Miscellaneous

“previous balance” (舊管), “new additions” (新收, meaning new affairs), “deletions” (開除, meaning cases closed or transferred elsewhere), and “outstanding balance” (實在); in each section the various affairs are detailed and arranged by type of crime. The same format is used for the monthly reports on prisoners (監犯清冊), on captured criminals (押 犯清冊), and on criminals on the run (逸犯清冊). Besides the models themselves, where the indications of name or date are replaced with mou 某, there are further explanations in the upper margins and in small-character notes on how to fill them and when to send them. There is no indication of date whatsoever, but the ms. is probably late-Qing. [PEW]

0704

Zhiyu beikao 治獄備考, 1 ce [Reference Materials for Judicial Adminis­tration] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Wuhan Library]

Rem.: Materials on judicial administration hand-copied from the Qing Penal Code and disciplinary regulations for officials (處分則例). The contents concern every possible kind of civil and criminal judicial affairs to be handled by local yamen, and the management problems involved. Included are quotations from the Code and rules on procedure. The entries include lawsuits (詞訟), sentence proposals (審斷), crossexamining prisoners (提審), deadlines (限期), affairs concerning taxes monies (稅銀), real estate (田房), inheritance (繼嗣), marriage and funerals (婚喪), salt administration (鹽法), forwarding taxes (起解), grain tribute (漕運), exiles (徒流), military exile (遣軍), escorting criminals (遞解), supervising prisoners (監囚), punishment by the cangue (枷犯), homicides (人命), criminals taking care of their parents (留養), redemption of punishments (收贖), fugitives (逃亡), surrenders (自首), Xinjiang and protection of Fengtian (新疆附防奉天等地方), bannermen (旗人), Miao people (苗人), and aborigine chiefs (土司), in that order. This untitled compilation (the title was added by the Wuhan Library) was obviously intended as reference materials for private secretaries. [GRT]

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885

0703–0706 0705

Qiushi ji 求是集 [A Collection for Seeking What is Right] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., only one fasc. (j. 19) extant. [Hunan]

Rem.: J. 19, the only one extant, consists of public documents and regulations dealing with the management of exiles in Hunan province, mainly in Xinhua 新化 (Baoqing 寶慶 prefecture) and Qiyang 祁陽 (Yongzhou 永州 prefecture). Topics include the transfer of exiles, their distribution among localities, release, traveling arrangements, death during exile, and more. The materials imply a date after 1835. [GRT]

0706

Xing’an chengshi 刑案程式, 4 ce [Model Judiciary Cases] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. in 4 fasc., no juan separation. [Wuhan Library].

Rem.: Copies of judiciary documents dating from the Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng and Tongzhi periods (the latest date indicated is 1867), with a majority dating from Daoguang, originating from 28 counties of Hubei province plus a few places in Hunan. They discuss such questions as robbery, confiscation by the government, redemption payments, decease of exiles, criminals allowed to take care of their parents, end of functions (俸滿), interrogation of officials, demands for honorary titles, reports on illness, cancellation of government student titles, appointment of Buddhist and Daoist priests, requests of mourning leave, and miscellaneous cases. Altogether they provide a rich source on social control and the administration of justice in Hubei in the first half of the nineteenth century. One of the fascicles features an appendix on forensic examinations, titled Jianyan bilu 檢驗必錄, composed of three parts dealing with forensic examination in general (相驗), forensic examination for cases already closed (檢驗已結舊案), and problems related to affrays (爭毆情形). [GRT]

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Juguan shenxing lu 居官慎刑錄, 8 j. [Records of Officials’ Leniency in Administering Justice] Comp. (總纂) Liu Gongchen 劉拱宸 (z. Bo’ai 伯璦, Xingping 星平) (js. 1844), from Xinchang 新昌 (Jiangxi) N.d. Ed.:

– *1877 ed. with prefs. by He Shouci 何壽慈 (1876), Liu Qixian 劉齊銜 (1874), Fu Shoutong 傅壽彤 (1873), and Liu Chengzhong 劉成忠 (1872). [Ōki]

Rem.: The work is entirely devoted to the theme of moderate torture and leniency in administering justice. J. 1 contains imperial edicts, headed by a 1730 edict of the Yongzheng emperor recommending expert interrogation in the provinces and the use of torture only as a last resort, as has been done in the central judicial offices since the beginning of his reign on the recommendation of his brother Prince Yixian 怡賢 親王 (1686–1730), whose memory the edict is celebrating. It is followed by three main parts: (1) A series of very clear explanations of the laws regarding the application and suspension of punishments and torture, and the instruments used, based on the Penal Code and Mingfa zhizhang (q.v.) (j. 2–3). (2) Texts concerning punishments extracted from various works in the four categories of literature: materials concerning punishments and their reduction in the classics (經); edicts, memorials, historical facts, and biographies of model officials in the histories (史); texts from the philosophers (子); and maxims by ancient authors in the collectanea (集), to which are added literary works from the reigning dynasty (j. 4–7). (3) Biographies of harsh officials (j. 8). The fanli specifies that the author did not use the many specialized treatises on justice (明 刑之書) available. The rules quoted from the statutes and substatutes are meant to help scholars entering government without much knowledge of the Penal Code and likely to be misled by underlings. The book was not yet printed when the author died in office; his parents and disciples edited the text, requested prefaces, and paid for the engraving. Liu Qixian claims in his pref. that “the way [the author] conceals exhortations and warnings in his outward expression of principles is both profound and subtle” (其寓勸戒于意言之表者尤深且微), and expresses the hope that once the work is published future officials will know how to use it as a mirror. Bio.: After becoming a selected tribute student (拔貢), Liu Gongzhen was appointed assistant instructor (訓導) at the prefectural school of Ji’an 吉 安 (Jiangxi), where he stayed several years. As recounted in the prefaces, he then served in Henan, where he was dispatched after his jinshi. He started

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as magistrate of Xihua 西華 in 1850, and following a period of mourning became prefect of Chenzhou 陳州 (1860), where the Nian and other rebels were a constant threat, and later of Nanyang 南陽 (1867), a region with a notoriously difficult populace. Reportedly he had a particularly good reputation among constituents for his leniency. Apart from the present work he is supposed to have written many books “useful for the past and the present” (古今有用之書). He died in office in 1871. See Ji’an FZ (1875), 13/29b–30a; Nanyang XZ (1904), 7/15b–16a; Xinchang XZ (1872), 17/12a–13a; Huaiyang 淮陽 XZ (1934), 3/35a–b. Ref. and studies: Bourgon, “Des châtiments bien tempérés,” 49–51. [JB, PEW] 0708

Cizi tongzuan 刺字統纂, 2 j. [A Compendium on Tattooing] By (Changbai) Mengxi 長白孟樨 (h. Tangyin shanfang 棠蔭山房) 1869 Ed.:

– *1869 engraving of the Tangyin shanfang 棠蔭山房藏板, with pref. by Changbai Mengxi (1869). [Faxue suo] – Photo-repro. of above ed., in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 11.

Rem.: The pref. notes that enforcing correctly the rather complex rules on tattooing criminals is difficult because they are scattered in the regulations. When he came to the capital in 1846 to pass the examinations, the author found a book titled Xingbu cizi which he thought both complete and convenient. Only “now,” in 1868, did he find time to publish the present work, which makes use of his observations and additions and which he intends as a guide for officials eager to abide by the laws currently in force. The work features the general rules on tattooing (刺字章程), then lists the statutes or substatutes corresponding to the many sorts of crimes where tattooing is mentioned as a punishment. Bio.: No information is available on Mengxi.

0709

[PEW]

Chayu 查語, 8 ce [Judiciary Findings] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated, unpaginated late-Qing ms. ed. [Harvard]

Rem.: This neatly calligraphed ms. consists of accounts of cases and quotations of related documents systematically arranged in the order of the statutes of the Qing Code. Each statute starts at the beginning Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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of a folio; in some cases the folio remains empty when there is no case attached, while in others the quotations fill many folios. There may be annotations in the upper margin. Most of the cases are keyed to the county where they occurred, sometimes to the name of the main criminal. Apparently all the counties are in Zhili. The majority of the cases appear to have occurred in the 1880s, but some go back to the Daoguang or Tongzhi periods. The statute caption, and sometimes the criminal’s name, are indicated in the central margin. There is a detailed mulu at the beginning of each section of the Code. This may have been a reference book for some official or muyou working in the Zhili provincial government. [PEW]

0710

Mingxing bijiao lu 明刑弼教錄 [On Making Punishments Clear to Aid Education] Comp. (纂輯) Wang Zuyuan 王祖源 (original m. Bolian 伯濂, z. Liantang 蓮塘, Yuanci 淵慈) (?–1886) (selected tribute student 1849), from Fushan 福山 (Shandong) 1880 pref. Ed.: – *1880 ed. in Tianrang ge congshu, ce 20, with pref. by compiler (1880). [*Fu Sinian] [*IHEC: ce 19] [*Ōki, separate copy, with 1880 date of publication on cover-leaf verso, Tianrang ge congshu indicated in the lower central margins] – Photo-repro. of ed. above, in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 13.

Rem.: The work includes three texts with continuous pagination: (1) Dulü xinde, 3 j., by Liu Heng (q.v.), with pref. by Wu Jiabin (1836) (1a–19a). (2) Shuangjiu yaolu by Jiang Chaobo (q.v.), with author’s pref. (1866) (20a–49b). (3) Guanzhang bu fei qian gongde 官長不費錢 功德 (50a–55a), Muyou 幕友 bu fei qian gongde (56a–57a), and Lixu 吏 胥 bu fei qian gongde (58a–59b), a series of extremely short precepts in lines easy to remember (for a much fuller text of the first two see under Guanmu tongzhou lu); in the table of contents the three are put under the title Gongmen bu fei qian gongde lu (q.v.) (by Li Jiantang 黎簡堂). In the general pref., Wang Zuyuan, a prefect in Sichuan during the 1870s, claims that he kept all these texts near at hand during judicial hearings: more complex works such as Xing’an huilan (q.v.) or [Da Qing] lüli huizuan (q.v.), also meant to be kept near at hand, are too cumbersome for

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889

quick reference. A note on the cover-leaf says that the calligraphy and engraving were done in the Chengdu prefectural office (成都府書刻).

Bio.: An 1849 selected tribute student (拔貢), Wang Zuyuan was recommended as “filial, incorrupt, straightforward, upright” (孝廉方正) in 1851. He was a bureau secretary in the Ministry of War, and later was sent to Sichuan, where he was prefect of Long’an 龍安 for eight years, then of Chengdu 成都, later intendant of the Long-Mian-Cheng-Mao 龍綿成茂 circuit, and at one point acting surveillance commissioner. While originally quite poor (all the more so because of his passion for buying antiques), he got some revenue from his last positions and used it to publish the Tianrang ge congshu. He died in 1886 in Beijing, where he had traveled for an imperial audience. See Dengzhou 登州 FZ (1881), 41/26b, Fushan XZ (1931), 補遺 10/8b–9a. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334 (in 6 juan). [JB, PEW] 0711

Cizi ji 刺字集, 4 j. [A Compendium on Tattooing] By Shen Jiaben 沈家本 (z. Zidun 子惇/敦, h. Jiyi 寄簃) (1840–1913) (js. 1883), from Gui’an 歸安 (Zhejiang) 1886 pref. Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. [Faxue suo] – 1886 Beijing Falü guan 京師法律館 ed. in 4 + 1 j. [CASS Jinshi suo] [Tian Tao] [Jimbun] – 1890 ed. [Zhengfa] – *1894 Beijing Ronglu tang 京都榮錄堂 ed. with prefs. by Xue Yunsheng 薛 允升 (1886) and author (1886), postf. (跋) by Guo Anren 郭安仁 (1886). [*Congress/LL] [*Columbia, included in Lüli yan’an xinbian (q.v.), titled Chongjiao cizi quanji 重校刺字全集 on the cover label] – *1898 Jiangsu shuju new ed. (重刊), with prefs. by Xue Yunsheng (1886) and author (1886), postf. by Guo Anren (1886). [Fu Sinian]

Rem.: The first writing by Shen Jiaben, the famous late-Qing law specialist, Cizi ji is a collection of regulations and materials on the tattooing of criminals, written for the purpose of avoiding excesses—it had in fact been abolished by the Han and the Tang—and above all of establishing clear rules by clarifying the confusion in the Code and its substatutes. As stressed in Xue Yunsheng’s pref., opportunities for tattooed criminals to rehabilitate themselves in society (自新) are in practice limited. Shen notes that the two works that preceded his own effort, a Cizi liji in 2 j. due

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to one Mr. Dong 董氏刺字例輯 and Shen Xiangkui’s 1793 Cizi bianlan (q.v.), were still very insufficient. He and his colleague at the Ministry of Justice Guo Anren (who wrote the postf.) used them alongside a manuscript treatise transmitted within the ministry (傳鈔本), the Code itself, and Xing’an huilan (q.v.). There are 4 parts: general rules (通例), detailed regulations (條例), cases of exemption (免刺條例), and references for missing or doubtful cases (刺字備考); the disciplinary regulations for officials (處分) are also provided. The work was meant to provide law specialists (法家) with materials to make decisions. The Ronglu tang ed. is part of a set of handbooks for law experts published in the late nineteenth century (see under Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan).

Bio.: See under Xing’an huilan sanbian. Ref. and studies: Ma, 97 (Beida) (1898 ed.). Chang, 1:115. Qingdai lüxue, 481– 99 (by Yan Xi 嚴曦). Bibliography entries for same author: Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan fu an; Qiuyan xuzhi; Xing’an huilan sanbian. [JB, PEW]

0712

Xing cheng’an 刑成案, 20 ce [Criminal Leading Cases] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated, untitled ms. draft in running hand, unpaginated. [Fu Sinian]

Rem.: This is clearly working materials compiled and kept in a local yamen. Punctuation, underline, marginal comments, central margin indications, and corrections suggest frequent use. The title has been given by the Library. Ce 1 provides a short list of crimes that cannot be legally amnestied (強盜法無可貸各項) and of circumstances wherein crimes can be forgiven (強盜情有可原各項); then it lists deadlines for arrests beyond which a magistrate is liable to censure (承緝開參限期), followed by a general list of circumstances in which magistrates can be censured for mistakes (參案總要), and a list of homicide circumstances in which they can or cannot escape censure (人命分別免參不免參各 項), plus some more materials on the same subject. The next fascicles are devoted to cases, without apparent classification. Most are in the form of reports (詳) reproduced in their entirety, including confessions and testimonies, and concluding with the rescripts of the provincial authorities. Ce 2 is devoted to a single long case; the following, much thicker fascicles include several cases each, and occasionally have a table of

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contents at the beginning. There are also reports emanating from different rungs of the judicial hierarchy (and quoting the original reports), especially the surveillance commissioner. Most dated cases are from the Guangxu period, though some Daoguang dates are found. All cases cited seem to be from Zhili. (The ms. was perhaps compiled in the Zhili surveillance commissioner office.) Ce 10 has no cases but some entries titled Ban’an yaolüe 辦案要略, as well as a complete set of rules on tattooing (刺字條款). [PEW]

0713

Lüli yan’an xinbian 律例驗案新編 [A New Collection on the Penal Code and on the Investigation of Cases] Comp. Liu Yitong 劉以桐 1903 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. of the Beijing Ronglu tang 榮錄堂藏板, with pref. by Liu Yitong (1903). [Columbia, dated 1888 in cat.]

Rem.: A set of four works published by the Ronglu tang; the title of the collection appears only on the box label. The 4 titles inside are: Lüli jianming mulu (1888 ed.), Lüli jingyan jilan (1888 ed.), (Xinzeng) Xiyuan lu baojian (1901 ed.), and (Chongjiao) Cizi quanji (1894 ed.) (all qq.v.). Liu Yitong’s pref. to the set is found in the fasc. devoted to Lüli jingyan jilan (Liu signs as an expectant magistrate in Shaanxi). [PEW]

0714

Buyongxing shenpan shu 不用刑審判書, 6 j. [A Book on Avoiding Torture in Trials] By Wei Xiyuan 魏息園, from Xiangxiang 湘鄉 (Hunan) 1906 pref. Ed.:

– *1907 Shanghai shangwu yinshuguan typeset ed., with author’s pref. (1906). [Shanghai] – Modern punctuated ed., based on ed. above, in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 12.

Rem.: The work is assembling “cases old and new that can serve as model” (輯古今來成案之可為法者) to encourage officials to abide by the rules adopted in the course of the “New Policies” (新政) reforms, to the effect that torture should not be resorted to in questioning and corporal punishments should no longer be used for minor crimes. The

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199 entries offer examples of talented and shrewd judges able to solve cases without resorting to violence but basing themselves on evidence and using a variety of methods and tricks. The style is anecdotal and close to yeshi 野史. The stories, dating from the Tang through the Qing, are arranged without clear order, and indications of dates (or even eras) and sources are rare.

Bio.: The only information available on Wei Xiyuan is that he served at some point as customs official in Suqian 宿遷 (Jiangsu). Ref. and studies: Qingdai lüxue, 500–10 (by Zhang Chi 張翅 and Yuan Jiachao 袁家超). [JB, PEW] [MINGUO] 0715

Faguan xuzhi 法官須知 [What a Judge Must Know] Anon. 1912 Ed.:

– *Undated Shanghai zhengxue she 上海政學社 typeset ed. in 16 ce. [Congress/LL] – *1912 Shanghai zhengxue she typeset 2nd ed. (the 1st ed. was published 8 months earlier the same year: it may be the one described above), in 16 ce. [Shoudu]

Rem.: An extremely detailed account of the new legal system created during the late-Qing reforms, or “New Policies” (新政). Each of the 18 sections is introduced by the same text, titled Benshu yingyong zhi tese 本書應用之特色, explaining that this is a handbook to prepare for the examinations for judicial official positions (法官) in the courts (審 判廳) newly established at provincial level and in the process of being established at the lower levels. The main contents are decisions from the Ministry of Justice (法部), most often in the form of memorials, supplemented by provincial precedents and documents (外省已行之事 件); they could also be useful to local administrators (地方行政官), for whom it is important to know the domain of competence of judicial officials, and—says the fanli—to persons caring for an independent judicial administration (留心司法獨立者) as well. 5 of the 18 sections are titled gongdu 公牘, while the last two are collections of judicial decisions (判詞), both criminal and civil. Among the matters covered are the new police system and other new agencies, instructions for coroners,

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prisons, dealings with foreigners, lawsuits, courts, civil and criminal affairs, the various sorts of official documents, and so forth. A quantity of edicts, regulations and communications are quoted, and there are a great many models for routine documents. The provincial regulations cited are notably from Fengtian (which has by far the most numerous documents quoted), Zhili, Sichuan, Jiangsu, and Shanxi. Two texts are appended, titled Shenpan yaolüe 審判要略 and Sizui shixing banfa 死罪 施行辦法. [JB, LG, PEW]

0716

[Xinbian fenlei] Faguan xuzhi er san bian 新編分類法官須知二三 編 [What a Judge Must Know, Second and Third Installments, Newly

Compiled and Classified] Anon. 1913 Ed.:

– *1913 Shanghai zhengxue she 上海政學社 small-sized typeset ed., in 12 ce. [Shoudu]

Rem.: A sequel to the previous title, with a somewhat different organization and contents. There are two main parts, one devoted to official documents (公牘), divided into several sections, and one to examples of judicial sentences (判詞分門), divided into about 30 sections. Sections like those on the police and coroners in the previous work have been removed. The judicial sentences illustrate the continuity of concepts inherited from the Qing Code, especially concerning the so-called civil law cases. There are also 2 sections of official rescripts (批詞), one of proclamations (示諭), one presenting models for registers and tables, and an appendix of documents for lawyers (律師適用各件). Whereas the first version of Faguan xuzhi was largely devoted to administrative documents related to the recently established judiciary institutions, in the present case the emphasis is on handling concrete cases, most of which date to the last years of the Qing and occurred in Shanghai and other cities of the Jiangnan region. [JB, LG]

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4.2

Water Conservancy and Irrigation

[QING A] 0717

Jini suoyan 急溺瑣言 [Trivial Words about Rescuing People from Drowning] By Lu Zhiyu 魯之裕 (z. Liangchai 亮儕) (1666–1746) (jr. 1720), from Taihu 太湖 (Anhui) 1740 pref. Ed.:

– *In Lu’s Chenhua xuan ji 塵花軒集, with author’s pref. (1740, some missing text at the beginning) and end colophon (n.d.). [Beitu] – *Extracts in Huangchao jingshi wenbian, 102/3b–5a. – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, based on Chenhua xuan ji ed., in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 3.

Rem.: The work was spurred by the author’s concern about flooding in southern Zhili during his tenure as Qinghe circuit intendant (see below); he claims he was able to manage successfully thanks to the teachings of two governors-general under whom he had served (one must have been Tian Wenjing 田文鏡, see under Fu Yu xuanhua lu). Some biographic materials on Lu emphasize his interest and competence in hydraulics. The ten essays that comprise the work start with a reference to Noah and the Flood and to contemporary efforts at flood control in China under the Five Emperors, suggesting some familiarity with biblical chronology on the part of Lu. There is an insistence on the necessity to abide by the water’s natural flow as much as possible; yet all the techniques of water control are discussed and compared as to their respective advantages in various circumstances and contexts. While the approach may seem theoretical at places, there is much precise advice and specialized terminology along the way, so that the work can genuinely be regarded as a guide to policy-makers in the North China hydraulic environment. A commentary following the extracts featured in Huangchao jingshi wenbian claims (no doubt exaggeratedly) that it is all unattributed quotations of well-known Ming pronouncements on Yellow River conservancy, but that even if it is “close to plagiarism” (頗近 剿說揜善), as long as it features inherited proven methods it deserves to be kept as a “magic mirror on water control” (仍存之以為治水之龜鑑).

Bio.: The son of a military commander (鎮總兵) in Yunnan, Lu Zhiyu reportedly spent part of his childhood as a hostage to the court of Wu Sangui 吳三桂

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004416208_005

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in that province, where he is said to have been trained both in the martial arts and in more conventional literary pursuits. His ancestors hailed from Macheng 麻城 (Hubei), but later the family moved to Taihu. Eight years after his juren he became a clerk in the Grand Secretariat (內閣中書). Later he was appointed magistrate of Queshan 確山 (Henan) and served as acting magistrate in several other counties. He continued his career as prefect of Ganzhou 贛州 (Jiangxi), intendant of the Xiang Yun circuit 襄鄖道 (or 下荊南道) in Hubei (1733), the Qinghe circuit 清河道 in Zhili (1739), and eventually acting administration commissioner in the same province. He retired to Hubei in 1742. He appears to have been both militant and efficient as a local official. Among his works are gazetteers of the Xia Jingnan circuit and of the Changlu salt district (長蘆 鹽志). He was also famous as a calligrapher (the colophon to the present work is an example of his skills). See Xiangyang 襄陽 FZ (1760), 20/2b, 21/68b–69a; Taihu XZ (1872), 20/13b–15a (reproducing a testimony by Yuan Mei 袁枚, who was quite impressed by the man); Yun 鄖 XZ (1797), 10/27b–29b; Jiangxia 江夏 XZ (1881), 8/42b. [PEW] 0718

Zhihe yaoyu 治河要語, 1 j. [Important Words on Managing the Yellow River] By Ding Kaizeng 丁愷曾 (z. Eting 萼亭, Heting 鶴亭) (selected tribute student 1723), from Rizhao 日照 (Shandong) N.d. Ed.:

– *In Qingzhao tang congshu, 次編, ce 69, with commentaries by Li Yuanchun 李元春 in upper margin. [Columbia] – In Wangkui lou yigao 望奎樓遺稿 (Ding Kaizeng’s writings), 1935 typeset ed. of the Zhaoyonghou tang at Qingdao 青島趙永厚堂排印本. – *Photo-repro. of Qingzhao tang congshu ed. in Ma Ning 馬寧 (ed.), Zhongguo shuili zhi congkan 中國水利志叢刊 (Yangzhou: Guangling shushe, 2006), vol. 4.

Rem.: A fairly concrete and detailed treatise on Yellow River conservancy, organized in nine essays (篇) devoted to, respectively, dike construction (堤工), dike leaks (堤漏), breaks in river banks (河決), blocking secondary channels (塞支), opening outlets (to reduce pressure on endangered sections) (開引), fascines (埽工), dams (垻工), training (訓練), and stonework (石工). The last essay is called a shuo 說; it reproduces a text by Ji Zengyun 嵇曾筠 (1670–1738), a high official and specialist in river conservancy in the Yongzheng period.

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Bio.: After being selected as a tribute student (拔貢生), Ding Kaizeng went to the capital. Due to unspecified problems he renounced an official career and returned to his home region, where according to his biography he spent the rest of his life as a littérateur of reputation and collected books in his Wangkui pavilion 望奎樓. His poetic oeuvre shows that he often traveled to famous sites. See Rizhao XZ (1886), 8/22b–23a. How he became an expert in Yellow River conservancy is unclear. Interestingly, a passage from Zhihe yaoyu on dike construction is quoted among other authorities in the chapter on dikes (隄防 志) in the 1873 gazetteer of Hanchuan 漢川 (Hubei), a place where protection against Yangzi floods was crucial. [PEW] 0719

Heruan zazhi 河壖雜志, 1 j. [Miscellanea on the Yellow River Banks] Anon.

1795 author’s note

Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with author’s note (1795), with Hegong liaowu saotu zeyao bianlan 河工料物掃土擇要便覽 appended (附錄). [Shanghai]

Rem.: The anonymous author explains in his introductory note that he abandoned his studies in 1763 because he was too poor and before age 20 started earning his life working for the Yellow River administration in Henan; during the next 30 years he was employed in almost all the specialized offices along both banks of the river (the so-called river intendants [管河道] and the assistant-prefects in charge of river conservancy [河廳] under their authority). In 1792 he decided to write down what he had seen and heard on the management and evolution of river works. The text offers a concise summary of specialized civilian and military personnel and the changes it went through, the causes of dike breaks and the process of repairing them, the extra expenses incurred, annual appropriations for regular maintenance, annual financial reports, the acquisition of materials, the compensations paid by officials (官員 分賠), and more. The author’s own notes and comments are scattered throughout the book. The contents were of particular interest to clerks and private secretaries involved in Yellow River management, positions that the author himself may have filled during his career. The appendix offers basic knowledge on methods of calculation regarding construction materials, volumes of earth moved, and stockpiles of stones (料物 土方碎石堆垛計方). [PDQ]

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898 0720

4.2 Water Conservancy and Irrigation

Huai Xu Huai Yang hegong caogui tiaoli 淮徐淮揚河工漕規條例, 1 ce [Regulations of Yellow River and Grand Canal Maintenance in the HuaiXu and Huai-Yang Sections] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Henan University Library]

Rem.: The regulations and tariffs recorded concern the river-conservancy assistant-prefects (河廳; see under Heruan zazhi) of the Jiangnan Grand Canal and Yellow River system during the early and middle periods of the Qing dynasty. They are about gabion works (埽工) and gabion-facing with wooden materials (鑲工), measurements, prices, and transportation costs of building materials, rules on extracting earth for dike construction (取土), calculation of earth moved (土方) when dredging, limits of work sections (工段), regular budgets for the main work sites, quotas of civilian and military personnel employed in river control, fixed revenue and expenditures, and budgetary items for the treasuries involved. There are also brief accounts of repairs of protective works and of the evolution of the system. [PDQ]

[QING B] 0721

Anlan jiyao 安瀾紀要, 2 j. [Essentials for Pacifying the Flow] By Xu Duan 徐端 (z. Xinru 心如, Zhaozhi 肇之) (1751–1812), from Deqing 德清 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1806 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with postf. (跋) by Yuan Pei 袁培 (n.d.). [Tian Tao] – *In Minguo zhai qizhong [q.v.], with postf. (跋) to Anlan jiyao and Huilan jiyao (q.v.) by Xu Naizhao 許乃釗 (1842). – Undated (Minguo) ed., Zhenjiang: Xinmin yinshua gongye she 新民印刷 工業社代印. [Shanghai]

Rem.: A collection of texts on water-conservancy intended as models (圭臬) for officials involved in hydraulics. The emphasis is on the Yellow River and Grand Canal system. The author, whose identity is established in Yuan Pei’s and Xu Naizhao’s postfs., served as Jiangnan directorgeneral of the Grand Canal (江南河道總督) 1804–10. Yuan Pei was

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0720–0721

899

himself employed on southern Grand Canal repair sites from 1811: he recalls the difficulty to get both the general picture and a precise knowledge of tools, procedures, and methods for the works. He himself did some research, but found that such famous works as Hefang yilan 河 防一覽 by Pan Jixun 潘季馴 (1521–95), Zhihe yaolüe 治河要略 (actually Zhihe fanglüe 方略) by Jin Fu 靳輔 (1633–92), and Xingshui jinjian 行水 金鑑 by Fu Zehong 傅澤洪 (fl. 1725) were too general to be of use to an engineer without long experience, and were at places outdated. Then he discovered Xu Duan’s works, which were the perfect “bridge” (津梁) for future officials, and edited them for circulation. Xu Naizhao’s postf. also stresses that the work is grounded in the author’s comprehensive knowledge of the Yellow River and Grand Canal problems earned during years of field work. Xu Duan’s pref. to Huilan jiyao (q.v.) indicates that both works were completed by 1806. J. 1 deals with all sorts of technical subjects concerning river conservancy, such as dredging, dike repairs, accounting, managing materials, blocking or opening the flow according to circumstances, etc. J. 2, titled Hegong lüli cheng’an tu 河工律例成 案圖, presents a series of tables summarizing the “Public Works” section of the Code and attached substatutes as well as regulations on sanctions (處分); most of the substatutes date from the 1750s, but in the Tian Tao copy some cases cited are from the Jiaqing and Daoguang reigns (down to 1832). Bio.: Xu Naizhao’s postf. indicates that Xu Duan was compiler of both Anlan jiyao and Huilan jiyao (q.v.). (The family of Xu Naizhao and that of Xu Duan, which were both from Zhejiang, apparently had long-standing marriage connections.) Xu Duan first acquired concrete knowledge of river-conservancy issues assisting his father when the latter was magistrate of Qinghe 清河 (Jiangsu). Later he participated in dike repairs as an assistant prefect (a rank he had purchased) and was remarked by grand secretary Agui 阿桂, who kept him as an assistant at his eastern director-general of the Grand Canal yamen. The rest of his career was entirely spent in positions related to River and Canal administration, culminating in his seven years as either chief or deputy of the Jiangnan Grand Canal administration. In 1810 he was demoted after having been censured following dike breaks, but until his death continued to work on Grand Canal construction as an assistant prefect. He was known to share the hard conditions of Canal workers and to behave with outstanding honesty. He died without having been able to expose Canal administration abuses to the emperor. See QSG, 360/11374–76; Guochao qixian leizheng chubian, 193/1a–14a; Guoshi liezhuan, 77/8b–15b; funerary inscription by Yao Nai 姚鼐, Xibaoxuan wen houji 惜抱軒文後集, 9.

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900

4.2 Water Conservancy and Irrigation

Ref. and studies: Cheng Pengju, “Huilan jiyao, Anlan jiyao.” Wang Yun and Li Quan, Zhongguo yunhe wenxian shumu tiyao, 270–5. Bibliography entries for same author: Huilan jiyao. [JB, PEW] 0722

Huilan jiyao 回 (迴) 瀾紀要, 2 j. [Essentials for Reversing the Flow] By Xu Duan 徐端 (z. Xinru 心如, Zhaozhi 肇之) (1751–1812), from Deqing 德清 (Zhejiang) pref. 1807

Ed.:

– *In Minguo zhai qizhong (q.v.), with author’s pref. (1807). – Undated (Minguo) ed., Zhenjiang: Xinmin yinshua gongye she 新民印刷 工业社印刷. [Shanghai]

Rem.: A companion work to Anlan jiyao (q.v.). Xu’s pref. introduces both as compendia of concrete materials on Grand Canal conservancy and administration that can be used by officials involved in river work. The fanli insists that the text resorts to the simplest language and most commonly used terms. It also indicates that, while Anlan jiyao is rather devoted to the superior policy of getting prepared against future disasters (防患), Huilan jiyao gives advice on how to proceed in case of dike breaks and other mishaps, so as to avoid unnecessary expenses of labor and money due to inexperience. The ca. 70 entries provide fairly technical and detailed advice on every aspect of construction and management. Bio.: See under Anlan jiyao. Ref. and studies: Cheng Pengju, “Huilan jiyao, Anlan jiyao.” Wang Yun and Li Quan, Zhongguo yunhe wenxian shumu tiyao, 270–5. Bibliography entries for same author: Anlan jiyao. [PEW]

0723

Shuhe xinjing 疏河心鏡, 1 j. [The Mirror of the Mind for Dredging the Yellow River] By Ling Mingjie 凌鳴喈 (z. Tiyuan 體元, h. Bozhai 泊齋) (js. 1802), from Wucheng 烏程 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1815 Ed.:

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0721–0723

901

– In Zhaodai congshu (Daoguang ed.), renji, bubian 壬集, 補編, j. 21, with postf. by Zhaodai congshu compiler Shen Maode 沈懋德 (1841). – *Photo-repro. of above ed. in Ma Ning 馬寧 (ed.), Zhongguo shuili zhi cong­kan 中國水利志叢刊 (Yangzhou: Guangling shushe, 2006), vol. 4.

Rem.: The author of this short (28 folios) but original and informative text on the Yellow River and Grand Canal system, which seems to have been completed in 1815, claims in the introductory section (equivalent to a pref.) that he has been discussing Yellow River problems for years, and more recently has been able to consult old acquaintances familiar with the River (河上老友). Shuhe xinjing—whose title alludes to the Buddhist “mirror of the mind” which reflects the truth—presents his conclusions and recommendations regarding the current situation and its many dysfunctions, in a clear and easy to understand form. While Ling Mingjie is emphatically in favor of giving priority to facilitating flow through dredging (疏濬), rather than building dikes for protection (隄防), he admits that dike-works cannot be dispensed with and has much to say about dike building and maintenance. The 17 entries provide detailed topographical and hydrologic descriptions of the various components of the system (here, the section of the Grand Canal discussed is that between Qingkou 青口 and Linqing 臨清, but there are also considerations on the Yellow River, Haikou 海口, the Gaojia embankment 高家堰, and Hongze lake 洪澤湖), explanations of the technical problems raised and how they have been dealt with during the Qing. We also find discussions on such specialized questions as the procuring and usage of various materials (like timber, reeds, and stones), the opening and closing of sluice gates, dike construction, fascines (埽) and other techniques, and regulations (河工則例). The problem of insufficient administration-supplied materials (官料) is discussed in some detail, with prices for private-sector materials (私料) not only high, but constantly on the rise since the Jiaqing period.

Bio.: While he was bureau vice-director at the Ministry of War, Ling Mingjie offended the throne by sending an over-long memorial proposing strong measures to reform the horse administration (馬政), and was dismissed from his position. Back home he cloistered himself and composed several treatises on the classics and other scholarly matters. Shuhe xinjing seems to be his only work on public policies; the source of his knowledge of hydraulic works is not known. See Huzhou 湖州 FZ (1874), 61/14a–b, 76/34b. [PDQ, PEW]

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902 0724

4.2 Water Conservancy and Irrigation

Hegong qiju tushuo 河工器具圖說, 4 j. [Illustrated Explanations of River Conservancy Tools] Comp. (纂輯) (Changbai) Linqing 長白麟慶 (z. Boyu 伯餘, h. Jianting 見亭) (1791–1846) (js. 1809), from the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner 1836 Ed.:

– *1836 engraving (鐫) of the Jiangnan director-general of the Grand Canal office 南河節署藏板, with pref. by compiler (1836), postf. (跋) by Wang Guozuo 王國佐 (1836). [Tōyō Bunko] – 1836 ed. of the Yunyin tang 雲蔭堂藏板, apparently identical to the previous one. (The Yinyun tang was located in the Banmu yuan 半畝園, a garden in Beijing’s inner city acquired by Linqing in 1841 [see Zhang Weiquan 張維權, Zhongguo gudian yuanlin shi 中國古典園林史 (Beijing: Qinghua daxue chubanshe, 2003), 498–502]. It might be that at some point Linqing transferred the printing blocks there and had the coverleaf modified accordingly; the copies with “Yunyin tang” on the cover-leaf would then have been printed in the 1840s or later.) [Jimbun] – In Shoushan ge congshu, with a few variants in the list of plates. – *Photo-repro. of Daoguang ed., Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1937 (Wanyou wenku, ser. 2, vol. 374). [IHEC] – *Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1969 (Zhongguo shuili yaoji congbian, ser. 1). – *Photo-repro. of Shoushan ge congshu ed., Zhengzhou: Henan jiaoyu chubanshe, 1994 (Zhongguo kexue jishu dianji tonghui: jishu juan 中國科學技 術典籍通彙—技術卷, vol. 4). – *Photo-repro. of 1836 Nanhe jieshu ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 10, vol. 4.

Rem.: Linqing tells in his pref. that when he served from 1825 as an intendant in charge of several prefectures in Henan and Anhui, he was afraid of not being up to the task of Yellow River conservancy because of lack of suitable handbooks in that domain, as opposed to general government. He thus consulted older river conservancy books and toured the terrain. He adopted the same practical approach later when he was appointed Jiangnan director-general of the Grand Canal (江南河 道總督, or 南河). Since there was not much to add to the theories of Jin Fu (see under Anlan jiyao), he decided to concentrate on the implements used in river conservancy, which he had carefully studied during his tours of inspection, availing himself of a saying of Confucius to the

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0724

903

effect that “to do one’s work well one must first sharpen one’s tools” (欲 善其事 [必] 先利其器). The work describes 289 different implements in

145 plates with accompanying explanations. The latter pay equal attention to terminology (both literary and colloquial), historical origins and transformations, and utilization of the objects described. The four chapters introduce different categories of artifacts, each time with a variety of assorted parts, accessories, and tools; they are: “Tools to propagate river protection” (宣防器具), including implements for measurement, flags and signals, weapons, etc.; “Tools to repair and dredge” (修濬器具), featuring a large array of construction tools, machinery for drainage and dredging, etc.; “Tools for emergency protection” (搶護器具), including the “big fascines” (大埽) used for reinforcing dikes, posts and piles, and the “wooden dragon” (木龍); and “Tools for storage” (儲備器具), including containers, vehicles, boats, and various utensils and tools. Hegong qiju tushuo may be regarded as unique in its putting into print unwritten technical knowledge collected in the field for the sake of the relevant officials. Linqing also published in 1841 a short study of the transformations incurred by the confluence of the Yellow River and Grand Canal since the Jiajing era of the Ming, titled Huang Yun hekou gujin tushuo 黃運河口古今圖說.

Bio.: Linqing was the scion of an influential family that traced its ancestry to the fifth emperor of the Jin 金 dynasty and belonged to the imperial family bondservant division of the Bordered Yellow Banner. He became a secretary at the Grand Secretariat in 1810 and later held several other positions in the capital, including at the Hanlin Academy. In 1823 he was made a prefect in Anhui, and from 1825 held intendancies in Henan. After 1829 he became, in succession, surveillance commissioner of Henan, administration commissioner of Shanxi and Guizhou, governor of Hubei, and director-general of the Grand Canal in 1833, a post he kept until he was dismissed in 1842 following the collapse of an important dike on the Yellow River. See QSG, 383/11657–58; ECCP, 506–7; Renming quanwei; Spicq, “Linqing,” 104–9. Linqing wrote an autobiographical essay, enriched with illustrations by various artists—Hongxue yinyuan tuji 鴻雪因緣圖記 (Tracks in the Snow) in three series (first ed. dated 1847); see Yang Tsung-han and John Minford, “Tracks in the Snow.” Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4312. Wang Yun and Li Quan, Zhongguo yunhe wenxian shumu tiyao, 168–71. Spicq, “Linqing,” 110–7. [PEW]

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904 0725

4.2 Water Conservancy and Irrigation

Hewu suowen ji 河務所聞集, 6 j. [Things Heard on River Tasks] By Li Dayong 李大鏞, from Houguan 侯官 (Fujian) 1873 pref. Ed.:

– Unpublished original ms. ed. – Several Republican-period mimeograph copies (Chinese binding), together with other works on river control, some with seals of the Yellow River Commission, the Japanese North China Army headquarters, or other organizations. [Beida] [Beitu] – *Modern typeset ed., Nanjing: Zhongguo shuili gongcheng hui, 1937 (Zhongguo shuili zhenben congshu 中國水利珍本叢書, ser. 2), with pref. by Li Dayong (1873), based on a ms. copy belonging to Li Yizhi 李儀祉 [according to cat.]. [*Columbia, mf.] – *Photo-repro. of 1936 [according to catalogs] ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1969 (Zhongguo shuili yaoji congbian, ser. 3, vol. 26–27), apparently identical to the 1937 ed.

Rem.: The author explains in his short pref. that he failed several times at the provincial examination. In 1871 he was awaiting a position related to river works (需次河工), and deplored his lack of knowledge of technicalities in that area. Though conscious that only actually working on a site permits detailed knowledge, he devoted himself to reading all relevant literature, from which he selected what he considered the finest extracts for the present anthology in order to help people discouraged by the immensity of the domain. It is in fact the equivalent of a highly specialized handbook, replete with figures, cost estimates, and technical terms. We cannot know if it was ever used by the author himself or by others; it is significant, though, that a copy should have belonged to Li Yizhi (1882–1938), one of the founders of modern hydraulic engineering in China. J. 1 consists of a set of detailed maps of the Yellow River and Grand Canal with explanations (黃運兩河圖考). J. 2 is a discussion of the technique used to progressively close gaps in the Yellow River banks, with abundant illustrations (黃河堵口進占圖說). J. 3 pursues the same topic with more explanations and with a list of materials and tools requested (侯工進占章程及預備器具). J. 4 is a discussion of dike works at Taoyuan (桃園大工輯略). J. 5 is devoted to all aspects of the works at a place named Ge (菏工隨見錄), including personnel,

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0725–0726

905

materials, tools, mobilization of workers, and so on. J. 6 is a long list of the official positions involved with river works in Shandong and Henan (東河文武職官錄).

Ref. and studies: Wang Yun and Li Quan, Zhongguo yunhe wenxian shumu tiyao, 94–96. [PEW] 0726

Hegong bianlan xuzhu 河工便覽續注, 1 ce [Further Notes For A Reader on Yellow River Conservancy] Anon. 1898 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., cover with Hegong bianlan xuji 續記, Nan’an santing zhaiyao 南岸三廳摘要, and “recorded in 1898” (戊戌年錄). [Shanghai] Rem.: The anonymous author’s introductory discussion (總論) speaks

of his 37 years of working experience as private adviser on Yellow River conservancy (河幕) in Henan, and says that the work is especially aimed to his colleagues (此篇所論，專指河幕而言). He appears to have been particularly expert in river works entrusted to the three river-conservancy assistant-prefects (河廳, see under Heruan zazhi for this term) on the south bank (南岸三廳). The text first offers a brief review of the conventional terminology for dike works, of work-units calculation methods, and of terminology and prices for construction materials. More detailed considerations are devoted to such specialized topics as expenses and accounting for gabion works (埽工) and emergency repairs (搶修), budgetary items and procedures related to the water-conservancy intendant’s treasury (河道庫), annual labor and materials expenses for regular dike maintenance in every river-conservancy assistant-prefect office in Henan, post-transfer procedure concerning the heting, as well as their shared-out contributions (攤捐), miscellaneous expenses (雜 用), and budgets, the administration and salaries of river officials, and book-keeping on river works and related expenses. The work is unique for the detailed information it offers on the functioning of the basic administrative units entrusted with river conservancy in Henan as well as their budgeting and accounting. [PDQ]

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906 0727

4.3 Famine Relief

Xiufang suozhi 修防瑣志, 26 j. [Miscellaneous Essays on Yellow River Maintenance and Protection] Narrated (敘述) by Li Shilu 李世祿, from Qinghe 清河 (Jiangsu) N.d. Ed.:

– *Modern typeset ed. (j. 4 missing) punctuated by Wang Huzhen 汪胡楨, collated by Xu Yannong 徐硯農, in Zhongguo shuili zhenben congshu 中國 水利珍本叢書 (Nanjing: Zhongguo shuili gongcheng xuehui, 1937), ser. 2. [Shanghai] – Photo-repro. of ed. above, Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1970.

Rem.: This highly informative work meticulously reviews the tools and management methods for Yellow River works in the Qing, as well as the use of funds and the techniques for conservancy; it may be regarded as a reference book for all officials, private assistants, and clerks involved. There are extended accounts of the materials needed and techniques used for dike construction, gabion work, stone work, and brick work; detailed explanations on accounting and financial reports; figures for expenses on the works sections (工段) dependant on each river-conservancy assistant-prefect (河廳, see under Heruan zazhi), salaries of workers and methods of payment, annual administrative expenses in each river administration, and the various fees, gifts, and deductions for every operation. The original date is unclear. [PDQ]

4.3

Famine Relief

[SONG] 0728

Jiuhuang huomin shu 救荒活民書, 3 j. [A Book on Relieving Famine and Reviving the People] By Dong Wei 董煟 (z. Jixing 季興, 繼興) (?–1217) (js. 1193), from Dexing 德興 (present-day Jiangxi) Ca. 1193 Ed.:

– *Ming-period ms. ed. on pre-framed paper, neatly written but with some additions and corrections by another hand; with intro. (引) by Mo Ju 莫琚 (1472), prefs. by author (從政郎臣董煟上進, n.d.) and Hu Lian 胡璉 (1473, placed at the end of the ms.). [Zhongyang] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0727–0728

907

– *In Siku quanshu, vol. 662, with original pref. by Dong Wei (n.d.). – *In Banmu yuan congshu, with Siku notice, no pref. – *In Shoushan ge congshu (Zhucong bielu), ce 163–164, ed. by Qian Xizuo 錢熙祚, with pref. by Dong Wei (n.d.), and Siku notice. – *In Mohai jinhu, with pref. by Dong Wei and Siku notice, inscription at end indicating that the text was edited and printed by Zhang Haipeng from Zhaowen 昭文張海鵬較梓 in 1809. – *In Chang’en shushi congshu, with Siku notice, no pref., text coll. (校刊) by Zhuang Zhaolin 莊肇麟 (z. Musheng 木生) from Xinchang 新昌. [*IHEC] [*BN] – *Undated ed., coll. and printed by Zhuang Zhaolin; clearly same engraving as previous entry. [Columbia] – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 964, based on Mohai jinhu ed., with pref. by Dong Wei (n.d.) and Siku notice. – Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng jianbian, based on Mohai jinhu ed. – *Photo-repro. of Mohai jinhu ed., in Zhongguo kexue jishu dianji tonghui 中國科學技術典籍通彙, Nongxue juan 農學卷, vol. 1, Zhengzhou: Henan jiaoyu chubanshe, 1994.

Rem.: This influential work was composed probably before 1193 and was presented to the throne shortly after 1200; the first known faminerelief handbook, it seems to have been widely circulated in its time and is much quoted in later treatises on the topic. J. 1 provides a series of historical precedents in the form of quotes followed by author’s comments; while the first examples go back to antiquity, the majority date from the reigning Song dynasty. J. 2 proposes essays on a variety of methods for combating famine, such as building granary reserves, free relief, reducedprice sales, stimulating commerce, “encouragement to sharing” (勸分), and so on. J. 3 is mixed; it starts by stressing the duties and tasks of different agencies (beginning with the ruler himself) and officials regarding famine relief, and includes many accounts of relief, policy proposals, and official documents by Song statesmen. Despite this organization, materials on the same topics may be found in each of the three chapters as well as in the addenda (拾遺) to the work. Dong Wei’s approach is characterized by concreteness and by shrewd combining of political-moral arguments with economic considerations, e.g., on the desirability of allowing supplies to circulate freely in order to depress prices, or of taking advantage of the profit motive that moves the rich. His economic thinking may not have been as close to modern market-oriented economics as has been claimed, however (see below, Hymes): despite his awareness of market mechanisms, Dong Wei’s views remain rooted in the context of a moral economy and advocate the manipulation of economic agents by Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

908

4.3 Famine Relief

the state. Siku commentators note that the work contains much information on institutions and practices of Song famine relief not found in standard historical works. For its Yuan and Ming extensions, see Jiuhuang huomin leiyao and Jiuhuang huomin buyi shu (qq.v.).

Bio.: Dong Wei was magistrate of Yingcheng 應城 (present-day Hubei), Rui’an 瑞安 (present-day Zhejiang), and Chenxi 辰溪 (present-day Hunan). Part of his considerations were based on his own experience at relieving famine in the latter position. See Songren, 4:3214. Ref. and studies: Siku, 82/1729–30. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:263. Hervouet, 183–4. Dong Wei’s work is much cited in Wang Deyi, Songdai zaihuang de jiuji zhengce. Yoshida Tora, “Kyūkō katsumin sho to Sōdai no kyūkō seisaku.” Hymes, “Moral Duty and Self-Regulating Process in Southern Sung Views of Famine Relief.” Shao Yongzhong, “Zhongguo gudai huangzheng shiji,” 27–28. [PEW] [YUAN]

0729

Zhenghuang shilüe 拯荒事略, 1 j. [A Brief Account of Relieving Famine] By Ouyang Xuan 歐陽玄 (z. Yuangong 原功, h. Guizhai 圭齋, s. Wen 文) (1283–1358) (js. 1315), from Liuyang 瀏陽 (Huguang) N.d. Ed.:

– 1831 movable-type ed., in Xuehai leibian (author’s name written 元). – *Ms. ed. included in a two-fasc. ms. collection of 20 works titled Zachao ershi zhong 雜抄二十種. [Beitu] – *In Xuehai leibian (1920 Shanghai Hanfenlou reprint), ce 40. – In Biji xiaoshuo daguan, 6. – Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 965, based on Xuehai leibian ed. – In Baibu congshu jicheng, 24, reproducing Xuehai leibian ed. – Photo-repro. of Shanghai Hanfenlou Xuehai leibian ed., in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 273. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on Shanghai Hanfenlou Xuehai leibian ed.

Rem.: A collection of 21 short paragraphs. A short undated, unsigned author’s intro. states that the work was spurred by his efforts at relieving

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909

famine caused by floods when he was magistrate of Wuhu 蕪湖 (present-day Anhui), and written to warn his colleagues. The entries deal with such topics as buying grain at “equalized” prices, eating substitute foods, contributing one’s salary to buy grain, promoting public works to give employment to famine victims, allowing prices to rise in order to attract merchants, taking preventive steps, and so forth. They are all based on historical precedents and anecdotes, mostly from the Tang and Song periods. The first entry, entitled bozheng 薄征, quotes the twelve faminerelief policies listed under the grand minister of education (大司徒) in the Zhouli, a founding reference in famine relief treatises. The Siku commentators are rather scornful of a work that comes from Xuehai leibian (“fifty percent of whose contents are spurious books”), does no more than quote not always reliable ancient sources, and “might well borrow its reputation from the Yuan dynasty” (殆亦托名於元).

Bio.: Ouyang Xuan was a scion of the Song scholar and statesman Ouyang Xiu’s (1007–72) family, which hailed from Luling 廬陵 (Jiangxi); his greatgrandfather moved to Liuyang, which was regarded as his native place by Ouyang Xuan. Described as prodigiously talented in letters, Ouyang passed the jinshi in 1315, the year examinations were reestablished by the Yuan. He was immediately vice-prefect of Pingjiang 平江州同知 in the Yuezhou route 岳州 路 (Huguang), then was transferred magistrate (縣尹) of Wuhu, where he is said to have performed outstandingly and composed the present work. Later he was appointed magistrate of Wugang 武岡 (present-day Hunan), where he dealt with disturbances caused by aborigines. He was called back to the capital to serve in the National University, and in 1328 was appointed edict attendant (待制) at the Hanlin Academy and compiler (編修官) at the Historiography Office; during this period he is said to have regularly attended court and exerted significant influence on imperial policies. From then on and through his death he occupied a number of high positions at court and in the central government, despite his repeated demands to be allowed to retire on the grounds of illness. During the 1340s he also served as director (總裁) of the commission that compiled the Song, Liao and Jin dynastic histories. See Yuanshi, 182/4196– 99; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Siku, 84/1757–58. Shao Yongzhong, “Zhongguo gudai huangzheng shiji,” 28. [PEW]

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910 0730

4.3 Famine Relief

Jiuhuang huomin leiyao 救荒活民類要, 3 j. [Classified Essentials for Relieving Famine and Reviving the People] Comp. (編輯) Zhang Guangda 張光大 Coll. (校正) Wanzhetu 完者禿

Ca. 1330 Ed.:

– *Undated Yuan ed. [Beitu, only 11 folios from j. 2 remaining] – *Undated ed. in 4 ce, no juan division indicated, continuous pagenumbering (161 folios), with pref. by Wanzhetu (n.d.); although this is listed as a “Ming ed.” in the catalog, nothing in the text confirms such dating; the character elevations of the Yuan dynasty are respected; the cover bears the handwritten inscription 此書元時刻本四庫附存書目亦 未採錄. [*Beitu; *another copy, apparently a Qing reproduction of the same, with a few paragraph markings added and on plain paper, in 2 ce] – *1877 engraving (刻) in one thick ce, contents and page-setting identical to above, but obviously in a different engraving. [Beitu, 2 copies, one complete, one incomplete with only the first 60 folios or so in one small fasc.] – *Photo-repro. of undated ed. in 4 ce at Beitu, in BTGZC, vol. 56. – *Photo-repro. of the same copy, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 846.

Rem.: The compiler was an instructor at the Guiyang route Confucian school (桂陽路儒學教授); the collator and preface author (bearing the title Dazhong dafu 大中大夫) is said to be a Korean who was the commander of the same route (桂陽路總管), a post he received in 1330 during a period of famine: this is why he asked the local instructor for a compilation on the subject. The aim was to combine a comprehensive exposition of the techniques of famine relief with words of warning and persuasion (懲勸). Although there is no juan division in the eds. seen, one clearly distinguishes three parts: (1) an historical recapitulation of the “sound methods in the classics and histories” (經史良法), starting with the Book of Documents and going all the way through Songshi, followed by an exposition of the Yuan system (元朝令典); this includes considerations on the various sorts of natural disasters, agricultural encouragement, and the detailed rules on organization of village life promulgated in 1284, titled Tiaoge 條格; (2) general regulations on famine relief (救荒一綱), including a number of entries on grain storage as well as appendixes on the roles of the different members of the government hierarchy, from emperor to magistrate, in famine relief; (3) a series of 20 extensive articles on famine relief (救荒二十目), dealing with

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0730–0731

911

distribution of granary reserves, “encouraging sharing” (勸分), sending officials to the field, facilitating commercial circulation, loaning official funds, selling titles (鬻爵), launching public works, loaning seeds, taking care of refugees, catching locusts, and more. A number of Song authors are quoted, e.g., Su Shi 蘇軾, Lü Benzhong (author of Guanzhen [q.v.]), and, prominently, Dong Wei (author of Jiuhuang huomin shu [q.v.]). The last few folios are devoted to anecdotes on individuals rewarded during their life-time for famine-relief zeal (general caption “Jiuhuang baoying” 救荒報應); to materials complementing Dong Wei’s treatise; and to further historical precedents. [PEW]

[MING]

Jiuhuang buyi 救荒補遺 See: Jiuhuang huomin buyi shu 0731

Jiuhuang huomin buyi shu 救荒活民補遺書, 3 or 2 j. [A Complement to the Book on Relieving Famine and Reviving the People] Comp. Zhu Xiong 朱熊 (z. Weiji 維吉), from Jiangyin 江陰 (Nan Zhili) 1443 Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. with mention “new ed. published by Yanping [Fujian] prefect Sheng Yong” (延平府知府錫山盛顒重刊), words “printed in 1443 by Zhu Weiji” at end of fanli, with prefs. by Hu Ying 胡濙 (to Jiuhuang buyi shu, 1442), Wang Zhi 王直 (to Jiuhuang buyi shu, 1443), Chen Xun 陳循 (1443), and Zhao Wan 趙琬 (1442), postfs. (跋) by Sheng Yong (1473) and Yang Pu 楊溥 (1444). [Zhongyang] – *Undated (Zhengde-period) ed. (between 1517 and 1520) published by Hejian 河間 (Bei Zhili) prefect Chang Zai 常在, with prefs. by Zhao Wan (1442), Chen Xun (1443), and Wang Zhi (1443), postf. by Li Shimian 李時 勉 (1443). [Qinghua] [Zhongyang, *mf. at Princeton, also with a pref. by Hu Ying (1442), and Li Shimian’s text as a pref.] (These imprints show the same cracks and damage in the blocks. The copy at Zhongyang has handwritten pages for missing blocks; the copy at Qinghua has writing for missing corners of blocks.) – Undated ed. in 3 j., with prefs. by Hu Ying (1442), Zhao Wan (1442), Wang Zhi (1443), Li Shimian (1443), and Chen Xun (1443). [Fu Sinian, cat. says Zhengde period]

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4.3 Famine Relief

– [1529] revised ed. in 2 j. published by Henan surveillance vice-commissioner (按察司副使) Wang Chongqing 王崇慶 (js. 1503), titled Jiuhuang buyi. Wang’s postf. (see next entry) indicates that he was entrusted by the Henan grand coordinator with editing and printing the work in the wake of a famine in 1529; the grand coordinator, whom he only calls by the sobriquet Shuangzhou 雙洲先生, must have been Pan Xun 潘塤 (1476?– 1562), who was accused of negligence and procrastination in organizing the relief, and cashiered (see his biography in MS, 203/5366–68); the publishing project may therefore have been launched as an attempt to prop up his reputation in this area. – *1597 ed. by the Bazhou [Bei Zhili] intendant (萬曆二十五年七月吉日 霸州道刊行), in 2 j., no cover-leaf, title in chapter captions Chongkan jiuhuang buyi shu, with prefs. by Hu Ying (1442), Wang Zhi (1443), Li Shimian (to Jiuhuang buyi shu, 1443), Chen Xun (to Jiuhuang buyi shu, 1443), Zhao Wan (to Jiuhuang huomin buyi shu, 1442), Tang Gao 唐皐 (to Chongkan jiuhuang buyi shu, 1520), postfs. by Yang Pu (to Jiuhuang huomin buyi shu, 1444) and Wang Chongqing (to Jiuhuang buyi, n.d.), both misplaced at the beginning of j. 下; in chapter captions Dong Wei 董煟 cited as bianzhu 編著, Zhang Guangda as xinzeng 新增, Zhu Xiong as buyi 補遺, Wang Chongqing as shiduan 釋斷 (comments by him are inserted), and Gu Yuncheng 顧雲程 as jiaoyue 校閱. This is clearly a recarving of the 1529 Wang Chongqing ed.; the date of publication is indicated after Wang Chongqing’s postf.; the end of each chapter mentions that the publication was supervised by Wen’an magistrate Yue Chujing (文安縣知縣東郡 岳儲精督刊); each folio has the number of characters carved indicated at bottom of central margin. [*Beiping Mf., reel #534] [GugongTaipe] – *Undated ed. titled Huomin shu (no cover-leaf), with prefs. by Yao Siren 姚 思仁 (to Jiuhuang huomin quanshu 全書, 1617), Dong Wei (1204), Hu Ying (1442), Li Shimian (1443), Chen Xun (1443), fanli (to Chongkan jiuhuang huomin buyi shu, 1443, signed by Zhuquan laoren Zhu Shanqing 竹泉老 人朱善慶; Zhu Shanqing seems to have been Zhu Xiong’s father). [Beida] – *Japanese kambun official ed. (官板) engraved in 1836, label 昌平叢書 on the covers, in 2 j. (4 ce), with prefs. by Hu Ying (1442), Wang Zhi (1443), Li Shimian (1443), Chen Xun (1443), Zhao Wan (1442), fanli (1443, same as above). [Tōyō Bunka, Niida Collection] – *1869 Hubei Chongwen shuju engraving 楚北崇文書局開雕, in 2 j., title on cover-leaf Jiuhuang buyi, in chapter captions Chongkan jiuhuang buyi shu, based on 1529 Wang Chongqing version, with prefs. by Hu Ying (1442), Wang Zhi (1443), Li Shimian (1443), Zhao Wan (1442), and Tang Gao (1520), postfs. by Yang Pu (1444) and Wang Chongqing (n.d.). [*CASS Jinshisuo] [*Qinghua] [*Columbia, together with Buhuang yaojue (q.v.)] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0731

913

– Photo-repro. of 1869 ed., Taipei: Xuanyi chubanshe, 1970. – *Photo-repro. of undated Chang Zai ed. at Qinghua, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 273. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters titled Jiuhuang huomin shu, based on the 1869 Chubei Chongwen shuju ed., in 2 j., in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1. (The editors chose to reproduce this “cumulative” version, where most of Dong Wei’s original recension is preserved, yet call it Jiuhuang huomin shu in the table of contents and title page in order to emphasize the foundational nature of the text.)

Rem.: A treatise on famine relief building on the seminal work of Dong Wei during the Song and its continuation by Zhang Guangda during the Yuan (see under Jiuhuang huomin shu and Jiuhuang huomin leiyao). J. 1 contains a selection of quotes on famine relief extracted from the histories, from antiquity down to the Chunxi reign of the Song; the commentaries appended are either by Dong Wei (introduced by 董氏 曰) or by Zhu Xiong (introduced by 補遺曰). J. 2 includes about 50 entries by famous, mostly Song, officials dealing with a variety of events related to famine or discussing specific problems and methods of relief, like taking care of refugees and organizing community granaries; there is little annotation. J. 3, titled Jiuhuang zashuo 救荒雜說, includes three sections: the first deals with methods illustrated in the Song and more or less corresponds to j. 2 of Dong Wei’s work; the second concerns the Yuan period and is based on Zhang Guangda’s treatise; the third deals with the Ming and introduces imperial edicts and orders as well as memorials and proposals by various officials. The 1443 fanli states that, while Dong Wei’s original text had 278 entries, the following eds. had only 214; for the present ed. the missing entries were traced back and 14 new entries were added, plus 18 from Zhang Guangda’s recension and 27 from the Ming, making a total 338 entries (in fact 337); Dong Wei’s materials were also rearranged in a more chronological way; the author in chapter captions is still Dong Wei. The materials are arranged somewhat differently in the Japanese ed. in 2 j. and in the 1529 Wang Chongqing ed. in 2 j. Bio.: According to the prefs. and postfs., Zhu Xiong was a scholar without academic rank who contributed, with his family, several thousand shi of grain during a famine in his native region in 1441; he was rewarded by the court with an honorific inscription, and to express his gratitude compiled and printed the present work, for which he requested prefaces from some dignitaries at the capital. Several of them state that, whereas his charitable contribution in 1441 benefitted the inhabitants of his region only, his compilation will benefit the whole empire. In the Tianshun period he received appointment as an administrative clerk (知事) in the Office of Transmission. See the prefaces and

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postfaces; Jiangyin XZ (1547), 15/2a; Zhou, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 59–60. Ref. and studies: Siku, 84/1759–60, describing an ed. belonging to the Tianyi ge, which according to the seals might be the Chang Zai ed. now at Zhongyang. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:264. Zhou, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 34–38 [LG, PEW] 0732

Huangzheng congyan 荒政叢言, 1 j. [A Set of Proposals on Famine Relief] By Lin Xiyuan 林希元 (z. Maozhen 茂貞, Maozhen 懋貞, h. Ciya 次崖) (ca. 1480–ca. 1560) (js. 1517), from Tong’an 同安 (Fujian) 1529 Ed.:

– *In Lin Ciya xiansheng wenji 林次崖先生文集 (1612 pref.), 1/23a–46b, titled Huanzheng congyan shu 疏, prefaced with Lin’s rank of Guangdong assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事). [*Beiping Mf., reel #1000] [Gugong Taipei] – *In Huang Ming jingshi wenbian 皇明經世文編, j. 163, titled Huangzheng congyan shu. – *In Tong’an 同安 Lin Ciya xiansheng wenji 林次崖先生文集 (1757 Yiyan tang 詒燕堂 ed.), 1/19b–39b, titled Huanzheng congyan shu. [Naikaku; *Photo-repro. at Princeton] – *As j. 2 of Huangzheng congshu (q.v.). – *Photo-repro. of Tong’an Lin Ciya xiansheng wenji text, in SKCMCS, 集, vol. 75. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on Huangzheng congshu (1911 ed.).

Rem.: A proposal rich in concrete detail and historical references, originally presented as a memorial in 1529. It lists “two difficulties” (二 難: finding appropriate men and investigating households); “three conveniences” (三便: distinguishing between different types of relief appropriate to different levels of poverty); “six urgencies” (六急: distributing gruel to people on the brink of death and medicine to sick people, burying the dead, taking care of orphans, and more); “three expediencies” (三權: lending official money to buy and sell grain, organizing work-relief, lending oxen and seeds); “six prohibitions” (六禁: against embezzlement by officials, banditry, preventing famine areas from buying grain in neighboring areas, arbitrarily lowering prices, slaughtering oxen, selling religious ordinations); “three warnings” (三戒: against official

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0731–0733

915

procrastination, waiting for orders to take action, sending special commissioners). The author claims he tried with varying success to implement these methods during a famine while he was an official in Sizhou 泗州 (Nan Zhili). His conclusion (introduced by chen an 臣按) states that, while he is emphasizing immediate measures in the face of famine (臨時處置), he does not discuss preventive measures (先時預備) in detail. He also notes that he had seen a copy of Jiuhuang huoming buyi shu (q.v.) at the National Academy in Nanjing, but found it too hard to use. The earliest and most complete version of the text appears in Lin’s collected works. The better-known version in Huangzheng congshu has been edited from the original.

Bio.: A pushy and outspoken official who experienced several highs and lows in his career, Lin Xiyuan started as a case reviewer (評事) in the Court of Judicial Review in Nanjing. He was promoted to assistant minister (丞) in 1521, but offended his superior and was made assistant magistrate (判官) in Si department 泗州 (Nan Zhili), where he dealt with famine conditions, the impetus for Huangzheng congyan. In 1527 he was restored to his Nanjing post, then sent as assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) to Guangdong. In the 3rd month of 1529 he submitted Huangzheng congyan to the throne. It was well received and widely cited. His successes against a gang of bandits earned him an appointment back in Nanjing. He was again demoted and again sought opportunities to prove himself. After his promotion came through, an investigation found that he had exceeded his authority, and he was dismissed. With the road to official service blocked he developed an overseas trading empire, fighting off all efforts to curb it. See Ming shilu: Shizong, 99/2334; DMB, 919–22; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 292; Renming quanwei; Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 61–62. Tong’an Lin Ciya xiansheng wenji, 6/11b– 27a, contains several letters dealing with famine relief in his native region. Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2393. Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 38–40. [TN, PEW] 0733

Luyang huangzheng lu 廬陽荒政錄 (or lüe 略), 4 j. [An Account of Famine Relief in Luzhou] By Lu Menglin 陸夢麟 (z. Wenrui 文瑞) (js. 1523), from Fengcheng

豐城 (Jiangxi)

N.d. Ed.:

– No extant copy located.

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4.3 Famine Relief

Rem.: The work is also attributed to Long Gao 龍誥, prefect of Luzhou 廬州 (Nan Zhili) when Lu Menglin was prefectural judge, and supposed to have directed the relief (see below, Changsha FZ).

Bio.: Lu Menglin was appointed prefectural judge (推官) of Luzhou in 1523. In 1526 he became a censor and was assigned to “troop purification” (清軍) in Yunnan and Guizhou. For some unfortunate remark he was demoted to assistant department magistrate (州判) in 1534 and appointed to Guangde 廣德 (Nan Zhili). Then he was promoted again and returned to Luzhou as viceprefect (同知), before retiring from his official career. See He Chuguang 何出 光, Lantai fajian lu 蘭臺法鑒錄, 15/16a; Luzhou FZ (1803) 9/20a; Fengcheng 豐 城 XZ (1664), 11/2b; Guizhou TZ (1597), 2/9a; Guangde ZZ (1537), 7/20b. Ref. and studies: Changsha 長沙 FZ (Jiajing), 6/38a (biography of Long Gao). TYG, 2:2/55b (title with lu, no author given), 60a (same title, author Lu Menglin). TYGXC, 2/51a (title with lüe). [TN] 0734

Huangzheng kao 荒政考, 1 j. [An Investigation of Famine Relief] By Tu Long 屠隆 (z. Changqing 長卿, Weizhen 緯真, h. Chishui 赤水, Youjuan shanren 由拳山人, Hongbao jushi 鴻苞居士) (1542–1605) (js. 1577), from Yinxian 鄞縣 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *In Tu’s Hongbao ji 鴻苞集, 6/2a–34a, with appendix on medicines to avoid hunger titled Jiuhuang xiuliang fang 救荒休糧方, 34a–37a. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton] – 1845 Donggao caotang 東皋草堂 ed. [Beitu] – *As j. 3 of Huangzheng congshu (q.v.). – Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 965, based on Mohai jinhu ed. of Huangzheng congshu. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on Huangzheng congshu (1911 ed.).

Rem.: A set of 30 recommendations for famine relief that the author was moved to compose based on previous literature. They were engendered by a famine from which his own family suffered while he lived on the southeast coast after leaving officialdom. The entries, rich in historical references, cover all the topics usual in famine relief treatises, like tax exemptions, grain storage, government purchases of grain, exhorting the rich to contribute, registering famine victims, directing distributions of relief, encouraging commerce and circulation of food supplies,

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0733–0735

917

taking emergency measures, ensuring preparedness, memorializing sincerely on disasters, rehabilitating the economy in the wake of famines, and more.

Bio.: Famous as a poet, playwright, and man of letters, Tu Long served as magistrate of Yingshang 潁上 and Qingpu 青浦 in Nan Zhili, where he appears to have demonstrated much ability, from 1577 to 1582, then as a secretary in the Ministry of Rites (1582–83). He was expelled from officialdom, reportedly because of attacks by a colleague and fellow poet who was jealous of his successes and criticized him for his love of banqueting and having fun. He spent the rest of his life in difficult circumstances, but continued to enjoy wide literary connections. See MS, 288/7988–89; DMB, 1324–27; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 640–1; Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 63; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 40–42. [PEW] 0735

Huangzheng huibian 荒政滙編, 2 j. [A Compendium on Famine Relief] Comp. (編輯) He Chunzhi 何淳之 (z. Zhongya 仲雅, h. Taiwu 太吳) (js. 1586), from Wuxi 無錫 (Nan Zhili) 1588 intro. Ed.:

– 1594 new ed. (重刻) coll. and printed (校刊) by Tan Tingchen 譚廷臣, with pref. by Hu Shi’ao 胡士鰲 (n.d.), intro. (引) by Zhong Zhenji 衷貞 吉 (1588), Dong Wei’s “Commentary on famine relief” (荒 [董] 煟救荒說) reprinted by Tan Tingchen as a postf. (i.e. the section “Jiuhuang zashuo 雜說” in Jiuhuang huomin shu, j. 3), postf. (跋) by Hu Zongxun 胡宗洵 (to 重刊, 1595). [Location unknown] – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on ed. above.

Rem.: The compiler and the collator-printer mentioned in the 1588 intro. were both prefectural judges (推官) serving in Henan, He in Kaifeng 開封 and Tan in Huaiqing 懷慶. The work was composed in the wake of the 1586–87 famine in Henan, followed by an epidemic in 1588; the governor, Zhong Zhenji, took charge of the relief. The materials on famine relief he had assembled were edited and published by He Chunzhi. The 12 methods of famine relief in the Zhouli are extolled as a model that deserves to be complemented with more recent techniques. Jiuhuang huomin shu (q.v.) and Jiuhuang bencao 救荒本草 (a treatise on famine foods first published in 1406 by a Ming prince enfeoffed in

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Henan) are mentioned in the intro. as works available in Henan that can be consulted together with the present text. The 16 sections (1–8 in j. 1 and 9–16 in j. 2) deal with the following topics: (1) tax exemptions (停蠲); (2) distributing relief (賑濟)—tax rebates and relief distributions being discussed as two complementary policies; (3) building grain stores (儲 蓄); (4) care of refugees (撫恤); (5) distributing grain from public granaries (發倉); (6) selling grain at reduced price (平糶); (7) encouraging charity (倡義); (8) soup kitchens (煮粥); (9) distributing relief in grain (給粟) or in cash (給錢); (10) selecting local officials who care for the people (擇令); (11) controlling banditry (治盜); (12) locust control (治 蝗); (13) measures of expediency (權宜)—with many examples of officials relieving the people without caring to wait for an official authorization; (14) Heaven’s response to official behavior (感應); (15) encouraging irrigation (水利)—the longest entry in the work; and (16) retribution of good deeds (陰報). Each entry includes an introductory statement in a rather flowery style, a chronological enumeration of historical precedents from antiquity to the present (the most detailed materials concern the Song and especially the Ming, down to the first 16 years of Wanli), and the author’s concluding comment, introduced by an 按. Overall the work may be described as a fairly detailed compendium of all the famine relief methods established by tradition, with their respective advantages and disadvantages, based on a historical database. Bio.: Comparatively little is known about He Chunzhi’s career. He was appointed Kaifeng prefectural judge in 1586, the year of his jinshi. The position involved wide responsibilities. He appears to have been extremely active combating the 1587–88 famine (one of the worst in Ming history), to the extent that the locals dedicated a living shrine (生祠) to him in 1591. He was then promoted to be a censor (監察御史). He is mentioned as regional inspector for Fujian in 1595; he died in this post. See Kaifeng FZ (1585), 7/又 11a; Xiangfu 祥符 XZ (1661), 1/29a; Shang Jiang liangxian zhi 上江兩縣志 (1874), 22/24a–b. [TN] [PEW]

0736

Huangzheng yaolan 荒政要覽, 10 j. [Essential Readings on Famine Relief] Comp. (輯錄) Yu Ruwei 俞汝為 (z. Yifu 毅夫, h. Xinyu 新宇) (js. 1571), from Huating 華亭 (Jiangsu) 1589 or later Ed.:

– [1607] ed. with prefs. by Liu Risheng 劉日升 (1607), Zhang Nai 張鼐 (n.d.), and Jin Ruli 金汝礪 (1607). [Shanghai]

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– *Undated ed., no cover-leaf, with pref. by Liu Risheng (1607); the names of collators (訂正) vary depending on chapter. [*Beitu; *mf. at Princeton] [*Beiping Mf., reels #533–534] [Gugong Taipei] – Edo-period Japanese ed. [Hōsa Bunko] – Undated Japanese ed. [Sonkeikaku, 2 copies] – *Undated Japanese ed. with furigana added, no pref., with some (mainly textual) notes in the upper margin. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton] – *Photo-repro. of 1607 ed. at Shanghai (no cover-leaf), in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 846. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on the ed. at Shanghai.

Rem.: A rather massive collection of texts relying heavily on historical erudition but providing concrete advice as well. The first 3 chapters are devoted to utterances by Ming emperors (詔諭, down to 1589), memorials (some very long) by Ming high officials or ministries (奏議, down to 1588), and general considerations (總論), respectively; the last consists of excerpts from various treatises and proposals, arranged chronologically, beginning with the “twelve relief policies to collect the people” (荒政十有二聚萬民) in the Zhouli and including long quotations from Dong Wei’s Jiuhuang huomin shu (q.v.). The entries in j. 4 are on “everyday prevention” (平日預備之要); they include extensive quotations of texts on irrigation and water control in Jiangnan and the southeast and on granaries and government grain sales. This and the next chapters include many small-character footnotes, some of them quite substantial, quoting from Dong Wei, Qiu Jun 丘濬 (author of Daxue yanyi bu 大 學演義補), and many other, often Song-era, authors. The entries in j. 5, on protection against disasters (水旱捍禦之要), provide historical examples (down to the Wanli period) of imperial rituals to ward off disasters, and include texts discussing the importance of reporting disasters rapidly, the maintenance of irrigation infrastructures, the dissemination of secondary crops, measures against locusts, and more. J. 6 deals with the various methods of relief (饑饉拯救之要), including tax exemptions, free relief, sales of reduced-price grain, soup kitchens, taking care of refugees, and so forth. J. 7 is on measures of aid and rehabilitation following the disaster (荒後寬恤之要); it features historical examples (mainly Ming) of tax exemptions, efforts to bring refugees back, propaganda against wine-making, and others. J. 8 is entitled “A mirror of successes and failures in case of famine” (遇荒得失之鑒); it features 49 historical examples of “good policies” (救荒善政) and 23 examples of “failures fatal to the people” (失政殃民). J. 9, introduced by the Hongwu

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emperor’s famous 1394 decree ordering every household in the empire to plant 600 trees within 3 years, is on “planting trees to prevent famine” (備荒樹藝) and describes 19 kinds of trees and other plants; a few “recipes” (方) and “methods” (法) to cure famine victims are appended. The last chapter (j. 10) is a famine materia medica (救荒本草) comprising 57 items.

Bio.: Yu Ruwei’s career included many actions involving infrastructure and disaster relief. After his jinshi he was appointed magistrate of Dehua 德化 (Jiangxi), where he was instrumental in building a dike to control flooding and ponds to hold water for irrigation. After a period of mourning, he worked briefly clarifying military registers in Guangdong before moving to be magistrate of Shouchang 壽昌 (Zhejiang) in 1579. In 1582 he was transferred to the more challenging post of magistrate of Jiande 建德 (Zhejiang) for 3 years. He was known for his work on county infrastructure. He was promoted to vice-prefect of Chuzhou 處州 prefecture and then moved to offices in Nanjing. In 1592 he was sent to work in provincial offices in Shandong, but was slandered and left public office. He was called back to serve as department magistrate of Qinzhou 沁州 (Shanxi), where he stayed for 5 years around the turn of the century, and did important work on water control. He finally returned to Nanjing, where his last post was in the Ministry of Works. See He Sanwei 何三畏, Yunjian zhilüe 雲間志略, 21/6a; Songjiang 松江 FZ (1630), 40/37a–38b; Songjiang FZ (1817) 54/6b–7a; Jiande XZ (1754), 6/3a; Dehua XZ (1780), 9/3b; Shanxi TZ (Siku ed.) 97/61a; Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 64–65. [TN] Ref. and studies: MS, 97/2393. Franke, 6.5.18 says 1589 or later, treatise on administration of famine relief up to 1589. Downs, “Famine Policy and Ideas about Famine in the Mid Ming.” Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 45–48. [PEW] 0737

Zhen Yu jilüe 賑豫紀略, 1 j. [A Brief Account of Relieving Henan] By Zhong Huamin 鍾化民 (z. Weixin 維新, h. Wenlu 文陸, s. Zhonghui 忠惠) (1537–97) (js. 1580), from Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *As j. 5 of Huangzheng congshu (q.v.). – Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 966, based on the Mohai jinhu ed. of Huangzheng congshu. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on Huangzheng congshu (1911 ed.).

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921

Rem.: An account of the author’s heroic efforts to combat famine in Henan, where he was sent by the court in 1594 on special assignment with the title “Censor of Henan circuit in command of famine operations” (河南道監察御史督理荒政), over which he had full authority. The province had suffered from famine since 1592, and the situation, caused by massive flooding, was reported to be nearly out of hand when the court was alerted in 1594. The texts published and introduced by Yu Sen, the compiler of Huangzheng congshu, include the following: (1) Zhenhuang shishi 賑荒事實, composed of 18 relatively short but precise paragraphs (with captions) vividly describing the actions taken by Zhong Huamin (mentioned in the third person as “Mr” 公) to organize soup kitchens, distribute cash and grain, call up local officials, control clerical abuse, encourage charitable contributions, redeem women and children sold by famine victims, compose and circulate 9 agricultureencouraging songs (勸農九歌), and so forth. (2) Jiuhuang tushuo 救荒 圖說, consisting of commentaries to “pictures of famine relief” (救荒 圖) drawn on Zhong Huamin’s order after the campaign was over and presented to the court; the plates themselves have not been preserved, but the commentaries, which are rather extended and in semi-vernacular language, contain some precise information, including figures of resources mobilized and of people relieved. Based on a careful investigation of local gazetteers, Brook (see below) concludes that the 1593–94 famine in Henan was in fact limited to a small number of counties and far from the province-wide disaster described by Yang Dongming 楊東 明, a high official hailing from Yucheng 禹城 (Henan) who alerted the emperor with a set of pictures depicting the desperate condition of Henan’s population and prompted the dispatching of Zhong Huamin to direct relief: Yang’s point, rather, had been to warn the court that in the absence of state intervention the situation might degenerate into a massive famine comparable to the 1588 catastrophic multi-province disaster. Whatever the case, Zhong’s Zhen Yu jilüe account remained a frequently cited model in famine-relief literature. Bio.: See under Qinmin leibian zhaichao. Ref. and studies: Will, Bureaucracy and Famine, 12 and passim. Brook, “Telling Famine Stories,” 180–6. Yim, “Famine Relief Statistics,” providing an account of the 1593–94 famine in Henan and of Zhong Huamin’s efforts. Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 49–50. Bibliography entries for same author: Qinmin leibian zhaichao. [PEW]

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Quwo huangzheng 曲沃荒政, 1 j. [Famine Relief in Quwo] By He Chuguang 何出光 (z. Zhaowen 兆文, h. Zhonghuan 中寰) (js. 1583), from Fugou 扶溝 (Henan) 1601 pref. Ed.: – *Undated (Wanli-period) ed., in He’s Zhonghuan ji 中寰集 (1601 pref.), j. 6 (條議). [Harvard] – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, based on the ed. above, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1.

Rem.: A set of recommendations based on the author’s experience as magistrate of Quwo (Shanxi) during the 1580s. He claims in introductory remarks that if administration in general, and relief administration in particular, are always difficult, they are even more so in Shanxi, and he stresses that Shanxi’s barrenness is an obstacle to efficiently building up surplus reserves. The body of the work consists of 15 quite substantial entries. 5 among them are devoted to policies the author deems most important in a situation of urgency, namely, tax exemptions and the various forms of relief distribution. Other topics include storing grain reserves, combating banditry, reducing punishments and discouraging lawsuits, reducing the number of corvée workers but increasing their pay, encouraging profitable enterprises (such as mineral industries, irrigation works, and destroying illegal shrines to sell their materials), moderating conspicuous consumption, and checking the arrogant behavior of imperial clan members. The text insists on the peculiarities of Shanxi’s natural and social environment (including the availability of merchant capital and costs of frontier defense), to which relief policies must be adapted if they are to have any efficiency, and on the many abuses and malpractices that must be corrected. It is unclear whether these fairly concrete propositions had any circulation.

Bio.: He Chuguang was appointed to Quwo in 1585. After his 3-year stint, during which he was confronted with famine and epidemics, he was evaluated as the most successful official in Shanxi for famine relief, and appointed to the Censorate. In 1688 he made a name by attacking with some success the eunuch Zhang Jing 張鯨 and his henchmen for their corruption. He was sent as regional inspector in Nan Zhili, then in Shandong in 1591, where he denounced leaks of the names of provincial examination examiners by the minister of Rites; this earned him some enmity. The rest of his career was in positions of prefect, prefectural judge, and magistrate in Shanxi and Bei Zhili. He died in

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0738–0739

the post of magistrate of Wanxian 完縣 (Bei Zhili). His record as a local official was clearly outstanding. See Quwo XZ (1706), 15/7a; Pingyang 平陽 FZ (1708), 20/54a; Wanxian zhi (1731), 6/3a–b; Wanxian zhi (1934), 3/14a–b; Chenzhou 陳 州 FZ (1747), 18/20b–21a, 24/37b–44b; Fugou XZ (1893), 14/18a–24b. [PEW] 0739

Jiuhuang shiyi 救荒事宜, 1 j. [Advice on Famine Relief] By Zhou Kongjiao 周孔教 (z. Mingxing 明行, Xingzai 行再, Zongni 宗 尼, h. Huailu 懷魯) (?–1613) (js. 1580), from Linchuan 臨川 (Jiangxi) Ca. 1608 Ed.:

– Undated (Wanli-period) ed. with prefs. by Jiang Shichang 姜士昌 and Sun Guoguang 孫國光 (n.d.). [Jilin daxue tushuguan] – *Photo-repro. of copy at Jilin daxue, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 275. – Photo-repro. of same copy, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 481.

Rem.: A treatise on famine relief whose compilation, entrusted to subordinates, was spurred by the relief work Zhou Kongjiao directed as grand coordinator of Nan Zhili during the massive floods that engulfed much of Jiangnan in 1608. The text first assesses the disaster and food crisis in the so-called San-Wu 三吳 region, followed by 23 entries dealing with the topics standard in this sort of work, such as reducedprice sales of grain, management of grain stocks, distribution of relief, maintenance of order, inducements to attract merchants to the disaster areas, incentives for the rich to help in the relief, and so forth; the last entry discusses distributions of medicine to the poor. While the entries themselves are of a rather general nature—both the pref. and the Siku commentators stress that the work is essentially a development of the principles of famine relief set out in the Zhouli—there are concrete allusions to the situation in 1608 in the “discussions” appended to nine of them (續附議). Bio.: After his jinshi, Zhou Kongjiao was appointed magistrate of Fuqing 福 清 (Fujian), and in 1584 of Linhai 臨海 (Zhejiang). Made a censor (御史) in 1589, he was assigned the next year as salt-control censor (巡鹽御史) of the Changlu 長蘆 region in Bei Zhili. In 1591 he became regional inspector for Henan. In 1592 he was assigned as education-intendant censor (提學) in the region surrounding Beijing, a position to which he returned in 1597 after a period of mourning. After several metropolitan positions he was promoted assistant censor-in-chief (僉都御史) in 1604 and sent to serve as grand coordinator

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for the region around Nanjing. There he associated with the members of the Donglin Academy and also dealt with banditry and piracy. In 1608 he had to deal with catastrophic flooding and famine. When he was about to leave the region the locals unsuccessfully memorialized to have him retained. In 1609 he was assigned to supervise the Grand Canal (總理河道), but retired in 1610 without taking up the post. See He Chuguang 何出光, Lantai fajian lu 蘭臺法鑒錄, 20/20b; Linchuan XZ (1680), 18/19a; Linhai XZ (1683), 4/34b; Yunjian zhilüe 雲 間志略 (1623), 6/1a–3b; Songjiang 松江 FZ (1631), 33/38a–b; Chen Ding 陳鼎, Donglin liezhuan 東林列傳, 21/20a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 216/4046, 251/4685, 255/4735, 403/7536, 407/7598, 449/8496, 461/8708, 504/9587; Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 64. Ref. and studies: Mingshi yiwenzhi, 630, citing Zhou Kong’ao 周孔敖 as author (clearly a copying error). Siku, 84/1764–65. Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 43–45. Bibliography entries for same author: Huangzheng yi. [LG, TN] 0740

Huangzheng yi 荒政議, 1 j. [A Proposal on Famine Relief] By Zhou Kongjiao 周孔教 (z. Mingxing 明行, Xingzai 行再, Zongni 宗 尼, h. Huailu 懷魯) (?–1613) (js. 1580), from Linchuan 臨川 (Jiangxi) Ca. 1608 Ed.:

– *As j. 4 of Huangzheng congshu (q.v.). – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on Huangzheng congshu (1911 ed.).

Rem.: A set of directives modeled on Lin Xiyuan’s Huangzheng congyan (q.v.), but with a somewhat different organization in part due to different circumstances (explained in the short introduction by the Huangzheng congshu editor, who also says he cut about one half of Zhou’s somewhat verbose text). It lists “Six priorities” (六先); “Eight suitable methods” (八宜); “Four expedient things” (四權); “Five prohibitions” (五禁); and “Three warnings” (三戒). The text was promulgated by Zhou Kongjiao during the 1608 famine, when he was grand coordinator of Jiangsu. Bio.: See under Jiuhuang shiyi. Ref. and studies: Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 51–53. Bibliography entries for same author: Jiuhuang shiyi. [PEW]

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Huangzhu lüe 荒箸略, 1 j. [Plans for Famine] By Liu Shijiao 劉世教 (z. Shaoyi 少彝) (1556–1608) (jr. 1600), from Haiyan 海鹽 (Zhejiang) 1608 Ed.:

– 1623 ed. titled Liu Shaoyi huangzhu lüe, in Yanyi zhilin. [Beitu] [Gugong Taipei] – Undated (late-Ming) ed. as j. 12 of Liu’s Yanbao zhai yigao 研寶齋遺稿 (1626 pref.). [Nankai daxue] [Shanghai] [LSS] – *As j. 6 of Huangzheng congshu (q.v.). – Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 965, based on Yanyi zhilin ed. – In 1937 Shanghai Hanfen lou reprint of Yanyi zhilin, ce 30. – *Photo-repro. of Yanbao zhai yigao ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 6, vol. 25. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on Huangzheng congshu (1911 ed.).

Rem.: A set of recommendations to the authorities motivated by Jiangnan’s great flood of 1608. The short introductory statement is dated WL 36/6/16, shortly after 45 uninterrupted days of rain that started on 36/4/9 (May 22, 1608). The author claims to have “borrowed from previous plans” (借前箸), hence the title. However, there are few historical allusions in the 12 essays that compose the work, which make quite concrete propositions. The first essay is on tax exemptions (蠲); the next 8 essays are on relief (賑) and discuss every form of relief and source of funding; the last three deal with grain purchases (糴), grain prices (價), and prohibitions (禁).

Bio.: The son of a family of officials from Haiyan (some sources describe him as a native of Jiashan 嘉善), Liu Shijiao passed the Shuntian juren examination in 1600. After failing the jinshi one last time in 1613, he asked for appointment and was sent as magistrate of Minqing 閩清 (Fujian), a secluded and undeveloped place where he is said to have tried to teach cotton growing and weaving to the locals. He also served as acting magistrate of Houguan 侯官 and Youxi 尤溪 in the same province. According to some sources he died of exhaustion at age 53 while working at flood relief; his short biography in Sheng Feng’s 盛楓 Jiahe zhengxian lu 嘉禾徵獻錄 (Yangzhou: Jiangsu Guangling guji chubanshe, 1989), 23/10b, claims that he asked to be relieved of his duties because of his wife’s bribe-taking. See Haiyan xian tujing (1624), 13/40a–41a; Jiaxing 嘉興 FZ (1682), 17/39a; Zhejiang TZ (Siku quanshu ed.), 254/7a; Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 65–66. [TN]

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Ref. and studies: Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 48–49. [PEW] 0742

Zhu zhou tiaoyi 煮粥條議, 1 j. [Itemized Propositions on Cooking Gruel] By Chen Jiru 陳繼儒 (z. Zhongchun 仲醇, h. Meigong 眉公) (1558– 1639), from Huating 華亭 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1609 Ed.: – *Ms. ed. included in a two-fasc. ms. collection of 20 works titled Zachao ershi zhong 雜抄二十種. [Beitu] – In Xuehai leibian, ce 40. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on the Shanghai Hanfen lou reprint of Xuehai leibian.

Rem.: A short list of rules for making and distributing rice gruel based on the author’s experience in Huating 華亭 (Jiangsu) during the 1609 famine in the Lower Yangzi region. Soup kitchens were set up at 18 different places in Huating and Qingpu 清浦 (both in Songjiang 松江 prefecture) following a directive of grand coordinator Zhou Kongjiao (see under Jiuhuang shiyi). Chen was motivated to write by one of these soup kitchens, based in a Sheshan 佘山 area temple, which benefitted from a grant of 300 shi of grain by a local philanthropist and fed large numbers of people. (Chen signs the introductory statement as Sheshan daoren 道 人.) The rules on gruel distribution are followed by a directive of Zhou Kongjiao dealing with the promotion of charitable contributions and the maintenance of order. Bio.: Though a brilliant student who was remarked by Xu Jie 徐階, a powerful politician hailing, like him, from Songjiang prefecture, Chen Jiru decided at age 29 to abandon the cursus honorum altogether and move to the hills, where he lived on literary odd jobs and teaching. Yet he remained a local notable, had much prestige as a literary man and calligrapher, and maintained close ties with influential scholars and statesmen. Today he is mainly remembered as editor (real or supposed) of a sprawling collectanea, the Baoyan tang miji (see List of congshu). See MS, 298/7631–32; ECCP, 83–84; Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 63–64. Ref. and studies: Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 42–43. [PEW]

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Zaijin kuanyi 菑祲窾議, 1 j. [Ignorant Discussion of Famine and Misfortune] By Bi Ziyan 畢自嚴 (z. Jingzeng 景曾, h. Shiyin jushi 石隱居士) (1569– 1638) (js. 1592), from Zichuan 淄川 (Shandong) 1616 pref. Ed.:

– Undated (Wanli-period) Qingfu tang 清福堂 ed. with pref. by author (1616). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of the Beitu copy in BTGZC, vol. 56. – *Modern punctuated ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on same ed.

Rem.: The work concerns a famine in the author’s native area (he was home on sick leave) that began in the fall of 1614 and got considerably worse in 1615. It responded to a demand from the commissioner in charge of relief (賑院), once the famine was over, that local notables provide information on “advantages and drawbacks” (利病) that he might forward to the court. The comparatively short text (13 folios) is divided into three parts: (1) “The Zichuan people’s sorrows” (淄民苦楚, 4 entries), describing in the direst terms the impact of the recent famine, including cannibalism and rebellious behavior; (2) “The life-saving bounty” (拯捄 恩波, 4 entries), describing measures taken in Zichuan, including gruel distribution to the poorest, relief and loans in money and grain, aid to poor literati, and rescuing orphans; (3) “Rehabilitation policies” (善後事 宜, 6 entries), discussing moving back refugees, distributing seeds and oxen, reducing taxes, forbidding women to leave the province as peddlers, rehabilitating community granaries, and promoting irrigation. Bi’s pref. insists that his considerations are meant as a warning for future Shandong officials to keep ready for unexpected disasters. Bio.: Bi Ziyan was a prolific producer of gongdu materials during his more than 40-year career. After his jinshi he served as prefectural judge (推官) in Songjiang 松江 (Nan Zhili). In 1598 he became a bureau secretary in the Ministry of Justice and was sent out to review cases. After mourning leave, he returned to the post in 1603, then moved to the Ministry of Works, where he rose to vice-director and director. Later he held military surveillance functions in Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi, where from 1615 he was promoted to administration vice-commissioner (參政), surveillance commissioner, and administration commissioner (based in Jingbian 靖邊 military circuit). In 1621 he was designated to fill the newly established post of grand coordinator for Tianjin

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天津 to deal with the problems of naval defense in the region. He developed

forces that were able to move to Shanhaiguan after the serious defeat inflicted by the Manchus in 1622. He remained in the region till 1625, when he was moved to Nanjing with positions of vice-president of the Censorate and later minister of Revenue. He came into conflict with an emissary of the eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢 and was forced out of office. After the fall of Wei Zhongxian in 1627 he was called back to serve as minister of Revenue in Beijing. In 1633 a memorial on imperial finances angered the emperor and he ended up in prison. He was later released, and never returned to office. Bi likely published gongdu materials from Songjiang in his Yunjian tiaoyi 雲間條議 (not extant) to gain a reputation. By the time he produced Ji-Ning dayue 冀寧大 閱 (not extant), he had adopted the strategy of publishing gongdu materials (including memorials) to promote reform in the face of the Wanli emperor’s refusal to acknowledge any such proposals. Bi wrote Zaiqin kuanyi after observing a famine while on leave at home in 1615. Then he produced Tao Min wenwu jinyue (q.v.) and, after serving in the Jingbian military circuit, Xizheng ji 西征記 and Xizheng jilüe 西征記畧 (none extant). He continued the practice in the subsequent reigns with Fu Jin shucao 撫津疏草, Duxiang shucao 督餉疏草, Xiang fu shucao 餉撫疏草, Liuxian shucao 留憲疏草, Bazhen jingzhi 八鎮經制 (not extant), and Du zouyi tang gao. See MS, 256/6609–12; Zichuan Bi shaobao gong nianpu, in Beijing tushuguan cang zhenben nianpu congkan, vol. 55–56; Jiang Pingjie 蔣平階, Bi Shaobao gong zhuan 畢少保公傳, in Mingji Liaoshi congkan 明季遼事叢刊 (1936); Renming quanwei. Bibliography entries for same author: Tao Min wenwu jinyue. [TN, PEW] 0744

Zhenji 賑紀, 4 ce [An Account of Famine Relief] Presented (申) by Wang Shiyin 王世蔭 (z. Yaoyuan 瑤源) (1578–?) (js. 1610), from Nanchong 南充 (Sichuan) 1617 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed., coll. and printed (校梓) by vice-magistrate (縣丞) Ma Maoliang 馬茂良 and registrar (主簿) Yu Kaidao 俞開道. [*Beiping Mf., reel #571, no cover-leaf] [Gugong Taipei] [Jimbun, *mf. at IHEC] [*Tōyō Bunko, photo-repro. from Beiping Mf.] – *Modern punctuated ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on same ed.

Rem.: A highly detailed and technical collection of reports by Wang Shiyin, the magistrate of Huoqiu 霍丘 (Fengyang 鳳陽 prefecture, Nan

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Zhili), on the relief he directed in 1617 during a famine after a decade of climate difficulties. The first part, titled “Itemized propositions for relief preparedness” (賑備款議), reports on the situation and details the various policies (15 in all) advocated by Wang in response to orders received from his superiors on WL 45/7/12. The second part includes a set of 10 “itemized propositions for relief distribution” (賑發款議), in response to the same orders, detailing “relief methods” (賑法) and covering all the aspects of a relief operation, including repression of banditry; this is followed by “Instructions on apportioning relief distribution centers” (分廠事宜), consisting of a lengthy enumeration of the more than 40 centers that were set up, each with the number of persons relieved as well as quantity and duration of relief; there are also descriptions of a “relief general quarters” (發賑總局) and a “center for medicine distribution” (施藥總局), both located in the Chenghuang temple. A third part discusses various matters related to the relief bureau (賑局雜紀). The reports are followed by approving rescripts of the intendant and prefect. There is an abundance of precisely quantified data. The impression is that of a rather high level of administrative efficiency. The last two fascicles consist in an appendix on charitable land titled Yitian tushuo 義 田圖說, with maps for each location.

Bio.: Wang Shiyin was appointed magistrate of Huoqiu in 1614. In 1617 he was faced with a drought-induced famine. After successfully dealing with it he was promoted to a post in the Ministry of Personnel, where he became a bureau director. See Huoqiu XZ (1774), 6/22a, 20/59a; Nanchong XZ (1929), 8/57a. Ref. and studies: Will, Bureaucracy and Famine, 13–14 and passim. [PEW]

0745

Huangzheng kao 荒政考, 2 j. [A Study of Famine Relief] By Chen Renxi 陳仁錫 (z. Mingqing 明卿, h. Zhitai 芝臺, Dantui jushi 澹退居士, s. Wenzhuang 文莊) (1581–1636) (js. 1622), from Changzhou 長洲 (Nan Zhili) N.d. Ed.: – *In Chen’s Wumeng yuan chuji 無夢園初集 (1633 pref.), Laoji san 勞集三, 3/1a–94b. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton]. – *Photo-repro. of ed. above, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 1382. – Photo-repro. of same ed., in Siku jinhui shu congkan, 集, vol. 60. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on same ed.

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Rem.: A work of historical erudition collecting data on famine relief policies from ancient times to the Wanli period of the Ming. The statements and actions reported in j. 1 are classified according to the type of person issuing them: emperor (the fullest section), prime minister, minister of Revenue (司農), censor, supervising official (監司), prefect, magistrate, and local gentry. J. 2 is devoted to materials on the actions, memorials, and proposals of several Ming statesmen relative to famine relief. An appendix (附錄) features a variety of materials.

Bio.: After his jinshi, in which he was ranked third after many failed attempts (he had passed the juren in 1597), Chen Renxi became a Hanlin compiler (編修), but the next year he had to go into mourning for his mother. When he resumed his post he was entrusted with lecturing at the imperial colloquium and drafting edicts. He was dismissed in 1626 because of a conflict with the eunuch Wei Zhongxian, subsequently implicated in a criminal case, and made a commoner in 1627. He was reinstated at the accession of the Chongzhen emperor, promoted into the household of the heir-apparent, appointed to the National University, and employed in the compilation of the Wanli and Taichang Veritable Records. He was later promoted to be chancellor (祭酒) of the Nanjing Directorate of Education, but died before reaching the post. He was a prolific writer, and even after his death his family continued to print works that he had prepared, Huangzheng kao being an example. See Changzhou XZ (1753), 24/51b; MS, 288/7394–95; DMB, 16; Renming quanwei. [TN] [PEW] 0746

Xiache yiji lu 下車異績錄, 1 + 1 j. [Extraordinary Accomplishments after Alighting from One’s Cart] By Wang Guocai 王國材 (z. Dafu 達甫, h. Jiaoqiu 椒邱, Jiaoli 椒立) (jr. 1621), from Shanghai 上海 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1637 Ed.:

– *Undated (Chongzhen-period) ed. with prefs. by Hu Xianlai 胡獻來 (n.d.), Chen Hanhui 陳函輝 (n.d.), and Cai Chen’en 蔡宸恩 (n.d.). [Beitu]

Rem.: The entire text records Wang’s efforts to deal with a subsistence crisis immediately after his arrival in Linhai 臨海 county (Taizhou 台州 prefecture, Zhejiang). There had been a famine in 1636 and the new crop was not yet in when he arrived early in 1637. The immediate crisis was caused by a tripling of the usual price of rice. The text contains Wang’s reports on the situation, descriptions of the measures taken, and requests for support with official funds for further relief work. The supplementary juan is composed of poems of appreciation from 52 local Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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officials and members of the gentry, including a number of the author’s disciples.

Bio.: Wang Guocai was appointed magistrate of Huangyan 黃巖 (Taizhou Prefecture, Zhejiang) in the 1630s; in 1637 he was transferred within the same prefecture to Linhai. At some point in his tenure he single-handedly calmed a mutiny among soldiers of the Haimen garrison on the seacoast in Linhai. In 1638 he received word of his promotion to the Censorate, but died before leaving the county. See Shanghai XZ (1750), 9/54a; Shanghai XZ (1871), 19/38a–b; Linhai XZ (1688), 4/8b. [TN]

0747

Jiuhuang shiyi 救荒事宜, 1 j. [Advice on Famine Relief] By Zhang Bi 張陛 (z. Dengzi 登子), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1640 Ed.:

– Undated Ming ed. [Jimbun] – *Ms. ed. included in the first fasc. of a two-fasc. ms. collection of 20 works titled Zachao ershi zhong 雜抄二十種. [Beitu] – In Banmu yuan congshu. – *In Xuehai leibian, ce 40, 集餘二, with an intro. (引) including colophons by Wang Siren 王思任 (題) and Liu Zongzhou 劉宗周 (書) (n.d.). – Typeset ed. based on Xuehai leibian ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, shehui kexue lei, weichushu bufen (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1991), fasc. 965. – *Photo-repro. of 1920 Hanfen lou Xuehai leibian reprint, without prefs., in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 275. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on the Hanfen lou Xuehai leibian ed. Rem.: Methods (法) for grain relief in times of famine. The compo-

sition of this short but relatively concrete treatise by a local philanthropist was motivated by his participation in the relief organized by Liu Zongzhou (1578–1645) and Qi Biaojia 祁彪佳 (1602–45) during the devastating 1640 famine in Shaoxing 紹興 prefecture, of which Shanyin was the leading county. (Zhang is said to have sold several hundred mu of family property to buy relief grain.) More specifically, his aim was to reach categories left out of the main distributions of grain, like “poor scholars” (寒士), very poor people without access to reduced-price sales, or people unable to go in person to the distribution centers. The 10 “methods” are as follows: “Mobilizing grain” (聚米法), “Investigating disaster” (踏勘法), “First aid” (優恤法), “Distinguishing categories” (分 別法), “Distributing grain” (散米法), “Checking implementation” (覈實 Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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法), “Extending relief everywhere” (漸及法), “Urgently exhorting” (激勸 法), “Selling at reduced prices” (平糶法), and “Joining forces” (協力法).

They are explained in short but precise paragraphs (from a few lines to one page), following a general assessment of the famine situation in Shaoxing in 1640 and of relief organized by local notables under the leadership of Liu Zongzhou and Qi Biaojia (this is also discussed in the two colophons).

Bio.: Zhang Bi was rewarded for his participation in famine relief with the rank of tribute student by grace (恩貢) and appointed secretary in the Grand Secretariat (內閣撰文中書). He apparently stayed in government after the Qing conquest, and at the time of the conquest of the South in 1645 was appointed prefectural judge (推官) of Zhenjiang 鎮江 (Jiangsu) (he signed his 1671 pref. to the Kangxi gazetteer of his native Shanyin indicating such). In 1648 he returned home to take care of his aged mother. In the 1650s he held acting magistracies in Guangdong. When the Three Feudatories Rebellion broke out in 1674 he participated in the resistance in Fujian, and was rewarded in 1676 with an appointment as acting vice-prefect (同知) of Yanping 延平 in that province, and later acting prefect of Shaowu 邵武, where he is said to have been very popular. He died in office. See Zhenjiang FZ (1684), 24/48a; Shanyin XZ (KX revision, Minguo ms.), pref.; Shanyin XZ (JQ, rpt. 1936), 15/5b; Fujian TZ (Siku quanshu ed.), 31/30b; Shaoxing FZ (1792), 61/6a–7a; Yanping FZ (1873), 35/36b; Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 67. [TN] Ref. and studies: Mingshi yiwenzhi, 631. Siku, 84/1767. Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 56–57. [LG, SWF, PEW] 0748

Jiuhuang quanshu 救荒全書, 18 j. [A Complete Book on Famine Relief] Comp. Qi Biaojia 祁彪佳 (z. Youwen 幼文, Hongji 弘吉, h. Shipei 世 培, Huzi 虎子, s. Zhongmin 忠敏, Zhonghui 忠惠) (1602–45) (js. 1622), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) 1642 Ed.:

– *Undated late-Ming draft ms. ed. (稿本) in 18 ce, without author’s name, partially on pre-framed paper with mention “Yuanshan tang chaoben” 遠 山堂抄本 printed in central margins; written by several hands and with corrections inserted. [Beitu] – *Undated ms. ed. in 16 j., on pre-framed paper, running title Jiuhuang quanshu, mention “Mingye shanfang chaoben” 鳴野山房鈔本 printed in

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933

central margins, with detailed mulu at the head of each juan. [Zhongyang, *mf. at Princeton (j. 7–11)] [Lu Xun Museum, Shaoxing (j. 1–6, 12–16)] – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, based on the two mss. above (the second said to be “early Qing”), in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 2, with editors’ intro.

Rem.: An encyclopedic and at the same time programmatic sourcebook on famine relief, organized in 8 parts (章) including 150 entries (則). Qi Biaojia’s authorship is established by several mentions of his compilation work in his diary during the years 1641 and 1642; he also signed one of the editor’s comments (first part, to section jinyan 今言) by his own name, and left a separate preface detailing the contents of the work (see below). The eight parts (章), which are presented with some disorder in the manuscript, are (1) “General principles” (舉綱); (2) “Fundamentals of governance” (治本), mostly dealing with the basic socio-economic policies of the state; (3) “Plentiful reserves” (厚儲), on granaries and storage; (4) “Emergency measures” (當機); (5) “Facing the unexpected” (應變), this and the preceding part dealing with a variety of policies implemented on the spot; (6) “Extending relief” (宏濟); (7) “Spreading benevolence” (廣恤), about various measures of fiscal exemption; (8) “Aftermath” (善後), dealing with accounting, rewards, etc. This structure (with a few variants) is explained part by part and entry by entry in a lengthy “Small Preface to A Complete Book on Famine Relief” (救荒全書小序) found in a posthumous collection of texts by Qi Biaojia published in 1835 as Qi Zhonghui gong yiji 祁忠惠公遺集, j. 5, and reprinted in a punctuated ed. as Qi Biaojia ji (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1960; see p. 76–114 for the preface). The manuscript in Zhongyang is more clearly copied and shows a slightly different order in the extant chapters. J. 7 is “Emergency measures” part one, implying that the missing j. 8 is the second part. J. 9 and 10 are parts one and two of “Facing the unexpected.” J. 11 is “Spreading benevolence.” The fanli states that even though some of the materials reproduced may be outdated or of only regional relevance, the compilation has been fairly inclusive, so that “every method that can be emulated and every word that can be made use of has been recorded and made ready for selection” (凡有一法之可師，一 言之可取，俱行輯錄，用備采擇). The texts include pronouncements by Ming emperors (down to 1641), regulations, models from previous dynasties, memorials, and proposals (議). The works quoted (28 in all) feature a large number of collections of edicts, regulations, memorials, and other materials from the Ming and earlier, as well as anthologies of

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anecdotes and dicta by ancient statesmen (such as, for example, Mujin [q.v.]), and the Song-dynasty Jiuhuang huomin shu (q.v.); more than 20 documents on famine relief published by recent authors are added. The ms. may have been a draft intended for future publication but remained in its current form because of the fall of the Ming; its form and contents are typical of late-Ming statecraft compilations whose authors were desperately looking for methods to rescue the regime from general crisis; it was also a response to the catastrophic famines that plagued the last years of the Ming, especially in the Jiangnan region. The reference to Mingye shanfang in the Zhongyang copy is most likely to a descendant of Chen He 陳鶴, also a resident of Shanyin. Qi Biaojia also left a collection of proposals on famine relief titled Jiuhuang zayi 救荒雜議, published in 1835 as j. 6 of Qi Zhonghui gong yiji (see above) (in Qi Biaojia ji, p. 115–49). The text, based on the experience of the 1641 famine in Zhejiang, consists of 38 mostly short paragraphs (“proposals” 議) with captions, covering the whole range of relief techniques and measures to preserve order in times of famine.

Bio.: See under An Wu qinshen xigao. Ref. and studies: Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:266, describing the fragment at Zhongyang. Horichi, “Minmatsu Shōkō ni okeru Ki Hyuka no kyūkō katsudō.” Fuma, Chūgoku zenkai zendō shi kenkyū, passim, cites the work as Huangzheng 荒政 quanshu. Liu Weizhi, “Qi Biaojia yu Jiuhuang quanshu.” Bibliography entries for same author: An Wu qinshen xigao; An Wu xigao; Puyang yandu, kanyu; Puyang bingdu, pingyu, zalu; Xun’an Su Song dengchu jietie. [SWF, TN, PEW] 0749

Jiuhuang cehui 救荒策會, 7 j. [Collected Strategies to Relieve Famine] Comp. Chen Longzheng 陳龍正 (z. Tilong 惕龍, h. Jiting 幾亭, Longzhi 龍致, Fawen 發蚊) (1585–1645) (js. 1634), from Jiashan 嘉善 (Zhejiang) 1642 Ed.:

– 1641 Jieliang tang 潔梁堂 ed. with author’s pref. (1642); although the pref. is dated 7th month, 1642 and the end of the work bears the date 10th month, 1642, it may be that the engraving was started the previous year, hence the date on the cover-leaf. [Shanghai] – *Photo-repro. of Jieliang tang ed. at Shanghai, dated 1642, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 275.

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– *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1, based on the Jieliang tang ed., dated 1642, with author’s pref. (1642).

Rem.: A well-known member of the late-Ming Jiangnan literati elite with a strong statecraft orientation, Chen Longzheng was spurred to compile this famine relief treatise by the famine that struck his native Jiashan, in Shaoxing 紹興 prefecture, during the years 1640–41. The bulk of the text consists of materials based on Dong Wei’s Jiuhuang huomin shu and its Yuan and Ming expansions by Zhang Guangda and Zhu Xiong (qq.v.), which Chen found necessary to abridge because the material was too verbose and marred by unorthodox contents (冗繁且 雜以詭說邪教). J. 1 consists of quotes from ancient works, with commentaries by Dong Wei and Zhu Xiong as well as Chen himself (these last introduced with lun yue 論曰). J. 2 is based on the section “Fu Bi Qingzhou zhenji” 富弼青州賑濟 in j. 2 of Zhu Xiong’s work, with additional commentary and discussion. J. 3 uses further materials from the same source, incorporating all the regulations on community granaries (社倉) found in the works of Dong Wei and Zhu Xiong. J. 4, titled “Dong Wei jiuhuang fa tonglun” 董煟救荒法通論, is an edited and condensed version of Dong’s j. 2. J. 5 introduces Ming materials mainly culled from Zhu Xiong’s compilation. J. 6 reproduces Zhou Kongjiao’s Huangzheng yi (q.v.), of which Chen summarizes the structure and arguments and mentions the variants from its model, Lin Xiyuan’s Huangzheng congyan (q.v.). J. 7 is the only one entirely from Chen’s own brush (自述), containing eight texts dealing with or inspired by his efforts and those of his “comrades” during the famines of 1630 and 1640–41 in Jiashan; the texts discuss problems of gruel distribution, burying famine victims, and taking care of abandoned persons, in particular. The Siku commentators consider that Chen did not add much to the works of his predecessors, and that all too often his considerations are just “discussions on paper” (紙上之談).

Bio.: Though he wrote a number of works on government, Chen Longzheng was known as a scholar rather than an official with experience at the local level. He did participate in famine relief in his home area as a member of the local elite in 1630, however. After passing the jinshi he was made a drafter (中書 舍人) in the Grand Secretariat. There he submitted a number of memorials focused on national affairs. He was granted leave in 1640 and thus was home and experienced the catastrophic famine of 1640–41. He returned to the same office in 1642, and in 1644 was made director of studies (司業) at the Imperial College in Nanjing. He was at home when the capital fell to the Manchus, and

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declined service under the Southern Ming. By 1645 he was ill, and let himself die by refusing food. See MS, 258/6681–83; DMB, 174–6; Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 66–67; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Siku, 84/1766. Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu, 53–56. [LG] [QING A]

Kangji lu 康濟錄 See: Qinding kangji lu Yaoche zalu 軺車雜錄 See: Guanghui bian 0750

Jiuhuang lu 救荒錄, 1 ce [Policies to Relieve Famine] (Probably) by Wang Erlu 王爾祿 (z. Tianxi 天錫, Beifu 被甫) (js. 1643), from Huangpi 黃陂 (Huguang) Ca. 1651 Rem.: The work records the relief policies of maritime intendant (海 道) Wang Erlu in 1651. No copy has been located.

Bio.: Wang Erlu is presumably the author of this work. His family were natives of Huangpi, but emigrated to Bei Zhili, and when Wang passed the last jinshi examination of the Ming he was registered in Qingyuan 清苑 (Zhili). He served the Qing from the beginning, first in Huguang as assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) and Hubei education commissioner (學政) (1646), then as military intendant in Yangzhou 揚州 (1647) and maritime intendant (巡視 海道) in Ningbo 寧波 and Shaoxing 紹興 (1649–53). Later he served in the capital, as minister of the Court of Judicial Review (1654–55) and vice-minister of Justice (1655), apparently his last position. See Huangpi XZ (1871), 8/13a–b; Yangzhou FZ (1664), 14/32b; Ningbo FZ (1751)9/43a, 16/2b; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:2/60a. [PEW]

0751

Jiuhuang ce 救荒策, 1 j. [Policies to Combat Famine] By Wei Xi 魏禧 (z. Shuzi 叔子, Bingshu 冰叔) (1627–82), from Ningdu 寧都 (Jiangxi) Ed.:

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– – – – –

937

*As j. 7 of Huangzheng congshu (q.v.). *Quoted in Jiuhuang beilan (q.v.). *Quoted in Huangchao jingshi wenbian 皇朝經世文編, j. 41. *Appended to Fangyu zuanyao (q.v.). *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 2, based on Huangzheng congshu (1911 ed.).

Rem.: The policies advocated by Wei Xi in this rather short but comparatively well-known text are classified under three categories: (1) “Preventive policies” (先事之策), 8 entries discussing agricultural improvement, building reserves, control of grain exports, measures against drifters (游民), and more; (2) “Action during the event” (當事之事), the more substantial section, with 28 entries dealing with methods of relief distribution, encouragement of charity, government buying of assets sold by famine victims, relaxation of justice and taxation, maintenance of order, and so forth; (3) “Policies after the event” (事後之策), 3 entries, on gruel distribution, medicine distribution, and burying famine victims. The short introductory statement insists that no disaster is more susceptible of human intervention than famine, and stresses the considerable variability of the available methods. For a late nineteenth-century work inspired by Wei Xi’s approach, see Jiuhuang liushi ce.

Bio.: Coming from a well-known literati family, Wei Xi and his brother Wei Li 禮 declined to serve the new Qing dynasty after their region had been lost by the Ming. A third brother, Wei Jirui 魏際瑞 (original m. Xiang 祥) made the opposite choice in order to protect their ancestors’ tombs (see under Sici tang gao). Wei Xi lived in seclusion near Ningdu with a group of like-minded friends, discussing scholarship useful to society and writing books, and he traveled. He managed to excuse himself from attending the 1679 boxue hongci special examination set up by the Kangxi emperor to lure Ming loyalists into government service. See Jiangxi TZ (1881), 169/19a–b; ECCP, 847–8; Renming quanwei for his numerous z. and h. Ref. and studies: Will, Bureaucracy and Famine, 84, 248. [PEW]

0752

Huangzheng kaolüe 荒政考略, 8 j. [A Brief Examination of Famine Relief ] Comp. (輯) Zhang Nenglin 張能鱗 (m. also written 能麟, z. Ruian 瑞庵, Yujia 玉甲, h. Xishan 西山) (1618–?) (js. 1647), from Daxing 大興 (Zhili) 1680 pref.

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Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by Feng Pu 馮溥 (1681) calligraphed by Yang Dahe (毘陵門人楊大鶴謹書); author’s name in chapter captions 古燕張能鱗 西山甫輯. [Columbia] – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, based on a [1680] ed., with pref. by Zhang Nenglin (1680), in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 2.

Rem.: A scholarly treatise on famine relief spurred by the author’s participation in relief in Shandong in 1679. The work aims to provide a thesaurus of precedents and theories to officials confronting the same sort of situation in the future, with emphasis on preparedness. J. 1 is composed of quotes from the classics, the Zhouli, Lunyu, and Mengzi. J. 2–3, are based on the histories, starting with a list of imperial edicts from emperor Wen of the Han to the Ming Wanli emperor, then providing examples of grain storage policies, relief operations, prayers, tax exemptions, and locust prevention from antiquity through the Ming. J. 4 is devoted to examples of relief by officials of past dynasties and of positive retribution earned by officials or charitable commoners. Each section in j. 1–4 is followed by a general commentary by Zhang Nenglin. J. 5–6 quote from memorials by a large number of statesmen from the Han to the Song. J. 7 reproduces policies (策), discussions (論), and propositions (議) by 15 statesmen, from Dong Zongshu 董仲舒 in the Han to Chen Jiru 陳繼 儒 in the Ming. J. 8 features various famine-related documents by Tang, Song, and Ming authors. The appended Jiuhuang zhenglüe (q.v.) documents the policies and methods adopted in Shandong in 1679. It does not feature in the ed. at Columbia; the text of j. 1 in the latter has significant variants in its quotes from the Yijing and Shijing compared with the version transcribed in Huangzheng shu jicheng. Bio.: Zhang Nenglin’s first post was magistrate of Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang) in 1647–53. In 1653–58 he was Lower Jiangnan (下江) education commissioner (按察僉事提督學政, later 督學道); in 1661, while bureau director at the Ministry of Rites, he was sent to Sichuan as Jianchang Shangnan military circuit intendant (建昌上南兵備道, or 上川南道), based in Jiading department 嘉定州, where he dealt successfully with a military and fiscal emergency and worked at rehabilitating a region still reeling from the dynastic transition brutalities. In 1664 he was Sichuan administration vice-commissioner (參政). Information is lacking until 1674, when he became intendant of the Qingzhou circuit in Shandong. Zhang’s title given in his pref. to Huangzheng kaolüe is Shandong Qingzhou costal defense intendant and assistant administration commissioner (分巡山東青州海防道布政司參議), formerly vice-director of the Ministry of Rites Bureau of Ceremonies (前禮部儀制司員外郎). He also

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says (there and elsewhere) that in 1678 he was nominated to participate in the 1679 Boxue hongci special examination, but before it could take place he asked to be sent back to his post in Shandong to combat famine. See Jiading FZ (1864), 32/27a–b; Leshan 樂山 XZ (1934), 1/19a; Sichuan TZ (Siku quanshu ed.), 7B/2b; Sichuan TZ (1816), 103/23a; Jiajiang 夾江 XZ (1935), 6/17b–18a, 12/16a; Renhe XZ (1687), 4/47a–48a; Jiangnan TZ (Siku quanshu ed.), 105/8b; Jiangdu 江都 XZ (1743/1881), 14/62b–63a. Bibliography entries for same author: Jiuhuang zhenglüe. [PEW] 0753

Jiuhuang zhenglüe 救荒政略, 2 j. [An Outline of Policies against Famine] By Zhang Nenglin 張能鱗 (m. also written 能麟, z. Ruian 瑞庵, Yujia 玉甲, h. Xishan 西山) (1618–?) (js. 1647), from Daxing 大興 (Zhili) Ca. 1680 Ed.:

– *Modern ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 2., based on a “1680” ed.

Rem.: Originally appended to Huangzheng kaolüe (see previous entry), the work is a substantial collection of memorials, reports, official correspondence, directives, and proclamations written by the author, then Qingzhou maritime defense intendant (青州海防道), during the 1679 famine in Shandong. Bio.: See previous entry. Bibliography entries for same author: Huangzheng kaolüe.

0754

[PEW]

Huangzheng congshu 荒政叢書, 10 + 2 j. [A Collectanea on Famine Relief ] comp. (輯) Yu Sen 俞森 (h. Cunzhai 存齋), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1690 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed., coll. (校) by Chen Fangsheng 陳芳生, with pref. by Yu Sen (1690), containing only the first seven texts, corresponding to j. 1–7, but none of Yu Sen’s own contributions (see below); possibly the original 1690 ed. [Columbia] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 663, with original pref. by Yu Sen (1690). – *In Mohai jinhu, with Siku notice, no pref. – In Shoushan ge congshu, ce 70–73.

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– *In Pinghua shuwu congshu (q.v.), with Siku summary. – *1911 Wensheng shuju 文盛書局 litho. ed., with Siku summary. [Harvard] – *Photo-repro. of 1911 Wensheng shuju ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, [1989] (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan sanbian, ser. 54, vol. 539). – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 1 (for pre-Qing texts) and 2 (for Qing texts), based on 1911 Wensheng shuju ed., each text given a separate entry.

Rem.: The body of the work is a collectanea of texts on famine relief by eight authors, including the compiler himself:

– Dong Wei, Jiuhuang huomin shu (q.v.) (actually an edited version of j. 4 of Chen Longzheng’s Jiuhuang cehui [q.v.], itself based on Dong Wei’s j. 2, and called Jiuhuang quanfa 全法 in certain editions, e.g. in Siku quanshu) (j. 1) – Lin Xiyuan, Huangzheng congyan (q.v.) (j. 2) – Tu Long, Huangzheng kao (q.v.) (j. 3) – Zhou Kongjiao, Huangzheng yi (q.v.) (j. 4) – Zhong Huamin, Zhen Yu jilüe (q.v.) (j. 5) – Liu Shijiao, Huangzhu lüe (q.v.) (j. 6) – Wei Xi, Jiuhuang ce (q.v.) (j. 7) – Yu Sen himself contributed historical essays on ever-normal (常平考), charity (義倉考), and community granaries (社倉考), with lengthy quotations of texts from the Song and Ming in particular (j. 8–10).

The two additional juan, which slightly postdate the 10 j. of the work proper, include (1) a set of ten pieces titled Yun Xiang zhenji shiyi 鄖 襄賑濟事宜, an important testimony on the tense situation created in Yunyang 鄖陽 and Xiangyang 襄陽 prefectures in northwest Hubei by the influx of migrants fleeing a central Shaanxi famine in 1691, and on the measures adopted by Yu Sen as Jingnan circuit intendant 荊南道 (the texts consist of reports to provincial authorities and proclamations to the local populace); (2) a short collection of materials on combating locusts, titled Buhuang jiyao 捕蝗集要. The work was published with an explicitly didactic intent.

Bio.: A tribute student (貢生), Yu Sen was appointed assistant prefect in charge of river control in Pizhou 邳州 (Jiangsu) in 1675. He eventually became assistant administrative commissioner (布政司參議) of Huguang. According to the Siku commentators, the bulk of the text was compiled while he was posted in Henan—his pref. is signed as assistant surveillance commissioner in charge of surveying the waterways of Henan (巡理河南通省河道提刑按察 使司僉事)—while the two additional juan were composed during his time as

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Jingnan circuit intendant in Hubei, a post he assumed in 1691. The chapter captions (including in the additional juan) use the title Huguang assistant administration commissioner (湖廣布政司參議). See Pi ZZ (1851/1895), 12/26b. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4310. Siku, 82/1732. Ma, 178 (Beiping) (Shoushan ge congshu ed.). Will, Bureaucracy and Famine, passim. [PEW] 0755

Guanghui bian 廣惠編, 2 j. [A Compilation on Extending Benevolence], and Yaoche zalu 軺車雜錄, 2 j. [Miscellaneous Records from an Imperial Envoy] By Zhu Shi 朱軾 (z. Ruozhan 若瞻, h. Keting 可亭, s. Wenduan 文端) (1665–1736) (js. 1694), from Gao’an 高安 (Jiangxi) 1721 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Zhu Shi (1721), Liu Zhen 劉鎮 (1721), and Wang Yezi 王葉滋 (1721). [Ōki] – *1782 new engraving (重鐫) of the Shanyu tang 善餘堂藏板 titled Gao’an Zhu Wenduan gong Yaoche lu Guanghui bian 高安朱文端公軺車錄廣惠 編, with pref. by Chen Shouyu 陳守譽 (1782), “original pref.” by Zhu Shi (1721), pref. by Wang Yezi (1721), “original pref.” by Liu Zhen (1721), postf. (跋) by Gu Kui 顧葵 (1786); with Guanghui bian xu 續, comp. by Chen Shouyu (z. Guotang 果堂), from Lichuan 黎川 (Jiangxi). [Ōki] – *1811 ed., with prefs. by Zhu Shi (1721), Liu Zhen (1721), and Wang Yezi (1721). [Beida] – *Undated ed. of Yaoche zalu, with “small pref.” (小敘) by Chen Yu 陳預 (1813). [Tōyō Bunko] – *Contents of Yaoche zalu printed as j. 3–4 of Zhu Wenduan gong wenji bubian 朱文端公文集補編 (undated [possibly 1871] ed. by Zhu’s sixthgeneration descendant Zhu Ling 舲 [1808–82], printing blocks at the Zhu family Guhuan zhai 古唐朱氏古懽齋藏版). [Columbia] – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 2, with prefs. by Zhu Shi (1721), Liu Zhen (1721), and Wang Yezi (1721); Yaoche zalu with “small pref.” by Chen Yu (1813); based on text in 1897 new ed. of Zhu Wenduan gong cangshu shisan zhong 朱文端公藏書十三種 (absent from copies of the latter at Columbia and Berkeley).

Rem.: An anthology of rules and sayings related to famine relief by “ancient sages” (starting with Zhu Xi), comp. and annot. by Zhu Shi after he had been appointed special imperial commissioner to direct relief

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in Shanxi in 1720 and 1721. There are 36 entries under four sections: (1) Instructions (條教); (2) Maxims (格言); (3) Virtuous examples (芳型); (4) Officials (官方). Many of the texts quoted are exhortations for the rich to contribute relief or reduced-price sales, but the prefs. insist that the work also aims at stimulating officials’ energies. This comparatively short anthology can be read as a prolegomenon to Yaoche zalu, the more substantial collection of documents on the 1721 relief campaign that follows it (although it was compiled first). (Liu Zhen is given as the compiler [編] of the documents drafted [稿] by Zhu Shi.) J. 1 of Yaoche zalu consists of memorials; j. 2 includes communications (咨文) to the government or to governors of neighboring provinces, communications (行 文) to Shanxi officials, proclamations (告示), and miscellaneous texts (雜文). In the 1782 ed. the two texts are in reverse order, and contrary to the other eds. there is no mulu; Guanghui bian is not divided into two juan; Guanghui bian xu introduces similar materials under two rubrics, “Officials” (官方) and “Exhorting the rich” (勸富).

Bio.: After his jinshi Zhu Shi spent three years as a bachelor (庶吉士) in the Hanlin Academy. In 1700 he was sent to Hubei as Qianjiang 潛江 magistrate. In 1705 he was appointed bureau secretary in the Ministry of Justice; later he was promoted bureau vice-director, then director. In 1709–11 he was education commissioner (學政) of Shaanxi, where he strived to promote the Neo-confucian values of which he was a stern proponent. Back to the capital he assumed various functions, with an interruption in 1715–16 as Fengtian governor. After 3 years as Zhejiang governor (1717–20) he was appointed chief of the Censorate. It is during that period that he was sent to Shanxi to administer relief. (He was not permitted to leave for mourning his father.) He became a grand secretary in 1725, and in 1730 was put in charge of a vast program of irrigation improvement in Zhili. During these years he concurrently assumed various functions, and was several times chief examiner at the metropolitan examination. On his death in 1736 he received special honors from the Qianlong emperor, whose tutor he had been in the past. See QSG, 289/10243–47; Qingdai qibai, 1:78–82; ECCP: 188–90; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 11:126. Yamamoto, 60 (Yaoche zalu). [PEW] 0756

Huangzheng kao 荒政考, 1 j. [A Study of Famine Relief] By Wang Xinjing 王心敬 (h. Fengchuan 豐川) (1656–1738) 1732 Ed.:

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– In Guanzhong congshu, ce 34, Fengchuan zazhu 豐川雜著. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 3, based on the Guanzhong congshu text.

Rem.: According to the introductory paragraph, the text was written in 1732 based on the late-Ming scholar Tu Long’s work by the same title (q.v.), which Wang Xinjing admired but deemed too verbose. It consists of 32 entries, the first 30 discussing the same topics as Tu Long’s 30 entries and in fact largely paraphrasing them; some are significantly longer than the original, however. Wang added two additional entries, one on “selecting men” (擇人) and one on “boring wells” (開井), a favorite topic (see below).

Bio.: A statecraft scholar belonging to the so-called Guanzhong School and an agronomist familiar with his native environment, Wang Xinjing was a student of the famous Shaanxi Neo-confucian scholar Li Yong (see under Simu baojian). He did not pass the official examinations, but due to his prestige and connections was recommended to the court by several highly placed admirers; he never went to Beijing, however. Similarly, he declined most of the invitations he received from high-ranking officials to head academies in their provincial capitals. Besides Huangzheng kao, he composed an essay on the so-called “pit-cultivation method” (區田法), found in several collections, and another on the “advantages of wells” (井利說), which inspired campaigns of well-drilling in the Guanzhong region by several eighteenth-century governors. See BZJ, 129/13a–16b, 139/13b–14a; Will, “Encouraging Agriculture,” 152–60. [PEW] 0757

Qinding kangji lu 欽定康濟錄, 4 j. [A Record of Peace and Succor, by Imperial Order] Original author Lu Zengyu 陸曾禹, from Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang); ed. Eertai 鄂爾泰 et al. 1740 Ed.:

– *In Siku quanshu, vol. 663, with Siku summary and presentation memorial by Ni Guolian 倪國璉 (1739), and list of the officials appointed by an edict of QL 5/*6/14 to work on the publication (經理) as supervisors, readers, collators, etc. – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with memorial of presentation by Ni Guolian (1739) and imperial rescript, list of officials appointed by edict to take care of the publication; no indication of author in chapter captions. [Beida]

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– 1793 new ed. (重刊) by Wei Lizhuo 魏禮焯. [Jimbun] – *Undated kambun Japanese ed. of the Ki han Ganshōdō 紀藩含章堂藏, author Lu Zengyu from Qiantang 錢塘, with pref. by Yamamoto Koreyasu 山本惟恭 (Shiken 子謙) from Kiyō 紀陽 (1794), presentation memorial by Ni Guolian (1739), list of officials appointed by Qianlong edict to manage the publication; chapter captions with mention “Nihon Kishū Nagusa gun bugyō Nisshū Oda Chūkei etsu” (日本 紀州名艸郡奉行日州 小田仲 卿 閱); pref. by Wang Shu 王恕 (1742) placed at the end. [Kokkai] – 1821 Beijing Shuangfeng ge bookstore 京都雙峯閣書坊 ed. [CASS Jinshi suo] – *In Pinghua shuwu congshu (q.v.), with Siku summary and presentation memorial by Ni Guolian. – *1864 new ed. (重刊) of the Zhejiang governor office 浙江撫署藏板, with Siku notice; no indication of authorship in chapter captions, but Zuo Zongtang (1812–85) cited as publisher 左宗棠恭錄重刊 (Zuo’s name is preceded by all his titles, including acting governor of Zhejiang). [Qinghua] – 1869 Wuchang Chongwen shuju 武昌崇文書局 ed. [Tōhoku daigaku] – *Typeset new ed. (重刊) with pref. by Jiang Zhongzheng 蔣中正 (Chiang Kai-shek) (1933). [Harvard] – *Photo-repro. of a Ganshōdō Japanese ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1989 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan sanbian, ser. 54, vol. 531–532). – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 3, based on Ganshōdō Japanese ed., coll. with the Siku ed., author Lu Zengyu.

Rem.: An adaptation of an unpublished early Qing treatise titled Jiuji pu 救飢譜, compiled by a student by purchase (監生) from Renhe 仁 和 (Zhejiang) named Lu Zengyu, which seems to have been originally in 6 j. but was edited in 4 j. and presented to the court by Ni Guolian, a censor hailing from the same place as Lu, in 1739. The Qianlong emperor’s rescript to Ni’s memorial ordered that the work be edited and published by a team of officials (whose list was set by the 1740 edict mentioned above), including Hanlin academicians, at the Nanshufang 南書房. The list of the officials appointed, under the general supervision of Qianlong’s brother Hongzhou 弘晝, is headed by grand secretaries Eertai 鄂爾泰 and Zhang Tingyu 張廷玉. The first printing (presumably a palace edition) is said to date from 1740. This compendium of earlier models is comprised of four parts, the last three divided into specialized sections: j. 1 is on “Examples of relief from earlier periods” (前代救援 之典); j. 2 is on “Preparedness policies” (先事之政), with six sections,

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including agricultural improve­ment, irrigation, community granaries, and baojia among others; j. 3A and 3B are on “Policies during the event” (臨事之政), with 10 sections each, dealing with the various steps and techniques of famine relief, including investigations of disaster victims, market control, relief distribution, refugee management, public works, combating locusts, and so on; j. 4A is on “Post-disaster policies” (事後 之政), with 6 sections, including distributing rewards and promoting good customs; j. 4B includes 4 appendixes, including a guide to distributing rice gruel (賑粥須知) and regulations on community granaries. Chiang Kai-shek’s pref. to the edition he sponsored in 1933 insists on the lessons that can be extracted from such ancient models to deal with the problems of the present, including rural mutual help and (prominently) the maintenance of order in bandit-ridden areas through baojia. The Japanese ed. produced in the Ki han during the Kansei 寬政 period (1789–1800) appears to have had many editions. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4311 (Ni Guolian as author). Siku, 82/1731. Ma, 178–9 (Beida) (1864 Zhejiang ed.). Shao Yongzhong, “Zhongguo gudai huangzheng shiji,” 32. [PEW]

0758

Zhen’an shigao 賑案示稿 (Draft Directives from a Relief Casebook) Anon. Ca. 1747 Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. [ZKT] – *Modern abridged (節選) typeset ed. in simplified characters, based on the above ms. ed., in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 4.

Rem.: A collection of administrative correspondence, most of it written or received by a circuit intendant (no name given) based in Yangzhou and put in charge of relief in three heavily affected counties (Pizhou 邳 州, Suqian 宿遷, and Taoyuan 桃源) during widespread floods in north Jiangsu in 1746. The work quotes the author’s directives, his reports to provincial authorities (occasionally followed by their rescripts), as well as reports, requests, and answers from local officials, and orders and instructions received by the author from the provincial authorities (the last form the larger part of the text). The majority of documents are dated from September and October 1746, but some additions are from the ensuing period, through May 1747. The arrangement is chronological, with sometimes several entries dated from the same day. The text

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may have been written as a detailed testimony and example of the relief policies implemented in concrete circumstances and in a particular environment, with all the difficulties encountered and decisions to make. It delivers a striking image of dedication and efficiency during what has sometimes been described as the heyday of famine relief in imperial China.

Ref. and studies: Zhang Xiangwen, “Shilun Qingdai Qianlong chao zhongyang zhengfu zhenji zaimin zhengce” (critical of the implementation of official relief policies). Dunstan, “Heirs of Yu the Great” (an in-depth study of the event and of the author’s efforts to balance emergency measures and procedural constraints). [PEW] 0759

Huangzheng suoyan 荒政瑣言, 1 j. [Trifling Words about Famine Relief] By Wan Weihan 萬維𩙶 (z. Fengjiang 楓江) (1700?-?), from Wujiang 吳江 (Jiangsu) 1752 pref. Ed.:

– *1752 Yunhui tang ed. 芸暉堂藏板 with author’s pref. (1752). [*Beitu] [*Tōyō Bunko, encased with the 1753 ed. of Lüli tushuo (q.v.)] – *Appended to the 1756 ed. of Wan’s Lüli tushuo. [Jimbun] [Ōki] – *1763 Yunhui tang new engraving (重鐫) with author’s pref. (1752), appended to the 1763 and 1771 eds. of Wan’s Lüli tushuo bian’e (q.v.). [*Columbia] [*Congress/LL] [Ōki] – Ms. ed. appended to an undated ms. copy of Lüli tushuo bian’e. [Location unknown] – *Photo-repro. of the ms. ed. above, in Siku weishou, ser. 2, vol. 27. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 3, with author’s pref. (1752), based on the 1763 new engraving.

Rem.: A relatively short (42 folios) but fairly comprehensive famine handbook with particular reference to the conditions and regulations of Zhili and Zhejiang, where the author was employed as a private secretary and accumulated much experience. The 16 entries discuss in clear and concrete language the principal steps of the relief process (such as reduced-price sales, loans of grain, investigation of disaster and of victims, and various forms of relief). The last six entries are models of registers and certificates, with explanations.

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Bio.: See under Chenggui shiyi. Ref. and studies: Will, Bureaucracy and Famine, 10–11 and passim. Bibliography entries for same author: Chenggui shiyi; Lüli tushuo; Lüli tushuo bian’e; Muxue juyao; Xingjian lu; Xingqian zhinan. [PEW] 0760

Zhenji 賑紀, 8 j. [An Account of Famine Relief] Comp. (輯) Fang Guancheng 方觀承 (z. Xiagu 遐穀, h. Kaining 開寧, s. Kemin 恪敏) (1698–1768), from Tongcheng 桐城 (Anhui) 1754 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with pref. by Fang Guancheng (1754). [*Columbia] [*Jimbun] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 1, vol. 25. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 3, based on same ed.

Rem.: A collection of official documents—edicts, memorials, directives, proclamations, and the like—with a few commentaries and statistical materials added, dealing with the campaign to combat a drought-induced famine in Zhili in 1743 and 1744. The compiler, Fang Guancheng, was at the time intendant of the Qinghe circuit 清河道; the court commissioned him, together with Tianjin circuit intendant Tao Zhengzhong 陶正中, to take charge of the relief operations full-time. (When the work was compiled 10 years later Fang Guancheng had become Zhili governor-general.) Although the memorials reproduced in the work were sent by governor-general Gaobin 高斌 or administration commissioner Shen Qiyuan 沈起元, they actually relayed Fang’s and Tao’s reports and requests. Interestingly, Fang claims in his pref. that the leaders of the campaign started by studying the writings of previous authors such as Zhou Kongjiao, Lin Xiyuan, Lü Kun, and many others. He also comments that ji 紀 in the title stands both for 記 (“recording imperial benevolence”) and for gangji 綱紀 (principles of famine relief). The 8 juan are organized by topics and feature the following contents: (1) Imperial edicts (上諭); (2) investigating relief needs (核賑); (3) distribution of relief (散賑); (4) extension of relief (展賑); (5) settling refugees (安撫流移); (6) loans and reduced-price sales, tax exemptions and deferment (借糶蠲緩); (7) voluntary contributions, exhortations and

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prohibitions (捐恤諭禁); (8) relief supplies and various matters (賑需雜 記), consisting of statistical data and a list of the officials dispatched to

the disaster area. Each chapter is preceded by a general statement, and the list of entries is provided in the mulu at the beginning of the work. As illustrated in Will’s study (see below), taken together and confronted with other contemporary data the documents collected in Zhenji make it possible to reconstruct with much precision and dependability the details of a major campaign of famine relief in the metropolitan area— thus, close to the throne—at a time when Qing regulations in this domain had reached a high level of sophistication and when the dynasty was able to mobilize public and private resources from far away. The work was explicitly printed to serve as an example; it must have had a comparatively large circulation since it can be found in many libraries today.

Bio.: Fang Guancheng was born to an illustrious literati family of Tongcheng that had encountered political problems in the late Kangxi period. He spent most of his youth between Nanjing and Tsitsihar, where his grandfather had been sent into exile. In 1732 he was engaged as a secretary by a Manchu grandee who took him along when campaigning against the Oirat in Outer Mongolia. On his return in 1735 Fang formally entered officialdom by becoming a secretary in the Grand Secretariat (內閣中書). Then he rose rapidly through the ranks, becoming a bureau secretary in the Ministry of War, then Justice. From then on most of his career took place in Zhili, as Qinghe intendant, surveillance commissioner, and after a stint as acting Zhejiang governor in 1748–49, governor-general of Zhili, a post he held close to thirty years and where he left a considerable legacy in the domains of agricultural development, river conservancy, and granary building. See QSG, 324/10825–33; Qingdai qibai, 3:1450– 57; ECCP, 233–35; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Ma, 180–1 (Qinghua). Will, Bureaucracy and Famine, 14–17 and passim. [PEW]

0761

Huangzheng jiyao 荒政輯要, 8 j. [A Compendium of Essentials on Famine Relief] Comp. (纂) Yao Bi 姚碧 (z. Tianpu 天璞), from Huating 華亭 (Jiangsu) Early 1750s Ed.:

– *1768 engraving (鐫) of the Jianshan lou 見山樓藏板, with prefs. by Tongde 同德 (1756), Gao Xiangzhen 高象震 (1761), Feng Ci 馮慈 (1766),

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Shu Xizhong 舒希忠 (1768), Wang Xie 王爕 (n.d.), colophon (跋) by Li Bing 李炳 (1768), pref. by Yao Bi (n.d.). [Naikaku] – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 4, based on a copy of the 1768 ed., with prefs. by Wang Xie (n.d.), Tongde (1756), Gao Xiangzhen (1761), Yao Bi (n.d.), posface (跋) by Li Bing (1768).

Rem.: An extremely detailed and practical treatise exposing the rules and procedures currently in force for famine relief, composed by a private secretary with an extensive experience in Zhejiang. In his pref. Yao Bi says that the work should be helpful to officials, especially less experienced ones, when they are confronting the urgencies, agitation, and dangers of a situation where they have to abide by the complex procedures of disaster investigation and famine relief. Regulations peculiar to Jiangsu and especially Zhejiang, with which the author was more familiar, have been occasionally added. The general organization of the work proceeds from the more urgent to the less. J. 1, “procedures for relieving disasters” (災賑章程), which is the longest, exposes in precise and clear fashion the regulations and edicts related to investigating the disaster, determining the number of victims to receive help, and distributing relief. J. 2 is devoted to the regulations related to tax exemption and postponement (蠲緩章程). J. 3 deals with sales and loans of government grain (糶借章程), including regulations for granaries. J. 4 has material on combating locusts (捕蝗事宜), controlling pests (治蟲), and attacking flood-inducing dragons (伐蛟). J. 5 discusses soup-kitchens (煮粥規 條), taking care of refugees (安頓流民), private contributions to relief (捐助賑恤), and work-relief (以工代賑). J. 6 introduces a variety of topics, including penal leniency in years of dearth (清理刑獄), temporary relaxation of the prohibition to ship grain by sea (暫弛海禁), taking care of orphans, improving agricultural work, and more. J. 7 features a large variety of models of forms and registers (冊結成式). J. 8 is on methods of controlling water (治水諸法) and using it (用水諸法), and concludes with considerations on Jiangnan hydraulics (水利雜說), the author introducing his own experience. Throughout, the emphasis is on contemporary conditions and regulations. It is principally in j. 4–6 and 8 that these are occasionally complemented with quotations from older texts, especially Ming, although Zhu Xi’s system of community granaries is duly introduced in a note to j. 3. Bio.: The information found in the prefs. suggests that by the early 1750s Yao Bi, who says in his undated pref. to have spent more than two decades working as a private secretary in “difficult places” (繁劇) in Zhejiang, was assisting

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a certain Yu Wenyi 俞文漪, then the prefect of Wenzhou 溫州, who claimed that his own reputation was for no little part due to Yao’s aid. (The liyan 例言, composed by Yao’s son Zhaolan 兆蘭, says that he spent thirty years as a private secretary.) In 1755, Yao was hired by Tongde, who had just been promoted Zhejiang administration commissioner, and helped him considerably in his effort to restore order to government affairs. It seems that the Huangzheng jiyao ms. had been in existence for some time and that 30 articles extracted from it had been published in Wenzhou. Tongde was willing to have the entire work engraved, but in 1756 he left the province before having been able to do so. In 1761 Gao Xiangzhen, who was acting prefect of Jiaxing and had hired Yao, insisted on getting the job done. The liyan suggests that the printing was still delayed since it states that the regulations recorded extend to 1767. Ref. and studies: Mori, “Jūhachi seiki ni okeru kōsei to jinushi denko kankei,” passim. Id., “Jūroku-jūhachi seiki ni okeru kōsei to jinushi denko kankei,” 96–97 and passim. [PEW] 0762

Zhenlüe 賑略, 3 j. [A Strategy for Famine Relief] By Wu Yuanwei 吳元煒 (z. Peicang 霈蒼), from Deqing 德清 (Zhejiang) 1766 pref. Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. with author’s pref. (1766). [Tianjin Library] – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 4, based on above ms. ed.

Rem.: The author introduces himself as a private secretary with thirty years of experience. His pref. celebrates the generosity and thoroughness of the famine relief dispensed under the present emperor, citing in particular Fang Guancheng’s Zhenji (q.v.), to which there would seem to be nothing to add. However, Fang’s compilation mainly consists of memorials and directives, whereas the present treatise is aimed at local officials confronted with highly variable conditions and in need of established rules (定衡), or a strategy, if they want to escape improvisation and disorder—the title zhenlüe is glossed as “a strategy for counties to handle relief” (州縣辦賑之方略). Fang’s Zhenji’s “general ideas” (大意), i.e., the general program of investigation and relief as it unfolds, are supplemented with a variety of explanations, quotations of regulations, precedents, and imperial edicts, examples of official correspondence, reports, proclamations (some, notably in j. 3, coming from

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Zhenji, others possibly extracted from the author’s personal archive), and the like. Only the mulu of j. 2 has been preserved, indicating that it was entirely composed of model forms for reports and registers. J. 3 also contains several documents on combating locusts. The entire work adds up to a substantial and quite concrete guide on famine relief at local level. [PEW]

0763

Yuhuang jilan 御荒集覽 [Collected Readings on Battling Famine] Comp. Shexi jushi 畬西居士 1785 pref. Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. with author’s pref. (1785). – [1814] ed. published by Xingzhai jushi 惺齋居士, with prefs. by author (1785) and Xingzhai jushi (1814). – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, with prefs. by Xingzhai jushi (1814) and author (1785), in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 4.

Rem.: The two prefaces insist on charity and compassion and on the importance of encouraging private contributions to official efforts to combat famine. Shexi jushi mentions Jiuhuang quanshu (presumably the work by Qi Biaojia, q.v.) as a comprehensive treatise known to enlightened scholars (賢明士大夫), but deplores that it has not been printed and is difficult to procure. He also cites Yuan Liaofan (see under Juguan gongguo ge) and Zhen Dexiu (see under Zhen Xishan zhengjing) on the retribution of good deeds. Because of the frequency of famines lately he has decided to copy the sayings of wise statesmen of old (抄 錄先正格言), hoping the text will be printed and circulated. Xingzhai jushi says in his pref. that he found a ms. of the work at a bookseller while he was looking for books on the subject to participate in the effort at combating a famine in 1814; he claims that the contents should be of interest for both lay persons and officials (居家居官者). The text is entirely composed of quotations and historical anecdotes; handbooks by, e.g., Yuan Liaofan and Wang Huizu, are occasionally quoted. The arrangement is in eight sections of uneven length, namely, “The rewards of succoring” (利濟), “Evaluating disaster” (勘災), “Assisting the famished” (救荒), “Adjusting to the situation” (調劑), “Managing relief” (辦 賑), “Encouraging relief” (勸賑) “Granaries” (倉儲), and “Recipes and methods” (方術, a substantial list of prescriptions against famine and of

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substitute foods), followed by a ci poem on the tune “Xijiang yue” on the sufferings of vagrants driven away from their homes by a flood (勸濟被 水流民西江月詞), with lengthy commentaries. [PEW]

0764

Jiuhuang beilan 救荒備覽, 4 j. [A Reader on Famine Relief ] Comp. (撰) Lao Tong 勞潼 (z. Runzhi 潤之) (jr. 1765), from Nanhai 南 海 (Guangdong) 1794 pref. Ed.:

– *1850 engraving (開雕) of the Yueya tang 粵雅堂校刊, with author’s pref. (1794), postf. (跋) by Wu Chongyao 伍崇曜 (1849). [CASS Jinshisuo] – In Lingnan yishu 嶺南遺書, 四集 (1850) (same Yueya tang engraving). – *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 969. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 4, based on 1850 ed., with author’s pref. (1794), postf. by Wu Chongyao (1849). Rem.: The work was compiled by “recording” (錄) several texts: Zhenxu zuanyao 賑恤纂要 by Wang Runan 王汝南, a short history of

disaster and relief from antiquity to the Tang (j. 1); 60 entries from Jiang Yi’s Chenjian lu (q.v.), dealing with feats of officials (在官事實) (j. 2); extracts from Chenjian lu: 28 entries on feats by scholars and commoners (士庶事實), and 25 entries of “maxims” (格言) (j. 3); Wei Xi’s Jiuhuang ce (q.v.) (j. 4). Two further texts are appended: (1) a short essay on local mutual help entitled “On relieving neighbors and friends in years of famine” (歲饑賑濟鄰朋論) by Tang Qian’an 湯潛庵; (2) an anonymous famine materia medica (救荒本草). The pref. and postf. indicate that Lao Tong, a resident of Foshan 佛山, was a scholar of some repute; he participated actively in the local efforts, supported by the authorities, at mobilizing resources during the famines that struck the region in 1778, 1786, 1787, and 1794. The first event had already spurred him to compile Jiuhuang beilan, but he did not have it engraved until 1794. In between he had found a copy of Qinding kangji lu (q.v.) in a bookstore, and decided that it made his own little compilation (“not even one percent of the other book”) useless; in 1794, however, a friend convinced him that his modest effort might be more useful to encourage local scholars and commoners than Kangji lu, which is rather a compilation for statesmen and officials, and moreover is difficult to find in Guangdong. Lao Tong speaks of a wealthy community where state relief cannot be depended upon entirely; one reason why he decided on publication was that “he deplored Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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that in his township there were no plans to get prepared in advance” (恨 鄉中先事無預備之策). Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4310. Ma, 179 (Beiping) (Lingnan yishu ed.). Will, Bureaucracy and Famine, 7, 303. [PEW] [QING B] 0765

Qinding xinyou gongzhen jishi 欽定辛酉工賑紀事, 2+38 j. [An Account of Work-Relief in 1801, Compiled on Imperial Order] Comp. Qinggui 慶桂 et al. 1802 Ed.:

– *[1802] ed. with pref. by the Jiaqing emperor (1802) and “respectful postfs.” (欽定辛酉工賑紀事事後恭跋) by Qinggui, Dong Gao 董誥, Zhu Gui 朱 珪, Liu Quanzhi 劉權之, Fengshen Jilun 豐伸濟倫, Dai Quheng 戴衢亨, Deying 德瑛, and Peng Yuanrui 彭元瑞 (all n.d.). [Tōyō Bunko] – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, based on same ed., in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 4.

Rem.: This massive compilation of official documents was meant to celebrate the relief campaign organized and funded under the direct supervision of the Jiaqing emperor after heavy rains in the summer and fall of 1801 had caused the Yongding River to break its dikes and a large part of Zhili province to be engulfed by floods (99 counties suffered from the disaster). All the techniques of famine relief were mobilized, including soup kitchens (notably in Beijing), relief in grain and cash, loans and sales of government grain, rerouting of tribute grain, distributions of clothes, and so on, and, prominently, work-relief to dredge the riverbeds and repair the dike-works. The compilation had a clearly celebratory intention, the Jiaqing emperor being anxious to show off his benevolence and put his reign on a par with that of his glorious father the Qianlong emperor, deceased two years before; his pref. (in which he uses the first-person yu 予 instead of zhen 朕) says he ordered compiling the work for distribution in the provinces so that all could know his wish to atone for his faults (贖咎之本意) and be alert to the duty of succoring the victims of disasters. The two front chapters (首上下) feature a series of poems composed by the emperor during the campaign. In their postfs., the compilers do not hesitate to claim that “there has been no [campaign] as vast and elaborate as the campaign of work-relief set off by our reigning emperor in 1801” (蓋未有如我皇上辛酉工賑之舉之

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廣大悉備也). They say they were ordered after the fact to compile the

documents into a book to be distributed at court and in the provinces, “so that when the officials in charge of the people respectfully read the work, they will recognize the sovereign’s feeling of dread when a disaster occurs and will know how to succour our people” (使牧民之吏恭讀是 編，仰見皇上遇災而懼之心，共知拯濟斯民之道). Despite this didactic intent, the text is not easy to use since it has no organization other than a strict chronological order, the edicts of the emperor and memorials from the officials at court and in the field being quoted day after day, often several on one same day. The first entry is an edict dated JQ 6/6/2 quoting Zhili governor-general Jiang Sheng 姜晟 about the difficulties of postal transmission due to heavy rains and overflowing rivers. The last is a memorial dated JQ 7/8/13 discussing the system of surveillance set up along the dikes of the Yongding River. The chronological density of documents is especially high during the 6th to 10th months of 1801, making up two-thirds of the text. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4310. Ma, 181 (Beiping). Shao Yongzhong, “Zhongguo gudai huangzheng shiji,” 33. Gabbiani, “Orpheline d’un empire,” 272–80; Id., Pékin à l’ombre du Mandat Céleste, 166–70. [PEW]

0766

Huangzheng jiyao 荒政輯要, 1 + 9 j. [A Compendium of Essentials on Famine Relief] Comp. (纂) Wang Zhiyi 汪志伊 (z. Xinnong 莘農, h. Jiamen 稼門) (1743–1818) (jr. 1771), from Tongcheng 桐城 (Anhui) 1806 Ed.:

– *1806 ed. of the Suzhou administration commissioner office 蘇藩署藏 板, bearing the words “it is perfect to reproduce” (翻刻最善) on the cover-leaf, with foreword by Wang Zhiyi (n.d.), pref. by Wang Zhiyi (1806). [*Kokkai, foreword on recto of cover-leaf] [*Tōdai] – *Undated ed. of the Pingshan tang 屏山堂藏板, with foreword by Wang Zhiyi on the cover-leaf recto and the mention “it is perfect to reproduce” at the right of the title on the verso, with pref. by Wang Zhiyi (1805 [sic: JQ 10]). [Ōki] – 1812 ed. of the Suzhou Administration commissioner office. [Yonezawa City Library] – 1825 ed. of the Shaanxi Grain Intendancy 陝西糧道署藏板. [Kokkai] – *[1825] ed. of the Shanyang Li-family Wenmiao xiangshi 山陽李氏聞妙香 室, in Zhiyong congshu, with pref. to the congshu by Ai Chang 艾暢 (1825) Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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and pref. by Wang Zhiyi (1806). [*Beitu; *another copy with a different cover-leaf, date of carving on cover-leaf recto (calligraphed by Xu Lian 許 槤), without pref. to the congshu] [*Ōki] – *1826 ed. of the Anhui governor office 安徽撫署藏板, with prefs. by Anhui governor Deng Tingzhen 鄧廷楨 (1826) and Wang Zhiyi (1806); the coverleaf as the mention “it is perfect to reproduce.” [*Qinghua] – *Undated ed. with pref. by Wang Zhiyi (1806) and postf. (跋) by Xu Naizhao 許乃釗 (1841); the copy at Congress consists apparently of fasc. 9–11 extracted from a larger collection; Xu’s postf. indicates that he had an edition of the work printed anew during Yellow river floods. [*CASS Jinshisuo] [*Congress/LL] [Tōdai] – *In Minguo zhai qizhong (q.v.), with pref. by Wang Zhiyi (1806) and postf. by Xu Naizhao (1841); the end of j. 9 has the indication 豫省聚文齋朱承 刊. [*Harvard] [*IHEC] – *1869 Chubei Chongwen shuju 楚北崇文書局 ed., with pref. by Wang Zhiyi (1806). [*Congress/LL] [*Harvard] [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of Suzhou administration commissioner 1806 ed., Taipei: Wenhai chuabanshe, 1868 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan sanbian, ser. 54, vol. 538). – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, based on Suzhou administration commissioner 1806 ed., with Xu Naizhao’s 1841 postf. (apparently taken from the Minguo zhai ed.) appended, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 4.

Rem.: A widely cited famine handbook whose pref. proudly emphasizes the achievements of the Qing in matters of famine relief, with which none of the “piecemeal techniques” (小補之術) of the previous regimes from the Han to the Ming can compare. Still, in the short undated foreword reproduced in some eds. Wang Zhiyi states that the reason why he published the work is that “many people are incompetent at managing disaster relief” (查辦災務多有不善者) and that the divergent views held by the commissioned officials (委員) sent in the field frequently create problems. The same foreword gives the number of characters in the work (82,500, counting three underlining circles as one character) and the cost of the copying and engraving and of the printing blocks (60,100 cash in all), stressing that this is not much compared with the benefits expected. The contents were heavily influenced by Wang’s actions during floods in Jiangsu, where he was governor, in 1804 and 1805 (the author’s name in chapter captions is preceded by the title “governor of Jiangsu”): these experiences, which are recounted in the pref., convinced him even more of the importance of preparedness. Wang Zhiyi had had previous experiences of directing famine relief, starting in Datong 大同 Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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(Shanxi) in 1787. The book was originally engraved by the offices of the two administration commissioners of Jiangsu; complete sets should be printed and distributed to all the concerned prefectures and counties in case of disaster. It is essentially a compilation of existing materials in 10 chapters, one (j. 首) providing general directives (綱目) borrowed from earlier texts, beginning with the “twelve policies” in the Zhouli, and the nine others devoted to more specialized topics. Regulations currently in force, which every official must carefully study, are found in j. 3, on investigating famine (查勘)—printouts of this one specifically must be given to the commissioned officials sent to investigate; and in j. 4, on the various regulations (則例) on relief. The rest of the chapters introduce “ingenious methods and admirable opinions of the men of the past” (前 人良法美意)—most dating from the Song and later—on a variety of topics, such as rituals, combating locusts, loans, policies relative to merchants and the grain trade, work-relief, soup kitchens, vagrancy, rehabilitation policies, and more. An influential source seems to have been a work titled Zaizhen shiyi 災賑事宜 by Peng Jiaping 彭家屏 (ca. 1750). Huangzheng jiyao’s influence can be seen in the number of provinces that produced their own eds.

Bio.: After his juren Wang Zhiyi was hired as collator (校對) for the Siku quanshu project. His career as a local official, which started with magistracies in 2 counties and one department in Shanxi (1784–87), was faultless. In 1787 he was promoted to prefect of Zhenjiang 鎮江 (Jiangsu), and in 1788 of Suzhou 蘇 州, where he spent three years. He rose to intendant in 1791 and Jiangsu surveillance commissioner the same year. Then he was administration commissioner of Gansu (1793–95), Zhejiang (1795–96), and Fujian (1797), governor of Fujian (1797–1801) and, after a leave for illness, of Jiangsu (1803–06), governor-general of Huguang (1806–10), and finally governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang (1810–17). He retired for illness. See QSG, 144/11325–27; Tongcheng XZ (1834), 13/50a–51a; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4310–11. Ma, 179–80 (Beida) (1869 Chongwen shuju ed.). Mori, “Jūhachi seiki ni okeru kōsei to jinushi denko kankei,” 30. Id., “Jūroku-jūhachi seiki ni okeru kōsei to jinushi denko kankei,” 103 and passim. Will, Bureaucracy and Famine, 10–11. [PEW]

0767

Zhenji 賑紀, 10 j. [An Account of Famine Relief] Comp. (編) Nayancheng 那彥成 (z. Shaojiu 韶九, Yitang 繹堂, s. Wenyi 文毅) (1764–1833) (js. 1789), from the Manchu Plain White Banner 1813 Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Ed.:

– [1813] ed. with prefs. by Tiebao 鐵保 (1813), He Xian 何銑 (後序, 1813), Yan Lang 嚴烺 (後序, n.d.), colophon (跋) by Long Wanyu 龍萬育 (1813). – *Photo-repro. of above ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1989 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan sanbian, ser. 54, vol. 533). – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 4, based on ed. above.

Rem.: An account of the measures to mitigate a drought-induced famine that hit about 30 counties in Gansu in 1810, just after Nayancheng had been appointed governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu. According to Tiebao’s pref., some 2,655,000 individuals belonging to 476,000 households received 95,600 shi of grain and 572,000 taels of silver as relief during the last four months of 1810, plus an additional one month and loans of seeds at the beginning of 1811; the same author claims that this was celebrated as a model operation, entirely free of corruption. 16 Gansu officials, from the administration commissioner down to local officials, are listed as collators (校對), the prefect and leading magistrate of Lanzhou as collator-printers (校刊), and 4 subaltern officials as copyists (謄錄). The organization of this dossier, clearly aiming to celebrate how efficiently Nayancheng’s Gansu administration conveyed imperial benevolence, is not unlike that of Fang Guancheng’s work by the same title (q.v.), though the scale and scope of the famine were not as considerable as in 1743–44 Zhili. The ten chapters are devoted to the following topics: (1) 11 imperial edicts (上諭) dated 1810 and 1811, mostly responding to Nayancheng’s information and requests; (2) 19 memorials (奏摺) sent by Nayancheng (with date of memorial and date of rescript), many of them highly specific regarding the various steps of the campaign, and some including attachments (清單) detailing the procedures (章程) or ad hoc regulations (規條), or providing lists of figures (sometimes there is only the attachment); (3) “Investigating and deliberating” (勘議), a set of 8 directives (札) sent by the governor to various officials about investigating famine conditions and administering relief; (4) orders and proclamations concerning tax postponements (緩徵); (5) orders, reports, and regulations on soup kitchens (煮賑) (one of the fullest chapters in the work); (6) orders concerning transfers of silver or grain (撥 運), within Gansu or from outside; (7) 18 directives to various civil and military officials on “checking distribution” (查散) (also a fairly detailed chapter); (8) work-relief (工賑), dealing with construction on the citywalls of Gaolan 皋蘭 (Lanzhou) and Guyuan 固原; (9) prohibitions and exhortations (禁諭) addressed to the gentry, merchants, and people on various subjects, mostly in the form of proclamations; (10) 20 itemized Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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proposals (條議) submitted by local officials on a variety of famine-relief policies, with the governor’s rescript.

Bio.: A grandson of the famous statesman and general Agui 阿桂 (1717–97), raised by his mother, a lady from the Nala 那拉 clan, Nayancheng lived from his youngest years in an environment close to the throne. Though brilliant, his career went through highs and lows. After his jinshi he entered the Hanlin Academy and in the late Qianlong and early Jiaqing years performed a variety of functions at the Imperial Library (南書房), Grand Council, Imperial Household Department, Banner administration, etc. In 1799 he became minister of both Works and War. The same year he was sent to command the Shaanxi forces combating the White Lotus Rebellion. He was demoted in 1800 after some setbacks, but soon resumed his ascension. He was sent to various places in Guangdong, Zhejiang, Zhili, and Heilongjiang to solve problems or oversee trials of high officials, and in 1804 became a grand councilor. After a stint as Shaanxi-Gansu governor-general, he was appointed to the same position in Guangdong-Guangxi, where among other duties he combated secret societies and piracy. Accused of leniency, he was deprived of his ranks in 1806 and sent to Ili. In 1810 he was back in Lanzhou as Shaanxi-Gansu governorgeneral. The tone of his account of the 1810 famine may be explained by his desire to ingratiate himself with the emperor. In late 1813 he was sent to Henan to combat the uprising of a secret society named the Tianli jiao 天理教, whose members had simultaneously attacked the Imperial Palace in Beijing. During the following years he was Zhili governor-general, but was again demoted in 1816 for, interestingly, having misused relief funds in Shaanxi in 1810. Back to service in 1818, he was once again sent as governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu in 1822. Appointed Zhili governor-general in 1825, he spent a year in 1828 on a mission of rehabilitation in Turkestan in the wake of a war against Muslim insurgents. When further trouble erupted in Turkestan he was criticized for his earlier handling of the situation and eventually deprived of all his ranks in 1831. He died at home as a commoner. See QSG, 367/11458–62; ECCP, 584–7; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Will, Bureaucracy and Famine, 96. [PEW] 0768

Fu Yu xuzai lu 撫豫恤災錄, 12 j. [A Record of Relieving Disaster as Governor of Henan] Comp. (恭輯) Fang Shouchou 方受疇 (z. Ciyun 次耘, h. Laiqing 來 青, Hepu xiansheng 鶴浦先生) (?–1822), from Tongcheng 桐城 (Anhui) 1814 pref.

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959

Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with pref. by Yu Ji 余集 (1814), postfs. (跋) by Zhang Zeng 張䎖, Tang Renzhi 唐仁埴, Li Shishu 李師舒, Zhu Qingcheng 祝慶承, and Xie Xuechong 謝學崇 (all n.d.). [Columbia] – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, based on above ed. (with postfs. in a different order), in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 4.

Rem.: A gongdu-style collection of documents on the struggle against large-scale droughts (in summer) and floods (in autumn), followed by famine and epidemics, and with episodes of banditry, that afflicted Henan in 1813–14. The materials in j. 1–2 also cover the period before Fang Shouchou’s arrival in Henan (he was appointed governor in the 7th month of 1813), when the man in charge was his predecessor Changling 長齡 (1811–13). J. 1–2 are devoted to the exchange of memorials (奏摺) and edicts (上諭) between Kaifeng and the capital, starting with Changling’s memorial announcing the drought in Henan in late spring 1813. J. 3–4, devoted to correspondence (文行), contain a large number of messages (札) addressed by Fang to a variety of provincial or local officials under his jurisdiction. J. 5–6 contain directives (文檄), also in the form of messages, with a few proclamations (告示) appended to j. 6. J. 7–8 are devoted to reports (詳禀) sent by Henan officials to the governor, often in response to his messages. The same is true of the large number of letters (禀牘) that compose j. 9–12. The entire work amounts to an extraordinarily detailed dossier, assembled as an example, on state relief during a large-scale famine in a major province. In this way it may evoke Fang Shouchou’s uncle Fang Guancheng’s Zhenji (q.v.), though the organization is less pedagogic, but with greater emphasis on communications at local level. Indeed, the pref. insists on this filiation and on the influence exerted by Fang Guancheng on his nephew during his formative years. One may note, however, the contrast between the very few preserved copies of Fu Yu xuzai lu and the large number of Zhenji copies found in libraries all over the world. The pref. also cites Tian Wenjing as another model (see under Fu Yu xuanhua lu), indeed reflected in the title of the present work; it stresses that whereas Tian could benefit from conditions of prosperity and tranquility to pursue his policies in Henan, Fang Shouchou successfully faced much more difficult conditions. The tradition established by the works of Tian Wenjing and Fang Guancheng is also stressed in several of the postfaces, all by Henan officials who served under Fang Shouchou. Bio.: The scion of a famous Tongcheng family, Fang Shouchou started his career by purchasing a National University student (監生) degree and becoming

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a commissioner in a Salt Administration office (鹽課大使). Later he became a magistrate, then a vice-prefect, in Zhejiang, and was prefect of Daming 大名 and Baoding 保定 in Zhili; he was promoted to intendant of the Qinghe circuit 清河道 in south Zhili, but was cashiered for an unspecified reason. In 1799 he was sent to serve for 5 years in Ili with the rank of intendant. Thereafter he pursued a career in provincial positions in Jiangsu and Zhili, then was appointed governor of Zhejiang (1813), and later the same year of Henan, where he confronted the situation described in the present work. His successes earned him the prestigious position of Zhili governor-general in 1816—a post in which his uncle Fang Guancheng had spent many years in the eighteenth century— where he served until his death. See QSLZ, 33/36b–38b; Tongcheng XZ (1834), 13/55b–56b; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Ma, 181–2 (Beiping) (says 13 j.). [PEW] 0769

Zaizhen quanshu 災賑全書, 4 j. [A Complete Book on Disaster Relief] Comp. (輯) Yang Ximing 楊西明 (h. Yushi sheng 語石生) from Wulin 武林 (Hangzhou) 1823 pref. Ed.:

– Undated ed. of the Yeyi bieshu 板藏也宜別墅, with author’s pref. (to Zaizhen quanshu chugao 初稿, 1823). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1989 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan sanbian, ser. 54, vol. 537). – Photo-repro. of same ed. in Siku weishou, ser. 9, vol. 8. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, based on same ed., in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 5.

Rem.: A fairly comprehensive treatise on famine relief, the compilation of which was spurred by a drought in the Hangzhou area in 1818–19. The author, a private secretary specializing in financial matters, was hired in 1817 by a certain magistrate Xuan 宣, of whom he speaks highly in his pref. This pref. belonged to a “first draft” (初稿) of the work, Yang claiming at the end that despite the advice of the people to whom he showed his manuscript he did not think it worth printing. This may be false modesty, but it is also possible that the revised ms. was printed later than the preface. Eight people who helped in the printing (幫刻 諸君) and three collators are listed at the beginning. J. 1–2 consist of an enumeration of the administrative and penal regulations concerning the different aspects of the famine relief program set up by the Qing

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(based on Hubu zeli 戶部則例 and other such sources), including disaster investigation, relief distribution, loans, reduced-price sales, rewards to charitable people, and so forth. Most established regulations (正條) are followed by lengthy quotations (引證) of related edicts, memorials, and other materials; some methods or precedents (成案) not supported by established regulations are included for reference, and some recent materials on relief against hailstorms and typhoons were culled from the Peking Gazette. J. 3, which opens with a “general statement on relief” (災賑總論) borrowed from Wan Weihan’s Huangzheng suoyan (q.v.), features a variety of documents concerning the 1818–19 famine in Hangzhou, arranged under the following sections: proclamations and directives on relief in Qiantang county (錢邑辦災成案), rules for official prayers in Qiantang (錢塘縣祈禱事宜), memorials related to the 1814 drought in the same region (嘉慶十九年奏案), and rules for helping foreigners shipwrecked during typhoons (撫恤難番事宜). J. 4 is devoted to a highly detailed dossier on relief in Shuyang 沭陽 (Haizhou 海州 department, Jiangsu) under the authority of a magistrate Wen 溫 in the wake of floods caused by a typhoon in the fall of 1753 (江南海州沐 [sic] 陽縣溫辦理大災成案), to which a few documents on combating locusts in the same county are appended. Ref. and studies: Ma, 181 (Qinghua).

0770

[PEW]

Huangzheng beilan 荒政備覽, 2 j. [A Famine Relief Reader] By Wang Fengsheng 王鳳生 (z. Zhenxuan 振軒, Zhuyu 竹嶼) (1776– 1834), from Wuyuan 婺源 (Anhui) 1823 Ed.: – *In Yuezhong congzheng lu (q.v.), with prefs. by Wu Rongguang 吳榮光 (1823) and author (1823), author’s introductory note (再識) to j. 2 (1823). [Columbia] – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, based on same ed., in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 5 (the author’s introductory note to j. 2 has been misplaced at the end of j. 1).

Rem.: The work was compiled late in 1823 in the wake of flood investigation and relief in Huzhou 湖州 prefecture (Zhejiang) with which Wang Fengsheng and several colleagues had been entrusted by governor Shuai Chengying 帥承瀛 earlier in the year. Wang had acquired much experience of famine relief during 19 years already spent in the

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province, but nothing was approaching the scale of the 1823 floods in Zhexi. The governor equipped Wang and his colleagues with two famine relief manuals, Wang Zhiyi’s Huangzheng jiyao (q.v.) and a collection of Zhejiang materials titled Zhesheng zaizhen tiaoyi 浙省災賑條 議, but the former proved too general to deal with Zhejiang conditions, while the latter was somewhat outdated. By contrast, says Wu’s pref., Wang’s treatise is based on direct observation and on the consultation of public opinion, which is why it offers such a brilliant model (神明 規矩). J. 1 quotes articles from the aforementioned two works regarding the various steps of famine relief operations—disaster investigation (勘災), relief evaluation (查賑), distribution of emergency relief (撫卹), and reduced-price sales of grain (平糶)—with lengthy comments by the author, who occasionally proposes different sets of procedures. As explained in the introductory note, j. 2 complements what was originally a 1-j. work with new materials collected after Wang had been sent to do further relief work in Jiaxing 嘉興, and again in Huzhou. The inclusion of model documents such as investigation slips, certificates, relief tickets, and so on, the quotation of regulations and of proclamations made in the field, as well as the precision with which each step is outlined, make the work an extremely concrete guide for action. Bio.: See under Xuezhi tixing lu. Ref. and studies: Ma, 179 (Beiping). Bibliography entries for same author: Liang Zhe yunku qingcha jieyao; Pinghu xian baojia shiyi; Songzhou congsheng lu; Xuezhi tixing lu; Yuezhong congzheng lu; Zhesheng cangku qingcha jieyao. [PEW]

0771

Chouji bian 籌濟編, 1 + 32 j. [A Compendium on Planning Relief] Comp. (編) Yang Jingren 楊景仁 (h. Jingyan 靜巖, Jingxian 靜閑) (1768–1828) (jr. 1798), from Changshu 常熟 (Jiangsu) 1824 pref. Ed.:

– *1826 engraving (鐫) of the Yiyan zhai 詒研齋藏板, coll. (校字) by the compiler’s four sons, with prefs. by Pan Shi’en 潘世恩 (1826), Lin Zexu 林 則徐 (1832), and Yang Jingren (1824). [Naikaku] – *1829 new engraving (重鐫) published by Fei Bingzhang 費丙章 from Renhe 仁和, with prefs. by Henan governor-general Yang Guozhen 楊國 楨 (to 重刻, 1828), Huiji 惠吉 (to 重刊, 1829), Linqing 麟慶 (to 重刻, 1829),

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Fei Bingzhang (to 重刻, 1829), Pan Shi’en (1826), and Yang Jingren (1824). [*CASS Jinshisuo] [*Tōdai, some differences in the order of prefs.] [*Tōyō Bunka (no cover-leaf, Huiji’s pref. placed after Linqing’s)] – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with prefs. by Yang Guozhen (1828), Linqing (1829), Fei Bingzhang (1829), Huiji (1829), Pan Shi’en (1826), and Yang Jingren (1824). [HKU] – *1878 new engraving (重鐫) of the Yiyan zhai. The cover-leaf is followed by an inside cover-leaf with a motif of dragons bearing the words “for imperial examination” (or possibly “examined by the emperor”) (御覽) on the recto and the date GX 4/9/26 on the verso, which also has the mention “respectfully written and presented by Yang Enhai, bureau secretary at the Ministry of Justice, and Yang Tongkui, secretary at the Grand Secretariat” (刑部主事臣楊恩海內閣中書臣楊同楏恭繕進呈); the first page features an imperial edict to the Grand Secretariat dated GX 4/10/5, indicating that the emperor ordered the Nanshufang and Hanlin Academy to examine the manuscript of the work presented by the Yangs (Yang Jingren’s grandson and great-grandson), and the Jiangsu authorities to circulate copies to the provinces once the engraving under way in the Yang family home is completed; this is followed by the two Yangs’ memorial of presentation (GX 4/9/26), prefs. by Pan Shi’en (1826), Lin Zexu (1832), Li Hongzhang 李鴻章 (to 重刻, 1878), and Yang Jingren (1824). [CASS Jinshi suo] – *1879 Shandong shuju new engraving 山東書局重鐫 identical to the 1878 Yiyan zhai ed. [*Ōki] [*Qinghua] – *1879 new engraving of the Guangdong administration commissioner office 粵東藩署重鐫, printing blocks kept at the Gongbei lou 板存拱北樓, postf. by Wang Zhi 王植 (1850), otherwise identical to the 1878 Yiyan zhai ed. [Columbia] – 1879 Jiangsu shuju 江蘇書局 ed. – *1880 new engraving (重鐫), date on recto of coverleaf, verso with date and inscription identical to the 1878 Yiyan zhai ed.; contrary to the latter, the imperial edict is not included; with prefs. by Pan Shi’en (1826), Li Hongzhang (1878), Lin Zexu (1832), and Yang Jingren (1824). [Tōdai] – *1883 Wuchang shuju ed. 武昌書局校刊, exactly similar to the 1878 Yiyan zhai ed., including the date on the interior cover-leaf, imperial edict, and memorial by the Yangs, with prefs. by Huguang governor-general Tu Zongying 涂宗瀛 (to Ezhong chongkan 鄂中重刊 chouji bian, 1882), Pan Shi’en (1826), Lin Zexu (1832), Li Hongzhang (1878), and Yang Jingren (1824), postf. (跋) by Jiang Xun 蔣珣 (to 重刻, 1879). [*Tōyō Bunka] [*Tōyō Bunko]

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– *Photo-repro. of 1826 Yiyan zhai ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1989 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan sanbian, ser. 54, vol. 534–536). – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 5, based on 1826 ed.

Rem.: An encyclopedic and erudite treatise on famine relief borrowing materials both from historical sources and from current Qing regulations and practice, and setting them in a highly systematic arrangement. Yang Jingren says in his pref. that he was spurred to compile the work by the big 1823 floods in Zhili and in his native Jiangsu, where he had returned on leave while relief operations were ongoing. J. 首, “Imperial regulations on exemptions and relief” (蠲恤功令), quotes from Da Qing huidian 大清會典, ministry regulations, and the Penal Code to expose the rules currently in force. After a chapter of general considerations on relief culled from a variety of authors (救荒總論, j. 1), the main text reviews the various steps and techniques involved in famine relief, such as investigation of disaster conditions and famine victims, the different types of free relief, soup kitchens, reduced-price grain sales, incentives to merchant circulation, loans, work-relief, tax postponements and exemptions, taking care of refugees, and distributing clothes, medicine, and coffins for the dead. Chapters are devoted to rituals and sacrifices, repressing banditry and activating baojia, combating locusts, promoting frugality, encouraging agriculture, improving water-control and irrigation, grain storage, and more. Historical precedents and earlier authors are quoted generously alongside Qing materials, with indication of sources. (Kangji lu [q.v.] is much quoted as a secondary source.) Yang Jingren’s own comments, introduced by the words Jingren jin’an 謹按, are in the form of notes in small characters inserted in the text and long concluding considerations at the end of each chapter. The 1829 ed. was sponsored by the Henan provincial chiefs, all of them contributing prefaces and the ed. being produced by administration commissioner Fei Bingzhang “out of his own salary” (捐廉付梓) on the order of the governor, who wanted every local official to have his own copy. Yang Jingren’s descendants claim in their 1878 memorial (see above, 1879 ed.) that the work was used to great effect during the devastating 1831 floods in Hubei, where administration commissioner Yanqing 衍慶 put out a new ed.; however, the printing blocks were later destroyed during the civil war, and no further eds. seem to have been produced until the early Guangxu period. The new eds. following the Yangs’ presentation of a copy to the throne in 1878 were spurred by the Guangxu-period catastrophic North China famine, then at its apex; Huguang governor-general Tu Zongying’s

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pref. to the 1883 ed. indicates he had already produced an ed. when he was Henan governor in 1879; Jiang Xun’s postf. is to this Henan ed. (Jiang was Henan administration commissioner at the time), and it is followed by the names of five expectant officials belonging to the [Henan] relief bureau (賑撫局委員), who collated the text. Bio.: See under Shijing bian. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4311. Ma, 180 (Beida) (1878 Yiyan zhai ed.). Shao Yongzhong, “Zhongguo gudai huangzheng shiji,” 32–33. Bibliography entries for same author: Shijing bian. [PEW]

0772

Zhenzhou jiuhuang lu 真州救荒錄, 8 j. [An Account of Famine Relief at Yizheng] Comp. (纂) Wang Jianxin 王檢心 (z. Zihan 子涵, Xingzhai 惺齋) (?– 1869) (jr. 1825), from Neixiang 內鄉 (Henan) 1849 Ed.:

– *1849 engraving (鐫) of the Shenxiu tang 慎脩堂藏板, with prefs. by Yang Liang 楊亮 (1849) and compiler (1849). [Ōki] – Undated ms. ed. [Beitu] – Undated ms. ed. titled Zhenzhu zaizhen huibian 真州灾賑彙編. [Beitu, not in cat.] – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, based on a ms. copy made in the 1950s (j. 8 missing) held at the Huanan nongxue yuan 華南農學院, completed with the ms. ed. at Beitu, with prefs. by Yang Liang (1849) and compiler (1849), in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 6. (The same collection features several more compilations dealing with the 1848–49 floods and famine.)

Rem.: The work was spurred by the catastrophic flooding that afflicted most of the Yangzi valley in 1848. It concerns more particularly Yizheng 儀徵 (Zhenzhou is an old name going back to the Song) in Yangzhou 揚州 prefecture (Jiangsu), where the compiler was magistrate at the time. His preface says that his efforts were desperate yet insufficient to reinforce flood protections, organize relief, and take care of refugees. Despite his feeling of inadequacy he was urged by friends to publish a collection of his documents, which apparently were in high demand and regarded as models—the publication might save myriads of lives (未始不可救 千萬人之命)! The work consists of official correspondence, proclamations (some repeated), and other documents, all precisely dated and

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arranged under the following headings: (j. 1) disaster investigation (查 看水災各事宜); (j. 2) requesting granary reserves (請倉穀各事宜); (j. 3) encouraging charitable relief (勸捐義賑各事宜); (j. 4) distributing the main relief (正賑各事宜, the chapter with the most numerous entries); (j. 5) distributing medicine (施丸藥各事宜), encouraging quick marriage (without caring for proper gifts and to stabilize village society) (多 婚各事宜), and burying the dead (檢埋屍棺各事宜); (j. 6) distributing cotton clothes (施放棉衣各事宜) and rice gruel by porters (放擔粥各事 宜); (j. 7) setting up a bureau where impoverished peasants can pawn their plow-oxen rather than sell them to Muslim butchers (收當耕牛各 事宜); (j. 8) directives on various sorts of orphanages and centers for abandoned children (慈幼堂育嬰堂暫棲所各事宜), on a center to succor babies (卹嬰堂各事宜), and on digging up locust larvae (挖蝻各事 宜). Bio.: All we know about Wang Jianxin’s career is that in 1835, ten years after his juren, he benefitted from the so-called datiao 大挑 selection process for meritorious juren and was sent to Jiangsu as expectant magistrate. For some reason, however, he did not get to Nanjing until 1840. Among the posts where he actually served in Jiangsu are Xinghua 興化 (1842), Jurong 句容 (1843), Gaochun 高淳 (1844), and Yizheng (1847), which he left in 1849 for mourning leave; after his return he again served in Fengxian 豐縣 (1852) and Tongshan 銅山 (1853). At some point he asked to go back home to organize local defense against bandits, and received the rank of surveillance commissioner. See Jiangning 江寧 FZ (1880), 11B/4b, 5a, 14B/40a–b; Xinghua XZ (1852), 6/34b; Xuzhou 徐州 FZ (1874), 6B/32a, 39a; Feng XZ (1894), 4/12a–b. [PEW] 0773

Jihuang jilüe 濟荒記略, 1 j. [Brief Account of Relieving Famine] Comp. (輯) Yu Fangdong 郁方董 (z. Zaoru 藻儒, Shuwei 舒帷, h. Xiaojin 小晉), from Jiading 嘉定 (Jiangsu) 1851 Ed.:

– *1851 engraving (鐫) of the Liucheng Shuoyan zhai 疁城說研齋藏版 (Liucheng is a place outside Jiading’s south gate), with pref. by Zhang Quanzi (z. Yuanfu) 張泉子淵甫 (1850) (possibly Zhang Lü 履 [z. Yuanfu, 1792–1851, from Zhenze 震澤, Jiangsu]). [Ōki] – *Modern ed. in simplified characters based on same ed., in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 6.

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Rem.: A very detailed testimony on the efforts, of which the author was one leader, of Jiading notables to relieve their fellow citizens during the 1849 catastrophic floods across the entire Yangzi valley. A succession of relatively short paragraphs describes in much detail the various facets of the drive. The text is informative on the ways local gentry collaborated with local officials and looked for material and symbolic support. Comparison with the relevant entries in the 1880 Jiading gazetteer shows that in quantitative terms the gentry’s contribution exceeded that of the state. Zhang’s pref. insists that the text should serve as a model for the future.

Bio.: The son of a petty official whom he regarded as his model, Yu Fangdong studied for a time at the National University and Jintai Academy 金臺書院 in the capital, but never managed to pass the examinations. His later years were spent as a private secretary in Hubei and Hunan. It is said that when Yu Fangdong’s son Yinliang 寅亮, a local official, tried cases, Yu would listen from behind a screen and scold him if he considered he had not been up to the task. He died at home aged past 70. See Jiading XZ (1930), 11/20a. Ref. and studies: Will, Bureaucracy and Famine, 12–13 and passim. Id., “L’État, la sphère publique et la redistribution des subsistances,” 282–92. Jiading XZ (1881), 5/13b–14a. [PEW] 0774

Jiuhuang liushi ce 救荒六十策 [Sixty Methods for Combating Famine] Comp. (蒐輯) Jixiang Yufu 寄湘漁父, from Yanzhou 嚴州 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1864 Ed.:

– *1879 engraving (鐫) of the Gaolan (Gansu) county office 甘肅皋蘭縣署 藏板, with prefs. by Penglai Yuqiao 蓬萊瘐樵 (1865) and compiler (1879, signed in Gansu). [*Beitu] [*Columbia, without cover-leaf or indication of publisher] – *1885 engraving of the Shanghai Puyu tang 板藏上海普育堂, with an order from Jiangnan Suzhou administration commissioner Huang 黃 to the Shanghai magistrate to print 500 copies and deliver them to his offices and at his expense for distribution to the relief centers (1885); with prefs. by Wang Zongshou 王宗壽 (to 重刊, 1885), Penglai Yuqiao (1865), and compiler (1879). [CASS Jinshi suo] – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with prefs. by Jianhu tingxu sanren 鑑湖聽 虛散人 (n.d.) (saying he was shown the book in 1898 and that it had been printed in Lanzhou) and compiler (1879). [Ōki]

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4.3 Famine Relief

– *Photo-repro. of 1885 ed. (less the administration commissioner’s order), Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1989 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan sanbian, ser. 54, vol. 540). – Modern punctuated ed. in simplified characters, based on 1885 ed., in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 6.

Rem.: A reworked version of the famine relief program proposed in Wei Xi’s Jiuhuang ce (q.v.), which according to the compiler—who cites Wei as a Ming author, though he was active in the Qing—was the only one to offer a systematic approach combining preventive, on-the-spot, and after-the-fact measures, but was difficult to obtain in far-away districts. The compiler—only known by his sobriquet—supplemented the text with other sources and with his own views while he was following the Xiang Army 湘軍 in Gansu from 1863 onward. (Penglai Yuqiao, who was also in the military, says he was shown the text by him in 1864, but apparently it was not printed until 1879.) The extensive fanli is actually an exposition of the author’s ideas on famine relief, especially on preventive measures. The 60 entries in the rather compact 43-folio text are divided into the same three sections as in Wei Xi’s model, namely “preventive measures” (備荒之策), “relief measures” (賑荒之策), and “rehabilitation measures” (撫荒之策). [PEW]

0775

Jiuhuang jianyi shu 救荒簡易書, 4 j. [A Book for the Easy Relief of Famine] By Guo Yunsheng 郭雲陞 (z. Linhao 霖浩), from Huaxian 滑縣 (Henan) 1896 Ed.:

– *[1896] ed. with pref. by author (1896), engraved at the Daliang Academy 大梁書院 in Kaifeng. [Harvard] – Photo-repro. of 1896 ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 976. – Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, based on 1896 ed. (said to be “incomplete,” 殘本), in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 10.

Rem.: In the imaginary dialogue with a skeptical guest that makes up the pref. to this somewhat unusual work, the author claims that his approach can remedy the insufficiencies of all the scholars who have written on famine relief since the Song. This approach is grounded in a careful examination of the natural environment and a study of the accomplishments of the sages and heroes of antiquity. The book is supposed to be the fruit of more than fifty years of reflection. The pref. is

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969

followed by a list of noted scholars and high officials supposed to have inspected the work (鑒定) at various dates ranging from 1854 to 1894.

Bio.: A government student (庠生), Guo Yunsheng seems to have been the sort of literatus full of wonderful methods to save the world that he tries to sell to high officials. During the war against the Taipings he met Zeng Guofan 曾國 藩, who was eager to employ him, but Guo refused, arguing that he needed to take care of his aged parents. Later he went to the capital to propose a plan to resist Russian encroachments on the frontier, but nobody dared to forward it to the government. He worked as a private secretary for Zhang Yao 張曜 when the latter was governor of Shandong (1886–91); Zhang wanted to recommend him for an official position, but he again refused. On the other hand he is said to have successfully advised Zhang to relieve the victims of a grave famine in Shandong, in particular by setting up government non-profit pawnshops allowing people to get cash and buy reduced-price grain. After Zhang’s death he returned home and secluded himself writing books on river control and famine relief. He managed to get to print only part of the present work. See Hua XZ (1932), 16/19a–b. [PEW] [MINGUO] 0776

Chouji bian jiyao 籌濟編輯要, 1 ce [Essentials from A Compendium on Planning Relief] Comp. He Jian 何鍵 Ed.:

– *Undated typeset ed. in traditional binding, with pref. by He Jian (1931). [CASS Jinshi suo]

Rem.: A selection of entries from the 1824 Chouji bian (q.v.) motivated by the plight of the Hunan populace in the wake of combat against the Communists and especially the large 1931 floods in the Yangzi valley. The sponsoring organization is the Hunan jiuji shuizai yanjiuhui 湖南救濟 水災研究會, whose propositions (議决案) are appended to the volume. The overall structure and main sections of Chouji bian have been preserved, but the selection of entries was determined by their compatibility with the modern situation. The commentary (謹案) at the end of each section is by He Jian. [PEW]

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970 4.4 0777

4.5 Schools and Examinations

Public Works

Chenggong shiyi 城工事宜, 1 ce [Directives on Building City Walls] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [ZKT]

Rem.: A short (22 folios) collection of 36 highly technical entries on city wall repairs and construction, apparently aimed at the administrators in charge. The text specifies that conditions change across the empire and that the present text concerns Zhili province. [LG]

4.5

Schools and Examinations

[MING] 0778

Xuezheng lu 學政錄, 1 j. [Records of an Education Commissioner] By Zhu Heng 朱衡 (z. Shinan 士南, Weiping 惟平, h. Zhenshan 鎮山) (1512–84) (js. 1532), from Wan’an 萬安 (Jiangxi) 1551 Ed.:

– *[1551] ed. from Xinghua 興化 prefecture. [Tianyi ge]. – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in Tianyi ge cang Mingdai zhengshu zhenben congkan 天一閣藏明代政書珍本叢刊 (Beijing: Xianzhuang shuju, 2009), vol. 13.

Rem.: A set of two texts (with separate pagination) produced by Zhu Heng, then Fujian surveillance vice-commissioner in charge of directing schools (欽差提督學校福建按察司副使), meant to be printed for distribution to all the educational officials (教官), students (生員), and local elementary schools (社學) in the province. The present ed. is a joint printing by Xinghua prefecture. The last page of the first text has “右仰興化府抄案,” with the date JJ 29/12/9; the last page of the second text has the same mention, with the date JJ 30/1/5. The first part consists principally of an edict of the Jiajing emperor detailing rules on education and schools and on the education commissioner inspection tours, as well as the text of the “reclining stele” (臥碑) promulgated by the

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971

0777–0779

Hongwu emperor in 1382, to be placed in every Confucian school, bearing a set of 12 instructions on activities and conduct of students. The second part is a communication by Zhu Heng laying out arrangements for the inspection tour of local schools (巡視學校) and the handling of annual qualifying examinations (歲考). The 33 items deal in the greatest detail with the organization, schedule, material agencement, and rituals of the tour and of the examinations conducted by the commissioner, and warn against abuses and irregularities, making the text an extremely rich source on local educational life.

Bio.: After two magistracies in Fujian and Nan Zhili (1532–34), Zhu Heng was made secretary, then bureau vice-director, in the Ministry of Justice. His career was interrupted by a six-year absence to take care of his father’s illness, followed by mourning in 1346. In 1549 Zhu was made bureau director in the Ministry of Rites, and in 1550 surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in the Fujian education circuit, where he had Xuezheng lu printed. From 1558 to 1561, following another period of mourning, he moved through provincial offices in Henan and Shandong, culminating as grand coordinator. In 1561 he became vice-minister of Public Works, and the following year of Personnel. In 1565 he was made minister of Rites in Nanjing, but was then reassigned as minister of Works to deal with a massive breach in the dikes of the Yellow River and blockage of the Grand Canal. Following his successful work there he oversaw the Ministry of Works. In that role he offended grand secretary Zhang Juzheng and was permitted to retire with high honors in 1574. See MS, 223/5865; Jiao Hong 焦竑, Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻徵錄, 50/72a; Ji’an 吉安 FZ (1585), 20/26b; Youxi 尤溪 XZ (1636), 5/5b, 6/7a; Huizhou 徽州 FZ (1566), 5/19a; Longxi 龍溪 XZ (1762), 7/5b; Ming shilu: Shizong, 307/5792, 360/6437, 466/7859, 484/8084, 499/8257, 509/8386, 547/8831, 549/8850. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 史, 2:1094. [TN, PEW] 0779

Xuezheng lu 學政錄, 1 j. [Records of an Education Commissioner] By Song Yiwang 宋儀望 (z. Wangzhi 望之, h. Yangshan 暘山, Huayang shanren 華陽山人) (js. 1547), from Yongfeng 永豐 (Jiangxi) N.d. Ed.: – In Song Yiwang’s Huayang guan wenji, xuji 華陽館文集, 續集, j. 2. [Beida] – Photo-repro. of above ed., in SKCMCS, 集, vol. 116. – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 1, vol. 5.

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4.5 Schools and Examinations

Rem.: Guidance for subordinate educational offices provided by the author when he was education intendant (提學) in Fujian in 1571. Following an introduction, the first part of the text focuses on regulations put in place by the founding Ming emperor in 1382, which came to be known as the “reclining stele” (臥碑), of which a copy was set up in every school’s Confucius shrine (明倫堂). To the original 12 regulations are added 3 additional points from the Ministry of Rites’s instructions about setting up the stele. Each entry has a commentary by Song of varying length, from a few lines to long developments. The second part is Song’s appointment edict (敕諭), which included the 19 regulations established in 1462 for education intendants; Song provides a commentary to each regulation. (One page is missing from the text in this section.) Whereas the regulations cited in the first two sections can be found in Da Ming huidian 大明會典, the third part of the work is a set of 10 directives by Song himself; they are illustrative of the push for stronger standards and tightening of regulations for schools initiated by grand secretary Zhang Juzheng 張居正 during this period. Bio.: After his jinshi Song Yiwang served as magistrate in Wuxian 吳縣 (Nan Zhili), where he taught in his newly constructed academy what he had learned from disciples of Wang Yangming. After he was made a censor (御史) in 1552 his career was entangled with patronage in the capital. He impeached prominent military figures who were under the patronage of the powerful grand secretary, Yan Song 嚴嵩, yet worked together with Yan’s son Shifan 世蕃 when assigned to supervise construction of three palace gates in 1557, but later refused to acknowledge Yan Shifan’s patronage; as a result, Yan Song arranged for his demotion and dismissal in the 1561 review of officials. He was rescued by Yan’s fall, however, and in 1564 was made assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事), then vice-commissioner (副使), in military defense circuits in Bei Zhili. Then he was moved to Fujian, where he joined in Qi Jiguang’s successful campaigns (see under Jixiao xinshu). Yet he was dismissed from office, likely the result of struggles over patronage. Patronage apparently secured him appointments to similar positions in Sichuan in 1568 and 1571. Later in 1571 he was sent with the same rank to oversee schools in Fujian (the occasion of the present work), and in 1572 his rank was increased to administration vice-commissioner (參政). In 1573 he was appointed vice-minister (少卿) in the Court of the Imperial Stud, then shifted to the Court of Judicial Review. In 1574 Zhang Juzheng sponsored him directly for appointment as assistant censor-in-chief (僉都御史) and grand coordinator for the area around Nanjing. Though successful in defense against pirate attacks, he offended Zhang by recommending men Zhang did

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0779–0780

973

not like, and in 1576 was sent to Nanjing as minister in the Court of Judicial Review. A move back to Beijing was aborted in 1577 due to attacks. He retired in disgrace. See MS, 227/5953; Jiao Hong 焦竑, Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻 徵錄, 68/45a; Ji’an 吉安 fu Yongfeng XZ (Shunzhi/1662), 5/45a–47a; Wu 吳 XZ (1642), 39/17a; Xiezhou Anyi 解州安邑 XZ (1764), 5/5b; Ba 霸 ZZ (1674), 7/3a; Ming shilu: Shizong, 381/6750, 387/6813, 464/7832, 496/8225, Muzong, 60/1458, 63/1515, Shenzong, 6/240, 11/376, 17/494, 22/592, 45/1011, 55/1279, 68/1474, 70/1513. [TN] [QING B] 0780

Shou Yan zazhi 守嚴雜志, 12 j. [Miscellaneous Treatises on Governing Yanzhou Prefecture] By Nie Gaomin 聶鎬敏 (z. Fengyang 豐陽, h. Jingpu 京圃) (js. 1801), from Hengshan 衡山 (Hunan) N.d. Ed.: – *Undated (Daoguang-period) ed. [Hunan]

Rem.: The author was appointed prefect of Yanzhou 嚴州 (Zhejiang) in 1821. The main part of the work (j. 1–7) is devoted to his efforts in response to an imperial edict of 1822 ordering to reorganize and build academies in all provinces following the model set by Zhili governor-general Songyun 松筠 that same year. Nie records the process of building seven academies in Yanzhou. J. 2 consists of a set of guidelines titled “Xinjian wuxian shuyuan tigang zhi” 新建五縣書院提綱志. J. 8–11 are devoted to various enterprises led by the prefect, notably the reconstruction of a shrine dedicated to Yan Guang 嚴光 of the Later Han dynasty, the rehabilitation of water control, and famine relief. J. 12 is composed of poems.

Bio.: After his jinshi Nie Gaomin entered the Hanlin Academy, and at one point served in several capacities in the secretariat of the heir apparent (春坊) and in its editorial service (司經局). In 1811 he was appointed Anhui director of studies, but had to leave the post for mourning his father. On his return he became a bureau director in the Ministry of Justice, and in 1822 was made prefect of Yanzhou. After several years spent in that position he asked for leave to take care of his aged mother. See Hengshan XZ (1875), 30/22a–b; Yanzhou fushi (1883), 11 續編/1b. [GRT]

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974 0781

4.5 Schools and Examinations

Baimei shanfang jishang shu 拜梅山房几上書 [A Book on the Table at Plum-Honoring Mountain Retreat] Comp. (Changbai) Fu[shen] 長白福申 (z. Youzhi 佑之, Yumen 禹門) (js. 1811), from the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner 1826 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with compiler’s pref. (1826). [*Beitu, in 10 ce] [*Harvard, in 6 ce]

Rem.: This small and rather motley congshu is devoted to examinations. It includes 21 texts of a varied nature (such as rules and regulations, unusual occurrences, rhymes, poems, and so forth, including the text of Huanhai cihang [q.v.]). According to the pref., which emphasizes the risk of good candidates failing because of ignorance of taboo or elevation rules, this book is an expansion of a work called Kechang zeli jianming bianlan 科場則例簡明便覽, published in Sichuan. The second text in the series, titled Huangchao dingjia lu 皇朝鼎甲錄, is comprised of short notes on the three candidates ranked highest at the jinshi examination from 1646 to 1836, implying that the present ed. must have been published at least ten years after the pref.

Bio.: The compiler’s name is given as Changbai Fu; he says in the pref. that he was recently head examiner of the Jiangxi provincial examination, which was the case of Fushen (head of the Jiangxi 1825 examination). After his jinshi Fushen was bachelor at the Hanlin Academy; he became reader in waiting (侍讀) in 1818. He was supervisor of the household of the heir apparent (詹事) in 1819–20, and then minister of the Court of Judicial Review (大理寺卿) (1820– 26). He served as Jiangxi education commissioner (學政) from 1825 to 1828. See Jiangxi TZ (1881), 16/23a; Renming quanwei. [PEW] 0782

Keming jinzhen 科名金鍼, 1 ce [A Golden Needle on Academic Degrees] By Ding Shoucun 丁守存 (z. Xinzhai 心齋, h. Zhuxi 竹溪) (1810–81) (js. 1835), from Rizhao 日照 (Shandong), et al.; ed. Mao Changxi 毛昶熙 (z. Xuchu 煦初, 旭初, s. Wenda 文達) (1817-82) (js. 1845), from Wuzhi 武 陟 (Henan) 1875 pref. Ed.: – *1875 new engraving of the Yiwenzhai at Liulichang 琉璃廠藝文齋, with prefs. by Mao Changxi (1875) and Wang Rongji 王榕吉 (1869). [Beitu]

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975

0781–0783

– *1878 new engraving (重鋟) of the Ge-family Xiaoyuan 葛氏嘯園藏板 (indicated on last page), with prefs. by Mao Changxi (1875) and Wang Rongji (1869), postf. by Ge Yuanxu 葛元煦 (1878). [Tianjin]

Rem.: A short manual for examination candidates including about ten items: how to format papers, how to get oneself ready, about style and handwriting, on divine retribution, and so on. Each section has been calligraphed by a different author (all Hanlin scholars according to the 1878 postf.), some reproducing the format enforced in a particular type of test. (In the 1878 new engraving the calligraphies have been replaced by regular Song-style characters lest the original calligraphies be incorrectly reproduced.) Ge’s 1878 postf. insists that the information is particularly useful for candidates living in remote places and ignorant of the usages and trends in the capital. Some of the texts are not devoid of a certain élan, even using baihua phrases or with a touch of humor. The original author, Ding Shoucun, is said to have been a prodigy and the last of a long line of examination laureates, but this particular ed. is the work of Mao Changxi, who also added sections.

Bio.: Ding Shoucun had mostly military interests, and he appears to have been a sort of inventor and tinkerer, particularly concerned with explosives and cannon, on which he wrote a treatise titled Huofa benlun 火發本論. After his jinshi he was appointed bureau secretary at the Ministry of Revenue, and served for a time as a clerk (章京) in the Grand Council. He assisted various high officials for military affairs, during the Opium War, against the Taipings in Guangxi in 1851, in Shandong, where he organized militia (團練) and built defenses in his native Rizhao, and in southern Zhili, where he conducted a program of fort building against Nian attacks. In the early Tongzhi period he was appointed grain intendant (督糧道) in Hubei, and later acting surveillance commissioner. See QSG, 505/13928–29; Rizhao XZ (1886), 8/4a–b; Guangping 廣平 FZ (1894), 54/13a; Shandong TZ (1918), 173/8a–b; Renming quanwei. [PEW] 0783

Xianghui xuzhi 鄉會須知, 1 j. [What Must be Known for the Provincial Examination] Anon. 1876 Ed.:

– *1876 ed. of the Liulichang shufang 琉璃廠書房藏板. [Beitu]

Rem.: A short 25-folio fasc. with detailed instructions on taboo characters, rules on character elevation, rules for composing essays on policy

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976

4.5 Schools and Examinations

questions (ce 策), and regulations on presenting papers and the correct behavior during examination sessions. [PEW]

0784

Guochao youwen zhanglu 國朝右文掌錄, 1 ce [An Account of Revering Essays Under the Present Dynasty] Comp. Ziyouyu zhai 自有餘齋 1887 pref. Ed.:

– *1888 ed. with compiler’s pref. (1887). [Beitu]

Rem.: A 45-folio compendium of historical information and regulations on the Qing examination system, based on several sources, including private accounts (見聞). The pedagogical aim is stressed in the pref., which holds that the book should be used in family schools (家塾). The 33 items concern schools, selection by regular procedure, selection by special favor, and ritual. [PEW]

0785

Jianlin tiaoyue 監臨條約 [Regulations for Examiners] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. published in Zhejiang. [Beitu]

Rem.: Not a handbook strictly speaking, but a simplified set of regulations for the Zhejiang provincial examination published at the time of the post-Taiping reconstruction and updated after the 1902 reform of examinations. It includes two texts (37 and 38 folios respectively): (1) “Rules on what ought to be done before examination sessions” (場前應 辦事宜), and (2) “Rules on what ought to be done by examination assistants” (外簾應辦事宜). The work is aimed at officials involved in the examination and at all the candidates (士子), who are to study it at home. [PEW]

0786

Kantie zeyao 勘貼擇要, 1 ce [Essentials on Checking Examination Papers] By Lu [Baozhong] 陸寶忠 (z. Boying 伯英, h. Dingsheng 定生, Fengshi 峰石, s. Wenshen 文慎) (1850–1908) (js. 1876), from Taicang 太 倉 (Jiangsu)

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977

0783–0787

N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. [Beitu]

Rem.: This thin fasc. is by a vice-minister of War and examiner at the Shuntian provincial examination (Lu held the post at the Ministry of War 1900–05 and was an examiner at the Shuntian examination several times during his career). The work, to be circulated among candidates, introduces the new regulations established by the 1902 reform of examinations, such as taboos, the organisation of tests, rules on formatting the papers, and so forth.

Bio.: Lu Baozhong’s career was mostly in literary and academic posts. After his jinshi he spent a decade at the Hanlin Academy (1876–85). Then he was Hunan education commissioner (學政) for five years (1885–89). Thereafter he was employed in senior positions at the Hanlin Academy, and served at least five time as an examiner at the Shuntian provincial examination. He was appointed Zhejiang education commissioner in 1897. In 1900–1905 he was concurrently vice-minister of War and Shuntian education commissioner. He was left censor-in-chief in 1905–06, and became minister of Rites in 1906. See Renming quanwei. [PEW] 4.6 0787

Salt Administration

Jihe kuncheng 劑和悃誠, 2 ce [A Sincere Pursuit of Harmonization] Comp. Xu Yuanyang 徐元暘 (z. Binfu 賓夫), from Huating 華亭 (Jiangsu) Ca. 1621 Ed.:

– *[1621] enlarged ed., with original pref. by Jia Zongti 賈宗悌 (1609) and pref. by Xu Yuanyang (n.d.). [LSS] Rem.: A collection concerning the Salt Office in Jiaxing 嘉興 prefec-

ture (Zhejiang) (complete appellation Liang-Zhe du zhuanyunyan shisi Jiaxing fensi Xilu chang yanke si 兩浙都轉運鹽使司嘉興分司西路場 鹽課司) during the late Wanli period and dealing more generally with problems of salt production along the Zhejiang coast. The original compilation was by Xu. Page 24 includes a short piece indicating that the idea for such compilation had been suggested as early as 1571, but that it was seriously undertaken only in 1602, and partly published at that

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978

4.7.1 Military Affairs: General

time. When Xu was appointed in 1607, specifically to address problems of inadequate production and the underlying problem of absconding households, he continued the work and had it published by his private secretary, Lu Zhu 陸珠, in 1609, with his own pref. This was in turn supplemented to produce the current text, published in 1621. The latest date in the supplement is 1622. The text consists of a collection of documents related to the Salt Office operations and the reforms implemented during the Wanli period. It includes a variety of memorials and pieces of correspondence with various agencies. Jihe in the title apparently refers to the author’s efforts to find compromises between the needs of the administration and salt producers.

Bio.: Xu Yuanyang was the son of Xu Fan 璠 (b. 1532), himself the eldest son of Xu Jie 階 (1503–83), the late Jiajing-period powerful grand secretary. He was appointed assistant salt commissioner in Zhejiang thanks to the yin 蔭 privilege, and later was vice-prefect of Nan’an 南安 (Jiangxi). See Songjiang 松江 FZ (1818), 48/79a. Ref. and studies: Wu Xinli, Ming Qing xijian shiji xulu, 151–5. [PEW, TN] 4.7

Military Affairs

4.7.1

General Works

[SONG]

Baizhan qilüe 百戰奇略 See: Baizhan qifa 0788

Wujing zongyao 武經總要, 40 to 43 j. [Essentials from the Military Canon] Comp. Zeng Gongliang 曾公亮 (z. Mingzhong 明仲, s. Xuanjing 宣靖) (999–1078) (js. 1024), from Jinjiang 晉江 (present-day Fujian) Ca. 1045 Ed.:

– *Undated Ming ed. in 22 j. (前集), with pref. by the Song emperor Renzong 仁宗皇帝御製 (n.d.); with Xingjun xuzhi (q.v.), pref. by Li Jin 李進 (1439), appended. [Zhongyang] – 1504 ed. in 22 (前集) + 21 (後集) j., printed by Li Zan 李贊; Xingjun xuzhi and Baizhan qifa (qq.v.) appended. [Beida]

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0787–0788

979

– *Undated Ming ed. in 22 + 21 j., with pref. by Song Renzong (n.d.), postfs. by Zhao Xiuguo 趙休國 (1231) and Zheng Weiting 鄭魏挺 (1231) (postfs. placed after the qianji 前集); with Xingjun xuzhi, pref. by Li Jin (1439), Baizhan qifa, pref. by Li Zan (1504), and Tianhe zhuanyun liuxing nianyue 天河轉運流星年月, appended; a Jianyang imprint according to Zhongyang cat. [*Beiping Mf., reels #561–562] [Gugong Taipei] – Undated (Wanli-period) Ming ed. in 22 + 21 j., printed by Nanjing bookseller Tang Fuchun 金陵書林唐富春, with pref. by Song Renzong (n.d.), postf. (後跋) by Zheng Weiting (dated 1599); with Wujing zongyao xingjun xuzhi, pref. by Li Jin (1439), Wujing zongyao baizhan qifa, pref. by Li Zan (1504), and Tianhe zhuanyun liuxing nianyue, appended. [Fu Sinian] [Nanjing] [Liaoning] – Undated Ming ed. of 前集 in 22 j.; with Tianhe zhuanyun liuxing nianyue and Baizhan qifa (in 10 j.) appended. [Naikaku] – *Undated Ming ed. of 前集 in 22 j. (j. 21 and 22 as “supplement” in mulu 後補目錄), with pref. by Song Renzong (n.d.); with Wujing zuanyao 纂要 xingjun xuzhi, pref. by Li Jin (1439), appended. [*Zhongyang, cat. giving Xuanjing (Zeng’s posthumous name) as author, and saying it is a Jianyang imprint] – *Undated ed. in 21 (20 in mulu) + 21 j., with pref. by Song Renzong; no appended texts. [Beitu] – *Undated Ming ed. of 前集 in 20 j. titled Wujing yaolan 要覽 on cover, Wujing zongyao in chapter captions in j. 1–3 and as running title in j. 1–4, Wujing yaolan elsewhere; with prefs. by Song Renzong and Cao Bian 曹忭 (to ke 刻 Wujing yaolan, n.d.); with Xingjun xuzhi (title Xingjun yaolan 要 覽), pref. by Li Jin (1539), appended (according to Cao Bian it was part of a collection of military classics titled Wujing yaolan). [Beitu] – *1598 ms. ed., edited and handwritten by Zhuang Zhong 莊重, in 20 + 20 j., with a (somewhat scornful) colophon calligraphed by the Qianlong emperor (1778) at the beginning and several imperial seals, with postfs. by Zhao Tiguo 趙體國 (sic, 1231) and Zheng Weiyan 鄭魏埏 (sic, 1231), note by Zhuang Zhong; no texts appended. [Beitu] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 726, in 20 + 20 j., with pref. by Song Renzong (n.d.); no texts appended. – *Photo-repro. of Tang Fuchun ed. in 22 + 21 j., copy at Liaoning, missing pages supplied from copy at Nanjing, in Bingshu jicheng, vol. 3–5.

Rem.: A compendium on every aspect of military art commissioned by emperor Renzong in 1041 to provide his generals with a sound knowledge of military strategies, both ancient and present. At the time the Song were at war with the Xixia, and the work can be seen as a clear

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signal that even during a major war military affairs were to be monitored by civil officials. Compiled by a team of authors (besides Zeng, the imperial pref. mentions Ding Du 丁度; this is the only place where their names appear), the work was completed five years later. Renzong’s pref. makes it clear that it was originally in 40 juan. It is split into two parts, qianji 前集 and houji 後集. In the standard 20-j. format, j. 1–15 of Part One are devoted to the military system (制度), including generals, training, combat, the various sorts of terrain, attacking and defending cities, naval war, weapons, military discipline, etc., with many diagrams and illustrations, and j. 16–20 are on frontier defense (邊防), arranged by regions. (In the 22-j. versions the last 2 j. are geographic gazetteers of the frontier regions.) In Part Two, j. 1–15 are on “precedents” (故事), i.e., historical examples of strategy and tactics from the Springs and Autumns period to the present, arranged under 185 rubrics, and j. 16–20 are on “omens” (占候). The Siku commentators note that, though a serious ruler intent on preserving his heritage, Renzong was not well versed in military matters, neither were the compilers of the work, which they describe as bookish; still, it is the only such treatise from the Song to have survived, and despite its many errors it is valuable for what it says of the Song system and of the characteristics of the successive periods (前集備一朝之制度，後集具歴代之得失，亦有足資考證者). Judging from the number of known printed editions (several seem to have used the same printing blocks) and manuscript copies (above is only a selective list), the text seems to have been quite popular in the Ming. A 7-j. abridged version titled Wujing jieyao 武經節要, retaining the contents of Part One of the original work and some of the materials on “omens,” was compiled at an unspecified date in the Ming “to offer guidance to the military” (以備兵家指南) (seen in a Korean ed. held at BN). Bio.: The son of a Ministry of Justice vice-minister, Zeng Gongliang filled with distinction such local positions as magistrate of Guiji 會稽, and later prefect of Zhengzhou 鄭州, Kaifeng 開封, and Yongxing military prefecture 永 興軍. Meanwhile, he held a variety of functions at the capital, and became a Hanlin academician in 1051. From 1061 he joined the higher rungs of the central government, where among other posts he was military affairs commissioner (樞密使) and a councillor in the cabinet (參知政事). See Songshi, 312/10232– 34; Songren 4:2820–22; Franke H., 3:1069–73. Ref. and studies: Siku, 99/2041 (in 40 j.). Hervouet, 235–6. Guji shanben, 子, 1:117–9. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 子, 1:125. [PEW]

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981

Xingjun xuzhi 行軍須知, 2 j. [Essential Knowledge for Operating Armies] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– [1522] ed. by Meng Feng 孟鳳, with pref. by Meng Feng (1522). [Harvard] – 1556 ed. by Jia Yingchun 賈應春, no juan division. [Shandong daxue tushuguan] – *Undated Ming ed., only j. 2 extant. [*Beiping Mf., reel #570] [Gugong Taipei] – *Appended to several eds. of Wujing zongyao (q.v.), with pref. by Li Jin 李 進 (1439). – Undated Ming ed. titled Wujing zongyao xingjun xuzhi, with pref. by Li Jin (1439), anon. postf. (1599). [Kyujanggak] [Fu Sinian] – *Photo-repro. of 1522 ed., in Meiguo Hafo daxue Hafo-Yanjing tushuguan cang Zhongwen shanben huikan 美國哈佛大學哈佛燕京圖書館藏中文 善本彙刊 (Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan / Guilin: Guangxi shifan daxue chubanshe, 2003), vol. 17.

Rem.: A military manual that internal evidence seems to date to mid-eleventh century. Li Jin’s pref. says that an earlier ed. was printed at the beginning of the Yongle period by Li Yuankai 李元凱. Written in simple language and aiming at immediate efficiency, it is organized into 15 categories and a total 264 mostly short entries (from a single sentence to a few lines). Categories include “Precepts for generals” (誡將), “Selecting officers” (選士), “Prohibitions” (禁令), “Selecting horses” (選 馬), “Military instruction” (講武), “Perceiving the appropriate moment” (明時) (j. 1); “Crossing strategic spots” (渡險), “Setting up camp” (安 營), “Assessing the enemy” (料敵), “Deploying troops for combat” (布 戰), “Defending cities” (守城), “Attacking cities” (攻城), “Spying” (間諜) “Entering foreign territory” (入伐), and “Accepting surrender” (受降) (j. 2). Each category has an introduction and ends with a short summary. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:119.

0790

[TN, PEW]

Baizhan qifa 百戰奇法, 2 j. [Marvelous Methods for A Hundred Battles] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

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– *Appended to several eds. of Wujing zongyao (q.v.), all in 2 j., except ed. at Naikaku, which is in 10 j., seemingly with the same content. – Undated Ming ed. divided into qianji 前集 and houji 後集, titled Wujing zongyao baizhan qifa. [Beitu] – 1528 ed. printed by Li Shaode 李詔德. [Zhejiang] – Undated Ming ed., in Taolüe shifa 韜略世法 (a late-Ming somewhat cheap collection of military texts with 1638 pref. by Xu Guangqi 徐光啟 [sic: Xu died in 1633] and a memorial dated 1636); title in mulu caption Baizhan shengfa 勝法, full title in chapter captions Xinbian baizhan baisheng lingfa yinzheng taolüe shifa 新編百戰百勝令法引證韜略世法, comp. (編緝) Xie Fangde 謝眆得 of the Song, coll. by (參訂) Wang Qi 汪淇 of the Ming. [Location unknown] – *Photo-repro. of the late-Ming Taolüe shifa ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 3, vol. 22. – *Modern punctuated ed. in simplified characters, with explanatory notes and transl. into modern Chinese, titled Baizhan qilüe yizhu 略譯註, intro. by Zhang Yiwen 張一文, Xi’an: Shaanxi renmin chubanshe, 1985. – *Modern punctuated ed. in simplified characters, with explanatory notes and commentary by Zhang Wencai 張文才, titled Baizhan qifa qianshuo 淺說, Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 1987. – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, punctuated, with transl. into modern Chinese and commentary by Li Yuanxi 李遠喜, Beijing: Guofang keji daxue chubanshe, 1996.

Rem.: The eds. listed organize the same content of 100 entries in colloquial language either in 2 or 10 juan. Each entry has a two-character caption with zhan as the second character—thus, jizhan 計戰, mouzhan 謀戰, jianzhan 間戰, xuanzhan 選戰, to cite the first four. It first makes a point in a few lines about the particular aspect of battle considered, and then develops it through a historical anecdote from an earlier period. There is debate about the origins of the text. Some claim it was compiled by Liu Ji 劉基 (1311–75) in the late Yuan or early Ming under the title Baizhan qilüe 奇略, but this idea was likely introduced in the late Qing and is not supported by earlier sources. Based on content, it likely dates to the Song. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:119. Zhang Wencai, Baizhan qifa qianshuo, 1–11. Transl.: Transl. into modern Chinese by Liu Yanqiang 劉彥強, Yinchuan: Ningxia renmin chubanshe, 2008. Annotated transl. into modern Chinese by Liu Yonghai 劉永海, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2017. [TN]

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0790–0791

983

[MING] 0791

Gujin jianglüe 古今將略, 4 j. [Generals’ Strategies, Ancient and Present] Comp. (輯) Feng Zi 馮孜 (z. Zijian 子漸, h. Yuanquan 原泉) (1536– 1605) (js. 1568), from Tongxiang 桐鄉 (Zhejiang) 1590 Ed.:

– *[1590] ed. (no cover-leaf), with prefs. by Guizhou grand coordinator Ye Mengxiong 葉夢熊 (1590), Guizhou regional inspector Chen Xiao 陳效 (1590), and Guizhou surveillance commissioner Feng Zi (Ke 刻 Gujin jiang­lüe yin 引, 1590), postfs. (跋) by Guiyang Prefect Xie Wenbing 謝文炳 (1590), Lu Congping 陸從平 (1590), Jiang Qifang 姜奇方 (1590), and Zheng Yingling 鄭應齡 (1590). [Naikaku] – Undated Yijing tang 遺經堂 ed., author given as Feng Shining 馮時寧 (z. Yiyi 以一), with pref. by Li Weizhen 李維禎 (n.d.). [ZKT] – *Undated ed. of the Xiling Zaizi tang 西陵在茲堂梓行, cover-leaf with mention “Detailed explanations on the art of war, literary gems on military strategies” (兵法詳解、將畧珠璣), titled Gujin baijiang zhuan 古今 百將傳, author Feng Yiyi 馮以一先生輯定, author in chapter captions Feng Shining (Yiyi), with pref. by Li Weizhen (n.d.). [Beitu] – *Undated ed. of the Fugu tang 服古堂梓行, cover-leaf with mention “Detailed explanations on the art of war, literary gems on military strategies,” titled Lichao mingjiang zhuan 歷朝名將傳, author Feng Yiyi 馮以一 先生輯, author in chapter captions Feng Shining (Yiyi), with pref. by Li Weizhen (n.d.), fanli (not found in other eds.). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of undated ed., author Feng Shining, with pref. by Li Weizhen (n.d.), Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 1980 (in j. 2 and in the first pages of j. 3 the text is enriched with kambun signs and punctuation, probably handwritten). – *Photo-repro. of Yijing tang ed. at ZKT, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 32.

Rem.: A compilation of anecdotes on famous generals and their feats from the Springs and Autumns period to the Ming. Each entry is followed by a short commentary consisting of aphorisms from the seven military classics (Taigong 太公, Sunzi 孫子, Wuzi 武子, etc.); these quotes are supposed to provide the fa 法, in other words, the theoretical foundation of the generals’ exploits, or “art of war.” The military feats of certain emperors (like Gaozu and Chengzu of the Ming) are included. An entry in the fanli of the Fugu tang ed. notes that a few wrong-headed strategies leading to defeat have been included. J. 1 covers the period from high

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antiquity to Han, j. 2 from Three Kingdoms to Sui, j. 3 from Tang to Yuan, and j. 4 is devoted to the Ming. The ed. printed by the author in 1590 in Guizhou is the only one with the authorship clearly indicated in the pref. and chapter captions (檇李馮孜輯, Zuili being an ancient name for Jiaxing 嘉興). The other eds. seen, presumably Qing imprints (though the Ming elevations are preserved), have the authorial indication “Ming Zuili Feng Shining (Yiyi)” 明檇李馮時寧以一父 (甫) 輯 in chapter captions, though several ancient bibliographies do give Feng Zi as author (e.g. Qianqing tang shumu, Mingshi, or the Yongzheng Zhejiang tongzhi). The conundrum was solved by the Siku editors, based on a colophon by Feng Zi’s sixth-generation descendant Feng Hao 浩 found in the copy they had in hand (which clearly was not the 1590 ed.), explaining that Feng’s second son, Shining, who had an interest in military matters, published his father’s book under his own name and obtained a pref. from his father’s fellow 1568 jinshi Li Weizhen that confirmed Shining’s authorship; they also note that the work is close to Baijiang zhuan 百將傳 by Zhang Yu 張預, a Song author. Bio.: See under Mingxing lu. Feng says in his pref. that he was appointed to Guizhou in 1590, and that the highly militarized context encouraged him to show this compilation to his superiors and to print it. Ref. and studies: Siku, 99/2057. TYG, 3:1/13b (author Feng Shi 時). Guji shanben, 子, 1:131. Guizhou TZ (1597), 24/81a. Bibliography entries for same author: Da Ming lü jishuo fuli; Mingxing lu. [PEW]

0792

Wubian 武編, 6 + 6 or 6 + 4 j. [A Compilation on Military Matters] By Tang Shunzhi 唐順之 (z. Yingde 應德, h. Jingchuan 荊川, Yixiu 義修, s. Xiangwen 襄文) (1507–60) (js. 1529), from Wujin 武進 (Jiangsu) N.d.

Ed.:

– *Undated Manshan guan 曼山館 ed. in 12 j. by Xu Xiangyun 徐象橒梓, titled Tang Jingchuan xiansheng wubian 唐荊川先生武編, with pref. by Wu Yongxian 吳用先 (n.d.). [Congress] [*Zhongyang] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 727, in 10 j. (no pref.). Rem.: A handbook on military affairs divided into two parts (集). The

first (6 j.) discusses such matters as battle formation, gunpowder, supplies, and various techniques, under 54 categories (門); the second part (6 j., 4 j. in Siku ed.) is a compendium of materials culled from ancient authors, under 97 categories (in Siku); its structure resembles that of the

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0791–0793

985

Song-period Wujing zongyao (q.v.). It is unclear why the last two j., which feature 37 more categories, are absent from the Siku ed.; contrary to the latter, the Manshan guan ed. has mulu at the beginning of each juan. The Siku compilers insist that even though the work consists of “discussions on paper” (紙上之談), much of it is based on actual experience, and it should not be regarded as merely “views of bookworms” (書生之見).

Bio.: The son of an illustrious official family, Tang Shunzhi had a complicated career. After his jinshi at age 23, he was appointed secretary at the Ministry of War, and in 1532, after a period of sick leave, at the Ministry of Personnel; the following year he entered the Hanlin Academy, which he again left on the grounds of illness, apparently because of a conflict with grand secretary Zhang Fujing 張孚敬 (or Zhang Cong 璁, 1475–1539) that eventually led to his dismissal from civil service. He was recalled after Zhang’s death, but again lost his official status because of a memorial that had displeased the emperor. He was once more recalled to service in 1555, and in 1558 was bureau director at the Ministry of War. In Beijing he became closely associated with the controversial chief grand secretary Yan Song 嚴嵩 (1480–1567). He was deeply involved with military affairs, notably during the years 1558–59, when he was sent to Zhejiang to assist grand coordinator Hu Zongxian 胡宗憲 (1511–65) in fighting the Wokou and actually exerted commands in the field and participated in combat. His last assignment was Fengyang 鳳陽 grand coordinator, where he planned to reorganize defense in anticipation of a new Wokou invasion, but he died on his way to the south. Tang was regarded as one of the most influential among Ming writers, and also demonstrated deep interest in technology and military matters. See MS, 205/5422–24; DMB, 1252–56; Renming quanwei, listing a large number of biographies. Ref. and studies: Siku, 99/2043–44. Mingshi yiwenzhi, 75 (in 12 j.), 692 (in 10 j.). Guji shanben, 子, 1:121 (with many libraries mentioned). Ray Huang (in DMB, 1255), speaks of a version, which he terms “current,” titled Jingchuan wubian 荊川武編, in 12 juan, held at Congress, clearly the same text; he notes “several interesting illustrations of firearms including western firearms (西洋砲)” in j. 6, and states that the second part (j. 7–12) “deals with military strategy.” [PEW] 0793

Jixiao xinshu 紀效新書, 14, 18, or 1 + 18 j. [A New Treatise Recording Accomplishments] By Qi Jiguang 戚繼光 (z. Yuanjing 元敬, h. Nantang 南塘, Mengzhu 孟諸, s. Wuyi 武毅) (1528–88) (military jr. 1549), from Dengzhou 登州 Guard (Shandong) Ca. 1560

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Ed.:

– *Undated Qi-family ed. (according to cat.) in 1 + 18 j., with author’s preface (n.d., signed 定遠東牟戚繼光). [Zhongyang] – [1569] ed. in 1 + 18 j., with prefs. by Li Bangzhen 李邦珍 (1569), Wang Shizhen 王世貞 (1566), Cui Dong 崔棟 (n.d.), and author (n.d.); according to his pref., Li ordered that this ed. be made in the Henan Military Bureau in 1569 (he was then grand coordinator); according to his own pref. Cui Dong had already produced an ed. in Sichuan, also entrusted to military commanders. [Congress] – *[1588] ed. in 14 j., by Li Chengxun from Kuocang [Lishui 麗水, Zhejiang] 括蒼李承勛, titled Jixiao 効 xinshu, with prefs. by Wang Shizhen (1566) and author (n.d.), postf. (後跋) by Li Chengxun (1588). [*Beitu] [*Beiping Mf., reel #564] [Gugong Taipei] – Undated ed. in 1 + 18 j. by Nanjing minister of War Zhou Shixuan 周世選, with prefs. by Zhou Shixuan (to 重刻, 1595) and author (n.d.). Used for reprints by various publishers in the Qing and claimed to be an “original engraving” (原刻) in Zhang Haipeng’s note to the Xuejin taoyuan ed. (see below). [Gugong Beijing] [Gugong Taipei, dated 1595 in cat.] – *Undated new ed. by Guangdong bookseller Jiang Dianqing 嶺南書林江 殿卿重刊發行 (mentioned at beginning of mulu; mention 明雅堂江殿卿 重刻發行 in last j.), in 18 j., with prefs. by Zhou Shixuan (1595) and author (n.d.). [*Berkeley, ms. clean copy on plain paper, no page numbers, no central margin] [Beida, publisher Wang 汪 Dianqing according to cat.] – [1595] ed. by Xu Menglin 徐夢麟. [Gugong Beijing] – *[1604] ed. in 14 j. printed by Sun Chengtai 孫成泰, with prefs. by Sun Chengtai (1604), Wang Shizhen (1566), and author (signed 定遠戚繼光, n.d.). [Zhongyang] – Undated (Ming) Zhuang-family 莊氏 ed. in 14 j. [Zhejiang, dated 1592 in cat.] [Sonkeikaku] – Undated (Ming) Fujian Administration Commission 福建布政司 ed. in 14 j. [Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao, dated 1593 in cat.] – Undated (Ming) ed. in 1 + 18 j. by Fu Shaoshan 傅少山. [Zhongguo lishi bowuguan] – Undated (Ming) Jiang-family Mingya tang 江氏明雅堂 ed. in 1 + 18 j. [Ōki, dated 1595 in cat.] – Undated ed. in 1 + 18 j. by Shao Huanming 邵綬名. [Ōki] – *Undated (Ming) Yonghuai tang 永懷堂 ed. (Yonghuai tang mentioned in lower central margins) in 14 j. titled Jixiao 効 xinshu, edited (較閱) by Ge Mi 葛鼏 (1612–79), with prefs. by Ge Mi (合刻李正宇先生本草原 始、戚南塘大將軍紀効新書序, 1638), Wang Shizhen (1566), and author

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0793

987 (n.d.); Ge’s pref. justifies his joint ed. of Jixiao xinshu and Li Zhongli’s 李 中立 (h. Zhengyu) Bencao yuanshi (first ed. 1612) by saying that “soldiers and medicines are the same thing” (兵藥一也) because “their common achievement is to expel suffering and keep people alive” (驅患苦而活人 其功同也). [Beitu]

– *In Siku quanshu, vol. 728, in 1 + 18 j., without pref. – *Ms. copy of Siku text, in Ming bingshu sizhong (q.v.). – [1797] ed. [Fushun] – 1798 Japanese kambun ed. by Edo bookseller Suwaraya Ihachi 江戶書林 須原屋伊八. [Beida] [Keiō] – *In Xuejin taoyuan, 10 集, in 1 + 18 j., ed. (訂) by Zhang Haipeng 張海鵬, with Siku notice, pref. by author (n.d.), note by Zhang Haipeng (1804). [IHEC] – *Undated Zhaokuang ge ed. 昭曠閣藏板 in 1 + 18 j., with pref. by author (n.d.) and Siku notice, note by Zhang Haipeng (1804) (same engraving as above). [*Congress] [*Princeton] – *1819 joint new ed. (重刻) of Jixiao xinshu and Lianbing shiji (q.v.) by Huangzhou 黃州 (Hubei) prefect Wu Zhirang 吳之勷, with prefs. by Wu Zhirang (合刻紀效新書練兵實紀緣起, 1819) and author (n.d.); Wu explains he bought a faulty ms. copy of Qi’s two manuals from a bookseller in 1813 while in Beijing about to take his post at Huangzhou, collated them with a printed ed., but had them engraved only 7 years later, urged by the Huguang governor-general who was anxious to circulate them among the military. [Congress] – *1829 Lailu tang 來鹿堂 ed., in 1 + 18 j., edited (校) by Zhang Pengfen 張鵬 翂. [Qinghua] – *1830 new engraving (重鐫) at the capital 京都藏板, in 1 + 18 j., with prefs. by Zhang Pengfen (to 五刻, 1829), Zhang Yunpeng 張雲鵬 [sic, for Zhang Haipeng ] (to 重刻, 1804), Zhou Shixuan (to 重鐫, 1595), and author (n.d.), in Sanshu baojian (q.v.). – *1840 new engraving (重鐫) by Shandong administration commissioner Yang Qingchen 楊慶琛, in 18 j., supervised by Tuo[hunbu] (托大中丞鑒 定), printing blocks at the Shandong administration commissioner registry (板藏山東布經歷署), with Siku notice, pref. by author (n.d.), MS biography, prefs. by Wu Zhirang (1819), Tuohunbu 托渾布 (1840), and Yang Qingchen (1840). [Princeton] – *1841 Hulin Xizong ed. 虎林西宗氏校刊, in 1 + 18 j., title on cover-leaf Ming Qi shaobao 明戚少保 jixiao xinshu, with pref. by author (n.d.), postf. by Zhu Changshou 朱昌壽 from Renhe 仁和 (to 重鐫, 1841). Zhu says that the text was copied from the Siku collection (presumably the

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one stored in Hangzhou), and that he asked to engrave it so as not to depend on commercial eds. full of errors. Library catalogs sometimes describe it as a “Zhu-family ed.” (as suggested by the postf.), but mostly as “Hulin Xizong,” though the cartouche in pseudo-seal script on the coverleaf verso is occasionally read with 武 instead of 虎, or 泉 instead of 宗. [*Beitu] [*Harvard, cat. says 武林西宗氏] [Shanghai, cat. says 虎林西宗 氏] [Gugong Taipei, cat. says 仁和朱氏, 虎林西宗氏刊本] – *Undated ed. of the Wengui tang at Liulichang, Beijing 京都琉璃廠文貴 堂藏板, included in Minguo zhai qizhong (q.v.), with pref. by Xu Naizhao 許乃釗 (1843), original pref. by author (n.d.), fanli to the newly engraved (重刻) ed. by Xu Naizhao, Siku summary, MS biography. This ed. features an elaborate system of punctuation (explained in the fanli) to make the text easier to read by “officers and soldiers having only a rough knowledge of literary style” (弁兵粗知文義者), as well as annotations in the upper margin to explicitate the author’s intent. It is based on the Zhaokuang ge ed., coll. with the Lailu tang ed. [Harvard] – *In Minguo zhai qizhong (q.v.), cover-leaf with title Qi Nantang sanzhong heke 戚南塘三種合刻, titles of the three works (viz. Jixiao xinshu, Lianbing shiji, and Lianbing shiji zaji [qq.v.]), and mention Minguo zhai piben 敏果齋批本; with Siku notice, MS biography, original pref. by author (n.d.), fanli to the newly engraved ed. by Xu Naizhao, otherwise identical to the ed. above. [IHEC] – *Undated (Xianfeng-period) ed. in 1 + 18 j., published (校刊) by Shaoyang 邵陽 (Hunan) magistrate Shao Shouming 邵綬名 (indicated after Siku notice), printing blocks “at this office” 本衙藏板, with pref. by author (n.d.), Siku notice, MS biography. (Shao Shouming was appointed Shaoyang magistrate in 1852.) [Beitu] – *1895 typeset ed. of the Shanghai Zuijing lou 上海醉經廔校印, in 1 + 18 j., notes in upper margin, edited (校) by Xu Naizhao, with pref. by author (n.d.), fanli by Xu Naizhao (to 重刻), Siku notice, MS biography. [Princeton] – Photo-repro. of 1841 “Quan”-family ed., Zhongguo wenxue shuju, n.p., n.d. [Minguo]. [Gugong Taipei] – *Photo-repro. of Xuejin taoyuan ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 958–960. – Photo-repro. of a Longqing-era ed., copy at Shanghai [not in cat.], in Chinese binding, Beijing: Guojia tushuguan chubanshe, 2013 (Zhonghua zaizao shanben: Mingdai). – *Photo-repro. of 1841 “Quan”-family ed., Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 1976. – *Photo-repro. of 18-j. version (Xuejin taoyuan ed.) and 14-j. version (Beitu copy, with some cuts), in Bingshu jicheng, vol. 18. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– Modern typeset ed., with Lianbing shiji, Beijing: Guomin zhengfu junshi weiyuanhui Beiping fenhui, 1935. [Beitu] – Modern typeset ed., Shanghai: Guangyi shuju, 1936. – Modern typeset ed., Changsha: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1938. – *Modern punctuated ed. based on Xuejin taoyuan ed., edited and with intro. and notes by Ma Mingda 馬明達, Beijing: Renmin tiyu chubanshe, 1988. – *Modern punctuated ed. based on 18-j. Wanli ed. formerly belonging to Zheng Zhenduo 鄭振鐸 and coll. with other eds., edited and with intro. and notes by Sheng Dongling 盛冬鈴, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1996. – Modern typeset ed., edited and with commentary (校釋) by Cao Wenming 曹文明 and Lü Yinghui 呂穎慧, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2001 (in Qi Jiguang yanjiu congshu 戚繼光研究叢書). – Modern typeset ed. of the 14-j. version, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2001; also Beijing: Shishi chubanshe, 1998 (annot. by Fan Zhongyi 范中義 et al.).

Rem.: One of the famous general’s two manuals on military training (the other being Lianbing shiji [q.v.]). The work dates from around 1560, when Qi served in Zhejiang against the Wokou pirates and wrote down his methods for drafting and training troops. In his own pref. he explains the title as follows: “It is called ‘Recording Accomplishments’ to make clear that it is not empty hearsay; it is called ‘New Treatise’ to make clear that it proceeds from models but does not stick to models, and that actions are taken according to circumstances” (夫曰紀効所以明非口耳空 言，曰新書所以明其出於法而不泥於法，合時措之宜也). The entire work is predicated on experience and efficiency and on the necessity to convey simple messages in simple language, as illustrated by the rhetoric and vernacular turns in Qi’s many proclamations to his troops reproduced along the way. The work enjoyed considerable circulation, in both manuscript and printed form; the list above only provides a selection of the numerous modern printings. There are notable differences between editions. According to the nianpu written by his son, Qi wrote a first version in 14 juan in 1560 (in the received 18-j. text, the intro. to j. 14 says that this is the “last essay” 末篇), which may not have been printed. The earliest 18-j. ed. is supposed to have been printed by Qi himself in 1562. The 1569 ed. held at Congress added as j. 首 a text by Qi Jiguang on training not found in the other eds. The 1588 ed. produced by Li Chengxun, a military colleague of Qi’s, at the instigation of Teng Bolun 滕伯輪, the Zhejiang grand coordinator appointed in 1587, is again in 14 j., with rearranged and partly new materials borrowed from Qi’s Lianbing shiji (q.v.). According to Ma Mingda (see below), this revised version was possibly first published by Qi himself when he was posted in Guangdong in Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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4.7.1 Military Affairs: General

1583, and it seems to have had relatively wide circulation in the Ming. The material in this 1588 recension is arranged in ten “series” ( ji 集), numbered jia 甲 to gui 癸, encompassing 12 sections (篇), namely: “Constituting and equipping units” (束伍), “Aural and visual signals” (耳 目), “Handling weapons and footwork” (手足), “Personnel evaluation” (比較/校), “Battle formation” (營陣), “Moving camp” (行營), “Temporary camps” (野營), “Actual combat” (實戰), “Morale” (膽氣), “Naval forces” (舟師), “City defense and lookout posts” (守哨), and “Training officers” (練將). The detailed fanli is entitled “Steps in instruction” (教習次第). In the received 1 + 18-j. text (which alludes several times to the victory won against the Wokou at Taizhou in 1561 and is sometimes said to have been first published in 1566), j. 首, entitled “General preface” (總 敘) in most eds., includes two requests from Qi (the first dates to the end of 1556) asking his superiors for authorization to organize training along his own way, followed by a series of considerations in the form of “questions,” titled jixiao huowen 或問, and of discussions (說) on various topics, which according to the Siku commentators aimed at preventing the risk of seeing his successes jeopardized by outside people, which would have been typical of the irresponsibility and jealousy that characterized “Ming people”; as a matter of fact, Qi is clearly trying to anticipate all the doubts and criticisms his propositions may attract. In some eds. (e.g., Xuejin taoyuan, Sanshu baojian), the 1 + 18 chapters are organized under six sections (秩) numbered by the “six arts” (禮、樂、   射、御、書、數); the 18 juan (or pian 篇) are entitled “Constituting and equipping units,” “Orders and regulations” (操令), “Regulations for combat” (陣令), “Commands on military discipline” (諭兵), “Rules and prohibitions” (法禁), “Personnel evaluation,” “Moving camp,” “Drilling” (操練), “Campaigning” (出征), “Long-range weapons” (長兵), “Shields and dented spears” (牌筅), “Close-range combat” (短兵), “Archery” (射 法), “Martial arts” (拳經), “Weapons and implements” (諸器), “Flags and standards” (旌旗), “City defense and lookout posts,” and “Naval forces” (水兵). All eds. are richly endowed with illustrations and diagrams.

Bio.: Qi Jiguang was born to a military family that hailed originally from Dongmou 東牟 (Shandong), then moved to Dingyuan 定遠 (Anhui), then again to Dengzhou 登州 (Shandong). Though a military man, he also received a strong classical education. In 1544 he inherited the rank of Dengzhou Guard assistant commander (指揮僉事) held by his family for five generations. In 1555 he was put in command of the operations against the Wokou in three Zhejiang prefectures with the rank of vice-general (副將). He advocated recruiting and training a force of volunteers and won a number of battles. Qi’s disciplined and

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0793–0794

carefully trained army, which he had levied with the support of grand coordinator Hu Zongxian 胡宗憲 (1512–65), was popularly regarded as the “Qi family army” (戚家軍). Due to the victories achieved from 1559 onward, the Wokou attacks on Eastern Zhejiang soon ceased. In 1662–64 Qi won further decisive battles against the Wokou in Fujian, and later in Guangdong in collaboration with his colleague Yu Dayou 俞大猷 (1503–79). Having earned considerable prestige for freeing the southeast coast of the Wokou scourge, in 1568 Qi was transferred to the northern border. There he eventually oversaw training and organization in seven defense commands (鎮), and for 15 years was busy with rebuilding defenses along the Great Wall. After the death of chief grand secretary Zhang Juzheng 張居正, who had consistently supported his efforts, court intrigue led to Qi’s transfer as Guangdong regional commander (總兵) in 1583. He resigned on the grounds of illness after two years and died at home in early 1588. See MS, 212/5611–17; DMB, 220–4; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Siku, 99/2045–46. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 子, 1:128. Guji shanben, 子, 1:122–3. Congress Rare Books, 471–2. Ma Mingda, intro. to the 1988 modern ed.; Sheng Dongling, intro. to the 1996 modern ed.; Zou Jing, “Jixiao xinshu” “Lianbin shiji” zongshuo. Bibliography entries for same author: Hong shangshu chongbu Qi shaobao nanbei pingding lüe liuji; Lirong yaolüe; Lianbing shiji; Lianbing shiji zaji; Leiji lianbing zhushu. [PEW] 0794

Lianbing shiji 練兵實紀, 9 j. [A Concrete Treatise on Training Troops] By Qi Jiguang 戚繼光 (z. Yuanjing 元敬, h. Nantang 南塘, Mengzhu 孟諸, s. Wuyi 武毅) (1528–88) (military jr. 1549), from Dengzhou 登州 Guard (Shandong) 1571 Ed.:

– *[1597] ed. by Ji-Liao supreme commander Xing Jie (總督薊遼保定等處 … 邢玠)—a position Xing had just received to repel the second invasion of Korea by Hideyoshi—with pref. by Xing Jie (重刻紀效新書, 1597), a communication by Qi Jiguang entitled “Lianbing shiji gongyi 公移” (quoting his request to have the work printed and distributed as a handbook and the approval of the region’s supreme commander and grand coordinator), and a 15-item fanli entitled “Fenji jiaoxi cidi” 分給教習次第; some chapter captions say “止止堂集卷之□” (Zhizhi tang ji being the collection of Qi’s writings, though the contents of the received version bear no relation with Lianbing shiji), with the corresponding number (following

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4.7.1 Military Affairs: General 之) erased; despite the title of his pref., Xing indicates that he had both of Qi’s treatises reengraved (重梓) and printed in 1597 for distribution to his

officers. [*Beiping Mf., reel #559] [Gugong Taipei] – In Siku quanshu, vol. 728, no pref., without Qi’s communication. – *Ms. copy of Siku text, in Ming bingshu sizhong (q.v.). – *1819 joint new ed. (重刻) of Jixiao xinshu (see under that title) and Lianbing shiji by Huangzhou 黃州 (Hubei) prefect Wu Zhirang 吳之勷, no preface, with Qi’s communication. [Congress] – 1834 Lailu tang 来鹿堂 ed. [Leiden] – 1840 ed. by Yang Qingchen from Fuzhou 福州楊慶琛. – *In Pinghua shuwu congshu (q.v.), with Siku summary and postf. (跋, placed after Lianbing shiji zaji [q.v.]) by Xizhi 錫之 (i.e. Qian Xizuo 錢熙 祚: see postf. to Zheyu guijian in same collection) (n.d.). – *In Minguo zhai qizhong (q.v.), with Siku summary, Qi Jiguang’s “Lianbing shiji gongyi,” and postf. (跋) by Xu Naizhao 許乃釗 (1843); contrary to the Pinghua shuwu ed., the text is punctuated and has commentaries in the upper margin. – *1854 new ed. (重刊) of the Guangji tang 光霽堂藏板, together with zaji (see next entry), with colophon (跋) by Wu Zhirang 吳之勷 (n.d.), Siku notice, communication by Qi Jiguang (see 1597 ed.), fanli; chapter captions give Qi Jiguang as author (撰), Wu Zhirang as publisher (刊), and the Guangqi 齊 tang as new publisher (重刊); in Sanshu baojian (q.v.). – 1875 Baolin tang 寶林堂 ed. – *1895 typeset Shanghai Zuijing lou 上海醉經廔 ed., together with zaji (see next entry), with Siku notice, fanli, and pictures of flags of foreign countries appended at the end. [Princeton] – *Undated Liulichang movable-type ed. 京都琉璃廠擺板, together with zaji (see next entry). [Ōki] – In Shoushan ge congshu. – In Mohai jinhu. – 1929 ed. by Guomin gemingjun zongsiling bangong ting 國民革命軍總司 令部辦公廳, in Huangpu congshu 黃埔叢書. [Beitu] [Harvard] – Typeset ed. based on Mohai jinhu ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 948–950. – In Congshu jicheng jianbian, together with zaji (see next entry), fasc. 305–306. – Photo-repro. of undated Liuli chang ed., in Bingshu jicheng, vol. 19. – Modern punctuated ed., edited by Qiu Xintian 邱心田, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2001.

Rem.: The second of Qi Jiguang’s two manuals on military training (the first being Jixiao xinshu [q.v.]). The work is dated 1571 by the Siku

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993

commentators. In his postf., Xu Naizhao explains that the contents are similar to Jixiao xinshu’s but with more detail and depth; the reason, according to him, is that by the time of its composition Qi Jiguang, being in charge of the training of troops in four frontier regions along the Great Wall and in command of the Jizhou 薊州 area, had more power and prestige than during his years in the Southeast and was freer to expose his ideas. In his 1597 pref., Xing Jie mentions Qi’s posthumous prestige among the northern forces that he had made into a formidable defense against the Mongols some 30 years earlier, and recalls his awe and admiration when he collaborated with Qi as magistrate of Miyun 密雲 (Zhili). J. 1–4 are devoted to the training of troops, emphasizing group discipline, morale, aural and visual orders, and weapon handling and footwork; j. 5–8 deal with training for actual campaigning and combat; j. 9 is devoted to the training of officers (將官). Qi’s methods in the work are said to have been followed by his successors, and this according to commentators might explain that the region remained secure for several decades.

Bio.: See under Jixiao xinshu. Ref. and studies: Siku, 99/2045. Guji shanben, 子, 1:123. Zou Jing, “Jixiao xinshu” “Lianbin shiji” zongshuo. Bibliography entries for same author: Hong shangshu chongbu Qi shaobao nanbei pingding lüe liuji; Jixiao xinshu; Lirong yaolüe; Lianbing shiji zaji; Leiji lianbing zhushu. [PEW] 0795

Lianbing shiji zaji 練兵實紀雜集, 6 j. [A Concrete Treatise on Training Troop: Miscellanea] By Qi Jiguang 戚繼光 (z. Yuanjing 元敬, h. Nantang 南塘, Mengzhu 孟諸, s. Wuyi 武毅) (1528–88) (military jr. 1549), from Dengzhou 登州 Guard (Shandong) N.d. Ed.:

– Same eds. as Lianbing shiji (q.v.). In the Siku quanshu ed. the title is Lianbing zaji; in Pinghua shuwu congshu (q.v.), the work is preceded by Qi Jiguang’s communication (Lianbing shiji gongyi 公移) placed at head of Lianbing shiji in the Minguo zhai ed.

Rem.: A sequel to Lianbing shiji (q.v.), published in tandem. J. 4, entitled “Dengtan koushou” 登壇口授, was jointly composed by two regional vice-commanders (副總兵), Li Chao 李超 and Hu Shouren 胡守仁. Bio.: See under Jixiao xinshu.

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Ref. and studies: Siku, 99/2045. Bibliography entries for same author: Hong shangshu chongbu Qi shaobao nanbei pingding lüe liuji; Jixiao xinshu; Lianbing shiji; Lirong yaolüe; Leiji lianbing zhushu. [PEW] 0796

Lirong yaolüe 蒞戎要略, 1 j. [Essentials on Going to War] By Qi Jiguang 戚繼光 (z. Yuanjing 元敬, h. Nantang 南塘, Mengzhu 孟諸, s. Wuyi 武毅) (1528–88) (military jr. 1549), from Dengzhou 登州 Guard (Shandong) N.d. Ed.:

– *In Xuehai leibian, ce 40. – In Xunmin tang congshu, ce 7. – Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 956. – In Ming Qing biji shiliao congkan 明清筆記史料叢刊.

Rem.: This 20-folio manual starts with a comparatively long and detailed section on campaigning (行軍條教); entries deal with marching, encampments, combat in various contexts, patrolling, armaments, discipline and punishments, provisioning, hygiene, and more. Shorter sections are devoted to instructions for combat (對壘條教), punishment for misconduct when guarding a town (守城軍法), signals and orders (號令) in the navy and in naval warfare. The text, which features only in nineteenth-century collectanea, appears to be composed of materials taken from Qi’s Lianbing shiji (q.v.)

Bio.: See under Jixiao xinshu. Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:116–7. Bibliography entries for same author: Hong shangshu chongbu Qi shaobao nanbei pingding lüe liuji; Jixiao xinshu; Lianbing shiji; Lianbing shiji zaji; Leiji lianbing zhushu [PEW] 0797

Leiji lianbing zhushu 類輯練兵諸書, 18 j. [A Systematic Anthology of Books on Training Troops] By Qi Jiguang 戚繼光 (z. Yuanjing 元敬, h. Nantang 南塘, Mengzhu 孟諸, s. Wuyi 武毅) (1528–88) (military jr. 1549), from Dengzhou 登州 Guard (Shandong); comp. Dong Chengzhao 董承詔 (z. Shengchen 聖臣, h. Lunzai 綸宰) (js. 1607), from Wujin 武進 (Nan Zhili)

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N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with pref. (序戚少保諸書類輯) by unknown author (last page of pref. missing; not same text as He Yan’s pref. [see below]), title Leiji zhu bingshu 諸兵書 at head of mulu. [Princeton, some pages missing, no punctuation] – Undated new ed. titled Chongding pidian 重訂批點 leiji lianbing zhushu, with pref. by He Yan 何言 (n.d.), funeral inscription by Wang Daokun 汪 道昆, short biography of Qi Jiguang by He Yan, punctuated. [Beida, not in cat.] – Undated ms. ed., title Chongding pidian leiji lianbing zhushu. [LSS] – *Photo-repro. of undated punctuated new ed. at Beida, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 33 (attributed to Dong Chengzhao and dated 1622 by the SKCMCS editors, though neither features in the copy). – Photo-repro. of same ed., in Qi Jiguang yanjiu congshu, Qi Jiguang wenji 戚 繼光研究叢書、戚繼光文集 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2001).

Rem.: An anthology of Qi Jiguang’s military writings, arranged under 16 topics: “Memorials” (奏疏), “Proposals” (條議), “On generals” (將略), “On troops” (兵紀), “Rewards and sanctions” (賞罰), “Troop formation” (陣), “Encampments” (營), “Combat” (戰), “Drilling” (操), “Patrolling” (哨 守), “Long-range weapons” (長兵, including rifles and cannon), “Shortrange weapons” (短兵), “Sound signals” (聲類), “Color signals” (色類), “Equipment” (什器), and “Etiquette” (儀節). The mulu is followed by a biography (小傳) of Qi Jiguang by Dong Chengzhao (attributed to He Yan in punctuated new ed.) and by his funeral inscription (誌) by Wang Daokun (funeral inscription comes first in punctuated new ed.). He Yan’s pref. claims that “the writings of General Qi are a ford and a bridge for future soldiers” (戚將軍之書為後武津梁). Some texts anthologized are accompanied by editor’s comments, some quite substantial, printed in smaller characters. No indication of sources. Qi Jiguang’s writings must have remained popular in Zhejiang, where he accomplished many of his exploits. Apparently Dong Chengzhao compiled the work while Zhejiang administration commissioner (1627, see below); however, his name appears nowhere in the text seen (except as author of the “small biography”) and is only provided by the Siku notice; the same notice attributes the “short biography” to Dong Chengzhao. The work was submitted to the Siku Commission by the governor of Zhejiang. Bio.: For Qi Jiguang, see under Jixiao xinshu. Dong Chengzhao’s early career is not clear. In 1615 he was sent as drafter (舍人) in the Secretariat to help with provincial examinations in Guangxi. At some point he became involved in the

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discussion of military affairs, and by 1618 he was serving as bureau vice-director in the Ministry of War. He submitted a report on conditions in Liaodong; the resulting controversy led to his demotion to secretary in the same ministry, a post he held in 1622; later he was dismissed from office altogether. In 1624 he was brought back to serve as administration vice-commissioner (參政) with oversight of the Ningbo-Shaoxing circuit in Zhejiang; he was promoted to surveillance commissioner in 1626 and administration commissioner in 1627. During his triennial visit to the capital he was falsely accused of embezzlement by an enemy who wanted him executed; reportedly, when his name was found on a screen written in the Wanli emperor’s own hand, suggesting that he had been distinguished by the latter, he was permitted to retire instead. See Wujin 武進 XZ (1765), 9/54b; Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (1686/1694), 18/25b, 18/29a, 18/32b, 19/4b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 535/10131, 577/10919, Xizong, 25/1274, 68/3240, 79/3840. [TN] Ref. and studies: Siku, 99/2059–60. Wu Xinli, Ming Qing xijian shiji xulu, 173–8 (undated ms. ed. at LSS). Bibliography entries for same author: Hong shangshu chongbu Qi shaobao nanbei pingding lüe liuji; Jixiao xinshu; Lianbing shiji; Lianbing shiji zaji; Lirong yaolüe. [PEW] 0798

Hong shangshu chongbu Qi shaobao nanbei pingding lüe liuji 洪尚書 重補戚少保南北平定略六集, 6 ce [Strategies for Pacifying the North and

the South, Six Series, by Junior Guardian Qi, Completed by Minister Hong]

By Qi Jiguang 戚繼光 (z. Yuanjing 元敬, h. Nantang 南塘, Mengzhu 孟諸, s. Wuyi 武毅) (1528–88) (military jr. 1549), from Dengzhou 登州 Guard (Shandong), and Hong Chengchou 洪承疇 (z. Yanyan 彥演, h. Hengjiu 亨九, s. Wenxiang 文襄) (1593–1665, js. 1616), from Nan’an 南安 (Fujian) Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed., with biography of Qi Jiguang. [LSS] – Undated ms. ed. titled Nanbei pingding lüe. [Zhongyang]

Rem.: A collection of military writings by Qi Jiguang, edited by Hong Chengchou (series 1–3), and followed by essays by Hong Chengchou (series 4–5) and Guo Yingxiang 郭應響 (series 6). The 1st series (初集, 28 pieces) deals with training and regulations; the 2nd series (26 pieces), which like the 1st concerns Fujian and Zhejiang, is about weapons, attack, and defense; the 3rd series (35 pieces) discusses military discipline and firearms; the 4th series (14 pieces) concerns frontier and maritime

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0797–0799

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defense; the 5th series (19 pieces) is about prognostication; the 6th series (14 pieces) discusses military theory. An essay by Guo Yingxiang titled “bing nong bilun” 兵農鄙論 is appended. The two manuscripts must be copies of the second part of Gujin pingding lüe (q.v.)

Bio.: See under Jixiao xinshu; for Hong Chengchou, see under Gujin ping­ ding lüe. Ref. and studies: Guojia shanben shuzhi, 子, 1:129. Wu Xinli, Ming Qing xijian shiji xulu, 178–80 (ms. at LSS). Bibliography entries for same author: (Qi Jiguang) Jixiao xinshu; Lirong yaolüe; Lianbing shiji; Leibing shiji zaji; Leiji lianbing zhushu. (Hong Chengchou) Gujin pingding lüe. [PEW] 0799

Zhenji 陣紀, 4 j. [On Battle Array] By He Liangchen 何良臣 (z. Weisheng 惟聖, Jiming 際明), from Guiji 會稽 (Zhejiang) [from Yangzhou 揚州, Nan Zhili, according to Siku notice; from Yuyao 餘姚, Zhejiang, according to other sources] N.d. Ed.:

– *[1589] ed. with colophon (跋) by Zhang Yingdeng 張應登 (1589) and postf. (後序) by Huang Daoyue 黃道月 (1589). [*Beiping Mf., reel #570] [Gugong Taipei] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 727 (no pref.), with some variants in wording. – *Ms. copy of Siku text in Ming bingshu sizhong (q.v.). – *In Pinghua shuwu congshu (q.v.), with Siku summary. – *In Xiyin xuan congshu, new ed. (重校刊) by Li Xiling 李錫齡 from Sanyuan 三原 (Shaanxi), with pref. by Cheng Xun 成遜 (1591), postfs. by Huang Daoyue (1589) and Zhang Yingdeng (跋, 1589). – Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 961. – Modern ed. annotated by Chen Bingcai 陳秉才, Beijing: Junshi kexue chubanshe, 1984.

Rem.: A manual on managing and training troops for various sorts of combat, including 66 items (篇) under 23 categories (類), namely “Recruitment” (募選), “Forming regiments” (束伍), “Training” (教練), “Adjusting to individuals’ abilities” (致用), “Rewards and sanctions” (賞 罰), “Discipline” (節制) (j. 1); “Secret and open actions” (奇正), “Using large or small groups” (眾寡), “Conjoined movements” (率然) (i.e., when a part is attacked the others react), “Combat techniques” (技用) (utilization of various weapons) (j. 2); “Battle formations” (陣宜), “Battle

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orders” (戰令) (rewards and punishments according to behavior in battle), “Battle opportunities” (戰機) (j. 3); “Destroy and capture” (催陷), “Adapting to circumstances” (因勢), “Chariot combat” (車戰), “Cavalry combat” (騎戰), “Infantry combat” (步戰), “Naval warfare” (水戰), “Night combat” (夜戰), “Combat in mountains, forests, marshes, and gullies” (山林澤谷之戰), and “combat in storm, rain, snow, and fog” (風雨雪霧 之戰) (j. 4). The entries are substantial, detailed, in simple language, and display a strong military ethic. According to the pref. and postf., He Liangchen was both a valiant general and a talented poet. The Siku editors single the work out (along with Qi Jiguang’s texts) as one of the rare Ming military treatises of value due to He’s solid personal experience defending against the Wokou and in his northern command.

Bio.: No precise information on He Liangchen is available. He alludes at one point to practices in the Jiajing and Longqing reigns, and must have written the work during the Wanli period. Ref. and studies: Siku, 99/2044. Guji shanben, 子, 1:122. [PEW] 0800

Huangchao mazheng ji 皇朝馬政紀, 12 j. [An Account of the Reigning Dynasty’s Horse Administration] By Yang Shiqiao 楊時喬 (z. Yiqian 宜遷, h. Zhian 止菴, s. Duanjie 端 潔) (1531–1609) (js. 1565), from Shangrao 上饒 (Jiangxi) 1594 Ed.:

– *[1594] ed. printed by author, titled Xinke mashu 新刻馬書, with prefs. by author (1594) and Wang Shixing 王士性 (1594). [Beitu, j. 1–9 extant] – [1596] ed. with prefs. by Deng Lian 鄧鍊 (1597) and author (1596). [Zhongyang, cat. says printed by Nanjing taichangsi 南京太常寺 in 1596] – *Undated ed., j. 4–7 extant. [*Beiping Mf., reel #571] [Gugong Taipei] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 663, titled Mazheng ji, with author’s pref. (n.d.). – *Photo-repro. of 1596 ed., in Xuanlan tang congshu, vol. 69–72. Rem.: A gazetteer of the Court of the Imperial Stud (太僕寺) by its minister (卿) and his staff and colleagues (collaborators listed at begin-

ning), in part based on field investigations. The aim was to provide officials in the horse administration with a detailed and consistent view of their tasks and of the organization of that administration, with explanations on the office’s history under the Ming. As explained in the fanli (not in 1594 ed.), the work first sets out the handling of horses in

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early and middle Ming, even though practices have changed. It draws upon Da Ming huidian and Ming shilu and supplements these with documents from the files of the Ministry of War and the Court of the Imperial Stud. It also considers other horse-related offices. Finally, it addresses the numbers of horses and land allocated to pasture, both historically and at time of compilation. Claiming to cover everything before 1595, the text describes the various means for acquiring horses, including those captured in raids; those bred and raised; those acquired through official trade in grain, salt, and tea; those purchased in markets; and those purchased with central funds by military units on their own initiative. It also covers the ways that horses were distributed to military units. Finally, there are substantial sections on horse breeding and care, anatomy, veterinary issues, and so on, with illustrations. The Siku commentators note that the horse administration was never as elaborate and as ridden with abuses than in the Ming (馬政莫詳於明，亦莫弊於 明), and insist that Yang spoke from personal experience. Yang says in his pref. that Deng Lian, his successor at the Court of the Imperial Stud, contributed funds for engraving the 1596 ed. On the same subject see also under Mazheng zhi. Bio.: See under Liang Zhe Nanguan queshi shu. Ref. and studies: Siku, 82/1734 (title Mazheng ji). Bibliography entries for same author: Liang Zhe Nanguan queshi shu.

0801

[TN]

Dengtan bijiu 登壇必究, 40 j. [Compulsory Reading for Those Who Ascend the Platform] Comp. (編輯) Wang Minghe 王鳴鶴 (z. Yuqing 羽卿) (military js. 1586), from Shanyang 山陽 (Jiangsu) 1598 pref. Ed.: – *[1599] ed. with prefs. by Cao Yubian 曹于汴 (n.d.), Xu Luanming 徐鑾鳴 (n.d.), Huang Kezuan 黃克纘 (1599), Ma Congpin 馬從聘 (n.d.), compiler (1598), and Zhang Chaorui 張朝瑞 (the compiler’s uncle) (1599); Yuan Shizhong 袁世忠 as collator (校正) in chapter captions. [Beida] [*HKU] – *Undated ed., same description as above, but in a different engraving (10 columns per page instead of 9), separate juan numbering by sections. [Columbia]

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– *Undated Qing (Daoguang-period according to cat.) movable-type ed. with prefs. by author (1598), Xu Luanming (n.d.), and Zhang Chaorui (1599), compiler’s short biography, Yuan Shizhong as collator in chapter captions. [Beida] [*IHEC] – *Photo-repro. of 1599 ed., with prefs. by Xu Luanming (n.d.), Cao Yubian (n.d.), Zhang Chaorui (1599), Huang Kezan (1599), Ma Congpin (n.d.), and compiler (1598), in Bingshu jicheng, vol. 20–24. – *Photo-repro. of undated Qing ed. (copy at Beida), in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 960–61. – *Photo-repro. of 1599 ed. (copy at Beida, compiler’s pref. missing), in Siku jinhui shu congkan, ser. 3, vol. 34–35.

Rem.: According to Cao Yubian’s pref., the subject of this bulky compilation, intended for those who “ascend the platform” (i.e., become generals), is “keeping China in peace and containing the barbarians, past and present” (今古所安夏攘夷). The same pref. also says that Wang Minghe compiled his work while serving in a garrison in the Jiang-Huai region, with not much to do, by assembling notes relevant to military matters that he wrote while reading a variety of books. In his own pref., Wang deplores the low esteem in which military officers are held, hence their low degree of self-respect, and claims that this compilation is intended as a life-boat for his colleagues (為吾武人津筏): even though it is not very convenient to bring books along when on a military campaign, this one contains all the necessary information in a form very easy to use— it is like the money one brings when going to the market. There are 72 sections in all, covering every conceivable sort of topic likely to concern the military. Each section begins with a one-folio statement by the author introduced by “Wang Minghe says …” (王鳴鶴曰), followed by a detailed presentation of all relevant literature. In addition to the usual sections on training and maneuver, strategy and tactics, equipment and weapons, combat techniques, military discipline, and so forth, there are also detailed geographical accounts of every province (so that a general facing an alert will know how to move) (j. 6–9); tribute transportation (漕運), which was a military operation in the Ming, is exposed in great detail (j. 31); there are explanations of the character, language, and customs of various barbarians (j. 21–24); the last four chapters quote memorials dealing with China’s recent military history (j. 37–40). While not strictly speaking a practical handbook, the work can be described as a summa of the technical and cultural knowledge expected from military officers, presented in straightforward fashion by a peer.

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Bio.: Wang Minghe (who is sometimes said to hail from Haizhou 海州, where he was registered as a student) came from a military family. After starting literary studies he inherited a military rank and began a soldier’s career. Following his military jinshi he became a vice-commander (指揮同知) of the Huaian 淮 安 guard. He was then promoted commandant (守備) at Yunyang 鄖陽 and Xiangyang 襄陽 (Hubei), where his success in stopping an incipient mutiny was reported to the court, gaining him evaluation as “number one officer talent in the empire” (天下將材第一). During the following years he was sent to several theaters in Shaanxi, Gansu, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Guangxi, winning victories against a variety of rebels and aborigines and each time being promoted to a higher rank. His highest position was assistant commissioner-inchief of the Nanjing Right Chief Military Commission (南京右府都督僉事). He was sent to lead an expedition in Guangdong, but on the way back contracted malaria and died, after a brilliant career of over 30 years. Besides the present work, he is said to have published military handbooks with such titles as Jiaocao shuo 教操說, Xunbing shuo 訓兵說, and Xingbing tu 行兵圖. See biography in Qing ed. of Dengtan bijiu; Haizhou zhi (1670), 7/13a; Haizhou zhili zhou zhi (1811), 23/31b–32a, Huai’an FZ, (1884), 28/41b. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:124. HKU shanben, 109. [PEW] 0802

Caolu jinglüe 草廬經略, 10 j. [Strategies from a Thatched Cabin] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed., Huang Zhirui 黃之瑞 cited as author, edited (刪定) by Guxian 骨仙, with pref. by Guxian (1682). [Nei Menggu tushuguan, cat. says Huang Yuanrui 元瑞, 1683] [Princeton, mf.] – Undated ms. ed. in 4 j., Huang Zhirui cited as author, ed. by Guxian, with pref. by Guxian (1682, copied in 1683 by his nephew). [Zhongyang] – *Undated ms. ed. in 6 j., no author’s name, bearing seal of Xu Naichang’s Jixue zhai library (積學齋徐乃昌藏書). [Beitu] – Undated Fucheng Erming shanfang 鳧城貳銘山房 ed. in 4 j., Huang Yuanrui 黃元瑞 cited as author, ed. by Guxian, coll. (校正) by Yue Zhongqi 岳鐘琪 (1686–1754), with 1750 pref. [Cited in Inner Mongolia joint catalogue of ancient Chinese books 內蒙古線裝古籍聯合目錄] – Qianlong-period ms. ed. in 8 j. – Daoguang-period ms. ed. in 6 j.

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– *1850 ed. in 12 j. in Yueya tang congshu, 1st coll. (初編), ser. 7 (七集), based on a ms. belonging to the Cantonese scholar Zeng Mianshi 曾冕士, with postf. (跋) by Wu Chongyao 伍崇曜 (1850). [Beitu] [*Keiō Univ.] [Tōyō Bunko] – *1878 Guangzhou Senbao ge small-sized movable-type ed. 粵東羊城森寶 閣活版, based on Yueya tang text, given as “anonymous” (無名氏撰), edited (覆校) and with pref. by the Senbao ge owner 森寶閣主人 (to 重刻, 1878), postf. by Wu Chongyao (1850). [Columbia] – 1881 Yueya tang 粵雅堂 ed. [Beitu, lost] – *Undated (Guangxu-period) Shenbao typeset ed. in Wuying dian style 申 報館倣聚珍板印, with postf. by Wu Chongyao (1850). [Princeton] – Typeset ed. based on Yueya tang congshu text, in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 951–953. – *Photo-repro. of Yueya tang congshu ed., in Bingshu jicheng, vol. 26. – *Photo-repro. of Yueya tang congshu ed., Taipei: Shijie bingxue she, 1957 (Zhongguo bingxue daxi, 10). – *Photo-repro. of Yueya tang congshu ed., with pref. by Zhang Douhang 章 斗航 (景引艸廬經略序, n.d.), Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 1974. – *Photo-repro. of Yueya tang congshu ed., Taipei: Laogu chubanshe, 1978 (Zhengtong moulüe xue huibian 正統謀略學彙編, ser. 1, vol. 17).

Rem.: Based on internal evidence, this extensive military treatise can be dated to the mid-Wanli period. It has been remarked in particular that it discusses the war against Wokou pirates and borrows from Qi Jiguang’s Jixiao xinshu and Lianbing shiji (qq.v.), but does not mention the Manchu threat that materialized from the early seventeenth century. However, the author of the pref. to the 1974 Guangwen shuju ed., based on some sentences in the text and on the general attitude its author displays, proposes that he might have been Xiong Tingbi 熊 廷弼 (1569–1625), several times general-in-chief (經略) in the Liaodong theater around 1620. The title alludes to the thatched cottage where legendary Zhuge Liang is said to have retired for a time, suggesting that the author was himself a recluse (隱士). The attribution to Huang Zhirui 之瑞 (or Yuanrui 元瑞) in certain eds. seems to be derived from a work titled Caolu jinglüe yutu zonglun 輿圖總論 compiled by that author, which is a different sort of text. The present work contains 152 entries dealing with training and discipline, morale, the qualities required from generals, strategy and tactics, the various circumstances of combat, adapting to the different sorts of terrain, the various military specialties (infantry, cavalry, chariots, etc.), prognostication (considered with

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1003

skepticism), logistics and provisioning, encampments, stratagems, spying, security, rewards and sanctions, and more. Most entries include a general statement by the author, followed by examples culled from history to support his point. The recommendations are fairly concrete, unencumbered with bookishness, and written in simple language. Wu Chongyao in his 1850 postf. compares favorably the work with the massive encyclopedia Wubei zhi 武備志, published in 1621. The popularity of the text is attested to by its many eds. (the list above is not complete). Ref. and studies: Guojia shanben shuzhi, 子, 1:134–5. Transl.: Annotated transl. by Cui Tonghua 崔統華, titled Caolu jinglüe zhushi 注譯, Beijing: Jiefang jun chubanshe, 1992. [PEW]

0803

Binglu 兵錄, 14 j. [An Account of Military Affairs] By He Rubin 何汝賓 (z. Yinzhi 寅之, h. Zhongsheng 仲升), from Suzhou guard 蘇州衛 (Nan Zhili) 1606 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated (Chongzhen-period) ed. with prefs. by Liu Feng 劉鳳 (n.d.), Wei Wanchu 魏浣初 (1632), Yu Wanlun 俞琬綸 (n.d.), Chen Zizhuang 陳 子壯 (n.d.), Chen Yuansu 陳元素 (n.d.), and author (1606). [*Beiping Mf., reel #567] [Gugong Taipei] [ZKT] – [1628] new ed. of the Zhengqi tang in Guangdong (崇禎元年歲在戊辰 仲秋之吉重訂于粵之正氣堂), with prefs. by Wei Wanchu (1632), Yang Shucheng 揚述程 (1630), Chen Zizhuang (to 何大將軍兵錄) (n.d.), Yu Wanlun (n.d.), intro. (引) by Liu Feng (n.d.), pref. by Chen Yuansu (to 何 將軍兵錄) (n.d.), He Rubin’s prefs. to Zhoushi zhanyan 舟師占驗 (1623) and to the present work (1606). [Congress, prefs. and first 2 j. handwritten] [Naikaku] [Zhongyang] – Undated ed. with prefs. by Yang Shucheng (1630), Yu Wanlun (n.d.), Chen Yuansu (n.d.), Chen Zizhuang (n.d.), and author (dated WL 丙子, i.e., 1576 or 1636, probable error for 丙午, 1606). [Zhongyang] – Undated (Ming), incomplete ms. ed. with contents redistributed in 8 j., with prefs. by Chen Zizhuang (n.d.), Chen Yuansu (n.d.), Wei Wanchu (1632), Yu Wanlun (n.d.), and author (1606). [Congress] – *Undated ms. ed. with prefs. by Chen Yuansu (n.d.), Wei Wanchu (1632), Chen Zizhuang (n.d.), Yu Wanlun (n.d.), and author (1606), intro. (引) by

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Liu Feng (n.d.); mention of 1628 editing in Guangdong (see above) on last page. [Princeton; dated “Qing, between 1662 and 1735” in cat., based on taboo characters] – *Undated ms. ed. with intro. (引) by Liu Feng (n.d.), prefs. by Chen Yuansu (n.d.), Chen Zizhuang (n.d.), Yue Wanlun (n.d.), Wei Wanchu (1632), and author (1606); mention of 1628 editing in Guangdong on last page. [Princeton; dated “Qing, between 1736 and 1795” in cat. based on taboo characters] – Undated ms. ed. [Taiwan Shifan daxue] – *Photo-repro. of 1628 Zhengqi tang ed., in Siku jinhui shu congkan, 子, vol. 9. – Photo-repro. of j. 11–13 of a “Zhengqi tang” ms. at ZKT, Zhengzhou: Henan jiaoyu chubanshe, 1994 (Zhongguo kexue jishu dianji tonghui: jishu juan, vol. 5).

Rem.: A fairly complete and concrete treatise on military training, tactics, equipment, and more, with abundant illustration, by a general based in Guangdong. The 27 entries deal with personnel (j. 1), training (j. 2), combat techniques using a variety of weapons (j. 3–4), arraying troops and using flags (j. 5), military hardware (器械) and marching armies (行軍) (j. 6), encampments (安營, j. 7), defending cities (守禦, j. 8), offensive combat (攻戰, j. 9), attacking with water (水攻, j. 10–11), attacking with fire (火攻, j. 12–13), and topography (地利) and climate (天時) (j. 14, including a time-table of the sea tide in Eastern Zhejiang and Jiangbei). The ms. ed. at Congress, though based on the Chongzhen ed., has been rather drastically edited and reorganized to transform an incomplete copy into a seemingly complete book, with a new mulu in 8 juan (see comparative mulu in the Congress rare books cat.). The number of ms. copies identified, several of which can be dated to the Qing, attests to the popularity of the work. Bio.: He Rubin came from a military household with the hereditary rank of commander (指揮使) in the garrison of Suzhou 蘇州 (Nan Zhili). His first known posting was as squad leader (把總) in Zhoujia qiao 周家橋 (Nan Zhili); from there he was promoted in 1618 to serve as commandant (守備) of Daba bao 大壩堡 in the Miaowan defense command 廟灣鎮 (Nan Zhili). Then he went to serve as brigade commander in Jining 濟寧 (Shandong). In 1622 he was appointed assistant regional commander (參將), later regional vicecommander (副總兵), in Ning-Shao 寧紹 (Zhejiang), where he is said to have combated traditionally corrupt practices in the military. In 1626 he was assistant commissioner-in-chief (都督僉事) for Guangdong, a post where he familiarized himself with the fire-arms held by the Portuguese at Macao. He also

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published a gazetteer of the Chusan Islands, Zhoushan zhi 舟山志 (1626). See Suzhou 蘇州 FZ (1883), 81/11a; Funing 阜寧 xinXZ (1886), 7/32a; Zhoushan zhi 舟山志 (1626), 3/9b; Ming shilu: Shenzhong, 569/10722, Xizong, 18/935, 42/2200, 69/3303. [TN] Ref. and studies: Guojia shanben shuzhi, 子, 1:132. Guji shanben, 子, 1:127 Congress Rare Books, 472–5. [PEW] 0804

Wubei yaolüe 武備要畧, 14 j. [Essentials on Military Preparedness] Comp. Cheng Ziyi 程子頤 (z. Hanchu 涵初), from Xiuning 休寧 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1632 Ed.:

– 1632 ed. with prefs. by Li Banghua 李邦華 (1632), Hou Anguo 侯安國 (n.d.), Bi Maokang 畢懋康 (n.d.), and Jin Fengwen 金鳳文 (n.d.), postfs. by Jin Fengwen (n.d.) and Zhang Zufang 張祖房 (n.d.). [Sonkeikaku] [ZKT] – * Photo-repro. of copy at ZKT, in Siku jinhui shu congkan, 子, vol. 28. – *Photo-repro. of same copy, in Zhongguo gudai wuyi zhenben congbian, 1st Series 中國古代武藝珍本叢編上輯, Jinan: Qi Lu shushe, 2015, vol. 3–4.

Rem.: The work was compiled while Cheng served under Li Banghua, who according to his pref. took care of the printing. The material is in part drawn from other sources. The first 4 j. were written by Cheng and corrected (定) by Li Banghua. J. 1 covers 13 topics including selecting generals, recruiting, training, weapons, firearms, aspects of land combat, and naval warfare. J. 2 is a short treatise on firearms, including cannon, muskets, mortars, and bombs. J. 3 is composed of two sections separately paginated: the first on armored war wagons and formations for them, the second on vehicles and constructions for attacking fortified positions. J. 4, with a separate author’s pref. (n.d.), discusses archery both on foot and on horseback, as well as types of formation and uses of shields most effective for archers. J. 5 has two sections paginated separately, both drawing from Qi Jiguang’s works: one about organizing infantry and appropriate formations for different circumstances, the other about flags and banners for units. J. 6, also drawn from other sources (the first page, which records them, is missing in the copy seen), concerns naval warfare, including appropriate formations. J. 7 has three sections separately paginated: the first is a compilation by Zhang Zufang on auspicious and inauspicious days, with a short pref. by Zhang (n.d.);

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the second is a compilation by a Mr. Liu 劉先生, Cheng’s former teacher, on astrological considerations; the third discusses weather and portents. J. 8 is composed of four short treatises prepared by Cheng and corrected by Li Banghua, with prefs. by Qian Xiangxuan 錢象玄 (n.d.) and Li Banghua (n.d.), and encomiums by Hou Anguo, Cheng Jiaozhong 程効 忠, Cheng Zhiyuan 程至遠, and Cheng Ding 程定; the first three treatises concern fighting with various hand weapons, and the last concerns unarmed fighting. J. 9 has two sections authored by Cheng and paginated separately: the first about personal missile weapons, particularly crossbows, the second about armor and helmets. J. 10 is a short treatise by Cheng on handling the long sword, including mapped-out practice routines. J. 11 and 12 are treatises by Cheng’s uncle Cheng Chongdou 程 冲斗, first on fighting with the long spear and then on fighting with a stave. J. 13 is a treatise by Yuan Huang 袁黃 on border defense, first on the northern border and then against coastal pirates. J. 14 has three sections paginated separately: one is an anonymous treatise on the history of northern border strategy during the Ming, the next is a collection of short military writings by Xiao Zhilong 蕭之龍, and the last is a treatise on military formations by Zhang Zufang, with a short pref. by Cheng. As a whole, the work is designed to assist with developing an effective military force in the turmoil of the late Ming. Bio.: Li Banghua mentions Cheng Ziyi in one of his memorials and indicates that he was a student at the National University (監生) hailing from Xiuning, and was among those who volunteered for military service at the end of the Ming. Hou Anguo says in his pref. that Cheng was known for military experience and knowledge and that Li specifically recruited him. Jin Fengwen dates that recruitment to 1622. Cheng arrived with 80 trained members of his lineage and was made a commandant (守備). In 1629 he was assigned to forces dealing with invaders close to the capital and was promoted to the rank of general (將軍). Later he participated in campaigns in Nan Zhili. See Ming shilu: Xizong, 30/1543, and the prefaces to the present work. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:128. [TN]

0805

Shilü 師律, 16 j. [On Military Discipline] Comp. (輯) Fan Jingwen 范景文 (z. Mengshu 夢叔, Mengzhang 夢 章, h. Zhigong 質公, s. Wenzhen 文貞, Wenzhong 文忠) (1587–1644) (js. 1613), from Wuqiao 武橋 (Bei Zhili) N.d.

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0804–0805

1007

Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by Fan Jingwen (n.d.), fanli by Chen Zhaoying 陳 肇英 (1639), 9 j. extant. [HKU] – *Photo-repro. of an undated ed. at Shandong Provincial Library, with prefs. by Fan Jingwen (n.d.), Song Xian 宋獻 (書師律後, 1639), and Chen Zhaoying (1639), unsigned fanli, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 962. – *Photo-repro. of same copy, in Zhongguo gudai wuyi zhenben congbian 中 國古代武藝珍本叢編 (Jinan: Qi Lu shushe, 2015), vol. 2.

Rem.: A general treatise on military affairs. The title is borrowed from the phrase 師出以律 in the Yijing. Yu Dayou 俞大猷 (1503–79) and Qi Jiguang (see under Jixiao xinshu), two heroes of the struggle against the Wokou, are cited as recent models of leadership (節制), difficult to emulate. Eight assistants are listed after the pref. Though the contents have been compiled from a variety of texts, both ancient and recent, there is a strong emphasis on the current dynasty’s “ancestral institutions” (the latest date mentioned in the account of Ming military institutions is 1585). The compiler’s pref. as well as the fanli strongly insist that the work addresses the context and needs of his time and is proferring personal opinions rather than “just reiterating old theories” (專襲陳說); Fan also stresses that his main concern is statecraft (以經濟為主), so that the book should be used by any person responsible for managing society (有經世之責), not just those who wear the helmet (頂弁兜者). The contents are not only highly detailed but also fairly concrete and to the point. Each chapter begins with a “small preface” (小序) and is divided into several sections. J. 1 is devoted to a lengthy history of military institutions (兵制), first in the past, then in the Ming. J. 2 deals with the training of generals (練將). J. 3 is devoted to garrisoning (lit. “having enough soldiers,” 足兵) and to the conscription and selection of troops. J. 4 is about provisioning (“having enough food,” 足食). J. 5 is on reviewing and training (較閱). J. 6 is devoted to weapons (制器) (including a large quantity of pictures of flags). J. 7 is on battle formation (營陣), both camping and marching. J. 8 deals with the defense of cities (守城). J. 9 is on attack and combat (攻戰). J. 10 is on the uses and techniques of firearms (火攻). J. 11 deals with naval warfare (水戰). J. 12 is on the use of carts and chariots in combat (車戰). J. 13 is on horse administration (馬政). J. 14 discusses strategic locations (險阨), with an abundance of maps. J. 15 discusses the repression of upheavals (定變), with sections on resisting barbarians (禦夷), subduing rebels (治賊), and catching bandits (弭盜). J. 16 exposes a variety of abuses (明弊). Most chapters are richly illustrated.

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4.7.1 Military Affairs: General

Bio.: Fan started his career as prefectural judge (推官) in Dongchang 東昌 (Shandong). In 1625 he became a bureau director in the Ministry of Personnel. He refused to side with either the eunuch Wei Zhongxian or the Donglin partisans, and resigned on the grounds of illness. He was recalled after the accession of the Chongzhen emperor, and became vice-president of the Censorate (右僉都御史) in 1629; he participated efficiently in the defense of the capital against the Manchu raid of that year. In 1634, after a mourning leave, he was reappointed to the Censorate, then as minister of War, but later was deprived of all his ranks because of a disagreement with Yang Sichang 楊嗣昌 (1588– 1641), then a powerful minister, while the Manchus were raiding North China during the 1638–39 winter. He threw himself into a well after the suicide of the Chongzhen emperor in 1644. See MS, 265/6834–35; ECCP, 229–30; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 363; Renming quanwei; Yates, “Saving the Ming through the Written Text.” Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:126. HKU shanben, 109–10. Qianqing tang shumu mentions an ed. in 16 j. [PEW] 0806

Jingshi qieyao 經世挈要, 22 j. [Essentials for Helping to Administer the World] By Zhang Sui 張燧 (z. Hezhong 和仲, Zhonghe 仲和), from Xiangtan

湘潭 (Huguang)

1633 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 21 j. coll. and engraved (較梓) by Fu Changchen 傅昌辰 (z. Shaoshan 少山), only 20 j. extant, cover-leaf with inscriptions 張仲 和先生著 and 版築居傅少山梓, with author’s pref. (“Jingshi qieyao jishi 紀事,” 1633) and “further remarks” (“Jingshi qieyao zaishu 再疏”) (n.d.). [Beitu] – *Undated ms. ed. in 22 j. + 4 j. appended (附錄), with memorial and pref. by author (1633). [LSS] – *Photo-repro. of undated ed. at Beitu, in BTGZC, vol. 47. – *Photo-repro. of an incomplete copy (j. 1–20) of same ed. at Shandong University, in Siku jinhui shu congkan, 史, vol. 75.

Rem.: A detailed work about military affairs, spurred by dangers confronting the Ming regime during its last years. There is a large section on the defense of the capital (j. 1) and the northern border (j. 2–6), but the other regions of China are also discussed (j. 7–9). The work features sections such as: internal order and defense against bandits and thieves; military leadership, training, weapons, and supplies; canal and

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0805–0807

sea transport; military farming; water control; horse breeding; salt merchants; currency; and Japanese pirates. The appended 4 j. (附錄) consist of memorials and essays by Cao Fei 曹飛, an official sent as adviser in the eastern theater. J. 1–3 discuss various questions of military preparedness under a number of sections, each corresponding to a notion expressed by one character; j. 4 features two essays, on “roving bandits” (流寇) and on “northern barbarians” (北虜), respectively. The fulu is preceded by a colophon by Wen Zhenmeng 文震孟 (n.d.), a pref. by Yan Maoyou 顏茂 猷 (1634), and several memorials and essays.

Bio.: Zhang Sui was the scion of a rich family from Xiangtan, the only one to pursue studies; his literary works were held in high esteem by such Qing scholars as Wang Fuzhi 王夫之 and Ruan Yuan 阮元. He was a tribute student by purchase (例貢生) and studied for a time at the National University. See Xiangtan XZ (1756), 19/40b–41a, describing his as the idyllic life of a recluse scholar. Ref. and studies: Mingshi yiwenzhi, 1227 (ed. in 17 juan by Zhang Sui). Guji shanben, 史, 2:1370. Wu Xinli, Ming Qing xijian shiji xulu, 147–50. [TN, PEW]

0807

Jianglüe biao 將略標, 66 j. [Examples of Strategy] Comp. (輯) Zhou Jian 周鑑 (z. Bingchen 冰臣, h. Kaimei 開美, Taigong 臺公), from Dantu 丹徒 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1635 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. supervised (定) by Zhang Guowei 張國維 (h. Yusi 玉笥), with prefs. by Fan Jingwen 范景文 (n.d.), Zhang Guowei, Shi Kefa 史可法, Lei Qijian 雷起劍, and Liu Mingqian 劉鳴謙. [Nanjing] – Undated ed. in 61 j., with 1642 pref. [Kokkai, likely incomplete] – Undated ed. in 66 j. [Sonkeikaku]

Rem.: Zhou Jian, a government student in Jiangnan, saw recurrent rebellion and military failure as the primary problems of his time. In response to the situation he set aside his studies and drew together all the military and strategic writings he could find into the present work. Zhang Guowei, who had been appointed grand coordinator of Yingtian 應天 (Nanjing) and 10 other prefectures in 1634, wrote a pref. and had the work printed. Jianglüe biao is a vast collection of military and strategic anecdotes and writings. The order is chronological, beginning with the mythical Shennong 神農. There are commentaries in the upper margin. The sources are not indicated.

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4.7.1 Military Affairs: General

Bio.: Shi Kefa, who was coordinating troops to deal with rebellion, found Zhou’s work useful and Zhou apparently served in a private capacity under him. It was during this period that he prepared his other work on military problems, Jintang jiezhu (q.v.). Shi and others recommended Zhou to the court and he was called to serve. He was on the road to the capital when he learned of its fall (25 April 1644). As Shi Kefa worked to establish the Southern Ming in Nanjing, Zhou was appointed as his associate (同知) in the military headquarters for the capital garrison. When Shi left the court Zhou returned home and became a monk. See Dantu XZ (1879), 35/11b–12a. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:132. Bibliography entries for same author: Jintang jiezhu. [TN, PEW] 0808

Gujin pingding lüe 古今平定略 [Ancient and Modern Pacification Strategies] Comp. Hong Chengchou 洪承疇 (z. Yanyan 彥演, h. Hengjiu 亨九, s. Wenxiang 文襄) (1593–1665) (js. 1616), from Nan’an 南安 (Fujian) Ca. 1639 Ed.:

– *Undated (Chongzhen-period) ed. printed by Yu Jing (z. Jingyu) from Fujian (閩余璟景玉父受梓), no cover-leaf, beginning of first pref. missing, with prefs. by Hong Chengchou (n.d.) and Mei Guozhen 梅國禎 (to Gujiang 古將 pingding lüe, n.d.). The title Gujin pingding lüe appears in Hong’s pref.; the title at the beginning of the first part, series 1 (see below), is Hong shangshu shouding wujing qishu cantong pingding lüe 洪尚書手 訂武經七書參同平定略; at the beginning of series 2 it is Gu zhenfa pingding lüe 古陣法平定略; at the beginning of series 1–3 of the second part it is Hong shangshu chongbu Qi shaobao nanbei pingding lüe 洪尚書重補戚 少保南北平定略 (see under that title for ms. copies); at the beginning of series 4 (a set of maps with commentaries) it is Zengbu jiubian shier zhen tu 增補九邊十二鎮圖; at the beginning of series 5 it is Hong shangshu mishou zhanhou pingding lüe 秘授占候平定略; at the beginning of series 6 it is Hong shangshu shouding Guo dafu pingding lüe 手訂郭大夫 平定略. The first part has Gujiang 古將 pingding lüe in the mulu caption and as running title; the running title of the second part is Mingjiang 明 將 pingding lüe. [*Beiping Mf., reel #564] [Gugong Taipei] [Hōsa Bunko] [Sonkeikaku]

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0807–0808

1011

Rem.: The work was compiled by Hong Chengchou when he was commander of the Liaodong theater in 1639. There are two parts: (1) An anthology from military classics from antiquity to Han, originally compiled by Xie Fangde 謝枋得 (1226–89), revised by Li Zhi 李贄 (1527–1602), and edited (重訂) by Hong Chengchou, in 2 series (集); (2) the writings of Qi Jiguang, edited and supplemented by Guo Yingxiang 郭應響 (z. Xisheng 希聲, ?–1632) (補輯) and Hong Chengchou (重參), in 3 series, followed by 2 series of writings by Hong Chengchou and one by Guo Yingxiang (see titles above, and see under Hong shangshu chongbu Qi shaobao nanbei pingding lüe liuji). Hong’s supplements are related to the situation in Liaodong. The works and commentaries deal with offensive and defensive tactics, land and naval operations, maneuver, intelligence, training and discipline, and administration. There are discussions of the manufacture and use of weapons. Hong’s pref. (translated in his biography by Wang [see below], 253–5) criticizes the dichotomy between civil and military specializations and insists on the work’s didactic importance for those who are engaged in war. The text is heavily punctuated and there is abundant illustration.

Bio.: Hong Chengchou is famous for having served both the Ming and the Qing. He began his career in the Ministry of Justice and rose from secretary to bureau director. From there he went to serve as assistant surveillance commissioner in charge of education (提學僉事) in Zhejiang and was promoted to assistant administration commissioner (參議) for his good work. He was then made surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in a defense circuit in Jiangxi and subsequently moved to be administration vice-commissioner (參政) in Shaanxi. His success in suppressing bandits earned him promotions to surveillance commissioner and later to grand coordinator in the Yan-Sui 延綏 area. In 1631 he was made supreme commander for the three northern provinces, and in 1634 of the five provinces of Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, and Huguang, in charge of combating the large-scale rebellion led by Li Zicheng 李自成. By 1638 he had broken Li’s forces, but before capturing him he was made supreme commander in the northeast to deal with the Manchus. He arrived in that post in early 1639. Attempting to relieve another commander who was being besieged, he himself was captured by the Manchus in 1642. He went on to serve the Manchus after the fall of the Ming, being in particular instrumental in the conquest of the south and the defeat of the Southern Ming. See Quanzhou 泉州 FZ (1763/1882), 56/10a; ECCP, 358–60; Qingdai qibai, 2:761–69; Renming quanwei; Wang, The Life and Career of Hung Ch’eng-ch’ou.

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1012

4.7.1 Military Affairs: General

Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:128. Wang (see above), 89–90, 122, 124, 249. Bibliography entries for same author: Hong shangshu chongbu Qi shaobao nanbei pingding lüe liuji. [PEW] [QING A] 0809

Zhiping shengsuan quanshu 治平勝算全書, 14, 20, or 28 j. [A Complete Book for Ensuring Peace and Planning Victory] Comp. (輯) Nian Gengyao 年羹堯 (z. Lianggong 亮功, h. Shuangfeng 雙峯) (?–1726) (js. 1700), from the Chinese Bordered Yellow Banner 1724 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. in 14 j., with unsigned pref. (by author) (1724). [Qinghua] – *Undated ms. ed. in 28 j., title on cover-leaf Shengsuan quanshu, author on cover-leaf Nian Gengyao xiansheng, written on paper with printed title in central margin, with author’s pref. (signed) (1724). [Tianjin tushuguan] – Undated ms. ed. in 28 j., with author’s pref. (signed) (1724). [Zhongshan] – *Undated ms. ed. in 20 j., with author’s pref. (signed) (1724), much less carefully written [Österreichische Nationalbibliothek] – *Photo-repro. of a ms. ed. in 14 j., with author’s pref. (signed) (1724), with a supplement titled Juesheng bingji 決勝兵機 (a sort of horoscope offering advice on a fixed list of 24 questions, based on cyclical character configurations), Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 1977, 4 vols. (Biji liubian) – *Photo-repro. of ms. ed. at Zhongshan, Guangzhou: Guangdong renmin chubanshe, 2002 (Qingdai gaochao ben, ser. 3, vol. 127). – Photo-repro. of ms. ed. at Tianjin tushuguan, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 967.

Rem.: A military encyclopedia covering all the aspects of the art. The text exists in several different ms. copies. The copy at Qinghua is carefully written on large pages with 16 columns of 36 characters each and beautifully illustrated. The other copies seen are of a more ordinary quality and design (pages with 8 columns of 20 characters), though they too contain many illustrations of weapons and other hardware, troops arrangement, etc. In his pref., the author (who uses pu 僕 for “I”) recalls the inseparability of civilian teachings (文教) and military accomplishments (武

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0808–0809

1013

功) to ensure peace and stability; he collected data on military tactics, weapons, etc. from the past and present and arranged them into a book in 28 (or 16, 20) j., but could not get it printed because of his travels on duty to every corner of the empire. With more leisure, he has extracted his manuscript from his trunk and bound it in order to store it for future gentlemen who will arise to help their sovereign (竊嘆藏之名山，傳之

其人，以俟將來君子起而佐王輔帝、黼黻昇平，未始非斯書之力也 夫). The many sections into which the text is divided deal in great detail

with such topics as terrain and population, signs and communications, military discipline and organization, the various layouts for marching troops, parading, etc., different types of tactics, defense and attack of cities, all types of weaponry, fire arms, artillery, naval warfare, and more. The differences in organization and content between 28-j., 20-j., and 16-j. eds. remain to be clarified. The preface has the figure “28” or “16” depending on ed. While quoting occasionally from ancient military classics or from Ming treatises, the text is very different from a bookish compendium of historical data. One might say that it is essentially in the “present tense” in the sense that it aims at introducing all the theoretical and technical knowledge available to contemporary military officials. The punctuation and underlines added in red (Qinghua copy) must be due to users of the text.

Bio.: A Chinese bannerman who served in the Hanlin Academy and the Grand Secretariat after his jinshi, Nian Gengyao was appointed to serve Prince Yong 雍親王 (the future Yongzheng emperor) in 1709. The same year he was appointed Sichuan governor, and became Sichuan governor-general in 1718, then governor-general of Sichuan and Shaanxi in 1720. During his 16 years in Sichuan he quelled several uprisings and participated efficiently in the conquest of Tibet. Although he was suspected to be a partisan of Yinti 胤禵, one of Yongzheng’s brothers and rivals to the throne, he came under attack only in 1725; he was allowed to commit suicide the next year. According to his biography by Fang Chao-ying in ECCP, 587–90, Nian “is credited with three works of military tactics,” but “all were apparently written by others and falsely attributed to him.” Besides Zhiping shengsuan quanshu (called Zhiping shengsuan zhi shu 之書 by Fang Chao-ying), the other two are Nian da jiangjun bingfa 年 大將軍兵法 (q.v.) and Jingbang guizhe 經邦軌轍. Bibliography entries for same author: Nian da jiangjun bingfa. [PEW]

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1014 0810

4.7.1 Military Affairs: General

Nian da jiangjun bingfa 年大將軍兵法 [Generalissimo Nian’s Art of the War] By (輯) Nian Gengyao 年羹堯 (z. Lianggong 亮功, h. Shuangfeng 雙 峯) (?–1726) (js. 1700), from the Chinese Bordered Yellow Banner N.d. Ed.:

– *Ms. ed., in Baqi congshu, ce 6, with author’s pref. (n.d.). [Harvard] – *Modern punctuated ed. in simplified characters, ed. by Xiao Kai 肖開, based on copy at Harvard, in Qingshi yanjiu, 1987, 2, 35–40, and 3, 36–39.

Rem.: The text, which according to the editor of the Qingshi yanjiu version summarizes the famous military leader’s military knowledge, is regarded by others as spurious. It consists of a succession of non-captioned paragraph. About the first half is mostly devoted to the weapons, implements, methods, and ruses employed to take cities, and includes very precise and technical descriptions. (Attacking cities is the only topic discussed in the author’s preface.) Qi Jiguang and other Ming authors are quoted along the way. The second half contains mostly considerations on naval warfare, with many historical allusions; a large number of types of vessels are described. The general impression is of notes taken in a variety of sources, rather than of a text grounded in personal experience. Bio.: See previous entry. Bibliography entries for same author: Zhiping shengsuan quanshu.

0811

[PEW]

Ming bingshu sizhong 明兵書四種, 16 ce [Four Military Treatises of the Ming] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Ms. ed. on pre-framed paper bearing the mention 欽定四庫全書 at the top of the central margin. [Beitu]

Rem.: This beautifully made copy was probably produced in the offices of the Siku quanshu operation, or at one of the places where copies of the Siku quanshu were stored. It reproduces exactly the style and format of the original Siku. Besides the seals of two private collectors, there is a large seal of the Ministry of Education (學部圖書). The four texts included are Jixiao xinshu, Lianbing shiji, Lianbing shiji zaji, and Zhenji (qq.v.). The title of the collection has been given by the library. [PEW]

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0810–0813 0812

Sanshu baojian 三書寶鑑 [A Precious Mirror in Three Books] Comp. Fukang’an 福康安 (z. Yaolin 瑶林, h. Jingzhai 敬齋, s. Wenxiang 文襄) (?–1796), from the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner. N.d. Ed.:

– 1830 Lailutang 來鹿堂 ed. [Shanghai] – Undated Shudong shancheng tang 蜀東善成堂 ed. [Dongbei shifan daxue] – *1855 new engraving (新鐫) of the Tian’aiwu lu 恬愛吾廬珍藏, cover-leaf with mention “compiled by Qi Jiguang of the Ming” (明戚少保大將軍編) and “approved by generalissimo Fu of the reigning dynasty” (國朝福大將 軍鑑定). [Fu Sinian]

Rem.: A collection including three Ming handbooks on military tactics reportedly assembled under the authority of Fukang’an while he was campaigning in Taiwan in 1787 (see under Pingpi baijin fang); in the composite copy at Fu Sinian they are (qq.v.): Pingpi bai jin fang (1855 ed.), Jixiao xinshu (edited by Zhang Pengfen, 1830 Beijing ed.), and Lianbing shiji (1854 Guangji tang 光霽堂 ed.).

Bio.: A member of the high Qing aristocracy, Fukang’an served in a number of provincial positions, where he had a reputation for corruption and inefficiency; on the other hand he was well-known for his talents as a military commander. He participated in or commanded a number of major campaigns during the Qianlong reign, in Jinchuan, Gansu, Taiwan, Tibet and Nepal, and against the Miao in the southwest. See QSG, 330/10917–24; Qingdai qibai, 2:1301–09; ECCP, 253–5. [LG] [QING B] 0813

Shuilu gongshou zhanlüe mishu 水陸攻守戰略秘書, 34 j. [A Secret Book on Offensive and Defensive Strategy on Land and Sea] Comp. Pikuang daoren 澼絖道人 1853 Ed.:

– 1853 movable-type ed. published by Lingui 麟桂 (1804–?). [Beitu, n.a.] [Shanghai]

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4.7.1 Military Affairs: General

Rem.: This collection (not seen) includes the following texts:

– Liu Bowen xiansheng chongzuan Zhuge Zhongwu hou binbfa xinyao neiji 劉伯溫先生重纂諸葛忠武侯兵法心要內集, 2 j., waiji 外集, 3 j. – Liu Bowen xiansheng baizhan qilüe 劉伯溫先生百戰奇略, 10 j. – Shi Shan gong xinlüe 施山公心略, 2 j., Huogong tushi 火攻圖式, 1 j., Shuigong 水攻, 1 j. – Chen Zizhai tianxia yanhai xingshi lu 陳資齋天下沿海形勢錄, 1 + 1 j. – Saiwai xingjun zhizhang 塞外行軍指掌, 1 j. – Li Pan Jintang shier chou 李盤金湯十二籌, 12 + 1 j. (q.v.) – Junzhong yifang beiyao 軍中醫方備要, 2 j. Bio.: Liu Bowen is Liu Ji 基 (1311–75), for some time an official under the Yuan, and from 1360 a close adviser to the Ming founder, Zhu Yuanzhang, notably in strategic matters (see DMB, 932–8). Shi Shan might be a 1521 jinshi born to a military family of Jinyun 縉雲 (Zhejiang). Chen Zizhai is probably Chen Lunjiong 倫炯 (?–1751), from Tong’an 同安 (Fujian), whose family was familiar with the maritime world and who was a military officer and served as regional commander (總兵) in Taiwan and in Guangdong (see QSG, 284/10194–95, and Renming quanwei). Lingui, the publisher, was a Manchu bannerman who made his career first in capital administrations (1820–39), then as prefect, intendant, surveillance commissioner, and administration commissioner in various provinces, through 1854 (see Renming quanwei). Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:112. [PEW] 0814

Zeng Hu zhibing yulu 曾胡治兵語錄 [Sayings by Zeng and Hu on Military Leadership] Comp. (集) Cai E 蔡鍔 (original m. Genyin 艮寅, z. Songpo 松坡) (1882–1916), from Shaoyang 邵陽 (Hunan) 1911 pref. Ed.:

– *Typeset ed. (Chinese binding), Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1917, with prefs. by Liang Qichao 梁啟超 (1917) and Cai E (1911). [Columbia, *8th printing, 1927] – Ed. titled Zengbu 增補 Zeng Hu zhibing yulu, with pref. by Jiang Zhongzheng 蔣中正 (Chiang Kai-shek) (1924), Guangzhou: Huangpu junxiao, 1924. [Academia Sinica Institute of Modern History] – *As j. 1 of Cai Songpo xiansheng yiji 蔡松坡先生遺集, Shaoyang: Yadong yinshuguan, 1943, with prefs. by Jiang Zhongzheng (1924), Liang Qichao (1917), and Cai E (1911). [Columbia]

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0813–0814

1017

– 1941 ed. by the Zhongyang xunlian tuan 中央訓練團, n.p., together with Qi Jiguang yulu 戚繼光語錄. [Fudan University, mf. at Harvard] – *Photo-repro. of 1917 ed., with prefs. by Liang Qichao (1917) and Cai E (1911), Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1970 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 55, no. 549). – Ed. titled Zengbu Zeng Hu zhibing yulu zhushi 註釋, with additions by Jiang Jieshi 蔣介石 and notes by Fei Nuchun 費怒春, Chongqing: Guomin zhengfu junshi weiyuan hui zhengzhi bu, n.d. [Harvard] – *Photo-repro. of 1917 ed., Taipei: Laogu chubanshe, 1978 (Zhengtong moulüe xue huibian 正統謀略學彙編, ser. 1, vol. 21). – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, original text and transl. into modern Chinese, with prefs. by Cai E (1911) and Jiang Zhongzheng (1924), Chengdu: Ba Shu shushe, 1995. – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, with prefs. by Cai E (1911), Liang Qichao (1917), and Jiang Zhongzheng (1924), intro., biographical sketches, and notes by Hu Xianlin 胡賢林 and Tan Dongliang 譚動良, original text and transl. into modern Chinese, Hefei: Huangshan shushe, 2012.

Rem.: A compilation of sayings on military matters by two celebrated late-Qing statesmen and generals, Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 (1811– 72) and Hu Linyi 胡林翼 (1812–61), arranged and commented on by one of the young military commanders who emerged during the 1911 Revolution. Cai’s pref. is dated from the sixth month of Xuantong 3, while he was still an officer of the Qing army and some three months before he joined the revolutionary uprising and became the first military governor (都督) of independent Yunnan. As he explains, the work originated in an order by his superior that he write lectures on morale (精神講話) for military officers; and while Cai had his doubts about the usefulness of antiquity to solve present-day problems, he remarks that Zeng Guofan and Hu Linyi are sufficiently close in time and memory for their opinions and insights to be still relevant. The material is arranged under twelve categories, viz. “The qualities of a commander” (將材), “Using talents” (用人), “Strictness and clarity (in administering rewards and punishments)” (嚴明), “Impartiality” (公明), “Compassion” (仁愛), “Diligence and tenacity” (勤勞), “Harmonious relations” (和輯), “Strategic opportunities” (兵機), and “Combat and defense” (戰守). Each section features quotes from Zeng, then Hu (without indication of source), followed by a compiler’s commentary. The work can be described as a digest of Neo-confucian thinking on military leadership in a context of national crisis, as embodied by two leaders of the anti-Taiping struggle, conceived as a handbook for contemporary army officers and with much insistence on education and Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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training in order to enhance their and their men’s innate qualities. It went through many reprints (only a few of which are listed above) and exerted considerable influence on “revolutionary” military thinking in the Republican era, both on the Nationalist and Communist sides. (From 1924 on it was used as a handbook at the Whampoa Military Academy in Canton, and it is said to have been a favourite reading of the warlord Feng Yuxiang 馮玉祥 in the 1920s; in 1943 the Eighth Route Army journal, Junzheng zazhi 軍政雜誌, also published the text.)

Bio.: A brilliant student, in 1898 Cai E joined the reformist Shiwu xuetang

時務學堂 in Changsha, where Liang Qichao and Tang Caichang 唐才常 were

among his teachers. He went to study in Japan in 1899, and apart from a brief trip back home in 1900 to participate in an aborted uprising in Wuhan, he stayed there until 1904, the year when he graduated from the famous military school, Shikan gakkō 士官學校. He served first in Jiangxi and Hunan, and from 1905 to 1910 in the Guangxi New Army, where he held important positions in military schools. However, at one point he antagonized local notables and students, who accused him of favoring Hunanese over Guangxi natives, and was eventually forced to move to a position in Yunnan. There he was one of the leaders of the uprising that overthrew the Qing authorities in late 1911, and became Yunnan military governor. During the so-called second revolution in 1913, he supported Yuan Shikai and was recalled to Beijing, where he held positions in the military hierarchy while being kept under surveillance. He opposed Yuan’s imperial restoration attempt, escaped from Beijing and became one of the leaders of the State Protection Army (護國軍) that fought Yuan’s forces in the southwest in 1915–16. After a brief stint as military governor of Sichuan, he went to Japan to be treated for tuberculosis. He died in Fukuoka in late 1916. See Xie Benshu, Cai E zhuan. Ref. and studies: Gong Yuzhen, Bingjie qifang; Zhang Aimin, “Zeng Hu zhi­ bing yulu banben neirong shulun.” Sheridan, Chinese Warlord, 123. [PEW] 4.7.2

Local Defense

[SONG] 0815

Shoucheng lu 守城錄, 4 j. [A Record of Defending Cities] By Chen Gui 陳規 (z. Yuanze 元則) (1072–1141), from Anqiu 安 邱 (present-day Shandong), and Tang Shu 湯璹 (z. Junbao 君保/寶) (ca. 1157–1207) (js. 1187), from Liuyang 瀏陽 (present-day Hunan)

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1019

N.d. Ed.:

– Original text in Yongle dadian, copied in numerous congshu. – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 727, with imperial colophon (御製題陳規守城錄) of unclear authorship. – *1775 ms. ed. in 2 j. with postf. (跋) by Shen Zhi 沈埴. [Beitu] – *In Banmu yuan congshu. – *In Pinghua shuwu congshu (q.v.), with Siku summary and imperial colophon. – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters by Lin Zhengcai 林正才, with explanatory notes, illustrations, maps, and translation into modern Chinese, titled Shoucheng lu zhuyi 注譯, Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 1990.

Rem.: The first ed. of the work is said to have been printed on imperial order in 1172. J. 1–2 are by Chen Gui, j. 3–4 are by Tang Shu. J. 1 was originally written as a comment to Xia Shaozeng’s 夏少曾 account of the attack on Kaifeng 開封 by the Jurchen in 1126, titled Jingkang chaoye qianyan 靖康朝野僉言, to which it is introduced as a “postface” (後 序); it criticizes the measures taken for defending the city and adduces Chen’s own experience during his successful defense of De’an 德安 (see below). J. 2 is a general treatise on the defense of cities, titled Shoucheng jiyao 機要 (q.v.); it discusses in detail systems (制度) for setting up at the city gates and the different sorts of defensive walls, as well as the various implements and weapons used to repel attacks. J. 3–4, titled [Jianyan] De’an shouyu lu [建炎] 德安守禦錄, are about the defense of De’an (present-day Hubei), of which Chen Gui was in charge, against rebels, and describe the successive attacks that were repelled between 1127 and 1132; they are based on research done by Tang Shu while he was an instructor (教授) at De’an. Chen Gui’s biography in Songshi claims that an 1172 edict ordered publishing the book and circulating it among generals as an example. The postf. to the 1775 ms. at Beitu celebrates Chen Gui’s achievement and says that everything is there, the models (程式具存) and the analyses (剖析尤備): if the prefects in charge of frontier cities investigate this book, more than half of their thinking will be done (思過半矣). Bio.: Chen Gui, a lesser official who graduated as “expert in law” (明法), became at some point magistrate of Anlu 安陸 (present-day Hubei). Made aware of the Song dynasty’s dire straits through an 1126 general call for help circulated in the provinces, he concentrated on local defense. Caught in the siege of De’an by “bandits” that same year, he managed to free the city through a combination of negotiation and force. Somewhat later he was appointed

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prefect of Shunchang 順昌 (present-day Anhui), where he again defended the city successfully. His last post, where he died, was prefect of Luzhou 廬州 in charge of pacifying the Huaixi 淮西 region. See Songshi, 377/11642–45; Songren, 3:2476–77; Franke H., 1:111–4. Ref. and studies: Siku, 99/2042–43. Guji shanben, 子, 1:120. Hervouet, 237. Subrenat, “Recherches sur l’histoire militaire de la Chine du XIIe siècle.” Transl.: French transl. in Subrenat (see above); modern Chinese transl. in the 1990 Jiefangjun chubanshe ed. Bibliography entries for same author: (Chen Gui) Shoucheng jiyao. [PEW] 0816

Shoucheng jiyao 守城機要 [Important Secret Information on the Defense of Cities] By Chen Gui 陳規 (z. Yuanze 元則) (1072–1141), from Anqiu 安邱 (present-day Shandong) N.d. Ed.: – *In Mingbian zhai congshu, erji 二集. [Jimbun] [*Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: A treatise on the defense of cities, originally published as j. 2 of Shoucheng lu (q.v.). Bio.: See under Shoucheng lu.

[PEW]

[MING]

Jintang shier chou 金湯十二籌 See: Jintang jiezhu shier chou 0817

Xiangyue saiyu 鄉約塞語, 1 ce [Rural Covenants and Talk from the Passes] By Yin Geng 尹畊 (z. Zishen 子莘, h. Shuoye shanren 朔野山人, Shuoye zi 子) (js. 1532), from Yuzhou 蔚州 (Bei Zhili) N.d. Ed.:

– Undated ed. of Saiyu, with prefs. by Liu Yingjie 劉應節 (n.d.), Zhao Shichun 趙時春 (題塞語前, 1551), and Hao Ming 郝銘 (1550). [Shoudu] – *[1571] ed. of Xiangyue printed by Liu Liangbi 劉良弼, with pref. by Liu Liangbi (1571). [Beitu] – 1572 ed. of Saiyu printed by the Gao family in Chengdu 成都高氏. [Jimbun] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0815–0817

1021

– *Undated ed. with pref. to Xiangyue by Hao Ming (1550); prefs. to Saiyu by Liu Yingjie (n.d.) and Hao Ming (1550); the last pages seem to be missing. [Ōki] – *1882 new ed. (重刊) with pref. to Xiangyue by Hao Ming (1550); Saiyu with prefs. by Liu Yingjie (n.d.) and Hao Ming (1550), colophons by Zhao Shichun (1551) and Zhang Zan 張瓚 (書塞語後, n.d.), postf. by Liu Xizhi 劉錫之 (n.d.); a note on the last page says that this ed. was engraved with the help of two magistrates of Yuzhou, Guo Qizhong 郭奇中 and Han Yaoguang 韓耀光, who gave ten taels each. [Beitu] – Ed. of Saiyu, in Jifu congshu, ce 144. – Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 3227. – *Photo-repro. of undated ed. of Saiyu at Shoudu, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 31. – *Photo-repro. of Jifu congshu ed., in Bingshu jicheng, vol. 40.

Rem.: Though several of the eds. seen have Xiangyue saiyu on the cover-leaf and as running title, each text making a separate juan, Xiangyue and Saiyu were originally two separate works and had their origin in advice that Yin Geng offered in his role as expert on border security in his home region, northwest of Beijing. According to the prefs., Xiangyue was produced first. A manuscript copy of Saiyu is mentioned in a former official’s papers as early as 1548. Printing of the two works was likely motivated by the threat of the Mongols in North China, which culminated in their incursion into the outskirts of Beijing in 1550. The Siku commentators consider Saiyu to be a work of self-promotion and speak of “bookworm’s talk on paper” (書生紙上之談). Self-promotion is mentioned in later biographical materials as well, but is belied by the frequent mentions of Yin’s work in later local histories, and references to Xiangyue as useful guidance for policy in 1573 and 1623 (see Ming shilu: Shenzong, 19/540, Xizong, 30/1534). In both texts the opening and closing sections function as author’s pref. and postf. and make the case that the work has value because it is based on actual experience and provides practical advice for people actually living near the northern border. Both Yin Geng and Hao Ming were Yuzhou natives; at the beginning of the prayer to the local gods (also dated 1550) appended to Xiangyue, Yin gives his official title as vice-prefect of Huizhou (徽州府同知), and Hao as Fujian circuit censor (福建道監察御史). Xiangyue deals with local defense in Yuzhou with an emphasis on the various aspects of building, garrisoning, and maintaining fortifications. It is composed of a general introduction followed by twelve “covenants” (約), some with illustrations, dealing, in a way both rhetorical and carefully itemized, with the location of forts (堡置), their strength (堡勢), structure (堡制), defense (堡衛), military Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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4.7.2 Military: Local Defense

hardware (堡器), “worms” (堡蠹, meaning the danger raised by certain types of behavior or characters inside the fort), the organization of forces (堡眾), signaling (堡教), training (堡習), identification panels (堡符), expenses (堡費), and state of alert (堡候). An address to the local gods (質神文, dated 1550) and a proclamation to “fellow villagers” (鄉人直 言), both by Yin and Hao, are appended. The sections in Saiyu discuss the “character of barbarians” (虜情, stressing their increasingly dangerous nature), topography (形勢), walls and passes (城塞), how to take advantage of the passes (乘塞), how to strike the enemy beyond the passes (出塞), the recruitment of extra soldiers (抽丁), military families (官軍 戶), training (練習), preserving horses (保馬), civilian fortresses (民堡), and researching the signs of change (審幾). Yin Geng is also the author of a work titled Liangzhen sanguan zhi 兩鎮三關治, which according to Liu Xizhi’s pref. was still in circulation in his time, whereas Xiangyue saiyu was nowhere to be found.

Bio.: An outspoken man who loved to give advice, Yin Geng was registered in the Yuzhou garrison, but his family lived in Xiaoyi 孝義 (Shanxi), perhaps as refugees from areas vulnerable to Mongol raids. After passing the jinshi at age 18, he was appointed magistrate of Gaocheng 藁城 (Bei Zhili). From there he moved to the Ministry of Rites in 1536 as secretary, becoming vice-director in 1538. His advice about affairs on the northern border ended up antagonizing those in power, and in 1540 he was demoted to local positions in Shandong and Bei Zhili. In 1543 he was made vice-prefect (同知) of Huizhou 徽州 (Nan Zhili), but ended up dismissed. Back home, he wrote about border affairs, including Xiangyue and Saiyu. Thanks to patronage he was called back to serve in the Ministry of War. After the 1550 Mongol raid on Beijing he was outspoken with his advice. Some of his proposals were actually debated, but in 1551 he was fined for useless memorializing. He persisted and was sent out of the capital to serve as prefect of Hejian 河間 (Bei Zhili). In 1552 he became assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) in Henan, in charge of establishing militia, but was impeached for corruption in Hejian. As it became clear that his patron had been the corrupt chief grand secretary Yan Song 嚴嵩, Yin was summoned back to the capital, stripped of rank, and assigned to exile in Liaodong. He managed to return home, where he continued to write and offer advice on local matters. See Qian Qianyi 錢謙益, Liechao shiji xiaozhuan 列朝詩集小傳, 丁集上/19a; Yu ZZ (1659), 2/37a; Yu XZ (1739), 20/5b–6a; Xiaoyi XZ (1770), 3/18b; Gaocheng XZ (1534), 2/6a, 2/8a, 2/10b, 4/2b; Yanzhou 兗州 FZ (1573), 35/6a; Kai 開 ZZ (1806), 4/15b, 4/47b; Huizhou FZ (1566), 4/34b; Hejian FZ (1615), 7/16a; Fengtian TZ (1934), 221/11a.

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0817–0818

Ref. and studies: Franke, 7.2.1 and 7.3.12, noting that both works appear in numerous collectanea. Guji shanben, 子, 1:121. [TN, PEW] 0818

Jiuming shu 救命書, 1 or 2 j. [A Book for Saving Lives] By Lü Kun 呂坤 (z. Xinwu 新吾, h. Shujian 叔簡) (1536–1618) (js. 1574), from Ningling 寧陵 (Henan) 1607 pref. Ed.:

– *[1614] Ming ed. in 1 j., coll. (訂) by Qiao Yin 喬胤, with pref. by Lü Kun (1607) and postf. (跋) by Qiao Yin (1614). [Columbia] – Undated (Wanli-period) ed., in Quwei zhai ji 去偽齋集 (a collection of Lü Kun’s writings, with various eds. and contents). [Jimbun] [Tōdai] – *Undated ed. with pref. by Lü Kun (1607) and postf. by Qiao Yin (1614), in Lü Xinwu quanji (see under Shizheng lu). [*Beitu] [Ōki] – 1679 new ed. (重刊) by Shao Zheng (in Lü shi shizhong congshu), in 1 j., with pref. by Lü Kun (1607) and postf. by Qiao Yin (1614). [Toronto East Asian Library] – *Ed. in 1 j., coll. by Qiao Yin, with pref. by Lü Kun (1607), postf. by Qiao Yin (1614), appended to a 1794 new engraving (重栞) of Lü’s Shenyin yu 呻吟 語 published in the offices of Jiangning 江寧 prefecture by Lü’s descendant Lü Yanzhao 燕昭. [Beitu] – *In Jieyue shanfang huichao [1809, *facsimile ed. 1920], ser. 11, in 2 j., with pref. by Lü Kun (1607). – 1824 ed., in Zegu zhai congchao, ser. 9, in 2 j. [Beitu] – 1826 ed., in Shigu ju huichao, in 2 j. [Jimbun] – 1827 ed. in Lüzi yishu 呂子遺書, printed by Kaifeng prefecture 開封府署 (see under Shizheng lu). [Chicago] – 1832 engraving (鐫) of the Lailu tang 來鹿堂藏板, in 1 j., titled Lü Xinwu xiansheng shoucheng 守城 jiuming shu on cover-leaf, Jiuming shu at start of text, where Zhang Pengfen 張鵬翂 is cited as collator and publisher (重校梓), with prefs. by Zhang Pengfen (to 重刊守城救命書, 1832) (according to whom Shaanxi governor Dong 董文恪公 [Dong Jiaozeng 教增] had a copy printed in 1814 for wide distribution to local officials and notables), and Lü Kun (1607), followed by Qiao Yin’s postf.; text with heavy punctuation. – *Undated ed. in 1 j., with pref. by Lü Kun and postf. by Qiao Yin, in one ce together with Lü’s Huangdi yinfu jing 黃帝陰符經. [Beitu]

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– *In Zhihai [1842], ser. 7, in 2 j. [Harvard, *facsimile ed. 1936]] – *In Pinghua shuwu congshu (q.v.), in 2 j., with pref. by Lü Kun (1607). – In Shixue zhai congshu, in 1 j., titled Shoucheng jiuming lu. [Ōki] – *1860 ed. in 1 j., with pref. by Lü Kun (1607), followed by postf. by Qiao Yin (written 允) (1614), and an exhortation to contribute money for digging wells (勸捐鑿井啟) by Xu Chengzu 徐承祖 (1859), in Jiguo zhai congshu. [Beitu] – *Extracts in Minguo zhai congshu (q.v.) titled Xiangbing 鄉兵 jiuming shu. [Beitu] – *As j. 6 of Chen Kun’s Congzheng xu yulu (q.v.), titled Lü Xinwu xiansheng jiuming shu wuze 呂新吾先生救命書五則, with “original pref.” by Lü Kun (1607) and postf. by Qiao Yin (written 允) (1614) (the pref. and postf. constitue the first and fifth “則”). [Harvard] – 1883 Dianshi shuju 點石書局 litho. ed. [Taiwan daxue] – 1900 ed. titled Shoucheng jiuming shu, reengraved by the educational offices of Fengqiu (Henan) (封邱學署重鋟). [Stanford] – Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 950, and Congshu jicheng jianbian, fasc. 58, based on Jieyue shanfang huichao ed. – *Photo-repro. of 1832 Lailu tang ed., in Bingshu jicheng, vol. 26. – Modern typeset ed., Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985, based on Minguo zhai congshu ed.

Rem.: The various eds. present a number of variants, notably in the number of entries in the different parts. Each of the three parts consists of sets of directives (事宜): (1) to protect the city (城守, 27 entries, 28 in Jieyue shanfang huichao, Zhihai, 1832 Lailu tang ed.), on organizing the populace, granaries, clearing fields outside, equipment and methods, using experts, catching spies, and more; (2) when calamity occurs (遇 變, 14 entries, 4 in the same three eds.), discussing what to do when the attackers have entered the city; and (3) to ensure preparedness (預防, 9 to 11 entries depending on the ed., absent from the 1614 ed. at Columbia), dealing with walls and dikes, and with the organization of militia. The work is based on the measures advocated by Lü Kun to protect his native Ningling but was meant to have broader use. The emphasis is not only on defense, but also on what the inhabitants should do to protect their lives, and on the role of the magistrate, to whom the work is intended first of all, though it should be of use to any notables in a position to participate in the organization and funding of local defense. In the eds. in 2 j., j. 2 is made up of two essays: (1) Errong ji by Guo Zongchang (an author during the Ming-Qing transition) 郭宗昌二戎記, on bows and arrows, with several illustrations; (2) Chengshou bu by Wang Chaolin (a

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0818–0819

1025

contemporary of Lü Kun hailing from Shanxi) 王朝麟城守補, a series of detailed entries on defending a city, also with several illustrations representing weapons. As shown by Filipiak (see below), Jiuming shu, with its concrete recommendations, was frequently cited in the late Ming, when “protecting cities” was a hot topic. Like other late-Ming manuals on military matters, it enjoyed a remarkable revival in the nineteenth century, as attested by the number of editions.

Bio.: See under Mingzhi pian. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:124. Herbert Franke, “Siege and Defense of Towns in Medieval China,” 155, 197. Handlin, Action in Late Ming Thought, 172–4. Filipiak, “Saving Lives.” Kerlouégan, “Si vis pacem, para bellum,” passim. Bibliography entries for same author: Mingzhi pian; Shizheng lu; Shizheng lu jiechao; Xingzheng jielu; Fengxian yue; Zhancheng huowen. [JK, PEW] 0819

Zhancheng huowen 展城或問 [Questions on Extending the City Wall] By Lü Kun 呂坤 (z. Xinwu 新吾, h. Shujian 叔簡) (1536–1618) (js. 1574), from Ningling 寧陵 (Henan) Ca. 1610 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf), with intro. (引) by Lü Kun (1601). [Zhongyang] – *Undated ed. in Lü Xinwu quanji 呂新吾全集 (see under Shizheng lu). [*Beitu] [Ōki] – In Lüzi yishu 呂子遺書 (1827), printed by the office of Kaifeng prefecture 開封府署 (see under Shizheng lu). [Chicago]

Rem.: In the known copies, the work is paired with a letter by Lü Kun to the people of his native county on the same topic (與概縣鄉親論修 城書), with an internal date of 1610. This is a short book (intro. and main text total 21 folios) meant to support Lü’s plans for upgrading the city wall and protective dike of Ningling. Equipping the wall with a brick lining should, it is argued, make it possible not to have to repair it again and again. Among other difficulties, the inhabitants of the seven districts (七里) in the countryside need to be convinced to participate. The text consists of questions by an imaginary opponent raising objections, occasionally quoting from an anonymous attack published against Lü’s project, followed by the author’s lengthy refutations. The text has many considerations on the responsibility of the magistrate to ensure the security of his constituency, and more generally on the necessity of having

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“leaders” (倡先者) to make the populace aware of its own interest. It also cites numerous examples of cities that fell to various rebels from the late Jiajing through the Wanli periods.

Bio.: See under Mingzhi pian. Bibliography entries for same author: Mingzhi pian; Shizheng lu; Shizheng lu jiechao; Xingzheng jielu; Fengxian yue; Jiuming shu. [TN, PEW] 0820

Shenshou yaolu 慎守要錄, 9 j. [Important Records about Careful Defense] By Han Lin 韓霖 (z. Yugong 雨公, h. Yu’an jushi 寓菴居士) (jr. 1621), from Jiangzhou 絳州 (Shanxi) N.d. Ed.:

– *1849 ed., in Haishan xianguan congshu, fasc. 49–50. – Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 962, based on Haishan xianguan congshu ed.

Rem.: A collection of materials drawn from history together with the author’s own thoughts about issues of local defense. There are seven sections: (1) “Considering precedents” (酌古), offering general observations about defense; (2) “Preparing for danger” (設險), about fortifications; (3) “Weapons” (制器); (4) “Preparations for siege” (豫計); (5) “Cooperative efforts” (協力), on assigning responsibilities in defense; (6) “Orders” (申令), dealing with coordination, responsibility, and training; and (7) “Responding to changes” (應變), about preparations for attacks other than frontal assault.

Bio.: An avid collector of books, Han Lin was acquainted with Jesuits living in his area, and through them received an introduction to study military affairs with Xu Guangqi and the workings of cannon with Alfonso Vagnoni during his residence in Beijing in the 1620s. Han was baptized by the Jesuit Giulio Aleni. Following his return home in 1630, in addition to texts on Catholic teachings he produced a number of works on military science, including Shenshou yaolu and Shouyu quanshu (q.v.). Other works attributed to him include Paotai tushuo 砲䑓圖説, a work on cannon, and a treatise on famine relief titled Jiuhuang quanshu 救荒全書. He was killed when rebels took his home area in 1644. See Zhili Jiangzhou zhi (1879), 8/15a, 11/14a–b, 19/25b–26a; ECCP, 274–5. Bibliography entries for same author: Shouyu quanshu. [TN]

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Shouyu quanshu 守圉全書, 1 + 8+1 j. [Complete Book on Defense] Comp. (輯) Han Lin 韓霖 (z. Yugong 雨公, h. Yu’an jushi 寓菴居士) (jr. 1621), from Jiangzhou 絳州 (Shanxi) 1635 pref. Ed.:

– [1636] ed. with prefs. by Han Kuang 韓爌 (1636) and Wu Aheng 吳阿衡 (1636), letters by Mr. Wu [Aheng] (吳公手札, 1636), prefs. by Lei Chong 雷 翀 (1636), Li Jiantai 李建泰 (n.d.), Duan Gun 段袞 (n.d.), Zhang Kejian 張 克儉 (n.d.), Wang Dawu 王大武 (n.d.), the compiler’s elder brother Han Yun 雲 (1636), and compiler (1635); also additional note by Qu Bishen 屈 必伸 (n.d.), a long pentasyllabic poem by Liang Yizhang 梁以樟 (1637), and a fu in lieu of postf. (閱守圉全書賦以當跋) by Ni Guangjian 倪光薦 (n.d.). [Shanghai] – *Undated ed. in 1 + 3 j., with pref. by Han Kuang (1636), letters by Mr. Wu (1636), prefs. by Wu Aheng (1636), Lei Chong (1636), Li Jiantai (n.d.), Duan Gun (n.d.), Zhang Kejian (n.d.), Wang Dawu (n.d.), Han Yun (1636), and compiler (1635), additional note (題辭) by Qu Bishen, poem by Liang Yizhang (1637) [apparently same ed., but incomplete]. [Fu Sinian] – *Photo-repro. of 1636 ed. at Shanghai, in Siku jinhui shu congkan bubian, 子, vol. 32–33.

Rem.: A considerable expansion of Shenshou yaolu (q.v.), organized the same way but with a much larger collection of materials from other works—the approach is highly encyclopedic. The title is borrowed from Mozi. The prefs. emphasize the dangers the empire is currently facing from within and without and claim that the book is essential for both capital and local officials whose responsibility it is (in Han Kuang’s words) to “blunt assaults and repel aggression” (折衝禦侮). According to Li Jiantai’s pref., Han was spurred to compose his treatise by the inability of local authorities to resist rebel attacks and Manchu raids beginning in 1630. The book was published on the insistence of Wu Aheng, then Hedong 河東 circuit intendant in Shanxi. Han himself states in his pref. that he privileged local defense (though there are also considerations on frontier defense), a topic poorly discussed in the military classics, rather than combat (詳守略戰), and that he gave priority to recent models, such as Qi Jiguang 戚繼光 and Yu Dayou 俞大猷, rather than ancient exploits that cannot be revived. There are occasional references to western methods and weapons, including in Han’s lengthy fanli.

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The front matter features a list of books consulted (100 in all), and the authors quoted are generally identified. The ed. seen is heavily punctuated and enriched with upper-margin commentaries and many illustrations. The eight chapters (篇) are entitled “Reflecting on antiquity” (酌 古), “Establishing strategic spots” (設險), “Military hardware” (制器), “Planning in advance” (豫計), “Combining forces” (恊力), “Extending orders” (申令), “Meeting emergencies” (應變), and “Correcting errors” (糾繆). Each chapter has a detailed mulu. Several chapters are split into two or even three parts, each with its mulu. J. 末, entitled “Offering advice” (贈策篇), contains remarks by a certain Wang Qianxian 王僉憲, from whom Han Lin had requested a pref. but who responded after the engraving of the work was completed, as well as exchanges of considerations between Han and other authors. Bio.: See under Shenshou yaolu. Bibliography entries for same author: Shenshou yaolu.

0822

[TN, PEW]

Jintang jiezhu 金湯借箸, 13 j. [Strategic Advice for Defending Cities] Comp. (輯) Zhou Jian 周鑑 (z. Bingchen 冰臣, h. Kaimei 開美, Taigong 臺公), from Dantu 丹徒 (Nan Zhili) 1638 pref. Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. 吳壽格鈔本 with heavy punctuation, with pref. by author (1638) and postf. (跋) by Zhou Zhimao 周之茂 (n.d.). [Qinghua] – *1642 ed., with prefs. by Fan Jingwen 范景文 (1638), Shi Kefa 史可法 (1642), and author (1638), postf. by Zhou Zhimao (n.d.). [*Beiping Mf., reels #570–571] [Gugong Taipei] – *Photo-repro. of ms. ed. at Qinghua, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 34.

Rem.: The words jintang (metal and boiling water) stand for the phrase jincheng tangchi 金城湯池, meaning an impregnable city, which goes back to Hanshu; jiezhu (to borrow chopsticks) means a strategic adviser, based on an anecdote in Shiji. Zhou Jian is cited in chapter captions as compiler (輯), followed by Li Changke 李長科 (z. Xiaoyou 小有), from Huainan 淮南, as collator (較訂), and Wang Mengshen 王孟申 (z. Yuanyu 元獄), from “the same prefecture” 同郡, as proof-reader (參閱). The pref. to Jintang jiezhu shier chou (q.v.), a different version of the same work, says that Li Pan 李盤 (original name Li Changke) first made cuts and additions to Shouyu quanshu (q.v.) and that Zhou Jian further edited (重加 參訂) the resulting text. The prefaces to Jintang jiezhu claim that when Zhou Jian developed the text he was helped by Li Changke (Li Pan) and

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Wang Mengshen. Both Zhou and Li had ms. copies; Li edited his and had it published as Jintang shier chou; according to Shi Kefa’s pref. it circulated in the north, whereas Zhou’s version was popular in the south; Shi also says that the text features many “secret phrases” (秘密語), which is essential in military strategy. The 1642 ed. is a somewhat later printing of the earlier version. The 13 parts (部), corresponding to the 13 chapters (themselves divided into 180 sections in the general mulu), are titled “Preparedness” (預備), “Emptying the Countryside” (清野), “Strategic Spots” (險要), “Selection and Training” (選練), “Military hardware” (制器), “Devising protections” (設防), “Resisting” (拒禦), “Making plans” (方略), “Prohibitions” (禁約), “Orders” (號令), “Battle formation” (營陣), “Naval warfare” (水戰), and “Ensuring victory” (制勝). Each chapter starts with a general assessment and a highly detailed mulu (listing every entry under each section). The structure of the book reflects how it was produced: the compilers first drew together historical anecdotes and advice from strategists up through the Ming; Zhou Jian then supplemented this material with his own advice on strategy and concrete practical information, also citing his own experience with sieges when serving under Lei Qijian 雷起劍 (z. Yujin 雨津) in 1636 (see 1/21b), under Shi Kefa in 1637 (see 1/9b), and in Changzhou 常州 in 1638 (see 1/25a); Li Changke and Wang Mengshen then provided further comments. The entries (as well as most of the chapters) are relatively short, and most chapters are enriched with illustrations of great precision. The text is underlined with a variety of markings, including smallcharacter “alerts,” e.g. “very bad!” (大害) or “beware!” (主意). The 1642 ed. contains additional notes in the upper margin, absent in the other copies seen. The compiler’s comments and essays are introduced by the words “Zhou Taigong says” (周臺公曰). The form is pedagogical and the intent is practical. The usefulness of the work is stressed in Shi Kefa’s pref., where he notes that when Li Xiaoyou (Li Pan, see next entry) got stranded in Guangping 廣平 because the city was besieged by the Manchus (during their 1638 attack on North China), he showed a 9-j. ms. copy of his friend Zhou Jian’s Jintang jiezhu to the local authorities, and that the successful resistance of the city was later ascribed to the book’s advice. It can be seen in the prefs. that both Zhou and Li were military advisers to Shi Kefa in the late 1630s. Bio.: See under Jianglüe biao. Ref. and studies: Wang Zhongmin 王重民, Zhongguo shanben shu tiyao 中國善本書提要 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1983), 248; and see under Jintang jiezhu shier chou. Bibliography entries for same author: Jianglüe biao. [TN, PEW]

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Jintang jiezhu shier chou 金湯借箸十二籌, 12 j. [The Strategist’s Twelve Policies For Defending Cities] By Li Pan 李盤 (original m. Changke 長科, z. Xiaoyou 小有), from Xinghua 興化 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1639 Ed.:

– Undated (Chongzhen-period) ed., with intro. (引) by Xiong Yingxiong 熊 應雄 (n.d.) and pref. by Li Pan (n.d.); compilers listed in chapter captions Li Pan (original name Changke 原名長科) from Huainan, Zhou Jian 周 鑑 (h. Taigong 臺公) from Jingkou, Han Lin 韓霖 (z. Yugong 雨公) from Gujiang 古絳, and houxue 後學 Xiong Yingxiong (z. Yunying 運英); nonpunctuated text. [Institute of History of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences] [Naikaku (cat. says Tianqi ed.)] [Sonkeikaku] – *Undated Ming ed. (no cover-leaf), with pref. by Kong Zhenyun 孔貞運 (n.d.), intro. (引) by Wu Daochang 吳道昌 (n.d.), pref. by Chen Jitai 陳際 泰 (n.d.), colophon (題) by Li Sijing 李嗣京 (z. Jiaxi 嘉錫) (己卯 = 1639), intro. (引) by Li Qiao 李喬 (z. Shichen 世臣) (n.d.), prefs. by Li Qing 李清 [1602–83, z. Xinshui 心水] (n.d.) and Li Pan (n.d.), with a list of 60 collators (參閱) and a note claiming that many of them combated Manchus and bandits; compilers listed in chapter captions are Li Pan, Zhou Jian, and Han Lin; text heavily punctuated and underlined. The back of the cover has the following ms. inscription: “When the Confucians talk about war they just collect some old sayings to make a reputation. These are the persons who have wronged the empire in the past. It would be best to burn them at the stake like Qin Shihuang did!” (儒者談兵，不過拾 陳言以買名耳。邇來誤天下者皆此輩人。不如收之祖龍一炬可也 ). [Naikaku] – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Kong Zhenyun (n.d.) and Li Qing (n.d.), intro. by Wu Daochang (n.d.), pref. by Chen Jitai (n.d.), colophon by Li Sijing (1639), pref. by Li Pan (n.d.); compilers listed in chapter captions are Li Pan, Zhou Jian, and Han Lin; high quality printing, text heavily punctuated, with a variety of dots and underlines (possibly derived from above ed.). [Beitu] – *Undated Ming ed.; compilers listed in chapter captions are Li Pan, Zhou Jian, and Han Lin. [Jimbun] – *Undated ms. ed., without pref.; compilers listed in chapter captions are Li Pan, Zhou Jian, Han Lin, and Xiong Yingxiong. [Beitu]

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– *Undated ms. ed. on plain paper, carefully written but with occasional corrections inserted, with prefs. by Fan Jingwen 范景文 (to Jintang jiezhu, 1638), Shi Kefa 史可法 (1642), Zhou Jian (Taigong) (1638), Kong Zhenyun (n.d.), Li Pan (n.d.), intro. (引) by Xiong Yingxiong (n.d.); compilers listed in chapter captions are Li Pan, Zhou Jian, Han Lin, and Xiong Yingxiong. [Beitu] – *Undated ms. ed. on pre-framed paper, no punctuation, with pref. by Chen Jitai (n.d.), intro. (引) by Li Qiao (n.d.), colophon (題) by Li Sijing (1639), prefs. by Li Qing (n.d.), Li Pan (n.d.), and Kong Zhenyun (n.d.); compilers listed in chapter captions are Li Pan, Zhou Jian, and Han Lin. [Beitu] – *Undated ms. ed. on plain paper, no punctuation, with intro. by Wu Daochang (n.d.), pref. by Chen Jitai (n.d.), colophon by Li Sijing (1639), intro. by Li Qiao (n.d.), prefs. by Li Qing (n.d.), Kong Zhenyun (n.d.), and Li Pan (n.d.); compilers listed in chapter captions are Li Pan, Zhou Jian, and Han Lin. [Beitu] – Undated ms. ed. with prefs. by Li Qingxin 李清心 [sic] and Li Pan. [Beitu] – Undated ms. ed. with prefs. by Li Qingxin [sic] and Li Pan; compilers listed in chapter captions are Li Pan, Zhou Jian, and Han Lin. [Zhongyang] – Undated ms. ed. on paper with blue frame, no pref., compilers listed in chapter captions are Li Pan, Zhou Jian, Han Lin, and Xiong Yingxiong. [Zhongyang] – *Undated Liuli chang ed. 琉璃厰藏板 with pref. by Li Pan (n.d.), intro. by Xiong Yingxiong (n.d.), title on cover-leaf Jintang shier chou, running title Jintang jiezhu, with general mulu and highly detailed chapter mulu; compilers listed in chapter captions are Li Pan, Zhou Jian, Han Lin, and Xiong Yingxiong; no punctuation; tabooed characters suggest ed. is Qianlong or later. [*Princeton] [*New York Public Library] [Tianjin Library, with Kong intro. first] – *Undated Liuli chang ed. 琉璃厰梓行, cover-leaf recto with mention “printed by Mr. Li from Huainan in the year yimao” (乙卯淮南李氏開 雕), cover-leaf verso with title and indication of printer; otherwise exactly similar to the Liuli chang ed. above; tabooed characters suggest ed. is Daoguang or later, in which case yimao might be 1855. [*Berkeley] [*Columbia, no cover-leaf recto, Xiong’s intro. placed before Li’s pref., otherwise clearly same ed.] [*Tōyō Bunko] – In Shuilu gongshou zhanlüe mishu (q.v.), titled Li Pan Jintang shier chou.

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– *Photo-repro. of Chongzhen ed. at Institute of History of Science, in Siku jinhui shu congkan, 子, vol. 33.

Rem.: A variant of Jintang jiezhu (see previous title), with a somewhat different arrangement of the material. This is confirmed by the statesman and general Shi Kefa’s 史可法 pref. to Jintang jiezhu, which says that Li Xiaoyou (Li Pan) had a 9-j. ms. copy of his friend Zhou Taigong’s (Zhou Jian) Jintang jiezhu when he was on his way to the capital in 1638 and got stranded in Guangping 廣平 (Bei Zhili), which was besieged by the Manchus; the book was then printed under the title Jintang shier chou with additions and circulated in North China, while the original Jintang jiezhu was flourishing in the South. (According to Shi the chapters on naval warfare, encampments and battle array, and ensuring victory are missing from the Li Pan printed version, which would fit the description in 9 j.; yet the first and third are present in the eds. seen.) The text includes, without attribution, selected comments by Zhou and Wang Mengshen featured in Jintang jiezhu. Contrary to the earlier work, some of its eds. (e.g., the Liulichang eds.) are not punctuated. The “twelve strategies” (the phrase is each time preceded by the character chou 籌) are “Preparedness” (脩備), “Training” (訓練), “Accumulating reserves” (積貯), “Military hardware” (制器), “Emptying the countryside” (清野), “Making plans” (方略), “Giving orders” (申令), “Devising protections” (設防), “Resisting” (拒禦), “Strategic spots” (阨險), “Naval warfare” (水 戰), and “Ensuring victory” (制勝). The contents are more strictly organized than in the previous work, and there is no attribution to Zhou Jian of any comments or essays. The large number of ms. copies in libraries (the above list is only partial) attests to the popularity of the work.

Bio.: Li Pan, who failed to pass the examinations while two younger brothers were successful, contributed to Zhou Jian’s Jintang jiezhu when they were both serving as military advisers under Shi Kefa. For his contribution to the defense of Guangping during a forty-day siege in 1638, Li was recommended for office and in 1640 was appointed magistrate of Huaiji 懷集 (Guangxi). In 1641 he personally led troops to repel an attack on his territory by rebellious Yao tribes. His contribution to infrastructure building in Huaiji included a system of defensive forts with supporting militia. He also compiled a new gazetteer. In 1643 he returned home after his mother’s death and became a monk. See Xinghua XZ (1852), 8/9a, 9/3a; Yangzhou 揚州 FZ (1810), 47/53a-b; Huaiji XZ (1755), 4/32a, 9/62b, 10/41a; Guangxi TZ (Siku quanshu ed.), 18/51b, 34/20b, 35/48b, 35/50a, 42/37a.

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Ref. and studies: Siku, 100/2060 (title Canben 殘本 jintang shier chou, 8 j.), highly critical. Zheng Zhenduo, Jiezhong de shu ji, 49, discussing an original Ming ed., as opposed to Qing fac-similes with passages offensive to the Qing scraped, which are easy to find. Mingshi yiwenzhi, 693, recording a Jintang shi’er chou in 8 j. by Li Pan 李盤. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 子, 1:133. Guji shanben, 子, 1:128. Kerlouégan, “Si vis pacem,” 258–9. [TN, PEW] 0824

Chengshou choulüe 城守籌略, 5 j. [Stratagems for Defending Cities] Comp. (輯) Qian Zhan 錢栴 (h. Bancun 半村), from Wushui 武水 (probably Liaocheng 聊城, Shandong) 1644 pref. Ed.:

– *[1644] ed. printed by the compiler’s son Qian Modang 默當, with compiler’s pref. (1644). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of same ed., copy from the library of the PLA Academy of Military Science (軍事科學院), without pref., in Bingshu jicheng, vol. 37. Rem.: The pref., dated summer 1644 (甲申夏日)—right after the

fall of Beijing to the Manchus—describes the military situation of the Ming in alarmist terms and evokes the defense of China from Nanjing while referring to the difficulties encountered by the Jin 晉 and Song 宋 dynasties after they moved to the south. The text proper combines the author’s thoughts with quotations from other texts (duly referenced). Each section has several subsections consisting of a variable number of entries. J. 1 is devoted to preventive measures (先事預防), including baojia, granaries, and famine relief; to instruction and training (訓練), including recruitment, constituting units, and various sorts of training; and to forts and other defensive infrastructures (城堡). J. 2 deals with vigilance and preparedness (聞警設備), both within and without the city wall. J. 3 is on reinforcing protections when the enemy is present (臨 敵固守), with sections on morale (定志), orders (申令), and continuous vigilance (周防). J. 4 is on “relying on the city wall to wage a decisive battle” (憑城決戰), with sections devoted to “before the battle,” “during the battle,” and “after the battle.” J. 5 is a long catalogue of weaponry, beginning with firearms, and with abundant illustrations. Bio.: No information is available on Qian Zhan. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:128.

[PEW]

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[QING A]

Beiyu lu 備豫錄 See: Pingpi baijin fang 0825

Pingpi baijin fang 洴澼百金方, 14 j. [The Silk-Washer’s Hundred-Tael Recipe] Comp. (編次) Huilu Jiumin 惠麓酒民 [Yuan Gonggui 袁宮桂 (z. Ruanshan 阮山), from Wuxi 無錫 (Jiangsu)] Ca. 1788 Ed.:

– *Ms. ed. in 20 ce. [Bodleian] – *Undated ed. with pref. by Huilu Jiumin (丙辰 [1796]), fanli by Huilu Jiumin, general mulu with mention 無錫袁宮桂阮山著 (the name Yuan Gonggui does not appear in chapter captions). [Ōki] – *1788 ed. of the Jiayu tang at Rongcheng 榕城嘉魚堂藏, cover-leaf bearing the words “supervised by generalissimo Fu” (福大將軍鑒定), with prefs. by Huilu Jiumin (丙辰 [1796]) and Chen Jieping 陳階平 (Kuiwu 奎五) (n.d. [1840]), fanli by Huilu Jiumin. Possibly the original printing blocks (see below), or a copy of them, with Huilu Jiumin’s and Chen’s prefs. (the latter probably written in 1840, see below) inserted afterwards. [Beitu] – Undated ms. copy of 1788 Jiayu tang ed. (including full cover-leaf), with pref. by Huilu Jiumin (丙辰 [1796]), fanli by Huilu Jiumin. [Henan provincial library] – *Undated ms. ed. with pref. by Huilu Jiumin (丙辰 [1796]), fanli by Huilu Jiumin. [Beida] – *Undated ms. ed. on plain paper, non-paginated, with pref. by Huilu jiumin (丙辰 [1796]), fanli by Huilu jiumin. [Beitu] – *Ms. copy of ed. printed (梓) by Zhang Pengfen from Ankang 安康張鵬 翂, with pref. by Zhang Pengfen (1832, to chongkan Pingpi baijin fang); this version has comments from Huilu jiumin (without indication “Jiumin yue”), as well as some of the comments introduced with “Jushi yue” (居士 曰) in other eds. (without introductory phrase). [Princeton] – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Chen Jieping (n.d.) and Huilu Jiumin (n.d.) [2 pages missing], fanli by Huilu jiumin. [Beitu]

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1035

0825

Figure 14 Pingpi baijin fang (#0825), j. 4, picture showing the shooting of fire arrows

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4.7.2 Military: Local Defense

– *1840 ed. titled Beiyu lu 備豫錄 on the cover-leaf, which also has the words “validated by the late generalissimo Fu (前公中堂福大將軍鑒定) in 1787” and “Respectfully collated by Chen Jieping, 2nd month of 1840” (道光二 十年春二月、陳階平謹校), but titled Pingpi baijin fang in chapter captions and in central margins, with prefs. by Huilu Jiumin (丙辰 [1796]) and Chen Jieping (n.d. [1840]), fanli by Huilu Jiumin. [*Beitu, several copies] [*Michigan] [*Tōyō Bunka] – *[1840] ed. with prefs. by Huilu Jiumin (丙辰 [1796]) and Chen Jieping (n.d. [1840]), fanli by Huilu Jiumin; apart from the cover-leaf with title Beiyu lu this ed. is identical to the previous one. [*Harvard] – *[1841] reproduction [影鈔] of a movable-type ed., with pref. by Wu Qijun 吳其濬 (chao 鈔 Pingpi baijin fang xu, 1841). [Princeton] – *1846 reprint ed. of the Jiayu tang ed. at Rongcheng, cover-leaf bearing the words “validated by generalissimo Fu,” with pref. by Huilu Jiumin (丙辰 [1796]), fanli by Huilu Jiumin. [Harvard] – 1854 condensed Japanese ed. titled Pingpi bai jin fang zhaiyao 摘要. [Congress] – *1855 ed. from “this yamen,” in Sanshu baojian (q.v.), with pref. by Huilu jiumin [1796], fanli by Huilu jiumin. – 1934 ed. titled Ziwei xinzhi 自衛新知, in Guomin junshi congshu 國民 軍事叢書, vol. 8 (Nanchang: Zhongguo wenhua xuehui), author Yuan Gonggui. [Beitu] – 1951 typeset ed. titled Ziwei xinzhi, Taipei: Yangming shanzhuang, author Yuan Gonggui. [Taiwan Normal University] – * Photo-repro. of 1951 Ziwei xinzhi ed., with prefs. by Huilu Jiumin (n.d.) and Jiang Zhongzheng (Chiang Kai-shek) 蔣中正 (1933), in Zhongguo bingxue daxi 中國兵學大系 (Taipei: Shijie bingxue she, 1957), vol. 11. – *Photo-repro. of ms. copy of the 1788 ed. at Henan provincial library, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 967.

Rem.: Huilu Jiumin has been identified as Yuan Gonggui (see above), or erroneously as Wu 吳 Gonggui (see below). (Several library cats. give Yang/Wu Gonggui as author, though with one sole exception the name appears nowhere in the books they describe.) The history of the text is confused. Huilu Jiumin’s pref. and “fanli in 6 articles” (凡例六條) claim he was able to copy two anonymous Ming mss. on city defense (城守) in 12 and 13 j., respectively, which were clear, simple, and easy to apply; he shortened and combined them into 14 j. after he had submitted them to generalissimo Fu [Fukang’an 福康安, 1754–96]. As the text had not been printed, he was now (in 1796) putting out a print-run of 100 copies in movable type. (Wu Qijun’s 1841 pref. confuses the chronology when

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1037

it says that according to the fanli Huilu Jiumin produced 100 copies of a movable-type ed., sold 10 taels each [this is not in the fanli], and then showed it to Fukang’an.) The pref. also explains that pingpi in the title comes from an anecdote in Zhuangzi about a man whose occupation was washing raw silk and who had invented a medicine preventing the skin of his hands from getting cracked, which he sold for a hundred taels to a visitor who in turn gave it to the king of Wu to help his troops combat in winter, for which he was rewarded with a fiefdom: for his part, Jiumin will be content with making a hundred taels out of his text so as to have the means to write a more ambitious treatise on strategy. The fanli starts with an enumeration of all the books on military affairs cited in the Siku quanshu catalog, in order to stress the emperor’s high regard for such works as “models” (圭臬) for scholars (士大夫); it also explains that the various “retired scholars” (居士) supposed to have edited (重 訂) one chapter each, whose names are given in chapter captions, are fictitious, the successive names starting with a character from a distich that he quotes (this appears to have escaped some library catalogers). According to Chen Jieping’s pref., which says the work is “from an unknown author,” a ms. appeared about 1776; in 1787 it was shown to Fukang’an, then campaigning in Taiwan against the rebel Lin Shuangwen 林爽文, by a private secretary; Fukang’an had it engraved in Rongcheng (i.e. Fuzhou, Fujian), but when the rebellion was subdued people lost interest and the printing blocks were scattered before anything had been printed. At the beginning of the Jiaqing period a certain Old Man Wang from Zhuxi (Hubei) 竹溪王翁 bought them for 300 taels in Zhangzhou (Fujian) and the work was printed for the first time (Chen does not take account of the movable-type ed. mentioned by Huilu Jiuren in 1796); but the blocks were again dispersed after his death. Thirty years later, Chen Jieping could examine the work, and found that it was in fact based on Jintang shi’er chou (q.v.) and was mainly devoted to the defense of cities: it was a “book on statecraft” (誠經濟之書也) that could be useful to prefects and magistrates. In 1840 Chen was transferred from Jiangnan to Tong’an 同安 (i.e. Xiamen, Fujian) (he signs his pref. as head of the Fujian naval forces); on his way to the capital for an audience he was given a copy of the work, edited and corrected it, and re-christened it Beiyu lu 備豫錄, a better-sounding name with references in the classics. For his part, Zhang Pengfen—the publisher of several works at his Lailu tang in Ankang, Shaanxi (see under Gujin zhiping lüe, Zheyu guijian, and Jixiao xinshu)—mentions in the 1832 pref. to his new ed. (only known through a ms. copy) a pref. by a certain Yue Jiezhi 岳介之, who brought

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4.7.2 Military: Local Defense

the text to him, in which he recounted an improbable story to the effect that Huilu jiumin was said to be a former official of the dethroned Ming Jianwen emperor (r. 1399–1402) living clandestinely, that the text was originally in 12 juan but was enlarged to 14 juan by Yue’s seventh-generation ancestor during the Wanli period, adding later Ming contents, that in the Kangxi period (sic) Li Xiaoyou (Li Pan) used the text for the defense of Guangwu 廣武 (sic) against bandits, again trimmed it to 12 juan and rechristened it Jintang jiezhu shier chou (see under that title for elements spuriously borrowed by Yue in this pref.). The work, which is indeed heavily indebted to Jintang jiezhu shier chou, including the figures and illustrations, combines historical examples with concrete recommendations, with occasional comments by Huilu Jiumin or by the fictitious “retired scholars.” The 14 chapters are devoted to the following topics: “Preparedness” (預備), “Storing food” (積貯), “Selection and training” (選練), “Weapons” (制器), “Emptying the countryside” (清野), “Strategic spots” (險要), “Tactics” (方略), “Orders” (號令), “Prohibitions” (禁約), “Establishing defenses” (設防), “Resisting” (拒禦), “Battle formation” (營陣), “Naval combat” (水戰), and “Ensuring victory” (制勝). Each chapter has a detailed mulu. The work was extremely popular around the mid-nineteenth century, and there are a number of ms. copies in Chinese and Japanese libraries (only a few are listed above); the reprinting of the text by various military offices in the 1930s suggests that it was promoted by Chiang Kai-shek for local communities to protect themselves against Communist attacks.

Bio.: The gazetteer from his home county records that Yuan Gonggui chose the pseudonym Huilu Jiumin when he compiled this work, and another gazetteer directly gives his name as author. Along with his father Yuan Hong 袁泓, Yuan was known for his skill in calligraphy, particularly seal script. The reference to the author as Wu Gonggui (吳宮桂) in QSG is likely the result of a copying error. See Wuxi Jinkui 無錫金匱 XZ (1813), 30/21a, 39/28b; Qijiang 綦江 XZ (Daoguang/1863), 11/21b; Huang Qing shushi 皇清書史, in Liaohai congshu 遼 海叢書, 1471b, 1472a. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4333. Guji shanben, 子, 1:129. [TN, PEW] [QING B]

Chengshou jiyao 城守輯要 See: Wubei jiyao

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1039

0825–0826

Xiangshou jiyao 鄉守輯要 See: Wubei jiyao xubian 0826

Wubei jiyao 武備輯要, 6 j. [Essentials on Military Preparedness] Comp. Xu Xuefan 許學範 (z. Xiliu 希六) (1751–1816) (js. 1772), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– 1826 ed. [Shanghai] – *1832 ed. engraved in Canton (刻於廣州) by the Xiuzi zhai 繡梓齋承刊, with postfs. by Xu Naiji 許乃濟 (1832) and Xu Naizhao 許乃釗 (1843); the running title has the word 武 followed by the juan number. [*Harvard, collected in Minguo zhai qizhong (q.v.), called Chengshou jiyao on cover-leaf, also with pref. by Xu Naizhao (1849) to Wubei jiyao xubian (q.v.)] [*IHEC, collected in Minguo zhai qizhong (q.v.), only Xu Naiji postf.] [*Oki, same] [*Tōyō Bunka, as a set with a Minguo zhai ed. of Wubei jiyao xubian (q.v.)] – 1842 ed. [Shanghai] – [1843] ed. published by Xu Naizhao. [Tōyō Bunka] [PLA Academy of Military Science] – 1849 ed., together with Wubei jiyao xubian (q.v.). [PLA Academy of Military Science] – *[1852] ed. with postfs. by Xu Naiji (1832) and Xu Naizhao (1852). [Harvard] – *1853 Xiuji tang 1853 movable-type ed. 修吉堂排字本 published by Song Jiazhen 宋家禎 from Huating, together with Xu Naizhao’s Shouxiang jiyao under the joint title Chengxiang shou hechao (q.v.). [Nanjing] [PLA Academy of Military Science] [*Qinghua] – 1869 ed. published by Zeng Guofan 曾國藩. [Huadong tushuguan] [Jilin sheng tushuguan] [Renda]

Rem.: According to Xu Naiji’s postf., the text was transmitted by Xu Xuefan to his sons, Naiji and his brothers, whom he urged to study useful books to help the times, insisting in particular on the importance of military preparedness. Xu Xuefan had won renown fighting the Miao in 1795 while he was department magistrate of Qianxi 黔西州 (Guizhou); he was then put in charge of the provincial bureau of military supplies, where he had to invent operating procedures from scratch since after a long period of peace there were no precedents. Xu Naiji also says that the book had no author’s name (which is the case of the 1832 ed.), but that its first four chapters are extracted from Li Pan’s (Xiaoyou) Jintang

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4.7.2 Military: Local Defense

[ jiezhu] shier chou (q.v.), a late-Ming work prohibited under the Qing, of which they are an exact copy, while the last two borrow their contents from Qi Jiguang’s Jixiao xinshu and Lü Kun’s Jiuming shu (qq.v.). J. 1–4 (corresponding to j. 6–8 and 5 of Jintang jiezhu shier chou) are devoted, respectively, to strategies to defend cities (城守方略), giving orders (城守申令), establishing defenses (城守設防), and emptying the countryside (城守清野). J. 5 is titled “important stratagems to subdue the enemy” (制服要策), in 38 items, and j. 6 proposes “important stratagems to move the army” (行軍要策), in 16 items. Apparently an earlier ed. had been destroyed by fire in 1819. Bio.: Xu Xuefan was the scion of an eminent family from Hangzhou. After his jinshi he was appointed department magistrate of Yunlong 雲龍州 (Yunnan); after mourning for his father he was appointed to Qianxi department in Guizhou. From there he was transferred to Shuntian 順天 prefecture (Beijing) to administer one of the military camps (治中步軍營). He ceased serving after mourning for his mother. Among his eight sons (four juren and two jinshi), Naiji (z. Shuzhou 叔舟, h. Qingshi 青士, js. 1809) made himself known through advocacy of opium legalization; for Naizhao, see under Wubei jiyao xubian; Naipu is the compiler of Huanhai zhinan wuzhong (q.v.). See Hangzhou FZ (1898), 137/6a–8a. Ref. and studies: Ma, 184 (Qinghua) (1843 ed.; cited in section on baojia and tuanlian). Bingshu zhijianlu, 292–4, 309–10, 341–2, 383. Bingshu zongmu, #2290, 2308, 2404. Franke, “Siege and Defense of Towns in Medieval China,” 197–8. Kuhn, Rebellion and Its Enemies, 57–63. Both authors consider the work to reflect military thinking and technology in the early nineteenth century, none apparently aware of the late-Ming original; Kuhn seems to have mixed up Wubei jiyao and Wubei jiyao xubian (q.v.). [JK]

0827

Fangyu zuanyao 防禦纂要, 4 j. [A Compilation of Essentials on Local Defense] By You Hong 游閎 (h. Baizhai 白齋, Shoumo jushi 守墨居士) (jr. 1834), from Le’an 樂安 (Jiangxi) 1837 pref. Ed.:

– *1851 new ed. (重刊), with prefs. by Wang Daolin 汪道林 (1842) and author (1837), with Jiuhuang ce 救荒策 and Xiejiao gaoshi 邪教告示 appended. [Beitu]

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0826–0827

1041

– Photo-repro. of above ed., Taizhong: Wenting ge youxian tushu gongsi, 2013 (Wan Qing sibu congkan, ser. 9, vol. 65).

Rem.: A treatise on local defense based on a similar work by Pan Qipeng 潘起鵬, a magistrate of Xiangshan 象山 county in the late Wanli period, titled Fangkou shiyi 防寇事宜. You Hong provided commentaries to the 25 entries of Pan’s text and added 33 entries of his own. The 58 comparatively short entries are arranged under four categories: (1) General preparedness (預防之要, 18 entries), e.g. granary reserves, baojia, training militia, checking bandits and sectarians, repairing the city wall, accumulating military supplies, setting guards at important points, and so on; (2) Military readiness (備禦之要, 30 entries), dealing with all kinds of military and other measures in case of immediate danger; this section includes various pictures of flags, weapons, fortifications, and the like; (3) Meeting the crisis (遇變之要, 3 entries), dealing essentially with preventing panic; and (4) Rehabilitation (善後之要, 7 entries), including relief, rewards and punishments, and “preparations in case bandits return” (防再舉). Each entry consists of a brief definition (possibly on the model of the original Ming work) followed in most cases by a more or less extended commentary. In his pref. the author strongly insists on the necessity of preparedness and invokes the models of Wang Yangming and of Lü Kun’s Jiuming shu (q.v.). The texts appended are Wei Xi’s Jiuhuang ce (q.v.), and a Xiejiao shishu gaoshi 邪教 十術告示 by Ji Shenzhai 紀慎齋 (beginning with a refutation of the sectarians’ “ten tricks” for deluding people). Wang Daolin’s pref. states that he heard of the work when he was appointed magistrate of Linchuan 臨 川 (Jiangxi) in 1841 and that it was then printed with the help of local notables.

Bio.: The prefaces describe You Hong as a juren who resided in the capital “with his money” (挾其財); this must have been at the time of his unsuccessful attempt at the jinshi, after which he returned home definitively. He was spurred to compile the present work by an incident that occurred in Zhaocheng 趙城 (Shanxi) in 1835, when a party of a hundred-more bandits entered without any resistance and massacred officials. He insists in his own pref. that he is only a bookish student (書生), but that as anybody he cares about the security of his locale and family. In 1839 he was part of a group of officials and notables who collected funds for important repairs on the city-wall and Confucius temple of his native Le’an, but died not long after. See Le’an XZ (1871), 2/11a, 4/15b, 8/16b–17a; Fuzhou 撫州 FZ (1876), 58/9b. [PEW]

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1042 0828

4.7.2 Military: Local Defense

Shoubian jiyao 守邊輯要, 1 ce [Essentials of Frontier Defense] By Bichang 壁昌 (z. Dongyuan 東垣, h. Xingquan 星泉, s. Qinxiang 勤 襄) (1778–1854), from the Mongol Bordered Yellow Banner 1839 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by Xu Jishe 徐繼畬 (1848), account of the defense of Yarkand in 1830 titled Yeerjiang shoucheng jilüe 葉爾羌守城紀略, by Bichang (1848), prefs. by Gao Shougui 高守貴 (n.d.) and author (1839), postf. by Peng Yizhu 彭以竺 (n.d.); published together with Muling yaojue (q.v.). [Beitu] [*BN] – *In Bi Qinxiang gong yishu sanzhong (see under Muling yaojue), same description.

Rem.: A treatise based on the years Bichang spent in western Xinjiang from 1827, meant to convey to his successors his experience about the nature of local Muslims—defined as “understanding the law but not benevolence” 知法不知恩—and how to protect the cities of the region in such an alien and treacherous environment. The text was later published for the market in Xi’an (as mentioned at the end of Yeerjiang shoucheng jilüe). There are 10 entries (or “shoubian shifa” 守邊十法 in Gao’s pref.), presented as logically following on each other: conditions past and present (今昔情形); how to earn the trust of the population through fairness and sharing of hardships (固結人心); how to unite the wills of the Muslims and Chinese (合以眾志); readying the city wall and moats in advance (預為修備); manufacturing equipment for defense (製造守具); evaluating the numbers of troops necessary and extending orders (量兵申令); knowing about the conditions of the rebels (夷賊情 勢); selecting spies carefully (慎選偵探); investigating about traitors (查 詰奸細); reinforcing walls and emptying the countryside (堅壁清河 [sic, for 清野 in the text]). There is a short text with 4 entries (called Anbian siyao 安邊四要 in Gao’s pref.) by another military commander in the region, named Ling Xiufeng 齡秀峰 (or 秀峰氏齡山), with author’s foreword (1840), dealing with the same sort of issues. Bio.: See under Muling yaojue. Bibliography entries for same author: Muling yaojue.

[PEW]

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0828–0829 0829

1043

Wubei jiyao xubian 武備輯要續編, 10 j. [A Continuation of Essentials on Military Preparedness] Comp. Xu Naizhao 許乃釗 (z. Zhenheng 貞恒, Xincheng 心誠, h. Xinchen 信臣) (ca. 1798–1860) (js. 1835), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1849 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with red seal on cover-leaf indicating it is kept at the Beijing Wenhua tang printing shop (存文華堂書坊刷印), with prefs. by Fuzhulong’a 福珠隆阿 (1849) and Xu Naizhao (1849); title Xiangshou jiyao 鄉守輯要 on cover-leaf, Wubei jiyao xubian in text; according to Zhang Yaogeng’s note (see under Chengxiang shou hechao) this must be the first ed. [*Tian Tao] [*Qinghua, no cover-leaf] – *Undated ed., with 4 edicts at the beginning (see below) but without pref., titled Xiangshou jiyao on cover-leaf, Wubei xiangshou bian at beginning of fanli, Xiangshou jiyao in chapter captions and as running title. [*Qinghua] – *Undated ed., no cover-leaf, titled Xiangshou jiyao hechao 合鈔, with edicts dated 1852 and 1853 in addition to the four earlier ones (see below), with extract from the “original pref.” by Xu Naizhao (1849), and a mulu slightly different from the other eds. (see below): j. 1 entitled tonglun 通 論, no juan dedicated to baojia, and j. 10 entitled zashu 襍述; Xu Naizhao is called “original compiler” (原編) in chapter captions. [Ōki] – *In Minguo zhai qizhong (q.v.), cover-leaf with title Minguo zhai qizhong and list of the seven titles on the left (Wubei jiyao xubian and Wubei jiyao called Xiangshou jiyao and Chengshou jiyao on cover-leaf), with prefs. by Xu Naizhao (1849) and Fuzhulong’a (1849), four imperial edicts, fanli; chapter captions citing Xu Naizhao as compiler (編輯), (Changbai) Encheng 長白恩成 and Changqi 長啟 as collators (參訂), and Fuzhulong’a as collator and printer (校刊). [*Harvard; Xu Naizhao’s pref. inserted at beginning of Wubei jiyao] [IHEC] [*Ōki] – *Undated ed. of the Wengui tang at Liulichang in Beijing 京都琉璃廠文 貴堂藏板, title Xiangshou jiyao hand-written on covers, cover-leaf with title Minguo zhai qizhong, identical with the previous ed. (except some changes in the order of the prefatory material). [Tōyō Bunka, as a set with Wubei jiyao (q.v.)] – 1851 new ed. by Shi Zhikang 史致康, titled Xiangshou jiyao (mentioned in Zhang Yaogeng’s note) – *Undated new ed. (重刊) by Jiang Qichun 蔣琦淳, titled Xiangshou jiyao, with prefs. by Xu Naizhao (1849) and Jiang Qichun (1852). [Tian Tao]

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4.7.2 Military: Local Defense

– 1852 ed. [Jiangxi] [PLA Academy of Military Science] – 1853 Wuying dian 武英殿 palace ed. [HKU, not in cat.] – 1855 ed. [Shanghai] – Undated (Xianfeng-period) ed. published in Zhejiang. [Sichuan] – 1898 Sichuan tuanlian zongju 四川團練總局 ed. [PLA Academy of Military Science] – 1898 ed. published at Liulichang. [Yunnan] – In Congshu jicheng sanbian, Shehui kexue.

Rem.: In all the eds. seen the prefs. are preceded (or followed) by 4 imperial edicts dealing with, respectively, baojia regulations (1800), rewards to militia organizers during sectarian troubles in Zhili, Henan, and Shandong (1813), control of privately owned muskets (1822), and hiring braves in the southern coastal provinces (1841). More edicts are quoted in later editions. Xu Naizhao’s pref. cites works from the Song and Ming to the effect that the prerequisite to the defense of cities (守 城)—the topic of Wubei jiyao (q.v.)—is the defense of the countryside (守鄉), the latter resting on baojia (for internal security) and militia (團 練, for external defense) as its two pillars; this was also the meaning of the policy of “reinforcing the walls and emptying the country” (堅壁清 野) against the White Lotus Rebellion at the beginning of the Jiaqing reign, discussed by many authors. Xu’s project was to compile a compendium of such texts on shouxiang, reorganizing their contents and eliminating the contradictions and reduplications. The contents had to be based on actual experience and the language to be easy to understand by the locals. The manuscript was published with the collaboration and financial help of three Manchu officials, Fuzhulong’a (z. Wulou 旿樓), Encheng (z. Yutang 遇堂), and Changqi (z. Ziming 子明). The work includes 10 chapters (each with its own mulu) dealing with, respectively, leadership (首事); baojia (保甲); the selection and training of braves (選練); intelligence transmission and mutual help (友助); local propaganda (號令); the construction of defense works (藩籬); weapons (器具); food supplies (食用); riverine and coastal defense (水鄉守禦); general discussions (通論). The two final chapters of varia (雜述) have not been printed. The “statecraft” collections Qiewen zhai wenchao 切問 齋文鈔 (1776) and Huangchao jingshi wenbian 皇朝經世文編 (1826) are cited as examples in the very detailed fanli (titled “fanli to Wubei xiangshou bian” 武備鄉守編凡例). Each chapter has a short compiler’s intro., followed by quotations from Song and mostly Ming and Qing authors, systematically indicating the author’s name and the work quoted from, with comments by Xu Naizhao following the excerpts and in the upper

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1045

margin. There is a very comprehensive system of punctuation, as well as occasional tables and figures. A large number of authors have been excerpted. Qing authors (the most numerous) mostly deal with the earlyJiaqing rebellions and the Opium War. The work, which enjoyed wide influence in the following years through imperial sponsorship (see also next entry), is characterized by Philip Kuhn (Rebellion and Its Enemies, 58) as “the nearest thing we have to an official model of local militarization on the eve of the Taiping Rebellion.” Jiang Qichun explains in the 1852 pref. to his ed. that he had it recut (重鋟版) in his native Quanzhou 全州 [southern Shaanxi?] from a copy received from the capital to help in the organisation of local defense against bandits that had been chased from Shaanxi into Huguang.

Bio.: One of the eight sons of Xu Xuefan (see under Wubei jiyao) and born to an eminent family from Renhe/Qiantang (i.e., Hangzhou, Zhejiang), Xu Naizhao spent several years at the Hanlin Academy immediately after his jinshi. After three years (1840–43) as Henan education commissioner (學政), he occupied various positions at court; in 1849–52 he again spent three years as education commissioner, this time of Guangdong, and was governor of Jiangsu in 1853–54. During this period he was directly involved in the war against the Taipings. See Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Ma, 184–5 (Qinghua) (1849 ed.). Bingshu zhijianlu, 292–4, 309–10, 341–2, 383. Bingshu zongmu, #2307, 2308, 2400, 2404. Bibliography entries for same author: Xiangshou waibian jiyao; Minguo zhai congshu; Xiangshou jiyao hejiao; Chengxiang shou hechao; Minguo zhai qizhong. [PEW] 0830

Xiangshou waibian jiyao 鄉守外編輯要, 8 j. [Essentials on Local Defense, Outer Part] Comp. Xu Naizhao 許乃釗 (z. Zhenheng 貞恒, h. Xinchen 信臣) (ca. 1798–1860) (js. 1835), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1850 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf), with prefs. by Xu Guangjin 徐廣縉 (1850) and Xu Naizhao (1850), postf. (跋) by Ye Mingchen 葉名琛 (1850). [Qinghua]

Rem.: This revised version of Xiangshou jiyao (see under Wubei jiyao xubian) was prepared by Xu Naizhao while he was traveling back from the examinations in 1850 to assume his post of Guangdong education

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commissioner (學政); he felt dissatisfied with the section on baojia, which he found too sketchy, and the one on militia (團練), which he found a little verbose. As a result, he cut the work into two, with the baojia (which are for eliminating robbers from within [內盜]) as the neibian (inner part), and the tuanlian (which are for resisting against bandits from without [外匪]) as the waibian (outer part). The latter was completed first and Xu showed it to his classmate (同年) Ye Mingchen, just appointed Liang-Guang governor-general, who asked jointly with governor Xu Guangjin for an imperial order that it be printed and distributed everywhere in the region. (Apparently the demand was accepted.) In other words, with this new version Xu’s compilation suddenly became a factor in the highly troubled Canton hinterland between the two Opium Wars. Xu Guangjin’s pref. alludes to the very tense situation in Guangdong at the time, to the local gentry’s successful efforts at building local militia, and to his own efforts to encourage tuanlian: Xu Naizhao’s work happily filled the lack for a coherent set of instructions on that topic. The fanli is the same as in the 1849 work, except for a few changes in the first entry to take account of the death of the Daoguang emperor. In the mulu the chapter headings have ji 輯 instead of xiangshou 鄉守 (e.g., 輯選練 instead of 鄉守選練), and the chapters on baojia and “general discussions” have been removed (materials on baojia are inserted in the section on “leadership”). The contents of the chapters are essentially the same, but a few entries have been either removed or added. In 1852 a somewhat abridged version titled Xiangshou waibian jieyao 節要 was prepared and published by one Lu Yuanlang 陸元烺 (his pref. is dated from the 7th month of that year), and again republished in Jiangxi to encourage formation of tuanlian to face the Taiping advance (see under Tuanlian xiangshou beiyao).

Bio.: See under Wubei jiyao xubian. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4311. Bibliography entries for same author: Xiangshou waibian jiyao; Minguo zhai congshu; Xiangshou jiyao hejiao; Chengxiang shou hechao; Minguo zhai qizhong. [PEW] 0831

Minguo zhai congshu 敏果齋叢書, 1 ce [The Minguo Studio Collectanea] Comp. (評校) Xu Naizhao 許乃釗 (z. Zhenheng 貞恒, h. Xinchen 信 臣) (ca. 1798–1860) (js. 1835), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1850 pref.

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1047

Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with compiler’s pref. (1850) and postf. (跋) by Huang Zonghan 黃宗漢 (1853, bound at the beginning in the copy seen). [Beitu]

Rem.: This mini-congshu in one thin fasc. consists of 4 entries from Lü Kun’s Jiuming shu (q.v.) under the title Xiangbing 鄉兵 jiuming shu, 8 entries (out of 15) from Youzhu shiyi 友助事宜, a treatise on local defense by Jin Sheng 金聲 (z. Zhengxi 正希, 1598–1645, from Xiuning 休 寧, Anhui), and regulations on baojia and militia in He county 賀縣 (Guangxi) in 8 articles. The texts are heavily punctuated and with abundant upper-margin commentaries. Xu’s pref. explains that he produced this short manual because his own Xiangshou waibian (see previous entry) was too cumbersome and was not yet widely circulating among the gentry and populace despite an imperial decree recommending its distribution everywhere. In his pref., Zhejiang governor Huang Zonghan claims that after he received Xu’s booklet he had thousands of copies made and sent to subordinates. Bio.: See under Wubei jiyao xubian. Bibliography entries for same author: Wubei jiyao xubian; Xiangshou waibian jiyao; Xiangshou jiyao hejiao; Chengxiang shou hechao; Minguo zhai qizhong. [PEW]

0832

Tuanlian xiangshou beiyao 團練鄉守備要, 1 ce [Essentials on Militia and Local Defense] Anon. 1852 Ed.:

– *1852 ed. engraved at the offices of Poyang county (Jiangxi) 鄱陽縣署鐫 板, with pref. by Shen Yanqing 沈衍慶 (1852). [Beitu]

Rem.: Shen Yanqing (see under Huaiqing zhengji) explains in the pref. that when the Taipings started putting pressure on the frontier between Hunan and Jiangxi, the provincial authorities urged local officials to set up tuanlian and sent copies of Xu Naizhao’s Minguo zhai congshu 敏果 齋叢書 (q.v.) and Xiangshou waibian jieyao 鄉守外編節要 (see below), ordering magistrates to investigate the situation and organize themselves. Shen, who was magistrate of Poyang, had the two works jointly printed (合刊) alongside directives of the provincial chiefs (各憲札示), and the resulting Tuanlian xiangshou beiyao was distributed in villages for implementation. The directives by the governor and other Jiangxi province-level officials certainly reveal much nervousness; they are

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supplemented with a proclamation by Shen Yanqing himself, prohibiting the propagation of false rumors. The cover-leaf gives the titles of the three texts composing Minguo zhai congshu. They are all simple sets of directives for organizing local defense and militia. Xiangshou waibian jieyao, in 8 j., with a foreword by Jiangxi governor Lu Yuanlang 陸元烺, is an abridgment of Xu Naizhao’s Xiangshou waibian jiyao (q.v.) ordered by Lu, who found the text a bit long and complicated for the rurals. The texts are all heavily punctuated and have commentaries in the upper margin. [PEW]

0833

Xiangshou jiyao hechao 鄉守輯要合鈔, 10 j. [A Combination of Essentials on Local Defense] Originally comp. (原編) Xu Naizhao 許乃釗 (z. Zhenheng 貞恒, h. Xinchen 信臣) (ca. 1798–1860) (js. 1835), from Qiantang (Zhejiang)

1853 Ed.:

– *Undated ed., sold (for 1200 capital cash 京滿錢) by the Wenkui zhai on Yangmei zhuxie Street 樣梅竹斜街西頭路北文奎齋, with an extract from Xu Naizhao’s original pref. (1849); central margins have the name Lingyi tang 令貽堂 at the bottom; according to Zhang Yaogeng’s note (see next entry), this version was published in spring of 1853 by a Hanlin compiler (編修) named Chen Jieqi 陳介祺. [Qinghua] – *Undated ed. without indication of publisher or printer, otherwise nearly identical to the ed. above. [Ōki]

Rem.: This new version of Xu Naizhao’s Wubei jiyao xubian (q.v.) begins with a set of imperial edicts (printed in very pale red ink), the same four as in the earlier work, followed by an edict of early 1851 (DG 30/12/9) urging that Xu Naizhao’s recommendations on tuanlian printed by the Liang-Guang authorities and circulated to every county (see under Xiangshou waibian jiyao) be seriously implemented, and by three general edicts from early 1853, evidently motivated by the spread of the Taiping Rebellion, encouraging the setting up of tuanlian and “reinforcing walls and emptying the country” (堅壁清野), but warning against undue official levies in the name of local defense against “bandits”; the third edict (dated XF 3/1/30) orders the Wuying dian 武英殿 (the palace printing shop) to print and widely circulate certain memorials and recommendations on building preventive local defenses and mobilizing the local gentry. (The copy at Ōki has four early-1853 edicts, and adds

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1049

one from the 8th month of the same year ordering the Wuying dian to print Xiangshou jiyao hechao, just received.) The edicts are followed by a short text titled Xiangshou gangling 鄉守綱領, consisting of quotes from the Lunyu and Mengzi supposedly in relation with the topic. The work itself is largely identical to its earlier version; the fanli has been in part edited, with an additional entry justifying the fabrication and possession of weapons by honest people (discussed in the work), based on a quotation from Yu Chenglong 于成龍 (the author of Yushan zoudu and Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu [qq.v.]) to that effect. The mulu has the same entries as in the first version, less the one on baojia and plus one of varia (雜述), and with the one on “general discussions” (通論) placed at the beginning; the contents of the chapters have been occasionally rearranged, with some entries either added or removed and with some changes in the order of entries. Xu Naizhao’s original commentaries are introduced by the word an 按, those of Shi Zhikang 史致康 (publisher of an 1851 ed. of Wubei jiyao xubian titled Xiangshou jiyao) in the upper margin are introduced by 附按. The reason for the words hechao in the title is unclear.

Bio.: See under Wubei jiyao xubian. Bibliography entries for same author: Wubei jiyao xubian; Xiangshou waibian jiyao; Minguo zhai congshu; Chengxiang shou hechao; Minguo zhai qizhong. [PEW] 0834

Chengxiang shou hechao 城鄉守合鈔, 16 j. [A Combined Anthology on the Defense of Cities and Country] Comp. Xu Naizhao 許乃釗 (z. Zhenheng 貞恒, h. Xinchen 信臣) (ca. 1798–1860) (js. 1835), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1853 Ed.:

– *1853 Xiuji tang movable-type ed. 修吉堂排字本 published by Song Jiazhen 宋家禎 from Huating (not mentioned in the copy seen), with original colophons (原跋) to Wubei jiyao by Xu Naiji 許乃濟 (1832) and Xu Naizhao (1843), prefs. to Wubei jiyao xubian by Xu Naizhao (1849) and Fushulong’a 福珠隆阿 (1849), postf. to Xiangshou jiyao by Shi Zhikang 史 致康 (1851). [Nanjing] [PLA Academy of Military Science] [*Qinghua] [Tian Tao]

Rem.: The work opens with the same edicts of the Daoguang and Xianfeng emperors as in Xiangshou jiyao hechao (see previous entry), plus three edicts from the 5th, 6th, and 7th months of 1854, deploring the

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4.7.2 Military: Local Defense

advance of the Taipings, mentioning examples of successful tuanlianbuilding by the local gentry, exhorting to further efforts in that direction, and promising rewards. This is followed by the prefs., by the fanli of Xiangshou jiyao hechao, and by Chengxiang shou gangling, identical to Xiangshou gangling mentioned in the previous entry. In the mulu the ten chapters of Xiangshou jiyao hechao are preceded by six chapters on the defense of cities, which are in fact those of Wubei jiyao (q.v.), namely “Chengshou fanglüe” 城守方略, “Chengshou shenling” 申令, “Chengshou shefang” 設防, “Zhisheng yaoce” 制勝要策 (fu 服 for sheng 勝 in the original work), and “Xingjun yaoce” 行軍要策. The mulu is followed by a note by Zhang Yaogeng 章耀更 (1853) giving a clear account of the publication history. Zhang was obviously the present version’s editor; he notes that time was too short to engrave the punctuation marks (評點) found in other editions; as in Xiangshou jiyao hechao, Xu Naizhao’s original commentaries are introduced by an 按 and those of Chen Zhikang by fu an 附按. Bio.: See under Wubei jiyao xubian. Bibliography entries for same author: Wubei jiyao xubian; Xiangshou waibian jiyao; Minguo zhai congshu; Xiangshou jiyao hejiao; Minguo zhai qizhong. [PEW]

0835

Fangshou jicheng 防守集成, 16 j. [A Compendium on Local Defense] By Zhu Lu 朱璐 (z. Yuquan 玉泉), from Jingde 旌德 (Anhui) 1853 Ed.:

– 1853 engraving, blocks kept at the Fushan youyi village 鳧山又一村藏, with prefs. by Zhu Defan 朱德蕃 (1853) and author (1854). – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in Siku weishou jikan, ser. 7, vol. 12.

Rem.: A compilation of notes taken from military books and arranged by categories. Zhu Lu says in his pref. that he was motivated to arrange and publish his notes by the prevalent condition of disorder, violence and military unpreparedness in southern Fujian. According to the fanli this is a work meant to help local civil and military officials to protect their territory. All aspects of local defense are discussed, including fortifications, baojia, militia, weapons, provisioning, communications, military discipline, and so forth. J. 16, titled yinzheng 引証, is a compilation of historical anecdotes meant to prove the points made by the author. The text is punctuated in order to make it easier to read by military men with limited literacy. Personal opinions have been added to written

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0834–0837

sources. The latter are not indicated because the texts have been edited and rewritten. There are abundant illustrations appended to each chapter. The author insists that this is not empty talk by a literary scholar.

Bio.: Zhu says in his pref. that he served in Fujian after the Opium War. No further information is available. [PEW] 0836

Zengding shenshou bian 增訂慎守編, 15 j. [A Revised and Enlarged Compilation on Careful Defense] Revised and enlarged by Chen Xi’an 陳席庵, from Jingxian 涇縣 (Anhui) 1854 Ed.:

– *1854 Yunling Zegu xuan 雲嶺則古軒 ed., with pref. by Wu Nan 吳枏 (1855). [Hubei]

Rem.: As indicated in the pref., this is an expanded version of a work by Zhou Taigong of the Ming 明周臺公, i.e., Zhou Jian, the author of Jintang jiezhu (q.v.). Chen Xi’an, an itinerant trader (行賈) fond of military books, apparently compiled the work while organizing the defense of his native Yunling, a town in Jing county (Anhui), against bandits— presumably the Taipings—in 1854. The 212 entries are organized under 15 sections, viz. “Preparedness” (預備), “Accumulating supplies” (積貯), “Emptying the countryside” (清野), “Selecting and training” (選練), “Weapons” (制器), “Setting up defenses” (設防), “Resisting” (拒禦), “Strategic measures” (方略), “Prohibitions” (禁約), “Orders” (號令), “Battle formation” (營陣), “Ensuring victory” (制勝), “Attacking by fire” (火攻), “Naval warfare” (水戰), and “Strategic spots” (險要). [GRT]

0837

Shoucheng tiaobian 守城條辨, 2 j. [An Itemized Discussion of City Defense] By Yang Wei 楊渭 (z. Zhuchuan 竹川), from Weixian 濰縣 (Shandong) 1900 pref. Ed.: – *Ms. ed. in author’s hand, cover labels calligraphed by same; dated 10th month, 1900, with author’s pref. (same date). [Beitu]

Rem.: The pref. was written amidst great tension: foreign allied forces had just occupied the capital because of Boxer attacks and the court had fled to Xi’an; the author, who was on his way to pass the examinations in Beijing, returned to his native city, which was left unharmed though Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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German troops were occupying a neighboring district. Though a mere civilian (布衣) unqualified to participate in the defense of the empire, he decided to compile extracts from Ming treatises on city defense still useful for defending the coastal regions against further aggression and protecting the interior. The manuscript is calligraphed with great care on preprinted paper and bound into four fascicles. As can be seen in the very detailed mulu, the extracts cover all aspects of the subject, including wall building and other infrastructures, militia, communications, intelligence, supplies, and so forth. J. 2 is particularly devoted to methods of combat and protection, as well as maintaining discipline within the city. The text is heavily punctuated. The sources of the materials cited are not indicated. [PEW]

4.7.2.1

Baojia and Militia

[MING] 0838

Yangming xiansheng baojia fa 陽明先生保甲法, 1 j. [Wang Yangming’s Baojia Method] By Wang Shouren 王守仁 (z. Boan 伯安, h. Yangming 陽明, s. Wencheng 文成) (1472–1529) (js. 1499), from Yuyao 餘姚 (Zhejiang); recorded (錄) by Chen Longzheng 陳龍正 (z. Tilong 惕龍, h. Jiting 幾亭) (1585–1645) (js. 1634), from Jiashan 嘉善 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– Documents dispersed in the various eds. of Wang Yangming xiansheng quanji 王陽明先生全集 and Wang Yangming quanji; see, e.g., photo-repro. of a 1673 Wang Yangming xiansheng quanji in SKCMCS, 集, vol. 50–51, section on official correspondence (公移), j. 18 and 19. – *Text recorded (錄) by Chen Longzheng 陳龍正, in Xuehai leibian, ce 43. – *Typeset ed. based on Xuehai leibian ed., in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 932, and Congshu jicheng jianbian, fasc. 60. – In Biji xiaoshuo da guan, ser. 6, vol. 5.

Rem.: A short collection of proclamations, orders, and model documents related to Wang Shouren’s effort to set up the so-called ten-family placards (十家牌) system when he was grand coordinator in southern

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Jiangxi, and later in Jiangxi during the campaign against the rebellion of Prince Ning (see below); the pieces were culled from Wang’s collected works by Chen Longzheng. Compiling this material was of especial interest in the late Ming, when statecraft scholars like Chen were anxious to ensure control and security in the countryside. In Xuehai leibian and its reprints the work is published with its companion piece on community compacts, the Yangming xiansheng xiangyue fa 鄉約法 (1 j.), also “recorded” by Chen Longzheng; the two texts are sometimes referred to as Baojia xiangyue fa.

Bio.: Wang Shouren, better known as Wang Yangming, was an effective official and original thinker with wide influence. After his jinshi he was secretary in the ministry of Justice, and following a leave for illness, in the ministry of War. In 1506 he challenged the powerful eunuch Liu Jin 劉瑾 and was beaten, then banished to Guizhou. There he developed philosophical ideas for which he became famous. In 1510 he was made magistrate of Luling 廬陵 (Jiangxi), where he first implemented baojia. Later that year he was appointed to Nanjing, where he served in several ministries and courts. In 1516 he was made assistant censor-in-chief (僉都御史) and grand coordinator for southern Jiangxi. There he eliminated bandit groups and consolidated government control. In 1519 he defeated the rebellion of Prince Ning 寧藩 in Jiangxi, and was made grand coordinator for the province. He became minister of War in Nanjing in 1522 but retired soon after. He was recalled in 1527 to be supreme commander and deal with rebellions on the borders of Guangdong and Guangxi, which he was able to quell in 1528. He died on his way home. See MS, 195/5159–69; DMB, 1408; Renming quanwei. For Chen Longzheng, see under Jiuhuang cehui. [TN] Ref. and studies: Franke, 6.2.14. TYG, 2:2/56a. TYGXC, 2/50b [PEW] 0839

Baomin xunyao 保民訓要, 1 j. [Essential Instructions for Protecting the People] By Liu Zongzhou 劉宗周 (original m. Xianzhang 憲章, z. Qidong 起 東, h. Niantai 念臺, Kenianzi 克念子, Jishan 蕺山, s. Zhongduan 忠端, Zhongzheng 忠正, Zhongjie 忠介) (1578–1645) (js. 1601), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1629 Ed.: – *In Shuofu xu (1647 ed.), j. 10.

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4.7.2.1 Baojia and Militia

Rem.: A proclamation by Liu Zongzhou, then prefect of the capital prefecture (順天府尹) (1629–30), ordering the establishment of baojia. The text is in the form of instructions (事宜) intended for the lower officials in charge of precincts and their subordinates (司坊官以下)—a fang 坊 being composed of several xiang 鄉, the xiang in turn consisting of 10 bao 保; 5 fang make one of the five boroughs (城) that compose the territory of the capital (畿). Liu states that baojia are important not only for security, but also for everything that concerns the education of the people (一切教化即寄于其中); indeed, he assigns to them functions traditionally attached to the so-called community compacts (鄉 約), like teaching the Six Maxims or lecturing bad elements (in the section baojia zhi zheng 保甲之政). There is a section on the role of baojia to ensure that the people follow the proper rituals (section baojia zhi li 禮). Liu considered also that baojia should be active in encouraging agriculture and controlling prices and supplies (section baojia zhi yang 養). Regulations on security and military preparedness are in the section baojia zhi bei 備. The section on “prohibitions” (baojia zhi jin 禁) lists such crimes or misdemeanors as self-castration, same-surname marriage, lawsuits, theatrical shows, women going to temples (“especially the Dongyue temple”), gambling, and more. Models of forms to fill are appended. The text, which sounds rather theoretical, suggests a system of total control of the populace by means of one single system of mutual responsibility.

Bio.: Liu Zongzhou is better known as an idealistic philosopher and scholar and served a limited time as an official. After his jinshi he went into mourning. In 1604 he was made a messenger (行人) in the Messenger Office (行人司), but served only a year before resigning to care for aged relatives. He returned to the post in 1612 and served for two years, but then retired again. In 1621 he was made a secretary in the Ministry of Rites and chose immediately to challenge the eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢. He went through several offices, culminating in 1623 as vice-minister (少卿) of the Court of the Imperial Stud, but pled illness and resigned. Wei had him stripped of his status as an official. In 1628 he was summoned to serve as prefect of the capital prefecture, tried unsuccessfully to refuse the post, and finally arrived in the capital in 1629. He implemented numerous measures to settle the populace. After several requests he was permitted to retire for illness in 1630. Later he served in higher posts, but never for long. He also briefly served under the Southern Ming but resigned after disputes with other officials. After the fall of Nanjing he starved himself to death. See MS, 255/6573–90; ECCP, 532–33; Renming quanwei. [TN] [PEW]

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0839–0841

[QING B] 0840

Pinghu xian baojia shiyi 平湖縣保甲事宜 [Directives on Baojia in Pinghu County] By Wang Fengsheng 王鳳生 (z. Zhenxuan 振軒, Zhuyu 竹嶼) (1776– 1834), from Wuyuan 婺源 (Anhui) 1815 Ed.: – *In Yuezhong congzheng lu (q.v.), with author’s intro. (1815).

Rem.: A set of directives and model forms regarding the reorganization of baojia by the author while he was acting magistrate of Pinghu (Zhejiang), and following a general order of the governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. The rationale of the operation, the method to get it accepted by the populace and notables, and the ways to run it are discussed in the long introduction, dated 1815.

Bio.: See under Xuezhi tixing lu. Ref. and studies: Ma, 186 (Qinghua) (title Zhejiang Pinghu xian baojia shiyi). Bibliography entries for same author: Huangzheng beilan; Liang Zhe yunku qingcha jieyao; Songzhou congsheng lu; Xuezhi tixing lu; Yuezhong congzheng lu; Zhesheng cangku qingcha jieyao. [PEW] 0841

Baojia shu 保甲書, 4 j. [The Book of Baojia] Comp. Xu Dong 徐棟 (z. Zhichu 致初, Xiaolu 笑陸) (1792–1865) (js. 1822), from Ansu 安肅 (Zhili) 1837 pref. Ed.: – *Appended to Muling shu (q.v.), with prefs. by Li Wei 李煒 (1848) and author (1837). [Beitu] – Photo-repro. of Li Wei’s 1848 ed., in ZSJC, vol. 10.

Rem.: The author’s pref. specifies that the work was completed before Muling shu (q.v.), to which it was then appended. J. 1 (定例) is devoted to the precedents of the Ministries of Revenue and Justice; j. 2A and 2B (成規) cite models and methods from seven different authors; j. 3 (廣存) quotes various texts on security and mutual surveillance; j. 4 quotes one text on the origins of the baojia system and one on the lijia system. On Xu Dong and baojia, see also next entry.

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Bio.: See under Muling shu. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4311. Bibliography entries for same author: Muling shu; Muling shu jiyao; Baojia shu jiyao; Nanshan baojia shu. [PEW] 0842

Nanshan baojia shu 南山保甲書, 2 j. [The Southern Mountains Book of Baojia] By Xu Dong 徐棟 (z. Zhichu 致初, Xiaolu 笑陸) (1792–1865) (js. 1822), from Ansu 安肅 (Zhili); comp. (編纂) Chen Jin 陳僅 (z. Yushan 餘 山, Caichen 采臣, h. Huanshan 渙山) (jr. 1813), from Yin county 鄞縣 (Zhejiang) 1845 Ed.: – *1845 ed. of the Siming Jiya tang 四明繼雅堂藏板, edited and printed (校刊) by Chen Jin, magistrate of Ankang 安康 (Shaanxi). [Ōki] – *Undated new ed. (重刊) with prefs. by Li Peijing 黎培敬 (1881) and Gui Songqing 桂嵩慶 (n.d.). [Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection]

Rem.: The work was motivated by the peculiar difficulty of organizing baojia in mountainous areas with sparse populations, where registering households was difficult and outlaws easily escaped control, hence the necessity to adapt the usual rules. The 1845 ed. starts with an 1843 circular (札) by prefect Xu 徐 of Xing’an 興安 (in the Han River valley in southern Shaanxi; the Nanshan of the title are the same as the Zhongnan 終南 or Qinling 秦嶺 Mts.). This prefect was Xu Dong, the compiler of Muling shu and Baojia shu (qq.v.). His circular enumerates six reasons why baojia are “not easy to implement” (不易行) and usually become a dead letter, but insists that they are essential and can be successful if implemented flexibly and energetically. The circular is followed by a proclamation (示) to the same effect, a set of new regulations, and an itemized order addressed to the bao chiefs. The text proper starts then, with a mulu and 29 entries consisting of correspondence sent or received by prefect Xu, orders and directives, regulations, and numerous model documents, all illustrative of the very strict control of the local population envisioned by the authorities. The undated new ed. was sponsored and edited by Li Peijing, at the time grain tribute transportation governor-general (漕運總督), and published by Gui Songqing, then Huai-Yang-Hai military intendant (淮揚海兵備道). A hand-written note by Niida Noboru in the copy seen, dated 1957, remarks that there

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are several textual differences from the original ed.; Chen Jin’s name has disappeared, there is no mulu, but punctuation has been added.

Bio.: For Xu Dong, see under Muling shu. The year after his juren, Chen Jin was unsuccessful at the jinshi, but was appointed copyist (謄錄) and worked among others at the Historiography Institute (國史館). He eventually earned a position of magistrate and filled several positions in Shaanxi, where he appears to have been an activist and popular official. He was first appointed at Yanchang 延長, where among other policies he implemented baojia, and did a stint as acting magistrate of Dingbian 定邊. Later he was moved to Ziyang 紫 陽, where he stayed five years (the Ziyang gazetteer mentions his policies and initiatives, including organizing baojia, under the years 1836 to 1839). Then he became acting magistrate of Ankang. His next positions were at Xianning 咸 寧, and four years later at Ningshaan subprefecture 寧陝廳. He had to leave the post because of illness, and died soon after. See Xuxiu Shaanxi TZ gao (1934), 69/9a–b; Ziyang XZ (1882), j. 1–3 passim, 7/4b. Bibliography entries for same author: (Xu Dong) Muling shu; Muling shu jiyao; Baojia shu; Baojia shu jiyao. (Chen Jin) Buhuang huibian. [PEW] 0843

Baojia tuanlian jiyao 保甲團練輯要, 1 ce [Essentials on Baojia and Militia] By Yi Tang 易棠 (z. Zhaogan 召甘, Nianyuan 念園) (1794–1863) (js. 1829), from Shanhua 善化 (Hunan) Ca. 1853 Ed.: – *Undated ms. ed. [Beitu]

Rem.: This slim manuscript fasc. starts with an introductory communication (札) by Yi [Tang], then governor of Shanxi replacing the Shaan-Gan governor-general and temporarily retained in Gansu as administration commissioner (which corresponds to his position during the second half of 1853). The communication states that directives on militia organization and village fortifications, based on measures devised during the White Lotus Rebellion, were already printed and distributed in response to an imperial edict, and that although Gansu is comparatively protected, it would be best if it prepared for possible trouble; thus the author compiled texts by previous authors on baojia and tuanlian and contributed money to print them. (The present copy may be the underlying ms. of this publication.) Then come Wang Yangming’s text and directives on shijia paifa 十家牌法 (see under Yangming xiansheng

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baojia fa), and two short proposals on establishing guard posts, and militia.

Bio.: The first part of Yi Tang’s career took place in the Ministry of Justice, where he started in 1829 as a drafter (主稿) and eventually reached the position of bureau director in 1843. In 1847 he was appointed prefect of Guangzhou, and in 1849 grain intendant (督糧道), still assuming the post of Guangzhou prefect. In 1851 he became Shaanxi, then Gansu surveillance commissioner, being promoted to Gansu administration commissioner in 1852. In 1852–54 he was governor of Shanxi, then ranking Shaan-Gan governor-general in 1854–56. See QSLZ, 48/22a–25a; Renming quanwei. [PEW] 0844

Baojia shu jiyao 保甲書輯要, 4 j. [Essentials from the Book of Baojia] Comp. Xu Dong 徐棟 (z. Zhichu 致初, Xiaolu 笑陸) (1792–1865) (js. 1822), from Ansu 安肅 (Zhili); ed. Ding Richang 丁日昌 (z. Chijing 持靜, Yusheng 禹生/雨生) (1823–82), from Fengshun 豐順 (Guangdong) 1869 pref. Ed.:

– *1868 Jiangsu shuju ed., published with Muling shu jiyao (q.v.) and other works, with Xu Dong’s pref. to original Baojia shu (q.v.) (1837) and pref. by Ding Richang (1869). [*Chicago] [*Ōki] – 1871 ed. of the office of Qianyang (Guizhou) (黔陽官署刊), with Xu Dong’s pref. to original Baojia shu (1837) and pref. by Ding Richang (1869). – *1873 Guangzhou Yangcheng shuju new ed. 羊城書局重刊, with pref. by Ding Richang (1869) and Xu Dong’s pref. to original Baojia shu (1837). [Fu Sinian] – *1896 Shanghai Tushu jicheng ed., published with Muling shu jiyao, Lizhi sanshu, Qinban zhouxian shiyi, and Mumin zhonggao (qq.v.). [IHEC] – *Photo-repro. of 1871 Guizhou ed., Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968 (Zhongguo fanglüe congshu, 1st ser., no. 19).

Rem.: A selection preserving about 50 to 60 percent of the original Baojia shu (q.v.). Information on the origins, careers, and works of the 18 authors cited has been put together after the pref. instead of being scattered in the text after the first mention of each author.

Bio.: (Xu Dong) See under Muling shu. (Ding Richang) See under Muling shu jiyao. Ref. and studies: Ma, 184 (Beiping) (title Baojia jiyao, Jiangsu shuju ed.). Bibliography entries for same author: Muling shu; Muling shu jiyao; Baojia shu; Nanshan baojia shu. [PEW] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Baojia shiyi zhaiyao 保甲事宜摘要, 5 j. [A Selection of Essential Measures on Baojia] Comp. Li Youfen 李有棻 (z. Baochun 報春, Xiangyuan 薌垣) (1841– 1906) (1873 selected tribute student 拔貢生), from Pingxiang 萍鄉 (Jiangxi) 1887 Ed.:

– *1887 ed. engraved at the prefectural offices of Wuchang 武昌府署開雕, title on cover-leaf Wu jun 武郡 baojia shiyi zhaiyao, with pref. by Li Youfen (1887). [Qinghua]

Rem.: A gongdu collection on the implementation of baojia in the capital of Hubei, composed by the prefect of Wuchang. Li Youfen was appointed to that position in 1884 and was entrusted with implementing a program for baojia that had been decided earlier but had been interrupted by the alert caused by the Franco-Chinese War; he was also given funds for the undertaking, so that “not one cash would be levied from the people.” The program was completed in Jiangxia 江夏, the leading county of Wuchang, in 1886, and now was being extended to the entire prefecture. The work reproduces relevant documents for consultation by the officials and gentry in charge of implementation. J. 1 includes three reports (稟) by Li Youfen. J. 2 has about 20 directives (札) from Li, addressed to the magistrates of the prefecture, and especially to the official commissioned to take charge of the bureau (局) set up for the program, an expectant assistant magistrate named Huang Xin’e 黃新 鍔. J. 3 is composed of 8 orders (諭) to the gentry in charge of baojia. J. 4 has about 10 proclamations (示) on the regulations, management, and tasks of baojia, listing among others the types of crime and misdemeanor they are supposed to locate and denounce. J. 5, an appendix (附刊), contains a number of reports from officials subordinate to the prefecture and from Huang Xin’e. The texts are informative about the details of implementing baojia in late-Qing China, the regulations and procedures, the mobilization of local gentry, and the difficulties encountered. Bio.: Li Youfen started his career with menial positions in central government agencies after he had paid a contribution in the mid-1870s. He was sent to Hunan (perhaps as early as 1877) as expectant prefect and worked in various capacities; he was appointed prefect in 1882, and the same later in Hubei. Enjoying Zhang Zhidong’s 張之洞 protection, he was later given positions of intendant in Hubei and Guangdong, and in 1894 was appointed Shaanxi surveillance commissioner, where he was apparently successful in organizing

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baojia and militia. He is described as an efficient administration commissioner in the same province in 1898–99 (after a period in an acting position). He took care (護理) of the position of governor briefly in 1899, before leaving for mourning. In 1902–03 he was Jiangning administration commissioner, and took care of the post of Jiangnan governor-general in 1902. At the end of 1904, while he had retired to his native Jiangxi, he was appointed general administrator of the Jiangxi railroads, a post he still held when he died in a shipwreck on the Yangzi. See Zhaoping zhilüe 昭萍志略 (1935), 9/47b–51b; Xuxiu Shaanxi TZ gao, 67/6b–7b; BZJbu, 19/30b–32b; Qing shilu: Dezong, 538/11a. [PEW] 0846

Baojia beize 保甲備擇, 1 ce [A Ready Selection on Baojia] By Yao Lin 姚林 (z. Maoru 茂如), from Nanle 南樂 (Zhili) 1903 Ed.:

– *1903 ed. of the Thousand-Buddha village Yao residence 千佛村姚宅藏板 in Nanle, with prefs. by Lu Weixin 陸維炘 (1903) and author (1903). [Beitu]

Rem.: This compilation of extracts from various texts on baojia and tuanlian, ancient and recent, with discussions about how to adapt them to current conditions, was designed to serve as a short and convenient handbook. It was presented to the magistrate of Nanle, Lu Weixin, by the author, a local notable who had been involved with militia work for some years; Lu encouraged the Yao family to print it for widespread distribution. The main text has 29 entries, and an appendix has 27. Every aspect is covered, including weaponry and military medicine. Bio.: No information is available on Yao Lin.

0847

[PEW]

Jinshan xian baojia zhangcheng 金山縣保甲章程, 1 ce [Regulations on Baojia in Jinshan County] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed., with Quanjie tiaokuan 勸戒條款 and Zuiming tushuo 罪名 圖說 appended. [Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection]

Rem.: Detailed regulations on baojia (11 folios in all) promulgated by a magistrate Jiang 蔣 in Jinshan (Songjiang 松江 prefecture, Jiangsu) sometime during the last decade of the Qing. One notes certain innovations

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compared with traditional baojia regulations: for example, the heads of the different units are here called “managers” (董) instead of “chiefs” (長) in order to confer more respectability to the post. There is a strong insistence on locating and denouncing every kind of trouble-maker and illegal or harmful activity (e.g. gambling dens and opium-smoking), and a long series of interdictions against such classic evils, conducive to social disruption, as lawsuits, disputes on adoption and inheritance, theatrical festivals (賽會演戲), slaughtering oxen, sectarianism (with the Boxer disturbances of 1900 given as example), each time mentioning punishments in the Penal Code and urging the baojia managers to act as preventers. There are also long entries encouraging filial piety, chastity, the creation of new schools (學堂, stating that despite foreign influence they ought to continue the tradition of charitable schools), and grain storage. The conclusion, which refers to the new local administration of Japan, insists that it is not simply a question of maintaining law and order, but also of civilizing the populace through “exhortations and interdictions” (勸禁). (These entries correspond to the Quanjie tiaokuan announced on the cover label.) The magistrate, who has asked the province surveillance commissioner to send an able official to register the baojia, will meet all the expenses out of his salary. The Zuiming tushuo appended consists of plates graphically representing the various capital punishments, with inscriptions recalling the main crimes concerned. For another example of such representations, see Da Qing lüli tushuo (q.v.). [JB, PEW]

[MINGUO] 0848

Baojia daquan 保甲大全 [A Compendium on Baojia] By Yan Dingyi 嚴定一 1937 Ed.:

– *1937 ed. printed by Xiangyi yinshuguan in Hengyang 衡陽湘溢印書館, published by the Hengyang county government. [Hunan]

Rem.: A handbook for the promotion of baojia in Hengyang (Hunan), including sections on “what to know” (須知) about organizing baojia, registering the population, reporting on population moves, administrative documents, arbitrating disputes, and “basic citizen knowledge” (公 民常識). The work is illustrative of the continuity of government efforts

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in this area from the sixteenth century all the way to the Republican Period.

[GRT]

4.7.3

Coastal Defense

[MING] 0849

Haifang zuanyao 海防纂要, 13 + 1 j. [A Compilation of Essentials on Maritime Defense] Comp. Wang Zaijin 王在晉 (z. Mingchu 明初, h. Huyun 岵雲) (1564– 1643) (js. 1592), from Taicang 太倉 (Nan Zhili) 1613 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Gao Ju 高舉 (1613) and compiler (1613). [*Beiping Mf., reels #493–494] [Gugong Taipei] [Huadong shifan daxue (with some edits and character corrections by hand)] – Undated ed. with prefs. by Gao Ju (1613) and compiler (1613); chapter captions indicate text collated (較閱) by Wang Zaijin’s son Huibi 會苾. [Shanghai] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Shanghai, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 739–740. – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Huadong shifan daxue, in Siku jinhui shu congkan, 史, vol. 17. – Photo-repro. of ms. ed. titled Huang Ming haifang zuanyao (Yangzhou: Yangzhou gujiu shudian, 1970s). – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Huadong shifan daxue (identifiable by same textual variations and annotations as in ed. reproduced in Siku jinhui shu congkan), in Mingdai jiben shiliao congkan 明代基本史料叢刊, Linguo juan 鄰國卷 (Beijing: Xianzhuang shuju, 2004), vol. 60–62. – Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., Beijing: Zhishi chanquan chubanshe, 2011 (Haijiang wenxian chubian: yanhai xingshi ji haifang 海疆文献初编: 沿海形勢及海防, ser. 2, vol. 9–10). – *Photo-repro. of first section of text (see below), in Zhongguo gudai haidao wenxian ditu shiliao huibian 中國古代海島文獻地圖史料匯編, Hong Kong: Fuchi shuyuan chuban youxian gongsi, 2013, vol. 9.

Rem.: The fanli (followed by a list of 44 works consulted) and Wang Zaijin’s pref. claim that the work attempts to provide and at the same time complement the essentials of three previous texts, Chouhai tubian 籌海圖編, Chouhai chongbian 籌海重編, and Haifang leikao 海防類考. After a set of maps of the coast (山海輿地圖), the text is divided into

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1063

15 sections of unequal length, listed at the beginning (分門次序) and reiterated as an organizing principle in the detailed mulu. They are: (1) “Recommendations on coastal defense” (沿海事宜), covering the entire coast from Guangdong to Liaodong (j. 1–2); (2) “Routes and directions to foreign countries” (外國考程途針路), mostly regarding Japan, Liuqiu, and Korea (j. 2–3); (3) “Historical study of tribute” (朝貢通考) (j. 3); (4) “Strategy to recover Korea” (朝鮮復國經略) (j. 3–4); (5) “Strategy to resist the Wokou” (禦倭方略), including defensive measures and developing new military forces and equipment (j. 5–6); (6) “Boats and armaments, methods of attack and encirclement” (船器功圍法) (j. 6); (7) “Strategic matters” (經略事宜), covering a wide range of measures to ensure local order and military preparedness (j. 7–8); (8) “Record of victories” (大捷 考), a long list of successes won in coastal regions (j. 9–10); (9) “Records of capturing foreigners” (獲夷紀略), about three recent cases involving Vietnamese, Koreans, and Japanese (j. 10); (10) “Military regulations and directives” (行軍法令) (j. 10–11); (11) “Rewards for merit” (功令) (j. 12); (12) “Sacrifices and prayers” (祭禱) (j. 12); (13) “Medical matters” (醫藥) (j. 12); (14) “Selecting propitious days” (選日) for a variety of circumstances (j. 13); and (15) “Divination” (占驗) (j. 13).

Bio.: Wang Zaijin is also mentioned as a Junxian 濬縣 (Bei Zhili) local because he was taken and raised there by a brother after their father’s early death. After his jinshi he became a drafter (舍人) in the Secretariat. Later a secretary in the Ministry of Works, he was assigned to branch offices in Zhejiang. In 1600 he was appointed assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) in charge of the Xing-Quan 興泉 military circuit (Fujian) and dealt successfully with local pirates. After a period of mourning he became assistant administration commissioner (參議) in charge of the Jingnan 荆南 circuit (Huguang) (1605), later surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in charge of education for Huguang (1607). Subsequently, he held further provincial positions in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and eventually Shandong, where he was appointed grand coordinator in 1619 and had to deal with refugees from the Liaodong peninsula. Made vice-minister of War in 1621, he was assigned to oversee the logistics for the ministries of Works, War, and Personnel in support of the campaigns against the Manchus. In 1622 he became generalin-chief (經略) for the Liaodong theater with the rank of minister of War, but was soon shifted to minister of War in Nanjing and permitted to take leave. He was called back in 1625 and served as minister of Personnel and Justice in Nanjing, then minister of War in 1628, but he was soon impeached and dismissed. See MS, 257/6625; Taicang ZZ (1802), 27/10a–b; Taicang ZZ (1919), 19/18a–b; Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (1686/1694), 18/18b; Quanzhou 泉州 FZ (1612), 4/23a; Lizhou zhilin 澧州志林 (1750), 11/5a, 12/11a; Jiangxi TZ (1683), Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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13/31a; Jinan 濟南 FZ (1840), 35/8b; Chongyang 崇陽 XZ (1866), 7/91b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 346/6448, 413/7742, 435/8224, 468/8828, 502/9521, 531/9996, 542/10309, 580/10996, Xizong, 2/79, 11/559, 20/1005, 25/1269, 26/1333, 57/2610, 59/2760, 64/3016, Chongzhen shilu, 1/10, 1/38; ECCP, 839 (not mentioning Haifang zuanyao). [TN, PEW] [QING A] 0850

Zhoushi shengmo 舟師繩墨, 1 j. [Guidelines for Naval Forces] By Lin Junsheng 林君陞 (z. Shengji 聖躋, h. Jingting 敬亭) (?–1755), from Tong’an 同安 (Fujian) N.d. Ed.: – *[1772] ed. by Chen Kui 陳奎, with postf. by Chen Kui (1772). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of ed. above, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 967.

Rem.: A comparatively short but extremely precise and professional treatise aimed at navy officers, crews, and soldiers engaged in catching pirates, by an author who had been familiar with seafaring since his childhood and pursued a brilliant career as a naval commander along the southeast coast. According to the postface, this guidebook on naval training was submitted to the emperor and was subsequently used not only by the military but also by civilian seamen. When Chen Kui, who in his youth had served under Lin, was transferred to Jiangnan as SuzhouSongjiang regional commander decades later, he could see that most of his colleagues had never heard about a book they greatly needed, and therefore printed the present edition.

Bio.: Lin Junsheng, who had a maritime family background, enrolled in the navy and rapidly rose from the ranks. In 1721 he was sent to Taiwan to transport supplies and ascertain the situation. He was recommended by his superiors, and was remarked by the Yongzheng emperor, with whom he had an audience in 1726. He occupied a series of positions of regional commander (總兵官) in Zhejiang (notably as Dinghai regional commander 定海鎮總兵 in the Chusan archipelago from 1727 to 1737), Fujian, and Guangdong. He was military commander (提督) of Guangdong in 1742–48 and again in 1751–53, having served in Fujian and Taiwan in between, and military commander of Jiangnan in 1753– 55. He died in post at age 68. He is said to have participated in famine relief on several occasions, and to have left a treatise titled Jiuhuang beilan 救荒備覽 (apparently lost). See Chen Kui’s postf.; Quanzhou 泉州 FZ (1882), 56/49b–50b; Renming quanwei.

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1065

0849–0851

Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:129. 0851

[PEW]

Fanghai beilan 防海備覽, 10 j. [A Reader on Maritime Defense] By Xue Chuanyuan 薛傳源 (z. Heming 河明, Zitang 資堂) (1753–1821) (1808 tribute student), from Jiangyin 江陰 (Jiangsu) 1793 pref. Ed.:

– 1801 ed. [Fuzhou Normal University] – *1811 engraving (鐫) of the Wangshan tang ed. 望山堂藏板, with prefs. by Li Zhaoluo 李兆洛 (n.d.) and author (1793). [Beitu]

Rem.: A handbook of maritime defense aiming to ensure preparedness against piracy, a serious problem in South China at the turn of the nineteenth century. The prefaces insist that the danger had much abated compared to the Wokou wars during the Ming: as a consequence, piracy can be forestalled with regular forces stationed under the coastal administrations and without mobilizing large armies under specially appointed generals. The author (described in Li Zhaoluo’s pref. as a “scholar intent on administering the world” 有志經世之士) deplored that Ming treatises were complicated and difficult to apply; as also stated in the fanli, he chose to include only the essentials in his compilation, augmenting them with Qing materials such as relevant extracts from Da Qing huidian 大清會典, quoted abundantly at the beginning of several chapters. Still, considerable space is devoted to materials culled from Ming historical records. The 10 chapters deal with: (1) “Distinguishing strategic spots” (別要害), a description of all strategic spots on the coast, from the Annam frontier to Korea, with maps appended; (2) “Assiduously patrolling” (勤會哨), on sea patrols, quoting essentially from Da Qing huidian; (3) “Prohibiting private communications” (禁私通), on illegal contacts and exchanges with overseas countries; (4) “Resorting to spies” (用偵間); (5) “Reparing warships” (修戰艦), on numbers and maintenance of ships; (6) “Sharpening weapons” (利器械), describing a variety of weaponry; (7) “Giving strict orders” (嚴軍令); (8) “Drilling on time” (時訓練), i.e., taking advantage of the off-season to train militia; (9) “Building forts” (築城堡); (10) “Instructions on defense” (講禦守), on the defense of coastal cities.

Bio.: If we accept the birth year proposed for Xue Chuanyuan, then he became a tribute student (貢生) at quite a late age. No further information is available. See Jiangyin XZ (1840), 14/33a. [PEW]

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1066

4.7.3 Military: Coastal Defense

[QING B] 0852

Waihai jiyao 外海紀要 [Essentials on the Open Seas] By Li Zengjie 李增階 (z. Qiantang 謙堂), from Tong’an 同安 (Fujian) 1828 postf. Ed.:

– *As j. 7 of Chen Kun’s Congzheng xu yulu (q.v.), with pref. by Li Jinghang 李景沆 (n.d.) and author’s postf. (跋) (1828). [*Harvard] [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: A treatise on maritime defense. In his postf. Li Zengjie says that as a young man 30 years ago he followed his uncle duke Zhongyi 忠毅公 in his campaigns to combat piracy in four provinces and received his instruction: this must be Li Changgeng 李長庚 (1750–1808), the major operational navy commander along the South China coast until his death in combat (see ECCP, 446–8). Li Changgeng’s feats are also celebrated in the pref. written by Li Jinghang, a magistrate who met Li when the latter was in charge of defense on Hainan Island. Li Jinghang is also the author of a list of the ports on the China coast classified according to the degree of protection against typhoons they afford, titled Yanhai an’ao 沿 海安澳, appended to his preface. Besides providing instruction on boat maintenance, the selection of men, the proper use of armament, and so forth, the fairly technical 20 entries include several itineraries, meteorological data, time-tables for seasonal tidal currents, etc., concerning Fujian and Guangdong.

Bio.: Li Zengjie was a military officer who held several commands as assistant brigade commander (守備), brigade commander (游擊), assistant regional commander (參將), regional commander (總兵), and provincial military commander (提督) in coastal regions in Zhejiang and Guangdong between 1807 and 1834. See Renming quanwei. [PEW] 0853

Fanghai jiyao 防海輯要, 1 + 18 j. [Essentials on Maritime Defense] Comp. Yu Changhui 俞昌會 (z. Tongfu 同甫), from Wanping 宛平 (Zhili) 1842 Ed.:

– *1842 Baipi shanfang ed. 百甓山房藏板, with prefs. by compiler (1842) and Song Xiangfeng 宋翔鳳 (1842), postf. (跋) by compiler (“Fanghai jiyao yueyan 約言”, n.d.). [Harvard]

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0852–0853

1067

– *1885 Mingyuan shuju ed., Changsha 長沙明遠書局梓, with prefs. by compiler (1842) and Song Xiangfeng (1842); compiler’s “Fanghai jiyao yueyan,” still called a ba 跋, is placed between the prefs. and mulu. [Beitu]

Rem.: A treatise on maritime defense spurred by the recent Opium War disaster. It includes maps (in j. 首) and geographical information on the China coast from Zhili to Guangdong (j. 1–6), and discussions on coastal defense in the southeast and south (j. 7–10), followed by considerations on strategy, troop training, ships, weapons, etc., with many illustrations; j. 18 is an account of the various overseas countries (海國 略). The author’s pref. claims that the difference between the English and the Wokou is that the latter could be vanquished on sea but were formidable fighters on land, whereas with the English it is the opposite. Song Xiangfeng’s pref. insists that a successful coastal defense depends upon the loyalty of the locals, which in turn depends upon good officials practicing benevolent government. The contents of the work are largely culled from seventeenth-century treatises such as Gu Zuyu’s 顧祖禹 Dushi fangyu jiyao 讀史方輿紀要, Gu Yanwu’s 顧炎武 Tianxia junguo libing shu 天下郡國利病書, and Jintang jiezhu 金湯借箸 (q.v.), or they collect the sayings of generals who combated Japanese piracy, like Qi Jiguang 戚繼光 (see under Jixiao xinshu and others) and Hu Zongxian 胡宗憲 (1512–65). As a result, this generalist handbook on coastal defense appears outdated. The postf. is a recapitulation of the book in twelve sections in which the author introduces his own views.

Bio.: Yu Changhui began his career as a student by purchase (監生). Though a Beijing native, his family hailed from Shaoxing (Zhejiang), and he grew up in Guangdong. Among the many assignments mentioned in local gazetteers, he held (often in an acting capacity) the positions of police chief (巡檢) in Jiangyin 江陰 (Jiangsu) (1825), magistrate of Taoyuan 桃源 (Jiangsu) (1831–33) and Shanhua 善化 (Hunan) (1834–36) (he is said to have administered more than 10 counties in Hunan, where he made his home in Changsha and died aged 76), then Changzhou 長洲 (Jiangsu)—the native place of Song Xiangfeng, who wrote a preface for him—for several years. He was acting prefect of Yongzhou 永州 (Hunan) from 1844 to 1846. In 1847 he is mentioned as department magistrate of Guiyang 桂陽 (Hunan) in 1845, magistrate of Yongxin 永新 in 1854 and acting subprefect (同知) of Lianhua 蓮花廳 (both in Ji’an 吉安 prefecture, Jiangxi) in 1856. His preoccupation with statecraft matters and defense also led him to write a treatise on Miao affairs titled Miaofang jilüe 苗防紀略 when he was subprefect of Fenghuang (鳳凰同知) in Hunan. See Jiangyin XZ (1840), 12/32a; Taoyuan XZ (1892), 7/13a; Ji’an FZ (1875), 12/3a, 52a; Yongxin XZ (1874),

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1068

4.7.3 Military: Coastal Defense

9/34b; Shanhua XZ (1877), 17/11b; Guiyang zhili ZZ (1868), 9/99a–b; Yongzhou FZ (1828/1867), 11A/51b; Hunan TZ (1885), 122/20b, 123/8b, 18a, 24a. [PEW] 0854

Dongmou jishi 東牟紀事, 2 j. [An Account of Events in Dengzhou] By Zhang Xianghai 張香海 (h. Mouzi 牟子), from Penglai 蓬萊 (Shandong) 1845 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Lu Jianying 陸建瀛 (n.d.) and author (1845). [Tōyō Bunko] Rem.: During the years 1840–42 Shandong governor Tuohunbu 托 渾布 (z. Aishan 愛山) went to Dengzhou 登州 prefecture (Shandong)

three times to organize coastal defense against the English (who hovered there after having sailed back from Dagu 大沽, the fortress controlling access to Tianjin from the sea, in 1840) and to establish a military bureau (軍務局) where local notables could help in the effort. Zhang Xiangshan was among those who participated and offered advice. The work is composed of letters, proposals, answers to Tuohunbu’s requests, various records, and essays on fortifications and the construction and handling of cannon, the last with very clear illustrations. The author’s claim in his pref. that he has a native’s knowledge of local geographic, maritime, and strategic circumstances and has been reflecting on the subject for more than thirty years is well supported by the contents, which are extremely precise and concrete in their descriptions and recommendations. Lu Jianying (a friend who had been involved in coastal defense at Dagu in 1840) claims in his pref. that although Zhang’s recommendations are limited to a particular area, all the important strategic topics are there (雖措置祇在一隅而軍務大段已具), and that Zhang is therefore a man useful for the times (當世有用人). The work can be considered as the equivalent of a gongdu collection with value as a military handbook. It also adds an interesting footnote to the military history of the Opium War.

Bio.: The author was a student (書生) from Penglai, the seat of Dengzhou prefecture; he was born to an old military family that had lived there since the late Yuan period and had produced several scholar-officials. (Dongmou in the title is the name of an ancient prefecture whose seat was in the region.) [PEW]

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0853–0855 0855

1069

Fanghai jieyao 防海節要, 1 ce [Abridged Essentials on Maritime Defense] Comp. Shi Zaiyu 施在鈺 (z. Erru 二如, h. Liqing 礪卿), from Chongming 崇明 (Jiangsu) 1884 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. in 1 ce (97 folios), with pref. by compiler (to Chongkan 重 刊 fanghai jieyao, 1884); the cover label says “Shi Lixiang 勵鄉 Fanghai jieyao.” [Beitu]

Rem.: An adaptation of a treatise on coastal defense titled Fanghai xinlun 新論, composed by an “unranked scholar” (布人) named Xiliha 希理哈 who based himself on military reports produced during the U.S. Civil War. The book had already been adapted by a certain governor Li Liangting 李兩亭 (not identified); the present compiler was ordered by Liang-Guang governor-general Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 (in post 1884–89) to make it more usable for officers and soldiers by supplying missing information, adding commentaries, drawing tables and maps, and the like. According to his pref., one of the work’s features that makes it especially interesting to contemporary Chinese, compared to other recent Western military treatises, is its explanation of how the South succeeded in defending its coast despite naval inferiority. The text is carefully punctuated in red, with foreign names underlined and with explanatory notes in the upper margin.

Bio.: Shi Zaiyu was a second-class tribute student (附貢生). He and his elder brother Zairong 在鎔 actively participated in the defense of Chongming during the Taiping War, which earned them Li Hongzhang’s 李鴻章 recommendation after Suzhou had been retaken. Awarded the rank of assistant-prefect, Shi was appointed to Hunan in the mid-1860s, where he was tasked by governor Wang Wenshao 王文韶 with managing military supplies and traveling to Shanghai to levy contributions. In 1875 he became acting magistrate of Suining 綏寧 (Hunan), where among other things he built frontier defenses against the Guizhou-based Miao. His good government in Suining earned him the rank of prefect, then intendant. He was sent to Guangdong, where governor-general Liu Kunyi 劉坤一 entrusted him with managing an arsenal producing modern weapons. He was rewarded for his participation in the defense of Guangdong during the Franco-Chinese War, and helped found a naval institute (水師學堂). Later he was active in various diplomatic negotiations involving the British, Germans, and Portuguese. See Chongming XZ (1930), 11/38b–39a; Jingzhou 靖 州 zhili ZZ (1879), 7/13a [PEW]

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1070 4.8

4.8 Handbooks on Particular Techniques: Others

Others

[Accounting] 0856

Zhesheng cangku qingcha jieyao 浙省倉庫清查節要 [Essentials on Controlling the Granaries and Treasuries of Zhejiang] Comp. Wang Fengsheng 王鳳生 (z. Zhenxuan 振軒, Zhuyu 竹嶼) (1776–1834), from Wuyuan 婺源 (Anhui) 1824 pref. Ed.: – *In Yuezhong congzheng lu (q.v.), with compiler’s pref. (1824).

Rem.: A collection of model forms, regulations, and various documents related to the general audit of Zhejiang local finances with which Wang Fengsheng was entrusted in 1821; the audit—the first after 21 years—took 17 months to complete and did not uncover disproportionate deficits. The procedures followed, both to audit accounts and to decide how to rectify deficits, were carefully monitored by the governor, Shuai Chengying 帥承瀛. Wang Fengsheng, who apparently considers that the audit was particularly well conducted, says that he did not want to keep for himself the “methods of investigation and management” (查 辦之法) thus established, and decided to publish the essentials (the text is 47 folios long) as a guide for such operations in the future. Bio.: See under Xuezhi tixing lu. Bibliography entries for same author: Huangzheng beilan; Liang Zhe yunku qingcha jieyao; Pinghu xian baojia shiyi; Songzhou congsheng lu; Xuezhi tixing lu; Yuezhong congzheng lu. [PEW]

0857

Liang Zhe yunku qingcha jieyao 兩浙運庫清查節要 [Essentials on Controlling the Salt Administration Finances in Zhejiang] Comp. Wang Fengsheng 王鳳生 (z. Zhenxuan 振軒, Zhuyu 竹嶼) (1776–1834), from Wuyuan 婺源 (Anhui) 1824 pref. Ed.: – *In Yuezhong congzheng lu (q.v.), with compiler’s pref. (1824).

Rem.: The efforts to audit provincial finances after the Daoguang emperor came to the throne (see previous entry) also included a thorough investigation and reorganization of the accounts of the Salt

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1071

0856–0859

Administration. Wang Fengsheng was entrusted by governor Shuai with handling the operation, which took 12 decades (旬) in 1821. The comparatively slim dossier (16 folios) begins with a fanli which is in effect a set of rules for the audit. The larger part of the text consists of a long memorial by governor Shuai, including a set of reforms in the finances of the Salt Administration, followed by three imperial edicts to the Grand Secretariat referring to the same affair. Bio.: See under Xuezhi tixing lu. Bibliography entries for same author: Huangzheng beilan; Pinghu xian baojia shiyi; Songzhou congsheng lu; Xuezhi tixing lu; Yuezhong congzheng lu; Zhesheng cangku qingcha jieyao. [PEW]

0858

Qingli caizheng zhangcheng jieshi 清理財政章程解釋, 1 ce [An Explanation of the Procedures of Financial Management] By Lu Ding 陸定 1909 Ed.:

– *1909 litho. ed. from the Henan Bureau of finances 河南清理財政局印 行, with prefs. by Henan Bureau of Finances (1909) and Lu Ding (1909). [Beitu]

Rem.: A highly pedagogical explanation of the principles and procedures of financial administration, both national and local, in 35 articles. The author was vice-director in the Ministry of Finances (度支部員外 郎) and introduces himself as a graduate of the Department of Law of Meiji University (日本明治大學法律科專門部畢業生). [PEW]

[Coinage] 0859

Baoquan xindu 寶泉新牘, 2 j. [New Documents from the Coinage Service] By Chen Yuting 陳于廷 (z. Meng’e 孟諤, h. Zhongzhan 中湛, s. Gongding 恭定) (1565–1635) (js. 1595), from Yixing 宜興 (Nan Zhili) 1624 pref. Ed.: – Tianqi-period ed. with author’s pref. (1624). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in BTGZC, vol. 56. – Photo-repro. of same ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 838.

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1072

4.8 Handbooks on Particular Techniques: Others

Rem.: The work concerns the newly created Coinage Service (寶泉 局) of the Ministry of Revenue in the Tianqi period, particularly its fi-

nancial problems. The text indicates (2/32a) that the Service was created in the first month of 1622 in an attempt to increase the money supply to support the armies in the north (not in 1625 as indicated in Hucker, Dictionary of Official Titles, 368). It was put under the junior vice-minister of Revenue with the duty title “vice-minister supervisory manager of coinage” (都理錢法侍郎); Chen uses both titles in the text. A collection of documents related to the operations of the service, it includes 6 memorials to the throne concerning problems with financial support from other agencies, and 39 pieces of correspondence with various agencies and regional offices. Most of the documents were authored by Chen himself, but a few are due to his deputy, bureau vice-director Zou Pan 鄒潘, and one was written by the directors of the mint (爐頭), Wang Yingchun 王應春, Xu Guowen 徐國穩, and Wang Zhilian 王之璉.

Bio.: Chen Yuting was an activist official affiliated with the Donglin party. After his jinshi, he served as a magistrate in Henan, Bei Zhili, and Zhejiang, making himself known for restoring local infrastructures. In 1605 he was made secretary in the Ministry of Rites. Following his promotion to censor (御史) in 1608 and his assignment as salt-control censor (巡鹽御史) in the Hedong region (Shanxi), he submitted a number of memorials concerning the trading of salt certificates for provision of military supplies on the northern border. Later he was sent as regional inspector in both Jiangxi and Shandong. At the accession of the Taichang emperor in 1620 he was promoted along with many of his Donglin associates, holding positions in various capital agencies, until in 1623 he was appointed to a newly added post of vice-minister of Revenue with responsibility for the new coinage service. During his time there he also served as acting head of the Ministry. In the first month of 1624 he was made vice-minister of Personnel, and again oversaw the ministry after the ranking minister was removed. In the fall of the same year he was dismissed for opposing Wei Zhongxian’s 魏忠賢 attempt to influence bureaucratic appointments. Following Wei Zhongxian’s demise he was reappointed to his original position in 1628 and then immediately promoted to junior right censor-in-chief (右都御史) in Nanjing, acceding to the senior position (左都御史) in 1631. His outspoken views and partisan attacks led to his dismissal and loss of official status in 1632. See MS, 254/6561; Chen Ding 陳鼎, Donglin liezhuan 東林列傳, 16/11a; Guangshan 光山 XZ (1695), 6/23b; Jiaxing 嘉興 XZ (1637), 8/19a–b; Ming shilu: Xizong, 23/1127, 32/1641, 38/2229, 47/2462–2463; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 573.

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0859–0860

Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 34.

1073 [TN, PEW]

[Locust Control]

Buhuang yaolüe 捕蝗要略 See under: Zhuoshi jiwu Buhuang yaojue 捕蝗要訣 See: Buhuang tushuo 0860

Buhuang kao 捕蝗考 [On Catching Locusts] By Chen Fangsheng 陳芳生 (z. Shuliu 漱六), from Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.: – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 663. – *In Xuehai leibian, ce 40. – In Jieyue shanfang huichao, ser. 10. – In Chang’en shushi congshu. – *In Zhaodai congshu (Daoguang ed.), 丙集, j. 40. – Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian (1991 Zhonghua shuju ed.), fasc. 1472, based on Xuehai leibian ed. – In Qingdai biji, vol. 30. – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 2, based on Siku quanshu ed.

Rem.: A short treatise (15 folios) on the ecology and behavior of locusts and the ways to combat them, mostly quoting from ancient agricultural treatises and historical precedents. A shorter first part titled “Things to do to catch locusts” (捕蝗事宜) lists ten pieces of advice. The second part, titled “Methods from previous periods to catch locusts” (前 代捕蝗法), consists largely of a full quotation of the “Memorial on eradicating locusts” (除蟥疏) by the late-Ming statesman Xu Guangqi 徐光 啟, a classic in “locust studies” also cited in many magistrate handbooks. The work ends with short comments by Chen Longzheng 陳龍正 (see under Jiuhuang cehui) and Chen Fangsheng, who insist on the officials’ responsibility in strictly enforcing anti-locust measures. The Siku commentators consider the work quite useful for actual practice despite its brevity.

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1074

4.8 Handbooks on Particular Techniques: Others

Bio.: No information available. Chen’s preface to his Yiyu jian (q.v.) is dated 1691. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4311. Siku, 82/1731–32. Wang Yuhu, Zhongguo nongxue shulu, 211. Bibliography entries for same author: Yiyu jian, Xiyuan jishuo. [PEW] 0861

Buhuang huibian 捕蝗彙編, 4 j. [A Compilation on Catching Locusts] Comp. (編述) Chen Jin 陳僅 (z. Yushan 餘山, Caichen 采臣, h. Huanshan 渙山) (jr. 1813), from Yinxian 鄞縣 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *1845 Siming Jiya tang 四明繼雅堂 new ed. (重刻), preceded by a text by the Kangxi emperor on catching locusts (恭錄聖祖仁皇帝御製捕蝗說), no pref. [Beitu] – 1857 Ankang Lailu tang 安康來鹿堂 ed. [Beitu] – *Modern typeset ed. in simplified characters, based on 1845 ed., in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 5. Rem.: The author signs the work as magistrate of Ziyang 紫陽

(Shaanxi), a position he occupied in the late 1830s. It is a compilation of several texts: Buhuang balun 捕蝗八論 (j. 1); Buhuang shiyi 十 宜 (j. 2); Buhuang shifa 十法 (j. 3); four historical precedents (史事四 證) and four methods (成法四證) (the latter consists of texts by four different authors). The texts quoted are accompanied by comments by Chen Jin. Chen is said to have erected a shrine against locusts (八蜡祠) in Yanchang 延長 (his first position in Shaanxi) in 1833 (see his bio. in Xuxiu Shaanxi TZ gao [1934], 69/9a); during a locust invasion in Ziyang in 1837, he offered sacrifices to general Liu Meng 劉猛將軍, a propitiatory deity controlling locusts, after which the locusts died or went away (Ziyang XZ [1882], 7/4b). Bio.: See under Nanshan baojia shu. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4311 (in 1 j.). Wang Yuhu, Zhongguo nongxue shulu, 260–1. Bibliography entries for same author: Nanshan baojia shu. [PEW]

0862

Buhuang tushuo 捕蝗圖說, 1 j. [Pictures and Explanations on Catching Locusts], and Buhuang yaoshuo ershi ze 捕蝗要說二十則, 1 j. [Twenty Important Explanations on Catching Locusts]

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0860–0862

1075

Comp. Qian Xinhe 錢炘和 (z. Xiangshi 香士, h. Xiangshi 薌士) (js. 1835), from Kunming 昆明 (Yunnan) 1856 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with pref. by Qian Xinhe (1856). [Beitu] – *1869 Chubei Chongwen shuju engraving 楚北崇文書局開雕, title on cover-leaf Buhuang yaojue, Chu’nan bayao 捕蝗要訣、除蝻八要, with pref. by Situ Zhao 司徒照 (to Buhuang yaojue, 1857), and original pref. by Qian Xinhe (1856), with Chu’nan bayao appended; otherwise contents identical to previous ed. [*Beitu] [*Columbia, as a set with Jiuhuang buyi (q.v.)] [Gugong Beijing] – 1872 ed. of the Jiangsu (Jiangning) administration commissioner office (江寧藩署刊), titled Buhuang yaojue, with prefs. by Jiangning administration commissioner Mei Qizhao 梅啟照 (“Ke 刻 Buhuang yaojue xu,” 1872), Situ Zhao (1857), and Qian Xinhe (1856). – *Photo-repro. of undated ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 10, vol. 4. – *Photo-repro. of 1872 ed., in Zhongguo kexue jishu dianji tonghui 中國科 學技術典籍通彙, Shengwu juan 生物卷 (Zhengzhou: Henan jiaoyu chubanshe, 1996), vol. 2. – *Photo-repro. of 1869 ed. at Gugong Beijing, in Gugong zhenben congkan 故宮珍本叢刊 (Haikou: Hainan chubanshe, 2000), vol. 363. – Modern ed. in simplified characters, titled Buhuang yaojue, based on 1869 ed. above, given as anonymous, without Chu’nan bayao, in Huangzheng shu jicheng, vol. 6.

Rem.: A short but very concrete handbook on fighting locusts, compiled on the basis of existing materials, which Qian Xinhe, then Zhili administrative commissioner, printed in haste after a locust invasion struck the region on 26 August 1856 during a drought. It was sent around to the magistrates to help them organize the locals. (The period 1853–58 is reported to have seen an unusual number of locust disasters in Zhili.) The main work includes: (1) 12 plates with inserted explanations, showing in clear fashion how to proceed to catch locusts, prevent them from spreading, and destroy them. (2) 20 entries explaining in simple language the life-cycle and behavior of types of locusts as well as the different methods to prevent their spread and destroy them. Several entries are devoted specifically to the organizational aspects of operations and to the role of magistrates. Qian’s pref. states that the “important explanations” (要說, the title of the text) propose “important methods” (要 訣). The ed. (apparently not preserved) for which Shaanxi administration commissioner Situ Zhao wrote a preface was put out the following

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year, 1857, after locust damage struck Tongzhou 同州 prefecture in the eastern Guanzhong 關中 region of Shaanxi. Situ insists on the crucial role of officials to avert the disaster, rather than leaving it to peasants who do no more than making offerings to the gods (賽神); still, one of the entries in the text recommends that the magistrate go publicly pray to the god of locusts (八蜡神). The appendix titled Chu’nan bayao in the 1869 ed. (not in the modern reprint), of uncertain authorship, deals with the elimination of locust larvae born from the eggs left after a locust invasion. A short unsigned intro. says that the text originated in Shaanxi, probably after the aforementioned 1857 outbreak; the author says he also wrote a text titled Zhi feihuang jiefa 治飛蝗捷法 while combating locusts at the time.

Bio.: Qian Xinhe spent the first ten years of his career, starting immediately after his 1835 jinshi, in positions of county and department magistrate in Sichuan; he was then transferred to Zhili, where he was prefect of Tianjin 天 津 from 1847 to 1854. He concurrently held various acting positions (as Tianjin and Qinghe 清河 circuit intendant, and Changlu salt controller [長蘆鹽運使]). He was appointed Jiangsu surveillance commissioner at the end of 1855, but probably did not fill the post since he became Zhili administration commissioner two months later, in early 1856. He was cashiered in 1859 and sent back to Tianjin for investigation concerning post-transfer (交代) deficits. See Tianjin FZ (1899), 40/46b; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Wang Yuhu, Zhongguo nongxue shulu, 271–2. [PEW] [Customs] [MING]

0863

Liang Zhe Nanguan queshi shu 兩浙南關榷事書, 1 j. [A Book on Taxation at the Hangzhou South Customs] By Yang Shiqiao 楊時喬 (z. Yiqian 宜遷, h. Zhian 止菴, s. Duanjie 端 潔) (1531–1609) (js. 1565), from Shangrao 上饒 (Jiangxi) 1567 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated late-Ming ed., with author’s pref. (1567), supplemented through the Tianqi period. [Beitu] – Undated Qing reprint ed. [Nanjing]

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1077

– *Photo-repro. of ed. at Beitu, incorrectly listed as a 1567 work, in BTGZC, vol. 47. – Photo-repro. of ed. at Beitu, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 834.

Rem.: A gazetteer for the customs office in Hangzhou that taxed shipments of wood and sent the proceeds to support the building of Grand Canal tribute barges. Yang explains in a note at the end of the mulu that the work was compiled on the basis of existing records, to which he added his comments and the measures he introduced in 1567 and 1568. He notes that he welcomes further emendations, and indeed the current text includes records of important changes and commentaries by later officials. (The latest material can be dated to 1623.) However, Yang’s original arrangement in 12 sections (書) with 2 supplements is unchanged, later additions being inserted in the text. Section 1 covers the establishment of the office. Section 2 contains edicts, beginning with the edict appointing Yang, and the memorials that called for reform. Section 3 is dedicated to the buildings and offices, explaining Yang’s reforms through consolidation. Section 4 describes the assigned officials and lists their names through 1623. Section 5 provides a comprehensive list of staff, with indication of the counties from which they are drawn. Section 6 cites precedents up to 1618, including those dealing with exactions by eunuchs assigned to collect “mine taxes” in the early seventeenth century. Section 7 deals with the registers to maintain. Section 8 concerns the storage of collected levies and record keeping. Section 9 discusses issues of quotas and of uncertainty in the collection. Section 10 is on sale and purchase of wood by official purveyors. Section 11 concerns appropriate tax levies for products. Section 12 is about registration of canal boats and support for dredging. The first supplementary section is dedicated to a prohibition set up by Yang on taxing local gatherers of mountain timber. A second supplement covers the office’s role in the building of boats for tribute grain shipments.

Bio.: After his jinshi Yang Shiqiao was appointed secretary at the Ministry of Works. In 1567 he was specially assigned to the customs station in Hangzhou, where he recorded the changes he had introduced as a legacy to his successors. In 1569 he was made secretary in the Ministry of Rites, and the next year began service in a series of offices in Nanjing. Among his positions was that of minister (卿) of the Court of the Imperial Stud, where he composed Mazheng ji (q.v.) to record his reforms. In 1595 he was made minister of the Court Imperial Sacrifices and was noted for his unsuccessful request to restore posthumously the titles of the Jianwen emperor. A commissioner (使) in the

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Office of Transmission by 1598, he led a crackdown on unorthodox teachings. In 1603 he was called to Beijing to serve as vice-minister of Personnel. With the retirement of the minister in 1604 he was left to run the ministry through several rounds of appointments and to oversee capital and outside evaluations. He was known for resisting factional attempts to control either process and for working to get empty posts filled in the face of imperial inaction. He died before a ranking minister was finally appointed in 1609. See Ye Xianggao 葉向高, Cangxia xucao 蒼霞續草, 12/8a; MS, 224/5906–09; Lin Zhisheng 林之盛, Huang Ming yingshi mingchen beikao lu 皇明應諡名臣備考錄, 6/66a; Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (1579), 7/21b, 10/21a; Jiangning 江寧 FZ (1806), 20/27b; Ming shilu: Muzong, 43/1084, Shenzong, 174/3204, 189/3537, 258/4794, 282/5211, 319/5939, 391/7382, 396/7451, 455/8587. Bibliography entries for same author: Huangchao mazheng ji. [TN] 0864

Quezheng jilüe 榷政紀略, 4 j. [A Short Account of Customs Administration] By Du Yinxi 堵胤錫 (z. Zhongjian 仲緘, Muzi 牧子, h. Muyou 牧遊, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1601–49) (js. 1637), from Wuxi 無錫 (Nan Zhili) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by Ni Yuanlu 倪元璐 (n.d.), with Zoushu 奏疏, 1 j., and Lizheng bazhen (q.v.) by same author appended. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in BTGZC, vol. 47. – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 834.

Rem.: A collection of administrative pieces (mostly proclamations, prohibitions, and regulations) concerning internal customs in northern Zhejiang in the last decade of the Ming. The work can be regarded as a sort of gongdu collection. Du Yinxi, who was a secretary at the Nanjing Ministry of Finances, had been sent to oversee the Beixin customs station 北新鈔關 in Hangzhou, where he apparently conducted energetic reforms. J. 1 is devoted to prohibitions (申禁令) and “proclamations about security” (關防示) regarding several categories of personnel. J. 2 is about tax quotas (明貫則) and focuses on recently imposed surcharges. J. 3 deals with the elimination of a sort of paperwork called changdan (革長單). J. 4 contains prohibitions aimed at engrossment and fiscal evasion (祛包漏), and cites several judgments along the way. The general aim is to suppress abuses by lowly personnel and various interlopers, to combat fiscal evasion, and to alleviate the burden on merchants. There

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0863–0865

1079

are two one-juan appendices, one devoted to memorials by Du (one of them is dated 1641); the other a set of “eight admonitions on assuming one’s duties” (see under Lizheng bazhen), aimed at customs officials. The pref. was written before Du’s next appointment in the 10th month of 1642, likely in 1641, when both Du and Ni Yuanlu were in Zhejiang. The text was probably produced that same year, at the end of Du’s tenure.

Bio.: After his jinshi Du Yinxi “observed administration” for a month in the Court of Judicial Review, then took leave as was permitted. In 1639 he was appointed secretary in the Nanjing Ministry of Revenue and was assigned to its branch office in northern Zhejiang. He served there from the 1st month of 1640 to the 2nd month of 1641, and worked hard at reforming practices. He dealt with an exorbitant rise in the price of rice and the concomitant famine conditions by waiving customs to encourage merchants to ship in rice. He was promoted to bureau director and then made prefect of Changsha 長沙 (Huguang). In 1643 he traveled to the capital for evaluation. During his time there Changsha fell to rebels and he was ordered back. He had reached Nanjing when Beijing fell in 1644. Under the Southern Ming he was promoted to ever more important posts in Huguang. He was still fighting for the Southern Ming when he died of illness in 1649, and was honored for his loyalty. See Du Zhongsu gong nianpu 堵 忠肅公年譜; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, ­642. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 史, 2:1319. Bibliography entries for same author: Lizheng bazhen. [TN, SWF, PEW] 0865

Lizheng bazhen 蒞政八箴, 1 j. [Eight Admonitions on Assuming One’s Functions] By Du Yinxi 堵胤錫 (z. Zhongjian 仲緘, Muzi 牧子, h. Muyou 牧遊, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1601–49, js. 1637), from Wuxi 無錫 (Nan Zhili) Ed.: – *See under Quezheng jilüe.

Rem.: A short guide on how to supervise an internal customs station. The eight admonitions are: “Control oneself” (約己), “Be compassionate towards the merchants” (卹商), “Alleviate sanctions” (弛法), “Defer punishments” (緩刑), “Enforce the law” (執法), “Be careful in discharging one’s duties” (敬事), “Be committed and honest” (砥節), and “Maintain one’s impartiality” (chiqian 持謙). Bio.: See under Quezheng jilüe.

[SWF]

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1080

4.8 Handbooks on Particular Techniques: Others

[QING B] 0866

Caochuan huanji 漕川宦跡, 1 ce [Traces from Serving on the Tribute River] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated (Xuantong-period) ms. ed. [Hunan]

Rem.: A ms. copy of administrative documents from the customs station of Wuhu 蕪湖 (Anhui), dating to the very end of the Qing. Contents deal with such topics as contributions adding to tax payments (加捐稅 銀), improving customs registers, and tribute transportation. The author advocates reforms like discontinuing likin (厘金不可行). [GRT]

[Horses] 0867

Mazheng zhi 馬政志, 4 j. [A Gazetteer of the Horse Administration] By Chen Jiang 陳講 (z. Zixue 子學, h. Zhongchuan 中川) (js. 1521), from Suining 遂寧 (Sichuan) 1524 pref. Ed.:

– Undated ed. with author’s pref. (1524). [Tianyi ge, j. 1–2 extant] – Undated enlarged ed. with prefs. by Liu Lun 劉崙 (1550), Tang Long 唐 龍 (1524), and author (1524), postf. by Jia Qi 賈啟 (1532). [Sichuan sheng tushuguan, j. 1 and 4 extant] – Undated ed. titled Mazheng shi 史, with 1550 pref. [Tōyō Bunko] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Tianyi ge, with j. 4 supplied from ed. at Sichuan, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 859. – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Sichuan, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 276.

Rem.: According to Chen’s pref., the text originated when he took up his duties to oversee the handling of horses in 1523. He found that his responsibilities involved a variety of offices, and thus solicited descriptions of their work. From the tea and horse trade offices he received information on the exchange of tea for horses; the salt gabelle sent information about the exchange of salt certificates for horses; information about herding horses and riding skills was received from the overseers of pasturage; finally, Chen was informed by the Court of the Imperial Stud

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0866–0867

1081

on how to track and allocate horses. Despite the fragmentary copies that remain, it is clear that each aspect was covered in one juan. J. 1, “Tea and horses” (茶馬), has 9 items on the exchange of tea for horses. J. 2, “Salt and horses” (鹽馬), has 7 items on the exchange of horses for salt. J. 3, “Herding horses” (牧馬), has 8 items on the care of horses by the various local offices. J. 4, “Registering horses” (點馬), has 3 items describing the oversight of horses by the Court of the Imperial Stud and garrisons. The work was subsequently updated and reprinted. The postf. preserved in the edition with the 1550 pref. suggests that there was a supplemented ed. in 1532 that has not survived. The edition with 1550 pref. incorporates new material with dates up to 1550. The result is a thorough coverage of the handling of horses in the northwest, useful for all officials involved. On the same subject, also see under Huangchao mazheng ji.

Bio.: After his jinshi Chen Jiang was made bachelor (庶吉士) in the Hanlin Academy, and he became a censor (御史) in 1522. In 1523 he was sent to Shaanxi as tea-and-horse trade censor (巡茶馬御史). There he reformed the trade by grading the tea to prevent fraud by the merchants, and in 1524 wrote Mazheng zhi. In 1528 he served as regional inspector in Guizhou. In 1530 he was made surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) and made a name for himself overseeing schools in Shanxi and in the capital region. He was then promoted to Shanxi administration vice-commissioner (參政) (1533), Shandong surveillance commissioner (1535), and Henan right administration commissioner (1536). In 1538 he moved to left administration commissioner in Shanxi. In 1539 he was made vice-censor-in-chief (副都御史) and grand coordinator for Shanxi, with responsibility for the northern passes. There he worked to improve fortifications and built a section of border walls. He also dealt with horse trade in the region, but in 1542 was dismissed from official service after further border raids and political infighting. See Suining XZ (1747), 5/14a; Suining XZ (1879), 3/37a–b; Shaanxi TZ (1542), 19/22b, 39/21a, 39/22a; Guizhou TZ (1597), 2/7b; Pingyang 平陽 FZ (1708), 20/140b; Xuanfu zhenzhi 宣府鎭志 (1561), 16/40b; Ningwu 寧武 FZ (1750), 1/27b, 3/5a, 3/10a, 3/10b, 10/15a, 12/19a; Baoding 保定 FZ (1571/1607/1608), 7/13a; Shandong TZ (1535), 10/19b; Henan TZ (1695), 14/35b; Ming shilu: Shizong, 2/109, 20/597, 119/2843, 147/3400, 175/3795, 194/4114, 215/4402, 225/4686, 258/5172; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 604. Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:2/56b–57a (in 1 j.). [TN]

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1082

4.8 Handbooks on Particular Techniques: Others

[Diplomacy] 0868

Shigui 使規, 1 j. [Instructions for Envoys] By Zhang Hong 張洪 (z. Zonghai 宗海, h. Zhi’an 止菴) (1364–1447), from Changshu 常熟 (Jiangsu) 1406 pref. Ed.:

– 1474 ed. printed by Tang Lubao 湯魯寶, with postf. by Gao De 高德 (1474). [Changshu Library 常熟圖書館] – *1859 ms. ed. with author’s pref. (1406), with Shi Mian 使緬, 1 j., appended (附錄), postf. by Gao De (1474), followed by a handwritten inscription by a certain Xian’an 纖庵, indicating that in 1859 he borrowed a Ming ed. of the work from the Qu family of Guli 古里瞿氏 (i.e., the famous bibliophiles owners of the Tieqin tongjian lou 鐵琴銅劍樓 in Changshu 常熟) and had it copied by a scribe for preservation; he also copied on the first page of the fasc. a colophon by Wang Guang 王廣 (1629), whose sixthgeneration ancestor had been a disciple of Zhang Hong. [Zhongyang; *mf. at Harvard]

Rem.: The text was composed by Zhang Hong based on ancient sources while staying in Yunnan in 1406 and about to depart on a somewhat perilous embassy to Burma. His aim was to equip himself with an anthology of examples of the qualities inherent to the office of envoy (使職)— an office that according to his preface had won fame in the Springs and Autumns period, had deteriorated into power politics and manipulation during the Warring States period, but had been somewhat revived in the Han, Tang, and Song, and fully restored by the Ming. Zhang’s hope was that his text might also help some of his successors. Though the 1474 ed. published by Tang Lubao, then Guangxi assistant surveillance commissioner (僉憲), seems to have been the first in print, the work did become a guidebook for later diplomats sent on missions abroad. The rather extended historical narratives, mostly from antiquity and the Han, are organized among 16 sections of quite unequal length, devoted respectively to “Loyalty and sincerity” (忠信), “Firmness” (節義), “Integrity” (廉介), “Modesty” (謙德), “Erudition” (博古), “Literary talent” (文學), “Perceptiveness” (識鑒), “Prudence” (智慮), “Showing off one’s dignity” (威儀), “Persuasiveness” (說辭), “Promoting sages” (舉賢), “Getting information” (咨訪), “Following good advice” (服善), “Circumspection” (詳慎), “Boldness and tactical sense” (勇略), and “Staying on the alert” (警戒). Each section is preceded by a general introduction, and most historical narratives are followed by a commentary. The attached account of Zhang’s embassy to Burma is also found in other sources; it Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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0868–0869

is followed by the text of four letters addressed to the Burmese chief, called by his Ming title of “Pacification Office commissioner” (宣慰使).

Bio.: Born to a merchant family named Hou 侯 but adopted by a man named Zhang, Zhang Hong left his studies to go into trade. Exiled to Yunnan in 1385 following a judicial sentence, he got close to the Mu 沐 local overlords. Appointed a messenger (行人) after the Yongle emperor’s enthronement, he was part of an embassy to Japan in 1403–04. Following other missions he was sent to Burma in 1406. Later he served in the Messenger Office (行人司) attached to the Ministry of Rites, and participated in the compilation of Yongle dadian and (as a Hanlin compiler) of the Yongle Veritable Records (his title in the captions of the present work is Hanlin Academy senior compiler 翰林院 修譔). He retired in 1433. See Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻徵錄, 21/23a–24b; DMB, 85–88; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Siku, 131/2725. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:338–9. For an annotated translation of Shi Mian, see Édouard Huber, “Une ambassade chinoise en Birmanie en 1406,” Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient, 4, 1/2 (1904), 429–32. [PEW] 0869

Chushi xuzhi 出使須知, 1 ce [What a Diplomat Must Know] By Cai Jun 蔡鈞 (z. Hefu 和甫) (1850–?), from Daxing 大興 (Zhili) 1885 Ed.:

– *1885 ed. with prefs. by Zeng Guoquan 曾國荃 (n.d.) and author (1884), postf. by Wang Tao 王韜 (1885). [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: A vade mecum for diplomats sent to foreign countries. The 30plus entries deal with everything a diplomat must know before traveling abroad, from questions of protocol (e.g. how to present one’s credentials) to appropriate clothes and shoes, Western food, receptions and visits, interpretation and translation, and so forth. Cai states in his pref. and in the short intro. that begins the text that his aim was to help future diplomats on the basis of his own experiences. The work was published as a set with the same author’s Chuyang suoji 出洋瑣記, an account of Cai’s travels abroad and service as a diplomat in Spain (see below).

Bio.: Cai Jun, who was originally from Jiangxi, started his career in Guangdong in 1878 with the rank of assistant prefect (通判), acquired through contribution. In 1881 he was sent to Japan, the United States, and Spain as a member of the diplomatic mission headed by Zheng Yuxuan 鄭玉軒. He was left in Spain to act as a consul. He came back to Guangdong in 1884, where he composed the

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two works. According to the postf. by Wang Tao (h. Taoyuan laomin 弢園老民, 1828–?), who proofread and published the work, he was known in Guangdong for his ability to deal with foreigners. A protégé of Zeng Guoquan (1824–90), he then held a variety of positions dealing with foreign affairs, notably in Fujian and Jiangnan, where he became Shanghai taotai in 1897. He opposed various foreign demands, and was dismissed in 1899 due to the pressure of the diplomatic community. Sent as ambassador to Japan in 1901–03, he vigorously combated the opposition movement among Chinese students. See Renming quanwei. [LG] [Philanthropy] 0870

Deyi lu 得一錄, 16 or 8 j. [A Record of Single Acts of Benevolence] Comp. Yu Zhi 余治 (z. Yiting 翼廷, h. Liancun 蓮村, Wanshu mufeng laoren 晚署木鋒老人, Liangxi huizhai jushi 梁溪晦齋居士) (1809–74), from Wuxi 無錫 (Jiangsu) 1869 Ed.:

– *1869 ed. of the Dejian zhai in Suzhou 蘇城得見齋藏板, in 16 j., cover label calligraphed by Xu Naizhao 許乃釗, cover-leaf calligraphed by Wu Yun 吳雲, with prefs. by Feng Guifen 馮桂芬 (1869), Wu Yun (1869), and Xu Qiguang 許其光 (1869), postfs. (跋) by Wu Zongying 吳宗瑛 (1869) and Yu Zhi (1869). [*Tian Tao] [Jimbun, incomplete mf. (Deyi lu can 殘)] [*Tōyō Bunko, same calligraphies but without the Dejian zhai imprint, Wu Zongying’s postf. placed after the prefs.; cover-leaf indicates 上邑廟 園內翼化堂印] – *1871 ed. of the Aiyu shantang in Guangzhou 羊城愛育善堂, in 16 j., with prefs. by Xu Qiguang (1869), Feng Guifen (1869), Wu Yun (1869), and Yuesheng Aiyu tang 粵省愛育堂 (1871). [Congress/LL] – 1872 ed. published by Henan administration commissioner Liu Qixian 劉 齊銜, identical to 1869 ed., with the addition of a pref. by Liu Qixian (1872, to 重刊). – 1882 ed. with prefs. by Feng Guifen (1869), Wu Yun (1869) and Xu Qiguang (1869). [Tian Tao] – *1885 new engraving (重刻) of the Baoshan tang 寶善堂 (in Changsha), in 8 j., with prefs. by Feng Guifen (1869) and Xu Qiguang (1869), postfs. by Yu Zhi (1869) and Wu Zongying (1869); caption on the verso of the cover-leaf mentions the 1869 ed. with blocks kept at the Dejian zhai,

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0869–0870

1085

then the Baoshan tang 1885 new engraving. The front matter (before the prefs.) includes images of the God of Thunder (雷霆之神) and of the Yongzhen Dingxiang king (永鎮定湘王之神, a deity said to have protected Changsha against the Taipings), a call for contributions to publish and distribute charity books (募捐刊布善書公啟), first in Hunan, then everywhere in the empire—the first title to be printed being Deyi lu— including a set of regulations (募捐刊布善書章程), and signed by all the leaders (首士) of the Baoshan tang, residing in Changsha and elsewhere in Hunan; then another set of regulations (續議募捐刊布善書章程), and finally a last call by the “Iron Daoist” (鐵道人), head of the Baoshan tang. [*Columbia] [*Tōyō Bunka, Imahori and Niida collections] – 1887 ed. in 8 j., possibly the ed. published by the Sichuan surveillance commissioner alluded to by Hui Qinglou (see below). [Tokyo Metropolitan Library] – *1888 ed. in 16 j., cover-leaf recto with indication of the 1869 Dejian zhai ed. and of the 1885 Baoshan tang new engraving (重刊), verso with a cartouche saying that this imprint was sent from Changsha to Jiangxi in 1887 (光緒丁亥湘省轉贈江西印送), the injunction “do not blaspheme” (幸勿 褻凟), and the indication that the book was printed in 1888 by the Tianlu ge bookstore (戊子牌天祿閣書店代印), indicating a price of 330 cash (plus 35 for a casing with wooden plates and ribbon) for any charitable gentleman wishing to contribute a copy (凡有善士捐送照此毛邊裝訂 每部九五典錢三百卅文夾板帶子加錢卅五); with prefs. by Feng Guifen (1869), Xu Qiguang (1869) and Wu Yun (1869), followed by the images of gods and the call for contributions from the Baoshan tang featured in the 1885 ed., postfs. by Yu Zhi (1869) and Wu Zongying (1869). According to Hui Qinglou (see below), this 16-j. version with contents identical to the original Dejian zhai ed. might have been put out by the Baoshan tang prior to the revised and enriched 8-j. version. [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] – *1889 ed. of the Salt Bureau (刊於鹺局) in 8 j., with pref. by Feng Guifen (n.d., with a few variants compared to the dated version), postf. by Yu Zhi (1869). [*Fu Sinian, without cover-leaf, but clearly the same] [*Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of 1869 Dejian zhai ed., in GZSJC, vol. 8. – *Photo-repro. of 1869 Dejian zhai ed., Taipei: Huawen shuju, 1969 (Zhonghua wenshi congshu, ser. 10, no. 84). – *Photo-repro. of undated ed. in 16 j. (no cover-leaf), apparently the 1888 ed. mentioned above, Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 2003 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan sanbian, ser. 92, nos. 911–913).

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Rem.: Deyi lu is principally devoted to charities and similar endeavors. Consonant with his own philanthropic activities, the author collected statements on, and more especially the regulations (章程, 條約, and the like) of, a vast number of charitable enterprises, past and present, such as philanthropic associations (同善會), orphanages (育嬰堂), refuges for chaste widows (清節堂), public pharmacies (施藥局), associations for promoting frugality (賞節會), famine relief organizations, charitable schools (義學), and many more. All of these, he insists, can be used as models and put into practice. The first entry (in the original 1869 ed.) is devoted to the regulations of the celebrated Fan charitable estate founded by Fan Zhongyan 范仲淹 in the Song dynasty, and the second to those of the charitable association (tongshan hui) created by the late-Ming scholar Chen Longzheng 陳龍正 (author of Jiuhuang cehui, q.v.). The title of the work uses a dictum from Zhongyong to the effect that “A single act of benevolence is enough to earn the people’s diligent response” (得一善則拳拳服膺). Even though these organizations, which started to multiply in late-Ming Jiangnan, were run and funded by private bodies, the presence of officials as sponsors, guarantors of the regulations, or even prime movers, was pervasive. Several texts quoted in Deyi lu are proclamations or regulations ordered by local officials. This is especially notable in the sections devoted to famine relief and disaster prevention (j. 5–6 in the 16-j. version). Such organizations as the xiangyue and baojia, which in the late empire were part of rural administration, are also included. Also quoted are numerous sample proclamations by officials, public notices, and other documents related to burials, temple building, fire prevention, and public morals. The close connection between the state and the so-called philanthropic “public sphere” as well as the active encouragement that was expected from local officials are apparent

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0870

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Figure 15 Deyi lu (#0870), 1888 ed., cover-leaf verso and beginning of Feng Guifen’s preface

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Figure 16 Deyi lu (#0870), 1888 ed., picture of the God of Thunder

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in the fact that the leaders of the charitable association that put out the 1885 edition published in Changsha planned to distribute their books to every yamen, petitioning the authorities to keep them as “official books”; among the titles whose printing blocks have been given to the Baoshan tang and that they intend to publish, one notes official handbooks such as Zhouxian shiyi, Xiyuan lu jie, Renchen jingxin lu, Weizheng zhonggao, Wuzhong yigui, and Zheyu guijian (qq.v.). All of this explains why Deyi lu, while not strictly speaking an official handbook, has been included in several bibliographies and anthologies of guanzhen. Indeed, Yu Zhi’s own definition in his postf. of the range of topics discussed well illustrates the continuity of private and public “charitable enterprises” (善 舉): they include “every good enterprise to cherish one’s relatives, be generous to the people and take care of the [ten-thousand] beings, as well as nourish life and take care of the dead, promote useful policies and eradicate abuses, improve customs and change habits” (凡親親仁 民愛物以及養生送死興利除弊移風易俗諸善舉). As clearly indicated in Yu Zhi’s postf., the original 1869 ed. was in 16 j. A comparison with the eds. in 8 j. suggests that in actuality the latter contains more materials; among them the 1885 Baoshan tang ed. has significantly more entries than the 1889 Yanju ed.

Bio.: Yu Zhi (whose name appears only in the prefs. and postfs. to the work) was also the author of an account of the Taiping occupation of Jiangnan and post-Taiping reconstruction titled Jiangnan tielei tu 江南鐵淚圖, as well as, according to one of the prefs., “several tens” of morality books (善書); he also composed a treatise on the education of youth, several collections of poetry, and plays with morality contents. A supplementary student (附生) who reportedly failed the provincial examination five times, and eventually served as an assistant instructor (訓導) in a Confucian School (1858), he is said to have been admired for his benevolence and erudition and started several charitable projects. In his postf. to Deyi lu he explains that the work had already been compiled by 1849; unfortunately, the printing blocks were destroyed by war while the engraving was about midway. In 1868 he met his old friend Wu Zongying (author of the first postf.), who almost twenty years earlier had encouraged the initial attempt at publication, and who was able again to mobilize the funds necessary to print a revised version of the text. See Qingren bieji zongmu (Hefei: Anhui jiaoyu chubanshe, 2000), 2:951; You Zi’an, Quanhua jinzhen, 99– 112; Wang Weiping, “Wan Qing cishanjia Yu Zhi.” Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:328–9. You Zi’an, Quanhua jinzhen, 99–112, passim. Sakai, Zōho Chūgoku zensho no kenkyū, vol. 2, 159–68 (citing the 8-j. Baoshan tang ed.). Hui Qinglou, “Deyi lu banben kaolun.” Wang Weiping, “Wan Qing

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cishanjia Yu Zhi.” Lai Jinxing, “Wan Qing Jiangnan shishen de cishan shiye,” passim. Deyi lu is much cited in Fuma, Chūgoku zenkai zendō shi kenkyū, and Liang Qizi, Shishan yu jiaohua. [PEW] [Rituals] 0871

Tongsi jilüe 通祀輯略, 3 j. [A General Compilation on Sacrifices] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. with quotation of an imperial statement dated 1267 [咸亨 三年 (672) probably for 咸淳三年 (1267)] on front page, coll. (校正) by Fuzhou prefectural school instructor Liang Ningweng 福州州學錄梁寧 翁 and Fujian Circuit military commissioner Lü Shouzhi 福建路安撫司 呂守之 (last page). [Beitu]

Rem.: A compilation of data on Song state sacrifices at a variety of shrines at the capital and in the provinces, the granting of posthumous names, various imperial and state rituals, regulations, ritual paraphernalia, texts for invocations, the construction of shrines, and more.

Ref. and studies: Mingshi yiwenzhi, 628, in 3 j. (listed in section for Yuan dynasty). [SWF] 0872

Qimin lu 齊民錄, 1 j. [An Account of Governing the People] By Jian Shen 蹇詵 (z. Zizhen 子振), from Zunyi 遵義 (Guizhou) 1884 Ed.:

– *1884 ed. of the offices of Yuesui subprefecture 板存越巂廳署, supervised by Sichuan administration commissioner Yi 四川布政使司易鑒定, with pref. by Jian Shen (1884). [Ōki]

Rem.: The author’s pref. promotes the importance of rites to stabilize the people’s minds and regrets that officials are taking seriously lawsuits and punishments only, when the two aspects should be mutually reinforcing. This indeed reflects “recent” trends among the populace, according to him, and especially in Sichuan. The dynasty’s two fundamental texts on rites and punishments, Da Qing tongli 大清通禮 and the Qing Penal Code, being too massive for efficient distribution in every

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corner of the empire, in 1882 the Sichuan surveillance commissioner, Zhang [Kaisong] 張凱嵩, circulated excerpts from the Penal Code everywhere in the province, reportedly with a serious drop in crime and lawsuits as a result. Now the author is enlarging Zhang’s initiative by publishing excerpts from both the tongli and the lüli (the Penal Code) likely to be of direct concern to the gentry and populace. The entries from the tongli concern the relations between host and guest, marriage, funerals, sacrifices, and clothing and housing. The lüli excerpts are from the parts on Revenue (82 entries), Rites (13 entries), War (6 entries), and Justice (109 entries). The original texts have been somewhat adapted in language and detail in order to be easier to grasp for the common folks. Since it is explicitly aimed at the latter the work cannot be described as an official handbook strictly speaking.

Bio.: The only information available about Jian Shen, by status a stipend student (廩生), concerns his apparently very successful tenure in Yuesui subprefecture, in southern Sichuan, in 1881–85, which he endeavored to “civilize” and where he faced a severe famine in 1884. See Yuexi ting quanzhi 全志 (1906), 7B/14b. [PEW] [Divination] 0873

Shixue beiyu 仕學備餘, 6 j. [Complement to Government Knowledge] By Ji Dakui 紀大奎 (z. Xiangchen 向辰, 向宸, h. Shenzhai 慎齋) (1746– 1825) (jr. 1779), from Linchuan 臨川 (Jiangxi) 1794 pref. Ed.:

– *1852 family ed. (本家藏板), in Ji Shenzhai xiansheng xuji 紀慎齋先生續 集, with author’s pref. (1794). [IHEC] – Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., in Zengbu siku weishou shushu lei daquan 增補四庫未收術數類古籍大全, Yinyang wuxing jicheng 陰陽五行集成 (Yangzhou: Jiangsu Guangling guji keyinshe, 1997), ser. 10, vol. 3.

Rem.: Contrary to the usual official handbooks, this one has a single focus—prognostication (占候), i.e., the art of assessing the appropriate time (天時). While j. 1–3 consist of a general discussion of divination theories, the rest deals with prognostication applying to all sorts of concrete circumstances related with local government, such as weather conditions, banditry, crop conditions, imperial audiences, promotions and demotions, maintaining order, administering justice, examinations,

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social intercourse with colleagues and notables, and more. The author states in his preface that, although a scholar entrusted overnight with the tasks of local government will play it safe if he tackles the basic issues, a knowledge of prognostication techniques for everyday use is an indispensable complement. Resort to divination actually seems to have been quite common in Qing-period local yamen, as even the most rational and cautious among officials had to take account of a number of factors unknown to them or beyond their control when they dealt with administrative tasks or with the world of officialdom. Thus, stories about celebrated judges quite frequently involve divination or divine intervention in solving criminal cases. (See for an example several cases in Gu Linzhi’s Shanyou yanyu ji, q.v.)

Bio.: Hired as a copyist (謄錄) on the Siku quanshu team in 1778 when he was a selected tribute student (拔貢生), and passing the juren in 1779, Ji Dakui was sent to Shandong as a magistrate in 1785 and held several acting magistracies there, at Shanghe 商河 (where he successfully dealt with sectarian rebels), Qiuxian 丘縣, Changle 昌樂 (1792), Qixia 悽霞, Fushan 福山 (1793), and Boping 博平 (1794). After a period of mourning for his father, the second part of his career occurred in Sichuan. He was appointed in 1806 magistrate of Shifang 什 邡 (where he stayed more than ten years, and dealt with perceived sectarian, including Christian, threats), later of Huayang 華陽, and department magistrate of Hezhou 合州. He retired because of illness in 1822. His collected works, Ji Shenzhai quanji 全集, feature a rather abundant scholarly oeuvre, including several Yijing studies. See Chouren zhuan sanbian 疇人傳三編, 2/3a–b (making him an 1801 juren); QSG, 477/13034; QSLZ, 75/40b–41a; XuBZJ, 40/3b–4a; Fuzhou 撫州 FZ (1876), 56/21b–25a; Jiangxi TZ (1881), 154/18b–19b; Sichuan TZ (1816), 104/17b; Dengzhou 登州 FZ (1881), 28/5b; Qingzhou 青州 FZ (1859), 11B/17b, 37/26a; Renming quanwei. [GRT, PEW]

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part 5

Records of Administration and Celebratory Compilations [MING]

Kuang taishou ji 況太守集 See: Ming Kuang taishou Longgang gong zhi Su zhengji quanji 0874

Ming Kuang taishou Longgang gong zhi Su zhengji quanji 明况太 守龍岡公治蘇政績全集, 1 + 16 j., and Ming Kuang taishou Longgang gong zhi Su xuji 續集, 12+ 1 j. [A Collection of Documents on Ming Prefect Kuang Longgang’s Accomplishments Governing Suzhou, and Sequel to A Collection of Documents on Ming Prefect Kuang Longgang’s Governing Suzhou] By Kuang Zhong 況鐘 (z. Bolü 伯律, h. Longgang gong 龍岡公) (1383– 1442), from Jing’an 靖安 (Jiangxi); edited by Kuang Tingxiu 況廷秀 N.d. Ed.:

– *1764 family ed. 本家承恩坊藏板, with pref. by Li Ji 李紀 (1764), a set of poems by Kong Xingyuan 孔興源 with pref. (Ti 題 Kuang taishou zhi Su ji, 1764, bound before the postf. in the Ōki copy), and pref. by Yue Shijing 岳 士景 (1763); Xuji with collective postf. by the descendants who took part in the publication (1764). [*Naikaku] [*Ōki] – *[1826] ed. published by Chen Hongqing 陳鴻慶, title on cover-leaf Kuang taishou ji, based on a ms. copy, with prefs. by Eteng’yi 額騰伊 (1826), Dong Guohua 董國華 (1826), and Chen Hongqing (1826), account (記) by Chen Wenshu 陳文述 (1826), pref. by Yue Shijing (1763), postf. by Chen Peizhi 陳裴之 (改建明蘇州府知府况公專祠碑, 1824); the Chens from Qiantang had been tasked by the Suzhou authorities with rehabilitating the shrine, and they also produced this edition. [Naikaku] – *1849 new engraving (重鐫) of the Suzhou prefecture Records Office 版藏蘇州府照磨廳, title on cover-leaf Kuang taishou ji, with prefs. by Gui Chaowan 桂超萬 (1848), Wang Mengling 王夢齡 (1849), Etengyi (1826), Dong Guohua (1826), Chen Hongqing (1826), and Yue Shijing (1763) (the first three were Suzhou prefects), postfs. (跋) by Shu Huamin 舒化民

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004416208_006

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(1850), Zhong Dianxuan 鍾殿選 (1848), Hu Rongben 胡容本 (1848), and Zhou Cunying 周存穎 (1852). This new engraving was edited and completed (修補) by the Suzhou prefecture record keeper, Hu Rongben, who had also been entrusted by prefect Gui Chaowan (author of Huanyou jilüe, q.v.) with repairing the shrine of Kuang Zhong in the prefectural compound. According to Gui’s pref. it is based on the 1826 ed. of the quanji. It does not include the xuji; the fanli and text of the main work in 16 j. are identical with the 1764 ed.; there is an additional chapter of addenda (補遺), as well as some accounts of the rebuilding of Kuang’s shrine in the early 1820s and Kuang’s biography in Mingshi gao 明史稿. [Columbia] 1884 ed. of the Guangren tang in Tianjin 津河廣仁堂校刊, in 1 + 16 + 1 j., with nianpu, title Kuang taishou ji. [Jimbun] Photo-repro. of ed. in Naikaku, Taipei: Hanxue yanjiu zhongxin, 1990. Photo-repro. of (apparently) 1849 ed., Hefei: Huangshan shushe, 2013 (Ming bieji congkan, ser. 1, vol. 35). *Modern punctuated ed. in simplified characters titled Kuang taishou ji, ed. Wu Naifu 吳奈夫, Zhang Daogui 張道貴, and Ding Fenglin 丁風麟, Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe, 1983.

Rem.: A collection of administrative writings by Kuang Zhong and related pieces dealing with his tenure as prefect of Suzhou 1430–41, compiled by his descendants in the eighteenth century, partly by combing through his collected works. The chapter captions indicate that both installments were compiled (纂輯) by the author’s 9th-generation descendant, Kuang Tingxiu 廷秀; other descendants (11th, 12th, and 13th generations) worked as editors (參訂) and proofreaders (校梓) (the names vary according to juan); a number of other descendants are mentioned in the postf. as helpers. The complete title in chapter captions is Ming Kuang taishou Longgang gong zhi Su zhengji quanji. J. 1–4 contain biographical materials on Kuang Zhong and his father (there is also a nianpu in table form in j. 首). J. 5–6 include imperial decrees and orders (敕諭 or 誥命), either related to Zhang’s career and family or addressed to the bureaucracy in general. J. 7–11 consist of memorials classed under four categories, viz. personal requests (陳情奏, 2 in j. 7 and 2 in j. 11), memorials on administrative matters (興革利弊, j. 7–9), memorials on administrative personnel (舉劾官員, j. 10–11), and two memorials where Kuang defends himself against wrong accusations (辯誣, j. 11). The memorials on administrative matters, arranged chronologically, can be considered as models for local administrators; they deal with, e.g., heavy grain tribute quotas in the Suzhou area, security and the military, famine relief during a 1432 flood, water control, and the multiplicity of lawsuits.

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Those on administrative personnel (including subaltern personnel) denounce abuses and cases of corruption, or conversely recommend good officials and Confucian students. J. 12–13 contain 25 proclamations (條諭) in simple language by Kuang, from 1430–34, dealing with customs and morality, fiscal problems, the 1432 floods, and law and order. J. 14 includes various writings, such as letters, poems, prefaces, and the like, all concerning Kuang’s functions at Suzhou. J. 15 has 31 pieces of various other writings. J. 16 has two texts discussing Kuang’s work, one by his subordinate officials (1431) and one by the Ministry of Personnel (1435), as well as an anonymous account of his memorials and activities and an account of the “affair” of his promotion in 1441. The Xuji, which is longer than the first part, is entirely composed of laudatory writings on Kuang’s career, mostly by Suzhou gentrymen, both pieces in prose (j. 1–6) and poems (j. 7–12). While containing a large number of administrative pieces that could be considered as models for officials (Li Ji’s pref. says that the text has been published as a “golden mirror to give happiness to the people” 付刊行世為福民之金鑑), the entire work should be rather seen as a celebratory compilation.

Bio.: The biographical materials at the beginning of the collection include a nianpu in table form (j. 首), a biography year-by-year (編年) (j. 1–2), further anecdotes from Kuang’s life (j. 3), and his original biography as well as that of his father Kuang Zhongqian 仲謙 by Zhang Hong 張洪 (j. 4). Kuang’s father had been adopted by a Huang 黃 family during the Yuan-Ming transition, and Kuang and his father asked to recover their original surname in 1429 only. Kuang started as a clerk (吏員) before being recommended to be a secretary in the Ministry of Rites in 1415; he was elevated to bureau director in the same ministry in 1423, and recommended to be appointed prefect of Suzhou in 1430. There he crushed local bullies and corrupt administrators and developed a number of policies in the interest of the population, collaborating in particular with governor Zhou Chen 周忱 (ca. 1450–ca. 1535). Among other things he obtained a sizable reduction in the tax quota of Suzhou. He was said to be feared even by higher officials traveling there. In 1439 he was called to the capital to await promotion, but some 20,000 citizens of Suzhou petitioned that he be kept in the prefecture; as a result, in 1440 the emperor took the unusual step of allowing him to stay in the post and promoting him to the rank of surveillance commissioner. He unsuccessfully asked for retirement in 1442, shortly before his death. See MS, 161/4379–81, speaking of him as the best ever Suzhou prefect; Mingdai zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 279, for a long list of biographical materials; DMB, 751–4. [LG]

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5 Records of Administration

Kaizhou zhengji 開州政蹟, 8 j. [Records of Administration in Kaizhou] By Li Jiaxiang 李嘉祥 (z. Shifeng 時鳳, h. Mozhai 默齋) (1472–1504) (js. 1496), from Guichi 貴池 (Nan Zhili) N.d. Ed.:

– *[1537] new ed. (重刊) compiled by the author’s brother, Li Chengxiang 呈祥, and printed by his brother Li Songxiang 崧祥 (js. 1514), with prefs. by Yan Hongshang 閻閎尚 (1534) and Wang Shan 汪珊 (1533), postf. by Li Songxiang (1537). [Nanjing]

Rem.: A collection of memorials and communications dating primarily from Li’s service as magistrate of Kai subprefecture 開州 (Bei Zhili), but also including a few items from his tenure as bureau director in the Nanjing Ministry of Revenue. J. 1 contains ten memorials about local administration, with the primary focus on tax and labor service problems. J. 2 has four memorials about the local yamen, local students, and local customs. J. 3–5 include communications with many details about labor service and service burdens shared with other local offices. J. 6 features one memorial submitted following an earthquake, another from Li’s time as bureau director, as well as records concerning the awarding of honorary official status to his parents. J. 7 contains letters to his father that he wrote when he was magistrate. J. 8 has a variety of biographical materials on him, including excerpts from local gazetteers. Bio.: Li Jiaxiang was appointed magistrate of Kaizhou the year after his jinshi. He was remembered for the many measures he took to provide for the welfare of the people, regulate student life in the Confucian school, destroy a popular, unauthorized temple, and initiate the rebuilding of the city wall. In 1517, after the wall protected the city from an attack by bandits, Li was added to the list of personalities being sacrificed to locally. He assumed his new function as bureau vice-director in the Nanjing Ministry of Revenue in 1503. He wrote a memorial about reforms to cut fees at the Nanjing gate granaries. In 1504 he was assigned to oversee taxes in the Suzhou area. His forthright statements offended many powerful families, but he was generally respected. He fell ill and died in office. See biographical materials in this work; Chizhou 池州 FZ (1545), 7/43b–44a; Daming 大名 FZ (Zhengde), 1/25b, 4/21b–22a, 5/22a–b, 5/27b, 6/42a–b; Guichi XZ (1883), 20/12b; Ming shilu: Xiaozong, 205/3816. Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:2/60a (Li Chengxiang as author). Guji shanben, 史, 2:1103. [TN]

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0875–0877 0876

Mumin zhengtiao 牧民政條 [Policies for Administering the People] By Yu Ying 余罃 (z. Zongqi 宗器) (jr. 1504), from Wuyuan 婺源 (Nan Zhili) N.d. Ed.: – No known extant edition.

Rem.: From the little information available, the work was based upon the author’s service as magistrate of Guangchang 廣昌 (Jiangxi).

Ref. and studies: The work is cited in Xuxiu Jianchang 建昌 FZ (1613), 6/9b, in a 1613 list of books in the Guangchang county school. Bio.: After earning the juren Yu Ying cared for his mother rather than continue examinations. He was appointed in Guangchang in 1517. The area was just recovering from warfare and he recalled refugees, rebuilt the city wall and restored much of the infrastructure from county buildings to dikes. When new security threats emerged he raised troops and supported Wang Shouren 王守 仁 in one of his Jiangxi campaigns (see under Yangming xiansheng baojia fa). After the court opted not to recognize Wang or any of those who supported him, Yu returned to his post. Slandered by powerful people he had offended, he resigned and returned home. When Wang was again tasked to deal with rebellions, he summoned Yu to work with him again, but Yu had already died of illness. See Wuyuan XZ (1693), 9/27b; Huizhou 徽州 FZ (1566), 17/45a; Xuxiu Jianchang FZ (1613), 11/12a. [TN]

0877

Piyu zaji 甓餘雜集, 12 j. [Miscellanea Composed by Sparing the Bricks] By Zhu Wan 朱紈 (z. Zichun 子純, h. Qiuya 秋崖) (1494–1550) (js. 1521), from Changzhou 長洲 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1549 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf), with prefs. by Wen Zhenmeng 文震孟 (n.d., Naikaku copy), Chen Renxi 陳仁錫 (n.d.), a declaration of the Wanli emperor rehabilitating Zhu Wan (1587), picture of Zhu Wan with several eulogies, pref. by Huang Wan from Huangyan 黃巖黃綰 (1549), pref. by Zhu Wan (1549, Naikaku copy). [*Naikaku] [Tianjin Tushuguan, also with a memorial by Dong Yingju 董應舉 (1611)] – *In SKCMCS, 集, vol. 78, reproducing the copy at Tianjin.

Rem.: A collection of memorials and documents, mostly on Zhu’s actions against piracy along the Zhejiang and Fujian coast, assembled

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and printed by himself to defend his reputation after dismissal (see below). The title alludes to an official of the Jin 晉 dynasty who carried bricks around (運甓) to maintain his stamina during periods of unemployment: Zhu used the time saved (餘) not exercising this activity to compile this collection. (For another allusion to the same anecdote, see Taopi gongdu.) The ed. described above (the only one preserved) was occasioned by Zhu’s rehabilitation by the Wanli emperor in 1587. Chapter captions indicate that the work was collated (訂) by the author’s grandson, Zhu Huang 篁, and reprinted (重梓) by his great grandson, Zhu Zhi 質. Chen Renxi’s pref., signed with his jinshi rank, must be from after 1622 since this is the year when he passed the examination; he alludes to the 1611 memorial by Dong Yingju (h. Jianlong 見龍) that advocated a return to the policy of maritime prohibition (海禁) championed by Zhu Wan, and asked that a shrine be dedicated to Zhu in his native place. In its present form the work can be described as a celebratory compilation. J. 1, titled “imperial words” (玉音), reproduces the edicts appointing Zhu Wan to successive positions. J. 2–6 are devoted to Zhu’s memorials (章疏) from his two years in Zhejiang and Fujian in 1647–49. J. 7–9 contain administrative correspondence (公移), first from his earlier positions (j. 7), and then the bulk from his tenure in Zhejiang and Fujian. All the pieces are precisely dated. The short j. 10, entitled “Haidao jiyan” 海道紀言, is a set of diary entries, letters, and poems dating from 1548 and 1549. J. 11, entitled “Maobian jishi” 茂邊紀事, is a collection of accounts and literary pieces related to Zhu’s tenure as surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in Sichuan in 1534–37. J. 12, entitled “Yonggan lu” 永感錄, is made of several pieces on Zhu’s late mother written by Zhu and other authors. Bio.: After an apprenticeship at the Ministry of Works following his jinshi, Zhu Wan was appointed magistrate of Jingzhou 景州, then Kaizhou 開州, both in Bei Zhili. He then spent five years (1527–32) in various positions in the Nanjing ministries. During the next two decades he occupied a variety of posts in the provincial governments of Jiangxi, Sichuan, Shandong, Yunnan, Shandong again, where in 1544 he became administration commissioner, Guangdong, and finally Zhejiang, where in 1547 he was appointed grand coordinator and military superintendent for coastal defense (提督海防軍務) in charge of combating piracy in Zhejiang and Fujian. His aggressive approach to rebuilding coastal defense and fighting illegal trade earned him military successes, but antagonized the local notables who were enriching themselves in overseas trade and collaborated with pirates. They managed to have him attacked at court and get his powers curtailed; and after he had succeeded at capturing an important party of pirates and summarily executed a large

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0877–0878

1099

number of them, he was censured for recklessly overstepping his authority and dismissed pending an investigation. He committed suicide several months before the conclusions of the investigation were delivered. See MS, 205/5403; DMB, 372–75; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Zheng Liangsheng, “Yicun Riben de Piyu zaji” (insisting on the importance of the work to get a more sophisticated understanding of the situation along the coast and of Zhu’s role; the location of the copy described is not specified). [PEW] 0878

Xingge tiaoli 興革條例 [Regulations for Promoting Good Policies and Abolishing Harmful Practices] By Hai Rui 海瑞 (z. Ruxian 汝賢, h. Gangfeng 剛峰, s. Zhongjie 忠介) (1513–87) (jr. 1549), from Qiongshan 瓊山 (Guangdong) Ca. 1562 Ed.:

– In Hai Zhongjie gong wenji 海忠介公文集 (1618 ed.), 10 j., printed by Xingguo magistrate Cai Zhongyou 興國侯蔡鍾有. [ZKT] – In Hai Zhongjie gong quanji 海忠介公全集 (1626 ed.), 12 j., printed by Liang Zifan 梁子璠. [Shanghai] [Fu Sinian] – In Hai Zhongjie gong ji 海忠介公集 (1631 ed.), 7 + 2 j., printed by Huang Bingshi 黃秉石. [Toronto] [Shanghai] – *In Hai Zhongjie wenji 海忠介文集 (1633 pref.), 10 j., printed by Zeng Ying 曾櫻, as j. 3, titled Chun’an xian zhengshi 淳安縣政事, with heavy editing resulting in the removal of fiscal details and of some entries or parts of entries. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton] – In Beiwang ji 備忘集 (1666 ed.), 10 j., printed by Hai Tingfang 海廷芳. [Taiwan daxue] – *In Hai Zhongjie gong beiwang ji (1905? ed.), j. 5–6. [Columbia] – *In Hai Rui ji 海瑞集 [ed. Chen Yizhong 陳義鍾], Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1962 (2nd ed. 1981), 38–145. – *In Hai Zhongjie gong quanji 海忠介公全集, Taipei: Hai Zhongjie gong quanji jiyin weiyuanhui 輯印委員會, 1973 (essentially based on the 1962 ed.) – *In Beiwang ji, enlarged ed., titled Xingge tiaoyue 約, no pref., some missing pages and entries, Taipei: Xuehai chubanshe, 1970, 1137–1234.

Rem.: This detailed account of the reforms carried out by Hai Rui during his magistracy at Chun’an 淳安 (Zhejiang) in the early 1560s is organized according to the offices of a local yamen, beginning with “officials”

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(吏)—this section itself beginning with the arrival of the magistrate to his new post—and ending with “public works” (工), for a total 50 entries. Entries typically present an account of the pre-Hai Rui situation regarding the topic discussed and expose the changes imposed by Hai; the general thrust is attacking the accumulation of “(bad) old practices” (舊例) and going back to the letter of the law, suppressing abuses and useless payoffs, simplifying procedures and saving administrative expenses, and so forth. Along the way many technical reforms are exposed in great detail, notably in fiscal administration. The work was obviously intended both as a concrete record of Hai’s policies during his magistracy and as an example of reform to be followed by his successors and colleagues. Xingge tiaoli was part (or possibly the totality) of an account of the administrative problems of Chun’an published by Hai Rui during or right after his magistracy, Chun’an xian zhengshi 淳安縣政事, as indicated in its 1562 pref., which has been preserved (see e.g. Hai Rui ji, 37–38); this account seems to have been included in the second version (1580) of Hai’s collected works, Beiwang ji. Hai says that he made his mind to write down his views on current abuses and on administrative reform while he was coming back from his triennial evaluation at the capital in 1562. Although the original work is no longer extant, its contents are preserved in some of the collections of Hai’s writings. As explained in the postf. to the 1962 critical edition of these, the most faithful and complete eds. come from Hai’s own compilations (See Hai Rui ji, 651–6). Later eds. were edited to retain the general points, removing many of the specific details. The critical edition incorporates all the available information and should be preferred. Much of Hai’s other writing also concern aspects of administration and represent each office in which he served.

Bio.: Hai Rui applied for appointment after having failed the jinshi examination twice. In 1553 he was made instructor (教諭) in the Nanping 南平 (Fujian) school and arrived in office in 1554. In 1558 he became magistrate of Chun’an, where he served through 1562. In that year he was first appointed assistant prefect (通判) in Jiaxing 嘉興 (Zhejiang), but as the result of slander was demoted before he could take office, and assigned as magistrate of Xingguo 興國 (Jiangxi), where he arrived in 1563. In 1564 he was made secretary in the Ministry of Revenue and in 1565 submitted his famous memorial criticizing the Jiajing emperor. He was imprisoned in 1566, but was released upon the death of the emperor soon afterwards. In 1567 he returned to his post and then moved to the Ministry of War. He later served in the Seals Office, the Court of Judicial Review, and the Office of Transmission before being appointed in 1569

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0878–0879

assistant censor-in-chief (僉都御史) and grand coordinator of Yingtian 應天 (Nan Zhili). He dealt successfully with the aftermath of flooding, but his investigation of landholding triggered resistance and he was transferred. He was forced into retirement in 1570. In 1585 he was called back to office despite his advanced age and served in Nanjing as assistant censor-in-chief, vice-minister (侍郎) of Personnel, and censor-in-chief (都御史) until his death in 1587. See MS, 220/5927–33; DMB, 474–79; Huang, 1587, chap. 5; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Cartier, Une réforme locale en Chine. Transl.: Large extracts translated in Cartier, Une réforme locale. [TN, PEW] 0879

Hui’an zhengshu 惠安政書, 5 j. [A Record of Administering Hui’an] By Ye Chunji 葉春及 (z. Huafu 化甫, h. Jiongzhai 絅齋) (1532–ca. 1595) (jr. 1552), from Guishan 歸善 (Guangdong) 1573 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by Guo Zaoqing 郭造卿 (1573), and appendix (附錄). Only j. 1–3 remain, plus j. 2 of appendix. [Wujiang County Library] – *1692 new ed. (重刻) by the author’s great-grandson, Ye Lun 倫, as j. 3–7 of Ye’s Ye Shidong xiansheng ji 葉石洞先生集 (title in chapter captions, Luofu Shidong Ye Jiongzhai xiansheng wenji 羅浮石洞葉絅齋先生文集, original pref. 1594), with prefs. by Guo Zaoqing (1573), author (1573), and pref. to the appendix (附錄序, n.d., unsigned), without appendix. [Tōyō Bunko] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 1286, as j. 3–7 of Ye’s Shidong ji, without appendix. – *As j. 3–7 of Shidong ji, photo-reproduced from Siku quanshu, Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1993 (Siku Mingren wenji congkan), with author’s pref. (1573). – *As j. 3–7 of Shidong ji, reproduced from Siku quanshu, in Gudai difang falü, ser. 1, vol. 6–7. – *Modern punctuated ed. based on a photocopy of the 1692 ed. at Tōyō Bunko, Fuzhou: Fujian renmin chubanshe, 1987 (Fujian difang zhi congkan), with editors’ foreword (1985), prefs. by Fu Yiling 傅衣凌 (n.d.), Guo Zaoqing (1573), and author (1573), and author’s pref. to appendix (惠安政書附錄序) (without the appendix).

Rem.: The author was appointed magistrate of Hui’an (Fujian) in 1570. Organized in 12 sections (篇), the work exposes in great detail the results of his investigations across the county and in the documents at hand after he had assumed office, the problems he encountered, and the

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policies he adopted. Ye appears to have been a reformist and activist official intent on rationalizing administration and alleviating the people’s burdens, correcting bad customs, and as far as was possible reestablishing the dynastic founders’ institutions and practices. In these respects he is not unlike his near-contemporary Hai Rui (see under Xingge tiaoli), whom he admired and who, like him, was a representative of the South China statecraft school (see below, Chu Hung-lam). The resulting text can be described both as a local gazetteer and as an account of administration, obviously published as an example. Section 1 (“Maps and tables” 圖籍問) discusses the types of data that Ye ordered the elders (父老) of each of the 34 wards (都) to collect for his sake; the results are found in sections 4–8 in the form of a remarkable set of maps (圖) designed according to Ye’s specifications, accompanied by tables (表) crammed with information on villages, postal stations, passes, altars, schools, irrigation infrastructure, population, land, and taxes. Section 2 (“Geography” 地 理考) is devoted to the geography of Hui’an, and section 3 (“Registers” 版籍考) to its population and taxes. Section 9 (“Rural compacts” 鄉約 篇) discusses educating the populace through the system of “lecturing kiosks” (申明亭) and reproduces a variety of texts on the proper rituals, as well as exhortations and prohibitions to improve customs. Section 10 (“Community altars” 里社篇) discusses officially sanctioned cults (Ye attempted to cancel the others) and includes texts of prayers, invocations, and the like. Section 11 (“Community schools” 社學篇) is on village schools. Section 12 is on baojia. The appendix includes Ye’s writings about broader issues of local administration as well as accounts of his initiatives in Hui’an. The text in Shidong ji is followed by two juan (8–9) of administrative pieces (公牘), including a large number of proclamations, orders, judgements, official communications, reports, etc. on a wide variety of subjects. Bio.: Ye Chunji failed the jinshi six times. As a candidate he acquired a reputation by addressing a 30,000-word memorial to the newly enthroned Longqing emperor. After his sixth attempt in 1568 he was appointed instructor (教諭) at the school of Minqing 閩清 (Fujian), and served there until his promotion to the magistracy of Hui’an in 1570, where he acquired the reputation of a model magistrate. His mapping efforts were combined with an attempt at equalizing the tax burden by resurveying landholdings. In 1574 he was promoted to be magistrate of Binzhou 賓州 (Guangxi) despite the attempts of commoners and of the grand coordinator to keep him in Hui’an. However, when powerful people whom he had antagonized by his tax relief work concealed his official order of promotion, he was unable to report to the post, claimed illness, and

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0879–0880

1103

went home. In the 1575 evaluation he was pilloried as an example of irresponsible official for that reason and was stripped of his official status. He went on to compile a number of local gazetteers using principles similar to those used in the present work. After a long period out of office he was again recommended for appointment and in 1593 became vice-prefect (同知) of Yunyang 鄖陽 (Huguang), then in 1594 vice-director, later director of a bureau in the Ministry of Revenue. He died in office. See MS, 229/6005; Guishan XZ (1724), 16/14a–17a; Quanzhou 泉州 FZ (1612), 9/34b, 10/41a–b; Yunyang zhi (1797), 5A/3b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 38/888; Chu Hung-lam, “Lüelun Ye Chunji.” Ref. and studies: Siku, 172/3680–81. Brook, The Confusions of Pleasure, 199– 200, 208. Id., “The Gazetteer Cartography of Ye Chunji.” Franke, 8.13.3, dating Ye’s pref. from 1575. Chu Hung-lam, “Lüelun Ye Chunji,” passim and note 1 for the editions. [TN, PEW] 0880

Xing Zong yi’ai lu 邢宗遺愛錄, 2 j. [A Record of Affection Left in Xingtai and Guangzong] Comp. Zhang Yanting 張延庭 (z. Junjian 君簡, h. Zuohai 左海) (jr. 1555), from Binzhou 濱州 (Shandong) 1589 Ed.:

– *1589 ed. with prefs. by Zhang Yanting (1589) and Mao Zhu 毛朮, postfs. (後跋) by Zhu Gao 朱誥 (1589) and Zhou Wenyao 周文耀 (1589). [Beida, incorrectly called Guang 廣 Zong yi’ai lu on the box and in cat.] Rem.: A work celebrating the tenure of magistrate He Cen 何岑 (h. Zhufeng 竹峰, z. Juzhan 具瞻, jr. 1540, from Fugou 扶溝, Henan) in Guangzong 廣宗 (1558–60) and Xingtai 邢臺 (1560–62), both in Shunde 順德 prefecture (Bei Zhili). The counties submitted a joint request that he be entered into the Shrine of Celebrated Officials (名宦祠). Zhang’s

pref. states that thirty years later, on seeing the poor condition of government in Xingtai, He’s son Chuguang 出光, then regional inspector for the metropolitan region (按臺中寰), gave to magistrate Zhu Gao a record of his father’s “real policies” (實政) at Xingtai and Guangzong that he kept at home, so that it could be printed and help administration. Zhang Yanting, the Shunde prefect, learned of the plan and moved forward with it. When local people heard of it they too requested to provide a variety of celebratory essays. The work also contains copies of the documents applying for conferral of his new status to He. Each county had set up a small “shrine of affection left” (遺愛祠) to express regrets

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about his departure and commemorate him; the title of the work comes from this. J. 1 is entitled “Guangzong yi’ai lu,” and j. 2 “Xingtai yi’ai lu.” Each features pictures of He and of the small shrines at the beginning, eulogies and stele texts, poems and songs, and so on. Although it cannot be described technically as a guide for officials, the printing of the work was explicitly meant to encourage other officials to follow He’s example. The documents give concrete examples of his efforts, particularly with regard to water works, tax redistribution, and land registration.

Bio.: He Cen had experience with local defense as early as 1511 or 1512 when his home county was attacked by roving bandits. In 1558 he was made magistrate of Guangzong and arrived in the middle of devastation and famine after military raids in the area. He arranged for relief and exemptions. Based on his service he was transferred to Xingtai, the prefectural seat, from which much of the local population had fled. He arranged for three years of tax relief and other measures to rehabilitate the local economy. When the Jiajing emperor called for capable officials to administer territory vulnerable to Mongol raids his name was put forward. He was made assistant prefect (通判) in Hejian 河間 (Bei Zhili) and assigned to handle grain stores for military forces in Xuanfu 宣府, where he strengthened defenses and gathered supplies. As a result the area became more secure. He was removed from office because the acting magistrate in Xingtai, who had a grievance against him, had run a deficit in the accounts and blamed him; but local people came to his defense and he was able to retire in good standing. See Fugou XZ (1762), 5/20b, 7/8b, 11/24a; Guangzong XZ (Kangxi), 9/23b; Xingtai XZ (1741), 7/4b, 11/3a–b. Zhang Yanting was first appointed magistrate of Boxiang 柏鄉 (Bei Zhili) in 1574 and served for 6 years. He was then made secretary, and later director, of a bureau in the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing and assigned to the branch office in Fengyang 鳳陽 (Nan Zhili). In 1586 he became prefect of Shunde, where he worked actively with the Xingtai magistrates to improve irrigation. In 1591 he was made vice-minister (少卿) in the Pasturage Office in Shaanxi. See Bin ZZ (1860), 10/7b; Boxiang XZ (1932), 6/177b; Shunde FZ (1750), 7/21a; Fengyang FZ (1887), 6b/9a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 235/4364. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 史, 2:1103 (title Guangzong yi’ai lu) [TN] 0881

Yanzhi jilüe 言治紀略, 1 j. [Brief Record of Words and Actions] By Liu Bishao 劉必紹 (z. Shaoxian 紹先, h. Wenshi 文石) (tribute student by imperial grace 1568), from Wendeng 文登 (Shandong) Ca. 1589

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0880–0882

1105

Ed.:

– Undated (Wanli-period) ed., with Baoan taishou Wendeng Liu gong qusi lu 保安太守文登劉公去思錄, 1 j., comp. Chen Zhu 陳柱 et al., and Baoan zhou shimin gedai Liu Tianlu 保安州士民歌戴劉天錄. [Shandong sheng tushuguan]

Rem.: Not seen.

Bio.: Liu Bishao was appointed assistant prefect (通判) in Runing 汝寧 (Henan) likely in the late 1570’s. Then he was sent with the same rank to oversee supplies for the garrison at Xuanfu 宣府 (Bei Zhili). While there, he was posted in 1580 as acting magistrate for Baoan 保安 department (Bei Zhili), where he distinguished himself by his good administration and the development of new irrigation. The regularly appointed magistrate took over in 1580, but when he left in 1582 the local people successfully petitioned for Liu to be reappointed. He handled the resurvey of landholdings and reallocation of tax burdens ordered at that time, and then drastically revamped all aspects of administration. With a top evaluation he was promoted to vice-prefect (同知) in Pingliang 平涼 (Shaanxi) in 1586, but at the urging of local residents his appointment was transferred to Baoding 保定 (Bei Zhili) and he was assigned to continue administering Baoan. After another top evaluation in 1589 he opted to retire and live out his life teaching in his home area. See Wendeng XZ (1897), 8b/9a; Runing 汝寧 FZ (1695), 7/51b; Xuanhua 宣化 FZ (1743/1757), 19/16b; Huailai 懷來 XZ (1882), 11/24a; Baoan ZZ jiaozhu 校注 (1672/1989), 34– 36, 42–44, 55–56, 63–64, 73, 79, 214, 307–310. [TN] 0882

Baodi zhengshu 寶坻政書, 4 or 12 j. [A Record of Baodi’s Administration] By Yuan Huang 袁黃 (z. Kunyi 坤儀, h. Xuehai 學海, Liaofan 了凡, Zhaotian Yinong 趙田逸農) (1533–1606) (js. 1586), from Wujiang 吳江 (Jiangsu); comp. Liu Bangmo 劉邦謨 and Wang Haoshan 王好善 (js. 1589) Ca. 1591 Ed.:

– *Undated (Wanli) ed. in 12 j., with pref. by Pi Zan 邳贊 (刻寶坻政書序, n.d.); the characters “了凡雜著十一,” “了凡雜著十二,” “了凡雜著十三,” and “了凡雜著十四” have been (later) inserted in the captions of j. 1, 5, 9 and 11, referring to the Liaofan zazhu ed. described below. [Beitu] – *Undated (late-Ming) ed. in 4 j., as j. 14–17 of Liaofan zazhu 了凡雜著, with pref. by Pi Zan (n.d.); the printing blocks of the ed. above were reused for this larger collection of Yuan Huang’s writings, printed by the Yu

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5 Records of Administration 餘 family in Jianyang, but the original 12 juan were grouped into 4 (see

above, where it is 11–14 instead of 14–17), and the original juan numbering has been replaced in chapter captions and central margins. The collection has a pref. by Yang Shifan 楊士範 (1605). That some blocks were recut for this printing is evident in the variants in page-number placement, changes in headers, and additional missing characters. [*Beitu] [Nanjing] – *Photo-repro. of the earlier ed. at Beitu, in BTGZC, vol. 48. – *Photo-repro. of the earlier ed. at Beitu, in Gudai difang falü, ser. 1, vol. 6. – *Photo-repro. of the ed. in Liaofan zazhu at Beitu, in BTGZC, vol. 80.

Rem.: The book was compiled by Yuan Huang’s disciples Liu Bangmo and Wang Haoshan as a “record of worthy administration” (德政錄) in Baodi county (Bei Zhili). It also includes materials that were recorded in the “living memorial” (生祠) dedicated to Yuan Huang in Baodi. The original compilation must have been made soon after his tenure as magistrate in 1588–91 because it is mentioned in one of the pieces written for the “living memorial” (see “Yuan hou dezheng bei ji” 袁侯德政碑 記, by Han Chuming 韓初命, in Baodi XZ [1673], 7/64a). The material is drawn from that tenure, and one of Yuan’s disciples’ stated objectives for compiling the record was to provide an example for other magistrates. There is much detailed information on the administrative and socioeconomic circumstances of Baodi. Contents (occasionally introduced and commented by the compilers) include various documents related to the assumption of office (j. 1), advice on working with fellow officials at local level (j. 2), documents related to granaries, poverty relief (j. 3), taxes, labor service, local finances (j. 4), training scholars (j. 5), justice (including examples of judgments) (j. 6), public works (j. 7), horse administration (including maps of various horse farms [馬房]) (j. 8), famine relief (j. 9), and lengthy proposals on frontier defense (including coastal defense against the Wokou pirates) (j. 10). J. 11, titled “Zizhi shu” 自治書, is devoted to records of merit and demerit for local officials; it includes two texts by Yuan Huang, Dangguan gongguo ge (q.v.) and Chenhun gongke lu 晨昏功課錄. J. 12, titled “Ganying pian” 感應篇, is a celebration of various good deeds of Yuan Huang during his tenure at Baodi; it also includes the stele and other similar texts devoted to the same subject.

Bio.: See under Dangguan gongguo ge. Ref. and studies: Baodi XZ (1673), 7/64a. Guji shanben, 史, 2:1103; 叢, 608. DMB, 1634. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 13 (providing the captions of the 12 judgments found in j. 6).

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Bibliography entries for same author: Dangguan gongguo ge. [TN, PEW] 0883

Wanshu zaji 宛署雜記, 20 j. [Various Records of the Government of Wanping] By Shen Bang 沈榜 (z. Ershan 二山, Zideng 子登) (jr. 1567), from Linxiang 臨湘 (Huguang) 1592 pref. Ed.:

– 1593 ed. with prefs. by Xie Jiehan 謝杰漢 (1593) and author (1592), note by Wu Chucai 吳楚材 (1592). [Sonkeikaku] – *Photo-repro. of an unspecified Ming ed., with prefs. by Xie Jiehan (1593) and author (1592), note by Wu Chucai (1592), in Xijian Zhongguo difangzhi huikan 稀見中國地方志彙刊, Beijing: Zhongguo shudian, 1992, vol. 1. – *Modern typeset ed. based on 1593 ed., Beijing: Beijing chubanshe, 1961. – *Reprint of 1961 ed., in Beiping difang yanjiu congkan 北平地方硏究叢刊, ser. 2, Taipei: Jinxue shuju, 1970, vol. 2. – *Reprint of 1961 ed., in Jiuri jinghua 舊日京華, Hong Kong: Nantian shuye gongsi, 1971, vol. 2. – *Newly typeset ed. based on 1961 ed., Beijing: Beijing guji chubanshe, 1983.

Rem.: The work is organized in the form of a gazetteer of the capital county of Wanping 宛平, but also represents a detailed record of the service of the author as magistrate (尹) of Wanping from 1590 to 1592. It provides many details about Beijing. As with any gazetteer it contains historical records for tax levies, population, and budget. However, for budgetary items for which there is no historical record, such as the costs to hold examinations, the author records actual expenses incurred during his tenure. He provides detailed accounts of the interactions of the county government with the imperial palace and central government offices. He also covers various cultural aspects regarding the county, and even includes a small section devoted to dialectal differences for commonly used terms.

Bio.: After earning the juren but failing in higher examinations, Shen Bang was appointed magistrate of Neixiang 內鄉 (Henan) in 1581, where he was involved in a new land survey. In 1585 he was made magistrate of Dongming 東 明 (Bei Zhili), and in 1587 was promoted to be magistrate of the capital county of Shangyuan 上元 in Nanjing. He was transferred to Wanping in 1590. In 1593 he was made a secretary in the Ministry of Revenue, and in 1596 was sent out

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to expedite tax collection in Shandong. Nothing is known of him beyond that time. See Linxiang XZ (1685), 6/5a–b, 8/8a–b; Neixiang XZ (1693), 4/9a; Nanyang 南陽 FZ (1694), 4/36a, 4/66b; Dongming XZ (1756), 2A/3a, 4/6a; Shangyuan XZ (1594), 7/14a; Wanping XZ (Kangxi), 6/45a, 6/66a–68b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 297/5536; DMB, 1185–87. Ref. and studies: Franke, 4.8.1. [TN] 0884

Sanyi zhengbian 三邑政編 [On Governance in Three Counties] By Liu Shijun 劉時俊 (z. Mengxu 夢敘, h. Wusuo 勿所) (js. 1598), from Longchang 隆昌 (Sichuan) Ca. 1605 Ed.: – *Undated (Wanli-period) ms. ed. [Beida]

Rem.: Most likely a copy of some of his cases by the author himself, perhaps written as a record of accomplishments for promotion. More cases judged by Liu Shijun appear in Juguan shuijing (q.v.). The present ms. contains judgments (讞語) handed down in the three counties where Liu served, all in Nan Zhili, viz. Lujiang 廬江, Tongcheng 桐城, and Wujiang 吳江 (corresponding to the years 1599–1605). There are nine cases for Lujiang, four of which appear in Juguan shuijing, which has one additional case for the same locality. There are eight cases for Tongcheng, of which seven are present in Juguan shuijing, which has one additional case. Likewise, four out of six cases for Wujiang appear in Juguan shuijing. Bio.: See under Juguan shuijing. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 15–16, providing the captions of the judgments. Bibliography entries for same author: Juguan shuijing. [TN]

0885

Danxin lu 殫心錄, 3 ce [A Record of Exhausting One’s Energies] By Wang Zhidu 王之都 (z. Erzhang 爾章, h. Luofeng 羅峰) (js. 1595) from Xincheng 新城 (Shandong) Ca. 1615 Ed.: – *Undated (Wanli-period) ed., with pref. by Yuan Huang 袁黃 (刻曙峯王 先生殫心錄, n.d.). [Fu Sinian]

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1109

Rem.: The title Danxin lu is explained at the beginning of Yuan Huang’s pref.: “In the times of Tang and Yu, all the local officials accomplished their duty, and to do this they all exhausted their energies” (唐虞之世，居官者各修其職。修職者，各殫其心). Yuan develops the theme of how difficult it is to truly exhaust one’s heart/energies, and more specifically, stresses that the position of magistrate is the most difficult in the empire; he speaks in the highest terms of Wang Zhidu, who was precisely able to develop qualities worthy of the ancients, and says that he is the one who took the initiative to publish Wang’s administrative papers under the title Danxin lu so that they could be used by future generations. (Note, however, that the work contains material posterior to Yuan’s death in 1606.) A sort of celebratory collection to honor Wang Zhidu, Danxin lu contains three texts (the titles are those on the cover labels): (1) Pingfu du 平賦牘 (ce 1), with Yuan Huang’s pref. to Danxin lu, followed by a “Pref. to An Account of Customs Barriers” 榷關錄叙 by Gu Xiancheng 顧憲成 (1606), which celebrates the popularity earned by Wang among the merchants of the Suzhou region as customs administrator because of his integrity. The text concerns an earlier posting of Wang, however, as it consists in an extremely detailed dossier (44 folios) regarding a campaign of land measurement (清丈) in Mianchi 沔池 (Henan) under Wang Zhidu in 1596 and the honors accorded to him at the request of the local citizenry; there are related texts on the land system of Mianchi and accounts of repairing the city wall and the Wenchang shrine 文昌祠, all thanks to Wang; there is also a dossier on the building of a shrine and a stele celebrating him (沔池王侯生祠方田 去思篇), dated 1608. (2) Jiesheng yidi tiaoyi du 節省驛遞條議牘 (ce 2), a detailed dossier (13 folios) on reforms in the postal system of Boxiang 栢鄉 (Bei Zhili) at the request of Wang Zhidu, with the general aim of improving performance and saving costs. (3) Shou Yong du 守雍牘 (ce 3), a dossier from Pingliang 平涼 prefecture (Shaanxi) (13 folios) on measures concerning the problem of postal workers who run away because of insufficient pay (平凉府為久乏工食 募夫困斃脫逃事). The system was apparently reformed in 1615 at the request of Wang Zhidu. Bio.: Wang Zhidu was appointed magistrate of Mianchi in 1596, after his jinshi. He was able to accomplish much in terms of rebuilding and reforming in only nine months, the reason of his departure being that his brother had been appointed to a higher office in the province, which forced him to move, first to

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Ningjin 寧晉 (Bei Zhili), where he likely never served, then to Boxiang in 1597, and in 1599 to Miyun 密雲 (all in Bei Zhili). Around 1602 he was made first a secretary, then a bureau vice-director in the Ministry of Revenue, from where he was positioned to take charge of the Hushu 滸墅 customs station near Suzhou in 1604. In 1610 he was promoted to prefect of Kaifeng 開封 (Henan), and around 1615 was transferred to Pingliang (Shaanxi), where he tackled the flight of soldiers from the postal system. He died in office after a few months. See Xincheng XZ (1693), 7/28a–29a; Jinan 濟南 FZ (1840), 51/16b; Mianchi XZ (1810), 3/20b; Mianchi XZ (1928), 3/24a–b, 6/1a, 7/1b; Boxiang XZ (1932), 7/229a; Miyun XZ (1723), 3/21a; Suzhou 蘇州 FZ (1883), 22/43b, 41/5a; Wu 吳 XZ (1933), 6/26b; Kaifeng FZ (1585, supplement to 1620), 7/又 3b. [TN] [JK, PEW] 0886

Shengzhu yuanxin lu 聖主原心錄, 1 + 1 j. [A Record of Fulfilling a Sage Ruler’s Intentions] Comp. Chen Suoxue 陳所學, from Shanyang 山陽 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1631 Ed.:

– *Undated (Chongzhen-period) ed. with prefs. by Wang Yingqian 王應 乾 (n.d.) and Yan Shike 閻世科 (n.d.), postf. (跋) by Chen Suoxue (n.d.). [Beitu]

Rem.: This work celebrates the 1622–28 tenure of Sun Zhaoxing

孫肇興 (js. 1622, z. Xinggong 興公, h. Zhenzong 振宗, from Shenxian 莘縣, Shandong) as magistrate of Shanyang (Huai’an 淮安 prefecture, Nan Zhili), for which he twice earned an “outstanding” (卓異) evalua-

tion; the aim was to vindicate him and appeal to the emperor after he had been cashiered and imprisoned for charging a eunuch with corruption in 1630. Yan’s pref. says that Sun has been gone for four years, which would date it from 1631, and that the work can serve as model for future Shanyang officials. There are pieces about Sun by a variety of local people, and some by Sun himself. Each section is page-numbered anew. The sections are titled: “Lasting achievements” (豐功不朽), on a variety of policies; “Six years of virtuous government” (六年德政); “Eulogies from the public opinion” (輿人興頌); “Tributes by superior officials” (上臺歷 薦); “Hostile words suddenly arrive” (妒言突至), reproducing the memorials attacking Sun, followed by a variety of memorials and petitions taking his in defense and a long documentary record of the investigations into his case ordered by the emperor, including a memorial by Sun himself. The last fasc. is a vast anthology of eulogies in various forms of

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verse by local people, compiled by Chen Suoxue, titled Yinguan song 銀管頌.

Bio.: Sun Zhaoxing was appointed magistrate of Shanyang immediately after his jinshi. Due to Yellow River floods, the loss of many boundary markers had led to interminable lawsuits. Sun organized a new land survey, settled boundaries, and revised tax rates, earning the provincial and central authorities’ approval. He also refurbished water works and restored large tracts of land to production. He received an excellent rating and was promoted to serve as a secretary in the Ministry of Works. In 1630 he impeached a powerful eunuch for interfering with the delivery of military supplies. He was jailed and exiled. He was later restored as a secretary in the Ministry of War. By 1644 he was serving in the military protection circuit in Tianjin, and was confirmed in this post by the new Qing government. He went on to serve the Qing dynasty with distinction. See Dongchang 東昌 FZ (1808) 30/25a–b; Huai’an FZ (1748/1852), 19/29a–30a; Shanyang XZ (1873) 7/1a; Qing shilu: Shizu, 5/60a; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 441. Chen Suoxue was a tribute student from Shanyang who assisted with the compilation of the work. He served in the Ministry of War as a secretary, possibly a bureau director as well; see Huai’an FZ (1748/1852), 20/64b. [TN, PEW] 0887

Kaocheng lu lüe 考成錄略, 5 j. [Brief Record of Accomplishments] By Zhu Guoshou 朱國壽 (z. Shengsheng 生生) (js. 1631), from Wanping 宛平 (Bei Zhili) 1636 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf), with prefs. by Wang Sunlan 王孫蘭 (to 朱先生年翁考成, n.d.), Liu Xibo 劉希伯 (to 朱先生年父母奏績, 1636), and Mao Fengcai 毛鳳彩 (to 朱生生先生考成). The original copy ends on page 仁/51b (see below on juan numbering), where a handwritten note says the book was “collected in Shanghai on 24th day of 5th month of renchen [presumably 1952]” (壬辰五月廿四日海上收). Then it contains the same page with additional text, suggesting that this copy was assembled from two different imprints. Collector’s seal of Huang Tang 黃棠 (early Qing). [Beitu]. – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in BTGZC, vol. 60.

Rem.: The text was composed as a magistrate’s record of accomplishments for the triennial evaluation, then printed by the author’s friends. Instead of juan numbers, the central margins have the characters 清

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(purity), 慎 (prudence), 明 (perceptiveness), 勤 (energy), and 仁 (humanity), respectively. The chapter headings cite Mao Fengcai as compiler (纂輯) and Zhu Guoshou as author (著). J. 1 includes requests to adjust tax collection amounts in light of famine conditions and damage from bandit raids and military campaigns in Pucheng 蒲城 (Shaanxi) 1631–33, and a discussion of tax collection procedures in Jingyang 涇陽 (Shaanxi) in 1634, with responses from officials at all superior levels. J. 2 contains the author’s report on combating bandits and rebels 1631–32 as magistrate of Pucheng, with information on captured leaders. J. 3 has proclamations to the population concerning various burdens in labor service and statements about successfully resolved cases. One piece indicates that it is from the author’s service in Neijiang 內江 (Sichuan), while others are unclear. J. 4 contains a discussion of famine relief in Jingyang in 1634 and includes long lists of the poor who received relief. J. 5 includes a variety of documents from the author’s time in Neijiang, e.g., a reply to a request for things to be encouraged or prohibited, a report on measures to eliminate heterodox temples and cults, a report on the burden of the postal system, and another one on the building of the Drum Tower in 1635–36. The added section from the second imprint features Zhu’s pieces celebrating the rebuilding of two temples and of the Drum Tower. The work is exceptionally rich in concrete details and documents on county administration during the last Ming reign. Bio.: Zhu Guoshou hailed from Wanping, but some later records list him as a Danyang 丹陽 (Nan Zhili) native, possibly because his family moved there as a result of the turmoil in the North. Right after his jinshi Zhu was appointed magistrate of Pucheng; after some successes he was transferred in 1634 to the more difficult Jingyang magistracy, where he provided relief for the famine it was suffering at the time. In late 1634 he was transferred to Neijiang. He served there until at least 1636, when he went to the capital for his triennial evaluation. He was promoted to secretary in the Ministry of Works, then moved to the Ministry of War, becoming bureau director. He was sent to oversee the horse administration in Shaanxi, but retired on grounds of illness. Under the Qing he was first made bureau director in the Ministry of Works, and in 1647 assistant administration commissioner (參議) overseeing tax collection in Shaanxi. See Wanping XZ (Kangxi), 6/60b; Pucheng XZ (Kangxi ms.), 2/17a; Jingyang XZ (1670), 5/17a; Neijiang XZ (1686), 上/10b, 上/24b; Shanyang 山陽 XZ (1873), 21/17b; Shaanxi TZ (1711), 23/9b. [TN, PEW]

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Liangli lüe 兩理略, 4 j. [A Brief Account of Two Incumbencies as Prefectural Judge] By Wang Zheng 王徵 (z. Liangfu 良甫, h. Kuixin 葵心, Liaoyi daoren 了一道人, s. Duanjie 端節, Zhongjie 忠節) (1571–1644) (js. 1622), from Jingyang 涇陽 (Shaanxi) 1636 pref. Ed.:

– *1637 ed. published (閱梓) by Meng Daohong 孟道弘, with Wang Zheng’s biography from Shaanxi TZ, prefs. by Zhang Jinyan 張縉彥 (1636), author (1636), and Jiao Zhiya 焦之雅 (1637). [Beijing shifan daxue] – *Undated ed., with pref. to Wang’s complete works (“Ming Guanxue mingru xian Duanjie gong quanji xu” 明關學名儒先端節公全集序) by his seventh-generation descendant, Wang Jie 介 (1816), Wang Zheng’s biography from Shaanxi TZ, colophon (跋) by Meng Daohong (n.d.), prefs. by Zhang Jinyan (1636) and Jiao Jianpu 焦諫溥 (n.d.), intro. (小引) by Jiao Zhiya (1637), pref. by author (1636); apparently a reproduction of an original Ming ed. since character elevations for Ming emperors are respected. [*Columbia, without Jiao Zhiya’s pref.] [*BN, without Meng’s colophon] – 1925 ed. in Jingxian wencun 涇獻文存, edited by Bo Kun 柏堃 ( Jingyang wenxian congshu 涇陽文獻叢書). [Beitu] – *Modern typeset critical ed. in Wang Zheng quanji 王徵全集, with prefs. by author (1636) and (in an appendix) Zhang Jinyan (1636), Jiao Yuanpu 焦源溥 (n.d.), and Meng Daohong (n.d.), Xi’an: Shaanxi chuban jituan, 2011. Rem.: The work concerns the author’s service as prefectural judge (推 官, or 司理) in the prefectures of Guangping 廣平 (Bei Zhili) (1622–24) and Yangzhou 揚州 (Nan Zhili) (1627–28). His preoccupations went well beyond judicial administration, however. J. 1–2 are about “affairs” (事款),

the 28 entries being detailed and lively first-person narratives of tasks fulfilled on orders of the provincial authorities and of various cases in which the author was involved, with one juan devoted to each prefecture. J. 3–4 reproduce communications (公移), also with one juan devoted to each prefecture; they are in the form of propositions (議), proclamations (occasionally in vernacular language), ritual prayers, and judicial reports. The sections on Guangping describe inspecting troops, curbing White Lotus propaganda entering from Shandong, capturing bandits, inspecting students, problems of local defense, delivering military

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supplies, efforts at flood control, irrigation, and granary construction. The section on Yangzhou deals with taking care of Ming princes traveling by boat, dealing with eunuch tribute collectors and their harassment of merchants, fighting gangs of bandits in the salt-producing areas along the coast, reviving Confucian ritual music, protecting the salt merchants in order to enrich the state, and problems with Grand Canal maintenance in northern Nan Zhili. The military pressure in Liaoning, or “uprising of slaves” (奴起), and its effects on local finances are constantly mentioned.

Bio.: Wang Zheng is well known for dealings with Jesuit missionaries and writings on Western ideas and techniques, mostly after he passed the juren in 1594 and during his multiple attempts at succeeding at the jinshi. Once he earned the degree he was appointed prefectural judge in Guangping, where he investigated those charged with involvement in the White Lotus Rebellion and managed to free many people wrongly detained. After a period of mourning during which he published a number of his works on the West, he became prefectural judge in Yangzhou in 1627. Among other things he successfully resolved a difficult case of feuding brothers that involved the eunuch-run Eastern Depot and the eunuch Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢, and freed those implicated. He also refused to pay his respects at a newly erected shrine to Wei. After a new period of mourning, he was made assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) for Shandong in 1631 and assigned to the recently created army supervision circuit based in Dengzhou 登州. In 1632 Dengzhou fell to rebels but he managed to escape on a ship. When he arrived in Tianjin he was remanded to Beijing to face charges, and was eventually permitted to return home to Shaanxi. There he advised efforts to develop local defense against bandits. When the forces of Li Zicheng overran the province he resisted summons to Xi’an, and after he had heard of the fall of Beijing in 1644 he refused to eat anything, and died. His title Zhongjie was posthumously granted by the Qianlong emperor (the title Duanjie had been privately conferred on him by fellow scholars 行世學 者). See Ming Jingyang Wang Zheng xiansheng nianpu 明涇陽王徵先生年 譜, ed. Song Boyin 宋伯胤; “Nian pu” 年譜, in Wang Zheng quanji 王徵全集 (Xi’an: Sanqin, 2011), 375ff.; Jingyang XZ (1670), 7/42a–b, 8/93b; Guangping FZ (1894), 6/8a; Zhang Fengxiang 張鳳翔, Fu Ji shucao 撫畿疏草, 4/53a; Yangzhou FZ (1675), 22/57b; Ming shilu: Chongzhen changbian, 43/2579, 56/3283, 61/3513; ECCP, 807–9. Ref. and studies: ECCP, 809. [TN, PEW]

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1115

Yi Yin raolüe 移鄞蕘略, 4 ce [A Woodcutter’s Outline of His Transfer to Yin] By Wang Zhang 王章 (z. Hanchen 漢臣, h. Fangzhou 芳洲, s. Zhonglie 忠烈, Jiemin 節愍) (1601–44) (js. 1628), from Wujin 武進 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1639 Ed.:

– *Undated (Chongzhen-period) ed. [Tianyi ge]

Rem.: A collection of official correspondence with superiors concerning a wide variety of local problems, including the manufacture of cannon, water control, local militia, and tax allocation. The work concludes with biographical materials celebrating the author’s tenure in the two counties in Zhejiang where he served, first Zhuji 諸暨 (from 1629), then Yinxian 鄞縣, where he was transferred in 1630 despite protestations of the inhabitants of Zhuji.

Bio.: After his jinshi Wang Zhang served as magistrate in Zhejiang. Due to his demonstrated ability, in 1638 he was first made a secretary in the Ministry of Works and then promoted into the Censorate. In 1639 he was sent as regional inspector for the Gansu region of Shaanxi, where he pacified rebellious soldiers and secured the removal of a number of corrupt officials. After a period of mourning he was assigned in 1643 to inspect the capital training divisions, and was dismayed to discover that they were undermanned and not supplied. During the capture of the capital by Li Zicheng in 1644 he refused to surrender and was killed. See MS, 266/6863–65; Zhang Dai 張岱, Shikui shu houji liezhuan 石匱書後集列傳, 20/193; Zhuji XZ (1773), 16/13a; Yin XZ (1686), 8/15a, 8/35a– 36b; Shaanxi TZ (1711), 18a/104a; Gao Yutai 高宇泰, Xuejiao ting zhengqi lu 雪交 亭正氣錄, in Siming congshu 四明叢書, 1/17b. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 史, 2:1102. [TN]

0890

Weiyang bingxian Zheng gong tangyin ji 維揚兵憲鄭公棠蔭紀, 2 j. [An Account of the Administrative Feats of Military Commissioner Mr. Zheng in Yangzhou] Comp. (彙編) Huang Guangdou 黃光斗 (z.Weiyuan 薇垣), fromTaizhou 泰州 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1640 Ed.:

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– *Undated (Kangxi-period) ed. reproducing and completing a Chongzhenperiod ed. printed (繡梓) by Huang Tingxun 黃廷詢, with pref. by Gong Jilan 宮繼蘭 (n.d.), list of collators (參閱) (44 persons in all, almost all of them officials and degree holders), 3 biographies of Zheng, extracts (節錄) from Mingshi and Ming jishi benmo, postfs. by Yin Dacheng 殷大 成 (n.d.) and Wang Yuanding 王元鼎 (n.d.). [Henan sheng tushuguan] [*Shanghai] Rem.: A celebration of the administration of Zheng Eryang 鄭二陽 (z. Dunci 敦次, h. Jianxi 見羲, Qian’an 潛庵) (?–1656) (js. 1619), from Yanling 鄢陵 (Henan), as defense commissioner in the Yangzhou area

from 1635 to 1639. The beautifully produced work is somewhat disorderly in organization. The richly illustrated j. 1 describes actions of Zheng, both civilian (notably famine relief) and military, followed by a variety of texts, accounts, testimonies, etc., some dated early Kangxi, signed by a large number of persons (at least one is by Zheng himself). The variety is same in j. 2, which also contains poems.

Bio.: After his jinshi Zheng Eryang was a prefectural judge (推官) in De’an 德安 (Huguang), where he also successfully served as acting prefect. From

there he was appointed to the capital, but because of a conflict with the eunuch Wei Zhongxian’s 魏忠賢 partisans he was transferred as secretary in the Nanjing Ministry of Works. In 1634 he was made assistant administration commissioner (參議) in charge of coastal defense in the region around Yangzhou 揚州 (Nan Zhili), and in 1635 was moved to that region’s military defense circuit, the post celebrated in the present work. At some point he was made surveillance vice-commissioner (副使), for which he reviewed military preparations and strengthened local defenses. His work was proven when the region was spared the ravages of roving bands of rebels. In 1639 he was summoned to an audience with the emperor to discuss military preparedness in other areas. A month later he was made grand coordinator (廵撫) for the region north of the Yangzi. When he heard that his native area had been ravaged he wrote a number of memorials requesting relief. In 1642 he contested the decision to accept the surrender of rebels in his area (they did later return to rebellion), and was impeached for interfering and imprisoned. He was still in prison when the capital fell in 1644, and managed to flee. He returned to his home in Henan in 1646 and directed efforts to rebuild temples, schools, and shrines up through his death. See Yanling XZ (1832), 10/3b, 10/6b, 10/7a, 10/31a, 14/33b–35a; Henan TZ (1695), 25/67b; Anlu 安陸 XZ (1843), 10/24a, 22/10a; Jiangdu 江都 XZ (1717), 6/43b; Yangzhou FZ (1685), 8/5a, 14/3b, 22/60b–61a; Anqing 安慶 FZ (1721), 12/34a; Sun Qifeng 孫奇逢, Zhongzhou renwu kao 中州人物考, 8/13b; Tan Qian 談遷, Guoque 國榷, 97/5836, 97/5837, 98/5935. [TN] [PEW] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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0890–0892 0891

Liu yihou hui Yan zhi lu 劉邑侯惠鹽治錄, 4 j. [An Account of Magistrate Liu’s Benevolent Government of Haiyan] Comp. Wu Zhang 吳墇, Xu Piming 許丕名, and Feng Shiling 馮時霖 Ca. 1642 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Qian Shisheng 錢士升 (n.d.), Chen Zhilin 陳 之遴 (n.d.), Wu Linzheng 吳麟徵 (n.d.), and Hu Zhenting 胡震亭 (n.d.), intro. (引) by the 3 compilers (n.d.). [Shanghai, dated 1642 in cat., only 1 j. extant] Rem.: A compilation celebrating the tenure of Liu Yaozhen 劉堯珍 (z. Tangchen 唐臣, h. Kuaige 快閣, s. Liemin 烈愍) (1618–51) (js. 1640), from Fushun 富順 (Sichuan), who served as magistrate in Haiyan 海鹽

(Nan Zhili) 1640–42. The preface writers are all jinshi, including three capital officials and one prefectural judge in Fujian. The 3 compilers, who sign as “disciples” (門人), are local scholars. The aim was clearly to defend a model official who had been unjustly dismissed (see below). J. 1 (the only one preserved) is devoted to 4 itemized propositions (條議) on problems of administration and maintenance of order by Liu himself (running title 條答), and a long list of recommendations (薦獎) by superior officials. It can be seen in the mulu that j. 2 is devoted to Liu’s policies (治略) (20 entries); j. 3 contains eulogies (頌文 and 頌章); j. 4 features further eulogies and a few appended pieces.

Bio.: Liu Yaozhen was appointed magistrate of Haiyan after his jinshi. In 1642, when several individuals from the area passed the provincial examination there were rumors of irregularities, and Liu was dismissed as a result. He later served the Southern Ming, but was killed in 1651 in Guangxi during a court power struggle. See Fushun XZ (1882), 5/14a–b; Xuzhou 叙州 FZ (1687), 5/9b–10a; Jiaxing 嘉 興 FZ (1682), 14/60b; Xu Zi 徐鼒, Xiaotian jizhuan 小腆紀傳, 31/3b. [TN, PEW] 0892

Zhi Gao jilüe 治藁記略, 1 j. [An Account of Governing Gaocheng] By Zhang Guoshi 張國士 (js. 1628) et al. 1642 Ed.:

– *[1642] ed. printed in blue ink, with pref. by Kang Guoxiang 康國相 (1642); cover bears ms. inscription “written for Huang Shang by Xiaoyan” 小雁為黃裳題, saying that the book was “received in Beijing in summer of renchen [1652?]” (壬辰首夏收於京都). [Beitu, Gao 藁 written 槁 in cat.] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Rem.: The first pages of the pref. are missing, but the title is given in the central margins. The work is made up of five separate texts, each celebrating the tenure of Kang Guoxiang (z. Zhihan 芝函, jr. 1618, from Heyang 郃陽 [Shaanxi]) as magistrate of Gaocheng 藁城 (Bei Zhili), with an emphasis on his efforts at “making a census of the people to benefit them” (審編澤民), and congratulating him on his promotion. Each text has an incumbent official as formal author, his name being followed by a list of coauthors. The first text, by Zhang Guoshi, lists several officials, a eunuch, and several National University students as coauthors; the second text, by Wu Songyin 吳嵩胤, likewise lists local officials, including educational officials, three eunuchs, and no less than 173 students (生 員); the third text, by Fan Shimao 范士髦, lists local commoners (鄉民); the fourth, by Dong Guoxiang 董國祥, members of the subbureaucratic system—scribes (書手) and tithing chiefs (里長); and the fifth, by Xu Yunzhen 徐允禎, tenant farmers (佃民). Kang says that he felt obliged to print the work so as not to be forgotten by the people of Gaocheng (以致不忘於藁之私).

Bio.: Kang Guoxiang passed the juren but failed several times at the jinshi. In the early Chongzhen period he submitted a memorial on northern defense that caught the attention of the minister of War, who summoned him for a consultation, but was not able to appoint him to a position in the ministry. Around 1637 he was appointed magistrate of Yutian 玉田 (Bei Zhili), where he strengthened defenses by dredging the moat. He was appointed to Gaocheng in 1641, from which he was dismissed for unknown reasons. He retired home and continued to write. He was killed during the turmoil of the dynastic transition. See Heyang XZ (1769), 3/16a–b; Shaanxi TZ (Yongzheng, SKQS ed.), 63/102a–b; Yutian XZ (1681), 4/5a; Gaocheng XZ (1698), 6/3b; Jifu 畿輔 TZ (1671/1683), 5/4b. [TN, SWF, PEW]

0893

Ren Qi shizheng lu 任杞實政錄 [Serving in Qi: A Record of Concrete Governance] By Ding Jing 丁敬 et al. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed., included in an untitled composite collection devoted to Shen Jiayin 申佳胤 (see below) and compiled by his descendants, titled Shen Duanmin gong ji 申端愍公集 on the case, postf. dated 1843. [Beitu]

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Rem.: Shen Jiayin (z. Kongjia 孔嘉, s. Duanmin 端愍) (1603–44) (js. 1631), from Yongnian 永年 (Bei Zhili), committed suicide when Beijing fell to Li Zicheng’s 李自成 rebel forces in 1644. Along with other officials who preferred death to submission or flight during the same events, he was proposed for canonization in 1656. The celebratory collection compiled by his descendants includes an anthology of his poetry and prose, various biographical materials, official documents related to his canonization and the sacrifices performed in his honor, a quantity of encomia by colleagues, friends, fellow countrymen, and others, as well as the present dossier on his accomplishments as magistrate of Qi county 杞縣 (Henan). Ren Qi shizheng lu is the work of a group of scholarofficials hailing from Qi county and includes texts by various officials and by local citizens, stele texts for the shrine devoted to him, encomia (贊) and eulogies (頌言), and more. Among the accomplishments reported are the successful defense of Qi against a rebel attack in 1635, the rebuilding of the city wall, Shen’s fiscal policies and policies against famine, the promotion of scholars and schools, and the preservation of the city’s “eight sceneries” (八景). Bio.: After his jinshi Shen Jiayin was appointed magistrate of Yifeng 儀封 (Henan), where he successfully reduced banditry and was able to close a breach in the Yellow River dikes during a flood. He was moved to the Qixian position, where his major feat was the repelling of a deadly attack by the rebel Saodi wang 掃地王 in 1635 and the consecutive rebuilding of the city wall. For these deeds he was promoted to several positions in Beijing ministries; after demotion to the Nanjing Guozijian because of his connection to a politically tainted former examiner, he was again appointed vice-minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud (太僕丞) in the capital. When Beijing fell, he refused to escape in disguise and threw himself into a well. See MS, 266/6867–68; Yongnian XZ (1877), 38/38a–41a (biography by Chen Zilong 陳子龍), 63b–67b (行狀); and the materials quoted in the collection described above. [PEW]

0894

Dezheng shilu 德政實錄, 1 j. [Veritable Records of Virtuous Government] By Jiang Mingyu 蔣鳴玉 (z. Chuzhen 楚珍, h. Zhongwan 中完) (js. 1637), from Jintan 金壇 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1644 Ed.: – *Undated (early-Qing) ed. [Nanjing]

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Rem.: The work concerns the tenure of a prefectural judge (推官) in Taizhou 台州 (Zhejiang) with the surname Jiang 蔣, who also served as acting magistrate of Linhai 臨海. According to Taizhou FZ (1936), this should be Jiang Mingyu, who served as prefectural judge from 1637 to 1644. The first section, “Hearing cases” (理刑), describes his work in this function. The second section, “Acting magistrate” (署縣), concerns his service in Linhai. The third section, titled “Proclamations” (告示), contains texts from both periods. At the end is a copy of a text inscribed on a memorial stone in Linhai. The work was almost certainly prepared by people in Taizhou when they set up a living memorial to honor his service.

Bio.: Jiang Mingyu was a tribute student by grace (恩貢生) who then went on to earn the jinshi. His first appointment was to Taizhou. He successfully petitioned for a reduction in a levy for lumber and alleviated exactions on salt workers by ministry officials in branch offices, and cleared up the case of 13 fishermen who had been imprisoned as pirates. He also took care of local students, and was tasked by the regional inspector to assist with the evaluation of officials from all parts of the province. After Beijing fell in 1644 he reported to the Southern Court and was appointed supervising secretary (給事中) for War. Having challenged abuses by a eunuch in charge of military farmlands, he was dismissed. Under the Qing he was recommended by Hong Chengchou 洪承疇 (see Gujin pingding lüe) and helped with supervision of the military during the campaign in Huguang. In 1647 he was appointed assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) in Shandong and was assigned to the Yandong 兗東 military protection circuit. His request to retire was denied and he was made surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) and assigned additional duties to serve as acting magistrate of several counties. He finally retired in 1648. See Wu Shanjia 吳山嘉, Fushe xingshi zhuanlüe 復社姓氏傳略, 3/25b; Jintan XZ (1683), 8/15a, 8/32a; Taizhou FZ (1936), 97/31a; Linhai XZ (1683), 2/18a; Shandong TZ (1915–18), 54/1b; Yi 嶧 XZ (1685), 1/41b. [TN] [QING A] 0895

Li Feng jianyan 蒞鳳簡言, 1 + 4 + 1 j. [Simple Words of an Incumbent in Fengxiang] By Liu Zelin 劉澤霖 (h. Yuruo 雨若, Ganlu 甘露) (1626–1673), from Gaocheng 高城 (Zhili)

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1665 pref. Ed.:

– *1833 new engraving (重鐫) of the Hehe tang 鶴和堂藏板, with pref. by author (1665), postfs. by author’s sixth-generation descendant [Liu] Xuan 璇 (後敘, 1833) and seventh-generation descendant [Liu] Qingkai 慶凱 (跋語, 1833). [Faxue suo] [*Ōki] Rem.: The fanli indicates that this edition was edited (重訂) by Liu

Zelin’s descendant Liu Qingkai. The work is a gongdu collection enriched with biographical materials and eulogies. Although not dated, the materials are clearly from Liu’s tenure (1663–68) as prefect of Fengxiang 鳳翔 (Shaanxi) (his own pref. is dated 1665, but it is unclear whether and in which form the work was published at that time). It contains much of interest on the situation in Shaanxi during the two decades following the Qing conquest and on the efforts necessary to bring the region back to normalcy. The front juan includes the fanli and three biographies of Liu, found in Shaanxi tongzhi, in Jianshan 監山 xianzhi, and in a funerary inscription dated KX 12/11/25. J. 1–3 comprise both correspondence with the provincial authorities and memorials, and deal with every aspects of local administration, such as finance and taxation (especially j. 1), lower personnel management in Fengxiang (j. 2), and judicial administration and maintenance of order, including resolving conflicts between the Han and Hui populations (j. 3). Liu’s reports are followed by his superiors’ answers, written in smaller characters. J. 4 includes proclamations to the population of Fengxiang on various topics (e.g., postal administration, illegal occupancy of bannerlands, weights and measures, gambling, litigation, xiangyue); instructions to subordinates (牌); ritual texts; a song (歌) encouraging the populace to behave properly; and a “small self-pref.” (自己小序) where Liu Zelin discusses the difficult conditions prevailing in Shaanxi during his tenure in the Hanzhong 漢中 region and in Fengxiang and recapitulates his administrative efforts in Fengxiang under ten headings. J. 末 contains requests by the authorities of Hanzhong prefecture and Nanzheng 南鄭 county for including Liu Zelin in the list of officials honored locally (崇祀名宦 錄), dated 1693, two reports from Nanzheng county on Liu’s activities, and the postface. Bio.: Having obtained the status of selected tribute student (拔貢) in 1648, Liu started as an accountant (經歷) in a garrison in Henan, and later was sent to Shaanxi, where he was appointed to Qinshui 沁水 county. In 1659 he was promoted to assistant prefect (同知) of Hanzhong, and in 1663 became prefect

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of Fengxiang. He left this position in 1668 following an unspecified “incident” (不善事). Liu’s reputation was obviously based on his tenures in Hanzhong (and its leading county, Nanzheng) and Fengxiang. In particular, he appears to have been instrumental in protecting the locals from the requisitions and abuses of general Wu Sangui’s 吳三桂 forces; for example, he is said to have collected a sum of 4,000 taels among his friends and colleagues to help redeem the men, women and children requisitioned by Wu’s army when they left Shaanxi for the south in the late 1650s. His efforts at rehabilitating Nanzheng after Wu’s departure, notably dike reconstruction, seem to have earned him the gratitude of both officials and the people. See biographical sources quoted in the work. Ref. and studies: “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 70 (by Su Yigong 蘇亦工). Yamamoto, 60 (1713 ed.). [LG] 0896

Duliang zhengji 都梁政紀, 4 j. [Record of Mr. Duliang’s Governance] By Li Zhengwei 李正蔚 et al. Ca. 1674 Ed.:

– *Undated (Kangxi-period) ed. with prefs. by Deng Xudun 鄧旭頓 (1674) and Li Zhengwei (1673). [Beida]

Rem.: A compilation of documents related to the tenure of Zhu Hongzuo 朱弘祚 (z. Huiyin 徽蔭) (1630–1700) (jr. 1648), from Gaotang 高唐 (Shandong), as magistrate of Xuyi 盱眙 (Jiangsu). It may be that the title’s “Duliang” (the name of a perfume-producing plant) was his hao. The compilation was done by the local notables (among them Li Zhengwei), who wanted to celebrate Zhu’s good policies and make them known, presumably as example for successors. The ed. is described in the Beida cat. as “compiled by the population and notables of the entire county of Xuyi” (闔邑紳民輯). The proclamations, exhortations, correspondences, and other documents deal with such topics as taxation (j. 1), schools, moral education of the populace, and charities (j. 2), baojia and the military, famine relief, rain prayers, etc. (j. 3); the last chapter reproduces the governor’s and governor-general’s recommendation for Zhu’s promotion as well as texts from Xuyi’s inhabitants celebrating their magistrate’s qualities. Bio.: Zhu Hongzuo’s first assignment was magistrate of Xuyi, where he was ranked as “outstanding” (卓異). In 1676 he became a secretary at the Ministry of Justice, and later held posts of intendant in Zhili. In 1687 he became governor

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of Guangdong; his public proclamations during this period (through 1692) were published as Qingzhong tang fu Yue wengao 清忠堂撫粵文告, 6 j. (see Yamamoto, 58). In 1692 he was made governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. At the beginning of 1695 he was degraded for a memorial that had incurred the displeasure of the Kangxi emperor. In 1700 he was assigned to river works. He died of illness during this posting. See QSG, 274/10049–50; Gaotang XZ (1673), 6/7a; Xuyi XZ (1747), 6/16b; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Yamamoto, 62. [LG] 0897

Xunxian Yang gong bao Tai shiji lu 巡憲楊公保台實績錄, 1 j. [An Account of the Concrete Accomplishments of Inspector Mr. Yang in Protecting Taizhou] Anon. Ca. 1675 Ed.:

– *Undated (Kangxi-period) ed. with prefs. by Jiang Xiche 姜希徹 (n.d.) and Gu Baowen 顧豹文 (1675), undated postfs. (後序) by Chen Dachang 陳大嘗, He Qiechun 何且純, and Chen Yilu 陳一路. [Beitu] Rem.: A record of policies implemented by Yang Yingkui 楊應魁 (h. Douyuan 斗垣), from Shehong 射洪 (Sichuan), who was active as a military inspector (兵巡) and counselor of the Manchu general Fulata 傅喇塔 during the siege of Taizhou 台州 (Zhejiang) by the forces of the rebel Geng Jingzhong 耿精忠 and combat in nearby counties for much of 1674–75. The work is a collective compilation (公輯) of the gentry of Zhang’an 章安, a town southeast of Taizhou. The 20 entries of the text

deal with Yang’s efforts at suppressing rebels, strengthening defenses, training the military, relieving the population from the impact of famine (1675 was a year of dearth) and the consequences of war, and rebuilding the civilian administration. Entries 2 and 3 are titled “winning the populace’s hearts” (收人心) and “being lenient with [people who] cut queues” (寬割辮); entry 10, on “redeeming women and children” (贖子女), deals with monetary redemption of women and children previously given as slaves to victorious troops. Indeed, whenever he features in the lengthy account of combat in the Guangxu Taizhou FZ (30/25a–32b, passim), Yang appears to have been not only a clever strategist but also a moderating influence, and to have cared more than his colleagues about the sufferings of the civilian population.

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Bio.: According to the pref., Yang Yingkui was an old associate of the Qing, fluent in Manchu, with military experience, and belonged to the offices of the central government before being sent to Fujian. This is confirmed by his biography in Tongchuan 潼川 FZ (1897), 22/15a–b. (He is called a Manchu in certain gazetteer sources.) [SWF, PEW] 0898

Yihou Xu gong baozhang jiaoyang shizheng lu 邑侯許公保障教養實政 錄, 1 j. [An Account of the Concrete Policies of Magistrate Xu to Protect and Educate Our County] Comp. by the gentry and ancients of Haining county 海寧紳士耆民

公輯

1677 Ed.:

– *[1677] ed. (no cover-leaf), with prefs. by Xu Bingyi 徐秉義 (1677), Gu Baowen 顧豹文 (1677), and Shen Heng 沈珩 (1677). [Beitu] – 1738 ed. by Xu Jizhang 許吉樟, in his Zhengxue heyi ji 政學合一集, ce 7. [Taiwan daxue]

Rem.: A compilation celebrating the government of Haining (Zhejiang) by Xu Sanli 許三禮 (z. Diansan 典三, h. Youshan 酉山, Rulong 汝龍) (1625–91) (js. 1661), from Anyang 安陽 (Henan), during the years 1673–80. A model official, Xu was in charge of Haining when the region was threatened by the Three Feudatories Rebellion. The text consists in detailed narratives organized under 12 items, namely, “Stabilizing the people’s hearts” (定民心), “Ensuring preparedness at the borders” (籌邊備), “Eliminating traitors” (剔奸弊), “Guarding against sea flooding” (防海患), “Establishing community granaries” (設社倉), “Lecturing rural compacts” (講鄉約), “Creating charitable schools” (建 義學) “Encouraging scholars’ behavior” (勵士習), “Setting up lectures on principles” (立講規), “Establishing charitable cemeteries” (設義塚), “Dredging rivers and canals” (濬河渠), and “Improving various policies” (修庶政). The accounts are over-enthusiastic, but Xu certainly appears to have worked arduously at restoring security and prosperity in Haining. The prefaces insist on his impeccable Neo-confucian credentials. The work was published together with a programmatic statement by Xu entitled “Useful words to rectify the times” (匡時良言), dated 1677, and notes on two sets of lectures that he delivered, taken by four scholars including his son Dishu 迪澍; the lectures are on agricultural matters (言濃事, 11 entries) and military matters (言兵事, 11 entries).

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Bio.: Due to his accomplishments at Haining, Xu Sanli was promoted to be a censor (御史), first in the Fujian circuit (also in charge of the northern district of the capital), then in the Shandong circuit. Later he became vice-censor-inchief of the right (右副都御史) in 1689, and vice-director of the Office of Arrests under the Ministry of War (督捕侍郎) in 1690. He was also Shuntian prefect in 1688–89. He died in post at age 67. See Haining ZZ (Qianlong/Daoguang), 16/78b; Anyang XZ (1738), 8/73a–75b; QSG, 266/9950–52. (Note: Xu’s QSG biography dates his Haining magistracy to the years 1661–69, whereas the Haining gazetteers say 1673–80; the latter is obviously correct, and confirmed by many dated measures mentioned during his tenure.) Ref. and studies: Ma, p. 138 (Beiping). Chang, 2:896 (1738 ed.). Guji shanben, 史, 2:1102. [PEW] 0899

Lu Qingxian gong li Jia yiji 陸清獻公蒞嘉遺跡, 3 j. [Traces of Mr. Lu Qingxian’s Administration of Jiading] Comp. Huang Weiyu 黃維玉, from Baoshan 寶山 (Jiangsu) Ca. 1677 Ed.:

– 1867 ed. engraved by Xu Yiqing in Shanghai 上海道前徐怡卿, with prefs. by Chen Menglan 陳夢蘭 (1798) and Cao Tingsu 曹廷宿 (1841), postf. by Ying Baoshi 應寶時 (n.d.). – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in GZSJC, vol. 7.

Rem.: A collection of anecdotes about and advice by the famous official Lu Longqi 陸隴其 (1630–93, see under Lizheng zhaiyao), compiled by one of his disciples, and corresponding to his tenure as magistrate of Jiading 嘉定 (Jiangsu) from 1675 to 1677. The book’s purpose, as explained in Chen Menglan’s pref., was to help officials meet the dual objectives of integrity (廉) and effectiveness (能). Another purpose was surely to validate Lu’s career as a magistrate, which came to an abrupt end when he ran afoul of his superiors, by illustrating his high standards of professional and personal conduct. The entries are in rough chronological order, following his service in Jiading. The selection in j. 1 is devoted to his initial days in office, addressing such matters as assumption of post, early encounters with subordinates, peers, and superiors, and relations with the populace. J. 2 focuses on Lu’s competence and compassion in administrative duties, with examples to illustrate his success in dealing with the financial and judicial challenges of the post and in improving the lives of common people. In this way the contents of the

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first 2 juan are the equivalent of a magistrate handbook. J. 3 deals with the unfortunate ending to Lu’s tenure through a series of carefully chosen anecdotes illustrating the base motives of his enemies and the disappointment of the people upon learning of his departure.

Bio.: See under Lizheng zhaiyao. [NP] 0900

Chengjiang zhiji 澄江治績, 2 j. [Accomplishments in Governing Jiangyin] Comp. Wu Zhen 吳震 1740 Ed.:

– *[1740] ed. with prefs. by Liu Wulong 劉吳龍 (1740), Zhang Tinglu 張廷 璐 (1740), Chen Bicheng 陳陛誠 (n.d.), Gao Yuxing 高玉行 (n.d.), Sheng Dadian 盛大典 (1740), intro. (弁言) by Wu Zhen, and 5 short postfs. [*Beitu] [Congress, not found] – *Photo-repro. of copy at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 12. Rem.: Policies implemented by Cai [Zhu] 蔡澍 (z. Yuting 雨亭, h. Helin 和霖) (js. 1724), from Gaoyuan 高苑 (Shandong), as magistrate of Jiangyin 江陰 (Jiangsu, Chengjiang being an alternate name), 1735–40.

The work was compiled by scholars and inhabitants of the county who wanted to record policies with which they had been highly satisfied (see Kaitai’s pref. to the next entry): three revisers (恭校) and thirty collators (參訂) are mentioned. The 137 entries are arranged under twelve headings (such as benevolent policies, education, customs, yamen control, public works, irrigation, charities, etc.). The main text consists of an account of Cai’s policies by the compilers, interspersed with pieces by Cai himself, such as stele texts, proclamations, regulations, petitions to his superiors, poems, and more; there are also some relevant texts by other authors. The work is intended both as celebration of an outstanding official and as example of “good policies” (善政) for colleagues. The 1840 and 1879 Jiangyin gazetteers list an impressive number of Cai’s achievements in matters of infrastructure improvement and other examples of good government.

Bio.: The only biographical information found on Cai Zhu is that he was appointed magistrate of Xinghua 興化 (Jiangsu) in 1730. See Yangzhou FZ (1810), 38/30b. Ref. and studies: Ma, 138–9 (Beiping). [PEW]

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0899–0902 0901

1127

Chengjiang zhiji xubian 澄江治績續編, 6 j. [Sequel to Accomplishments in Governing Jiangyin] Comp. (編) Feng Lichao 馮立朝 1743 Ed.:

– *[1743] Mingshan ed. 名山藏板 with prefs. by Kaitai 開泰 (1743), Liu Zao 劉 藻 (1743), Wang Jun 王峻 (n.d.), and Chu Daya 儲大雅 (1743). [*Congress] [*Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of copy at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 12–14.

Rem.: A sequel to the previous entry, bringing the contents to 1743 (Cai Zhu spent a total 9 years in Jiangyin). J. 1–4 are records of Cai’s government compiled by a team of local and invited scholars (a list of 58 collaborators follows the fanli), and quotations from Cai’s official correspondence and proclamations (the last quoted in extenso). The contents deal with every aspect of local administration, with a concentration on various policies in j. 1 (政令), on popular customs in j. 2 (文告), on buildings and infrastructures in j. 3 (修建), and on judicial affairs in j. 4 (讞牘). J. 5 is devoted to Cai’s literary pieces. J. 6 reproduces correspondence exchanged between Cai and various persons. The text is rich in concrete information on the prosperous and unruly society of Jiangyin.

Ref. and studies: Ma, 138–9 (Beiping). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 131. [PEW] 0902

Li Shiqu xiansheng zhi Min zhenglüe 李石渠先生治閩政略, 1 ce [An Outline of Mr Li Shiqu’s Governance in Fujian] Comp. Huang Yiji 黃貽楫 (z. Yuanbo 遠伯, h. Jichuan 濟川, 霽川) (1850–1900) (js. 1874), from Jinjiang 晉江 (Fujian) Ca. 1806 Ed.:

– 1875 Meishi shanfang 梅石山房 ed., with pref. by Huang Yiji. [Fujian Provincial Library] – *1932 new ed. of the Gaoyang Li-family Xiao Yiyan zhai 民國廿一年高陽 李氏小詒硯齋重刊, reproducing the 1875 Meishi shanfang ed., with pref. by Huang Yiji (1875), postf. (跋) by Li Zongtong 李宗侗 (1932). [*Beitu] [*Qinghua]

Rem.: A most detailed and interesting account of the work of Li Diantu 李殿圖 (z. Wanfu 丸符, Hengfu 恒符, h. Shiqu 石渠, Lutong 露桐,

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s. Wensu 文肅) (1738–1812) (js. 1766), from Gaoyang 高陽 (Zhili), in Fujian in 1795–1806. As explained in the postf., Li was appointed surveillance commissioner in 1795 while the province was reeling from a major corruption scandal, following which governor-general Wulana 伍拉納, governor Pulin 浦霖, and more than a hundred officials had been thrown into prison. His task, first as surveillance commissioner (1795–98), then as administration commissioner (1798–1801), and finally as governor (1802–06), was to investigate silver and grain deficits, reestablish administrative discipline, reduce the backlog of unresolved judicial cases, and reform the people’s customs; these he appears to have done with much energy, the text revealing a fairly direct approach to every aspect of government. Huang Yiji (a Quanzhou 泉州 native) claims that in his own time Li’s policies were still celebrated in the province. His compilation, intended for the use and enjoyment of future administrators (亦後世治 人者所樂省覽焉), includes quotes from Li’s oral pronouncements that he considered particularly profound, as well as deeds “easy to emulate,” and official correspondences, regulations (章程), memorials, and other written pieces, as recorded in Lutong xiansheng nianpu 露桐先生年譜, a chronological biography composed by a certain Qian Jingxing 錢景 星 (the printing blocks kept in Beijing were destroyed in 1900). In his postf., Li Diantu’s descendant Li Zongtong claims that even in today’s different political system and social environment the values of administrative discipline and official devotion exemplified in the text retain their urgency. The 56-folio work can be regarded as the equivalent of a loose gongdu collection embedded in a general account of Li’s tenure in Fujian, arranged year by year. It offers a striking image of the social disruption and violence as well as official corruption and sloppiness that afflicted the province at the turn of the nineteenth century. Except for Li Zongtong’s postf., the 1932 ed. is a reproduction (重影印) of the original 1875 ed.

Bio.: After several years in the Hanlin Academy, Li Diantu became a censor, and in 1777 was sent as education commissioner in Guangxi. After a further stint at the Censorate, in 1784 he became an intendant in charge of military supplies in Gansu to tamp down a Muslim rebellion. There he performed egregiously, trying to defuse ethnic conflicts and reestablish trust. He was also Gansu acting administration commissioner during the years 1788–89. Then came his long stint in Fujian (see above). In 1806, due to his inadequacies in combating piracy and maritime smuggling, he was transferred as Jiangxi governor, and later demoted to minor posts at the capital; in 1807 he was appointed

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expositor-in-waiting at the Hanlin Academy, and in 1810 asked for leave on the grounds of illness. In 1876 Wenyu 文煜, then acting governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang, proposed his canonization, citing his outstanding policies in Fujian. It may be that the present compilation was instrumental in that rehabilitation. See Huang Yiji’s pref. and Li Zongtong’s postf.; QSG, 359/11359–60; Gaoyang XZ (1931), 4/19a–20a; Baoding 保定 FZ (1886), 56/10a–11b. Certain sources give 1832 as Huang Yiji’s birthdate. He was the son of Huang Zonghan 黃宗漢, Liang-Guang governor-general during the second Opium war. After his jinshi he became a compiler at the Hanlin Academy, and later a secretary in the Ministries of Justice and Rites. In 1882 he was sent to Guangdong as education commissioner. He abandoned his official career during the Boxer troubles in 1900 and returned to Quanzhou to head an Academy, but soon died of illness. [PEW] [QING B] 0903

Zizhi guanshu 自治官書 [An Official Book on Self-Governance] Attributed to Liu Heng 劉衡 (z. Wensheng 文聲, Rentang 訒堂, h. Lianfang 簾舫) (1776–1841) (1800 secondary-list tribute student 副榜貢 生), from Nanfeng 南豐 (Jiangxi) 1847 Ed.: – Undated ed. with pref. by Guo Shangxian 郭尚先 (1830). – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in GZSJC, vol. 6.

Rem.: Although Liu Heng is indicated as author in the GZSJC reprint, there is in fact not one word by him in the text. This is a dossier collecting various pieces sent to the court in support of the demand for Liu Heng’s inclusion in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen in 1846–47; Guo Shangxian’s pref. to Yongli yongyan (q.v.) has been inserted at the beginning. The text includes the following items: (1) an approved memorial of the Ministry of Rites acknowledging a memorial from the Sichuan authorities and asking that Liu Heng be honored in the Temple (1846); (2) a joint petition by the gentry of Boluo 博羅 county (Guangdong); (3) a register compiled by the Confucian school of Boluo, summarizing Liu Heng’s career and listing his qualities and accomplishments in Boluo under 10 items; (4) a memorial of the Guangdong administration commissioner acknowledging the petition and register (the notables are

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listed by name), duly verified by the local authorities, and passing it on to the ministry; (5) reports from the magistrate of Boluo and the prefect of Huizhou confirming the contents of the notable’s petition, and in particular noting that 30 years after his one-year tenure the remembrance of Liu’s deeds is still vivid among the populace; (6) an approved memorial of the Ministry of Rites acknowledging a memorial from the Guangdong authorities and asking that Liu Heng be honored in the Temple (1847); (7) a memorial of the Sichuan governor-general endorsing similar petitions from the three counties of the province where Liu Heng had served, including a rather long one by the notables of Ba 巴 county; (8) a report of the director of studies of Ba county summarizing Liu’s career and listing his qualities and accomplishments under 8 items; (9) similar reports from Dianjiang 墊江 (10 items) and Liangshan 梁山 (5 items) counties. By themselves the reports sent by the counties have the value of a magistrate handbook inasmuch as they list in fairly concrete detail the attitudes and policies of a model official. Roughly the same materials, but in a different order, were published in Henan in 1871 under the title Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng xingshu zhengji (q.v.). [PEW] 0904

Zai Xiang jielu 宰湘節錄, 1 ce [Selected Records from a Career in Hunan] comp. (輯) Liu Zhuoyun 劉倬雲, from Ningxiang 寧鄉 (Hunan) Ca. 1853 Ed.:

– *1863 Changsha Guangshun tang 長沙廣順堂 ed., with pref. by Liu Xihong 劉錫鴻 (1876). [Hunan] Rem.: A celebration of the achievements of Zhu Sunyi 朱孫詒 in

mobilizing militia and other actions to resist the Taipings’ attempt to invade Hunan from Guangxi at a time when he served as magistrate of Ningxiang 寧鄉, Changsha 長沙, and Xiangxiang 湘鄉 in the early Xianfeng period (see under Quanjie shimin tiaoyue). The text quotes a memorial of Luo Bingzhang 駱秉章 (1793–1867, js. 1832), governor of Hunan 1850–60, extolling Zhu’s crucial role in the defense of the province and the building-up of the so-called Hunan Army (湘軍). A selection of Zhu’s communications to Hunan officials (禀稿) is appended to the work. [GRT]

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Zhuoshi jiwu 酌時急務, 1 j. [Urgent Tasks Considering the Times] and Buhuang yaolüe 捕蝗要略, 1 j. [Essentials for Catching Locusts] By Zhou Yuheng 周玉衡 (h. Lixiang 澧香) (?–1875) (jr. 1843), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) 1858 Ed.: – *1858 ed. of the Shaoyang 邵陽 (Hunan) county office. [Hunan]

Rem.: Zhuoshi jiwu presents itself as a set of proposals and records the author’s efforts at remedying the backwardness of agriculture in Shaoyang (the seat of Baoqing 寶慶 prefecture) when he was magistrate there. His aim was to relieve the general poverty of the populace by introducing the better practices and techniques of Jiangnan and Zhejiang he was familiar with. He advocated planting a crop of beans or wheat after the fall rice harvest, as well as developing sericulture and cottongrowing, digging wells and pools, using better tools, and the like. He also made suggestions for improvements in land disputes, grain storage, marriage customs, and the ways of the elite and commoners. The work provides comparisons of agriculture and society in Jiangnan versus Hunan. Buhuang yaolüe (printed in 1857, before Zhuoshi jiwu was written) is a complement to a text titled Chuhuang beikao 除蝗備考, published by a certain Yuan 袁 when he was magistrate of Liuyang 瀏陽 (Changsha prefecture), following an imperial edict motivated by a wave of locust disasters during those years. The aim was to combat the southerners’ belief in a locust god and encourage them to catch and destroy locusts through improving information and cooperation between townships and tithings.

Bio.: A poor student, Zhou Yuheng went to teach in a family school (塾館) in Beijing, where he eventually passed the Shuntian provincial examination in 1843. In 1854 he was dispatched to Hunan with the rank of magistrate. He served in Hengyang 衡陽, where he combated banditry, then in Shaoyang from 1857 to 1859. In 1859 he was instrumental in the successful defense of Baoqing against a large Taiping force led by Shi Dakai 石達開. After the three-month siege was lifted Zhou served in several places as magistrate or vice-prefect. He eventually became acting prefect of Chenzhou 辰州, also in Hunan. He returned home on the grounds of illness and died at age 70. See Xiaoshan XZ gao (1948), 12/130–2. [GRT]

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Sanlian zengbie lu 三廉贈別錄, 1 ce [A Tribute on a Departure from Lianzhou] By Liu Dingkang 劉定康 et al. 1867 Ed.:

– *1867 new engraving (新鐫) of the Haimen shuyuan 海門書院藏板, with intro. (弁言) by Lin Changyi 林昌彝 (n.d.) and postf. (跋) by Ouyang Qi 歐陽琦 (n.d.). [Beitu]

Rem.: A celebratory compilation dedicated to prefect Dai Youmei 戴友梅 (Dai Zhaochen 戴肇辰, 1810–90) by the citizens of Lianzhou 廉州 prefecture (Guangdong) to express their sorrow about his departure in 1867. In his intro. Lin Changyi, a Grand Secretariat official (內閣中書) then heading the Haimen Academy at Lianzhou, lists Dai’s many virtues. The essays and poems by the local instructor (訓導), Liu Dingkang, and a large number of students, detail in flowery language Dai’s good policies since he assumed the post in 1864, where he is said to have succeeded with almost supernatural authority and efficiency and acquired considerable popularity. His actions included ordering his offices, making administration of justice fair and straightforward, improving customs, promoting charities and schools, clearing bandits, and encouraging students. For Dai’s own administrative writings, see Conggong lu (q.v.) and its sequels; for his ideas on governance, see Qiuzhi guanjian (q.v.). Bio.: See under Xueshi lu. [PEW]

0907

Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng xingshu zhengji 南豐劉簾舫先生 行述政績 [Account of Conduct and Administrative Accomplishments of

Mr. Liu Lianfang of Nanfeng]

Attributed to Liu Heng 劉衡 (z. Wensheng 文聲, Rentang 訒堂, h. Lianfang 簾舫) (1776–1841) (1800 secondary-list tribute student 副榜貢 生), from Nanfeng 南豐 (Jiangxi) 1871 Ed.: – *1871 new engraving (新鐫) of the Juwen zhai in Kaifeng 板存豫省聚文 齋, with note by Mei Zengliang 家子上元梅曾亮 (劉簾舫先生行狀書 後, 1844), and a list of the Henan officials (of Nanyang, Ruzhou, Henei,

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0906–0908

1133

Anyang, Xihua, Shexian, Shangshui) who funded the new ed. of Liu Heng’s Yongli yongyan (q.v.), with the sums contributed, as well as the total cost of the printing for a print run of 80 copies. [Ōki]

Rem.: A compilation of memorials and other materials concerning the application for entering Liu Heng in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen. The materials are essentially the same as in Zizhi guanshu (q.v.), plus a lengthy “account of conduct” (行述) composed by Liu Heng’s sons Liangsi 良駟, Liangqian 良騫, Liangji 良驥, Liangju 良駒, and Liangxun 良馴. The work constitutes the first fasc. of Liu Nanfeng xiansheng zhipu (q.v.). [PEW]

0908

Kaixian Li shangshu zhengshu 開縣李尚書政書, 1 + 8 j. [A Record of the Administration of Minister Li from Kai County] By Li Zongxi 李宗羲 (z. Yuting 雨亭, h. Naixuan zhuren 耐軒主人) (1818–84) (js. 1847), from Kai county 開縣 (Sichuan) 1885 Ed.:

– *1885 ed. engraved in Wuchang 武昌開雕, with a prefatory note by Fang Zongcheng 方宗誠 (1885) following the mulu. [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: Fang Zongcheng explains that after Li Zongxi’s death the “brief record of administration” (治略) Li had composed in his own hand was sent to him by one of Li’s sons to help him compose a funerary inscription; Fang rearranged the text, following the model of Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu (q.v.)—but remarking that, while Yu Chenglong lived in an era of peace, Li Zongxi’s career unfolded in the middle of an accumulation of difficulties (公處艱難之會)—and advised Li’s sons to publish it. J. 首 (with its own mulu) includes imperial edicts issued after Li’s death, authorizing that his record of accomplishments be transferred to the Historiography Institute (國史館) as requested in an 1885 memorial by Peng Yulin 彭玉麟, also reproduced. Then follows an autobiographical account of Li’s life and career, in two parts (zishu 自述, 1856, and xushu 續述, 1880), and a formal dossier including the facts of his life (事實) and an “account of conduct” (行述). The texts included in j. 1–8 (with full mulu) follow the progress of Li’s career, in Anhui (where he was magistrate in several counties starting in 1849, then prefect from 1857; 3 entries), in Hubei (as prefect, 1862–64; 6 entries), in Jiangnan (as Liang-Huai salt commissioner, 1865; 10 entries), as Jiangsu administration

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commissioner (1865–69; 11 entries), Shanxi governor (1869–70; 22 entries), and finally Liang-Jiang governor-general, a post in which he succeeded Zeng Guofan (1873–75; 47 entries); there are a further 6 entries from after his retirement for illness (歸田書). The entries include letters to his superiors and colleagues dealing with administrative and military matters, memorials, directives (札), proclamations (告示), and official correspondence (詳文, 稟); they cover all the aspects of local government.

Bio.: According to his self-record in j. 首, which combines family and career events, Li passed the juren in 1843. After his jinshi in 1847 he drew an appointment in Anhui as a magistrate, which he assumed the following year. This started his long career in the provinces (see above). While rather formal, this autobiography is rich in details on administrative life, politics, and military events during particularly tumultuous decades, and mentions several wellknown statesmen of the period. See also Qingdai qibai, 1:406–10. Ref. and studies: Chang, 2:943. [PEW] 0909

Mu Mian jilüe 牧沔紀略, 2 j. [An Account of Governing Mianyang] By Li Zhou 李輈 (z. Yuseng 芋僧), from Xiangyin 湘陰 (Hunan) Ca. 1894 Ed.: – *Undated (Guangxu-period) ed. [Hunan]

Rem.: A record of the author’s administrative accomplishments during two tenures as department magistrate of Mianyang 沔陽 (Hanyang 漢陽 prefecture, Hubei); the first was for a few months in 1882, interrupted by a mourning leave, and the second for a year in 1893–94. In j. 1 the author recounts in diary form the dredging of Chailin River 柴林河 and the construction of a sluice-gate, quoting along the way his relevant official communications. J. 2 deals with his management of judicial appeals, cases of homicide and robbery, lawsuits, dike works, taxation and tribute, Mianyang’s administrative bureaus paperwork, diked fields (垸田), irrigation disputes, the establishment of a sericulture bureau (蠶桑局), and the improvement of literati behavior. Each entry includes careful explanations of the circumstances and processes, and various orders and regulations are quoted. The format is similar to that of works such as Liu Tang’s Zai Hui jilüe (q.v.). Bio.: A student by purchase (監生), Li Zhou started as a probationer prefectural registrar (府經歷試用) in Hubei, where he was in charge of military

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0908–0910

supplies. Later he held positions of acting magistrate of Yunxi 鄖西 (in 1871) and Xiangyang 襄陽, and department magistrate of Jingmen 荊門, Xingguo 興國, and Mianyang, all in Hubei. See Xiangyin XZ (1880), 12/6b; Yunxi XZ (1936), 6/12b; Mianyang ZZ (1894), 7/22a. [GRT] 0910

Zai Hui jilüe 宰惠紀略, 5 j. [A Short Account of Governing Huimin] By Liu Tang 柳堂 (h. Chunzhai 純齋, Wushou daoren 五壽道人) (1890 js.), from Fugou 扶溝 (Henan) 1900 pref. Ed.:

– *1901 engraving (鐫) of the Bijian tang 筆諫堂藏本, with prefs. by Li Fenggang 李鳳岡 (題辭, 1900), Xu Shiguang 徐世光 (1901), Fu Xu’an 傅旭 安 (1901), and Liu Tang (1900), colophon by Liu Tang (n.d.), without mulu. [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of 1901 Bijian tang ed., with insertion of an additional pref. (補撰) by Zhang Xingyuan 張星源 (1904) and of a mulu in front of the other prefaces, in GZSJC, vol. 9. – *Photo-repro. of 1901 Bijian tang ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 884. – *Extracts in Jian Bozan 翦伯贊 et al. (ed.), Yihe tuan 義和團 (Shanghai: Shenzhou guoguang she, 1951), vol. 1, 399–404, based on Bijian tang ed. Rem.: An account of the author’s administration of Huimin 惠民 (leading county of Wuding 武定 prefecture, Shandong) from 1896 to

1900. According to the prefs., it should serve as a model to the profession. The text is a chronological narrative in the first person. The author’s colophon indicates that it was based on notes he took in the course of his work, which included much traveling to ensure tribute transportation, fight bandits, relieve famine, and so forth. His friend Li Fenggang convinced him to preserve the directness of the style and not try to polish and reorganize his text, which was “modeled on the genre of brush jottings and random notes practiced by the ancients” (仿古人筆記漫 錄之體). The narrative is interspersed with quotations of a large number of proclamations, rhymes, accounts, stele texts, prefaces, and other set pieces. The entries deal with such topics as controlling clerk and runner exactions, discouraging lawsuits, keeping criminals in custody, river control works, charitable schools, levying grain tribute, planting trees, tax administration, famine relief, sacrifices, road and dike repairs, etc. The last entries provide a vivid account of the conditions created by the Boxers in the region. The mulu in the copy reproduced in GZSJC

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provides captions to the entries, though they are absent from the text proper. The author’s discussion of the issues he was confronted with is at the same time exhaustive and critical, and clearly written with a didactic intention; it delivers a detailed picture of the conditions in an important county located on the Grand Canal during the last years of the nineteenth century. At one point the text was to be appended to a supplement to the 1886 Huimin local gazetteer compiled in 1899 (惠民 縣志補遺), to which Liu Tang wanted to contribute materials from his own diaries during the four years he spent in the locality; he eventually decided to publish them separately in order to abide by the principle that the policies of the incumbent official should not be included in the contents of a new gazetteer. The prefaces celebrate Liu Tang’s abilities and “concrete government” (實政), and the fact that, unlike many scholars, he could prove himself not only in words but also in deeds (能言而 亦能行).

Bio.: Liu Tang was close to age 50 when he passed the jinshi examination after 20 years of frustration. In 1893 he participated as an accountant to construction work on the Yellow River in Jinan 濟南. He then filled the magistracies of Dingtao 定陶 and Huimin counties, and Dongping 東平 and Deping 德平 departments, all in Shandong. In Huimin in 1900 he refused to mount a punitive expedition when the government turned against the Boxers, and used persuasion instead to disband them. (For another magistrate confronted to a similar situation, see under Shouzhuo xuan zhengshu.) Then he spent three years in Dongping (see under Mu Dong jilüe), where among other things he dealt with anti-Christian riots, on which he published an account titled Dongping jiao’an ji 東平教案記. In the 4th month of 1903 he was appointed department magistrate of Deping (Jinan Prefecture), where he stayed for 13 months and ten days (see under Zai De xiaoji). See the various prefaces to his works. Bibliography entries for same author: Mu Dong jilüe; Zai De xiaoji. [GRT, PEW]

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part 6

Anthologies of Administrative Documents 6.1

By Capital Officials

[MING]

See also: Wang Gongyi bogao, Yanyu gao 0911

Huanli manji 宦曆漫紀, 8 j. [Random Records of an Official’s Progress] By Yu Yin 余寅 (z. Junfang 君房, Senggao 僧杲, h. Hancheng xian­ sheng 漢城先生) (1529–1605) (js. 1580), from Yinxian 鄞縣 (Zhejiang) 1621 Ed.: – *[1621] ed. with intro. (引) by Zhou Yingbin 周應賓 (n.d.) and postf. (後序) by Zhang Tiande 張天德 (1621, placed after the intro.). [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton]

Rem.: A partial compilation of the author’s “surviving manuscripts” (遺稿) about governance, representing 20 to 30 percent of what was left, and intended to supplement the separate publication of his liter­ ary writings. Zhang Tiande, Yu’s disciple in Shaanxi (see below), edit­ ed and published (訂梓) the work. Each juan has a detailed mulu. J. 1, titled “Directives from the Ministry of Works” (水部陳白), includes 9 administrative communications (呈子 or 帖子 for the most part) deal­ ing with the fabrication, maintenance, accounting, etc. of the clothes, fabrics, musical instruments and other objects in imperial treasur­ ies. The 5 pieces in j. 2, titled “Memorials from the Ministry of Rites” (膳曹疏列), deal with problems such as respect of proper rituals and hierarchies, and, more generally, educating the elite and populace in the proper customs (a program composed of 10 lengthy articles is appended to the first memorial). J. 3, entitled “Provincial education commissioner regulations” (督學規條), contains a long circular in 16 sections, dated 1588, addressed to the teachers and students of Shaanxi. The very rich j. 4 (in 2 ce), titled “Documents from a mission to Shaanxi” (分陝案牘), features about a hundred pieces from the author’s tenure as education commissioner in Shaanxi, including prayer texts, reports on virtuous

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004416208_007

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women, directives concerning shrines to illustrious locals or famous of­ ficials, judicial decisions and reports related to students’ behavior and to family affairs, brawls, and other sorts of conflicts in which students were involved; there are also numerous administrative communications, di­ rectives, etc., concerning educational officials and schools. Two short sections at the end are devoted to Yu’s tenure as Guanzhong intendant (關內守道) and acting provincial surveillance commissioner (署臬司). J. 5–8 do not deal with governance but consist of letters to colleagues and notes and essays on a variety of anecdotal, historical, and schol­ arly subjects. The second part of j. 6 is devoted to a “Private account of the 1619 incident” (乙未私志), dealing with a violent court conflict that erupted in the wake of the evaluation of military officers that year and ended with numerous arrests and demotions; it is followed by a long postf. on the same subject by two cashiered censors, Yao Jiang 姚江 and Sun Kuang 孫鑛.

Bio.: After his jinshi Yu Yin was made secretary in the Ministry of Works and oversaw the storehouses for clothing for embassies, where he was very strict about expenditures. Then he was made vice-director, later director of a bureau in the Ministry of Rites. In 1587 he became surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in charge of education for Shaanxi. He was promoted to administra­ tion vice-commissioner (參政), but when he was transferred to the same post in Shandong in 1592 he asked for leave instead, likewise when he was called back again to the same post in Fujian in 1595. He was ordered to retire with the rank of vice-minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. See Shu Taichu 舒泰初, Yu gong xingshu 余公行述, appended to Huanli manji; Yinxian zhi (1686), 17/33b–34b; Yinxian zhi (1788), 16/11a–b; Ming shilu: Shizong, 185/3466, 235/4365, 283/5246, 292/5399. [TN] Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 12–13 (providing captions of the judicial cases included). [PEW] [QING B] 0912

Congzheng lu 從政錄, 4 j. [A Record of Government Service] By Wang Xixun 汪喜荀 (original m. Xisun 喜孫, z. Mengci 孟慈, h. Xunshu 荀叔) (1786–1848) (jr. 1807), from Ganquan 甘泉 (i.e. Yangzhou, Jiangsu) 1841 pref. Ed.

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0911–0912

1139

– *1841 ed. in 2 ce, with author’s pref. (1841), followed by letters from Ruan Yuan 阮元, Lin Zexu 林則徐, and Niu Jian 牛鑑; back matter including a letter from Guo Shangxian 郭尚先. [HKU] – *Undated ed. in Ganquan Wang shi yishu 甘泉汪氏遺書, ce 13–16, with prefs. by Chen Weiqian 陳維謙 (1841) and author (1841), colophon (題 辭) by Yao Zutong 姚祖同 (n.d.), letters by Ruan Yuan, Tang Jian 唐鑑, Lin Zexu, Gu Chun 顧蒓, Qi Renjing 戚人鏡, Li Xingyuan 李星沅, Dan Maoqian 單懋謙, Wang Zengfang 王贈芳, Shu Huamin 舒化民, Xu Ao 徐璈, and Dai Jiongsun 戴絅孫. [Beitu] – *Undated, unpaginated ed. in 4 ce with author’s pref. (1841), colophon by Yao Zutong (n.d.), followed by letters from Ruan Yuan, Tang Jian, Lin Zexu, Gu Chun, Qi Renjing, Li Xingyuan, Dan Maoqian, Wang Zengfang, Shu Huamin, Xu Ao, and Dai Jiongsun; colophons (跋) by Song Qiyuan 宋其沅, Guo Shangxian, Liao Dunxing 廖敦行, Yao Ying 姚瑩, and Cai Shaojiang 蔡紹江 at the end of j. 4; this ed. is cited as a fine example of Qing printing in Huang Shang, Qingdai banke yiyu, 352–3. [Congress/LL] – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Chen Weiqian (1841) and author (1841), colo­ phon by Yao Zutong (n.d.), followed by letters from Ruan Yuan, Tang Jian, Lin Zexu, Gu Chun, Qi Renjing, Li Xingyuan, and Dan Maoqian; a collec­ tion of the author’s examination prose titled Baopu zhai shiwen 抱璞齋時 文 is appended in the last fasc. [Beitu] – *Undated ms. ed. in 2 j., in clear hand, with author’s pref. (1841). [Beida] – *Unpaginated photo-repro. in [Jiangdu] Wang shi congshu 江都汪氏叢 書 (Shanghai: Zhongguo shudian, 1925), ce 11–13, with author’s pref. (1841) and colophon by Yao Zutong (n.d.), followed by letters from Ruan Yuan, Tang Jian, Lin Zexu, Gu Chun, Qi Renjing, Niu Jian, Wang Zengfang, and Xu Ao. There is another author’s pref. at the end of j. 1 (文稿自序, 1840), and colophons (跋) by Song Qiyuan, Guo Shangxian, Liao Dunxing, Yao Ying, and Cai Shaojiang at the end of j. 3. [Beitu] [*Fu Sinian] [Zhongyang] – *Modern typeset ed. based on 1925 ed., in Wang Xisun zhuzuo ji 著作集, ed. Yang Jinlong 楊晉龍 (Taipei: Academia Sinica, 2003), vol. 2.

Rem.: The text is a sort of gongdu collection including draft memori­ als, proposals, memos, essays, and other materials dealing with the work at the offices of the Ministry of Revenue, where the author served in several departments from 1821 to 1840, first as a drafter (主稿), and from 1828 as a vice-director. The entries deal with several areas of concern to the ministry, such as customs revenue, tribute transportation, and so forth. Some are records of particular affairs discussed at the ministry and give a hint of the debates therein. There are a number of pieces on the problems peculiar to the Yangzhou area, of which the author was

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a native. (Yangzhou was not among the Jiangnan prefectures whose natives were excluded from appointment to the Ministry of Revenue.) There are also general essays on government, ethics, the classics, and other topics, and letters (especially in j. 1–2). Wang was also in charge of the attempt at reviving well-fields (井田) and irrigation in the Tianjin area in 1836 (the previous attempt dated back to the Yongzheng and early Qianlong period; the texts related to this enterprise are in j. 3), and was sent by the ministry to the Yellow River administration in Shandong (discussed in j. 4). During the period of mourning (1832–34) after the death of his mother, he refused the offers of Lin Zexu (with whom he seems to have exchanged regular correspondence) and Tang Jian (who as an examiner had unsuccessfully supported him at the 1814 metropoli­ tan examination) to formally enter their cabinets.

Bio.: The author calls himself Xisun 喜孫 or Xixun 喜荀 depending on the documents, with no apparent reason for the variation. (He is said to have switched to Xixun because one of his ancestors was named Wang Taisun 太孫.) There are biographic data scattered among the documents and prefaces (see for example the essay entitled “Zuozhi chuyan sanshi” 作治芻言三事 in j. 3, which deals with the death of Wang’s mother and with public work he accomplished unofficially during mourning). Wang, who failed eight times at the jinshi, entered the Grand Secretariat as a secretary (內閣中書) in 1814, and performed various editorial tasks there until he was assigned to the Ministry of Revenue. In 1839 he was sent to supervise dikeworks on the Grand Canal and Yellow River; in 1841, after an audience with the Daoguang emperor, he was confirmed in these functions with the rank of expectant prefect. In 1843–44 he efficiently dealt with the consequences of large-scale floods. He was appointed prefect of Huaiqing 懷慶 (Henan) in 1845. He died in post in 1848 from an ill­ ness contracted while he travelled on foot in the Taihang Mountains to pray for rain during a drought. Wang also achieved fame as a scholar. Jiangdu Wang shi congshu includes works both by him and by his father, Wang Zhong 中 (1744–94). See QSLZ, 68/67b (in the biography of his father); XuBZJ, 43/2b–9b; QDBZW, 102; ECCP, 815; Yang Jinlong, intro. to 2003 Academia Sinica ed. (further sources are listed p. 36–38 n. 4). See also Polachek, The Inner Opium War, 72, 312 n. 26. [JB, PEW]

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0912–0913

6.2

By Provincial Officials

[MING]

See also: Huanli manji 0913

Junchuan bogao ji 浚川駁稿集, 2 j. [Junchuan’s Draft Rejections] By Wang Tingxiang 王廷相 (z. Ziheng 子衡, h. Junchuan 浚川, s. Sumin 肅敏) (1474–1544) (js. 1502), from Yifeng 儀封 (Henan) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated (Jiajing-era) ed. published together with Junchuan gongyi ji (q.v.), with pref. to joint publication (titled Junchuan gongyi 公移 bogao) by Guo Tingmian 郭廷冕 (n.d.), as part of Junchuan quanji 全集. [Fu Sinian] – Undated (Jiajing- or Longqing-era) ed. published together with Junchuan gongyi ji, with pref. to joint publication by Guo Tingmian (n.d.), as part of Wang Junchuan suozhu shu 王浚川所著書. [Zhongshan] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Zhongshan, in SKCMCS, 集, vol. 53. – *Modern punctuated ed. in Wang Tingxiang ji 集, together with Junchuan gongyi ji (q.v.), with pref. to joint publication by Guo Tingmian (n.d.), Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1989.

Rem.: The preface by Guo Tingmian, who signs as Zhili regional in­ spector, indicates that the original work, which was shown to him in 1543 by the author during a visit Guo paid to him in his native Yifeng to receive his advice, was comprised of two parts (Gongyi ji and Bogao ji) to­ taling 5 juan; he published the text later to share it with his like-minded companions (同志者). The present work contains draft communica­ tions rejecting the conclusions of judicial investigations submitted to the author while Shaanxi regional inspector in 1511–12; the running title is Shenxing ji 神刑集. J. 1, titled Huishen lu 會審錄 (36 items), consists of joint investigations and conclusions, introduced by the words “Together we found out that …” (會審得), the authors explaining why they are not convinced by the conclusions reached at the first trial, stressing con­ tradictions or errors in the case, and calling for new investigations. The pieces in j. 2, titled Xiangbo lu 詳駁錄 (52 items), are signed by Wang Tingxiang alone; the crimes dealt with are usually less serious and the entries are in general shorter than in j. 1; moreover, part of the entries are

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simple rescripts (批) discussing such topics as administrative problems or the behavior of individual officials.

Bio.: Wang Tingxiang’s father, Wang Zeng 增, had been exiled from Shanxi to Yifeng and managed to become a rich landowner there. Wang Tingxiang’s career was affected by his outspoken participation in political debate. After his jinshi and a stint at the Hanlin Academy, he was appointed supervising secretary for War (兵科給事中) in 1504. He soon went into mourning, and on his return was sent to a lesser post in the provinces, seemingly for ties to op­ ponents of the powerful eunuch Liu Jin 劉瑾. In 1509 he was recalled to the capital as a censor, being sent at one point as Shaanxi regional inspector. 3 or 4 years later he became education intendant (學政) of Bei Zhili, but again fell victim to political intrigue and was demoted to vice-magistrate of Ganyu 贛榆 (Shandong). After several local posts he became again director of educa­ tion in Sichuan (1517), and through several promotions ended as Shandong ad­ ministration commissioner (1524). In 1527, following a period of mourning, he resumed a career with high positions in the provinces and the capital (includ­ ing censor-in-chief 1533–41, see under Xian’gang shilei) that was favored by his having sided with the Jiajing emperor in the so-called Great Ritual Controversy (大禮議). However, he ended up as one of the casualties of the political shakeup that followed the burning down of the new Imperial Ancestral Hall in 1541, and was dismissed and reduced to the status of commoner. He was posthu­ mously rehabilitated and canonized in 1567. Wang was a prolific writer. As mentioned in Guo Tingmian’s preface (see above), he initially organized his work by periods of service or leave. According to the prefs. preserved in Wang Sumin gong ji 王肅敏公集, he did this for the first four or five of these collec­ tions while serving in Shandong in 1522–23. At least two of the other collec­ tions were prepared in 1527 during his service in Sichuan. He then selectively drew works for a collection of writings organized by genre, which he published in 1536. As is clear from Guo’s preface, he had also begun to organize his official writings separately. When others prepared editions of his work, they contin­ ued this differentiation by genre; thus, one version of his memorials written as a censor, titled Neitai ji 内臺集, contains literary works and other official documents. See MS, 194/5154–56; DMB, 1431–34; Ge Rongjin, Wang Tingxiang shengping xueshu biannian. [TN] Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:2/59a (title Yi bogao 移駁稿, in 5 j., with pref. by Guo Tingmian). Chang, 2:805. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 4. [PEW]

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0913–0914 0914

1143

Junchuan gongyi ji 浚川公移集, 3 j. [Junchuan’s Public Correspondence] By Wang Tingxiang 王廷相 (z. Ziheng 子衡, h. Junchuan 浚川, s. Sumin 肅敏) (1474–1544) (js. 1502), from Yifeng 儀封 (Henan) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated (Jiajing-era) ed. published together with Junchuan bogao ji (q.v.), with pref. to joint publication (titled Junchuan gongyi bogao 駁稿) by Guo Tingmian 郭廷冕 (n.d.), as part of Junchuan quanji 全集. [Fu Sinian] – Undated (Jiajing- or Longqing-era) ed. published together with Junchuan bogao ji, with pref. to joint publication by Guo Tingmian (n.d.), as part of Wang Junchuan suozhu shu 王浚川所著書. [Zhongshan] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Zhongshan, in SKCMCS, 集, vol. 53. – Photo-repro. of the directives in j. 3, in Gudai difang falü, ser. 1, vol. 3. – *Modern punctuated ed. in Wang Tingxiang ji 集, published together with Junchuan bogao ji (q.v.), with pref. to joint publication by Guo Tingmian (n.d.), Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1989. – *Modern punctuated ed. in simplified characters, in Guo Chengwei 郭成 偉 and Tian Tao 田濤 (eds.), Ming Qing gongdu miben wuzhong 明清公 牘秘本五種 (Beijing: Zhongguo zhengfa daxue chubanshe, 1999, 2nd ed. 2013), 1–58, based on ed. at Fu Sinian, titled Junchuan gongyi bogao (but with only the gongyi), with pref. by Guo Tingmian (n.d.).

Rem.: For the early history of the text, see under Junchuan bogao ji. J. 1 contains one long document titled Anyan lu ershijiu tiao 案驗錄二十 九條, written while Wang was Shaanxi regional inspector in 1511–12; the individual entries deal either with a particular administrative problem that was brought to his attention, or consist of a general directive; the entire document is extremely rich on the administration of the prov­ ince in the early sixteenth century. J. 2 contains 22 communications (公移) on various topics, apparently written when Wang was Huguang administration commissioner (he speaks of himself as bensi 本司) in 1523; many of the affairs discussed were brought to his attention by the Huguang regional inspector. J. 3 is composed of two itemized directives titled Xun’an Shaanxi gaoshi tiaoyue 巡按陝西告示條約 (36 items) and Duxue Sichuan tiaoyue 督學四川條約, respectively. Wang was director of education in Sichuan and concurrently administration commissioner in 1517–21; for some reason the piece on Sichuan, while mentioned in the mulu of j. 3, is absent from the copy seen at Fu Sinian.

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Bio.: See under Junchuan bogao ji. Ref. and studies: Congress Rare Books, 169–70. Chang, 2:934. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 4–5. [PEW] 0915

Junchuan zouyi ji 浚川奏議集, 10 j. [Junchuan’s Memorials] By Wang Tingxiang 王廷相 (Z. Ziheng 子衡, H. Junchuan 浚川, S. Sumin 肅敏) (1474–1544) (js. 1502), from Yifeng 儀封 (Henan) N.d. Ed.:

– Undated (Jiajing-era) ed., as part of Junchuan quanji 全集. [Fu Sinian] – Undated (Jiajing- or Longqing-era) ed., as part of Wang Junchuan suozhu shu 王浚川所著書, with pref. (first page missing) by Zhang Lu 張鹵 (1572) to republication by the author’s grandson, Wang Qingyuan 慶遠. [Zhongshan] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Zhongshan, in SKCMCS, 集, vol. 53. – *Modern punctuated ed. in Wang Tingxiang ji 集, with pref. by Zhang Lu (1572), Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1989.

Rem.: The work contains selected memorials from across Wang’s career and covers topics similar to those in the two previous entries. A note in j. 1 indicates that the memorials are drawn from Taishi ji 臺史集, a collection that contained writings from Wang’s service as a censor (1510–14); they include both general memorials and some from his time as Shaanxi regional inspector. J. 2 contains additional memo­ rials from Shaanxi and some from Wang’s time as grand coordinator in Sichuan. A note in j. 3 specifies that the memorials therein are from Xiao sima ji 小司馬集 and date from Wang’s service as vice-minister of War (1528–30); some concern court politics and others focus on mili­ tary policy. In j. 4 the opening memorial concerns border defense and is from Taishi ji; the other two memorials also cover defense issues but are from Xiao sima ji. A note in j. 5 says that the memorials in it are drawn from Jinling gao 金陵稿 and are from Wang’s service as minister of War in Nanjing (1530–33); they reveal the challenges presented by the role of eunuchs in the Nanjing military establishment. Memorials in j. 6 date from the same period and provide further information about simi­ lar issues. J. 7 again has a note indicating that the contents come from Jinling gao; it contains one long memorial about eunuchs diverting rev­ enue intended for the military. J. 8–9 were originally published as j. 8–9

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0914–0916

1145

of the 9-j. version of Wang’s Neitai ji 內臺集, a collection covering his time as head of the Censorate; j. 8 contains among other pieces a copy of Wang’s memorial concerning the revision of Xian’gang shilei (q.v.). J. 9 features a long memorial concerning Wang’s supervision of the op­ erations of the capital’s Integrated Division (團營), together with other pieces about various topics in the 1530s. J. 10 contains memorials from the period posterior to the publication of Neitai ji in 1536 and includes information on the political disputes in which Wang was involved, and also his efforts to withdraw from service. Overall the collection seems to be intended to restore Wang’s reputation after he had been stripped of office and rank in 1541.

Bio.: See under Junchuan bogao ji. Ref. and studies: Franke, 5.5.31; Chang, 3:1069. [TN] 0916

Diantai xinggao 滇臺行稿, 4 j. [Drafts from the Yunnan Surveillance Commission] By Xu Shi 徐栻 (z. Shiyin 世寅, h. Fengzhu 鳳竹) (1519–81) (js. 1547), from Changshu 常熟 (Nan Zhili) 1573 Ed.:

– *[1573] ed. with prefs. by Wu Lian 鄔璉 (n.d.) and Chen Shan 陳善 (1573), postf. (刻滇臺行稿後序) by Chai Lai 柴淶 (1573). [*Beitu] [Tianyi ge]

Rem.: Administrative documents written by the author as adminis­ tration vice-commissioner (參政) in charge of two successive intendan­ cies (see below), then surveillance commissioner in Yunnan 1567–70. The prefs. and postf. credit him with reestablishing imperial authority in Yunnan in the face of aborigine hereditary chiefs who had become ar­ rogant and exploitative over the generations, and claim that the compi­ lation will be of use to future administrators there. The work, originally in 2 j., could not be engraved in Yunnan as planned, but was eventually published in Jiangxi in 4 j. by Chai Lai. It includes reports and proposi­ tions (with the superior officials’ rescripts and exchanges of documents), itemized regulations, etc., all highly detailed and reproduced in extenso. J. 1 is devoted to documents dating to Xu’s tenure as intendant of the Linyuan 臨元 circuit, mostly dealing with fiscal abuses, cash counterfeit­ ing, and lack of discipline in public yamen; and as intendant in charge of silver mines (銀場). The rest of the work corresponds to his tenure

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6.2 Gongdu Anthologies: By Provincial Officials

as surveillance commissioner. A number of pieces deal with the abuses and indiscipline of hereditary regional commanders (鎮臣 or 功臣)— in this case, the famous Mu 沐 family—and with the unruly aborigine chiefs (土酋). Problems of administrative discipline, public order, fiscal control, and military provisioning are frequently discussed. So are Xu’s efforts to “civilize” the populace and improve the quality of local stu­ dents; one measure was publishing a local edition of Xu’s abridgment of Qiu Jun’s 丘濬 massive Daxue yanyi bu 大學衍義補, titled Daxue yanyi bu zuanyao 纂要, of which Xu made engravings in other provinces as well. Diantai xinggao is extremely precise on social, administrative, mili­ tary, and political problems of Yunnan at the time. An appendix titled Gesheng xinggao jieyao 各省行稿節要 includes three documents from Xu’s tenures in Shandong and Zhejiang.

Bio.: Ambitious from a young age, Xu Shi interacted with the leading names of his time. He started in 1548 as magistrate of Yichun 宜春 (Jiangxi), where the family of chief grand secretary Yan Song 嚴嵩 was dominant; he managed to control them, but made enemies, particularly Yan’s son. In 1552 he became censor in Nanjing, and in the 1556 evaluation of capital officials Yan Song made sure that he was demoted to the lowly post of office manager (都事) in the Zhejiang Administration Commission. His career soon picked up, and he was associated with leaders of the struggle against piracy and banditry such as Hu Zongxian 胡宗憲 in Zhejiang and Qi Jiguang 戚繼光 in Jiangxi. After a period of mourning he occupied a succession of province-level positions in Huguang, Yunnan (1568), Shandong (as administration commissioner, 1570), and Jiangxi (as grand coordinator, 1571). In 1573 he became vice-minister of Works. He sub­ sequently came under the protection of chief grand secretary Zhang Juzheng 張居正, and among other charges was made vice-minister of War and assigned as grand coordinator in Zhejiang, where he had a large seawall in Haiyan 海鹽 rebuilt. After further ministerial posts he was impeached and retired from of­ fice. See Wang Shizhen 王世貞, Yanzhou Shanren xugao 弇州山人續稿, 77/1a; Jiao Hong 焦竑, Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻徵錄, 52/89a; Yichun XZ (1708), 1/31a, 2/2b–3a; Jianning 建寧 FZ (1666 ms.), 25/11a; Raozhou 饒州 FZ (1872), 9/15a; Jianchang 建昌 FZ (1759), 17/19a; Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (1579), 10/7a, 11/38a; Hangzhou FZ (1686/1694), 18/43b; Ming shilu: Shizong, 381/6750, 392/6885, 547/8831, Muzong, 4/122, 21/578, 54/1347, 55/1374, 57/1399, Shenzong, 10/343, 42/948, 50/1153, 73/1598, 78/1673, 80/1711; Shao Menglin 邵夢麟, pref. to Dufu Jiangxi zouyi. [TN] Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:2/56a. Tianyi ge cangshu, 190. [PEW]

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0916–0917 0917

1147

Fu Qian jilüe 撫黔紀略, 1 j. [Brief Records from a Grand Coordinator in Guizhou] By Jiang Dongzhi 江東之 (z. Changxin 長信, h. Niansuo 念所) (1545– 99) (js. 1577), from Shexian 歙縣 (Nan Zhili) Ca. 1598 Ed.:

– In Jiang Dongzhi’s Ruiyang aji 瑞陽阿集, j. 5. (According to Zhongguo congshu zonglu 中國叢書綜錄, 1:477, this is a 1743 Donggao tang 東皋堂 ed.), with intro. (引) by Li Shihua 李時華 (1598) and note by the author’s son, Ersong 爾松 (1621). – *Photo-repro. of the Ruiyang aji ed., in GZSJC, vol. 1.

Rem.: Jiang gained a name by pacifying the Miao, first in Hubei and later in Guizhou, where he was a grand coordinator from 1596 to early 1599. Li’s pref. comments glowingly on his prowess in civilizing the ab­ origines and earning their appreciation. The 18 pieces in the work in­ clude, among others, records (記), a proposal for famine relief, prefaces (序) (e.g., to the new Guizhou tongzhi), inscriptions (銘) with prefaces, intros. (引) (e.g., to an expansion of Ming Taizu’s Six Maxims that he had published for the use of the locals), proclamations, and admoni­ tions to his son sent from Guizhou (黔中手訓). The work was pub­ lished in 1621 by his son, who was afraid that his descendants otherwise might not know of the “shining plans bequeathed [by their ancestor]” (清白之詒謀).

Bio.: After his jinshi Jiang Dongzhi was appointed messenger (行人) in the Messenger Office (行人司). In 1583 he became a censor (御史) and made al­ legations that opened the road for charges against supporters of the recentlydeceased chief grand secretary Zhang Juzheng 張居正. He earned the emperor’s favor and in 1585 was promoted to vice-minister (少卿) in metropolitan courts, but jealous colleagues leveled accusations that resulted in a demotion; further involvements in political disputes led to his retirement on account of illness. In 1593 he was again made assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) in charge of a military defense circuit in Huguang, and in 1594 was called to the capital as assistant minister (丞) in the Court of Judicial Review. In 1596 he was made grand coordinator of Guizhou; in his three years there he reformed the system of native offices and established two new counties. Despite initial successes against the Miao, a severe defeat inflicted on his forces opened the door to attacks by his enemies. He was cashiered, and eventually lost his official sta­ tus for “being negligent in military affairs, avid for success and going to war

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immoderately” (怠玩軍情貪功浪戰). He died soon after. His official status was restored in 1621 through the efforts of his son Erzhong, and it is likely that the present work was specifically prepared to restore his reputation and status. See MS, 236/6146; Jiao Hong 焦竑, Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻徵錄, 63/160a; Huizhou 徽州 FZ (1827), 12B/57a–b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 125/2330, 131/2435, 151/2806, 160/2940, 164/2986, 269/4997, 274/5076, 282/5217, 293/5441, 331/6118, 337/6253, Xizong, 13/687; Mingren zhuanji ziliao suoyin, 117. Ref. and studies: Franke 5.6.8. [PEW, TN] 0918

Fu Huai xiaocao 撫淮小草, 15 j. [Minor Drafts from a Huai Governorship] By Li Sancai 李三才 (z. Daofu 道甫, h. Xiuwu 修吾) (?–1624) (js. 1574), from Lintong 臨潼 (Shaanxi). 1600 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Zhu Shilu 祝世祿 (1602), Zhu Wubi 朱五弼 (1602), Chen Bi 陳璧 (n.d.), and author (1600), postfs. by Dong Ji 董基 (1600), Zhou Xiapi 舟下邳 (1602), Yang Xun 楊洵 (n.d.), and Xu Luan 徐鑾 (n.d.). [Tōdai] Rem.: The work is also mentioned under the title Caofu 曹撫 xiaocao.

Interestingly, several prefaces by eminent literati, not included in the surviving copy, can be found in their collected works. They are: Chen Yidian 陳懿典, “Fu Huai xiaocao xu” 撫淮小草序, in his Chen xueshi chuji 陳學士初集, 3/3a; Gu Xiancheng 顧憲成, “Zhongcheng Xiuwu Li gong Caofu xiaocao xu” 中丞修吾李公漕撫小草序, in Jinggao canggao 涇皐藏稿, 6/10a (mentioning that Li studied under or learned from Lü Kun, the author of Shizheng lu [q.v.]); and Yu Shenxing 于慎行, “Li Zhongcheng Fu Huai zoucao xu” 李中丞撫淮奏草叙, in Gucheng shanguan ji 榖城山館文集, 12/12b. J. 1–11 (the only ones listed in the mulu) are composed of 98 memorials related to Li’s tenure as grand coordinator of the Huai region (巡撫鳳陽) and covering a period from 6th month, 1599 to 3rd month, 1603, arranged chronologically. They deal with, among others, personnel, grain tribute, the military and their pay, and disaster relief. Four memorials are devoted to the infamous mining tax (礦稅) administered by eunuchs, for cancellation of which Li famously campaigned (see below). J. 12–13 include instructions (牌劄) to Li’s sub­ ordinates, mostly in the form of prohibitions (禁); topics include the be­ havior of military and subaltern personnel, tax collection, water control,

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1149

rural compacts (鄉約), corruption, petitions to deities for bringing rain, and more. J. 14 is composed of proclamations (告示) whose contents frequently overlap those in the “instructions” in j. 12–13; they also deal with the maintenance of order, local bullies (地棍), unruly students (生員), lijia 里甲, and more. J. 15 includes responses to subordinates’ re­ ports (批詳) arranged by circuits (Huai-Xu 淮徐, Yangzhou 揚州, and Yingzhou 潁州), prefectures (Luzhou 廬州, Fengyang 鳳陽, Huai’an 淮安, and Yangzhou 揚州), and various counties (各州縣). Each entry includes both the (generally brief) report and Li’s commentary; a num­ ber of reports are on criminal affairs. The prefs. and postfs. indicate that the work was compiled to be used as a model for officials; dates suggest that it was a sort of work in progress, started as early as 1600.

Bio.: A colorful and not always very scrupulous character, Li Sancai was an activist official and a long-time associate of the reformist literati who were re­ garded as opponents by the Wanli court and coalesced into the Donglin Party (東林黨) in the early seventeenth century. After his jinshi he became bureau secretary, later vice-director and director in the Ministry of Revenue. In 1583 he attempted to defend a colleague who had incurred the court’s displeasure by denouncing nepotism, and as a result was demoted to prefectural judge (推官) in Dongchang 東昌 (Shandong), but he soon was appointed bureau director in the Nanjing Ministry of Rites. From 1587 to 1595 he held province-level posi­ tions in Shandong, Henan, and Shanxi, where he was vice-education commis­ sioner (提學副使). He resumed functions in 1595 after a mourning leave, and eventually became grand coordinator for the Huai region (1599–1608) and con­ currently director of grain transportation (總督漕運, 1602–11). On his arrival in Fengyang in 1599 he refused to yield to the eunuch tax-collectors sent from the palace and managed to force their leader into committing suicide, executing or expelling the rest. This made him a star in the profession. Meanwhile, he sent the emperor several memorials bitterly criticizing his fiscal policies and describing the plight of the people. His opponents’ efforts to remove him for office did not succeed. From 1609 onwards, Li’s Donglin friends campaigned to have him appointed to a high position in the central government on the oc­ casion of the 1611 general evaluation of officials, but their blunders as well as hostility against him in many quarters derailed the plan. In 1611 Li finally aban­ doned his office because the emperor would not answer his requests. In 1614 he was accused of embezzling a large quantity of official timber for his residence. Finally in 1616 he was formally stripped of his office. He was called back in 1623 but died before he could reassume office. See MS, 232/6061–67; Dongchang FZ (1808), 15/24b; Yangzhou 揚州 FZ (1604), 81a; Tai 泰 ZZ (1633), 4/又 20b; Ming

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shilu: Shenzong, 183/3425, 200/3756, 218/4078, 234/4337, 285/5276, 286/5301, 385/6036; Renming quanwei; DMB, 847–50; Ono Kazuko, “Tōrintō kō (ichi).” Ref. and studies: Miller, “Newly Discovered Source.” [LG, TN] 0919

Hu Xiang wulüe 湖湘五略, 10 j. [Five Summaries Regarding Hubei and Hunan] By Qian Chun 錢春 (z. Meigu 梅谷, Ruomu 若木) (js. 1604), from Wujin 武進 (Nan Zhili) 1614 pref. Ed.:

– Undated ed. with prefs. by Wang Yizhen 王一楨 (to Hu Xiang yanlüe 讞略, 1614), Zhang Yinghuai 張應槐 (to Hu Xiang xianglüe 詳略, 1614), and Zhang Weishu 張維樞 (same). [Liaoning, only Yanlüe and Xianglüe extant] – *Photo-repro. of above ed. (no cover-leaf), in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 65. – *Photo-repro. of Yanlüe, same ed., with pref. by Wang Yizhen (1614), in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 7.

Rem.: A collection of memorials and administrative papers by Qian Chun dating from his tour as Huguang regional inspector 1612–14, and printed afterwards. According to the Siku description, the five sections consist of memorials (疏略, 3 j.), documents (牘略, 1 j.), directives (檄略, 2 j.), reports (詳略, 2 j.), and judicial statements (讞略, 2 j.). The last two (seemingly the only ones extant) are presented as independent works with separate prefaces and juan-numbering; the Xianglüe also features shorter supplements (補) to each of its two long juan. In the Yanlüe sec­ tion, the statements, all introduced by “we collectively found that …” (會審得), are arranged by prefectures and counties within each circuit (道, namely, Wuchang 武昌, Jingxi 荊西, Jingnan 荊南, Upper Hunan 上湖南, Lower Hunan 下湖南, and Hubei 湖北); they are reviews of judgments previously submitted and include a short account of the case at hand (all cases are criminal), the author’s views, and either a final decision or an order to the relevant circuit intendant (該道) to resume the investigation. Almost all the cases involve capital punishments, in­ cluding some 20 examples of crimes incurring death by slicing (凌遲). A few cases involve military exile, and there is one example of a rejected sentence to beheading commuted to beating with the heavy stick. The Xianglüe section is made up of a large number of answers (批) to com­ munications (詳) received (據) from (1) the provincial administration

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1151

chiefs (司道) (in the first part of j. 1), and (2) the circuit intendants and local officials in their jurisdictions, arranged by circuits. Each entry has a brief caption indicating the contents of the document and the posi­ tion of the addressee. All aspects of local administration are discussed, including criminal justice, military matters, and disaster relief. In some instances the answers are completed by a list of directives for imple­ mentation (such as curfew, gambling prohibition, and others). Most entries are fairly short, but their sheer accumulation provides a rich tap­ estry of the society and administration of a middle Yangzi province at the beginning of the seventeenth century. That the work was consulted is confirmed by the hand-written punctuations and underlines added here and there in the only known copy.

Bio.: Qian Chun’s father Qian Yiben 錢一本 (1546–1617, js. 1583) was deprived of official rank during the so-called “trunk of the state” (國本) controversy and later became a founder of the Donglin Academy. The link to the Donglin movement would haunt Qian Chun in his later years. After his jinshi he was appointed magistrate of Gaoyang 高陽 (Bei Zhili) in 1604. Four years later he was transferred to Xianxian 獻縣 in the same region, a more challenging post. In 1610 he went into mourning for his father. When he returned to service in 1612 his reputation earned him a promotion to censor (御史), and then an as­ signment as regional inspector for Huguang (1612–14). His continued focus on good government is evident in memorials about abuses in the province that feature in the Ming Veritable Records. During his stay in Huguang Qian also bitterly denounced the harm caused by eunuchs empowered with developing mines and levying taxes. Upon his return to the censorate he impeached an important eunuch official and then the newly appointed chief grand secretary. For his trouble he was transferred in 1617 to be assistant administration com­ missioner (參議) in Fujian. After a mourning leave he was appointed in 1620 to the same post in Zhejiang. After several posts in the capital, in 1625 he joined an attempt to impeach the eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢. Because of his affiliation with the Donglin group he was stripped of official status. He was reinstated in 1628 and again appointed to vice-ministerial posts. In 1634 he was made director-general of the grain tax (總糧儲), and then minister of Revenue in Nanjing. He unsuccessfully requested to retire because of failing health, but was removed from office in 1639. He died later that year. See MS, 231/6041–42; Gaoyang 高陽 XZ (1730), 3/4a–b; Hejian 河間 FZ (1760), 9/42b; Wenzhou 溫州 FZ (1760/1914), 18/3a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 500/9470, 528/9916, 557/10513, Xizong, 39/1998, 40/2073, 42/2362, 59/2741, Chongzhen changbian, 12/655, 18/1088. [TN]

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Ref. and studies: Siku, 56/1245. Renming quanwei. Dentō Chūgoku no handoku, 24–25, listing the number of cases for each county. Hamashima, “Mindai no handoku.” [CC, PEW] 0920

Fu Shu zhengyao 撫蜀政要 [Essentials on the Government of Sichuan] By Rao Jinghui 饒景暉 (z. Tingkui 廷奎, h. Yangyuan 映垣) (js. 1589) from Jinxian 進賢 (Jiangxi) 1619 Ed.:

– *In Sichuan zongzhi 四川總志 (1619), 26/41a–60a. [*Beiping Mf., reel #399] [Gugong Taipei]

Rem.: A collection of twelve pieces the author sent to subordinates when serving as Sichuan grand coordinator from 1616 to 1619. It is paired with the memorial he composed when he submitted the collection to the court for review. The memorial makes clear that when Rao arrived, the post of grand coordinator had been empty for over a year and that no regional inspector had visited the province for over two. The pieces address the following topics: (1) administration, (2) military supplies, (3) weapons, (4) baojia, (5) community compacts, (6) military lands, (7) granary reserves, (8) coinage, (9) timber requisitions, (10) native of­ ficials, (11) encouraging schools, and (12) filial piety. Fu Shu zhengyao is printed in the “Record of Policies” (經略志) in the provincial gazetteer.

Bio.: Rao Jinghui had broad experience as an administrator. After passing the jinshi he was appointed secretary in the Ministry of Works and was as­ signed to oversee a customs station in Zhejiang, where he successfully encour­ aged increased traffic and ensured additional revenue. He moved up within the ministry to bureau vice-director, then director. His next position was pre­ fect of Shunqing 順慶 (Sichuan). For a number of years he served in Fujian, mostly overseeing education, with rank as surveillance vice-commissioner (副使), administration vice-commissioner (參政) (1605), and surveillance com­ missioner. Later he served in similar positions in Huguang and Shanxi, were he became administration commissioner in 1612. He was serving as minister (卿) of the Court of the Imperial Stud when he was made grand coordinator for Sichuan in 1616. In 1619 he was appointed vice-minister of War in Nanjing, and in 1621 was put in charge of the Nanjing garrisons, before being forced out of office. See Jinxian XZ (1673), 15/1a; Nanchong 南充 XZ (1929), 9/9b; Min shu 閩書 (1629), 47/10b, 47/37a, 48/34a; Shanxi TZ (1629), 20/22a; Sichuan TZ

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(Siku), 30/7b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 373/7017, 413/7739, 496/9308, 550/10404, 586/11228, 15/739. [TN] 0921

Fu Jin shucao 撫津疏草, 2 j., gongyi 公移, 2 j., zigao 咨稿, 1 j. [Draft Memorials, Public Correspondence, and Draft Communications as Tianjin Grand Coordinator] By Li Banghua 李邦華 (z. Meng’an 孟闇, Maoming 懋明, s. Zhongwen 忠文, Zhongsu 忠肅) (1574–1644) (js. 1604), from Jishui 吉水 (Jiangxi) 1623 Ed.:

– *Undated ed., 10 ce, no pref. [Congress]

Rem.: A collection of official papers written in 1622 and 1623, docu­ menting the author’s work as grand coordinator in Tianjin, were he supported the Liaodong forces and at the same time faced attacks by sectarian rebels (妖賊). The work is in part modeled after a collection of memorials by his immediate predecessor in the post, Bi Ziyan 畢自嚴, under whom he had served, titled Fu Jin shucao, Duxiang shucao 督餉 疏草, Xiang fu shucao 餉撫疏草 (Struve, Ming-Qing Conflict, I.A.19). (For Bi Ziyan’s Bio., see under Zaijin kuanyi.) The memorials in the first 2 juan (most of them with dated imperial answers) mostly concern training and supplying effective forces, though a few are about personal concerns. The next 2 juan are communications (檄) with related spe­ cifics, and proclamations (示). The final juan consists of draft copies of communications (咨) with colleagues and ministries, regarding such questions as delays in provisioning famished troops, levying soldiers to replace deserters, buying horses in Henan, funding the manufacturing of weapons, maintaining food reserves, procuring bricks to build barracks, and shipping weapons and supplies to rescue general Mao Wenlong 毛文龍 in Korea. The collection provides many details about Tianjin op­ erations, interactions with other civil and military offices, constant hag­ gling over funding, and more.

Bio.: Li Banghua studied under Zou Yuanbiao 鄒元標 (1551–1624) and later was linked through him to Donglin partisans. He became a censor (御史) in 1610 and quickly got involved in politics at the capital. In 1613 he was assigned as regional inspector for Zhejiang, where he stayed longer than usual, until in 1616 he finally left on the grounds of illness. After positions in Shanxi and Shandong starting in 1617, in 1622 he was made grand coordinator in Tianjin to

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replace Bi Ziyan, and continued to strengthen defenses in the region. In 1623 he became junior vice-minister (右侍郎) in the Ministry of War, but ran afoul of the eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢 and lost his official status in 1625. After Wei’s fall, Li was called back in 1628, and soon moved to the Ministry of War to assist with supervision of the Capital Training Division (京營), of which he became supreme commander. He embarked on a series of reforms that pleased the emperor, who appointed him minister of War, but earned him the enmity of commanders and high officials. His promotion of firearms was the cause of his fall, his enemies taking advantage of a deadly explosion of a new cannon to push for his removal. He was recalled in 1639 as minister of War in Nanjing, and again in 1642 after a period of mourning, but was unable to improve defenses. He was then called to the capital to serve as senior censorin-chief (左都御史). He immediately embarked on reforms and disciplined a number of touring censors. He committed suicide after the fall of the capital at the hands of the rebel Li Zicheng 李自成. See MS, 265/6841–46; Jishui XZ (1875), 22/14a; Jing 涇 XZ (1806/1914), 16/14a; Zhejiang TZ (Siku), 148/37b; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 513/9699, 558/10519, 572/10802, Xizong, 8/398, 14/721, 21/1039, 21/1054, 40/2071, 61/2877, Chongzhen changbian, 8/404, 9/484, 14/796, 20/1201; biographical materials in Li Zhongwen xiansheng ji 李忠文先生集. Ref. and studies: Congress Rare Books, 182–3, saying that the copy seems in­ complete. Struve, Ming-Qing Conflict, I.A.20. [TN, PEW] 0922

Fu Wu xilüe 撫吳檄略, 8 j. [A Summary of Directives While Governing Jiangnan] By Huang Xixian 黃希憲 (original name Jingui 金貴, z. Shuangnan 雙南, later Yousheng 又生) (?–1645) (js. 1625), from Fenyi 分宜 (Jiangxi) 1642 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 8 ce, no cover-leaf, no pref. [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Princeton]

Rem.: An anthology of directives and correspondence covering the years 1640–42, when the author was grand coordinator for Nan Zhili. Each document is dated, and usually it is specified at the end for what official, or administration, or military unit, it is intended. J. 1 (Yanjin yueshu gaoshi 嚴禁約束告示) includes close to fifty proclamations, pro­ hibitions, and lists of directives, dealing with every kind of social and ad­ ministrative problem, aimed at either the author’s subordinates or the

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general populace, as in the case of proclamations posted at the gate of his yamen (出示轅門), or “in the localities” (出示地方), or in particular places. J. 2 ( Jicha qianliang paigao 稽察錢糧牌稿) contains directives and orders on tax administration. Those in j. 3 (Zanyun caobai paishi 儹運漕白牌示) deal with tribute collection and transportation. The documents in j. 4 (Yuanzei yukou junwu 援賊禦寇軍務)—at 150 folios by far the longest—deal with military problems and combating all kinds of bandits and outlaws. J. 5 (Zhengjiu shesheng shiyi 拯救攝生事宜) con­ sists of directives and proclamations on famine relief and problems of provisioning and ensuring order, notably during the catastrophic drought that struck the region in 1641. J. 6 (Yihui buyuan ziwen 移會部院 咨文) is composed of messages sent to other high provincial officials to deal with every sort of problem. The directives in j. 7 (Soubi xuyu andu 搜弊卹獄案牘) concern various sorts of abuses, notably those related to prisons. Those in j. 8 (Zazhu weiliu chaizhu 雜著慰留斥逐) concern all sorts of subjects and can be considered as a kind of addenda (or buyi 補遺). Taken together these 8 thick fasc. are extremely rich and detailed on socio-economic and political conditions in Jiangnan on the eve of the Qing conquest. One assumes they were published as an exemplar of the multifarious concerns and tasks of an activist official in a particu­ larly tense context.

Bio.: Huang Xixian served with distinction as magistrate of Shunde 順德 (Guangdong) under his original name Jingui. His biographers say that he chose his new name, meaning “hope to be a censor,” in response to being recom­ mended for service as a censor in 1631. He was sent out as regional inspector for Gansu, where he dealt with security issues and wasteful spending. After falling into a river but escaping being drowned, he changed his courtesy name to one meaning “live again.” He was promoted to vice-minister (少卿) in the Court of the Imperial Stud. In 1640 he became grand coordinator for Nan Zhili, where he resolved long-standing issues with taxation and labor service and respond­ ed to pirate attacks on Chongming Island in the estuary of the Yangzi River. In the late fall of 1642 he was put in charge of the northern section of the Grand Canal. He fell back from that position in 1644 as the Manchus drove south. In 1645 he was accused and imprisoned by the Southern Ming government, but the fall of Nanjing resulted in his release. He died shortly thereafter at the hand of bandits. See Fenyi XZ (1871), 8/13a–b; Shunde XZ (1853), 21/14b; Ming shilu: Chongzhen changbian, 52/303–304; Tan Qian 談遷, Guoque 國榷. [TN] [PEW]

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1156 0923

6.2 Gongdu Anthologies: By Provincial Officials

Xixun zhenglüe 西巡政略, 10 j. [Policies of a Jiangxi Regional Inspector] By Zhou Can 周燦 (Z. Guangfu 光甫, H. Anzhao 闇昭) (js. 1631), from Wujiang 吳江 (Nan Zhili) 1644 pref. Ed.:

– *1644 ed. with prefs. by Xiong Mingyu 熊明遇 (1644), Yang Tinglin 楊廷麟 (n.d.), and author (1644). [Shanghai]

Rem.: The materials featuring in the work are working papers from the author’s service as Jiangxi regional inspector. J. 1 contains memori­ als concerning a rebellion ongoing when he arrived in 1643. A number of memorials describe the state of administration in the province. J. 2 contains memorials concerning the aftermath of the rebellion and re­ covery efforts. J. 3 contains a series of memorials on evaluation of local officials. J. 4 includes a variety of memorials that were standard reports for this sort of office. J. 5–10 contain communications (文移) to the Six Ministries (one juan for each), with additional related materials in each category. In some cases the response to the memorial is also recorded. For those without a response a blank space has been left in the print­ ing block to add it. The response has sometimes been handwritten in the text. Because the work was partially composed in 1644, some of the memorials were lost when Beijing fell. The text was then printed and taken to Nanjing, where the handwritten responses and directions to refer some matters to the ministries were added. The preface writers were men whom the author supported in the struggles of the Southern Ming court in Nanjing.

Bio.: After his jinshi Zhou Can was appointed magistrate of Xuanhua 宣化 (Guangxi); he assumed his post in 1632. Because of his good service he was transferred to Guiji 會稽 (Zhejiang), and again distinguished himself. In 1642 he was made a censor and in 1643 was assigned as regional inspector for Jiangxi. Things there were in such disorder that local administrations could not pro­ vide the customary welcome when Zhou arrived. The forces of the rebel Zhang Xianzhong 張獻忠 had just defeated the grand coordinator in Changsha, just across the border. Zhou organized forces to relieve the threat and memorial­ ized about the need for military supplies. After the fall of Beijing in 1644 he became involved in the politics of the Southern Ming court in Nanjing. When Nanjing fell in 1645 he retired home and never served as an official again. See Wujiang XZ (1747), 29/39a; Nanning 南寧 FZ (1564/Chongzhen), 6/又 8a; Guiji 會稽 XZ (1683/1936), 18/2b; Jiangxi tongzhi (1683), 13/27b. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 61. [TN]

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[QING A]

Jianyu xiansheng fu Yu tiaojiao 健餘先生撫豫條教 See: Fu Yu tiaojiao Zongdu Henan Shandong hedao xuanhua lu 總督河南山東河道宣 化錄 See: Zongdu Hedong hedao xuanhua lu 0924

An Min zhenglüe 按閩政略, 1 ce [A Brief Account of an Inspectorate in Fujian] By Zhu Kejian 朱克簡 (z. Jingke 敬可, h. Danzi 澹子, Shiya 石崖) (1616–93) (js. 1647), from Baoying 寶應 (Jiangsu) 1655 Ed.:

– *Undated early Qing ed., no cover-leaf, title in mulu caption “Zhenglüe,” but complete title added on the side of the book; only author’s surname is given; several missing printed pages replaced with handwritten pages. [*Jimbun]

Rem. A collection of proclamations and instructions handed down by the author in 1655 while Fujian regional inspector in charge of salt colonies (full title in caption is 巡按福建兼管鹽屯監察御史). The text is organized according to the following categories, each with separate pagination: (1) Six rules (六規), recalling the difficult circumstances of the local inhabitants and forbidding officials and clerks to take advan­ tage of them; (2) Twenty-four covenants (二十四約), i.e. regulations regarding administrative procedures and behavior, and the restoration of social order; (3) Sixteen orders concerning the Salt Administration (鹽政十六飭), in particular the transportation and distribution sys­ tem; (4) Six problems concerning the salt colonies (屯政六事), such as levying the rents and opening wasteland; (7) Seventeen severe orders (十七嚴) concerning local defense, such as baojia, night watches, build­ ing fences, repressing abuses by yamen personnel and troops, encourag­ ing the officials and people to defend their cities (this entry depicts an unsuccessful attack by Zheng Chenggong’s 鄭成功 forces on Fuzhou); (8) Twelve prohibitions (十二禁) on various topics, like lawsuits, pris­ ons, clerks and runners, corvée, official purchases, troops behavior, etc.; (9) Five categories of people to catch (五緝), namely irregular troops (假兵), pettifoggers, (訟師), armed roving bullies called menghan duyao 蒙汗毒藥 who manipulated victims with drugs, smugglers (私販), and Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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official porters at the cities and ports (城埠官槓) in league with salt smugglers; (10) Seven things to clarify (七清), like civilian and military status, registration of boats, vagrants, etc.; (11) Four things to maintain (四維), such as customs in the world of letters (文風) and the behavior of literati (士習); (12) Eight categories of people to pity (八恤), like famine victims, vagrants, victims of epidemics, corpses lying on the roads, etc.; (13) Seven things to discontinue (七革), including surcharges and lougui 陋規, tax farming (包攬), and private taxes (私稅); (14) Thirteen supple­ ments (十三餘), viz. further prohibitions and orders supplementing the rest. The entries denote an austere and stern attitude and an obvious devotion to the cause of the new Manchu regime and its reconstruction effort; they are fairly detailed on Fujian social and administrative condi­ tions ten years after the Qing conquest.

Bio.: Zhu Kejian was appointed secretary (中書) in the Grand Secretariat immediately upon his jinshi in 1647. The following year he became a censor. He was appointed regional inspector for Fujian in 1655. There he helped or­ ganize stronger military defenses against the Ming loyalist Zheng Chenggong (1624–62). After the rebellion was suppressed, Zhu successfully memorialized in favor of reducing the number of supernumerary officials and remitting the salt tax in order to ease the financial burden on the populace. (There is a ms. ed. of Zhu’s memorials on his inspection of Fujian, titled An Min zouyi 按閩奏 議, 4 j.) His official duties fulfilled, he retired from office and returned to his ancestral home, where he died in 1693 at age 78. Besides his documentary and administrative works there is a posthumous collection of writings titled Shiya yiji 石崖遺集. See QSG, 244/9610–11; BZJ, 54/3a–4a; Renming quanwei; Struve, Ming-Qing Conflict, I.E.2. [PEW] 0925

Fu Zhe shucao 撫浙疏草, 5 j., xicao 檄草, 2 j., yidu 移牘, 1 j. [Draft Memorials, Directives, and Letters from a Governorship of Zhejiang] By Zhu Changzuo 朱昌祚 (z. Yunmen 雲門, s. Qinmin 勤愍) (?–1666), from the Chinese Bordered White Banner Ca. 1664 Ed.: – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Yan Hang 嚴沆 (n.d.) and Dai Jingzeng 戴京曾 (1665). [Congress]

Rem.: There is no cover-leaf and the name of the author does not ap­ pear in chapter captions. The documents concern the author’s gover­ norship of Zhejiang in 1661–64. The “draft directives” (xicao) contain a

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number of prohibitions, orders, and regulations (條約) dealing with ad­ ministrative discipline, bandits, waterworks, baojia, and more. (The first entry is about “security against cheating” 關防詐偽.) The “draft letters” consist of messages (咨), communications (移), and answers (覆).

Bio.: A Chinese bannerman whose family originated in Gaotang 高唐 de­ partment (Shandong), Zhu Changzuo started his career in the Imperial Clan administration at the beginning of the Shunzhi reign. In 1661 he became gov­ ernor of Zhejiang with the rank of vice-minister of Public Works. His integrity and his efforts to relieve the coastal populations from the hardships brought by the policy of moving them inland seem to have made him popular in the province. In 1664 he was promoted to governor-general of Fujian, but appears to have been left in charge of Zhejiang. In 1666 he was made governor-general of Zhili, Shandong and Henan, where he resisted the policy of banner land appropriation (圈地) promoted by the regent Oboi 鼇拜. See QSG, 249/9678; QSLZ 6/7a–8b; BZJ, j. 63/1a–2b (quoting from Baqi tongzhi 八旗通志); Renming quanwei. [PEW] 0926

Zongzhi Zhe Min wenxi 總制浙閩文檄, 6 j. [Directives from a ZhejiangFujian Governor-General] By Liu Zhaoqi 劉兆麒 (z. Ruitu 瑞圖) (1629–1708), from the Chinese Bordered White Banner 1672 Ed.:

– *[1672] ed. with prefs. by Huang Ji 黃機 (1672) and Gu Baowen 顧豹文 (1672). [*Beitu] [*Congress (j. 1–3 extant)] – *In GZSJC, vol. 2 (probably reproducing the copy at Beitu). – *Photo-repro. probably of same copy, in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 3–4.

Rem.: Liu Zhaoqi was governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang from 3rd month, 1669 through 4th month, 1670, then Zhejiang governorgeneral through 5th month, 1673. The prefs. celebrate his accomplish­ ments in a still unstable region that had suffered from natural calamities. The work is a rich collection of proclamations, orders, prohibitions, and so forth (marked by such terms as chi 飭, jin 禁, quanyu 勸諭, etc.) aimed at the people, especially at subaltern administrative personnel, and at the military. Each juan has a mulu. The entries are not dated. All the domains of administrative practice and popular customs are covered. Return to civilian administrative order was obviously a major concern. Beitu also has a work by the same author titled Zongzhi Zhe Min shucao

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疏草, dated from the same year 1672, consisting of draft memorials de­

voted in particular to maritime defense.

Bio.: A Chinese bannerman from a family originally from Baodi 寶坻 (Bei Zhili), Liu Zhaoqi was known from an early age for military expertise and for scholarship. In 1642 his intellectual promise was noticed by Abahai, the sec­ ond pre-conquest Qing ruler, who had him enrolled in the Imperial Household School (官學). In 1650 he was appointed junior compiler at the Mishuyuan 秘 書院 (one of the early Qing Three Inner Courts 內三院). Over the next ten years he occupied positions at the Censorate and Imperial Clan Court (where he was vice-director), rising to the rank of vice-censor-in-chief before age 30. He was appointed Huguang governor in 1661 and was promoted to Sichuan governorgeneral in 1668. The following year he was transferred to the post of Min-Zhe governor-general. Between 1673 and 1692 he occupied several province-level military positions, in Zhili, Jiangnan, and Heilongjiang. During this period he assisted in crushing the remnants of Ming loyalism and in defeating Russian forces. He retired to mourn his mother in 1692, and died in 1708 at age 80. See Guochao qixian leizheng chubian, 154/5a; BZJ, 67/15b–18a; Congzheng guanfa lu 從政觀法錄, 4/17a; Da Qing jifu xianzhe zhuan 大清畿輔先哲傳 3/25b; Manzhou mingchen zhuan 滿洲名臣傳, 27/18a; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Yamamoto, 58. [PEW] 0927

Yushan zoudu 于山奏牘, 8 j. [Memorials and Documents by Yu Chenglong] By Yu Chenglong 于成龍 (z. Beiming 北溟, h. Yushan 于山, s. Qingduan 清端) (1617–84) (supplementary-list presented student 副榜貢生 1639), from Yongning 永寧 (Shanxi) 1683 Ed.:

– *[1683] ed. with prefs. by Li Zhongsu 李中素 (1683) and Zheng Xianqing 鄭先慶 (1683), postf. (跋) by Liu Ding 劉鼎 (1683). [*Harvard] [*LSS, with prefs. in reverse order and Liu’s postf. placed after them] – *Photo-repro. of a copy at Tianjin Library, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 67.

Rem.: Administrative documents, official correspondence, directives, letters, proposals, reports, etc., composed by the author during his ca­ reer. (There is a detailed mulu at the beginning.) The texts are in chrono­ logical order and reflect Yu’s forceful and exacting style of governance. The last juan is composed of poems. Li Zhongsu, who joined Yu as an adviser in Nanjing, says in his pref. that he compiled the collection from what could be salvaged of Yu’s archives—which were entirely written in Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

0926–0928

1161

his own hand and had badly suffered with time—in order to be ready in the event the emperor asked him for information on his policies, as he had once done during an audience. Zhang Xianqing’s pref. insists on the value of the collection and the “secrets it reveals” (發潛闡幽) as a model for future administrators and a “compass and square for local officials” (方員規矩). For an expanded version, see Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu.

Bio.: See under Qinmin guan zixing liujie. Ref. and studies: Watt, 258. Ma, 32 (Beiping). Chang, 3:1098, also citing a 1703 ed. by the author’s grandson, Yu Zhun 準, but mixing up the careers of Yu and of his namesake Yu Chenglong (1638–1700), who among other posts succeeded him in the Zhili governorship. Bibliography entries for same author: Qinmin guan zixing liujie; Yu Chenglong pandu jinghua; Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu; Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu jiyao. [PEW] 0928

Li Wenxiang gong bielu 李文襄公別錄, 6 j. [Other Writings by Li Zhifang] By Li Zhifang 李之芳 (z. Yeyuan 鄴園, s. Wenxiang 文襄) (1622–94) (js. 1647), from Wuding 武定 (Shandong) ca. 1702 Ed.:

– Undated ed., compiled (編次) by the author’s son, Li Zhonglin 鍾麟. [Liaoning] – [1702] ed., in Li Wenxiang gong quanji, Kangxi-period Tongxi tang 彤錫 堂 ed. (comp. Li Zhonglin, with 1702 postf. by Cheng Guangdou 程光䄈), ce 9–14. [Fu Sinian] – Photo-repro. probably of above ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1966 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan) – *Photo-repro. of copy at Liaoning, in SKCMCS, 集, vol. 216. – *Photo-repro. from a copy of 1702 quanji (without general title) at ZKT, in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 66. – *Photo-repro. from a copy of 1702 quanji (without general title) at Fudan daxue, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 493. – *Photo-repro. from Tongxi tang ed. of same collection, titled Li Wenxiang gong wenji, in Qingdai shiwen ji huibian, vol. 80.

Rem.: Official correspondence and public proclamations dating to the years 1673–82, when the author was governor-general of Zhejiang, and selected by his son Zhonglin. J. 1–4 deal with the war against the Three Feudatories Rebellion. J. 1–2, titled “Hangjian jilüe” 行間紀略, consists of letters (啟, in j. 1) and communications to colleagues, generals, and

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other officials; j. 3–4, titled “Junlü jilüe” 軍旅紀略, consist of orders (飭), circulars (檄), notifications (照會), etc., to local officials and military of­ ficers on a variety of topics concerning defense and security. J. 5–6, titled “Wengao jishi” 文告紀事, contain proclamations and orders addressing local officials as well as the population; much of their contents deal with war and its consequences. Each j. has a detailed mulu. Each entry is dated by year and month and starts on a new folio, with the abbreviated title written in the central margin. Bio.: See under Jiting cao. Ref. and studies: Siku, 181/4012 (title Wenxiang gong bielu). Yamamoto, 58, mentioning an ed. with 1702 postf. Bibliography entries for same author: Jiting cao. [PEW]

0929

Fu Yue zhenglüe 撫粵政略, 8 j. [Policies of a Guangdong Governor] By Li Shizhen 李士禎 (z. Yike 毅可) (1619–95), from Changyi 昌邑 (Shandong) 1702 Ed.:

– *[1702] ed. by Gao Qi 高琦 titled Fu Jiang 撫江 fu Yue zhenglüe on the case label, with pref. by Zhang Zhidong 張志棟 (n.d., entitled “Shizheng lu xu” 寔政錄序), and postf. by Gao Qi (n.d.). [Tōyō Bunko] – *Photo-repro. apparently of same ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1988 (Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan sanbian, vol. 382–384). – *Photo-repro. of j. 5–6, in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 1–2.

Rem.: Li Shizhen was governor of Jiangxi in 1681 and of Guangdong in 1681–87, where he was instrumental in rebuilding the economy and bringing order after decades of troubles. Despite its title, the present col­ lection covers both gubernatorial positions. J. 1 is titled Fu Jiang zhenglüe and is devoted to Li’s short governorship of Jiangxi; it comprises both memorials (奏疏) and directives (符檄), the latter consisting of orders and prohibitions addressed to Li’s subordinates on a variety of admin­ istrative subjects; as in the rest of the work (except the rescripts in j. 8), each piece is dated by year and month. J. 2 (titled Fu Yue zhenglüe, as the rest of the work), includes memorials from Li’s years in Guangdong. J. 3–4 are composed of directives, and also include a few steles and other commemorative texts. J. 5–6 are devoted to proclamations (文告) to Guangdong officials and people, beginning with the “compact” (條 約) in 13 articles Li promulgated at his arrival in post. J. 7 is again com­ posed of memorials sent as Guangdong governor. J. 8 features rescripts Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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1163

(批答) responding to reports and requests from subordinate officials. The entire text delivers a lively and detailed image of the process of administrative consolidation in a peripheral province during a crucial decade of the Kangxi reign. Zhang Zhidong says in his pref. (signed as governor of Jiangxi) that the decision to publish a collection of docu­ ments illustrating Li Shizhen’s “concrete government” was taken by the prefect of Jianchang 建昌, Gao [Qi] 高 [琦], who asked him for a preface; this was in the second year of his Jiangxi governorship (1702–1704). In his postf. Gao Qi, who says he was on friendly terms with Li Shizhen’s elder son (i.e. Li Xu, see below), indicates that he obtained a ms. copy of the work from Li’s younger son in 1702 and had it printed. This was therefore a posthumous publication.

Bio.: Li’s original surname was Jiang 姜 and his family hailed from Donglai 東萊 (i.e. Laizhou 萊州, Shandong); in 1642 he was captured during the Manchu foray into Henan and Shandong and taken back to Liaodong, where he became a bondservant of the Plain White Banner. He was adopted by a banner com­ mander named Li and changed his surname accordingly. His administrative career started in 1647 with a position in the Changlu 長蘆 Salt Administration. In his subsequent postings in various provinces he was frequently involved with combating rebellion and restoring order. He became Henan surveillance commissioner in 1667; there he unraveled an accumulation of unresolved cases, which reportedly earned him the appellation “pure sky” (青天). In 1674 he was Zhejiang administration commissioner and participated in defending the province against the Three Feudatories Rebellion, and later in promot­ ing economic reconstruction. His career culminated with the governorships of Jiangxi, then Guangdong. He retired in 1687 because of old age. One of Li Shizhen’s sons was Li Xu 煦, who among other positions was superintendent of the imperial silk factories at Suzhou and also one of Kangxi’s secret infor­ mants. See QSG, 275/10064–65; BZJ, 66/1a–2b; Renming quanwei. A work titled Li da zhongcheng zhenglüe 李大中丞政略 in 10 j. is also mentioned; it might be the same as Fu Jiang fu Yue zhenglüe. Ref. and studies: Yamamoto, 58. [PEW] 0930

Fu Yu wengao 撫豫文稿, 15 j. [Draft Documents from a Governorship in Jiangxi] By Ma Rulong 馬如龍 (z. Jianwu 見五) (1627–1702) (jr. 1672), from Suide 綏德 department (Shaanxi) Ca. 1702 Ed.: Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– *Undated ed. without author’s name. [Congress]

Rem.: An exceptionally rich collection of proclamations, orders, pro­ hibitions, admonitions, and more, aimed at subordinate officials, sub­ bureaucratic personnel, and the general population. Despite the title, the province dealt with is not Henan but Jiangxi, where the author— whose name appears nowhere in the work—was governor from 1692 to 1702 (Yuzhang 豫章 is a literary name for Jiangxi). The range of topics discussed is readily apparent in the detailed table of contents at the be­ ginning of the work. The entries are not dated. The tone is extremely austere and the author displays again and again his will to impose ad­ ministrative discipline and reform popular customs. Concerning the first subject, one notes a number of directives forbidding courtesy visits to the governor and other schemes to gain his favor (a topic that also fig­ ures prominently in Tian Wenjing’s Fu Yu xuanhua lu [q.v.] about thirty years later). There is much information on socio-economic conditions in Jiangxi. Several entries deal with a grave drought and famine that struck Jiangxi as well as other provinces in 1693. The author is prone to insist on Jiangxi’s glorious scholarly tradition: there are entries on the reconstruction and reorganization of the Yuzhang Academy 豫章書院 at Nanchang and of the famed Bailudong 白鹿洞 Academy.

Bio.: Ma first distinguished himself in his native Suide, where he was ap­ pointed acting department magistrate in 1675 (a rare case of bypassing the law of avoidance), by helping to subdue a military rebellion that erupted that year. He was appointed department magistrate of Luanzhou 灤州 (Zhili) in 1677, and promoted to be bureau vice-director at the Ministry of Revenue in 1680, then director at the Ministry of Justice. From there he was moved to Zhejiang, where he became prefect of Hangzhou in 1685. His reputation for good govern­ ment reached the Kangxi emperor’s ears during his 1689 southern trip, and he was directly promoted to the position of surveillance commissioner, becoming administration commissioner in 1690: there he forbade the annual customary gifts from his subordinates. Ma’s last decade was spent as governor of Jiangxi. After an audience at the capital in 1699 he was awarded a plaque bearing the characters “Laocheng qingwang” 老成清望 calligraphed by the emperor. He died in office at the end of KX 40 (beginning of 1702); it is likely that Fu Yu wengao was published after his death. See QSG, 275/10064–65; BZJ, 66/27b-28b; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Yamamoto, 59. [PEW]

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1165

Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu 于清端公政書, 8 j. [Government Papers by Yu Chenglong] By Yu Chenglong 于成龍 (z. Beiming 北溟, h. Yushan 于山, s. Qingduan 清端) (1617–84) (supplementary-list presented student 副榜貢生 1639), from Yongning 永寧 (Shanxi) 1707 Ed.:

– *1707 ed. with pref. by Li Zhongsu 李中素 (1683) and postf. (跋) by Liu Ding 劉鼎 (1683). [Harvard] – *Undated ed. with an introductory part (首編) featuring seven pieces of imperial writing presented to Yu Chenglong by the Kangxi emperor (or offered posthumously), compiled and presented by Yu’s grandson, Yu Zhun 準, and with pref. by Li Zhongsu (原序, 1683), postf. by Liu Ding (原跋, 1683), and a picture of Yu Chenglong (colophon by Wu Dian 吳琠); a separate fasc. at the end contains a waiji 外集, followed by postfs. (跋) by Chen Yixi 陳奕禧 (1707), Cai Fangbing 蔡方炳 (n.d.), and Yu Zhun (n.d.). [*Beitu, two copies, imperial writings in separate fasc. and pref. and picture at beginning of j. 1] [*Columbia, imperial writings in separate fasc.] [*Ōki, imperial writings in separate fasc., with more pictures in­ serted before and after the mulu of each chapter, and an extra fasc. called xuji 續集, with colophon by the author’s great-grandson, Yu Dating 大梃 (1761)] [*Shoudu] – *In Siku quanshu, vol. 1318, title Yu Qingduan zhengshu, with pref. by Li Zhongsu (1683) (without postf. or waiji). This version is said to contain many edits, omissions, and errors. – *Photo-repro. of undated ed. (with xuji), Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1976 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan sanbian, ser. 33, vol. 327–30). – *Modern typeset, edited, and punctuated ed. titled Yu Chenglong ji 集, with prefs. by Dai Yi 戴逸 (總序, n.d.), Xue Yanzhong 薛延忠 (2008), Nie Chunyu 聶春玉 (2008), Dong Hongyun 董洪運 (2008), Wang Sizhi 王思 治 (2008), and Li Zhi’an 李志安 (2008), with additional pieces in a xinbu 新補, general mulu at the beginning, Taiyuan: Shanxi guji chubanshe, 2008 (Guojia Qingshi bianzuan weiyuanhui wenxian congkan).

Rem.: An enlarged version of Yu Shan zoudu (q.v.), using the same texts (though the captions are sometimes different) and adding many more. Chapter headings indicate that the present version was arranged (編次) by two “disciples” (後學), Cai Fangbing 蔡方炳 (see under Guang zhiping lüe) and Zhu Kuangding 諸匡鼎, and “respectfully recorded”

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(敬錄) by the author’s grandson, Yu Zhun (who had his own distin­ guished career). The original pref. by Li Zhongsu is reproduced, as well as Liu Ding’s postf. (see under Yu Shan zoudu). Although the organiza­ tion by chapters is somewhat different, j. 8 (titled Yinyong shu 吟詠書) is still devoted to poems and literary essays. The official postings referred to are Luocheng 羅城 county (Guangxi) (j. 1), Huangzhou 黃州 prefec­ ture (Hubei) (j. 3–4), the Zhili governorship (j. 5), and the Liang-Jiang governor-generalship (j. 6–7); j. 5 starts with memorials, followed by ad­ ministrative documents, j. 6 contains only memorials, and j. 7 is entirely composed of administrative documents. The waiji contains materials on the author (18 texts in all), such as biographies, funerary inscriptions, prefs. and postfs., and steles; the author of the first postf., Chen Yixi, was the initiator of this edition; the three postfs. detail the circumstances of the publication. The Xuji concerns a shrine erected to Yu Chenglong in Luocheng in 1758; it contains four texts by acting magistrate Jin Yue 金岳, the initiator of the project. A further selection of Yu Chenglong’s writings is Yu Qingduan gong ji, in 4 j., edited by Yu’s sons and with a pref. by Fan Haodan 范鄗丹 (1693); it contains literary pieces, letters, and a few administrative documents; see photo-repro. in Qingdai shiwen ji huibian, vol. 59. Bio.: See under Qinmin guan zixing liujie. Ref. and studies: Siku, 173/3712. Ma, 45 (Beida). Chang, 2:941, citing a “1683” ed. as well as the ed. with xuji 續集 with colophon by Yu Dating (1761), and another undated ed. Yamamoto, 58, 60. Bibliography entries for same author: Qinmin guan zixing liujie; Yu Chenglong pandu jinghua; Yushan zoudu; Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu jiyao. [LG, PEW]

0932

Zhao gong shizheng lu 趙公實政錄, 1 + 10 j. [A Record of Mr. Zhao’s Concrete Governance] By Zhao Shenqiao 趙申喬 (z. Shenzhan 慎旃, h. Songwu 松伍, s. Gongyi 恭毅) (1644–1720) (js. 1670), from Wujin 武進 (Jiangsu) Ca. 1713 Ed.: – *Undated Zhize tang 致澤堂 ed. with colophons (跋) by Wu Jingxian 吳經先 (Xingyi 行一) (1706) and by the gentry and people of the nine prefectures of Hunan (湖南九屬士民) (1713). [ZKT, incomplete]

Rem.: This anthology of Zhao’s memorials and public papers from his governorship of Hunan was later superseded by fuller collections (see

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under Zhao Gongyi gong shenggao and Zhao Gongyi gong zizhi guanshu). A colophon claims that the book was the result of the unanimous demand by Hunan inhabitants. In addition to the colophons, the front matter includes several petitions asking that a shrine be erected for Zhao, as well as a communication from Zhu Quan 祝佺 and Hu Anling 胡岸齡, respectively magistrate and assistant magistrate of Xiangxiang 湘鄉, approved by all the authorities of Hunan, asking that a shrine be erected and that Shizheng lu be published (1711). J. 首 features several imperial edicts as well as the text of a panel inscribed by the emperor; j. 1–4 are devoted to memorials; j. 5–6 to official orders (憲牌); j. 7–8 to proclamations (告示); j. 9 to rescripts (批諭); and j. 10 to literary pieces (藝文). (The copy held by ZKT has been carefully restored, but only j. shou, 1–2, and 4–5 are extant.) Bio.: Born to an official family descended from the Song imperial fam­ ily, Zhao Shenqiao started his career as magistrate in Shangqiu 商丘 (Henan) (1682–86), 11 years after his jinshi. He entered the Ministry of Justice in 1688 as a bureau secretary, later vice-director. In 1701 he was appointed adminis­ tration commissioner of Zhejiang, and governor in 1702. In 1703 he was trans­ ferred to Hunan (the post was then called Pianyuan governor 偏沅巡撫), where he successfully repressed a Miao rebellion; he stayed there until the beginning of 1711. He was censor-in-chief and minister of Revenue from 1713 to his death. Though sometimes said to be unpopular as an official—which would seem in contradiction with the eulogies in Shizheng lu—he was fa­ mous for his incorruptibility. See QSG, 263/9912–16; BZJ, 19/37b–42b; ECCP, 80; Renming quanwei. Bibliography entries for same author: Zhao Gongyi gong zizhi guanshu; Zhao Gongyi gong shenggao. [PEW]

0933

Zhao Gongyi gong zizhi guanshu 趙恭毅公自治官書, 24 j. [Zhao Shenqiao’s Official Writings on Self-Governance] By Zhao Shenqiao 趙申喬 (z. Shenzhan 慎旃, h. Songwu 松伍, s. Gongyi 恭毅) (1644–1720) (js. 1670), from Wujin 武進 (Jiangsu) 1724 Ed.:

– *[1724] Huaice tang 懷策堂 ed., no cover-leaf, with prefs. by Zhu Gang 朱綱 (1724, only last page left), Song Zhi 宋致 (1724), and Shen Shiping 沈世屏 (1724), postf. (後序) by Ni Dai 倪岱, followed by a “short explana­ tion on the edition” (刻自治官書小引) by He Zuzhu 何祖柱. [Jimbun]

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– *1725 new engraving (新鐫), with prefs. by Zhu Gang (1724), Wei Tingzhen 魏廷珍 (1729), Song Zhi (1724), Liu Nan 劉柟 (1729), Shen Shiping (1725), and the author’s grandson, Zhao Tongxiao 侗斆 (1727); colophon (跋) by He Zuzhu (1725). [BN] – *Undated Huaice tang 懷策堂 ed. (no cover-leaf) with prefs. by Wei Tingzhen (1729), Xu Shilin 徐士林 (1729), Ni Dai (後序, n.d.), Zhao Tongxiao (1727); “short explanation” and postf. (跋後, n.d.) by He Zuzhu at the end. [ZKT] – *Undated Huaice tang ed. (no cover-leaf), with prefs. by Qian Yikai 錢以塏 (1730), Wei Tingzhen (1729), Yang Rugu 楊汝糓 (1730), Hu Xu 胡煦 (1730), Xu Qi 徐杞 (1730), Xi Sui 習嶲 (1731), Chen Wance 陳萬策 (1730), Wang Yingquan 汪應銓 (1738), Zhu Gang (1724), Song Zhi (1724), Liu Nan (1729), Shen Shiping (1724), Xu Shilin (1729); at the end, “short explana­ tion” by He Zuzhu, postfs. by Zhang Can 張璨 (跋, 1732), Wen Zaifang 文在芳 (後序, 1743), Ni Dai (後序, n.d.), Chen Wenyan 陳文言 (跋, 1730), and He Zuzhu (跋後, 1725), note by Zhao Tongxiao (1727). [Shanghai] – *1849 new engraving (重鐫) with prefs. by Zhu Gang (1724), Song Zhi (1724), Shen Shiping (1725), and Zhao Tongxiao (1727); at the end, postf. by Ni Dai (n.d.), “short explanation” by He Zuzhu, postfs. by He Zuzhu (1725), Zhao Shenqiao sixth-generation descendant Zhao Zhenzuo 振祚 (1849), and his fifth-generation descendant Zhao Xianqing 獻卿 (1850), cited as sponsor of this new edition (重刊) in chapter captions; collating by six other six-generation descendants: Shanpei 善培, Shipei 世培, Bianying 弁英, Depei 德培, Guopei 國培 and Yinpei 陰培. The He Zuzhu recension appears to have been used for this ed. [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at ZKT, described as “1727,” in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 880– 881 (without He Zuzhu’s postf.). – *Photo-repro. of the judgments in j. 16–19 from a “1727” Huaice tang ed., in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 11–12. – *Photo-repro. of j. 9 (proclamations) and 10–12 (circulars), in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 5. – Modern ed., Beijing: Xueyuan chubanshe (Xiangxi Miaojiang zhenxi minzu shiliao jicheng 湘西苗疆珍稀民族史料集成, vol. 23).

Rem.: The title in the captions of some juan is Zhao Gongyi gong zizhi guanshu leiji 類集. The work was compiled (蒐輯) by He Zuzhu, a Changsha native. J. 1–7 contain memorials (奏疏), with year and month given for each piece. J. 8–19 include communications (咨文), proclama­ tions (告示), circulars (牌檄), answers to subordinates (批詳), and judi­ cial sentences (讞斷); in each category the documents are distributed

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under the six traditional domains of government. J. 20–24 contain liter­ ary and biographical materials; in particular, j. 23–24 feature the dossier and Hunan gentry’s petitions for admitting Zhao in the Hunan Temple of Eminent Statesmen (湖南崇祀名宦錄). The memorials and adminis­ trative documents cover the period 1703–11, when Zhao was governor of Hunan. (In the copy at Jimbun and in the 1849 ed. j. 21 includes docu­ ments from Zhao’s tenures as Zhejiang governor in 1702–03 and as head of the Censorate and minister of Revenue after 1711.) As recalled in Zhao Tongxiao’s pref., a first anthology of Zhao Shenqiao’s administrative pa­ pers was printed by Xiangxiang 湘鄉 gentrymen under the title Shizheng lu 實政錄 (see under Zhao gong shizheng lu). He Zushu’s compilation, published at his own expense eight years later, includes the many texts missing in this first recension; his colophon insists that Zhao’s texts were entirely from his own hand. (Similarly, in the fanli to Zhao Gongyi gong shenggao [q.v.], his grandson claims that in his entire career Zhao never hired a private secretary and that he would in no case allow the clerks to write documents in his place.) The usability of this exceptionally rich collection of documents is enhanced by the mention of the title of each piece in the central margin.

Bio.: See under Zhao gong shizheng lu. Ref. and studies: Ma, 44–45 (Beiping). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 122–3, repro­ ducing the captions of 93 judicial decisions (讞斷) in j. 16–19. Yama­moto, 59. Bibliography entries for same author: Zhao gong shizheng lu; Zhao gongyi gong shenggao. [PHD, PEW] 0934

Fu Yu xuanhua lu 撫豫宣化錄, 4 j. [Records on Propagating Civilization as Henan Governor] By Tian Wenjing 田文鏡 (z. Yiguang 抑光, s. Duansu 端肅) (1662– 1732), from the Chinese Plain Blue, after 1727 Yellow, Banner 1727 pref. Ed.:

– *[1727] ed. from “this yamen” 本衙藏板—presumably the Henan gov­ ernor office—with pref. by Ji Zengyun 嵇曾筠 (1727), joint communica­ tion by Fei Jinwu 費金吾, Peng Weixin 彭維新, Yang Mengyan 楊夢琰, Zhu Zhaopeng 祝兆鵬, Zhu Zao 朱藻, and Sun Lanfen 孫蘭芬, request­ ing from Tian Wenjing authorization to publish the work, followed by Tian’s approval (dated YZ 5/9/8), and colophons (跋) by Fei Jinwu (n.d.),

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Peng Weixin (1727), Yang Mengyan (1727), Zhu Zhaopeng (1727), Zhu Zao (1727), and Sun Lanfen (1727) (the order of the colophons varies depend­ ing on copy); attribution at head of mulu says “respectfully printed (敬 梓) by Henan governor Tian Wenjing.” [*Beitu] [*Columbia] [Faxue suo] [*LSS] [*Ōki, two copies, one with colophons at the end, one with both communication and colophons at the end] – 1733 ed. with pref. by Ji Zengyun (1727), joint communication by Fei Jinwu, Peng Weixin, Yang Mengtan, Zhu Zhaopeng, Zhu Zao, and Sun Lanfen, with Tian’s approval. [Location unclear] – *Undated ms. ed. from the Yingxue shanfang 映雪山房, 2 ce, without juan separation, titled Fu Yu xuanhua lu wenyi 文移 (corresponds to j. 3A–B of the complete work). [Zhongyang] – Undated ms. ed. in 2 j., apparently corresponding to j. 3A–B of the com­ plete work. [Zhongyang] – Undated ms. ed. in 4 j. [Beitu] – Undated ms. ed. in 4 j. [Fu Sinian] – *1831 small-sized (袖珍) Dianyi shanfang ed. 點一山房藏板, with same pref., communication, and colophons as in 1727 ed., plus intro. (緣起) by the Dianyi zhuren 主人, Yesen Gucha 葉森古查 (1831). [Ōki] – 1896 Shanghai shuju litho. ed. based on 1831 ed., titled Xinji 新輯 fu Yu xuanhua lu, in 10 j., with colophons (跋) by Fei Jinwu (n.d.) and Peng Weixin (1727), and intro. by Yesen Gucha. [Tōdai] [Jimbun] – *Photo-repro. of 1727 ed. (with joint request and the six colophons placed at end of j. 4), in SKCMCS, 史, vol. 69. – *Photo-repro. of j. 4 in Gudai bangwen gaoshi, vol. 6. – *Photo-repro. of 1727 ed. (with colophons at the end), in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 7–8. – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, punctuated, annotated, and with an intro. by Zhang Minfu 張民服, Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou guji chuban­ she, 1995; based on 1733 ed., collated with 1727 and 1896 eds., and includ­ ing pref. by Ji Zengyun, joint communication by Fei Jinwu et al., as well as colophons by Fei Jinwu and Peng Weixin, and intro. by Yesen Gucha (see above). The text of Yin Huiyi’s Fu Yu tiaojiao (q.v.) is appended. Rem.: An anthology of memorials (奏疏 [j. 1] and 條奏 [j. 2], the for­

mer more on personal relations with the emperor and the latter more on local policies), administrative correspondence (文移, j. 3), and procla­ mations (告示, j. 4), signed by Tian Wenjing during his tenure as Henan governor. J. 3, which is much longer than the others, is split into two (上 and 下). The period covered is 8th month, 1724 to 7th month, 1727.

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The documents published are said to represent about 10 percent of what Tian was keeping in his archives. According to the high officials of the province—the administration and surveillance commissioners, and four intendants—who authored the joint request to publish the work, the aim was to circulate models of “concrete government” (實政) among the entire Henan officialdom and beyond. The extremely detailed cor­ respondence and proclamations, which cover every sort of local ad­ ministrative problems, are an important source on local conditions and government in Henan during the Yongzheng period. They also illustrate the style and contents of Yongzheng’s reformist policies, of which Tian Wenjing was among the staunchest supporters. Likewise, the values of austerity and dedication forcefully impressed by Tian upon his subor­ dinates are typical of the discourse found in most official handbooks in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. According to ECCP, Fu Yu xuanhua lu was published following an order of the Yongzheng emper­ or, who displayed his support for Tian against the attacks of censor Xie Jishi 謝濟世 and ordered other governors to take Tian’s policies as an ex­ ample. Li (see below) mentions it as a handbook for private secretaries, which does not seem to make much sense; according to him the actual author of the texts was Wu Sidao 鄔思道, a private secretary of Tian’s who was to become a “master” with a high reputation among the old Zhejiang muyou, for whom Fu Yu xuanhua lu was a bedside book (but compare ECCP, 270; see also Qingbai leichao 清稗類鈔, 28/6–7). One may also note that in his intro. to the 1831 ed., Yesen Gucha states that by his time the work had become an article for antiquarian bookstores (he got his own copy for 12 taels), or else was circulating in faulty manu­ script copies. Bio.: See under Qinban zhouxian shiyi. Ref. and studies: Siku, 56/1249–50. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:342. Ma, 122 (Beida). Li, 6. Chang, 2:889–90. “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 50 (by Su Yigong 蘇亦 工). Zhang Minfu, intro. to 1995 ed. (see above), 1–18. Bibliography entries for same author: Qinban zhouxian shiyi; Zongdu Liang He xuanhua lu; Zongdu Hedong hedao xuanhua lu; Zongdu Henan Shandong xuanhua lu; Zongzhi xuanhua lu. [PEW]

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6.2 Gongdu Anthologies: By Provincial Officials

Zongdu Liang He xuanhua lu 總督兩河宣化錄, 4 j. [Record on Propagating Civilization as Governor-General of Henan] By Tian Wenjing 田文鏡 (z. Yiguang 抑光, s. Duansu 端肅) (1662– 1732), from the Chinese Plain Blue, after 1727 Yellow, Banner Ca. 1728 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. from “this yamen” 本衙藏板, no pref.; running title Du Yu 督豫 xuanhua lu. [*Beitu, as a set with Zongdu Hedong hedao xuanhua lu and Zongdu Henan Shandong xuanhua lu (qq.v.)] [*Columbia] [*Ōki, only j. 1–3]

Rem.: A sequel to Fu Yu xuanhua lu (q.v.), covering the period after Tian had been promoted to Henan governor-general; the organization in 4 juan is the same as in the previous work; the period covered is from 7th month, 1727 to 6th month, 1728.

Bio.: See under Qinban zhouxian shiyi. Bibliography entries for same author: Qinban zhouxian shiyi; Fu Yu xuanhua lu; Zongdu Hedong hedao xuanhua lu; Zongdu Henan Shandong xuanhua lu; Zongzhi xuanhua lu. [PEW] 0936

Zongdu Henan Shandong xuanhua lu 總督河南山東宣化錄, 4 j. [Record on Propagating Civilization as Governor-General of Henan and Shandong] By Tian Wenjing 田文鏡 (z. Yiguang 抑光, s. Duansu 端肅) (1662– 1732), from the Chinese Plain Blue, after 1727 Yellow, Banner Ca. 1731 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. from “this yamen” 本衙藏板, with pref. by Ji Zengyun 嵇曾 筠 (1731). [*Beitu, as a set with Zongdu Liang He xuanhua lu and Zongdu Hedong hedao xuanhua lu (qq.v.)]

Rem.: This new anthology of Tian Wenjing public papers covers the period of his incumbency as governor-general of Henan and Shandong (6th month, 1728 to 5th month, 1731). The compilation was printed just before Tian returned to the capital for an audience after he had asked for leave because of exhaustion and sickness. Each chapter has a de­ tailed mulu giving the content of each piece. J. 1 and 2 are devoted to memorials (respectively zoushu 奏疏 and tiaozou 條奏, see under Fu Yu

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xuanhua lu). J. 3 is split into two (上 and 下) and contains communi­ cations (文移), mostly “severe orders” (嚴飭) or “severe prohibitions” (嚴禁)—sometimes just “orders”—to local officials on all sort of sub­ jects regarding their behavior and administrative duties; some pieces deal specifically with either Shandong or Henan, others deal with both. The shorter j. 4 is composed of 13 proclamations (告示), both to the population and to subaltern officials. Like Tian’s other collections, this is extremely rich on the details of civil and military administration.

Bio.: See under Qinban zhouxian shiyi. Bibliography entries for same author: Qinban zhouxian shiyi; Fu Yu xuanhua lu; Zongdu Liang He xuanhua lu; Zongdu Hedong hedao xuanhua lu; Zongzhi xuanhua lu. [PEW] 0937

Zongzhi xuanhua lu 總制宣化錄, 4 j. [Record on Propagating Civilization as Governor-General] By Tian Wenjing 田文鏡 (z. Yiguang 抑光, s. Duansu 端肅) (1662– 1732), from the Chinese Plain Blue, after 1727 Yellow, Banner 1731 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by Ji Zengyun 嵇曾筠 (1731). [Harvard; cover-leaf and first page of pref. missing] – *Undated ms. ed., presumably copy of ed. above, with same pref. [LSS]

Rem.: According to the pref., this anthology of Tian Wenjing’s ad­ ministrative papers was compiled and printed before he set out to the capital for an imperial audience (see under Zongdu Henan Shandong xuanhua lu). The organization is the same as in Fu Yu xuanhua lu and similar compilations by Tian, and the same topics are occasionally dis­ cussed; contrary to other collections of Tian’s administrative texts, the entries are not dated. The contents refer to the situation in Shandong. J. 3, devoted to correspondence (文移), is divided into three parts (上, 中, 下) and is by far the most developed.

Bio.: See under Qinban zhouxian shiyi. Bibliography entries for same author: Qinban zhouxian shiyi; Fu Yu xuanhua lu; Zongdu Liang He xuanhua lu; Zongdu Hedong hedao xuanhua lu; Zongdu Henan Shandong xuanhua lu. [PEW]

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Zongdu Hedong hedao xuanhua lu 總督河東河道宣化錄, 3 j. [Record on Propagating Civilization as Henan and Shandong Director-General of the Grand Canal] By Tian Wenjing 田文鏡 (z. Yiguang 抑光, s. Duansu 端肅) (1662– 1732), from the Chinese Plain Blue, after 1727 Yellow, Banner Ca. 1731 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. from “this yamen” 本衙藏板, no pref., title on cover-leaf Zongdu Henan Shandong hedao xuanhua lu. [*Beitu, as a set with Zongdu Liang He xuanhua lu and Zongdu Henan Shandong xuanhua lu (qq.v.)] [*Columbia]

Rem.: Another collection of Tian Wenjing’s administrative writings (see under Fu Yu xuanhua lu, Zongdu liang He xuanhua lu, Zongzhi xuanhua lu), this one relatively short. The presentation is similar to the other works. J. 1 is composed of memorials (奏疏), j. 2 contains communica­ tions (文移), and the short j. 3 includes only three proclamations (告示). The contents are all about river conservancy. The period covered is from 5th month, 1730 to 2nd month, 1731.

Bio.: See under Qinban zhouxian shiyi. Bibliography entries for same author: Qinban zhouxian shiyi; Fu Yu xuanhua lu; Zongdu Liang He xuanhua lu; Zongdu Henan Shandong xuanhua lu; Zongzhi xuanhua lu. [PEW] 0939

Yuhua ji 玉華集, 12 or 14 j. + 6 j. [The Yuhua Collection] By Zhao Hong’en 趙宏恩 (弘恩, 洪恩) (z. Yunshu 芸書, Yuntang 芸堂, Yunxiang 芸香, Zezhi 澤之, h. Yuhua tang 玉華堂) (?–1758), from the Chinese Plain Red Banner, born in Ningxia 寧夏 1734 Ed.:

– *1734 new engraving (新鐫), mentions 劒水趙芸書著 and 本府藏板 on cover-leaf, comprising 14 j. in all, with prefs. by Ji Zengyun 嵇曾筠 (1735), Wang Shijun 王士俊 (1735), Wang Chenglie 王承烈 (1726), Wu Jiaqi 吳家 騏 (1726), Wang Yingquan 汪應銓 (1731), and Zhao Hong’en (1729). [Tōdai] – *1734 new engraving (新鐫) in 12 + 6 j., with prefs. to first part by Wang Chenglie (1726), Wu Jiaqi (1726), Wang Yingquan (1731), and Zhao Hong’en (1729), to second part by Wang Yingquan (1734). [*Beida, in 4 + 5 ce]

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1175

– *Undated ed. of the second part (in 6 j.), with pref. by Wang Yingquan (1734). [*Beida, in 5 ce] [*Tōyō Bunka, in 10 ce]

Rem.: Careful examination of the rather confused holdings in the li­ braries listed above indicates that Yuhua ji, Zhao Hong’en’s collection of writings, actually comprised two parts, apparently printed in 1734 as a set, both titled Yuhua ji, with separate mulu and prefaces: (1) The first part is an assemblage of writings including 1 j. of examination papers (時藝); 1 j. of prefaces, stele inscriptions, accounts, biographies, and the like (雜著); 1 j. with twelve autobiographical essays on several of Zhao’s postings in Hubei, Hunan, and Sichuan during the late Kangxi and Yongzheng periods (宦誌, or 宦遊志 in mulu); 9 j. of poems in various formats; 1 j. of self-admonitions (座箴); and 1 j. being a “record of selfmotivation” (自勵錄). (The last two are only found in the copy at Tōdai.) As indicated in Zhao’s own pref., most of this first part was gathered while he was on his way from Sichuan to Hubei in the fall of 1729, though the autobiographical essays extend to 1730. (2) The second part (absent from the copy at Tōdai) is a set of memorials and administrative writings in five sections (all in one juan with the exception of the fourth, which is in two), namely, memorials as governor of Hunan (楚南疏稿, 27 items) and as Liang-Jiang governor-general (兩江疏稿, 15 items), responses to correspondence from subordinates, directives, and proclamations as Liang-Jiang governor-general (respectively 兩江批案, 41 items, 兩江 檄稿, 86 items, and 兩江示稿, 47 items). The administrative papers in the last three sections, which are all from 1734 (Zhao reached his post of Liang-Jiang governor-general in January), address a wide variety of governmental matters and, although generally rather short, are illus­ trative of the reformist policies promoted by the Yongzheng emperor. (These policies, for example Yongzheng’s obsession with making agri­ culture more productive, or the efforts to acculturate the Miao popu­ lations in Hunan, are also illustrated in some of the autobiographical essays.) At the same time, they provide valuable insights into the society of the three provinces (Jiangsu, Anhui, and Jiangxi) that comprised the Liang-Jiang governor-generalship—and specific areas within them— during Zhao’s first year as governor-general. The set of memorials and administrative writings may have been printed separately on occasion, but comparison with the complete set held at Beida shows that it was all from one engraving, dating to 1734, during Zhao’s governor-generalship. Bio.: Zhao Hong’en was a younger son of the Kangxi-era general Zhao Liangdong 趙良棟 (1621–97). His successful bureaucratic career began ca. 1712

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with a purchased position of circuit intendant in Xiangyang 襄陽 (Huguang). One of the Yongzheng emperor’s favorite officials, he had a less easy time under Qianlong, but during the last three years of his life (1756–58) assumed brief tours as minister of Public Works (a position he had already held in 1737–38 and 1745–50) and censor-in-chief. After a succession of posts in Huguang and Sichuan, culminating in the position of Hunan governor (1729–33), and a pe­ riod of mourning, he was appointed acting, then incumbent (from June 1734), Liang-Jiang governor-general, a position he kept until February 1737. The rest of his career was mostly in ministerial posts in the capital, though he was Zhenjiang Tartar general (鎮江將軍) in 1749–50. See Guoshi liezhuan, 2/9b–11b; Guochao qixian leizheng chubian, 71/21a–23b; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Jiang Minghong, “Liang-Jiang mingdu Zhao Hong’en lüekao”; id., “Yongzheng houqi lizhi de yige suoying.” [HD, GRT, PEW] 0940

Tianzhong zumin lu 天中足民錄, 8 ce [An Account of Making Sufficiency fo the People of the Central Provinces] Comp. Wang Shijun 王士俊 (z. Zhuosan 灼三, h. Xichuan 犀川) (?–1756) (js. 1721), from Pingyue 平越 (Guizhou) 1734 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with YZ 12/3/7 imperial edict and “respectful account” (恭 紀) by Wang Shijun (1734), postfs. (跋) by Lu Zhuo 盧焯, Zhang Mingjun 張鳴鈞, Bai Yingtang 白暎棠, Zhang Jiande 張見德, and Kong Chuanhuan 孔傳煥 (all n.d.). [Harvard]

Rem.: The documents in this collection are entirely concerned with the program of “encouraging the people to develop new lands” (勸民開 墾) and related irrigation works that Wang Shijun, then Henan-Shandong governor-general (河東總督), implemented with much energy follow­ ing the Yongzheng emperor’s directives. The work opens with the text of an edict forwarded by the Ministry of Revenue, praising Wang’s efforts and ordering him to recommend local officials who have been particu­ larly efficient. Wang’s prefatory account comments on his subordinates’ enthusiasm and efficiency at getting results, conveyed in a deluge of official correspondence of which the present work is a selection that he hopes to share with similarly-minded colleagues (公諸同志). Then come four lengthy circulars on the subject addressed to the officials of Henan and Shandong. The body of the text consists of Wang’s responses

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0939–0941

1177

(批詞) to the reports of the prefects and magistrates of Henan, arranged by prefecture. They reveal the obsessive care with which Wang followed the progress of the program down to its smallest details. The postfs. were composed by the Henan administration commissioner, surveillance commissioner, and deputy surveillance commissioner, and by two cir­ cuit intendants. Taken together, the prefatory matter and postfs. show the writers’ utmost devotion to emperor Yongzheng and his policies and to his trustful servant Wang Shijun.

Bio.: See under Lizhi xuegu bian. Bibliography entries for same author: Lizhi xuegu bian; Hedong cong­ zheng lu. [PEW] 0941

Hedong congzheng lu 河東從政錄, 14 j. [A Record of Government Service in Henan and Shandong] By Wang Shijun 王士俊 (z. Zhuosan 灼三, h. Xichuan 犀川) (?–1756) (js. 1721), from Pingyue 平越 (Guizhou) 1735 Ed.:

– *[1735] ed. with prefs. by Zou Shengheng 鄒升恒 (1735) and author (1735), postfs. by Miao Kongzhao 繆孔昭 (1735), Zhang Jiande 張建德 (1735), and Fengcai 鳳彩 (n.d.). [Congress] Rem.: A collection of memorials (章奏) and directives and procla­ mations (檄示) in the manner of Tian Wenjing, Wang’s predecessor as

governor-general of Henan and Shandong (see under Fu Yu xuanhua lu and its sequels). The aim was to preserve the policies of a model gover­ nor, so that (in Zou Shengheng’s terms) “after that book people will have evidence to emulate” (是書後之人得有所依據而效法焉). In his own pref. Wang Shijun claims he has compiled the materials to celebrate the emperor’s generosity to him (紀恩), record institutional innovation in Shandong and Henan under his general governorship (紀刱), and re­ cord his own initiatives in the various domains of local government (紀事). The last domain especially concerns Wang’s directives and proc­ lamations (found in j. 9–15), dealing with every aspect of administra­ tive discipline, fiscal administration, economic development, people’s customs, and so on, discussed in similar collections. The documents are dated by the year; the period covered is 1733–35. Bio.: See under Lizhi xuegu bian.

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Bibliography entries for same author: Lizhi xuegu bian; Tianzhong zumin lu. [PEW] 0942

Xun Tai lu 巡臺錄, 2 j. [An Account of Touring Taiwan] By Zhang Sichang 張嗣昌, from Fushan 浮山 (Shanxi) 1735 pref. Ed.:

– Undated ed. with prefs. by Yang Bi 楊馝 (n.d.) and author (1735). [ZKT] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 881.

Rem.: In 1732 Zhang Sichang was appointed Taiwan circuit intendant (分巡臺灣道), a post he held concurrently with that of Fujian vice-sur­ veillance commissioner, and charged with rehabilitating the island in the wake of an uprising by “violent aborigines” (兇番) that had just been repressed. He stayed in the position until 1736. The work is composed of administrative texts—including reports and requests to the provincial authorities, instructions to local officials, proclamations and prohibi­ tions addressed to the population, and a few memorials—related to his efforts to restore order, resettle refugees, reorganize defense and baojia, open up new land and develop the economy, reform customs, promote education, and “civilize” the aborigines. The texts reveal an extremely activist official who was bent on establishing imperial order in an en­ vironment made difficult by ethnic tensions, an unruly populace, and remoteness from China proper; they also deliver a detailed picture of Taiwanese society in the early eighteenth century. Bio.: Before being appointed to Taiwan, Zhang Sichang, a 1710 tribute student (歲貢) who had started his career as a bureau vice-director in the Ministry of War (1726–27), was involved in the coastal defense of Fujian as vice-prefect of Fuzhou 福州 (1727–28) and Quanzhou 泉州 (1728–29), and prefect of Xinghua 興化 (1729) and Zhangzhou 漳州 (to 1732). After his tenure as Taiwan circuit intendant he was sent in 1736 to Sichuan as salt and postal service intendant (Yang Bi, the author of the first pref., was Sichuan governor). Later he became judicial (1739), then administrative commissioner (1741–43), and for a while acting governor, of Fujian. His last post was Guangdong surveillance commis­ sioner (1743–45). See Fushan XZ (1874), 19/22b; Renming quanwei. [PEW]

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0941–0943 0943

1179

Zhao Gongyi gong sheng­gao 趙恭毅公剩 (賸) 稿, 8 j. [Remaining Drafts from Zhao Shenqiao] By Zhao Shenqiao 趙申喬 (z. Shenzhan 慎旃, h. Songwu 松伍, s. Gongyi 恭毅) (1644–1720) (js. 1670), from Wujin 武進 (Jiangsu) 1737 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Li Fu 李紱 (1737), Depei 德沛 (1741), Zhang Tinglu 張廷璐 (1738), Xu Ben 徐本 (1739), fanli by Zhao Tongxiao 侗斆 (n.d.), picture and eulogy by Liu Yuyi 劉於義 (n.d.). [*Taipei, Shifan daxue] [*Beitu] – *1892 Zhejiang shuju 浙江書局 ed., with prefs. by Li Fu (1737), Zhang Tinglu (1738), Xu Ben (1739), Depei (1741), picture and eulogy by Liu Yuyi (n.d.), fanli by Zhao Tongxiao (n.d.). [*Columbia] [*Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of 1892 ed., with prefs. in a different order from copy above (Depei, Zhang Tinglu, Xu Ben, Li Fu), Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1975 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan xuji, ser. 20, vol. 192). – *Photo-repro. of j. 6 (proclamations), in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 5.

Rem.: Texts anthologized by the author’s grandson, Zhao Tongxiao, in 1737. J. 1–3 are composed of memorials sent by Zhao as administration commissioner and governor of Zhejiang (1701–02), governor of Hunan (1703–11), and censor-in-chief and minister of Revenue. The rest of the work features communications (詳咨, j. 5), proclamations and direc­ tives (示檄, j. 6), and answers to subordinates (批詳, j. 7), dating mostly to his provincial posts; a significant part of the administrative corre­ spondence and circulars is devoted to economic and fiscal problems. The documents in these 3 juan are undated. The contents appear to have been largely culled from the collections of Zhao’s writings already in ex­ istence, viz. Zhao Gong shizheng lu and Zhao Gongyi gong zizhi guanshu (qq.v.), as well as a collection of Zhao’s administrative documents com­ piled by his son (and Tongxiao’s father) during his tenure in Zhejiang, titled Bo’an lüecun 蘗案略存. J. 4 and 8 introduce biographical and liter­ ary materials. Bio.: See under Zhao gong shizheng lu. Ref. and studies: Chang, 3:1214–15. Yamamoto, 59. Bibliography entries for same author: Zhao gong shizheng lu; Zhao Gongyi gong zizhi guanshu. [PEW]

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1180 0944

6.2 Gongdu Anthologies: By Provincial Officials

Yudong xuanfang lu 豫東宣防錄, 6 j. [An Account of Extending River Control in Henan and Shandong] By Bai Zhongshan 白鍾山 (z. Yuxiu 禹秀, s. Zhuangke 莊恪) (?–1761), from the Chinese Plain Blue Banner 1740 Ed.:

– *1740 engraving from “this yamen” (本衙藏板), with prefs. by Hou Sida 侯嗣達 (1740), Huang Shulin 黃叔琳 (1739), and Chen Fa 陳法 (1740). [Congress]

Rem.: The author was director-general of the Grand Canal for Henan and Shandong (總督河南山東河道) during the period 1735–42. Although it consists entirely of memorials, this collection (covering his years through 1740) is similar in content and intent with those of authors like Tian Wenjing, Wang Shijun, or Yaertu (which include administrative papers as well), namely, providing a model of governance and a thesau­ rus of precedents for the officials of the provinces concerned, and in fact elsewhere: this is strongly emphasized in the pref., according to which Bai Zhongshan eventually yielded to the demands of his subordinates that his memorials be published for circulation. The extremely detailed texts are an important source on hydraulic administration in the region in the first half of the eighteenth century.

Bio.: Bai Zhongshan, who started his career as a clerk (筆帖式) at the Ministry of Revenue in 1709, was sent to Jiangsu in 1723 with the position of an assistant-prefect in charge of river control; he rose to become administration commissioner of Jiangsu (1731–34). He became director-general of the Grand Canal for Henan and Shandong at the end of 1734. In 1743 he was appointed to the same position for Jiangnan. In 1746 he was accused of false reports and embezzlement by a censor; the investigation cleared him of malfeasance but showed his technical mistakes. He was deprived of ranks and sent to redeem himself in river works; later he was ordered to pay 100,000 taels to make good the consequences of earlier mistakes. From 1750 he was again appointed to po­ sitions in river control, becoming Yongding river intendant (永定河道) through 1754, and resuming his former posts in Hedong and Jiangnan in 1754, also be­ coming acting governor of Shandong in 1755. He was named junior guardian of the heir apparent in 1758, and died in 1761, still in his Grand Canal position. See QSG, 310/10639–42; Renming quanwei. [PEW]

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1181

0944–0945 0945

Xinzheng lu 心政錄, 4, 5, or 8 j. [A Record of Governing with Heart] By Yaertu 雅爾圖 (?–1767), from the Mongol Bordered Yellow Banner 1741 Ed.:

– *[1741] ed. in 4 j., 7 ce, introduced by a communication from a group of Henan province officials (ranking from administration commissioner to intendant) requesting the publication of governor Yaertu’s public papers (會請刊頒心政錄詳文), followed by Yaertu’s endorsement (pi 批) ap­ proving the project (dated QL 6/2/6). [Fu Sinian] – *Undated ed. in 5 j., 8 ce, introduced by the same communication and endorsement; the central margins of sections devoted to memorials (see below) have the title Ya gong 雅公 xinzheng lu (all sections in the copy at Tōyō Bunko, see below). [Congress] – *Undated ed. in 8 j., 8 ce, introduced by the same communication and endorsement. [Tōyō Bunko] – *Undated ed. in 8 j., 10 ce, introduced by the same communication and endorsement. [ZKT] – *Undated ed. in 8 j., 12 ce, introduced by the same communication and endorsement. [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of the sections on directives in ed. in 5 j., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 10–11.

Rem.: The format, contents, and publication process are very similar to those of Fu Yu xuanhua lu (q.v.), a work that collected a selection of the public papers of Tian Wenjing, one of Yaertu’s predecessors as Henan governor: the governor’s subordinates beg for authorization to publish documents exemplifying his admirable policies and recording his sound decisions in order to distribute them to all officials in the province as a model; they hold that these documents are “really a precious mirror for the officialdom and truly an arch-example for administering the world” (實官方之寶鑑, 真經世之元圭). The title of the work alludes to a say­ ing in the Zuozhuan to the effect that heart without government is only charity, government without heart is only law. The differences in the eds. seen suggest a kind of work in progress. In the ed. in 4 j., each of j. 1–3 is composed of, first, memorials (奏疏) already forwarded to the minis­ tries for circulation (交部通行), and then, directives (檄示) sent down by the governor, with separate tables of contents for both memorials and directives; j. 4 has only directives. Both memorials and directives are dated; the period covered is from early 1740 (when Yaertu assumed office) to early 1741. (Yaertu was to stay in this position until July, 1743.) In

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the ed. in 5 j., 1–3 are similarly split into memorials and directives, each with a separate mulu and pagination, while 4–5 have only directives; the last memorial is dated QL 6 (1741) and the last directive QL 5/3/25 (QL 6/4/8 in the copy at Tōyō Bunko). The ed. in 8 j. and 8 ce has three j. of memorials and five of directives (numbered separately). In the ed. in 8 j. and 10 ce, j. 1 and 2 are composed first of memorials and then directives (each in a separate fasc. with separate mulu), and j. 3–8 include only di­ rectives; the period covered by memorials runs to QL 5/6*/4; the period covered by directives to QL 7/2/23. In the ed. in 8 j. and 12 ce, there are three j. of memorials (to QL 5/11/29, plus one undated memorial from QL 6) and five j. of directives (running to QL 6/4/8). In all versions the contents deal with every problem of civilian and military administra­ tion, including famine relief and granaries, river control, taxation, fight­ ing bandits, improving customs (with the usual proclamations against gambling, pilgrimages, fights, etc., and exhortations to charity, frugality and hard work), military training, and more.

Bio.: Yaertu started his career in 1726 as a bureau secretary at the Ministry of Works, then rose through the ranks in the ministries. From 1735 he assumed various positions of military command in the banner forces, joining among other assignments the campaign against the Zunghars. In 1739 he became a censor, then a vice-minister of War; he was then ordered to quell a sectarian rebellion in Henan, where he was appointed governor. He was particularly ac­ tive in matters of public order, military organization, and river control. In 1743 he was recalled to the capital, where he again held positions in the banner organization and ministries. He was relieved from his functions for illness in 1753, and died in 1767. See QSG, 309/10601–02; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Ma, 34 (Beiping). Chang, 2:891 (title Ya gong 雅公 xinzheng lu). The work is cited in Qingshi luncong, 6, p. 28. [PEW] 0946

Xijiang shinie jishi 西江視臬紀事, 4 j. [Records of a Jiangxi Surveillance Commissioner] By Ling Chou 凌燽 (z. Yueming 約銘, h. Jianshan 劍山) (jr. 1713), from Dingyuan 定遠 (Anhui) 1743 Ed.:

– 1743 Jianshan shuwu 劍山書屋 ed., with prefs. by Chen Shouchuang 陳守創 (1743) and author (1743). [ZKT] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 882. – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 11–12. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1183

0945–0947

Rem.: Communications, proposals, orders, and other administrative documents prepared by the author while he was Jiangxi surveillance commissioner (1734–42). J. 1 begins with six memorials (條奏); the rest of j. 1 and 2 is composed of proposals (議詳, or 詳議, 49 entries); j. 3 consists of directives (文檄, 42 entries) and instructions (條教, 24 en­ tries, mostly prohibitions); j. 4 is entirely composed of instructions (59 entries). The “supplement” (續補) contains a few more pieces. This com­ paratively rich and informative collection deals both with the details of judicial administration (e.g. treatment of prisoners and exiles, con­ duct of forensic examinations, arrest of criminals, and so on) and with the general problem of improving popular customs—the author being rather critical of the ways of the inhabitants of Jiangxi. There are also a number of entries on such subjects as commercial practices, smuggling and counterfeiting, examinations, and more. The pieces are detailed in the mulu at the beginning of the work.

Bio.: Relatively little is known of Ling Chou’s career. After having been a sec­ retary in the Grand Secretariat (內閣中書), he was appointed to the Censorate in 1731; at some point he was sent to Tianjin to survey flood conditions and manage famine relief. In 1734 he became Jiangxi surveillance commissioner (see above). At the end of his tenure he asked to be relieved of duties to take care of his aged parents. See Fengyang 鳳陽 FZ (1908), 18A 下/56a–b; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Extracts (16 pieces) in Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan lishi yanjiusuo Qingshi yanjiu shi, ed., Qingshi ziliao 清史資料, 3 (1982), 197–217, with a short introduction; the extracts deal with such topics as sectarianism, baojia, tenancy, or strikes at Jingdezhen 景德鎮, the well-known center of por­ celain making. [PEW] 0947

Fu Yu tiaojiao 撫豫條教, 4 j. [Instructions from a Henan Governor] By Yin Huiyi 尹會一 (z. Yuanfu 元孚, h. Jianyu 健餘) (1691–1748) (js. 1724), from Boye 博野 (Zhili); comp. Zhang Shouzhang 張受長 (z. Yingjun 英軍, h. Jianshan 兼山) (js. 1727), from Nanpi 南皮 (Zhili) 1750 pref. Ed.:

– *1879 Jifu congshu 畿輔叢書 engraving, blocks kept at the Qiande tang 謙德堂, in Jifu congshu chubian, fasc. 401, with pref. by Zhang Shouzhang (1750), title in chapter captions Jianyu xiansheng 健餘先生 fu Yu tiaojiao. [*IHEC] [*Tian Tao, no cover-leaf]

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– *Typeset ed. in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 933, titled Jianyu xiansheng fu Yu tiaojiao, with pref. by Zhang Shouzhang (1750), based on Jifu congshu ed. – *Appended to the 1995 modern ed. of Tian Wenjing’s Fu Yu xuanhua lu (q.v.), 301–27, with pref. by Zhang Shouzhang (1750). – *Photo-repro. of Jifu congshu ed., without pref., in GZSJC, vol. 4. – *Photo-repro. of Jifu congshu ed., without pref., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 10.

Rem.: Directives handed down by Yin Huiyi during his governorship of Henan (1737–39). According to his pref., Yin’s disciple (門人) Zhang Shouzhang retrieved and published Yin’s memorials (奏議) and admin­ istrative writings (lit., his “instructions,” tiaojiao) with the help of Yin’s son Jiaquan 嘉銓 shortly after Yin’s death. While the memorials were relatively complete and were published in 10 juan as Jianyu zouyi 健餘奏 議 (copy at Congress), Yin Jiaquan confessed to having been somewhat neglectful in collecting the numerous “instructions” handed down by his father during his tenure in Henan. The rather short collection that re­ sulted excludes, according to Zhang Shouzhang, the “ordinary directives whose composition is left to the care of private secretaries.” The pref. stresses Yin Huiyi’s orthodox views regarding customs and the impor­ tance of laws to “transform” the people, and insists on the usefulness of a text that relies on actual experience. The 4 chapters are composed of ad­ monitions and directives to subordinate officials and the population. J. 1 is concerned primarily with the moral and administrative responsibili­ ties of provincial officials, like the ethical standards to be maintained, management of yamen underlings, control of military matters, and so on. The texts in j. 2 deal with a system called fenshe guiquan 分社規勸 (“Correct and admonish within each community”), partly inspired by Lü Kun’s xiangyue directives (see under Shizheng lu), whereby Yin attempt­ ed to control and improve the behavior and ethics of local students. J. 3 concerns prohibitions on gambling, fighting, propagating evil rumors, and so on, as well as encouragement to good behavior, like thrift or good farming practices. J. 4 concentrates on grain storage, famine relief, di­ saster management, etc. The work is representative of the efforts of the more activist among high Qing provincial officials to closely monitor public welfare and the improvement of customs at local level. Bio.: Yin Huiyi: see under Chenjian lu. Zhang Shouzhang became magistrate of Lin county 林縣 (Henan) imme­ diately after his jinshi; from there he was promoted to magistrate of Xiangfu

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1185

0947–0948

祥符 (the leading county of Kaifeng), and in 1735 to prefect of Chengzhou 陳州. Later he became prefect of Kaifeng, and after only three months inten­ dant of the regions north of the Yellow River (河北道). After a period of mourn­ ing he became transport and salt intendant (驛鹽道) for Jiangxi. Though he was later promoted to the post of Jiangxi grain intendant (糧儲道), he resigned

from this position on the grounds of illness and spent his last thirty years in retirement at home. See Tianjin 天津 FZ (1899), 45/8b–9a; Nanpi XZ (1932), 8/44a–b; Chenzhou FZ (1747), 13/5b. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu 23:263. Chang, 890–1. Guo Chengwei, 411–4. [NP, PEW] 0948

Guitiao huichao 規條彙鈔, 2 j. [A Compilation of Directives] Comp. Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi) 1757 pref. Ed.:

– *Silai tang 四來堂 ed. with pref. by Chen Hongmou (1757) written in the Silai tang at the [Shaanxi] governor’s offices. [Congress, in 5 ce; compari­ son with the table of contents suggests that ce 3 of j. 上 is missing: the total should be 6 ce]

Rem.: Chen Hongmou, then governor of Shaanxi for the fourth time (hence the name of his studio, where the work was published), recalls in the preface that a major concern with local government is that direc­ tives and policies decided by devoted officials like him tend to be rapidly neglected by their successors and fall into oblivion. The work is a sub­ stantial anthology of his more important directives enacted during his previous stays, aimed at the administrative personnel of the province. Each is dated by the day. Many (but not all) of them are also found in Peiyuan tang oucun gao (q.v.).

Bio.: See under Congzheng yigui. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Peiyuan tang oucun gao. [PEW]

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Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu jiyao 于清端公政書輯要, 2 j. [Essentials from Government Papers by Yu Chenglong] By Yu Chenglong 于成龍 (z. Beiming 北溟, h. Yushan 于山, s. Qingduan 清端) (1617–84) (supplementary-list presented student 副榜貢生 1639), from Yongning 永寧 (Shanxi) 1763 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Zhu Peilian 朱佩蓮 (1762), Jin Yue 金岳 (1763), original pref. to Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu by Li Zhongsu 李中素 (1683), original postf. by Liu Ding 劉鼎 (1683), postf. by Jin Yue (1763). [Beitu]

Rem.: Jin Yue is given as compiler ( jiyao) of this abstract of Yu Chenglong’s administrative papers (see under Yushan zoudu and Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu); his motive was that he was himself appoint­ ed prefect in the region where Yu had started his career in Guangxi. J. 1 contains one item from Yu’s papers as magistrate of Luocheng 羅城 (Guangxi), 13 from his tenure as prefect of Wuchang 武昌 (Hubei), and 19 from his tenure as prefect of Huangzhou 黃州 (Hubei). J. 2 has 12 more items from Huangzhou, 3 from Yu’s tenure as Fujian surveil­ lance commissioner, 2 as governor of Zhili, and 4 as governor-general of Liang-Jiang. It also includes a lengthy waiji 外集 with Yu’s biography by Mao Jike 毛際可, several notes and colophons to Yu’s collections (not found in the printed eds. seen, except for Cai Fangbing), a “Preface to ‘Founding the Shrine of Yu Qingduan at Luocheng’ ” (羅城初建于清端 公祠序) by Jin Yue (1758), and a postf. by the same (1763). Bio.: See under Qinmin guan zixing liujie. Bibliography entries for same author: Qinmin guan zixing liujie; Yu Chenglong pandu jinghua; Yushan zoudu; Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu. [PEW]

0950

Peiyuan tang oucun gao (wenxi) 培遠堂偶存稿文檄, 48 j. [Surviving Drafts from the Peiyuan Studio: Directives] By Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀 (z. Ruzi 汝咨, h. Rongmen 榕門, s. Wengong 文恭) (1696–1771) (js. 1723), from Lingui 臨桂 (Guangxi) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated Peiyuan tang ed., no pref., compiled (編) by author’s adop­ tive son and grandson, Chen Zhongke 鐘珂 and Chen Lansen 蘭森. [*Columbia] [*IHEC] – 1837 ed. published by Jiang Fangzheng 蔣方正 et al. [Zhongyang] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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– *1896 new typeset (排印) ed. of the Hubei administration commissioner office 鄂藩署重刊, with pref. by administration commissioner Zhang Jiamou 章嘉謀 (1896). [Ōki] – *1943 punctuated typeset ed. (Chinese binding), in Chen Rongmen xiansheng yishu 陳榕門先生遺書 (Guilin: Guangxi sheng xiangxian yizhu bianyin weiyuanhui 廣西省鄉賢遺著編印委員會, 1944), fasc. 3–7. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. [of 1896 ed.?] including wenxi in 48 j., wengao 文稿 in 10 j., and bubian 補編 wenxi and wengao, in Qingdai shi wen ji huibian 清代詩 文集彚編 (Shanghai: Shanghai shiji chuban gongsi / Shanghai guji chu­ banshe, 2010), vol. 280–281. Rem.: Besides these 48 juan of “directives” (文檄), published sepa­ rately, Chen’s Peiyuan tang oucun gao also includes a wenji 文集 in 10 j., engraved by the Mudazhan ju at Suzhou 吳門穆大展局, with pref. by Shen Deqian 沈德潛 (1765), collecting various literary pieces. The work

is an anthology of directives, circulars, proclamations, and other ad­ ministrative pieces written between 1733 and 1763 during the author’s prestigious and much-admired career as a high-ranking provincial of­ ficial who served in eleven different provinces, mostly as governor. It is extremely rich regarding the theory and practice of provincial and local government, and as a source on particular problems encountered by the author in the provinces where he served. Entries follow a strictly chron­ ological arrangement. The first version was compiled by Chen’s adoptive son in 1765 while Chen was serving at the capital; an expanded version (according to Rowe, see below) was published by Chen’s descendants in 1837 taking advantage of the revival of interest in Chen’s works in the Daoguang period. According to Zhang Jiamou, whose pref. considers the work a repository of models that every field administrator (牧民) should own, the original ed. published in Guangxi by the Chen family studio had very little circulation, and after the mid-century rebellions the printing blocks were lost. Before the 1896 ed. the work is said to have been mainly circulated within Guangxi province. Bio.: see under Congzheng yigui. Ref. and studies: Ma, 45 (Beida). Rowe, Saving the World, 6, 8–9. Bibliography entries for same author: Congzheng yigui; Wuzhong yigui; Xueshi yigui; Sizhong yigui; Xueshi yigui bubian; Sizhong yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui zhaichao; Congzheng yigui zhaichao; Wuzhong yigui jiyao; Wuzhong yigui zachao; Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao; Guanzhen batiao; Zaiguan fajie lu; Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao; Gongmen xiuli lu; Guitiao huichao. [PEW]

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[QING B]

See also: Mianyi zhai xucun gao 0951

Guanchang suoyan 官常瑣言 [Small Talk about Officialdom] By (Changbai) Eshan 長白鄂山 (z. Runquan 潤泉) (1770–1838) (js. 1796), from the Manchu Plain Blue Banner Ca. 1824 Ed.:

– *Appended to the 1845 ed. of Juguan bilan (q.v.), under title E Runquan zhijun 鄂潤泉制軍 guanchang suoyan.

Rem.: A note under the title says that Eshan composed the ten entries of Guanchang suoyan when he was administration commissioner of Henan (in fact surveillance commissioner in 1823–24). The rather short text (10 folios) discusses various problems concerning Henan, one of their main causes being, according to the author, the insufficient dedi­ cation and competence of local officials, who are therefore invited to reform their ways: he mentions, among other things, the multiplication of appeals and unresolved cases, the fierceness and cheating in lawsuits, the presence of “red beards” and Nian bandits (紅鬍捻匪) in the south of the province, and several problems with the behavior of officials, like harassing the locals when they tour the countryside, lifestyles of luxury and comfort, and the corruption of their underlings; finally, he advo­ cates opening more academies to educate the literati and more charities to take care of the poor. The text, which must have been sent to Henan officialdom as a circular, is somewhat banal, but one gets a feeling of the mounting tensions in the province at the time.

Bio.: Eshan started his career with magistracies in Guangdong, Shanxi, and (after a period of mourning) Gansu. Then he rose through the ranks—becoming prefect of Tongzhou 同州 (Shaanxi) in 1821—and soon held a succession of po­ sitions at provincial level, beginning with that of Henan surveillance commis­ sioner in 1823–24. The highest position he reached was governor-general, first of Shaan-Gan (1830–31) and later of Sichuan (1831–38). See QSLZ, 37/11a–15a; Renming quanwei. [PEW]

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Nai’an gongdu cungao 耐庵公牘存稿, 4 j. [Preserved Drafts of He Changling’s Administrative Papers] By He Changling 賀長齡 (z. Ougeng 耦庚, h. Nai’an 耐庵) (1785–1848) (js. 1808), from Shanhua 善化 (Hunan) Ca. 1845 N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated family ed. with cover-leaf calligraphy by Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠 (1882). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 15. – Photo-repro. of same ed. (with Nai’an zouyi 奏議 cungao), in Qingdai shiwen ji huibian, vol. 550. – Modern punctuated ed., in He Changling ji 賀長齡集 (with Nai’an zouyi cungao, Nai’an wencun 文存, and Nai’an shicun 詩存), Changsha: Yuelu shushe, 2010. Rem.: He Changling’s “preserved drafts” (存稿) were published post­

humously by his descendants in two installments: first prose and poetry (see 1860 pref. to Nai’an cunwen 存文, with 1861 calligraphies on the cunwen and shiwen 詩文 cover-leaves), and some 20 years later, memori­ als and administrative documents (see 1881 pref. to Nai’an zouyi cungao, with 1882 calligraphies by Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠 on the zouyi and gongdu cover-leaves). The 4 titles were then printed together, though the title Nai’an quanji mentioned in He’s ECCP biography does not seem to exist. The pieces in Nai’an gongdu cungao were produced in various posts (as indicated in each juan’s mulu): Shandong Yan-Yi circuit intendant 兗沂 道 (1822–24), Jiangsu administration commissioner (1825–26, 1827–30), Shandong administration commissioner (1827), Shandong acting gover­ nor (1827), and (for a majority of the entries) Guizhou governor (1836– 45). J. 1 has 4 reports (詳) and one communication (移); j. 2 and 3 have 25 and 20 directives (剳) respectively; j. 4 contains 3 answers (批) and 14 proclamations (示). The entries concern all sorts of administrative problems, including administrative discipline, maintenance of order and combating banditry, agricultural encouragement, lawsuits and pet­ tifogging, opium, taxes, granaries, and more. Those regarding Guizhou, where He spent 9 years in all, are particularly informative on conditions there, including problems managing ethnic minorities. Bio.: On He Changling’s official provincial positions, see above. In 1845 he became Yunnan-Guizhou governor-general, and acting Yunnan governor. In Yunnan he unsuccessfully combated a Muslim uprising in the western region

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of Yongchang 永昌, and was demoted to the position of Henan administra­ tion commissioner in 1846; he retired in 1847 on the grounds of illness. He had started his career at the Hanlin Academy and in various capital posts (1809– 21). He is famous for having compiled Huangchao jingshi wenbian 皇朝經世文 編 (1826) with the help of Wei Yuan 魏源 (1794–1856). See QSG, 380/11618–19; Qingdai qibai, 1:277–81; ECCP, 281–2; Renming quanwei. [PEW] 0953

Shengqiwu zhai liren gaoyu 繩其武齋歷任告諭, 1 ce [Proclamations during Successive Posts, from Regulating-the-Military Studio] By Huang Zantang 黃贊湯 (z. Zhengsan 徵三, Xinnong 莘農, h. Shengqiwu shai zhuren 繩其武齋主人) (?–1870) (js. 1833), from Ji’an 吉 安 prefecture (Jiangxi) 1864 Ed.: – *1864 movable-type ed. printed in Qianzhou 虔州 [Ganzhou 贛州, Jiangxi], with author’s pref. (1864). [Columbia]

Rem.: This 91-folio volume is an anthology of the author’s proclama­ tions and orders published while he was detained by illness in Ganzhou (Jangxi), on his way from Canton to the capital. He states in his pref. that he chose proclamations that could be used as admonitions for his descendants when they would themselves become officials: his philoso­ phy, he says, is subsumed by the three (conventional) values of upright­ ness (清), prudence (慎), and diligence (勤), with a special emphasis on uprightness; it is encapsulated in the 16-word motto he posted in his office in Canton, to the effect that being a “pure official” is how one ensures one’s descendants happiness and realizes one’s parents’ ide­ als (報知遇恩為清白吏, 貽子孫福存父母心). The texts are not dated; they were produced during Huang’s tenures as educational intendant (提督學院) in Fengtian (1844–45) and Fujian (1849), commissioner for contributions in Jiangxi (辦江西捐務) (1853–56), director-general of the Grand Canal for Henan and Shandong (總督河南山東河道) (1859–61), governor of Guangdong (1862–63) and of Henan (1860–61). They deal with such topics as student morality, behavior and discipline in the examinations, contributing to the war effort against the Taipings and the Nian, security at the crossing points on the Yellow River, river conservancy and flood prevention, sales of official degrees to fund hy­ draulic works, administrative discipline, ensuring social order and re­ forming customs, military training, and more. Some are fairly detailed

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concerning the abuses they intend to curb and the measures ordered by the author amidst the troubles and social tensions of the 1850s and early 1860s.

Bio.: During the first years of his career, through 1849, Huang Zantang had positions in the Hanlin Academy and at the Censorate. For his later provin­ cial posts, see above. See XuBZJ, 26/1b–2a (quoting from Jiangxi TZ); Renming quanwei. [PEW] 0954

Hu Wenzhong gong yiji 胡文忠公遺集, 1 + 10 j. [A Collection of Works Left by Hu Linyi] By Hu Linyi 胡林翼 (z. Kuangsheng 貺生, h. Runzhi 潤之 [潤芝], Yongzhi 詠之, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1812–61) (js. 1836), from Yiyang 益陽 (Hunan) 1866 Ed.:

– *1866 (2nd month) Shandong new ed. (山左重刊), with pref. by Yan Jingming 閻敬銘 (1866). [*Ōki] [Zhongyang] – 1866 (10th month) new ed. (重刊) by Xu Xianlu 徐先路 et al., in a differ­ ent engraving and with variants from the Shandong ed., without pref., with a few pieces in appendix (附錄), postfs. (跋) by Chen Naigong 陳鼐 恭 (1866) and Zhang Xiecheng 張燮承 (1867), and with collators’ names different from above ed. (the names of the four publishers [重刊] are in­ dicated in a note at the end); in chapter captions Yan Shusen 嚴術森 is cited as supervisor (鑒定), and one of the three compilers (編輯) is Yan Jingming, the author of the pref. to the ed. above. [Jimbun] – *1868 Zuiliu tang 醉六堂 new ed. (重刊), in 1 + 10 + 1 j., with short intro. (小引) by Ying Baoshi 應寶時 (1868), postf. by Bao Sanhui 包三鏸 (n.d.); the format and names of collators are similar to the Xu Xianlu et al. ed. [Tōdai] – *Undated ed., format and names of collators similar to the 1866 Xu Xianlu et al. ed., only j. 首, 1–4 extant. [Tōdai] – *Photo-repro. of the 1866 Xu Xianlu et al. ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1972 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 89, vol. 881).

Rem.: This collection of administrative pieces should not be confused with Hu Linyi’s writings in 86 j., edited by Zeng Guoquan 曾國荃 et al. in 1867 under the same title, with 1866 pref. by Guanwen 官文; the latter can be regarded as a vast expansion of the present work, with 52 j. of me­ morials, 31 of letters, and 3 of answers to requests (批牘). In the present

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case j. 首 contains Hu’s Historiography Institute biography (國史館本 傳) and a nianpu 年譜 (anonymous in the Shandong ed., authored by Xia Xianfan 夏先範 in the other eds.). Ying Baoshi’s intro. compares

the work to the two collections of memorials and administrative pa­ pers by Yu Chenglong (see under Yushan zoudu and Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu). J. 1 is composed of 11 memorials (奏疏) covering 1855–60. J. 2–3 contain letters dating from Hu Linyi’s functions in Guizhou (守黔 尺牘). J. 4–7 consist of letters dating from Hu’s governorship of Hubei (撫鄂書牘). J. 8–10 has answers to requests, also as governor of Hubei (撫鄂批牘). Each juan has a detailed mulu. Most of the pieces are pre­ cisely dated. As can be expected, the problems raised by the war against the Taipings are central to the collection. Bio.: See under Hu Linyi pandu jinghua. Bibliography entries for same author: Hu Linyi pandu jinghua; Hu Wenzhong gong zhengshu. [PEW]

0955

Zhi Tai bigao lu 治臺必告錄, 8 j. [Indispensable Admonitions for Administering Taiwan] By Xu Zonggan 徐宗幹 (z. Shuren 樹人, Bozhen 伯楨, s. Qinghui 清 惠) (1796–1866) (js. 1820), from Tongzhou 通州 (Jiangsu), and Ding Rijian 丁日健 (z. Shu’an 述安) (jr. 1835), from Wanhuai 皖懷 (Huaining 懷寧, Anhui); comp. (輯) Ding Rijian 1867 Ed.:

– *1867 engraving of the Zhizu zhizhi yuan 知足知止園藏梓, with pref. by Ding Rijian (signed 知足知止園皖懷丁日健) (1867) and postf. by Huang Shaofang 黃紹芳 (1867). [*Beitu] [Cishu chubanshe 辭書出版社 Library, Shanghai] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Undated ed. with author’s pref. (1867), apparently same as above, with­ out cover-leaf. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of 1867 ed. (copy of Cishu chubanshe library), in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 882. – Modern typeset ed., Taipei: Taiwan yinhang, 1959 (Taiwan wenxian congkan, no. 17). – *Modern typeset ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, n.d. ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan xubian, ser. 76, vol. 757–758), with intro. by Zhou Xianwen 周憲文 (n.d.), author’s pref. (1867), and postf. by Huang Shaofang (1867). [Harvard]

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– Modern ed., Taipei: Datong shuju, 1984 (Taiwan wenxian shiliao congkan, ser. 3, no. 17).

Rem.: Ding Rijian was a magistrate in Taiwan, starting in 1847, and re­ turned in the early Tongzhi period to help fight an 1862 rebellion led by a certain Dai Wansheng 戴萬生. This composite work had originally been assembled by Ding’s mentor and superior, Xu Zonggan, but Ding added many materials of his own to Xu’s ms. and printed the whole after Xu’s death in 1866. It includes (1) texts on the military and civilian control of Taiwan by earlier authors such as Lan Dingyuan 藍鼎元 (32 pieces from his Luzhou wenji 鹿洲文集), Wei Yuan 魏源 (extracts from his Shengwu ji 聖武記), Xie Jinluan (extracts from his Quan Zhang zhifa lun [q.v.]), Yao Ying 姚瑩, and others (j. 1–3); (2) memorials, letters and administra­ tive pieces by Xu Zonggan (69 pieces from his Siweixin zhai cungao 斯未 信齋存稿 and wenji 文集) (j. 4–5); and (3) texts by Ding Rijian (j. 6–8), including an essay titled “Ping Tai yaoyan” 平臺藥言. The parts by Xu Zonggan and Ding Rijian especially amount to a sort of gongdu anthol­ ogy. The pref. claims that the work will be a “standard” (矩矱) for those governing Taiwan. The author of the postf. likewise sees it as “a model for administering Taiwan” (治臺之圭臬) as well as “a guide to pacify Taiwan” (平臺之方略).

Bio.: Xu Zonggan’s career was entirely in the provinces. After his jinshi he was sent to Shandong, where he was magistrate of Qufu 曲阜 (1821), Wucheng 武城 (1821–24), and Taian 泰安 (1824–33), then department magistrate of Gaotang 高唐 (1833–38) and Jining 濟寧 (1838–42, concurrently acting pre­ fect of Yanzhou 兗州 in 1840–42). After a stint as prefect of Baoning 保寧 in Sichuan, he was moved to Fujian as prefect of Zhangzhou 漳州, concurrently intendant. Following a period of mourning he was intendant for Taiwan and the Pescadores from 1847 to 1854, then surveillance commissioner of Fujian, later of Zhejiang (1857–59), and administration commissioner (1859–61). (In 1855–57 he was sent to combat rebels in Henan and Anhui after he had been censured and deprived of his post.) He was Fujian governor from 1862 to 1866. See QSG, 426/12248–49; QSLZ, 49/38b–41b; Tongzhou zhili ZZ (1877), 12/11a–b; Wucheng XZ xubian (1841), 9/xu3a; Taian XZ (1929), 6/64a; Gaotang ZZ (1898), 7/16b–17a; Jining zhilizhou xuzhi (1927), 10/42a–43a; Shandong TZ (1918), 76/3b; Zhangzhou FZ (1877), 27/2a–3a; Renming quanwei. We see in his pref. and at the beginning of his “Ping Tai yaoyan” that Ding Rijian was appointed to Fujian in 1843; from 1847 to 1854 he held several act­ ing magistracies in Taiwan and collaborated closely with the experienced Xu Zonggan, then intendant, in the repression of various disorders. After Xu’s de­ parture in 1854 the situation in Taiwan worsened, and troubles started in 1862.

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That year Xu Zonggan became governor of Fujian, Ding being at the time grain intendant and acting administrative commissioner of the province. Though Ding wanted to retire for illness, Xu recommended him for the position of Taiwan and Pescadores military intendant (兵備道), holding the seals of prov­ ince surveillance commissioner, and sent him across the strait to recover the cities lost to the rebels; on his departure he gave him a draft of Zhi Tai bigao lu. Ding distinguished himself in reestablishing order in the island and was generously rewarded by the court. He fell ill again and was authorized to retire in 1866. Ref. and studies: Chang, 1:155. Bibliography entries for same author: (Xu Zonggan) Siweixin zhai wenbian. [PEW] 0956

Chali liutiao 察吏六條, 1 j. [Six Directives for Controlling Officials] By Ding Richang 丁日昌 (z. Chijing 持靜, Yusheng 禹生/雨生) (1823– 82), from Fengshun 豐順 (Guangdong) 1867 Ed.: – *Undated ed. with postf. (跋) by Ying Baoshi 應寶時 (1869). [*Fu Sinian] [*Ōki]

Rem.: Six directives composed by Ding when he became Suzhou ad­ ministrative commissioner in 1867 (holding the position through that year). The texts are mainly about deadlines and time schedules, and rules concerning communications. The work also includes some models of forms, and an appendix on the evaluation of clerks in the commis­ sioner’s offices (司書功過章程), plus twelve regulations organizing their work (司書辦公十二則) dating from 1868, when a certain Du 杜 was act­ ing administrative commissioner (同治七年署蘇藩司杜任內). Bio.: See under Muling shu jiyao. Ref. and studies: Ma, 127–8 (Beida). Chang 2:894, citing a Jiangsu shuju ed. authored by Fengshun gong 豐順公, meaning probably Ding Richang (Fengshun was Ding’s home county). [PEW]

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0955–0957 0957

1195

Fu Wu gongdu 撫吳公牘, 50 j. [Administrative Documents from a Jiangsu Governor] By Ding Richang 丁日昌 (z. Chijing 持靜, Yusheng 禹生/雨生) (1823– 82), from Fengshun 豐順 (Guangdong) Ca. 1870 Ed.:

– *Undated movable-type ed. with prefs. by Shen Baozhen 沈葆楨 (1876), Weng Tonghe 翁同龢 (1875), Pan Zuyin 潘祖蔭 (n.d.), and Lin Daquan 林達泉 (1877). [*Harvard] [*Ōki] – 1909 Nanyang guan shuju photo-litho. ed. 南洋官書局石印, with prefs. by Shen Baozhen (1876), Weng Tonghe (1875), Pan Zuyin (n.d.), and Lin Daquan (1877). – *Photo-repro. of above ed., distributed by Guangzhou guji shudian, n.d., 2 vols. [Tōyō Bunka] Rem.: Administrative pieces—correspondence, answers (pi 批), or­

ders, circulars, and so forth—composed by the author while governor of Jiangsu (1867–70). In both eds. seen, Lin Daquan is the author of the fanli and presented as collator (校刊) at the head of the work, Shen Youdan 幼丹 (Baozhen) having selected (評選) the texts from Ding Richang’s original copy (原本). Shen explains in his pref. that the text was given to him by Ding Richang in 1875 when he visited him in Shanghai on his way to assume the post of Liang-Jiang governor-general; in 1877 he asked Lin Daquan (a former member of Ding’s cabinet, then on his way to as­ sume the post of prefect of Taibei) to edit and print it. The fanli, in which Lin Daquan recalls Ding Richang’s extraordinarily hard-working habits, insists that much editing was required due to the rather disorderly con­ dition of the manuscript and to the fact that much of it was composed of drafts from the hand of clerks or composed in the inner cabinet, with variable degrees of revision by Ding. The texts of the two eds. seem to be identical, even though the page setting is very different; both are punc­ tuated. The massive mulu lists each one of the pieces in the 50 chapters, whose contents go to considerable detail. (The original ms. was in 10 j., but Lin split them into 50 in order to speed up the process of typeset­ ting and publishing by distributing the contents among several work­ ers.) The prefs. insist on Ding’s efforts at rehabilitating Jiangnan in the wake of the Taiping Rebellion, first as administration commissioner, then as governor, and at providing models for a bureaucracy that had to be entirely rebuilt. Much of the entries—which are only occasionally

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dated—deal with reconstruction, education, economic development, bureaucratic reorganization, and so forth.

Bio.: See under Muling shu jiyao. Ref. and studies: Ma, 46 (Beiping). Chang, 2:894. Ocko, Bureaucratic Reform in Provincial China, makes heavy use of the work. [JB, PEW] 0958

Tu Langxuan shangshu zhengshu 涂朗軒尚書政書, 6 j. [Administrative Documents of Minister Tu Langxuan] By Tu Zongying 涂宗瀛 (h. Langxuan 朗軒) (1812–94) (jr. 1844), from Liu’an 六安 (Anhui) Ca. 1882 Ed.: – *Undated late-Qing typeset ed., title in central margin Guanglu gong zhengshu 光祿公政書, no pref. [Columbia] Rem.: This fairly rich collection of “preserved drafts” (存稿) was compiled (編輯) by the author’s “student” (受業), Tu Qixian 涂啟先

(presumably a relative); the period covered is 1865–82, during which Tu Zongying held a number of provincial positions (see below). From j. 2 onward the chapter mulu have the added mention “Langxuan conggao” (朗軒叢稿). The documents are arranged chronologically within each juan, and for each entry the year and month are provided. J. 1 is composed of 27 requests (詳咨); j. 2 has 67 rescripts and letters (批札); j. 3 contains 59 proclamations (告示); j. 4 features 22 sets of approved regulations (核定章程), many of which concern orphanages and similar institutions in Nanjing and Shanghai; j. 5 has more regulations (章程 and 條例) (21 entries from the author’s tenures in Hunan and Henan); j. 6, entitled Huanji huigao 宦績彙稿, contains a few accounts (記) as well as letters to various personalities or groups (e.g. students of the Henan Provincial Academy 豫省書院) (11 entries in all). Bio.: Tu Zongying was prefect of Nanjing in 1865–70, where he had obvi­ ously to deal with post-Taiping reconstruction, then Su-Song-Tai intendant at Shanghai in 1870–71, Hunan surveillance commissioner (1871–73) and adminis­ tration commissioner (1874–76), governor of Guangxi (1876–77), Henan (1877– 81), and Hunan (1881–82), and Huguang governor-general (1882–83); he was discharged from the latter post on the grounds of illness (in the last two posts he was succeeded by Bian Baodi; see next two entries). See Renming quanwei. [PEW]

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0957–0959 0959

1197

Bian zhijun zhengshu 卞制軍政書, 4 j. [Administrative Writings of Governor-General Bian] By Bian Baodi 卞寶第 (z. Songchen 頌臣) (1824–93) (jr. 1850), from Yizheng 儀徵 (Jiangsu) Ca. 1870 Ed.:

– *Undated ed., without cover-leaf, coll. by the author’s three sons, Fuchang 綍昌, Xuchang 緒昌, and Shouchang 綬昌. [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: This collection of Bian Baodi’s government papers covers his career in the field administration from prefect of Shuntian 順天 (the capital prefecture) (mid-1860s) to Henan administration commissioner (1866–67) and Fujian governor (1867–70). There is no pref. or postf. and no mulu. J. 1 starts with a set of baojia regulations for the capital’s west­ ern ward (西城), followed by a letter to Prince Gong 恭親王 on the situa­ tion in China and by circulars and directives to the counties and special subprefectures (the so-called silu ting 四路廳) part of Shuntian, on baojia and other subjects—among them administrative discipline, combat­ ing bandits, and local defense, as well as prohibiting advertisements for abortive drugs seen everywhere on the streets of Beijing, checking on probationary officials, post-transfer procedures (交代) in Henan, and more. J. 2 has a set of directives and correspondence on river dredging in Henan, a set of prohibitions (against lawsuits, infanticide, cremation, gambling, vendettas, and so forth) to cure the people of Fujian of their bad customs, a number of pieces devoted to improvement of official work in that province, and documents on starting a station to develop the silk and cotton industry (桑棉局) near Fuzhou. J. 3–4, also devoted to Fujian, have more on these topics, as well as entries on taxes and likin, on destroying licentious novels published by Fujian bookstores (about which the Jiangsu governor was complaining), on combating bad cus­ toms (such as gambling, vendettas, and secret societies), on the rela­ tions between garrison troops and the locals, on river pirates (江匪), on regulations about importing rice, on sericulture, on lawlessness on the part of Chinese converts protected by missionaries, on combating vari­ ous forms of banditry, and others. Bio.: A juren who entered the Ministry of Justice through contribution, Bian Baodi later became a censor and acquired some reputation by denouncing abuses in the financing of the war against the Taipings. From 1866 onward his career took place in the higher rungs of the provincial administration: he was

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administration commissioner of Henan, then governor of Fujian (1867–70) and, after a long period home to take care of his aged parents, of Hunan (1882– 88), acting governor-general of Huguang (1883–85), and governor-general of Fujian-Zhejiang (1888–92); he retired on the grounds of illness and died a year later. He was known as a specialist in the maintenance of order and combating bandits and secret societies. Described as “imposing” (有威重) and “impatient with details” (不小謹), he was, reportedly, popular in his constituencies be­ cause of his law and order work. See QSG, 448/12515–17; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Chang, 2:944–5. Bibliography entries for same author: Fu Xiang gongdu. [PEW] 0960

Fu Xiang gongdu 撫湘公牘, 2 j. [Administrative Documents from a Hunan Governorship] By Bian Baodi 卞寶第 (z. Songchen 頌臣) (1824–93) (jr. 1850), from Yizheng 儀徵 (Jiangsu) Ca. 1888 Ed.: – *Undated ed. with pref. by [illegible]. [Ōki]

Rem.: Correspondence sent by Bian Baodi to his subordinates in Hunan, in the form of directives (札), rescripts (批), messages (照會), letters (書), orders (諭), and proclamations (示). The documents, most rather short, deal prominently with banditry (notably the so-called Pi bandits 痞徒) and social unrest, food riots, secret societies, vendettas, baojia and militia, etc. There are also directives and orders concerning prisons, taxation, local examinations, charities, reducing the numbers of clerks and runners, disbanding Hunan “braves” mobilized against the French, helping famine relief in Hubei, and more. A few directives urge local officials to visit their constituencies and get better acquainted with their problems (the so-called xingli gebi 興利革弊 policies, more com­ monly discussed in the eighteenth century). Finally, some responses to subordinate officials refer to pending judicial cases. Bian Baodi was governor of Hunan in 1882–83 and 1885–88 (in between he was acting Huguang governor-general); although the documents have no dates, in­ ternal evidence suggests they are from the second period. Bio.: See under Bian zhijun zhengshu. Bibliography entries for same author: Bian zhijun zhengshu. [PEW]

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0959–0962 0961

1199

Zuxiang gui liutiao gaoshi 族鄉規六條告示, 1 ce [Proclamation with Six Rules for Lineage and Township Leaders] By Zhao [Erxun] 趙爾巽 (z. Gongxiang 公鑲, h. Cishan 次珊) (1845– 1927) (js. 1874), from the Chinese Plain Blue Banner Ca. 1898 Ed.: – *Undated ed. of the Xiyi shantang 板存習藝善堂, with mention “print­ outs will be free of charge” (願印送者不取板貲). [Ōki]

Rem.: A printed proclamation (9 folios) by a surveillance commis­ sioner of Anhui, already appointed to the same post in Shaanxi—only Zhao Erxun responds to this description, and this dates the text from after July 13, 1898. The proclamation is aimed at the leaders of the lin­ eages (族) and townships (鄉) of the province, who are to be respect­ able men “elected” (公舉) by their constituents and must promote good policies according to their respective regulations (族規 and 鄉規); these should be set up and submitted to the officials when not already exist­ ing. The present proclamation discusses in some detail six important domains of action that should be considered by the lineage and town­ ship leaders: (1) establish elementary schools (for boys and for girls) (設學程); (2) prevent opium-smoking (戒煙); (3) forbid bad behavior on the part of the young (like drinking, gambling, burglaries, and the like) (申禁); (4) store grain (積榖); (5) promote handicrafts (興藝); (6) orga­ nize militia (辦團). Bio.: See under Xing’an xinbian. Bibliography entries for same author: Xing’an xinbian; Duxian Zhao zhengdun lizhi sanshi tiao bing zhawen. [PEW]

0962

Hu Wenzhong gong zhengshu 胡文忠公政書, 14 j. [Government Writings of Hu Linyi] By Hu Linyi 胡林翼 (z. Kuangsheng 貺生, h. Runzhi 潤之 [潤芝], Yongzhi 詠之, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1812–61) (js. 1836), from Yiyang 益陽 (Hunan); comp. (編輯) Dan Xiangliang 但湘良, from Puqi 蒲圻 (Hubei) 1899 Ed.:

– *1899 ed. of the Hunan grain intendant office 湖南糧儲道署刊, cover-leaf calligraphed by Zhou Le 周樂 (see under Huanyou jishi), with prefs. by

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Liao Shouheng 寥壽恆 (1899), Xue Yunsheng 薛允升 (1898), Sun Jianai 孫 家鼐 (n.d.), and Dan Xiangliang (序例, 1897). [Columbia, copy bearing a

seal stating that it was sent by the Hubei administration commissioner to the Qing ambassador to the U.S.]

Rem.: This very comprehensive collection in 16 fascicles includes me­ morials (奏疏, j. 1–6), letters (書牘, j. 7–13), and responses and direc­ tives (批札, j. 14). Fasc. 1 has a mulu listing each individual piece; fasc. 2 is devoted to Hu Linyi’s official biography (本傳), account of conduct (行狀), and chronological biography (年譜). The memorials, all precise­ ly dated, start with Hu’s appointment as Hubei administration commis­ sioner in 1855 and stop with his last year in 1861; they cover every sort of administrative and military matter, some of local importance, and are frequently accompanied by appended pieces (坿奏), here called pian 片. The letters as well as the responses and directives start in 1844 with Hu’s positions in Guizhou, and likewise address all sorts of administra­ tive and military problems; they are addressed to a variety of correspon­ dents, both above and below Hu’s current position. The entire collection is highly informative not only on details of the war effort against the Taipings, but also on local conditions then. Only Dan Xiangliang’s name (as compiler) appears in chapter captions. He says in his pref. that he as­ sisted Hu Linyi for more than ten years and saw all the drafts handwrit­ ten by Hu himself, and that reading these documents forty years after Hu’s demise is like “seeing in person the events and the people” (如親 見其事其人). Hu’s writings had already been twice published as a Yiji 遺集 (see under Hu Wenzhong gong yiji), but for the present collection Dan carefully checked the texts, added missing documents, eliminated pieces he deemed irrelevant, and renamed the collection Zhengshu. Hu’s writings, he says, are all concerning statecraft (惟在經世云爾).

Bio.: For Hu Linyi, see under Hu Linyi pandu jinghua. Dan Xiangliang earned his ranks in the civil hierarchy due to military merit. He was twice acting Chen-Yong-Yuan-Jing military circuit intendant (辰永沅靖 兵備道) in northwest Hunan (in 1879 and 1889), where he is supposed to have encouraged charitable schools, worked at military preparedness, and fostered peaceful relations between the Han and Miao; later he became Hunan grain intendant and acting administration commissioner. See Guzhangping tingzhi 古丈坪廳志 (1907), 15/24b; Fenghuang ting xuzhi 鳳凰廳續志 (1892), 7/5a. Bibliography entries for same author: Hu Wenzhong gong yiji; Hu Linyi pandu jinghua. [PEW]

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1201

Fu Xiang gongdu 撫湘公牘, 1 ce [Administrative Documents from a Hunan Governorship] Anon. Ca. 1899 Ed.:

– *Undated, unpaginated ms. ed. on a red-lined booklet made by the Songyun ge 松雲閣. [Tōyō Bunko] Rem.: A collection of 35 messages (札) to various officials written

for the governor of Hunan, possibly by a private secretary, covering the period from 10th month, 1898, to 3rd month, 1899. The documents dis­ cuss all manner of topics, including crime and banditry, lawsuits, likin, mines, finances, grain storage, administrative discipline, and military affairs. Conflicts with foreign representatives and missionaries figure prominently. The Hunan governor during that period was Yu Liansan 俞 廉三 (1841–?). [PEW]

0964

Du Chu gongdu 督楚公牘, 3 ce [Administrative Documents from a Huguang Governor-General] By Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 (z. Xiaoda 孝達, h. Xiangtao 香濤 and many others, s. Wenxiang 文襄) (1837–1909) (js. 1863), from Nanpi 南皮 (Zhili) Ca. 1901 Ed.:

– *Undated, unpaginated ms. ed. without cover-leaf or indication of au­ thor. [*Qinghua]

Rem.: This extremely well calligraphed ms., with a few corrections added between the lines, could be a gaoben prepared for publication. It contains about 160 pieces of administrative correspondence—mostly letters (札), messages (咨), and orders (飭)—concerning all the activi­ ties of Zhang Zhidong’s yamen, from the most routine to those involved with the flight of the court to Xi’an in 1900; the dates, when indicated, cover a period from GX 22/9/4 to GX 26/12/22 (1896–1901). There is a de­ tailed mulu at the beginning of each fasc. The title of the work appears at the top of the central margins in the pink pre-printed folio-frames.

Bio.: A prestigious and influential late-Qing statesman, Zhang Zhidong was the son and grandson of officials and received an outstanding classical educa­ tion that led to his third place at the 1863 palace examination even though

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he submitted an essay that emphasized current problems. Zhang’s interest both in the Chinese intellectual tradition and in modernity characterized his entire career. After serving in the Hanlin Academy, he became commissioner of education of Hubei (1867), and later of Sichuan (1873). From 1877 he held various literary, educational, and court positions in the capital, and made himself known as a fierce advocate of resistance to foreign encroachment on frontier regions. He then served in a string of gubernatorial positions, as gov­ ernor of Shanxi (1882–84), then governor-general of Liang-Guang (1884–89) and Huguang (1889–1907), with stints in Liang-Jiang (1894–95 and 1902) in act­ ing capacity. During his long stay in Wuchang, Zhang promoted a variety of railway and industrial projects, of which the best-known are the Hanyeping 漢冶萍 iron works and the Beijing-Hankou railway (completed in 1906). Other achievements included fiscal and educational reforms. A supporter of the “New Policies” after the Boxer uprising, Zhang was among the proponents of abolishing the traditional examination system. See QSG, 437/12377–80; QSLZ, 64/36b–46a; Qingdai qibai, 1:631–40; ECCP, 27–32; Renming quanwei. [PEW] 0965

Duxian Zhao zhengdun lizhi sanshi tiao bing zhawen 督憲趙整頓吏治 三十條並札文, 1 ce [A Letter and Thirty Instructions by Governor-General Zhao to Reestablish Administrative discipline] By Zhao Erxun 趙爾巽 (z. Gongxiang 公鑲, h. Cishan 次珊) (1845– 1927) (js. 1874), from the Chinese Plain Blue Banner 1908 Ed.: – *1908 ed. [Beitu]

Rem.: A set of instructions sent to all provincial, and especially local, yamen of Sichuan by the author at the beginning of his tenure as governor-general (1908–1911), following a procedure he had already adopted as governor of Hunan. The thirty regulations, requests and methods that compose the text include topics such as avoiding the use of private servants as gate-keepers (門丁), cutting unnecessary runners, repressing pettifoggers, holding court publicly in the main hall, reading old judicial files, reading the law, encouraging the capture of bandits by baojia and militia, establishing lecturing societies (演說會) for govern­ ment propaganda and education, multiplying centers for handicrafts (工場), and overseeing the maintenance of irrigation infrastructures. Sending down such circulars to subordinates was a common practice by

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0964–0966

1203

newly arriving high provincial officials anxious to demonstrate concern. Besides routine instructions, the present document has entries reflect­ ing the post-1900 “New Policies” (新政) of the Qing.

Bio.: See under Xing’an xinbian. On Zhao Erxun’s viceroyalty in Sichuan, see Adshead, Province and Politics in Late Imperial China, 85–98. Bibliography entries for same author: Xing’an xinbian; Zuxiang gui liutiao gaoshi. [GRT] 0966

Fanshan zhengshu 樊山政書, 20 j. [Administrative Writings of Fan Zengxiang] By Fan Zengxiang 樊增祥 (z. Jiafu 嘉父, Yunmen 雲門, h. Fanshan 樊 山, Tianqin 天琴) (1846–1931) (js. 1877), from Enshi 恩施 (Hubei) 1910 pref. Ed.:

– *1910 typeset ed. of the Tang Minglin Juzhen bookstore in Nanjing 金陵湯 明林聚珍書局, with author’s pref. (1910) and postf. (後序) by Xia Zhengyi 夏正彝, who collated the text (1910). [Chicago] [*Columbia] [Harvard] – *Undated Shanghai Zhengxueshe 上海政學社印行 litho. ed., with au­ thor’s pref. (1910) and postf. by Xia Zhengyi (1910, placed after the pref.). [Tōyō Bunka, Imahori collection] – *Photo-repro. of 1910 Nanjing ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1971 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, vol. 646). – *Photo-repro. of same 1910 ed., in GZSJC, vol. 10. – *Modern ed. edited by Na Silu 那思陸 and Sun Jiahong 孫家紅, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2007, with intro. by Sun Jiahong and author’s pref. (1910), no postf.

Rem.: A massive collection of official correspondence (mostly “an­ swers” 批, either to missives [稟] from subordinates or directly to litigants or petitioners) covering the period 1901–10, when the author was Shaanxi surveillance commissioner and acting (later incumbent) administration commissioner, and from 1908 Jiangning administration commissioner (the documents from this last period are in j. 20). There is no mulu. Published through the efforts of a certain magistrate Li Ruzhen 李茹真 (a native of Fan’s county), the collection is highly illustrative of the myriad problems an official in Fan’s position had to address, not infre­ quently returning petitioners to their local authorities. Fan notes in his preface that the problems in Jiangsu at the height of the New Policies

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(新政) made him several times more busy than he was in Shaanxi. He also claims that his pieces published in the Shaanxi official record (官報) were highly valued by his teacher, Zhang Zhidong 張之洞. One sees in j. 6 that the Shaanxi guanbao, first published in 1896–98, was re­ vived by Fan in 1903; its office was attached to a training center for officials (課吏館) established at the same date, and it was intended to publicize the reformist effort both within and outside the province. Bio.: See under Fanshan pandu. Ref. and studies: Chang, 2:947. Dentō Chūgoku dentō handoku, 174–5, citing sample captions. Bibliography entries for same author: Fan Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan gongdu; Fanshan pandu; Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan pandu xubian; Fanshan pipan; Fanshan pipan jinghua; Xinbian Fanshan gongdu jinghua. [LG, PEW]

0967

Xiangfan andu chaocun 湘藩案牘鈔存, 4 ce [Preserved copies of a Hunan Administration Commissioner’s Documents] By Zhao Binyan 趙濱彥 (z. Weiyu 渭漁) (1856–?), from Guian 歸安 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1911 Ed.: – *Undated ed. [*Columbia] [*Zhengfa] – Photo-repro. of same ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1976 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan xubian), ser. 31, vol. 301–302.

Rem.: The 4 fasc. are continuously paginated. The first three are com­ posed of communications of the more formal xiangwen 詳文 type, the last one of more informal “missives” (稟類). Most pieces are devoted to socio-economic and financial topics. They concern Hunan province and are dated 1910. (Zhao was Hunan administration commissioner from the 4th month 1910 to the 5th month 1911.) Bio.: Zhao Binyan had the status of student by inheritance (廕生). Inform­ ation on his career is spotty. He served as a secretary at the Ministry of Revenue in 1880–84, became a probationary intendant (試用道) in Hubei in 1889, served at the Shanghai Arsenal from 1903, was surveillance commissioner of Jiangsu (1909) and Guangdong (1909–10), and administration commissioner of Hunan (1910–11). See Renming quanwei. [JB, PEW]

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0966–0968 0968

1205

Zhongzhou congzheng lu 中州從政錄, 1 ce [A Record of Government Service in Henan] By Jiang Han 江瀚 (z. Shuhai 叔海, h. Shiweng 石翁) (1857–1935), from Changting 長汀 (Fujian) Ca. 1912 Ed.: – *Undated Jingshi jinghua yinshuju 京師京華印書局 typeset ed., with au­ thor’s pref. (n.d.). [Beitu] – Photo-repro. of ed. at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 37.

Rem.: 22 administrative pieces dating from the 17 months the author spent in Henan as circuit intendant and acting administration commis­ sioner in 1910–11, during which, he claims, he did not dare to go against the principles of integrity and love of the people taught by his father. He found the texts in his trunk after retiring from officialdom in 1912, and published them as an example to his offspring, even though he was aware that the talents about to emerge in the new system would be criti­ cal of the bureaucrats of old. The documents—both communications to superiors and directives to subordinates—deal with Yellow River works, reforming the financial and fiscal administration, creating an institute for teaching constitutional law to officials (憲政講習所), reforming the administration of justice, cancelling corvée, building roads and canals, and refusing gifts. The proposals of the new Henan provincial assembly (諮議局) are frequently mentioned.

Bio.: The author states in his pref. that as a youth he followed his father in various positions in Sichuan, thus acquiring knowledge of administrative life. Later he served in the cabinets of one governor-general, three governors, and three administration commissioners, making him even more aware of the “difficulty of ordering the world” (經世之難). He was sent to study in Japan in 1904, and during 1905–10 held a variety of educational positions both in the provinces and in the new Ministry of Education (學部). He was appointed in­ tendant of the Kaifeng-Guide-Chenzhou-Xuzhou-Zhengzhou circuit (開歸陳 許鄭道) in 1910. He became the first head of the Capital Library (京師圖書館) in 1912, and chaired the Vigilance Committee (維持會) of the Palace Museum in 1926. See Renming quanwei. [PEW]

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1206

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[MINGUO] 0969

Zhi Min gongdu 治閩公牘, 2 j. [Administrative Documents from a Fujian Governorship] By Xu Shiying 許世英 (z. Jingren 靜仁, h. Junren 俊人) (1873–1964) (js. 1898), from Qiupu 秋浦 (Anhui) Ed.: – *Undated typeset ed., without pref. [*Beitu] [*Harvard]

Rem.: The work is comparable in form, and partly in content, to Qing-period gongdu collections by high provincial officials (Xu Shiying headed Fujian with the title xun’an shi 巡按使). The orders, proclama­ tions (some in baihua), circulars, correspondences, reports to the presi­ dent (i.e., Yuan Shikai 袁世凱), and sets of regulations and procedures (章程) are loosely arranged by topics. The documents deal with prob­ lems often discussed in similar compilations of the late-Qing reform era; they include female infanticide, opium-smoking, curbing banditry and vendettas, granaries, the compilation of a new Fujian gazetteer, improv­ ing administrative discipline, fiscal reform, land-surveying, police mod­ ernization, local militia (保衛團), organizing new advisory bodies (討論 委員會), requesting from magistrates briefings on local conditions, city planning, taking care of returned overseas Chinese, and more.

Bio.: Xu Shiying started his career in the Qing Ministry of Justice, where he familiarized himself with legal problems under the guidance of such luminar­ ies as Xue Yunsheng 薛允升 and Shen Jiaben 沈家本. He was a close collabora­ tor of Xu Shichang, the author of Jiangli fayan (q.v.) and future president of the Chinese Republic, first in Beijing and, from 1907, in the Northeast, where he helped set up a modern judicial system. In 1910 he was part of the group sent abroad to study constitutional government and prison administration. In 1912 he was appointed president of the Supreme Court (大理院院長), then minis­ ter of Justice. He became civilian governor of Fujian in May 1914, but did not get along with the military governor and left in April 1916. He continued to be active in political and diplomatic positions under the Beiyang and Nationalist regimes (he was briefly prime minister in 1925–26), and in Taiwan after 1950. See Boorman, Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, vol. 2, 140–3. [JB, PEW]

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1207

0969–0971

6.3

By Prefects and Magistrates

[SONG]

Xishan zhengxun 西山政訓 See: Zhen Xishan zhengxun 0970

Yu liaoshu wen 諭僚屬文, 1 j. [Instructions to Subordinates] By Zhen Dexiu 真德秀 (z. Jingyuan 景元, Xiyuan 希元, Jingxi 景希, h. Xishan 西山, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1178–1235) (js. 1199), from Pucheng 浦 城 (present-day Fujian) N.d. Ed.: – In Xuehai leibian, 集餘一. – Typeset ed., in Congshu jicheng jianbian, fasc. 288.

Rem.: Two directives sent by Zhen Dexiu to his subordinates: one as prefect of Tanzhou (modern Changsha) (潭州諭同官咨目), and one as prefect of Quanzhou (泉州諭州縣官僚). (See under Zheng Xishan zhengxun.) Among the topics dealt with are taxation (notably maritime customs) and justice. Both texts insist on a closeness of interests and preoccupations between the prefect and his colleagues and emphasize the shared professional values of hard work and integrity. Bio.: See under Zhen Xishan zhengjing. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 17:281. Bibliography entries for same author: Zhen Xishan zhengjing; Yu su wen; Zhen Xishan zhengxun. [PEW]

0971

Yu su wen 諭俗文, 1 j. [Instruction on Customs] By Zhen Dexiu 真德秀 (z. Jingyuan 景元, Xiyuan 希元, Jingxi 景希, h. Xishan 西山, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1178–1235) (js. 1199), from Pucheng 浦 城 (present-day Fujian) N.d. Ed.:

– In Xuehai leibian, 集餘一. – *Typeset ed. based on Xuehai leibian, in Congshu jicheng chubian, fasc. 987.

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1208

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Rem.: A set of five proclamations to the population composed by Zhen Dexiu when he was prefect of Tanzhou 潭州, Quanzhou 泉州, and Fuzhou 福州 (see under Zhen Xishan zhengxun). The texts are in simple and direct language. Zhen encourages his constituents to improve their customs and maintain orderly conduct, stressing at the same time his efforts to protect them against official abuse and clerk malfeasance. One proclamation is specifically devoted to filial piety (泉州勸孝文); anoth­ er encourages Tanzhou scholars to study the philosophy of principle (理學) and engage in serious scholarship rather than limit themselves to examination prep (潭州勸學文). Bio.: See under Zhen Xishan zhengjing. Bibliography entries for same author: Zhen Xishan zhengjing; Yu liaoshu wen; Zhen Xishan zhengxun. [PEW]

0972

Zhen Xishan zhengxun 真西山政訓 [Zhen Xishan’s Instructions on Administration] By Zhen Dexiu 真德秀 (z. Jingyuan 景元, Xiyuan 希元, Jingxi 景希, h. Xishan 西山, s. Wenzhong 文忠) (1178–1235) (js. 1199), from Pucheng 浦 城 (present-day Fujian) N.d. Ed.:

– As second part of Zhengxun (q.v.). – Ming-period ms. ed., titled Xishan zhengxun, in Yihai huihan. [Nanjing] – *In Lidai biji xiaoshuo jicheng 歷代筆記小說集成 (Shijiazhuang: Hebei jiaoyu chubanshe, 1995), vol. 17, based on the 1922 Baoyan tang miji: xuji ed. of Zhengxun. – Photo-repro. of a Ming Baoyan tang miji ed. of Zhengxun, in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 121.

Rem.: The text was compiled in the 1470s by Peng Shao, drawing from Zhen’s works, for inclusion in his Zhengxun (q.v.). It is composed of two sets of directives. One, titled “Instructions to the two controllers-general and bureau staff” (咨目呈兩通判及職曹官), was composed in 1222 for Zhen’s subordinates when he was prefect of Tanzhou 潭州 (Changsha, present-day Hunan); it lists four things to encourage (勸) and ten things to guard against ( jie 戒). The other, longer text, called “Instructions to prefecture and county officials” (諭州縣官僚), was promulgated in 1232 when Zhen was prefect of Quanzhou 泉州 (present-day Fujian). (The titles may vary depending on the ed.) The two sets are also found as

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0971–0973

1209

opening pieces in Minggong shupan qingming ji (q.v.). They also feature in Zhen Dexiu’s Zhengjing (see under this title for more details). In Peng Shao’s original compilation the two texts were followed by excerpts from Zhen’s Zhengjing (q.v.) and Xinjing (see Zhang Yue’s postface to Zhengxun); these were omitted in the Baoyan tang miji recension be­ cause they were already included elsewhere in the same collection (see Siku description for Zhengxun).

Bio.: See under Zhen Xishan zhengjing. Transl.: Text with modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 1. Ref. and studies: Sō Gen kanshin. Chang, 1: 152–3. Xu Zi, 78–92. Bibliography entries for same author: Zheng Xishan zhengjing; Yu liaoshu wen; Yu su wen. [PEW] [MING]

See also: (Wusuo Liu xiansheng) Juguan shuijing Gugang bayi 榖岡八議 See: Chaoyang shiyi 0973

Yu Xiezhou lüe 諭解州略, 1 j. [A Brief Account of Instructing the Inhabitants of Xiezhou] By Lü Nan 呂柟 (z. Zhongmu 仲木, h. Jingye 涇野, s. Wenjian 文簡) (1479–1542) (js. 1508), from Gaoling 高陵 (Shaanxi) Ca. 1525 Ed.:

– *[1536] new ed. (重刊) with prefs. by Deng Nuo 鄧諾 (1536), Wang Guangzu 王光祖 (1536), Hu Daqi 胡大器 (1536), Wang Zhen 王溱 (to 諭 俗恒言, 1525), Cheng Peng 程鵬 (to 解梁書後志, 1525), postf. (跋) by Luo Shixian 羅士賢 (1536). [Tianyi ge]

Rem.: Hu Daqi’s pref. says the work was composed by his master Mr. Jingye 涇野先生 (Lü Nan), in order to guide the gentry and people of Xieliang (解梁, i.e. 解州, Shanxi). He was appointed there in 1524. The work is divided in four parts (篇): “Educating the youth” (訓蒙), “Plain words” (俚語), “Instructions on customs” (諭俗), and “Proverbs” (恒言).

Bio.: Better known as a writer and philosopher, Lü Nan was optimus at the 1508 palace examination and became a senior compiler (修撰) in the Hanlin Academy. He was soon embroiled in a conflict with the powerful eunuch

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1210

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Liu Jin 劉瑾, and spent long periods of time at home. He returned to office at the beginning of the Jiajing reign, but became involved in the Great Ritual Controversy (大禮議); in 1524 he was first imprisoned, then demoted to be assistant magistrate (判官) at Xiezhou. During his three years there he also served as acting magistrate and was heavily involved in improving infrastruc­ tures and customs in the area. From 1527 he occupied a variety of capital offices in Nanjing, where he rose to vice-minister of the Ministry of Rites (1536), and served for a while as acting head of the Ministry of Personnel. His memorials were largely ignored and he eventually retired in 1539. See MS, 282/7243–44; Jiao Hong 焦竑, Guochao xianzheng lu 國朝獻徵錄, 37/21a; Pingyang 平陽 FZ (1708), 20/85a; DMB, 1010–13. [TN] Ref. and studies: TYG, 2:2/56a. Tianyi ge cangshu, 176. [PEW] 0974

Bianmin zhenglüe 便民政略 [A Brief Account of Policies to Ease the People] By Chen Jiaqing 陳嘉慶 (z. Yunji 允績) (jr. 1546), from Yingshang 潁

上 (Nan Zhili)

Ca. 1562 Ed.:

– Undated ms. ed. [Location unclear]

Rem.: The author was appointed magistrate of Anlu 安陸 (Huguang) in 1562. The text records his efforts to simplify lijia regulations there and improve the tax and corvée system in order to ease the taxpayer’s burden. Chen was eager to circulate his new guidelines everywhere in the villages (徧諭閭閻), so that taxpayers would not get cheated by the clerks.

Bio.: Biographical materials on Chen Jiaqing in local gazetteers display a curious dichotomy in their accounts of his Anlu magistracy. On the one side are biographical accounts mentioning his 1546 juren and 1562 appointment to Anlu, followed by a promotion to secretary, later vice-director, in the Nanjing Ministry of Works, and recording his successful efforts to restrain the princely establishment of Shizong’s fourth son, Jinggong Prince Zaizhen 景恭王載圳 (on whom see MS, 104/2984, 120/3647), as well as his resolution of a compli­ cated murder case, after which the grateful locals are supposed to have dedi­ cated a shrine to him. On the other side are accounts, apparently originating in Huguang TZ, that say he was appointed to Anlu during the Yongle reign and record the fiscal reforms mentioned above as well as the composition of

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0973–0975

1211

Bianmin zhenglüe, suggesting that thanks to these reforms people were pre­ vented from emigrating during a subsequent episode of famine. As there was only one Chen Jiaqing from Yingshang serving in Anlu, the Yongle dating is obviously an error. See Yingshang XZ (1655), 9/6a; Yingshang XZ (1878), 4/11a, 9/13a–b; Anlu XZ (1843), 22/4b; De’an 德安 FZ (1888), 9/42a, 10/23b; Huguang TZ (1684), 30/3b; Huguang TZ (Siku ed.), 44/5b, Da Qing yitong zhi (Siku ed.), 267/32a. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 16:88. [PEW] 0975

Huang shaoqing Shu you jinglüe yishu 黃少卿蜀游經略遺書, 10 j. [Posthumous Documents of Vice-Minister Huang as Traveling Commander in Sichuan] By Huang Qing 黃清 (z. Bozong 伯宗) (1522–79), from Yiyang 弋陽 (Jiangxi) Ca. 1569 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Zheng Yiwei 鄭以偉 (n.d.) and minister of War Wu Wenhua 吳文華 (1589), with Huang shaoqing Shu you shizhuan jinglüe yishu (see next entry) appended. [Beida]

Rem.: According to the prefs., these are official documents collected together by the author’s family. The list of compilers appears at the end of the mulu and include Huang’s son Bang 榜, as well as his grandsons Zhonghui 中煇, Zhongyao 中燿, Zhongzheng 中炡, and Zhongkun 中焜. The documents cover his service in several posts, primarily in Sichuan and neighboring Yunnan. The prefs. claim that the collection will be a useful guide for officials. Huang Qing became known in the area for his ability to handle relations with minority people at local level. J. 1 con­ cerns his service in the Pacification Commission for the Six Tianquan Tribes (天全六番招討司) in 1564. J. 2–5 feature documents from his ser­ vice in the Sichuan Branch Regional Military Commission (四川行都指 揮使司) in the southwest corner of the province, in 1565–67. The docu­ ments include many suggestions on maintaining military readiness and effective military organization. They also discuss pacification follow­ ing the suppression of a rebellion. Huang also oversaw native officials (土官). His recommendations for changes always discuss current, local conditions and provide a thorough view of administration. In general, his communications with superiors are rich in details of the military

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1212

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

and social situation. J. 6, which features documents from Huang’s efforts at helping suppress a cross-border rebellion in Yunnan in 1566, includes communications with officials in both provinces. His contribution in this respect was also noted by the grand coordinator at the time, Tan Lun 譚綸 (see Tan Xiangmin zouyi 譚襄敏奏議, 4/26a, 4/35a, and par­ ticularly 4/42a). J. 7 has documents about pacifying minority areas in Xuzhou 敘州 Prefecture in Sichuan, dating from 1568 to 1569, while the pieces in j. 8 concern the oversight of the military in the same region during the same period; j. 8 has additional commentaries printed within the text and in the top margin, as well as a military map. J. 9–10 contain further documents from Huang’s work in Xuzhou. At the end of j. 10 are two submissions on the subject of military farms, together with the re­ plies from Huang’s superiors.

Bio.: Huang Qing rose from the ranks, beginning as a clerk. His first official post was as registrar (經厯) in Lizhou 利州 garrison on the northern border of Sichuan. In 1564 he was ordered to assist in quelling the Six Tianquan Tribes uprising, on the western border of Sichuan. In 1565 he was sent to the Sichuan Branch Regional Military Commission in the southwest corner to help with suppressing a rebellion there, and in 1566 was “borrowed” by the regional mili­ tary commander in Yunnan to help against a rebellion along the shared provin­ cial border. Highly recommended by leaders in both provinces, he was made assistant prefect (通判) in Xuzhou 敘州 in 1567. While there he also served as acting prefect and acting magistrate in the region. With the probable support of patrons eager to use his abilities, he was moved to be assistant prefect in Taizhou 台州 (Zhejiang), then vice-prefect (同知) in Jiaxing 嘉興. He was then sent to work on the Yellow River conservancy. He ran such tight organizations that he earned the enmity of those who no longer profited from the projects. He died of illness after he was “accidentally” tipped into the cold waters of the river, but his work was honored posthumously with a promotion to viceminister (少卿) in the Shaanxi branch office of the Court of the Imperial Stud. See Yiyang XZ (1683), 6/31a; Haiyan xian tujing 海鹽縣圖經 (1624), 8/8a–9a; Zhu Guozhen 朱國禎, Yongchuang xiaopin 湧幢小品, 11/29b–30b; Shen Defu 沈德符, Wanli yehuo bian 萬暦野獲編, 11/294–5; Ming shilu: Muzong, 30/795, Shenzong, 70/1512, 78/1685. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 史, 2:1103. Bibliography entries for same author: Huang shaoqing Shu you shizhuan jinglüe yishu. [LG, TN]

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0975–0977 0976

1213

Huang shaoqing Shu you shizhuan jinglüe yishu 黃少卿蜀游視篆經略 佚書, 1 j. [Posthumous Documents from Vice-Minister Huang’s Traveling

to Sichuan to Oversee Offices]

By Huang Qing 黃清 (z. Bozong 伯宗) (1522–79), from Yiyang 弋陽 (Jiangxi) Ca. 1569 Ed.:

– *Appended to Huang shaoqing Shu you jinglüe yishu (see previous entry). [Beida]

Rem.: The text includes a number of official documents collected by Huang Qing’s son, Huang Bang 榜. They date from 1567–69, when Huang was assistant prefect (通判) of Xuzhou 敘州 prefecture in Sichuan. Huang Bang inserted captions indicating that some documents dated from when his father served as acting prefect, and some from when he was acting magistrate for a subordinate county; the documents do not seem to correspond to the captions, however. In the first piece (Huang being acting prefect) it is clear that he is exercising full control over sub­ ordinate offices. In others he is acting magistrate of Fushun 富順 and Gao 高 counties. Many details of local administration in the region are discussed, including taking legal cases to the higher authorities, taxa­ tion, postal relay stations, and a rating of the difficulty of administering different counties.

Bio.: See under Huang shaoqing Shu you jinglüe yishu. Bibliography entries for same author: Huang shaoqing Shu you jinglüe yishu. [TN] 0977

Chaoyang shiyi 巢陽十議, 1 j. [Ten Reports from Chao County], Gugang bayi 榖岡八議, 1 j. [Eight Reports from Gucheng County] By Ma Rulin 馬如麟 (z. Zhaofu 昭父, h. Yushan 禹山) (fl. 1550–98) (jr. 1564), from Xiushui 秀水 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1597 Ed.:

– *Undated (Wanli-period) ed., with prefs. to Chaoyang shiyi by Cheng Qing 成清 (n.d.) and to Gugang bayi by author (n.d.). [Beitu]

Rem.: A composite work, Chaoyang shiyi consists of 10 commu­ nications from Ma Rulin to his superiors when he was magistrate of Chaoxian 巢縣 (Anhui), 1589–92. It was possibly compiled as a “record

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1214

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

of worthy administration” (德政錄) by local citizens eager to praise him. Such a compilation is mentioned in his biography in the local gazet­ teer (Chaoxian zhi [1730], 12/6b; [1828], 10/27b). The communications concern famine relief, distribution of rice gruel, granaries, allocation of tax quotas, labor service commutation rates, land records, saving funds from extraneous offices, military colony lands, a murder case, and a case of injustice. Gugang bayi consists of 8 communications from Ma Rulin during his tenure as magistrate of Gucheng 榖城 (Huguang) in 1595–97. The communications concern delayed business, establishing tax collec­ tion, a case of adultery, eliminating excessive torture, resolving granary abuses, investigating embezzlement, and the establishment of charity granaries.

Bio.: Ma Rulin’s first position, 25 years after he ranked first (鄉魁) at the Zhejiang juren examination, was magistrate of Chaoxian. He arrived there in the middle of a drought and famine and set up relief measures, including the reconstruction of a floating bridge that was a vital transportation link. During his tenure he engaged in a wide range of projects concerning local infrastruc­ ture. He went into mourning in 1592. In 1595 he was appointed to Gucheng. In 1597 he became vice-prefect (同知) in Yunyang 鄖陽 (Huguang), where he dealt with transporting military supplies into Sichuan. At the conclusion of his ten­ ure the grand coordinator supported the local people’s request that he be made prefect, but he had already been appointed prefect of Xundian 潯甸 (Yunnan). However, he chose retirement rather than traveling to the post. See Jiaxing 嘉興 XZ (1637), 13/43b–44a; Chaoxian zhi (1730), 12/6b, 17/69a–b; Chaoxian zhi (1828), 10/27a–b; Luzhou 廬州 FZ (1803), 25/26a; Gucheng XZ (1867), 4/7a; Yunyang zhi 鄖陽志 (1797), 5a/21b. Ref. and studies: Nimick, “A Twisted Tale of Love and Treachery.” [TN]

0978

Yunjian yanlüe 雲間讞略, 10 j. [A Brief Account of Judgments in Songjiang] By Mao Yilu 毛一鷺 (z. Xuqing 序卿, h. Ruchu 孺初) (?–1629) (js. 1604), from Sui’an 遂安 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated (Wanli-period) ed., with prefs. by Zhang Jiude 張九德 (n.d.) and Zhu Xun 朱勳 (n.d.). [Beitu (j. 1–4, 7–10 extant)] – *Modern punctuated ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 3 (edited by Jiang Yonglin 姜永琳).

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0977–0978

1215

Rem.: An anthology of “court findings” always introduced with the words “We found that” (審得)—except in j. 10, composed of more di­ verse documents—written by the author while prefectural judge (推官) in Songjiang 松江 (Nan Zhili) and acting magistrate of Huating 華亭 and Qingpu 青蒲, in the same prefecture. (Yunjian is a literary name for the Songjiang area.) According to the mulu there were originally 321 cases, of which 171—or 183 according to Jiang and Wu (see below)—­remain in the extant portion. Most were remanded to Mao by higher officials, including the grand coordinator, the regional inspector, and all the local circuit officials, because of his reputation as a judge. They con­ cern every sort of crime. Each entry is captioned with a characterization of the crime, followed by an indication of the superior official to whom the case was reported as well as the name and county of residence of the criminal or accuser. The answers of the superior offices are recorded in about 50 entries. The majority of cases concern Songjiang people, but there are also a few from other areas, such as Suzhou 蘇州, Wujiang 吳江, Jiading 嘉定, Yixing 宜興, Wujin 武進, and local military offices. The last juan contains Mao’s communications with his superiors, in­ cluding suggestions for reform; they concern problems such as clerical corruption in granaries and storehouses, manipulations by the clerk in charge of all calculations (總書), abuses by local students (生員), the condition of prisoners in cold weather, women’s involvement in legal cases, and local officials reporting tax collection as completed when it is still ongoing (this last communication written in Huating). The final pages, with five additional communications, are missing. According to Jiang and Wu, Yunjian yanlüe was published during the 1610s or early 1620s; the latest case recorded is from 1608.

Bio.: Biographical materials present two quite different pictures of Mao Yilu. In one he is infamous for cooperating in the arrest of Donglin member Zhou Shunchang 周順昌 in 1626 and handing him over to be tortured and killed by the partisans of the eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢. He suppressed the resulting demonstrations and also built a living temple to Wei in 1627, and was among those stripped of official status when Wei fell. In the other one he was a highly regarded activist official, earning a reputation in Songjiang, where he was appointed in 1606, and in Huating and Qingpu. Around 1611 he became a censor (御史) and was assigned as regional inspector for Guizhou, where he participated in the repression of an uprising of Miao tribes. After a period of mourning, he became transport-control censor (巡漕御史) in 1618 and was in­ strumental in dredging channels. In 1620 he was sent to Suzhou and Songjiang

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1216

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

as education-intendant censor (提學御史), and served there for several years. In 1622 he was appointed to the Court of Judicial Review, and in 1625 was made assistant censor-in-chief (僉都御史) and grand coordinator for Nan Zhili, the office in which he earned his bad reputation. Yet he otherwise continued to be an activist and efficient official. He requested to retire in 1627, and only later was stripped of his status as an official. See Jiang Yonglin and Wu Yanhong, “Satisfying Both Sentiment and Law,” 33–35; He Sanwei 何三畏, Yunjian zhilüe 雲間志略, 6/11a; Huang Tiren 黃體仁, Siran zhai canggao 四然齋藏稿, 1/23a, 3/1a; Songjiang FZ (1631), 24/34b–35a, 26/35a; Songjiang FZ (1818), 24/10b–11b, 30/11b, 32/4b; Wu 吳 XZ (1642), 13/43b, 16/3a; Jiangyin 江陰 XZ (1640), 1/23b, 3/1a; Ming shilu: Shenzong, 575/10871; Xizong, 11/564, 24/1219, 39/2019, 55/2519, 70/3343, 76/3678, 82/4000, 86/4134; DMB, 276. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:148. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 16–19, list­ ing the captions of all the cases. Jiang Yonglin and Wu Yanhong, “Satisfying Both Sentiment and Law.” Tong Guangzheng, Mingdai minshi pandu yanjiu, 10–11. Hamashima, “Mindai no handoku.” Yang Yifan, “Shier zhong Mingdai panli pandu,” 167–8. [TN] 0979

Zhengji yilu 政蹟遺錄, 1 ce [Remaining Records of Official Achievements] By Zhang Fuzhen 張福臻 (z. Tisheng 惕生, h. Danru 澹如) (1581–1642) (js. 1613), from Gaomi 高密 (Shandong) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed., without cover-leaf or author’s name and lacking the final few pages. [Beitu] – *Qing undated ms. ed., based on a printed eds.; cat. claims this is a Ming ms., but the final item makes clear reference to the fall of the Ming and says that fifty years have elapsed since then. [Qingdao shi bowuguan]

Rem.: Because one of the items preserved in the ms. copy at Qingdao, referring to the printing on which it is based, says that fifty years have passed since 1644 (甲申國變… 今垂五十年), that printing must be from the Kangxi period; it may not be the same as the one kept at Beitu. The latter includes a detailed mulu and has sophisticated punctuation, clearly indicating a work with pedagogic intent. The first section con­ sists of 26 proclamations concerning 19 different issues, such as baojia, banditry, militia, maintaining law and order on markets, relief to the poor, and more. They were issued by the author during his five-month tenure as magistrate of Dongming 東明 (Bei Zhili), 1622–23. Next is the

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0978–0979

1217

text of a “stele of regrets” (去思碑) celebrating Zhang’s good adminis­ tration there, signed by the county’s officials and followed by a full list of Dongming gentry, students, and subaltern administrators. The next section contains six communications with superiors (most dated 1628), written while the author was a circuit official in the Wenzhou 溫州 re­ gion of Zhejiang, discussing a variety of instructions and prohibitions issued to his subordinates. Following are 11 items issued by Zhang as Shaanxi assistant administration commissioner, on the establishment of soup kitchens as a famine relief measure. The ms. copy preserves ap­ pended materials containing references to the Chongzhen reign and to the dynastic change of 1644.

Bio.: Zhang Fuzhen was a dedicated, activist official who was philosophi­ cal about the trials of his time. He was straightforward and noted for not providing courtesies to superior officials, who labeled him a “stupid” magis­ trate. After appointments to magistracies in Xingtang 行唐 (Bei Zhili) (1614) and, following a period of mourning, to Linying 臨潁 (Henan) (1619), he was recommended in 1622 for appointment to Dongming, a difficult post. Among other things he was able to protect his city against White Lotus forces from Shandong despite the fact that the city wall was in disrepair. He was promot­ ed to secretary in the Ministry of War, and in 1626 was made Shanxi assistant surveillance commissioner (僉事) assigned to the Changping 昌平 military defense circuit, just north of the capital. In 1627 he was made surveillance vice-commissioner (副使) in Zhejiang, and served briefly as acting prefect of Wenzhou 溫州. Despite his reputation in matters of coastal defense, he was moved to Shaanxi, first as assistant administration commissioner (參議) as­ signed to the Longyou 隴右 surveillance circuit, then as administration vicecommissioner (參政) in the Yulin 榆林 defense circuit, where he personally led forces. In 1631 he was promoted to grand coordinator for the Yan-Sui 延 綏 region of Shaanxi. He retired in 1632, but was recalled in 1636 to be mil­ itary commander (經略) for the Ji-Liao 薊遼 theater. In 1637 he returned to the capital to serve as vice-minister of War. He was named supreme com­ mander for Xuan-Da 宣大 in 1640, again moved to the northeast in 1642, but then named minister of War in the same year. He retired to care for his aged mother. When rebels broke through the wall of his home county, he personally led an attack from a corner of the city and drove them out. He was wounded in the affray and died. See Gaomi XZ (1896), 8A/8a–b, 9A/2a–b; Laizhou 萊 州 FZ (1740), 10/26a; Shandong TZ (Siku quanshu ed.), 28C/87b; Xingtang XZ (1772), 9/5a; Linying XZ (1916), 2/2b, 2/27b, 4/7a, 4/51a, 6/17b, 15/33a; Dongming XZ (1756), 2A/14b, 2B/9b, 14a, 4/24b; Jifu TZ (1671/1683), 16/33a; Hangzhou 杭 州 FZ (1686/1694), 19/13a; Chuzhou 處州 FZ (1733), 2/24a; Lishui 麗水 XZ

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1218

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

(1846), 3/44b; Zhili Qinzhou xinzhi 直隸秦州新志 (1764), 7b/1b; Yulin FZ (1841), 14/5b; Xuanhua 宣化 FZ (1743/1757), 18/25b; Shuntian 順天 FZ (1886), 80/23b; Ming shilu: Xizong, 67/3209, 82/4008, Chongzhen changbian, 10/560, 35/2140, 50/2931; Tan Qian 談遷, Guoque 國榷, 95/5753, 5759, 96/5787, 97/5848, 5854, 98/5918, 5919. [TN, PEW] 0980

Puyang bingdu, pingyu, zalu 莆陽稟牘、評語、雜錄 [Reports, Evaluations, and Miscellaneous Documents from Xinghua] By Qi Biaojia 祁彪佳 (z. Youwen 幼文, Hongji 弘吉, h. Shipei 世培, Huzi 虎子, s. Zhongmin 忠敏, Zhonghui 忠惠) (1602–45) (js. 1622), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1628 Ed.:

– *Undated (Chongzhen-period) ms. ed. [Beitu] – Photo-repro. of above ms. ed., in Qi Biaojia wengao 祁彪佳文稿 (Beijing: Shumu wenxian chubanshe, 1991).

Rem.: This is part of the ms. collection of works by Qi Biaojia held at Beitu (see under An Wu qinshen xigao). The contents date to 1624–28, when Qi was prefectural judge (推官) at Xinghua 興化 (Fujian) (Puyang being an ancient name for the Xinghua area). While there he also served as acting prefect and acting magistrate of Putian 莆田. The first section contains his reports (稟帖) to a wide range of provincial and circuit of­ fices around the province. The next section contains statements of eval­ uation (評語) written when Qi was tasked with assisting the regional inspector in a review of officials that covered prefectural and subprefec­ tural officials, county magistrates, educational officials from prefectures and counties, Fujian military officials, people with honorary official sta­ tus, and provincial and circuit officials. The final section contains a vari­ ety of materials generated by Qi’s service, such as an assessment of the region’s administration, informal communications including many rec­ ommendations to improve local conditions, guidelines issued for areas under his responsibility including as acting official, and proclamations covering a wide range of official duties. Overall the pieces collected here represent a rich resource about the region concerned and more gener­ ally about service as a local official. Bio.: See under An Wu qinshen xigao.

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0979–0981

1219

Bibliography entries for same author: An Wu qinshen xigao; An Wu xigao; Puyang yandu, kanyu; Xun’an Su Song dengchu jietie; An Wu xigao, paishigao; Jiuhuang quanshu. [TN] 0981

Zhi Zhang zuilüe 知漳罪略, 9 j., and youke 又刻, 1 j. [Brief Account of an Unworthy Linzhang Magistrate] By Zhang Erzhong 張爾忠 (H. Bugun 補衮) (js. 1631), from Weixian

濰縣 (Shandong)

1636 Ed.:

– *1636 ed. from the office of Linzhang county 臨漳縣署刻本, with prefs. by author (1636) and Yuan Kai 袁楷 (1636). In some places hand-copied pages have been inserted to replace missing printed pages. [Beida]

Rem.: Records written by the author while he was magistrate of Linzhang (Henan) and collected together with his own occasional com­ ments. The work was then published with marginal commentaries by his disciples. It is organized according to the six offices of the county yamen, viz. finances, military affairs, justice (2 j. each), personnel, rites, and public works (1 j. each) (in that order); the last fasc. (又刻), contains the author’s additional comments on each of the categories, except personnel. Each section has a mulu and starts with a short essay (略說) introducing the documents; the latter are arranged by genre, such as es­ says (文), letters (書), proclamations (示), judgments (判), explanations of the circumstances of judicial decisions (繇), and so forth. Zhang says in his pref. that although Linzhang, where he has been magistrate for five years, is a rather quiet and small place, he rapidly realized its dif­ ficulties. While most of his colleagues compose similar anthologies to advertise their successes (自譜其功), he has chosen to enumerate his errors in order to correct himself and help his successors; for this reason, he claims, the word zui in the title is sincere. The short essay introducing the section on personnel is followed by a list of the persons who collabo­ rated in the publication: besides Zhang himself they include two friends from his jinshi class and 18 “disciples” (門人). The contents are extremely concrete and include many details about local administration. For ex­ ample, the author lists all the weapons and soldiers on hand for local defense and explains how the troops were recruited and are supported.

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1220

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

He gives details about existing tax procedures and how he is changing them. He also details the relatively poor opportunities for education in this small county.

Bio.: After his jinshi Zhang Erzhong became magistrate of Linzhang in 1632 and served there through 1636. A strict administrator, he was known for his in­ terest in military matters and implemented strong defensive measures in the county, including a new brick city wall, a new military storehouse with supplies of gunpowder and firearms, and training of militia. He was credited for increased security for much of the period. He was promoted to censor (御史) and was as­ signed as regional inspector in Shaanxi, where he was outspoken about military strategy. In 1642 he became grand coordinator for the province. He served there to the early part of 1644 and then resigned and returned home. He did not re­ spond when recommended to the Qing government for appointment. See Wei XZ (1760), 4/12b–13a; Linzhang XZ (1904), 2/2b, 2/4a, 7/14a–b, 12/20a–31a; Shaanxi tongzhi (1711), 17/14b, 17/29a; Tan Qian 談遷, Guoque 國榷, 97/5909. [LG, TN] 0982

Renwu pinghai ji 壬午平海紀, 2 j. [An Account of Pacifying the Sea in 1642] By Cheng Xun 程峋 (original m. Shifeng 士鳳, z. Tangong 坦公) (js. 1634), from Yongfeng 永豐 (Jiangxi) Ca. 1642 Ed.: – *Undated (Chongzhen-period) movable-type ed. (no pref.). [Congress]

Rem.: The work contains pieces written by the author as Suzhou and Songjiang military defense intendant (蘇松兵備道) concerning a suc­ cessful campaign in 1642 against piracy on the island of Chongming 崇明 in the Yangzi estuary. J. 1 contains reports and communications. J. 2 is devoted to proclamations and directives issued during the campaign. One entry and part of another are missing at the end. Many items have dates, ranging from 30th day of 3rd month to 28th day of 8th month 1642. Besides the intended use as examples, the materials provide a de­ tailed picture of the campaign. Bio.: After his jinshi Cheng Xun served in an unidentified ministry. In 1639 he was made prefect of Zhenjiang 鎮江 and served there through 1642. After an excellent evaluation he was made Su-Song military defense intendant and almost immediately recruited fishing boats to help in a larger effort to deal with pirates on Chongming. According to some records, after an audience with

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0981–0983

1221

the Chongzhen emperor he was rewarded with the Jiangnan grain intendancy 江南督糧道. Yet when the news of the fall of Beijing in 1644 reached Jiangnan and a bondservant rebellion broke out in Jiading 嘉定 and Shanghai 上海, he crushed them in his role as military defense intendant. He then reported to the new Southern Ming court in Nanjing, only to find that the post of grain inten­ dant had been eliminated. He was named minister (卿) in the Court of Judicial Review, but charges of an adulterous relationship resulted in his dismissal. He returned to Jiangxi, where he recruited a militia force. After the fall of Nanjing in 1645 he was recruited by the Southern Ming court in Fujian. Named admin­ istration vice-commissioner (參政), then grand coordinator in Guangdong, he was killed in an incident on the border between Guangxi and Guangdong. See Ji’an fu 吉安府 Yongfeng XZ (Shunzhi/1662), 5/48a; Yongfeng XZ (1874), 24/13a–b; Zhenjiang FZ (1685), 2/2a, 14/14a, 23/29a; Chongxiu Chongming XZ (1684), 5/18b–19a; Jiading XZ (1673), 3/11b; Xu Zi 徐鼒, Xiaotian jinian 小腆紀年, 16/13b–14a; Xu Shupi 徐樹丕, Shixiao lu 識小錄, 4/536; Gao Chengyan 高承埏, Chongzhen zhongjie lu 崇禎忠節錄, 30/14a. Ref. and studies: Congress Rare Books, 200. [TN, PEW] [QING A]

See also: Shoubang jinlüe 0983

Zhi Jing zhenglüe 治涇政略, 4 ce [Policies in Administering Jingyang] By Teng Yuanding 滕元鼎 (z. Meigeng 美羹), from Wanping 宛平 (Zhili) 1663 Ed.: – *[1663] ed. with prefs. by Yu Feihan 魚飛漢 (1663), Zhu Lüyi 竹緑猗 (1663), and author (1662). [Faxue suo] Rem.: The work is mentioned in some sources (see below) as Zai 宰

Jing zhenglüe. The documents collected were selected from Teng’s ar­ chive gathered during his term as magistrate of Jingyang 涇陽 (Shaanxi), starting in 1661. The first part (ce 1) includes pieces about local taxation and fiscal matters. The second (ce 2) focuses on local irrigation and water projects. The third (ce 3) is devoted to lawsuits and judicial mat­ ters. The fourth (ce 4) contains administrative documents about various local matters.

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1222

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Bio.: A native of Shuntian 順天 prefecture (i.e., Beijing), Teng Yuanding got the status of second-class tribute student at the 1642 Shuntian provin­ cial examination. His early career under Qing rule included serving as assis­ tant magistrate for irrigation (水利縣丞) in Kunshan 崑山 (Jiangsu) in early Shunzhi, and as registrar (主簿) in Tengxian 藤縣 and Qingping 清平 (both in Shandong), the last in 1652. He is mentioned as acting magistrate of Gaoling 高陵 (Shaanxi) in 1661, and became magistrate of Jingyang the same year (Jingyang gazetteers say “end of Shunzhi” 順治末). From Jingyang he was pro­ moted to department magistrate of Danzhou 儋州 in Qiongzhou 瓊州 prefec­ ture (Guangdong), in 1666. In 1673 he was called to the capital to be bureau vice-director in the Ministry of War. The latest post mentioned is inspector of the Yangzhou Grand Canal customs house (鈔關戶部分司) in 1678. See Fushan 福山 XZ (1763), 9A/72a; Kun Xin liangxian xuxiu hezhi 崑新兩縣續修合志 (1880), 16/20b; Teng XZ (1846), 1/20b; Gaoling XxuZ (1884), 2/1a; Jingyang XZ (1778), 5/12b; Dan ZZ (1704), 1/35b; Yangzhou FZ (1685), 14/34b. [CL] 0984

Mu’ai tang bian 牧愛堂編, 12 j. [A Collection of the Mu’ai Hall] By Zhao Jishi 趙吉士 (z. Tianyu 天羽, h. Hengfu 恒夫) (d. 1706) (jr. 1651), from Xiuning 休寧 (Anhui) 1673 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Gong Dingzi 龔鼎孳 (1669) and Li Wenzuan 李文纘 (1673), postf. by Chen Zhihao 陳之淏 (1673). [*Harvard] [*Beida] – *Photo-repro. of j. 7, 11, and 12, in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 10. – *Photo-repro. of j. 9–10, in Gudai bangwen gaoshi, vol. 4–5.

Rem.: An extremely dense collection of administrative papers and other pieces written by a model official who reformed abuses, eradi­ cated banditry, etc., during his 5 years as magistrate of Jiaocheng 交城 (Shanxi), beginning in 1668. J. 1–4 are composed of literary pieces (藝 文), such as prefaces, accounts, examination papers, letters, and so on, all related to Jiaocheng; j. 5–8 are composed of official reports (詳文) (j. 7 is devoted to cases of homicide and banditry); j. 9–10 include procla­ mations to the people (告諭); the entries in j. 11–12 are judicial decisions (參語). Each juan is introduced by a short author’s pref. and a table of contents divided into subcategories and listing the entries one by one. Bio.: When Zhao Jishi arrived at Jiaocheng—his first appointment—the re­ gion was in the grips of a rebellion. His first task was to organize local defense and devise policies to lure the “bandits” into submission through a combination

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0983–0985

1223

of persuasion and force. After these efforts, to which most of his QSG biog­ raphy is devoted, Zhao had positions of bureau secretary at the Ministry of Revenue, as a censor at the bureau of scrutiny for Revenue (戶科給事中), and at the National University, through at least 1693. See QSG, 476/12983–85; QSLZ, 74/11b–13a; Xiuning XZ (1693), 5/37b; Huizhou 徽州 FZ (1827), 12B/9a; Qingdai qibai, 1: 64–66; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Yamamoto, 61. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 98–99, reproduc­ ing captions of 61 judicial decisions in j. 11–12. [PEW] 0985

Shou He riji 守禾日紀, 6 j. [A Day-by-Day Account of Administering Jiaxing] By Lu Chongxing 盧崇興 (z. Dingqing 鼎卿, h. Zhandou 瞻斗), from Guangning 廣寧 (Fengtian) Ca. 1678 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by Hao Yulin 郝玉麟 (1739), postf. (後序) by the author’s grandson, Lu Zhuo 焯 (1739). [Ōki (title written 日記 in cat.)] – *1788 ed. published by the author’s great-grandson, Lu Song 盧崧, with cover-leaf indicating a “1740 new carving” (重雕) and stating “collated at the Zhejiang governor office’s Chengben tang” 兩浙撫署誠本堂校 訂, with pref. by Hao Yulin (1739), postfs. by Lu Zhuo (1739) and Lu Song (後跋, 1788). [Tōyō Bunko] – *Photo-repro. of j. 3 (1788 ed.), in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 2. – *Modern punctuated ed. in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 9, based on 1788 ed.

Rem.: An extremely informative collection of administrative pieces composed during the years 1675–78 while the author was prefect of Jiaxing 嘉興 (Zhejiang) (anciently Jiahe 嘉禾 commandery), a place re­ peatedly described in the work as difficult to govern because of its po­ sition at a crossroads, its heavy fiscal burden, and the unruliness of its inhabitants. During Lu’s tenure, circumstances were made particularly difficult by the ongoing operations against the rebel Geng Jingzhong 耿精忠, one of the “Three Feudatories,” and the general exhaustion of the populace. The work is meant to exemplify the efforts of a highly de­ voted and active official in this sort of environment. J. 1 consists of 23 pieces of various genres, on such subjects as the construction of schools and other buildings, taking care of refugees and other charitable enter­ prises, corvée labor, an examination scandal, rural militia and baojia, the correction of fiscal abuses, salt smuggling, criminal investigations,

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1224

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

and problems of tribute commutation. J. 2–3 consist of 55 proclamations (告示) to Lu’s subordinates and constituents; they include several de­ tailed pieces on yamen organization and rules, and discuss topics such as administrative discipline (吏治), fiscal administration and its many abuses, grain tribute (including, prominently, problems raised by the commutation of rice into silver at very high rates, as well as the impo­ sition of extortionate surcharges), local examinations, prison manage­ ment, infanticide, reform of baojia, pettifogging and false accusations, water transportation within the prefectural city, gentry tax delinquency, charitable schools, reforming shelters for the poor (養濟院), taking care of abandoned babies, controlling real estate transactions to prevent law­ suits, the postal service, the slaughtering of oxen and dogs, gambling, arresting bandits, controlling silversmiths and money-­changers. The emphasis is on the difficulties and abuses hampering most governmen­ tal functions, which the author endeavoured to correct. J. 4–6 consist of 188 judicial sentences (讞語), some quite extensive, concerning cases both criminal and civil. The documents quoted in the work are not dated. Lu Zhuo, the author’s grandson, was governor of Zhejiang when he wrote his postf. for a new engraving of the work, which had been transmitted to him by his father (see details below). In the 1788 ed. vari­ ous documents related to Lu Chongxing’s admission to the Temple of Eminent Statesmen (入名宦祀) in 1740 are appended.

Bio.: A bannerman from the Chinese Bordered Yellow Banner, Lu entered officialdom through the yin 廕 privilege. As prefect of Jiaxing from 1675 to 1678 he managed to protect the locals from the troops campaigning against Geng Jingzhong, and devoted much activity to education. (His previous position ap­ parently was in Hanyang 漢陽, Hubei.) After his tenure in Jiaxing he became Tai-Hai circuit intendant 分巡台海道, also in Zhejiang. Later he was pro­ moted to several higher positions in the provincial administrations of Anhui, Guangxi, and Jiangxi. Lu’s son was also prefect of Jiaxing during the Yongzheng period and is said to have used the present work as a model; likewise, he gave it as a model to his own son, Lu Zhuo, who had a new set of printing blocks engraved after he became governor of Zhejiang in 1738; he showed the work to Hao Yulin, then governor-general of Zhejiang and Fujian. Again, when Lu Chongxing’s great-grandson arrived in the region in 1788 with the position of salt intendant, he managed to retrieve about half the printing blocks and put out a new edition after filling out the set based on a surviving copy. This was a typical pattern of an administrative handbook being passed from father to son (子孫治譜). Besides the pref. and postfs., see Jiaxing FZ (1879), 36/37a, 42/57a (title is written Shou He riji 記); Renming quanwei.

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0985–0987

1225

Ref. and studies: Shiga, 7–8. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 101–3, listing the cap­ tions of the 188 judgments in j. 4–6. Yamamoto, 60. [PEW] 0986

Pengxian jilüe 烹鮮紀略, 2 ce [A Summary Account of Ruling for the Sake of the People] By Cui Mingzhuo 崔鳴鷟 (z. Ben’an 奔蓭) (js. 1661), from Neiqiu 內 邱 (Zhili) 1680 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. in 2 ce, unpaginated, with author’s pref. (1680). [Congress]

Rem.: An extremely valuable collection of administrative papers, such as judicial cases (事), communications (詳), judgments (判), and proclamations (示), written by the author as magistrate of Hejin 河津 (appointed in 1669), Yifeng 儀封 (apparently there by 1674), and Yanshi 偃師, all in Henan. The phrase pengxian in the title, which originates in the Laozi, means “to rule a state for the sake of the people.” The fairly concrete texts deliver a vivid picture of Henan in the process of posttransition reconstruction (several texts are devoted to efforts at rebuild­ ing infrastructures). The civil and criminal cases depicted in the judicial opinions submitted to the author’s superiors suggest a somewhat vio­ lent society. Several entries deal with the levies of materials and labor for dike construction on the Yellow River. The impact of military requisi­ tions during the Three Feudatories Rebellion is also mentioned. Bio.: After the magistracies mentioned above, Cui Mingzhuo was viceprefect of Chuzhou 處州 (Zhejiang) in 1683, prefect of Hengzhou 衡州 (Hunan) in 1689, and of Guangxin 廣信 (Jiangxi) in 1691; he died in this last post. See Xu Henan TZ (1767), 50/2a; Chuzhou FZ (1690), 3/4b; Hengyang 衡陽 XZ (1761), 6/9b; Guangxin FZ (1783), 10/21b. Ref. and studies: Yamamoto, 62. Yamamoto, “Shin Kōki no kohon kōtoku sanshu.” Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 100, providing the captions of 18 judgments. [PEW]

0987

Dongxing jilüe 東興紀略, 1 ce [Summary Account of Prosperity in Dongchang] By Wu Zhaorong 吴肇榮 (z. Zihua 子華), from Wuyuan 婺源 (Anhui) 1683 Ed.:

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1226

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

– Undated ed. with prefs. by Nan Zhuyuan 南洙源 (1683), Kong Yanyue 孔衍樾 (1683), and author (1683), postf. (跋) by Ma Shiji 馬世驥 (1684). [Beitu, no cover-leaf, first pages of pref. missing] – *Photo-repro. of above copy in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 10.

Rem.: This collection of documents, related to the author’s 1678–83 tenure as vice-prefect of Dongchang 東昌 (Shandong), with three stints as acting prefect, can be characterized as auto-celebratory: in Wu Zhaorong’s own words, the raison d’être of its publication was to adver­ tise the laudatory texts written or engraved on steles by local gentry—all of them jinshi and former officials—to celebrate his accomplishments. It begins with a series of “words offered on his departure” (贈言) re­ cording Wu’s deeds in his various capacities, followed by poems by numerous officials and gentry. Then comes the gongdu part per se (i.e., texts by Wu himself), with 4 sections, each including 3 or 4 items: (1) “Examples of governance” (政蹟), three essays on refurbishing vari­ ous public buildings; (2) “Itemized reports” (條詳), three reports to superiors, followed by rescripts, including a general account of the benefits to promote and abuses to eradicate in Dongchang, responding to a directive of the governor, and a request to forbid the widespread practice of false incrimination (圖賴); (3) “Proclamations” (牌示), deal­ ing with, e.g., baojia, abuses in the collection of tribute grain and land tax, and lawsuits; (4) “Decisions” (判語), with requests to the governor to honor virtuous citizens, and “Judgments” (讞語), containing judicial decisions submitted to the surveillance commissioner, some of them responding to earlier rejections. The work ends with the governor’s me­ morial recommending Wu’s promotion at the end of his tenure and with his four superiors’ appraisal for the 1682 general evaluation of provin­ cial officials (大計). An appendix features a short (and incomplete) text titled Wuling jilüe 武陵紀略, with prefs. by Zhan Ying 詹瑛 (1686) and Wu Zhaorong (1687), containing a few pieces dating to Wu’s short ten­ ure as prefect of Changde 常德 (Hunan), among them his plea for leave and a petition signed by a large number of local gentry asking that he be retained. Bio.: Wu Zhaorong attempted for 20 years in vain to pass the examinations, but was eventually sent to the capital as a tribute student; in 1678 he was ap­ pointed vice-prefect of Dongchang in exchange for a contribution (捐納補任). Apparently his seat was at Linqing 臨清, on the Grand Canal. He was in charge of preserving law and order, controlling troops involved in tribute transporta­ tion, and administering justice (the last being the duty of vice-prefects since

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1227

the removal of the office of prefectural judge). He was remarked upon by the Kangxi emperor during the latter’s 1684 Eastern Tour (東巡) and was promoted to prefect of Changde (Hunan), a forlorn place devastated by war and a striking contrast to Dongchang. He left after a few months on account of illness. Back from leave in 1695, he was appointed prefect of Anlu 安陸 (Hubei), where he stayed more than 10 years. Among other accomplishments he rebuilt the dikes that protected the counties downstream along the Han River. He was recom­ mended for a promotion to the capital but preferred to retire. Both Wu himself and his admirers praise his motto, “Exerting my heart to the utmost” (盡吾心). See Wu’s own pref. and the evaluation reproduced in the work; Wuyuan XZ (1925), 24/25a–b; Huizhou 徽州 FZ (1878), 12B/11b; Zhongxiang 鍾祥 XZ (1937), 17/15a–b. [PEW] 0988

Zhuguan chuzheng lu 珠官初政錄, 3 j. [Record of a Pearl-Official’s First Governance] By Yang Chang 楊昶 (z. Guangsheng 光生, h. Danyin 澹音) (js. 1670), from Longyou 龍遊 (Zhejiang) 1684 Ed.:

– *[1684] ed. by author (自刻), with prefs. by Lü Hualong 呂化龍 (1684) and Su Zhenglin 蘇蒸霖 (1684), postf. (跋) probably by Zhang Jingquan 張景銓 (copy damaged) (1684). [Beitu]

Rem.: An anthology of administrative pieces composed by Yang Chang while magistrate of Hepu 合浦 (Lianzhou 廉州 prefecture, Guangdong) between 1680 and 1684. According to chapter captions the texts were compiled (輯) by Zhang Jingquan (z. Huishan 會山). J. 1 is composed of communications (詳文), j. 2 of proclamations (文告); the appended j. 3, titled Zhuguan yanshu lu 讞書錄, consists of judicial sentences, both criminal and civil. The main title’s phrase “zhuguan” alludes to a model prefect of Hepu in the Later Han period who revived the local pearl trade by ending his predecessor’s exactions (see Hou Han shu, 76/2473). The communications in j. 1 insist on the general dereliction and insecurity in Hepu in the wake of the Three Feudatories Rebellion, with detailed descriptions. Several pieces deal with fiscal and financial affairs; at one point Yang asks for the termination of the maritime prohibition (海禁) to help improving the local economy. In all, this is a detailed and some­ times striking picture of a post-rebellion Guangdong coastal county and

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of rehabilitation efforts by a particularly active official (who at one point asks for being discharged because he is too sick). The proclamations in j. 2, addressed to the students and to the population, contain the usual encouragements and prohibitions, dealing with popular improvidence, the students’ arrogant or indolent behavior, the slaughtering of oxen, famine refugees, gambling, baojia, protection against piracy, bad cus­ toms, and so forth. The judicial cases in j. 3 are likewise illustrative of local conditions.

Bio.: Hepu apparently was Yang Chang’s first assignment, 9 years after his jinshi. In 1686 he was promoted to bureau secretary in the Ministry of Personnel. See Guangzhou 廣州 FZ (1756), 13/50a–b. Ref. and studies: Yamamoto, 62. Yamamoto, “Shin Kōki no kohon kōtoku sanshu.” Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 103–4, listing the captions of the 45 judg­ ments in j. 3. [GRT, PEW] 0989

Beiyuan tiaolüe 備員條略 [Itemized Policies from a Powerless Official] By Guo Xiu 郭琇 (z. Ruiqing 瑞卿, h. Huaye 華野) (1638–1715) (js. 1670), from Jimo 即墨 (Shandong) 1685 Ed.:

– *Undated (Kangxi-period) ed. [Beitu] – Appended to Guo Huaye xiansheng shugao 郭華野先生疏稿 (1735), to­ gether with biographical materials. [Univ. of Washington] Rem.: A report on “abuses that have not yet been eradicated” (未除之 弊) sent in 1685 to the governor of Jiangsu, Tang Bin 湯斌, by the magis­ trate of Wujiang 吳江, Guo Xiu. By itself, this text hardly seems to qualify

as a handbook. However, the very fact that Guo had it printed makes it a sort of gongdu reduced to one single document—a fairly long and detailed piece implying both a profound knowledge of the technicalities of local government in Jiangsu and a deep commitment to improving the situation on the part of a magistrate six years in the post; thus, a model document by a model official. The ten “abuses” listed concern such domains as tax procedures, numerous “contributions” required from magistrates as well as transfers of funds (賠墊) to meet the govern­ ment’s requirements (notably for the military), the postal system, com­ plicities between bandit leaders and yamen personnel and soldiers, tax farming (包攬) practices involving administrative personnel and local ruffians, the judicial system, and more. The text concludes with two

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1229

proposals, of which one (concerning salary reductions for magistrates of busy regions who made administrative mistakes) is said to have been accepted.

Bio.: Guo Xiu was appointed to Wujiang in 1679 and stayed eight years. He is said to have been uncompromising with superiors, and in particular to have re­ sisted the extortionate demands of the military. His biography in the Wujiang gazetteer does mention the report on “Ten abuses and two proposals” (十弊二 可) he addressed to Tang Bin. On Tang’s recommendation he was promoted to the Jiangnan circuit of the Censorate (1686); he became censor-in-chief in 1688 and made many enemies by his denunciations of powerful officials. He was wrongly attacked for his past administration of Wujiang and condemned to exile, but public protestation led the emperor to pardon him and send him back home (1691). During his 1699 Southern Tour the Kangxi emperor was informed of the truth, and Guo was rehabilitated and appointed governorgeneral of Huguang; in 1703 he was again censured for having reported spuri­ ous victories against the Hunan Miao, and cashiered. See QSG, 270/10003–06; QSLZ, 10/42b–45b; BZJ, 68/1a; Wujiang XZ (1747), 23/69a–70a; Qingdai qibai, 1:49–51; ECCP, 436–7 Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 史, 2:1104. [PEW] 0990

Weixin bian erji 未信編二集, 6 j. [An Unreliable Treatise, Second Series] By Shi Hong 施宏 (h. Yu’an 裕菴), from Yanshan 燕山 [Beijing]; se­ lected and edited (選定) by Pan Biaocan 潘杓燦 (z. Yueshan 月山, Xiangcheng 象承, h. Qieting shanren 且亭山人), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1688 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with fanli by Pan Biaocan (1688); title at beginning of fanli: Xuanding weixin bian erji; running title: Weixin bian. [*Faxue suo, punctu­ ated with small red circles, as a set with Bu Weixin bian and Weixin bian (qq.v.)] [*Jimbun, as a set with Weixin bian and Bu Weixin bian] [*Ōki, as a set with Bu Weixin bian (q.v.)] – *Undated ed. with pref. by Fu Ganding 傅感丁 (“to Weixin bian,” 1688) and fanli by Pan Biaocan (1688). [ZKT] – Photo-repro. of j. 3–4 (proclamations), in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 9. – *Photo-repro. of j. 5–6 (judgments), in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 10.

Rem.: A large and extremely rich collection of draft public papers (仕稿) dating from Shi Hong’s magistracy at Lin’an 臨安 (Zhejiang),

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1685–88; selected and edited by Pan Biaocan, the author of Weixin bian (q.v.), who was from Qiantang, also in Hangzhou prefecture. In the fanli, Pan expresses the hope that his selection will be “trusted by superiors and enlightening to those below” (事期信上曉下). Each chapter has a detailed mulu, and the title of each piece appears in the central margin. J. 1 (申移部, 27 items) contains communications with the author’s supe­ riors and friends; j. 2 (牌檄部, 40 items), contains directives to the clerks, village chiefs, and the population; j. 3–4 (告示部, 45 and 42 items), is di­ vided between proclamations to county underlings and to the populace; j. 5–6 (讞語部, 73 and 62 items) contains judgments. The didactic intent throughout is in evidence in the mulu of j. 1, for example, where the title of almost every communication is followed by a few words in smaller type emphasizing the nature or significance of the contents. Among the editorial principles he exposes in the fanli, Pan Biaocan explains that some documents have been edited in order not to embarrass local no­ tables; he also tried to avoid redundancies among the sections through a system of cross-reference. The contents of the work add up to an ex­ tremely detailed account of how local administration could be run by an activist magistrate.

Bio.: The only indication about Shi Hong, found in Fu Ganding’s pref., is that he was the scion of a famous family of Beijing 燕山名裔也; in the Hangzhou gazetteer he is said to be from Shuntian 順天 (i.e., Beijing), without any further details. See Hangzhou FZ (Qianlong), 65/34a. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 8. Yamamoto, 62. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 106–7, reproducing the captions of all the judgments in j. 5–6. [PEW] 0991

Li Meng pingzheng lu 蒞蒙平政錄, 2 j. [A Record of Peaceful Governance in Mengyin] By Chen Chaojun 陳朝君 (z. Tiruo 惕若) (js. 1682), from Hancheng

韓城 (Shaanxi)

1689 Ed.:

– 1689 ed. [Liaoning] – *Photo-repro. of apparently same ed., with author’s pref. (1689), in GZSJC, vol. 2.

Rem.: Administrative advice by the author based on his experiences as magistrate of Mengyin 蒙陰 (present-day Tai’an 泰安, Shandong). He writes in his pref. that the moral education he had received, though

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1231

valuable, did not prepare him for the practical challenges faced in Mengyin, a region of few natural resources, many social problems, and much poverty. (The time and place are close to those of Fuhui quanshu [q.v.].) His stated purpose is to help other officials succeed in similarly difficult situations. Each of the two chapters has a table of contents. In j. 1, a series of reflections on the moral and administrative responsibili­ ties of magistrates is followed by several dozen sample documents deal­ ing with sundry administrative topics in the form of official reports to superiors (詳文), official dispatches (牒文), and public proclamations (告示). J. 2 is composed entirely of reports to superiors, public procla­ mations, and reports of judicial investigations (審語). All documents are concerned with either fiscal or judicial matters, including land manage­ ment, census, natural disasters, forestry, care of the poor, litigation, and the prosecution and punishment of crime.

Bio.: Said to be a model of filial piety living in a three-generation house­ hold in his native Hancheng, Chen Chaojun passed his jinshi 13 years after his juren. After his tenure in Mengyin he was promoted to bureau secretary in the Ministry of Revenue, and later became bureau director. He ended his career as Henan education commissioner in 1700–02. See Hancheng XZ (1784), 5/31b, 6/21b–22a. Ref. and studies: Yamamoto, 62. [NP] 0992

Yunyang zhenglüe 雲陽政略, 6 j. [A Brief Account of Policies at Chaling] By Yi Sigong 宜思恭 (z. Yunsu 允肅, h. Sheng’an 省菴) (1658–1720), from Xiangping 襄平 (i.e. Liaoyang 遼陽, Liaoning) 1690 Ed.:

– *[1690] Lingyan shuwu 靈巖書屋 ed., with prefs. by Chen Huangyong 陳黃永 (1690), Wu Biao 吳標 (1690), and Zhou Shiyi 周士儀 (1690). [ZKT] – Photo-repro. of j. 5 (proclamations), from the ed. above, in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 6.

Rem.: A rich collection of administrative documents by the depart­ ment magistrate of Yunyang, i.e. Chaling 茶陵州 (Changsha 長沙 pre­ fecture, Hunan), 1684–91, where he faced difficulties caused by recent devastation from the Three Feudatories Rebellion, famine, and unruly locals. The compilation was assembled from Yi’s drafts after his de­ parture by local notables (the names appear in the chapter captions) eager to celebrate his admirable policies and make them a model

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

(模範) throughout the empire. A note on the cover-leaf indicates that this is only a partial selection, omitting drafts that have been dispersed as well as documents that might embarrass the local gentry. J. 1 (詳文) has 12 reports on local administrative problems. The very long j. 2 (103 folios) includes 56 reports (招詳) on judicial affairs, many responding to the higher authorities’ demands for revision. J. 3 (讞語) contains 59 judgements. J. 4 (雜文) features 8 texts, including several prayers for rain. J. 5 consists of some 30 proclamations (告示), dealing with top­ ics such as forbidding administrative surcharges (陋規), organizing baojia and other security measures, encouraging students to work hard, combating superstitions, prohibiting gambling, and surveying the land. J. 6 contains a dozen texts related to Yi’s acting magistracy at You county 攸縣, where he served five months. Bio.: According to Zhou Shiyi’s pref., although Yi Sigong was of Chinese an­ cestry, he belonged to the Manchu banners. Other sources indicate that his father Yi Yonggui 永貴, who followed the Manchus in China at the time of the conquest and became governor of Southern Jiangxi, then of Fujian, during the 1650s was a Chinese bannerman. Yi’s elder brother, a banner commander (都統), had previously been to Chaling, where he had reestablished order. Yi Sigong became department magistrate of the place through the yin 廕 privi­ lege. Later he served with distinction as prefect and intendant in Zhili, whence he was promoted administration commissioner of Jiangsu in 1704. In 1709 he was cashiered following accusations of financial impropriety. These, according to his successor Chen Pengnian 陳鵬年 (author of his BZJ biography), were entirely due to the jealousy of colleagues. In 1718 he was pardoned and ap­ pointed administration commissioner of Henan, then governor of Guangxi; he died in post in 1720. See QSG, 201/7600–02; Guochao qixian leizheng, 169/13a; BZJ, 68/16a–17b. Ref. and studies: Yamamoto, 62. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 104–105, repro­ ducing the captions of all communications and judgments in j. 2–3. [PEW]

0993

Zhejiang Shanyin Xu Jing’an xiansheng zhi Hua ji 浙江山陰徐荊菴先 生治華集, 4 ce [A Collection on the Government of Huarong by Mr Xu Jing’an from Shanyin, Zhejiang]

By Xu Yuanyu 徐元禹 (h. Jing’an 荊菴), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1691 Ed.: – Undated ms. ed. [Location unknown]

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1233

Rem.: Administrative correspondence of the author while magistrate of Huarong 華容 (Hunan) during the Three Feudatories Rebellion.

Bio.: Xu Yuanyu had the status of tribute student by purchase (例貢). He in fact became Huarong magistrate in 1679, “right after the Wu [Sangui] rebels had been pacified” (時吳逆甫平), and during his first years in post worked hard at resettling people, rebuilding dikes, opening new land, and rehabilitating public buildings and infrastructures. Later he seems to have spent much time (“most of his time” according to one source) in Changsha assisting the pro­ vincial authorities in administering military supplies or managing monetary affairs, while handling Huarong business “from afar,” but with much care. He stayed in the post until 1691. He seems to have been quite popular, and in 1823 his tablet was entered into the Huarong shrine of eminent statesmen (名宦 祠). Xu’s only known other position is assistant prefect of Hejian 河間 (Zhili); in 1694, during his tenure, he was appointed acting magistrate of Wen’an 文安, which was suffering from flooding and where he proposed a set of relief policies. See Huarong XZ (1760), 5/13b–14a, 24b; Huarong XZ (1882), 8/30a–b; Hejian FZ (1760), 7/22b; Wen’an XZ (1703), 3/46a–47a; Qing shilu: Xuanzong, 62/20b. Ref. and studies: Ma, 140 (Qinghua). [PEW] 0994

Qiuchu ji 求芻集, 2 ce [Looking for Trifles] By Ye Sheng 葉晟 (z. Songtao 松濤, Yuanhou 遠侯) (1645–1733), from Xiuning 休寧 (Anhui) 1691 Ed.: – *Undated ed. without cover-leaf, pref. or mulu, with postf. (後序) by Yue Li 岳立 (1691). [Faxue suo] – *Modern punctuated ed. based on above ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 9.

Rem.: This neatly edited and printed work consists of proclama­ tions (告諭) (fasc. 1) and judgments (讞語) (fasc. 2) delivered by the author while magistrate of Mei county 郿縣 (Fengxiang 鳳翔 prefec­ ture, Shaanxi) from 1686 to 1691. The time and place are revealed in a dossier reproduced after the judgements, dated 1691, recommending Ye Sheng for a position at the capital. The proclamations deal with such classic topics as xiangyue lectures, discouraging lawsuits, prohibiting gambling, encouraging agriculture and irrigation, discouraging the use of grain for alcohol-making, as well as more technical matters such as tax administration (several items), the suppression of lougui 陋規 and

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

other surcharges, abuses during five-year censuses, control of local mar­ kets by unlicensed brokers, and more. The judgments (all introduced by shende 審得) mostly concern “civil” cases, i.e. conflicts about property, inheritance, marriage, and so forth, but they also include several cases of suicide and theft. According to the postf. author, a Meixian native who introduces himself as a disciple (門下) of Ye Sheng and assembled his papers to celebrate his good government, about which he provides detailed information (with figures), contrary to many inexperienced be­ ginners Ye did not entrust his decisions and actions to servants or pri­ vate secretaries, and wrote all his proclamations and judgments himself. The same postf. claims that Ye was too poor to pay for the engraving of the anthology; thus it was reduced by 60 or 70 percent, which explains its comparatively small size. Even so, the work provides interesting in­ sights about a region that had greatly suffered from the dynastic transi­ tion troubles. The requests and Ye’s evaluation in the appended dossier are signed by the prefect of Fengxiang and the provincial authorities of Shaanxi. Bio.: The “Demand for promotion from the prefect of Fengxiang” (鳳翔府 為請旨行取事) appended to the work indicates that at the end of 1690 Ye was

recommended in response to a search for suitable magistrates who could be appointed censors. Although due to a minor problem Ye had not been cat­ egorized as “outstanding” (卓異), he was highly commended for integrity, competence, care for the people, absence of tax arrears, etc. According to the evaluation of his performance included in the document—which reads like a list of the policies and behaviors advocated in magistrate handbooks—Ye, aged 46 at the time, had been accepted on the supplementary list (副榜) at the 1672 Jiangnan provincial examination—his status was “second-class tribute student” (副貢)—and was appointed educational official (教諭) of Dangshan 碭山 (Xuzhou 徐州 prefecture, Jiangsu) in 1677, then became magistrate of Meixian in 1686. Together with recommendees from other provinces, he was received at an audience by the Kangxi emperor in the last days of 1691/92 and appointed as a ministry official (以部屬用). From his post of bureau secretary at the Ministry of Revenue he was promoted vice-director, and acquired a reputation for clearing up the bureau’s documents and preventing subaltern personnel from manipulating them. He spent his last thirty years at home and died aged 89. Also see Xiuning XZ (1815), 13/48b–49a. Ref. and studies: Yamamoto, 62. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 107, listing the captions of 26 judgments. [PEW]

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1235

0994–0995 0995

Yuezhou linmin lu 越州臨民錄, 1 + 4 j. [A Record of Attending to the People in Shaoxing] By Li Duo 李鐸 (z. Tianmin 天民), from Tieling 鐵嶺 (Fengtian) 1692 Ed.:

– *[1692] ed. with prefs. by Ma Rulong 馬如龍 (1691), Yang Yongjian 楊雍建 (1691), Lao Zhibian 勞之辨 (1691), Jiang Xizhe 姜希轍 (1691), Mao Qiling 毛奇齡 (1691), Zhang Xiliang 張希良 (1690), Wei Xuecheng 魏學誠 (1691), Lu Chao 魯超 (1691), and Lu Desheng 魯德升 (1692). [ZKT] – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Yang Yongjian (1691), Ma Rulong (1691), Lao Zhibian (1691), Jiang Xizhe (1691), Mao Qiling (1690), and Zhang Xiliang (1690), contents in part different (see below). [Columbia]

Rem.: This very rich collection of public documents is framed as the celebration of a model prefect by means of an exceptionally long series of laudatory prefs., and a j. 首 consisting of memorials of recommen­ dation by his superiors (dated early 1692), together with a biographi­ cal essay by one of them, Zhejiang administration commissioner Ma Rulong (dated 7th month, 1692; for Ma, see under Fu Yu wengao; like Li, Ma had been remarked by the Kangxi emperor when the latter visited Zhejiang in 1689). Ma is reported to have been the initiator and funder of the publication in response to locals’ demands after two years of Li’s good government; eight collators, all local notables, are mentioned. The texts insist on Li’s integrity, sincerity, competence, activism, combina­ tion of sternness and humanity, and so forth; as one author puts it, “His sayings and deeds are a model of how to attend to the people (臨民之 模範).” J. 1, titled wenji 文記 (69 folios), might be described as an ac­ count of the cultural impact of the state as inscribed in the landscape: it consists of essays on various temples, academies, shrines, steles, and public buildings across the prefecture; there are also two stele texts on official duties and behavior, titled “Juguan zhengyao ming” 居官政要銘 and “Xiushen jieyao ming” 修身節要銘, respectively. J. 2, titled jiwen 祭 文 (34 folios), features texts on various sacrifices and public rituals. J. 3, titled xinpai 信牌 (100 folios), consists of directives and correspondence, mostly with the magistrates subordinate to Shaoxing; subjects include, among others, capturing local bullies, prohibiting tax farming (包攬), propagating the Saint Edict, building warships, charitable schools, cur­ rency problems, famine relief, commissioning local maps, fiscal policies, and a prohibition to build “living shrines” (生祠) to celebrate Li; the final

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

entry recapitulates the author’s directives of the past three years on a vast number of subjects, ordering the magistrates to send him itemized accounts of how they implemented them and expressing his worries about the bad effect of the high turnover of magistrates on continuity of governance. J. 4 consists of proclamations (告示, 75 folios) on the same subjects and more, including many pieces on social customs. The ed. at Columbia is partly different: the prefaces by Wei Xuecheng, Lu Chao, and Lu Decheng are missing, there is no j. 首, j. 1 is entitled “stele texts” (碑記, 27 folios), j. 2–4 bear the same titles but are of different length (16, 53, and 137 folios, respectively). All the pieces are dated with precision.

Bio.: According to Ma Rulong’s biographical sketch and to the prefs., Li Duo hailed from Tieling in Liaodong; one of his forebears, Li Chengliang 成良, from Ningyuan 寧遠, had been a general during the Wanli period of the Ming, and his father served the Manchus before the conquest. Li was therefore a Chinese bannerman. He was a bureau director at the Ministry of War when he was ap­ pointed prefect of Shaoxing. His biography in Shaoxing FZ (1792), 43/49b–50a, implies that despite his qualities and popularity he was not without defects. In 1692 he was transferred to Hangzhou by special edict (see under Wulin linmin lu for a similar anthology devoted to his tenure there). Later he was demoted for some mistakes; at the time of his death he was acting department magis­ trate of Ba department 霸州 (Zhili). Ref. and Studies: Yamamoto, 60 Bibliography entries for same author: Wulin linmin lu. [PEW] 0996

Shou Ning xingzhi lu 守寧行知錄, 28 j. [A Record of Acting Upon One’s Knowledge as Prefect of Ningbo] By Zhang Xingyao 張星耀 (z. Zizhao 紫昭), from Xushui 徐水 (Zhili) 1694 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated (Kangxi-period) ed. with author’s pref. (1694). [Beitu] Rem.: Administrative reports (詳文, j. 1–8), judicial sentences (讞語, j. 9–20), proclamations and directives (示檄, j. 21–26), and miscellanea (雜文, j. 27–28), composed by the author during his seven years (1688– 95) as prefect of Ningbo 寧波 (Zhejiang). The fanli specifies that only

communications dealing with the state’s resources and the population’s livelihood (國計民生) have been included; as for proclamations and di­ rectives, they belong to the same category since every proclamation to

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1237

0995–0997

the people is matched by a corresponding directive to the bureaucracy. The title of the work is based on a saying of Zengzi 曾子 in the Liji to the effect that “Acting upon one’s knowledge ensures glory and greatness” (行其所知則廣大矣).

Bio.: The author’s place of origin indicated at the end of the pref. is Wusui 武遂, probably Xushui 徐水 (Zhili). The list of officials in Ningbo FZ (1733, rev. 1741) indicates that he was in post from 1688 to 1695, and was a tribute student (貢生) from Zhili (see 16B/6b). He is not included among the biographies of “eminent officials” (名宦). Ref. and studies: Ma, 122 (Beiping). Guji shanben, 史, 2:1102. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 107–9, reproducing the captions of the judgments in j. 9–20. Yamamoto, 60. [SWF, PEW]

0997

Wulin linmin lu 武林臨民錄, 1 + 4 j. [A Record of Attending to the People in Hangzhou] By Li Duo 李鐸 (z. Tianmin 天民), from Tieling 鐵嶺 (Fengtian) 1695 Ed.:

– [1695] ed. with prefs. by Du Zhen 杜臻 (1695), Xu Chao 徐潮 (1695), Gu Zuzhong 顧祖榮 (1695), Mao Qiling 毛奇齡 (1695), and Wang Fengcai 王風采 (1695). [Beitu]

Rem.: A collection similar to Yuezhou linmin lu (q.v.), correspond­ ing to Li Duo’s tenure as prefect of Hangzhou 杭州, 1692–95. Eight Hanlin scholars are listed as collators (較閱). Du Zhen’s pref. stresses that Hangzhou is a major prefecture of interregional importance, com­ parable to Shuntian, Xi’an, or Nanjing, therefore requiring exceptional talent and energy to administer. For him the two anthologies of Li’s ad­ ministrative papers are the equivalent of “a government manual and an admirable guide for prefects” (以為二千石政譜良法). The structure of the work is the same as in the Shaoxing anthology. J. 首 contains a memorial by the Zhejiang governor recommending Li as “outstanding” (卓異) as well as the Ministry of Personnel’s approval (1694), and a bio­ graphical essay by Xiao Weiyu 蕭惟豫 (1695). J. 1, titled Wenji 文記, con­ sists of accounts, steles, and essays by Li. J. 2, titled Xinpai 信牌, contains directives, orders, and prohibitions directed at the officials and subal­ tern personnel of Hangzhou and its subordinate counties regarding a wide range of administrative matters. The long j. 3 (3 ce out of 8), titled

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Gaoshi 告示, is composed of proclamations to administrative personnel and, especially, to the Hangzhou population; they deal with every sort of subject, including issues peculiar to Hangzhou such as maintaining peaceful relations between the Chinese population and the Manchus of the Tartar City (協睦旗民) or taking care of the candidates convening to pass the provincial examination (安全鄉試士子). J. 4, titled Xiangyan 詳讞, is devoted to judicial documents such as judgments, investigation reports, communications, and more. Each juan has a detailed mulu, and each entry is dated by the day.

Bio.: See under Yuezhou linmin lu. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:148. Yamamoto, 60. Bibliography entries for same author: Yuezhou linmin lu. [PEW] 0998

Lin Ting kaoyan 臨汀考言, 18 j. [Examining Sayings from a Tenure in Tingzhou] By Wang Tinglun 王廷掄 (z. Jian’an 簡菴), from Zezhou 澤州 (Shanxi) 1700 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Song Luo 宋犖 (1700) and Wang Wei 汪薇 (1699). [ZKT, *Photo-repro. at Jimbun] – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 8, vol. 21.

Rem.: Administrative documents from a four-year tenure as prefect of Tingzhou 汀州 (Fujian), a position the author assumed in 1695 or 1696 (depending on the source), staying through 1702. According to the prefs., Wang gave priority to reforming customs and improving the ways of the local students; he also had the course of the local river stabilized, toured the countryside during spring to encourage agriculture, and rehabili­ tated local cultural sites. Song’s preface makes reference to the present emperor’s care for administrative discipline and “investigation of deeds and examination of sayings” (詢事考言); both prefs. cite Xue Xuan as a model (see under Xue Wenqing gong congzheng lu). The texts collect­ ed include steles (碑文, j. 1), prayers (?) ([示+集], possibly for 𥛲, j. 2), poems (詩, j. 3–5), reports (詳議, j. 6–7), judgments (審讞, j. 8–15, mostly criminal cases), directives (檄示, j. 16–17), and answers to requests (批 答, j. 18). The mulu indicates the content of each document. All domains of administration are covered, the work being a rich source on the soci­ ety, economy, and administration of the region in the late seventeenth century.

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0997–0999

1239

Bio.: A son and grandson of virtuous local notables, Wang Tinglun started his career as a National University student (太學生), so presumably by pur­ chase. His first assignment was assistant prefect (通判) of Qingzhou 青州 (Shandong). In 1668 his contribution to suppressing bandits earned him a promotion to bureau vice-director in the Ministry of Revenue. Later he was promoted to director, and from this post was appointed prefect of Tingzhou. His tenure at Tingzhou, which started during a severe scarcity, is celebrated in the local gazetteers for his many accomplishments, including in rebuilding infrastructures. According to his biography in the Fengtai 鳳臺 gazetteer (see below), he was friends with Wang Shizhen 王士禛/正 (see under Yuyang shanren shoujing) and helped print Wang’s Chibei outan 池北偶談 during his tenure in Fujian, while in turn Wang prefaced Lin Ting kaoyan, but this preface is not found in the copy seen. In 1703 Wang Tinglun was appointed salt intendant (鹽法道) in Shandong and was several times acting surveillance commissioner. In 1706 he returned home on mourning leave, and while there contributed to relieve famine victims. He died, reportedly of exhaustion, at age 56. See Fengtai XZ (1784), 8/34b–35a; Changting 長汀 XZ (1782), 16/16b; Tingzhou FZ (1867), 20/25b. Ref. and studies: Yamamoto, 61. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 114–6, listing the captions of the judgments in j. 8–15. Miki, “Shindai zenki no Fukken Teishū fu shakai.” [PEW] 0999

Fengling wuri lu 封陵五日錄, 10 or 11 + 1 j. [Record of a Short Tenure in Guangxi] By Jia Pu 賈樸 (z. Su’an 素庵, h. Shenzhan 慎旃), from Gucheng 故城 (Zhili); documents selected (選) by Shen Qian 沈謙 Ca. 1700 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., without pref., unpaginated, no chapter numbers ex­ cept for j. 1 (they total 11 + 1), written very carefully; a few notes or correc­ tions inserted in red ink. [Congress] – 1704 ed. [ZKT, not in cat.] – 1868 Weiyin wushui bieshu 惟飲吳水別墅 ed. in 10 j. [ZKT] – Photo-repro. of a litho. ed. in 12 j., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1988 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan sanbian, ser. 46, vol. 451).

Rem.: An extremely rich and detailed collection of administrative documents by an official who was acting prefect of Si’en 思恩 (Guangxi) for a few months in 1699–1700. (Fengling was a county created by the

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1240

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Tang in present-day Guangxi and abolished by the Song; wuri in the title is an allusion to an anecdote from the Han period and means a tenure that was too short for long-term plans.) Much of the contents concern severe trouble in neighboring Tianzhou aborigine department 田州土州 caused by feuds within the local family of hereditary officials (土司); preceding Jia Pu, a succession of three prefects in two years had been unable to cope with the situation. Each juan is devoted to a particular type of document: (1) reports to superiors (申詳); (2) directives to aborig­ ine officials and people, subordinate personnel, etc. (牌檄); (3) letters to superiors (稟啟), including purely formal letters; (4) dispatches and other communications (牒移); (5) endorsements and rejections (批駁), some dealing with ordinary judiciary cases; (6) orders to subordinates, both ethnic Han and aborigine (札諭); (7) proclamations to officials and people (告示), some dealing with such minutiae of administration as the quality of paper to be used by aborigine officials for petitions; (8) judicial opinions on criminal cases (看讞); (9) private letters (柬牘); (10) drafts prepared for colleagues (代稿) and varia (雜著), the latter including a set of “Eight songs sent to Qiong for exhorting the people” (寄瓊勸民歌八條) that Jia sent to a cousin who was prefect of Qiongzhou on Hainan Island; and (11) poems (詩詞). An appendix (附錄) with a pe­ tition from citizens of Si’en asking that Jia Pu be maintained in his post, and a draft memorial by governor Peng Peng 彭鵬 in response to a 1701 edict asking several dignitaries to nominate meritorious officials for pro­ motion; Jia Pu is one cited and is praised for integrity. Bio.: A tribute student (貢生), Jia Pu started his career in the Southwest in 1684 with an appointment as assistant prefect of Liuzhou (柳州同知) in Guangxi, where he is said to have made a reputation for himself as an admin­ istrator. At the time of his Si’en acting prefectship he still had the rank of as­ sistant prefect of Siming prefecture (思明府同知), but was appointed ranking prefect after his successful handling of the situation at Tianzhou. Following Peng Peng’s recommendation he was appointed prefect of Suzhou 蘇州 (Jiangsu). He was singled out for his integrity by the Kangxi emperor on the occasion of the 1707 Southern Tour, and promoted to the rank of intendant and assistant administration commissioner, though he was concurrently left in charge of affairs in Suzhou in response to the local inhabitants’ entreaties. In 1710 he fell victim to a bitter dispute between governor-general Gali 噶禮 and governor Zhang Boxing 張伯行 and was dismissed after being censured by the former. He stayed three more years in Suzhou and died soon after returning home. See QSG, 476/12988; Xu Shichang 徐世昌, Da Qing Jifu xianzhe zhuan 大 清畿輔先哲傳 (Tianjin, 1917), 31/3a–4b.

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0999–1000

1241

Ref. and studies: Congress Rare Books, 201–2; according to the entry the text was part of an unpublished family congshu titled Gucheng Jia shi gongzihou zhai congshu 故城賈氏躬自厚齋叢書. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 121, list­ ing the captions of 17 judicial opinions (審看) and 4 judgments (讞語) in j. 7. Yamamoto, 60 (1704 ed.). [PEW] 1000

Feixiang zhenglüe 肥鄉政略, 4 j. [An Account of Policies at Feixiang] By Fan Dashi 范大士 (z. Liangqi 兩奇, h. Zhuocun 拙存), from Rugao 如皋 (Jiangsu) 1701 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by Wang Qian 王謙 (1701). [Beitu (first page missing)]

Rem.: Administrative pieces composed by the author during two years (1699–1701) as magistrate of Feixiang (Zhili), a post from which he resigned following his mother’s demise (內艱) despite his constitu­ ents’ supplications; he gave this “account of government” (政略) in 4 j. to the author of the pref. (who signs as bureau director at the Ministry of Revenue) while he was on his way back home. The 4 juan are de­ voted to reports to his superiors (申詳), judicial opinions (看語), proc­ lamations (告示), and miscellaneous matters (雜文), respectively. The pieces in the rather long j. 4 include, among many others, a lengthy com­ mentary to the Penal Code in vernacular language (titled Lüli jianming zhujie 律例簡明註解 and limited to the main sections in the “Justice” part [刑律]), promulgated by a certain governor Li 李 to dissuade peo­ ple from committing crimes and printed by Fan for distribution in his county (4/6a–17a). In general the texts in this collection, written in sim­ ple language and often substantial, deliver a fairly detailed picture of the administrative and social problems of this particular place in the early Qing.

Bio.: According to the pref. the author was a descendant of the famous Fan Zhongyan 范仲淹 (989–1052) (宋文正公). A tribute student (貢生) with the qualification of “classicist” (明經) at the National University, he was ap­ pointed instructor (教諭) in Tianchang 天長 (Anhui) in 1691, then magistrate of Feixiang. He became magistrate of Maping 馬平 (Guangxi) in 1705, then was promoted vice-director at the Ministry of Revenue and later director at the Ministry of War. Due to his reputation in the ministries he was appointed pre­ fect of Wuzhou 梧州 (Guangxi) by special edict, a post he assumed in 1717. See

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Rugao XZ (1808), 17/53a; Feixiang XZ (1867), 24/6b; Guangping 廣平 FZ (1894), 45/9b. Ref. and studies: Yamamoto, 63. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 116–7, citing the captions of 20 judgments in j. 2. [PEW] 1001

Wenxin ji 問心集, 6 + 6 j. [A Collection of Documents Asking After the People’s Hearts] By (Changbai) Li Siquan 長白李斯佺 (z. Songke 松客), from Changshan 長山 (Shandong) 1702 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Chen Chaoyan 陳朝儼 (1702) and author (n.d.). [LSS]

Rem.: The four well-produced thick fasc. are divided into two parts, comprising six juan each, with separate mulu, featuring documents pro­ duced by the author as prefect of Dali 大理 (Yunnan) and Jianning 建寧 (Fujian), respectively. (The prefs. are at the beginning of the first part.) Chen Chaoyan’s pref. insists on the didactic value of the collection as a model for future officials and discusses the peculiar duties and influ­ ence of prefects; it uses several times the phrase on which the title of the work is based: to “model one’s heart on the people’s hearts” (以百姓 之心為心). The six chapters in the part devoted to Dali are composed of extremely informative and detailed administrative papers, including correspondence with various administrative levels, circulars, proclama­ tions, orders, etc.; they are devoted to fiscal matters, justice (with cases ranging from property conflicts to homicides), salt administration and irrigation, the postal system, schools, and varia, respectively. The part on Jianning deals with fiscal matters (j. 1–2, including several valuable entries on the lijia system), justice (j. 3–4), education (j. 5), and a rich array of varia.

Bio.: Li Siquan, apparently a Chinese bannerman, became a “student by pro­ tection” thanks to an uncle’s death in action (由難廕生). He started as magis­ trate of Gaochun 高淳 (Jiangsu) in 1681, where he rebuilt a large polder that had broken down and caused inundation. In 1684 he was promoted to depart­ ment magistrate of Maozhou 茂州 (Sichuan), where he successfully dealt with hostile aborigines. In 1693, after a stint at the capital as bureau vice-director at the Ministry of Revenue and director at the Ministry of Justice, he was made prefect of Dali, where he earned the evaluation “outstanding” (卓異). After mourning his mother he was appointed prefect of Jianning. He composed the Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1000–1002

1243

Wenxin ji in Jianning once he had succeeded in stabilizing a rather troubled social situation. He was promoted to Fujian salt controller (鹽運使) in 1703, and after his brother Li Siyi 斯義 had become Fujian governor was transferred in 1706 to salt controller in the Liang-Huai area, where he died. He was person­ ally honored by the Kangxi emperor during one of his southern trips (probably the last one, in 1707). Chen Chaoyan’s pref. claims that Li had a reputation for administrative excellence and had three audiences with the emperor, during which he exposed the people’s sorrows. See Changshan XZ (1716), 6/18b–19b; Gaochun XZ (1683), 13/11a; Gaochun XZ (1751), 16/5b; Shandong TZ (Siku ed.), 28D/71b; Sichuan TZ (Siku ed.), 31/90a. [PEW] 1002

Maoming gongdu 茂名公牘, 7 j., Tongren gongdu 銅仁公牘, 6 j. [Administrative Documents from Maoming and Tongren] By Wang Yuan 王原 (z. Shen 深, Lingyi 令詒/貽) (js. 1688), from Qingpu 青浦 (Jiangsu) 1696 and 1704 prefs. Ed.:

– *Undated (Kangxi-period) ed. (no cover-leaf), first two titles in Wang’s Xue’an leigao 學菴類稿, with prefs. to Maoming gongdu by Lu Chao 魯超 (1696) and Baodi di Ying (?) 寶坻弟瑛 (n.d.), pref. to Tongren gongdu by Cheng Wenyi 程文彝 (1704). [Beitu, j. 5 of Maoming gongdu missing]

Rem.: Maoming gongdu is an anthology of documents written by the author as magistrate of Maoming (Guangdong), his first appointment. According to Lu Chao’s pref., the documents are no more than one or two percent of the entire output of this model official who earned ex­ traordinary reputation through his integrity, tremendous activity, ju­ dicial excellence, and efforts at educating the populace. The present anthology was engraved with the help of disciples after his departure. The documents include correspondence (文移), mainly reports and re­ quests to his superiors (j. 1); proclamations and orders (教令), aiming to educate the populace and improve customs, develop agriculture, rebuild rural control, and reform fiscal administration (j. 2–4; part of the docu­ ments in j. 4 concern Xinyi 信宜 county, where Wang was acting magis­ trate for a time); and judgments (讞案), both civil and criminal (j. 5–7). The texts, including judgments, offer quite detailed and rather graphic descriptions of the dire condition that Wang found in Maoming (the seat of Gaozhou 高州 prefecture), a difficult county still reeling from the effects of civil war. Because of a recent, fast turnover of magistrates, the entire administration was in disarray, due in part to deplorable local Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1244

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

customs and to the unruly Man 蠻 aborigines living in the mountainous areas. As described in detail in the pref. to Tongren gongdu, Tongren, located on the frontier of Guizhou, Sichuan, and Hunan, was similarly plagued by fiscal abuses, chaotic landownership, restless immigrants, and conflicts with the Miao. Wang’s efforts are documented by a simi­ lar array of official correspondence (j. 1), proclamations and orders (j. 2), and judgments (j. 3–6). Both collections are a rich depository of evidence on the situation in the more peripheral areas of the Southwest in the early Qing.

Bio.: After his jinshi and before his appointment to Maoming in 1694, Wang Yuan worked for Xu Qianxue 徐乾學 (1631–94) on the Da Qing yitong zhi 大清 一統志 project. He was dismissed from his post in Maoming because he had let a criminal escape, but popular protest was such that an imperial decree re­ instated him and appointed him to Tongren. In 1702 he was promoted to super­ vising secretary for public works (工科給事中). (The memorial of the Guizhou governor recommending Wang for promotion and the response of the Ministry of Personnel have been mistakenly appended to Maoming gongdu, while those of the Guangdong governor and the Ministry regarding his reinstatement in 1697 have been appended to Tongren gongdu.) He was demoted after having censured a powerful official at the Ministry of Personnel, and returned home. He died at age 84. He was known as a follower of the Song-studies school of Lu Longqi (see under Lizheng zhaiyao) and Tang Bin 湯斌. See Maoming XZ (1699), 3/27b–28a; Jiangnan TZ (Siku quanshu ed.), 166/13b; Songjiang 松江 FZ (Jiaqing), 57/14b–15b. Ref. and studies: Ma, 139 (Beiping) (title Xue’an leigao). [PEW] 1003

Tong’an jilüe 同安紀略, 2 j. [A Brief Account of Tong’an] By Zhu Qizheng 朱奇政 (z. Pingzhai 平齋, Taipu 太璞) (jr. 1696), from Changsha 長沙 (Hunan) 1716 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with prefs. by Zhang Can 張璨 (1734), Li Wenzhao 李文炤 (1735), and author (1716). [Faxue suo]. – Photo-repro. of the judicial decisions (判語), in Gudai pandu anli xinbian, vol. 13. – *Photo-repro. of the proclamations (告示), in Gudai bangwen gaoshi, vol. 6.

Rem.: The work was completed, according to one of the prefs., at the latest by 1715, but was published by the author’s descendant(s). Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1002–1004

1245

Zhu drafted the documents when he was magistrate of Tong’an 同安 (Fujian) around 1713. Included in j. 1 are judgments (判語) dealing with both criminal and civil matters, and reports to superiors (詳文), as well as proclamations (告示) concerning local customs and administrative affairs, including taxation, written in plain and direct language. The proclamations are rich on local mores and on the relations between the administration and populace. Thus, one report mentions an alleged “bad custom” (陋習) in Fujian whereby husbands would rent out their wife for a certain period of time, after which she was returned with any chil­ dren born during that period. The legal documents are instructive about Qing judicial practices at the county level during the Kangxi period. Bio.: Zhu Qizheng’s seal bears the name Qizhen 奇珍, which seems to have been the name he used at the provincial examination (榜名). His first post was Tong’an magistrate, where he is said to have implemented a number of good policies during his three-year tenure, at the end of which he asked to return home to take care of his aged father. After the mourning period for his father he was reappointed magistrate of Shicheng 石城 (Jiangxi), and then, after an audience with the Yongzheng emperor in 1724 (1723 according to some sources), to Hukou 湖口, a strategic place in Jiujiang 九江 prefecture, where he again distinguished himself. After about two years he requested a leave to care for his sick mother, and spent the rest of his days at home enjoying the life of a man of letters. See Hunan TZ (1757), 110/14b; Jiujiang FZ (1874), 27/47a; Changsha XZ (1871), 23/43a; Hukou XZ (1818), 8/9b–10a. Ref. and studies: Miki, “Shindai Junchi-Kōki nenkan no handoku shiryō.” Yamamoto, 63. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 120–1, reproducing captions of 8 com­ munications (詳文), 22 judgments, and 12 rescripts (批語) in j. 1. [CL]

1004

Tiantai zhilüe 天台治略, 8 or 10 j. [A Short Account of Governing Tiantai] By Dai Zhaojia 戴兆佳 (z. Shu’an 舒菴, Shiqi 士期) (js. 1706), from Jianping 建平 (Anhui) 1721 pref. Ed.:

– *[1721] Shishu tang ed. 師恕堂藏版, with prefs. by Zhu Shi 朱軾 (n.d.), Tu Yi 屠沂 (1721), Zhang Lianyuan 張聯元 (1721), Fei Hanzhao 費漢昭 (n.d.), Zhang Zhenpin 張貞品 (n.d.), and author (1721). [*Columbia, only Zhu Shi’s pref., lacking last page] [Gugong Taipei] – *Undated Chengde tang 承德堂 movable-type new ed. (重刷) in 8 j., with prefs. by Zhu Shi (n.d.), Tu Yi (1721), Wang Zhilin 王之麟 (1721), Fu Zeyuan 傅澤淵 (1721), Zhang Lianyuan (1721), Fei Hanzhao (n.d.), Zhang Zhenpin Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1246

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

(n.d.), and author (1721), note by Wang Zhenjia 汪振甲 (n.d.). [Fu Sinian; pages from a copy of Da Qing lüli were inserted inside the folios of this copy to reinforce them] – 1804 movable-type (木聚珍版) ed. [SOAS] – *Undated movable-type new ed. (活版重刷), cover-leaf with author’s name Langchuan 郎川 Dai Shu’an (Langchuan is the river flowing through Jianping), with prefs. by Zhu Shi (n.d.), Tu Yi (1721), Wang Zhilin (1721), Fu Zeyuan (1721), Zhang Lianyuan (1721), Zhang Zhenpin (n.d.), and author (1721), notes by Liu Bangyan 劉邦彥 (1825) and Wang Zhenjia (n.d.). [Tōyō Bunko] – *1846 movable-type new ed. (活版重刷) of the Yingrui tang 迎瑞堂梓印 [in Tiantai], in 10 j., with prefs. by Zhu Shi (n.d.), Tu Yi (1721), Wang Zhilin (1721), Fu Zeyuan (1721), Zhang Lianyuan (1721), Fei Hanzhao (n.d.), Zhang Zhenpin (n.d.), and author (1721), note by Wang Wenjia (n.d.), postf. (重 刷天台治略跋) by Qi Qiyi 齊其儀 (1846). [Ōki] – *1897 Juxing tang 聚星堂 newly-engraved (新鐫) movable-type ed., with prefs. by Zhu Shi (n.d.), Tu Yi (1721), Wang Zhilin (1721), Fu Zeyuan (1721), Fei Hanzhao (n.d.), and author (1721). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of 1721 Shishu tang ed., Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1966, 1970 (Zhongguo fangzhi congshu, Huazhong difang, 65), 2 vols. – Photo-repro. of 1897 ed., with missing pages supplied from Taiwan repro­ duction of Shishu tang ed., Hangzhou: Zhejiang guji chubanshe, 2013. – *Photo-repro. of undated movable-type new ed. (author Langchuan Dai Shu’an), in GZSJC, vol. 4. – *Photo-repro. of j. 3 (judgments) from 1804 movable-type ed., in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 17. – *Photo-repro. of j. 4–5 (proclamations) from 1804 movable-type ed., in Gudai bangwen gaoshi, vol. 6.

Rem.: An extremely rich collection of reports, correspondence, proc­ lamations, judicial sentences, and more, concerning Tiantai county (Zhejiang) during the period 1719–21 and covering every aspect of local administration, by an activist magistrate who worked hard at reform­ ing government and improving social customs in the wake of a famine. The work was compiled at the demand of local notables, a number of whom had a hand in it (their names appear at the head of the table of contents), Fei Hanzhao and a certain Han Yufeng 韓于豐 being chief compilers. J. 1–2 are devoted to reports to superiors (詳文, 54 entries) and discuss all the aspects of the author’s efforts to reorganize and re­ habilitate the county; j. 3 contains sample judicial decisions (讞語, 58 entries), most of them in civil cases and introduced by the words kande

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1004–1005

1247

看得 or shende 審得 (Dai’s ability to solve affairs rapidly appears to have greatly contributed to his reputation); j. 4–7 (j. 4–5 in Chengde tang ed.) contain proclamations (告示, 89 entries [47 in Chengde tang ed.]) con­ cerning every aspect of local administrative and social life, with empha­ sis on reforming customs; j. 8 (j. 6 in Chengde tang ed.) contains formal letters addressed to superiors or colleagues on various occasions (啟, 14 entries); j. 9 (j. 7 in Chengde tang ed.) features miscellaneous texts, in­ cluding document drafts, stele inscriptions, statements, petitions, and the like (15 or 14 entries); j. 10 (j. 8 in Chengde tang ed.) collects respons­ es to petitions (呈批, 65 entries [48 entries in Chengde tang ed.]). Each juan has a table of contents listing the documents in it (in the Chengde tang, Shishu tang [Columbia copy], and undated movable-type eds. the table of contents for the entire work is at the beginning).

Bio.: The prefs. indicate that after his jinshi Dai was appointed to the Hanlin Academy, but insisted on getting a magistracy, until eventually he was sent to Tiantai, a difficult and mountainous county which he completely reformed. In 1721 he was recommended by Zhu Shi (governor of the province through the end of 1720, and by then head of the Censorate), called to the capital for an audience, and promoted. Since he had not yet completed his efforts at re­ organization (in particular the land survey), he complied with a request that a selection of his administrative papers be published so as not to forget the work already accomplished by a magistrate who had earned such a reputa­ tion for virtue and administrative expertise. He was promoted to bureau sec­ retary, later vice-director at the Ministry of Revenue, and again at the Ministry of Rites, where he died in office. See Jianping XZ (1731), 18/12b–13a; Taizhou 台 州 FZ (1936), 98/10b–11a. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4335 (in 8 j.). Ma, 140 (Qinghua) (1804 movable-type ed.). Shiga, 8 (in 10 j.). Chang, 2:896–7. Yamamoto, 63. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 124 (10-j. ed.), reproducing the captions of the 58 judicial decisions in j. 3. [NP, PEW] 1005

Yajiang xinzheng 雅江新政, 1 ce (New Policies Implemented at Hongya) By Lu Jianzeng 盧見曾 (z. Baosun 抱孫, h. Yayu shanren 雅雨山人, Danyuan 澹園) (1690–1768) (js. 1721), from Dezhou 德州 (Shandong) 1725 pref. Ed.: *1876 new ed. (重刻) of the Huiyuan tang 會元堂 at Chengdu, with prefs. by Wang Ao 王翱 (n.d.) and author (1725), colophon (跋) by Fei Chunze 費春澤 (1875), note by Fei’s nephew, Huihan 費揮汗 (1876). [Ōki]

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1248

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Rem.: A collection of 58 documents composed by the author in 1725 after appointment as magistrate of Hongya 洪雅 (Sichuan)—his first posting after the jinshi. They include 10 proclamations (示) dealing with such topics as taxation abuses, female suicide, rural administrators, and the lack of coroners; 3 reports (詳文) on the difficulty of establish­ ing community granaries, encouraging tree-planting, and the inadvis­ ability of opening zinc mines; a preface devoted to the rehabilitation of some Confucian buildings and an account of the creation of a local academy—the Yajiang shuyuan; and 43 judicial cases in the form of ei­ ther judgment proposals (看語) or investigation reports (審單), most of them dealing with land disputes. The entries are printed in continuity, but their types (“proclamation,” “report,” etc.) are indicated in the cen­ tral margin. The text is informative on the difficult socioeconomic situ­ ation in Hongya at the time. Lu claims in his pref. that he concentrated on limiting fiscal surcharges and reducing the backlog of unresolved judicial affairs, and that his two dominant administrative values were frugality (儉) and diligence (勤). It is remarkable that a comparatively young (35 sui) beginning magistrate should publish a collection of his own documents during his very first year in post. Wang Ao, the author of the first pref., hailed from the same place as Lu Jianzheng and was magistrate of Hongya in 1875 when he was asked by Fei Chunze, a local notable, to contribute a preface to the new edition; the prefaces are fol­ lowed by Lu’s curriculum submitted to the emperor in 1724. In his postf. Fei Chunze indicates that the new edition was reconstructed based on a faulty ms. copy found in a village school and on a damaged copy of the original ed. owned by a local bibliophile; according to his nephew the work can be considered a “golden mirror for governing the people” (牧 民金鑑). Bio.: After further positions as magistrate, prefect, and intendant in Anhui, Jiangsu, and Jiangxi, Lu Jianzeng became head of the Liang-Huai Salt Administration in 1737, but was sentenced and exiled a year later for unspeci­ fied reasons. He was recalled in 1744 and from 1753 was again the chief salt commissioner of the Liang-Huai region. Six years after his retirement in 1762, he was implicated in an investigation of abuses by salt merchants and was sen­ tenced to strangulation for negligence and corruption; he died in prison before being executed. During his career he established academies in various places where he was posted. See ECCP, 541–2; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 8. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 127, reproducing cap­ tions of the 43 judgment proposals and investigation reports. [LG]

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1249

1005–1006 1006

Fuweng ji 覆甕集, 2 + 10 + 1 j. [A Collection That Is Just a Jar-Lid] By Zhang Woguan 張我觀 (z. Zhaomin 昭民, h. Xingzhai 省齋) (jr. 1693), from Taiping 太平 (Shanxi) 1725 pref. Ed.:

– *1726 ed. of “this yamen” 本衙藏板, with prefs. by Chen Zhilu 陳之璐 (n.d.), Jin Zuwang 金祖望 (n.d.), He Dayong 何大鏞 (n.d.), and author (1725), colophon (跋) by [Zhang] Ren 張訒 (n.d.). [*Beitu] [*Harvard] [*LSS] [*Qinghua] – *Photo-repro. of the prefs., of the 10-j. Xingming 刑名 section (see below), and of Fuweng yuji 餘集, in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 12–13. – *Photo-repro. of the prefs. and of the 10-j. Xingming section, followed by Zhang Ren’s colophon in the form of a postf. (跋) and by Fuweng yuji, from a copy at Beida, in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 974.

Rem.: Administrative texts composed by the author in 1720–25 as mag­ istrate of Guiji 會稽 (Zhejiang), a notoriously difficult post. The collec­ tion was secretly prepared and edited by a host of relatives and admirers while Zhang was away. When he saw the book, he found it beautifully produced, but reading again his own texts he deemed them uninterest­ ing and worthy of no more than “serving as the lid of a jar,” hence the title. Following the prefs., the colophon by Zhang Ren, one of Zhang’s six nephews listed as compilers (編次), explains the circumstances in which he, his brothers/cousins, and “two or three schoolmates” (eight “disciples” [及門] are listed as collators) went through Zhang’s papers and compiled the present work with the support of Chen Zhilu and Jin Zuwang. (Zhang’s text is absent from the copy at Harvard.) The work was intended to celebrate the accomplishments of a devoted official who had faced with untiring energy such tasks as distributing relief, rebuild­ ing the sea-wall, and accommodating a continuous stream of traveling dignitaries. The texts are arranged by topics, starting with economic problems (錢榖), including public works, salt production, and famine relief, in 2 juan with separate numbering (this section as well as the pref. are missing from the copy at Qinghua), and continuing with judicial problems (刑名), in 10 juan. The latter include not only judicial opinions or decisions classified by type of affair (in j. 2–7), but also public proc­ lamations (條告)—essentially prohibitions of all sorts—in the long j. 1, and official correspondence on a variety of subjects concerning public order, customs, rituals, etc. For each topic the documents (when dated) are arranged chronologically; they cover the period 1720–26 and are all

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1250

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

listed in the mulu. Certain texts deal with problems of other counties where Zhang was sent as acting magistrate, namely Zhuji 諸暨, Yuyao 餘 姚, Shanyin 山陰, and Xiaoshan 蕭山. The last fasc. consists of a Fuweng yuji 餘集 in 1 juan, with separate mulu and with a 1726 pref. by Zhang’s brother-in-law, Xue Yijin 薛一縉, comprising 27 further entries, mostly judicial cases. Xue indicates that he had been invited by Zhang as an adviser when Zhang went to Guiji in 1719; while he participated in the compilation of the above Fuweng ji, he selected a few drafts bearing the office’s seal (署篆諸稿)—there are 27 entries dated between 1724 and 1726—for this annex. Bio.: Zhang Woguan is said to have spent ten years as Guiji magistrate and been extremely popular there. When he left the post, to his constituents’ de­ spair, the local gentry offered him a celebration in 4 j. titled Guiyi rensheng 會邑仁聲. He does not seem to have occupied any other position. See Taiping XZ (1825), 11/15b; Shaoxing 紹興 FZ (1702), 27/43a, says he was from Jiexiu 介休 (Shanxi) and was appointed in 1727. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 子, 1:148. Yamamoto, 63. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 125–6, citing copies at Faxue suo and ZKT, and reproducing the cap­ tions of 73 judgments (with their dates) in j. 2–8 and 20 more in the supplement. [LG, PEW]

1007

Huamin lu 化民錄, 1 ce [A Record of Transforming the People] By Qi Wenhan 祁文瀚 (h. Beiming 北溟) (js. 1713), from Shouyang 壽陽 (Shanxi) Ca. 1727 Ed.: – *1838 new ed. (重刊) with prefs. by Deng Zhongyue 鄧鍾岳 (1729) and Gao Wenlin 高文林 (1729), postf. (跋) by the author’s grand-nephew, [Qi] Junzao 寯藻 (1838). [Ōki]

Rem.: Proclamations by the author while he was magistrate of Jiangyin 江陰 (Jiangsu), published by his constituents after he had been dismissed against their wishes in 1727 for having failed to prevent tribute grain from getting spoiled during heavy rains. The effect of his procla­ mations against such rampant evils as suicide, lawsuits and gambling had been so positive that they wanted to put them to print to prevent their getting lost. (Qi Junzao, who reprinted the work after having found in Jiangyin an old copy of the original ed., claims in 1838 that today the place is not known for suicides or fights.) The seven numbered items (dated either 1725 or 1726) include prohibitions against gambling,

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1006–1008

1251

fighting and learning martial arts, suicide, lawsuits, a proclamation on rewards to the elderly, and a lengthy general proclamation detailing various evil customs to reform. A song on the proper clothes to wear by peasant men and women in the fields in order to maintain a sense of shame threatens offenders with the cangue. The postf. remarks that the text makes much use of ideas about the Buddha and retribution, this being necessary when talking to simple people and women. The tone is stern and rather threatening. The texts of a “remembrance stele” (去思碑) celebrating Qi’s frugality and ability to “transform the customs of Jianyin in three years” (三年風俗為之一變) and of his biography in the local gazetteer are appended.

Bio.: According to his gazetteer biography, Qi first served as magistrate of Lai’an 來安 (Jiangnan), then, after a period of mourning, of Jiangyin. See Shouyang XZ (1882), 8/11b–12a. [PEW] 1008

Xujiang zhidu 盱江治牘, 3 j. [Documents from Governing Jianchang] By Wei Xizuo 魏錫祚 (z. Zijin 子晉, h. Changlu 長麓) (1669–1734) (js. 1700), from Laiwu 萊蕪 (Shandong) 1728 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed., with prefs. by provincial treasurer Li Lan 李籣 (n.d.) and author (1728). [Faxue suo] – *Photo-repro. of j. 2 (proclamations, under general title 條教), in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 9. Rem.: Wei Xizuo served as prefect of Jianchang 建昌 (Jiangxi) for 17

months from 1727 until the fall of 1728, when he was promoted to Jiangxi salt and post intendant (驛傳鹽法道). (Xujiang, an alternative name for Jianchang, is the name of the main river flowing through the prefecture.) This anthology is divided into three parts: reports or proposals to superi­ ors (申詳) in j. 1, orders and prohibitions (條教) in j. 2, and directives (文 檄) in j. 3. It contains among others a number of informative directives and proclamations designed to discourage or eliminate careless forensic examinations in homicide cases, exorbitant private loans, trafficking in children, unnecessary detention of offenders or suspects, pettifogging and frivolous litigation, gambling, superstitious geomancy, and many other types of “bad” customs and practices. According to Wei’s pref., cus­ toms in Jianchang are simple but people are crafty and tough (民猾而性 悍), yamen clerks are not cunning but ignorant about proper rules (吏雖

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1252

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

不黠而罔識準繩), and local officials are cautious about rituals but often lax in administration (官雖謹度而事多弛懈). As a result, he made it his top priority to render administrative procedures more effective. When he left Jianchang he published the present anthology of documents for the sake of the local people and functionaries and to remind his succes­ sors of the rules instituted during his term. Bio.: Born to an illustrious family of Laiwu that boasted scores of degree holders, Wei Xizuo’s first appointment was magistrate of Lin county 林縣 (Henan); he was evaluated as “outstanding” (卓異) and in 1714 was promoted to department magistrate of Taizhou 泰州 (Jiangsu), where he stayed 13 years before he was promoted to prefect of Jianchang in 1727. Not long after, he be­ came Jiangxi salt and post intendant (驛傳鹽法道) and acting surveillance commissioner. He asked to leave on the grounds of illness, and died on the way home. A work on his government of Taizhou titled Hailing zhidu 海陵治牘 is mentioned, but does not seem to be extant. See Laiwu XZ (1935), 22/10a–b; Lin XZ (1752), 10/6b; Tai’an 泰安 FZ (1760), 17/52b–53a; Jianchang FZ (1872), 6/27b. [CL]

1009

Zijing lu 自警錄, 4 j. [A Record of Staying on One’s Guard] Comp. (編) Tang Yingqiu 湯應求 (z. Jianchen 簡臣) (jr. 1720), from Lingchuan 靈川 (Guangxi); ed. (輯) Zhu Yun 朱橒 (z. Yunmu 雲木), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) 1737 pref. Ed.: – *Undated Kangjian shuzhai ed. 康簡書齋藏板 with prefs. by Zhu Hong 祝宏 (1736), Chen Shixin 陳世信 (1736), Chen Ding 陳鼎 (1738), “Shu Macheng yu” 書麻城獄 by Yuan Mei 袁枚, “Ti hou diaotu” 題後彫圖 by Chen Lansen 陳蘭森, “Macheng xian dayu jilüe” 麻城縣大獄紀略 by Tang Yingqiu (1736), further prefs. by Tang Yingqiu (1737), Zhu Yun (1824) and Yang Yaozu 陽 耀祖 (1828, to new ed.). [Faxue suo]

Rem.: The work is essentially a detailed dossier reproducing all man­ ner of administrative documents related to a sensational criminal case involving a string of wrong accusations that took place in Macheng county (Hubei) and was going on while Tang Yingqiu was acting mag­ istrate there, from late 1730 to 1737. Tang was wrongly accused of having been bribed to make a false autopsy report, condemned to strangulation, and jailed pending execution; yet the truth was discovered—the woman said to have been killed by her husband reappeared—and Tang was re­ turned to his position. Yang Yaozu, who hailed from the same county as Tang and says he often heard about the case when he was young, could Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1253

1008–1010

not find an earlier imprint said to exist in Guilin 桂林, but in the end was able to see a ms. copy at the home of the “famous Guangzhou muyou Zhu Yunmu” (who had edited the text). He decided to publish a new ed. to encourage future administrators to “stay on their guard.”

Bio.: Tang Yingqiu was sent to Hubei in 1727 and assigned to waterworks management (分理水利). He was retained in the province as magistrate, and in 1730 appointed acting magistrate of Macheng. In 1739, after the af­ fair discussed in the present work and his rehabilitation, he was appointed magistrate of Lichuan 利川 in the same province, and in 1746 became viceprefect of Fengyang 鳳陽 (Anhui). He died in post. The original title of the work seems to have been Jingxin lu 警心錄. See Lingui 臨桂 XZ (1802/1880), 29/29b–30b; Guangxi TZ (1891), 3/54a; Fengyang FZ (1908), 6B/3a; Lichuan XZ (1894), 3/3b. For Zhu Yun, see under Yuedong cheng’an chubian. [PEW] 1010

Donglai jilüe 東萊紀略, 2 j. [A Brief Account of Policies at Donglai] By Yan Youxi 嚴有禧 (z. Weichuan 韋川, Houzai 厚載) (1694–1766) (js. 1723), from Changshu 常熟 (Jiangsu) Ca. 1740 Ed.: – *Undated ed. with pref. by Tao Zhengjing 陶正靖 (1740). [Beitu]

Rem.: A comparatively short collection of about two dozen pieces re­ ferring to the tenure of Yan Youxi as prefect of Laizhou 萊州 (Shandong), a post he assumed in 1733 and held through 1739. The texts in j. 1 are com­ munications from the author to provincial authorities, making requests such as fiscal exemptions, the appointment of another educational official, granting indulgence in certain criminal cases, etc. J. 2 consists principally of accounts of the construction or reconstruction of several public buildings in Laizhou. The pref. insists not only on Yan’s qualities of energy and devotion, but also on the problems specific to the position of prefect, an official who is at the same time close to the people and not too distant from the sovereign, and possesses much effective power, making it possible to achieve substantive results.

Bio.: An able official known for his firmness with superiors and his activism, Yan Youxi started his career as magistrate of Shexian 涉縣 (Henan) in 1728, where he earned the confidence of the fearsome Tian Wenjing (see under Fu Yu xuanhua lu); he was moved to Luoyang 洛陽 in 1730, and became depart­ ment magistrate of Binzhou 濱州 (Shandong) in 1731. After his tenure as pre­ fect of Laizhou, he held posts of intendant in the province. In 1744, after two periods of mourning, he became intendant of the Yuezhou-Changde-Baoqing Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1254

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

circuit (岳常澧道) in Hunan. In 1746 he was appointed post and salt intendant for Changsha and Baoqing (驛鹽長寶道). By 1748 he was surveillance commis­ sioner of Henan, and later was moved to the same post in Guizhou. In 1757, after a period of illness, he was again Henan surveillance commissioner, and the next year was moved to Hunan with the same post. He was demoted and dis­ charged following unspecified difficulties. See Suzhou 蘇州 FZ (1824), 86/2b– 3b; Kaifeng 開封 FZ (1867), 19/6b; Laizhou FZ (1740), 6/44b; Changsha 長沙 FZ (1747), 18/14a; Xu Henan TZ (1767), 44/6a, 6b; Hunan TZ (1757), 60/18b; Hunan TZ (Jiaqing), 78/10a, 12b; Jinan 濟南 FZ (1840), 29/37a; Shexian zhi (1799), 4/8a; Binzhou zhi (1860), 7/13a; Zhili Lizhou zhi 直隸澧州志 (1869), 28/8a; Shandong TZ (1918), 77/32b. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 130. [PEW] 1011

Chengqiu lu 誠求錄, 4 j. [A Record of Being Sincerely Demanding] By Lu Ying 逯英 (h. Zhonglü 中律), from Henei 河內 (Henan) 1741 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Zhuang Yougong 莊有恭 (1746) and author (1741). [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: A highly informative collection of administrative papers by an author with extended experience as a magistrate in Guangdong. The meaning of the title is suggested in Zhuang Yougong’s pref., saying that “the way of taking care of one’s children is nothing but being sincerely demanding, how could it be different when taking care of one’s con­ stituents?” (夫保赤之道不外誠求，保民之道顧豈異是). In his own pref. (whose first folio is missing in the copy seen) the author lays out the educational model he received from his father. The work contains his own selection of documents produced during twenty years of ser­ vice as magistrate of Baochang 保昌, Panyu 番禺 and Luoding 羅定, all in Guangdong. J. 1, the longest, is composed of some 85 proclamations (告示), starting with a rather technical address to the clerks and a very long proclamation to the people of Panyu detailing every kind of prohib­ ited behavior and action; some further addresses carry on the usual pro­ hibitions against suicide, gambling etc. in general terms, but many allude to problems or customs locally observed by the author, or are specific to the region, like augmenting the number of boats for coastal defense, warning people against eating poisonous globefish (河魨), or forbid­ ding the traffic in dogmeat, and many more; they provide comparatively rich materials on life in mid-eighteenth century central Guangdong. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1255

1010–1012

J. 2 includes directives and prohibitions (牌文) aimed at administrative personnel; model judicial opinions (判語) introduced with the words shende 審得, in which the given names of the parties are replaced with cyclical characters (like 高之甲, 李之乙, and so forth), dealing with family and real estate conflicts adjudicated by the magistrate; and miscellaneous writings (雜文), including songs for encouraging ag­ riculture, prayers for rain, and a few stele texts. J. 3 contains about 35 reports to superior officials (議詳), some highly detailed, dealing with all sorts of problems of local administration and defense. J. 4 is com­ posed of judicial conclusions (審案) introduced with shenkande 審看 得, using the same anonymous names as in the panyu, and dealing with criminal cases.

Bio.: A tribute student (貢生), Lu Ying started his career as instructor at the Confucian school of Yiyang 伊陽 county in his native Henan. He was appointed acting magistrate of Baochang in 1729, was magistrate of Panyu in 1731–35, and department magistrate of Luoding in 1737 (he still held the position in 1743). See Yiyang XZ (1838), 3/1b; Zhili Nanxiong 南雄 ZZ (1824), 11/3a; Guangdong TZ (1822), j. 45, 48, 56; Panyu XZ (1871), 9/3a, 15/12b; Luoding XZ (1935), “Yingjian zhi” 營建志 3/1b and “Jingzheng zhi” 經政志 4/1a. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 8. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 129–30, reproducing the captions of judicial cases in j. 2 and 4. [PEW] 1012

Litang waiji 理堂外集, 1 j. [Supplement to Litang’s Writings] By Han Mengzhou 韓夢周 (z. Gongfu 公復, h. Litang 理堂) (1729–98) (js. 1757), from Wei county 濰縣 (Shandong) Ca. 1770 Ed.:

– *Appended to the same author’s Litang wenji 文集, 1823 Jingheng shuwu ed. 靜恒書屋藏板 (with 1824, 1809, and 1813 prefs.); the waiji is included in the general mulu; the same set also has a Litang shiji 詩集 and a Litang riji 日記, both printed in 1824 (each with separate mulu). [Beitu] – Undated ed., obviously same as above. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of ed. above, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 12.

Rem.: This short but interesting compilation is composed of five administrative texts and three biographical and celebratory pieces. Appointed magistrate of Laian 來安 (Anhui) in 1766, where he spent five years, Han Mengzhou was known for his severity with yamen personnel and tireless activity in the field. He successfully combated a famine in 1768, and worked at increasing the productive potential and economic Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1256

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

security of Laian. His main programs to this effect consisted in (1) build­ ing dikes and digging reservoirs to improve irrigation and drainage and avoid flooding; (2) developing sericulture and silk-weaving through planting the hilly periphery with Boluo trees (簸籮樹) to feed silkworms; and (3) using fertilizer to augment yields. Three detailed and fairly con­ crete proclamations (one dated 1767), at places using plain vernacular language, are devoted to these plans; they allude to earlier instructions that he circulated, to the distribution of technical booklets, and to the invitation of Shandong silk specialists.

Bio.: At the end of his successful tenure in Laian (apparently his only admin­ istrative position), Han was cashiered for failure in combating locusts, when in fact he was away as an examiner in the 1770 provincial examination. His dismissal reportedly distressed his constituents. Han enjoyed wide reputation as an adherent of Song Neo-confucianism, and after his discharge from official­ dom he taught large numbers of students at his home in Weixian and in various academies. See QSG, 480/13130; Guochao qixian leizheng chubian, 238/30a–32a; Laian XZ (Daoguang), 9/11a–b; Shanyang 山陽 XZ (1873), 15/17a–18a. [PEW] 1013

Zhuanglang zhenglüe 莊浪政略, 4 j. [An Account of Governing Zhuanglang] By Shao Lu 邵陸 (z. Dongxing 東行) (jr. 1750), from Yin County 鄞縣 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1771 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. from the Xu-family Yanyu lou 徐氏煙嶼樓, printed run­ ning title Zhuanglang zhenglüe, with pref. by Wang Yingxu 王縈緒 (1775). [Beitu]

Rem. An anthology of administrative papers dating from the author’s two magistracies in Zhuanglang (Pingliang 平涼 prefecture, Gansu), in 1756–60 and 1767–71 respectively. It is unclear whether the ms. held at Beitu is based on a printed edition. J. 1 and 2 are composed of commu­ nications (公移) to the prefect and intendant; all those in j. 1 deal with famine relief and associated policies, during Shao’s both tenures; those in j. 2 deal with various problems of local governance, notably salt adminis­ tration, postal service, and legal cases. J. 3 is composed of proclamations (告示), sacrificial addresses (祭文), and accounts (序記) dealing, e.g., with local examinations, praying for rain, founding a poor house (普濟 堂), and rehabilitating the city wall. The appendixes (附錄) in j. 4 include

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1012–1013

letters to superiors, songs to encourage the populace (勸民歌), and a set of “exhortations for a personal pledge” (作官箴以自誓); there is also Shao’s 1769 preface to a new edition of the local gazetteer. That gazetteer also features a text by Shao titled “Admonitions on entering my career” (筮仕官箴) and listing 88 items, composed in Beijing in 1756 before join­ ing his post (Zhuanglang zhilüe, 20/70a–73b), as well as a set of “Songs to exhort the population” (勸民歌) (73b–75a) in five-word lines.

Bio.: According to the biographical data provided in the pref., Shao Lu was from a distinguished family of Yinxian (Ningbo) and passed the Shuntian pro­ vincial examination in 1750. The dates of his two magistracies in Zhuanglang are deduced from those of the documents and from gazetteer data. After his tenure at Zhuanglang Shao became department magistrate of Youyang 酉陽 (Sichuan) between 1772 and 1778. Wang Yingxu made Shao’s acquaintance in 1774–75 after Shao had been appointed acting prefect of Youyang, Wang him­ self being magistrate of Shizhu subprefecture 石砫廳 at the time; Shao then sent him a copy of the work, for which he wrote a preface. See Zhuanglang zhilüe (1769), Shao Lu’s pref.; Youyang zhilizhou zongzhi 直隸州總志 (1864), 4/55a, 5/22b, 8/37a. [SWF, PEW] [QING B]

Buziqian zhai mancun 不自慊齋漫存 See: Buqian zhai mancun Dai Pan sizhong jilüe 戴槃四種記略 See: Liang Zhe huanyou jilüe Jingyang Zhang gong lirenYue Chang Heng sanjun fengxing lu 涇陽張 公歷任岳長衡三郡風行錄

See: Fengxing lu Lizhi zhinan 吏治指南 See: Weinengxin lu, Jiangqiu gongji lu, and Fengxing lu Qinshen tang zizhi guanshu 勤慎堂自治官書 See: Zizhi guanshu oucun Xiangzhou gaoshi 相州告示 See: Kaiqie guanfang xiaoyu gaoshi

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Fengxing lu 風行錄, 5 j. [A Record of Propagating Virtue] By Zhang Wuwei 張五緯 (z. Lianpu 蓮浦, h. Zhitang 治堂), from Jingyang 涇陽 (Shaanxi) 1803 pref. Ed.:

– *1813 new engraving (重鐫), with prefs. by Bailing 百齡 (1804), Sima Tao 司馬騊 (1796), Xu Qingxuan 徐清選 (1803), Shi Jirong 史積容 (1801), and Chen Yuyuan 陳玉垣 (1803), postf. (跋) by Zhou Shaolian 周邵蓮 (1803). [*Faxue suo, as a set with Fengxing lu xuji and Weinengxin lu (qq.v.)] [*Ōki, as a set with Weinengxin lu and Jiangqiu gongji lu (qq.v.) under general title Lizhi zhinan 吏治指南] – *Modern punctuated ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 8 (with Fengxing lu xuji [q.v.]), based on 1813 ed. (copy at Faxue suo). Rem.: The author’s administrative papers as prefect of Yuezhou 岳州 (from 6th month, 1799, j. 1–2), Changsha 長沙 (from 7th month, 1800, j. 3), and Hengzhou 衡州 (from 8th month, 1801, j. 4–5), all in Hunan.

Title in chapter captions Jingyang Zhang gong liren Yue Chang Heng sanjun fengxing lu 涇陽張公歷任岳長衡三郡風行錄. The documents include directives to subordinates as well as proclamations and prohibi­ tions to the gentry and commoners. Some are on standard topics like gambling, slaughtering oxen, instigating lawsuits, suicide, or cheating at local examinations; others are more specific to the environment of the watery and highly commercial Hunan lowlands and contain rich detail on taxes and tribute, tenant rent delinquency, commerce and brokerage, ports and transportation, boat administration and “life-saving boats” (救生船), bandit lairs near the creeks and lakes, prohibition of rice ex­ ports and encouragement of charity by the rich in years of bad harvest, and more. The last 14 entries in j. 5 are responses to complaints (詞批), several dealing with commercial matters or abuses in fiscal administra­ tion. The entire text provides a rich description of the economy and society of the region at the turn of the nineteenth century, and of the efforts of an activist administrator to reform bad practices. The xuji, in 2 j., introduces similar materials corresponding to the author’s stints as prefect of Yuezhou and Changsha.

Bio.: Much of Zhang Wuwei’s long career in local administration can be traced through local gazetteers. A student by purchase (監生), he apparently started as assistant magistrate (縣丞) in Xinjian 新建 (Jiangxi) in 1777, and continued in the same province for many years, as acting or ranking magis­ trate in five counties, subprefectural magistrate (同知) in two prefectures, and

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1014–1015

1259

acting prefect of Yuanzhou 遠州 (1799). Then he occupied several positions in Hunan: prefect of Yuezhou 岳州 (1799), river-control intendant (上江防道, 1799), prefect of Changsha 長沙 (1800) and Hengzhou 衡州 (1801). After an un­ documented gap we find him in Zhili, first as prefect of Guangping 廣平 (1810), then in Tianjin 天津 as prefect (1811–12) and intendant (1814–16); the positions in Daming 大名 (1810) and Baoding 保定 mentioned in Jiangqiu gongji lu (q.v.) were in an acting capacity. At some point Zhang was received in audience by the Jiaqing emperor nine times in a row after having served on an imperial visit to Wutai shan, and rewarded with a position of intendant, from which he was promoted to Shandong surveillance commissioner (1816), then acting administration commissioner (1817). Reportedly, he was cashiered for an un­ specified error (罣誤免官). See Xuxiu Shaanxi TZ gao (1934), 224/6b; Xinjian XZ (1871), 28/22b; De’an 德安 XZ (1869), 8/5b; Jinxian 進賢 XZ (1869), 13/24b; Nanchang 南昌 XZ (1794), 14/20a; Nanchang FZ (1873), 21/62b; Ruizhou 瑞州 FZ (1873), 7/49b; Yugan 餘干 XZ (1871), 8/14a; Yuanzhou FZ (1874), 2/32b; Shangrao 上饒 XZ (1872), 16/12b; Hunan TZ (1885), 121/23a; Baling 巴陵 XZ (1872), 13/3a, Longyang 龍陽 XZ (1875), 10/11b; Guangping FZ (1894), 7/9a; Tianjin FZ (1899), 12/29b, 13/5a. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 134–5, citing the captions of judg­ ments in j. 2 and rescripts in j. 5. Bibliography entries for same author: Weinengxin lu; Fengxing lu xuji; Jiangqiu gongji lu; Jiangqiu gongji xulu. [PEW] 1015

Fengxing lu xuji 風行錄續集, 2 j. [Sequel to A Record of Propagating Virtue] By Zhang Wuwei 張五緯 (z. Lianpu 蓮浦, h. Zhitang 治堂), from Jingyang 涇陽 (Shaanxi) 1804 postf. Ed.:

– *1813 new engraving (重鎸) with postfs. by Wang Shihuang 王士璜 (for­ merly, Hongyu 紅玉) (1803) and Bahabu 巴哈布 (1804). [Faxuesuo, as a set with Fengxing lu and Weinengxin lu (qq.v.)] – *Modern punctuated ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 8 (with Fengxing lu), based on 1813 ed. (copy at Faxue suo).

Rem.: A sequel to Fengxing lu (q.v.), with documents similar in char­ acter but concerning different Hunan prefectures. J. 1, devoted to the author’s term as Yuezhou 岳州 prefect (about 1799), includes a few pro­ hibitions regarding local practices and short legal decisions (堂判 and

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1260

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

批) concerning Baling 巴陵, Huarong 華容, Pingjiang 平江, and Linxiang 臨湘 counties, as well as some responses to superiors or subordinates.

J. 2 contains about 20 orders and prohibitions issued by the author as Changsha 長沙 prefect (ca. 1800–01), dealing with matters such as pri­ vate slaughtering of oxen, gambling, robbery, banditry, and local prac­ tices of household division. The documents are undated. Bio.: See under Fengxing lu. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 135, citing the captions of 3 judg­ ments and 9 rescripts in j. 1. Bibliography entries for same author: Weinengxin lu; Fengxing lu; Jiangqiu gongji lu; Jiangqiu gongji xulu. [CL]

1016

Weinengxin lu 未能信錄, 4 j. [On Not Being Able to Trust Oneself ] By Zhang Wuwei 張五緯 (z. Lianpu 蓮浦, h. Zhitang 治堂), from Jingyang 涇陽 (Shaanxi) 1807 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Bahabu 巴哈布 (1807), Elebu 額勒布 (n.d.), and author (1807), postfs. (跋) by Li Yuanhu 李元滬 (n.d.) and Zhao Wenzai 趙文在 (1807); published as a set with same author’s Jiangqiu gongji lu and Fengxing lu (qq.v.) under general title Lizhi zhinan 吏治指 南. [Ōki] – *1813 Liulichang Longwen zhai 琉璃廠龍文齋 new engraving (重鐫) with prefs. by Bahabu (1807), Elebu (n.d.) and author (1807), postfs. by Li Yuanhu (n.d.) and Zhao Wenzai (1807). [Faxue suo, bound with Fengxing lu and Fengxing lu xuji (qq.v.)] – *Modern punctuated ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 9, based on 1813 ed. at Faxue suo.

Rem.: A collection of nine judicial cases solved by the author when serving as assistant magistrate, or magistrate, in several Jiangxi coun­ ties during the late eighteenth century, plus seven accounts of a more general nature, also on his administration in Jiangxi. Zhang decided to publish the text as a model for his recently appointed younger brother and nephew. The title expresses the notion that a judge must be con­ stantly doubting not only others, but also himself. As Zhang says in his preface: “He who trusts himself assuredly has not an unprejudiced heart (自信者必不虛心); he who is able to have an unprejudiced heart assur­ edly cannot trust [himself] (能虛心者必未能信).” The judicial cases,

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narrated in the first person, are preceded by a fairly technical discussion on the administration of justice, entitled “Yuanqi zonglun” 原起總論, that cites at length examples from the author’s thirty-year experience and insists on the extreme variety and difficulty of the “civil” cases brought to the tribunal (詞訟), which may entail going through large files of documents and arbitrating between several litigants contradict­ ing each other. The cases in j. 1 and 2, recounted in much detail and rather vividly, include local bullies pretending to be servants of the surveillance commissioner to extort money, a conflict between monks and civilians over the control of a hill in Nanchang, salt smugglers who resisted arrest, a Confucian student wrongly accusing a broker, the ho­ micide of an assistant official who was arresting gamblers, and several other criminal cases. The texts in j. 3, of more diverse nature, include among others several accounts of local conditions in Jiangxi frontier regions, based on the author’s own inspections, female infanticide in Yuanzhou 遠州 prefecture, pettifogging in Jianchang 建昌, and more. All the cases collected in the work are narratives, not administrative docu­ ments; and since the author is speaking in some detail and in the first person about his actions, behavior, and feelings, these accounts can be read as fragments of a career autobiography. An additional j. 4 (placed after the postf.) reproduces Zhang’s procedure to raise contributions for combating female infanticide (捐銀救溺一切章程) established when he was acting prefect of Yuanzhou in 1793, introduced by directives of the governor and administration commissioner. Bio.: See under Fengxing lu. Bibliography entries for same author: Fengxing lu; Fengxing lu xuji; Jiangqiu gongjin lu; Jiangqiu gongji xulu. [PEW]

1017

Jiangqiu gongji lu 講求共濟錄, 5 j. [Pursuing Benefits for All] By Zhang Wuwei 張五緯 (z. Lianpu 蓮浦, h. Zhitang 治堂), from Jingyang 涇陽 (Shaanxi) 1812 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated (probably 1813) ed. with prefs. by Xu Zhaochun 許兆椿 (1811), Song Nian 嵩年 (1811), Li Luanxuan 李鑾宣 (1812), and Ling Taijiao 凌泰交 (1812). [Beitu] [*Faxue suo, as a set with Jiangqiu gongji xulu (q.v.)] [*Ōki, as a set with Fengxing lu and Weinengxin lu (qq.v.) under general title Lizhi zhinan 吏治指南]

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

– *Photo-repro. of copy at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 16. – *Photo-repro. of section on public proclamations (j. 4), in Gudai bangwen gaoshi, vol. 8. – *Photo-repro. of sections on court decisions (in j. 3) and answers to liti­ gants (j. 5), in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 19.

Rem.: The author was prefect in several places in Zhili (including Tianjin 天津, Baoding 保定, Guangping 廣平, and Daming 大名) and Tianjin 天津 circuit intendant in the early 1810s. The present anthology, compiled by himself from his archives, includes reports to provincial authorities (各憲稟稿) and replies to subordinates’ reports (各屬稟批) (j. 1); circulars to subordinates (各屬通啟) (j. 2); court decisions (歷任 堂斷) and public orders (歷任示諭) (j. 3); public proclamations (歷任告 示) (j. 4); and answers to litigants (歷任批詞) (j. 5). (The juan-numbers as indicated in the mulu do not appear in the corresponding fasc., but the nature of the documents is indicated in the central margins.) Zhang’s reports to his superiors deal with security in the city of Baoding, trans­ ferring prisoners, control of female prisoners by female agents called guanmei 官媒, banner land revenue, and more; they include a long pro­ posal on the criminal procedure concerning homicides and banditry (擬審辦命盜案各條). His answers to subordinates concern criminal affairs, local hydraulics, requests for tax postponements after the 1801 major floods in Zhili, etc. The circular letters in j. 2, where Zhang speaks of himself as di 弟 and addresses one or several individuals at the same time, are motivated by a variety of problems that arose in counties under his jurisdiction, and insist on adopting the correct attitude and following proper procedures; most deal with justice administration. The judicial decisions in j. 3 concern family disputes, inheritance prob­ lems, real estate conflicts, gambling, prostitution, suspicious deaths, indebtedness, and others. The public orders and proclamations in j. 3 and 4 (largely similar in form and content) consist of exhortations to the populace (and, occasionally, yamen personnel) on topics ranging from reminding people of criminal punishments to supporting morality and frugality; some are in seven-syllable verse, and most are introduced with formulas such as “I’m going to explain to you” (講解與你們聽). The “answers” in j. 5, in a style close to spoken language, concern the same sort of cases as in j. 3, plus several affairs concerning business or com­ merce; the prefect either arbitrates between the litigants, or decides on a sentence; he may also send the affair back to the county authorities for more investigation, or decide that it should not be brought to court. The value of Jiangqiu gongji lu lies in its coherent regional coverage, its viv­ idness in relating the events of everyday life, its matter-of-factness and Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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1263

absence of high-flown rhetoric, and finally, its inclusion of topics little discussed elsewhere, such as prisons and women.

Bio.: See under Fengxing lu. Ref. and studies: Ma, 46 (Qinghua). Shiga, 8. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 133–34, listing the captions of 13 judgments in j. 3. Faure, “The Local Official in Commercial Litigation,” passim. Will, “Adjudicating Grievances,” 15–25. Bibliography entries for same author: Weinengxin lu; Fengxing lu; Fengxing lu xuji; Jiangqiu gongji xulu. [LG] 1018

Jiangqiu gongji xulu 講求共濟續錄, 5 j. [Pursuing Benefits for All, Continuation] By Zhang Wuwei 張五緯 (Z. Lianpu 蓮浦, H. Zhitang 治堂), from Jingyang 涇陽 (Shaanxi) 1813 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (probably 1813), with postface by Xu Jun 徐濬 (1813). [Faxue suo, as a set with Jiangqiu gongji lu (q.v.)]

Rem.: This sequel to Jiangqiu gongji lu (q.v.), which is about the same size as the earlier work, collects documents similar in content and con­ cerning the same group of Zhili prefectures where Zhang was prefect in the early 1810s. J. 1 includes about 10 legal decisions (mostly on civil disputes or minor cases), in addition to some replies to superiors or subordinates and circulars to local communities. J. 2 contains 34 legal decisions and 3 proclamations (告示). J. 3 is devoted to official commu­ nications with both superiors and subordinates during Zhang’s tenures in Tianjin and Baoding (in the case of replies to subordinates the latter’s reports are reproduced as well). The documents in j. 4–5 are all from Baoding (central margins have the words 保定府續集), including again a mix of legal decisions and official instructions, reports, and replies to superiors or subordinates. In the postf., Xu Jun, who as magistrate of Sulu 束鹿 (in Baoding prefecture) was subordinate to Zhang, notes that Zhang gave him copies of Fengxing lu, Weinengxin lu, and Jiangqiu gongji lu while he was himself struggling with how to handle litigation, and that the three works greatly helped him clear up the judicial back­ log within a few months. Like Jiangqiu gongji lu, and in spite of the bias in their selection, the documents provide useful glimpses into the ev­ eryday operation of Qing local administration around the turn of the nineteenth century. Bio.: See under Fengxing lu.

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1264

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 134. Bibliography entries for same author: Weinengxin lu; Fengxing lu; Fengxing lu xuji; Jiangqiu gongji lu. [CL] 1019

Zai Pu oucun 宰蒲偶存, 1 j. [Surviving Documents from a Tenure at Yingcheng] By Xi Dazhuang 奚大壯 (z. Yugu 雨谷, Anzhi 安止) (js. 1805), from Pengxi 蓬溪 (Sichuan) 1816 Ed.:

– *1816 engraving (鐫) of the Rongyin shanfang 榕蔭山房藏板, without pref. or postf. [Ōki]

Rem.: A comparatively short collection (22 entries in all) of pieces written by the author as magistrate of Yincheng 應城 (Hubei). (Pu in the title is for Pusao 蒲騷, an ancient name for Yingcheng.) Xi says at one point that he is in his fifth year there, and at another point in his ninth year. The texts include accounts (記) of the construction of various pub­ lic buildings and infrastructures; exhortations (引) to charity and contri­ butions, and to revise the local gazetteer; correspondence with superiors (禀); proclamations (告示) on inspecting baojia, forbidding Christianity and alcohol-making, encouraging peasants to dig reservoirs; judgments (讞斷); opinions and essays; and three prayers for rain. The documents are undated. Apparently Xi compiled a similar anthology related to his tenure at Xingguo department (see below), titled Fuchuan oucun 富川 偶存 (1 j.).

Bio.: Gazetteer evidence suggests that Xi Dazhuang held two positions in his career. In 1806, right after his jinshi, he was appointed magistrate of Yingcheng, and he was reappointed several times in the same position (1811, 1812, and 1813). Such long tenures are characteristic of successful officials, and Xi does appear to have been quite popular in Yingcheng, the locals strongly opposing his departure on an assignment to buy copper in Yunnan. According to one source, he distinguished himself capturing “Christian bandits” (天主教匪). In 1818, after his trip to Yunnan, he was promoted to department magistrate of Xinggguo 興國州. See Yingcheng XZ (1882), 8/19a–21a; De’an 德安 FZ (1888), 9/62b, 10/64a–b; Wenjiang 溫江 XZ (1920), 5/4a–b, 9/37a–38a. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 135–6. [PEW]

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1018–1020 1020

1265

Wanjiang congzheng lu 皖江從政錄, 8 j. [A Record of Government Service in Anhui] By Wu Chi 吳篪 (z. Jian’an 簡庵, h. Weiquan 渭泉) (1766–?), from Rugao 如皋 (Jiangsu) 1820 Ed.:

– *1820 Shuzi tang ed. 樹滋堂藏板 engraved by the Chen Shaocang tang at Liu’an (Anhui) 六安陳紹倉堂鋟, with prefs. by Hu Jing 胡敬 (1820), Xu Sirong 許嗣容 (1820), Li Zhaoluo 李兆洛 (1818, to Dongliu 東流 congzheng lu), Lu Yuanrong 盧元𤪤 (1818, to Dongliu congzheng lu), Liu Bangding 劉邦鼎 (1817, to Dongliu congzheng lu), and You Lin 尤遴 (1818, to Taihe 太和 congzheng lu), postf. by Wang Shaogong 汪紹恭 (n.d.). [Ōki]

Rem.: The work is both a celebratory compilation and a collection of administrative documents and other pieces dating to Wu Chi’s magis­ tracies in Dongliu 東流 and Taihe 太和 (Anhui), 1811–18 and 1818–20, re­ spectively, following which he was promoted to Liu’an department 六安 州, also in Anhui. The documents about Liudong are in j. 1–6, subtitled “Dongliu zaiguan lüe 在官略”; those about Taihe are in j. 7–8, subtitled “Taihe zaiguan lüe.” According to the prefs., Wu recorded some of his actions in response to Wang Zhiyi 汪志伊, then Zhejiang governor (see under Huangzheng jiyao), who was from Tongcheng 桐城, near Liu’an; Wang had heard very highly of him and asked for a “brief account of his government” (政治之略). The publication was carried out by Liu’an students, supervised by Hu Jing, the provincial education commissioner, each chapter being “compiled” (編輯) by two different students whose names appear in the chapter caption. (The name of Wu Chi, the au­ thor of the documents, appears only in the prefs. and postf. and in the documents about his career.) J. 1 includes 9 detailed communications to superiors (稟啟) concerning riverine defense against bandits, baojia, repairing the city wall, the temple of literature, and the local academy in Dongliu, presenting the manuscript of a new gazetteer, a judicial investi­ gation, and famine relief accounts. J. 2–3 feature 25 proclamations (告示) and 14 “rhymes to admonish and warn” (勸戒歌). The proclamations in­ clude a detailed list of all the crimes and misdemeanors punished by the Code and an extensive list of all the bad customs to be improved, as well as pieces on suppressing abuses in the judicial system, encouraging agriculture and irrigation, ensuring fair prices to merchants, warning against suicide, and prohibiting such things as religious festivals (迎神

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賽會), the waste of grain to make sugar, pettifogging, practicing mar­

tial arts, selling licentious or heterodox literature, and more. The texts are precise, and based on the author’s personal investigations. J. 4 is composed of several accounts (記) and other literary texts concerning Liudong. J. 5 is a collection of notes on substitute foods and recipes in times of famine. J. 6, titled “mutual trust” (交孚), features letters from Dongliu citizens requesting that Wu Chi be retained in 1814, documents on his evaluation and future promotion, letters and a a poem by Wang Zhiyi, and two colophons. J. 7 is an account of Wu Chi’s governance in Taihe compiled by two of his former subordinates, in 24 items, with an intro. by Wu Chi. J. 8, also entitled “mutual trust” (with two colophons at the end), includes various celebratory pieces about Wu Chi, including a request by Dongliu citizens that he be offered sacrifices as a famous offi­ cial (崇祀名宦); the request was denied by the governor on the grounds that, although a very good official, Wu Chi did no more than conscien­ tiously doing what magistrates are supposed to do (不過循分認真供職). Bio.: A student by purchase (監生), Wu Chi seems to have cultivated con­ tacts at the capital before obtaining his first position as assistant magistrate (縣丞) of Jinxi 金溪 (Jiangxi). He became magistrate of Dongliu in 1811 and served there with distinction until 1818. After an episode of famine dur­ ing which he successfully managed relief, he was evaluated as “outstanding” (卓異) and promoted to Taihe (1818), where he relieved flood victims, and later to acting department magistrate of Liuan. Due to his reputation, the new Daoguang emperor directly promoted him to be Fujian grain intendant (糧 儲道) in 1821, a post from which he was demoted the following year “due to problems” (緣事); after a few years as expectant intendant he was again ap­ pointed intendant in Anhui (1826), acting Anhui surveillance commissioner (1827), and salt controller for the Two Huai (1828). He asked to be released on the account of illness, and died not long after. See Rugao XZ (1837), 7/4b–5b; Taihe XZ (1925), 7/11a; Qing shilu: Xuanzong, 47/34a, 145/11b; Renming quanwei. [PEW]

1021

Suzhou zhizhou gongdu 宿州知州公牘, 1 ce [Documents from a Department Magistrate of Suzhou] By Su Yuanlu 蘇元璐 (z. Zilian 子廉) (jr. 1800), from Zhangzi 長子 (Shanxi) Ca. 1824 Ed.: – *Undated ms. ed. [Hunan]

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1267

Rem.: The documents date from the author’s magistracy at Suzhou department (Fengyang 鳳陽 prefecture, Anhui) in 1823 and 1824. They are mostly communications to superiors about such subjects as organiz­ ing baojia, building roads, taking care of beggars, and establishing char­ itable schools (義學). The sets of regulations concerning beggars and charitable schools are of particular interest. The volume also contains a set of “Ten songs to exhort the populace” (勸民歌十條), and a copy of of­ ficial correspondences by Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠 (1812–85), which would date the ms. to the second half of the nineteenth century. Bio.: From what can be found in local gazetteers, Su Yuanlu’s career took place entirely in Anhui. He held several acting magistracies, at Hefei 合肥, Tongling 銅陵, Lujiang 廬江 (1814), and Yixian 黟縣 (1814). We do not know what occurred during the years preceding his appointment as Suzhou depart­ ment magistrate in 1823. After his Suzhou tenure he asked to be allowed to retire on account of old age. Despite the governor’s insistence to keep him, he eventually left, and died at home at age 68. See Zhangzi XZ (1882), 8/10b–11a; Fengyang FZ (1908), 6C/31a; Lujiang XZ (1885), 6/6b. [GRT]

1022

Songzhou congzheng lu 宋州從政錄, 2 ce [A Record of Administering Guide Prefecture] By Wang Fengsheng 王鳳生 (z. Zhenxuan 振軒, Zhuyu 竹嶼) (1776– 1834), from Wuyuan 婺源 (Anhui) 1826 Ed.: – *1826 ed. of the Heshuo guanshe 河朔官舍藏板 (only mentioned on Ōki copy), with author’s pref. (1825). [*Columbia] [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of 1826 ed., in GZSJC, vol. 5.

Rem.: A comparatively short but rich collection of administrative documents (proclamations, circulars, and correspondence) from the author’s tenure as prefect of Guide 歸德 (Henan) from 4th to 9th month 1825. (Songzhou in the title is the department that was created in 596 and corresponds to present-day Shangqiu 商丘, the leading county of Guide prefecture.) The two main problems in the region were irrigation and flood protection, and the development of lawlessness consequent to natural disasters. When Wang arrived there was a drought, and he was entrusted with supervising canal dredging after conducting a general survey. Regarding public order, he worked hard at developing baojia. The circulars and proclamations in fasc. 1 deal with baojia, the registration

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of inns and a variety of businesses, capturing bandits, charity granaries (義倉), reducing corvée labor (省徭役) (the last topic with accompa­ nying exchanges with the magistrates). Several items include detailed sets of regulations. The last is a circular addressed to the magistrates by Wang on departing from his post. Fasc. 2, titled “Map of the rivers of the department and seven counties of Guide prefecture” (歸德府一州七縣 水道圖 [圖說 in running title]), consists of a set of representations of the river systems of every county in Guide, interspersed with related ad­ ministrative correspondence and author’s explanations introduced by an 按. Appended is a set of advice on capturing locust larvae based on a campaign Wang led in Yongcheng county shortly after his arrival (河南 永城縣捕蝻事宜), with an intro. dated 5th month, 1825. The whole work is illustrative of Wang’s vaunted professionalism. Bio.: See under Xuezhi tixing lu. Bibliography entries for same author: Huangzheng beilan; Liang Zhe yunku qingcha jieyao; Pinghu xian baojia shiyi; Xuezhi tixing lu; Yuezhong congzheng lu; Zhesheng cangku qingcha jieyao. [GRT, PEW]

1023

Dingying jishi 定潁記事, 2 j. [An Account of Xiping] By Li Delin 李德林 (z. Xiuzhai 修齋), from Pingdu department 平度 州 (Shandong) 1828 Ed.:

– *1828 engraving with pref. by Qian Yiji 錢儀吉 (n.d.). [Beitu] [*Congress] – Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1990 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan sanbian, ser. 55, no. 545). – *Photo reproduction of copy at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 14.

Rem.: Undated administrative pieces written by the author while magistrate of Xiping 西平 (Runing 汝寧 prefecture, Henan) and other counties. (Dingying in the title is the name of a prefecture and duke­ dom created in the Eastern Han on the territory of Xiping.) The work is meant to illustrate his “good policies” (善政). The reports, correspon­ dences, regulations, registers, and stele texts in j. 1 are entirely devoted to a program of promoting charitable schools (義學), which is said to have been pointed out by the governor as an example for the entire province. (Li created more than 40 in Xiping.) The pieces in j. 2 deal with vari­ ous building programs and with organizing corvée for the sake of the military; they show that besides Xiping, Li also served in Yifeng 儀封, Mengjin 孟津, Xin’an 新安 and Guide 歸德, all in Henan. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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1269

Bio.: Li Delin started as a private secretary. At some point he bought the rank of a district jailor (典史) and served in Yunnan, where he is said to have been successful in managing judicial cases. After a period of leave he contrib­ uted again to be made assistant ward commander (副指揮) in Beijing. From there he was promoted to magistrate of Xiping in Henan. At one point he was threatened with dismissal because of an administrative problem going back to his time in Beijing, but thanks to his constituents’ support he was allowed to stay in exchange for a monetary contribution. (The pieces related to this affair are reproduced at the end of j. 2.) In 1835 he was recommended by the gover­ nor for the rank of department magistrate (知州). He asked for sick leave, and died before he could reach the post of magistrate of Shangqiu 商丘 (the lead­ ing county of Guide) to which he had been appointed. See Pingdu ZZ (1849), 19/5a–6a; Shandong TZ (1918), 177/15b–16a. Ref. and studies: Ma, 142 (Beiping ed.). [PEW] 1024

Tiantai riji 天台日記, 1 ce [A Tiantai Diary] By Zhang Ruwu 張如梧 (z. Huanqiu 浣秋, 澣秋) (jr. 1810), from Nancheng 南城 (Jiangxi) 1829 Ed.:

– *[1829] ed. (no cover-leaf) with prefs. by Gu Tinglun 顧廷綸 (1829) and Yuan Zhenjia 袁振家 (1829), poems by Chen Sen 陳森. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of copy above in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 14 (giving Gu Tinglun as author).

Rem.: Gu’s pref. introduces Zhang as a worthy successor of Dai Zhaojia (see under Tiantai zhilüe), in post more than a century earlier, as magis­ trate of Tiantai (Zhejiang): both men succeeded brilliantly in a county notoriously difficult to govern, Dai more on the forceful side, Zhang more inclined to persuade and educate. Gu asked him to keep a record of his policies in the form of a book that would provide the world with an example (以資世法). This resulted in Tiantai riji, a 73-folio fasc. that covers the years 1828–29. The title appears only in the central margins, and the name of the author (in fact, his z.) only in the prefs. The texts collected consist of proclamations and official communications on such subjects as customs, celebrating chaste women, building an examina­ tion hall (several entries), funding travel for students competing at the provincial capital, famine prevention, community granaries, compiling the Tiantai gazetteer, irrigation, fire prevention, prohibiting gambling, suicide, and infanticide. There are several official addresses to deities. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1270

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Despite the ecstatic tone of the prefs., the work is not particularly origi­ nal. Much of Zhang’s efforts were aimed at levying contributions from the gentry, quite often to fund enterprises of direct interest to them.

Bio.: Zhang Ruwu was sent to Zhejiang years after his juren, and held what appears to be acting magistracies in Tiantai in 1828, in Jiashan 嘉善 in 1829, where he acquired wide popularity and was much regretted when he was again appointed to Tiantai, and finally in Cixi 慈谿 in 1832 and 1834. See Jianchang 建昌 FZ (1872); Jiashan XZ (1892), 15/18a; Cixi XZ (1899), 16/38a. Ref. and studies: Ma, 140 (Beiping) (author Gu Tinglun et al.). [PEW]

1025

Runjing tang zizhi guanshu 潤經堂自治官書, 4 j. [Official Documents on Self-Governance from the Adorning-Classics Hall] By Li Yanzhang 李彥章 (z. Zewen 則文, Lanqing 蘭卿, h. Rongyuan 榕園) (1796–1836) (js. 1811), from Houguan 侯官 (Fujian) 1829 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 2 ce, no juan division, with author’s pref. (1829). [Ōki] – Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) in 4 j., with author’s pref. (1829). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of ed. at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 17.

Rem.: After serving as a Grand Secretariat and Grand Council secre­ tary and in other metropolitan positions for some 15 years, the author was appointed prefect of Si’en 思恩 (Guangxi) in 1825. He explains in the pref. that he named Runjing tang the hall in his yamen where he studied administrative documents by ancient sages, basing himself on a saying in the Hanshu to the effect that “classical learning can adorn administrative affairs” (經術可以潤吏事; the verbatim phrase, 以 經術潤飾吏事, is in the introduction to the “Biographies of Upright Officials,” referring to Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒, Gongsun Hong 公孫弘, and Er Kuan 兒寬; see Hanshu, 89/3623–24). During his tenure in Si’en, as well as in Qingyuan 慶遠 and Xunzhou 潯州 prefectures, where he had acting positions, Li stored administrative documents drafted in his own hand and then entrusted them to a carver whom he kept in his retinue. He cites Chen Hongmou’s Peiyuan tang oucun gao (q.v.) as a model for his own compilation, but claims he would only send his work to friends who asked him for it. This process of “in-progress” engrav­ ing may explain why the two eds. of the work mentioned above are in fact different books, even though they share the same pref. and have

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1024–1026

1271

a number of entries in common. The copy at Ōki has no mulu and in­ troduces the documents sequentially over about 100 folios. The copy at Beitu, which is twice as long, has more materials (though it lacks several pieces found in the Ōki copy, notably general administrative proclama­ tions), and is organized in four juan. The documents in j. 1 and 2 are devoted to two academies Li founded in Si’en and to charitable schools (義學); one of the academies was named after Li’s professed model, Wang Yangming 王陽明 (Wang Shouren 守仁, 1472–1529), who had dis­ tinguished himself by combating rebels in Guangxi and retaking Si’en. Wang Yangming’s policies may also have been an inspiration to the con­ tents of j. 3, devoted to baojia (see under Yangming xiansheng baojia fa). J. 4 concerns irrigation and water control, taxes, and construction work on the city wall. The documents include correspondences to superiors (稟), proclamations (示), regulations (事宜), registers (册), and more. They are rich in concrete detail, in particular on Li’s education and control policies regarding non-Chinese populations and their native chiefs (土司). Bio.: As mentioned above, Li Yanzhang spent 15 years in metropolitan posi­ tions before being sent to the provinces, first as prefect in Guangxi (1826–29) and Jiangxi (1832, following a period of mourning), then as intendant of the Su-Chang-Zhen 蘇常鎮 circuit in Jiangsu (1833–36, with a stint as acting sur­ veillance commissioner), then again as Shandong salt controller (山東鹽運使), which seems to have been his highest position. See Minhou 閩侯 XZ (1933), 69/17b–19b, which provides much detail on his activities in his different posts; Guangxi TZ (1891), 7/7b; Mingren quanwei. [PEW]

1026

Yongli yongyan 庸吏庸言, 2 j. [Ordinary Talk from an Ordinary Official] By Liu Heng 劉衡 (z. Wensheng 文聲, Rentang 訒堂, h. Lianfang 簾舫) (1776–1841) (1800 secondary-list tribute student 副榜貢生), from Nanfeng 南豐 (Jiangxi) 1830 pref. Ed.:

– *In Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng yishu (q.v.), with prefs. by Guo Shangxian 郭尚先 (1830), Wu Shouchun 吳壽椿 (1830), and author (1830). – *In Lianfang xiansheng sizhong (q.v.), with prefs. by Guo Shangxian (1830), Wu Shouchun (1830), and author (1830). [Tōyō Bunko; probably same ed.]

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Guo Shangxian (1830), Wu Shouchun (1830), Pan Zhongji 潘仲輯 (1855), and author (1830), together with Yongli yutan (with 1831 author’s pref.). [*Columbia] – *1839 new engraving (重鐫), blocks kept “at the capital residence” 京宅藏 板, with prefs. by Guo Shangxian (1830), Wu Shouchun (1830), and author (1830). [Shanghai] – *1855 small-sized Shanyin Jin Ruiwu tang ed. 山陰金瑞五堂藏板, as a set with Congzheng yueyan (q.v.) and other works, with prefs. by Jin Ying 金纓 (1855), Lin Jun 林鈞 (1855), original prefs. by Guo Shangxian (1830) and Wu Shouchun (1830), self-pref. by Liu Heng (1830). [Ōki] – *1868 Chubei Chongwen shuju 楚北崇文書局 ed., with prefs. by Guo Shangxian (1830) and author, together with Yongli yutan (with 1831 au­ thor’s pref.); a separate fasc. features Dulü xinde and other texts (see under Dulü xinde). [*Congress/LL] [*Beitu, without separate fasc., to­ gether with Muling shu jiyao (see under that title) and two other works as a set titled Muling sishu 牧令四書] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Shanghai] – *In Lizhi sanshu (q.v.), with prefs. by Ding Richang 丁日昌 (1869), Wu Shouchun (1830), Ding Quzhong 丁取忠 (1853), and author (1830). – *1871 ed. in Liu Nanfeng xiansheng zhipu (q.v.), with pref. (to the entire collection) by Jiang Xun 蔣珣 (1871), prefs. by Guo Shangxian (1830), Wu Shouchun (1930), and author (1830). – *1873 Yangcheng shuju 羊城書局 new ed. (重刊), with prefs. by Ding Richang (to Li Zhifang xiansheng lizhi sanshu, 1869), Ding Quzhong (1853), and Wu Shouchun, fanli to Bianjiao 編校 Liu Lianfang xiansheng lizhi sanshu, together with Shuliao wenda and Dulü xinde; as a set with Muling shu jiyao, Baojia shu jiyao, and Mumin zhonggao (qq.v.). [Tōyō Bunko] – *1874 ed. with prefs. by Guo Shangxian (1830), unspecified author (incom­ plete text, one folio wrongly inserted), Wu Shouchun (1830), Liu Heng (to Yongli yutan [q.v.], 1831, the Yutan’s text being inserted at that place), Liu Heng (to Yongli yongyan, 1830); this ed., of rather poor quality, has notes printed in the upper margin. [Shoudu] – *Undated Liulichang Ronglu tang ed., Beijing (京都琉璃廠榮錄堂藏板), mention “Nanfeng Liu Heng cungao 存稿” in mulu, with prefs. by Guo Shangxian (1830), Wu Shouchun (1830), Liu Heng (to Yongli yutan, 1831), text of Yongli yutan, text of Yongli yongyan (both with same mention at the beginning); Liu Heng’s pref. to Yongyan is missing; no notes in mar­ gins. [LSS] – *Ed. in 1 juan titled Zhouxian xuzhi (q.v.), in Huanhai zhinan wuzhong (q.v.), with pref. by Wu Shouchun (1830).

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1273

– *In Mumin baojian (q.v.), with prefs. by Ding Quzhang (to Lianfang lizhi sanzhong, 1853), Ding Richang (to Liu Lianfang xiansheng lizhi sanshu, 1869), fanli of Lizhi sanshu, prefs. to Yongli yongyan by Guo Shangxian (1830), Wu Shouchun (1830), and author (1830). – *Photo-repro. of 1868 Hubei Chongwen shuju ed. (with Yongli yutan), in GZSJC, vol. 6. Rem.: In his pref., Wu Shouchun (z. Helin 鶴林), who was Liu Heng’s

private secretary during his Sichuan years, says that when Liu was ap­ pointed to a position in Henan in 1830, some Sichuan gentrymen and officials asked him (Wu) to compile an anthology of Liu’s proclama­ tions and directives from his eight years in the province, and then had it printed. (Liu Heng does not mention Wu’s role in his own pref. to Yongli yongyan, but does confirm in his pref. to Shuliao wenda [q.v.] that while about to leave Chengdu and sick with malaria, he asked Wu to as­ semble the Yongli yongyan material for him.) Liu claims to be “ordinary” because he followed the methods established by his predecessors and did not attempt to distinguish himself by his own views (無出臆見稍 稍自立異者庸矣). The text can be read as a record of his experiences as a local official in that region, starting with an account of his arrival at his Baxian 巴縣 post, followed by discussions of some of the issues and problems he faced during his tenure. The entries are in the form of directives, proclamations, regulations, communications to superiors, and other documents issued during the course of the author’s day-today duties—in other words, a gongdu anthology. Among the topics dis­ cussed are problems related to the management of clerks and runners, issues of morality and behavior among the people, charity for orphans and the poor, justice administration, famine relief, and management of baojia and militia. The Shuliao wenda and Yongli yutan (qq.v.) comple­ ment the work, which quickly was regarded as one of the Qing classic magistrate handbooks. Bio.: See under Shuliao wenda. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307. Ma, 141 (Beida) (1868 Chongwen shuju ed.). Siku xuxiu, 23:327 (citing a “Liulichang ed.”). Chang, 2:931 (Lianfang xiansheng sizhong ed.). Watt, 256–7. Wu Chengqiao, Qingdai lizhi congtan, 3/412. Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 4. Bibliography entries for same author: Dulü xinde; Zhouxian xuzhi; Shuliao wenda; Yongli yutan; Lizhi sanshu; Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng yishu; Lianfang xiansheng sizhong; Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng zhipu sanzhong; Liu Nanfeng xiansheng zhipu. [NP, PEW]

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1274 1027

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Zhouxian xuzhi 州縣須知, 1 j. [What Magistrates Must Know] By Liu Heng 劉衡 (z. Wensheng 文聲, Rentang 訒堂, h. Lianfang 簾舫) (1776–1841) (1800 secondary-list tribute student 副榜貢生), from Nanfeng 南豐 (Jiangxi) 1830 pref. Ed.:

– *In Huanhai zhinan wuzhong (q.v.), with pref. by Wu Shouchun 吳壽椿 (1830) (no pref. in Tian Tao copy). – *Photo-repro. of Huanhai zhinan wuzhong ed., with pref. by Wu Shouchun (1830), in GZSJC, vol. 6.

Rem.: This is the text word-for-word of Liu’s Yongli yongyan (q.v.), ex­ cept that it is not divided into 2 juan with separate mulu; indeed, the title Yongli yongyan appears on the cover-leaves of the 1859 copies of Huanhai zhinan wuzhong that include it and in the pref. of its compiler. Only Wu Shouchun’s pref. is given; the authorial caption at the begin­ ning says “Nanfeng Liu Heng cungao” 南豐劉衡存稿. A text titled Juguan 居官 is inserted between the mulu and the beginning of Liu’s text (in GZSJC it appears after that text); it is a collection of aphorisms on being an official, written by famous authors from Zhuge Liang to Lü Kun.

Bio.: See under Shuliao wenda. Bibliography entries for same author: Dulü xinde; Yongli yongyan; Shuliao wenda; Yongli yutan; Lizhi sanshu; Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng yishu; Lianfang xiansheng sizhong; Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng zhipu sanzhong; Liu Nanfeng xiansheng zhipu. [PEW] 1028

Yongli yutan 庸吏餘談 [Supplementary Talk by an Ordinary Official] By Liu Heng 劉衡 (z. Wensheng 文聲, Rentang 訒堂, h. Lianfang 簾舫) (1776–1841) (1800 secondary-list tribute student 副榜貢生), from Nanfeng 南豐 (Jiangxi) 1831 pref. Ed.: – *In Lizhi sanshu (q.v.), integrated into the text of Yongli yongyan. – *In Lianfang xiansheng sizhong (q.v.), with author’s pref. (1831) – *1871 ed. in Liu Nanfeng xiansheng zhipu (q.v.), with author’s pref. (1831). – *Following Yongli yongyan (see under that title).

Rem.: A complement to Yongli yongyan (q.v.). The pref. states that this selection of three pieces (two directives and one rescript) not included

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1275

in Yongli yongyan was found in Liu’s trunk by his sons when he was about to leave Sichuan to retire due to illness, in 1831.

Bio.: See under Shuliao wenda. Ref. and studies: QSG, 146/4307. Chang, 2:931–2. Transl.: Text and modern Chinese transl., in Guandian, vol. 4. Bibliography entries for same author: Dulü xinde; Yongli yongyan; Zhouxian xuzhi; Shuliao wenda; Lizhi sanshu; Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng yishu; Lianfang xiansheng sizhong; Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng zhipu sanzhong; Liu Nanfeng xiansheng zhipu. [PEW] 1029

Mianyi zhai oucun gao 勉益齋偶存稿, 8 j. [Surviving Drafts from the Striving-for-Improvement Studio] By Yuqian 裕謙 (1793–1841) (z. Yigu 衣谷, Lushan 魯珊, s. Jingjie 靖節) (?–1841) (js. 1817), from the Mongol Bordered Yellow Banner. 1832 pref. Ed.:

– *Unpaginated ms. in 1 ce, with author’s pref. (1832), containing 56 entries. [ZKT] – *Undated ed., without cover-leaf, with prefs. by Wu Qijun 吳其濬 (1832) and author (1832, written at the Mianyi Studio in the Wuchang prefecture office 武昌官署之勉益齋), with Mianyi zhai xucun gao (q.v.). [*Beitu, with prefs. in reverse order] [*Congress] [*Gugong Taipei, j. 7 missing] – *1876 new engraving (新鐫) of the Mianyi zhai 勉益齋藏板, with Mianyi zhai xucun gao (q.v.); title Zhengxu waili guixing 正續外吏規型 on coverleaf, Mianyi zhai oucun gao in text, with prefs. by Wu Qijun (1832) and author (1832). [*Columbia] [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Beitu]

Rem.: An exceptionally rich anthology of administrative documents including directives (檄), orders (諭、牌), communications (禀) and re­ ports (詳), proclamations (示) to admonish or prohibit, answers to re­ quests and judicial rescripts (批), and more, written by Yuqian while, successively, prefect of Jingzhou 荊州 (j. 1–3) and of Wuchang 武昌 (j. 4–8) in Hubei, 1826–32. Each document is dated and the arrangement is chronological. While the general tone is highly orthodox, Yuqian was clearly a committed and activist official intent on combating routine and negligence, not to mention bad customs. The documents cover every kind of subject and contain a wealth of concrete data on the econ­ omy, society, and administration of the regions he administered. See also Mianyi zhai xucun gao.

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Bio.: Yuqian’s career took him from the Hanlin Academy and the Ministry of Rites to several positions (from prefect to governor-general) in Hubei and Jiangsu. He was known for his stern application of the law. A partisan of allout military resistance during the Opium War, he provoked a British counterattack by having prisoners flayed alive, and committed suicide after the fall of Zhenhai 鎮海 in 1841. Some of the pieces collected in Mianyizhai oucun gao and its sequel also appear alongside memorials, narratives, and other texts on similar subjects in Yuqian’s Yu Jingjie gong yishu 裕靖節公遺書, 12 j. (n.d.), a sort of posthumous testament on administrative matters arranged under twelve different rubrics (see under Mianyi zhai xucun gao). See QSG, 372/11523– 26; XuBZJ, 44/1a–3a; QSLZ, 37/46a–52a; Guochao qixian leizheng, 373/41a–51b; Qingdai qibai, 2:1367–73; ECCP, 939–41; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Ma, 47 (Beiping) (1876 ed.). Chang, 2:941–2. Bibliography entries for same author: Mianyi zhai xucun gao. [PEW] 1030

Xinyuan congzheng lu 莘原從政錄 [A Record of Government Service in Xinyuan] By Zhou Jihua 周際華 (original m. Jiqi 際岐, z. Shifan 石藩) (1773– 1846) (js. 1801), from Guizhu 貴筑 (Guizhou) Ca. 1832 Ed.: – *Appended to the 1839 ed. of Gongcheng congzheng lu (q.v.) – *New 1858 engraving (see under Congzheng lu).

Rem.: In 1832, during his tenure as magistrate of Huixian 輝縣 (see under Gongcheng congzheng lu), Zhou Jihua was acting magistrate of Shaan independent department 陝州直隸州, which was in control of three counties. (Xinyuan is a place name referring to an ancient Xin kingdom on the territory of Shaanzhou.) The text consists of three piec­ es concerning road-building (an invitation to contribute, an account of construction, and a stele postface). A set of rhymes composed for Zhou’s Huixian constituents, titled “Gongcheng shishu shiyuan ge” 共城士庶十 願歌, is appended.

Bio.: Zhou Jihua came from a poor but scholarly family from Guizhou. After his jinshi he was appointed a secretary (中書) in the Grand Secretariat, but asked to become an educational official instead in order to take care of his ailing mother. He was instructor (教授) in Zunyi 遵義 (1802–09) and (after a period of mourning) Duyun 都勻 prefectures in Guizhou. In 1819 he was promoted to

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1277

be magistrate, and after another period of mourning was appointed to Huixian (1826); from 1831 he was for a time acting department magistrate of Shaanzhou 陝州, also in Henan, then returned to Huixian. He was transferred to Jiangsu in 1835 because his son’s father-in-law, Zhu Shu 朱澍, had been appointed Henan surveillance commissioner. There he was successively magistrate of Gaochun 高淳 (1836), Xinghua 興化 (1837)—a place exposed to flooding—and Jiangdu 江都 (1841), a post he held jointly with that of Taizhou 泰州 acting depart­ ment magistrate. He was recommended for his work in river conservancy and had an audience with the Daoguang emperor. The same year his son was ap­ pointed expectant intendant in Jiangsu, and rather than moving to another province, Zhou asked to be allowed to retire. At his death in 1846 at age 74, he is said to have been honored by thousands of mourners in Hui and Xinghua counties. See QSG, 477/13028–29; Guochao qixian leizheng chubian, 246/補錄; XuBZJ, 42/25b–27b, “Zhou shi liangshi xunli zhuan” 周氏兩世循吏傳, by Fang Zongcheng 方宗誠; Fang Zongcheng, Botang houji 柏堂後集, 11; Zou Hanxun 鄒漢勛, Yizhai wencun 藝齋文存, 7; Guiyang 貴陽 FZ (Xianfeng), 79/3a–10b. Bibliography entries for same author: Gongcheng congzheng lu; Hailing congzheng lu; Congzheng lu. [PEW] 1031

Gongcheng congzheng lu 共城從政錄, 1 j. [A Record of Government Service in Gongcheng] By Zhou Jihua 周際華 (original m. Jiqi 際岐, z. Shifan 石藩) (1773– 1846) (js. 1801), from Guizhu 貴筑 (Guizhou) Ca. 1835 Ed.:

– *1839 new engraving (重鐫) of the Jiayin tang 家蔭堂藏板 (with Xinyuan congzheng lu [q.v.] appended), as a set with Hailing congzheng lu (q.v.). [*Ōki] [Beitu, as part of ten titles by Zhou Jihua in Jiayin tang cungao 存 稿 (1839), printed at the Zhou family Jiayin tang] – *1858 new Jiayin tang engraving (see under Congzheng lu). – *Photo-repro. of 1839 ed., in GZSJC, vol. 6.

Rem.: An anthology of the author’s administrative writings and re­ cords as magistrate of Huixian 輝縣, in Weihui 衛輝 prefecture (Henan), between 1826 and 1835. (Gongcheng in the title was the original name of the county when it was created by the Sui.) It includes exhortations to the population on such topics as growing mulberry trees, weaving, planting trees, building roads, improving irrigation (on which Zhou

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

appears to have been much focused), prohibitions against gambling, theater shows, and illegal religious activities, records on moving the local academy, establishing charitable schools, rebuilding sanctuaries, and more. The text is informative on administrative conditions in north­ ern Henan in general.

Bio.: See under Xiyuan congzheng lu. Bibliography entries for same author: Xinyuan congzheng lu; Hailing congzheng lu; Congzheng lu. [GRT, NP] 1032

Hailing congzheng lu 海陵從政錄, 1 j. [A Record of Government Service in Hailing] By Zhou Jihua 周際華 (original m. Jiqi 際岐, z. Shifan 石藩) (1773– 1846) (js. 1801), from Guizhu 貴筑 (Guizhou) Ca. 1837 Ed.:

– *1839 new engraving (新鐫) of the Jiayin tang 家蔭堂藏板, as a set with Gongcheng congzheng lu (q.v.); author’s name on cover-leaf Zhou Shifan. [Ōki] – New 1858 engraving (see under Congzheng lu). – *Photo-repro. of 1839 ed., in GZSJC, vol. 6. Rem.: In 1835 Zhou Jihua was obliged to leave his post of Huixian 輝縣

magistrate (see Bio. under Xinyuan congzheng lu) and was transferred to Jiangsu, where he held several magistracies, both acting and substan­ tive. The present work consists of proclamations, orders, and correspon­ dence issued while magistrate of Xinghua 興化 (Yangzhou prefecture). (Hailing in the title refers to the name of the county of which the terri­ tory of Xinghua was part before it was created during the Five Dynasties period.) The collection contains formal reports (詳) to superiors on such topics as water management; moral exhortations and admonitions to the general populace, to yamen clerks and runners, and to women; pro­ hibitions on various types of behavior such as pettifogging, gambling, and banditry; and numerous entries concerning sale and use of opium. There are also drafts of Zhou’s lectures to local students, as well as ac­ counts of the reconstruction of the temples of Confucius and of the God of Literature. Obviously, Zhou transferred to his new posting the experi­ ence accumulated in Henan; the contrast between the population and administration of the two localities can also be gathered from a com­ parison of the two works.

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1279

Bio.: See under Xinyuan congzheng lu. Bibliography entries for same author: Gongcheng congzheng lu; Xinyuan congzheng lu; Congzheng lu. [GRT, NP] 1033

Mianyi zhai xucun gao 勉益齋續存稿, 16 j. [Remaining Drafts from the Mianyi Studio, Continued] By Yuqian 裕謙 (1793–1841) (z. Yigu 衣谷, Lushan 魯珊, s. Jingjie 靖節) (?–1841) (js. 1817), from the Mongol Bordered Yellow Banner Ca. 1840 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with author’s pref. (n.d.), together with Mianyi zhai oucun gao (q.v.). [*Beitu] [*Congress] [*Gugong Taipei, only j. 1–2] – *1876 ed. with author’s pref. (n.d.), together with Mianyi zhai oucun gao (q.v.). [*Columbia] [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Beitu]

Rem.: The format is the same as in the 1832 Mianyi zhai oucun gao, with the same variety of contents, though on a province-wide scale once Yuqian was promoted surveillance commissioner. The author’s posts in this continuation are Wuchang prefect (from 7th month, 1832) (j. 1–5), Jiangsu surveillance commissioner (j. 6–8), and Jiangsu ad­ ministration commissioner (through beginning of 1840) (j. 9–16). J. 5, titled Zhouxian dangwu ershisi tiao 州縣當務二十四條, dated 1834, is a list of 24 directives for magistrates modeled on Zhouxian shiyi by Tian Wenjing and Li Wei (q.v.) and adapted to changes since the Yongzheng period. Some of the directives and proclamations are also found in Yuqian’s posthumous works, Yu Jingjie gong yishu 裕竫節公遺書, 1 + 12 j. (n.d.), alongside discussions (論), draft memorials, prefaces, etc. The yishu is arranged by broad categories similar to those in administra­ tive handbooks, viz. “Governance” (論政), “Controlling officials” (察吏), “Improving customs” (訓俗), “Loving the people” (愛民), “Revering rites” (崇禮), “Praising chastity” (褒節), “Having regard for the literati” (重士), “Catching traitors” (緝奸), “River control” (治水), “Salt administration” (理鹺), “Famine relief” (救荒), and “Maritime defense” (防海). Bio.: See under Mianyi zhai oucun gao. Bibliography entries for same author: Mianyi zhai oucun gao. [PEW]

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Congzheng biji 從政筆記, 1 ce [Random Notes from an Official Career] By He Tongwen 何彤文 (original m. Huanwen 煥文, z. Qinglian 青蓮, h. Jiting xiansheng 芰亭先生) (1808 tribute student), from Nanling 南陵 (Anhui) 1840 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with pref. by Xiang Jixian 向季賢 (1840). [Columbia] – *Undated ed. without pref. [Hunan]

Rem.: The name of the author is nowhere indicated (the preface calls him by his hao), but can be found within some of the documents. An anthology of letters to superiors, geographical notes, requests, reports, proclamations, and regulations, on various matters that the author dealt with as acting magistrate or assistant department magistrate in several regions of Hunan. Topics include conditions in areas bordering on Guizhou, Guangxi, and Guangdong, banditry, combating locusts, smuggling Guangdong salt into Hunan, baojia, warships and other types of boats in the Dongting Lake area, ports of commerce, water control, and more. According to the pref., He’s style of government embodied the principles of sincerity (實) and humaneness (仁) that should gov­ ern the hearts and actions of any administrator. He appears to have been curious about local conditions and very active. The work is quite informative on the situation in the regions of Hunan where he served in the 1830s.

Bio.: A student of the famous scholar Yao Nai 姚鼐 (1731–1815) and an 1808 supplementary-list tribute student (副榜), He Tongwen was at some point sent to Hunan with the rank of a subaltern official (佐職). He served there for about two decades, filling positions of vice-department magistrate (州 判) at Chenzhou 郴州 in 1831 and Jingzhou independent department 靖州直 隸州 in 1832; acting magistrate of Guidong 桂東 in 1832; assistant prefect in charge of grain tax (督糧通判) in Yuezhou 岳州 in 1837; assistant prefect (通 判) in Hengzhou 衡州 in 1846 and Yuezhou in 1849; and vice-prefect (同知) of Changde 常德 in 1850. See Hunan TZ (1985), 122/10a, 12b, 22a, 22b; Nanling XZ (Minguo), 30/21b–22a; Guidong XZ (1925), 12/28a; Longyang 龍陽 XZ (1875), 14/18a; Jingzhou zhili ZZ (1879), 7/8a; Baling 巴陵 XZ (1891), 49/5b; Wuling 武 陵 XZ (1863), 29/6b. [GRT, PEW]

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1034–1035 1035

1281

Mozhai gongdu 默齋公牘, 2 j. [Administrative Papers from the Silent Studio] By Yu Deyuan 俞德淵 (z. Yuanpei 源培, h. Taoquan 陶泉) (1778–1835) (js. 1817), from Pingluo 平羅 (Gansu); ed. Lu De 路德 (h. Runsheng 閏 生), from Zhouzhi 盩厔 (Shaanxi) 1840 Ed.:

– *1840 engraving (鐫) of the Liuyu tang in Pingluo 平羅留餘堂藏板, with pref. by Lu De (1840), funeral inscription (墓誌銘) by Lin Zexu 林則徐 appended. [Ōki] – 1870 new ed. (重刊) of the Liuyu tang in Pingluo. [Jimbun] Rem.: The collection was “critically selected” (評選) after Yu’s death by his classmate (同年) Lu De, who notes in the pref. that because Yu had

been so discreet about his public activities it was difficult to write a biog­ raphy, being limited to preserved documents. The texts are abundantly punctuated and underlined, with occasional interlinear comments, and are followed by Lu De’s comments. J. 1 includes letters and reports to col­ leagues and superiors on political and administrative subjects (includ­ ing a very long argument about salt administration in a letter to Tao Zhu 陶澍 [see below]). J. 2 includes two proposals (酌擬) on grain tribute sea transportation (海運), and orders and prohibitions addressed to various categories of population among Yu’s constituencies as magistrate, pre­ fect, and salt controller. There are also admonitions (諭) to the gentry and students, an order to stop opening tea houses where people waste their time and money, an order not to use privately minted cash (私小 錢文) on markets, a prohibition against parties of young bullies creat­ ing trouble in town, and several admonitions to subaltern personnel. Besides Lin Zexu’s biographical essay, the appendix (附錄) features a text entitled “A supplement to the sayings and deeds of Two-Huai Salt Controller Mr. Yu from Pingluo” (兩淮都轉平羅俞君言行補遺) by He Changling 賀長齡. Yu Deyuan seems to have been close to the reformist approach that characterized the more activist fraction of the bureau­ cracy during the early Daoguang period, including the high officials of Jiangnan with whom he was in close contact.

Bio.: According to Lin Zexu’s funeral inscription, Yu Deyuan was salt con­ troller of the Two-Huai region (兩淮鹽運使) when he asked for retirement, one month before his death (Lin was governor of Jiangsu at the time). After his jinshi and a first appointment as Hanlin bachelor (庶吉士), he spent the rest of his career in Jiangsu, as magistrate of Jingxi 荊溪 (1819) and Changzhou

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長洲 (1822), assistant prefect of Suzhou in charge of grain tax (督糧通判) (1828,

after a period of mourning), prefect of Changzhou and Nanjing (1828), acting Jiangnan salt intendant (江南鹽巡道) (1828–30), and finally Liang-Huai salt controller (1830–35). Lin emphasizes Yu’s efficient action to organize relief dur­ ing severe flooding in 1823, as well as his ability as a judge and his important contribution to salt administration reform during his five years as controller. Lu De’s pref. claims that when Yu was prefect of Suzhou, the high officials then in charge of Jiangsu (Lin Zexu, He Changling, and Tao Zhu, all of them pres­ tigious bureaucrats) would ask for his opinion on any difficult problems and follow his advice, even though his disagreements with Tao Zhu when he was in the Salt Administration led to loud arguments that “made attendants change color and windows shake” (侍者變色，窗紙皆震). See QSG, 384/11668–69; Gansu xuTZ (1909), 65/25a–b; Yangzhou 揚州 FZ (1874), 8/7b–8a. [PEW] 1036

Kaiqie guanfang xiaoyu gaoshi gao 剴切關防曉諭告示稿 [Draft Proclamation Urgently Warning the Population] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated (late-Daoguang) ms. ed., title on first page Kaiqie guanfang xiaoyu gaoshi, title on cover-leaf and in cat. Xiangzhou gaoshi 相州告示. [Beitu]

Rem.: A programmatic statement in 14 items issued by the prefect of Xiangzhou (i.e. Zhangde 彰德, Henan), apparently motivated by a situ­ ation of dearth. Topics discussed are: strengthening Confucian studies (端士習); establishing relief centers in the winter (隆冬設廠); prohibit­ ing wicked people from gathering crowds to resist officials (刁徒聚眾抗 官); forbidding runners to confine people for interrogation (差役私立悶 室); severely punishing hooligans who intimidate people on the streets of Zhangde; arresting bandits roaming the country; taking care of aban­ doned children; preventing the selling of girls by poor people; warning against suicide; providing coffins for the corpses exposed in the open; planting vegetables to complement the spring crop; controlling the price of silver; prohibiting “small cash” circulated by money-changers (市集私 錢); and reinforcing security to prevent frauds from stirring trouble by pretending connections with the prefect (嚴立關防以杜詐偽). It is stat­ ed at the end that the text must be posted everywhere in the counties

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1283

1035–1037

depending from Zhangde and explained to the illiterate by notables and village chiefs. The last page has the date 道光二十 年, meaning it could be from any year from 1840 to 1849; the only date mentioned in the text is 1841 (referring to an earlier incident).

Ref. and studies: Ma, 144 (Beiping) [PEW] 1037

Quanjie shimin tiaoyue 勸誡士民條約, 1 ce [A Covenant for Admonishing the Gentry and People] By Zhu Sunyi 朱孫詒 (z. Shiqiao 石橋), from Qingjiang 清江 (Jiangxi) 1848 Ed.: – *1862 ed. with pref. by Tong Yulu 童棫陸 (1862). [Beitu]

Rem.: A public proclamation circulated by the author in the 6th month of 1848 after he had become acting magistrate of Ningxiang 寧鄉 (Hunan). The local notables were expected to explain the text to the populace with a view to improving its ways. The six entries concern everyday family relations, austerity and hard work (recommended for the poor), domestic harmony, customs (a condemnation of popular re­ ligious festivals), gambling, and litigation. The text was printed in book form by Zhu in 1862 while he was leaving Sichuan to assume a new po­ sition in Zhejiang. Another proclamation, titled “A proclamation after investigating customs” (觀風告示), is appended. Extracts of the text are found in the Tongzhi ed. of Ningxiang XZ 寧鄉縣志, j. 22, section on “of­ ficial accomplishments” (政績), titled “Shu Ningxiang xian shi 署寧鄉 縣事 Zhu Sunyi quanjie shimin tiaoyue”; and in the 1941 ed., 故事編 4, 5b–7b (as “Ningxiang zhixian Zhu Sunyi …”). Bio.: A tribute student by purchase (廩貢生), Zhu Sunyi spent what must have been the first decade of his career in Hunan. He was magistrate of Ningxiang (from 1848) and Xiangxiang 湘鄉 (1850–53); when the Taiping at­ tacked Changsha in 1852 he actively organized militia (團練) in Xiangxiang (Zeng Guofan’s native place), thereby deterring the Taipings from sneaking into his territory. In 1853 he was department magistrate of Chenzhou 郴州 and led an army of Hunan braves (湘勇) to his native prefecture in neighboring Jiangxi to help resist a Taiping invasion. In the following years he appears to have been deeply involved in anti-Taiping mobilization in Hunan (see under Zai Xiang jielu). A text by him titled “Tuanlian shuo” 團練說, with “Tuanlian tiaogui 條規” attached, is quoted in the Shaanxi provincial gazetteer. He is mentioned

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1284

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

as prefect of Baoqing 寶慶 in 1855, as expectant prefect (候補知府) in 1856 and 1857, and as intendant (補道) in 1859. No details are known on his posting in Sichuan. His higher position was Zhejiang salt controller with rank of surveil­ lance commissioner (按察司銜浙江鹽運使) in 1869. See Hunan TZ (1885), 首 6/41a–b, 123/9b, 12a, 181/21a; Qingjiang XZ (1870), 6/21a; Xiangxiang XZ (1874), 5A/24a, 6/69b, 81b; Shaoyang 邵陽 XZ (1876), 10/13a; Xuxiu Shaanxi TZ gao (1934), 45/49a–50b. [GRT, PEW] 1038

Diandu oucun 滇牘偶存, 1 j. [Surviving Documents from Yunnan] By He Shaoqi 何紹祺 (z. Zijing 子敬, Xuqian 勗潛) (jr. 1834), from Daozhou 道州 (Hunan) 1849 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with author’s pref. (1849) and pref. by Hong Jingui 洪金桂 (n.d.); Hong is cited as publisher (校刊) at the end of the mulu. [*Hunan] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: Administrative documents dating from the author’s magis­ tracy in Guangtong 廣通 (Yunnan) in 1844–47; they are meant to warn his sons and grandsons that “when an official, one must know how to alleviate the people’s difficulties; when living in seclusion, one must know that being an official is difficult” (作吏當知恤民難, 隱處當知作 吏難). The 153 folios convey pieces on everyday government, such as letters to superiors and colleagues (稟啟), orders and proclamations (示諭), answers to complaints (批詞), official communications and reg­ ulations, and discussions (論) and proposals (議). Personal comments are occasionally inserted. The texts are heavily punctuated and under­ lined. They deal, among others, with the author’s efforts in areas such as postal stations, capturing criminals, local defense, sectarianism, salt wells, currency, tribute elephants (which he suggested discontinuing; an essay on the same topic by Weng Zulie [see under Huanyou suibi] is included), and Muslim disturbances, on which he offers a sizable set of documents. The last topic is of especial interest regarding the situa­ tion in late-Daoguang Yunnan. The Muslim documents are in two series (初次 and 二次), corresponding to 1845 and 1846; the events discussed were provoked by a massacre of Hui people in the city of Yongchang 永昌 in late 1845. In general, the large number of letters to colleagues and orders to various categories of people among the administration

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1037–1039

and population, as well as the answers to complaints, provide a vivid account of everyday problems in the region during the author’s tenure.

Bio.: He Shaoqi was the scion of a distinguished literati family and son of He Linghan 何凌漢 (1772–1840), who ended his career as minister of Revenue and died when Shaoqi was 40 years old. He started his career in Yunnan at age 44. After his stint in Guangtong he was promoted to a post of vice-prefect (同知) in Jiangsu in 1847. As his functions in Jiangsu were coming to a close and he was about to travel to the capital, he retrieved his draft documents from Yunnan, a post for which his pref. says that he felt nostalgia. He became pre­ fect of Taizhou 台州 (Zhejiang) in 1858 and acting prefect of Jiaxing 嘉興 in 1858–59, and finally Zhejiang acting grain intendant (督糧道). See Daozhou zhi (1877), 8/9a; Jiaxing FZ (1879), 36/46a, 42/67b–68a (mentioning a Dian Zhe cundu 滇浙存牘), Taizhou FZ (1935), 10/34b. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 138–9, listing the captions of 2 judgments (判) and 37 rescripts (批). [GRT, PEW] 1039

Diannan shishi 滇南事實, 1 j. [Facts about Yunnan] By Huang Mengju 黃夢菊 (z. Shuzhuang 潄莊) (js. 1840), from Jinxi

金谿 (Jiangxi)

1849 Ed.:

– *1849 Yude tang family ed. 裕德堂藏板. [Beitu]

Rem.: Administrative pieces (correspondence, proclamations, and others) dealing with every aspect of government, written by the author while serving as magistrate in three different counties of Yunnan, Xi’e 㠄峩, En’an 恩安, and Huize 會澤 (the leading—and only—county of Dongchuan 東川 prefecture), during the Daoguang period. Topics in­ clude agricultural encouragement (課農桑), irrigation (修水利), schools (興學校), promoting chastity and filial piety (舉節孝), and more.

Bio.: After his jinshi Huang Mengju was sent to Yunnan, where he served as acting magistrate of Xi’e and E,’an, and became incumbent magistrate of Huize in 1843. There he is said to have been active in educating a population of both Chinese and aborigines, teaching his constituents new economic activities such as textile production, developing irrigation, reinforcing defense, and so forth. After a mourning leave he became magistrate of Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang). His last position was vice-prefect in charge of the eastern seawall in Hangzhou (東塘海防同知) and acting Hangzhou prefect. See Jinxi XZ (1870), 17A/22b,

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

18/16b, 23B/24b–25a; Dongchuan 東川 FxuZ (1897), 1/18a, 29a; Fuzhou 撫州 FZ (1877), 55/38a–b. Ref. and studies: Ma, 140–1 (Beiping) [PEW] 1040

[Qian hou] Shou Bao lu 前後守寶錄, 5 + 20 j. [An Account of Serving as Prefect of Baoqing, First and Second Parts] By (Changbai) Kuilian 長白魁聯 (z. Yinting 蔭庭) (?–1857), from the Chinese Plain White Banner. 1853 Ed.:

– *1853 ed. engraved at the office of Baoqing prefecture 寶慶府署開雕, with author’s pref. (1853). [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: In 1850 the author was appointed acting prefect of Baoqing (Hunan), a place still seething from a recently suppressed rebellion. In 1851 he was called to Changsha 長沙, the provincial capital, to partici­ pate briefly in welcoming and feasting (供張) the army sent against the Taipings in Guangxi, and went back to Baoqing with strict orders to de­ fend its territory, which has a long border with Guangxi, against collusion between outside and inside rebels. In 1852 the Taipings entered Hunan, captured several towns and surrounded Baoqing, which at the time was suffering from a severe drought. Fortunately the city was spared. Kuilian, whose pref. expresses his hesitations and inadequacies, claims that all the planning and accounting were done by his “friend” (i.e., pri­ vate secretary) Wang Zhimo 王治模 (z. Lisheng 麗生, from Longquan 龍 泉, Zhejiang), who also drafted his correspondence and proclamations. The present compilation was assembled shortly after his death, both to preserve his writings and record how the prefecture was protected and to serve as a reference for future “gentlemen.” The documents (detailed one by one in the mulu) are arranged chronologically and dated by the day. There are two parts, Qian shou Bao lu (5 j.) and Hou shou Bao lu (20 j.), corresponding to Kuilian’s tenures before and after he was recalled to Changsha. A majority are reports to provincial authorities, mostly in the form of informal correspondence (稟); the rest are directives to subordinates, mostly in the form of communications (札), orders (諭), and proclamations (示) to various administrative and social bodies. The dominant topic is defense, either against local bandits, often called “ruf­ fians” (痞匪), or against the Taipings. (A long list of bandits already or yet to be captured is provided.) The problems related to organizing and

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1039–1041

1287

funding baojia and militia and building up defenses across the prefec­ ture figure prominently; all relevant aspects of administrative and social control are discussed as well, including repairing city walls, controlling rumors and preserving morale, building grain reserves, levying contri­ butions, dealing with the military, preserving discipline in local exami­ nations, and more.

Bio.: Kuilian’s patronym (姓) was Li 李. His attempts in the examinations failed. In 1837 he was sent to Hunan with the purchased rank of prefect. There he served as acting prefect in several places, including Baoqing. His successful repression of local bandits in 1848 earned him special distinction, and like­ wise his participation in the defense of Hunan against the Taipings in 1852. He became prefect of Yuezhou 岳州 in 1854. Despite being promoted to an intendancy in Fujian he stayed in Hunan to continue helping in combating the Taipings. He became Hunan surveillance commissioner, and in 1856, despite a plea to take leave on grounds of illness, was sent to Hubei to administer mili­ tary units (辦營務) and command naval artillery forces (統水師礮船). He was then appointed Hubei grain intendant (糧道), and died in office in mid-1857. His reputation was apparently considerable and the court granted him sev­ eral posthumous honors. See Zunhua 遵化 TZ (1886), 52/21b; Hunan TZ (1885), 107/24b–25b. [PEW] 1041

Huaiqing zhengji 槐卿政蹟, 6 j. [Records of Mr. Huaiqing’s Governance] By Shen Yanqing 沈衍慶 (z. Zifu 子符, h. Huaiqing 槐卿) (1813–53) (js. 1835), from Shidai 石埭 (Anhui) Ca. 1853 Ed.:

– *1862 ed. with pref. by Liu Yi 劉繹 (1862). [*Beitu, as a set with Huaiqing yigao 遺稿, published the same year] [*Congress] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunka, as a set with Huaiqing yigao] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *1905 movable-type ed. (木聚珍版), with 1 j. of supplements. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of 1862 ed., together with Huaiqing yigao, Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1969 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, vol. 378). – Modern typeset ed. based on 1862 ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 10. Rem.: The work is composed of proclamations (示諭) (j. 1) and judi­ cial sentences (判牘) (j. 2–6) by an author with the reputation of an out­ standing judge; they date to magistracies at Taihe 泰和, Xingguo 興國, and Poyang 鄱陽 (all in Jiangxi). The preface claims that Shen was an ex­ emplar of how “loyalty and trust” (忠信) translate into “lucid decisions”

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1288

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

(明決). The 23 proclamations concern yamen security and the magis­ trate’s integrity, literati behavior, tax payments, lawsuits, flood control in the polder area around Poyang Lake, and famine relief; they are dated by the year and month and cover the period 1843–50. The contents of the 135 judicial “affairs” (事), largely civil cases, are indicated by the cap­ tions listed in the mulu. The pieces are chronologically arranged. They had been assembled by Shen, but the work was edited and published by his two sons, Shen Zhixiu 芝修 and Shen Tangxiu 棠修, after his death. In some copies j. 6 is followed by two texts by a certain Xia Xie 夏燮, dated 1853, concerning the death of Li Renyuan 李仁元 (h. Zizhai 資齋), the magistrate of Leping 樂平, who was killed by the Taipings with his family, together with the author, earlier that year (see below). In other copies these texts are placed at the end of Huaiqing yigao, a collection of poems, letters, and miscellaneous texts whose contents are in part related to administrative matters.

Bio.: After his jinshi Shen Yanqing was sent to Jiangxi with the rank of mag­ istrate. He served as acting magistrate of Xingguo (1838) and Anyi 安義 (1842); in 1843 he was appointed to Taihe, and in 1846 to Poyang, a notoriously difficult post. There, among other problems he had to administer relief during major floods in 1848 and 1849. His exertions earned him evaluation as best official in Jiangxi (江西最), and in 1851 he was granted audience with the Xianfeng emper­ or. Back in Jiangxi he organized local defense against the Taipings, and in 1852 published a work with several texts on the subject (see under Tuanlian xiangshou beiyao). In 1853 he helped raise the siege of Nanchang by the Taipings. Back in Poyang he died defending the city alongside his colleague Li Renyuan. See Xingguo XZ (1872), 19/13b; Anyi XZ (1871), 6/5b; Ji’an 吉安 FZ (1875), 13/53b; Ganzhou 贛州 FZ (1873), 43/50a–b; Raozhou 饒州 FZ (1872), 13/9a–10a: Anhui TZ (1878), 208/10a–11a; Jiangxi TZ (1881), 132/ 41b–42a; Fang Zongcheng 方宗誠, Botang ji xubian 柏堂集續編 (1875), j. 10. Ref. and studies: Ma, 141 (Qinghua) (1905 ed.). Shiga, 9. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 142–3, listing all 135 captions. A number of cases from Huaiqing zhengji are analyzed in Liang, Delivering Justice in Qing China. [PEW] 1042

Siweixin zhai wenbian 斯未信齋文編, 15 or 17 j. [Texts from the Lack-of-Confidence Studio] By Xu Zonggan 徐宗幹 (z. Shuren 樹人, Bozhen 伯楨, h. Siweixin zhai zhuren 斯未信齋主人, s. Qinghui 清惠) (1796–1866) (js. 1820), from Tongzhou 通州 (Jiangsu)

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1289

1041–1043

1855 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 17 j. with author’s pref. (1855). [Jimbun] [*Ōki] – Undated ed. in 15 j. (without the 2 juan of memorials in ed. above), with pref. by Gui Chaowan 桂超萬 (1862). [Taiwan Provincial Library] – *Selection of Taiwan-related entries from above ed. (with mulu of the complete copy), in Taiwan wenxian congkan (Taipei: Taiwan yinhang, 1960), no. 87; also in Taiwan wenxian shiliao congkan, ser. 8 (Taipei: Taiwan Datong shuju, 1987). Rem.: The 17-j. ed. comprises (1) memorials (奏疏, 2 j.); (2) administra­ tive papers (官牘, 7 j.), including a variety of proclamations, communi­

cations, circulars, propositions, letters, etc., from the various positions held by the author; (3) military letters (軍書, 4 j.), concerning Fujian, Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, and including a few collective ad­ dresses (諭) to officers, soldiers, or the population, “discussions” (說), and proposals (議); and (4) literary pieces (藝文, 4 j.). Bio.: See under Zhi Tai bigao lu. Ref. and studies: Ma, 122–3 (Beiping) (citing an 1862 ed. in 7 j. titled Siweixin zhai wengao 文稿, with junshu and guandu). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 150. Bibliography entries for same author: Zhi Tai bigao lu. [PEW]

1043

Congzheng lu 從政錄, 2 ce [A Record of Government Service] By Zhou Jihua 周際華 (original m. Jiqi 際岐, z. Shifan 石藩) (1773– 1846) (js. 1801), from Guizhu 貴筑 (Guizhou) 1858 Ed.: – *1858 new engraving (重鐫) of the Jiayin tang 嘉蔭堂藏板, with mention “Jiayin tang huikan 彚刊” in some lower central margins. [*Beitu] [*Ōki]

Rem.: A new engraving of Gongcheng congzheng lu, Xinyuan congzheng lu, and Hailing congzheng lu (qq.v.), printed in two fasc. with con­ tinuous page-numbering (117 folios in all). As with the original 1839 ed. (see under Hailing congzheng lu), the author’s seven sons are cited as collators; the present printing was carried out by his sixth son, Zhou Hao 灝. Bio.: See under Xinyuan congzheng lu. Ref. and studies: Ma, 139 (Qinghua).

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1290

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Bibliography entries for same author: Gongcheng congzheng lu; Xinyuan congzheng lu; Hailing congzheng lu. [PEW] 1044

Conggong lu 從公錄 [A Record of Public Service] By Dai Zhaochen 戴肇辰 (z. Youmei 友梅) (1810–90), from Dantu 丹

徒 (Jiangsu)

1862 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Zong Jichen 宗稷辰 (1863), Wang Qizeng 王啟 曾 (1862), and author (1862). [*Beitu] [*Fu Sinian] [*Ōki, with Conggong xulu and Conggong sanlu (qq.v.), and Dongmou shoucheng jilüe 東牟守城 紀略] [*Tōyō Bunko, with Conggong xulu and Conggong sanlu (qq.v.)] – *In Dantu Dai shi yishu 丹徒戴氏遺書, ce 1–4, with same prefs. [Beitu] – *In GZSJC, vol. 8, reproducing an unspecified ed., with same prefs.

Rem.: Dai Zhaochen was appointed prefect of Dengzhou 登州 (Shandong) in 1861; he had the city wall rebuilt and successfully de­ fended the place against a 40-day siege by Nian rebels. The work is composed of “preserved drafts” (存稿) from that period. It includes 20 entries (proclamations, communications, and regulations) dealing with such problems of local administration as examinations, corruption by clerks and runners, the salt monopoly, and especially with problems of defense; there is an account of the rebuilding of the city wall. The ed. seen at Fu Sinian and the one reproduced in GZSJC have two “old docu­ ments” (舊牘) appended. Shortly after the events, Dai Zhaochen’s son, Dai Xieyuan 燮元, who had been assisting in the defense, composed a day-by-day account titled Dongmou shoucheng jilüe (1861 pref.), pub­ lished in Canton in 1869. Bio.: See under Xueshi lu. Ref. and studies: Chang, 2:924–5. Bibliography entries for same author: Conggong xulu; Conggong sanlu; Qiuzhi guanjian; Xueshi lu; see also Sanlian zengbie lu. [NP, PEW]

1045

Shou Qi gongdu huicun 守岐公牘彙存, 1 j. [Preserved Administrative Documents Composed as Fengxiang Prefect] By Zhang Zhaodong 張兆棟 (z. Youshan 友山, Bolong 伯隆) (1820–87) (js. 1845), from Weixian 濰縣 (Shandong)

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1043–1046

1291

Ca. 1863 Ed.:

– *1878 ed., author’s name Zhang Youshan, with prefs. by Changshan 長善 (1878) and Fang Junshi 方濬師 (1878). [Fu Sinian] Rem.: The author was prefect of Fengxiang 鳳翔 (Shaanxi)—ancient name Qizhou 岐州—and succeeded in protecting the city during a

15-month siege in 1862–63 by a Muslim rebellion that had erupted in the surrounding countryside just when Nian and Taiping forces were entering the province. The work is an anthology of communications to his superiors (稟), compiled after the event. All 27 entries deal with the siege and combat, the author’s efforts to organize the gentry and commoners to participate in defense, and his desperate demands for reinforcements, which the provincial authorities were clearly reluctant to answer. The last documents, written after the siege, describe the still restive state of mind of the Muslim populace and an extremely volatile situation. According to Fang’s pref., there are 30 poems commemorat­ ing the events (紀事詩三十章) appended, but they are not found in the copy seen.

Bio.: After his jinshi Zhang Zhaodong spent several years in the Ministry of Justice, where he reached the rank of bureau director. In 1857 he was sent to Shaanxi as expectant prefect (候補知府). After his tenure in Fengxiang (1862–64) he became surveillance commissioner in Sichuan and Guangdong (1864–65), then administration commissioner in Guangdong, Anhui, and Jiangsu (1865–70). During the rest of his career he was director-general of grain transportation (漕運總督) (1870–71), and then occupied acting and substan­ tive positions of governor and governor-general in Guangdong-Guangxi and Fujian-Zhejiang (the last in 1884). See Shandong TZ (1918), 131/48a–b, 177/5b: Xuxiu Shaanxi TZ gao (1934), 70/1a–2a; Mingren quanwei. [PEW]

1046

Xizhou gongdu 谿州公牘, 9 j. [Administrative Documents from Yongshun] By Zhang Xiufu 張修府 (z. Yunliu 允六, Dongshu 東墅) (1822–80) (js. 1847), from Jiading 嘉定 (Jiangsu) 1865 Ed.: – *1865 ed. with author’s pref. (1865). [Faxue suo]

Rem.: Documents from the author’s approximately 3-year tenure as prefect of Yongshun 永順 (Hunan, in former Miao territory), start­ ing 1861. (Xizhou in the title, sometimes written 溪州, is the name of

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1292

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

an ancient department in the same region.) The work is divided into four parts (集), each with its own mulu, and nine categories (纇). Part 1 (甲集) contains 54 reports to superiors (詳, 禀) and communications to peer officials (移). Part 2 (乙集) features 43 orders and instructions to subordinates (札, 諭, 示). Part 3 (丙集) has 45 replies to subordinate of­ ficials (39 批稟) and local gentry (6 批呈), as well as 97 judicial rescripts or comments (批詞) on complaints and 11 judgments (判) on legal disputes. Part 4 (丁集) collects 24 miscellaneous writings (雜著). The documents deal with a wide variety of issues, including local bandits and secret societies, local defense and militia (and their financing), pro­ hibitions and remonstrations against abuses by yamen underlings and other government employees, and other routine issues of local admin­ istration, including civil and criminal justice. They are mostly undated. The judicial comments (批) on complaints or appeals are quite brief, ei­ ther dismissing the complaints as meritless or ordering the subordinate county magistrates to further investigate about them.

Bio.: After his jinshi Zhang Xiufu became a bachelor (庶吉士), then editor (檢討), at the Hanlin Academy. While going home on leave, in 1853, he was re­ tained by the Jiangsu governor to help retake nearby Shanghai, then occupied by a secret society uprising, by organizing militia. His participation in combat earned him an appointment as prefect of Yuezhou 岳州 (Hunan), but he was prevented from taking the post by his father’s death, and instead served in the military base (軍營) set up in Anhui to combat the Taipings. When mourning was over he went to serve as prefect of Yongshun (1861), and later Changsha 長 沙. After a leave for illness and another period of mourning for his mother, he returned to Hunan as prefect of Yongzhou 永州, where he spent eight years before being discharged. See Jiading XZ (1881), 16/67a–68a; Gongzhongdang Xianfeng chao zouzhe 宮中檔咸豐朝奏摺, vol. 26, 717, for a memorial (dated XF 10/8/21) recommending Zhang’s appointment to Yongshun. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 153–5, title Xizhou guandu 官牘, citing copies in ZKT and Shanghai, and listing the captions of 99 rescripts (批 … 事) and 12 judgments (… 案判) in Part 3. [CL] 1047

Zizhi guanshu oucun 自治官書偶存, 3 j. [Preserved Official Documents on Self-Governance] By Liu Ruyu 劉如玉 (z. Yunzhen 韞珍, h. Ziying 子英) (?–1866) (jr. 1818), from Xinchang 新昌 (Jiangxi)

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1046–1047

1293

Ca. 1866 Ed.:

– *[1898] ed. titled Qinshen tang 勤慎堂 zizhi guanshu on cover-leaf, Zizhi guanshu oucun in chapter captions; with prefs. by Chen Baozhen 陳寶 箴 (1898), Zhang Peiren 張培仁 (1860), Yin Jimei 尹繼美 (1860), Zhou Zhennan 周鎮南 (1861), postf. (跋) by Chen Junyao 陳君耀 (n.d.) and note by the author’s son, [Liu] Baoshou 寶壽 (1898). [Columbia] – *Modern typeset ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1972 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 77, no. 765), based on above ed., with pref. to the new printing by Xie Guansheng 謝冠生 (1969), prefs. by Chen Baozhen (1898), Zhang Peiren (1860), Yin Jimei (1860), Zhou Zhennan (1861), postf. by Chen Junyao (n.d.), notes by [Liu] Baoshou (1898) and by a group of five descendants of the author (1969).

Rem.: The 1898 ed., considered lost by the author’s descendants after 1949, was rediscovered in the Columbia University library by his greatgrandson, Liu Qinwu 琴五, and reprinted in Taiwan. The work is an anthology of administrative documents written by the author as mag­ istrate of Ningyuan 寧遠 (Hunan), where he arrived in 1852 and served for five years, of Chaling department 茶陵州 (1858–60), and Xiangtan 湘潭, also in Hunan, and again of Ningyuan in 1866. In Ningyuan dur­ ing his first tenure, Liu successfully resisted Taiping sieges and ruthlessly combated local bandits (土匪). J. 1 is devoted to communications to su­ periors (稟); j. 2 consists of orders (諭), proclamations (示), and answers to requests (批). Although problems of local defense, with occasionally gripping detail, predominate, there are also entries on fiscal problems, examination of local students (考試童生), and the local citizens’ private dealings. One half of j. 3 consists of 16 judgments (判); the rest is an ap­ pendix reproducing poems composed by the author and various local literati to commemorate the resistance against the Taipings and the res­ toration of peace (附唱和贈送各詩); another appendix reproduces the pillar inscriptions (楹聯) composed by the author for a variety of public buildings in Ningyuan.

Bio.: Liu Ruyu’s career took place entirely in Hunan. He was appointed as­ sistant instructor (訓導) in Luxi 瀘溪 in 1844, 26 years after his juren, and from there was directly promoted to Ningyuan magistrate (see above for his other assignments). He died in post during his second Ningyuan tenure, in 1866, and was posthumously promoted to the rank of prefect. See Xinchang XZ (1872), 17/9b–10a; Ningyuan XZ (1875), 7A, 4a, 4b, 7F/7a; Chaling ZZ (1869), 5/30b, 16/11b.

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1294

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Ref. and studies: Ma, 141 (Qinghua). Shiga, 9. Chang, 2:942 (Taiwan reprint). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 149–50, detailing the captions of the judgments in j. 3. [PEW] 1048

Gangzhou gongdu 岡州公牘, 10 ce [Administrative Documents from Gangzhou] By Nie Erkang 聶爾康 (original m. Tai 泰, z. Yifeng 亦峰) (js. 1853), from Hengshan 衡山 (Hunan) 1867 Ed.:

– *1867 ed. carved in the offices of Gaoliang (i.e., Gaozhou 高州 prefec­ ture), Guangdong 刊于粵東高涼官廨, with pref. by Ma Enpu 馬恩溥 (1867), and author’s preface inserted within the work (為宰公牘自序, 1863). [*Faxuesuo, bound with j. 1 of Gangzhou zaidu (see next entry)] [*Harvard, as a set with Gangzhou zaidu, and with Gaoliang zengxing lu 高涼贈行錄, Gaoliang gongdu 高涼公牘, Lianjiang gongdu 濂江公牘, Meiguan gongdu 梅關公牘, and Jiancha xianlu 煎茶閒錄 appended]

Rem.: Administrative documents from the author’s magistracy in Xinhui 新會 (Guangdong). (Gangzhou was the name for the region in Sui and Tang times.) In an 1879 postface to Gangzhou zaidu (see next entry), his son Nie Jigui 緝槼 says that the documents were kept by his father so as to “examine himself” (自省), but that he eventually decided for publication because many people wanted to borrow them. After Nie Erkang’s death Jigui returned to Hunan with his mother and wanted to reprint the work, but the printing blocks were in a poor condition; in the end he was able to rebuild an edited set of blocks, to which he added Gangzhou zaidu, compiled by himself, and other pieces. Though they preserve the original 1867 Gaoliang imprint, Gangzhou gongdu and its sequels as we see them now are clearly this 1879 version. Ce 1–3 mostly contain replies to superiors and instructions to the local communities, dealing with a variety of local administrative matters such as taxation, community charities, chickenpox vaccination, and more. The rest of the work consists of judicial decisions on about 600 cases, covering minor civil or property disputes as well as more serious crimes. The perceived litigiousness of the locals and the rampant, often fatal, violence due to feuds between large lineages seem to have been a major source of stress and anxiety for Nie and his colleagues, as reflected in the case records and other documents. Most of the documents are undated; some stated dates suggest that most were issued between 1859 and 1863. More docu­ ments on Xinhui appear in Gangzhou zaidu (see next entry). Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1047–1049

1295

Bio.: Nie Erkang, whose father was also a jinshi and served as a magistrate in Shaanxi, started as a Hanlin Academy bachelor (庶吉士) after his jinshi. The rest of his career was entirely in Guangdong, as acting magistrate of Shicheng 石城 (1857), then of Xinhui (1859). He became ranking Xinhui magistrate in 1860, stayed there through 1863, and after being temporarily moved elsewhere (we do not know where) returned to the post in 1864 or 1865. Later he became acting department magistrate of Nanxiong 南雄, and acting prefect of Gaozhou (1868) with the rank of intendant. See Hengshan XZ (1875), 27/11b; Shicheng XZ (1892), 5/23b; Xinhui XZxu (1859), 4/1a, 1b; Gaozhou FZ (1885), 21/18a; and the eulogies and celebratory accounts in Gaoliang zengxing lu. Bibliography entries for same author: Gangzhou zaidu. [CL, PEW] 1049

Gangzhou zaidu 岡州再牘, 4 j. [A Sequel to Administrative Documents from Gangzhou] By Nie Erkang 聶爾康 (original m. Tai 泰, z. Yifeng 亦峰) (js. 1853), from Hengshan 衡山 (Hunan) Ca. 1868 Ed.: – *1867 ed. carved in the offices of Gaoliang (see previous entry), with postf. (跋) by the author’s son, Nie Jigui 緝槼 (1879). [*Faxue suo, only j. 1 ex­ tant, bound with Gangzhou gongdu (see previous entry)] [*Harvard, with Gaoliang zengxing lu 高涼贈行錄, Gaoliang gongdu 高涼公牘, Lianjiang gongdu 濂江公牘, Meiguan gongdu 梅關公牘, and Jiancha xianlu 煎茶閒 錄 appended, and as a set with Gangzhou gongdu].

Rem.: For a printing history, see previous entry. Despite the 1867 im­ print, this rather massive sequel (about 325 folios in all) to Gangzhou gongdu was compiled by Nie’s son Jigui to be published with the 1879 new version of Gangzhou gongdu. It follows the same format but covers the period 1865–1868, corresponding to Nie’s second tenure in Xinhui 新會 (Guangdong). J. 1–2 are devoted to reports and proposals to the provincial authorities and announcements and orders to the local communities. The issues discussed include litigation, famine relief, taxation, financing of local defense, education, and local banditry and piracy. A few reports concern complicated homicide cases and civil disputes between lineag­ es that resulted in multiple deaths. J. 3–4 are decisions on legal cases, including a number of property disputes, in addition to some miscella­ neous literary writings aimed at the local communities. Among the other texts edited and compiled by Nie Jigui (all with the same 1867 imprint), (1) Gaoliang zengxing lu is a set of parting eulogies and exchange-poems; Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1296

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

(2) Gaoliang gongdu contains documents from Nie Erkang’s tenure as Gaozhou 高州 prefect, dealing, among others, with road improvement, smallpox inoculation of children, administrative procedures, and a va­ riety of answers to litigants and judgments; (3) Lianjiang gongdu most­ ly consists of reports of military operations against Guangxi bandits’ (西匪) attacks on Shicheng 石城 county, of responses to requests (批) on a variety of topics, and of a large number of proclamations and or­ ders (in particular to the local gentry), dating to Nie’s tenure at Shicheng; (4) Meiguan gongdu includes answers to litigants and judgments from Nie’s magistracy of Nanxiong 南雄 department, on the frontier between Jiangxi and Guangdong (marked by the Mei pass); (5) Jiancha xianlu is composed of poems offered on Nie’s departure from Xinhui to be an ex­ aminer at the 1867 Guangdong provincial examination. The whole set offers a considerable amount of material on the society and administra­ tion of Guangdong in the 1860s. Bio.: See previous entry. Bibliography entries for same author: Gangzhou gongdu. [CL, PEW]

1050

Conggong xulu 從公續錄, 2 j. [A Record of Public Service, Continued] By Dai Zhaochen 戴肇辰 (z. Youmei 友梅) (1810–90), from Dantu

丹徒 (Jiangsu)

1868 pref. Ed.:

– *In Dantu Dai shi yishu 丹徒戴氏遺書, with prefs. by Zhang Zuoyan 張作 彥 (1868), Yu Zuoxing 余祚馨 (1868), and Huang Ji 黃基 (1869). [Beitu] – *Undated ed. with same prefs., possibly same as above. [BN] [*Fu Sinian] [*Ōki, with Conggong lu and Conggong sanlu (qq.v.)] [*Tōyō Bunko, same] – *Photo-repro. of unspecified ed. with same three prefs., in GZSJC, vol. 8,

Rem.: 36 proclamations, pieces of correspondence, regulations, and records (記) on every kind of administrative topic, composed while the author was prefect of Lianzhou 廉州 and Qiongzhou 瓊州 (Guangdong) during the period 1866–68. Entries focus on such issues as managing the baojia system, suppressing banditry, preventing the sale of women, prohibiting corruption by clerks and runners, and caring for and edu­ cating orphans and the poor. The texts reveal an extremely active and enterprising official. Those on Qiongzhou in particular are very rich on local conditions. For a celebratory compilation published after Dai’s de­ parture from Lianzhou, see under Sanlian zengbie lu.

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1049–1051

1297

Bio.: See under Xueshi lu. Bibliography entries for same author: Conggong lu; Conggong sanlu; Qiuzhi guanjian; Xueshi lu. [NP, PEW] 1051

Liang Zhe huanyou jilüe 兩浙宦游紀略, 8 ce [A Brief Account of an Official’s Travels in Zhejiang] By Dai Pan 戴槃 (z. Jianlin 澗鄰) (?–1881) (jr. 1843), from Dantu 丹徒 (Jiangsu) 1868 Ed.:

– *1868 new ed. (重刊) (title no. 3 below has 開雕 instead of 重刊). [*Beida] [*Beitu] [*BN, title Liang Zhe huanyou jiwen 紀聞 in the card index, fasc. bound in disorder] – Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1980 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao conkan xubian, ser. 76, vol. 755). – *Photo-repro. of copy at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 28–29. – Ed. titled Dai Pan sizhong jilüe 戴槃四種記略, in Zhonghua wenshi congshu, ser. 6, Taipei: Huawen shuju, 1975.

Rem.: The title Liang Zhe huanyou jilüe (or jiwen) appears nowhere in the copies seen but has been written on the covers of the fasc. (at Beitu) and of the bound volumes (at BN). However, Qin Xiangye’s pref. to title no. 1 below states that the texts related to Yanzhou 嚴州 and Tongxi 桐 溪, viz. nos. 2 and 4 below, were already published under the title Liang Zhe huanyou jilüe; likewise, the pref. to title no. 3 suggests that when he arrived at Wenzhou, Dai Pan showed a text titled Huanyou jilüe devot­ ed to his Yanzhou and Tongxi tenures. However, as he was considering Zhejiang’s tribute reduction as his signature contribution, Dai decided to publish the documents on that question separately at the head of the collection. Finally, the title Liang Zhe huanyou jilüe (記略) features among Dai’s publications mentioned at the end of his bio. in Haining ZZ (see below). This compilation was clearly meant as an anthology of exemplary materials by a model official and hero of post-Taiping re­ construction. It includes the following texts and reference materials (in each case the text is in one fasc. and the related materials in another): (1) Hang Jia Hu sanfu jiancao jilüe 杭嘉湖三府減漕記略 (cover-leaf has Zhexi 浙西 jiancao jilüe), with prefs. by Qin Xiangye 秦緗業 (1867) and Xue Shiyu 薛時雨 (1867), postf. by Dong Shenyan 董慎言 (1866). A series of “accounts” (記) on the reduction of tribute quotas at a rate of 8/30 in the three northern Zhejiang prefectures, as proposed by Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1298

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

governor-general Zuo Zongtang immediately after the province had been retaken from the Taipings in 1863; Dai Pan was put in charge of a “Bureau of Fiscal Purification” (清賦局). The overview in the first essay is followed by several detailed accounts on related technical issues, and appendices. After he had been called to Zhejiang by Zuo Zongtang to take care of the project, Dai soon realized that the region was in need of comprehensive rehabilitation. The accompanying fasc., titled Hang Jia Hu sanfu jiancao zougao 奏稿, consists of memorials on the same subject by Zuo Zongtang, governor Ma Xinyi 馬新貽, and the Ministry of Revenue, all “printed by Dai Pan.” (2) Yanling jilüe 嚴陵記略, with pref. by Yang Xiangji 楊象濟 (1866), postf. by Yan Weiwen 嚴蔚文. A series of “accounts” on various aspects of post-Taiping reconstruction in Yanzhou prefecture, of which Dai Pan was appointed prefect. The accompanying fasc., titled Cai Yan jun jiuxing yuke lu 裁嚴郡九姓漁課錄, contains mostly correspondence and proclamations concerning the same topics. (3) Dong’ou jilüe 東甌記略, with pref. by Sun Qiangming 孫鏘鳴 (1868), postf. by Dai Xianbi 戴咸弼 (1868). The accounts in the first fasc. mostly concern reconstruction in Wenzhou 溫州 prefecture, to which Dai was moved after two years in Yanzhou: rebuilding charitable grana­ ries, shrines, schools, academies, and so forth. The accompanying fasc., titled Dong’ou liubie 東甌留別 contains poems by Dai Pan and by vari­ ous Wenzhou officials and literati, following Dai’s rhymes. (4) Tongxi jilüe 桐溪記略, with postf. by Kong Xiancai 孔憲采 (1865). The text has accounts of praying for rain, famine relief, tribute collec­ tion, charities, and reconstruction in Tongxi, i.e., Tonglu 桐廬 county (Yanzhou prefecture), plus a few poems by Dai. The accompanying fasc. contains numerous colophons to the work (Tongxi jilüe tici 題辭). In the ed. titled Dai Pan sizhong jilüe the same four texts are featured in the order (3), (1), (2), (4). The copy at Beitu (as photo-reproduced) only has Cai Yanjun jiuxing yuke lu (see under no. 2), Dong’ou liubie hecao (see under no. 3), Dong’ou jilüe (1868 開雕), and Tongxi jilüe (1868 重刊). Bio.: After his juren Dai Pan failed the jinshi examination four times. He was sent as magistrate of Tongxiang 桐鄉 (Zhejiang) as a reward for his partici­ pation in famine relief (seemingly in Zhili); before assuming his post in 1855 he acted as vice-prefect (同知) of Taizhou 台州, where he was appointed in 1854. In Tongxiang he successfully dealt with banditry and famine. He was appointed acting prefect of Yanzhou in 1865, of Wenzhou in 1867, and again of Yanzhou in 1869. The measures of tax reduction adopted by Zuo Zongtang had been proposed by Dai, who also was instrumental in the reconstruction of

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1051–1052

1299

the prefectures devastated by the Taipings. In 1871 Dai was tasked with repair­ ing the sea wall between Hangzhou and Haining. Following six years of work that left him exhausted, he asked for leave. He died at home in 1881. See Dantu XZ zhiyu 摭餘 (1918), 7/9a–b; Tongxiang XZ (1887), 8/39a; Haining ZZ gao 稿 (1922), 28/22a–b. Ref. and studies: Ma, 139 (Beida). [PEW] 1052

Huanyou zaji 宦游雜記, 9 ce [Miscellaneous Notes of an Official’s Travels] By Yuzhang 裕彰 (z. Zhaofu 昭甫) 1869 pref. Ed.:

– *Ms. ed. with author’s pref. (1869), prefs. by Han Baohong 韓寶鴻 (1869), Huilin 惠林 (1869), and Shen Bingcheng 沈秉成 (1869). [Beitu]

Rem.: After a career as a lower official in the central government and Grand Council, Yuzhang was appointed to Shanxi province in 1862 with the rank of department magistrate. There he was enlisted by governor Yinggui 英桂 to draft his memorials. (In his pref. Yuzhang insists that he is equally proficient in writing documents in Manchu and in Chinese.) This was at a time when the Puzhou 蒲州 area was threatened by Nian and Taiping rebels sneaking in from Henan and Shaanxi, respectively. In 1864 Yuzhang was appointed magistrate of Jiangzhou 絳州 independent department, also in Shanxi (see Jiang ZZ [1879], 6/28a)—a post he had to leave after less than one year to mourn his father. He took advantage of the mourning period to make a compilation of his drafts. The man­ uscript is very carefully calligraphed (apparently by several hands); it consists of two parts: (1) Fasc. 1–4 are entirely devoted to the memorials composed for governor Yinggui, covering a period from 3rd month, 1862 to 2nd month, 1863, and dealing with military problems. (2) Fasc. 5–9 are devoted to Yuzhang’s proclamations and correspondences as Jiangzhou magistrate; they are labeled shiyu 示諭 on the covers, j. 1–2, and binggao 稟稿, j. 1–3. They deal with subjects typically found in gongdu antholo­ gies by local officials, such as pilfering of graves, likin evasion, militia, local security, opium dens, salt smuggling, examination of students, pawnshops, money-changing, suicide prevention, sectarianism, attacks by wild beasts, vendettas, street and bridge repair, banditry, irrigation, and so forth. The larger part of the three fasc. of correspondence (mostly with the governor) concern military matters and defense against reb­ els. While the author claims, typically in such works, that he had the

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1300

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

manuscript compiled as an example for his descendants, at least one of the pref. authors insists that since it was produced by a model official, it should be published as a manual for everybody to use—though in this particular case there apparently was no publication.

Bio.: See information above. Later in his career Yuzhang was prefect of Wenzhou 溫州 (Zhejiang) in 1873–75. See Yongjia 永嘉 XZ (1882), 3/53b, 24/74a. [PEW] 1053

Conggong sanlu 從公三錄, 1 j. [A Record of Public Service, Third Installment] By Dai Zhaochen 戴肇辰 (z. Youmei 友梅) (1810–1890), from Dantu

丹徒 (Jiangsu)

1870 pref. Ed.:

– *In Dantu Dai shi yishu 丹徒戴氏遺書, with prefs. by Jiruzhou 楫汝舟 (1870) and an unknown author (one page missing in the copy seen). [Beitu] – *Undated ed. with pref. by Liu Guinian 劉溎年 (1870) and Jiruzhou (1870), possibly the same ed. as above. [*Fu Sinian] [*Ōki, with Conggong lu and Conggong xulu (qq.v.)] [*Tōyō Bunko, same] – *Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., with same prefs., in GZSJC, vol. 8. – *Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., with same prefs., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 3, vol. 11.

Rem.: 22 texts composed by the author when he was prefect of Canton, beginning in 1869. Many deal with “local customs” and chari­ ties. There are detailed materials concerning an interesting attempt to organize lectures on the Saint Edict and other edifying literature. Other documents discuss prohibition of unlawful activities such as pettifog­ ging, rioting, banditry, and corruption by local functionaries.

Bio.: See under Xueshi lu. Bibliography entries for same author: Conggong lu; Conggong xulu; Qiuzhi guanjian; Xueshi lu. [NP, PEW]

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1052–1054 1054

1301

Wenxin zhai xuezhi zalu 問心齋學治雜錄, 2 j., xulu 續錄, 4 j. [Miscellaneous Records on Learning Government from the Examine-Oneself Studio, with a Continuation] By Zhang Liangui 張聯桂 (z. Danshu 丹叔, h. Wenxin zhai zhuren 問 心齋主人) (1838–97) (jr. 1864), from Gaoyou 高郵 (Jiangsu) 1876 pref. Ed.: – *1885 new engraving (重鐫) with prefs. by Bian Baodi 卞寶第 (n.d.), Yao Zhengyong 姚正鏞 (1876), Zhuang Zhongyu 莊忠棫 (n.d.), Kang Dingming 康鼎銘 (1873), author (1876), and Yuan Baohuang 袁寶璜 (1884, to xulu). [Beitu] [*Zhengfa] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Photo-repro. of copy at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 29–31.

Rem.: Administrative documents (correspondence, judgments, proc­ lamations, etc.) written by the author as magistrate in Guangxi (zalu), then as prefect and intendant in Guangdong (xulu). One of the pref. au­ thors puts the work on a par with those of Liu Heng (see under Yongli yongyan) and Wang Huizu (see under Xuezhi yishuo). Zhang himself seems rather proud of the 11 difficult cases he solved during his years as magistrate, where he confronted an impoverished populace resorting to cheating to survive. (The area had been recently devastated by the Taipings; in Lingchuan 靈川 [Guangxi], the yamen had been destroyed and the officials camped in temporary quarters.) His other areas of activ­ ity included promoting schools, encouraging agriculture, adjusting tax administration, eliminating tigers, improving relations between locals and immigrants, combating vendettas, mending bridges and roads, re­ viving the poorhouse (養濟院), and more, all of which, he says, was “no more than looking for what could relieve my heart” (不過求其心之所安 而已). The judicial cases are recounted in j. 1, in the form of lengthy but lively first-person narrations detailing the procedure and the author’s in­ vestigations; an account of the reform of tax registers that Zhang accom­ plished in Lingchuan is inserted after the first case. J. 2 contains some 10 letters to superiors (稟) and 30 proclamations and orders concerning the topics mentioned above and more, plus some accounts and prefaces devoted to public works and the like. The documents reveal an energetic and matter-of-fact official, fondly remembered (if we are to believe his own pref.) by his former constituents when he traveled through the ter­ ritories he had administered. In the “Continuation” (xulu), j. 1–2 consist of reports to superior officials on various topics, including judicial af­ fairs, building charities, and, prominently, local and coastal defense. J.

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1302

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

3 includes directives (札) and answers (批) to the magistrates subordi­ nate to the author, and j. 4 contains proclamations to the population; both are rich in information on the socioeconomic life in western and eastern Guangdong in the 1870s and 1880s. J. 4 also has 11 “responses” (覆) to consuls from Germany, England, ant the U.S. concerning vari­ ous conflicts with foreigners over commerce and real estate, as well as 6 accounts and prefaces, including 2 about the publication of new pre­ fectural gazetteers.

Bio.: Zhang Liangui explains in his pref., where he recounts his career, that he became familiar with the people’s hardships when his family took refuge in the country to flee the Taiping advance, that he was initiated to the corruption of yamen life when he stayed with a relative at the county offices of Yutian 玉田 (Zhili), and finally that he learned a lot about law during the 11 years he spent as a Court of Imperial Sacrifices erudite (太常博士)—a post he obtained thanks to a payment made by his brother, an official in the Ministry of Justice—with an interruption in 1860 to organize militia back home. He failed five times at the metropolitan examination and remained a tribute student by purchase (附貢 生). In 1869 he was appointed vice-prefect (同知) in Qingyuan 慶遠 (Guangxi), but the governor entrusted him with several acting positions as county and department magistrate; he was rapidly recommended to be Qingyuan prefect, but had to leave for mourning. The zalu was composed while he was on mourn­ ing leave, starting in 1873. Back from mourning he was sent to Guangdong and was prefect of Gaozhou 高州, Huizhou 惠州, and Chaozhou 潮州, and inten­ dant of the Hui-Chao-Jia 惠潮嘉 circuit. During this period he had to deal with the local impact of troubles in Vietnam and the Franco-Chinese War. After a stint as intendant in Hubei (1885–86) he was sent back to Guangxi, where he became surveillance (1886–89), then administration commissioner (1889–92), and finally governor (1892–95). Due to his opposition to the 1895 treaty with Japan he asked to be allowed to retire and died aged 60 sui. See Jiangdu 江都 XxuZ (1926), 22/5a–6a; Xindu 信都 XZ (1936), 6/16b–17a; Lingchuan 靈川 XZ (1929), 8/23b; Huizhou FZ (1884), 19/50b; Gaozhou FZ (1885), 21/18b; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Ma, 142 (Beiping). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 161–2, citing captions of 12 rescripts (批) and 6 judgments (判) in the xulu. [PEW]

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1303

1054–1055 1055

Yiqing guan wenguo ji 頤情館聞過集, 12 j. [A Collection from Nourishing-Sentiments Studio on Hearing of One’s Mistakes] By Zong Yuanhan 宗源瀚 (z. Xiangwen 湘文) (1834–97), from Shangyuan 上元 (Jiangsu) 1877 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with author’s pref. (1877). [Tōyō Bunka] – *Photo-repro. of same ed., in Siku weishou, ser. 10, vol. 4.

Rem.: The title in chapter captions is followed by the words Shou Hu gao 守湖稿. The work collects official documents written by the author during his tenure as prefect of Huzhou 湖州 (Zhejiang) during the years 1870–71. The documents include communications to superiors (稟), re­ ports (詳), letters to subordinates (札), answers to requests (批), letters (啟), and proclamations (告示). The materials are arranged by topics, in­ cluding hydraulics (水利), academies (書院), charitable schools (義塾), foundling homes (育嬰), police (捕防), funeral customs (勸葬), lawsuits (詞訟), baojia 保甲, and miscellanea (雜稿). Sections of especial inter­ est include hydraulics, discussing major efforts to dredge the rivers and lakes of Huzhou under Zong’s direction; and baojia, recounting Zong’s dealings with immigrants known as “shack-people” (棚民).

Bio.: A student by purchase (監生), Zong Yuanhan acquired the rank of a vice-prefect (同知). He spent the period 1852–64 serving in the Jiangnan mili­ tary base (江南軍營, also known as Jiangnan daying 大營) set up against the Taipings near Nanjing. After 1864 he was sent to Zhejiang as a vice-prefect, later prefect. He served as prefect of Quzhou 衢州, Huzhou (1870–71), Jiaxing 嘉興 (1872), Yanzhou 嚴州 (1872–78), and Ningbo 寧波 (1878–85), where he had to deal with foreigners’ encroachments. After a period of mourning, he returned to Zhejiang in 1888 with the rank of intendant, served in a variety of positions and was active in coastal defense, including during the Sino-Japanese War. In 1897 he asked to be discharged on account of illness. Among his other works one finds a book on sericulture, Guang cansang shuo jibu 廣蠶桑說輯補, 1 j., and an atlas of Zhejiang, Zhejiang yutu 浙江輿圖. See QSG, 452/12578; Mingren quanwei. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 158–9, reproducing the captions of 8 entries relative to litigation. [GRT]

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1304 1056

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Lingxi gongdu huicun 嶺西公牘彙存, 10 j. [Preserved Documents from a Lingxi Intendancy] By Fang Junshi 方濬師 (z. Ziyan 子嚴, h. Mengzan 夢簪) (1830–88) (jr. 1855), from Dinyuan 定遠 (Anhui) 1878 Ed.:

– *1878 ed. of “this yamen” (本衙藏板), with author’s pref. (1878). [Tōyō Bunko] – Photo-repro. of ed. above, Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1978 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 27, no. 263).

Rem.: Ten thick juan of administrative papers from the decade the author spent as Lingxi circuit intendant, with his seat in Zhaoqing 肇 慶 prefecture in western Guangdong. The period covered runs from 2nd month, 1869, to 9th month, 1878. Each juan has a detailed mulu, indicat­ ing the content and date of each piece. The arrangement is chronologi­ cal. A majority of the document are answers (批) to communications and reports by subordinate officials or to requests by individuals; others include communications to provincial authorities in the form of letters (稟) or notifications (咨), directives (札) to the prefects and magistrates (16 in all) subordinate to the intendant, letters (書) to colleagues, and in­ structions to the author’s own servants and clerks (e.g., to reorganize the archives [j. 4]). The entire range of administrative activities is covered, including adjudicating large numbers of judicial appeals (控), combat­ ing banditry, gambling and other social evils, controlling and rewarding the local gentry in domains such as local defense, granaries, etc., dealing with missionaries and anti-Christian movements, and participating in the relief of Shanxi during the great North China famine (in j. 10). The work provides an extremely rich view of administrative and social prob­ lems in western Guangdong during the late Tongzhi and early Guangxu periods, as well as a good sense of how a circuit intendant was able to co­ ordinate effectively the administrative hierarchy in several prefectures. The pref. does not provide information on the author’s previous career; it contains lengthy considerations on physiognomy, of which he was an amateur practitioner when he was young, and states that in terms of discerning what is good from what is bad, the gongdu are to an official what a mirror is to a person’s face. Bio.: A precocious student, Fang Junshi was sent to the National University as a tribute student (貢生) and passed the Shuntian juren examination. Later

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1305

he became a secretary (章京) in the Zongli Yamen 總理衙門 (the Foreign Affairs bureau established in 1861), and at some point was nominated for a position of censor (記名御史). He spent about a decade as an intendant in Guangdong, and was at some point acting salt controller for the two Guang. Following an imperial audience he asked to be allowed to take care of his ail­ ing mother. After her death and the period of mourning, he was appointed intendant in charge of the Yongding River (永定河道), and in 1888 became act­ ing surveillance commissioner of Zhili. He died in this post the same year. See Anhui TZ (1934), 157/40a–b; Tianjin 天津 FZ (1899), 12/23a. Ref. and studies: Chang, 2:925. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 159–60, listing cap­ tions of rescripts (precisely dated) related to legal adjudications in j. 1 and 2 (13 and 12 captions respectively); for the rest of the work the number of affairs in each juan is provided, totaling 83. [PEW] 1057

Yudong wengao 虞東文告, 1 ce [Texts and Proclamations from Yudong] By Chen Kangqi 陳康祺 (h. Juntang 鈞堂) (1840–?) (js. 1869), from Yinxian 鄞縣 (Zhejiang) 1879 Ed.: – *1879 ed. printed by the offices of Zhaowen county (Jiangsu) (昭文縣署 刊), with author’s pref. (n.d.). [Beitu]

Rem.: In the pref. to this short (31 folios) gongdu collection the au­ thor, who had already spent seven months as magistrate of Yuyang 虞 陽 (i.e., Zhaowen) “eating millet and drinking water” with his family of eight, ponders about how to make official propaganda effective in ed­ ucating constituents. He cites Mr. Hengqu 橫渠先生 of the Song (i.e., Zhang Zai 張載 [1020–77]), Wang Wencheng 王文成公 of the Ming (i.e., Wang Yangming, see under Yangming xiansheng baojia fa), and Chen Hongmou of the Qing (see under Peiyuan tang oucun gao) as examples of officials who believed in the importance of posted proclamations, even though they often suffer from routine and repetition. He himself chose to organize his thoughts into a booklet, and to have its contents circulated either when teaching students (講生) or through the village chiefs (里長); and because to order the society one must first order one­ self, he added ten directives for “self-restraint” (自約十則) at the end, concerning a magistrate’s behavior. The text includes “Four articles to exhort scholars” (勸士四則): proper behavior, study of concrete issues,

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

etc.; “Six directives to the people” (諭民六則): electing exemplars of conduct, emphasizing agriculture, developing charitable activities, im­ proving customs, drilling public wells, and repairing bridges; “Four pro­ hibitions” (嚴禁四條): against forcing widows to remarry, stealing boats, sorcerers, and gambling and opium smoking; a “covenant to encourage the gentry and ancients to speak frankly of advantages and disadvan­ tages,” and more exhortations and prohibitions on various practical subjects, plus a list of directives to clerks and runners. While not very original in its attitudes or ideas, the text strikes one as grounded in the relevant local terrain.

Bio.: After his jinshi Chen Kangqi was appointed apprentice bureau vicedirector (學習員外郎) in the Ministry of Justice. His only two other positions mentioned are magistrate of Zhaowen (1878) and of Jiangyin 江陰 (Jiangsu) (1881 and again 1884 after a short interruption). In 1885 he was denounced by Jiangnan governor-general Zeng Guoquan 曾國荃 for his moral mediocrity, his hobbies, his talent at evading difficulties, and his unpopularity. See Chang Zhao hezhi gao 常昭合志稿 (1904), 19/29b; Jiangyin XZ (1920), 12/1a, 1b; Qing shilu: Dezong, 215/3a; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Ma, 143 (Beiping). [PEW] 1058

Jishi lu 記事錄, 1 j. [A Record of Chronicled Actions] By Wang Jingchun 汪景純 (z. Xingchun 杏春, Zhongliang 仲良), from Changzhou 長洲 (Jiangsu) 1879 pref. Ed.: – *Undated ed. (no cover-leaf) with pref. by Yan Chen 嚴辰 (1879). [Ōki] Rem.: The author became ranking vice-prefect (同知) of Huzhou 湖

州 (Zhejiang) in 1867 (or 1866 according to local gazetteers), with his seat in Wuzhen 烏鎮, the native town of Yan Chen, the preface author.

(Apparently he already held the rank of vice-prefect in Zhejiang by 1860.) The work was posthumously assembled by Wang’s younger son, Wang Chaomo 朝模 (z. Fanqing 範卿) (js. 1877), to record his good poli­ cies at Wuzhen. According to Yan Chen it can legitimately be regarded as a government handbook (足稱治譜). It starts with standard orders and prohibitions aimed at subaltern clerical personnel. Wang involved himself quite actively in protecting babies from infanticide, a subject to which several reports, directives and proclamations are devoted in the work; in particular, he attempted to set up “centers of infant protection”

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1307

(保嬰公所) in the towns of Huzhou. Some of his proclamations on stan­ dard subjects are not devoid of originality, e.g., a proclamation against gambling listing ten terrible consequences of that vice, written in very large characters above the text proper; likewise, his proclamation against licentious literature contains specific details about printing shops pub­ lishing locally this kind of book. The mention of a prohibition against killing animals during the three days of rituals in honor of Guanyin’s birthday in Hangzhou, attended by all the officials of the province, sug­ gests a high degree of public devotion ever since the capital of Zhejiang was taken back from the Taipings. (For his part Wang decrees 20 days of fasting [吃齋] and calls for charitable contributions to fund his babyprotecting enterprise.) Several pieces are devoted to reinforcing baojia and other measures of protection against bandits, an important topic in an area strategically placed near a provincial boundary and known for its intense circulation of lawless elements. Bio.: Wang Jingchun was a presented student (貢生). Little is known of his career. Huzhou vice-prefect seems to have been his only position. Among his efforts to improve customs was the prohibition to cremate the dead. He died in post in 1873. See Wu 吳 XZ (1933), 68A/35a; Huzhou FZ (1874), 5/31b; Wu Qing zhenzhi 烏青鎮志 (1936), 25/9b. [PEW]

1059

Chaodu oucun 潮牘偶存, 2 j. [Surviving Documents from Chaoyang] By Mao Cheng 冒澄 (h. Zhezhai 喆齋), from Rugao 如皋 (Jiangsu) 1879 Ed.:

– *1879 ed. carved at the Yiyuan lou printing shop (藝苑樓刻字店刊刷), with pref. by Wang Quan 汪瑔 (1877), who also calligraphed the coverleaf, postf. (跋) by Xie Jingcheng 謝鏡澄 (1877). [Ōki]

Rem.: The pref. describes the extreme difficulty of administering Chaozhou 潮州 (eastern Guangdong), a coastal prefecture dominated by a class of rich uncultured merchants where locals are used to build military strongholds to defend themselves against piracy, but resist gov­ ernment control, often staging bloody vendettas. The documents cor­ respond to the author’s acting magistracies in Chaoyang 潮陽, Puning 普寧, and Chenghai 澄海 in the mid-1860s, and acting Chaozhou inten­ dancy (潮分司), probably around 1870. The larger part of the 41 entries consist of reports in the form of correspondence with superiors (禀), but they also include exchanges with colleagues, several proclamations

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

(告示), and a few accounts (e.g., on the creation of an orphanage 育嬰 堂). They cover the usual array of concerns of a local official, such as

improving customs, administering justice, taxes and salt, public works, disaster relief, and the like, with a strong component on security and repressing violence and social unrest (including the agitation caused by the 1864 incursion of Taiping elements, and the suppression of a secret society called the Yunlu hui 雲路會). According to the postface author, Mao’s anthology shows that there is no population that cannot be civi­ lized and no place that cannot be governed (天下無不可化之民，無不 可治之地), and is a guide for government (資治之津梁).

Bio.: Mao Cheng began his career as a student by purchase (監生). The little information that can be found in the preface and postface and in a few local gazetteers suggests that he served more than 20 years in Guangdong, in partic­ ular in Chaoyang, Puning, and Chenghai. He was in Chaoyang in 1864–65, and he is mentioned as acting magistrate of Shunde 順德 in 1866, and of Panyu 番禺 in 1867–68. He was at one point vice-salt controller in charge of the Chaozhou region (潮橋運同), which may correspond to the acting intendancy (潮分司) mentioned in the work, under which one entry concerns the flooding of the Chaozhou prefectural city in 1871. He also served as acting prefect of Lianzhou 廉州, and according to the preface it was then that he assembled his Chaozhou documents. He seems to have ended his career with the rank of departmental prefect or department magistrate (Xie’s 1877 preface calls him a junbo 郡伯). See Guangzhou 廣州 FZ (1879), 25/23b, 26/11b; Chaoyang XZ (1884), 8/補編, 13/13b, 14, 7a. [PEW]

1060

Ningbo zhifu gongdu 寧波知府公牘, 1 ce [Official Documents from the Prefect of Ningbo] Anon. Ca. 1880 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Hunan]

Rem.: 15 official communications and letters addressed by the author, prefect of Ningbo (Zhejiang), to the governor, administration commis­ sioner, grain and salt intendants, in 1879 and 1880, asking for instruc­ tions on various affairs or congratulating them on their arrival in post or for promotion. No source is available to identify the author. [GRT]

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1059–1062 1061

Wuping zhuiyan 吳平贅言, 8 j. [Superfluous Words from Wuping] By Dong Pei 董沛 (z. Juexuan 覺軒, h. Mengru 孟如), from Yinxian 鄞縣 (Zhejiang) 1881 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with pref. by Chen Luanguang 陳鑾光 (1881) and author’s introductory note (1881). [Ōki, as a set with Rudong panyu and Hui’an zhai biyu (qq.v.)]

Rem.: Administrative papers from the author’s tenure as acting magis­ trate of Qingjiang 清江 (Jiangxi) for 11 months in 1880–81 (Wuping being an ancient name). In his foreword, Dong Pei states bluntly that even in a small county written documents are indispensable to communicate both ways between the magistrate and his constituents; hence the mass of writings from which he extracted the present selection. (According to the pref., copies of his drafts had been carefully preserved by his muyou and brother-in-law, a certain Wu Xiang 吳緗, who assembled them after Dong left his post; Dong retained 60 percent of Wu’s selection.) J. 1–3 include a total 84 judgments (判), those in j. 1–2 being “judgments in response to complaints” (詞判) similar in form and content to those in the same author’s Rudong panyu (q.v.), and those in j. 3 “judgments on appeal” (控案判). The rest of the work includes orders (諭, j. 4); procla­ mations (示, j. 5), of which several are calls for contributions to rebuild dikes and one concerns abuses in levying likin in a certain town (also discussed at length in several reports in j. 8); directives and communica­ tions (札 and 移, j. 6), both to subaltern or fellow officials and to local gentry involved in baojia, dike-building, fire prevention, and the like; communications to superior officials (稟, j. 7); and reports (申文, j. 8). Bio.: See under Rudong panyu. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 9. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 163. Bibliography entries for same author: Hui’an zhai biyu; Rudong panyu. [PEW]

1062

Jingjian tang xuezhi zalu 敬簡堂學治雜錄, 4 j. [Miscellanea on Learning Government from Respect-and-Simplicity Studio] By Dai Jie 戴杰 (z. Shuren 樹人), from Dantu 丹徒 (Jiangsu) 1881 pref. Ed.:

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

– *[1886] ed. with prefs. by Xue Fuchen 薛福辰 (1888), (Changbai) Yushan (z. Dongping) 長白東屏豫山 (1886), Lu Runxiang 陸潤庠 (1886), Ji Cansheng 吉燦升 (1890), Xu Shouji 徐壽基 (1884), colophons (跋) by Shen Taizhen 沈泰鎮 (1886), Chengdun 成敦 (1885), Cang Ershuang 倉爾爽 (1885), Gong Baochen 龔葆琛 (1887), He Fuyuan 賀福元 (1884), Qi Shoulin 祁壽麟 (1886), Qian Si 錢枱 (1890), the author’s elder brother [Dai] Xieyuan 燮元 (1881), and Qiwen 啟文 (n.d.), pref. by author (1881). [*Shoudu; same case contains Dai Jie’s eds. of Qiuzhi guanjian and Dulü xinde (qq.v.)] [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection] – *Photo-repro. of an undated ed. with prefs. by Xue Fuchen (1888), Yushan (1886), Lu Runxiang (1886), Ji Cansheng (1890), Xu Shouji (1884), colo­ phons by Shen Taizhen (1886), Chengdun (1885), Cang Ershuang (1885), Gong Baochen (1887), Tang Enhao 唐恩灝 (n.d.), He Fuyuan (1884), Zhu Maozhi 朱懋治 (1883), Qi Shoulin (1886), Qian Si (1890), [Dai] Xieyuan (1881), Qiwen (n.d.), pref. by Dai Jie (1881), in GZSJC, vol. 9. Rem.: An account of the author’s magistracy in Lingxian 陵縣

(Shandong), where he spent 6 years starting in 1870, in the form of docu­ ments (公牘) and proposals (私議) selected by himself from among his archives. According to his elder brother Xieyuan’s colophon, only 50 or 60 percent of the original compilation were eventually retained. Yushan, who had been Dai’s superior as prefect of Jinan 濟南, says in his pref. that he later convinced Dai to let him print the work; Yushan stresses the difficulty of the post, and shows how Dai managed to rebuild a society corrupted and disorganized by militarization during recent rebellions by reducing violence and disorder. In his first piece—a general account of the situation in Lingxian—Dai also says that, whereas originally the local society was simple and relatively easy to administer, since the re­ cent events it has become restive to government control. He insists on a combination of respectfulness and simplicity in action when governing the people (居敬而行簡以臨其民); he also emphasizes the variability of problems, so that policies successful in one place and at one time may not be so elsewhere, or at another time: what is important is to keep to the principles of integrity, prudence, and energy (清慎勤), and of simple government. The pieces in j. 1 (18 entries) are discussions and accounts related to Dai’s rehabilitation effort. J. 2 (14 pieces) is com­ posed of correspondence with superiors (禀) on the reconstruction of local institutions and the arrestation of various criminals. J. 3 (14 piec­ es) includes proclamations (示) to the gentry and people encouraging them to improve customs and do good deeds. J. 4 (12 pieces) is devoted to procedures and regulations regarding the yamen as well as various

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1062–1063

1311

institutions and government functions. A small selection of judgments (堂判) is appended.

Bio.: Dai Jie entered the administration as a student by purchase (監生) and by paying for a brevet of magistrate. His biography in Lingxian xuzhi (1936), 4/12a–b, gives a glowing account of his government there and claims that on the day of his departure the evil clerks looked delighted but the population was in tears. Dai appears to have been later promoted to prefect of Jinan, the prefecture from which he previously depended. Ref. and studies: Siku xuxiu, 11:305, speaking of an 1890 ed. in 6 j. with 1881 pref. by author. Guo Runtao, Guanfu, muyou yu shusheng, 372, gives title as Jingjian lu 錄 xuezhi zalu. Guo Chengwei, 370–89. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 158. [PEW]

1063

Guan Pu beican jilüe 官蒲被參紀略, 1 + 2 j. [A Brief Account of Being Censured after Serving in Puqi] By Liao Runhong 廖潤鴻 (z. Kuibin 逵賓), from Lujiang 淥江, i.e. Liling 醴陵 (Hunan) 1883 Ed.:

– *1883 ed. published in Wuchang (刊於鄂垣), with author’s pref. (1883). [*Harvard] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko] Rem.: After his tenure as magistrate of Puqi 蒲圻 (Hubei) from 9th

month 1880 to 5th month 1882, the author was censured by provincial authorities for “being extravagant in character and stirring public opin­ ion to a boiling point” (乖僻成性輿論沸騰). A devoted and popular of­ ficial who modeled himself on the famous Liu Heng (see under Yongli yongyan) and had previously been recommended by the authorities, Liao was incensed by what happened to him. The cause of his misfor­ tune apparently was a false accusation by local “wicked types” (刁徒) to which his successor gave credence. The work was composed after his dismissal to combat depression and restore his name. J. 首, titled tici 題 詞, consists of a series of 80 heptasyllabic quatrains (七絕) with explan­ atory notes and cross-references to the pieces in the main text, where the author “derides and curses himself, wonders about and ponders over himself, accuses and absolves himself” (自笑自罵，自問自揣，自訴 自解). They are meant, essentially, to illustrate the quality and dedica­ tion of his work, his efforts to use the fewest possible private servants, control his private secretaries, judge lawsuits immediately and publicly

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

(in all of this following Liu Heng’s example), suppress clerk and runner abuses, educate the gentry and people, and so forth—and how popular he was with his constituents; a large number of poems aim to defend himself against the false accusations conveyed by his successor, which concerned Liao’s management of grain stores and seem to have originat­ ed with the displeasure of the local gentry about being deprived of the right to handle grain purchases. The explanatory notes are rich in details on local administrative practices. The main text is a gongdu anthology rich in concrete details, arranged in chronological order, composed of Liao’s proclamations, orders, correspondences, reports, and other docu­ ments from his tenure at Puqi, as well as documents posterior to his dismissal. A “prescription against opium” (戒吸洋煙三日斷癮方說) is appended; it is signed by Liao as “former expectant magistrate” (前湖北 教習班候補知縣), and followed by a cartouche with the words 好善君 子廣行布施，刊送萬人功德無量.

Bio.: The notes to the poems in j. shou indicate the precise dates of Hong’s tenure in Puqi, which came after six years spent as an expectant official. The last poems deal with his early years as a poor student, and his specialization in divination and geomancy as a bread-winner, in particular during the five years (1870–75) he spent in the capital; he got the rank of educational official in 1871 and of magistrate in 1872, and asked to be sent to the provinces in 1874; before he could go to Hubei, where he had been appointed, the Tongzhi emperor died and he was sent to the imperial tombs as a geomantician (風水官). In Hubei he first worked in the Fancheng 樊城 likin office on the Han River (1876–78). [JB, PEW] 1064

Chushan caopu 出山草譜, 4 or 8 j. [A Record of Minor Ambitions after Leaving the Mountains] By Tang Zhaoxi 湯肇熙 (z. Shaoqing 紹卿) (js. 1863), from Wanzai 萬載 (Jiangxi) 1884 Ed.:

– *1884 ed. in 4 j. engraved at the Kunyang county office 栞於昆陽縣署, with prefs. by Wen Zhonghan 溫忠翰 (1885) and Sun Yiyan 孫衣言 (1884) (placed before j. 3), end-comments (評語) by Li Shibin 李士彬, Ren Daorong 任道鎔 and Ge Zhitan 葛之覃, postf. (跋) by Sun Qiangming 孫鏘鳴 (1884). [*Columbia] [*Harvard] [*Ōki]

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1063–1064

1313

– *1884 ed. in 8 j., same cover-leaf as above, with prefs. by Wen Zhonghan (1885) and Sun Yiyan (1884), postfs. (placed at the end of j. 4) by Sun Qiangming (1884) and Shi Fangluo 石方洛 (n.d.). [ZKT] – *Photo-repro. of ed. in 8 j., in Siku weishou, ser. 10, vol. 4.

Rem.: The title alludes to a saying in Shishuo xinyu that when retired in the mountains one harbors lofty ambitions, whereas once in public service one achieves but little things (在山遠志, 出山為小草)—yuanzhi and xiaocao originally being alternate names for a materia medica mentioned in Bowu zhi; therefore, instead of considering his book as a “record of government” (治譜), the author claims it is no more than a record of “small realizations in public service.” The work appears to have been written in successive installments corresponding to the various posts held by Tang in Zhejiang (see below). The first installment (初編, j. 1) includes administrative documents from his magistracy in Kaihua 開化 (1872–73); it is followed by an author’s postface (跋) (1874) and endcomments by Mei Qixi 梅啟熙, Long Wenbin 龍文彬, Zhang Jingqu 張景 渠, and Xiao Deshu 蕭德樹. The second installment (二篇, j. 2) includes administrative documents dating from the author’s service at the judi­ cial bureau of Hangzhou (杭府憲讞局) and as magistrate of Qiantang 錢塘. The documents in the third installment (三篇, in two parts, j. 3–4) are from Tang’s magistracy in Pingyang 平陽; this installment has post­ faces (跋) by Sun Qiangming and Shi Fangluo (the last not in the 4-j. ed.). The ed. in 8 j. is clearly an enlarged ed. using the same coverleaf as the original 4-j. ed., but adding materials corresponding to further years spent by the author in Pingyang, as well as literary pieces. The fourth installment (四篇) corresponds to j. 5. The supplementary installment (續編, j. 6) features accounts (記), prefaces, and other literary pieces by the author dating from his magistracies in Kaihua and Pingyang. J. 7–8 are devoted to poems (詩附). The documents consist of proclamations and directives to government agents, local literati, and various catego­ ries of people, prohibitions (against gambling, lawsuits, religious activi­ ties, aggressive beggars, vendettas, growing opium poppy in Pingyang, and much more), regulations and procedures (e.g., for the Hangzhou judicial bureau, or a survey of uncultivated land in Qiantang), a long re­ port on the local situation on Tang’s arrival in Pingyang (in j. 3, followed by the commentaries of all his superiors), responses to requests (批), judgments, letters to colleagues, and so forth; they deal with the topics usual in local government, such as daily administrative activities, local

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1314

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

customs, social order, public works, schools and academies, compiling local gazetteers, and the like. Some of the pieces are followed by com­ ments by the author providing interesting details on the circumstances and implementation of his directives; some reports are followed by the answers (批) of superior officials. The overall impression is of a particu­ larly active and committed local official. In general the work is full of interesting details on the localities discussed. The place of printing is unclear: the only county named Kunyang in the Qing is in Yunnan; it could also be an alternate name for Yexian 葉縣 in Henan. Bio.: After his jinshi Tang Zhaoxi started as a bureau secretary at the Ministry of Revenue. His career in local administration was entirely in Zhejiang. He was appointed magistrate of Kaihua in 1872. After a period of mourning starting in 1873 he was reappointed to Zhejiang, where from 1878 he served in the ju­ dicial bureau (發審局) in Hangzhou (1878), then became acting magistrate of Qiantang (Hangzhou) in 1880, and in 1881 (or 1882) of Pingyang (Wenzhou pre­ fecture), a post where he stayed until 1888. See prefaces to the work; Kaihua XZ (1898), 4/7b; Pingyang XZ (1925), 24/12a. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 160–1, citing the captions of a small number of rescripts (批). [GRT, PEW]

1065

Hui’an zhai biyu 晦闇齋筆語, 6 j. [Written Sayings from Dark-and-Murky Studio] By Dong Pei 董沛 (z. Juexuan 覺軒, h. Mengru 孟如), from Yinxian 鄞縣 (Zhejiang) 1884 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with author’s foreword (題辭) (1884). [Ōki, as a set with Wuping zhuiyan and Rudong panyu (qq.v.)]

Rem.: Administrative papers from the author’s magistracy in Jianchang 建昌 (Jiangxi) from 1883 to 1884. J. 1 is composed of judgments (判) similar in form and nature to those in Dong’s Rudong panyu (q.v.). J. 2 contains proclamations (示) and orders (諭) regarding the local academy, baojia, taxation, and prohibiting dragon boats and banditry. J. 3 is composed of directives (札) to subalterns and other bureaus such as the office of dike-building (堤工局), and communications (移) to fel­ low officials. J. 4–6 include communications to superior officials (稟) on all sorts of administrative problems, notably dike repairs and famine relief, concerning which there are numerous reports with lengthy enclo­ sures, and even a complete set of maps of Jianchang townships reporting Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1064–1066

1315

on the incidence of drought and requesting tax postponement (which apparently provoked some difficulties with the provincial authorities).

Bio.: See under Rudong panyu. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 9. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 164. Bibliography entries for same author: Rudong panyu; Wuping zhuiyan. [PEW] 1066

Qiumu chuyan 求牧芻言, 8 j. [Simple Talk on Striving to be a Magistrate] By Ruan Benyan 阮本焱 (z. Jinpeng 晉朋) (1848–1906), from Yuyao 餘姚 (Zhejiang) 1887 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with author’s pref. (1887). [*Faxue suo (2 copies, one with a photography of the author)] [*Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of ed. above, Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1968 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 27, no. 270), with photography, facsimile of a family letter, author’s funerary stele, and author’s pref. (1887).

Rem.: Correspondences and administrative documents composed by the author, a former private secretary, while expectant assistant prefect (候補通判) and acting magistrate of Funing 阜寧 (Huai’an 淮安 prefec­ ture, northern Jiangsu), a position he assumed in early 1884 and where he spent at least two years. The contents are extremely concrete on the realities of local life and government in an impoverished area and re­ veal a professionalism that is not altogether surprising on the part of a former muyou. The pieces reproduced include a number of proclama­ tions and prohibitions on every sort of topic, addressed to subalterns, to local literati, and to the population at large, as well as reports and letters to superior officials. Ruan dealt with drought and tax resistance, and lobbied the provincial authorities for seed-grants of wheat, soy­ bean, and cotton. He expended much energy in organizing and control­ ling the so-called “gentry-managers” (紳董), whose role in extending his policies and ensuring social control appears prominent, and mobilizing the peasantry. Several entries discuss granaries, for which Ruan favored keeping reserves in cash, which can produce revenue, rather than actual grain, which is subject to spoilage. J. 3 includes a detailed report on vari­ ous economic, social, and administrative problems in his constituency. Problems of river control and irrigation maintenance are frequently dis­ cussed. The general impression is of a volatile situation, with eruptions of violence and much lawlessness.

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Bio.: Ruan Benyan’s father was an official, but his family suffered from the troubles of the mid-nineteenth century, and after the death of his parents he learned the trade of a fiscal secretary. He seems to have pursued this occupa­ tion for many years, until he purchased a brevet of assistant-prefect and was dispatched to Jiangsu. He was remarked by then Jiangnan governor-general Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠 while Zuo was touring the region, and entrusted with the acting magistracy of Funing. Later he was dismissed after he had antago­ nized the Jiangsu surveillance commissioner, and retired to Xinghua 興化 in Yangzhou prefecture (where he had previously worked as a private secretary); this became his new home, where he devoted his remaining years to liter­ ary pursuits. See his funerary stele by Li Xiang 李詳 reproduced at the begin­ ning of the book; Funing xian xinzhi (1934), 3/71b–72a; Xinghua XZ (1944), 13/4a–b. Ref. and studies: Chang, 2:895. [PEW] 1067

Huan Dian jishi 宦滇紀事, 4 j. [Accounts from a Yunnan Official] By Hu Xiushan 胡秀山, from Jiangxia 江夏 (Hubei); assembled (編) by Wang Shuzhi 王樹之 1890 Ed.:

– *1890 ed. of the Gaoguan Academy 板藏高觀書院, with prefs. by the author’s nephew, Hu Taifu 泰福 (n.d.), Wang Shuzhi (1889), and author (n.d.), postf. (後跋) by Duan Chenglin 段承霖 (1890). [Hubei]

Rem.: An anthology of administrative documents from two decades of service in Yunnan in the 1860s, 1870s, and 1880s, most of them dat­ ing to the author’s tenure as people-pacifying vice-prefect (撫民同知) in Qiaojia subprefecture 巧家廳. The proclamations (告示), communica­ tions (移文), letters (禀啟), reports (詳牒), and judicial documents (案 牘) are arranged under rubrics dealing with local infrastructure, local defense, tax management, schools, relief, lawsuits, and more (j. 1–3, all in Qiaojia). J. 4 has further pieces on Qiaojia and on other places where the author served, viz. Fumin 富民, Daguan subprefecture 大關廳, and Wuding independent department 武定直隸州. Bio.: Hu Xiushan was rewarded for his service in the forces of Hu Linyi 胡 林翼 and Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 during the Xianfeng period with the rank of

magistrate. In 1863 he was appointed magistrate of Fumin, where he served ten years. Following this he was promoted to vice-prefect of Qiaojia, where he

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1066–1068

1317

appears to have stayed through 1882. He was vice-prefect in Daguan in 1885, and department magistrate of Wuding in 1886–87. Acting positions are also mentioned in Chenggong 呈貢 in 1869, and Zhaotong 昭通. See prefs. to Huan Dian jishi; Chenggong XZ (1885), 4/23b; Qiaojia XZ gao 稿 (1942), 2B/33a, 4/18b, 6A/2a; Xinzuan Yunnan TZ (1949), 42/23b. [GRT] 1068

Chaisang yonglu 柴桑傭錄, 4 j. [A Record of Being Employed in Jiujiang] By Zhong Tizhi 鍾體志 (z. Zesheng 澤生) (jr. 1867), from Shehong 射洪 (Sichuan) 1890 Ed.: – *1890 ed. of the Zaoxue tang 澡雪堂藏板, with author’s pref. (1890). [*Beitu] [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of copy at Beitu in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 34.

Rem.: Administrative papers written by the author while magistrate of Dehua 德化, the seat of Jiujiang 九江 prefecture (Jiangxi), ancient­ ly named Chaisang (he also uses the alternative name Xunyang 潯陽, which more specifically designated the place where Jiangxi can be ac­ cessed from the Yangzi). Zhong was appointed there as acting magis­ trate in 1887, at a time when the region was suffering from alternating floods and droughts. He claims in his pref. that despite the combination of unusual climatic difficulties, of a county particularly difficult to ad­ minister, and of his own lack of capacities, when he left the post he was enthusiastically celebrated by the population. According to the pref. the selection of documents made by Zhong represents about 30 percent of the drafts he kept with him. J. 1 is composed of 45 judgment proposals (讞語), most of them in the format “A accuses (控) B.” J. 2 features 79 re­ sponses to complaints (批詞), with the text of the response (or rescript) following the complaint (呈) itself. J. 3–4 consist of administrative docu­ ments (公牘). These are particularly detailed on flooding, dike repair, famine relief, supplies, and the like; they are mainly in the form of com­ munications to superiors (稟), proclamations and orders to the popula­ tion, regulations, and procedures. Bio.: No information is available on Zhong Tizhi’s career, other than the year of his juren degree. See Tongchuan 潼川 FZ (1897), 15/27b. Ref. and studies: Ma, 142 (Qinghua). Shiga, 9. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 169. [PEW]

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1318 1069

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Xuezhi oucun 學治偶存, 8 j. [Surviving Writings from an Apprenticeship in Government] By Lu Weiqi 陸維祺 (z. Shoumin 壽民), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1893 Ed.:

– *1893 ed. with prefs. by Bian Baodi 卞寶第 (1891) and author (1893). [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunka, no cover-leaf]

Rem.: An anthology of administrative pieces composed by the author while customs official, then acting magistrate, in Hubei. J. 1–2 consist of correspondences (稟, 15 entries) concerning the Yichang customs sta­ tion (荊宜稅關), where Lu acted as customs intendant (關道) in 1883– 85; the reports are entirely devoted to dealings with foreign merchants and missionaries. The reports and proclamations in j. 3–4 (17 entries) concern Lu’s acting magistracy in Jianli 監利 (Jingzhou 荊州 prefec­ ture); at least one document indicates that at some point he was acting prefect of Jingzhou. The documents deal with such topics as flood con­ trol and dike maintenance, tax levies, justice, examining students, and efforts at improving customs, notably through a revival of the so-called “rural banquets” (鄉飲) to honor models of filial piety and elderly virtue nominated by local gentry. There are also sets of detailed guidelines for clerks and runners. J. 5 (7 entries) consists of judgments (判 […] 案); j. 6 (59 entries), of responses to litigants (批 […] 事); j. 7, titled Dulü yaolüe 讀律要略, is about the Penal Code; j. 8, titled Jianyan zhaiyao 檢驗摘要, discusses forensic problems (85 entries). In his pref. Bian Baodi claims that in spite of differences, Lu’s work is on the same level as Wang Huizu’s Xuezhi yishuo (q.v.): the two authors “borrow different paths but share the same pursuit” (異軌同驅). As a matter of fact, Lu’s reports and proclamations reveal an exceptional degree of personal dedication and direct intervention in all sorts of domains. Bio.: The prefaces indicate that while still a young boy Lu Weiqi lost his fa­ ther and saw the family residence burn down during the capture of Hangzhou by the Taipings, and their fleeing the city. He came back after the rebellion but soon had to abandon studies because he was too poor. For several years he worked as a legal adviser. He presumably purchased a degree, and already had much experience of customs administration when he became head of the Yichang customs station, where he is said to have been a noted expert in deal­ ing with foreigners; later he became acting magistrate of Jianli (not Songzi 松 滋 as said in Bian’s pref.) for seven months, before asking for leave because of sickness; still later he apparently was prefect of Jingzhou. Bian Baodi, who

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1069–1071

1319

made Lu’s acquaintance in 1883 when he was governor-general of Huguang, speaks of him glowingly, saying it was the first time in his life he met the equal of the hallowed Wang Huizu, his professed model. Contrary to Wang, how­ ever, Lu later benefitted from the support of such powerful patrons as Zhang Zhidong 張之洞, Wang Wenshao 王文韶, and Li Hanzhang 李瀚章, who com­ peted to have him as an adviser. Ref. and studies: QSG, 147/4334 (in 8 juan). Ma, 141–2 (Qinghua). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 177–9, listing all the captions of judgments in j. 5 and re­ scripts in j. 6. [PEW] 1070

Gongyu shituo 公餘拾唾, 8 j. [Documents Collected when Free from Government Duties] By Luo Xinbei 羅信北 (z. Jinkun 錦堃), from Xiangxiang 湘鄉 (Hunan) 1894 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with author’s later pref. (後序) (1894) and pref. (1891). [Hunan]

Rem.: An anthology of administrative documents dating from the author’s tenures as magistrate of Fenshui 分水, Fenghua 奉化, Yueqing 樂清, and Pinghu 平湖 in Zhejiang during the Guangxu period. The documents include proclamations (告示), rescripts (批示), communi­ cations to superiors (禀稿), court orders (堂諭), examination questions on customs (觀風策題), and letters to colleagues discussing administra­ tive problems.

Bio.: A student by purchase (監生), Luo Xinbei served as acting magistrate of Fenshui (1879), Fenghua (1879–80 and 1885), Lishui 麗水 (1882), Yueqing (1886), and Pinghu (1886)—possibly of other Zhejiang counties as well. See Fenshui XZ (1906), 6/29a; Fenghua XZ (1908), 16/35b, 36a; Lishui XZ (1926), 7/22a; Yueqing XZ (1912), 7/25a; Pinghu XZ (1926), 6/1a. [GRT] 1071

Fanshan gongdu 樊山公牘, 3 or 4 j. [Administrative Papers of Fan Zengxiang] By Fan Zengxiang 樊增祥 (z. Jiafu 嘉父, Yunmen 雲門, h. Fanshan 樊 山, Tianqin 天琴) (1846–1931) (js. 1877), from Enshi 恩施 (Hubei) ca. 1894 Ed.:

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

– *1894 engraving (開雕) from “this yamen” 本衙藏板 in 3 j., no pref. [*Congress/LL, in same box as Fanshan pipan (q.v.)] [*Tian Tao, *Photo-repro. at IHEC] – *Ed. in 4 j., dated 1894–97, together with Fanshan pipan (q.v.). [Chicago] – *Undated ed. in 4 j. (western binding). [Harvard] – *Shanghai Guangyi shuju 廣益書局 1911 ed. in 4 j., coll. and printed (校印) by Fazheng xueshe 法政學社. [Zhejiang] – *In Fanshan quanji. [Jimbun] [*Ōki, 1897 ed., in 3 j.] [Kyoto University, 1919 fourth ed. of 1913 Shanghai Guangyi shuju 廣益書局 litho. ed.] – *Undated Shanghai Wenrui lou 上海文瑞樓 litho. ed. in 4 j., author’s sig­ nature in chapter captions 恩施樊增祥肅父. [HKU] – 1934 Shanghai Dada tushu gongying she 大達圖書供應社 ed. [HKU] – *1935 Shanghai Xinwenhua shushe 新文化書社 ed., no juan division, no pref., punctuated by Xue Hensheng 薛恨生, coll. by He Ming 何銘. [Zhejiang] – *Photo-repro. of 1894 ed. (in 3 j.), in Fanshan ji, vol. 4, Taipei: Wenhai chu­ banshe, 1978 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan xubian, ser. 61). Rem.: A rich selection of official correspondence (稟), answers to requests (批), judgments (判), public proclamations (示), letters, and

more, many quite detailed, dating to various magistracies held by the author in acting capacities in Shaanxi, 1880s and early 1890s: at Yichuan 宜川 (mid-1880s), Fuping 富平, Chang’an 長安, Xianning 咸寧 (1886 and 1892), and Weinan 渭南 (from 1893 and for a period of 6 years). In the 3-j. ed., j. 2–3 are entirely devoted to Weinan documents, while in the 4-j. ed. Fan’s assumption of the Weinan post occurs about half-way in j. 2. Topics include opium prohibition, evaluating local scholars (觀風) when arriv­ ing in a new post, local brokers, taxation and likin, paper currency is­ sued by private money shops, salt, charity granaries, new settlers (客民) and famine refugees, Christian missionaries, calls for contributions dur­ ing the Sino-Japanese War, military provisioning, baojia, local defense against bandits known as daofei 刀匪 and huifei 會匪 and against the threat of Gansu Muslims, planting mulberry trees, compiling the Fuping county gazetteer, and more, as well as a large number of judicial cases. Only some texts are precisely dated; the so-called 1894 ed. in fact con­ tains materials up to 1897. In his preface to Fanshan zhengshu (q.v.), Fan claims that “several thousand” copies of Fanshan gongdu were printed and distributed. Bio.: See under Fanshan pandu.

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1321

1071–1072

Ref. and studies: Chang, 2:937 (1894 ed.). Bibliography entries for same author: Fan Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan pandu; Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan pandu xubian; Fanshan pipan; Fanshan pipan jinghua; Fanshan zhengshu; Xinbian Fanshan gongdu jinghua. [TCF, PEW] 1072

Shendu chu gongdu 慎獨處公牘, 2 ce [Administrative Documents from the Solitary-Watchfulness Bureau] By Zhongying 鍾英 (1852–98) (js. 1877), from the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner 1895 Ed.: – *1895 ed. with pref. by Chen Youqi 陳佑啟 (1895). [Hunan]

Rem.: The phrase shendu in the title, which originates in Zhongyong

中庸, expresses the cautiousness of the gentleman even when alone.

The work is a collection of over 80 documents, plus 12 in a supplement (續刻), written by the author as prefect of Yuezhou 岳州 (Hunan) dur­ ing the period 1891–95, arranged in chronological order. The emphasis is on maintaining order, taking care of the poor, and promoting education. The contents include organizing militia and baojia, combating banditry, dispersing sectarians, prohibiting theater performances, repressing pet­ tifoggers, organizing rescue boats (救生船) on Lake Dongting, setting up bureaus to raise capital from the rich in order to help small businesses with low-interest loans as a form of famine relief (因利局), setting up “chastity-preserving halls” (保節堂) for widows, rebuilding Yueyang 岳陽 and Shenxiu 慎修 Academies, reorganizing money shops, setting taxes in order, grain tribute, and military supplies. Faced with banditry and unrest, the author strived to enlist the help of the rich and exhort the poor to stay content with their lot. The compilation was primarily in­ tended for distribution to notables in order to attract help in his efforts.

Bio.: Following a long period of service at the Ministry of Revenue, Zhongying was dispatched to Hunan to serve as prefect and intendant. He was appointed to Yuezhou in 1890. After his tenure there, he was transferred to be prefect of Changsha 長沙 (in 1896), but at the beginning of 1898 he got sick and hanged himself. See Tan Zhongchi 譚仲池 (ed.), Changsha tongshi 長沙通史 (Changsha: Hunan jiaoyu chubanshe, 2013), vol. 2, 296. [GRT, PEW]

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1322 1073

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Guishan cundu 圭山存牘, 1 ce [Remaining Documents from Guishan] By Li Zhongjue 李鍾玨 (h. Pingshu 平書) (1852–1927), from Shanghai

上海 (Jiangsu)

1895 Ed.:

– *1895 ed. printed at the offices of Ningyang county (刊於寧陽官廨), with pref. by Jin Wuxiang 金武祥 (1895) and author’s note following the mulu (1895). [Ōki]

Rem.: A set of 34 administrative pieces drafted by the author while acting magistrate of Lufeng 陸豐 (Guangdong) for about a year in 1894, edited (點定) by his muyou, Xia Shufeng 夏叔鳳. (Guishan, a mountain in the region, is an alternative name for Lufeng.) Since his documents were much in demand from friends, he eventually decided to publish them, considering that by ensuring peace and contentment among his constituency he had merely done his duty and could not be accused of bragging (炫). The documents include Li’s proclamations when as­ suming his post, his orders to build up baojia, xiangyue, and charitable schools, various prohibitions promulgated in a rather threatening tone (against lowbrow operas, vendettas, kidnappings, sworn brotherhoods, etc.), orders addressed to some particularly unruly local communi­ ties, communications to superiors (禀) on various topics, such as the local situation on his arrival, vendettas, schools, coastal defense, restor­ ing order to a Daoist temple, and more, and a few letters to colleagues. Some of the documents are of interest concerning the situation on the Guangdong coast at the end of the nineteenth century. The author of the pref., who claims that within one year Li Zhongjue was able to thor­ oughly reform the customs of Lufeng, remarks that if the counties of the empire do not benefit from the good governance of which Li is such an eminent example, then the plans for self-strengthening will just be left to verbiage (託之空言).

Bio.: Li Zhongjue became a “graduate for excellence” (憂貢) in 1885; after submitting to the court examination (朝考) he was dispatched to Guangdong as a magistrate. Apart from Lufeng, he was acting magistrate of Xinning 新寧 and Suixi 遂溪, where he dealt with a French attack in 1898. According to the pref., as a citizen of Shanghai Li Zhongjue was well aware of the outside world. He had traveled to Southeast Asia and was the author of a work on Singapore titled Xinjiapo fengtu ji 新加坡風土記. His performance in Lufeng—a place known to be particularly unruly—was such that he was recommended to the

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1323

1073–1075

throne as a model official (循良). Later in his career he was involved in mod­ ernization efforts in the Shanghai area, serving in particular in the Jiangnan Arsenal. See Shanghai XZ (1918), 16/8b; Shanghai XZ (1935), 15/37b–39b. [PEW] 1074

Huanyou jishi 宦游紀實, 2 j. [Recorded Facts from an Officials’s Travels] By Zhou Le 周樂, from Shanhua 善化 (Hunan) 1897 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated Shanhua Zhou-family ed. 善化周氏刊本 with author’s pref. (1897). [Beitu] [*Columbia] – *Photo-repro. of copy at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 28.

Rem.: The author, who held positions in Hubei and Hunan from 1854 to 1866, took advantage of his retirement to record his management of several affairs and publish part of his administrative correspondence. J. 2 is entirely devoted to fiscal and financial policies in the commercial emporium of Shashi 沙市 (Hubei).

Bio.: No further information is available on Zhou Le’s career. Ref. and studies: Ma, 123 (Beiping). Chang, 2:928. [PEW] 1075

Buqian zhai mancun 不慊齋漫存, 6, 7, or 12 j. [Random Documents from the Free-from-Resentment Studio] By Xu Gengbi 徐賡陛 (z. Cizhou 次舟), from Wucheng 烏程 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 6 j., no cover-leaf, pref., or mulu, no mention of publisher. [Tōdai] – *1882 ed. of the Nanhai guanshu 刊於南海官署, in 7 j. [*Harvard] [*Ōki] – *1905 ed. of the Datong Salt Bureau 刊于大通鹺廨, in 12 j. [Tōyō Bunko] – 1909 Nanyang guan shuju 南洋官書局 litho. ed. in 6 j. + xuji 續集 in 2 j. (with inscription 刊於光緖壬午 [1882] 南海官署). [Harvard] – *Photo-repro. of an ed. in 7 j., without cover-leaf or pref., in Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 78, vol. 773. – Photo-repro. in Qingdai shiwen ji huibian, vol. 751. – In Biji xiaoshuo daguan, ser. 16, vol. 5–6 (7-j. ed.). – in Qingdai biji, vol. 21–22 (in 6 j.)

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1324

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Rem.: A collection of administrative and other papers from the author’s official career. The 6- and 7-j. eds. concern his positions in Guangdong in the early Guangxu years; the 12-j. ed. includes later mate­ rial on Shandong. The intention of the compilation is not stated (there is no pref.), but it seems to be more celebratory than pedagogical. In the 7-j. ed. the work starts with a detailed mulu for j. 1–6, where it is titled Buziqian 不自慊 zhai mancun; the mulu of j. 7 has been moved to the head of that juan. In the mulu the juan are given general titles that do not appear in chapter captions. J. 1, (“Guwen” 古文) is composed of accounts, steles, and ceremonial texts dating from the author’s vari­ ous magistracies. The latter took place in Suixi 遂溪 (“Suixi shudu 書牘,” j. 2), Haikang 海康 (“Haikang shudu,” j. 4), Lufeng 陸豐 (“Lufeng shudu,” j. 5), and Nanhai 南海 (“Nanhai shudu,” j. 6). J. 3 (“Sique 司榷 shudu”) contains pieces about the likin station of Houli 後瀝 (on the river by the same name), which the author had been ordered to put back in shape. Each of j. 2–6 contains an extensive selection of correspondence to su­ periors (稟), orders and proclamations to subordinates and to the popu­ lation, regulations (章程), etc., dealing with every sort of local matters, including problems typical of the region such as piracy and vendettas. The chapters on Lufeng and Nanhai include a sizable amount of cor­ respondence dealing with difficulties raised by French missionaries and consuls and Chinese converts. J. 7, entitled “Nanguan ji” 南冠集, con­ tains biographies, prefaces, letters, and pieces ghost-written for other authors. In the 12-j. ed., the contents of j. 1–7 are identical with the above, but with a slightly different distribution by juan from j. 5 onward. J. 8 is composed of biographies and prefaces. J. 9 contains a variety of texts, some administrative (e.g. on justice administration), some celebratory, several written for the sake of Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 (Liang-Guang governor-general 1884–89); a certain amount deal with Shandong in the 1890s (including memorials), but it is unclear what the author’s relation with them was exactly. The memorials, correspondences, and answers to requests in j. 10–12 may have been composed for higher officials. Bio.: Information on Xu Gengbi’s career is spotty. His first position in Guangdong seems to have been magistrate of Suixi; for a few months in 1875 he was concurrently in charge of Haikang (both counties belong to Leizhou 雷州 prefecture). During 1877–80 he was back in Haikang, where he was heav­ ily involved in defense against piracy on Leizhou peninsula. In 1878 he was ap­ parently sent to Lufeng as acting magistrate, and he was appointed to Nanhai in 1881. Regarding his positions in Shandong, we know that he was magistrate

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1075–1076

1325

of Qufu 曲阜 from 1893 to 1896. In 1907 he is cited as Western Zhejiang salt in­ spector and commander (浙西鹽巡統領). See Haikang XxuZ (1920), 17/5b, 6a, 18/10a–17a; Huizhou 惠州 FZ (1884), 20/104b; Nanhai XZ (1910), 9/1b; Jiangyin 江陰 XxuZ (1920), 5/18b. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 162 (6-j. ed.). [PEW] 1076

Jingshen tang gongdu 敬慎堂公牘, 6 j. [Administrative Documents from the Hall of Respect and Prudence] By Shen Bingkun 沈秉堃 (z. Youlan 幼嵐) (1862–1913), from Shanhua

善化 (Hunan)

1899 Ed.:

– *1899 ed. from the offices of Jiang’an [江安] 刊于江易官署, with pref. by Wenhuan 文煥 (1900), Li You 李祐 (1900), and Shen Bingkun (1899). [*Tōyō Bunka, Niida collection]

Rem.: Administrative papers written by the author during 11 years spent as an official in several counties of Sichuan (including Jiang’an 江安, Leshan 樂山, Chengdu 成都, Mianzhu 綿竹, Pengxian 彭縣, Baxian 巴縣, and Fushun 富順). The prefaces insist that Shen’s exempla­ ry actions, as displayed in this collection, ought to be a guide for other officials. All the pieces are listed in the mulu at the beginning of the work. J. 1–4 are entirely composed of correspondences (禀) to superiors, dealing with every sort of subject. J. 5 is devoted to proclamations (示) to the people, merchants, and subaltern personnel, both on general is­ sues of public order and customs and on more specialized subjects. J. 6 contains “simple proclamations” (簡明告示) in the form of rhymes, an­ swers to complaints and requests (詞禀批), and three model certificates (票式). Several sets of regulations (章程, 事宜, etc.) are quoted along the way. Though not dated, the entries are rich in precise information on administrative problems and socio-economic life in Sichuan on the eve of the “New Policies” decade.

Bio.: Shen Bingkun was a student by purchase (監生) and became an official through purchasing a vice-magistracy (縣丞). He was magistrate of Jiang’an (Sichuan), where he seems to have been quite popular, from 1889 to 1896. He also held acting magistracies in several other counties (see above). Then he ad­ vanced rapidly through positions, becoming prefect of Chengdu (from where he took a group of Sichuanese artisans and merchants to an international

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exhibition in Osaka in 1903), then intendant in Sichuan, later surveillance com­ missioner (1907–08) and administration commissioner (1908–10) in Yunnan, where he was also acting Yun-Gui governor-general (1909), and finally gover­ nor of Guangxi in 1910. In 1911 he was persuaded to join the revolutionary move­ ment and proclaim the independence of Guangxi. He filled some positions in Republican Nanjing and in Beijing under Yuan Shikai, and died in January 1913. See Jiang’an XZ (1923), 3/7a; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Ma, 143–4 (Qinghua). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 177. [PEW] 1077

Tingqin yudu 停琴餘牘, 1 j. [Remaining Documents After Ceasing to Play the Zither] By Luo Dichu 羅迪楚 (original m. Ruyuan 如元, z. Jinjiang 錦江, Zhaozhang 肇樟, h. Nanzhen 南貞) (1861–?) (js. 1892), from Jianwei 犍為 (Sichuan) 1900 Ed.: – *1900 Baijia shantang congshu 百甲山堂叢書 ed., printed in Wuchang 刊 於武昌 (on cover-leaf verso), cover-leaf calligraphed by a certain Renfu (壬甫自署), with author’s pref. (1900). [Beitu, with a long hand-written explanatory note by Luo Dichu pasted inside the cover] – *Photo-repro. of same ed., with different cover-leaf recto (金湘自檢), in GZSJC, vol. 9.

Rem.: Tingqin in the title alludes to an anecdote about the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove in which Ji Kang stops playing the lute to better listen to Ruan Jian’s instrument and the sounds of nature, symbolizing a state of peace and separation from the world—apparently the author’s state of mind while awaiting to get rehabilitated (see below). Luo Dichu was appointed acting magistrate of Jianli 監利 (Hubei) in 1897 while Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 was Huguang governor-general and Tan Jixun 譚繼洵 Hubei governor. He formally took up the charge (補) in 1898 after several months of “observing” (觀) his predecessor’s administra­ tion, in line with a system formerly established by Hu Linyi 胡林翼 (Hubei governor 1855–61). His pref. mentions his successful efforts to suppress long-standing fiscal abuses, handle conflicts between locals and foreign missionaries, and in general face an extremely tense situ­ ation. In 1899, following an incident related to tax resistance, he was dismissed for “going against public opinion” (不洽輿情). The seven texts

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1076–1078

included in the collection, written while Luo was waiting for the docu­ ment affirming that he had cleared his accounts, which would allow him to apply again for a position, were addressed to the Hubei authorities. They amount to a highly detailed self-vindicating report dealing in great detail with every aspect of his action as Jianli magistrate, including dike works, arbitrating litigation, schools, attempting to control French and American missionaries, building grain reserves, baojia and militia, tax policies, and more. The manuscript note inserted in the copy at Beitu suggests that Luo’s account infuriated the governor, who ordered a new investigation to check on its veracity, and that the investigation was fa­ vorable to Luo. The Veritable Records indicate that an edict of GX 25/6/6 admitted that, though “impetuous” and going against public opinion, Luo excelled in writing (性情浮躁，不洽輿情，惟文理尚優), and al­ lowed him to apply for a position of educational official.

Bio.: Dichu was Luo’s examination name (榜名). After his jinshi Luo was a secretary in the Grand Secretariat (內閣中書) and served in the Hanlin Academy; he was appointed magistrate of Jianli in 1898. From 1900 onward he seems to have stayed in Beijing. In early 1911 he joined the Association in support of implementing the constitution (帝國憲政實進會). Information is lacking on the remainder of his life, except for the fact that he was one of the leaders of an “Association for the promotion of Chinese Islam” (中國回教俱 進會) set up in Beijing in 1912 and seems to have continued to be part of it in the 1920s and 1930s. See Ji Zhinan, “Yidai xunli Luo Dichu,” citing various docu­ ments, including the 1937 Jianwei XZ and archival pieces showing that Luo was appointed by imperial rescript in 1898, not 1897 as written in the pref.; Qing shilu: Dezong, 446/10a. [PEW] 1078

Yide huicun 一得彙存, 2 j. [Remnants of Modest Attainments] By Shi Qinglai 時慶萊 (z. Fengxian 蓬仙, h. Tieshi tingzhu 鐵石亭主) (js. 1874), from Yizheng 儀徵 (Jiangsu) Ca. 1900 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. in clear kaishu, author’s name Tieshi tingzhu, with vari­ ous prefaces and colophons (mostly undated, most authors’ names dif­ ficult to decipher). [Zhongyang]

Rem.: A manuscript collection of administrative pieces, which seems to have been widely circulated and was possibly being prepared for

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publication. The prefaces emphasize the usefulness of the selection as a model for effective government. The author indicates at some points that he is acting prefect of Shaoxing 紹興 (Zhejiang). The copy is punctu­ ated, underlined, and commented on in different hands in the margins or at the end of pieces, to the extent of being barely legible at places; there are even full colophons pasted after certain pieces. (One “further annotation” is dated 1900; there are colophons dated 1905 and 1906.) All the pieces deal with Zhejiang. Topics include a long communication to the provincial authorities asking for the severe punishment of a bully and pettifogger (土豪訟棍) from Taizhou 台州; a communication pro­ posing a set of ten regulations for the provincial judicial bureau (讞局章 程); a set of interdictions against various disorderly elements in Sheng county 嵊縣 (in Shaoxing); various other communications; a report on the replacement of a dam by a sluice-gate; letters (書) to colleagues and superiors, some dated (1892, 1896, 1900 [concerning Boxer troubles in the North, and followed by a flurry of inserted colophons]); a report on sales of native opium based on the Ning-Shao likin station (寧紹土藥 出數及銷售情形); and a set of regulations on military camps (整頓營 務章程). Bio.: After serving in the Ministry of Justice, Shi Qinglai was dispatched to Zhejiang with the rank of prefect. He was acting prefect of Taizhou 台州 and Shaoxing, then was promoted to intendant of the Hang-Jia-Hu 杭嘉湖 circuit, where he was in post by 1900, and grain intendant (糧儲道). When the 1900 “spurious edict” (偽詔) ordering the provinces to support the Boxers and join the war against the foreigners was received in Zhejiang, Shi successfully im­ plored the administration commissioner to convince governor Liu Shutang 劉 樹棠, who had already forwarded the order to the prefectures, to rescind it, for which Shi is said to have earned the eternal gratitude of the people of Zhejiang. See Jiangdu 江都 XZ (1937), 8/3a–b. Ref. and studies: Chang, 2:897. Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:343. [PEW]

1079

Bianyi xiaoxiao lüecun 便宜小效略存, 2 j. [Some Preserved Documents on Minor Successes Obtained at One’s Convenience] By He Zongzhang 賀宗章 (h. Zhusheng 竺生), from Shanhua 善化 (Hunan) 1901 Ed.:

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1078–1080

– *Yunnan shuju 雲南書局 1901 ed., with pref. by Chen Rongchang 陳榮昌 (n.d.) and author’s intro. [Beitu]

Rem.: The author was in Yunnan from 1894, first as a likin admin­ istrator and then as department magistrate of Songming 嵩明州, where he distinguished himself by promoting education, irrigation, tree-planting, and so forth. In 1900 he was appointed to Yongshan 永 善 county, a particularly difficult post which he accepted on the condi­ tion that he be allowed to decide on policies “at his own convenience” (便宜). He spent a year fighting bandits and famine, and later attacks by aborigines coming in from Sichuan across the river. He was discharged with honors after a year that had left him exhausted. The 34 documents (mainly proclamations and correspondence with superiors) that com­ pose the work provide a rather striking account of this annus terribilis in Yongshan. The pref. states that if He’s policies were extended to the rest of the empire they would ensure “big successes” (大效, as opposed to the “small successes” modestly implied by the title). Bio.: Besides the magistracies mentioned above, He Zongzhang was mag­ istrate of Wenshan 文山 and prefect of Chengjiang 澂江 and Kaihua 開化 (in 1908). See Xu Yunnan TZ (1949), 185/6a for an enumeration of all his good policies. Ref. and studies: Ma, 143 (Beiping). [PEW]

1080

Xuezhi shiduan 學治識端, 1 j. [Clues for Learning Government] By Xu Shouzi 徐壽茲 (z. Shouzhi 受之) (jr.), from Yuanhe 元和 (Jiangsu). 1901 Ed.:

– *1901 ed. published in Daliang [Kaifeng] 刊于大梁, with prefs. by Lu Jihui 陸繼煇 (n.d.), Zhou Yun 周雲 (n.d.), Qu Jichang 瞿繼昌 (1901), and author (1901), postf. by Xie Chongli 謝崇禮 (n.d.). [*Columbia] [*Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in GZSJC, vol. 9.

Rem.: Official documents selected by the author dating to his magis­ tracies in Shangcai 上蔡 (twice in acting capacity, 1894–96 and 1900–01) and Zhenping 鎮平 (1897–99) in southern Henan. His two major pre­ occupations were irrigation, and local defense and baojia (prominent­ ly during his second Shangcai tenure). Xu is said to have expounded his ideas in an imperial audience to which he had been called on the

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recommendation of the Henan governor, following which he was put in charge of dredging two rivers in southern Henan. The 36 documents, totalling 213 folios in continuous page-numbering, are said in the postf. to represent only ten percent of the whole. They include proclamations (示) to the populace on matters of customs and law and order and to subordinates, and correspondence with superiors (禀) on various mat­ ters, notably hydraulic works, and including some judicial affairs. The prefs. and postf. describe Xu as an official whose virtues and dedication are “not of this time” (非今之吏), and whose accomplishments call for publication as models for future generations. Xu says in his pref. that he published this selection of gongdu rather than being constantly asked for handwritten copies. Bio.: Xu Shouzi indicates in his pref. that he served 13 years in Henan, with a 3-year interruption for mourning. We must assume that before his actual mag­ istracies he was an expectant official there. According to the postf. he was not very popular with his colleagues because of his austere style and clumsiness in social intercourse. In 1901, after his five years as magistrate, he was censured for having manufactured “local rifles” (土鎗) that were not up to standards, and dismissed. Though restored to rank, he went back home. Yet he was appointed department magistrate of Xuzhou 許州, also in Henan, in 1909, and spent one year there. He is mentioned as general manager (總辦) of the Jiangsu Bureau of Hydraulics (水利局) established in 1914. See Xuchang 許昌 XZ (1923), 8/39b– 40a; Baoshan 寶山 XxuZ (1921), 3/16a. [PEW]

1081

Shouzhuo xuan zhengshu 守拙軒政書, 1 ce [Administrative Documents from the Modesty-Maintaining Pavilion] By Ma Yugui 馬毓貴 (z. Biru 璧如, h. Danyai 丹崖) (1844–1910), from Tongcheng 桐城 (Anhui) 1902 Ed.:

– *1902 Beijing Huabei shuju typeset ed. 北京華北書局排印, with pref. by Wang Dugong 王篤恭 (1902), title on cover label Kanluan bingdu zhengui 戡亂稟牘箴規. [*Beitu] [*Columbia]

Rem.: The author assumed the position of acting magistrate of Hejian

河間 (Zhili) in the eighth month of 1900 while the Boxer Rebellion was

still raging. He managed to arrest local leaders and reestablish tran­ quillity; he was also able to avoid trouble when German and French troops marched through the county. His biggest problem, however,

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1080–1082

1331

was to resettle in their villages the Chinese converts who had fled the Boxers and taken refuge in missionary compounds, negotiate indemni­ ties for Christian victims with the bishop at the Jesuit mission in nearby Xianxian 獻縣, and raise money from locals. The author of the pref., a Hejian notable who abundantly praises Ma’s efforts to appease and edu­ cate the populace, says that Ma showed him the present compilation of his administrative correspondence and proclamations some time be­ fore completing his tenure in 1902. The work is in two parts. The first, titled Wuyuan dingluan bingdu 武垣定亂稟牘 (25 entries), is composed of reports, letters, and proclamations related to the Boxer troubles and the author’s dealings with Christian missions and Chinese converts. The second part, titled Xuezhi yaoyan 學治藥言 (13 entries), features orders and proclamations to clerks and runners, dibao, and local citizens, writ­ ten in simple language and developing conventional themes like main­ taining administrative discipline and improving customs; as suggested by the title, they are conceived of as a magistrate handbook. Each entry is dated with precision. The copy at Beitu bears a manuscript postf. by Song Houshan 宋厚山 (1902), which notes that Ma’s initiatives in the region, considered as difficult to govern in any circumstances, are still celebrated by the populace, says that his vision and authority make him a model official (循吏) in the ancient definition of Sima Qian—rather than the more benevolent approach of later periods—and claims that the present work is a worthy continuation of Chen Hongmou’s Xueshi yigui and Lü Kun’s Shizheng lu (qq.v.).

Bio.: Unspecified military accomplishments earned Ma Yugui the fifth-rank peacock feather and the position of expectant magistrate in Zhili. He served as acting magistrate of Daming 大名, Hejian, Qinghe 清和, and Yongnian 永年. See Tongcheng Ma shi zupu 桐城馬氏族譜 (1928), 4/65b–66a (name written 毓桂). For another magistrate similarly confronted to the court’s change of at­ titude toward the Boxers, see under Zai Hui jilüe Ref. and studies: Will, “Le magistrat, les jésuites et les boxeurs,” passim. [PEW]

1082

Li Wan cundu 吏皖存牘, 3 j. [Preserved Documents from Service in Anhui] By Yao Xiguang 姚錫光 (z. Shiquan 石泉) (1857–?) (jr. 1888), from Dantu 丹徒 (Jiangsu) 1903 postf. Ed.:

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– *1908 Beijing Yuzhai (“at residence”) 京師庽齋 typeset ed., cover-leaf cal­ ligraphed by Xu Bingqi 許秉琦, with pref. by Chen Danran 陳澹然 (z. Jiantan 劍潭) (1908), note to j. 1 by author, postf. (跋) by author (1903). [*Beitu] [*LSS] [*Tian Tao] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in GZSJC, vol. 9.

Rem.: Administrative documents, judicial decisions, correspondence, etc., written by the author as magistrate in three Anhui counties or departments from 1899 to 1901. Each chapter has a detailed mulu in­ dicating the content, format, and date of the documents included. J. 1 contains documents from Yao’s tenure in Shidai 石埭 and Huaining 懷 寧, mostly in the form of communications (禀 or 呈) and proclamations (示); many discuss attempts to control sectarianism and banditry; the chapter concludes with a note summarizing the author’s experiences. J. 2 is composed of documents written during the first two months of Yao’s tenure in Hezhou 和州 (3rd to 5th months, 1901). The documents in j. 3 also deal with service in Hezhou; they date from the period 6th to 11th month, 1901. The documents in j. 2 are in particular devoted to problems of defense, those in j. 3 to famine relief. J. 3 concludes with a second authorial postf. emphasizing the difficulties Yao encountered in Hezhou and the energetic action he took against banditry and famine.

Bio.: Yao Xiguang, who had been sent to Tokyo as an official in the Chinese embassy in 1878, was from the 1880s associated with the political machines of Li Hongzhang 李鴻章, then Zhang Zhidong 張之洞, and later Yuan Shikai 袁世凱. Among many assignments he was involved with managing new mili­ tary institutions. Following his positions in Anhui (see above), Yao, who had purchased a brevet of expectant intendant (候選道員), was based in Beijing, where he became among others vice-administrator of the Metropolitan University (京師大學堂副總辦), and later vice-minister of War (陸軍部左丞, then 右侍郎) (1907–10). Under the Republic he was made a member of the Political Council (參政院) set up by Yuan Shikai in 1914. In 1923 he was awarded the honorary title Xiwei general (錫威將軍) by the Beiyang government. See Dantu XZ (1930), 11/4b; Shu Xilong, “Yao Xiguang shengping ji qi chengjiu.” Ref. and studies: Ma, 143 (Qinghua). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 186, giving captions of 5 judgments in j. 1. [NP] 1083

Xiushan gongdu 秀山公牘, 5 j. [Administrative papers from Xiushan] By Wu Guangyao 吳光耀 1903

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1082–1084

1333

Ed.:

– *Undated movable-type ed. with author’s pref. (n.d.), cover label dated 1903. [Beitu] [*Harvard] – Photo-repro. of copy at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 36.

Rem.: The author left his post of (probably acting) magistrate of Xiushan, in the Chuandong 川東 circuit of Sichuan, in the 10th month of 1902 and returned to the provincial capital in the 2nd month of the fol­ lowing year. As he had nothing to do he decided to compile a book from what was left of the administrative pieces related to affairs encountered during his incumbency. The pref. provides a long list of all the difficulties (難) that cripple local government. J. 1 is composed of reports to superi­ ors and orders to subalterns (詳諭); they include a report responding to a provincial order to establish modern schools (學堂), proposing among other things a long list of books on both Chinese and Western learn­ ing, as well as judicial cases, both criminal and civil. J. 2 is devoted to directives (札諭) addressed to all sorts of personnel placed under the author, notably his servants and the yamen clerks. J. 3 is composed of 133 “responses to complaints” (詞批). J. 4 contains 121 judicial decisions (堂判). J. 5 features a few appendixes. Bio.: No further information is available on Wu Guangyao. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 10. Chang, 2:932–3. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 187–9, listing all the captions of judgments in j. 4. [PEW]

1084

Sixi zhai jueshi 四西齋決事, 8 j. [Decisions from the Four-West Studio] By Sun Dinglie 孫鼎烈 (z. Shuhe 叔和, h. Sixi zhuren 四西主人) (1841– 1910) (js. 1889), from Wuxi 無錫 (Jiangsu) 1904 Ed.:

– *Wulin [Hangzhou] 1904 engraving 武林鋟印 with prefs. by author (1904) and Zhang Pengxiang 張鵬翔 (1904). [*Columbia] [*JJS] – *Modern punctuated ed. based on same ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 10.

Rem.: A large collection of judicial decisions, reports, and public proc­ lamations and announcements written by the author in the course of several magistracies in Zhejiang. The documents in j. 1–4 date from the his acting magistracy in Guiji 會稽. J. 1 includes 64 answers (批) to plain­ tiffs, and j. 2 has 32 judgements (判); each entry is listed under the plain­ tiff’s name. J. 3 includes 8 communications (稟) to superiors on various administrative problems. J. 4 is composed of proclamations to yamen

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personnel and the population. Among other items there are 4 detailed communications and 2 “refutations” (辯正) on the dredging of a lock gate called Sanjiang zha 三江閘, concerning which the author convened the gentry of Guiji, Xiaoshan 蕭山, and Shanyin 山陰 for discussions. J. 5–6 concern the author’s tenure in Taiping 太平, with judicial answers and sentences in j. 5 (53 entries), and various reports, correspondence, and proclamations in j. 6 (25 entries). The organization of the materials is the same in j. 7–8, which correspond to the author’s tenure in Linhai 臨海, with 21 and 13 entries, respectively. Bio.: Even before entering his career, Sun Dinglie had been involved in mi­ litia fighting the Taipings. After his jinshi, won at a comparatively late age, he was a bachelor at the Hanlin Academy. The next year (1890) he was sent to Zhejiang as a magistrate and served in Xinchang 新昌, Guiji (in 1896), Taiping (in 1899), and Linhai (in 1900). See Taizhou FZ 台州府志 (1936), 13/33b, 34a. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 9–10. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 186. [PEW]

1085

Luxiang gongdu 盧鄉公牘, 4 j., buyi 補遺, 1 j. [Administrative Documents from Luxiang, with a Supplement] By Zhuang Lunyi 莊綸裔 (z. Renqiu 紉秋) (js. 1894), from Yanghu 陽 湖 (Jiangsu) 1904 pref. Ed.: – Undated typeset ed. from Linghao shi zhu lu, ser. yi 靈皞室著錄第乙集, with pref. by Wu Junsun 吳筠孫 (1904), postf. by Shen Tongfang 沈同芳 (1907) (after the Buyi), list of errata, noting the page and column number of incorrect characters and phrases. [Faxue suo] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., in GZSJC, vol. 9.

Rem.: A collection of documents written by Zhuang Lunyi during his tenure as magistrate of Laiyang 萊陽 (Shandong)—Luxiang in the title is an historical name for the county—published with the encouragement of his former superior Wu Junsun, who became prefect of Dengzhou 登州 in 1903. The minority of documents that can be dated were written between 1900 and 1901. A number of documentary formats are represent­ ed. J. 1 partly consists of reports sent by Zhuang to Shandong governor Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 (with Yuan’s answers in many cases) on topics re­ lated to postal service, sectarianism, and criminal investigations. These are followed by correspondences (禀) to other officials with jurisdic­ tion over Laiyang, including the prefect of Dengzhou and the Eastern

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1084–1086

Maritime Customs intendant (東海關道). The last part of j. 1 and the first part of j. 2 consist of formal reports to superiors (詳文), mostly on issues of litigation and other judicial matters. J. 2 contains letters (函) to similarly ranked colleagues concerning issues such as sectarianism, regional commerce, and criminal prosecution. They are followed by public pronouncements (告文) on subjects like pettifogging, illegal col­ lection of tax-farming (包攬) fees, and improper conduct by government students (生員). J. 2 ends and j. 3 begins with official responses (批) to judicial complaints and to letters (禀) and petitions (呈) submitted by commoners and underlings. The remainder of j. 3 and entirety of j. 4 are devoted to judgments (堂判). The buyi consists of a single report to the Shandong governor, Yuan Shikai, and a response from Yuan’s successor. Bio.: After his jinshi Zhuang Lunyi was appointed magistrate of Laiyang and Tai’an 泰安 (Shandong) for the period 1901–1903. According to the fellow offi­ cials whose comments appear in the pref. and postf. to Luxiang gongdu, he was an outstanding magistrate, respected by his peers and adored by the populace. He earned particular praise for his efforts to improve the people’s welfare and his aid in suppressing banditry and sectarianism. In the lists of jinshi his name is written 莊綸義, but this is clearly the same individual. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 189–91, listing 152 judgment cap­ tions in j. 3–4. [NP]

1086

Huan Gui bingdu 宦桂稟牘, 1 ce [Reports from a Career in Guangxi] By Zhou Shaolian 周紹濂 (z. Lianyou 蓮友) (jr. 1888), from Pingxiang

萍鄉 (Jiangxi)

Ca. 1904 Ed.:

– *Undated ed., with mulu, no pref.; title on cover label Huan Gui banfei 辦匪 bingdu. [Columbia] Rem.: A collection of 15 pieces of draft correspondence (稟稿), dat­

ing from 1902–04 but not set in chronological order, by a magistrate in eastern Guangxi (the name of the county is not specified in the docu­ ments; it is said to be contiguous with seven Guangdong counties and subprefectures), mostly addressed to Liang-Guang governor-general Cen [Chunxuan] 岑春煊 (in post 1903–06, called Cen Yunshuai 雲帥 in the documents), to two Guangxi governors, Wang [Zhichun] 王之春 (in post 1902–03, called Wang Shaoshuai 杓帥) and Ke [Fengshi] 柯逢時 (in post 1903–04, called Ke Xunshuai 遜帥), and to Guangxi (probably

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acting) administration commissioners Xi 希 and Wang 王. Most of the documents, written in an urgent and occasionally very direct style, deal with combating banditry (i.e., secret societies, as suggested by phrases like 匪徒拜會), organizing and funding militia, baojia, and related sub­ jects. They deliver an extremely alarmist picture of prevailing disorder and militarization. Some are in the form of itemized recommendations; others are lengthy reports of military operations. Some are jointly writ­ ten with other officials. There are also pieces dealing with non-military problems such as lawsuits and gambling, which seems to be universal in the region: the author asks to authorize it temporarily in order to fund a militia with the proceeds of the related official fees (陋規), called dugui 賭規, military pay being in turn called duxiang 賭餉. The last piece is a curriculum vitae (履歷) addressed to the governor-general together with a protestation over having been unjustly censured.

Bio.: According to his lüli (see above), written at age 38, Zhou was appointed to Guangxi in 1895 and started his employment there in 1897. He was entrusted with a variety of functions, including acting magistrate of Guiping 桂平 (1902), Huaiji 懷集 (1903), and Rongxian 容縣 (1904). After a few months governor Ke, who had previously recommended him, censured him for rapaciousness, neg­ ligence in capturing bandits, and cruelty. The rest of the document lengthily refutes these accusations. [PEW]

1087

Sanyi zhilüe 三邑治略, 6 j. [A Brief Account of Governance in Three Counties] By Xiong Bin 熊賓 (z. Junge 峻閣), from Shangcheng 商城 (Henan) 1905 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with prefs. by Duanfang 端方 (n.d.) and author (1905). [Beitu] – Modern typeset ed., based on above ed., in Lidai panli pandu, vol. 12.

Rem.: Administrative documents composed by the author as mag­ istrate of three counties in Hubei province: Lichuan 利川, Donghu 東湖 (seat of Yichang 宜昌 prefecture), and Tianmen 天門. J. 1 consists of correspondence (稟牘) on various subjects. J. 2 is composed of “nego­ tiations” (交涉)—that is, correspondence with foreign diplomats, com­ panies, and missionaries, of which there is a particularly large number concerning Donghu/Yichang, a treaty port. J. 3 is composed of proclama­ tions (告示), and in its second half of answers to requests by individuals

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1337

(批). J. 4–6 are devoted to judgments (堂判). The fanli claims that the latter were written directly in the tribunal, and that not one word has been changed for publication, as can be checked in the local archives. In his own pref., Xiong insists that he did and checked everything by him­ self, and would spend up to six hours a day at court investigating cases; his judgments were so carefully considered that people never went to the higher courts to appeal. Like many other collections of the same sort, they provide interesting material on everyday life and its conflicts.

Bio.: Xiong’s pref. states that his father (who was not an official) had warned him against accepting a post of magistrate—where it is impossible not to ac­ cumulate errors—unless he was hard pressed by financial difficulties, and then in no case for more than six years. Xiong became a capital official in 1894, and asked to be sent to the provinces in 1901 because he needed the money to support his aged mother. (Capital officials did not earn integrity-nourishing money and did not have access to tax surcharges.) He asked to be released in 1905, again to take care of his mother, after five exhausting years spent as a magistrate in Hubei, first in Lichuan (during his tenure he was also sent to various counties, notably Donghu, as acting magistrate) and during his final year in Tianmen (corresponding to j. 6). In his pref. Duanfang testifies that as governor of Hubei he was in a position to appreciate Xiong’s excellence. Ref. and studies: Shiga, 10 (describing a copy at Jimbun with j. 6 missing). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 189. [PEW] 1088

Mu Dong jilüe 牧東紀略, 4 j. [A Brief Account of Governing Dongping] By Liu Tang 柳堂 (h. Chunzhai 純齋, Wushou daoren 五壽道人) (js. 1890), from Fugou 扶溝 (Henan) 1905 pref. Ed.: – *1906 Bijian tang quanji 筆諫堂全集 ed., with author’s pref. (1905). [Beida]

Rem.: A collection of administrative correspondence dating from the author’s magistracy in Dongping department 東平州 (Shandong) dur­ ing the years 1900–03. Each document is followed by a detailed explana­ tion of the circumstances of the affair referred to. The contents concern the main tasks Liu Tang performed in Dongping on a daily basis. J. 1 deals with river works (“Ji hegong lüe” 紀河工略); j. 2 deals with the land tax (“Ji qianliang lüe” 紀錢糧略); j. 3 deals with other taxes (“Ji shuiwu lüe” 紀稅務略); j. 4 concerns schools (“Ji xuexiao lüe” 紀學校略). Bio.: See under Zai Hui jilüe.

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Bibliography entries for same author: Zai Hui jilüe; Zai De xiaoji. [GRT] 1089

Huan Wu bingdu 宦吳稟牘, 2 ce [Official Correspondences from Service in Jiangsu] By Dou Zhenshan 竇鎮山 (z. Diangao 奠高, 甸膏) (?–1908), from Henei 河內 (Henan) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. in 2 ce (126 folios); 4 “disciples” (門下士) who collated the text are mentioned at the end. [Harvard] Rem.: Official correspondence (稟) sent to superiors, sometimes

jointly with colleagues. The documents suggest that Dou Zhenshan, ap­ parently a military officer or a petty official, was in charge of the likin bureau of Haikou 海口局 at the mouth of the Yangzi, then of garrisons at other places on the south bank of the River. Later he became acting magistrate of Chongming 崇明 and Wujin 武進, also in Jiangsu (Dou says at one point he was acting magistrate of Wujin in 1901). The contents deal in great detail with such topics as coastal defense and the train­ ing of troops and militia, control and taxation of imports, provisioning garrisons, conflicts with other officers, reforming baojia in Qingpu 青浦 and Jiading 嘉定, the Chongming seawall, the functioning of likin bu­ reaus, flooding and famine relief along the Wujin coast, organizing and funding canal dredging, and more. The period appears to be the very last years of the nineteenth century and the first years of the twentieth. Bio.: A tribute student by purchase (例貢), Dou Zhenshan is mentioned as being in charge (代理) of Shanghai county in 1892, regiment commander (管帶) at Qingpu 青浦 in 1895, magistrate of Chongming (with rank of viceprefect) in 1897, magistrate of Baoshan 寶山 in 1907. In Baoshan he dealt with scarcity in 1908, and also enforced the new anti-opium policy. He died in post the same year. See Shanghai XxuZ (1918), 14/6a; Qingpu XxuZ (1934), 12/6a; Chongming XZ (1930), 10/36b; Baoshan XxuZ (1921), 9/5b, 12/9a–b (making Dou a native of Shexian 歙縣, Anhui). [PEW]

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1088–1091 1090

Zai De xiaoji 宰德小紀, 1 j. [A Short Account of Governing Deping] By Liu Tang 柳堂 (h. Chunzhai 純齋, Wushou daoren 五壽道人) (1890 js.), from Fugou 扶溝 (Henan) 1906 Ed.:

– *1906 ed. from Bijian tang quanji 筆諫堂全集, with author’s pref. (1906). [Beida]

Rem.: A collection of communications dealing with the author’s ef­ forts in transforming the academy of Deping 德平 county (Shandong) into a modern school (學堂), in line with the “New Policies” then en­ forced by the Qing regime. The documents deal with teaching expenses, temporary regulations, the buying and keeping of books. The author explains that his other policies in Deping are discussed in his diary, to which he refers the reader.

Bio.: See under Zai Hui jilüe. Bibliography entries for same author: Zai Hui jilüe; Mudong jilüe. [GRT] 1091

Tanqi ji 痰氣集, 1 j. [A Madman’s Collection] By Jin Rongjing 金蓉鏡 (js. 1889), from Xiushui 秀水 (Zhejiang) 1908 Ed.:

– *1908 ed. [Hunan]

Rem.: A collection of administrative pieces dating from the author’s magistracy in Jingzhou 靖州 independent department in southwest Hunan, near Guizhou, in 1906 and 1907. The work includes proclama­ tions on ensuring security in the administration (關防), managing schools (學堂), prohibiting the use of counterfeit silver, and managing currency, as well as communications to superiors (稟) reporting on local conditions, on a student strike in Tongxian 同縣, on repressing banditry, improving administrative discipline, controlling subalterns, and trans­ ferring his accounts when leaving his post. The work is illustrative of the difficulties of administering an area with a mixed Han and Miao popula­ tion at the end of the Qing. Bio.: The only information on Jin Rongjin shows appointment as prefect of Yongshun 永順 (Hunan) in 1909. The county gazetteer describes him as a sort of mad Buddhist who behaved cruelly, regarded his entire constituency

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6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

as bandits, and called for their extermination. Fortunately, an intendant who was passing through was appraised of the situation and managed to have him dismissed. See Yongshun XZ (1930), 16/8a. Tanqi in the title, which can mean either “to be suffocated by phlegm” or “to be (psychologically) deranged,” may suggest that the author regarded himself as a crazy person. [GRT] 1092

Qiushi zhai gongdu huicun 求是齋公牘彙存, 15 j. [Collected Administrative Documents from the Seeking-Truth Studio] By Chen Jitang 陳際唐 (z. Yaoqi 堯齊, h. Bunong 補農) (1853–1920), from Huaining 懷寧 (Anhui) 1910 Ed.: – 1910 Taiyuan 太原 (Shanxi) typeset ed.

Rem.: Administrative documents written by the author while serving in Shanxi in 1906–10, when the “New Policies” were being implemented. According to the description in Ma (see below), Qiushi zhai gongdu huicun (8 j.) is followed by Yanwu 鹽務 (6 j.) and Shu nie gongdu 署臬公牘 (1 j.). The documents are arranged in 8 categories: (1) “Administrative discipline” (吏治); (2) “Education” (學務); (3) “Military arrangements” (武備); (4) “Food reserves” (積儲); (5) “Justice” (刑案); (6) “Opium pro­ hibition” (禁烟); (7) “Cultivation” (種植); and (8) “Promotion of the ad­ vantageous and suppression of the harmful” (興革). Bio.: See under Chongkan muling chuyan. Ref. and studies: Ma, 215–6 (Qinghua). Siku xuxiu. Bibliography entries for same author: Chongkan muling chuyan. [PEW]

1093

Taopi gongdu 陶甓公牘, 12 j. [Tao’s-Bricks Administrative Documents] By Liu Ruji 劉汝驥 (z. Zhongliang 仲良, h. Liqing 李靑) (1868–?) (js. 1895), from Jinghai 靜海 (Zhili) 1911 Ed.:

– *1911 Anhui yinshuaju 安徽印刷局 typeset ed., no pref., introduced by an account of the author’s audiences with empress Cixi and the Guangxu emperor in 1906 and 1907, and by a letter of the author thanking a gover­ nor Zhu 朱 for having recommended him as “wise and capable” (賢能). [Tian Tao]

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1091–1093

1341

– *Photo-repro. of above ed., in GZSJC, vol. 10.

Rem.: An extremely rich collection of administrative pieces written by the author as prefect of Huizhou 徽州 (Anhui), where he was ap­ pointed in early 1907. The title seems to be an allusion to a passage in the biography of Tao Kan 陶侃 in Jinshu 晉書 (66/1773), where Tao, bored in his new posting as prefect, moves bricks to and from his residence to show restlessness. (For another work alluding to the same anecdote, see Piyu zaji.) J. 1 consists of proclamations (示諭), including prohibitions against opium smoking and bound feet, as well as addresses concerning an exhibition of local products (物產會) held in Huizhou—on which there is further information in later chapters. J. 2–9 are composed of re­ sponses to requests and judicial decisions (批判), arranged by “sections” (科)—the six traditional domains of governance plus the xueke 學科 and the xianzheng ke 憲政科 (this last concerning elections to the new assemblies); they are rich in information on the socio-economic and political life of the region in the very last years of the Qing—a time of rapidly changing institutions. The same is true of the author’s commu­ nications (稟詳, j. 10) and letters (箋啟, j. 11), which deal with every kind of topic. A particularly original part of the work is j. 12, which consists of reports on local customs as ordered by the new Ministry of Justice (法部) and the Code Revision Bureau (修定法律館): the investigations, which were made by local notables in the different counties of Huizhou, their reports being then checked and confirmed (審核) by the prefect, dealt with both popular customs (風俗習慣) and “gentry management cus­ toms” (紳士辦事習慣). The author’s general outlook is that of an official politically conservative and at best moderately reformist in economic matters. In his interviews with the Guangxu emperor and empress dow­ ager (who was doing all the talking, the emperor confining himself to a few empty words at the beginning and end), Liu advocated commercial fairs to stimulate China’s position in the economic competition, but re­ gretted that studying the classics was neglected at the Zhili Academy (直隸學堂, one of the schools established by Yuan Shikai in Baoding), and warned the throne against relinquishing its power.

Bio.: The author’s answers to the dowager indicate that he was born in 1868; by 1906 he had been censor for 2 years and before that had been employed at the Hanlin Academy for 9 years (1895–1904); he was appointed prefect of Huizhou in 1907 and stayed there through 1910. See Wang Zhenzhong, Huizhou shehui wenha shi tanwei, 126–7; Renming quanwei.

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Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 195–6, citing a selection of entry captions. Wang Zhenzhong, Huizhou shehui wenha shi tanwei, 126–32, describ­ ing the transformations in Huizhou’s administration and society as seen in Taopi gongdu. [JB, PEW] 1094

Bangshu 謗書, 4 j. [A Book on Being Slandered] By Qian Ruisheng 錢瑞生; comp. (編次) He Zhenyi 何震彝 (z. Mumin 穆忞), from Jiangyin 江陰 (Jiangsu) Ca. 1911 Ed.:

*Undated ed. of the Mingua lu 憫瓜廬藏板, printed by the Jixian zhai in Yangzhou 揚州新勝街集賢齋印刷所代印, with prefs. by Han Guojun 韓國鈞 (1920), Chen Maosen 陳懋森 (1918), Li Zunyi 李遵義 (1912), Zheng Yanan 鄭雅南 (1911), and He Zhenyi (1911), postfs. (跋) by Chen Zhongqing 陳重慶 (1911) and Xu Xingji 許星箕 (1920). [*Columbia]

Rem.: This anthology of 65 administrative pieces deals with the au­ thor’s administration of Tangxian 唐縣 (Nanyang 南陽 prefecture, Henan) in the last years of the Qing dynasty. It owes its title to the fact that Qian Ruisheng was dismissed in 1910 on charges brought by a cen­ sor who, allegedly, had been bribed by discontented clerks and runners: the anthology was compiled to vindicate Qian by giving evidence of his outstanding governance. The chapter captions cite He Zhenyi as com­ piler, Qian’s name as author of the texts being only revealed in the prefs. and postfs. (The copy seen has no cover-leaf.) The prefs. and postfs., all written by colleagues and friends, suggest that the work was compiled in 1911, right after Qian’s dismissal, and published about 1920. They empha­ size Qian’s professional qualities and integrity and deplore the injustice he suffered because of his courageous and intense policies (the postfs. invoke the dismissal of Wang Huizu [see under Bingta menghen lu], the very symbol of good governance in the Qing period). They also insist on the extreme difficulty of local government in Henan, where Qian was a magistrate for about a decade (before Tangxian he served in Wu’an 武安, and had been already transferred to Shangcai 上蔡 when people from Tangxian engineered his dismissal); the reason is the exceptional cor­ ruption of its clerks and runners, local magnates, and pettifoggers. The pieces collected, which consist mostly of communications to superiors (稟), with a few proclamations and some local regulations (章程), abun­ dantly document Qian’s efforts in implementing the Qing government’s

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1093–1095

1343

New Policies, such as creating schools, reforming the police, and so forth, as well as the resistance he encountered on the part of people who felt that their interests were threatened. They also include a number of detailed reports on judicial affairs. Several of the pref. and postf. authors think that the book can be a guide for government (治譜) and should be shown to future officials.

Bio.: Li Zunyi (from Dantu 丹徒, Jiangsu) indicates in his pref. that he and Qian Ruisheng studied together at the Yangzhou Academy and passed (or at­ tempted) the provincial examination at the same time. Chen Maosen’s pref. suggests that before becoming a magistrate in 1900 Qian had served as a private secretary of Chen’s father for a decade (they hailed from the same county); he also claims that Qian’s townsmen did not believe that he could have been fair­ ly censured (see above) and thought the accusers corrupt; when Chen served later in the same region, he could ascertain for himself the considerable repu­ tation and popularity Qian had acquired in Henan as a model official. He also indicates that in 1916 Qian was recommended to serve in Henan again, but returned home after a short while. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 198–9, citing captions of 23 en­ tries related to justice administration. [PEW]

1095

Huanyou ouji 宦游偶記, 2 j. [Random Notes from an Official’s Travels] By Chen Weiyan 陳惟彥 (z. Shaowu 邵 [or 劭] 吾), from Shidai 石埭 (Anhui) (d. 1925) 1913 pref. Ed.:

– *1918 typeset ed. printed in Beijing (印于都門), cover-leaf in Zhang Jian’s 張謇 calligraphy, with pref. by Zhang Jian (1917), colophon (題詞) by Chen Danran 陳澹然 (1917), prefs. by Yan Xiu 嚴修 (1917) and author (1913), postfs. (跋) by the author’s younger brothers, Weigeng 惟庚 (1917) and Weiren 惟壬 (1917). [*LSS] [*IHEC] [*Ōki] – *Typeset ed. in Qiangben tang huibian 強本堂彙編 (including two other short works by Chen Weiyan), with colophon by Chen Danran (1917) and prefs. by Yan Xiu (1917), Zhang Jian (1917), Wei Jiahua 魏家驊 (1922), and author (1913); this ed. includes many more entries than the previous one. [*Fu Sinian] [*Harvard] – *Photo-repro. of 1918 Beijing ed., in GZSJC, vol. 10.

Rem.: In the Qiangben tang huibian ed. the chapter captions indicate that the material consists of Chen’s drafts (遺稿) arranged by a fellow

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countryman, Xu Jiansheng 徐建生, while at the end of j. 2 in the 1918 ed. it is his younger brother Chen Weiren who is said to have “recorded” (謹錄) the work. The text is a mix of administrative pieces (correspon­ dence, reports, proclamations, judicial decisions, and more) and records of various affairs narrated in the first person, equivalent to a sort of au­ tobiography. Some entries are provided with footnotes by the author or by others. J. 1 includes entries from the 7 years, beginning in 1894 ac­ cording to the prefaces (in fact 1893), that Chen spent as a department magistrate and prefect in Guizhou, in Kaizhou 開州 and several other places (see below); it provides much information on local customs, in­ cluding poppy cultivation and the opium problem. J. 2 is devoted to the other posts he held in his career (see below), with a number of texts dealing with financial problems and salt administration. Chen appears to have been a kind of old-style model official, efficient and close to the people, uncompromising with and intimidating to his colleagues, and in frequent conflict with superiors (there is a detailed entry on his disputes with Duanfang 端方, the reform-minded Liang-Jiang governor-general, in 1907). The prefaces, including Chen’s own, insist on the example of­ fered to future officials by this record of a model official of the former regime; Zhang Jian’s pref. says that Chen’s narrative is a “mirror” of the overthrow of the Qing. Bio.: Before going to Guizhou, Chen held positions in the capital and worked as a financial administrator for Li Hongzhang’s Huai Army. He spent 7 years in Guizhou, as department magistrate of Kaizhou (1893–96), magistrate of Wuchuan 婺川 (1896), and prefect of Liping 黎平 (1899). Later he performed various functions in Jiangsu, Anhui, and Hunan, notably in the financial and likin administration. He retired from public service after the fall of the Qing. See Guizhou TZ (1948), 職官表 7/56b, 8/26a, 宦蹟志, 16/66a–b. Ref. and studies: Ma, 124 (Qinghua) (1918 ed.). Chang, 2:945. [PEW]

1096

Huan Dian lüecun 宦滇略存, 2 j. [A Selection of Remaining Documents from Serving in Yunnan] By Ye Xinzao 葉新藻 (h. Wuzhai 勿齋) (1883 shengyuan), from Yixian 黟縣 [miswritten 黔 at end of pref.] (Anhui) 1914 Ed.:

– *1914 Xieji yinshuguan ed., Wuchang 武昌協記印書館印, with author’s pref. (1914). [JJS]

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1095–1096

1345

Rem.: After failing consistently the provincial examination from 1885 to 1902, the author, who presumably purchased a rank, went to the capi­ tal and drew an assignment as magistrate in Yunnan. He served there in acting positions from 1903 to 1912, in Yuanmou 元謀, Fumin 富民, Songming 嵩明, and Huize 會澤, with care and devotion according to his own pref.; one of the documents indicates that at some point he was recommended as “outstanding” (卓異) by provincial authorities. The work is an anthology representing about 30% of the pieces he kept in his archives. It contains mostly accounts (記), speeches (演說詞), communications to superiors (稟), proclamations (示), and judgments (判詞). The 40-odd entries (some including several items) open with a general and rather conventional discussion of the difficulty and impor­ tance of the position of magistrate. The documents offer an interest­ ing mix of traditional policies and preoccupations (like discouraging lawsuits, prohibiting Buddhist festivals, encouraging frugality, etc.), and of the new tasks set to local officials by the late-Qing “New Policies” (新政). A number of entries deal with the new institutions established at the time, such as training schools for teachers (師範), modern schools (學堂), and a variety of bureaus to encourage education (勸學所) or industry (勸業所), to propagate local autonomy (自治宣講所), and so forth. Policies like substituting new economic activities for opiumgrowing, creating a new police, and promoting textile industry, are discussed. The problem of funding these new institutions constantly comes up, notably in several instructions addressed to the newly insti­ tuted county assemblies (議政會). At the end of the pref. the author in­ sists on the simplicity of his style and claims to have made extensive use of local speech, which according to him is more expressive than, and as clear as, administrative jargon.

Bio.: Some of the Yunnan gazetteers that mention Ye Xinzao’s magistracies (see list above) make him a Jiangsu or a Zhejiang native. He was a stipend stu­ dent (廩貢生) by status, and entered the career through purchase. The only source providing some details is the Songming department gazetteer. Ye was appointed there in 1908, but his generosity, uprightness, and care for the people so annoyed the “local bullies and evil gentry” (土豪劣紳) that they slandered him and had him recalled to the provincial capital after only three months. See Yixian sizhi 黟縣四志 (1923), 16/20b; Songming XZ (1945), 24/290a–b. [PEW]

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1346 1097

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Cundu zhaiyao 存牘摘要, 2 ce [A Selection from Preserved Documents] By Zhao Ziyuan 趙子瑗, from Lingshi 靈石 (Shanxi) N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated Jinyang ribao she 晉陽日報社 typeset ed. with author’s pref. (n.d.). [Tian Tao]

Rem.: A collection of administrative documents, based on his own archives, written by the author during the close to 15 years he spent in Guangdong as an expectant magistrate, and in the early Republic as an acting magistrate. This account was handwritten at the demand of one of the provincial chiefs (道尊) when he left his post of magistrate in 1913 (see below); the resulting ms., titled “Yuedong cundu” 粵東存牘, was then printed (under its present title) at the urging of his friends. It is di­ vided into two parts (上下編). The first is entirely devoted to documents from Zhao’s magistracy in Hequ 河曲; it consists of 18 proclamations, prohibitions, sets of regulations (事宜), and correspondences, dealing with such subjects as the opium problem, infanticide, setting up a new police, encouraging handicrafts, etc. The second part is composed of 37 pieces, including proposals, proclamations, regulations, etc., arranged by place: Guangzhou, Suixi 遂溪 (where Zhao participated in organizing militia and baojia), Changle 長樂, Longzhou 龍州, Dong’an 東安, Xinhui 新會, Xiangshan 香山, and Wuyang 五羊. Like other similar collections from the same period, Zhao Ziyuan’s documents feature a mix of con­ ventional administrative views and more or less enlightened efforts to face the challenges of a new economic and political environment.

Bio.: According to his own pref., which amounts to a rather detailed career autobiography, the author started as an artist at the art section of the Bureau in charge of compiling the Collected Institutions (會典館畫圖處). In 1898, due to his “exceptional efforts” he was recommended for a magistracy and sent to Guangdong as an expectant magistrate. As the Liang-Guang region was suf­ fering banditry, local defense was the order of the day, and he was sent to par­ ticipate in the registration of the population and organize militia in Suixi. In the following years he successfully fulfilled many more “commissions” (差) in various parts of Guangdong, including restoring peace between Catholic and Protestant groups in Changle in 1903, helping investigate cases and close pending lawsuits in various places, developing grain supplies at Tuoli 駝利 (Longzhou) near the Annam border in 1905, and much more. He was acting magistrate (知事) of Hequ a few months in 1913, before being sent for “testing” (試驗). [PEW] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1347

1097–1098 1098

Zhe hongzhao yin 浙鴻爪印, 2 j. [Tracks left in Zhejiang] By Cheng He 程龢 (z. Rongsheng 蓉生, Rongsun 蓉蓀) (1859–1924) (js. 1898), from Fengxian 奉賢 (Jiangsu) Ed.:

– *1924 typeset ed. with author’s pref. (1924). [Zhejiang] – Photo-repro. of same ed., Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1973 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 80, no. 799).

Rem.: The author indicates in his pref. that he had already published an anthology of his administrative papers while serving in Zhili, titled Yan hongzhao yin 燕鴻爪印, published in 500 copies by a friend running a newspaper in Shanghai. After spending 3 years in Zhejiang his copies were exhausted. Zhe hongzhao yin consists of documents related to the administration of justice during the author’s years in Zhejiang at the end of the Qing, compiled in 1924 and based on what was rescued from a fire in his archives. There are 4 different categories (類): answers to requests (批示, 115 entries), sentences delivered in the tribunal (堂話判, 73 entries), correspondence (稟啟, 37 entries), and proclamations (告示, 21 entries). The pref. says that the judicial sentences (審判) have already been compiled in a work titled Huanyou suibi 宦游隨筆 (different from Weng Zulie’s work by the same title [q.v.]). Despite the new political sys­ tem, the close connection between a magistrate and local affairs was the same as before, and so was the duty of local officials to attend to affairs in person and not make even one document late.

Bio.: Cheng He is mentioned as serving as instructor (教諭) in Jingxi 荊溪 (Jiangsu) for a few months in 1893, while he was still a juren. After his jinshi he was magistrate of Jiaohe 交河 (1901–02) and Nanpi 南皮 (Zhili). He was moved from Zhili to Zhejiang in 1905. There he served in the Judicial Office (督審局), then as acting magistrate of Xiangshan 象山 (1907–09); he also held magistra­ cies in Xi’an 西安 and Linhai 臨海. During these years he appears to have been active in enforcing the late-Qing opium-eradication program. He left Linhai at the time of the 1911 Revolution to stay in Shanghai. See author’s preface; Yi Jing 宜荊 XZ (1920), 7/4b; Xiangshan XZ (1926), 5/59a; Qu 衢 XZ (1937), 10/25b. Ref. and studies: Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 192–3, listing captions of 73 judg­ ments; also mentioning (191–2) a work by Cheng titled Jiaohe zhaoyin 交河爪 印 corresponding to his tenure in Jiaohe. [PEW, TCF]

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1348 1099

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Tajing ting andu 塔景亭案牘, 10 j. [Administrative Documents from the Stupa-View Pavilion] By Xu Wenjun 許文濬 (z. Yunong 玉農), from Wuxing 吳興 (Zhejiang) 1924 pref. Ed.:

– *Typeset family ed. with pref. by author (1924) and postf. (跋) by Yu Long 俞龍 (1925). [Chicago] – *Modern ed. in simplified characters, subtitle Qingmo Minchu de xianya jilu 清末民初的縣衙記錄, ed. by Yu Jiang 俞江, Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2007. Rem.: A rich collection of reports to superiors (呈文, j. 1), proclama­ tions (通告, j. 2), orders (指令, j. 3)—mostly rescripts (批) to requests and complaints (呈 or 稟)—and court judgments (庭判, j. 4–10), writ­ ten by the author as magistrate of Zhenze 震澤 (from 1904) and Jurong 句容 (from 1909) in Jiangsu. According to the pref., in which he insists

on his hard-working habits, the author had lost his archives prior to 1908; the period covered therefore starts with that year. He states mod­ estly that this edition, for which he did not dare solicit prefaces from high officials or noted scholars, is only for keeping at home and inform­ ing descendants about his efforts. The documents collected, written in rather direct language, add up to a fairly rich amount of information on the society and government in the region during the very last years of the Qing and through the 1911 Revolution.

Bio.: No further information is available on Xu Wenjun. Ref. and studies: Ma, 144 (Qinghua). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 198. [PEW] 1100

Zhengshi huicun 政事彙存, 4 ce [Collected Pieces on Administrative Affairs] By Shen Shanqian 沈善謙 (h. Jizhai 吉齋), from Tongxiang 桐鄉 (Zhejiang) Ed.: – *1910 Shanghai Shangwu yinshuguan typeset ed. 上海商務印書館代印. [Jimbun]

Rem.: A collection entirely composed of regulations and proce­ dures (章程) concerning several modern institutions set up during the New Policies period, submitted by the author as acting magistrate in 4

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1099–1101

1349

successive counties in Jiangxi: Fengxin 奉新, Luci 瀘谿, Taihe 泰和, and Poyang 鄱陽. The most detailed and numerous regulations are about primary schools (小學堂, 蒙學堂); others concern police stations (警察 局) and police training institutes (警察學堂, 巡警教練所), anti-opium bureaus (禁煙公所) and associations (戒煙會), public hospitals (官 醫院), and centers for teaching crafts to vagrant people (習藝所, 工藝 院). Most of the regulations are preceded by the magistrate’s requests (稟) to higher authorities. The work is an interesting source on New Policies-period efforts to modernize schools.

Bio.: A government student, Shen Shanqian paid a contribution to become a magistrate and was dispatched to Jiangxi, where he served in the four counties listed above. After the 1911 Revolution he left officialdom and became a doctor in Shanghai, treating the poor without charge. See Wu Qing zhenzhi 烏青鎮志 (1936), 29/34b. [PEW]

1101

Xinbian Fanshan gongdu jinghua 新編樊山公牘精華, 6 + 1 j. [A New Anthology of Fan Zengxiang’s Administrative Papers] By Fan Zengxiang 樊增祥 (z. Jiafu 嘉父, Yunmen 雲門, h. Fanshan 樊山, Tianqin 天琴) (1846–1931) (js. 1877), from Enshi 恩施 (Hubei) N.d. Ed.:

– *1928 Shanghai Guangyi shuju 廣益書局 ed. (17th printing), title on cover Xinbian Fanshan pi gong pan du 批、公、判牘 jinghua, apparently for a 12-fasc. ed. including both gongdu jinghua (i.e., the present 4 fasc.) and pipan jinghua; title in chapter captions and central margins Xinbian Fanshan gongdu jinghua; mention “original Dongxi caotang version” (東溪草堂原本) on cover and at bottom of central margins. [Columbia]

Rem.: This “quintessence” ( jinghua) of Fan Zengxiang’s administra­ tive writings includes proclamations (示), reports (詳, sometimes draft reports 詳稿), correspondence with colleagues and superiors (禀, 書, 復), notices (牌示), orders (諭), and messages to subordinates (札). The pieces cover Fan’s time as magistrate of Yichuan 宜川 and Weinan 渭南 in Shaanxi (j. 1–3), as Shaanxi administration commissioner (j. 4–6), and as Jiangning administration commissioner (end of j. 6). The second half of the last fasc. is a separate anthology of judgments titled Xinbian Fanshan pandu jinghua (12 entries). Bio.: See under Fanshan pandu.

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1350

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Bibliography entries for same author: Fan Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan pandu; Fanshan pandu jinghua; Fanshan pandu xubian; Fanshan pipan; Fanshan pipan jinghua; Fanshan zhengshu; Fanshan gongdu. [PEW] 1102

Congzheng suoji 從政瑣記, 1 ce [Fragmentary Account of Being in Government] By Wang Shouxun 王守恂 (z. Ren’an 仁安) (1864–?) (js. 1892), from Tianjin 天津 (Zhili) Ca. 1911 Ed.: – 1918 ed. [LSS] – *1921 ed. by Jin Yue 金鉞, as part of Wang’s Hangzhou zazhu 杭州雜著, in Wang Ren’an ji 王仁安集. [Beitu] – *Undated typeset ed., as part of the Wang’s Hangzhou suozhu shu sanzhong 杭州所著書三種 (identical to Hangzhou zazhu). [Beitu] – Reprint of Wang Ren’an ji, Beijing: Zhongguo shudian, 1990. – *Photo-repro. of a 1917 ed. of Wang Ren’an ji, in GZSJC, vol. 10.

Rem.: Not strictly speaking a gongdu collection, this comparatively short work is an informal and lively record of the author’s experiences. It includes judicial cases handled while serving at the Ministry of Justice after the Chinese authorities had regained control of the administration of justice following the occupation of Beijing by the Eight-Nation forces in 1900. Problems of extraterritoriality and relations with foreigners, as well as problems of law and order in the capital, are frequently men­ tioned. Further entries concern the author’s functions in Kaifeng (see below).

Bio.: After his jinshi Wang served in the Ministry of Justice, where he worked on the reform of the Penal Code, then in other agencies of the New Policies Qing government, and in Kaifeng 開封 (Henan) as police intendant—his posi­ tion at the time of the 1911 Revolution. During the first years of the Republic he held positions in the Ministry of Interior (內務部). He was sent to Zhejiang as prefect of the Guiji circuit 會稽道道尹, then moved to Hangzhou, where he wrote Congzheng suoji. See Wang’s short chronological autobiography, titled Ruannan zishu 阮南自述, in Hangzhou suozhu shu sanzhong, which stops at this point. [PEW]

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1351

1101–1103

[MINGUO]

Chang’an congzheng lu 長安從政錄 See: Changde congzheng lu 1103

Mu Jian chuyan 牧建芻言, 1 ce [Humble Sayings from Governing Jiande] By Wang Renpeng 王人鵬 (z. Youmei 友梅), from Huoqiu 霍邱 (Anhui) N.d. Ed.: – *Undated typeset ed. with author’s pref. (1914). [Beitu]

Rem.: An anthology of 52 administrative pieces authored by Wang Renpeng as magistrate (知事) of Jiande 建德 (Anhui), in 1912–14. The 98 folios of this rich collection include communications, reports and letters to the provincial governor (都督) and other authorities, procla­ mations to the population, circulars, speeches (演說) delivered on vari­ ous occasions, and accounts of certain events, e.g., bandit attacks from across the Jiangxi border and a military mutiny. The contents are in part in line with those of similar anthologies dating from the imperial pe­ riod (e.g., proclamations against the corruption of justice or bad cus­ toms, judicial opinions, reports on local circumstances, criminal cases, banditry, opium smuggling, the establishment of charities, etc.), and in part typical of the new period (e.g., a speech on the “commercial war,” delivered for the creation of a merchants association, and one on the development of local education, a proposal for the economic develop­ ment of Anhui, a request for establishing a modern prison, and so on). The author states in his pref. that he hopes his untiring efforts at Jiande will serve as a model for future administrators.

Bio.: According to his pref. (of which a part is missing in the copy seen), Wang Renpeng started in life as a sort of wanderer, until he entered the army after the defeat of China at the hands of Japan. He turned to industry after the Boxer troubles (during which he fought around Tianjin and was rebuked for criticizing his superiors’ erroneous decisions), manufacturing currency in Shenyang in the Northeast. There he was remarked by the governor-general and future president of the Chinese Republic, Xu Shichang 徐世昌, and started working for the government. At the foundation of the Republic he was invited by the governor of Anhui, a certain Sun shaohou 孫少侯, to assume the mag­ istracy of Jiande. [PEW]

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1352 1104

6.3 Gongdu Anthologies: By Prefects and Magistrates

Zhi Lin gongdu bicun 治臨公牘筆存, 2 ce [Preserved Drafts of Documents on Administering Lincheng] By Wang Sheng 王聲 (z. Shenggeng 聲更) (1884–1974), from Qishui

蘄水 (Hubei)

1918 pref. Ed.:

– *Tianjin Huaxin yinshuaju 天津華新印刷局 typeset ed., with author’s pref. (1918). [*Faxue suo] [Harvard, titled Zhi Lin gongdu]

Rem.: Administrative papers published to illustrate the author’s zeal as acting magistrate of Lincheng 臨城 (Zhili), from 1915 onwards. The papers were selected by his private secretary. Categories include in­ ternal affairs, education, economic matters, finances, and judicial af­ fairs. The major topics include preparation for local self-government, administration of local police, notices ordering local people to cut their queues, commencement speeches delivered at the local primary school and the teachers’ training school, new rules for litigation, local finances, and judicial and administrative decisions. More precisely, this last part contains brief judicial replies (司法批牘)—what we would call summary judgments—concerning 72 criminal and 71 civil cases; in addition, there are 35 elaborate judgments (司法判牘), also con­ cerning civil and criminal cases, followed by 54 administrative replies 行政批牘.

Bio.: Wang Sheng later changed his name to Wang Guosheng 國聲, then to Wang Yuchu 育楚. A 1908 graduate of Tōyō University 東洋大學 in Japan, he was superintendent of the Wuyang Teacher’s College (武陽師範學校) in Henan, then editor of the Dahan bao 大漢報 in Wuhan, then again supervising judge of the Tianmen trial court in Hubei (天門審判廳監督推事), before being appointed magistrate of Lincheng in Zhili. He later became private secretary of Li Yuanhong 黎元洪, subsequently instructor at the Tianjin School of Law 天津法政學校, and magistrate of Anxin 安新 (Zhili). After 1958 he worked as a researcher at the Beijing Institute of Culture and History 北京文史研究館. [JB, CL] 1105

Changde congzheng lu 常德從政錄, 1 ce [Record of Government Service in Changde] By Xue Dubi 薛篤弼 (z. Ziliang 子良) (1890–1973), from Jiezhou 解州 (Shanxi) 1924 pref.

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1353

1104–1106

Ed.:

– *Typeset ed., part of a set titled Congzheng wuzhong 從政五種 on the label (5 fascicles bound in western style in one tao.). [Beitu]

Rem.: A collection of regulations, orders, proclamations, and cor­ respondence dating from the author’s one-year tenure as magistrate of Changde (Hunan) in 1919–20. The texts are arranged by “Domestic affairs” (內務, including sections on security 保安, rectifying customs 正俗, and public health 衛生), “Education” (教育), “Economy” (實業), “Communications” (交通), “Correspondence” (交涉), “Finances” (財政), and “Miscellaneous” (雜錄). Records from the author’s short incum­ bency as magistrate of Chang’an 長安 (Xi’an, Shaanxi) are appended under the title Chang’an congzheng lu. The mix between traditional and modern preoccupations is typical of early Republican discourse (quotes from Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 appear here and there as epigraphs). A few proclamations are in baihua. The ambition not only to combat social evils such as banditry, gambling, opium growing, foot binding, and the like, but also to control every detail in the people’s lives is even more striking than in writings by officials of the imperial period. Not a few ad­ monitions are set in verse or songs easy to memorize. The other fascicles in the same set are dossiers devoted to various aspects of the author’s functions in Henan and at the capital. Bio.: A politician in the Beiyang and Guomindang regimes, Xue Dubi started his career as an associate of the warlord Feng Yuxiang 馮玉祥. The various prefs. in the set show he was Changde magistrate from July 1919 to June 1920, magis­ trate of Chang’an (where he spent no more than 40 days) in 1920 or 1921, Henan financial commissioner in 1922, fiscal overseer of the capital (京師稅務監督) in July 1923, and mayor of Beijing (京兆尹) in January 1925. Later he was gov­ ernor of Gansu and held ministerial positions in the Nationalist government. [PEW]

1106

Zhi Tao zalu 治洮雜錄, 1 ce [Miscellanea on Governing Taosha] By Yang Xinzhai 楊忻齋 1933 Ed.:

– *1933 litho. ed., with a multiplicity of prefs. and postfs., including by au­ thor (all 1933). [Beitu] Rem. Yang Xinzhai was appointed magistrate (縣長) of Taosha 洮沙

by the provincial government of Gansu in February 1932. The work includes a series of orders received by Yang from the provincial

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1354

6.4 Gongdu Anthologies: Miscellaneous

government and its agencies, as well as reports to the authorities (呈 文), telegrams (函電), instructions to his subordinates and to local offi­ cials (訓令), proclamations (佈告), answers to requests (批示), speeches (講演), and miscellaneous texts (雜俎). The form of the texts and types of

preoccupations are close to those of late imperial similar anthologies. In his pref. Yang claims that after nine months of relentless efforts he asked by express mail to resign “because he felt threatened by the environment” (將及九月迫於環境代電辭職).

[PEW] 6.4 Miscellaneous [MING]

Chongke lütiao gaoshi huotao 重刻律條告示活套 Gaoshi huotao 告示活套 See: Lütiao gaoshi huotao 1107

Lütiao gaoshi huotao 律條告示活套, 2 j. [Models for Proclamations Patterned on the Code] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. without cover-leaf, title at head of mulu Chongke 重刻 lütiao gaoshi huotao. [*Ōki; *copy at Fu Sinian] – *In Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), all editions except the first. – *In Guantu zijian (q.v.). – *Undated (Ming) ed., title on cover-leaf Chongke gaoshi huotao, printing blocks at “this yamen”; title in mulu and chapter captions Chongke lütiao gaoshi huotao. [Beitu] – *In Shitu xuanjing (q.v.). – Undated (Wanli-period) ed. in 3 j. [Shanghai] – Undated (possibly Qing) Buyue lou 步月樓 ed. [Harvard Law Library] – *Photo-repro. of Chongke lütiao gaoshi huotao, in Gudai bangwen gaoshi, vol. 2.

Rem.: The work is a collection of model proclamations dealing with every sort of local administrative problem, classified under the six main parts of the Penal Code. Although the body of the work is arranged in

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1106–1108

1355

2 juan (上下), the mulu splits them into 6, one per category: Personnel (吏律, 13 entries), Revenue (戶律, 58 entries), Rites (禮律, 12 entries), War (兵律, 28 entries), Justice (刑律, 65 entries), and Public Works (工 律, 8 entries). There are occasional references to the law (律, or 法律), but the exact text of the Ming Code is rarely quoted. Depending on the entries, the proclamations are attributed to officials such as “regional in­ spector so-and-so” (巡按監察御史某), “So-and-so, administrative com­ missioner” (某布政司), and the same for prefects, magistrates, and a few other positions, sometimes with the indication of a specific place or bu­ reau. They are introduced either as “prohibitions” (禁約) or “orders” (曉 諭), or by a few words indicating the subject. By way of such addresses to subordinate officials and to the population, here composed in abstracto, the entire text amounts to a comprehensive listing of the many areas of government action and intervention, as well as an overview of the difficulties the state classically encountered in enforcing its laws and regulations. Ref. and studies: Yamane, “Ko Bunkan hen Kanto shikan ni tsuite.” [PEW]

1108

Tao Min wenwu jinyue 洮岷文武禁約, 1 j. [Prohibitions Aimed at Civil and Military Officials of the Taozhou and Minzhou Region] By Bi Ziyan 畢自嚴 (z. Jingzeng 景曾, h. Shiyin jushi 石隱居士) (1569– 1638) (js. 1592), from Zichuan 淄川 (Shandong) Ca. 1615 Ed.:

– *Undated ed. produced by local officials from the region corresponding to modern Gansu. [Beitu] Rem.: Under this title are two sets of prohibitions (禁約) written

when the author was serving as an administration vice-commissioner (參政) of Shaanxi entrusted with various other incumbencies, including in the present case that of military intendant in the Tao-Min region in present-day central Gansu (his full title was Qinchai zhengshi Tao Min dengchu bingbei dao jianli fenxun tuntian yichuan Shaanxi buzhengsi you canzheng jian anchasi qianshi 欽差整飾洮岷等處兵備兼理分巡屯 田驛傳陝西布政司右參政兼按察司僉事). The first set, with 8 entries, was for local civil officials, most newly appointed; the second set, with 12 entries, was for military officials in the local garrisons.

Bio.: See under Zaijin kuanyi. [GRT, TN]

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1356 1109

6.4 Gongdu Anthologies: Miscellaneous

Xunfang zhailüe 巡方摘略, 1 j. [Brief Anthology from a Regional Inspector] By Xu Ji 徐吉 (z. Yujing 于靜) (js. 1616), from Neijiang 內江 (Sichuan) Ca. 1626 Ed.: – *Undated (Ming) ed. [Zhongyang]

Rem.: Documents (31 pieces in all) from the author’s service as re­ gional inspector in Suzhou 蘇州, Songjiang 松江, Changzhou 常州, and Zhenjiang 鎮江 prefectures (Nan Zhili) in 1625 and 1626, when the region was suffering from natural disasters. Authorship indicated at the begin­ ning 內水徐吉于靜父著. The 49-folio text features directives handed down by the author, some in the form of itemized lists, each with a cap­ tion and with the position of the addressee(s) (including specialized and circuit intendants, prefects, magistrates, and prefectural judges); also a few proclamations to be posted. Topics addressed include admin­ istrative discipline, local defense, granaries and grain trade, famine re­ lief, taxation, waterworks, the postal service, copper currency, rebellious bondservants, virtuous women, rewarding good people and punishing bad people, and forbidding extravagance.

Bio. Xu Ji was a capable official who paid a heavy price for ending up on the wrong side of court politics. After his jinshi he was sent as magistrate of Pucheng 蒲城 (Shaanxi), and in 1619 was moved to the more difficult post of Weinan 渭南. In 1622 he became censor (御史). By 1625 he was serving as regional inspector in the region around Suzhou. He was there in 1626 when the eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian 魏忠賢 ordered the arrest and torture of members of the Donglin group, and so was directly involved in executing the order. In 1626 he was made regional inspector for Zhejiang. As a result of the events in Nan Zhili he was included in the list of officials for demotion follow­ ing Wei’s fall. It is possible that the present work was an attempt to recover his reputation as an effective official. See Pucheng XZ (Kangxi), 1/29b, 1/30a, 2/16a; Weinan XZ (1829), 3/11a, 12/12a; Hangzhou 杭州 FZ (1686/1694), 18/11a; Shaoxing 紹興 FZ (1792), 58/43a; Ming shilu: Xizong, 34/1772, 65/3091, 69/3307, 70/3342, 70/3343, Chongzhen changbian, 4/184, 7/356, 17/985. [TN] Ref. and studies: Guojia shanben shuzhi, 史, 2:342. Chang, 2:893. [JK, PEW]

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1357

1109–1111 1110

Xun’an Su Song dengchu jietie 巡按蘇松等處揭帖 [Announcements as Regional Inspector of Suzhou and Songjiang] By Qi Biaojia 祁彪佳 (z. Youwen 幼文, Hongji 弘吉, h. Shipei 世培, Huzi 虎子, s. Zhongmin 忠敏, Zhonghui 忠惠) (1602–45) (js. 1622), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) Ca. 1634 Ed.: – *Undated (Chongzhen-period) ms. ed. [Zhejiang]

Rem.: Materials related to the author’s service as regional inspector for Suzhou 蘇州 and Songjiang 松江 (Nan Zhili) in 1633–34. The entries cover the 1634 earthquake and a variety of other topics. The dominant theme is the lack of local officials: Qi notes that many officials have left office after being impeached, and stresses the risk of serious problems developing during the period until the arrival of a replacement. For him Jiangnan needed the best officials because it was the hardest region to govern.

Bio.: See under An Wu qinshen xigao. Bibliography entries for same author: An Wu qinshen xigao; An Wu xigao; Puyang yandu, kanyu; Puyang bingdu, pingyu, zalu; An Wu xigao, paishigao; Jiuhuang quanshu. [TN] 1111

An Wu xigao, paishigao 按吳檄稿、牌示稿, 5 ce (Draft Directives and Proclamations Promulgated as Regional Inspector of the Wu Region) By Qi Biaojia 祁彪佳 (z. Youwen 幼文, Hongji 弘吉, h. Shipei 世培, Huzi 虎子, s. Zhongmin 忠敏, Zhonghui 忠惠) (1602–45) (js. 1622), from Shanyin 山陰 (Zhejiang) Ed.: – *Undated ms. ed. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of above ms., in Gudai difang falü, ser. 1, vol. 9–10.

Rem.: This is part of the ms. collection of works by Qi Biaojia held at Beitu (see under An Wu qinshen xigao). The entries, each introduced by the words yijian 一件, correspond to his service as regional inspector of the Suzhou-Songjiang region beginning in 1634. The first section con­ tains a series of communications with all levels of offices, from counties to grand coordinator, concerning a wide range of topics from general policy to specific cases. In many of them Qi is following up on matters that emerged during his inspection tours. The office or offices to which

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1358

6.4 Gongdu Anthologies: Miscellaneous

it is addressed are indicated either in the caption at the beginning of the piece, or at the end. There are also communications with ministry officials involved in local issues such as tax delivery. The second section (the paishi, in ce 5) contains instructions to subordinate offices as well as proclamations. The latter may include an indication of where they must be displayed, e.g., before a specific office, or a granary, or in all market­ places, and so on.

Bio.: See under An Wu qinshen xigao. Bibliography entries for same author: An Wu qinshen xigao; An Wu xigao; Puyang yandu, kanyu; Puyang bingdu, pingyu, zalu; Xun’an Su Song dengchu jietie; Jiuhuang quanshu. [TN, PEW] [QING A] 1112

Sici tang gao 四此堂稿, 10 j. [Drafts from Four-This Hall] By Wei Jirui 魏際瑞 (original m. Xiang 祥, h. Shanbo 善伯, Bozi 伯子, Dongfang 東房, Sici tang 四此堂) (1620–77) (bachelor 1636), from Ningdu 寧都 (Jiangxi) 1675 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. by Xie Jieyu and Xie Jiezhen (同里後學謝階玉/珍刊), with intro. (引) by author (n.d.) and pref. by Wei Xi 魏禧 (1675). [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko, with pref. first] – *Photo-repro. of j. 1–2 (告示), in Gudai bangwen gaoshi, vol. 3.

Rem.: The texts in this anthology were drafted by Wei Jirui for the sake of Fan Chengmo 范承謨, governor of Zhejiang in 1668–72. Fan was famous for good government and later a Qing loyalist martyr dur­ ing the Three Feudatories Rebellion; Wei is said to have had a particu­ larly close relationship with him. The title alludes to the four phrases used in official documents in which the word ci (“this”) occurs, viz. qinci 欽此, zhunci 准此, juci 據此 and weici 為此. J. 1–2 feature 51 proclama­ tions (告示) on a variety of subjects, notably the problems caused by the armed forces stationed in Zhejiang at the time, but also natural disas­ ters, lawsuits, infanticide, the behavior of subaltern administrative per­ sonnel, and more. J. 3 includes 17 communications (咨) to various high civilian and military officials in and outside Zhejiang as well as to the central ministries; they deal with topics as diverse as fishing, irrigation, relations with gentry, maintenance of order, arresting criminals, and asking a leave of absence for illness. J. 4 contains 25 memorials, mostly Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1359

1111–1113

discussing disaster relief and the management of administrative per­ sonnel. The 22 pieces in j. 5 are instructions (牌) to officials subordinate to the governor, from administration commissioner down to magistrate, on all sorts of administrative affairs, including policies to improve mo­ rality in local communities; the same is true of the 17 notifications (票) in j. 6. J. 7 includes 15 communications by officials subordinate to the governor, with the latter’s rescript (批駁), also on various subjects, in­ cluding maritime defense. J. 8 contains eight letters (書) written to vari­ ous officials for the sake of the governor. The three texts in j. 9 consist of an instruction concerning the prisons in the province and two requests to divinities for obtaining rain (including one in 1671 which is the only document in the entire collection bearing Fan’s signature). Finally, j. 10 contains 23 abstracts of memorials (奏對大略) on a variety of subjects. The entire compilation delivers a rich account of the reestablishment of administrative order in a still-troubled southern province during the first decades of the Qing. It parallels other similar early-Qing compila­ tions by governors, described in section 6.2., the difference being that in this instance the name featured on the cover is that of the adviser who actually wrote the texts.

Bio.: In 1645, when the Manchus invaded South China, and contrary to his equally well-known brothers Wei Xi 禧 (author of the pref.) and Wei Li 禮, Wei Jirui chose to serve the Qing in order to protect the family tombs from spolia­ tion. He was adviser to several high provincial officials, notably Fan Chengmo, the Zhejiang governor for whom the texts in Sici tang gao were drafted. In 1674 he appears to have been invited by the Guangdong feudatory prince (possibly Shang Kexi’s 尚可喜 son Shang Zhixin 之信), but later broke with him and fled back to Jiangxi. He was himself a victim of the rebellion, being murdered while on a mission to negotiate surrender terms with one of Wu Sangui’s 吳三桂 generals who was being besieged in Wei’s native Ningdu. See ECCP, 846; Wei Xi, Wei Shuzi wenji 魏叔子文集 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2003), 18/962–5. Ref. and studies: Yamamoto, 64. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 99. [LG] 1113

Zizhi mice 資治秘冊, 4 ce [Secret Registers to Aid in Government] Anon. Ca. 1681 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. with fascicles numbered yuan 元, heng 亨, li 利, and zhen 貞. [Beida] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1360

6.4 Gongdu Anthologies: Miscellaneous

Rem.: A collection of administrative documents from Shandong province (308 in the table of contents, but the last six are missing) ema­ nating from civilian and military officials of every rank from governor downwards. Most date from 1662–81, although a few are from the late Shunzhi period; there are also a few documents from Henan province. This manuscript collection was obviously prepared for the private sec­ retaries of the gubernatorial yamen to provide them with examples of documents. Contents include memorials on the various activities of the governor (congratulating the emperor or expressing one’s grati­ tude to him, informing him of arrival in the province or waiting for a replacement, evaluating or censuring officials, reporting yearly financial accounts [奏銷], reporting on land reclamation, natural disasters, ex­ aminations, judicial affairs, autumn assizes, etc.); communications to the various yamen; proclamations from the governor to the population and to his subordinates; communications on judicial and financial af­ fairs and communications from local officials; and evaluations of their subordinates by local officials. The ms. follows more or less the pattern of Shixue dasheng (q.v.), published at the beginning of the Kangxi reign, although it is not systematically organized and is limited to Shandong province. The arrangement is by rank of the authors of the documents, starting with the governor’s memorials and ending with the magistrates’ communications. [GRT]

1114

Gaoyu tiaoyue 告諭條約, 1 j. [Proclamations and Covenants] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Appended to a revised and simplified version of the Six Ministries regu­ lations approved in 1675, titled Qinding shanfan congjian chufen zeli 欽定 刪繁從簡處分則例, engraved and published in 1676 by Li Bolong at the Wanyu zhai 西河沿宛羽齋李伯龍書坊發兌. [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: 43 models of public proclamations for local officials. The short intro. says that the examples were selected from “famous texts” (名篇) for “words that can be acted and actions that have been successful” (言 之可行行之已效), and then somewhat edited. The emphasis is on prac­ ticality (實用), as opposed to floweriness (浮華). The topics include di­ rectives (條款) on xiangyue, baojia and granaries, and proclamations

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1113–1115

1361

to encourage agriculture and grain storage, press taxpayers, improve rituals and customs and discourage luxury, forbid gambling and the fre­ quenting of temples by women, establish rules for subaltern personnel, ensure order and security, and more; in short, all the topics featuring in countless anthologies by individual officials. [PEW] 1115

Zhishang jinglun 紙上經綸, 6 j. [Principles of Administration Set on Paper] By Wu Hong 吳宏 (z. Qingxi 青巇), from Lianshui 練水 (possibly Ruyang 汝陽, Henan) 1721 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. with author’s pref. (1721). [Ōki] – *Modern ed. in Guo Chengwei 郭成偉 and Tian Tao 田濤 (eds.), Ming Qing gongdu miben wuzhong 明清公牘秘本五種 (Beijing: Zhongguo zhengfa daxue chubanshe, 1999), 139–240, with author’s pref. (1721).

Rem.: An anthology of papers written for various employers by a pri­ vate secretary, the son of a local official, whose more than 30-year career in that occupation came after he had failed the provincial examination, or been unable to attend it, several times between 1675 and 1684. The generously punctuated text is composed of a variety of administrative writings. J. 1 has 8 judicial conclusions (招) introduced by the term kande 看得. J. 2 includes 17 formal reports to superior officials (詳). J. 3 contains 8 requests that were rejected (駁). J. 4 has 28 judgments (讞語), while j. 5 features 21 proclamations (告示). J. 6, entitled “supplements” (補遺), includes a variety of texts such as letters to colleagues or friends, pref­ aces, and so forth. The texts of this anthology, written for the employers Wu served in a number of provinces, were selected from his archives at the end of his career, while he was employed by a certain Feng Xiuruo 馮秀蒻 in Huguan 壺關 county (Shanxi), starting in 1718; the collection was printed at his own expense. Its contents were intended as models for his fellow muyou, as is made clear in the fanli, where Wu provides much advice on how to compose documents in a clear and efficient way and states that he selected those likely to be the most useful to his less experienced colleagues. That Wu was a legal adviser is suggested by the fact that there are no entries on financial or fiscal problems. The dates mentioned in the text range from 1680 to 1701.

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1362

6.4 Gongdu Anthologies: Miscellaneous

Ref. and studies: Shiga, 8. Yamamoto, 64. Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 111–2, providing captions of 28 judgments in j. 4. [LG] 1116

Xingfa zengguang 刑法增廣, 2 ce [Expansions on Penal Law] Handwritten (手錄) by Diantou jushi 點頭居士 N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. copy in cursive but legible hand, with mulu (for ce 1). The cover has the formula 點頭居士手錄, the Diantou jushi seal, and the title “Models for reports and for registers” (詳文式並冊結式), which better corresponds to the contents. [Beida]

Rem.: A collection of 11 models of reports and requests. The first three items are in the form of memorials to the throne. Some items are ac­ companied by models of registers. The pieces, obviously composed by a muyou and meant to serve as examples, are written in the name of magistrates, prefects, or provincial officials. The dates, when given, are in the 1780s and 1790s, except one piece on escorting criminals which is dated 1904, suggesting that the work continued to be used for a long period. Other topics include reporting on the annual rural banquets (鄉飲), a demand to enter someone in the temple of eminent officials (名宦祠), reports on student-by-purchase (監生) certificates either sto­ len or destroyed by fire, and problems of postal transportation. Fasc. 2 contains essentially responses to requests (批). [PEW] [QING B] 1117

Shuangcheng bao tuntian jilüe 雙城堡屯田紀略, 5 j. [An Account of Military Colonies at Shuangcheng bao] Comp. Wang Lütai 王履泰, from Wujiang 吳江 (Jiangsu) 1823 Ed.

– Undated ms. ed. in 16 j. [Nanjing University library] – *Modern punctuated ed. in simplified characters, in 5 j., edited by Li Shutian 李澍田 et al., Changchun: Jilin wenshi chubanshe, 1990 (Changbai congshu, 4), with editors’ foreword and fanli by author (1823).

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1115–1118

1363

Rem.: A richly detailed collection of documents related to the setting up and running of a colony for Manchu bannermen sent from Beijing to live in a place in Jilin called Shuangcheng zi 雙城子 (present-day Shuangcheng xian). The period covered is 1814–23. Documents include edicts (上諭) from the Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Daoguang emperors; me­ morials (奏略) by the Jilin Tartar general (吉林將軍) and other Manchu officers; administrative correspondence (咨會); directives (札檄); and proclamations (示約). The contents are illustrative of the technical and political difficulties raised by settling reluctant and inexperienced ban­ nermen in an inhospitable wilderness far from the city where they grew up. Arriving in the region in 1821, Wang Lütai sorted and arranged the accumulated archives. In his fanli, in which he compares the format of the present anthology to Yu Chenglong’s Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu and Tian Wenjing’s Fu Yu xuanhua lu (qq.v.), he insists that this compila­ tion was meant to be printed to offer models to local officials who would have to implement the bannermen resettlement policy (為後之官斯土 而從事於此者有取則也).

Bio.: Wang Lütai reached the rank of prefect of Daming 大名 in Zhili. In 1808 he presented to the throne a treatise on river control in Zhili titled Jifu anlan zhi 畿輔安瀾志. Due to some mistake he was demoted, and in 1821 was sent to redeem himself in Heilongjiang, but was retained on his way by Fujun 富俊, the Jilin Tartar general, to develop military colonies (屯田) there, a task in which he distinguished himself. See intro. to the modern ed. Ref. and studies: Ren Haibin, “Shilun Wang Lütai zai Shuangchengbao tun­ tian zhong de zuoyong.” [PEW] 1118

Zuozhi yide 佐治一得, 20 j. [Modest Attainments in Aiding Government] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Beitu]

Rem.: A classified collection of documents written in relatively clear running script on ordinary paper and artlessly bound in 21 fascicles. The title of the work and the juan number and contents are inscribed on the cover of each fasc. (Ce 10 only bears the title corresponding to its content, viz. Qiangu beilan 錢榖備覽, and has a back-cover inscription indicating it was copied in 1862.) The title and contents suggest that

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1364

6.4 Gongdu Anthologies: Miscellaneous

this is an anthology of proclamations, orders, directives, and commu­ nications and reports to superiors (with responses attached), drafted by one or several muyou for the sake of several prefects and magistrates in Zhejiang during the Taiping and post-Taiping years. (A few pieces concern Jiangsu, Anhui, and Zhili.) They mostly deal with taxation and economic matters, in other words, the domain of fiscal private secretar­ ies (錢穀). The captions of the 20 juan are as follows: “Auditing taxes” (清糧), “Encouraging agriculture” (勸農), “Capturing locusts” (捕蝗) (j. 1); “Stockpiling grain” (積榖) (j. 2); “Tribute grain” (漕糧) (j. 3); “Land tax” (錢糧) (j. 4–5); “Litigation” (詞訟) (j. 6); “Public works” (工程) (j. 7); “Hydraulic works” (水利) (j. 8); “Private contributions” (捐輸) (j. 9); “General account of grain and monies” (錢榖備覽) (j. 10, a selection of regulations about levying and delivering taxes, yearly accounts, and administrative sanctions, not limited to Zhejiang, to which are added a text on justice administration titled “Shen Han jieyao” 申韓揭要 and an­ other one on rules regarding private secretaries titled “Chuguan shize” 處館十則); “Tax on contracts” (契稅), “Collection enforcement” (推 收), “Miscellaneous taxes” (雜稅) (j. 11); “Education and nourishment” (教養) (j. 12); “Disasters and scarcities” (災歉) (j. 13); “Famine relief” (荒政), “Emergency relief” (撫卹) (j. 14); “Examinations” (考試) (j. 15); “Snowfalls” (雪案) (j. 16, on cases of snowfalls either disastrous or auspi­ cious); “Miscellaneous communications” (雜稟) (j. 17); “Miscellaneous proclamations” (雜示) (j. 18); “Reports” (移申) (j. 19); and “Post transfer” (交代) (j. 20). Each juan except one has a table of contents at the begin­ ning. Most of the texts have added punctuation in red. [GRT, PEW]

1119

Quanzhou congzheng jilüe 泉州從政紀略 1 ce [Brief Account of Ad­ ministering Quanzhou] Comp. Cheng Rongchun 程榮春, from Wuyuan 婺源 (Anhui) N.d. Ed.:

– 1866 Yinyu lou 吟雨樓 engraving. [Location unknown] – *Photo-repro. of above ed., Xiamen: Xiamen daxue chubanshe/Jiuzhou chubanshe, 2004 (Taiwan wenxian huikan, ser. 4, vol. 14). Rem.: “Preserved drafts” (存稿) kept by a private secretary and related

to the administration of Quanzhou (Fujian). The text is j. 2 of a 2-j. publi­ cation, the first chapter consisting of a text titled Funing congzheng jilüe 福寧從政紀略 (not included in the Xiamen photo-repro.). [PEW]

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1365

1118–1121 1120

Jianwen lüe 見聞略, 1 ce [Short Account of Things Seen and Heard] By Chen Chunsong 陳春菘 Ca. 1880 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. (ca. 50 folios), lacking the pref. listed on the cover-leaf. [Beitu] – Photo-repro. of above ms. ed., in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 31.

Rem.: A series of exchanges on local affairs between local constables (地保) and authorities, in the form of reports (稟) and answers (批), covering the period 1860–80. The emphasis appears to be on the for­ mal aspects of communication rather than on the substance of particu­ lar affairs. It was probably intended as a model for private secretaries or yamen clerks. The ms. is in a fine calligraphy, with red punctuation marks. Nothing is known about the author. [PEW]

1121

Jiezhu zazu 借箸雜俎, 4 j. [Miscellaneous Writings by an Adviser] By Shen Qingju 沈清旭 (original m. Sen 森, h. Xiangnong 湘農) (1810– 86), from Shanhua 善化 (Hunan) 1881 pref. Ed.: – *1886 ed. with pref. by Han Bingzhang 韓炳章 (1881), colophons (題詞) by ten different authors, and a biography of the author by Pei Yinsen 裴蔭森 (1886). [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: A collection of documents drafted by the author for a variety of officials during his long career as a legal muyou. Some of the colophons that make up the first part of j. 1 show that he had already published several collections of gongdu arranged by localities, or in one instance (a collection titled Zuozhi zazu 佐治雜俎) assembling documents draft­ ed in the service of several officials. The rest of j. 1 includes other prefs. or accounts (some written for other people) and 11 reports written for several officials, dealing principally with military operations and de­ fense. As in the rest of the work, each piece is followed by the indica­ tion of the official post for which it was drafted (e.g., “Longshan county,” “Xiangyang circuit,” and so forth), without the name of the particular official. The documents consist mostly of letters to superiors (稟) (j. 2), proclamations (告示) (j. 3), and answers to requests (批) (j. 4). They deal with all the aspects of local administration, but there is much emphasis on local defense, militia (團練), and the like. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1366

6.4 Gongdu Anthologies: Miscellaneous

Bio.: According to Pei Yinsen’s biography, Shen’s grandfather was originally from Guiji 會稽 (Zhejiang), but moved to Changsha 長沙 (Hunan) to be em­ ployed as a muyou. His father registered there and became a government stu­ dent (生員), but he too worked as a legal private secretary, a profession that Shen also joined after repeatedly failing the examinations. After his father was killed by the Taipings in Guangxi he was closely involved in various campaigns against rebels and developed a military expertise besides his specialization in law. He served as a muyou in Guangxi, Jiangxi and Huguang for close to thirty years. Ref. and studies: Chang, 2:944. [PEW] 1122

Lingnan shishi ji 嶺南實事記, 20 j. [Account of Concrete Actions in Guangdong] By Xu Qi 徐琪 (z. Junyu 君玉, h. Huanong 花農) (js. 1880), from Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang) 1896 Ed.:

– *1896 ed. opening with the imperial order appointing Xu Qi Guangdong education commissioner in 1891, followed by an 1894 edict responding to Xu’s review of Guangdong education officials, with prefs. by Xu Shuming 徐樹銘 (1896), Sun Biyun 孫陛雲 (1895), and author (1896); the chapter captions have the indication “Xianghai an congshu, no. 14” (香海𥂝叢書 之十四). [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: This massive documentary collection covers the author’s time as education commissioner (學政) of Guangdong. The prefaces insist on the importance and difficulty of the post, in general and more particu­ larly in Guangdong, where, in the words of Sun Biyun, “culture is number one in the empire, but abuses are also number one” (廣東文風甲天下，   廣東弊竇亦甲天下). The work includes the following categories (類): “Memorials” (奏疏, j. 1–2, 題疏, j. 3); “Straightening up [the system]” (整 飭, j. 4–7); “Security” (關防, j. 8); “Substitute examinees” (槍冒, j. 9–10); “Charitable actions” (善舉, j. 11); “Notifications and announcements” (咨揭, j. 12–13); “Answers to requests” (批詳, j. 14); “Circumstances for forgiveness” (原情, j. 15); “Encouragement to prudence” (詳慎, j. 16); “Rewards” (獎勵, j. 17–18); and “Reports of admirable actions” (佳話, j. 19–20). Except for j. 1–3, the material is composed of directives, cir­ culars, orders and proclamations, correspondence with colleagues and

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1121–1123

1367

subordinates, etc. Each piece is precisely dated. The entire work delivers a rather detailed view of the traditional educational system during its last years of existence.

Bio.: After his jinshi Xu Qi was employed at the Hanlin Academy, first as bachelor and later as compiler. He was involved in various editorial projects, including the compilation of the Guangxu-era Da Qing huidian 大清會典. From this position he was directly appointed Guangdong education commis­ sioner in 1891. He stayed in that position until 1894. No information is available on the rest of his career, except that in 1901 he was appointed inspector of the Central Drafting Office (稽派中書科事物). See Panyu 番禺 XZ (1931), 38/22b; Renming quanwei. [PEW] 1123

Dianmu shenggu 滇幕賸觚, 1 ce [Remaining Tablets from a Yunnan Secretary] By Ouyang Fu 歐陽俌 1897 Ed.:

– *1897 ed. with author’s pref. (1897). [Hubei]

Rem.: Administrative pieces written by a private secretary for the sake of his employer, Liu Changyou 劉長佑 (z. Yinqu 印渠) (1818–87), from Xinning 新寧 (Hunan), governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou from 1875 to 1882. (A selected tribute student [拔貢生], Liu became gov­ ernor of Guangxi in 1860 following a decade of leading armies against the Taipings, and held similar positions until his retirement in 1883; see ECCP, 515–6.) According to the pref., apart from Liu’s responses to the Zongli Yamen 總理衙門 (the late-Qing bureau of foreign affairs) and his communications to subordinate units (咨移各路公文), which were ei­ ther penned by himself or submitted by commissioned officials in his secretariat (文案委員), the great majority of his official writings during this period were drafted by Ouyang. (Ouyang followed Liu when the lat­ ter was called to Beijing in 1883.) Some letters from Liu, actually drafted by Ouyang, are appended under the title “Liu Yinqu xiansheng nan­ zhong shouzha” 劉印渠先生南中手札; they were added because there were very few letters in Liu Changyou’s Collected works, namely, Wushen quanji 武慎全集. [GRT]

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6.4 Gongdu Anthologies: Miscellaneous

Zhongzhou keli lu 中州課吏錄 [Records on Examining Administrators in Henan] Supervised (鑒定) by (Changbai) Ruiliang 長白瑞良 (z. Dingchen 鼎臣); coll. (參閱) Zhang Shouyan 張守炎 (z. Xingmou 星侔) 1903 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ed. (3 ce, 114 folios in continuous numbering) with pref. by Henan administration commissioner Ruiliang (1903). [Tian Tao] Rem.: An anthology of proposals (議), discussions (論), and essays (策) composed by students at the “Office for examining administrators” (課吏館) established in the provincial capital of Henan in 1902. The role

of these offices, which the Qing court had earlier ordered be established in every province, was to “recruit talents to assist the government” (求才 佐治). The one described here was assigned to teach both Chinese and Western government science. The work reproduces texts on a variety of topics dealing with economic, administrative, political, and strategic matters, submitted at each of 13 monthly examinations in 1902 and 1903. For each topic at least the best two essays are provided, but the number can be up to five. Ruiliang claims in his pref. that those who read this collection will have the means to implement the ambitions expressed in it. [PEW]

1125

Qing Baling xianxue zhengtang gongdu 清巴陵縣學正堂公牘, 1 ce [Documents from the Director of the Baling Confucian School] By Liu Zhaoyu 劉肇隅 Ca. 1909 Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed., title on cover Baling xianxue gao 稿. [Hunan]

Rem.: Administrative papers drafted by the author while he was act­ ing educational official at Baling (Yuezhou 岳州 prefecture, Hunan), 1908–09. Contents include proclamations and official communications, dealing with issues such as school rents, local customs, reports on hon­ orific inscriptions (旌表) for models of frugality and filial piety, recon­ struction of a shrine dedicated to local models of loyalty and filial piety (忠義孝弟祠), reports on evaluation of students, sending students to Hunan Superior Normal School (湖南優級師範), and school finances.

Bio.: No information is available on Liu Zhaoyu’s career. [GRT]

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1124–1126 1126

Duyu lu 牘餘錄, 5 ce [Records from Remaining Documents] Comp. Sun Yulin 孫毓林 1913 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. with compiler’s pref. (1913). [LSS]

Rem.: This thick collection of carefully handcopied materials was as­ sembled by a legal muyou who experienced the transition from empire to republic while he was serving in Henan and wished to transmit the fruit of his long experience to any talents that survived amidst ongo­ ing turmoil and would be able to help government in the future. The materials collected are communications, proclamations, and other ad­ ministrative documents signed by local officials from Jiangsu, presum­ ably the former employers of the compiler, who probably drafted the texts for them. They are intended as models in both form and content for future private secretaries. The communications to provincial au­ thorities and reports in ce 1 deal in great detail with every possible topic regarding everyday government in Tongzhou 通州 (or Nantong 南通); the time seems to be 1889. Ce 2 contains numerous circulars, orders, and proclamations by the prefects and magistrates of Nantong, Yizheng 儀徵, Gaoyou 高郵, Suzhou 蘇州, Shanghai 上海, and Jurong 句容; only in this fasc. are the patronyms of the officials given. The first piece is an interesting circular from the Nantong department magistrate to the of­ ficials and gentry of Rugao 如皋, recommending that the eight churches and numerous Christians in the county be protected against any attacks encouraged by the Boxers’ agitation in the North, which might entail retaliation by the Western powers. Likewise, a long proclamation by the Gaoyou department magistrate speaks in favor of the missionaries and claims that Christianity is as legitimate a religion as the other ones prac­ ticed in China. The rest of the documents include a wealth of materials on local mores; one notes in particular a large number of proclamations concerning female behavior and the various forms of prostitution, no­ tably in Suzhou and Shanghai. All the documents in fasc. 3–5 deal with Nantong and its attached counties during the 1890s; among the topics discussed are maintaining order and fighting banditry, judicial adminis­ tration, abuses of yamen personnel, economic improvement (with fairly traditional contents), conflicts regarding the clearing of alluvial depos­ its along the coast, resistance to land survey in a salt-producing area, and more. The entire ms. amounts to a gongdu collection extremely rich

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6.4 Gongdu Anthologies: Miscellaneous

in information on Jiangsu (especially northern Jiangsu) in the last years of the Qing. [PEW] 1127

Fu’an yiji 復庵遺集, 24 j. [Surviving Works of Fu’an] By Xu Jue 許玨 (z. Jingshan 静山, h. Fu’an 復庵) (1843–1916) (jr. 1882), from Wuxi 無錫 (Jiangsu) 1922 postf. Ed.: – *Undated typeset ed. with pref. by Qin Dunshi 秦敦世 (n.d.) and fu­ neral inscription by Ma Qichang 馬其昶, postfs. by the author’s sons Xu Tongfan 同范 et al. (1922) and the author’s nephew Xu Tongxin 同莘 (1922). [*Beitu] [*Columbia] – Photo-repro. of Republican-era typeset ed., Taipei: Chengwen chuban­ she, 1970 (Qingmo Minchu shiliao congshu, 49). – Photo-repro. of 1916 [sic?] typeset ed., Taizhong: Wentingge tushu youxian gongsi, 2008 (Minguo wenji congkan, 4).

Rem.: A carefully edited posthumous ed. of the author’s drafts, re­ trieved by his sons from his “trunk” and edited by his nephew. It fea­ tures memorials (j. 1–3) covering the period from 10th month 1898 to 5th month 1911, and administrative documents. The latter include (1) Xu’s correspondence as Chinese ambassador to Italy, 1903–05, titled Chushi gongdu 出使公牘 (j. 4); (2) documents composed as assistant to vari­ ous diplomatic missions to Europe and America, titled Zuoyao ducun 佐軺牘存 (j. 5–6), including memorials, letters (書), and missives (函), with pref. by the author dated 7th month 1898; (3) correspondence, proclamations, regulations, etc. on the opium problem, titled Jinyan ducun 禁煙牘存 (j. 7–12). Opium is discussed in other sections of the book as well (according to the pref., 50 to 60 percent of the contents deal with this question). J. 13–24 contain prose and poetry as well as private correspondence.

Bio.: According to Ma’s funeral inscription (also found in BZJbu, 13/14b–16b), Xu Jue showed interest in diplomacy soon after obtaining his juren degree, following a few years in the private secretariats of Shandong governor Ding Baozhen 丁寶楨 and others. His first official assignment was as assistant to Zhang Yinhuan 張蔭桓 when the latter became ambassador to America, Peru, and Spain in 1885. Later he joined Xue Fucheng 薛福成 when he was sent to four European countries, including England; it was after Xu had heard of the debates in the British Parliament concerning the effects of opium production

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1126–1128

1371

in India that he became convinced that the future of China lay in prohibiting the drug. He obtained the rank of daotai in 1901. His ambassadorship to Italy was his last and most important position in diplomacy. In the last years of the Qing he was an opponent to constitutional monarchy. [PEW] 1128

Xin wendu xubian 新文牘續編, 18 j. [A Continuation to Compilation of New Documents] Anon. 1911 Ed.:

– *1911 Shanghai zhengxueshe litho. ed. 上海政學社印行, with compiler’s intro. (弁言) (1910). [Beitu]

Rem.: The cover-leaf has Xin wendu. The title Xin wendu xubian ap­ pears on the cover labels and in chapter captions; the running title is Xu xin wendu. A rather considerable anthology of administrative docu­ ments issued by the new institutions of the late Qing, published to pro­ vide students of government as well as the commercial world (政學商界) with examples of new-style administrative writing and the new mode of government. As indicated in the introduction (dated 11th month, i.e., late December 1910 or early January 1911), a first installment had been published in 1908, but new developments such as the setting up of con­ stitutional procedures and institutions and new foreign treaties neces­ sitated the present revamping. The work is organized into 10 categories (部): “Constitutional affairs” (憲政, 2 j.); “Personnel” (吏政, 1 j.); “Civil affairs” (民政, 1 j.); “Financial administration” (財政, 2 j.); “Education” (教育, 3 j.); “Military affairs” (軍政, 1 j.); “Justice” (司法, 1 j.); “Economy” (實業, 4 j.); “Communications” (交通, 2 j.); and “Foreign affairs” (外交, 1 j.). Within each category the documents are arranged by genres, such as notifications (咨文, 劄文, 照文), reports and queries (詳文, 呈文, some with the answer [批] attached), reports (報告), and letters (書函). Each juan has a detailed mulu. The documents may emanate from any political or administrative entity, from the ministries at the top to local officials or specialized bureaus at the bottom. The entire work is a rich collection of evidence on Qing institutions and government at the end of the New Policies period; among the most substantial categories are those on constitutional and economic matters. [PEW]

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1372 1129

6.4 Gongdu Anthologies: Miscellaneous

Yilu cungao 一廬存稿, 4 j. [Preserved Writings from the One-Hut Studio] By Liu Naixun 劉乃勛 (h. Shaobi 少弼) (1872–1966), from Dongguan 東莞 (Guangdong) 1924 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated Hong Kong Commercial Press (香港商務書館) movable-type ed., with author’s pref. (1924). [*Faxue suo (2 ce in traditional binding, without pref.)] [HKU] [*Princeton (only j. 1–2, in 2 ce)] [*Yale, in 4 j., with pref.] Rem.: The work is made of 2 parts, jiaji 甲集 and yiji 乙集, each in

2 juan. Part I consists of essays, narratives, eulogies, poems, and other miscellaneous pieces written by the author during his long career as a private secretary, mostly about his leisure life, friends, and former em­ ployers. Part II includes a number of interesting legal decisions, reports to superiors, proclamations, and memorials drafted by Liu as legal ad­ viser to the prefects of Guilin 桂林 and Pingle 平楽 (Guangxi), to the governor of Guangxi, and to the Liang-Guang governor-general, during the years 1906–12. The documents range from decisions on civil and criminal cases to comments on the newly drafted criminal and civil pro­ cedural codes, and to memorials concerning the recent progress in es­ tablishing constitutional government (憲政) on the eve of the collapse of the Qing dynasty. The title of each document in Part II starts with words like “Drafted at the yamen of the Guilin prefect” (在桂林府幕擬) or “Drafted at the yamen of the Guangxi governor” (在桂撫幕擬), con­ firming that Liu Naixun was the actual writer of the judicial decisions and imperial memorials submitted under the name of prefects or gover­ nors. (On the notion that private legal advisers were the de facto authors of such important legal documents in probably most local governments in Qing China, see Chen Li, “Legal Specialists,” “Zhishi de liliang,” and “Regulating Private Legal Specialists,” passim.)

Bio.: Liu Naixun’s father was once a legal adviser to the magistrate of Xiangshan 香山 (Guangdong), where Liu was born. After failing six times the prefectural examinations to become a government student, Liu decided to focus on the study of law. Beginning in 1898 he worked 6 years as legal ad­ viser to magistrate Feng Jingfang 馮鏡芳 in Guangxi. In 1905–07 he was legal adviser to Pingle prefect Ouyang Zhonghu 歐陽中鵠 (1849–1911)—a teacher of Tan Sitong 譚嗣同 and Tang Caichang 唐才常—and then to Zhang Mingqi

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1373

1129–1130

張鳴岐 (1875–1945), first when Zhang was Guangxi governor (1907–09), then

when he was Liang-Guang governor-general (1910–11). During the Republican period Liu advised several Guangdong governors, including Zhu Qinglan 朱慶瀾, Li Zhuohan 李濯瀚, and Zhai Wang 翟汪. He moved to Hong Kong in 1920 and later traveled around, making a living by writing and lecturing. He moved back to Guangzhou when Hong Kong was taken over by the Japanese in 1941. He died there in 1966. He called himself “Master of Yilu” 一廬主人. His son Ruizhi 恱之 (1914–97) later became a well-known Buddhist master under the name Kuanhui (寛慧大師) in the Greater China area and among overseas Chinese communities. [CL] 1130

Gaoshi huiji 告示彙集, 1 ce [A Collection of Proclamations] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. [Beitu]

Rem.: A collection of 69 proclamations principally aimed at ordinary people, merchants, shopkeepers, village chiefs, yamen underlings, etc., typical of everyday propaganda by local yamen in late imperial China. They include (1) prohibitions concerning a large number of “bad cus­ toms,” such as female infanticide, trafficking in vagrant children, various abuses regarding marriage, sectarianism, banditry, sheltering criminals, litigation (including by women), suicide, fights, economic exploitation by pawnshops, gambling and prostitution, abuses by clerks, runners, soldiers, or dibao, salt smuggling, slaughtering oxen, and more; and (2) the corresponding orders and regulations addressed to village chiefs, shopkeepers, inns, pawnshops, etc. A majority of the texts were promul­ gated by county and department yamen, but some were handed down by higher officials, up to governor-general. The provinces concerned are Zhili, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong, Hunan, Fujian, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Guangdong; there are no dates. It may be that these texts were from the hand of one or several private secretaries, and that the collection was assembled as a set of model proclamations for use by both local officials and private secretaries. [GRT]

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1374 1131

6.4 Gongdu Anthologies: Miscellaneous

Gongdu huichao 公牘彙鈔, 1 ce [A Collection of Hand-Copied Administrative Documents] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Small-sized ms. ed., densely written in semi-cursive script, unpaginated. [LSS] Rem.: A collection of official documents concerning Shexian 歙縣 (Huizhou 徽州, Anhui), such as communications and proclamations

(mostly by the Shexian magistrate, some by the Huizhou prefect); also petitions by local notables, with the magistrate’s rescript. The texts are reproduced in their entirety, including full official titles of the signato­ ries; the dates range from 1887 to 1920. Some documents are rich in de­ tails on the social life of the region at the end of the Qing. Among the subjects discussed are beggars, banditry, conflicts about property rights, orphanages, grain storage, economic conditions of merchants around 1911, and more. Why this particular anthology was copied, and by whom, is not known. It may have been intended as a reference guide for Shexian administrators.

[PEW] [MINGUO] 1132

Congzheng lu 從政錄, 4 + 2 j. [A Record of Government Service] By Qian Jihou 錢基厚, from Wuxi 無錫 (Jiangsu) 1917 Ed.:

– *1917 Xicheng gongsi 錫成公司 typeset ed., with prefs. by Xu Yankuan 徐彥寬, Qian Jibo 錢基博 (the author’s elder brother), and author (all 1917). [Beitu]

Rem.: A collection of documents in two parts composed by the au­ thor, dating from late 1912 to early 1917, a period during which he was chief of the Department of Education (學務科) of Wuxi. Documents related to educational affairs are in the neibian 內編; documents not re­ lated to education and composed for the sake of the Wuxi magistrate are in the waibian 外編. Within each part the documents are arranged by category, namely, reports and petitions (呈文), letters (函牘), rescripts (批令), and miscellaneous (雜著). There is also a supplement (餘編)

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1375

1131–1133

composed of formal correspondence unrelated to the author’s func­ tions. The materials on education, which form the most important part or the work, are illustrative of how the educational reforms of the lateQing “New Policies” (新政) were extended to primary education during the first years of the Republic. The text, which has careful underlines to stress passages either appropriate or urgent, was obviously meant to enhance the author’s reputation and at the same time serve as a set of model documents for future administrators. [GRT] 6.5 1133

Anthologies of Documents by Several Authors

Zizhi xinshu 資治新書, 1 + 14 j. [A New Book to Help in Government] Comp. (蒐輯) Li Yu 李漁 (z. Liweng 笠翁) (1611–80?); coll. (訂) by Li Yu’s son-in-law Shen Xinyou 沈心友 (z. Yinbo 因伯) 1663 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated Jiezi yuan ed. 芥子園藏板, with Zizhi xinshu erji 二集 (q.v.), titled Xinzeng 新增 Zizhi xinshu quanji 全集 on cover-leaf, inscription “Jiezi yuan” at bottom of central margins, with pref. by Wang Shilu 王士 祿 (1663) and colophon (提詞) by Wang Shiyun 王士雲 (1663), followed by two texts by Li Yu, a short introductory note and a circular (徵文小啟) soliciting contributions for the erji and telling authors how to send their manuscripts safely to the Yisheng tang bookstore in Nanjing 金陵翼聖堂 書坊. [*Beitu] [*Congress/LL] [*BN] – 1663 Shucong tang 書從堂 ed. [LSS] – *1702 Jinglun tang ed. 經綸堂藏板 titled Xinzeng zizhi xinshu quanji on cover-leaf, with pref. by Wang Shiyun (1663) (with erji). [IHEC] – 1702 Youyu tang 友于堂 ed. [Jimbun] – 1702 Qiyuan tang 啓元堂 ed. (with erji). [Ōki] – 1722 new ed. (重刊) of the Jiezi yuan (藏板) (with erji). [Tōyō Bunka] – Undated small-size Jinglun tang ed. titled Xinzeng zizhi xinshu quanji on cover-leaf, mentions Jinglun tang and Youyu tang in central margins, with pref. by Wang Shiyun (1663) (with erji). [Congress] – Undated Tianlu tang 天祿堂 ed., with erji, titled Xinzeng 新增 zizhi xinshu quanji 全集 on cover-leaf, with pref. by Wang Shilu (1663) and colo­ phon by Wang Shiyun (1663). [SOAS] – Undated (Kangxi) Yisheng tang 翼聖堂 ed. (with erji). [Ōki]

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1376

6.5 Gongdu Anthologies: by Several Authors

– *Undated Wenjin tang ed. 文錦堂梓 titled Zizhi xinshu, with pref. by Wang Shilu (1663) and colophon by Wang Shiyun (1663). [ZKT] – *Undated Wenjin tang ed. (藏板) titled Xinzeng zizhi xinshu quanji on cover-leaf, similar to the above (same printing blocks and same contents, i.e., without erji) except for cover-leaf design and text, and some errors in binding. [ZKT] – *Undated Dawen tang ed. 大文堂藏板, inscription “Jiezi yuan” at bottom of central margins, title on cover-leaf Xinzeng zizhi xinshu quanji, with pref. by Wang Shilu (1663) and colophon by Wang Shiyun (1663), followed by the two introductory notes by Li Yu on circumstances of compilation and note to prospective authors. [Congress/LL] – *Undated Daiyue lou ed. 帶月樓藏板, title on cover-leaf Xinzeng zizhi xinshu quanji, with prefs. by Wang Shilu (1663) and Wang Yuegao 王月高 (Kangxi period, no year given; author says he was sent to Jiangnan on official duty and there met Li Yu), followed by two introductory notes by Li Yu and note to prospective authors, and by Wang Shiyun’s colophon (1663). [Fu Sinian] – *Undated Shangde tang ed. 尚德堂藏板, title on cover-leaf Xinzeng zizhi xinshu quanji, with colophon by Wang Shiyun (1663) and pref. by Wang Shilu (1663); cover-leaf preceded by a foreword dated 壬午 (1682?) and signed by the “Wenguang tang owner” 文光堂主人, claiming this is a newly collated and engraved ed. by the Wenguang tang aiming to replace the numerous faulty facsimiles (翻刻) of the original ed. [Congress/LL] – Undated (mid-Qing) Yingde tang 英德堂 ed. (with erji). [Nanjing] – *1866 Foshan Lianyuan ge 佛山連元閣 new engraving (新鐫), title on cover-leaf Xinzeng zizhi xinshu quanji, sold by the Fuwen tang 福文堂 at the provincial capital (i.e., Guangzhou), with pref. by Wang Shilu (1663) and colophon by Wang Shiyun (1663); mention of Hanbao lou 翰寶樓 at bottom of central margins (in the erji it may be Hanbao lou, Jiezi yuan, or nothing). [*Columbia] [*IHEC] – *1894 Shanghai Tushu jicheng yinshuju 圖書集成因書局 ed. (with erji), with pref. by Wang Shilu (1663) and colophon by Wang Shiyun (1663). [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of undated Jiezi yuan ed. (with erji) at Beitu, in Ming Qing fazhi, ser. 1, vol. 1–6. – *Photo-repro. of j. 8–14, from an unspecified Jiezi yuan ed., in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 7–8. – Photo-repro. of the “proclamations” (告示) section (including erji), in Gudai bangwen gaoshi, vol. 2–3. – Modern ed. (with erji), part of Li Yu quanji 李漁全集, Hangzhou: Zhejiang guji chubanshe, 1991, vol. 16–17. Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1133

1377

Rem.: A large anthology of texts concerning every aspect of local government. Both Ming authors (among them, prominently, Wang Yangming) and early Qing authors are cited. Hanan, The Invention of Li Yu (see below), speaks of “a large volume of legal cases, most of them handled by his contemporaries,” but in reality the section on “judgments” (判語部) covers only j. 8–14, or one half of the whole. It is preceded by sections composed of communications (文移部, j. 1–4), proclamations (文告部, j. 5–6), and proposals (條議部, j. 7). Still, the collection ap­ pears to have been known first of all for its legal and judicial contents, which are the only ones discussed in the pref. and in the two series of essays Li Yu wrote for the opening chapter (j. 首), titled, respectively, Xiangxing moyi 祥刑末議 (two essays, on torture and on prisons), and Shenyu chuyan 慎獄蒭言 (four essays, on homicides, banditry, sexual crimes, and lawsuits). Hanan, who stresses the “gall” of an author who had not the smallest administrative experience, also notes how Li’s per­ sonality (and his interest for sex) shows up in these essays. (They were collated by Li’s son-in-law, Shen Xinyou.) Each of the 4 sections of the work, corresponding to different genres of administrative writing, in­ cludes in turn a number of subsections corresponding to different con­ tents (such as, under “communications”: “taxes,” “justice,” “schools,” and so forth); these subsections are in turn divided into more specialized categories (類) (such as, under “taxes”: “pressing delivery,” “asking for a rebate,” “proposing commutation,” and so forth) featuring one or several pieces (篇). In the section on judgments the order of the subsections does not follow the order of the Penal Code. There are occasional com­ mentaries in the upper margin, and over-abundant punctuation. Many of the authors contemporary with Li Yu are said to have been people whose patronage he was courting; Wang Shilu, the author of the pref., was the brother of the famous Wang Shizhen 王士禎 (1634–1711). In his prefatory notes found in the Jiezi yuan and Daiyue lou eds., Li Yu states that the collection is a synthesis of the two fields in which he is special­ izing as a publisher “following official orders” 首遵功令, namely, phi­ losophy (理學) and government (政治), and that it is all unpublished drafts by famous officials; he also mentions the difficulties he had to collect the pieces, especially those dating from the Ming. The result, es­ pecially when considered together with Zizhi xinshu erji (q.v.), offers an impressive overview of the various administrative disciplines and docu­ mentary genres in the seventeenth century. Zizhi xinshu was assembled and printed at a time when Li Yu attempted to make a living as a pub­ lisher and bookseller in Nanjing. Commercial success is suggested both by the fact that a long sequel quickly followed the first series, and by Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1378

6.5 Gongdu Anthologies: by Several Authors

the number of editions still extant (the list above may not be exhaus­ tive). In his note of 1682 (or possibly 1742 or 1802), the publisher of the Shangde tang ed. claims that, in addition to the wear and tear of the original printing blocks, there were numerous facsimiles (翻刻) made “north and south of the Yangzi,” hence many errors and variants, which made it necessary to put out a newly collated and engraved edition. All the eds. seen are cheap printing on cheap paper, suggesting the inten­ tion to reach a large market.

Bio.: A bachelor (秀才) since about 1635, Li Yu failed several times the pro­ vincial examination. After the fall of the Ming he renounced an official career, lived from his writing and toured the provinces, taking along his own troupe of singing girls and producing his own plays at the homes of high officials. After a period of uncertainty and material difficulties, Li settled in Nanjing in the late 1650s, where he built his Mustard-seed Garden (Jiezi yuan) and opened a bookstore and publishing concern by the same name—the publisher of Zizhi xinshu among other titles. From 1666 onward he resumed his peripatetic life, traveling with his troupe in the north and northwest, and later in Fujian and Guangdong, among other places. Financially ruined, he sold the Jiezi yuan and in the late 1670s settled in Hangzhou. He died in poverty around 1680. Besides his plays, his oeuvre includes short stories, novels, poetry, and essays. See ECCP, 495–7; Hanan, The Invention of Li Yu; Chang & Chang, Crisis and Transformation. Ref. and studies: ECCP, 497, saying that the work is the best known among the numerous anthologies compiled by the famous playwright. Chang, 1:166. Pelliot, 144 and note 1. Shiga, 7. Chang & Chang, 74–75. Hanan, 25–26 (also see bibliography, 253, for several of the above-mentioned eds.). Dentō Chūgoku handoku, 65–76 (counting a total 788 judgments in j. 8–20 and listing all the authors’ names and judgment captions). [PEW] 1134

Zhengxing daguan 政刑大觀, 8 j. [An Overview of Government and Justice] Comp. Liu Banghan 劉邦翰 (z. Yanwei 彥威), from Hangzhou (Zhejiang) 1664 Ed.:

– *[1664] Huixian zhai ed. 彙賢齋梓行, with compiler’s pref. (1664) and ex­ planations (例言) (1664). [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Jimbun] [*Ōki, first

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1133–1134

1379

fasc. neatly hand-copied, mention 讀書坊梓行 on cover-leaf (otherwise similar to printed copy), the rest incomplete and in poor condition, men­ tion of Huixian zhai at bottom of central margins; another copy even more incomplete]

Rem.: A vast compendium of sources on general administration in the form of administrative documents (宦牘 in the pref.) of every sort, meant in the “compiler’s explanation” (例言) to complement Ming “works on administrative discipline” (吏治之書), of which according to him the most valued at the time was Linmin baojing, followed by Guanchang zhengyao, Shitu xuanjing, and Zhipu (all qq.v.). The publi­ cation, claims the pref., occurred when the new emperor was recruit­ ing talents from the “three paths” (三途, i.e., through recommendation, direct invitation, and examinations)—the cover-leaf does mention “Essential for the three paths” (三途必備) at the top; on the lower right side it has the words “A reunion of many books, classified and annotat­ ed” (彙集群書分類詳註). At the end of the liyan, Liu Banghan mentions the recent publication of Zizhi xinshu (q.v.), which he thinks an excel­ lent book that inevitably has some overlap, as well as three works pub­ lished in Hangzhou, titled Zhizheng quanshu 治政全書, Lizhi quanpian 吏治全篇, and Qiezhong jingji 篋中經濟. The present work is aimed at those who “enter officialdom to exert clear justice” (蒞政明刑者). In order to be up to date, the majority of the texts quoted are by “great men of the present dynasty” (本朝大人先生), and it is stressed that this is not a work “filling pages with useless old stuff, cramming empty words into book cases, and of no utility for current affairs” (非猶滿紙陳腐， 通套具文，無當時務者也). According to the liyan the work is divided into 2 “cases” (上下函) distinguishing metropolitan and provincial af­ fairs, with 8 “collections” (集) each; but the copy seen has only the first “case,” in 20 fasc. It is divided into the following 8 sections: “Memorials” (奏疏, 45 entries); “Communications” (咨移, 22 entries); “Reports” (申詳, 59 entries); “Answers” (批答, 34 entries); “Proclamations” (告示, 162 entries); “Directives” (牌檄, 70 entries); “Yamen regulations” (款約, 29 entries); and “Judgments” (審語, 407 entries). In each of the first 7 sec­ tions the entries are arranged by “statutes pertaining to the six domains of government” (吏律, 戶律, etc.), with sometimes an extra section at the beginning, e.g., “security” (關防) in the proclamations, “door plac­ ards” (門牌) in the directives. The last section (judgments) is arranged according to 27 types of crimes or felonies as found in the Penal Code. This arrangement is supposed to be of the greatest clarity for the user.

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1380

6.5 Gongdu Anthologies: by Several Authors

The names of the authors quoted are not indicated, only their position, like such-and-such section of the censorate, or such-and-such ministry, governor of such-and-such province, and so on; or the title of the work from which the quotation comes is given (one notices—to give a few examples—such titles as Li Hang wenxin du 李杭問心牘, Shou Hang weixin lu 守杭未信錄, Shou Qu weixin lu 守衢未信錄, Gao tian lu 告天 錄, Xingquan zhenglüe 興泉政略, An Zhe wengao 按浙文告, Fu Jin jilüe 撫晉紀略, etc., none of which appears to be extant today). The text is generously punctuated and the captions of the individual pieces appear in the central margins.

Bio.: It is unclear whether Liu Banghan was an official. No information is available on his life and/or career. [PEW]

1135

[Xinzeng] Zizhi xinshu erji 新增資治新書二集, 20 j. [A Newly Enlarged New Book to Help in Government, Second Series] Comp. (蒐輯) Li Yu 李漁 (z. Liweng 笠翁) (1611–80?), collated (訂) by Li Yu’s son-in-law, Shen Xinyou 沈心友 (z. Yinbo 因伯) 1667 pref. Ed.: (All eds. below have a 1667 pref. by Zhou Lianggong 周亮工; with Xinzeng on cover-leaf except otherwise noted, but not in chapter captions) – Appended to Zizhi xinshu (q.v.), eds. with title quanji (except Wenjin tang ed.). – Early-Qing Jingye tang 敬業堂 ed. [Harvard] – *Undated Jiezi yuan 芥子園 ed. (printing blocks at the Youyu tang 友于 堂); this ed. is in a smaller format than and with a calligraphy inferior to the Wenjin tang eds. of Zizhi xinshu. [ZKT] – Youyu tang 友于堂 ed. [Jimbun] – *1894 Tushu jicheng yinshuju 圖書集成因書局 typeset ed. (without Xinzeng in title). [*Beitu] [*LSS] – *Photo-repro. of j. 15–20, from an unspecified Jiezi yuan ed., in Gudai pandu anli, vol. 8–9.

Rem.: The layout is the same as in the original Zizhi xinshu (q.v.), including “Communications” (j. 1–8), “Proclamations” (j. 9–14), and “Judicial sentences” (j. 15–20), but without a section on “Proposals.” The subsections are more numerous than in the earlier collection. In some eds. the mulu is preceded by a few words or a short note stressing the

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1134–1136

1381

complexity, comprehensiveness and clarity of the organization; the note in the Jiezi yuan ed. (藏板), also found in later eds., claims that the systematic collection of materials (分類取材) is not only different from commercial publications (不同于坊刻), but also more complete than in the earlier collection—and adds: “It is enough for knowledgeable peo­ ple to look at the general table of contents to know what great pains the author took!” (識者但觀總目即知作者苦心). Shen Xinyou is indicated as collator (訂) at the head of each juan.

Bio.: See under Zizhi xinshu. Ref. and studies: TYGXC, 2/50a (only 3 j. extant). Hanan, The Invention of Li Yu, 25–26, and see under Zizhi xinshu. On Zhou Lianggong (1612–72), de­ scribed as “a famous author from Nanjing,” see ECCP, 173–4; he signed his pref. as vice-administration commissioner (布政使司參議) and grain intendant of Jiangnan, a post he held from 1666 to 1669. [PEW]

1136

Zhi’an wenxian 治安文獻, 10 j., and Zhi’an wenxian erji 二集, 2 or 12 j. [Documents on Administering and Pacifying, with Second Installment] Comp. (仝輯) Lu Shouming 陸壽名 (z. Chushi 處實, h. Zhiting 芝庭) (js. 1652), and Han Na 韓訥 (z. Mugong 牧公), both from Changzhou 長洲 (Jiangsu) 1664 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated Xiangcao tang 香艸堂 ed., mention 居官要覽 on top of coverleaf, authors cited as 陸芝庭、韓牧公兩先生輯 on the right, and a list of the main rubrics on the left; with pref. by Lu Shouming (1664), fanli by Han Na (1664). [*Tōyō Bunka] – *Undated (Kangxi-period) ed., with pref. by Lu Shouming (1664), fanli by Han Na (1664). [*Beitu] [Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Jimbun, no cover-leaf] – *Undated (Kangxi-period) ed. of Zhi’an wenxian erji 二集, in 2 j., no pref. or fanli, quoting documents to 1668. [Ōki] – *Undated (Kangxi-period) ed. of Zhi’an wenxian erji, in 12 j., printed by the Suzhou Baohan lou 吳門寶翰樓梓行, comp. and with pref. by Lu Shouming (1670); cover-leaf has 黃屺雲先生定. [Beitu] – *Photo-repro. of a “Kangxi-period ed. in 2 j.” (actually j. 1–2 of the com­ plete work), no pref. or fanli, in GZSJC, vol. 3. – *Photo-repro. of j. 1–2 (section on taxes and corvée), in Gudai difang falü, ser. 2, vol. 2.

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1382

6.5 Gongdu Anthologies: by Several Authors

Rem.: A very rich compilation of administrative documents by a vari­ ety of Ming and early Qing authors of every rank (or sometimes organi­ zations, e.g., “the Ministry of Revenue”). The pref. recalls that know-how (才猷) is a prerequisite to administering the state, and that erudition (學術) is the foundation for keeping the people peaceful. Han Na— obviously the actual compiler—explains that he endeavoured to com­ bine both dimensions for the benefit of inexperienced beginners, while emphasizing contents directly useful for the present time. The work starts with two essays by Han Na, titled “Jinke yulü jie” 金科玉律解 and “Weizheng guimo bian” 為政規模辨, sometimes placed before the fanli, both discussing difficulties in the interpretation of the Penal Code based on Jinke yulü and Weizheng guimo (which Han Na attributes to 大司寇 石水蘇先生, i.e., Su Maoxiang, the author of Da Ming lüli linmin baojing [q.v.])—two texts reproduced or discussed in many private editions of the Ming Code. J. 1–2 are devoted to taxes (錢榖部), with 3 documents on corvée (徭役部) at the end of j. 2. J. 3 is on military affairs (軍政). J. 4–7 are on justice, with three essays at the end (entitled “Zhaoyi xuzhi” 招議須知, “Weizheng guimo lun 論,” and “Shenyu chuyan” 慎獄芻言). J. 8 is devoted to education, salt administration, coinage, colonies (屯 政), irrigation, customs duties, postal service, and taxes on reeds (蘆政). J. 9 deals with the tea and horse administration, famine relief, and poli­ cies in abeyance (廢政). J. 10, on “newly promulgated rules on etiquette for civilian and military officials” (新頒文武儀注), features 57 articles on communication formats (行移體式), as well as 15 on etiquette for newly appointed officials, extracted from Linmin baojing (q.v.). Within each section the documents quoted are arranged by genre, such as regulations (條約), rescripts (批申), directives (公檄), communications (咨移), proclamations (告諭), judgments (讞語), etc. The various sec­ tions have introductions by Han Na. The texts are heavily punctuated, with notes in the upper margin. Most examples deal with Jiangnan and Zhejiang. In some respects (including the poor printing) this anthol­ ogy and its sequels are not unlike Li Yu’s Zizhi xinshu (q.v.), published at exactly the same time. The fanli alludes to it, to regret that it empha­ sizes literary quality (文詞) over regulations (體例); on the contrary, the Ming-period Linmin baojing (q.v.) is strong on laws and regulations but lacks literary quality: Han Na tried to combine the advantages of both in his own selection. In the 2-j. erji at Ōki, only Lu Shouming is cited as compiler. J. 1 is on taxes (qiangu bu), military supplies, salt administration, corvée, and colonies. J. 2, on justice, contains materials in Penal Code format, viz. 6

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1136–1137

1383

articles of “general principles” (名例), 4 tables of redemption tariffs, the ten abominations (十惡) and eight classes (八議), and quotations from the first part of the Code, with substatutes (條例). The last section con­ sists of a long 1668 memorial of the Ministry of Justice listing 30 recent substatutes (after 1660) and asking for their modification or cancelation. The 12-j. erji at Beitu, also with Lu Shouming as compiler, is clearly a different compilation, arranged in six sections ( ji 集) corresponding to the Six Ministries, viz. Personnel (j. 1), Revenue (j. 2–3), Rites (j. 4), War (j. 5), Justice (j. 6–11), and Works (j. 12); the pref. painstakingly explains why all governmental affairs go back to the Six Ministries and why they should be arranged in this order. As in the original work, the documents are arranged by genres within each section (such as memorials, com­ munications, answers, regulations, and so forth), the number of items under each genre being indicated in the general table of contents. In the section on revenue there is a further breakdown by topics (taxes, corvée, salt, customs, and so on); in the section on Justice, j. 6 consists of documents other than judgments, j. 7–9 include a total 252 judgments (爰書), j. 10 discusses general notions and provides tables, as well as a large amount of substatutes, and j. 11 has numerous documents dealing with forensics. Among the six fellow students (同學) who collated the text, one notes the famous playwright You Tong 尤侗 (1618–1704), also mentioned among the collaborators to the original Zhi’an wenxian.

Bio.: In 1656, four years after his jinshi, Lu Shouming was appointed instruc­ tor (教授) in the prefectural school of Ningguo 寧國 (Anhui). He had to leave the position within the year because of mourning, and does not seem to have held any other position. See Changzhou XZ (1753), 20/60b; Ningguo FZ (1815), 36/4b. No information is available on Han Na. Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 史, 2:1102. [SWF, PEW] 1137

Zengding fenlei linmin zhizheng quanshu 增定分類臨民治政全書, 1 + 10 + 1 j. [A Complete Book on the Art of Governance and Attending the People, Enlarged and Classified] Comp. Xiefang tang zhuren 擷芳堂主人, from Hangzhou; ed. (參訂) Wang Yilin 王一麟 (z. Yanzheng 彥徵), from Hangzhou 古杭 N.d. Ed.:

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1384

6.5 Gongdu Anthologies: by Several Authors

– *Undated ed., no cover-leaf, inscription “zhishi quanshu” 治世全書 hand­ written on covers, with pref. by Wang Yilin (n.d.). [*Naikaku, *Photo-repro. at Jimbun]

Rem.: The work is described in the pref. as a reorganization and con­ siderable expansion by Wang Yilin of Xiefang tang zhuren’s original work, titled Zhizheng, which collected the deeds and sayings of officials of old to serve as model for future officials and had encountered great success, but was later circulated through faulty commercial eds. In his revision, Wang inserted extracts from a number of recent handbooks and anthologies, including Zhi’an wenxian, Zizhi xinshu, and Zhengxing daguan (qq.v.), Mingchen zouyi 名臣奏議, Choushi yaolüe 籌時要略, Shixue dacheng (q.v.), Shiwu zhiping 時務治平, Linmin baojing (q.v.), Guanchang zhengyao (q.v.), Xiangxing xinshi 祥刑信史, Li Hang wenxin du 李杭問心牘, Shou Hang weixin lu 守杭未信錄, Xingquan zhenglüe 興 泉政略, An Zhe wengao 按浙文稿, An Wu xicao 按吳檄草, and Fu Zhe xicao 撫浙檄草, plus new laws and unpublished materials by statesmen of the new dynasty. The result, which date from the early Kangxi pe­ riod, is a rather massive encyclopedic anthology including discussions, laws and regulations of the state, extracts from a variety of authors, and more; quotations of administrative documents are dominant, however, making the work essentially a gongdu collection. J. 首 is composed of (1) a lengthy “general discussion” (總論) that includes general consid­ erations by Su Maoxiang, the author of Linmin baojing (q.v.), entries similar to those in standard magistrate handbooks, and considerations on various topics arranged by “Six Ministries”; and (2) extracts from the Penal Code. The documents in j. 1–8 are each time arranged by Six Ministries: j. 1 is composed of 49 memorials; j. 2, of proclamations (告 示); j. 3, of regulations (條議); j. 4, of reports (申詳); j. 5, of messages (稟 札); j. 6, of answers to requests (批答); J. 7, of communications (咨移); and j. 8, of directives (牌檄). The names of the authors are provided. J. 9 and 10 are devoted to judicial conclusions (審語), arranged by type of crime. Finally, j. 末 has various texts (memorials, communications, etc.) concerning rewards, to both officials and commoners. The texts are abundantly punctuated. The work is typical of early Qing collections of materials for administrators.

Bio.: Documents reproduced at the end of the work and dated 1667 confirm that Wang Yilin is the early-Qing prefectural student (府庠) from Qiantang 錢 塘 extolled for his filial piety in Hangzhou FZ (1686), 31/53a and Zhejiang TZ (Siku ed.), 183/19b. He obtained a commemorative banner for his mother and was himself rewarded. [PEW]

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part 7

Specialized Collectanea 7.1

Works by Individual Authors

Liu Lianfang xiansheng lizhi sanshu 劉簾舫先生吏治三叔 See: Lizhi sanshu Wang Longzhuang yishu 汪龍莊遺書 See: Longzhuang yishu Zhipu sanzhong 治譜三種 See: Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng zhipu sanzhong 1138

Wang Longzhuang wuzhong 汪龍莊五種 [Five Works by Wang Longzhuang] By Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (z. Huanzeng 煥曾, h. Longzhuang 龍莊, Guilu 歸廬) (1731–1807) (js. 1775), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) Ed.:

– 1866 ed. [Beitu, not in cat.]

Rem.: Includes the following works by Wang Huizu (qq.v.):

– Xuezhi yishuo – Xueshi xushuo – Xuezhi shuozhui – Zhozhi yaoyan – Xu Zuozhi yaoyan [PEW] 1139

Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu 汪龍莊先生遺書, 6 ce [Posthumous Works of Mr. Wang Longzhuang] By Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (z. Huanzeng 煥曾, h. Longzhuang 龍莊, Guilu 歸廬) (1731–1807) (js. 1775), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) Ed.:

– *Undated Wangsanyi zhai ed. 望三益齋藏板, with pref. by Jiangning administration commissioner and acting director-general of grain transport Wu Tang 吳棠 (to new ed. of Xuezhi yishuo, 1862); here, as in his pref. to

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004416208_008

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1386

7.1 Congshu by Individual Authors

an 1859/1869 ed. of Tumin lu [q.v.], Wu Tang says that he printed Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu for distribution to all the counties of the province. [*Columbia] [*Tian Tao] [*Beitu] – 1871 Shenjian tang 慎間堂 ed., with prefs. by Xu Bao 許寶 (1871) and Yang Shaozu 楊紹祖 (1871) (see under Xuezhi yishuo). – *Shandong shuju new engraving, with pref. by Zhang Yao 張曜 (1886), postf. to the joint edition (合刻) of Bingta menghen lu and Shuangjie tang yongxun 雙節堂庸訓 by Shao Lun 邵綸 (1850); the Shandong shuju imprints at the back of the cover-leaves show that Xuezhi yishuo and Zuozhi yaoyan were engraved in 1882, Bingta menghen lu and Shuangjie tang yongxun in 1886. [*Harvard] [*IHEC] [Beitu]

Rem.: Includes the following works by Wang Huizu (qq.v., except the last): – – – – – – – –

Xuezhi yishuo Xuezhi xushuo Xuezhi shuozhui Zuozhi yaoyan Xu zuozhi yaoyan Bingta menghen lu Bingta menghen luyu Shuangjie tang yongxun

The prefs. to the 1871 ed. indicate that the 1861 Wu Tang ed. was produced to replace the books lost during the Taiping attacks on Jiangsu and Zhejiang in 1860–61; however, this edition became difficult to find after Wu was transferred to Fujian (in 1866) and took the printing blocks with him. Contrary to the Longzhuang yishu ed. (q.v.), in the Shandong shuju ed. of the present collection Xuezhi yishuo, Zuozhi yaoyan and their sequels are provided with mulu, and prefaces by various authors are reproduced in addition to those by Wang himself. In the Wangsanyi zhai ed. there are no mulu and the only text with a pref. other than by Wang Huizu is Xuezhi yishuo, with a pref. by Wu Tang (1862). Zhang Yao, who was appointed Shandong governor in 1886, states in his pref. that when he started as a magistrate thirty years before, his father gave him Xuezhi yishuo and Zuozhi yaoyan, which had already been used as handbooks (治譜) by his grandfather, a magistrate of much reputation. He also affirms that due to their plainness and concreteness, Wang Huizu’s works can be used as models by “middling talents” (中才), which is not the case of the works of Lu Longqi and Yu Chenglong, two famous officials who established their reputation as magistrates (see under Lizheng zhaiyao and Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu). [LG, PEW]

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1139–1141 1140

1387

Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu hekan 汪龍莊先生遺書合刊, 4 ce [ Joint Printing of the Posthumous Works of Mr. Wang Longzhuang] By Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (z. Huanzeng 煥曾, h. Longzhuang 龍莊, Guilu 歸廬) (1731–1807) (js. 1775), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) Ed.:

– *Undated Qinghe Gong-family new engraving 清河龔氏重鐫, coll. by Shao Xiangyin from Cixi 慈谿邵香吟校正 (all indicated on cover-leaf), with Wang Huizu’s pref. to Bingta menghen lu (1796), Wang’s picture and colophon written by himself at age 70 (i.e., 1800), pref. by Gong Yu 龔裕 (n.d.), postf. by Shao Lun 邵綸 (1851). [Beitu]

Rem.: Includes the following works by Wang Huizu (qq.v. except the third): – Bingta menghen lu – Menghen luyu – Shuangjie tang yongxun 雙節堂庸訓

Gong Yu’s pref. notes that unlike Zuozhi yaoyan and Xuezhi yishuo, Bingta menghen lu and Shuangjie tang yongxun are poorly known; yet while the first two are “words” (言), Wang’s autobiography records the “deeds” (行) that illustrate those words. He says that he published Bingta menghen lu, one of his favorite books, during his second year as governor of Hubei in order to give it wide circulation. This would be 1851, which is confirmed by Shao Lun’s postf. He appended Shuangjie tang yongxun—Wang’s admonitions to his sons and grandsons, which Wang says were inspired by Yan Zhitui’s 顏之推 Yanshi jiaxun 顏氏家訓 and Yuan Cai’s 袁采 Yuanshi shifan 袁氏世範—because it provides philosophical foundations for both the “words” and the “deeds.” [PEW]

1141

Longzhuang yishu 龍莊遺書, 6 ce [Posthumous Works of (Wang) Longzhuang] By Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (z. Huanzeng 煥曾, h. Longzhuang 龍莊, Guilu 歸廬) (1731–1807) (js. 1775), from Xiaoshan 蕭山 (Zhejiang) Ed.:

– *Undated Jiangsu shuju facsimile ed. 江蘇書局橅刻, including a picture of Wang Huizu “hand-copied” (手橅) in 1889 and with mention “Wangsanyi zhai original version” (望三益齋原本) on cover-leaf, engraved and edited by Wu Tang 吳棠, with pref. by Wu Tang (1862). Apparently a cheaper version of Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu (q.v.). [*IHEC] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko] [*Tōyō Bunko, without mention of Jiangsu shuju, but otherwise identical] Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1388

7.1 Congshu by Individual Authors

– *Photo-repro. of above ed. titled Wang Longzhuang yishu, Taipei: Huawen shuju, 1970 (Congshu huibian ser., no. 1), Jiangsu shuju imprint dated 1889. [HKU]

Rem.: Includes the following works by Wang Huizu (qq.v., except the last):

– Xuezhi yishuo – Xuezhi xushuo – Xuezhi shuozhui – Zuozhi yaoyan – Xu zuozhi yaoyan – Bingta menghen lu – Bingta menghen luyu – Shuangjietang yongxun 雙節堂庸訓 [LG]

1142

Yuezhong congzheng lu 越中從政錄, 4 ce [A Record of Government Service in Zhejiang] By Wang Fengsheng 王鳳生 (z. Zhenxuan 振軒, Zhuyu 竹嶼) (1776– 1834), from Wuyuan 婺源 (Anhui) N.d. Ed.: – *Undated ed. with pref. by Dong Guifu 董桂敷 (1824) inserted after the cover-leaf of Xuezhi tixing lu (see below). [*Columbia] [*Ōki, without Dong’s pref.]

Rem.: A collection of texts composed by Wang Fengsheng during a much-admired 20-year career largely in Zhejiang. According to the pref.—whose author hailed from the same county and had befriended Wang in 1800 when both were in Nanjing preparing for examinations— Wang published this set of texts to help newly-arrived officials in Zhejiang who asked for advice. The following titles (qq.v.) are included:

– Xuezhi tixing lu – Huangzheng beilan – Zhesheng cangku qiangcha jieyao – Liang Zhe yunku qingcha jieyao – Zhejiang Pinghu xian chabian baojia shiyi [PEW]

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1389

1141–1143 1143

Lizhi sanshu 吏治三書 [Three Books on Administrative Discipline] By Liu Heng 劉衡 (z. Wensheng 文聲, Rentang 訒堂, h. Lianfang 簾 舫) (1776–1841) (1800 secondary-list tribute student 副榜貢生), from Nanfeng 南豐 (Jiangxi); ed. Ding Richang 丁日昌 (1823–82) Ed.:

– *1868 Jiangsu shuju new ed. (重栞), with prefs. by Ding Quzhong 丁取忠 (1853), Wu Shouchun 吳壽椿 (to Yongli yongyan, 1830), and Ding Richang (1869). [Chicago (part of Muling quanshu)] [*Ōki (part of Muling quanshu)] [Shoudu (part of Muling qizhong)] [Ōki (title Liu Lianfang xiansheng 劉簾舫先生 lizhi sanshu, without Ding Richang’s pref., as a set with Baojia shu jiyao, q.v., also published by Jiangsu shuju in 1868)] [Tian Tao (title Liu Lianfang xiansheng lizhi sanshu)] (all these copies virtually identical, but varying order of prefs.) – *1873 Yangcheng shuju 羊城書局 new ed. (重刊), titled Liu Lianchang xiansheng lizhi sanshu, with prefs. by Ding Richang (1869), Ding Quzhong (1853), Wu Shouchun (1830), as a set with Weizheng zhonggao and Muling shu jiyao [qq.v.], modeled after the 1868 Jiangsu shuju ed. [Tōyō Bunko] – *1896 Shanghai Tushu jicheng ed., with prefs. by Ding Richang (1869), Ding Quzhong (1853), Guo Shangxian 郭尚先 (to Yongli yongyan, 1830), Wu Shouchun (1830), published together with Muling shu jiyao, Qinban zhouxian shiyi, and Mumin zhonggao (qq.v.). [IHEC] – *Photo-repro. of unspecified ed. titled Liu Lianfang xiansheng lizhi sanshu, with prefs. by Ding Rihang (1869), Wu Shouchun (1830), and Ding Quzhong (1853), in ZSJC, vol. 10.

Rem.: The collection includes the following titles (qq.v.): – Yongli yongyan (2 j.) – Shuliao wenda (1 j.) – Dulü xinde (3 j.)

The fanli mentions an original ed. with four titles (including Yongli yutan [q.v.] in addition to the above three), and in a different order, probably describing the ed. produced by Ding Quzhong in 1853 (see under Lianfang xiansheng sizhong). In the eds. considered here, the contents of the yutan have been integrated into the yongyan, and Shuliao wenda has been made into 1 juan instead of 2. In addition, some of the contents of Yongli yongyan (on grain reserves, baojia, etc.) were considered too lengthy or outdated, thus shortened. Ding Richang’s pref. specifies that his recension has been prepared as an appendix to Muling shu [ jiyao] (q.v.), both works being included with others in the collections sponsored by Ding and known as Muling quanshu or Muling qizhong (qq.v.). Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1390

7.1 Congshu by Individual Authors

Ref. and studies: Chang, 32–33. [PEW] 1144

Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng yishu 南豐劉簾舫先生遺書 [Posthumous Books by Mr. Liu Lianfang from Nanfeng] By Liu Heng 劉衡 (z. Wensheng 文聲, Rentang 訒堂, h. Lianfang 簾 舫) (1776–1841) (1800 secondary-list tribute student 副榜貢生), from Nanfeng 南豐 (Jiangxi) Ed.:

– *1851 ed. printed at the office of the Two Huai Salt Transportation Administration (兩淮都轉運署合栞). [*Leiden] [*Ōki, only Yongli yongyan]

Rem.: Includes the following works by Liu Heng (qq.v.): – – – –

Yongli yongyan Dulü xinde Shuliao wenda Yongli yutan

An extra fasc. titled Minghuan lu 名宦錄 features biographical information attached to requests submitted by several counties where Liu Heng had been posted, asking that he be offered sacrifices in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen.

[PEW] 1145

Lianfang xiansheng sizhong 簾舫先生四種 [Four Works by Mr. (Liu) Lianfang] By Liu Heng 劉衡 (z. Wensheng 文聲, Rentang 訒堂, h. Lianfang 簾舫) (1776–1841) (1800 secondary-list tribute student 副榜貢生), from Nanfeng 南豐 (Jiangxi) Ed.:

– *1853 engraving of the Yunhai lou 雲海樓開雕, published by Ding Quzhong 丁取忠, printing blocks kept at the Xingsha Wenyu tang 星沙文 蔚堂 (stamped addition), with prefs. by Guo Shangxian 郭尚先 (to Yongli yongyan, 1830), Ding Quzhong (1853), Wu Shouchun 吳壽椿 (to Yongli yongyan, 1830), and Liu Heng (to Yongli yongyan, 1831). [*Fu Sinian] [*Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: This collection of works by Liu Heng, was published by a private secretary whose late father, an official, was fond of citing Liu’s exploits; it includes the following titles (qq.v.):

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1143–1147

– – – –

1391

Yongli yongyan Yongli yutan (with author’s pref., 1831) Dulü xinde Shuliao wenda

Yuyang shanren shoujing (q.v.) is appended.

[PEW] 1146

Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng zhipu sanzhong 南豐劉簾舫先生治 譜三種 [Three Government Handbooks by Mr. Liu Lianfang from Nanfeng] By Liu Heng 劉衡 (z. Wensheng 文聲, Rentang 訒堂, h. Lianfang 簾 舫) (1776–1841) (1800 secondary-list tribute student 副榜貢生), from Nanfeng 南豐 (Jiangxi) Ed.:

– *Undated ed. [Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: The title appears only on the label of the case, which contains the following works (qq.v.), printed and bound as a set: Yongli yongyan (1839 new engraving 重鐫, printing blocks at the “Beijing residence” 京宅藏板), Dulü xinde, and Shuliao wenda. A fourth fasc. contain various pieces concerning Liu Heng: the “Account of conduct” by his sons (see under Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng xingshu zhengji), with Liu’s given name filled in (填諱) by Wu Qijun 吳其濬 and a postf. by Mei Zengliang 梅曾亮; a biography of Liu (循吏劉公傳); various memorials, requests and testimonies concerning Liu’s admission into the Temple of Eminent Statesmen. [PEW]

1147

Liu Nanfeng xiansheng zhipu 劉南豐先生治譜 [Mr. Liu Nanfeng’s Books on Government] By Liu Heng 劉衡 (z. Wensheng 文聲, Rentang 訒堂, h. Lianfang 簾舫) (1776–1841) (1800 secondary-list tribute student 副榜貢生), from Nanfeng 南豐 (Jiangxi) 1871 Ed.: – *1871 new ed. of the Juwen zhai in Kaifeng 重刊豫省聚文齋藏板. [Ōki]

Rem.: The title Liu Nanfeng xiansheng zhipu appears only in the caption of Jiang Xun’s 蔣珣 pref. to the collection, placed at the head of Yongli yongyan. This set of four fascicles includes, besides Nanfeng Liu

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1392

7.2 congshu by several authors

Lianfang xiansheng xingshu zhengji (q.v.), the following works by Liu Heng (qq.v.):

– Yongli yongyan – Yongli yutan (with author’s pref., 1831) – Dulü xinde – Shuliao wenda [PEW] 7.2

Works by Several Authors

[MING]

Congshu bazhong 叢書八種 See: Guanchang zhengyao, Wanli-period ed. Guantu shijian 官途仕鑑 See: Guantu zijian 1148

Guanchang zhengyao 官常政要 [Essentials on Government for the Use of Officials] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated (Wanli-period) ed. (11 texts, totaling 21 j.), published by Nanjing bookseller Wang Shenwu 金陵書坊王慎吾. Description below is from Guji shanben (see below), referring to a complete copy now held privately. [Beitu, incomplete copy, first volume containing Jianggong zhengxun, cataloged separately, remainder listed in cat. as Congshu bazhong 叢書八 種] – Undated (late Wanli-period) ed. (12 texts, one with a pref. dated 1609, totaling 22 j.); likely same ed. as above. [Hōsa Bunko, cat. says only 11 texts because Xinguan guifan and Juguan geyan are combined into one volume] – Undated (Chongzhen-period) ed. (17 texts), “republished” by Nanjing booksellers Tang Jinchi and [Tang] Huichou from the bookstore on Third Mountain Street in Nanjing (金陵三山街書坊唐錦池惠疇重梓). [Faxue suo]

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1393

1147–1148

– *1629 ed. (22 texts, totaling 40 j.). The captions of several texts state that the work is “republished” (重梓) by Tang Jinchi and Tang Huichou (see above); the pref. to Chushi lu gives date as 1629. [*Beida] [ZKT, incomplete, *mf. at Princeton] [*Faxue suo] – *Undated (Chongzhen-period) ed. titled Chongke hebing guanchang zhengyao quanshu 重刻合併官常政要全書 (29 texts, totaling 50 j.). [*Zhejiang tushuguan] [*Shandong sheng tushuguan] [private copy originally held by Takigawa Masajirō 瀧川政次郎, incomplete]

Rem.: A fairly complete collectanea of handbooks and materials on local government (see below for contents). The evidence on how widely Guanchang zhengyao was used is circumstantial. While it is rarely referred to in other works, still, four (or five) different eds. were re-engraved anew. The quality of the first ed. is very poor, with many variant characters. Later ones are somewhat better and include each time many more titles. Guanchang zhengyao was definitely not viewed as a work worth saving after the early Qing. Thus, two works extracted from it and held at the Library of Congress appear to have been taken apart and the blank sides of the folios reused to print another work. The Wanli-period ed. includes the following eleven works: – [Xinke] Jiang gong zhengxun (q.v.) – Chushi lu (q.v.) [missing from Beitu copy] – Xinguan daoren yizhu (q.v.) [missing from Beitu copy] – [Xinke] Xinguan guifan (q.v.) – Juguan geyan (q.v.) – [Xinke] Zhaoni jiaru xingyi tishi (q.v.) – [Xinxiu] Wenxing tiaoli 問刑條例, 7 j. – [Xinke] Xiyuan lu (q.v.) – [Xinke] Wuyuan lu (q.v.) – [Xinke] Pingyuan lu (q.v.) – [Xinke] Fajia pouji (q.v.)

The late Wanli-period ed. includes the same 11 works and: – [Chongke] Lütiao gaoshi huotao (q.v.)

The Chongzhen ed. includes the following 17 works: – Chushi lu (q.v.) – Xinguan guifan (q.v.) – Xinguan daoren yizhu (q.v.) – Juguan geyan (q.v.) – [Xinkan] Zhaoni jiaru xingyi tishi (q.v.) – Wenxing tiaoli 問刑條例, 7 j.

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1394

7.2 congshu by several authors

– Wuyuan lu (q.v.) – [Xinke] Fajia pouji (q.v.) – Jiang gong zhengxun (q.v.) – Mumin zhonggao (q.v.) – Mumin zhengyao (q.v.) – Wenyi xuanyao (q.v.) – Guanyuan pinji kao (q.v.) – Juguan biyao weizheng bianlan (q.v.) – Siliu helü panyu (q.v.) – Siliu yanyu (q.v.) – Shiyin canshen pibo siyu huotao (see under Canshen manlu)

The 1629 ed. includes the following 22 works:

– [Chongke] Chushi lu (q.v.) – Chushi yaolan (q.v.) – [Xinqie] Wenyi xuanyao (q.v.) – Xinguan guifan (q.v.) – [Chongke shengchao qinding gexiang 重刻聖朝欽定各項] Xinguan daoren yizhu (q.v.) 1 j., shiyi 拾遺 1 j. – [Xinke] Weizheng jiuyao (q.v.) – Chongxiu wenxing tiaoli tigao 重修問刑條例題稿, 1 j. (1585) – [Liubu] Wenxing tiaoli 六部問刑條例, 7 j. – [Xinke] Zhaoni jiaru xingyi tishi (q.v.) – [Xinke] Mumin zhonggao (q.v.) – [Xinke] Mumin zhengyao (q.v.) – [Xinke Lü shi] Guanzhen (q.v.) – [Chongke] Guanyuan pinji kao (q.v.) – [Xinke] Juguan biyao weizheng bianlan (q.v.) – [Xinke] Zhoulian xulun (q.v.) – [Xinke] Fajia pouji (q.v.) – [Guozi xiansheng Pushan] Jiang gong zhengxun (q.v.) – Juguan geyan (q.v.) – [Xinzuan] Siliu helü panyu (q.v.) – [Chongke] Lütiao gaoshi huotao (q.v.) – [Xinzuan] Siliu yanyu (q.v.) – [Chongke] Shiyin canshen pibo siyu huotao (see under Canshen manlu)

The Chongzhen ed. in 50 j. includes the following 29 works:

– [Chongke] Chushi lu (q.v.) – Chushi yaolan (q.v.) – [Chongke shengchao qinding gexiang] Xinguan daoren yizhu (q.v.) 1 j., shiyi 1 j.

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1148–1149

1395

– Xinguan guifan (q.v.) – [Xinke] Fajia pouji (q.v.) – [Xinke] Zhaoni jiaru xingyi tishi (q.v.) – [Xinke] Weizheng jiuyao (q.v.) – [Chongxiu] Wenxing tiaoli tigao, 1 j. – Wenxing tiaoli, 7 j. – Xiyuan lu (q.v.) – Wuyuan lu (q.v.) – Pingyuan lu (q.v.) – [Xinke] Mumin zhonggao (q.v.) – [Xinke] Mumin zhengyao (q.v.) – [Xinke Lü shi] Guanzhen (q.v.) – [Xinke] Wenyi xuanyao (q.v.) – [Chongke] Guanyuan pinji kao, 2 j. – [Chongke] Lütiao gaoshi huotao (q.v.) – [Xinzuan] Siliu helü panyu (q.v.) – [Chongke] Kongbu yuanfa ti siliu canyu (see under Siliu canyu) – [Chongke] Shiyin canshen pibo siyu huotao (see under Canshen manlu) – [Xinzuan] Siliu yanyu (q.v.) – [Guozi xiansheng Pushan] Jiang gong zhengxun (q.v.) – Juguan geyan (q.v.) – [Xinke] Juguan biyao weizheng bianlan (q.v.) – [Xinke] Miaotang zhonggao (q.v.) – [Xinke] Fengxian zhonggao (q.v.) – Dangguan rijing (q.v.) – [Xinke] Zhoulian xulun (q.v.) Ref. and studies: Guji shanben, 叢, 255–8. “Faxue suo shanben,” no. 56 (Chongzhen-period ed.), listing the 17 works but saying “18” (by Xu Lizhi 徐立 志). Nimick, 289. Lidai panli pandu, vol. 4, intro., 1–2. Takigawa, “Mindai kanto hikkei sho Kanjō seiyō ni tsuite.” [TN, PEW] 1149

Guantu zijian 官途資鑑, 23 j. [A Mirror in Aid of the Official’s Progress] Comp. Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥 (z. Defu 德甫, Defu 德父, h. Quan’an 全 庵, Baoqin jushi 抱琴居士), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) N.d. Ed.: – *Undated (Late-Wanli period) ed. (one text has a pref. dated 1609). [Sonkeikaku]

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1396

7.2 congshu by several authors

Rem.: As Yamane Yukio remarks, the Sonkeikaku catalog lists this incorrectly as Guantu shijian 仕鑑. The title Guantu zijian appears only on the labels pasted on the fascicles, and as a stamp on their edge. The 17 titles below are all preceded by the words xinke 新刻. Except for Xinguan guifan, Guanji yousheng, Lütiao gaoshi huotao, and Xiyuan lu, the titles end with the word quan 全 in smaller type. Each work bears the mention “collated (校) by Hu Wenhuan,” has separate page-numbering, and is printed in the same format with ten 20-character columns. The texts are all standard handbooks as seen in other similar collectanea. (Several are found in certain versions of Gezhi congshu 格致叢書, also edited by Hu Wenhuan.) They are the following:

– [Lü shi] Guanzhen (q.v.) – Weizheng jiuyao (q.v.), with pref. by Zhao Sucai 趙素才 – Zhoulian xulun (q.v.), with pref., postf., and mulu – Chushi lu (q.v.), with mulu – Xinguan guifan (q.v.), no author’s name – Juguan geyan (q.v.), with mulu – Jiang [Pushan] zhengxun (q.v.), with mulu, no author’s name – Mumin zhonggao (q.v.), with pref. and mulu – Fengxian zhonggao (q.v.), with pref. and mulu – Miaotang zhonggao (q.v.), with pref. by Jin Hao 靳顥 (1390) and mulu – Guanli zhikao 官禮制考, 1 j. [by Hu Wenhuan], no author’s name, with pref. by Hu Wenhuan, list of works cited, and mulu – Guanji yousheng 官級由陞 (q.v.), 2 j., no author’s name – Qinding yizhu bianlan 欽定儀注便覽, 1 j., by Wu Zun 吳遵 (js. 1547), with mulu, Shiyi 拾遺 appended (featuring texts for the spring and autumn sacrifices), and a fulu 附錄 dealing with the choice of auspicious days to start in post and similar materials – Lütiao gaoshi huotao (q.v.) – Xiyuan lu (q.v.), in 2 j., with mulu, title at beginning and running title Xiyuan lu tishi 體式, with pref. by Song Ci – Pingyuan lu (q.v.) – Wuyuan lu (q.v.), with pref. by Yangjiao shansou 羊角山叟 (1384) and mulu Bio.: See under Dulü ge. Ref. and studies: Yamane, “Ko Bunkan hen Kanto shikan ni tsuite.” Elman, On Their Own Terms, 34–60 (about the various congshu edited by Hu Wenhuan, but omitting Guantu zijian). [JK, TN]

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1149–1150

1397

[QING A]

Huangzheng congshu 荒政叢書 See section 4.3 1150

Zhizheng jiyao 治政集要 [A Collection of Important Texts on the Art of Governance] Comp. (重輯) Wang Youhuai 王又槐 (z. Yinting 蔭庭, h. Wuqiao 午 橋), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1794 Ed.:

– *1794 ed. from “this yamen,” stating “facsimiles will be prosecuted” (本衙 藏板, 翻刻必究), with prefs. by Wang Youhuai (1794) and Qi Liaosheng 戚蓼生 (1790). [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunka]

Rem.: This collection includes the following 10 texts, all compiled or edited by Wang Youhuai. They include both reference tools (such as tables of deadline regulations and of distances for different types of exile), and discussions of aspects of government (such as Wang’s Ban’an yaolüe [q.v.]):

– Liubu (li)xiantu 六部例限圖 (q.v.), 6 j. in 4 ce, comp. (編輯) Xu Yue 徐鉞 (z. Jingfu 靜夫, from Jiaxing) and Wang Youhuai: a set of tables with data extracted from Liubu chufen zeli 處分則例 on the deadlines applying to various administrative operations and the sanctions incurred in case of non-compliance. – Zhongshu xiantu 中樞限圖, comp. (編次) Wang Youhuai and Wang Youwu 王又梧: 36 tables devoted to regulations on deadlines involving metropolitan officials or any officials dealing or communicating with the central government. – Cizi huizuan 刺字彙纂, comp. (編輯) Xu Yue, enlarged (增修) by Wang Youhuai, with pref. by Xu Yue (1790): an itemized list of regulations regarding tattooing of criminals, classified by type of crime. – Qiushen zhangcheng 秋審章程, ed. (訂) Wang Youhuai: a compilation of regulations on the autumn assizes, the determination of the categories shi 實 and huan 緩, the imprisonment of criminals waiting for the decision at the assizes, and other such information. – Tizi shijian 題咨事件, comp. (編輯) Wang Youhuai, listing the rules about routine memorials (ti 題 or zou 奏 depending on subject) on a variety of topics, to be sent at particular times of the year.

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1398

7.2 congshu by several authors

– Jianming zuofa 簡明做法, recorded (錄) by Wang Youhuai, enumerating rules regarding construction of buildings or fabrication of other items for the administration. – Kaocheng zhangcheng 考成章程, comp. (編輯) Wang Youhuai, on rules regarding the evaluation, promotion, and salaries of officials. – Shenxiang chenggui 申詳成規, ed. (訂) Wang Youhuai, on rules regarding communications to superior officials. – Ban’an yaolüe 辦案要略 (q.v.). – Sanliu daoli biaotu 三流道里表圖, 1793 new engraving (新鐫), comp. (編次) Wang Youhuai, on regulations and distances (in table form) for exiles, based on the most recent regulations and “without any mistake.” Bio.: See under Ban’an yaolüe. Ref. and studies: Guo Runtao, “Ban’an yaolüe yu Xingming yide,” 261–5. Bibliography entries for same author: Ban’an yaolüe; Qianggu beiyao; Xiyuan lu jizheng; Xingqian bilan. [PEW] [QING B]

Libu chengjing 吏部呈敬 See: Huanhai zhinan wuzhong 1151

Bu’ai xuan dulü liuzhong 不礙軒讀律六種, 4 ce [The No-Hindrance Studio’s Six Works on Legal Studies] Comp. (輯) Wang Youfu 王有孚 (z. Xuji 需吉, h. Baixiang 白香), from Yuanhe 元和 (Jiangsu) 1807 Ed.:

– *1807 engraving (鐫). [Beitu] – Photo-repro. of 1807 ed., Taipei: Jingxue wenhua shiye youxian gongsi, 2015 (Xijian Qingdai sibu jikan, ser. 8, vol. 38). – *Photo-repro. of Qiushen zhizhang (see below), in Qingdai qiushen, vol. 4 – *Modern typeset ed. of Cizi huichao (see below), based on 1807 ed., in Lidai zhenxi sifa, vol. 3; and Qiushen zhizhang, ibid., vol. 13.

Rem.: A collection of six works by Wang Youfu and his muyou teacher Wu Jiagui 吳家桂 (z. Xiangya 香崖, from Wuxian 吳縣, Jiangsu) making the “complete package” of an expert in law, emphasizing the ethics of a good judge, caution in punishments, etc., notions that Wang Youfu says he learned from his father. All the prefs. to the works below are by Wang.

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1399

1150–1151

The following works are included (each title beginning with the words Bu’ai xuan dulü zhi 之…): – Xiyuan waibian 洗冤外編, comp. Wu Jiagui, with follow-up (續錄) by Wang Youfu (1806 pref.): discussions of doubtful or difficult points in the Xiyuan lu (q.v.) text, based on cases collected by Wu during his long career as a legal adviser. (In his Yide outan, chuji, 4a–b, Wang says that the text was shown to him in 1772 by Wu, of whom he was a student, while they were both employed by the magistrate of Wujin 武進, Jiangsu.) – Jijiu fang buyi 急救方補遺, comp. Wang Youfu: a set of approximately 20 medical prescriptions for rescuing people in certain emergency situations. – Qiushen zhizhang 秋審指掌, comp. Wang Youfu, 1799 pref. written at the office of the Shanxi surveillance commissioner. As made clear in the pref., the work aims at ensuring consistency and dependability in the propositions submitted every year by the provincial authorities for the autumn assizes. For this purpose, it explains in detail the main categories under which they fall, viz. “circumstances deserving of immediate execution” (情實), “deferred execution” (緩決), and “can be pardoned” (可矜), with accompanying cases (成案). It also cites the autumn assizes regulations promulgated in 1767 and 1784, as well as imperial edicts through 1794 and relevant articles from the Penal Code and Da Qing huidian 大清會典. A comparatively rich treatise on autumn assizes regulations, and one of the earliest printed versions of them; praised by Shen Jiaben (see under Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan fu an). – Zheyu jinzhen 折獄金鍼, comp. Wu Jiagui, 1772 preface. A work of “Code studies” aiming at applying a limited number of statutes to an unlimited number of situations. It contains a dozen or so hypothetical criminal cases to illustrate how certain complex situations should be adjudicated. [Photo-repro. in Gudai zheyu yaolan, vol. 6] – Cizi huichao 刺字會鈔, comp. Wang Youfu, 1805 pref., on the different kinds of legal cases in which tattooing must be applied to criminals. – Shenxing bianlan 慎刑便覽, comp. Wang Youfu: a calendar of dates (such as birthdays and death days of emperors, empresses, and others) on which judicial administration (including hearing lawsuits and administering punishments) must be suspended (停刑).

Wang’s own Yide outan (q.v.) is appended (附) to the collection.

Bio.: See under Yide outan. Ref. and studies: Qingdai lüxue, 521–42. Pelliot, 150, gives a different list of works (7 in all), including Yide outan, Xiyuan lu waibian, Jijiu fang buyi, Qiushen zhinan, Zheyu jinzhen, Cizi huichao, and Shenxing bianlan. Guo Runtao, Guanfu,

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1400

7.2 congshu by several authors

muyou yu shusheng, 371, gives 6 works: Xiyuan lu waibian, Yide outan, Qiushen zhizhang, Zheyu jinzhen, Cizi huichao, Shenxing bianlan. Sun Jiahong, Qingdai sixing jianhou, 180 (on Qiushen zhizhang). Bibliography entries for same author: Yide outan. [JB, CL, PEW] 1152

Pinghua shuwu congshu 瓶花書屋叢書 [Collectanea from the Flower-Vase Study] Comp. Tong Heyu 童和豫 1848 Ed.:

– *1848 Pinghua shuwu ed.; the indication “道光戊申孟秋瓶花書屋校刊” is found on the cover-leaf verso of each individual title (except Shoubi lu in the copy at Harvard, which appears to be in a completely different engraving); the lower central margin has the indication “Pinghua shuwu jiaokan 校刊.” [*Harvard] [*Beitu] – *Undated ed., no cover-leaves, mention “Pinghua shuwu jiaokan” in lower central margins; although some fasc. bear the hand-written indication “Xianfeng-period imprint” on the cover, it is probably the same engraving as above. [Beitu]

Rem.: Includes the following works (the order may vary depending on the library): – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Qinding Kangji lu (q.v.) Huangzheng congshu (q.v.) Lianbing shiji (q.v.) Lianbing shiji zaji (q.v.) Zhenji (q.v.) Zheyu guijian (q.v.) Buhuang kao 捕蝗考 (q.v.) (with Siku summary) Fajiao shuo 伐蛟說, by Wei Tingzhen 魏廷珍 (1834) Shoucheng lu (q.v.) Zhishi guijian (q.v.) Jiuming shu (q.v.) Lidai bingzhi 歷代兵制, by Chen Fuliang 陳傅良 (Song period) Shoubi lu 手臂錄, an illustrated work on weapons, by Wu Shu (Xiuling)

古吳吳殳修齡

– Zhouhou beiji fang 肘後備急方, by Ge Hong 葛洪 [PEW]

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1401

1151–1154 1153

Minguo zhai qizhong 敏果齋七種 [Six Titles from the Minguo Studio] Comp. Xu Naizhao 許乃釗 (z. Zhenheng 貞恒, h. Xinchen 信臣) (ca. 1798–1860) (js. 1835), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1849 Ed.: – *Undated ed. printed at the Wenhua tang shufang at the capital 存京都文 華堂書坊刷印. [IHEC]

Rem.: Includes the following seven works (qq.v.):

– – – – – – –

Wubei jiyao (or Chengshou 城守 jiyao) Wubei jiyao xubian (or Xiangshou 鄉守 jiyao) Huangzheng jiyao Anlan jiyao Huilan jiyao Jixiao xinshu Lianbing shiji zaji

In his 1843 postf. to Wubei jiyao, Xu Naizhao mentions that he added that work (compiled by his father based on late-Ming works) to five other treatises devoted to military training, river conservancy, and famine relief that he had assembled in 1841, making a total of six works. Fuzhulong’a’s 1849 pref. to Wubei jiyao xubian indicates that it was added that year to the six other titles. This collection of practical works is typical of the Daoguang period and of the frequent rediscovery then of lateMing treatises. For a mini-collection compiled by the same author, see Minguo zhai congshu.

Bio.: See under Wubei jiyao xubian. Bibliography entries for same author: Wubei jiyao xubian; Xiangshou waibian jiyao; Minguo zhai congshu; Xiangshou jiyao hejiao; Chengxiang shou hechao. [JK] 1154

Huanhai zhinan wuzhong 宦海指南五種 [Five Works to Serve as Compass on the Sea of Officialdom] Comp. Xu Naipu 許乃普 (z. Jihong 季鴻, Jingya 經崖, h. Diansheng 滇 生, s. Wenke 文恪) (1787–1866) (js. 1820), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) Ed.:

– *1859 ed. printed by Xu Naipu (date calligraphed by him on verso of cover-leaf), with list of works included and pref. by Xu Naipu (n.d.), with

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1402

7.2 congshu by several authors

Zhouxian xuzhi (see below). [*Beitu] [*CASS Jinshisuo] [*Gugong Taipei; none of the works has a cover-leaf] [*Ōki, titled Libu chengjing 吏部呈敬 and mention 居官必讀 on the box] – *1859 ed. with list of works included and pref. by Xu Naipu (n.d.), without Qinban zhouxian shiyi. [*Columbia] [*Congress/LL] [*Shoudu] [*Tian Tao] [*Tōyō Bunka, Imahori collection, including Menghen lu jiechao] – *1859 ed. with compiler’s pref. but without list of works inside. [Congress/ LL] – *Undated ed. without pref., title Huanhai zhinan appearing only on the box; the label on the first fasc. (which contains Qinban zhouxian shiyi) says Yongli yongyan (see below). This seems to be a motley assemblage of low quality editions of various provenance. [Congress/LL] – * Undated ed., with Zhouxian xuzhi, with list of works included and pref. by Xu Naipu after the cover-leaf of the first fasc. (bearing Zhouxian shiyi); none of the other works have a cover-leaf. [Ōki; for an unknown reason the Ōki cat. calls this collection Libu chengjing 吏部呈敬 and says that it is in fact the Rumu xuzhi wuzhong (q.v.)] – *Undated ed. titled Zheyu bianlan on the box, with general pref. by Xu Naipu (1859), no list of works included. [Congress/LL] – *Undated ed. from same printing blocks as previous one, but without pref.; another difference with the above is that Zheyu bianlan has no cover-leaf. In these two eds. the title Huanhai zhinan wuzhong appears nowhere; Xu zuozhi yaoyan has Zuozhi yaoyan hou 後 as running title. [Congress/LL] – *1859 ed. with pref. by Xu Naipu; Qinban zhouxian shiyi with imperial edict, “original” postf. by Shanxi governor Lu Kun 廬坤 (n.d.), postfs. by Ye Shao 葉紹 (n.d.) and Mingshan 明善 (1850); Zheyu bianlan with pref. by Mingshan (1850) and postf. by Jishan 驥善 (1850); Zuozhi yaoyan with a joint pref. with Xuezhi yishuo by Ruan Yuan 阮元 (n.d.), pref. by Wang Huizu 汪輝祖 (1785), “original” pref. by Lu Shiji 魯仕驥 (1786), and postf. by Wang Zongyan 王宗琰 (1786); Xu zuozhi yaoyan with postf. by Bao Tingbo 鮑廷博 (1786) and Zou Wenbing 鄒文炳 (1816); Xuezhi yishuo with pref. by Jiang Youxian 蔣攸銛 and Wang Huizu 汪輝祖. This ed. has contents slightly different from the eds. above, but features prefaces not seen elsewhere (see under the individual titles). [*LSS, without list of works included, Xuezhi xushuo and shuozhui bound with Zheyu bianlan] [*Tōyō Bunko, as a set with Muling shu (1848 engraving) and Baojia shu (qq.v.)] – *1886 Ronglutang new ed. 榮錄堂重刻 reproducing Xu Naipu’s 1859 cover-leaf (with new date and publisher added on the left side), otherwise similar to the 1859 ed. above, with the same prefaces, except that

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1403

1154

the edict preceding Zhouxian shiyi is missing; with list of works and compiler’s pref. A somewhat careless ed. (with cover-leaves in the wrong place, etc.). Xu zuozhi yaoyan has Zuozhi yaoyan hou 後 as running title. [*Chicago] [*Harvard, with Menghen lu jiechao missing] [*Tōyō Bunko, Zheyu bianlan with 1850 cover-leaf and placed at the end] – *1890 ed. engraved at the Sichuan surveillance commissioner’s office (四川臬署開雕), with list of works, pref. by acting surveillance commissioner Huang Yu’en 黃毓恩 (1890) and original pref. by Xu Naipu (n.d.). [Hangzhou daxue] – *Photo-repro. of 1886 Ronglu tang ed., in ZSJC, vol. 10.

Rem.: This small congshu appears in several combinations. The “1859” editions above feature the same cover-leaf calligraphed by Xu Naipu and dated from that year, but their contents are not entirely the same (see below) and they are probably not all from the same year. The following handbooks (qq.v.) are included: – – – – – –

Qinban zhouxian shiyi Zhouxian xuzhi (only in part of the eds.) Zuozhi yaoyan (with Xu zuozhi yaoyan) Xuezhi yishuo (with xushuo and sometimes shuozhui) Zheyu bianlan Menghen lu jiechao (not in all eds.)

Zhouxian xuzhi (q.v.) is a variant title for Liu Heng’s Yongli yongyan; the latter title is the one given in the “Table of works included” of the 1859 copies that feature it (the “1859 ed. printed by Mr. Xu,” first in the list above, has 庸吏庸言、續庸吏庸談).

Bio.: A selected tribute student (拔貢), Xu Naipu passed the court examination (朝考) in 1814 and became a minor capital official. After a period of mourning he was appointed a Grand Council secretary (章京) in 1820, and the same year ranked second at the jinshi examination. He entered the Hanlin Academy and fulfilled various functions at court. After two assignments as provincial educational commissioner (學政), in Guizhou (1825) and in Jiangxi (1833), he became an academician of the Grand Secretariat in 1838, and minister of War in 1841. After Daoguang’s demise in 1850 he was an active participant in the national effort at moral and administrative reform. He fulfilled further ministerial posts and continued to serve at court. He became head of the Censorate in 1856 and minister of Personnel in 1859. He retired in 1860 on the grounds of illness. See QSLZ, 47/12a–17a; Qingdai qibai, 1:357–62; Renming quanwei. Ref. and studies: Li, 5, 10. [PEW]

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1404 1155

7.2 congshu by several authors

Xing’an huiyao 刑案彙要 [Essentials on Judicial Administration] comp. Hu Fengdan 胡鳳丹 (z. Fengjiang 楓江, Yueqiao 月樵) (1828– 90), from Yongkang 永康 (Zhejiang) 1866 Ed.:

– *1866 Tuibu zhai engraving 退補齋開鋟, coll. and printed (校刊) by Hu Fengdan, with pref. by Hu Fengdan (1867). [Faxue suo]

Rem.: A collectanea of texts on justice administration including the following works:

– Shuliao wenda (q.v.) – [Yuyang shanren] Shoujing (q.v.) – Dulü xinde (q.v.) – Mingdao an zhaiyao 命盜案摘要, comp. (編定) Cheng Mengyuan 程夢元 (possibly same as Mingdao anjian zhaiyao, q.v.) – Da Qing lüli gejue (q.v.) – Da Qing zhouliu nianli bianlan 大清周流年例便覽, comp. Cheng Mengyuan, enlarged (增刊) by Hu Fengdan – Zheyu bianlan (q.v.), without pref. – Dulü yaolüe (see under Dulü xinde)

According to his pref., Hu decided to select and reprint 8 works from his private collection to help local administrators, especially beginners, in a context of increasing legal complexity. The texts chosen would provide them with valuable tips from veteran administrators based on firsthand experience of local judicial governance, and (in the case of Lüli gejue) with the essentials of the Penal Code in a form easy to memorize.

Bio.: Hu Fengdan, a famous book collector and publisher, repeatedly failed the examinations, but after having purchased a low-ranking post he gradually reached the rank of prefect, and in 1875 became Hubei tax circuit intendant (督糧道). In 1860 he distinguished himself in Beijing during the flight of the court to Jehol. In 1867 he was asked by Huguang governor-general Li Hanzhang 李瀚章 to set up the Hubei Chongwen shuju 湖北崇文書局, which soon became a major publishing concern. See Yongkang XZ (1932), 6/33a, 7/30b–31a; Shi Xin, Hu Fengdan fuzi yu Jinhua congshu yanjiu. [CL, PEW]

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1155–1156 1156

1405

Zizhi xinshu deng zhaichao 資治新書等摘抄, 6 ce [Select Texts Copied from A New Book to Help in Government and Other Works] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Undated ms. ed. carefully written on paper pre-framed in red with indication “Wanxia xuan” 晚霞軒 in lower central margin, no pagenumbering. The title has been given by the library. [Beitu]

Rem.: Includes the following texts:

– Xiangxing moyi 祥刑末議 (i.e., j. 首 of Li Yu’s Zizhi xinshu [q.v.]). – Can’an 參案, an extremely precise and detailed set of advice and regulations on criminal procedure, in 14 items, with emphasis on sanctions incurred in case of administrative mistake; quoted regulations date from the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods. – Muxue jinzhen 幕學金鍼, with anon. pref. (n.d.), comprising 11 “discussions” (論) on various aspects of criminal justice and procedure. According to the pref., the author is a certain Wu Yinmu 吳音木, a cisu 詞宿 (man with experience about lawsuits?) from Hangzhou who spent more than twenty years as a private secretary in Sichuan, and based himself on Ban’an yaolüe [q.v.] to compose his own treatise. – Ge’an wentou 各案問頭, by Li Guanlan 李觀瀾 (z. Xuzhou 虛舟, from Shanyin 山陰, Jiangsu), on the techniques of questioning (including torture), listing a concrete set of questions that the investigator must ask criminals, witnesses, and victims in a variety of criminal circumstances. (Li Guanlan, a private secretary, was one of the original compilers of Xiyuan lu jizheng, q.v.) – Niding yingzhi yinggui zhangcheng 擬定營制營規章程, a lengthy set of regulations on military camps. – Qiuque zhai dizi ji junmu zhaichao 求闕齋弟子記軍暮摘鈔, a composite set of regulations for the military, including rules on Yangzi water-borne forces (長江水師章程十條) proposed by Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 and others in 1868. – The last two texts, titled Guwen guanjian lunwen 古文關鍵論文 and Tianyue shanguan lunwen yuanliu 天岳山館論文源流, are on ancient writing styles and literary genres. [PEW]

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1406 1157

7.2 congshu by several authors

Dulü shizhong 讀律十種 [Ten Works on Reading the Law] Anon. 1868 Ed.:

– *1868 Chubei Chongwen shuju 楚北崇文書局 ed. [Beitu]

Rem.: Includes the following ten works (qq.v.), most of them by Wang Huizu or Liu Heng:

– Dulü xinde – Shuliao wenda – Yuyang ren shoujing – Dai Zhili zongdu quanyu muling wen – Yongli yongyan – Zuozhi yaoyan – Xu zuozhi yaoyan – Xuezhi yishuo – Xuezhi xushuo – [Xuezhi] shuozhui [PEW] 1158

Muling qizhong 牧令七種 [Seven Works for Magistrates] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *A set of works published by Jiangsu shuju 江蘇書局 (or Gusu 姑蘇 shuju) in 1868 under the sponsorship of Ding Richang 丁日昌 and fitting in one tao; the title Muling qizhong and the name of Ding as compiler (輯) appear in the cat. only; the same set is also found in several libraries under the general title Muling quanshu (q.v.), or Muling shu qizhong (Chicago). [Shoudu]

Rem.: The following works (qq.v.) are included:

– – – –

Mumin zhonggao, 2 j. (Gusu shuju, 1868) Qinban zhouxian shiyi (Jiangsu shuju, 1868) Muling shu jiyao (Jiangsu shuju, 1868) Baojia shu jiyao (Jiangsu shuju, 1868)

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1407

1157–1161

– Liu Lianfang xiansheng lizhi sanshu (i.e., Yongli yongyan, Shuliao wenda, and Dulü xinde) (Jiangsu shuju, 1868) [PEW] 1159

Muling sizhong 牧令四種 [Four Works for Magistrates] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *Hubei Chongwen shuju 湖北崇文書局 ed., 1868–1874. [Beitu]

Rem.: A set of four works (qq.v.) published by Hubei Chongwen shuju:

– Muling shu jiyao (engraved 1869) – Zuozhi yaoyan (engraved 1868) – Yongli yongyan (engraved 1868) – Xuezhi yide bian (engraved 1874) [PEW] 1160

Muling quanshu 牧令全書 [A Complete Book for Magistrates] Anon. N.d. Ed.:

– *A set of works published by Jiangsu shuju 江蘇書局 (or Gusu 姑蘇 shuju) in 1868, or by Yangcheng shuju 羊城書局 (in Guangzhou) in 1873, under the sponsorship of Ding Richang 丁日昌 and contained in two tao. In the Beitu copy the title Muling quanshu appears only in the cat. (given as “anonymous”) and on the edge of the first fasc.; in the Beida copy, it appears only in the cat., on the edge of the fascicles, and on a label on the first fasc.; in the Ōki copy it appears only in the cat. [*Beida, Yangzheng shuju 1873 ed.] [*Beitu] [*Ōki, eds. of individual works mostly undated] [BN]

Rem.: See under Muling qizhong for the list of works included.

[PEW] 1161

Congzheng xu yulu 從政緒餘錄, 7 j. [Supplementary Record of Thoughts concerning the Pursuit of Governance] Comp. (輯) Chen Kun 陳坤 (z. Zihou 子厚), from Qiantang 錢塘 (Zhejiang) 1881 pref.

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1408

7.2 congshu by several authors

Ed.:

– Undated ed. (in 3 ce) with pref. by Chen Kun (1881). – *1883 Rubuji zhai ed. 如不及齋藏板, with pref. by Chen Kun (1881). [*Beitu] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunko] – *Same as above, in Rubuji zhai huichao, erji 二集, fasc. 19–22. [*Harvard] [*Tōyō Bunko]

Rem.: The author claims to have been a devoted reader of the Penal Code ever since youth, when he had to drop classical studies for lack of means. He apparently started as a legal adviser before becoming an official. Congzheng xu yulu is the result of an accumulation of notes taken during a forty-year career, dealing mostly with problems about the law. It can be regarded as a mini-congshu, composed of the following seven texts (qq.v.), either by Chen himself or by other authors:

– Ban’an jilüe – Ban’an falüe – Gongdu zhaiyao – Lüli qiyan – Xiyuan lu bianzheng – Jiuming shu – Waihai jiyao Ref. and studies: Ma, 135 (Beiping). Chang, 1:152 (1883 ed.). [PEW] 1162

Linmin yaolüe 臨民要略 [Essentials for Governing the People] Comp. Ge Yuanxu 葛元煦 (h. Lizhai 理齋), from Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang) 1881 pref. Ed.:

– *In Ge’s Xiaoyuan congshu, with pref. (總序) by Bian Baocheng 邊葆誠 (1881) and colophon (總跋) by Ge Yuanxu (1881). [*Fu Sinian] [*IHEC] [*Ōki]

Rem.: Includes the following works (qq.v.), all devoted to the magistrate’s tasks:

– Xuezhi yide bian – Mingxing guanjian lu – Dulü guanlang – Wuzhong pandu [PEW]

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1409

1161–1163 1163

Muling xuzhi sizhong 牧令須知四種 [Four Works that Magistrates Must Know] Comp. Pan Wei 潘霨 (z. Weiru 偉如, h. Hanyuan 韓園) (1816–94), from Wuxian 吳縣 (Jiangsu) 1882 Ed.:

– *1882 small-sized ed. engraved by Pan Hanyuan (i.e., Pan Wei) from Suzhou 蘇州韓園潘氏鋟版, cover-leaf calligraphed by Pan Zhongrui 潘鍾瑞, with prefs. by Pan Wei (n.d.) and Pan Conglong 潘從龍 (n.d.). [*Jimbun] [*Ōki] [*Tōyō Bunka, Imahori collection, without Pan Conglong’s pref.]

Rem.: This mini-congshu includes the following works:

– – – –

Da Qing lüli gejue (q.v.) Da Qing lüli mingdao zhaiyao (see under Da Qing lüli gejue) Xiyuan lu gejue (q.v.), with Jijiu fang 急救方 appended Jianyan zashuo gejue 檢驗雜說歌訣, 1 j., with Qisha shi 七殺式, 1 j., appended

To this 4-work congshu is added a third fasc. containing the following texts (qq.v.):

– Dulü xinde, with pref. by Wu Jiabin (1836) and postf. by Liu Liangju (1836) – Shuliao wenda, with prefs. by Liu Heng (1830), Zhuo Bingtian (1837), and Yang Shida (1837) – Yuyang shanren shoujing – Dai Zhili zongdu quanyu muling wen

In his pref. Pan Wei confesses that when he was a magistrate and had a hard time reading the Penal Code he greatly benefited from the first four works as well as from Liu Heng’s Dulü xinde and He Gengsheng’s Xuezhi yide lu (i.e., bian) (qq.v.), all of which he had been able to acquire; after he arrived in Hubei and saw that they had not yet been published by the Hubei official press he decided on the present reengraving, specifically for the benefit of beginners. Bio.: A student by purchase (監生), Pan Wei bought his way into the administration. He served as magistrate in several places in Zhili (1855–61), and is said to have been remarked by the empress dowager Cixi during the flight of the court to Jehol in 1860. He then held positions of intendant in Shandong and Zhejiang, became surveillance commissioner of Shandong (1868) and Fujian (1869), administration commissioner of Fujian (1870) and Hubei (1877), governor of Hubei (1878), Jiangxi (1882), and Guizhou (1885–91). See Wu XZ (1933), 66B/40a–b; Renming quanwei. [PEW]

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1410 1164

7.2 congshu by several authors

Rumu xuzhi wuzhong 入幕須知五種 [Five Works on Things to Know for Entering Private Sercretary Service] Comp. Zhang Tingxiang 張廷驤 (z. Hanbo 翰伯), from Yuanhe 元和 (Jiangsu) 1884 Ed.:

– *1884 ed. with prefs. by Gu Zhaoxi 顧肇熙 (1884), Pei Yinsen 裴陰[蔭] 森 (1887), colophon (跋) by Liu Shutang 劉樹堂 (1885), fanli by Zhang Tingxiang, postf. by Wang Shiren 汪士仁 (1883); date of engraving (third to tenth month 1884) indicated in last entry of fanli, which also lists the officials and gentlemen who contributed funds. [*Beitu] [*Congress/LL] [*Gugong Taipei, without Pei’s pref.] [*Harvard, with label dated 1885 and calligraphed by Liu Shutang] [*Tōyō Bunko, with Liu Shutang’s 1885 label on case, cover-leaf calligraphed by Shen Yu 沈裕, without Pei’s pref.] – *Undated ed. with labels calligraphed in 1885, with prefs. by Gu Zhaoxi (1884), Pei Yinsen (1887), colophon by Liu Shutang (1885), fanli by Zhang Tingxiang. – *1892 Zhejiang shuju new ed. with pref. by Gu Zhaoxi (1884), colophon by Liu Shutang (1885), Zhang Tingxiang’s fanli, postf. by Wang Shiren (1883). [*Beitu, without Liu Shutang’s colophon and with pref. to Muxue juyao inserted before the fanli] [*IHEC, with pref. to Muxue juyao inserted before Liu Shutang’s colophon and the fanli, and Shenkan nishi (q.v.) appended (in a different engraving)] [*Ōki] – *Undated Beijing Ronglu tang ed. 京都榮錄堂藏板, with pref. by Gu Zhaoxi (1884), Wan Weihan’s “original pref.” to Muxue juyao, Zhang Tingxiang’s fanli, postf. by Wang Shiren (1883). [Ōki] – *Photo-repro. of 1892 ed. (Lin Shutang’s colophon placed at the end), Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1968 ( Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan, ser. 27, no. 269). – Photo-repro. of unspecified ed., in ZSJC, vol. 10 (without Wang Huizu’s texts).

Rem.: Includes the following works (qq.v.), arranged chronologically: – – – – –

Muxue juyao, by Wan Weihan Zuozhi yaoyan and Xu zuozhi yaoyan, by Wang Huizu Xuezhi yishuo and Xuezhi xushuo, by Wang Huizu Ban’an yaolue, by Wang Yinting [Youhuai] Xingmu yaolüe (anon.) A text titled Zhuiyan shize 贅言十則, by Zhang Tingxiang, with 1885

intro., is appended. According to Zhang’s fanli, Xingmu yaolüe is the only

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1164–1165

text to have been subjected to a degree of editing and enlarging. The other titles strictly follow the original texts. It is noted that only the texts by Wang Huizu are free of errors because there have been many printed eds.; the others were circulated in ms. copies, leading to errors that the editor has tried to correct. Some notes have been added in the upper margin mentioning recent regulations or texts. Zhang Tingxiang’s “Ten items” consist of considerations on the job of private secretary and why this “knowledge” should be taken seriously (Zhang himself had a career of private secretary in Zhili).

Ref. and studies: Ma, 130–1 (Beiping) (1884 ed.). Yang Jialuo, Congshu da cidian, 1196. Guo Runtao, “Ban’an yaolüe yu Xingming yide,” 258–60. [PEW] 1165

Mumin baojian 牧民寶鑒 [A Precious Mirror for Shepherding the People] Comp. Wang Wenshao 王文韶 (z. Kuishi 夔石, h. Tuipu 退圃, s. Wenqin 文勤) (1830–1908) (js. 1852), from Renhe 仁和 (Zhejiang) 1894 pref. Ed.:

– *Undated Yunnan Likin General Bureau ed. 板存雲南釐金總局 with pref. by Yun-Gui governor-general (滇黔使) Wang Wenshao (1894) titled Heke lize qizhong xu 合刻吏則七種序; it says that the collection was engraved by the compiler in Hunan; however, Wang’ pref. to Huanyou jilüe (see below), of the same date, is to a “Yunnan engraving” (Dianke 滇刻). [*Shoudu] [Ōki] – *Unattributed ed. (no cover-leaf) with pref. (Heke lize qizhong xu) by Wang Wenshao (1894); title given by librarian Heke lize qizhong; Pingping yan is missing, but a copy obviously belonging to the same series is found separately in the library (see under Pingping yan, 1893 ed.). [CASS Jinshisuo]

Rem.: Includes the following seven works (qq.v.): – – – – – – –

Xuezhi yishuo and its sequels Zuozhi yaoyan and its sequels Yongli yongyan Dulü xinde Shuliao wenda Huanyou jilüe by Gao Tingyao Pingping yan

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7.2 congshu by several authors

Wang’s pref. states that officials should find in these few works the necessary materials to fulfill their task in such difficult times: when one is ill one does not need many treatises to find the right prescription.

Bio.: After his jinshi Wang Wenshao was employed as a bureau secretary in the Ministry of Revenue (1852–58). Following a period of mourning he continued in the ministry, being eventually promoted to bureau director (1863). His provincial career started in 1864 as circuit intendant in Hubei, from which he was promoted to surveillance commissioner (1867), then administration commissioner, a position he then held in Hunan (1869), later becoming governor of that province (1872–78), where he dealt with Miao uprisings among other problems. From 1878 on he was employed in the Grand Council, being concurrently vice-minister of Rites, War, and Revenue at various points, and employed in the Zongli Yamen 總理衙門 (the ministerial court in charge of foreign affairs) during the years 1878–82. After a period back home to take care of his aged mother, he served as governor of Hunan (1888–89), then governorgeneral of Yunnan and Guizhou (1889–94), where he dealt with various rebellions and resisted the encroachments of the British and French, and of Zhili (1895–98). During his last years he assumed a variety of responsibilities at the capital and in Zhili and received many honors. See QSG, 437/12375–76; BZJbu, 1/11b–14b; QSLZ, 64/6b–16b; Qingdai qibai, 1:378–87; Renming quanwei. [LG]

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Yu Shenchu 俞慎初, Zhongguo yixue jianshi 中國醫學簡史. Fuzhou: Fujian kexue jishu chubanshe, 1983. Yu Zhijia 于志嘉, “Cong ‘Xunci’ kan Mingmo Zhi Yu Jin jiaojie diqu de weisuo junhu yu junmin susong” 從《㽦辭》看明末直豫晉交界地區的衛所軍戶與軍民訴訟, Zhongyang yanjiuyuan lishi yuyan yanjiusuo jikan, 75, 2 (2004), 745–95. Zhan Wanqiang 詹挽强, “Cong pandu Fupan lucun kan Qingdai zhonghouqi Guanzhong diqu de hehuo jingying ji susong” 從判牘《府判錄存》看清代中後期 關中地區的合伙經營及訴訟, Xi’an shiyou daxue xuebao (shehui kexue ban), 2011, 5: 82–86. Zhang Aimin 張愛民, “Zeng Hu zhibing yulu banben neirong shulun” 曾胡治兵語錄版 本內容述論, Chuban yu yinshua, 2014, 2: 22–25. Zhang Boyuan 張伯元, “Da Ming lü jijie fuli ‘jijie’ kao” 《大明律集解附例》“集解” 考, Huadong zhengfa xueyuan bao, 2000, 6: 36–40. Zhang Boyuan 張伯元, “Lu Jian Dulü guanjian jikao” 陸柬《讀律管見》輯考, in He Qinhua, Lüxue kao, 370–84. Zhang Boyuan 張伯元, Falü wenxian zhengli yu yanjiu 法律文獻整理與研究. Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2005. Zhang Boyuan 張伯元, Lüzhu wenxian congkao 律注文獻從考. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2009 (Yang Yifan 楊一凡 [ed.], Zhongguo fazhi shi kaozheng xubian 中國法製史考證續編, vol. 2). Zhang Jinfan 張晉藩, “Qingdai sijia zhulü de jiexi” 清代私家注律的解析, in He Qinghua, Lüxue kao, 452–77. Zhang Jinfan 張晉藩 (ed.), Qingdai lüxue mingzhu xuanjie 清代律學名著選介. Beijing: Zhongguo zhengfa daxue chubanshe, 2009. Zhang Wencai 張文才, Baizhan qifa qianshuo 百戰奇法淺說. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 1987. Zhang Xiangwen 張祥穩, “Shilun Qingdai Qianlong chao zhongyang zhengfu zhenji zaimin zhengce de juti shishi: yi Qianlong shiyi nian Jiangsu Pizhou, Xiuqian, Taoyuan san zhouxian shuizai zhenji wei li” 試論清代乾隆朝中央政府賑濟災民 政策的具體實施 —以乾隆十一年江蘇邳州、宿遷、桃源三州縣水災賑濟為例 , Qingshi yanjiu 2007, 1: 49–56. Zhang Xiqing 張希清 and Wang Xiumei 王秀梅 (eds.), Guandian 官典. Changchun: Jilin renmin chubanshe, 1998, 4 vols. Zhang Youyu 張友漁, Zhongguo gudai falü sanbai ti 中國古代法律三百題, 1957, reprint Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1991. Zhao Qian 趙倩, “Cong Fanshan pandu kan Qingdai nüzi jicheng quan” 從樊山判牘看 清代女子繼承權, Fazhi yu shehui, 23 (2008), 323. Zheng Han 鄭涵, Lü Kun nianpu 呂坤年譜. Zhengzhou: Zhongghou guji chubanshe, 1985.

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Zheng Liangsheng 鄭樑生, “Yicun Riben de Piyu zaji” 佚存日本的《甓餘雜集》, in Zheng, Zhong Ri guanxi shi yanjiu lunji 中日關係史研究論集, vol. 11 (Taipei: Wenshizhe chubanshe, 2001), 117–36. Zheng Qin 鄭秦, Qingdai sifa shenpan zhidu yanjiu 清代司法審判制度研究. Changsha: Hunan jiaoyu chubanshe, 1988. Zheng Zhenduo 鄭振鐸, Jiezhong de shu ji 劫中得書記. Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2006 (orig. ed. 1956). Zheng Zhenman 鄭振滿, “Qingdai Fujian difang caizheng yu zhengfu zhineng de yanbian: Fujian shengli yanjiu” 清代福建地方財政與政府職能的演變—《福建省例》 研究, paper delivered at the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 25 June 2009. Zhongguo bingshu jicheng weiyuanhui 中國兵書集成委員會 (ed.), Zhongguo bingshu jicheng. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 1988–95, 50 vols. Zhongguo guji shanben shumu bianji weiyuanhui 中國古籍善本書目編輯委員會 (comp.), Zhongguo guji shanben shumu. Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1990 (叢部), 1993 (史部), 1996 (子部). Zhongguo kexueyuan tushuguan 中國科學院圖書館 (ed.), Xuxiu siku quanshu zongmu tiyao (gaoben) 續修四庫全書總目提要 (稿本). Jinan: Qi Lu shushe, 1996, 37 vols. Zhou Guangpei 周光培 (ed.), Qingdai biji xiaoshuo 清代筆記小說. Shijiazhuang: Hebei jiaoyu chubanshe, 1996, 50 vols. Zhou Shaoyuan 周少元 and Han Xiutao 韓秀桃, “Zhongguo gudai xianzhi yu guanzhen sixiang: yi Qinban zhouxian shiyi wei li” 中國古代縣治與官箴思想— 以《欽頒州縣事宜》為例, Zhengfa luntan, 2001, 2: 147–54. Zhou Zhiyuan 周致元, Mingdai huangzheng wenxian yanjiu 明代荒政文獻研究. Hefei: Anhui daxue chubanshe, 2007. Zhou Zimei 周子美, Tianyi ge cangshu jingjian lu 天一閣藏書經見錄. Shanghai: Huadong shifan daxue, 1986. Zou Jing 鄒經, “Jixiao xinshu” “Lianbin shiji” zongshuo “紀效新書” “練兵實紀” 總說. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 1987.

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List of Congshu Note: The “specialized congshu” described in the Bibliography, Section 7, are not included here. Baibu congshu jicheng 百部叢書集成. Taipei: Yiwen yinshuguan, 1965–70. [Photo-repro. of the 100 congshu used as a source for Congshu jicheng chubian (q.v.); duplication is avoided when the same text features in several congshu.]. Baichuan xuehai 百川學海, comp. Zuo Gui 左圭 (Song). – 1501 ed. by Hua Cheng 華珵, from Wuxi 無錫. –  Late-Ming ed. – 1921 Shanghai Bogu zhai 博古齋 photo-repro. ed. of Hua Cheng ed. – 1927 photo-repro. of incomplete Xianchun-period (1265–74) ed., missing parts supplied from, and arranged according to mulu of, Hua Cheng ed. – 1930 ed. of same contents, arranged according to original Song mulu. Bailing xueshan 百陵學山, ed. Wang Wan 王完, 1568, 1584. Photo-repro. of 1568 ed., in Yingyin Yuan Ming shanben congshu shizhong 景印元明善本叢書十種, Changsha: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1938. Banmu yuan congshu 半畝園叢書, comp. Wu Kunxiu 吳坤修. Tongzhi-era Xinjian Wu-family ed. published in Anqing (Anhui) 新建吳氏皖城刊. Baohongye congshu 鮑紅葉叢書, comp. Bao Zuxiang 鮑祖祥. 1907 typeset Beijing Guxiang nüzi 古香女子 ed.; reprint Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 1978. Baoyan tang miji 寶顏堂秘/祕笈 (1606 pref.), ed. Chen Jiru 陳繼儒 (h. Meigong 眉公), with sequels. [Libraries hold numerous copies of this congshu compiled by Chen Jiru and carved by the Xiushui Shen-family Shangbai zhai 繡水沈氏尚白齋 during the Wanli period and later. Variants seem to be many. The collection itself is mentioned in catalogs with variant names and lists of contents, such as Shangbai zhai juan Chen Meigong jiacang miji 尚白齋鐫陳眉公家藏秘笈 (1673 pref.), and others. For alternate titles of the Miji and its sequels, see Zhongguo congshu zonglu, 1:45–48.]. – 1606 ed. engraved by the Xiushui 秀水 Shen-family Shangbai zhai, with prefs. by Yao Shilin 姚士麟 (n.d.) and Chen Wanyan 陳萬言 (1606). Mulu has title 尚百齋鐫 陳眉公訂正祕笈. Sequels titled xuji 續集, guangji 廣集 (1615), puji 普集 (1620), huiji 彙集, and Meigong zazhu 眉公雜著. –  Photo-repro. of 1606 ed. (less some texts for which the eds. in other congshu have been preferred), in Baibu congshu jicheng, no. 18. – Litho. ed., Shanghai: Wenming shuju, 1922, including the sequels. Baqi congshu 八旗叢書, comp. (輯抄) Fucha Enfeng 富察恩豐, with compiler’s pref. (n.d.).

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–  Guangxu-period ms. ed. [Harvard]. –  Photo-repro. of Harvard copy, Beijing: Renmin chubanshe / Chonqing: Xinan shifan daxue chubanshe, 2012 (Yuwai hanji zhenben wenku). –  Photo-repro. of same ed., Shenyang: Liaohai chubanshe, 2015 (Baqi wenxian jicheng, ser. 1, vol. 1–5). Biji xiaoshuo daguan 筆記小說大觀, comp. Jinbu shuju 進步書局. Shanghai: Jinbu shuju litho. ed., 1930s. Chang’en shushi congshu 長恩書室叢書, comp. Zhuang Zhaolin 莊肇麟, from Xinchang 新昌. 1854 Zhuang-family Guoke xuan 莊氏過客軒 ed. (1854 and 1855 prefs.). Congshu jicheng chubian 叢書集成初編. – Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan typeset ed. (a few titles in photo-repro.), 1935–37, 3,467 fasc. (out of 4,000 planned). – Reprint Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985–91, 4,000 fasc. – Reprint Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1991. Congshu jicheng jianbian 叢書集成簡編. Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu yinshuguan, 1965– 66, 861 fascs. Congshu jicheng xinbian 新編. Taipei: Xin wenfeng chubanshe, 1985. Congshu jicheng xubian 續編. – Taipei: Xin wenfeng chuban gongsi, 1989. – Shanghai: Shanghai shudian chubanshe, 1994 (different selection of titles). Congshu jicheng sanbian 三編. Taipei: Xin wenfeng chubanshe, 1996. Dainan ge congshu 岱南閣叢書, comp. Sun Xingyan 孫星衍, from Lanling 蘭陵. –  Qianlong-Jiaqing period Sun-family ed. –  Photo-repro. ed. of same ed., Shanghai: Bogu zhai 博古齋, 1924. Daiyuan congshu 貸園叢書, comp. Zhou Yongnian 周永年, from Licheng 歷城. 1789 Zhou-family Zhuxi shuwu 竹西書屋 ed. Deyueyi congshu 得月簃叢書, comp. (Changbai) Rongyu 長白榮譽. 1830–32 Changbai Rong-family ed. Dixiang zhai congshu 棣香齋叢書 (alternative title Loudong zazhu 婁東雜著), comp. Shao Tinglie 邵廷烈. 1833 Taicang Dongling-family ed. 太倉東陵氏. Duhua zhai congshu 讀畫齋叢書, 8 series (集). Tongchuan 桐川 Gu-family ed., with pref. by Gu Xiu 顧修 (1799). Gezhi congshu 格致叢書, comp. Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥. Wanli-period ed. [Many eds., with variable contents. The texts concerning the present bibliography are found (not necessarily all of them) in the ed. at Congress (156 works), in the ed. in 93 ce at Kokkai, in the ed. at Shoudu, in the ed. at Zhongshan, and in one of the eds. at Beitu.] Guangbaichuan xuehai 廣百川學海, 10 series (集), comp. Feng Kebin 馮可賓. – Undated late-Ming ed.

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List of Congshu

– Reprint Taipei: Xinxing shuju, 1970. Guanzhong congshu 關中叢書. Shaanxi Provincial Gazetteer Bureau ed. 陝西通志館 印, 1934–36. Haishan xianguan congshu 海山仙館叢書, comp. Pan Shicheng 潘仕成. – Panyu 番禺 Pan-family ed., 1845–51. – Reprint Nanjing: Fenghuang chubanshe, 2010. Haiwang cun guji congshu 海王邨古籍叢書, 1638 pref.. Photo-repro. ed., Beijing: Zhongguo shudian, 1990–91. Han Wei congshu 漢魏叢書, comp. Cheng Rong 程榮. Shanghai Hanfen lou photorepro. ed. (1925). [Zengding 增訂] Han Wei congshu, comp. Wang Mo 王謨, 1791, with 1792 pref. by Chen Lansen 陳蘭森. [Guang 廣] Han Wei congshu, ed. He Yunzhong 何允中, Jiaqing period. Hanhai 函海, comp. Li Diaoyuan 李調元. Qianlong-period ed. of the Li-family Wanjuan lou 萬卷樓 at Mianzhou 綿州 (Sichuan); Jiaqing-period rev. ed. (重校); 1825 enlarged ed.; 1881–82 new ed. Hou zhibuzu zhai congshu 後知不足齋叢書, comp. Bao Tingjue 鮑廷爵. Guangxu-period Changshu 常熟 Bao-family ed. Huailu yuan congkan 懷潞園叢刊, comp. Li Jiaji 李嘉績. Li-family Daigeng tang 代耕 堂 ed., 1886–1902. Huhai lou congshu 湖海樓叢書, comp. Chen Chun 陳春. Xiaoshan Chen-family Huhai lou ed. 蕭山陳氏湖海樓, 1809–19. Huhai lou congshu xubian 續編, comp. (編次) Zhang Zhidong 張之洞, part of Houhai lou congshu quanji 全集. 1883 new printing (新刊) of unnamed office (板藏署內). Jiaye tang congshu 嘉業堂叢書, comp. (輯) Liu Chenggan 劉承幹. 1918 Wuxing 吳興 Liu-family ed. Jieyue shanfang huichao 借月山房彙鈔, comp. Zhang Haipeng 張海鵬, 16 series (集), 1809. Bogu zhai 博古齋 facsimile ed., Shanghai, 1920. Jifu congshu 畿輔叢書. – 1879 Qiande tang 謙德堂 ed. by Wang Hao, from Dingzhou 定州王灝. – Qiande tang 謙德堂 ed. by Wang Hao, with prefs. by Miao Quansun 繆筌孫 and Tao Xiang 陶湘 (1913), title Jifu congshu chubian 初編. – Reprint Shijiazhuang: Hebei renmin chubanshe, 1986. Jiguo zhai congshu 記過齋叢書, comp. Su Yuansheng 蘇源生. Yanling Su family 鄢陵蘇 氏 ed., 1850–68. Jindai mishu 津逮祕書, comp. Mao Jin 毛晉, 1630 pref. Yushan Mao-family Jigu ge 虞山毛氏汲古閣 ed.; 1922 Shanghai Bogu zhai 博古齋 photo-repro. ed. Jingchuan congshu 涇川叢書, comp. Zhao Shaozu 趙紹祖 and Zhao Shengzu 趙繩祖. 1832 ed. of the Jingxian 涇縣 Zhao-family Gumo zhai 古墨齋藏板.

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Jingxianglou congshu 敬鄉樓叢書, 3 series, comp. Huang Qun 黃羣. 1929 Yongjia 永嘉 Huang-family typeset ed. Miaoyuan congshu 邈園叢書, comp. Luo Zhenchang 羅振常. Photolitho. ed., Shanghai: Tanyin lu 蟫隱廬, 1936–38; 1944 new ed. Mingbian zhai congshu 明辨齋叢書, comp. and publ. Yu Zhaojun 余肇鈞. Changsha, Tongzhi-period ed. Mingshi xueshan 明世學山, comp. Zheng Zi 鄭梓. – 1554 ed. –  Late-Qing ms. copy of same ed. [Beitu]. Mohai jinhu 墨海金壺, comp. Zhang Haipeng 張海鵬. 1809 ed.; reprint Shanghai: Bogu zhai 博古齋, 1921. Muzhong tai ji 木鐘臺集, comp. Tang Shu 唐樞. 1556 ed., revised 1573. Muzhong tai quanji 木鐘臺全集, comp. Tang Shu 唐樞. – Ed. with 1573 pref. – 1856 new ed. (重鐫) from the Huzhou Tang-family Academy 唐氏書院藏板. –  Photo-repro. of 1856 ed., in SKCMCS, 子, vol. 162–163. Ouxiang lingshi 藕香零拾, comp. Miao Quansun 繆荃孫. Jiangyin 江陰 Miao-family ed., 1896–1910. Qingzhao tang congshu 青照堂叢書 (初編、次編、三編), comp. Li Yuanchun 李元春. 1835 ed. by Liu Jiqing 劉際清, from Chaoyi 朝邑, et al. Qiuling xueshan 丘陵學山, ed. Wang Wenlu 王文祿, 1568. Shanghai Shangwu Hanfenlou 上海商務涵芬樓 photo-repro. ed., 1938. Qiushi zhai congshu 求實齋叢書, comp. Jiang Dejun 蔣德鈞. 1891 ed. of the Xiangxiang 湘鄉 Jiang family (including earlier printings). Qixiu shanfang congshu 啟秀山房叢書, anon. (alternate title Xuehai tang congke 學海 堂叢刻). Guangxu-period ed. Rongyuan congshu 榕園叢書, comp. Zhang Bingyan 張丙炎, rev. Zhang Yunyi 張允顗. Undated (Tongzhi-period) Zhenzhou 真州 Zhang-family ed.; 1913 new ed. Rubuji zhai huichao 如不及齋彙鈔 (初集、二集), comp. Chen Kun 陳坤, from Qiantang 錢塘. Undated (Tongzhi-Guangxu periods) Qiantang Chen-family ed. Shangbai zhai miji 尚白齋秘笈, comp. Chen Jiru 陳繼儒 (pref. 1606). Xiushui Shen-family ed. 繡水沈衙藏板, part of Baoyan tang miji (see above). Shigu ju huichao 式古居彙鈔, comp. Qian Xizuo 錢熙祚. 1826 Jinshan 金山 Qian-family ed., based on a ms. copy made from Jieyue shanfang huichao (see above). Shixue zhai congshu 仕學齋叢書, comp. Zhou Binghuang 周昺潢. Daoguang-period ed. Shoushan ge congshu 守山閣叢書, comp. and ed. Qian Xizuo 錢熙祚, with supplement titled Zhucong bielu 珠叢別錄, 1844. photo-repro. ed., Shanghai: Bogu zhai 博古齋, 1922. Shuofu 說郛 comp. Tao Zongyi 陶宗儀 (z. Jiucheng 九成) (1329–1510).

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– 1647 (?) ed. of Liang-Jiang education commissioner Li Jiqi 李際期. – Ed. of the Wanwei shantang 宛委山堂藏板 in 120 j., with prefs. by Wang Yingchang 王應昌 (to 重校, 1647), Yu Wenbo 郁文博 (to 較正, 1496), Yang Weizhen 楊維禎 (n.d.), Li Jiqi 李際期 (to 重較明, 1746); with Shuofu xu. – Ed. in 120 j., in Siku quanshu, vol. 876–882. –  Photo-repro. of Ming ed., Hanfen lou ed., Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1927. –  Photo-repro. of Hanfen lou ed., Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1988. – Typeset ed. of 100-j. ed., based on a Ming ms. ed., Taipei: Xinxing shuju, 1963. Shuofu sanzhong 說郛三種 (Shuofu, 100 j.; Shuofu, 120 j. comp. by Tao Zongyi 陶宗儀; Shuofu xu, 46 j.), Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1989, based on a Hanfen lou photo-repro. of Ming ed. of Shuofu. Shuofu xu 說郛續, comp. Tao Ting 陶珽 (js. 1610). Wanwei shantang 宛委山堂 ed., 1646, 1647 (修補); photo-repro. of same ed., in Xuxiu SKQS, vol. 1189–1192. Shusanwei lou congshu 書三味樓叢書, comp. Zhang Yingshi 張應時. 1819 Huating 華亭 Zhang-family Sanwei lou ed. Sibu congkan 四部叢刊, comp. Zhang Yuanji 張元濟. Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1919–, 2,100 vols. Sibu congkan guangbian 廣編. Taipei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1981. Sibu congkan xinbian 新編. Taipei: Xin wenfeng chubanshe, 1985. Sibu congkan xubian 續編. Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1934; reprint Taipei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1966; reprint Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 1984. Siming congshu 四明叢書, comp. Zhang Shouyong 張壽鏞, 4 series 集. Siming Zhang-family Yueyuan 約園 ed., 1932–36. Reprint Taipei: Xin wenfeng chubanshe, 1988. Tanji congshu 檀几叢書, and Tanji congshu yuji 餘集, comp. Wang Zhuo 王晫 and Zhang Chao 張潮. 1695 ed. of the Xin’an 新安 Zhang-family Xiaju tang 霞舉堂. Tianrang ge congshu 天壤閣叢書, comp. Wang Yirong 王懿榮. Fushan 福山 Wang-family ed. (texts printed between 1855 and 1884). 1927 Yiyun jingshe 一雲精舍 new ed. Xiaoyuan congshu 嘯園叢書, comp. Ge Yuanxu 葛元煦 (h. Lizhai 理齋), from Renhe 仁和. Renhe Ge-family ed. with 1883 pref. Xieyu congtan 屑玉叢譚, comp. Qian Zheng 錢徵 and Cai Erkang 蔡爾康, pref. 1878. Shanghai: Shenbao guan typeset ed. in Wuying dian style 上海申報館仿聚珍板印, 1878–80. Xingli huitong xubian 性理會通續編, ed. Wang Xingcheng 張行成 and Zhong Renjie 鍾人傑. Undated (late-Ming) Guangyu jujin tang 光裕聚錦堂 ed. Xiyin xuan congshu 惜陰軒叢書, comp. Li Xiling 李錫齡. 1846 Hongdao shuyuan 宏道 書院 ed., with 1858 xubian 續編 ; 1896 ed. printed in Changsha. Xiyong xuan congshu 喜詠軒叢書, comp. Tao Xiang 陶湘. Wujin 武進 Tao-family Sheyuan 涉園 litho. ed., 1926–30.

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List of Congshu

1443

Xu guyi congshu 續古逸叢書, comp. Zhang Yuanji 張元濟. Hanfen lou ed., Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1922–38. Xuanlan tang congshu 玄覽堂叢書, ed. Zheng Zhenduo 鄭振鐸. Shanghai: Jinghua yinshua gongsi (i.e., Commercial Press), 1941. Xuanlan tang congshu xuji 玄覽堂叢書續集, ed. Zheng Zhenduo 鄭振鐸. Nanjing: Guoli zhongyang tushuguan, 1947; reprint Yangzhou: Guangling guji keyinshe, 1987; Yangzhou: Guangling shushe, 2012. Xuehai leibian 學海類編, comp. Cao Rong 曹溶 (1613–85), ed. Tao Yue 陶越. 1831 Liu’an 六安 Chao 晁-family movable-type ed.; photo-repro. of same ed., Shanghai: Hanfen lou, 1920. Xuejin taoyuan 學津討原, comp. Zhang Haipeng 張海鵬. 1805 Changshu 常熟 Zhang-family Zhaokuang ge 照曠閣 ed.; reprint Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1922. Xunmin tang congshu 遜敏堂叢書, comp. Huang Zhimo (Zhengbo) from Yihuang 宜黃黃秩模正伯父編輯, with pref. by Jiang Zeng 姜曾 (1851). 1848 Huang-family movable-type ed. Yanyi zhilin 鹽邑志林, comp. Fan Weicheng 樊維城. [1623] ed. Photo-repro. of same ed., Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1937 (Yingyin Yuan Ming shanben congshu ser.). Yicun congshu 佚存叢書, ser. 1, 1882 ed. based on the original Japanese Yicun congshu compiled by Hayashi Hitoshi 林衡 (h. Tempō sanjin 天瀑山人) (1799). Yihai huihan 藝海彙函, comp. Mei Chun 梅純. Undated [1507?] Ming ms. ed. [Nanjing]. Youfu dushu tang congke 有福讀書堂叢刻, comp. Wu Yinsun 吳引孫, 1901 pref. by compiler. Yangzhou Wu-family ed. 板藏揚州吳氏, 1897–1900. Yueya tang congshu 粵雅堂叢書, comp. Wu Chongyao 伍崇曜 from Nanhai 南海. 1850–85 family ed.; reprint Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1935–40; reprint Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 1974. Zegu zhai congchao 澤古齋叢鈔 (or 重鈔), publ. by Chen Huang 陳璜. 1823 Shanghai Chen-family ed. [A revised version of Jieyue shanfang huichao (see above)]. Zhaodai congshu 昭代叢書. – 1697–1703 ed. of the Saoye shanfang in Suzhou 吳門埽葉山房臧 [藏] 版, in 3 series (集), comp. Zhang Chao 張潮 (z. Shanlai 山來, Xinzhai 心齋), from Shexian 歙縣. – 1773–1816 ed. in 8 series (編), comp. Yang Fuji 楊復吉 (z. Lie’ou 列歐, h. Huilou 慧 樓), from Wujiang 吳江 (not printed). – 1833–49 engraving of the Wujiang 吳江 Shen 沈-family Shikai tang 世楷堂藏板, in 10 series (集) and a supplement (別集), compiled by Shen Maode 沈懋悳 (z. Cuiling 翠𡽹) et al., titled Heke 合刻 zhaodai congshu. – Shikai tang reprint ed., with pref. by Yu Yue 俞樾 (1876). –  Small-scale photo-repro. ed. of Shikai tang ed., Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1990, 4 vols.

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1444

List of Congshu

Zhenbi lou congshu 枕碧樓叢書, comp. Shen Jiaben 沈家本 (1913 pref.). 1913 Zhenbi lou ed.; photo-repro. of same ed., Beijing: Zhongguo shudian, n.d. Zhibuzu zhai congshu 知不足齋叢書, comp. Bao Tingbo 鮑廷博, continuation by Bao Zhizu 志祖. Qianlong to Daoguang Changtang 長塘 Bao-family ed.; photo-repro. ed., Shanghai: Gushu liutong chu 古書流通處, 1921. Zhihai 指海, comp. Qian Xizuo 錢熙祚 (Xizhi 錫之) (a revised version of Jieyue shanfang huichao). Daoguang-period Jinshan 金山 Qian-family ed.; photo-repro. ed. based on same ed., Shanghai: Dadong shuju, 1935. Zhiyong congshu 致用叢書, comp. Li Zongfang 李宗昉 (1779–1846). Undated (Daoguang-period) Shanyang 山陽 Li-family Wen miaoxiang shi 聞妙香室 ed. Zhizu zhai congshu 知足齋叢書, comp. Huang Shi 黃奭. Undated (Daoguang-period) Ganquan 甘泉 Huang-family ed.

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Index of Authors/Compilers and Preface/Postface Authors Numbers refer to entry numbers (0001–0716 in vol. 1; 0717–1165 in vol. 2). Numbers in bold are for authors or compilers. Numbers in Roman are for preface or postface authors, as well as revisers and commentators. A Ai Chang 艾暢: 0766 Alin 阿霖: 0126 An Shi 安詩: 0137 An Yi 安頤: 0121 B Bahabu 巴哈布: 1015, 1016 Bai Juyi 白居易: 0592 Bai Rong 白鎔: 0070 Bai Ruzhen 白如珍: 0456, 0456, 0458 Bai Yingtang 白暎棠: 0940 Bai Zhongshan 白鍾山: 0944 Bailing 百齡: 1014 Baiyun jushi 白雲居士: 0022 Bao Chengdao 鮑承燾: 0566 Bao Jipei 鮑繼培: 0469 Bao Sanhui 包三鏸 : 0954 Bao Shichen 包世臣: 0136, 0136 Bao Shuyun 鮑書芸: 0516, 0516 Bao Tingbo 鮑廷博: 0268, 0269, 1154 Bao Yuanshen 鮑源深: 0145 Bi Maokang 畢懋康: 0804 Bi Yuan 畢沅: 0194 Bi Ziyan 畢自嚴: 0743, 0743, 1108 Bian Baodi 卞寶第: 0235, 0238, 0524, 0959, 0960, 1054, 1069 Bian Baocheng 邊葆誠: 1162 Bian Fenghui 邊鳳翽: 0566 Bian Jue 邊玨: 0566 Bichang 壁昌: 0229, 0229, 0828, 0828 Bulantai 布蘭泰: 0641 Buxiang zi 補相子: 0672, 0672 C Cai Can 蔡璨: 0050 Cai Chen’en 蔡宸恩: 0746

Cai E 蔡鍔: 0814, 0814 Cai Fangbing 蔡方炳 : 0101, 0101, 0373, 0931 Cai Fengnian 蔡逢年: 0395, 0395, 0448, 0448 Cai Guoxi 蔡國熙: 0035, 0035 Cai Jun 蔡鈞: 0869, 0869 Cai Lu 蔡璐: 0579 Cai Mu 蔡穆: 0179 Cai Qiuqing 蔡秋卿: 0020 Cai Shaojiang 蔡紹江: 0912 Cai Shenzhi 蔡申之: 0308 Cai Shouzhen 蔡壽臻: 0579 Cai Songnian 蔡嵩年: 0395 Cai Xuesu 蔡學蘇: 0020 Cai Yinglin 蔡應麟: 0319 Cai Zhu 蔡澍: 0900, 0901 Cang Ershuang 倉爾爽: 1062 Cao Bian 曹忭: 0788 Cao Tingsu 曹廷宿: 0899 Cao Xuemin 曹學閔: 0194 Cao Xueshi 曹學詩: 0413 Cao Yi 曹沂: 0440 Cao Yubian 曹于汴: 0369, 0801 Chai Ke’an 柴可安: 0436 Chai Lai 柴淶: 0916 Changchun 長春: 0524 Changde 常德: 0393 Changshan 長善: 1045 Chen Baozhen 陳寶箴: 1047 Chen Bi 陳璧: 0918 Chen Bicheng 陳陛誠: 0900 Chen Bo 陳柏: 0536 Chen Cha 陳察: 0067 Chen Chaojun 陳朝君: 0991, 0991 Chen Chaoyan 陳朝儼: 1001 Chen Chou 陳疇: 0581 Chen Chun 陳春: 0591 Chen Chunsong 陳春菘: 1120

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1446 Chen Dachang 陳大嘗: 0897 Chen Danchi 陳丹赤: 0373 Chen Danran 陳澹然: 1082, 1095 Chen Dayi 陳大義: 0596, 0597 Chen Dengyun 陳登雲: 0135 Chen Deyu 德裕: 0201 Chen Ding 陳鼎: 1009 Chen Fa 陳法: 0133, 0944 Chen Fang 陳昉: 0157 Chen Fangsheng 陳芳生: 0555, 0555, 0639, 0639, 0860 Chen Gui 陳規: 0815, 0816 Chen Guisheng 陳桂生: 0518 Chen Hanhui 陳函輝: 0746 Chen Hao 陳顥: 0029 Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀: 0069, 0069, 0070, 0071, 0071, 0072, 0072, 0073, 0074, 0074, 0075, 0075, 0076, 0076, 0077, 0078, 0133, 0207, 0208, 0310, 0310, 0312, 0312, 0313, 0948, 0948, 0950 Chen Hongqing 陳鴻慶: 0874 Chen Huangyong 陳黃永: 0992 Chen Jian 陳簡: 0035 Chen Jiang 陳講: 0867, 0867 Chen Jiaqing 陳嘉慶: 0974 Chen Jieping 陳階平: 0825 Chen Jin 陳僅: 0842, 0861 Chen Jingxiu 陳敬修: 0441 Chen Jiru 陳繼儒: 0742 Chen Jitai 陳際泰: 0823 Chen Jitang 陳際唐: 0245, 0245, 1092 Chen Junyao 陳君耀: 1047 Chen Kangqi 陳康祺: 1057, 1057 Chen Kefu 陳克復: 0434, 0445 Chen Kui 陳奎: 0850 Chen Kun 陳坤: 0124, 0424, 0466, 0467, 1161, 1161 Chen Lang 陳朗: 0383 Chen Lansen 陳蘭森: 0055, 0072, 1009 Chen Li 陳澧: 0398 Chen Lian 陳璉: 0124 Chen Longzheng 陳龍正: 0749, 0749, 0838 Chen Maosen 陳懋森: 1094 Chen Mei 陳枚: 0201 Chen Menglan 陳夢蘭: 0899 Chen Naigong 陳鼐恭: 0954 Chen Naixun 陳乃勛: 0535 Chen Nan 陳楠: 0036

Index of Authors/Compilers Chen Peizhi 陳裴之: 0874 Chen Qin 陳欽: 0002 Chen Qing 陳慶: 0695 Chen Qingjie 陳慶偕: 0229 Chen Qingzi 陳慶滋: 0242, 0242 Chen Renxi 陳仁錫: 0745, 0877 Chen Rongchang 陳榮昌: 1079 Chen Ruji 陳汝楫: 0409 Chen Ruolin 陳若霖: 0388, 0391, 0393 Chen Sande 陳三德: 0596 Chen Shan 陳善: 0035, 0916 Chen Sheng 陳省: 0347, 0347, 0348 Chen Shengzu 陳繩祖: 0413, 0489, 0490 Chen Shigu 陳時穀: 0099 Chen Shijie 陳士杰: 0085, 0085 Chen Shikuang 陳士鑛: 0700, 0700 Chen Shixin 陳世信: 1009 Chen Shouchuang 陳守創: 0946 Chen Shouqi 陳壽祺: 0259 Chen Shouyi 陳守詒: 0209 Chen Shouyu 陳守譽: 0755 Chen Suoxue 陳所學: 0886, 0886 Chen Tinggui 陳廷桂: 0494, 0509 Chen Wance 陳萬策: 0933 Chen Weigeng 陳惟庚: 1095 Chen Weiqian 陳維謙: 0912 Chen Weiren 陳惟壬: 1095 Chen Weiyan 陳惟彥: 1095, 1095 Chen Wenguang 陳文光: 0200 Chen Wenshu 陳文述: 0874 Chen Wentian 陳文田: 0471 Chen Wenyan 陳文言: 0933 Chen Wenzhu 陳文燭: 0538 Chen Xi 陳熙: 0310 Chen Xiang 陳相: 0029 Chen Xi’an 陳席庵: 0836 Chen Xiao 陳效: 0791 Chen Xigu 陳錫嘏: 0022, 0022 Chen Xiqi 陳錫麒: 0539 Chen Xun 陳循: 0731 Chen Yan 陳彥: 0292 Chen Yi 陳彝: 0581 Chen Yidian 陳懿典: 0918 Chen Yilu 陳一路: 0897 Chen Yixi 陳奕禧: 0931 Chen Youqi 陳佑啟: 1072 Chen Youxue 陳幼學: 0544 Chen Yu 陳預: 0755

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Index of Authors/Compilers Chen Yuansu 陳元素: 0803 Chen Yuqi 陳玉璂: 0699 Chen Yuting 陳于廷: 0859, 0859 Chen Yuwen 陳遇文: 0355, 0355 Chen Yuyuan 陳玉垣: 1014 Chen Zhaoying 陳肇英: 0805 Chen Zhe 陳喆: 0031 Chen Zhihao 陳之淏: 0984 Chen Zhilin 陳之遴: 0891 Chen Zhilu 陳之璐: 1006 Chen Zhongchen 陳鍾琛: 0072, 0073 Chen Zhongke 陳鐘珂: 0072 Chen Zhongli 陳鍾理: 0072, 0073 Chen Zhongqing 陳重慶: 1094 Chen Zilong 陳子龍: 0099 Chen Zizhuang 陳子壯: 0545, 0803 Cheng Guangdou 程光䄈: 0928 Cheng He 程龢: 1098, 1098 Cheng Jingzhi 成靖之: 0546 Cheng Mengyuan 程夢元: 0423, 0460 Cheng Peng 程鵬: 0973 Cheng Rong 程榮: 0002 Cheng Rongchun 程榮春: 1119 Cheng Tixuan 成惕軒: 0071 Cheng Qing 成清: 0977 Cheng Wan 程畹: 0149 Cheng Wenyi 程文彝: 1002 Cheng Xiangdong 程祥棟: 0659, 0659 Cheng Xianjia 程先甲: 0575 Cheng Xichun 程熙春: 0425, 0425 Cheng Xun 成遜: 0799 Cheng Xun 程峋: 0982 Cheng Yan 程炎: 0215, 0215, 0216 Cheng Ziyi 程子頤: 0804 Cheng Zugao 程祖誥: 0232 Chengdun 成敦: 1062 Chengge 成格: 0518 Chengyuan laoren 澂園老人: 0244 Chi Fengxiang 遲鳳翔: 0536 Ch’oe Malli 崔萬里: 0632 Chonggang 崇網: 0618, 0621, 0621 Chu Daya 儲大雅: 0801 Chu Pengling 初彭齡: 0220 Chu Ying 褚瑛: 0237, 0237 Cui Dong 崔棟: 0793 Cui Mingzhuo 崔鳴鷟: 0986, 0986 Cun Ye 存業: 0508, 0513

1447 D Dai Dunyuan 戴敦元: 0517 Dai Hongci 戴泓慈: 0263 Dai Jie 戴杰: 0462, 1062, 1062 Dai Jin 戴金: 0008 Dai Jingzeng 戴京曾: 0925 Dai Jiongsun 戴絅孫: 0912 Dai Pan 戴槃: 1051 Dai Quheng 戴衢亨: 0765 Dai Ruhuai 戴汝槐: 0025 Dai Xianbi 戴咸弼: 1051 Dai Xieyuan 戴燮元: 1062 Dai Zhaochen 戴肇辰: 0082, 0082, 0230, 0230, 0906, 1044, 1044, 1050, 1053 Dai Zhaojia 戴兆佳: 1004, 1004 Dan Maoqian 單懋謙: 0912 Dan Xiangliang 但湘良: 0238, 0962, 0962 Dechun 德椿: 0396 Defu 德福: 0108 Delong 德隆: 0440 Deng Huaxi 鄧華熙: 0311 Deng Lian 鄧鍊: 0800 Deng Nuo 鄧諾: 0973 Deng Shi 鄧詩: 0403 Deng Tingnan 鄧廷枏: 0072 Deng Tingzhen 鄧廷楨: 0569, 0766 Deng Xudun 鄧旭頓: 0896 Deng Yigao 鄧以誥: 0042 Deng Zhongyue 鄧鍾岳: 1007 Depei 德沛: 0943 Deshou 德壽: 0153 Deying 德瑛: 0765 Diantou jushi 點頭居士: 1116 Ding Bing 丁丙: 0041, 0042, 0124, 0632 Ding Jing 丁敬: 0893 Ding Kaizeng 丁愷曾: 0718 Ding Quzhong 丁取忠: 1026, 1143, 1145 Ding Richang 丁日昌: 0083, 0083, 0395, 0844, 0844, 0956, 0957, 1026, 1143 Ding Rijian 丁日健: 0955, 0955 Ding Shoucun 丁守存: 0782 Ding Xiangjin 丁湘錦: 0486 Ding Yingzhao 丁應詔: 0125 Dingbao 定保: 0061 Dong Chengzhao 董承詔: 0797 Dong Gao 董誥: 0765 Dong Gongci 董公賜: 0432 Dong Gongzhen 董公振: 0432, 0432, 0435

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1448 Dong Guifu 董桂敷: 0222, 1142 Dong Guohua 董國華: 0212, 0874 Dong Ji 董基: 0918 Dong Kang 董康: 0329 Dong Pei 董沛: 0578, 0578, 1061, 1061, 1065, 1065 Dong Shenyan 董慎言: 1051 Dong Wei 董煟: 0728, 0728, 0731, 0735 Dong Xun 董恂: 0395 Dong Yu 董裕: ­0362 Dou Yi 竇儀: 0327 Dou Zhenshan 竇鎮山: 1089 Du Guichi 杜貴墀: 0238 Du Mu 都穆: 0591 Du Ruilian 杜瑞聯: 0232 Du Shihui 杜時會: 0372 Du Yinxi 堵胤錫: 0864, 0865 Du Zhen 杜震: 0536 Du Zhen 杜臻: 0997 Duan Chenglin 段承霖 : 1067 Duan Gun 段袞: 0821 Duanfang 端方: 0583, 1087 E Eertai 鄂爾泰: 0757 Ehai 鄂海: 0408, 0408 Elebu 額勒布: 1016 Eshan 鄂山: 0268, 0951 Eteng’yi 額騰伊: 0874 F Fan Dashi 范大士: 1000 Fan Jingwen 范景文: 0805, 0805, 0807, 0822, 0823 Fan Shiyi 范仕義: 0133 Fan Taiheng 范泰恒: 0194 Fan Zengxiang 樊增祥: 0584, 0584, 0585, 0586, 0587, 0588, 0588, 0589, 0966, 0966, 1071, 1101 Fang Dashi 方大湜: 0238 Fang Guancheng 方觀承: 0760, 0760 Fang Junshi 方濬師: 1045, 1056, 1056 Fang Junyi 方濬頤: 0425 Fang Lianzhen 方連軫: 0565 Fang Longguang 方龍光: 0240 Fang Pu 方溥, 0581 Fang Ruqian 方汝謙: 0055, 0055, 0152, 0215, 0641, 0641

Index of Authors/Compilers Fang Shouchou 方受疇: 0768 Fang Shu 方樞: 0327 Fang Wen 方文: 0187 Fang Wuchang 方戊昌: 0240, 0240 Fang Yun 方雲: 0164 Fei Bin 費斌: 0401, 0401 Fei Bingzhang 費丙章 : 0310, 0771 Fei Chun 費淳: 0070, 0271 Fei Chunze 費春澤: 1005 Fei Hanzhao 費漢昭: 1004 Fei Huihan 費揮汗: 1005 Fei Jinwu 費金吾: 0934 Fei Shanshou 費山壽: 0272, 0272 Fei Shu 費樞: 0027, 0027 Fei Yanli 費延釐: 0272 Feilai shanren 飛來山人: 0309 Feng Ci 馮慈: 0761 Feng Guifen 馮桂芬: 0870 Feng Lichao 馮立朝: 0901 Feng Pu 馮溥: 0752 Feng Shanzhang 馮善長: 0201 Feng Shaojun 馮紹俊: 0145 Feng Shengyu 馮生虞: 0097 Feng Shihua 馮士驊: 0094 Feng Shilin 馮時霖: 0891 Feng Shining 馮時寧: 0791 Feng Xu 馮煦: 0123 Feng Yuanzhen 封元震: 0642, 0642 Feng Zi 馮孜: 0351, 353, 0791, 0791 Fengcai 鳳彩: 0941 Fengshen Jilun 豐伸濟倫: 0765 Fryer, John, see Fu Lanya Fu Ganding 傅感丁: 0990 Fu Guan 傅冠: 0099 Fu Hanchen 傅漢臣: 0452, 0452 Fu Lanya 傅蘭雅: 0140 Fu Lin 傅霖: 0328, 0329, 0330 Fu Lüli 傅履禮: 0039 Fu Shoutong 傅壽彤: 0707 Fu Shuxun 傅淑訓: 0126 Fu Xu’an 傅旭安: 0910 Fu Yan 符驗: 0318, 0318 Fu Yiling 傅衣凌: 0879 Fu Zeyuan 傅澤淵: 1004 Fu Zuoyu 傅作雨: 0690 Fuchun 福淳: 0079 Fukang’an 福康安: 0812 Fushen 福申: 0781, 0781

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1449

Index of Authors/Compilers Fuzhulong’a 福珠隆阿: 0829, 0834, 1153 G Gan Hong 甘鴻: 0080 Gan Zexuan 甘澤宣: 0080 Gangyi 剛毅: 0018, 0121, 0121, 0243, 0243, 0418, 0580, 0580, 0622, 0664, 0664 Gao Chu 高出: 0044 Gao De 高德: 0868 Gao E 高鄂: 0134 Gao Ju 高舉: 0353, 0849 Gao Panlong 高攀龍: 0184 Gao Peigu 高培榖: 0147 Gao Qi 高琦: 0929 Gao Qizhen 高其鎮: 0658 Gao Quan 高銓: 0541, 0541 Gao Shougui 高守貴: 0828 Gao Tingyao 高廷瑤: 0145, 0147 Gao Weibiao 高為表: 0039 Gao Wenlin 高文林: 1007 Gao Xiangzhen 高象震: 0761 Gao Yi 高𧾰 : 0483 Gao Yingyuan 高應元: 0229 Gao Yongchun 郜永春: 0035 Gao Yuxing 高玉行: 0900 Ge Mi 葛鼏: 0793 Ge Shida 葛士達: 0580 Ge Yuanxu 葛元煦: 0426, 0575, 0658, 0660, 0660, 0782, 1162, 1162 Ge Zhitan 葛之覃: 1064 Ge Zhouyu 葛周玉: 0298 Geng Dingxiang 耿定向: 0034, 0034 Gong Baochen 龔葆琛: 1062 Gong Daqi 龔大器: 0693, 0693 Gong Dingzi 龔鼎孳: 0404, 0984 Gong Hui 龔輝: 0107 Gong Jilan 宮繼蘭: 0890 Gong Ju 貢舉: 0364, 0365 Gong Shitai 貢師泰: 0124, 0162 Gong Shizhen 龔士稹: 0403 Gong Yu 龔裕: 0142, 0212, 1140 Gu Baowen 顧豹文: 0130, 0897, 0898, 0926 Gu Chun 顧蒓: 0912 Gu Dian zhizhi jushi 古滇止止居士: 129 Gu Ding 顧鼎: 0371, 0371 Gu Guangqi 顧廣圻: 0561 Gu Kui 顧葵: 0755 Gu Linzhi 顧麟趾: 0225, 0225, 0565, 0565

Gu Senshu 顧森書: 0581 Gu Shenxing 顧慎行: 0124 Gu Sixie 顧嗣協: 0200 Gu Siyi 顧思義: 0124 Gu Siyuan 顧思遠: 0124 Gu Tinglun 顧廷綸: 1024 Gu Xiancheng 顧憲成: 0885, 0918 Gu Xichou 顧錫疇: 0020 Gu Xuanwei 顧玄緯: 0002 Gu Zhaoxi 顧肇熙: 0265, 1164 Gu Zhong 顧衷: 0145 Gu Zongmeng 顧宗孟: 0045 Gu Zurong 顧祖榮: 0997 Guan Heng 管蘅: 0382 Guan Xizhi 管席之: 0045 Gui Chaowan 桂超萬: 0148, 0874, 1042 Gui Qingwan 桂青萬: 0148 Gui Songqing 桂嵩慶: 0071, 0539, 0842 Gui Wanrong 桂萬榮: 0539, 0539 Gui Yaheng 桂迓衡: 0150 Guiliang 桂良: 0446 Guo Anren 郭安仁: 0711 Guo Banshan 郭半山: 0175 Guo Boyin 郭柏蔭: 0080, 0083, 0449 Guo Boyin 郭伯陰: 0229 Guo Shangxian 郭尚先: 0124, 0903, 0912, 1026, 1143, 1145 Guo Shaoyi 郭紹儀: 0046 Guo Tingmian 郭廷冕: 0913,0914 Guo Xiu 郭琇: 0989 Guo Yuanzhu 郭元柱: 0180 Guo Yunsheng 郭雲陞: 0775, 0775 Guo Zaoqing 郭造卿: 0879 Guo Zhirong 郭志融: 0536 Guotai 國泰: 0645 Guoying 國英: 0523, 0523 Guxian 骨仙: 0802 H Hai Rui 海瑞: 0878 Haining 海寧: 0111, 0111, 0121 Han Baohong 韓寶鴻: 1052 Han Bingzhang 韓炳章: 1121 Han Biyuan 韓弼元: 0574 Han Chong 韓崇: 0096 Han Feng 韓崶: 0058 Han Guojun 韓國鈞: 1094 Han Huizuo 韓輝𧙓: 0237

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1450 Han Jun’en 韓君恩: 0695 Han Kuang 韓爌: 0821 Han Lin 韓霖: 0820, 0821, 0821 Han Mengzhou 韓夢周: 1012 Han Na 韓訥: 1136, 1136 Han Rizuan 韓日纘: 0545 Han Wenqi 韓文綺: 0058 Han Yang 韓陽: 0002 Han Yun 韓雲: 0821 Hanamura Yoshiki 花村美樹: 0333 Hanya xuan zhuren 函雅軒主人: 0101 Hao Ming 郝銘: 0817 Hao Yulin 郝玉麟: 0985 Haozhai jushi 浩齋居士: 0151 Hayashi Hitoshi 林衡: 0001 He Bangji 何邦基: 0027 He Cen 何岑: 0880 He Changling 賀長齡: 0952 He Chuguang 何出光: 0738 He Chunzhi 何淳之: 0735 He Dayong 何大鏞: 1006 He Fukun 何福堃: 0533 He Fuyuan 賀福元: 1062 He Gengsheng 何耿繩: 0227, 0227, 0469 He Guang 何廣: 0331, 0331, 0332, 0332 He Jian 何鍵: 0776, 0776 He Liangchen 何良臣: 0799 He Meng 和㠓: 0536, 0536 He Mengchun 何孟春: 0166, 0338 He Ning 和凝: 0536 He Qiechun 何且純: 0897 He Rongzhang 何榮璋: 0237 He Rubin 何汝賓: 0803, 0803 He Shaoqi 何紹祺: 1038, 1038 He Shijin 何士晉: 0322, 0322 He Shiqi 何士祁: 0144, 0144, 0223 He Shouci 何壽慈: 0707 He Shuqian 何屬乾: 0553 He Tan 何潭: 0050 He Tongwen 何彤文: 1034 He Weikai 何維楷: 0516, 0527 He Wenyuan 何文淵: 0169 He Wusheng 賀吳生: 0553 He Wuzou 何吾騶: 0545 He Xian 何銑: 0767 He Xiyan 何錫儼: 0524 He Yan 何言: 0797 He Yisun 賀貽孫: 0553

Index of Authors/Compilers He Zengyuan 何增元: 0569 He Zhenyi 何震彝: 1094, 1094 He Zongzhang 賀宗章: 1079, 1079 He Zuzhu 何祖柱: 0933 Hengfu 恆福: 0233 Hong Bin 洪彬: 0487, 0487 Hong Chengchou 洪承疇: 0798, 0808, 0808 Hong Hongxu 洪弘緒: 0480 Hong Jingui 洪金桂: 1038 Hong Zihan 洪自含: 0224 Hongwu emperor (Ming): 0165 Hou Anguo 侯安國: 0804 Hou Sida 侯嗣達: 0944 Hu Bin 胡彬: 0581 Hu Daqi 胡大器: 0973 Hu Deli 胡得立: 0573 Hu Fengdan 胡鳳丹: 1155, 1155 Hu Ge 胡格: 0438 Hu Hongze 胡鴻澤: 0451, 0451 Hu Jie 胡介: 0593, 0593 Hu Jing 胡敬: 1020 Hu Jinggui 胡景桂: 0469 Hu Jizhou 胡季舟: 0002 Hu Lian 胡璉: 0728 Hu Linyi 胡林翼: 0572, 0954, 0962 Hu Lüji 胡履吉: 0061 Hu Qiong 胡瓊: 0338, 0338 Hu Qixin 胡啟心: 0573 Hu Rongben 胡容本: 0874 Hu Rujia 胡汝嘉: 0594 Hu Shi’ao 胡士鰲: 0735 Hu Shihua 胡世華: 0061 Hu Taichu 胡太初: 0159, 0159 Hu Taifu 胡泰福: 1067 Hu Tiaoyuan 胡調元: 0513, 0514, 0514 Hu Tingzhen 胡廷楨: 0145 Hu Wenbing 胡文炳: 0538, 0577, 0577 Hu Wenhuan 胡文煥: 0345, 0422, 0694, 1149 Hu Wenyi 胡文漪: 0192 Hu Xianlai 胡獻來: 0746 Hu Xiushan 胡秀山: 1067, 1067 Hu Xiyan 胡希顏: 0173 Hu Xu 胡煦: 0933 Hu Xuan 胡璇: 0185 Hu Xuechun 胡學醇: 0573 Hu Yanyu 胡衍虞: 0194, 0194 Hu Ying 胡濙: 0731 Hu Yuqian 胡余潛: 0159

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1451

Index of Authors/Compilers Hu Zhang 胡璋: 0193 Hu Zhaokai 胡肇楷: 0388, 0388, 0490 Hu Zhenting 胡震亭: 0891 Hu Zhi 胡直: 0034 Hu Zhizhong 胡致中: 0566 Hu Zongxun 胡宗洵: 0735 Hu Zuanzong 胡纘宗: 0171 Hua Xigao 華希高: 0650, 0650 Hua Xuzhi 華緒之: 0247 Huang Antao 黃安濤: 0037 Huang Daoyue 黃道月: 0799 Huang Entong 黃恩彤: 0116, 0116, 0394 Huang Fuchen 黃輔辰: 0233, 0233 Huang Guangdou 黃光斗: 0890 Huang Guangxia 黃光夏: 0640 Huang Hongpi 黃洪毗: 0002, 0688 Huang Ji 黃機: 0926 Huang Ji 黃基: 1050 Huang Jin 黃縉: 0097 Huang Jingjia 黃靜嘉: 0421 Huang Kezuan 黃克纘: 0801 Huang Liuhong 黃六鴻: 0193, 0193 Huang Luxi 黃魯溪: 0446, 0446 Huang Mengju 黃夢菊: 1039 Huang Pengnian 黃彭年: 0428, 0469, 0524 Huang Pilie 黃丕烈: 0329, 0330, 0539, 0630 Huang Qing 黃清: 0975, 0976 Huang Qinglan 黃慶瀾: 0665 Huang Qun 黃群: 0632 Huang Renfu 黃仁黼: 0524 Huang Renji黃仁濟: 0419 Huang Ruheng 黃汝亨: 0044, 0044 Huang Shaofang 黃紹芳: 0955 Huang Shi 黃奭: 0614 Huang Shulin 黃叔琳: 0435, 0944 Huang Tinghu 黃廷鵠: 0021 Huang Wan 黃綰 Huang Wei 黃韋: 0021 Huang Weiyu 黃維玉: 0899 Huang Wenwei 黃文煒: 0411, 0411 Huang Xixian 黃希憲: 0046, 0922 Huang Xieqing 黃燮清: 0138 Huang Yi 黃毅: 0124 Huang Yiji 黃貽楫: 0902, 0902 Huang Yu’en 黃毓恩: 1154 Huang Yujian 黃與堅: 0049 Huang Zantang 黃贊湯: 0953, 0953 Huang Zhen 黃震: 0002

Huang Zhimo 黃秩模: 0051 Huang Zhong 黃中: 0371 Huang Zonghan 黃宗漢: 0831 Huangfu Fang 皇甫汸: 0035 Huanxiang laoren 宦鄉老人: 0239 Hui Longsi 惠靇嗣: 0051 Huicao tang zhuren 彙草堂主人: 0099 Huiji 惠吉: 0771 Huilin 惠林: 1052 Huilu Jiumin 惠麓酒民: 0825, 0825 J Ji Cansheng 吉燦升: 1062 Ji Dakui 紀大奎: 0873, 0873 Ji Yongren 嵇永仁: 0403 Ji Zengyun 嵇曾筠: 0934, 0936, 0937, 0939 Jia Pu 賈樸: 0999 Jia Qi 賈啟: 0867 Jia Zongti 賈宗悌: 0787 Jian Shen 蹇詵: 0872, 0872 Jiang Bingquan 蔣秉銓: 0021 Jiang Bo 蔣薄: 0412 Jiang Chaobo 蔣超伯: 0617, 0617 Jiang Chenxi 蔣陳錫: 0378 Jiang Dejun 蔣德鈞: 0086 Jiang Dongzhi 江東之: 0917 Jiang Ersong 江爾松: 0917 Jiang Fangzheng 蔣方正: 0133 Jiang Han 江瀚: 0968, 0968 Jiang Jingyong 江景鏞: 0581 Jiang Kai 江開: 0079, 0083 Jiang Lianfeng 江聮葑: 0623 Jiang Mingyu 蔣鳴玉: 0894 Jiang Qichun 蔣琦淳: 0829 Jiang Qifang 姜奇方: 0791 Jiang Qingji 江清驥: 0395, 0448 Jiang Rong 姜榮: 0653 Jiang Shichang 姜士昌: 0739 Jiang Shunmin 蔣舜民: 0452 Jiang Tingbi 蔣廷璧: 0177 Jiang Xian’geng 蔣先庚: 0099 Jiang Xiche 姜希徹: 0897 Jiang Xizhe 姜希轍: 0995 Jiang Xun 蔣珣: 0771, 1026, 1147 Jiang Yi 蔣伊: 0048, 0049 Jiang Yifeng 蔣益灃: 0069, 0076 Jiang Yishan 江一山: 0593 Jiang Youcan 江有燦: 0050

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1452 Jiang Youxian 蔣攸銛: 0208, 0212, 0221, 1154 Jiang Zeng 姜曾: 0051 Jiang Zhi 蔣埴: 0017 Jiang Zhongjun 江忠濬: 0079 Jiang Zhongzheng 蔣中正: 0757, 0814, 0825 Jiang Zonglu 蔣宗魯: 0177 Jianghu Cuizhong Langsou 江湖醉中浪叟: 0670 Jianghu Sanren 江湖散人: 0667 Jianghu Yiren 江湖逸人: 0674 Jianhu tingxu sanren 鑑湖聽虛散人: 0774 Jiao Hong 焦竑: 0044, 0600 Jiao Jianpu 焦諫溥: 0888 Jiao Yuanpu 焦源溥: 0888 Jiao Zhiya 焦之雅: 0888 Jiaqing 嘉慶 emperor (Qing): 0016, 0765 Jiheng 吉恒: 0446 Jin Feng 金俸: 0038, 0038 Jin Fengqing 金鳳清: 0536 Jin Fengwen 金鳳文: 0804 Jin Guangfang 金光房: 0047 Jin Hao 靳顥: 0124, 1149 Jin Junming 金俊明: 0046 Jin Rongjing 金蓉鏡: 1091 Jin Ruli 金汝礪: 0736 Jin Shiwen 金師文: 0427 Jin Shoujie 金守楷: 0195 Jin Tinglie 金廷烈: see Jin Yongzhai Jin Wuxiang 金武祥: 1073 Jin Ying 金纓: 0081, 0081, 1026 Jin Yingzheng 金應徵: 0693 Jin Yongzhai 金庸齋: 0025, 0643 Jin Yue 金岳: 0949 Jin Zuwang 金祖望: 1006 Jiruzhou 楫汝舟: 1053 Jishan 驥善: 0470, 1154 Jixiang Yufu 寄湘漁父: 0774, 0774 Ju Jiechang 鞠捷昌: 0662 Jupo laoren 菊坡老人: 0304 K Kaitai 開泰: 0901 Kang Dingming 康鼎銘: 1054 Kang Gao 康誥: 0032 Kang Guoxiang 康國相: 0892, 0892 Kawada Kyō 河田興: 0167 Kim Chi 金祇: 0333, 0333 Kim Hŭi 金熙: 0167

Index of Authors/Compilers Ko Sa-Kyǒng 高士褧, 0333 Kong Chuanhuan 孔傳煥: 0940 Kong Guangxian 孔廣銜: 0623 Kong Xiancai 孔憲采: 1051 Kong Xiandian 孔憲典: 0145 Kong Yanyue 孔衍樾: 0987 Kong Zhenyun 孔貞運: 0596, 0823 Kou Bingjun 寇秉鈞: 0145 Kuai Debiao 蒯德標: 0524 Kuai Demo 蒯德模: 0575 Kuang Minben 曠敏本: 0557 Kuang Zhong 況鐘: 0874 Kuilian 魁聯: 1040, 1040 L Lai Leshan 來樂山: 0625 Lan Dingyuan 藍鼎元: 0557 Lan Peiqing 藍佩青: 0524 Lan Xu 蘭煦: 0063 Lang Jinqi 郎錦騏: 0653, 0653, 0654, 0659 Lang Tingdong 郎廷棟: 0640, 0640 Lang Rulin 郎汝琳: 0417, 0417 Lao Tong 勞潼: 0764, 0764 Lao Zhibian 勞之辨: 0995 Le Liying 樂理瑩: 0663, 0663 Letian zi 樂天子: 0675 Lei Bangrong 雷榜榮: 0326 Lei Chang 雷暢: 0382 Lei Chong 雷翀: 0821 Lei Menglin 雷夢麟: 0345 Lei Qijian 雷起劍: 0807 Li Banghua 李邦華: 0804, 0921 Li Bangzhen 李邦珍: 0793 Li Baohe 李保和: 0524 Li Bing 李炳: 0149, 0761 Li Changsen 李長森: 0220 Li Chengxiang 李呈祥: 0875 Li Chengxun 李承勛: 0793 Li Dayong 李大鏞: 0725, 0725 Li De’e 李德莪: 0658 Li Delin 李德林: 1023 Li Diantu 李殿圖: 0902 Li Diaoyuan 李調元: 0158 Li Duo 李鐸: 0995, 0997 Li Fangyu 李方豫: 0524 Li Fengchen 李逢辰: 0446, 0512, 0512 Li Fenggang 李鳳岡: 0910 Li Fu 李紱: 0407, 0409, 0943

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Index of Authors/Compilers Li Fuyang 李復陽: 0097 Li Fuyuan 李福源: 0071 Li Gengqian 李庚乾: 0153, 0153 Li Guanlan 李觀瀾: 0387, 0649, 0649 Li Hanru 李翰如: 0065 Li Hanzhang 李瀚章: 0449 Li Honglei 李鴻雷: 0020 Li Hongzao 李鴻藻: 0451 Li Hongzhang 李鴻章: 0083, 0771 Li Ji 李驥: 0124 Li Ji 李紀: 0874 Li Jiaji 李嘉績: 0469 Li Jiantai 李建泰: 0821 Li Jiantang 黎簡堂: 0023 Li Jiaxiang 李嘉祥: 0875 Li Jin 李進: 0788, 0789 Li Jinghang 李景沆: 0852 Li Jinglian 李景廉: 0094 Li Jinyun 李錦雲: 0145 Li Jun 李鈞: 0566, 0566 Li Lan 李籣: 1008 Li Lian 李濂: 0536 Li Lu 李錄: 0164 Li Luanxuan 李鑾宣: 1017 Li Mo 李模: 0185 Li Nan 李柟: 0374, 0405 Li Pan 李盤: 0823, 0823 Li Peijing 黎培敬: 0842 Li Qiao 李喬: 0823 Li Qing 李清: 0550, 0823 Li Qingxin 李清心: 0823 Li Renlong 李人龍: 0033 Li Rihua 李日華: 0094, 0170 Li Sancai 李三才: 0918, 0918 Li Sanjin 李三晉: 0384 Li Shibin 李士彬: 1064 Li Shihong 黎士弘/宏: 0553, 0553 Li Shihua 李時華: 0917 Li Shilin 李士林: 0649 Li Shilu 李世祿: 0727 Li Shimian 李時勉: 0731 Li Shishu 李師舒: 0768 Li Shizhen 李士禎: 0929 Li Sijing 李嗣京: 0823 Li Siquan 李斯佺: 1001, 1001 Li Songxiang 李崧祥: 0536, 0875 Li Sui 李遂: 0176 Li Tianlin 李天麟: 0453

1453 Li Wei 李煒: 0079, 0841 Li Wei 李衛: 0205 Li Weizhen 李維禎: 0791 Li Wenbian 李文辨: 0133 Li Wengeng 李文耕: 0133 Li Wenhan 李文瀚: 0079 Li Wenmin 李文敏: 0071, 0262, 0576 Li Wenxian 李文憲: 0124 Li Wenyun 李文運: 0298 Li Wenzhao 李文炤: 1003 Li Wenzuan 李文纘: 0984 Li Xi 李熙: 0038 Li Xianruo 李咸若: 0145 Li Xing 李興: 0167 Li Xingyuan 李星沅: 0912 Li Xiqin 李錫秦: 0434, 0435, 0436, 0439, 0445 Li Xiufang 厲秀芳: 0149 Li Yanzhang 李彥章: 0649, 1025, 1025 Li Yingjue 李應玨: 0264, 0264 Li Yong 李顒: 0051, 0051 Li You 李祐: 1076 Li Youfen 李有棻: 0845, 0845 Li Yu 李漁: 1133, 1133, 1135 Li Yuan 李元: 0164 Li Yuan 黎源: 0508 Li Yuanbi 李元弼: 0156, 0156 Li Yuanhu 李元滬: 1016 Li Yue 李樂: 0545 Li Yuanchun 李元春: 0157, 0759, 0194, 0718 Li Yuankuan 黎元寬: 0553 Li Yumei 栗毓美: 0513 Li Yun 李澐: 0221 Li Zan 李贊: 0788 Li Zengjie 李增階: 0852, 0852 Li Zhangyu 李璋煜: 0649, 0652, 0656, 0656 Li Zhaoheng 李肇亨: 0094 Li Zhaoluo 李兆洛: 0851, 1020 Li Zhen 李珍: 0132, 0132, 0407, 0407 Li Zhengwei 李正蔚: 0896, 0896 Li Zhifang 李之芳: 0551, 0551, 0928 Li Zhiyun 李治運: 0409, 0436, 0439, 0481, 0481 Li Zhongjue 李鍾玨: 1073, 1073 Li Zhonglin 李鍾麟: 0551 Li Zhongsu 李中素: 0927, 0931, 0949 Li Zhongzhuan 李仲僎: 0032, 0033 Li Zhou 李輈: 0909 Li Zonggeng 李宗庚: 0250

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1454 Li Zongtong 李宗侗: 0902 Li Zongxi 李宗羲: 0205, 0908 Li Zongyan 李宗延: 0045 Li Zou 李諏: 0398 Li Zunian 李祖年: 0559 Li Zunyi 李遵義: 1094 Lian Fu 聯福: 0264 Liang Jiayu 梁家鈺: 0617 Liang Maoxiu 梁懋修: 0412, 0412 Liang Qichao 梁啟超: 0814 Liang Shijun 梁士俊: 0447 Liang Tashan 梁他山: 0426 Liang Wenke 梁文科: 0050, 0050 Liang Xi 梁溪: 0137 Liang Xu 梁許: 0348 Liang Yuexin 梁悅馨: 0150 Liang Yunlong 梁雲龍: 0035 Liao Dunxing 廖敦行: 0912 Liao Runhong 廖潤鴻: 1063, 1063 Liao Shouheng 寥壽恆: 0962 Lin Changyi 林昌彝: 0906 Lin Chu’nan 林處楠: 0691 Lin Daquan 林達泉: 0957 Lin Enshou 林恩綬: 0618, 0618, 0621 Lin Fu 林符: 0067 Lin Guangqian 林光前: 0691 Lin Han 林釬: 0020 Lin Jun 林鈞: 0081 Lin Junsheng 林君陞: 0850 Lin Qian 林乾: 0516 Lin Qilin 林奇林: 0035 Lin Quansheng 林泉生: 0124, 0251 Lin Ruchu 林如楚: 0322 Lin Shu: 0166 Lin Xingzu 林興祖: 0030 Lin Xiyuan 林希元: 0732 Liu Yaozhen 劉堯珍: 0891 Lin Jun 林鈞: 1026 Lin Yilin 林一璘: 0103, 0103 Lin Yisu 林一𤨄: 0103, 0103 Lin Yuantan 林元菼: 0237 Lin Yujun 林毓俊: 0553 Lin Zexu 林則徐: 0135, 0771, 0912, 1035 Ling Chou 凌燽: 0946, 0946 Ling Cunchun 凌存淳: 0437 Ling Mingjie 凌鳴喈: 0723 Ling Minglin 凌銘麟: 0131, 0131 Ling Taijiao 凌泰交: 1017

Index of Authors/Compilers Ling Zhonglun 凌鐘倫: 0066, 0066 Linghu Cong 令狐鏓: 0002 Lingshou 靈壽: 0234, 0234 Linqing 麟慶: 0724, 0734, 0771 Liu Bangding 劉邦鼎: 1020 Liu Banghan 劉邦翰: 1134, 1134 Liu Bangmo 劉邦謨: 0882 Liu Bangyan 劉邦彥: 1004 Liu Baoshou 劉寶壽 Liu Bishao 劉必紹: 0881 Liu Cheng 劉澄: 0166 Liu Chenggan 劉承幹: 0327 Liu Chengzhong 劉成忠: 0707 Liu Chun 劉淳: 0314 Liu Dawen 劉大文: 0353, 0353 Liu Dayi 劉大懿: 0075, 0312 Liu Ding 劉鼎: 0927, 0931, 0949 Liu Dingkang 劉定康: 0906 Liu Feng 劉鳳: 0803 Liu Fenglun 劉鳳綸: 0451 Liu Fengzhang 劉鳳章: 0088 Liu Fukang 劉福康: 0237 Liu Gongchen 劉拱宸: 0707 Liu Guangyou 劉光祐: 0546 Liu Guinian 劉溎年: 1053 Liu Guoguang 劉國光: 0244 Liu Heng 劉衡: 0209, 0224, 0224, 0462, 0903, 0907, 1026, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1028, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1163 Liu Jiamo 劉家謨: 0575 Liu Kaiyu 劉開域: 0649 Liu Li 劉隸: 0539 Liu Liangbi 劉良弼: 0817 Liu Liangju 劉良駒: 0209, 0224, 0462, 1163 Liu Lisong 劉禮淞: 0566 Liu Lun 劉崙: 0867 Liu Mingqian 劉鳴謙: 0807 Liu Naixun 劉乃勛: 1129, 1129 Liu Nan 劉柟: 0933 Liu Peng 劉鵬: 0155 Liu Qi 劉杞: 0396 Liu Qinghua 劉清華: 0063 Liu Qingkai 劉慶凱: 0895 Liu Qinglin 劉慶麟: 0518 Liu Qixian 劉齊銜: 0707, 0870 Liu Quanzhi 劉權之: 0765 Liu Risheng 劉日升: 0736 Liu Ruifen 劉瑞芬: 0525

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

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Index of Authors/Compilers Liu Ruji 劉汝驥: 1093 Liu Ruyu 劉如玉: 1047 Liu Shichang 劉世昌: 0035 Liu Shijiao 劉世教: 0741 Liu Shijun 劉時俊: 0182, 0884 Liu Shiling 劉石齡: 0200 Liu Shipei 劉師培: 0136 Liu Shutang 劉樹堂: 0265, 0580, 1164 Liu Tang 柳堂: 0910, 0910, 1088, 1088, 1090, 1090 Liu Tieleng 劉鐵冷: 0247 Liu Tingmo 劉廷謨: 0035 Liu Wanchun 劉萬春: 0021, 0021 Liu Wulong 劉吳龍: 0900 Liu Xibo 劉希伯: 0887 Liu Xihong 劉錫鴻: 0904 Liu Xingxiu 劉興秀: 0046 Liu Xizhi 劉錫之: 0817 Liu Xuan 劉璇: 0895 Liu Yi 劉燡: 0238 Liu Yi 劉繹: 1041 Liu Yingjie 劉應節: 0817 Liu Yisun 柳義孫: 0632 Liu Yitong 劉以桐: 0430, 0713, 0713 Liu Yixiang 劉一相: 0591 Liu Yizheng 柳詒徵: 0136 Liu Yourong 劉有容: 0293, 0293 Liu Yuanlin 劉元霖: 0097 Liu Yumin 劉毓敏: 0575 Liu Yunjun 柳運鈞: 0092, 0092 Liu Yunpeng 劉允鵬: 0591 Liu Yuzhen 劉毓珍: 0100 Liu Zao 劉藻: 0145, 0147, Liu Zao 劉藻: 0901 Liu Zelin 劉澤霖: 0895, 0895 Liu Zhaoqi 劉兆麒: 0926 Liu Zhaoyu 劉肇隅: 1125 Liu Zhen 劉鎮: 0755 Liu Zhengxue 劉正學: 0020 Liu Zhuoyun 劉倬雲: 0904 Liu Zongzhou 劉宗周: 0747, 0839 Long Duzhao 龍度昭: 0384 Long Wanyu 龍萬育: 0767 Long Wenbin 龍文彬: 1064 Lou Xing 婁性: 0008, 0008 Lou Yaochun 婁姚椿: 0060 Liu Zhaoshen 劉肇紳: 0074, 0075, 0076, 0312 Long Tingdong 龍廷棟: 0437

Lou Jie 婁杰: 0620 Lu Ao 陸鏊: 0545 Lu Baozhong 陸寶忠: 0786 Lu Chao 魯超: 0995, 1002 Lu Chengben 陸成本: 0071 Lu Chongxing 盧崇興: 0985 Lu Chuanlin 鹿傳霖: 0427, 0618, 0621 Lu Congping 陸從平: 0791 Lu Dashun 盧大順 : 0355 Lu De 路德: 0569, 1035, 1035 Lu Desheng 魯德升: 0995 Lu Ding 陸定: 0858, 0858 Lu Feiquan 陸費瑔 : 0212 Lu Fenglai 陸鳳來: 0375 Lu Hai 陸海: 0405, 0405 Lu Jian 陸簡: 0004, 0157 Lu Jian 陸柬: 0346 Lu Jianxiang 陸間庠: 0239 Lu Jianying 陸建瀛: 0854 Lu Jianzeng 盧見曾: 1005, 1005 Lu Jihui 陸繼煇: 1080 Lu Kun 盧坤: 0205, 1154 Lu Longqi 陸隴其: 0068, 0554, 0899 Lu Lun 魯論: 0100, 0100 Lu Menglin 陸夢麟: 0733 Lu Minshu 陸敏樹: 0130 Lu Qi 盧琦: 0131 Lu Runxiang 陸潤庠: 1062 Lu Shaoqi 陸紹琦: 0406 Lu Shen 陸深: 0005 Lu Shiji 魯仕驥: 0268, 1154 Lu Shouming 陸壽名: 1136, 1136 Lu Song 盧崧: 0985 Lu Tailai 陸泰來: 0376 Lu Tingxuan 盧廷選: 0690 Lu Weiqi 陸維祺: 1069, 1069 Lu Weitian 魯緯天: 0438 Lu Weixin 陸維炘: 0846 Lu Yan 陸言: 0060 Lu Ying 逯英: 1011, 1011 Lu Youqin 陸佑勤: 0524 Lu Youzhu 盧友竹: 0697 Lu Yuanrong 盧元𤪤 : 1020 Lu Yunlong 陸雲龍; 0130, 0130 Lu Zengyu 陸曾禹: 0757 Lu Zhaolong 盧兆龍: 0545 Lu Zhen 陸震: 0068 Lu Zhiji 陸之箕: 0166

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1456 Lu Zhiyu 魯之裕: 0717, 0717 Lu Zhou 盧周: 0642 Lu Zhuo 盧焯: 0940, 0985 Lü Benzhong 呂本中: 0157 Lü Deyao 呂德堯: 0461 Lü Hualong 呂化龍: 0988 Lü Huang 呂璜: 0222 Lü Hui 呂煇: 0575 Lü Huiqing 呂惠卿: 0154 Lü Kun 呂坤: 0095, 0095, 0126, 0127, 0135, 0254, 0818, 0818, 0819, 0819 Lü Nan 呂柟: 0005, 0973 Lü Shen 呂申: 0469 Lü Shenduo 呂慎多: 0126 Lü Zhitian 呂芝田: 0461 Lü Zhiwei 呂知畏: 0126 Luo Bingzhang 駱秉章: 0048 Luo Dichu 羅迪楚: 1077, 1077 Luo Dong 羅棟: 0354 Luo Gun 羅緄: 0011 Luo Lun 羅倫: 0172 Luo Shixian 羅士賢: 0973 Luo Xinbei 羅信北: 1070, 1070 Luo Yu 羅煜: 0653 Luo Zhao 羅炤: 0653 Luo Zhenchang 羅振常: 0257 Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉: 0001 Luo Zhongling 駱鍾麟: 0192 M Ma Boyue 馬伯樂: 0222 Ma Congpin 馬從聘: 0801 Ma Enpu 馬恩溥: 1048 Ma Mingluan 馬鳴鑾: 0049 Ma Piyao 馬丕瑤: 0121 Ma Qichang 馬其昶: 1127 Ma Qingkui 馬慶魁: 0059 Ma Rong 馬融: 0002 Ma Rulin 馬如麟: 0977, 0977 Ma Rulong 馬如龍: 0930, 0995 Ma Shiji 馬世驥: 0987 Ma Shilin 馬世璘: 0489, 0489, 0490, 0490 Ma Tengjiao 馬騰蛟: 0382 Ma Yi 馬懿: 0566 Ma Ying 馬瀛: 0059 Ma Yuantiao 馬元調: 0044 Ma Yugui 馬毓貴: 1081

Index of Authors/Compilers Ma Yunsong 馬雲松: 0059, 0059 Ma Ziqian 馬子騝: 0179 Mao Changxi 毛昶熙: 0782 Mao Cheng 冒澄: 1059 Mao Fengcai 毛鳳彩: 0887 Mao Fengyi 毛鳳儀: 0145 Mao Guangsheng 冒廣生: 0329 Mao Qiling 毛奇齡: 0995, 0997 Mao Yilu 毛一鷺: 0978 Mao Yingguan 毛應觀: 0226 Mao Zhu 毛朮: 0880 Mei Guozhen 梅國禎: 0808 Mei Qixi 梅啟熙: 1064 Mei Qizhao 梅啟照: 0862 Mei Yuan 梅園: 0619 Mei Zengliang 梅曾亮: 0907, 1146 Meng Daohong 孟道弘: 0888 Meng Feng 孟鳳: 0789 Meng Hushi 孟壺史: 0576 Meng Kui 孟奎: 0329 Meng Qingyun 孟慶雲: 0576 Meng Shenghui 孟生蕙: 0194 Meng Zhaozhang 孟昭章: 0065 Mengbao 孟保: 0134, 0324 Mengxi 孟樨: 0708, 0708 Mi Liangzhe 糜良哲: 0057 Mi Qiyu 糜奇瑜: 0057, 0057 Mi Xuanzhe 糜宣哲: 0057 Miao Kongzhao 繆孔昭: 0941 Miao Quansun 繆荃孫: 0328 Miao Shoufeng 廖壽豐: 0071 Min Eyuan 閔鶚元: 0485 Min Wobei 閔我備: 0485 Min Ying 閔瑛: 0371 Min Yuyuan 閔豫原: 0106 Mingshan 明善: 0205, 0470, 0470, 1154 Mingsheng 明晟: 0381 Miyazaki Ichisada 宮崎市定: 0309 Mizumoto Seibi 水本成美: 0383 Mo Baochen 莫葆辰: 0474 Mo Ju 莫琚: 0728 Mo Tang 莫棠: 0067 Mo Youzhi 莫友芝: 0145 Mo Zhen 莫鎮: 0566 Mochi shanren 墨池山人: 0304, 0304 Muhan 穆翰: 0469, 0469 Muzhang’a 穆彰阿: 0212

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Index of Authors/Compilers N Nan Zhuyuan 南洙源: 0987 Naqing’an 那清安: 0058 Nayancheng 那彥成: 0767 Ni Dai 倪岱: 0933 Ni Guolian 倪國璉: 0757 Ni Qian 倪謙: 0336 Ni Shiluo 倪師洛: 0276, 0276 Ni Yongwu 倪雝梧: 0051 Nian Gengyao 年羹堯: 0809, 0809, 0810, 0810 Nie Bao 聶豹: 0542 Nie Erkang 聶爾康: 1048, 1048, 1049 Nie Gaomin 聶鎬敏: 0780 Nie Jigui 聶緝槼: 1049 Nie Jing 聶靜: 0178 Nie Qigui 聶緝槼: 0469 Niu Dawei 紐大煒: 0445 Niu Jian 牛鑑: 0912 Niu Tiansu 牛天宿: 0047, 0047 O Ouyang Fu 歐陽俌: 1123, 1123 Ouyang Qi 歐陽琦: 0906 Ouyang Xuan 歐陽玄: 0729 P Pan Biaocan 潘杓燦: 0192, 0192, 0990, 0990 Pan Conglong 潘從龍: 0423, 1163 Pan Guanghua 潘光華: 0050 Pan Jiefan 潘介繁: 0658 Pan Jing 潘敬: 0404 Pan Kangbao 潘康保: 0658 Pan Shidao 潘師道: 0045 Pan Shi’en 潘世恩: 0068, 0095, 0771 Pan Shiliang 潘士良: 0186, 0186 Pan Siju 潘思榘: 0480 Pan Wei 潘霨: 0658, 0661, 1163, 1163 Pan Wenfang 潘文舫: 0527 Pan Youlong 潘游龍: 0046, 0046, 0187 Pan Zhongji 潘仲輯: 1026 Pan Zi 潘滋: 0005 Pan Zuyin 潘祖蔭: 0232, 0658, 0957 Pang Zhonglu 龐鍾璐: 0524 Pei Yinsen 裴蔭森: 0020, 1164 Peng Duanshu 彭端淑: 0071 Peng Qingli 彭清藜: 0092 Peng Shao 彭韶: 0007, 0007

Peng Shidu 彭師度: 0373 Peng Shoushan 彭壽山: 0514 Peng Weixin 彭維新: 0934 Peng Yingbi 彭應弼: 0690 Peng Yizhu 彭以竺: 0828 Peng Yuanrui 彭元瑞: 0591, 0765 Peng Yuwen 彭玉雯: 0227 Peng Ze 彭澤: 0593 Peng Zuxian 彭祖賢: 0524 Penglai Yuqiao 蓬萊瘐樵: 0774 Pi Zan 邳贊: 0882 Pikuang daoren 澼絖道人: 0813 Pu Wenchang 濮文昶: 0524 Q Qi Biaojia 祁彪佳: 0020, 0547, 0548, 0549, 0748, 0980, 1110, 1111 Qi Changgeng 齊長庚: 0395 Qi Chenghan 祁承㸁: 0045, 0045 Qi Gong 祁𡎴: 0067, 0393, 0649 Qi Jiguang 戚繼光: 0793, 0793, 0794, 0795, 0796, 0797, 0798 Qi Junzao 祁寯藻: 1007 Qi Liaosheng 戚蓼生: 0442, 1150 Qi Qiyi 齊其儀: 1004 Qi Renjing 戚人鏡: 0912 Qi Shichang 祁世長: 0451 Qi Shoulin 祁壽麐: 0658 Qi Shoulin 祁壽麟: 1062 Qi Wenhan 祁文瀚: 1007 Qian Chun 錢春: 0919 Qian Fengwen 錢鳳文, 0375 Qian Huan 錢桓: 0320 Qian Jibo 錢基博: 1132 Qian Jihou 錢基厚: 1132, 1132 Qian Qi 錢琦: 0383 Qian Ruisheng 錢瑞生: 1094 Qian Shanqi 錢善起: 0094 Qian Shijin 錢士晉: 0372 Qian Shisheng 錢士升: 0891 Qian Si 錢枱: 1062 Qian Tang 錢棠: 0565 Qian Tianshu 錢天樹: 0591 Qian Tingxun 錢廷薰: 0518 Qian Weicheng 錢維成: 0487 Qian Weiqiao 錢維喬: 0271

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1458 Qian Xinhe 錢炘和: 0862, 0862 Qian Xizuo 錢熙祚: 0538, 0794 Qian Yiji 錢儀吉: 1023 Qian Yikai 錢以塏: 0933 Qian Zhan 錢栴: 0824, 0824 Qian Zhiqing 錢之青: 0375 Qiao Maojing 喬懋敬: 0036, 0036 Qiao Tingdong 喬廷棟: 0035 Qiao Yin 喬胤: 0818 Qiao Yuanchun 喬元椿: 0022 Qin Dunshi 秦敦世: 1127 Qin Gengtong 秦賡彤: 0471 Qin Huan 秦煥: 0250, 470 Qin Xiangye 秦緗業: 1051 Qin Ying 秦瀛: 0386, 0388, 0389 Qingbai li 清白吏: 0186 Qingbo Yisou 清波逸叟: 0671, 0671 Qinggui 慶桂: 0765, 0765 Qingnian 清年: 0508, 0508 Qingyun zhuren 慶雲主人: 0668 Qishan 琦善: 0212, 0446 Qiu Huang 邱煌: 0569, 0569 Qiu Zhaoshi 裘肇師: 0439 Qiwen 啟文: 1062 Qiying 耆英: 0116 Qu Bishen 屈必伸: 0821 Qu Jichang 瞿繼昌: 1080 Qu Jun 瞿俊: 0031 Qu Zhongrong 瞿中溶: 0649, 0652, 0652, 0656 Quan Huanwen 全煥文: 0581 Quan Shichao 全士潮: 0488 Que Chengzhang 闕成章: 0035 Que Jing 卻敬: 0332 Quyuan jushi 曲園居士: 0244 R Rao Difu 饒滌甫: 0142 Rao Han 饒瀚: 0480 Rao Jinghui 饒景暉: 0920 Ren Daorong 任道鎔: 0576, 1064 Ren Jiadi 任甲第: 0364, 0365 Ren Pengnian 任彭年: 0393 Ren Wenye 任文燁: 0100 Renzong 仁宗 emperor (Song): 0788 Ronglu zhuren 榮錄主人: 0246 Ruan Benyan 阮本焱: 1066, 1066 Ruan Kuisheng 阮葵生: 0488, 0605

Index of Authors/Compilers Ruan Qixin 阮其新: 0649 Ruan Yuan 阮元: 0268, 0912, 1154 Ruan Zutang 阮祖棠: 0473, 0473, 0649 Ruiliang 瑞良: 1124, 1124 Ruilin 瑞麟: 0083 Ruiyun guan zhuren 瑞雲館主人: 0668 Ruo Xing 若行: 0372 S Saitō Un 齋藤澐: 0167 Sang Chunrong 桑春榮: 0619 Senbao ge zhuren 森寶閣主人: 0802 Shao Lu 邵陸: 1013 Shao Lun 邵綸: 1139, 1140 Shao Shengqing 邵繩清: 0447, 0512 Shao Sizong 邵嗣宗: 0056 Shao Taiqu 邵泰衢: 199 She Ziqiang 佘自強: 0185, 0248 Shen Bang 沈榜: 0883, 0883 Shen Baozhen 沈葆楨: 0231, 0957 Shen Bingcheng 沈秉成: 0145, 1052 Shen Bingkun 沈秉堃: 1076, 1076 Shen Dade 沈大德: 0040 Shen Dexian 沈德先: 0170 Shen Guan 沈琯: 0192 Shen Guoliang 沈國樑: 0429, 0430, 0430 Shen Heng 沈珩: 0898 Shen Jiaben 沈家本: 0329, 0330, 0361, 0421, 0476, 0531, 0531, 0619, 0627, 0627, 0628, 0632, 0711, 0711 Shen Jiayin 申佳胤: 0893 Shen Jie 沈捷: 0129 Shen Jinxiang 沈晉祥: 0622 Shen Maode 沈楙悳 (懋德): 0190, 0723 Shen Qi 沈岐: 0230 Shen Qian 沈謙: 0999 Shen Qingju 沈清旭: 1121 Shen Ruchun 沈如焞: 0409 Shen Shanqian 沈善謙: 1100 Shen Shiping 沈世屏: 0933 Shen Shucheng 沈書城: 0383, 0383, 0384, 0385, 0385 Shen Taizhen 沈泰鎮: 1062 Shen Tingfang 沈廷芳: 0025 Shen Tingying 沈廷瑛: 0493, 0493 Shen Tongfang 沈同芳: 1085 Shen Weishi 沈維時: 0329

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

Index of Authors/Compilers Shen Xintian 沈辛田: 0433, 0434, 0434, 0435, 0435, 0445, 0449 Shen Xinyou 沈心友: 0201, 1133, 1135 Shen Xixu 沈西序: 0145 Shen Xizhou 沈錫周: 0461 Shen Yanqing 沈衍慶: 0832, 1041 Shen Yi 沈翼: 0436, 0439 Shen Yide 沈衣德: 0609, 0609 Shen Yingwen 沈應文: 0369 Shen Yuanshen 沈源深: 0095 Shen Zengzhi 沈曾姪: 0327 Shen Zhanlin 沈沾霖: 0443, 0443, 0491, 0701 Shen Zhaokui 沈兆奎 : 0329 Shen Zhi 沈埴: 0815 Shen Zhiqi 沈之奇: 0378, 0378, 0379, 0388, 0390, 0391, 0393 Shen Zhizhou 沈志周: 0272 Shen Zhongwei 沈仲緯: 0330 Sheng Dadian 盛大典: 0900 Sheng Shixuan 盛時選: 0537 Sheng Yong 盛顒: 0731 Shengtai 升泰: 0062, 0427, 0427, 0663, 0663 Shexi jushi 畬西居士: 0763, 0763 Shi Chengjin 石成金: 0202, 0203, 0204 Shi Chengzu 師承祖: 0311 Shi Fangluo 石方洛: 1064 Shi Guifang 史桂芳: 0180 Shi Hong 施宏: 0990 Shi Jirong 史積容: 1014 Shi Kefa 史可法: 0807, 0822, 0823 Shi Moyun 石抹允: 0309 Shi Qinglai 時慶萊: 1078 Shi Xi 施熙: 0566 Shi Xizai 石熙載: 0276 Shi Zaiyu 施在鈺: 0855, 0855 Shi Zanqing 石贊清: 0145 Shi Zhikang 史致康: 0834 Shi Zhongyin 石中隱: 0441, 0441 Shier liancheng zi 十二連城子: 0002 Shishi zi 識時子: 0668 Shu Huamin 舒化民: 0912 Shu Tiansong 菽田宋: 0655 Shu Xizhong 舒希忠: 0761 Shizu 世祖: see Shunzhi emperor Shu Huamin 舒化民: 0874 Shunzhi emperor (Qing): 0012, 0012, 0013, 0013 Si Weibiao 司惟標: 0546

1459 Sima Tao 司馬騊: 1014 Situ Zhao 司徒照: 0862 Song Banghui 宋邦僡: 0471, 0471, 0574, 0574 Song Chuwang 宋楚望: 0311, 0311 Song Ci 宋慈: 0630, 0630, 0633, 0639, 0640, 0642, 0658, 0664, 1149 Song Guangzuo 宋光祚: 0469 Song Houshan 宋厚山: 1081 Song Jin 宋錦: 0174 Song Luo 宋犖: 0699, 0998 Song Qian 宋謙: 0494 Song Qiyuan 宋其沅: 0912 Song Shiying 宋實穎: 0049 Song Sijing 宋嗣京: 0131 Song Tingheng 宋廷鑅: 0212 Song Xian 宋獻: 0805 Song Xiangfeng 宋翔鳳: 0853 Song Yiwang 宋儀望: 0178, 0779 Song Zhi 宋致: 0933 Songchang 松長: 0440, 0461 Songkun 嵩崑: 0121 Songnian 嵩年: 1017 Su Fengwen 蘇鳳文: 0449 Su Maoxiang 蘇茂相: 0186 Su Tianjue 蘇天爵: 0030 Su Tingyu 蘇廷玉: 0146, 0146 Su You 蘇祐: 0688 Su Yuanlu 蘇元璐: 1021 Su Zhenglin 蘇蒸霖: 0988 Su’erde 蘇爾德: 0486 Sui Renpeng 隋人鵬: 0024 Sun Biyun 孫陛雲: 1122 Sun Chengtai 孫成泰: 0793 Sun Cun 孫存: 0340 Sun Dinglie 孫鼎烈: 1084, 1084 Sun Guanglie 孫光烈: 0387, 0649 Sun Guangxie 孫光爕: 0618, 0621, 0621 Sun Guoguang 孫國光: 0739 Sun Hong 孫綋: 0199 Sun Jiale 孫嘉樂: 0383, 0489, 0490 Sun Jianai 孫家鼐: 0962 Sun Jingming 孫敬銘: 0050 Sun Lanfen 孫蘭芬: 0934 Sun Long 孫鑨: 0166 Sun Lüfu 孫履福: 0298 Sun Lun 孫綸: 0477, 0477 Sun Nengchuan 孫能傳: 0043, 0043 Sun Nengzheng 孫能正: 0043

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1460 Sun Peiyang 孫丕揚: 0255, 0255 Sun Qiangming 孫鏘鳴: 1051, 1064 Sun Qing 孫慶: 0305 Sun Shijin 孫世金: 0268 Sun Shiyi 孫士毅: 0490 Sun Wenyao 孫文耀: 0618, 0621, 0621 Sun Xun 孫旬: 0352 Sun Yiyan 孫衣言: 1064 Sun Yulin 孫毓林: 1126, 1126 Sun Zhaoxing 孫肇興: 0886 T Taizu 太祖 : see Hongwu emperor Tan Junpei 譚均培: 0524 Tang Boyuan 唐伯元: 0319, 0319 Tang Chenglie 湯成烈: 0080 Tang Enhao 唐恩灝: 1062 Tang Gao 唐皐: 0731 Tang Jian 唐鑑: 0912 Tang Jinzhao 湯金釗: 0060 Tang Juye 湯居業: 0506, 0506 Tang Lidu 唐李杜: 0314 Tang Long 唐龍: 0867 Tang Renzhi 唐仁埴: 0768 Tang Shu 唐樞: 0125, 0689 Tang Shu 湯璹: 0815 Tang Suizu 唐綏祖: 0434, 0445 Tang Shunzhi 唐順之: 0792 Tang Xianyang 唐咸仰: 0427 Tang Yaochen 唐堯臣: 0688 Tang Yin 唐尹: 0072 Tang Yingqiu 湯應求: 1009, 1009 Tang Yujie 唐郁杰: 0059 Tang Zhaoxi 湯肇熙: 1064 Tao Donggao 陶東皋: 0393 Tao Liang 陶樑: 0212 Tao Qisu 陶其愫 : 0486 Tao Xiaoyun 陶曉篔: 0393 Tao Yuanliang 陶原良: 0002 Tao Zhengjing 陶正靖: 1010 Teng Yuanding 滕元鼎: 0983, 0983 Tian Rucheng 田汝成: 0309 Tian Wenjing 田文鏡: 0205, 0934, 0935, 0936, 0937, 0938 Tian Ze 田澤: 0539 Tiebao 鐵保: 0767 Tieshan 鐵珊: 0450 Tong Guorang 佟國勷: 0640

Index of Authors/Compilers Tong Heyu 童和豫: 1152 Tong Lian 童濂: 0649 Tong Yulu 童棫陸: 1037 Tongde 同德: 0481, 0481, 0761 Tongrui 通瑞: 0134 Tu Long 屠隆: 0734 Tu Yi 屠沂: 1004 Tu Zongying 涂宗瀛: 0771, 0958 Tuohunbu 托渾布: 0212, 0793 U Ushijima Shōzō 牛島省三: 0333 W Wan Jiankun 萬建崑: 0182, 0453 Wan Rong 萬鑅: 0539 Wan Shining 萬世寧: 0561, 0561 Wan Weihan 萬維𩙶: 0110, 0110, 0265, 0265, 0266, 0266, 0267, 0267, 0382, 0382, 0436, 0436, 0439, 0439, 0759, 0759 Wang Anguo 王安國: 0002 Wang Ao 王翱: 1005 Wang Boxin 王柏心: 0145 Wang Chen 王宸: 0268 Wang Chen 王臣: 0541 Wang Chenghu 汪承祜: 0146 Wang Chenglie 王承烈: 0939 Wang Chichang 王熾昌: 0665, 0665 Wang Chongqing 王崇慶: 0731 Wang Da 王達: 0166, 0166 Wang Daolin 汪道林: 0827 Wang Dawu 王大武: 0821 Wang Deguang 王德光: 0353 Wang Ding 王鼎: 0393 Wang Dingchen 王鼎生: 0555 Wang Dugong 王篤恭: 1081 Wang Dun 王鈍: 0164 Wang Erlu 王爾祿: 0750 Wang Fengcai 王風采: 0997 Wang Fengsheng 王鳳生: 0222, 0222, 0770, 0770, 0840, 0840, 0856, 0856, 0857, 0857, 1022, 1022, 1142 Wang Gai 王概: 0541 Wang Guang 王廣: 0868 Wang Guanguang 王觀光: 0581 Wang Guangzu 王光祖: 0973 Wang Guocai 王國材: 0746

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

Index of Authors/Compilers Wang Guochang 王國昌: 0198 Wang Guozuo 王國佐: 0724 Wang Haoshan 王好善: 0882 Wang Hehuan 王荷幻: 0470 Wang Hua 王化: 0021 Wang Huizu 汪輝祖: 0142, 0142, 0143, 0144, 0212, 0212, 0213, 0213, 0214, 0225, 0268, 0268, 0269, 0269, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1140, 1141, 1154 Wang Ji 王吉: 0630 Wang Jianxin 王檢心: 0772, 0772 Wang Jiazhen 王家振: 0043 Wang Jie 汪杰: 0129 Wang Jie 王結: 0160 Wang Jingchun 汪景純: 1058 Wang Jingxian 王景賢: 0231, 0235 Wang Jinzhi 王晉之: 0241 Wang Jinzhi 汪進之: 0518 Wang Jipei 汪繼培: 0591 Wang Jun 王峻: 0801 Wang Kaitai 王凱泰: 0393, 0472, 0472 Wang Kentang 王肯堂: 0371, 0371, 0454, 0454, 0634 Wang Languang 王蘭廣: 0469 Wang Lian 王廉: 0254 Wang Lütai 王履泰: 1117, 1117 Wang Mai 王邁: 0004 Wang Maozhong 王懋中: 0263, 0263 Wang Mengling 王夢齡: 0874 Wang Ming 王明: 0353 Wang Mingde 王明德: 0373, 0373, 0637 Wang Minghe 王鳴鶴: 0801, 0801 Wang Mo 王謨: 0002 Wang Nan 王楠: 0344 Wang Qian 王謙: 1000 Wang Qiao 王樵: 0360, 0360 Wang Qizeng 王啟曾: 1044 Wang Quan 汪瑔: 1059 Wang Renpeng 王人鵬: 1103, 1103 Wang Rongji 王榕吉: 0782 Wang Shan 王掞: 0406, 0477 Wang Shansheng 王善升: 0307, 0307 Wang Sheng 王升: 0163 Wang Sheng 王聲: 1104, 1104 Wang Shiduo 汪士鐸: 0059 Wang Shihuang 王士璜: 1015 Wang Shijin 汪世金: 0142

1461 Wang Shijun 王士俊: 0053, 0053, 0939, 0940, 0940, 0941, 0941 Wang Shilu 王士祿: 1133 Wang Shimao 王世茂: 0128, 0128 Wang Shiqiao 王士翹: 0687, 0687 Wang Shiren 汪士仁: 1164 Wang Shitong 王式通: 0327 Wang Shixing 王士性: 0800 Wang Shiyin 王世蔭: 0744 Wang Shiyun 王士雲: 1133 Wang Shizhen 王士禎: 0195, 0195 Wang Shizhen 王世貞: 0793 Wang Shouren 王守仁: 0838 Wang Shouting 王壽廷: 0095 Wang Shouxun 王守恂: 1102 Wang Shu 王恕: 0757 Wang Shuzhi 王樹之: 1067, 1067 Wang Siren 王思任: 0550, 0747 Wang Siyi 王思沂: 0658 Wang Sunlan 王孫蘭: 0887 Wang Tao 王韜: 0869 Wang Tianxi 汪天錫: 0176 Wang Tinglun 王廷掄: 0998 Wang Tingxiang 王廷相: 0913, 0914, 0915 Wang Tingzhen 汪廷珍: 0074 Wang Wanchun 汪畹春: 0292 Wang Wei 汪薇: 0998 Wang Wenlu 王文祿: 0009 Wang Wenshao 王文韶: 0145, 0238, 1165, 1165 Wang Xi 王璽: 0594 Wang Xianglin 王香霖: 0152, 0215 Wang Xie 王瀣: 0565 Wang Xie 王爕: 0761 Wang Xinjing 王心敬: 0051, 0756 Wang Xixun 汪喜荀: 0912, 0912 Wang Yezi 王葉滋: 0755 Wang Yilin 王一麟: 1137, 1137 Wang Yingdou 王映斗: 0396 Wang Yinghua 王應華: 0545 Wang Yingpeng 王應鵬 : 0253 Wang Yingqian 王應乾: 0886 Wang Yingquan 汪應銓: 0933, 0939 Wang Yingxu 王縈緒: 1013 Wang Yizhen 王一楨: 0919 Wang You 王佑: 0632 Wang Youfu 王有孚: 0298, 0298, 1151 Wang Youhong 王猷鴻: 0272

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1462 Wang Youhuai 王又槐: 0270, 0270, 0284, 0384, 0384, 387, 0389, 0441, 0442, 0457, 0490, 0490, 0649, 0649, 1150, 1150 Wang Youwu 王又梧: 0649 Wang Yu 王與: 0632, 0632 Wang Yu 王㒜: 0157, 0159 Wang Yuan 王原: 1002 Wang Yuanding 王元鼎: 0890 Wang Yuangao 王元鎬: 0298 Wang Yue 王玥: 0145 Wang Yuegao 王月高: 1133 Wang Yuheng 王遇亨: 0298 Wang Yujia 王豫嘉 : 0373 Wang Yunwu 王雲五: 0078 Wang Zaijin 王在晉: 0633, 0849, 0849 Wang Zengfang 王贈芳: 0912 Wang Zhang 王章: 0889 Wang Zhen 王溱: 0973 Wang Zheng 王徵: 0888, 0888 Wang Zhenjia 汪振甲: 1004 Wang Zhi 王植: 0210, 0210, 0771 Wang Zhi 王直: 0731 Wang Zhichen 王之臣: 0141, 0141 Wang Zhichun 王之春: 0228 Wang Zhidu 王之都: 0885 Wang Zhilin 王之麟: 1004 Wang Zhiyi 汪志伊: 0220, 0766, 0766 Wang Zhiyou 王之猷: 0353 Wang Zongshou 王宗壽: 0774 Wang Zongyan 王宗琰: 0268, 0269, 1154 Wang Zuo 王佐: 0167 Wang Zuyuan 王祖源: 0710, 0710 Wangu zhai zhuren 萬古齋主人: 0377 Wanzhetu 完者禿: 0730 Wei Guangtao 魏光濤: 0567 Wei Jiahua 魏家驊: 1095 Wei Jirui 魏際瑞: 1112, 1112 Wei Maolin 魏茂林: 0212 Wei Qinglin 尉慶麟: 0623 Wei Rongguang 衛榮光: 0145 Wei Songtang 魏頌唐: 0091 Wei Tang 魏塘: 0266 Wei Tingzhen 魏廷珍: 0933 Wei Wanchu 魏浣初: 0803 Wei Xi 魏禧: 0751, 1112 Wei Xianguo 魏顯國: 0042 Wei Xiyuan 魏息園: 0714, 0714 Wei Xizuo 魏錫祚: 1008, 1008

Index of Authors/Compilers Wei Xuecheng 魏學誠: 0995 Wei Yijie 魏裔介: 0258, 0323 Wei Yingjia 魏應嘉: 0021 Wei Zhengheng 魏正鑅: 0266 Weilan shi zhuren 味蘭室主人: 0239 Wen Hai 文海: 0228, 0228 Wen Sheng 文晟: 0649, 0656 Wen Zaifang 文在芳: 0933 Wen Zhenmeng 文震孟: 0877 Wen Zhonghan 溫忠翰: 1064 Wen Zhu 文柱: 0393 Weng Chuanzhao 翁傳照: 0244, 0244 Weng Jitang 翁寄塘: 0565 Weng Tonghe 翁同龢: 0957 Weng Zulie 翁祖烈: 0232 Wenhuan 文煥: 1076 Wenti 文悌: 0126 Wolong zi 臥龍子: 0677 Woniu shanren 臥牛山人: 0152, 0216 Woren 倭仁: 0062 Wu Aheng 吳阿衡: 0821 Wu Biao 吳標: 0992 Wu Changyuan 吳長元: 0536 Wu Chao 吳潮: 0524, 0524 Wu Cheng 吳澂: 0158 Wu Cheng 吳檉: 0197, 0197 Wu Chi 吳篪: 1020 Wu Chongxi 吴重熹: 0071, 0461 Wu Chongxiao 吳翀霄: 0437 Wu Chongyao 伍崇曜: 0764, 0802 Wu Chucai 吳楚材: 0883 Wu Chunjia 鄔純嘏: 0428 Wu Cihe 吳慈鶴: 0071 Wu Daochang 吳道昌: 0823 Wu Dating 吳大廷: 0658 Wu Fu 伍福: 0031 Wu Guanghua 吳光華: 0483, 0483 Wu Guangyao 吳光耀: 1083, 1083 Wu Hong 吳宏: 1115, 1115 Wu Hong’en 吳鴻恩: 0062 Wu Jiabin 吳嘉賓: 0462, 1163 Wu Jiagui 吳家桂: 1151 Wu Jiaqi 吳家騏: 0939 Wu Jie 吳傑: 0095 Wu Jing 吳暻: 0104, 0104 Wu Jingxian 吳經先: 0932 Wu Junsun 吳筠孫: 1085 Wu Kangzong 吳亢宗: 0192

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1463

Index of Authors/Compilers Wu Kun 吳堃: 0300, 0300 Wu Lanluo 吳瀾螺: 0150 Wu Lian 鄔璉: 0916 Wu Linzheng 吳麟徵: 0891 Wu Menglong 吳孟龍: 0088, 0088 Wu Minglei 鄔鳴雷: 0043 Wu Nan 吳枏: 0836 Wu Ne 吳訥: 0067, 0067, 0539, 0539 Wu Qijun 吳其濬: 0825, 1029 Wu Rongguang 吳榮光: 0770 Wu Shiying 吳士映: 0436 Wu Shouchun 吳壽椿: 1026, 1027, 1143, 1145 Wu Tang 吳棠: 0209, 0212, 0259, 1139, 1141 Wu Tianmin 吳天民: 0682 Wu Tingchen 吳廷琛: 0393 Wu Tingzhen 吳廷楨: 0145 Wu Wencheng 吳文澂: 0644 Wu Wenhua 吳文華: 0975 Wu Xiangwu 吳襄巫: 0198 Wu Ximeng 吳希孟: 0244 Wu Xize 吳錫澤: 0078, 0078 Wu Xu 吳煦: 0393 Wu Yepu 吳業溥: 0015, 0015 Wu Yixian 吳翼先: 0702 Wu Yiyi 吳儀一: 0188 Wu Yongxian 吳用先: 0792 Wu You 鄔祐: 0166 Wu Yuanwei 吳元煒: 0762, 0762 Wu Yun 吳雲: 0870 Wu Zengkui 吳增逵: 0063 Wu Zetian 武則天: 0001 Wu Zhang 吳墇: 0891 Wu Zhaorong 吴肇榮: 0987 Wu Zhen 武震: 0428 Wu Zhen 吳震: 0900, 0900 Wu Zhirang 吳之勷: 0793, 0794 Wu Zhonggao 吳忠誥: 0194 Wu Zi 吳鼒: 0651, 0651 Wu Ziyu 吳子玉: 0034 Wu Zongying 吳宗瑛: 0870 Wu Zun 吳遵: 0178 Wudahai 吳達海: 0377 Wuertong’a 覺羅烏爾通阿, 0061, 0061 X Xi Dazhuang 奚大壯: 1019 Xi Sui 習嶲: 0933 Xia Jingyi 夏敬一: 0413, 0413

Xia Shitang 夏世堂: 0135 Xia Tongshan 夏同善: 0658 Xia Zhangqi 夏張琪: 0371 Xia Zhengyi 夏正彝: 0966 Xiang Jixian 向季賢: 1034 Xianxian zi 閒閒子: 0668 Xiao Daohong 蕭道弘: 0556 Xiao Deshu 蕭德樹: 1064 Xiao Jin’gao 蕭近高: 0369 Xiao Liangpan 蕭良泮: 0595 Xiao Peiyuan 蕭培元: 0061 Xiao Rulan 蕭如蘭: 0145 Xie Chengjun 謝誠鈞: 0613, 0613, 0620 Xie Chongli 謝崇禮: 1080 Xie Guansheng 謝冠生: 1047 Xie Jiehan 謝杰漢: 0883 Xie Jingcheng 謝鏡澄: 1059 Xie Jinluan 謝金鑾: 0217, 0259 Xie Kui 謝奎: 0490, 0490 Xie Minghuang 謝鳴篁: 0277, 0277 Xie Ruqin 謝汝欽: 0451 Xie Tinggui 謝廷桂: 0157, 0157 Xie Wenbing 謝文炳: 0791 Xie Xuechong 謝學崇: 0768 Xie Yingchen 謝應宸: 0043 Xiefang tang zhuren 擷芳堂主人: 1137 Xin Ciying 辛次膺: 0027, 0044 Xing Jie 邢玠: 0794 Xing Rang 邢讓: 0157 Xingzhai jushi 惺齋居士: 0763 Xiong Bin 熊賓: 1087, 1087 Xiong E 熊莪: 0515, 0515 Xiong Hongbei 熊弘[宏]備: 0196 Xiong Kaichu 熊開楚: 0202 Xiong Mei 熊枚: 0443, 0491 Xiong Mingqi 熊鳴岐: 0372 Xiong Mingyu 熊明遇: 0923 Xiong Renlin 熊人霖: 0099 Xiong Shangwen 熊尚文: 0021 Xiong Yingxiong 熊應雄: 0823 Xiong Zichen 熊子臣: 0179, 0179 Xiyuan 希元: 0069, 0124 Xizhao tang zhuren 犀照堂主人: 0129 Xizhen 熙楨: 0623 Xu Ao 徐璈: 0912 Xu Bang 徐榜: 0010 Xu Bao 許寶: 0212, 1139 Xu Ben 徐本: 0943

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1464 Xu Bingyi 徐秉義: 0049, 0898 Xu Changzuo 徐昌祚: 0366 Xu Chao 徐潮: 0997 Xu Chongli 徐崇禮: 0024 Xu Chu 徐楚: 0033 Xu Dading 許大定: 0378 Xu Dong 徐棟: 0079, 0079, 0083, 0083, 0841, 0841, 0842, 0844, 0844 Xu Duan 徐端: 0721, 0722, 0722 Xu Gengbi 徐賡陛: 1075 Xu Guangjin 徐廣縉: 0830 Xu Guangqi 徐光啟: 0790 Xu Hao 徐灝: 0449, 0449 Xu Honggang 許弘綱: 0321 Xu Ji 徐吉: 1109 Xu Jian 徐鑑: 0369 Xu Jianquan 徐諫荃: 0527 Xu Jie 徐階: 0176, 0177 Xu Jing 徐敬: 0058 Xu Jingxi 徐景熹: 0438 Xu Jishe 徐繼畬: 0828 Xu Jiyu 徐繼畬: 0229 Xu Jue 許玨: 1127, 1127 Xu Jun 徐濬: 1018 Xu Lian 許槤: 0515, 0515, 0520, 0520, 0538, 0658, 0658, 0662 Xu Luan 徐鑾: 0918 Xu Luanming 徐鑾鳴: 0801 Xu Mei 許楣: 0272 Xu Naiji 許乃濟: 0826, 0834 Xu Naipu 許乃普: 1154, 1154 Xu Naizhao 許乃釗: 0721, 0766, 0793, 0794, 0826, 0829, 0829, 0830, 0830, 0831, 0831, 0833, 0833, 0834, 0834, 1153, 1153 Xu Pei 徐霈: 0002 Xu Pei 徐培: 0436, 0439 Xu Peisheng 須珮聲: 0437 Xu Piming 許丕名: 0891 Xu Qi 徐杞: 0933 Xu Qi 徐琪: 1122, 1122 Xu Qiaolin 許喬林: 0071, 0230 Xu Qiguang 許其光: 0870 Xu Qingxuan 徐清選: 1014 Xu Qingxun 徐慶勳: 0220 Xu Sanli 許三禮: 0898 Xu Shaoshu 徐紹樞: 0250 Xu Shenwang 許伸望: 0620, 0620 Xu Shi 徐栻: 0916

Index of Authors/Compilers Xu Shichang 徐世昌: 0064, 0064, 0090, 0090 Xu Shidong 徐時棟: 0041 Xu Shiguang 徐世光: 0910 Xu Shilin 徐士林: 0558, 0559, 0933 Xu Shiluan 徐士鑾: 0227, 0469 Xu Shiqi 徐石麒: 0096 Xu Shiying 許世英: 0969 Xu Shizeng 徐師曾: 0035 Xu Shouji 徐壽基: 1062 Xu Shouzi 徐壽茲: 1080, 1080 Xu Shujun 徐樹鈞: 0244 Xu Shuming 徐樹銘: 0244, 1122 Xu Sirong 許嗣容: 1020 Xu Song 徐松: 0328, 0329 Xu Tang 許堂: 0173 Xu Tianzui 許天醉: 0247 Xu Tongfan 許同范: 1127 Xu Tongxin 許同莘: 0005, 1127 Xu Wenbi 徐文弼: 0211, 0211 Xu Wenda 徐文達: 0419, 0419 Xu Wenjun 許文濬: 1099, 1099 Xu Xuefan 許學範: 0826 Xu Yankuan 徐彥寬: 1132 Xu Yi 徐毅: 0381, 0381 Xu Yuanrui 徐元瑞: 0309, 0309 Xu Yuantai 徐元太: 0041, 0041 Xu Yuanwen 徐元文: 0049 Xu Yuanyang 徐元暘: 0787, 0787 Xu Yuanyu 徐元禹: 0993 Xu Yue 徐鉞: 0442, 1150 Xu Yueqing 許月卿: 0005 Xu Zechun 徐澤醇: 0133 Xu Zhaochun 許兆椿: 1017 Xu Zhijian 許之漸: 0049 Xu Zhijue 許之玨: 0474 Xu Zonggan 徐宗幹: 0149, 0231, 0395, 0955, 0955, 1042, 1042 Xu Zongzheng 徐宗正: 0403 Xuande emperor (Ming): 0006 Xue Chuanyuan 薛傳源: 0851, 0851 Xue Dubi 薛篤弼: 1105 Xue Fuchen 薛福辰: 1062 Xue Shiyu 薛時雨: 1051 Xue xiansheng 薛先生: 0686 Xue Xuan 薛瑄: 0170, 0171, 0251 Xue Yijin 薛一縉: 1006 Xue Yunsheng 薛允升: 0421, 0421, 0623, 0626, 0711, 0962

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1465

Index of Authors/Compilers Y Yaerhashan 覺羅雅爾哈善: 0479, 0479 Yaertu 雅爾圖: 0945 Yamamoto Koreyasu 山本惟恭: 0757 Yamamoto Nobuari 山本信有: 0539 Yan Chen 嚴辰: 1058 Yan Cishu 晏賜書: 0237 Yan Dingyi 嚴定一: 0848 Yan Hang 嚴沆: 0099, 0373, 0925 Yan Jingming 閻敬銘: 0954 Yan Jun 嚴濬: 0485 Yan Junyan 顏俊彥: 0545, 0545 Yan Lang 嚴烺: 0767 Yan Maoyou 顏茂猷: 0020, 0020 Yan Ne 嚴訥: 0035 Yan Shike 閻世科: 0886 Yan Sisheng 晏斯盛: 0050 Yan Weiwen 嚴蔚文: 1051 Yan Xikang 嚴錫康: 0145 Yan Xiling 閻錫齡: 0420, 0449 Yan Xishen 顏希深: 0485 Yan Xiu 嚴修: 1095 Yan Xuchang 燕續昌: 0228 Yan Youxi 嚴有禧: 1010 Yanchang 延昌: 0249, 0249, 0250, 0250, 0470 Yang Bi 楊馝: 0206, 0206, 0942 Yang Chang 楊昶: 0988 Yang Changjun 楊昌濬: 0209 Yang Changlin 楊長林: 0489, 0490 Yang Chaoguan 楊潮觀: 0106 Yang Chaolin 楊朝麟: 0640, 0640 Yang Cheng 楊澄: 0538 Yang Guozhen 楊國楨: 0071, 0513, 0771 Yang Jingren 楊景仁: 0058, 0058, 0771, 0771 Yang Jingsu 楊景素: 0438 Yang Jinren 楊近仁: 0398 Yang Jun 楊峻: 0541 Yang Lianfang 楊聯芳: 0040 Yang Liang 楊亮: 0772 Yang Mengyan 楊夢琰: 0934 Yang Pu 楊溥: 0731 Yang Qingchen 楊慶琛: 0793 Yang Rongxu 楊榮緒: 0398 Yang Rugu 楊汝糓: 0933 Yang Shaocheng 楊紹程: 0039 Yang Shaozu 楊紹祖: 0212, 1139 Yang Shida 楊士達: 0137, 0225, 1163 Yang Shiqiao 楊時喬: 0800, 0800, 0863, 0863

Yang Shoujing 楊守敬: 0001 Yang Shouli 楊守禮: 0107 Yang Shucheng 揚述程: 0803 Yang Tinglin 楊廷麟: 0923 Yang Wei 楊渭: 0837, 0837 Yang Weizhen 楊維楨: 0330 Yang Xiangji 楊象濟: 1051 Yang Xifu 楊錫紱: 0486 Yang Ximin 楊希閔: 0142 Yang Ximing 楊西明: 0769, 0769 Yang Xinzhai 楊忻齋: 1106, 1106 Yang Xu 仰煦: 0590 Yang Xun 楊洵: 0918 Yang Yaozu 陽耀祖: 1009 Yang Yingkui 楊應魁: 0897 Yang Yizeng 楊以增: 0079, 0083 Yang Yongjian 楊雍建: 0403, 0995 Yang Youxuan 楊又玄: 0020 Yang Yu 楊昱: 0032, 0032 Yang Zhaoli 楊照藜: 0228 Yangjiao shansou 羊角山叟: 0632 Yao Bi 姚碧: 0761, 0761 Yao Deyu 姚德豫: 0649, 0655, 0655 Yao Kaiyuan 姚凱元: 0139 Yao Lin 姚林: 0846, 0846 Yao Siren 姚思仁: 0368, 0731 Yao Xiguang 姚錫光: 1082, 1082 Yao Ying 姚瑩: 0912 Yao Yuanzhi 姚元之: 0137 Yao Yuxiang 姚雨薌: 0393 Yao Zhengyong 姚正鏞: 1054 Yao Zutong 姚祖同: 0912 Ye Chunji 葉春及: 0879, 0879 Ye Dehui 葉德煇: 0159 Ye Erheng 葉爾衡: 0238 Ye Guixing 葉桂馨: 0059 Ye Hehai 葉河海: 0469 Ye Ji 葉伋: 0367 Ye Liu 葉留: 0029, 0029 Ye Mengxiong 葉夢熊: 0791 Ye Mingchen 葉名琛: 0830 Ye Shao 葉紹: 1154 Ye Shaoben 葉紹本: 0126, 0205 Ye Sheng 葉晟: 0994 Ye Shizhuo 葉世倬: 0415, 0415 Ye Tingguan 葉廷琯: 0157, 0158, 0159 Ye Xie 葉燮: 0190 Ye Xinzao 葉新藻: 1096, 1096

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1466 Ye Yibao 葉奕苞: 0049 Ye Zhen 葉鎮: 0208 Yesen Gucha 葉森古查: 0934 Yi Anle wo zhuren 亦安樂窩主人: 0236, 0236 Yi Sigong 宜思恭: 0405, 0992 Yi Tang 易棠: 0843 Yifeng 藝風: 0329 Yilibu 伊里布: 0567, 0567, 0568, 0568 Yin Dacheng 殷大成: 0890 Yin Geng 尹畊: 0817 Yin Hongsheng 印洪聲: 0247 Yin Huiyi 尹會一: 0054, 0054, 0095, 0947 Yin Jimei 尹繼美: 1047 Yin Jiyuan 尹濟源: 0124 Ying Baoshi 應寶時: 0393, 0899, 0954, 0956 Ying Chaoqing 應朝卿: 0363 Ying Jia 應檟: 0341, 0341, 0542 Yinggui 瑛桂: 0071 Yingxiang 英祥: 0618, 0618 You Daxun 游大勳: 0601 You Hong 游閎: 0827, 0827 You Lin 尤遴: 1020 You Tong 尤侗: 0049 You Zhikai 游智開: 0058 Yu Changhui 俞昌會: 0853, 0853 Yu Changzuo 余昌祚: 0543 Yu Chenglong 于成龍: 0014, 0552, 0927, 0931, 0949 Yu Dating 于大梃: 0931 Yu Deyuan 俞德淵: 1035 Yu Fangdong 郁方董: 0773 Yu Feihan 魚飛漢: 0983 Yu Hui 余𩆁: 0566 Yu Ji 余集: 0768 Yu Kun 于琨: 0699, 0699 Yu Linfeng 于霖逢: 0559 Yu Linnian 俞麟年: 0150, 0150 Yu Linzhen 俞麟振: 0150 Yu Long 俞龍: 1099 Yu Maoxue 余懋學: 0543 Yu Nao 俞淖: 0330 Yu Ruwei 俞汝為: 0736 Yu Sen 俞森: 0754, 0754 Yu Shenxing 于慎行: 0918 Yu Wanlun 俞琬綸: 0803 Yu Yang 余颺: 0103 Yu Yin 余寅: 0911

Index of Authors/Compilers Yu Ying 余罃: 0876 Yu Yinglong 虞應龍: 0538 Yu Yinxu 余胤緒: 0033 Yu Yuan 余員: 0367 Yu Yue 俞樾: 0244, 0575, 0613 Yu Zhaojun 余肇鈞: 0538 Yu Zhi 余治: 0870, 0870 Yu Zhun 于準 : 0931 Yu Zuoxing 余祚馨: 1050 Yuan Baohuang 袁寶璜: 1054 Yuan Chang 袁昶: 0416 Yuan Dahua 袁大化: 0245 Yuan Gonggui 袁宮桂: 0825 Yuan Huang 袁黃: 0019, 0882, 0885 Yuan Kai 袁楷: 0981 Yuan Mei 袁枚: 0562, 1009 Yuan Mingtai 袁銘泰: 0209 Yuan Pei 袁培: 0721 Yuan Shikai 袁世凱: 0421 Yuan Shouding 袁守定: 0209, 0209 Yuan Sui 袁隨: 0035 Yuan Yiji 袁一驥: 0042 Yuan Yingkui 袁應奎: 0595 Yuan Zhenjia 袁振家: 1024 Yuan Zi 袁滋: 0049 Yuan Ziqian 袁子謙: 0011 Yuan Zirang 袁子讓: 0011, 0011 Yuan Zixun 袁子訓: 0011 Yuanxian 元賢: 0166 Yue Li 岳立: 0994 Yue Shijing 岳士景: 0874 Yuesheng Aiyu tang 粵省愛育堂: 0870 Yuexing’a 岳興阿: 0508 Yulu 裕祿: 0428, 0469 Yuming 玉明: 0396 Yuqian 裕謙: 1029, 1029, 1033, 1033 Yuquan shanren 玉泉山人: 0002 Yushan 預山 (豫山): 0644, 1062 Yuwen 裕文: 0458 Yuzhang 裕彰: 1052, 1052 Yuzheng 玉正: 0456 Z Zeng Biguang 曾璧光: 0046 Zeng Gongliang 曾公亮: 0788 Zeng Guofan 曾國藩: 0262 Zeng Guoquan 曾國荃: 0869 Zeng Hengde 曾恒德: 0440, 0646

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

Index of Authors/Compilers Zeng Pei 曾佩: 0252 Zha Bingzhang 查丙章: 0425 Zha Guangtai 查光泰: 0579 Zha Meilang 查美朗: 0430 Zha Shenxing 查慎行: 0329 Zhan Weisheng 詹惟聖: 0373 Zhan Yi 詹益: 0456 Zhang Anbao 張安保: 0149 Zhang Baoling 張保齡: 0575 Zhang Bingyan 張丙炎: 0050 Zhang Bingzhe 張丙嚞: 0027 Zhang Can 張璨: 0933, 1003 Zhang Chaorui 張朝瑞: 0801 Zhang Chun 張春: 0178 Zhang Dingyong 張鼎鏞: 0396 Zhang Douhang 章斗航: 0802 Zhang Duanmu 張端木: 0267 Zhang Enyi 張恩詒: 0059 Zhang Erzhong 張爾忠: 0981, 0981 Zhang Fengtai 張鳳臺: 0065, 0539 Zhang Fu 張虙: 0539 Zhang Fuzhen 張福臻: 0979 Zhang Ge 張格: 0002 Zhang Guangda 張光大: 0730 Zhang Guangyue 張光月: 0409, 0409 Zhang Guanshi 張官始: 0556 Zhang Guoshi 張國士: 0892 Zhang Guotai 張國泰: 0201 Zhang Guowei 張國維: 0807 Zhang Haipeng 張海鵬: 0159, 0591, 0793 Zhang Hengshen 張恒升: 0314 Zhang Hong 張洪: 0868, 0868 Zhang Jiamou 章嘉謀: 0950 Zhang Jian 張謇: 1095 Zhang Jiande 張建德: 0940, 0941 Zhang Jianying 張鑒瀛: 0239 Zhang Jiasheng 張家聲: 0124 Zhang Jie 張杰: 0126 Zhang Jinfan 張晉藩: 0516 Zhang Jing 張景: 0536 Zhang Jingqu 張景渠: 1064 Zhang Jingtian 張經田: 0220, 0220 Zhang Jingquan 張景銓: 0988 Zhang Jinyan 張縉彥: 0888 Zhang Jiude 張九德: 0697, 0697, 0978 Zhang Jun 張鈞: 0440 Zhang Kai 張楷: 0336 Zhang Kejian 張克儉: 0821

1467 Zhang Kentang 張肯堂: 0546 Zhang Liangui 張聯桂: 1054, 1054 Zhang Lianyuan 張聯元: 1004 Zhang Lu 張鹵: 0915 Zhang Lü 張履: 0773 Zhang Mengyuan 張夢元: 0244 Zhang Mingjun 張鳴鈞: 0940 Zhang Nai 張鼐: 0736 Zhang Nenglin 張能鱗: 0752, 0752, 0753 Zhang Peiren 張培仁: 1047 Zhang Peng 張鵬: 0004 Zhang Pengfei 張鵬飛: 0046 Zhang Pengfen 張鵬翂: 0793, 0818, 0825 Zhang Pengge 張鵬翮: 0024, 0024, 0189 Zhang Pengxiang 張鵬翔: 1084 Zhang Qi 張圻: 0049 Zhang Qiu 章球: 0581 Zhang Quan 張權: 0237 Zhang] Ren 張訒: 1006 Zhang Renjun 張人駿: 0461 Zhang Shi’e 張士諤: 0124 Zhang Shouyan 張守炎: 1124 Zhang Shouyong 張壽鏞: 0539 Zhang Shouzhang 張受長: 0947, 0947 Zhang Sichang 張嗣昌: 0378, 0942, 0942 Zhang Siwei 張四維: 0537 Zhang Sui 張燧: 0806, 0806 Zhang Taizheng 張泰徵: 0538 Zhang Tiande 張天德: 0911 Zhang Tingji 張廷濟: 0068 Zhang Tinglu 張廷璐: 0900, 0943 Zhang Tingxiang 張廷驤: 0212, 0265, 0268, 0299, 0457, 1164, 1164 Zhang Wanggu 張王榖: 0208 Zhang Wanqiu 張浣秋: 1024 Zhang Wei 張位: 0600 Zhang Weishu 張維樞: 0919 Zhang Weixiao 張惟孝: 0655 Zhang Wentao 張問陶: 0563 Zhang Woguan 張我觀: 1006, 1006 Zhang Wuwei 張五緯: 1014, 1015, 1016, 1016, 1017, 1018 Zhang Xianghai 張香海: 0854, 0854 Zhang Xianghe 張祥河: 0416, 0416 Zhang Xiangyun 張祥雲: 0041 Zhang Xianji 張先躋: 0052 Zhang Xie 張燮: 0104 Zhang Xiecheng 張燮承: 0954

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1468 Zhang Xigao 張希皋: 0696, 0696 Zhang Xiliang 張希良: 0995 Zhang Xinghui 張星徽: 0052, 0052 Zhang Xingyao 張星耀: 0996, 0996 Zhang Xingyuan 張星源: 0910 Zhang Xiufu 張修府: 1046, 1046 Zhang Xu 張煦: 0121 Zhang Yanghao 張養浩: 0124, 0162, 0251, 0317 Zhang Yanting 張延庭: 0591, 0880, 0880 Zhang Yao 張曜: 1139 Zhang Yaogeng 章耀更: 0834 Zhang Ying 張鎣: 0336 Zhang Yingdeng 張應登: 0799 Zhang Yinghuai 張應槐: 0919 Zhang Yingji 張映璣: 0386, 0388, 0414 Zhang Yingyun 張應雲: 0514 Zhang You 張輶: 0566 Zhang Yuan 張垣: 0513 Zhang Yuanji 張元濟: 0156, 0539 Zhang Yue 張悅: 0007 Zhang Yunlun 張允掄: 0027 Zhang Yutian 張玉田: 0386 Zhang Zan 張瓚: 0817 Zhang Zantang 張贊唐: 0065 Zhang Zeng 張䎖: 0768 Zhang Zengpei 張曾霈: 0513 Zhang Zhaodong 張兆棟: 0083, 1045 Zhang Zhenpin 張貞品: 1004 Zhang Zhidong 張志棟: 0929 Zhang Zhidong 張之洞: 0964 Zhang Zhuo 張鷟: 0591 Zhang Zi 張鎡: 0028, 0028 Zhang Zufang 張祖房: 0804 Zhang Zuonan 張作楠: 0221 Zhang Zuoyan 張作彥: 1050 Zhao Binyan 趙濱彥: 0967 Zhao Erxun 趙爾巽: 0533, 0961, 0965 Zhao Fang 趙方: 0030 Zhao Hengti 趙恒惖: 0026 Zhao Hong’en 趙宏恩: 0939, 0939 Zhao Jishi 趙吉士: 0984 Zhao Mengfu 趙孟頫: 0328 ,0329 Zhao Shaozu 趙紹祖: 0010 Zhao Sheng 趙升: 0093, 0093 Zhao Shenqiao 趙申喬: 0932, 0933, 0943 Zhao Shenzhen 趙慎畛: 0259 Zhao Shichun 趙時春: 0817

Index of Authors/Compilers Zhao Shituo 趙時橐: 0538 Zhao Shouzu 趙壽祖: 0353 Zhao Shuqiao 趙舒翹: 0326, 0326 Zhao Sijin 趙嗣晉: 0198, 0198 Zhao Su 趙素: 0161 Zhao Sucai 趙素才: 1149 Zhao Tingming 趙廷銘: 0575 Zhao Tongxiao 趙侗斆: 0933, 0943 Zhao Wan 趙琬: 0731 Zhao Weiqing 趙惟卿: 0591 Zhao Wenbing 趙文炳: 0126, 0135 Zhao Wenzai 趙文在: 1016 Zhao Xianqing 趙獻卿: 0933 Zhao Xiuguo 趙休國: 0788 Zhao Xiulan 趙繡嵐: 0247 Zhao Yin 趙隱: 0556 Zhao Yong 趙永: 0126 Zhao Zhenzuo 趙振祚: 0933 Zhao Ziyuan 趙子瑗: 1097, 1097 Zhen Dexiu 真德秀: 0004, 0970, 0971, 0972 Zheng Dade 鄭大德: 0105 Zheng Duan 鄭端: 0102, 0102 Zheng Eryang 鄭二陽: 0890 Zheng Gang 鄭鋼: 0176 Zheng Ke 鄭克: 0538, 0539 Zheng Rubi 鄭汝璧: 0359 Zheng Weiting 鄭魏挺: 0788 Zheng Xianqing 鄭先慶: 0927 Zheng Yanan 鄭雅南: 1094 Zheng Yanhong 鄭延鴻: 0581 Zheng Ying 鄭瑛: 0124 Zheng Yingling 鄭應齡: 0791 Zheng Yiwei 鄭以偉: 0975 Zheng Yuanshu 鄭源璹: 0111, 0111, 0121 Zheng Xuan 鄭玄: 0002 Zhifei zhai zhuren 知非齋主人: 0271 Zhihe 志和: 0396, 0396 Zhilü zi 知律子: 0678 Zhizhi shanren 知至山人: 0026 Zhong Dianxuan 鍾殿選: 0874 Zhong Hong 鍾鋐: 0099 Zhong Huai 鍾淮: 0657 Zhong Huamin 鍾化民: 0180, 0737 Zhong Lian 鍾濂: 0400 Zhong Qingxi 鐘慶熙: 0122 Zhong Tizhi 鍾體志: 1068, 1068 Zhong Yiguang 仲貽光: 0221 Zhong Zhenji 衷貞吉: 0361, 0735

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

Index of Authors/Compilers Zhong Zhenlü 仲振履: 0221, 0221 Zhongxiang 種祥: 0468 Zhongying 鍾英: 1072 Zhou Binghuang 周昺潢: 0024, 0025 Zhou Binglin 周炳麟: 0315, 0315 Zhou Can 周燦: 0923, 0923 Zhou Cunying 周存穎: 0874 Zhou Jian 周鑑: 0807, 0822, 0822, 0823 Zhou Jihua 周際華: 1030, 1031, 1032, 1043 Zhou Jin 周縉: 0653 Zhou Kanglu 周康祿: 0048 Zhou Kongjiao 周孔教: 0739, 0740 Zhou Le 周樂: 1074, 1074 Zhou Lianggong 周亮工: 0553, 1135 Zhou Lin 周麟: 0336 Zhou Menglin 周孟鄰: 0388, 0388 Zhou Mengxiong 周夢熊: 0602 Zhou Nan 周南: 0542 Zhou Qiyun 周啟運: 0513 Zhou Renfu 周壬福: 0209 Zhou Renji 周人驥: 0481 Zhou Riyuan 周日沅: 0413 Zhou Shaolian 周邵蓮: 1014 Zhou Shaolian 周紹濂: 1086 Zhou Shixuan 周世選: 0793 Zhou Shiyi 周士儀: 0992 Zhou Shouchi 周守赤: 0581, 0581 Zhou Suxian 周溯賢: 0576 Zhou Tiguan 周體觀: 0553 Zhou Wenyao 周文耀: 0880 Zhou Xianwen 周憲文: 0955 Zhou Xiapi 舟下邳: 0918 Zhou Xirong 周錫榮: 0581 Zhou Xuejian 周學健: 0479 Zhou Yingbin 周應賓: 0911 Zhou Yuheng 周玉衡: 0905 Zhou Yun 周雲: 1080 Zhou Zhen 周軫: 0252 Zhou Zhennan 周鎮南: 1047 Zhou Zhimao 周之茂: 0822 Zhou Ziye 周子冶: 0167 Zhou Zuoji 周作楫: 0653 Zhou Zupei 周祖培: 0395, 0448 Zhu Buting 朱補庭: 0292, 0292 Zhu Changshou 朱昌壽: 0793 Zhu Changzuo 朱昌祚: 0925 Zhu Chun 朱椿: 0208 Zhu Chunxi 祝淳禧: 0225

1469 Zhu Defan 朱德蕃: 0835 Zhu Fengji 朱逢吉: 0167 Zhu Gang 朱綱: 0641, 0641, 0933 Zhu Gao 朱誥: 0880 Zhu Gui 朱珪: 0765 Zhu Guoshou 朱國壽: 0887 Zhu Heng 朱衡: 0778 Zhu Hong 祝宏: 1009 Zhu Hongzuo 朱弘祚: 0896 Zhu Hui 朱 /徽: 0099 Zhu Jian 朱健: 0099, 0099 Zhu Jiegui 朱介圭: 0378 Zhu Jingxun 朱敬循: 0354 Zhu Junmin 祝俊民: 0166 Zhu Kejian 朱克簡: 0924 Zhu Longguang 朱龍光: 0230 Zhu Lu 朱璐: 0835, 0835 Zhu Lüyi 竹緑猗: 0983 Zhu Maozhi 朱懋治: 1062 Zhu Meichen 朱梅臣: 0525 Zhu Minggao 朱明鎬: 0550 Zhu Mujie 朱睦㮮: 0002 Zhu Peilian 朱佩蓮: 0949 Zhu Qingcheng 祝慶承: 0768 Zhu Qingqi 祝慶祺: 0516 Zhu Qizheng 朱奇政: 1003, 1003 Zhu Shi 朱軾: 0755, 0755, 1004 Zhu Shilu 祝世祿: 0918 Zhu Shu 朱樹: 0145 Zhu Sunyi 朱孫詒: 0904, 1037 Zhu Taimang 朱太忙: 0557 Zhu Tingyue 祝霆月: 0099 Zhu Wan 朱紈: 0877, 0877 Zhu Weibi 朱為弼: 0569 Zhu Wubi 朱五弼: 0918 Zhu Xi 朱熹: 0003 Zhu Xiangqing 朱翔青: 0300 Zhu Xiong 朱熊: 0731 Zhu Xun 朱勳: 0978 Zhu Xuzeng 朱緒曾: 0539 Zhu Ying 朱濚: 0618, 0621 Zhu Yinlong 朱蔭龍: 0077, 0077 Zhu Yizheng 朱以徵: 0061 Zhu Yizun 朱彝尊: 0328, 0329 Zhu Yongchun 朱用純: 0049 Zhu Yongren 朱永仁: 0002 Zhu Yun 朱橒: 0504, 0505, 0505, 1009, 1009 Zhu Yunming 祝允明: 0591

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1470 Zhu Zao 朱藻: 0934 Zhu Zhanji 朱瞻基: 0006 Zhu Zhaopeng 祝兆鵬: 0934 Zhu Zhenxin 朱枕薪: 0001 Zhu Zhiren 朱植仁: 0105, 0105, 0408 Zhu Zhirong 朱之鎔: 0145 Zhu Zhishang 朱之尚: 0046 Zhu Zumou 朱祖謀: 0451 Zhu Zuoding 朱作鼎: 0640 Zhuang Lunyi 莊綸裔: 1085 Zhuang Xin 莊炘: 0702 Zhuang Yougong 莊有恭: 1011 Zhuang Youyi 莊有儀: 0021 Zhuang Yuanzhi 莊元植: 0087 Zhuang Zhongyu 莊忠棫: 1054 Zhuchu daling 竹初大令: 0271

Index of Authors/Compilers Zhulin Langsou 竹林浪叟: 0666, 0667 Zhuo Bingtian 卓秉恬: 0224, 1163 Zhuo Dezheng 卓德徵: 0426 Zhuying xuan zhuren 竹影軒主人: 0680, 0680 Ziyouyu zhai 自有餘齋: 0784, 0784 Zong Jichen 宗稷辰: 1044 Zong Jizeng 宗繼增: 0428, 0428 Zong Yuanhan 宗源瀚: 1055, 1055 Zou Chuanyu 鄒傳禹: 0050 Zou Liang 鄒亮: 0067 Zou Minghao 鄒鳴鶴: 0513 Zou Shengheng 鄒升恒: 0941 Zou Wenbing 鄒文炳: 0268, 0269, 1154 Zou Yuanbiao 鄒元標: 0126, 0371 Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠: 0084

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Index of Works Numbers refer to entry numbers (0001–0716 in vol. 1; 0717–1165 in vol. 2). A An Min zhenglüe 按閩政略: 0924 An Wu qinshen xigao 按吳親審檄稿: 0547 An Wu xigao 按吳檄稿: 0548 An Wu xigao, paishigao 按吳檄稿、牌示稿: 1111 Anlan jiyao 安瀾紀要: 0721 B Baidao pan 百道判: 0592 Baiguan zhen 百官箴: 0005 Bailiao jinjian 百僚金鑑: 0047 Baimei shanfang jishang shu 拜梅山房几上 書: 0781 Baiyi xinpan 百一新判: 0593 Baizhan qifa 百戰奇法: 0790 Baizhan qilüe 百戰奇略, see Baizhan qifa Ban’an falüe 辦案法略: 0466 Ban’an jilüe 辦案紀略: 0467 Ban’an yaolüe 辦案要略: 0457 Bangshu 謗書: 1094 Baodi zhengshu 寶坻政書: 0882 Baojia beize 保甲備擇: 0846 Baojia daquan 保甲大全: 0848 Baojia shiyi zhaiyao 保甲事宜摘要: 0845 Baojia shu 保甲書: 0841 Baojia shu jiyao 保甲書輯要: 0844 Baojia tuanlian jiyao 保甲團練輯要: 0843 Baojian bian寶鑑編, see Xiyuan baojian Baojian bian buzhu 寶鑑編補注: 0663 Baojian xiyuan lu 寶鑒洗冤錄, see Xiyuan baojian Baomin xunyao 保民訓要: 0839 Baoquan xindu 寶泉新牘: 0859 Baoshan tang juguan geyan 寶善堂居官格 言: 0196 Beiyu lu 備豫錄, see Pingpi baijin fang Beiyuan tiaolüe 備員條略: 0989 Benchao tibo gong’an 本朝提駁公案: 0132 Benchao xuzeng zeli leibian 本朝續增則例 類編: 0406 Benchao zeli leibian 本朝則例類編: 0405

Benchao zeli quanshu 本朝則例全書, see Liubu zeli quanshu Benchao zhengzhi quanshu 本朝政治全書: 0105 Benxue zhinan 本學指南: 0257 Bian zhijun zhengshu 卞制軍政書: 0959 Bianmin zhenglüe 便民政略: 0974 Bianyi xiaoxiao lüecun 便宜小效略存: 1079 Biaolü panxue 標律判學: 0600 Bichou 筆疇: 0166 Bijiao lu 弼教錄: 0263 Binglu 兵錄: 0803 Bingta menghen lu 病榻夢痕錄: 0142 Bizhao an 比照案: 0500 Bo’an chengbian 駁案成編: 0487 Bo’an huibian 駁案彙編: 0525 Bo’an xinbian 駁案新編: 0488 Bo’an xubian 駁案續編: 0498 Bu ni qiushen shihuan 部擬秋審實緩: 0611 Bu Weixin bian 補未信編: 0200 Bu’ai xuan dulü liuzhong 不礙軒讀律六種: 1151 Buhuang huibian 捕蝗彙編: 0861 Buhuang kao 捕蝗考: 0860 Buhuang tushuo 捕蝗圖說: 0862 Buhuang yaojue 捕蝗要訣, see Buhuang tushuo Buhuang yaolüe 捕蝗要略, see Zhuoshi jiwu Buhuang yaoshuo ershi ze 捕蝗要說二十則: 0862 Buqian zhai mancun 不慊齋漫存: 1075 Buyongxing shenpan shu 不用刑審判書: 0714 Buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng 補註洗冤錄集證, see Xiyuan lu jizheng Buziqian zhai mancun 不自慊齋漫存, see Buqian zhai mancun C Can’an 參案: see under Zizhi xinshu deng zhaichao Canshen manlu 參審漫錄: 0595

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1472 Caochuan huanji 漕川宦跡: 0866 Caolu jinglüe 草廬經略: 0802 Chaisang yonglu 柴桑傭錄: 1068 Chali liutiao 察吏六條: 0956 Chang Yuan pandu 常沅判牘: 0590 Chang’an congzheng lu 長安從政錄, see Changde congzheng lu Changde congzheng lu 常德從政錄: 1105 Changshi yu 嘗試語: 0210 Changsui lun 長隨論: 0301 Changsui xuzhi 長隨須知: 0303 Chaodu oucun 潮牘偶存: 1059 Chaoyang shiyi 巢陽十議: 0977 Chaoye leiyao 朝野類要: 0093 Chayu 查語: 0709 Chen Wengong gong shouzha jieyao 陳文恭 手札節要: 0133 Cheng’an beikao 成案備考 (by Shen Tingying): 0493 Cheng’an beikao 成案備考 (anon.): 0503 Cheng’an huibian 成案彙編: 0479 Cheng’an xinbian 成案新編: 0521 Cheng’an xinbian erji 成案新編二集: 0485 Cheng’an xubian 成案續編 (by Tongde and Li Zhiyun): 0481 Cheng’an xubian 成案續編 (anon.): 0482 Cheng’an zachao 成案雜抄: 0535 Cheng’an zhiyi 成案質疑: 0480 Chenggong shiyi 城工事宜: 0777 Chenggui shiyi 成規拾遺: 0110 Chengjiang zhiji 澄江治績: 0900 Chengjiang zhiji xubian 澄江治績續編: 0901 Chengqiu lu 誠求錄: 1011 Chengshou choulüe 城守籌略: 0824 Chengshou jiyao 城守輯要, see Wubei jiyao Chengui 臣軌: 0001 Chengxiang shou hechao 城鄉守合鈔: 0834 Chenjian lu 臣鑑錄 (by Jiang Yi): 0048 Chenjian lu 臣鑑錄 (by Yin Huiyi): 0054 Chenjian lu geyan 臣鑑錄格言: 0015 Chongji xiyuan lu waibian 重輯洗冤錄外編: 0659 Chongkan buzhu xiyuan lu jizheng 重刊補註 洗冤錄集證, see Xiyuan lu jizheng Chongkan muling chuyan 重刊牧令芻言: 0245 Chongkan Zhang Yunqing xiansheng zhijing lu 重刊張運青先生治鏡錄, see Zhijing lu

Index of Works Chongke Lütiao gaoshi huotao 重刻律條告 示活套, see Lütiao gaoshi huotao Chongke shiyin canshen pibo siyu huotao 重 刻釋音參審批駁四語活套, see Canshen manlu Chongke xiyuan lu 重刻洗冤錄: 0633 Chongxiu mingfa zhizhang tu 重修名法指掌 圖: 0449 Chongzeng shiyi Da Ming lü 重增釋義大明 律: 0337 Chouji bian 籌濟編: 0771 Chouji bian jiyao 籌濟編輯要: 0776 Chufen zeli tuyao 處分則例圖要: 0448 Chushan caopu 出山草譜: 1064 Chushi lu 初仕錄: 0178 Chushi xuzhi 出使須知: 0869 Chushi yaolan 初仕要覽: 0183 Cizi bianlan 刺字便覽: 0701 Cizi huichao 刺字會鈔: see under Bu’ai xuan dulü liuzhong Cizi huizuan 刺字彙纂: see under Zhizheng jiyao Cizi ji 刺字集: 0711 Cizi tongzuan 刺字統纂: 0708 Conggong lu 從公錄: 1044 Conggong sanlu 從公三錄: 1053 Conggong xulu 從公續錄: 1050 Congshu bazhong 叢書八種, see Guanchang zhengyao (Wanli-period ed.) Congzheng biji 從政筆記: 1034 Congzheng lianggui 從政良規: 0092 Congzheng lu 從政錄 (by Xue Xuan), see Xue Wenqing gong congzheng lu Congzheng lu 從政錄 (by Wang Xixun): 0912 Congzheng lu 從政錄 (by Zhou Jihua): 1043 Congzheng lu 從政錄 (by Qian Jihou): 1132 Congzheng mingyan 從政名言, see Xue Wenqing gong congzheng mingyan Congzheng suoji 從政瑣記: 1102 Congzheng wenjian lu 從政聞見錄: 0080 Congzheng xu yulu 從政緒餘錄: 1161 Congzheng yigui 從政遺規: 0069 Congzheng yigui zhaichao 從政遺規摘鈔: 0076 Congzheng yueyan 從政約言: 0081 Congzheng zalu 從政雜錄: 0146 Cundu zhaiyao 存牘摘要: 1097

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Index of Works D Da Ming longtou biandu pangxun lüfa quanshu 大明龍頭便讀傍訓律法全 書: 0365 Da Ming lü dufa 大明律讀法: 0340 Da Ming lü fuli jianshi 大明律附例箋釋: 0371 Da Ming lü fuli zhujie 大明律附例註解: 0368 Da Ming lü jiangjie 大明律講解, see Tae Myǒng yul kanghae Da Ming lü jie 大明律解: 0355 Da Ming lü jie fuli 大明律解附例 (by Hu Qiong): 0338 Da Ming lü jie fuli 大明律解附例 (by Zheng Rubi): 0359 Da Ming lü jijie 大明律集解: 0344 Da Ming lü jijie fuli 大明律集解附例: 0361 Da Ming lü jishuo fuli 大明律集說附例: 0353 Da Ming lü shiyi 大明律釋義: 0341 Da Ming lü shu fuli 大明律疏附例: 0343 Da Ming lü tu 大明律圖: 0431 Da Ming lü xuji 大明律續集: 0455 Da Ming lü zhijie 大明律直解, see Tae Myǒng yul chikhae Da Ming lü zhiyin 大明律直引: 0339 Da Ming lüfa quanshu 大明律法全書, see Da Ming longtou biandu pangxun lüfa quanshu Da Ming lüli fujie 大明律例附解 (anon.): 0342 Da Ming lüli fujie 大明律例附解 (by Chen Sheng): 0347 Da Ming lüli fujie 大明律例附解 (by Liang Xu): 0348 Da Ming lüli fujie 大明律例附解 (printed Wang Zao): 0350 Da Ming lüli fujie 大明律例附解 (published Ying Chaoqing): 0363 Da Ming lüli fushu 大明律例附疏: 0352 Da Ming lüli juhui xizhu 大明律例據會細 註: 0358 Da Ming lüli tianshi pangzhu 大明律例添釋 旁註: 0366 Da Ming lüli xiangxing bingjian 大明律例祥 刑冰鑑: 0362 Da Ming lüli zhijun qishu 大明律例致君奇 術: 0354

1473 Da Ming lüli zhushi zhaoni zheyu zhinan 大 明律例注釋招擬折獄指南: 0356 Da Ming lüli linmin baojing 大明律例臨民 寶鏡: 0186 Da Ming xingshu jinjian 大明刑書金鑑: 0349 Da Qing lü jianshi 大清律箋釋: 0374 Da Qing lü jianshi hechao 大清律箋釋合鈔: 0375 Da Qing lü jijie fuli 大清律集解附例 (by Wudahai): 0377 Da Qing lü jijie fuli 大清律集解附例 (by Shen Zhiqi): 0379 Da Qing lü jizhu 大清律輯注: 0378 Da Qing lü qiyan jicheng 大清律七言集成: 0425 Da Qing lüli anyu 大清律例按語: 0394 Da Qing lüli chongding jizhu tongzuan 大清 律例重訂輯註通纂: 0388 Da Qing lüli chongding tongzuan jicheng 大 清律例重訂統纂集成: 0389 Da Qing lüli gejue 大清律例歌訣: 0423 Da Qing lüli huiji bianlan 大清律例彙輯便 覽: 0397 Da Qing lüli huitong xinzuan 大清律例會通 新纂: 0391 Da Qing lüli huizuan 大清律例彙纂 (by Shen Shucheng): 0383 Da Qing lüli huizuan 大清律例彙纂 (by Shen Shucheng and Wang Youhuai): 0384 Da Qing lüli jianming mulu 大清律例簡明目 錄: 0420 Da Qing lüli jianshi 大清律例箋釋: 0376 Da Qing lüli jingyan gekuo 大清律例精言歌 括: 0429 Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan 大清律例精言輯 覽: 0430 Da Qing lüli jiyao xinbian 大清律例集要新 編, see Da Qing lüli huitong xinzuan, Da Qing lüli zengding jiyao xinbian Da Qing lüli jizhu 大清律例集註: 0382 Da Qing lüli quanzuan 大清律例全纂: 0386 Da Qing lüli quanzuan jicheng 大清律例全 纂集成: 0387 Da Qing lüli tongzuan 大清律例通纂, see Da Qing lüli chongding jizhu tongzuan

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1474 Da Qing lüli tongzuan jicheng 大清律例通纂 集成, see Da Qing lüli chongding jizhu tongzuan Da Qing lüli tushuo 大清律例圖說: 0419 Da Qing lüli xing’an huizuan jicheng 大清律 例刑案彙纂集成, see Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng Da Qing lüli xing’an tongzuan jicheng 大清律 例刑案統纂集成, see Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng Da Qing lüli zengding jiyao xinbian 大清律例 增訂集要新編: 0390 Da Qing lüli zengxiu huizuan dacheng 大清 律例增修彙纂大成: 0399 Da Qing lüli zengxiu tongzuan jicheng 大清 律例增修統纂集成: 0393 Da Qing lüli zonglei 大清律例總類 (by Lang Rulin): 0417 Da Qing lüli zonglei 大清律例總類 (by Gangyi): 0418 Da Qing lümu fuli shizhang 大清律目附例 示掌: 0413 Da Qing xianxing xinglü jiangyi 大清現行刑 律講義: 0400 Da Qing xinglü tu 大清刑律圖, see under Da Qing lüli tushuo Da Qing xinglü tushuo 大清刑律圖說, see Da Qing lüli tushuo Da Qing xinglü zeyao qianshuo 大清刑律擇 要淺說: 0396 Da Yuan shengzheng guochao dianzhang 大 元聖政國朝典章: 0476 Dabi jikan tiaoge 大辟集勘條格, see Fajia tiyao Dai Pan sizhong jilüe 戴槃四種記略, see Liang Zhe huanyou jilüe Dai Zhili zongdu quanyu muling wen 代直隸 總督勸諭牧令文: 0233 Dangguan gongguo ge 當官功過格: 0019 Dangguan rijing 當官日鏡: 0040 Danxin lu 殫心錄: 0885 Dengtan bijiu 登壇必究: 0801 Deyi lu 得一錄: 0870 Dezheng shilu 德政實錄: 0894 Diandu oucun 滇牘偶存: 1038 Dianmu shenggu 滇幕賸觚: 1123 Diannan shishi 滇南事實: 1039

Index of Works Diantai xinggao 滇臺行稿: 0916 Diji lu 迪吉錄: 0020 Dingjuan qinban bianyi lüli zhaodai wangzhang 鼎鐫欽頒辨疑律例昭代 王章: 0372 Dingjuan liuke zouzhun yuzhi xinban fenlei shizhu xingtai falü 鼎鐫六科奏准御 製新頒分類釋註, see Xingtai falü Dingli cheng’an hejuan 定例成案合鐫: 0477 Dingli huibian 定例彚編: 0109 Dingli leichao 定例類鈔: 0411 Dingli quanbian 定例全編: 0407 Dingli xubian 定例續編: 0412 Dingying jishi 定潁記事: 1023 Donglai jilüe 東萊紀略: 1010 Dongmou jishi 東牟紀事: 0854 Dongxing jilüe 東興紀略: 0987 Du Chu gongdu 督楚公牘: 0964 Ducha yuan xunfang zongyue 都察院巡方總 約, see Xunfang zongyue Ducha yuan zou ming zhizhang su fengji ce 都 察院奏明職掌肅風紀册: 0253 Dufa tucun 讀法圖存: 0447 Dufa xinde 讀法心得, see Dulü xinde Duli cunyi 讀例存疑: 0421 Duliang zhengji 都梁政紀: 0896 Dulü bianfa 讀律便法: 0698 Dulü ge 讀律歌: 0422 Dulü guanjian 讀律管見: 0346 Dulü guanlang 讀律琯朗: 0426 Dulü peixi 讀律佩觿: 0373 Dulü shizhong 讀律十種: 1157 Dulü sijian 讀律私箋: 0360 Dulü suoyan 讀律瑣言: 0345 Dulü tigang 讀律提綱: 0398 Dulü xinde 讀律心得: 0462 Dulü yide ge 讀律一得歌: 0428 Dunxing lu 敦行錄: 0189 Duozhi shiyi 度支事宜, see Qingdai zhouxian caizheng zhidu Duxian Zhao zhengdun lizhi sanshi tiao bing zhawen 督憲趙整頓吏治三十條並 札文: 0965 Duyu lu 牘餘錄: 1126 E Ergong zhengxun 二公政訓, see Zhengxun

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Index of Works F Fabi tianyou 法筆天油: 0685 Fabi xinchun 法筆新春: 0681 Facong shenglan 法叢勝覽: 0676 Faguan xuzhi 法官須知: 0715 Faguan xuzhi er san bian 法官須知二三編: 0716 Fajia jingtian lei 法家驚天雷: 0683 Fajia pouji 法家裒集: 0688 Fajia tiyao 法家提要: 0695 Fajia tou danhan 法家透膽寒: 0672 Fajia xinshu 法家新書: 0682 Fajia yaolan 法家要覽, see Fajia pouji Fajue qiming 法訣啟明: 0427 Falin jinjian lu 法林金鑒錄: 0666 Famen bianlan gongting yueshu 法門便覽公 庭約束: 0673 Fanghai beilan 防海備覽: 0851 Fanghai jieyao 防海節要: 0855 Fanghai jiyao 防海輯要: 0853 Fangshou jicheng 防守集成: 0835 Fangyu zuanyao 防禦纂要: 0827 Fanshan gongdu 樊山公牘: 1071 Fanshan pandu 樊山判牘: 0584 Fanshan pandu jinghua 樊山判牘精華: 0587 Fanshan pandu xubian 樊山判牘續編: 0585 Fanshan pipan 樊山批判: 0588 Fanshan zhengshu 樊山政書: 0966 Fayu jinnang 法語錦囊: 0684 Fazhui 法綴: 0689 Feixiang zhenglüe 肥鄉政略: 1000 Fengji jilan 風紀輯覽: 0452 Fengling wuri lu 封陵五日錄: 0999 Fengxian shiyi 風憲事宜: 0320 Fengxian yue 風憲約: 0254 Fengxian jinyue 風憲禁約: 0258 Fengxian zhonggao 風憲忠告: 0251 Fengxing lu 風行錄: 1014 Fengxing lu xuji 風行錄續集: 1015 Fu Jin shucao, gongyi, zigao 撫津疏草, 公移, 咨稿: 0921 Fu Huai xiaocao 撫淮小草: 0918 Fu Qian jilüe 撫黔紀略: 0917 Fu Shu zhengyao 撫蜀政要: 0920 Fu Wu gongdu 撫吳公牘: 0957 Fu Wu xilüe 撫吳檄略: 0922 Fu Xiang gongdu 撫湘公牘 (by Bian Baodi): 0960

1475 Fu Xiang gongdu 撫湘公牘 (anon.): 0963 Fu Yu tiaojiao 撫豫條教: 0947 Fu Yu xuanhua lu 撫豫宣化錄: 0934 Fu Yu wengao 撫豫文稿: 0930 Fu Yu xuzai lu 撫豫恤災錄: 0768 Fu Yue zhenglüe 撫粵政略: 0929 Fu Zhe shucao, xicao, yidu 撫浙疏草, 檄草, 移牘: 0925 Fu’an yiji 復庵遺集: 1127 Fuhui quanshu 福惠全書: 0193 Fujian shengli 福建省例: 0118 Fupan lucun 府判錄存: 0569 Fuweng ji 覆甕集: 1006 G Gangzhou gongdu 岡州公牘: 1048 Gangzhou zaidu 岡州再牘: 1049 Gaoshi huiji 告示彙集: 1130 Gaoshi huotao 告示活套, see Lütiao gaoshi huotao Gaoyu tiaoyue 告諭條約: 1114 Ge’an wentou 各案問頭: see under Zizhi xinshu deng zhaichao Gesheng lüdang 各省律檔: 0519 Gesheng qiushen 各省秋審, see Xicao qiushen hui’an Gesheng tizi bo’an 各省題咨駁案: 0484 Gesheng xingbu an 各省刑部案: 0502 Gongbu changku xuzhi 工部廠庫須知: 0322 Gongcheng congzheng lu 共城從政錄: 1031 Gongdu huichao 公牘彙鈔: 1131 Gongdu zhaiyao 公牘摘要: 0468 Gongmen bu fei qian gongde lu 公門不費錢 功德錄: 0023 Gongmen chengquan lu 公門懲勸錄: 0315 Gongmen guobao lu 公門果報錄: 0311 Gongmen xiuli lu 公門修吏錄: 0313 Gongmen xiuxing lu 公門脩行錄: 0314 Gongwen chengshi 公文程式: 0260 Gongyu lu 貢愚錄: 0241 Gongyu shituo 公餘拾唾: 1070 Guan Pu beican jilüe 官蒲被參紀略: 1063 Guanchang suoyan 官常瑣言: 0951 Guanchang zhengyao 官常政要: 1148 Guang zhiping lüe 廣治平略: 0101 Guangdong shengli 廣東省例: 0114 Guanghui bian 廣惠編: 0755 Guanji yousheng 官級由陞: 0098

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1476 Guanjian oucun 管見偶存, see Xuezhi yide bian Guanjue zhi 官爵志: 0096 Guanli zhikao 官禮制考, see under Guantu zijian Guanmu bixi xianzheng quanshu 官幕必攜 縣政全書, see Xianzheng quanshu Guanmu tongzhou lu 官幕同舟錄: 0272 Guantu shijian 官途仕鑑, see Guantu zijian Guantu zijian 官途資鑑: 1149 Guanyi leichao 館議類鈔: 0504 Guanyuan pinji kao 官員品級考, see Pinji kao Guanzhen 官箴: 0157 Guanzhen batiao 官箴八條: 0207 Guanzhen jiyao 官箴集要: 0176 Guanzhi beikao 官制備考: 0094 Gugang bayi 榖岡八議, see Chaoyang shiyi Guishan cundu 圭山存牘: 1073 Guitiao huichao 規條彙鈔: 0948 Gujin jianglüe 古今將略: 0791 Gujin lianjian 古今廉鑒: 0036 Gujin pingding lüe 古今平定略: 0808 Gujin zhiping huiyao 古今治平彙要: 0106 Gujin zhiping lüe 古今治平畧: 0099 Guochao youwen zhanglu 國朝右文掌錄: 0784 H Haifang zuanyao 海防纂要: 0849 Hailing congzheng lu 海陵從政錄: 1032 Hedong congzheng lu 河東從政錄: 0941 Hegong bianlan xuzhu 河工便覽續注: 0726 Hegong qiju tushuo 河工器具圖說: 0724 Heli pan qingyun ji 合例判慶雲集: 0602 Heruan zazhi 河壖雜志: 0719 Hewu suowen ji 河務所聞集: 0725 Hong shangshu chongbu Qi shaobao nanbei pingding lüe liuji 洪尚書重補戚少保 南北平定略六集: 0798 Houbu renyuan yaojin shilüe 候補人員要緊 事略: 0261 Hu Wenzhong gong yiji 胡文忠公遺集: 0954 Hu Wenzhong gong zhengshu 胡文忠公政 書: 0962 Hu Xiang wulüe 湖湘五略: 0919 Huai Xu Huai Yang hegong caogui tiaoli 淮徐 淮揚河工漕規條例: 0720

Index of Works Huaiqing zhengji 槐卿政蹟: 1041 Huamin lu 化民錄: 1007 Huan Dian jishi 宦滇紀事: 1067 Huan Dian lüecun 宦滇略存: 1096 Huan Gui bingdu 宦桂稟牘: 1086 Huan Wu bingdu 宦吳稟牘: 1089 Huang Ming zhengyao 皇明政要: 0008 Huang shaoqing Shu you jinglüe yishu 黃少 卿蜀游經略遺書: 0975 Huang shaoqing Shu you shizhuan jinglüe yishu 黃少卿蜀游視篆經略佚書: 0976 Huangchao mazheng ji 皇朝馬政紀: 0800 Huangzheng beilan 荒政備覽: 0770 Huangzheng congshu 荒政叢書: 0754 Huangzheng congyan 荒政叢言: 0732 Huangzheng huibian 荒政滙編: 0735 Huangzheng jiyao 荒政輯要 (by Yao Bi): 0761 Huangzheng jiyao 荒政輯要 (by Wang Zhiyi): 0766 Huangzheng kao 荒政考 (by Tu Long): 0734 Huangzheng kao 荒政考 (by Chen Renxi): 0745 Huangzheng kao 荒政考 (by Wang Xinjing): 0756 Huangzheng kaolüe 荒政考略: 0752 Huangzheng suoyan 荒政瑣言: 0759 Huangzheng yaolan 荒政要覽: 0736 Huangzheng yi 荒政議: 0740 Huangzhu lüe 荒箸略: 0741 Huanhai cihang 宦海慈航: 0017 Huanhai eryan 宦海邇言: 0234 Huanhai zhinan wuzhong 宦海指南五種: 1154 Huanli manji 宦曆漫紀: 0911 Huanxiang xin yaoze 宦鄉新要則: 0246 Huanxiang yaoze 宦鄉要則: 0239 Huanxiang yingchou beilan 宦鄉應酬備覽: 0236 Huanyou jilüe 宦游紀略 (by Gao Tingyao): 0145 Huanyou jilüe 宦游紀略 (by Gui Chaowan): 0148 Huanyou jilüe zuanyao 宦游紀略纂要: 0147 Huanyou jishi 宦游紀實: 1074 Huanyou ouji 宦游偶記: 1095 Huanyou riji 宦游日記: 0010

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Index of Works Huanyou suibi 宦游隨筆: 0232 Huanyou zaji 宦游雜記: 1052 Hui’an zhai biyu 晦闇齋筆語: 1065 Hui’an zhengshu 惠安政書: 0879 Huicao tang zhiping leizuan 彚草堂治平類 纂, see Gujin zhiping lüe Huidian jianming lu 會典簡明錄: 0416 Huilan jiyao 回 (迴) 瀾紀要: 0722 Huizuan gongguo ge 彙纂功過格: 0022 Hunan bubo cheng’an 湖南部駁成案: 0532 Hunan shengli cheng’an 湖南省例成案: 0112 J Jiaguan jiejing 嘉官捷徑: 0202 Jiajian cheng’an xinbian 加減成案新編: 0512 Jiang gong zhengxun 蔣公政訓: 0177 Jiangli fayan 將吏法言: 0090 Jianglüe biao 將略標: 0807 Jiangqiu gongji lu 講求共濟錄: 1017 Jiangqiu gongji xulu 講求共濟續錄: 1018 Jiangsu cheng’an 江蘇成案: 0491 Jiangsu shengli 江蘇省例: 0117 Jiangu buyi kaozheng 檢骨補遺考證: 0662 Jianlin tiaoyue 監臨條約: 0785 Jianming zuofa 簡明做法: see under Zhizheng jiyao Jianshi kaoyao 檢屍考要: 0641 Jianwen lüe 見聞略: 1120 Jianyan bianlan 檢驗便覽: 0647 Jianyan bilan 檢驗必覽: 0636 Jianyan hecan 檢驗合參: 0653 Jianyan jizheng 檢驗集証: 0654 Jianyan kaozheng 檢驗考證: 0648 Jianyan shishang zhinan 檢驗尸傷指南: 0638 Jianyu xiansheng fu Yu tiaojiao, see Fu Yu tiaojiao Jiaqing dang’an 嘉慶檔案: 0608 Jiaqing nianjian shuotie 嘉慶年間說帖: 0497 Jiayi pan 甲乙判, see Baidao pan Jiezhu zazu 借箸雜俎: 1121 Jihe kuncheng 劑和悃誠: 0787 Jihuang jilüe 濟荒記略: 0773 Jingji chengshu 經濟成書: 0103 Jingji shiwu zhujie panxuan 經濟時務註解 判選: 0594 Jingjian tang xuezhi zalu 敬簡堂學治雜錄: 1062

1477 Jingshen tang gongdu 敬慎堂公牘: 1076 Jingshi qieyao 經世挈要: 0806 Jingu suoyan 金榖瑣言: 0292 Jingu xuzhi 金穀須知: 0289 Jingu zhaiyao 金榖摘要: 0283 Jingyang Zhang gong lirenYue Chang Heng sanjun fengxing lu 涇陽張公歷任岳 長衡三郡風行錄, see Fengxing lu Jingzheng shilei juguan yilan 經證事類居官 一覧: 0031 Jini suoyan 急溺瑣言: 0717 Jinnian qiushen hui’an 近年秋審彙案, see Xicao qiushen hui’an Jinshan xian baojia zhangcheng 金山縣保甲 章程: 0847 Jintang jiezhu 金湯借箸: 0822 Jintang jiezhu shier chou 金湯借箸十二籌: 0823 Jintang shier chou 金湯十二籌, see Jintang jiezhu shier chou Jinzheng jiyao 晉政輯要 (by Haining): 0111 Jinzheng jiyao 晉政輯要 (by Gangyi): 0121 Jishi lu 記事錄: 1058 Jishi xuzhi pian 寄食須知篇: 0305 Jiting cao 棘聽草: 0551 Jiuhuang beilan 救荒備覽: 0764 Jiuhuang buyi 救荒補遺, see Jiuhuang huomin buyi shu Jiuhuang ce 救荒策: 0751 Jiuhuang cehui 救荒策會: 0749 Jiuhuang huomin buyi shu 救荒活民補遺書: 0731 Jiuhuang huomin leiyao 救荒活民類要: 0730 Jiuhuang huomin shu 救荒活民書: 0728 Jiuhuang jianyi shu 救荒簡易書: 0775 Jiuhuang liushi ce 救荒六十策: 0774 Jiuhuang lu 救荒錄: 0750 Jiuhuang quanshu 救荒全書: 0748 Jiuhuang shiyi 救荒事宜 (by Zhou Kongjiao): 0739 Jiuhuang shiyi 救荒事宜 (by Zhang Bi): 0747 Jiuhuang zhenglüe 救荒政略: 0753 Jiuming shu 救命書: 0818 Jixiao xinshu 紀效新書: 0793 Jizheng beikao 集政備考: 0403 Juguan bidu shu 居官必讀書: 0139 Juguan bilan 居官必覽: 0025 Juguan biyao 居官必要: 0059

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1478 Juguan biyao weizheng bianlan 新刻居官必 要為政便覽: 0181 Juguan geyan 居官格言: 0173 Juguan guaguo lu 居官寡過錄: 0194 Juguan guinie 居官圭臬: 0231 Juguan jian 居官鑑: 0138 Juguan jing 居官鏡: 0018 Juguan jinjian 居官金鑑: 0026 Juguan rixing lu 居官日省錄: 0061 Juguan shenxing lu 居官慎刑錄: 0707 Juguan shiyi 居官事宜: 0203 Juguan yaolan 居官要覽: 0087 Juguan yaoze 居官要則: 0242 Juguan zhiyong pian 居官致用篇: 0217 Juguan zijing pian yinyi 居官自警篇引義: 0055 Juguan zizhi lu 居官資治錄: 0464 Junchuan bogao ji 浚川駁稿集: 0913 Junchuan gongyi ji 浚川公移集: 0914 Junchuan zouyi ji 浚川奏議集: 0915 K Kaiqie guanfang xiaoyu gaoshi gao 剴切關防 曉諭告示稿: 1036 Kaixian Li shangshu zhengshu 開縣李尚書 政書: 0908 Kaizhou zhengji 開州政蹟: 0875 Kangji lu 康濟錄, see Qinding Kangji lu Kangji pu 康濟譜: 0046 Kantie zeyao 勘貼擇要: 0786 Kaocheng lu lüe 考成錄略: 0887 Kaocheng zhangcheng 考成章程: see under Zhizheng jiyao Ke falin zhaotian zhu 刻法林照天燭: 0670 Keming jinzhen 科名金鍼: 0782 Kuang taishou ji 況太守集, see Ming Kuang taishou Longgang gong zhi Suzheng ji quanji L Leiji lianbing zhushu 類輯練兵諸書: 0797 Li Feng jianyan 蒞鳳簡言: 0895 Li Meng pingzheng lu 蒞蒙平政錄: 0991 Li Shiqu xiansheng zhi Min zhenglüe 李石渠 先生治閩政略: 0902 Li Wan cundu 吏皖存牘: 1082 Li Wenxiang gong bielu 李文襄公別錄: 0928 Li Xin cungao 理信存稿: 0553

Index of Works Li’an beijiao 例案備較: 0506 Li’an quanji 例案全集: 0409 Lianbing shiji 練兵實紀: 0794 Lianbing shiji zaji 練兵實紀雜集: 0795 Lianfang xiansheng sizhong 簾舫先生四種: 1145 Liang Zhe huanyou jilüe 兩浙宦游紀略: 1051 Liang Zhe Nanguan queshi shu 兩浙南關榷 事書: 0863 Liang Zhe yunku qingcha jieyao 兩浙運庫清 查節要: 0857 Liangli lüe 兩理略: 0888 Liangqi cheng’an xinbian 兩歧成案新編: 0512 Liangyuan fake sidao zhuoyi qianliang zhengjie shiyi 兩院發刻司道酌議錢 糧徵解事宜: 0256 Lianli zhuan 廉吏傳 (by Fei Shu): 0027 Lianli zhuan 廉吏傳 (by Huang Ruheng): 0044 Lianping lu 廉平錄: 0039 Libu chengjing 吏部呈敬, see Huanhai zhinan wuzhong Lidai lizhi juyao 歷代吏治舉要: 0064 Lidai mingli lu 歷代名吏錄: 0052 Lidai shouling zhuan 歷代守令傳: 0042 Lin Ting kaoyan 臨汀考言: 0998 Lingnan shishi ji 嶺南實事記: 1122 Lingxi gongdu huicun 嶺西公牘彙存: 1056 Linian tongxing cheng’an 歷年通行成案: 0526 Linian tongxing shuotie 歷年通行說帖: 0529 Linmin yaolüe 臨民要略: 1162 Liren shiyi 蒞任事宜: 0191 Lirong yaolüe 蒞戎要略: 0796 Lishi shi xiaolu 吏事識小錄: 0137 Litang waiji 理堂外集: 1012 Liu Lianfang xiansheng lizhi sanshu 劉簾舫 先生吏治三書, see Lizhi sanshu Liu Nanfeng xiansheng zhipu 劉南豐先生治 譜: 1147 Liu yihou hui Yan zhi lu 劉邑侯惠鹽治錄: 0891 Liubu chengyu 六部成語: 0324 Liubu lixian tu 六部例限圖 (by Wu Chongxiao): 0437 Liubu lixian tu 六部例限圖 (by Xu Yue): 0442

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Index of Works Liubu tiding xinli 六部題定新例: 0404 Liubu zeli quanshu 六部則例全書: 0408 Liutai zaji 留臺雜記: 0318 Lixue zhinan 吏學指南: 0309 Lizheng bazhen 蒞政八箴: 0865 Lizheng zhaiyao 蒞政摘要: 0068 Lizhi cuoyao 勵治撮要: 0220 Lizhi jiyao 吏治輯要 (by Woren): 0062 Lizhi jiyao 吏治輯要 (by Gao E): 0134 Lizhi mofan 吏治模範: 0066 Lizhi sanshu 吏治三書: 1143 Lizhi xuanjing 吏治懸鏡 (by Xu Wenbi): 0211 Lizhi xuanjing 吏治懸鏡 (anon.): 0219 Lizhi xuegu bian 吏治學古編: 0053 Lizhi zhinan 吏治指南, see Weinengxin lu, Jiangqiu gongji lu, and Fengxing lu Longjin fengsui pan 龍筋鳳髓判: 0591 Longzhuang yishu 龍莊遺書: 1141 Lu Qingxian gong li Jia yiji 陸清獻公蒞嘉遺 跡: 0899 Lübiao 律表: 0440 Lüfa xuzhi 律法須知: 0461 Lügang 律綱: 0414 Lüjie bianyi 律解辯疑: 0332 Lüli bianlan 律例便覽: 0395 Lüli guan jiaozheng xiyuan lu 律例館校正洗 冤錄: 0643 Lüli guan shuotie 律例館說帖: 0496 Lüli huikao 律例匯考: 0381 Lüli jianming lu 律例簡明錄: 0392 Lüli jianshi 律例箋釋, see Da Ming lü fuli jianshi Lüli jieshi 律例解釋: 0380 Lüli jingyan gekuo 律例精言歌括, see Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan Lüli jingyan jilan 律例精言輯覽, see Da Qing lüli jingyan jilan Lüli leichao 律例類鈔: 0402 Lüli qiyan 律例七言: 0424 Lüli tigang 律例提綱: 0444 Lüli tushuo 律例圖說: 0436 Lüli tushuo bian’e 律例圖說辨譌: 0439 Lüli tushuo zhangzhen 律例圖說掌珍: 0438 Lüli tushuo zhengbian 律例圖說正編, see Lüli tushuo Lüli xuzhi 律例須知: 0415 Lüli yan’an xinbian 律例驗案新編: 0713 Lüli zhaiyao 律例摘要: 0401

1479 Lüli zonglei 律例總類, see Da Qing lüli zonglei Lütiao bianlan zhiyin 律條便覽直引: 0334 Lütiao gaoshi huotao 律條告示活套: 1107 Lütiao shuyi 律條疏議: 0336 Luxiang gongdu, buyi 盧鄉公牘, 補遺: 1085 Lüxue jiyi yuanhai 律學集議淵海: 0357 Luyang huangzheng lu 廬陽荒政錄 (略): 0733 Luzhou gong’an 鹿洲公案: 0557 M Man Han liubu chengyu 滿漢六部成語, see Liubu chengyu Maoming gongdu, Tongren gongdu 茂名公 牘, 銅仁公牘: 1002 Mazheng zhi 馬政志: 0867 Menghen lu jiechao 夢痕錄節鈔: 0144 Menghen luyu 夢痕錄餘: 0143 Mengshui zhai cundu 盟水齋存牘: 0545 Mengtan suilu 夢談隨錄: 0149 Mianyi zhai oucun gao 勉益齋偶存稿: 1029 Mianyi zhai xucun gao 勉益齋續存稿: 1033 Miaotang zhonggao 廟堂忠告: 0317 Minfan zhengwu 閩藩政務: 0274 Ming bingshu sizhong 明兵書四種: 0811 Ming Kuang taishou Longgang gong zhi Su zhengji quanji 明况太守龍岡公治蘇 政績全集: 0874 Ming Kuang taishou Longgang gong zhi Su xuji 明况太守龍岡公治蘇續集: 0874 Ming’an yaolüe deng qizhong 命案要略等七 種: 0459 Mingdao anjian zhaiyao 命盜案件摘要: 0460 Mingfa zhizhang 名法指掌: 0433 Mingfa zhizhang xinli zengding 名法指掌新 例增訂: 0445 Mingfa zhizhang xinzuan 名法指掌新纂: 0446 Mingfa zhizhang zengding 名法指掌增訂: 0434 Mingfa zengguang 名法增廣: 0273 Minggong shupan qingming ji 名公書判清 明集: 0537 Minglü tongzong 明律統宗, see Quanbu xinli minglü tongzong Mingshen lu 明慎錄: 0574

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1480 Minguo zhai congshu 敏果齋叢書: 0830 Minguo zhai qizhong 敏果齋七種: 1153 Mingxing bijiao lu 明刑弼教錄: 0710 Mingxing guanjian lu 明刑管見錄: 0469 Mingxing lu 明刑錄: 0351 Mingxing poujian 明刑裒鑑: 0038 Mingxing tushuo 明刑圖說: 0450 Mingzhi pian 明職篇: 0095 Minzheng lingyao 閩政領要: 0108 Mouyi beikao 謀邑備考: 0483 Mozhai gongdu 默齋公牘: 1035 Mu Dong jilüe 牧東紀略: 1088 Mu Ji changshi lu 牧濟嘗試錄: 0197 Mu Jian chuyan 牧建芻言: 1103 Mu Mian jilüe 牧沔紀略: 0909 Mu’ai tang bian 牧愛堂編: 0984 Mujian 牧鑑: 0032 Mujin 牧津: 0045 Muling guijian 牧令龜鑑: 0088 Muling jingyan fang 牧令經言方: 0240 Muling qizhong 牧令七種: 1158 Muling quanshu 牧令全書: 1160 Muling shu 牧令書: 0079 Muling shu chao 牧令書鈔: 0086 Muling shu jieyao 牧令書節要: 0085 Muling shu jiyao 牧令書輯要: 0083 Muling sizhong 牧令四種: 1159 Muling xuzhi 牧令須知: 0243 Muling xuzhi jiangyi 牧令須知講義: 0089 Muling xuzhi sizhong 牧令須知四種: 1163 Muling yaojue 牧令要訣: 0229 Mumin baojian 牧民寶鑒: 1165 Mumin beiyong 牧民備用: 0169 Mumin xinjian 牧民心鑑: 0167 Mumin zhengtiao 牧民政條: 0876 Mumin zhengyao 牧民政要: 0174 Mumin zhonggao 牧民忠告: 0162 Mumin zhuiyu 牧民贅語: 0235 Muxue jinzhen 幕學金鍼: see under Zizhi xinshu deng zhaichao Muxue juyao 幕學舉要: 0265 N Nai’an gongdu cungao 耐庵公牘存稿: 0952 Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng xingshu zhengji 南豐劉簾舫先生行述政績: 0907

Index of Works Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng yishu 南豐 劉簾舫先生遺書: 1144 Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng zhipu sanzhong 南豐劉簾舫先生治譜三 種: 1146 Nanshan baojia shu 南山保甲書: 0842 Neixing lu jianshi 內省錄箋釋: 0198 Nian da jiangjun bingfa 年大將軍兵法: 0810 Niding yingzhi yinggui zhangcheng 擬定營 制營規章程: see under Zizhi xinshu deng zhaichao Ningbo zhifu gongdu 寧波知府公牘: 1060 P Panjue lu 判決錄, see Longjin fengsui pan Panyu lucun 判語錄存: 0566 Panyu quanshu 判語全書: 0601 Peiyuan tang oucun gao (wenxi) 培遠堂偶存 稿文檄: 0950 Pengxian jilüe 烹鮮紀略: 0986 Piantu lun 偏途論: 0302 Pili shoubi 霹靂手筆: 0669 Pinghu xian baojia shiyi 平湖縣保甲事宜: 0840 Pinghua shuwu congshu 瓶花書屋叢書: 1152 Pingshan ge zengji Liuqing xinji 憑山閣增輯 留青新集: 0201 Pingpi baijin fang 洴澼百金方: 0825 Pingping yan 平平言: 0238 Pingyuan lu 平冤錄: 0631 Pinji kao 品級考: 0097 Piyu zaji 甓餘雜集: 0877 Puyang bingdu, pingyu, zalu 莆陽稟牘、評 語、雜錄: 0980 Puyang yandu, kanyu 莆陽讞牘、勘語: 0549 Q Qiangu beiyao 錢榖備要 (by Wang Youhuai): 0284 Qiangu beiyao 錢榖備要 (anon.): 0285 Qiangu bidu 錢榖必讀: 0293 Qiangu dayao 錢榖大要: 0286 Qiangu jielan 錢榖節覽: 0276 Qiangu jingqi 錢榖精騎: 0290 Qiangu jinzhen 錢榖金針: 0282 Qiangu lizhi kao 錢榖吏治考: 0278

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Index of Works Qiangu shicheng 錢榖視成: 0277 Qiangu qieyao 錢榖挈要: 0287 Qiangu xingming bianlan 錢榖刑名便覽: 0432 Qiangu yaolüe 錢榖要略: 0275 Qiangu zhaiyao 錢榖摘要 (Tōyō Bunko): 0279 Qiangu zhaiyao 錢榖摘要 (Beitu): 0280 Qiangu zhaiyao 錢榖摘要 (Chicago): 0294 Qiangu zhaiyao lanyao leichao 錢榖摘要攬 要類鈔: 0291 Qiangu zhinan 錢榖指南: 0281 Qianlong dang’an 乾隆檔案: 0607 Qianlong yuannian Shandong sheng xingshi anjian wenchao 乾隆元年山東省刑 事案件文抄: 0560 Qidu dasheng 啟牘大乘: 0130 Qimin lu 齊民錄: 0872 Qinban zhouxian shiyi 欽頒州縣事宜: 0205 Qinding kangji lu 欽定康濟錄: 0757 Qinding xinyou gongzhen jishi 欽定辛酉工 賑紀事: 0765 Qinding yizhu bianlan 欽定儀注便覽: see under Guantu zijian Qing Baling xianxue zhengtang gongdu 清巴 陵縣學正堂公牘: 1125 Qingdai zhouxian caizheng zhidu 清代州縣 財政制度: 0295 Qingdai zhouxian gushi 清代州縣故事: 0308 Qingli caizheng zhangcheng jieshi 清理財政 章程解釋: 0858 Qingsong yaoyan 清訟要言: 0472 Qingsong yuebao ceshi 清訟月報冊式: 0703 Qingsong zhangcheng 清訟章程: 0475 Qinmin guan zixing liujie 親民官自省六戒: 0014 Qinmin leibian zhaichao 親民類編摘抄: 0180 Qinshen tang zizhi guanshu 勤慎堂自治官 書, see Zizhi guanshu oucun Qintang bidu 琴堂必讀: 0458 Qisha zonglun 七殺總論: 0571 Qiucao gaoshi 秋曹稿式: 0623 Qiuchu ji 求芻集: 0994 Qiumu chuyan 求牧芻言: 1066

1481 Qiuque zhai dizi ji junmu zhaichao 求闕齋弟 子記軍暮摘鈔: see under Zizhi xinshu deng zhaichao Qiushen 秋審: 0606 Qiushen bijiao tiaokuan fu an 秋審比較條款 附案: 0627 Qiushen fenlei pici 秋審分類批辭: 0626 Qiushen lüeli 秋審略例, see Qiucao gaoshi Qiushen shihuan 秋審實緩: 0614 Qiushen shihuan bijiao 秋審實緩比較: 0624 Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an 秋審實緩比 較成案: 0618 Qiushen shihuan bijiao cheng’an xubian 秋審 實緩比較成案續編: 0621 Qiushen shihuan bijiao hui’an 秋審實緩比較 彙案: 0619 Qiushen shihuan bijiao tiaokuan 秋審實緩比 較條款: 0613 Qiushen suojian ji 秋審所見集: 0625 Qiushen zhangcheng 秋審章程: see under Zhizheng jiyao Qiushen zhizhang 秋審指掌, see under Bu’ai xuan dulü liuzhong Qiushi ji 求是集: 0705 Qiushi zhai gongdu huicun 求是齋公牘彙 存: 1092 Qiuyan bi 秋讞比: 0610 Qiuyan jiyao 秋讞輯要: 0622 Qiuyan xuzhi 秋讞須知: 0628 Qiuyan zhi 秋讞志: 0620 Qiuyan zhilüe 秋讞志略: 0605 Qiuzhi bian 求志編: 0009 Qiuzhi guanjian 求治管見, 0230 Quan Shaan zhengyao 全陝政要: 0107 Quan Zhang zhifa lun 泉漳治法論: 0259 Quanbu xinli minglü tongzong 全補新例明 律統宗: 0370 Quancao yizhu 銓曹儀注: 0319 Quanjie qianyu 勸戒淺語: 0262, 0262 Quanjie shimin tiaoyue 勸誡士民條約: 1037 Quanshi lijian 全史吏鑑: 0041 Quanzhou congzheng jilüe 泉州從政紀略: 1119 Quezheng jilüe 榷政紀略: 0864 Quwo huangzheng 曲沃荒政: 0738

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1482 R Ren Qi shizheng lu 任杞實政錄: 0893 Renwu pinghai ji 壬午平海紀: 0982 Renyu leibian 仁獄類編: 0543 Rixing lu 日省錄: 0050 Rudong panyu 汝東判語: 0578 Rumu xuzhi 入幕須知: 0297 Rumu xuzhi wuzhong 入幕須知五種: 1164 Runjing tang zizhi guanshu 潤經堂自治官 書: 1025 S Sanfang yiduan 三方臆斷: 0544 Sanlian zengbie lu 三廉贈別錄: 0906 Sanliu daoli biaotu 三流道里表圖: see under Zhizheng jiyao Sanshi zhonggao 三事忠告, see Weizheng zhonggao Sanshu baojian 三書寶鑑: 0812 Santai Ming lü zhaopan zhengzong 三台明 律招判正宗: 0367 Sanyi zhengbian 三邑政編: 0884 Sanyi zhilüe 三邑治略: 1087 Shansu yaoyi 善俗要義: 0160 Shanyou yanyu ji 山右讞獄記: 0565 Shendu chu gongdu 慎獨處公牘: 1072 Shenduan xuzhi 審斷須知: 0091 Shengqiwu zhai liren gaoyu 繩其武齋歷任 告諭: 0953 Shengzhu yuanxin lu 聖主原心錄: 0886 Shenkan nishi 審看擬式: 0580 Shenshou yaolu 慎守要錄: 0820 Shenxiang chenggui 申詳成規: see under Zhizheng jiyao Shenxing bianlan 慎刑便覽: see under Bu’ai xuan dulü liuzhong Shenxing lu 慎刑錄: 0687 Shenxing shuo 慎刑說: 0454 Shidi 仕的: 0188 Shigui 使規: 0868 Shijing bian 式敬編: 0058 Shilü 師律: 0805 Shishi jinjian 筮仕金鑒: 0056 Shishi junzhi lu 使事均知錄: 0304 Shitu xuanjing 仕途懸鏡: 0128 Shixue beiyu 仕學備餘: 0873 Shixue dasheng 仕學大乘: 0129 Shixue guifan 仕學規範: 0028

Index of Works Shixue quanshu 仕學全書 : 0100 Shiyi xuzhi 事宜須知: 0250 Shizheng lu 實政錄 (by Lü Kun): 0126 Shizheng lu 實政錄 (by Zha Guangtai): 0579 Shizheng lu jiechao 實政錄節鈔: 0135 Shou Bao lu 守寶錄: 1040 Shou He riji 守禾日紀: 0985 Shou Ning xingzhi lu 守寧行知錄: 0996 Shou Qi gongdu huicun 守岐公牘彙存: 1045 Shou Wan yanci 守皖讞詞, see Xu gong yanci Shou Yan zazhi 守嚴雜志: 0780 Shoubang jinlüe 守邦近略: 0556 Shoubian jiyao 守邊輯要: 0828 Shoucheng lu 守城錄: 0815 Shoucheng jiyao 守城機要: 0816 Shoucheng tiaobian 守城條辨: 0837 Shouguan manlu 守官漫錄: 0021 Shouling baojian lu 守令寶鑑錄: 0179 Shouling yifan 守令懿範: 0035 Shouyu quanshu 守圉全書: 0821 Shouzhi daoren xuzhi 授職到任須知: 0165 Shouzhuo xuan zhengshu 守拙軒政書: 1081 Shuangcheng bao tuntian jilüe 雙城堡屯田 紀略: 1117 Shuangjiu yaolu 爽鳩要錄: 0617 Shuhe xinjing 疏河心鏡: 0723 Shuilu gongshou zhanlüe mishu 水陸攻守戰 略秘書: 0813 Shuliao wenda 蜀僚問答: 0224 Shuochu 說儲: 0136 Shuofu baojian 碩輔寶鑑: 0037 Shuofu baojian yaolan 碩輔寶鑑要覽: 0034 Shuotie 說帖 (1831): 0509 Shuotie 說帖 (1890): 0528 Shuotie bianli xinbian 說帖辨例新編: 0518 Shuotie jiyao 說帖輯要: 0494 Shuotie leibian 說帖類編: 0517 Shuotie zhaiyao chaocun 說帖摘要抄存: 0508 Shusheng chujian 書生初見: 0244 Shusong pi’an 蜀訟批案: 0564 Shuwen huibian 淑問彙編: 0453 Shuzhi tigang 蜀治提綱: 0206 Sichuan gedi kan’an ji qita shiyi dangce 四川 各地勘案及其它事宜檔冊: 0540 Sichuan tongchi zhangcheng 四川通飭章程: 0122 Sici tang gao 四此堂稿: 1112

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Index of Works Siliu canyu 四六參語: 0596 Siliu jiepan hecan 四六解判合參: 0599 Simu baojian 司牧寶鑑: 0051 Siweixin zhai wenbian 斯未信齋文編: 1042 Sixi zhai jueshi 四西齋決事: 1084 Sizhong yigui 四種遺規: 0070 Sizhong yigui zhaichao 四種遺規摘鈔: 0074 Song tixing Xiyuan jilu 宋提刑洗冤集錄, voir Xiyuan jilu Song xingtong 宋刑統, see Xingtong Song Yuan jianyan sanlu 宋元檢驗三錄: 0651 Songzhou congzheng lu 宋州從政錄: 1022 Suojian ji 所見集: 0489 Suzhou zhizhou gongdu 宿州知州公牘: 1021 T Tae Myǒng yul chikhae 大明律直解: 0333 Tae Myǒng yul kanghae 大明律講解: 0335 Taiyi jilüe 臺儀輯略: 0321 Tajing ting andu 塔景亭案牘: 1099 Tangyin bishi 棠陰比事: 0539 Tanjia xinbian 彈鋏新編: 0307 Tanqi ji 痰氣集: 1091 Tao Min wenwu jinyue 洮岷文武禁約: 1108 Taopi gongdu 陶甓公牘: 1093 Tiantai riji 天台日記: 1024 Tiantai zhilüe 天台治略: 1004 Tianzhong zumin lu 天中足民錄: 0940 Tilao beikao 提牢備考: 0326 Tingqin yudu 停琴餘牘: 1077 Tingsong qieyao 聽訟挈要: 0473 Tingsong xuzhi 聽訟須知: 0474 Tizi shijian 題咨事件: see under Zhizheng jiyao Tong’an jilüe 同安紀略: 1003 Tongsi jilüe 通祀輯略: 0871 Tu Langxuan shangshu zhengshu 涂朗軒尚 書政書: 0958 Tuanlian xiangshou beiyao 團練鄉守備要: 0832 Tumin lu 圖民錄: 0209 W Waiguan xinren jiyao 外官新任輯要: 0306 Waihai jiyao 外海紀要: 0852 Wang Gongyi gong bogao 王恭毅公駁稿: 0541

1483 Wang Kentang jianshi 王肯堂箋釋, see Da Ming lü fuli jianshi Wang Longzhuang wuzhong 汪龍莊五種: 1138 Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu 汪龍莊 先生遺書: 1139 Wang Longzhuang xiansheng yishu hekan 汪 龍莊先生遺書合刊: 1140 Wang Longzhuang yishu 汪龍莊遺書, see Longzhuang yishu Wang Yibu xiansheng jianshi 王儀部先生箋 釋, see Da Ming lü fuli jianshi Wanjiang congzheng lu 皖江從政錄: 1020 Wanshu zaji 宛署雜記: 0883 Wanzheng jiyao 皖政輯要: 0123 Weinengxin lu 未能信錄: 1016 Weixin bian 未信編: 0192 Weixin bian erji 未信編二集: 0990 Weiyang bingxian Zheng gong tangyin ji 維揚 兵憲鄭公棠蔭紀: 0890 Weizheng diyi bian 為政第一編: 0199 Weizheng jiuyao 為政九要: 0161 Weizheng shanbao shilei 為政善報事類: 0029 Weizheng zhunze 為政準則: 164 Weizheng zhonggao 為政忠告: 0124 Wen Jinghan xiansheng zili yan, see Zili yan Wenjian lu 聞見錄, see Shixue quanshu Wenwu jinjing lüli zhinan 文武金鏡律例指 南: 0131 Wenxin ji 問心集: 1001 Wenxin yiyu 問心一隅: 0573 Wenxin zhai xuezhi zalu, xulu 問心齋學治 雜錄, 續錄: 1054 Wenyi xuanyao 文移選要: 0696 Wubei jiyao 武備輯要: 0826 Wubei jiyao xubian 武備輯要續編: 0829 Wubei yaolüe 武備要畧: 0804 Wubian 武編: 0792 Wujing zongyao 武經總要: 0788 Wulin linmin lu 武林臨民錄: 0997 Wuping zhuiyan 吳平贅言: 1061 Wusuo Liu xiansheng juguan shuijing 勿所劉 先生居官水鏡: 0182 Wuxian tang wenshi quegu 五先堂文市榷 酤: 0011 Wuyuan lu 無冤錄: 0632 Wuzhong pandu 吳中判牘: 0575

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1484 Wuzhong yigui 五種遺規: 0071 Wuzhong yigui jiyao 五種遺規輯要: 0077 Wuzhong yigui zachao 五種遺規雜鈔: 0078 Wuzhong yigui zhaichao 五種遺規摘鈔: 0075 X Xiache yiji lu 下車異績錄: 0746 Xian’gang shilei 憲綱事類: 0252 Xiangdong zhenyan 鄉董箴言: 0264 Xiangfan andu chaocun 湘藩案牘鈔存: 0967 Xianghui xuzhi 鄉會須知: 0783 Xiangshou jiyao 鄉守輯要, see Wubei jiyao xubian Xiangshou jiyao hechao 鄉守輯要合鈔: 0833 Xiangshou waibian jiyao 鄉守外編輯要: 0830 Xiangxing bingjian 祥刑冰鑑, see Da Ming lüli xiangxing bingjian Xiangxing gujian 祥刑古鑑: 0471 Xiangxing yaolan 祥刑要覽 (by Wu Ne): 0067 Xiangxing yaolan 祥刑要覽 (by She Ziqiang): 0248 Xiangxing yaolan 祥刑要覽 (by Yu Kun): 0699 Xiangyue saiyu 鄉約塞語: 0817 Xiangzhou gaoshi 相州告示, see Kaiqie guanfang xiaoyu gaoshi Xianqi jilan 限期集覽: 0443 Xianwu gangmu 縣務綱目: 0155 Xianzheng quanshu 縣政全書: 0247 Xiao Cao mingjing 蕭曹明鏡: 0674 Xiao Cao yibi 蕭曹遺筆 (Xinke dingbu shizhu): 0678 Xiao Cao yibi 蕭曹遺筆 (Xinke jiaozheng yinshi cijia bianlan): 0668 Xiao Cao yibi 蕭曹遺筆 (Xinqie): 0667 Xiao Cao zhenglü daobi cifeng 蕭曹正律刀 筆詞鋒: 0686 Xiao Cao zhijun shu 蕭曹致君術: 0677 Xiaobeilou lizhi kao 小北樓吏治考: 0288 Xicao qiushen hui’an 西曹秋審彙案: 0612 Xijiang shinie jishi 西江視臬紀事: 0946 Xijiang zhengyao 西江政要: 0119, 0120 Xin wendu xubian 新文牘續編: 1128

Index of Works Xinbian Fanshan gongdu jinghua 新編樊山 公牘精華: 1101 Xinbian Fanshan pipan jinghua 新編樊山批 判精華: 0589 Xinbian lizhi xuanjing, see Lizhi xuanjing Xinbian pingzhu Duan Wuqiao pandu jinghua 新編評註端午橋判牘菁華: 0583 Xinbian pingzhu Hu Linyi pandu jinghua 新 編評注胡林翼判牘菁華: 0572 Xinbian pingzhu Lu Jiashu pandu jinghua 新 編評註陸稼書判牘菁華: 0554 Xinbian pingzhu Yu Chenglong pandu jinghua 新編評注于成龍判牘精華: 0552 Xinbian pingzhu Yuan Zicai pandu jinghua 新 編評註袁子才判牘菁華: 0562 Xinbian pingzhu Zhang Chuanshan pandu jinghua 新編評註張船山判牘菁華: 0563 Xinbian xiangzhu Fan Fanshan pandu jinghua 新編詳註樊樊山判牘菁華: 0586 Xing cheng’an 刑成案: 0712 Xing Zong yi’ai lu 邢宗遺愛錄: 0880 Xing’an chengshi 刑案成式: 0576 Xing’an chengshi 刑案程式: 0706 Xing’an huichao 刑案匯抄: 0582 Xing’an huilan 刑案匯覽: 0516 Xing’an huilan sanbian 刑案匯覽三編: 0531 Xing’an huilan xubian 刑案匯覽續編: 0524 Xing’an huiyao 刑案彙要: 1155 Xing’an mingli 刑案名例: 0530 Xing’an xinbian 刑案新編: 0533 Xing’an zhaiyao 刑案摘要: 0507 Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an 刑部比照加 減成案: 0515 Xingbu bizhao jiajian cheng’an xubian 刑部 比照加減成案續編: 0520 Xingbu bo’an huichao 刑部駁案彙鈔: 0486 Xingbu gesi panli 刑部各司判例 (1813): 0495 Xingbu gesi panli 刑部各司判例 (1833): 0511 Xingbu gesi zhongqiu zhaoce 刑部各司重囚 招冊, see Xingbu Zhili gesheng zhongqiu zhaoce Xingbu Jiangnan si zhongqiu zhaoce 刑部江 南司重囚招冊, see Xingbu Zhili gesheng zhongqiu zhaoce Xingbu shuotie 刑部說帖: 0510 Xingbu shuotie jieyao 刑部說帖揭要: 0513

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Index of Works Xingbu tiding yanshi tu 刑部題定驗屍圖: 0635 Xingbu Zhili gesheng zhongqiu zhaoce 刑部 直隸各省重囚招冊: 0604 Xingbu Zhili si zhongqiu zhaoce 刑部直隸司 重囚招冊, see Xingbu Zhili gesheng zhongqiu zhaoce Xingfa zengguang 刑法增廣: 1116 Xingge tiaoli 興革條例: 0878 Xingjian lu 行簡錄: 0267 Xingjun xuzhi 行軍須知: 0789 Xinglü caoan 刑律草案: 0616 Xingming banli zhaiyao 刑名辦理摘要: 0296 Xingming qimeng li 刑名啟蒙例: 0331 Xingming qimeng xinmiao zongji 刑名啟蒙 心妙總集, see Da Ming lü xuji Xingming yide 刑名一得: 0456 Xingming zalan 刑名雜覽: 0499 Xingmu yaolüe 刑幕要略: 0299 Xingqian bilan 刑錢必覽: 0270 Xingqian zhinan 刑錢指南: 0266 Xingshi an huichao 刑事案彙鈔: 0570 Xingshi ming’an kaican 刑事命案開參: 0492 Xingshi panli 刑事判例: 0501 Xingshu juhui 刑書據會: 0690 Xingtai falü 刑台法律: 0369 Xingtai qinjing 刑臺秦鏡: 0680 Xingtong 刑統: 0327 Xingtong fu 刑統賦: 0328 Xingtong fu jie 刑統賦解: 0329 Xingtong fu shu 刑統賦疏: 0330 Xinguan daoren yizhu 新官到任儀註: 0168 Xinguan guifan 新官軌範: 0175 Xingxue dacheng 刑學大成: 0691 Xingyou liangfang shize 刑友良方十則: 0300 Xingzhai Shi Chengjin suozhu qizhong 性齋 石成金所著七種: 0204 Xingzheng jielu 刑政節錄: 0127 Xinji xing’an huibian 新輯刑案彙編: 0581 Xinjiang zeli shuolüe 新疆則例說略: 0702 Xinkan biandu lüli fuzhu longtou zhuyi xianglan 新刊便讀律例附註龍頭主 意詳覽: 0364 Xinli cheng’an hejuan 新例成案合鐫: 0478 Xinli yaolan 新例要覽: 0410 Xinpan xiansheng 新判先聲: 0603

1485 Xinyuan congzheng lu 莘原從政錄: 1030 Xinzeng cheng’an suojian ji 新增成案所見 集: 0490 Xinzeng xing’an huilan 新增刑案匯覽: 0527 Xinzeng xingqian zhizhang 新增刑錢指掌, see Mingfa zhizhang zengding Xinzheng lu 心政錄: 0945 Xinzuan siliu helü panyu 新纂四六合律判 語: 0598 Xinzuan siliu yanyu 新纂四六讞語: 0597 Xishan zhengxun 西山政訓, see Zhen Xishan zhengxun Xiufang suozhi 修防瑣志: 0727 Xiushan gongdu 秀山公牘: 1083 Xiuzhen lübiao 袖珍律表, see Lübiao Xixun zhenglüe 西巡政略: 0923 Xiyuan baojian 洗冤寶鑑: 0644 Xiyuan huibian 洗冤彙編 (by Lang Tingdong): 0640 Xiyuan huibian 洗冤彙編 (by Lu Zhou): 0642 Xiyuan jilu 洗冤集錄: 0630 Xiyuan jishuo 洗冤集說: 0639 Xiyuan lu 洗冤錄: 0629 Xiyuan lu beikao 洗冤錄備考: 0645 Xiyuan lu bianzheng 洗冤錄辨正: 0652 Xiyuan lu biao 洗冤錄表: 0646 Xiyuan lu bu 洗冤錄補: 0637 Xiyuan lu buzhu quanzuan 洗冤錄補注全 纂: 0657 Xiyuan lu cankao 洗冤錄參考: 0665 Xiyuan lu gejue 洗冤錄歌訣: 0661 Xiyuan lu huibian 洗冤錄彙編, see Xiyuan huibian Xiyuan lu jianshi 洗冤錄箋釋: 0634 Xiyuan lu jie 洗冤錄解: 0655 Xiyuan lu jizheng 洗冤錄集證: 0649 Xiyuan lu jizheng huizuan 洗冤錄集證彙纂, see Xiyuan lu jizheng Xiyuan lu quanzuan 洗冤錄全纂: 0650 Xiyuan lu xiangyi 洗冤錄詳義: 0658 Xiyuan lu yizheng 洗冤錄義證: 0664 Xiyuan lu zhiyi 洗冤錄摭遺, zhiyi bu 補: 0660 Xiyuan waibian 洗冤外編: see under Bu’ai xuan dulü liuzhong Xizhou gongdu 谿州公牘: 1046

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1486 Xu gong yanci: Qingdai mingli Xu Shilin pan’an shouji 徐公讞詞——清代名 吏徐士林判案手記: 0558 Xu Yufeng zhongcheng kanyu 徐雨峰中丞勘 語: 0559 Xu zuozhi yaoyan 續佐治藥言: 0269 Xuanzong Zhanghuangdi yuzhi guanzhen 宣 宗章皇帝御製官箴: 0006 Xue Wenqing gong congzheng lu 薛文清公從 政錄: 0170 Xue Wenqing gong congzheng mingyan 薛文 清公從政名言: 0171 Xue’an chumo 學案初模: 0567 Xue’an chumo xubian 學案初模續編: 0568 Xue’an mingyuan 雪案鳴冤: 0679 Xueshi lu 學仕錄: 0082 Xueshi yaozhen 學仕要箴: 0049 Xueshi yigui 學仕遺規: 0072 Xueshi yigui bubian 學仕遺規補編: 0073 Xuezheng lu 學政錄 (by Zhu Heng): 0778 Xuezheng lu 學政錄 (by Song Yiwang): 0779 Xuezhi bushuo 學治補說: 0223 Xuezhi oucun 學治偶存: 1069 Xuezhi shiduan 學治識端: 1080 Xuezhi shuozhui 學治說贅: 0214 Xuezhi tixing lu 學治體行錄: 0222 Xuezhi xushuo 學治續說: 0213 Xuezhi yaoyan 學治要言: 0084 Xuezhi yide bian 學治一得編: 0227 Xuezhi yishuo 學治臆說: 0212 Xuezhi yishuo canyi 學治臆說參繹: 0225 Xuji mingxing tushuo 續輯明刑圖說: 0451 Xujiang zhidu 盱江治牘: 1008 Xun Tai lu 巡臺錄: 0942 Xun Zhang yanci 巡漳讞詞, see Xu gong yanci Xun’an Su Song dengchu jietie 巡按蘇松等處 揭帖: 1110 Xuncheng tiaoyue 巡城條約: 0323 Xunci 㽦辭: 0546 Xunfang zhailüe 巡方摘略: 1109 Xunfang zongyue 巡方總約: 0255 Xunliang huibian 循良彙編: 0033 Xunxian Yang gong bao Tai shiji lu 巡憲楊公 保台實績錄: 0897 Xuxue tang ji 敘雪堂集 (by Shen Yide): 0609 Xuxue tang ji 叙雪堂集 (anon.): 0615 Xuzeng qiuzhi guanjian 續增求治管見: 0230

Index of Works Xuzeng xing’an huilan 續增刑案匯覽, see Xing’an huilan Xuzeng xingbu lüli guan shuotie jieyao 續增 刑部律例館說帖揭要: 0514 Xuzeng xiyuan lu bianzheng cankao 續增洗 冤錄辨正參考: 0656 Y Yajiang xinzheng 雅江新政: 1005 Yangming xiansheng baojia fa 陽明先生保 甲法: 0838 Yanyu gao 讞獄稿: 0542 Yanzhi jilüe 言治紀略: 0881 Yaoche zalu 軺車雜錄, see Guanghui bian Yashu mingmu 衙署名目: 0325 Yayi zhishi 衙役職事, see Tanjia xinbian Ye Runshan jizhu quanshu 葉潤山輯著全書: 0007 Yi Yin raolüe 移鄞蕘略: 0889 Yide huicun 一得彙存: 1078 Yide outan 一得偶談: 0298 Yihou Xu gong baozhang jiaoyang shizheng lu 邑侯許公保障教養實政錄: 0898 Yijiu sishang fa 醫救死傷法, see Jianyan shishang zhinan Yilu cungao 一廬存稿: 1129 Yiqing guan wenguo ji 頤情館聞過集: 1055 Yixi suoyan 已畦瑣言: 0190 Yiyu ji 疑獄集: 0536 Yiyu jian 疑獄箋: 0555 Yizhi bian 益智編: 0043 Yongli yongyan 庸吏庸言: 1026 Yongli yutan 庸吏餘談: 1028 Yu liaoshu wen 諭僚屬文: 0970 Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu 于清端公政書: 0931 Yu Qingduan gong zhengshu jiyao 于清端公 政書輯要: 0949 Yu shu wen 諭屬文: 0172 Yu su wen 諭俗文: 0971 Yu Xiezhou lüe 諭解州略: 0973 Yuan dianzhang 元典章, see Da Yuan shengzheng guochao dianzhang Yuanshu lunyao 爰書論要: 0465 Yuding renchen jingxin lu 御定人臣儆心錄: voir Yuzhi renchen jingxin lu Yudong wengao 虞東文告: 1057 Yudong xuanfang lu 豫東宣防錄: 0944

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

Index of Works Yuedong shengli 粵東省例: 0115 Yuedong cheng’an chubian 粵東成案初編: 0505 Yuedong shengli xinzuan 粵東省例新纂: 0116 Yuezhong congzheng lu 越中從政錄: 1142 Yuezhou linmin lu 越州臨民錄: 0995 Yuhua ji 玉華集: 0939 Yuhuang jilan 御荒集覽: 0763 Yunjian yanlüe 雲間讞略: 0978 Yunnan sheng xing’an huibian 雲南省刑案 彙編: 0534 Yunyang zhenglüe 雲陽政略: 0992 Yushan zoudu 于山奏牘: 0927 Yuyang shanren shoujing 漁陽/洋山人手鏡: 0195 Yuzhi guanzhen 御製官箴, see Xuanzong Zhanghuangdi yuzhi guanzhen Yuzhi guanzhen 御製官箴 (by Jiaqing emperor): 0016 Yuzhi renchen jingxin lu 御製人臣儆心錄: 0013 Yuzhi zizheng yaolan 御製資政要覽: 0012 Z Zai De xiaoji 宰德小紀: 1090 Zai Hui jilüe 宰惠紀略: 0910 Zai Lou suibi 宰婁隨筆: 0226 Zai Pu oucun 宰蒲偶存: 1019 Zai Tao pu 宰桃譜: 0141 Zai Xiang jielu 宰湘節錄: 0904 Zaiguan fajie lu 在官法戒錄: 0310 Zaiguan fajie lu zhaichao 在官法戒錄摘鈔: 0312 Zaijin kuanyi 菑祲窾議: 0743 Zaizhen quanshu 災賑全書: 0769 Zecheng zhouxian yue 責成州縣約: 0184 Zeli bianlan 則例便覽: 0385 Zeli tuyao bianlan 則例圖要便覽: 0441 Zeng Hu zhibing yulu 曾胡治兵語錄: 0814 Zengbu zhushi xiyuan lu jizheng 增補註釋洗 冤錄集證, see Xiyuan lu jizheng Zengding fenlei linmin zhizheng quanshu 增 定分類臨民治政全書: 1137 Zengding shenshou bian 增訂慎守編: 0836 Zengding xingbu shuotie 增訂刑部說帖: 0523

1487 Zengding xingqian zhizhang 增訂刑錢指掌: 0435 Zengshan zuoza xuzhi 增刪佐雜須知, see Zuoza xuzhi Zhancheng huowen 展城或問: 0819 Zhao gong shizheng lu 趙公實政錄: 0932 Zhao Gongyi gong sheng­gao 趙恭毅公剩 (賸) 稿: 0943 Zhao Gongyi gong zizhi guanshu 趙恭毅公 自治官書: 0933 Zhaodai wangzhang 昭代王章, see Dingjuan qinban bianyi lüli zhaodai wangzhang Zhaojie shuo 招解說: 0463 Zhaoni jiaru 招擬假如: 0692 Zhaoni jiaru xingyi tishi 招擬假如行移體式: 0694 Zhaoni zhinan 招擬指南: 0693 Zhaoyang congzheng lu 昭陽從政錄: 0150 Zhe hongzhao yin 浙鴻爪印: 1098 Zhejiang Shanyin Xu Jing’an xiansheng zhi Hua ji 浙江山陰徐荊菴先生治華集: 0993 Zhen Xishan zhengjing 真西山政經: 0004 Zhen Xishan zhengxun 真西山政訓: 0972 Zhen Yu jilüe 賑豫紀略: 0737 Zhen’an shigao 賑案示稿: 0758 Zhenghao zhumo yaofa 征號硃墨要法: 0316 Zhenghuang shilüe 拯荒事略: 0729 Zhengji huilan 政蹟匯覽: 0057 Zhengji yilu 政蹟遺錄: 0979 Zhengjing 政經: see Zhen Xishan zhengjing Zhengpu 政譜: 0063, 0063 Zhengshi huicun 政事彙存: 1100 Zhenguan zhengyao 貞觀政要: 0008 Zhengwen lu 政問錄: 0125 Zhengxing daguan 政刑大觀: 1134 Zhengxue lu 政學錄: 0102 Zhengxue lu chugao 政學錄初稿, 0060 Zhengxun 政訓: 0007 Zhenji 賑紀 (by Wang Shiyin): 0744 Zhenji 賑紀 (by Fang Guancheng): 0760 Zhenji 賑紀 (by Nayancheng): 0767 Zhenji 陣紀: 0799 Zhenlüe 賑略: 0762 Zhenzhou jiuhuang lu 真州救荒錄: 0772 Zhesheng cangku qingcha jieyao 浙省倉庫清 查節要: 0856 Zheyu bianlan 折獄便覽: 0470

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge

1488 Zheyu guijian 折獄龜鑒: 0538 Zheyu guijian bu 折獄龜鑑補: 0577 Zheyu jinzhen 折獄金鍼: see under Bu’ai xuan dulü liuzhong Zheyu mingzhu 折獄明珠: 0671 Zheyu qibian 折獄奇編: 0675 Zheyu xinyu 折獄新語: 0550 Zheyu yaobian 折獄要編: 0697 Zheyu zhiyan 折獄卮言: 0700 Zhi Gao jilüe 治藁記略: 0892 Zhi Jing zhenglüe 治涇政略: 0983 Zhi Lin gongdu bicun 治臨公牘筆存: 1104 Zhi Min gongdu 治閩公牘: 0969 Zhi Tai bigao lu 治臺必告錄: 0955 Zhi Tao zalu 治洮雜錄: 1106 Zhi Zhang zuilüe 知漳罪略: 0981 Zhi Zhe chenggui 治浙成規: 0113 Zhi’an wenxian, Zhi’an wenxian erji 治安文 獻, 治安文獻二集: 1136 Zhifu xuzhi 知府須知: 0249 Zhihe yaoyu 治河要語: 0718 Zhijing lu 治鏡錄: 0024 Zhijing lu jijie 治鏡錄集解: see Zhijing lu Zhiping shengsuan quanshu 治平勝算全書: 0809 Zhipu 治譜: 0185 Zhipu sanzhong 治譜三種, see Nanfeng Liu Lianfang xiansheng zhipu sanzhong Zhishang jinglun 紙上經綸: 1115 Zhishi guijian 治世龜鑑: 0030 Zhixian fa 治縣法: 0154 Zhixian jiashu 知縣家書: 0163 Zhiyao lu 治要錄: 0187 Zhiyi bianlan 治邑便覽: 0065 Zhiyu beikao 治獄備考: 0704 Zhizheng jiyao 治政集要: 1150 Zhongjing 忠經: 0002 Zhongshu xiantu 中樞限圖: see under Zhizheng jiyao Zhongzhou congzheng lu 中州從政錄: 0968 Zhongzhou keli lu 中州課吏錄: 1124 Zhoulian xulun 晝簾緒論: 0159 Zhoushi shengmo 舟師繩墨: 0850 Zhouxian chushi xiaobu 州縣初仕小補: 0237 Zhouxian shiyi 州縣事宜, see Qinban zhouxian shiyi

Index of Works Zhouxian tigang 州縣提綱: 0158 Zhouxian xuzhi 州縣須知 (by Cheng Yan): 0215 Zhouxian xuzhi 州縣須知 (by Liu Heng): 1027 Zhouxian zuoza xuzhi heke 州縣佐雜須知合 刊: 0216 Zhu Wengong zhengxun 朱文公政訓: 0003 Zhu zhou tiaoyi 煮粥條議: 0742 Zhuanglang zhenglüe 莊浪政略: 1013 Zhuguan chuzheng lu 珠官初政錄: 0988 Zhuoshi jiwu 酌時急務: 0905 Zijing lu 自警錄: 1009 Zili yan 自歷言: 0228 Zisong bian 自訟編: 0561 Zizhi guanshu 自治官書: 0903 Zizhi guanshu oucun 自治官書偶存: 1047 Zizhi mice 資治秘冊: 1113 Zizhi xinshu 資治新書: 1133 Zizhi xinshu deng zhaichao 資治新書等摘 抄: 1156 Zizhi xinshu erji 資治新書二集: 1135 Zongdu Hedong hedao xuanhua lu 總督河東 河道宣化錄: 0938 Zongdu Henan Shandong hedao xuanhua lu, see Zongdu Hedong hedao xuanhua lu Zongdu Henan Shandong xuanhua lu 總督河 南山東宣化錄: 0936 Zongdu Liang He xuanhua lu 總督兩河宣化 錄: 0935 Zongzhi xuanhua lu 總制宣化錄: 0937 Zongzhi Zhe Min wenxi 總制浙閩文檄: 0926 Zougao cheng’an 奏稿成案: 0522 Zuoer xuzhi 佐貳須知: 0151 Zuoli guanjian 作吏管見: 0218 Zuoli jiugui 作吏九規: 0221 Zuoli yaoyan 作吏要言: 0208 Zuosi biji 左司筆記: 0104 Zuoyi zizhen 作邑自箴: 0156 Zuoza pu 佐雜譜: 0153 Zuoza xuzhi 佐雜須知: 0152 Zuozhi chuyan 佐治芻言: 0140 Zuozhi yaoyan 佐治藥言: 0268 Zuozhi yide 佐治一得: 1118 Zuozhi zhenyan 佐治箴言: 0271 Zuxiang gui liutiao gaoshi 族鄉規六條告示: 0961

Pierre-Étienne Will - 978-90-04-41620-8 Downloaded from Brill.com11/17/2020 07:13:26AM via University of Cambridge