Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volumes 14 and 15: Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Parts Three and Four 9781477306871

Citation preview

HANDBOOK OF MIDDLE AMERICAN INDIANS, VOLUME 14 Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Part 3

HANDBOOK OF MIDDLE AMERICAN INDIANS, VOLUME 15 Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Part 4

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

HANDBOOK OF MIDDLE AMERICAN INDIANS EDITED AT MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE, TULANE UNIVERSITY, BY

ROBERT W A U C H O P E , General Editor MARGARET A. L. HARRISON, Associate Editor JOSEPHITA N . BODDIE, Administrative Assistant JOSEPH C . WIEDEL, Cartographical Consultant ASSEMBLED FOUNDATION,

WITH

T H E AID O F A GRANT

FROM

AND UNDER THE SPONSORSHIP

T H E NATIONAL

O F T H E NATIONAL

COUNCIL C O M M I T T E E ON LATIN AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGY

Editorial Advisory

Board

IGNACIO B E R N A L , HOWARD F . CLINE, GORDON F . E K H O L M , NORMAN A. M C Q U O W N , MANNING NASH, T. DALE STEWART, EVON Z. VOGT, ROBERT C. WEST, GORDON R. WILLEY

SCIENCE RESEARCH

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

HANDBOOK OF MIDDLE AMERICAN R O B E R T W A U C H O P E , General Editor INDIANS V O L U M E FOURTEEN

V O L U M E FIFTEEN

Guide to Eth nohistorical Sources HOWARD F. CUNE, Volume Editor Charles Gibson and Η. Β. Nicholson, Associate Volume Editors

U N I V E R S I T Y

OF

T E X A S

PRESS

A U S T I N

Copyright © 1975 by the University of Texas Press First paperback printing 2015 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The preparation and publication of The Handbook of Middle American Indians has been assisted by grants from the National Science Foundation. Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to:  Permissions   University of Texas Press   P.O. Box 7819   Austin, TX 78713-7819  http://utpress.utexas.edu/index.php/rp-form

Library of Congress Catalog Number 64-10316 isbn 978-1-4773-0686-4, paperback isbn 978-1-4773-0687-1, library e-book isbn 978-1-4773-0688-8, individual e-book

CONTENTS Abbreviations

ix

22. A Survey of Native Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts John B, Glass Nomenclature and Format Terminology, p. 7 Picture and Hieroglyphic Writing, p. 9 Origins of the Extant Manuscripts, p. 11 Preconquest Survivals, p. 11 Spanish Patronage, p. 13 Native Colonial, p. 15 Mixed Colonial, p. 17 Research and Publication, p. 19 Guides and Bibliographies, p. 26 Classification, p. 28 Ritual'Calendrical Manuscripts, p. 28 Historical Manuscripts, p. 32 Genealogical Manuscripts, p. 33

3

Cartographic Manuscripts, p. 33 Cartographic-historical Manuscripts, p. 35 Economic Manuscripts, p. 36 Ethnographic Manuscripts, p. 37 Miscellaneous and Unclassified Manuscripts, p. 37 Unavailable Manuscripts, p. 37 Regional Survey, p. 38 Western Mexico, p. 39 Central Mexico, p. 41 The Borgia Group, p. 63 State of Oaxaca, p. 66 Southeastern Mexico and Guatemala, p. 76

23. A Census of Native Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts John B, Glass in collaboration with Donald Robertson

81

24. Techialoyan Manuscripts and Paintings, with a Catalog Donald Robertson Material of the Manuscripts, p. 254 Format, p. 255 Content, p. 255 Purpose, p. 256 Location, p. 256 by Style, p. 257

253

Date of the Techialoyan Manuscripts, p. 263 Importance of the Techialoyan Group, p. 264 Catalog of Techialoyan Manuscripts and Paintings Donald Robertson and Martha Barton Robertson, p. 265

25. A Census of Middle American Testerian Manuscripts John B. Glass

281

26. A Catalog of Falsified Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts John B. Glass

297

Illustrations

following page 310

VOLUME 15 Abbreviations 27. Prose Sources in the Native Historical Tradition A. A Survey of Middle American Prose Manuscripts in the Native Historical Tradition Charles Gibson Excluded Material, p. 312 Historical Texts: Pictorial, Oral, and Prose, p. 313 The Transition to Prose, p. 315 Annals, p. 317

29. The Boturini Collection John B. Glass

401

473 Testerian Manuscripts, p. 483 Prose Manuscripts, p. 483 Summary, p. 483

30. Middle American Ethnohistory: An Overview Η. Β. Nicholson Pre-Hispanic Ethnohistory, p. 487 Sources, p. 487 Areal Considerations, p. 489 Major Problems, p. 490 Progress to Date, p. 491 Outstanding Needs, p. 497 Post-Contact Ethnohistory, p. 498

322

Lowlands Maya, p. 379 Highland Maya, p. 391

28. A Checklist of Institutional Holdings of Middle American Manuscripts in the Native Historical Tradition John B. Glass

The Inventories, p. 473 The Twenty Volumes, p. 475 Traditional Pictorial Manuscripts, p. 478 Techialoyan Manuscripts. p. 478

311

Chronicles, p. 318 History and Prophecy, p. 319 Indian Informants, p. 319 Títulos, p. 320

B. A Census of Middle American Prose Manuscripts in the Native Tistorical Tradition Charles Gibson and John B. Glass Northern and Western Mexico, p. 324 Central Mexico, p. 326

ix 311

487

Sources, p. 498 Areal Considerations, p. 500 Major Problems, p. 500 Progress to Date, p. 501 Outstanding Needs, p. 603 Final Observations, p. 504

31. Index of Authors, Titles, and Synonyms John B. Glass

506

32. Annotated Referenccs John B. Glass

537

A B B R E V I A T I O N S

AAMC Acc. AGI AGG AGN AGN-C AGN-H AGN-HJ AGN-I AGN-T AGN-V AGS AGT AMNH BAN BAV BF BLC BLO BM BNMA BNMex BNP BNP/FM BPN BYU CA GDG GMNE CVM DGMH DSB ESC FM G HSA IAI INAH INAH/AF

Anales Antiguos de Mexico y sus Contornos. Accession (date). Archivo General de Indias, Seville. Archivo General del Gobierno, Guatemala. Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico. AGN, Ramo de Civil. AGN, Ramo de Historia. AGN, Ramo Hospital de Jesús. AGN, Ramo de Inquisición. AGN, Ramo de Tierras. AGN, Ramo de Vínculos. Archivo General de Simancas. Archivo General del Estado, Tlaxcala. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome. Benjamin Franklin (series of microfilms, M N H / C D ) . Berendt Linguistic Collection, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Bodleian Library, Oxford. British Museum, London. Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. BNP, Fonds Mexicains. Biblioteca del Palacio Nacional, Madrid. Brigham Young University, Provo. Colección Antigua, MNA/AH. Castañeda and Dabbs, Guide, 1939. Colección de Memorias de Nueva España. Códices Vindobonenses Mexicani, NBV. Dirección de Geografía, Meteorología e Hidrología, Mexico. Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin. Biblioteca del Real Monasterio de El Escorial. Fonds Mexicains, BNP. Genaro García Collection, UTX. Hispanic Society of America, New York. Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut, Berlin. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico. INAH, Archivo Fotográfico. ix

ABBREVIATIONS

χ

JCB-AR JCBL JGI JRL LC LC/HF MAI/HF

— — — — — — —

MHP MMM MNA MNA/AH MNA/AH-CA MNA/BNA MNA 35 MNH MNH/CD MS MVBA MVBE MVH MVV NBV NLA NYPL PML PUL RAH ROM SMGE SSPK

— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

TU TU/LAL TU/ΜARI UBT UP/UM UTX

— — — — — —

John Carter Brown Library, annual report. John Carter Brown Library, Providence. Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta Collection. John Rylands Library, Manchester. Library of Congress, Washington. LC, Hispanic Foundation. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York. Musée de I'Homme, Paris. Museo Michoacano, Morelia. Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico. MNA, Archivo Histórico del INAH. Colección Antigua, MNA/AH. MNA, Biblioteca Nacional de Antropología. MNA, Codex collection. Museo Nacional de Historia, Mexico. MNH, Centro de Documentación. Manuscript. Museum für Võlkerkunde, Basle. Museum für Võlkerkunde, Berlin. Museum für Völkerkunde, Hamburg. Museum für Võlkerkunde, Vienna. Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna. Newberry Library, Ayer Collection, Chicago. New York Public Library, New York. Peabody Museum Library, Harvard University, Cambridge. Princeton University Library, Princeton. Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, Mexico. Staatsbibliothek Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz, West Berlin. Tulane University, New Orleans. TU, Latin American Library. TU, Middle American Research Institute. Universitätsbibliothek, Tübingen. University of Pennsylvania, University Museum, Philadelphia. University of Texas Library, Latin American Collection, Austin.

HANDBOOK OF MIDDLE AMERICAN INDIANS, VOLUME 14 Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Part 3

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

22. A Survey of Native Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts

JOHN Β. GLASS

τ

HE USE OF BOOKS, together with the related arts of hieroglyphic writing or other conventional means of painting, with a standardized syllabary of symbols and the manufacture of paper for use in the production of manuscripts, is a distinctive trait of the ancient cultures of Mesoamerica. Early chronicles of discovery and conquest provide abundant evidence for the trait from Central Mexico, Oaxaca, the Maya regions, and from as far south in Central America as Nicaragua. In terms of the regional divisions of Mesoamerica used herein the trait is unreported at Contact only for Western Mexico. Picture writing on manuscripts of paper or animal skin is of unknown antiquity in Mesoamerica though the evidence of painted polychrome ceramics, bark beaters, murals, and hieroglyphic writing or calendrical symbols on stone or wood suggests that the art of manuscript painting may have been practiced as early as the Classic Period. Historical and calendrical records on some form of perishable media must have existed along with Early Classic monumental texts

of the Maya and the murals of Teotihuacan. The date of the first manufacture of bark paper and of manuscript books in screenfold format in Mesoamerica is unknown. Both of these traits may be the result of diffusion from Asia. Manuscripts painted in various native artistic traditions continued to be produced, particularly in Central Mexico and Oaxaca, throughout the 16th century. The continued production is explicable largely by the usefulness of the art. Secular authorities of the Spanish imperial regime provided a stimulation of the art by their patronage for both historical and administrative reasons. Scholarship of the mendicant Orders, particularly Franciscan ethnographic research designed to record Indian paganism (so that by understanding it, they could eradicate it), was an important source of patronage during the middle and later years of the 16th century. In civil and economic matters Indians and Spaniards alike found that maps, tribute registers, cadastral and census documents derived from native traditions met a common need.

3

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

There is little doubt that the manuscript art and writing systems of Central Mexico continued to develop under European influence at least into the last quarter of the 16th century. During that time the assimilation of Renaissance traits made extensive impact on manuscript format, composition, perspective, quality of line, and so forth. In other respects, particularly as a vehicle for the formal and symbolic expression of those aspects of Indian culture suppressed by the Spanish conquest, manuscript art quickly degenerated or came to an abrupt halt. From an artistic point of view the difference between colonial and preconquest drawings is considerable, a distinction that is sometimes blurred by the existence of colonial redactions of traditional subject matters and forms. By the early years of the 17th century the pictorial manuscript art as a traditional or even developing form was virtually extinct. Its decline parallels that of other traits of Indian culture under Spanish rule, but manuscript drawings in traditional forms may be said to have become unimportant when literacy in either written Spanish or Nahuatl spread to Indian administrators. The survival of a significant corpus of manuscript drawings from both ancient and colonial Mesoamerica provides archaeologists and ethnohistorians with what is almost a unique body of materials in New World sources. The surviving pictorial manuscripts include calendars and religious books that are of incalculable importance in interpreting ancient practices and monuments. The historical manuscripts, which contain both preconquest and colonial annals, are of interest to both the archaeologist and historian. What may be called civil books, those dealing largely with the mundane affairs of colonial Mexico, provide ethnographic and historical information not only about Indians in acculturation but about the emerging colonial society. The census of Mesoamerican pictorial manuscripts is intended to provide a com4

prehensive and descriptive inventory as well as a guide to the bibliography of the surviving corpus of Indian manuscript drawings and paintings that are in the native artistic and historical traditions. In the census are drawings on paper, cloth, and animal hide. Paintings on other media, such as murals, pottery, and stone monuments, are naturally not included although many of them are artistically comparable to executions in manuscript form. Printed items are also excluded unless they are the sole relic of a relevant manuscript. No attempt has been made to investigate easel paintings, although several late paintings on canvas are in the census. The criteria for inclusion are broad. No specific limitations of the ethnic origin of the artist (Spanish or Indian) or of content (colonial or preconquest) have been imposed. Most of the manuscripts that are described date from the 16th century, but a few are from the 18th century. Some may have been executed by Spaniards under Indian influence or be the product of creole or mestizo culture. The foremost criteria are that the paintings, drawings, or manuscripts display traits of pictorial content, style, composition, or formal symbolic conventions derived from indigenous traditions. Generally speaking, the manuscripts in the census are those comprehended under the broad rubric of "codices" in the current ethnohistorical literature on Mesoamerica excepting, of course, those codices that are wholly textual in nature. Texts without drawings which describe or are based on lost pictorial sources are not included. In content the manuscripts that are surveyed deal with both the preconquest and early colonial Indian cultures. Three categories of native pictorial documents have been segregated for separate treatment. The pinturas and maps of the Relaciones geográficas of 1579-85 are catalogued and discussed by Robertson and Robertson (Article 6). The Techialoyan codices of the late 17th or early 18th century

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

are catalogued by Robertson and Robertson (Article 24), and the pictorial catechisms known as Testerian manuscripts by Glass (Article 25). Selected falsified pictorial manuscripts are listed by Glass (Article 26). The different types are distinguished by different blocks of numbers. Numbers 1-599 are reserved for traditional pictorials; 701799 for Techialoyans; 801-899 for Testerians; 901-999 for falsifications; and 1001for nonpictorial texts. The numbers 601699 were reserved for maps of the Relaciones geográficas but were not utilized in volume 12 of the Handbook. The addition of 600 to the numbers assigned by Robertson will convert them to the present scheme. The scope of the census with regard to the collections in the various universities, museums, and libraries listed in the institutional checklist (Article 28) is discussed therein as is the special policy with regard to certain governmental archives. The census includes most manuscripts in private or commercial possession that have come to our notice. Manuscripts in local Mexican village possession, however, have been listed only when their existence is a matter of published record. We have included in the census a number of documents that have been listed in earlier catalogs, handlists, and bibliographies published since about 1890 even when we have determined that the item is otherwise unknown. This has been done to increase the usefulness of the census. It may save others the tedious task of studying such references or it may bring these unidentified items to the attention of some one in a position to identify them. During preparation of the inventory our attention has frequently been drawn, particularly in the 19th-century literature, to references to pictorial manuscripts that have subsequently been lost to view. A similar situation exists with respect to many documents described in 19th- and even 20th-century sale catalogs. If they still exist,

such documents will eventually be found in private or institutional possession, but such references and descriptions when unaccompanied by illustrations have not been entered in the census with one or another exception. References to now unknown manuscripts in the literature of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries and in inventories of the Boturini collection have been completely omitted from the census, which is primarily concerned with available documents, subject to the foregoing remarks. In a number of instances we have encountered drawings marginal to the native tradition. Depending on the nature of their bibliography some of these peripheral items have been included in the census; others are mentioned in the survey or listed in the insitutional checklist but excluded from the census. Also excluded from the census are coats of arms of cities and individuals. Some of them, such as that granted to Texcoco (fig. 15), contain notable traditional iconographic or stylistic elements even though framed in the devices of European heraldry.1 Although not lacking in interest, these curious fusions of different symbolic systems are somewhat removed from the main concern of ethnohistory. Sixteenth-century drawings of the Indians of Mesoamerica, other than those by the Indians themselves and certain others surveyed herein, are rare. There is no corpus of ethnographic illustration comparable to that which exists, from later centuries, for the Indians in what is now the United States of America. The sketches that Cristoph Weiditz made of Indians transported to Spain in 1528 and a few of the drawings in the manuscript of Oviedo's general history are exceptional. The "Cortes" or "Nuremberg" 1 The national coat of arms of Mexico—an eagle on a nopal cactus—is a famous and ubiquitous symbol of this nature that derives directly out of Indian iconography and may be related to manuscript sources. A curious version of it has been published by Barlow (1949f).

5

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

map of the City and Valley of Mexico first published in 1524 and an imaginative drawing of a double Mexican temple on a pyramid in the relation of the Anonymous Conqueror first published in 1556 are among the rare examples of such illustrations in 16thcentury books. Fanciful portraits of Moctezuma (fig. 16) and the Inca Atahualpa published by Thevet in 1584 incorporate authentic details of costume based on Codex Mendoza, which Thevet owned.2 To these examples might be added some of the engravings published by Valadés in Italy in 1579, one of which inspired the famous frontispiece in Torquemada's Monarchia indiana, A few further examples might be cited but most 16th- and 17th-century depictions in European books are simply imaginative or romantic; even those by Valadés, believed to be the son of an Indian mother, are so influenced by Renaissance classicism that their Mexican subjects are almost unrecognizable. 3 Illustrations in 16th-century Mexican books are almost exclusively concerned with Catholic religious themes (fig. 17). 4 Religious art of the early colonial period, whether by Indians or Spaniards, often includes forms and elements of style that may be compared with colonial Indian manuscripts in the census. The recently uncovered allegorical convent murals at Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo, contain numerous traditional Indian motifs. The Franciscan murals at Huexotzingo, Puebla, and elsewhere typify the colonial art of Mexico that influenced the artists of Códice de Tlatelolco and the Matrícula de Huexotzingo. At Tecamachalco, Puebla, the vault below the choir is covered with paintings on amatl paper (a distinctively Indian medium) by an Indian, Juan Gerson, that exhibit no traits of Indian composition or subject matter. Such examples lie outside the scope of the census and are mentioned only to indicate that the manuscripts in the census are but one source for 6

the study of colonial Indian paintings and drawings. Among preconquest sources of Indian paintings on media other than manuscripts there is an increasingly large body of murals and painted ceramics and a relatively small number of paintings on stone available for study. Murals from Santa Rita in British Honduras, Tulum in Yucatan, Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico, Tizatlan in Tlaxcala, and Mitla in Oaxaca are prominent examples that to one degree or another are comparable to preconquest manuscript painting. The notable Maya murals at Bonampak, Chiapas, and Chichen Itza, Yucatan, are examples of Maya painting that contrast strongly with the hieroglyphic writing of the three surviving Maya screenfold books.5 From an archaeological discovery in Coahuila there is a painted piece of bark paper comparable to the Huaxtec murals at Tamuin, San Luis Potosí (Weitlaner de Johnson, 1959, fig. 38). 2 The Weiditz drawings are reproduced in Weiditz (1927) and in Cline ( 1 9 6 9 b ) . Some of the drawings from the Historia general y natural de las Indias by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés v/ere first published by Ramusio ( 1 5 5 6 ) . The same work contains the first edition of the account of the Anonymous Conqueror and one of the many versions of the Nuremberg map that appeared in the 16th century. Bibliographical studies of the Nuremberg map are given by Carrera Stampa (1949b) and by Toussaint, Gomez de Orozco, and Fernández ( 1 9 3 8 ) . The portraits of Moctezuma and Atahualpa are published in Thevet (1584, ft. 641, 644). 3 Both Palomera (1962, p. 216, note 11) and Anders (1965) have noted that details in one of Valadés' illustrations derive from Benzoni's Historia del Mondo Nuovo and thus do not even have a Mexican origin. 4 The engraved title page of the Constituciones del arzobispado y provincia de la muy insigne y muy leal ciudad de Tenuxtitlan Mexico de la Nueva España (Mexico, 1556; reproduced in García Icazbalceta, 1954, pl. 36) contains the arms of the archbishopric of Mexico and an adaptation of the native place sign for Tenochtitlan ( a stone and a nopal cactus). 5 Details from most of the preconquest and colonial murals mentioned are reproduced in Edwards ( 1 9 6 6 ) .

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

Aztec low-relief sculpture, MixtecaPuebla "tipo códice" pottery, Late Classic Maya polychrome ceramics decorated in figurai styles (such as Chama Polychrome), and certain types of Ulua Polychrome pottery with human processional scenes from western Honduras are among other archaeological sources which afford material for iconographic or stylistic comparisons with the manuscript art. The manuscript paintings and drawings of ancient and colonial Mesoamerica are at once a body of art—though few of the colonial examples are fine works of art—and a corpus of documentary ethnohistorical sources for the study of both periods. Few studies exist that have analyzed them from either point of view. The manuscripts have frequently occupied a section in general studies of preColumbian art such as Kelemen (1943), Toscano (1944), Tenton (1961), and Kubler (1962). The most significant art-historical analysis in depth is that of colonial manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico by Donald Robertson (1959). This pioneer work, which will be cited frequently in these pages, makes important contributions (among other subjects) to such stylistic topics as page composition, perspective, and the treatment of space, line, color, and human and other forms in the colonial manuscripts. These are contrasted with preconquest practices in the Mixtec region, and the history, development, and decline of the colonial manuscript art are treated in detail. The definition of regional stylistic schools and their characteristics within the Valley of Mexico is an especially useful and important contribution that will affect future studies. The distinction that he draws between frame line and contour line is a useful analytical tool. The former is a line of unvarying width that defines form by outline and is the hallmark of the pure native style. Acculturated manuscripts utilize the European contour line that defines forms by

illusion through suggestive changes in width, continuity, and other traits. Of similar importance are his definitions of "scattered attributes" and "spaceless landscape" as traits of native style.6 Historiographic critique of the pictorial manuscripts—the analysis of their significance, contexts, and interrelationships—has been limited. Most broad efforts in this direction have usually been restricted to topical listings and simple generalizations. Certain notable exceptions are Kubler and Gibson's (1951) study of the sources on the 365day calendar and the now outdated survey of the historical manuscripts by Radin (1920). The depth and quality of Mexican ethnohistorical research will undoubtedly be related to the extent to which it can identify and make use of its sources. The present survey and census of one category of these sources—the visual record of human activity in ancient and colonial Mesoamerica for the period a century before and after the conquest—is intended as a contribution to the basis for the synthesizing and interpretive historiographic literature that currently is so lacking in Mesoamerican ethnohistorical studies. The regional and typological classifications and listings, around which the survey is organized, serve as a systematized guide to the manuscripts in the census. NOMENCLATUTRE AND FORMAT TERMINOLOGY

Since the late 19th century archaeologists and other students of Mesoamerica have used the word "codex" or "códice" to designate any pictorial (or written) manuscript 6 Earlier studies in art and style criticism in this field are Hoerschelmann (1922) and Sydow (1941). Gómez de Orozco (1939a) and Margáin Araujo (1943) are more popular treatments. An important but topically restricted analysis of central Mexican festival calendars is given by Kubler and Gibson (1951). Robertson's study of the pinturas of the Relaciones geográficas (Article 6) contrasts and summarizes preconquest and colonial styles of manuscript painting.

7

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

in the native tradition. In titles the word has been used in connection with the names of former owners (Codex Borgia), discoverers (Codex Nuttall), patrons (Códice Baranda), presumed provenience (Códice de Tlatelolco), location (Codex Dresden), or for some feature of content. It has been used without reference to the form of the manuscript and has thus been applied indiscriminately to preconquest screenfolds, to large paintings on cloth, to manuscripts in the form of a European book, and to isolated pages. The words "mapa" and "pintura" were similarly used by both Indians and Spaniards throughout the colonial period. In European biblical, classical, and library usages the term codex designates a manuscript book and, specifically, a gathering of leaves or signatures sewn along one side. Except in titles, the word is so used throughout the present work. Present information indicates that the form or format of preconquest Mesoamerican manuscripts did not include the codex form in the sense just defined. Early colonial and preconquest manuscripts include the tira, the screenfold, the roll, the lienzo, and the single-panel formats. These terms require definition. Tira. The tira is a manuscript painted or drawn on a long and relatively narrow strip composed of sheets of animal hide or paper glued together. It may be folded or rolled and may be read up, down, to the left, or to the right. More than 20 documents in the census have this format. Codices Baranda, Fernández Leal, Moctezuma, Saville, and de Tlatelolco are prominent examples. Some of this type that are now folded may once have been rolled. Screenfold, The screenfold is a manuscript painted on a tira and folded, accordion-pleat-fashion, like a screen. The composition of individual pages may make allowance for the folds between each page so that the paintings do not run across the fold; otherwise, the manuscript is a tira 8

folded screenfold-fashion. Most screenfolds are composed horizontally; Códice de Azoyu no. 2, reverse, and Codex Selden are composed vertically. In some examples the composition of pages is such that they must be read boustrophedon- or meander-fashion. Screenfolds such as the Mixtec Codex Nuttall have guidelines for this purpose. The screenfold is the typical format of surviving preconquest Mesoamerican pictorial manuscripts. It may be made of amatl paper or skin and some examples have wooden or skin covers. The screenfold format has also been reported as a cultural trait from Europe, China, and southeastern Asia, where it is still used as a vehicle for Buddhist literature. In a screenfold with an even number of leaves the covers (or blank exterior pages of the folded document) will fall on the same side of the document, and the number of pages on one side will be two less than on the other. When there is an odd number of leaves, the covers will fall on opposite sides of the document and the number of pages on each side will be the same. When the top of the pages on one side is along the same edge as the top of the pages on the other ("head-to-head"), and the manuscript is read in the same direction on both sides, the first page of one side will fall at the opposite end of the strip from the first page of the other side. When the top of the pages on one side falls along the bottom edge of the pages on the other side ("head-to-foot"), and the document is read in the same direction on both sides, the initial pages of each side will fall at the same end of the strip. Only when there are no covers and the pages exposed on the exterior when the manuscript is folded are painted, will terminal or initial pages of one side fall on the same leaf as those on the other. Few published descriptions of screenfolds have taken cognizance of the variables that determine their particular realization of this rather complex form. These variables are: (1) the number of leaves including blank

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

leaves (and pages), (2) the presence or absence of covers or of blank exterior pages, (3) whether or not the pages are head-tohead or head-to-foot, (4) the direction it is read on both sides, and (5) the location of the first page of each side with respect to the cover (adjacent thereto or on the reverse thereof) or to the first exterior leaf (thereon or on the reverse thereof). In all cases the number of leaves given for a screenfold should include the covers. Accurate facsimile editions, of course, obviate the necessity of such description, but such information is unavailable for those that have not had such editions. There are somewhat more than 24 screenfolds in the census. Eleven from Oaxaca and the five of the Borgia Group are all on skin. Two from Guerrero, three from the Maya region, the Tonalamatl Aubin from Tlaxcala, Codices Borbonicus and Boturini, and the Tira de Tepechpan from the Valley of Mexico are on paper.+ Roll The roll is a tira that has been rolled rather than folded. The form loses its identity once it is folded and is rare. The Selden Roll and Codex Tulane, both from Western Oaxaca, are of this type. Lienzo. The lienzo is a sheet of cloth, frequently of considerable size. In Spanish arthistorical usage the word is similar to the English word "canvas." The lienzo is usually made of narrow strips of cloth sewn together; they may be of cotton, maguey fiber, or other material. No preconquest lienzo survives, but there is no doubt that it was also a preconquest form. About 50 lienzos are reported in the census. They are most common from Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Michoacan; rare in surviving documents from the state of Mexico and the Distrito Federal; absent from Southeastern Mexico and Guatemala and Hidalgo. The 7 Lack of precise figures here is due to incomplete information and the difficulty in particular cases of distinguishing between tira and screenfold formats from deficient publications and descriptions.

lienzo is the common medium for maps and documents recording village history and boundaries, especially those of the cartographic-historical type. During the later colonial period the use of European paper replaced it, much as the European form of book supplanted the screenfold. No specific term designates the single panel or single sheet of animal hide or paper. One such example, Aubin Manuscript no. 20, is painted on a single panel of animal hide and is considered of preconquest date. There are numerous examples in the census of colonial manuscripts painted or drawn on a single expanse of paper; the single panel may be composed of various sheets of paper glued, sewn, or pressed together. Isolated leaves, pages, and fragments, frequently torn from a larger manuscript or removed from a codex, are commonplace among colonial documents. The word "mapa," like the word "codex," has come to have a broad usage in titles, not necessarily referring to a map in the cartographic sense. As used in titles in the census the word has occasionally been substituted for the word "lienzo" when the document in question is on paper rather than on cloth or when the material of an original known only through a copy is unknown. In most cases it refers only to a single-panel manuscript. PICTURE AND HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING

The present survey, census, and bibliography of Mesoamerican pictorial manuscripts are primarily concerned with their location, history, provenience, content, publication, commentaries, and bibliography bearing on these subjects. The interpretation of picture and hieroglyphic writing is a subject not specifically treated nor is its literature cited except when it bears on particular manuscripts. Outside the Maya region (see "Southeastem Mexico and Guatemala," the last section in this survey, for comment on hiero-

9

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

glyphic writing in that region), the pictorial manuscript writing systems of Mexico are pictographic and ideographic. Place and personal names utilize a conventionalized rebus writing, a trait that, while also a preconquest one, is particularly developed in colonial manuscripts. The literature on the subject thus consists of generalizations, identification of specific signs, symbols, or "glyphs," and catalogs of their types. Few general works on Mexican archaeology have failed to give a brief exposition of the subject. The identification of place glyphs and of their component rebus elements is a subject that has been well studied, frequently in connection with the etymology of Nahuatl place names. It has been greatly facilitated by the fact that in manuscripts having large numbers of such glyphs there are contemporary identifying glosses in Spanish or Nahuatl. Perhaps the earliest of such studies is that by Aubin (1849 and other editions) on Codex Vergara and other manuscripts in his collection. Orozco y Berra (1880) is another author who published numerous place and other glyphs. The compilation by Peñafiel (1885), based largely on Codex Mendoza and the Matrícula de Tributos, deserves mention. Its later enlargement (Peñafiel, 1897c), based on more than 20 manuscripts and on a collection of such glyphs made by J. F. Ramirez, is the standard dictionary of place glyphs. Barlow and McAfee (1949) give a dictionary of rebus elements derived from Codex Mendoza; Dibble (1940a) provides one based on Codex Xolotl. Nowotny (1959) has also contributed to Codex Mendoza place glyphs as have the authors of commentaries thereon cited in the census. For general comments on the subject see Dibble (1940a, 1955). The decipherment of the Mixtec place glyphs has, until recently, proceeded very slowly but progress is now being made. Commentaries by Alfonso Caso on the major Western Oaxaca screenfolds and lienzos 10

contain a number of specific identifications as does the study by M. E. Smith (1966a). The personal name glyphs for major personages in Aztec history are well identified (as in Codex Mendoza itself). The outstanding problems are in colonial names, particularly of Spaniards. Arreola (1920) comments on the subject of Spanish names and Seler in his study of the Humboldt Fragments (1893, 1902e, 1904f) and Codex Kingsborough (1915) also treats it. Galarza (1964, 1967) has identified the system utilized for given Christian and saints' names. Persons represented in some manuscripts, as from Puebla and Western Oaxaca, frequently have both personal and calendrical name glyphs; the latter can be read directly without any particular problems. There is a large literature concerned with the identification of calendrical signs, especially day, month, and year glyphs. Seler (1902j), Waterman (1916), and Garcia Granados (1942) are standard sources on day and year glyphs. Month glyphs are rare; their major occurrences are in Humboldt Fragment 1, Códice de Azoyu no. 2 (reverse), Matrícula de Tributos, Codex Ríos, some of the Códices de Tlaquiltenango, Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 4, and in manuscripts containing 18-month calendars (see Table 8). The bibliography given in the census for these manuscripts contains relevant identifications. Caso (1967, p. 36) and Kubler and Gibson (1951, fig. 11) illustrate examples of Central Mexican month glyphs. The pictorial representation of the calendar and the 260-day divinatory almanac presents various problems in reading their graphic structure as do the symbolic systems surrounding particular rituals and ceremonies. The major studies of the Borgia Group manuscripts (treated separately in the survey), especially Nowotny (1961b), all contribute to this subject. The iconography of gods and their attributes has been the subject of a recent study by Spranz (1964) which systematizes the earlier work con-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

tained in the commentaries by Eduard Seler. There have been numerous studies of particular types of pictorial forms. Aztec costumes and insignia are treated by Seler (1904b, 1904c); animals by Seler (1923) and Tozzer and Allen (1910); colonial land measurement units by Cline (1966a, 1972); Christian and phonetic symbolism by Galarza (1966); and the maguey plant by Gonçalves de Lima (1956). Numerous studies have treated Central Mexican numerals. This quite incomplete listing ignores important contributions contained in commentaries on specific manuscripts. Glosses in such manuscripts as Codex Mendoza and Códice Osuna serve to identify many minor pictorial forms, particularly drawings of items of tribute—one of the most common types of forms in the colonial manuscripts. The works of Eduard Seler, including many not cited in the bibliography but published in his Gesammelte Abhandlungen (1902-23), are basic to any investigation into the identification of pictorial forms. His study of the Humboldt Fragments, previously cited, treats many minor forms. The collected works of Hermann Beyer, now in the course of publication, are of comparable importance to Central Mexican symbolism. Most works in this field are listed by Bemal (1962, pp. 143-68). ORIGINS OF THE EXTANT MANUSCRIPTS

The typological classification presented in a subsequent section reflects the wide variety of topics represented in the extant pictorial manuscripts of Mesoamerica. No less diverse are their origins and the contexts in which they were created and have survived. A brief examination of them is necessary for the understanding of their nature and purposes, fundamental to any historicgraphic critique. They may be discussed as preconquest survivals, Spanish patronage, native colonial, and mixed colonial.8 The first two of these categories, and to a certain extent the third as well, embrace manu-

scripts whose content is primarily concerned with indigenous institutions and customs. The mixed colonial category represents documents relating primarily to the colonial period.9 In discussing the manuscripts of mixed colonial origin we comment on certain archival relationships. Preconquest Survivals Only a few pictorial manuscripts of preconquest date have survived the ravages of conquest, neglect, time and the political upheavals so devastating to the archives of all nations (see Table 1). Others were no doubt destroyed by, or hidden from, the systematic extirpation of native idolatry pursued during the 16th century by the authorities of the Inquisition. From Central Mexico there is no manuscript of undisputed preconquest date. Codex Borbonicus and Tonalamatl Aubin are two ritual-calendrical manuscripts that exhibit attributes of preconquest style and composition but their dating is either controversial or in doubt. The five ritual-calendrical manuscripts of the Borgia Group are universally conceded to antedate the conquest. It is no accident that they have survived through having reached Europe at an early date. Their provenience remains a matter of controversy but may be placed somewhere in the Puebla-Tlaxcala-Western Oaxaca region. From Western Oaxaca the historical genealogies of the Mixtecs include an uncertain number of preconquest manuscripts. Among them are some of the skin screenfolds of the Nuttall Group: Codices Becker no. 1, Bodley, Colombino, Nuttall, and Vienna. Codex Selden would be considered preconquest on 8 These distinctions and some of the ideas elaborated here have been stimulated by a comparable discussion by Robertson (1959, pp. 25-58). 9 A distinction between manuscripts treating preconquest and colonial institutions is implied in the selective catalog by León-Portilla and Mateos Higuera (1957), which is limited to manuscripts in the former category.

11

TABLE 1 - P R E C O N Q U E S T PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS O F M I D D L E AMERICA The numbers in the first column in all tables are the census numbers as listed in Article 23. Ownership and location are indicated at the date of the first notice of their existence. Manuscript

Date

Owner and Location

Central Mexico: 15 Tonalamatl Aubin* 32 Codex Borbonicus*

1743 1777

Lorenzo Boturini, Mexico City 1 El Escorial monastery, Madrid 2

Borgia Group: 33 Codex Borgia 79 Codex Cospi 118 Codex Féjérváry-Mayer 185 Codex Laud 384 Codex Vaticanus B

1792-97 1665 1829 1636 1589

Cardinal Stephano Borgia, Rome 3 Ferdinando Cospi, Bologna, Italy 4 Gabriel Féjérváry, Pest, Hungary 5 William Laud, Oxford, England 6 Vatican Library, Rome 7

Western Oaxaca: 14 Aubin Manuscript no. 20 27 Codex Becker no. 1 31 Codex Bodley 72 Códice Colombino 240 Codex Nuttall

1743 1852 1603-05 1717 1859

395 Codex Vienna

1521

Lorenzo Boturini, Mexico City 8 Pascual Almazán, Puebla, Mexico 9 Sir Thomas Bodley, Oxford, England 1 0 Local cacique, Tututepec, Oaxaca 1 1 Dominican monastery of San Marco, Florence, Italy 1 2 King Emmanuel I of Portugal 1 3

1739

Johann Christian Götze, Vienna 1 4

1867 1866 1829-37

Juan Palacios, Madrid 1 5 Juan de Tro y Ortolano, Madrid 1 6 Bibliothèque Imperiale, Paris 1 7

Maya region: 113 Codex Dresden 187 Codex Madrid: a. Códice Cortesiano b. Códice Troano 247 Codex Paris

* Date ( preconquest or colonial ) in dispute. 1 Boturini collection inventory of 1743, no. 6-23 ( P . López, 1925, p. 41 ). 2 Examined by Waddilove in the Escorial ( W . Robertson, 1778, 2 : 4 7 7 - 7 8 ) . Possibly listed in earlier inventories of the Escorial (Zarco Cuevas, 1924-29, 3 : 474-75, no. 5; pp. 552-53, no. 13, the latter of 1600). 3 Approximate date of the commentary by Fábrega ( died 1797 ) in which a work of 1792 is cited. The editor of Barthelemy ( 1798 ) states that his notice was written in 1771 or shortly after Fábrega's arrival in Italy. Borson ( 1796) also refers to the manuscript. 4 Inscription on the manuscript gives date acquired by Cospi from Valerio Zani ( Lehmann, 1905a, p . 2 5 5 ) . 5 Copied by Aglio about this date ( Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 256-57 ). 6 Accession date by the Bodleian Library during Laud's life; intimates of Laud were in Spain in 1623 (Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 2 5 7 - 5 8 ) . 7 Possibly mentioned in a work of this date ( Mercati, 1589 ). Lehmann speculates that it may have been acquired during the time that Cardinal Amulio was librarian, 1565-70. First unequivocal reference is an inventory of 1596-1600 (Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 2 5 3 - 5 4 ) . 8 Boturini collection inventory of 1743, no 6-24 (Lehmann, 1905a, p . 2 5 8 ) . 9 Date of copy made by Saussure. Almazán was an attorney and is said to have received the original from an Indian whom he represented (Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 2 5 9 - 6 0 ) . 10 Approximate date of accession by Bodleian Library, founded by Bodley in 1602 ( Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 258, 2 7 1 ) . 11 Utilized in litigation in Jamiltepec, Oaxaca, by Indian owner ( M. E. Smith, 1963, pp. 2 8 3 84). Subsequently claimed to have been seen about 1863 in Manuel Cardoso collection, Puebla, by Chavero (1901c, p. 4 ) . 12 Date purchased by John Temple Leader (British Museum, 1933, pp. 1 4 1 - 4 3 ) . 13 Emmanuel I died in 1521; his ownership is indicated by an inscription on the manuscript, believed to have been sent to Charles V of Spain, together with the Codex Nuttall, by Cortés in 1519 (Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 2 6 7 - 7 0 ) . 14 Date of acquisition from unknown source in Vienna (Götze, 1743-44, 1: 1-5; Förstemann, 1880). 15 Offered in sale to the then Imperial Library of Paris (Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a, p . 3 6 0 ) . 16 Shown to Brasseur de Bourbourg in the Royal Academy of History, Madrid ( Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1869-70, 1: iii). 17 Copied by Aglio for Lord Kingsborough (died 1837) about this time; first clear published reference is by Aubin ( 1849). J. F. Ramírez ( 1855) seems to have had data indicating its purchase in 1832. It may have been part of the accession reported by Anonymous ( 1829, 1830a, 1830b).

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

the same stylistic grounds if there were not positive evidence for dating it close to the middle of the 16th century. From the lowland Maya region three ritual-calendrical screenfolds—Codices Dresden, Paris, and Madrid—are preconquest and are the only Maya pictorial manuscripts extant aside from certain minor colonial documents. 10 The inventory of preconquest manuscripts is thus small: perhaps 16 in all, probably less, hardly more. Most, by happy circumstance, are ritual-calendrical in content; the others are historical and genealogical. For all other categories of preconquest manuscripts scholarship is faced with substantially later redactions of the colonial period. The history of the 16 possibly preconquest manuscripts is very poorly known. For several of the examples in Europe it does not extend even into the 18th century. Two of the 16 are believed to have been sent to Europe before the conquest was concluded, and there is no compelling reason to doubt that 12 of the 16 may not have reached Europe early in the 16th century. Of the re10 A more detailed discussion of dating would require a distinction between manuscripts wholly unaffected by European influence but painted after the conquest and those having an equally pure native style painted before the conquest. Theoretically, a matter of days or a few years might be crucial and certainly removed from the possibilities of available methods of analysis. Whether or not the style of a manuscript exhibits European influence, regardless of its date in these terms, is more subject to analysis even though equally debatable. The latter is as much at issue in the case of Codex Borbonicus as is its date. The ramifications of preconquest/postconquest and native style/acculturated style possibilities are considerable. The case of Codex Selden is one that we have mentioned; a native style/postconquest example. The Matrícula de Tributos is in native style but its format is European. It is also possible that there are manuscripts whose colonial dating may be based on later additions and the base manuscript conceivably painted before the conquest or at least free of European influence. This may be true of the Plano en Papel de Maguey. There are also manuscripts whose date and style have not been determined.

maining four, two first appear in Mexico in the 18th century in the Boturini collection, suggesting a history of successive Mexican collectors. The other two (Codices Becker no. 1 and Colombino, probably fragments of the same original manuscript) appear to derive directly out of Indian possession after 1850. Spanish Patronage Ranking only second in importance and content to the preconquest survivals are the manuscripts produced under Spanish patronage of the pictorial manuscript art ( see Table 2). Renaissance Europe in the 16th century was vastly curious about the New TABLE 2 - S E L E C T E D LIST O F PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS AND ILLUSTRATED TEXTS C O P I E D OR P R O D U C E D U N D E R SPANISH PATRONAGE Crónica X Group : 114 DURAN: Historia de las Indias 365 TOVAR: Códice Ramírez 366 TOVAR: Historia de la Benida Drawings by the informants of Sahagún: 271 SAHAGUN: Primeros Memoriales 274 SAHAGUN: Florentine Codex Huitzilopochtli Group: 270 Codex Ríos 308 Codex Telleriano-Remensis Magliabecchiano Group: 171 Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 1 188 Codex Magliabecchiano 229 Códice del Museo de América Ceremonies of the 18 months: 205 Kalendario Mexicano, Latino y Castellano 364 The Tovar Calendar Tribute of the Triple Alliance : 196 Codex Mendoza, part 2 368 Matrícula de Tributos Calendar wheels: 272 Sahagún Calendar Wheel 388 Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 Miscellaneous manuscripts: 85 CRUZ: Libellus de Medicinalibus . . . 172 Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2 196 Codex Mendoza, parts 1 and 3 213 Relación de Michoacán 280 Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico

13

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

World. Spanish historians responded by producing a long series of works on native history and customs as well as of the history of conquest, exploration, and politics of the new colonial world. Eventually Spain appointed chroniclers of the Indies whose appetite for documentary source material was insatiable. The Spanish Crown and its organ, the Council of the Indies, through which Charles V and Philip II and later sovereigns governed their far-flung empire, demanded of its distant administrators all manner of statistical and descriptive reports. They were made in response to the widest range of inquiry. The descripciones and relaciones that were sent to Europe enriched the libraries and archives of Spain. The Church was faced with problems of converting a whole population and destroying a highly organized religion in New Spain. Faced with the subtle merging of native symbolism into the elaborate paraphernalia of Catholic ritual, it soon realized the necessity for systematic investigation of native customs and religions. The result was that both the secular and religious authorities were confronted with the need to commission investigations into Indian life. The motivation was intellectual, practical, and administrative. Spanish patronage of such research was thus promoted by the viceregal authority as well as by the Church though the distinction, in practice, is largely technical and frequently inseparable. The broad range of inquiry, covering almost the entire spectrum of Indian life, was explicitly directed toward preconquest rather than colonial patterns. The pictorial manuscripts collected and sought by individual Spanish investigators include copies of preconquest and colonial manuscripts and drawings created de novo. Viceregal patronage of what may be termed ethnographic research produced, through the agency of the first viceroy, Codex Mendoza, named after him, and the 14

Relación de Michoacan. The former is a manuscript of composite content and an important product of the pictorial art of colonial Tenochtitlan. The Matrícula de Tributos, a copy in European format of the tribute register of Moctezuma's "Empire," may have been sponsored prior to the establishment of viceregal government (1535). The investigations pursued later in the century by Tovar, with whom two extant series of native-based paintings are associated, were also commissioned by a viceroy. It was the research of the mendicant Orders, particularly the Franciscans, that produced the most patronage of native manuscript painters. The Colegio de la Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco, an academy for Indians founded by Franciscans, is associated with several major manuscripts including the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico, the Libellus de Medieinalibus Indorum Herbis by Martín de la Cruz, and Códice de Tlatelolco.11 Sahagún, the foremost of the missionary scholars, assembled a group of native informants whose work produced the illustrations in the Primeros Memoriales and the Florentine Codex. Two important groups of pictorial manuscripts have yet to be adequately identified as to the source which produced them. These are the Huitzilopochtli and MagHabecchiano Groups.12 Both sets or their immediate prototypes were evidently painted by Indians for Spaniards who added their comments in the gloss. The MagHabecchiano Group is closely connected with Cervantes de Salazar, commissioned to write a history of New Spain by the Spanish cabildo of Mexico City in 1558. The manuscripts of both groups have a similar outline of content: a ritual-calendrical section, a section 11 Robertson (1959) defines and discusses the "school" of manuscript painting associated with the Colegio de la Santa Cruz. 12 "Groups" of manuscripts are defined in the census (Article 23) and will be found there in alphabetical order.

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

devoted to gods and customs, and portrayals of native types. One of the groups also includes a copied native chronicle. Further examples of pictorial manuscripts made under such direct or indirect Spanish patronage are cited in Table 2. The importance of the manuscripts so produced by the artists, despite possible selection and editing of data to cater to Spanish patronage, is considerable. For the Valley of Mexico, where this patronage was most important, such manuscripts include practically all of the known pictorial depictions of ritualcalendrical material; some are painted in relatively unacculturated style. Another characteristic of these manuscripts is that they almost alone are directly ethnographic in that they contain explicit sections devoted to gods ( outside of calendrically structured contexts), customs, and portrayals of native types. In historiographic terms the manuscripts produced by Spanish patronage present complex problems. Often of composite content, they may derive from synthetic interpretations of divergent native traditions. The understanding of their relationships to the texts of the Spanish historians who utilized or annotated them requires subtle points of comparison and analysis, little of which have been published. Several versions for certain of the manuscripts exist; these were available to successive commentators and passed through the hands of various collectors. For some, sent to Europe in the 16th century, versions remained in Mexico, apparently in conventual archives. Thus the texts of Codex Mendoza, part 1, and the Florentine Codex continued to be accessible to writers in Mexico through unidentified versions long after the known manuscripts had been sent to Europe. Native Colonial Most of the 434 pictorial manuscripts in the census were produced during the early colonial period to serve its everyday needs.

Pictorial records of all kinds, painted initially in the older tradition, later in a developing colonial style, and finally in a symbolically degenerate form, were produced throughout the 16th century and served all manner of ends. The usefulness of such documents and their production ceased, for practical purposes, sometime toward the end of the century or the beginning of the 17th century when effective literacy spread to local officials. Such documents of colonial origin may be discussed under two headings, those painted by Indians in perpetuation of older patterns (native colonial) and those destined for use as records of the economic and mundane affairs of the colonial world or in relationship with Spaniards (mixed colonial). 13 The distinction is not absolute; the two categories should not be viewed as mutually exclusive. A selected list of native colonial documents is given in Table 3. The destruction of pagan books was a prime aim of the missionary church in New Spain. Bishop Zumárraga, in the role of inquisitor into idolatrous practices, has been singled out by history as the symbol of such book-burning practices. 14 His counterpart in Yucatan was Bishop Landa. The divinatory almanacs and calendars in native possession were sought and destroyed; their ownership created positive hazards for their Indian owners. It is thus no accident that practically all of the known ritual-calendrical pictorial manuscripts exist only in versions promptly sent to Spain as curiosity pieces or in redactions made under the forgiving and permissive license of Spanish patronage. As a consequence of this situation there are in existence today hardly any ritual or divinatory pictorial manuscripts painted during 13 Kubler (1961, p. 22) describes the entire corpus of the Mexica-Tenochca pictorial manuscripts as "expiants," i.e., organisms surviving in a foreign or artificial environment. 14 For one of many discussions of this point see García Icazbalceta (1947, 2: 8 7 - 1 6 2 ) . For Zumárraga as inquisitor, see Greenleaf ( 1 9 6 1 ) .

15

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

TABLE 3 - S E L E C T E D LIST O F NATIVE COLONIAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts whose content in whole or in part treats preconquest events and institutions and which exhibit traits of style, format, or composition painted in perpetuation of traditional patterns. Some of these are copies of preconquest originals. Valley of Mexico: 13 20 30 34 84 189 207 263 290 317 356 412

Codex Aubin Códice Azcatitlan Boban Calendar Wheel Códice Boturini Códice en Cruz Plano en Papel de Maguey Codex Mexicanus (BNP 2 3 - 2 4 ) Mapa Quinatzin Mapa Sigüenza Tira de Tepechpan Mapa Tlotzin Códice Xolotl

Central Mexico: 21-22 Códices de Azoyu nos. 1 and 2 94-96 Mapas de Cuauhtinchan nos. 1-3 135 Códice de Huamantla 142 Códice de Huichapan 147 Humboldt Fragment 1 359 Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca 369 Anales de Tula Northern and Western Oaxaca: 8 Lienzo Antonio de León 28 Codex Becker no. 2 70 Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 1 71 Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 2 119 Códice Fernández Leal 157 Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan 232 Lienzo de Santa Maria Nativitas 255 Códice Porfirio Díaz 283 Codex Selden 284 Selden Roll 422 Lienzo de Zacatepec no. 1

the colonial period for Indian use. To a lesser degree the same is true of calendrical manuscripts since the distinction between idolatrous (forbidden augural and pantheistic) and calendrical (permitted secular time count) manuscripts was difficult to maintain.15 Ritual manuscripts of the colonial period —excepting those made under Spanish patronage—may be listed: Codex Borbonicus 16

and Tonalamatl Aubin (but note that their date and freedom from Spanish patronage are debatable points), a section of Códice Porfirio Díaz, and certain pages of the curious and late Codex Mexicanus (BNP 2324). 16 It is beyond dispute that the Indians of Central Mexico had a strong sense of tribal history, which could be expressed through chronicled records. Throughout the first 50 years of the colonial period the Indians of the Valley of Mexico continued to develop this historical consciousness both for the establishment of their own historical legitimacy and claims and for the edification of the curious Spaniard. As a consequence a sizable body of pictorial, textual, or combined picture-text chronicles are extant today; no Spanish prohibition existed for their production and use.17 Notable copied annals treating preconquest events exist in the pictorial manuscripts made under Spanish patronage. A comparable series exists in manuscripts that were not made under such influence. Among them are Codices Boturini, Xolotl, and Azcatitlan, whose content and sometimes style and format as well must reflect their preconquest models. Also in this category are histories cast as maps such as Mapas Sigüenza, Tlotzin, and de Cuauhtinchan nos. 1-3, the latter from Puebla. Annals of events of the colonial period, sometimes 15 In a famous passage Sahagún charged another Franciscan (Motolinía, apparently) with promulgating the depiction of a 260-day cycle ( see Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2) as calendrical, whereas he contended that it was idolatrous, divinatory, and noncalendrical. 16 Since Indian ritual manuscripts seem not to be forthcoming from Indian possession, it would appear that those secreted from the Inquisition must have perished. Conceivably Tonalamatl Aubin, Aubin Manuscript no. 20, and the Codex Paris may have been in Indian hands throughout the 16th century, but this is conjectural. 17 Among wholly textual sources are examples of 17th- and 18th-century native chronicles, some little more than diaries of religious, secular, and personal events. The span of these documents is greater than single lifetimes, indicating different authors or copying of older annals.

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

incorporating copied preconquest sections, include Codices Aubin and Mexicanus (BNP 23-24), and Tira de Tepechpan. Historical manuscripts from other regions of Central Mexico dating from the colonial period but made in perpetuation of older patterns were also painted. The Códices de Azoyu and the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, from Guerrero and Puebla respectively, are notable examples of colonial annals that also include significant bodies of copied preconquest data. From the Maya region we have only the Books of Chilam Balam, 18thcentury redactions of older material which unfortunately are almost exclusively textual. Their pictorial antecedents are at best conjectural. Another and significant corpus of native colonial documents are those associated in one way or another with village titles. The most interesting are those of the cartographic-historical type, best known through examples from outside the Valley of Mexico but wholly unrepresented by extant versions from the Maya regions. The nature of these manuscripts, equivalent to village charters, is discussed in the definition of typological categories. They were not produced for Spanish consumption; in Western Oaxaca, especially, extant versions are probably close to preconquest prototypes in both style and composition. Combining features of both the historical and cartographic-historical types are certain commemorative historical documents. Among them are Lienzo de Tlaxcala, Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco, and Lienzo de Cuauhquechollan and perhaps such Eastern Oaxaca examples as Lienzo de San Miguel Tiltepec and Lienzo de San Juan Tabaa no. 1. They portray historical events glorifying and commemorating local or regional events such as the Spanish conquest, the first baptism, etc., and were evidently intended for public display. Pictorial manuscripts in other categories —genealogies, economic records, maps, and

miscellaneous drawings—continued to be produced for Indian use in great abundance during the 16th century. Except as they may include copied preconquest data or utilize older patterns of composition, however, they are generally indistinguishable from those discussed under the "mixed colonial" heading below. Manuscripts painted in traditional or acculturated styles may be encountered in any of the three colonial sources of manuscripts under discussion. The history of manuscripts of native colonial origin is also distinct. Preconquest survivals and those produced under Spanish patronage have descended through secular or religious archives since the 16th century and would have remained there had they not been of interest as works of art to collectors. Those of mixed colonial origin owe their survival in large part to their preservation in administrative and litigative records. The native colonial records, on the other hand, are those that have been "collected" directly from their Indian owners. Many of those listed in Table 3 were in Indian possession as recently as the 19th century. Others, which first appear in the Boturini collection, have probable antecedents in the Sigüenza y Góngora and Ixtlilxochitl collections with subsequent descent through the hands of Veytia, León y Gama, Pichardo, Aubin, and Goupil before coming to rest in the Bibliothèque Nationale. Only the two Selden manuscripts may not have been in Indian hands at the end of the 16th century. These general observations are not absolute; both mixed and native colonial documents have formed part of archives as well as having remained in Indian possession. Mixed Colonial Pictorial manuscripts of mixed colonial origin account for the majority of manuscripts in the census. It follows that most are concerned with such colonial institutions as encomienda tribute or the proof of land titles before Spanish courts. Wherever the 17

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Spanish administration treated with Indians on a local level a medium of expression and record was required that was mutually intelligible. Although the interpretation of pictorial materials seems always to have been beyond the competence or interest of Spanish officials, an interpreter served to relate Spaniard, Indian, pictorial document, and written text.18 The needs of the viceregal administration ( as well as that of the earlier period, 152135 ) and that of the local Indian governments were met by the production of a wide variety of pictorial documents. It was in this context that the manuscripts that we have classed under the broad rubric of economic were prepared. They are the numerous tribute assessments and financial records such as town salaries, registers of tributaries, and cadastral lists of properties (see Table 4). Such manuscripts are most abundant from the Valley of Mexico but are also represented from most other regions of Central Mexico. For the Maya region comparable examples are lacking; there are only several maps forming parts of land titles. A second context in which pictorial documents were called forth and where the Indian and Spanish worlds met was in litigation. In the uncounted thousands of cases between Indians or between Indian and Spaniard before the Audiencia Real in Mexico City and elsewhere, an untold number of drawings by Indians were submitted as exhibits or in evidence. Their variety includes most known categories of pictorial manu18 The "nahuatlato" or interpreter is a frequent figure in 16th-century documents; not infrequently he was a friar. The need for interpreters of native documents, written or pictorial, continued throughout the colonial period. In the 18th century Rosa y Saldívar was called upon to appraise the Nahuatl texts in the Boturini collection; he is also known for a description of the Lienzo de Yolox. The more ubiquitous Carlos or Manuel Mancio has left 18thcentury "interpretations" of the Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc, the Títulos de Santa Isabel Tola, the Genealogía de la Familia Cano, and the description of a lost pictorial manuscript from Magdalena Mixiuca (Títulos principales, 1915).

18

TABLE 4 - S E L E C T E D LIST O F MIXED COLONIAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts whose content is primarily concerned with colonial events, instituitons, and purposes. In style, composition, or format most of these manuscripts reflect colonial developments out of preconquest traditions. The list is selected for diversity of representation as well as relative importance and artistic interest. Records of colonial history : 89 Lienzo de Cuauhquechollan 344 Códice de Tlatelolco 350 Lienzo de Tlaxcala Genealogies: 35 235 258 347 427

Confirmation des Elections de Calpan Circular Genealogy . . . Nezahualcoyotl Genealogía de los Principes Mexicanos Genealogie des Tlatzcantzin Genealogía de Zolin

Maps and cartographic-historical documents : 41 Lienzo Chalchihuitzin Vasquez 68 Mapa de Coatlinchan 90 Mapa circular de Cuauhquechollan 181 Codex Kingsborough ( part ) 214 Lienzo de Misantla 320 Mapa de San Antonio Tepetlan Economic and land records: 11 Códice de Santa Maria Asuncion 43 Códice Chavero 83 Codex Cozcatzin 139 Matrícula de Huexotzingo 148, 150 Humboldt Fragments 2 and 6 181 Codex Kingsborough (part) 193 Códice Mariano Jiménez 243 Códice Osuna 246 Oztoticpac Lands Map 311 Libro de Tributos de San Pablo Teocaltitlan 323 Census of Tepoztlan 324 Mapa catastral de Tepoztlan, Panhuacan, etc. 341 Códice de Tlamapa no. 3 386 Codex Vergara 407 X O C H I M I L C O : Plan de plusiers Propriétés 424 Codex Santa Anita Zacatlalmanco

scripts, but the various categories of the economic type were most common. In the defense of land titles or in other disputes over possessions, the Indians prepared and submitted historical documents and genealogies as well as maps and property plans as proofs of claim for inheritance.

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

In cases involving grievances over abuses graphic portrayals of the complaints were painted. Documents having such origins, some amounting to pictorial depositions, occasionally contain records of events (history, tribute, genealogy) extending into the preconquest era. Both Codex Cozcatzin and Codex Kingsborough contain such material as well as the litigated subject matter. An uncertain but significant percentage of all the mixed colonial documents, particularly genealogies, maps, economic documents, and various miscellaneous drawings, have survived through having formed part of the records of colonial litigation and viceregal administration. Yet today most of the more important of these pictorial records are separated from the written texts of the related procedures. In the case of the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico, the most relevant of all archives of court cases, we may presume—and in some cases it is almost certain—that the pictorial sheets have been removed by collectors who ignored the (to them) less interesting written accompaniment. The removal of such documents, we may speculate, probably began in the 17th century and continued throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. An unknown number may have perished in the fire which destroyed many viceregal records in Mexico in 1692. It was on that occasion during atattempts to save endangered documents that Sigüenza y Góngora acquired parts of his collection. The Boturini and Aubin collections, which were assembled in Mexico 1736-43 and 1830-40, respectively, both have antecedents in the 17th-century collection of Sigüenza y Góngora and probably included many documents formerly in viceregal archives. The observations concerning the removal of documents from the Archivo General and other viceregal and municipal archives are more than just a matter of bibliographical curiosity. The interpretation of any colonial pictorial manuscript is immeasurably aided

and made more significant when it can be placed side by side with contemporary documentation. In a recent case, illustrating the pairing of pictorial documents with related archival material to which we refer, M. E. Smith identified an early 18th-century court case in which Códice Colombino had been submitted in evidence by its Indian owner. The record of the proceedings contains a description, interpretation, and a partial translation of its very difficult glosses. This information led to the decipherment of a major Mixtec place glyph. In this instance, unusual in that the manuscript is a preconquest survival, the document was returned to the owner rather than kept in archival record, but the point remains. In investigations for the present census, relationships between mixed colonial pictorial manuscripts and documentation in the Archivo General are noted for the Genealogía de la Familia Cano, the Códice de los Señores de San Lorenzo Axotlan y San Luís Huexotla, and various equally minor documents from Xochimilco (Census, 403-407). 19 In the latter case the archival documentation served to demonstrate a connection that could be inferred only from the drawings themselves. Further undiscovered examples undoubtedly exist. RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION

The following overview of the publication and development of research into Meso19 In two of these cases the relationship was discovered by Henry B. Nicholson, possibly with the assistance of Pedro Carrasco. It may also be pointed out that the date of litigation is no clue to the date of documentary evidence; the Lienzos of Zacatepec and Totomixtlahuaca appeared in litigative contexts in 1892 and about 1948, respectively. Public knowledge of the existence of the Lienzos de San Miguel Tequixtepec is owed to the need by the village to prove boundary claims about 1969. These are examples of the still viable legal importance of ancient documents as land titles. We understand that a local district of Mexico City cited the published Codex Santa Anita Zacatlalmanco (now in the Musée de l'Homme) as proving its right over lands wanted by the Distrito Federal for public housing.

19

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

american pictorial manuscripts is intended primarily to place selected authors, editions, collections, and events cited in the census into a minimal chronological framework. A review of substantially the same material has been published by Nicholson (1962). Pictorial manuscripts from Mesoamerica were included by Cortés in his first remission of New World treasures to Spain. Few early accounts of what are now Mexico and Guatemala fail to mention the existence of picture books either as curiosities or as part of the ethnographic picture of Spain's new dominions. The writings of Cortés, Peter Martyr, López de Gómara, Díaz del Castillo, Las Casas, Oviedo, Motolinía, Mendieta, and Acosta, who represent but a sampling of the best-known 16th-century authorities, all describe or refer in passing to pictorial manuscripts. A somewhat later cycle of writers mention such documents from the Maya lowlands. The 16th century is the period when most of the manuscripts in the census were produced. It would be a tedious and, for the present purpose, a somewhat irrelevant exercise to discuss "research" during that century. Suffice it to say that historians in Mexico during the 16th century both utilized and commissioned pictorial manuscripts in their writings. Sahagún, Durán, Tovar, Valadés, Motolinía, Landa, and de los Ríos as well as the anonymous Franciscan author of the Relación de Michoacan are friars with whom extant drawings based on native originals are associated. The early years of the 17th century witnessed the first editions of the Monarchia indiana by Torquemada (1615) and the Historia general by Herrera ( 1601-15). The former had access to an extensive corpus of native sources, including pictorials, and made use of both (see Article 16). Herrera, writing in Spain, contributed less to the knowledge of native sources but the illustrated title pages to two of his books include details copied from two Central Mexican 20

pictorial manuscripts (see Article 15). Ixtlilxochitl, a contemporary of Torquemada, had an important collection of native manuscripts, some of which, such as Codex Xolotl, were among the sources of his historical writings, unpublished until the 19th century. Later, the manuscript collection owned by Ixtlilxochitl was secured from his heirs by Sigüenza y Góngora, a dominant figure in many fields of Mexican studies in the latter half of the 17th century. It was he who provided the Italian world-traveler, Gemelli Careri, with the illustrations of three different pictorial manuscripts which the latter published in his Giro del Mondo in 1700 (Gemelli Careri, 1699-1700; see Census, 172,290,390). The dominant figure of the 18th century is Lorenzo Boturini (fig. 18), an Italian who arrived on the Mexican scene in 1736. He assembled a truly prodigious collection of Indian manuscripts (including part of the Sigüenza y Góngora collection) only to see it confiscated by the viceroy in 1743. He was arrested and deported to Spain for technical reasons in connection with his efforts to crown the Virgin of Guadalupe. In 1746 he published a catalog of his collection. Although absolved of charges against him and appointed a royal chronicler, he was never reunited with his cherished "Museo histórico indiano." His catalog became universally known among all writers on Mexico and was a primary but enigmatic source on Mexican manuscripts for many years. The assembly, inventory, and dispersal of the collection is one of the more significant series of events in the entire history of Mexican ethnohistorical documentation. Further information on his collection is given in Article 29. The collection itself soon had an impact on the writing of Mexican history. As early as 1750-55 Veytia secured access to it and copied various of its documents, including some of the calendar wheels illustrated in his Historia del origen . . . , first published

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

posthumously in 1836 (see Census, 387393 ). In 1770 two pictorial documents from the collection were published by Lorenzana (see Census, 368, 391). About 1780 another was copied by Beaumont for his Crónica de Michoacan. In 1790 the Viceroy Revillagigedo received orders from Spain calling for copies of various documents, including some from the Boturini collection. The resultant Colección de memorias de Nueva España contained little in the way of pictorial manuscripts, but the copying project is nevertheless an important event that is related to the collection formed by the royal historian, Muñoz, and even to the contemporary transfer of selected documents of the Indies from the archive in Simancas to that of Seville. Possession of some of the more important documents in the Boturini collection was gained by León y Gama, whose heirs, after his death in 1802, further dispersed the collection. His treatise on the Mexican calendar, first published in 1792 and again with extensive added material in 1832, cites and describes some of the documents known to him (see Article 12, Item 97). An important work in its era, it is now mainly of antiquarian interest. Both León y Gama and Pichardo, who also secured documents from the Boturini collection, made copies of many pictorial manuscripts which now, like their originals, are in the Aubin-Goupil collection. In Italy, Cardinal Borgia commissioned Fábrega, an exiled Jesuit from Mexico, to prepare a commentary on Codex Borgia. Probably written between 1792 and 1797, the work is remarkable primarily for its scholarly restraint and lack of fanciful conjecture; interpretation of Codex Borgia was a major task for Eduard Seler over a hundred years later. In the course of the work ( not published until 1899 but widely known in manuscript) Fábrega gives a listing of 11 pictorial manuscripts of which he had notice. All things considered, the listing is a remarkable and pioneer achievement in cataloging.

Other 18th-century scholars deserving mention in this chronological summary are Clavigero and William Robertson. The former, who like Fábrega was an exiled Jesuit from Mexico, is the author of a general history of ancient Mexico first published in Italian in 1780-1781 (see Article 17). Although a consistently overrated secondary source, Clavigero's history circulated widely and his comments and illustrations were often copied. It contained a general section on Indian painting, listed a few manuscript collections, and illustrated details of several pictorial manuscripts from earlier publications. Clavigero's reproductions of calendar wheels, however, are imaginative adaptations of earlier publications. He perhaps deserves credit for having publicized the existence of Codex Cospi. William Robertson's History of America ( 1777) published a page from Codex Vienna and in a less well known second edition (1778) notified the world of the existence of Codex Borbonicus, then in the Escorial. By 1814, the approximate publication date of Humboldt's Vues des Cordillères (cited as Humboldt, 1810), 14 of the pictorial manuscripts in the present census had been published in whole or in part ( see Table 5 and Article 12, Item 99). Humboldt's Vues, rare in its own time in the full folio edition, illustrated 10 pictorial manuscripts and details from a number of fragments acquired by him in Mexico in 1803. His collecting activities in Mexico, his rational discussions of the manuscripts, and his international reputation as a scholar probably did much to further interest in Mexican studies. The years following 1821—three centuries after the fall of Tenochtitlan—were active ones in the field of Mexican pictorial manuscripts. Most fundamental was Mexican independence from Spain, which allowed Europeans other than Spaniards their first free access to Mexico. The first two decades after 1821 saw the founding of the Mexican National Museum, new inventories by the 21

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

TABLE 5-PUBLICATION OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS, 1579-1796 Chronological listing of works in which Middle American pictorial manuscripts were published in whole or in part prior to Humboldt's Vues des Cordillères (1810), published about 1814. Second editions and reprintings of these works are not noted. Editor

Date

Valadés Herrera

1579 1 6 0 1 - 15

Cartari Purchas Cartari Nierembergii Hernández Kircher Worm Thevenot Legati Lambeck Nessel Gemelli Careri

1615 1625 1626 1635 1651 1652- 54 1655 1672 1677 1679 1690 1699- 1700

Warburton Boturini Kollar Lorenzana

1738-41 1746 1769 1770

Robertson, W. Granados y Gálvez Clavigero Racknitz

1777 1778 1780-81 1796

Manuscript Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2, version Details from a manuscript of the Magliabecchiano Group and from an unidentified manuscript Codex Ríos, seven details Codex Mendoza Codex Ríos, eight details Hernández, Historia natural, selected details Hernández, Historia natural, Italian copies Codex Mendoza, selected pages after Purchas Codex Vienna, details Codex Mendoza, after Purchas Codex Cospi, details Codex Vienna, one page Codex Vienna, one page after Lambeck Mapa Sigüenza; Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 4; Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2, selected pages Codex Mendoza, one page after Purchas Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 4, after Gemelli Codex Vienna, one page Matrícula de Tributos; Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 5 Codex Vienna, one page Calendar wheel diagrams Details from earlier publications Codex Dresden, details; details from earlier publi-

cations

Mexican government of the now depleted Boturini collection, the loan and subsequent exhibit in London by Bullock of some 17 pictorial manuscripts, 20 and the descent upon Mexico of a number of determined European collectors. Aubin, resident in Mexico between 1830 and 1840, amassed a significant collection of Mexican manuscripts, including many of the more important pictorial items from the Boturini collection and many of the copies made by Veytia, León y Gama, and Pichardo. Other collectors during this early period were Vischer and Waldeck. The acquisition of a small collection of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts by 20

Glass (1964, pp. 21-22) identifies eight of these and gives a brief discussion of Bullock's exhibit of 1824.

22

the French National Library received publicity in at least three journals. The first three volumes of Kingsborough's Antiquities of Mexico (1831-48), initially issued with a title page dated 1830 and then with one dated 1831, reproduced 16 major pictorial manuscripts in full and in color in copies by Augustine Aglio. These pictorials constituted most of the then known inventory of such manuscripts available to Kingsborough with the exception of Codex Borbonicus, which he was apparently refused permission to publish. Copies or proofs from his collection of the Maya Codex Paris and of Techialoyan Codex "W" (Article 24, Catalog, 721 ) suggest that their publication was also planned. The editions in this monumental work remained a basic source until

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

the end of the century, when more accurate facsimiles began to appear. These events of the 1820s and 1830s were, of course, not occurring in isolation. During this same period Champollion deciphered the Egyptian hieroglyphs, interest in Maya archaeology was steadily increasing, and Ternaux-Compans in France and Bustamante in Mexico were initiating the publication of various Mexican ethnohistorical texts. The middle years of the century were no less active. In 1849 Aubin published his Mémoire sur la Peinture Figurative and followed it by a series of lithographs which eventually reproduced seven pictorial documents for the first time. His Mémoire and Notice ( 1851 ) not only put on public record the existence and nature of his collection but included the first scholarly attempts to interpret pictorial materials and hieroglyphs from Central Mexico. The frequency with which they were reprinted or extracted testifies to their influence. In 1857 Aubin and others founded the Société Américaine de France, which under a complex series of changes in names published a bewilderingly complicated series of journals throughout most of the remainder of the century. Their pages contained frequent contributions to the incipient field of Mexican ethnohistoriography and hieroglyphic decipherment by Aubin, Brasseur de Bourbourg, Léon de Rosny, Charency, and others. The present Journal de la Société des Américanistes published in Paris is the modern successor to these early journals, of which the Revue Orientale et Américaine was the first. In 1864 Brasseur de Bourbourg published Landa's history of Yucatan, which he had discovered not long before (see Article 18). In 1869 he published Codex Troano with a now discredited interpretation of its hieroglyphic text based on Landa's Maya "alphabet" (Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1869-70). To him are also owed a general history of the ancient civilizations of Mesoamerica ( 1857-

59) and a catalog of his manuscript collection (1871). From 1810 to 1870 Mexico was in an almost continuous state of political turmoil, a circumstance that undoubtedly hindered Mexican participation in the developing field of Mexican archaeology and facilitated the export of antiquities. A few figures nevertheless stand out. Most prominent of them is José Fernando Ramírez, politician, historian, bibliographer, and museum director ( see Article 21 ). His influence has always been greater than the bulk of his published historical writings. The distribution of the Aubin-Desportes lithographs is largely owed to him (though Squier, Peñafiel, Goupil, and others also secured copies from Aubin and furthered their distribution). The first edition of Durán's illustrated history is also due to his activity. Much of his collection of books and manuscripts was sold at auction in London in 1880; other parts of his collection remained in the possession of Alfredo Chavero and are now in the Mexican National Museum of Anthropology; other manuscripts and copies from his collection are probably in some unidentified private collection. Closely associated with Ramírez was Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca, copyist and translator of many Nahuatl texts. The last quarter of the 19th century witnessed events and the emergence of new personalities that were soon to put research into Mesoamerican pictorial manuscripts on its modern basis. The first International Congress of Americanists was held in Nancy, France, in 1875. At its fourth session in Madrid in 1881 many of the pictorial manuscripts in Spain were exhibited and must have been seen by scholars, who soon utilized them in their writings. The manuscripts included both of Sahagún's Códices Matritenses, both parts of Codex Madrid, numerous maps of the Relaciones geográficas of 1579-85, a Techialoyan codex, and various others (Lista, 1881). In 1877 the Mexican National Museum inaugurated 23

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

publication of its Anales. These events reflect the institutionalization of archaeological research and the shift of research from private endeavor to academic auspices. In Mexico two historians at first dominated the scene: Orozco y Berra and Chavero (see Article 21). Each wrote a history of ancient Mexico and of its Spanish conquest, appearing respectively in 1880 and about 1887 (Chavero, n.d.). Both works are ambitious attempts to synthesize the entire body of material then available; no comparable attempts have since appeared. It took Mexican scholarship years to escape from their sometimes deadening influence. Perhaps more than anything else their works mark the end and the beginning of eras in Mesoamerican ethnohistory. Chavero, the more prolific writer, was also a collector and editor of numerous manuscripts. Various editions initiated by Ramírez, whose manuscript collection Chavero acquired, were brought to fruition by him. He made important contributions to Mesoamerican bibliography, but many of his writings are diffuse and digressive, a factor that has detracted materially from his stature. A curious lack of discrimination led him to publish falsified artifacts and manuscripts, some of which he later defended. In France, Léon de Rosny, a frequent contributor to the developing field of Maya decipherment, began publication of his Essai sur le Déchiffrement de l'Écriture de l'Amérique Centrale in 1876. It was soon available in three different illustrated editions ( 1876a, 1876b, 1881b). To him are also owed the first edition of the Maya Codex Cortesianus (1883) and the second and third photographic editions of the Maya Codex Paris (1887,1888). In Germany Förstemann published the first photographic edition of Codex Dresden in 1880, the first in a series of publications that inaugurated a brilliant career in Maya hieroglyphic decipherment. During the 1880s the first publications of Eduard Seler 24

appeared (see Article 20). By the turn of the century and to his death in 1922 he was the outstanding scholar in Mesoamerican archaeology. His establishment of the Borgia Group of manuscripts as such in 1887 ( Seler, 1902b), his first major contribution to the study of the Mexican tonalamatl (1890), and his study of the Humboldt Fragments ( 1893 ) are some of his early works that foreshadow his later achievements discussed in our survey of the Borgia Group. In 1889 Goupil purchased the Aubin manuscript collection, somewhat to the consternation of Peñafiel, who seems to have represented the Mexican government in an attempt to regain its possession. The twovolume catalog of the Aubin-Goupil collection, illustrated with 80 photographs, appeared in 1891 under the authorship of Eugène Boban, who like Goupil was an art dealer. A work of unsurpassed scholarship in its field, it appears to have had limited circulation for many years since so little use was made of it in the ensuing generation. For the quatricentennial of the discovery of America in 1892 the Mexican Government commissioned a distinguished group of men to prepare Mexico's exhibit. The Junta Colombina, under the editorship of Chavero, published the Antigüedades mexicanas (1892), which gave the first colored lithographs of five pictorial manuscripts. For the Exposición Histórico-Americana in Madrid the Junta Colombina gathered and made4 some 40-odd copies of pictorial manuscripts. The collection so assembled was to have an enduring importance for the museum in Mexico. At the head of the Junta Colombina was Francisco del Paso y Troncoso, who left Mexico for Madrid in 1892 (see Article 21). He remained in Europe until his death in 1916, during which time he wrote a major commentary on Codex Borbonicus (1898b) and an introduction to the first modern edition of Codex Cospi (1898a), prepared the illustrations in the Florentine Codex for pub-

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

lication, and published the photographic facsimiles of Sahagún's Códices Matritenses (1905-07), the Relaciones geográficas from the manuscripts in Spain (1905-06), and Codex Kingsborough (1912). He was also responsible for the appearance of the colored edition of the Veytia Calendar Wheels (Veytia, 1907) and the first photographic edition of Codex Mendoza ( Galindo y Villa, 1925). Most of his publications, with the exception of limited numbers of advance copies, were not distributed until the 1920s, when the Mexican government obtained his papers. Many of his projects were left unfinished; several editions of pictorial manuscripts which he projected never got beyond printer's proofs.21 His contribution to the field as editor, interpreter of Nahuatl texts, discoverer and publisher of new manuscripts, and as the author of substantive commentaries, is considerable. His European projects, largely frustrated during his lifetime, are fully chronicled in a detailed biobibliography by Galindo y Villa (1922) and in a publication of his official correspondence and listing of the documents he had copied by Zavala (1938). Notable contemporaries of Paso y Troncoso whose influence was felt on the Mexican or international scene and whose works figure prominently in the census bibliography are Antonio Peñafiel, Zelia Nuttall, and Nicolás León. Joaquin García Icazbalceta, an editor and publisher of note, was an important collector of Mexican manuscripts; his collection is now in the University of Texas ( see Article 21 ). An American, the Duc de Loubat, is noted for his patronage of many Americanist ventures around the turn of the century. Between 1896 and 1904 he financed the facsimiles of Codices Vaticanus B, Borgia, Cospi, Telleriano-Remensis, Ríos, Féjérváry21 Zavala ( 1938, pp. 589, 592) reports proofs for editions of the Codices Borbonicus, Borgia, and Vaticanus B and the Kalendario Mexicano, Latino y Castellano. None of them was published by Paso y Troncoso.

Mayer, Tonalamatl Aubin, and Magliabecchiano. These editions, which were made by a photolithographic process in color, set a new standard in publication. The quality of their binding, in the screenfolds, has yet to be equaled. For introductions or commentaries to these editions he called upon such distinguished scholars as Seler, Ehrle, Paso y Troncoso, and Hamy. The period between the two World Wars saw a steady but slow increase in the number of new editions and commentaries. William Gates, known for contributions to Maya hieroglyphic writing and for collections of original and photographed manuscripts, published various manuscripts such as the Lienzos Coixtlahuaca no. 1, CórdovaCastellanos, and Meixueiro under the aegis of the Maya Society which he founded, as well as editions of the three Maya screenfolds, the earliest of which appeared in 1909. The first accurate facsimile of Codex Vienna by Lehmann and Smital appeared in 1929. A translation of the Nahuatl text of the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca with a reproduction of its drawings and a commentary by Preuss and Mengin was published in 1937-38 and was followed by an excellent monochrome facsimile in 1942, edited by Mengin. A magnificent color photographic edition of Codex Mendoza with a commentary by Clark was published in 1938 in an edition believed to have been partially destroyed during the Battle of Britain. These are but highlights of the inter-war period. A major figure in Mexican pictorial manuscript studies is Alfonso Caso, whose first commentary on such a manuscript appeared in 1930. His editions and commentaries form one of the largest personal bibliographies in the census. Although his interest has by no means been confined to the Western Oaxaca group, his role in the study of the Mixtec manuscripts has been of unusual importance and is further discussed in our survey of that region. Robert Barlow, an American resident in 25

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Mexico, was a founder of the journal Tlalocan and a prolific author of studies relevant to this field; his is another of the largest personal bibliographies in the census. Had his career not been cut short by an untimely death his major contributions would have been more numerous. Since 1945 the number of persons who have contributed new editions and commentaries has increased considerably. Excellent new editions of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico by Linné in 1948 and of the Relación de Michoacan by Tudela in 1956 in Sweden and Spain, respectively, and of the Selden Roll by Burland ( 1955b ), an Englishman, who published in Germany, testify to the continuing international character of the field. A resumption of interest in the Central Mexican historical sources was briefly reflected by editions and commentaries by Dibble on the Códices en Cruz (1942a) and Xolotl (1951), by Barlow ( 1949b ) on the Códice Azcatitlan, and Mengin ( 1952a) on Codex Mexicanus (BNP 2324). No single trend characterizes the field today. The beginnings of attempts toward synthesis may be seen in such works as Robertson (1959) and Nowotny (1961b). The recognition of the need for publishing the too frequently neglected minor types of documents and the demonstration of their value when studied in depth characterizes recent publications by Galarza and Kutscher. The demand for new editions of the great manuscripts is being met in part by a new publisher, the Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt in Graz, Austria, and in the photographic edition of the manuscripts originally published by Kingsborough now being published by the Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público in Mexico.22 The considerable problems faced in organizing scattered information and bibliography and in cataloging the many manuscripts have prompted such specialized surveys as that of certain calendrical sources 26

in Kubler and Gibson (1951), general guides such as Alcina Franch (1955) and León-Portilla and Mateos Higuera (1957), a catalog of the pictorial manuscripts in the Mexican National Museum of Anthropology by Glass (1964), and various regional surveys by Cline. A significant body of pictorial manuscripts, both relatively important and relatively minor, remains unpublished and unconsulted. Their publication and critical elucidation appears to be the most important task to be undertaken in this area of ethnohistorical research. Progress has been made over the years only through comparative study. No synthesis worthy of the name can proceed without it. There is little justification today for not utilizing the entire corpus of documents for this purpose. Unlike archaeology, which must proceed by a sampling of its raw data, the number of manuscript sources for ethnohistory, particularly pictorial manuscripts, is not infinite but very limited indeed. The same comment applies to the purely Nahuatl and Spanish texts in the native traditions that form part of the same reservoir of cultural information and that beg translation and editing. GUIDES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Although the publication of Mesoamerican pictorial manuscripts began in the 17th century, it was not until the early part of the 19th century, with the publications of Humboldt (1810) and Kingsborough (1831-48), 22

The Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt in Graz, Austria, has published facsimile editions of the Codices Becker nos. 1 and 2 ( 1961 ), Vienna ( 1 9 6 3 ) , Sánchez Solís ("Egerton 2895"; 1965), Laud ( 1 9 6 6 ) , Madrid ( 1 9 6 7 ) , Cospi ( 1 9 6 8 ) , Paris ( 1 9 6 8 ) , and Magliabecchiano ( 1 9 7 0 ) . They have announced plans to publish Codex Vaticanus B, Codex Féjérváry-Mayer, the Matrícula de Hucxotzingo, and various others. Only vols. 1-4 (Corona Núñez, 1964-67) of the projected five-volume edition of the pictorial manuscripts originally published by Kingsborough (1831-48) have been examined and cited for the present census.

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

that the foundations were laid for the relatively large literature that has now come into being. The number of scholarly commentaries and editions that had been published by 1900 was relatively large and listings of them soon appeared. Saville (1901) provided a comprehensive list of reproductions issued between 1885 and 1901. The brief notices by Dalton (1899, 1902a, 1902b), however, are little more than multiple book reviews. The bibliography of Mexican antiquities by Lejeal (1902) specifically included an annotated section on pictorial manuscripts and hieroglyphic writing and cited works already rare in his day. The bibliographic survey of Borgia Group and Oaxaca pictorials by Lehmann (1905a), still of considerable significance, indicated the depth and scope of the historical literature available for the understanding of manuscript histories. A general account by Galindo y Villa (1950b) is a very derivative publication with notices about the Boturini collection, the publication by Kingsborough, and the AubinGoupil collection. An excellent and extensive bibliography by Noguera (1933a) was for many years a standard reference source, which was not superseded by any more recent work. The mimeographed catalog by Arpee (1937) is of little general significance and is limited to works in the libraries of the University of Chicago and the Field Museum of Natural History. Only an abstract (Ortega Mart-nez, 1948) was published of a listing and bibliography of pre-Hispanic pictorial manuscripts presented at the 28th International Congress of Americanists. The Colección de estudios sumarios by Mateos Higuera (1944-49), unfortunately discontinued after describing only 15 manuscripts, is one of several sources that together provided the model for the present census. Two important guides and bibliographies

appeared in 1955. Alcina Franch's annotated listing (1955) provides brief descriptions and bibliographies for the approximately 86 pictorial manuscripts which it treats. Kutscher (1955) gives bibliographies for 69 separate manuscripts. The León-Portilla and Mateos Higuera (1957) catalog, restricted to manuscripts that treat preColumbian institutions, provides limited bibliographies for about 61 manuscripts. Another useful bibliography appears in Robertson's ( 1959) study of pictorial manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico. The recent guide by Azcué y Mancera (1966) depends heavily on the León-Portilla and Mateos Higuera catalog for the 75 manuscripts it lists but is so full of errors that it is utterly useless for scholarly purposes. The general guide to historical sources for Mesoamerica by Carrera Stampa ( 1959) draws heavily on its immediate predecessors but contains some new material; its revised versions (Carrera Stampa, 1962-63, 1965) have extensive additions. Galarza's (1960) useful and extensive listing of titles concerning pictorial sources in the Library of the Musée de l'Homme, Paris, should also be mentioned. The alphabetically arranged census by Mateos Higuera (1966) unfortunately extends only through "Cuauhtlantzinco" after listing 98 manuscripts. Its continuation, when published, will be an important addition to the inventory literature. The nearly exhaustive bibliography of the archaeology and ethnography of Mesoamerica by Bernai ( 1962 ) is of fundamental importance. It includes sections on "codices" from within and outside the Maya area. Its scope far exceeds the resources of any limited number of major libraries. The author and subject catalogs of the Peabody Museum Library, published in 1963 and including journal articles, is another useful bibliographical source. The continuing coverage of ethnohistory and archaeology in the Handbook of Latin American Studies is an indispensable tool, especially for current titles. 27

E T H N O H I S T O R I C A L SOURCES

Topical and regional guides and bibliographies are cited in the section "Regional Survey" below; catalogs of institutional collections are cited in the institutional checklist ( Article 28 ). The pictorial manuscripts of Mesoamerica are primarily a visual record; the reader desiring an introduction to these documents may be referred to the illustrated catalogs of the collections of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and the Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico, by Boban (1891) and Glass (1964), respectively. Together they illustrate the known varieties of pictorial manuscripts and provide 219 photographic plates. Robertson's (1959) excellent study of the pictorials from the Valley of Mexico and Nowotny's (1961b) survey of the Borgia Group and other ritual-calendrical manuscripts are also extensively illustrated. The new edition of the manuscripts published by Kingsborough (1831-48) now being prepared by the Secretaría de Hacienda in Mexico will make at least 16 major LIST 1—TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION USED IN THE CENSUS OF TRADITIONAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Ritual-calendrical 260-day almanacs 18-month calendars Calendar wheels Historical Genealogical Cartographic Cartographic-historical Economic Cadastral Census Financial records Property plans Tribute Ethnographic Miscellaneous Litigative Natural history Unclassified Unavailable 28

pictorial manuscripts available in one set of volumes. CLASSIFICATION

Only two formal classifications of manuscripts have been employed in the census. These are regional and typological. The former is discussed at the beginning of the regional survey in the following section. The typological classification (see List 1) derives directly from that proposed by Nicholson (1960b, 1961b). It varies only in detail from classifications used in earlier catalogs and surveys such as Hirtzel (1928), Mateos Higuera (1946c), León-Portilla and Mateos Higuera (1957), and others discussed by Alcina Franch (1955, pp. 422-28). Its major novelty is the inclusion of ethnographic and unavailable categories and a greater emphasis on the isolation of the cartographichistorical type. The latter, partially defined by format and composition, frequently includes historical, genealogical, and cartographic material. The different types are discussed separately below: the regional and typological distribution of the 434 manuscripts in the census is summarized in Table 6 and is presented in detail in Tables 7-26. Ritual-Calendrical

Manuscripts

Under the rubric of ritual-calendrical have been classified those manuscripts primarily devoted to religion, the calendar, and such related topics as divination, religious ceremonies, and the systematic depictions of gods of the native pantheon. The 50 documents so classified (see Table 6) amount to approximately 12 per cent of all manuscripts in the census. The recurrent topics in the calendrical manuscripts are the 260-day almanac, the ceremonies of the 18 months of the 365-day year, and various approaches to the structure of the calendar through the medium of the calendar wheel. Various numerical cycles with associated gods, sequences of deities, miscellaneous religious

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

and funerary rites, and cosmology are less frequently found topics but all have attracted the attention of scholarship. Among the manuscripts in this division are some of the most famous and well known of all the pictorial manuscripts of ancient Mesoamerica. The three Maya screenfolds, the five manuscripts of the Borgia Group, Codex Borbonicus, and Tonalamatl Aubin are the most prominent examples of the type. Some of these are both the oldest in terms of their being known to the scholarly world and in the date of their composition. Most of those named are preconquest in date. They preserve the native style in a less acculturated fashion than any other group, except for the historical and genealogical screenfolds of Western Oaxaca. Of all the manuscript types, it was the ritual-calendrical type that was selected for destruction by the ecclesiastical authorities. That most of the manuscripts mentioned above survived the systematic extirpation of native paganism is undoubtedly due to their having been sent back to Europe as curiosity pieces immediately after their discovery. Few surviving ritual-calendrical manuscripts were produced by Indians for use in Indian contexts in the postconquest period. Indeed, the use and ownership of a tonalamatl made any Indian liable for prosecution by the Inquisition. Colonial pictorial manuscripts containing ritual or calendrical information that have survived date from well into the 16th century; most are the product of Spanish patronage in terms of both historical and missionary research. Such manuscripts as those of the Huitzilopochtli and Magliabecchiano Groups already show definite indications of having been produced, and possibly edited, for Spaniards. These manuscripts date from no earlier than the middle of the 16th century. Later in the century a period of retrospective historical research began that produced the illustrations for Durán's his-

tory, the Florentine Codex, and the Tovar Calendar. The calendrical sections of Codex Mexicanus (BNP 23-24), from the Valley of Mexico, and the calendrical illustrations in the Books of Chilam Balam, from Yucatan, are perhaps the only significant body of ritual-calendrical pictorial documents made after the middle of the 16th century and not intended for Spanish consumption. Unfortunately, the latter are known only through copies of 18th-century versions. General discussions of particular examples and groupings of ritual-calendrical manuscripts will be found in the section "regional survey" under the state of Mexico and the Distrito Federal, the lowland Maya region and the Borgia Group. Few manuscripts of this type from other regions are now extant. Two surveys of ritual-calendrical manuscripts are of particular importance. The "Handlist of Sources on the Mexican 365day Year" by Kubler and Gibson ( 1951 ) is a descriptive and bibliographical guide to the pictorial and other manuscripts that deal with the indicated topic. Nowotny (1961b) gives a detailed analytical guide to the content of the early ritual-calendrical manuscripts having mantic and religious content. Although he is largely concerned with the manuscripts of the Borgia Group, he includes Codex Borbonicus, Tonalamatl Aubin, and several other manuscripts as well as ritual scenes in several of the Mixtec historical screenfolds. His coverage omits the later documents of the 16th century, the unpublished Códice del Museo de América, and treats the Maya screenfolds only in passing. The writings of Eduard Seler are of fundamental and lasting significance for the interpretation of ritual-calendrical manuscripts. His major contributions are discussed in the survey under the Borgia Group. The study of the Aztec and other Central Mexican but non-Mixtec, non-Maya 29

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

calendars by Caso (1967) is also of importance and contains reprints or revisions of a number of his earlier works in this field. The main and recurrent topics in the ritual-calendrical pictorial manuscripts are discussed below. T H E DIVINATORY ALMANAC. The tonalpohualli, the divinatory aspect of the calendar, is based on the permutation of 20 named days and 13 numbers forming a cycle of 260 days. In more elaborated forms it also has associations with 13 birds, 9 Lords of the Night, and 13 gods. In book form the tonalpohualli is known as a tonalamatl, which was used for augury, prophesy, the determination of good and bad days, and in the naming of children. It is comparable to the European zodiac combined with the Christian calendar in the form of a horoscope. As a cycle of 260 days the tonalpohualli was a trait of practically all ancient Mesoamerica. Its use continues unbroken to the present time, especially in certain highland Maya villages in Guatemala and in some sections of southern Mexico; no modern ethnographer, however, has reported the use of a tonalamatl. The tonalpohualli is well represented among surviving manuscripts. Codex Borbonicus and Tonalamatl Aubin from Central Mexico both contain early and relatively full versions. Colonial tonalamatls, in some instances much edited by Spanish patronage, from the Valley of Mexico are contained in the Códices Telleriano-Remensis, Ríos, Museo de América, and Mexicanus (BNP 23-24). The tonalpohualli, both in full and in its more abstruse aspects, is the subject of the Borgia Group manuscripts and of parts of the three Maya screenfolds. The literature on the interpretation and description of the tonalpohualli is large. Both specific and general references will be found in the bibliographies of Article 23 given for the manuscripts named above. Generalized and simplified accounts are 30

given in most popular books on the archaeology of Middle America. EIGHTEEN-MONTH

FESTIVAL

CALENDARS.

The representation of the "fixed" ceremonies, those celebrated or connected with each of the 18 months or periods of 20 days forming the 365-day year, was of great interest to missionary authorities. Drawings of these ceremonies are known only from the Valley of Mexico (see Table 8) and in one of the Sahaguntine manuscripts prepared at Tepepulco, Hidalgo. The most extensive treatment of this subject is by Kubler and Gibson ( 1951 ), who also provide a comprehensive survey of both pictorial and other sources bearing on the subject. CALENDAR WHEELS. A large number of manuscript calendar wheels from Mesoamerica are in existence. All are colonial in date. Some may date from the 17th and 18th centuries although the latter may derive from earlier prototypes. Since calendar wheels are known in other media, such as stone, there seems little reason to doubt that manuscript calendar wheels were produced before the conquest. The depiction of the calendar and the zodiac in a circular format, however, was also a European trait during the Renaissance and Middle Ages; the Mesoamerican calendar wheels, as we now know them, are probably influenced by European ideas. The calendar wheels usually depict particular cycles of the calendar with the appropriate glyphs or names arranged around or within the periphery of the circular format. Some combine two or more cycles, and occasionally other data, such as colors, are also shown. In the calendar wheels from Central Mexico the most common subject is the representation of the permutation of the 13 numbers with the four year-bearer days which define the 52-year cycle. Other calendar wheels depict the 18 months, the 20 days, or the 13 katuns of the Maya calendar. Of the approximately 25 calendar wheels or manuscripts containing one or more ex-

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

amples specifically identified in the census, nine are from the Valley of Mexico, four from Tlaxcala, one from Hidalgo, one from Michoacan (in Códice Cuara), six from Yucatan, and four are from unclassified Central Mexican proveniences. Aside from the Mayance examples, which have been discussed by Bowditch (1910), no specific study of calendar wheels has appeared although individual examples have been studied. The calendar wheel diagrams published (and possibly invented) by Granados y Gálvez (1778, pp. 54-57) are not included in the census. The chronological drawing in the Histoyre du Mechique (Article 27B, no. 1049), also not included in the pictorial census, may represent a form of calendar wheel. For further remarks see Veytia Calendar Wheels in Article 23. MISCELLANEOUS MANTIC AND RELIGIOUS

Associated sequences of gods, days, and numbers not directly part of the 365-day year (xiuhmolpilli) or of the 260day cycle (tonalpohualli) or of the 52-year cycle but related to them in various mantic and ritual ways are presented in detail and at length in the manuscripts of the Borgia Group and in the three Maya screenfolds. Comparable material is generally not preserved in manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico although pages 21-22 of Codex Borbonicus are an exception to this statement. Representations of ritual ceremonies occur in manuscripts of the Borgia Group and in certain Mixtec histories; they are discussed and indexed by Nowotny (1961b). Depictions of religious ceremonies, particularly in ethnographic manuscripts made under European patronage, are common in documents from the Valley of Mexico. The movable ceremonies (those not tied to a specific day or month of the 365-day year ) are pictured in the Florentine Codex, books 1 and 3, in manuscripts of the Magliabecchiano Group, in Codex Ríos, and in the Durán history. Drawings of gods may be found in a wide variety of manuscripts, including the tonMATERIAL.

alamatls mentioned above, in various books of the Florentine Codex (especially book 2 ), and in other manuscripts listed in Table 8, as well as in manuscripts not here classified as ritual-calendrical. MYTHOLOGY, COSMOLOGY, AND ASTRON-

OMY. Few Indian pictorial manuscripts specifically record native beliefs about mythology, cosmology, or astronomy. Cosmographic traditions of the Aztecs, especially the concept of the four eras of mankind, are treated in the opening pages of Codex Ríos; these pages have been the subject of much discussion. Some of the relevant studies are cited in the bibliography of that manuscript. Book 3 of the Florentine Codex treats the origins of the gods. A vertically stratified layering of the universe is pictured in the Fragmento Gómez de Orozco, in the Selden Roll, and in very late drawings in one or more of the Books of Chilam Balam. Mythological and cosmological information may also be contained in some of the more obscure passages of the manuscripts of the Borgia Group and in parts of the Maya screenfolds as well as in the early sections of both Valley of Mexico and Mixtec historical manuscripts. Astronomical material in the pictorial manuscripts has long been sought by scholars. Seler, Lehmann, and Kreichgauer belonged to a school that sought to discover astronomical significances between dates in the Mixtee histories at a time when the nature—historical and genealogical—of those manuscripts was not fully recognized. Their writings on this subject have not been appraised or evaluated in recent years. The student should be cautioned about the validity of much of the interpretations of Central Mexican pictorial manuscripts that deal with planetary cycles, particularly Venus, and eclipses. In the Maya hieroglyphic manuscripts the subject is more complex; Codex Dresden is believed to contain various astronomical calculations. The depiction of natural celestial phenomena—comets, eclipses, constellations, 31

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

etc.—is contained in the Florentine Codex, book 7, and in part of the Primeros Memoriales; these sections are here classified as ethnographic rather than as ritual-calendrical. T H E CORRELATION OF THE CALENDAR. NO

attempt has been made in the census to single out or to classify those manuscripts bearing on the correlation of the native calendars with the Christian calendar. Suffice it to say that such data derive from many calendrical and historical manuscripts as well as from many here classified under other headings. In the Lowland Maya Region the Maya screenfolds have had little bearing as yet on the correlation of the Maya calendar. Historical Manuscripts Under historical manuscripts we have classified those documents that narrate events in sequence through time or depict isolated military, political, or administrative events. The 78 manuscripts so classified represent 18 per cent of the manuscripts in the census. In a perceptive contribution to this subject Robertson (1959) has classified the organizing principles for the pictorial presentation of history in the pictorial manuscripts of Central Mexico and Western Oaxaca. The present discussion depends in part on his exposition. Most historical manuscripts from Central Mexico are year-to-year chronicles or annals. Many of them are "time-oriented." Such examples as the Tira de Tepechpan, the Codices Aubin, Huichapan, Mendoza (part 1), Mexicanus (BNP 23-24), Saville, and the Anales de Tula are organized about a straight, linearly ordered series of year signs. This mode of composition is particularly suited to the tira or screenfold format. In such manuscripts as Codices Azcatitlan, Azoyu (nos. 1 and 2), Boturini, Ríos, and Telleriano-Remensis23 the linear organization of year signs is broken into clusters or segments or follows two or more margins of the page, possibly a more efficient use of 32

space than the linear arrangement. 24 Events in either case are drawn opposite the relevant dates or are attached to them by lines. Códice en Cruz is a complex compositional variant of the time-oriented type. In the Tenochca Mapa Sigüenza and in the Texcocan Códice Xolotl and Mapas Quinatzin (leaf 1) and Tlotzin a "placeoriented" mode of presentation is followed. Here historical and genealogical events are placed in a cartographic or protolandscape setting; time signs are subordinate or absent. This variety of historical manuscript includes such examples as the Mapas de Cuauhtinchan nos. 1-3 and several of the maps in the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca from the same provenience, here classified under the cartographic-historical type. The Mixtec historical screenfolds of Western Oaxaca are seen by Robertson as "eventoriented." Although two examples of this corpus depict political events in one person's fife, most are primarily genealogical narratives embracing many generations; dates are but an incidental detail in the composition. Four examples of historical ( and one cartographic-historical) manuscripts in the census are commemorative documents that place history on display on a single-sheet document. Each also organizes its content into discrete segments in separate rectangular compartments. These manuscripts are the Lienzos of Jucutacato, Tabaa (no. 1), San Miguel Tiltepec, Tlaxcala, and the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco. The Lienzo de San Miguel Tequixtepec no. 1, in its lower portion only, also has such a composition. Many of the historical manuscripts are illustrations for written texts in the tradition of European book design (see Durán, His23

Robertson ( 1959 ) has shown that Codices Ríos and Telleriano-Remensis derive from a linear tira format or mode of composition. 24 In the stylistically early Codices de Azoyu from Guerrero the partial framing of each page by the year signs suggests the similar treatment of day signs in the Central Mexican tonalamatls.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

toria; Tovar, Relación; Sahagún, Florentine Codex; Relación de Michoacan; Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, etc.). The nature of their native prototypes, when postulated, can only be inferred or reconstructed by analysis. Further general discussion of historical manuscripts will be found in the regional survey in the sections devoted to the state of Mexico and Western Oaxaca. Pictorial historical manuscripts from the Maya region do not survive, but various early chronicles testify to their existence. Genealogical

Manuscripts

Approximately 12 per cent or 54 of the manuscripts in the census have been classified as genealogies. They present few problems of classification. The number of extant genealogies, however, is greater than this figure as they also occur in the cartographichistorical type. Most of the manuscripts explicitly classified as genealogical are of mixed colonial origin and doubtlessly documented litigants' claims to hereditary rights. The close relationship between genealogy and history in the surviving Mixtec manuscripts from Western Oaxaca has resulted in a classificatory situation where the "histories" of that region are essentially genealogical in content. There, as in the cartographic-historical manuscripts from the same and other regions, the genealogies are also statements of dynastic succession, a factor that introduces genealogical discontinuities into otherwise uniform sequential listings of persons and their descent. Synthetic interpretation of genealogical pictorial elements in the Central Mexican genealogies has yet to appear. In such documents relationships are indicated by solid lines, broken lines, footprints, speech scrolls, vertical columns of couples, or other spatial arrangements. Dotted lines and speech scrolls, for instance, may denote concubinage rather than marriage. Monogamous and

incest regulations introduced by European contact may also be reflected in pictorial conventions. Nicholson (1967, p. 95) has noted that genealogies drawn below a house appear to be limited to manuscripts that he considers of Tlaxcalan or Huexotzingo

origin. Cartographic

Manuscripts

Maps have been classified in the census under three categories. "Cartographic" manuscripts are maps in the normal sense of the term. "Cartographic-historical" manuscripts are maps that include historical and genealogical information and frequently have a particular mode of composition. The "property plans" subtype of the economic classification are maps and plans of restricted areas or regions such as groups of houses or agricultural fields. In particular instances these distinctions are difficult to maintain in classification. The cartographichistorical and economic (property plans) types are discussed separately. Mexican Indian maps were one of the categories of manuscripts that most impressed the earliest Spaniards in the New World. References to maps will be found in the letters of relation of Cortés, the writings of Bernai Díaz and Peter Martyr, and in other sources. The major surviving Mesoamerican maps are from the Valley of Mexico. Such maps as the two in Codex Kingsborough, the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico, the maps in Codex Xolotl, and the Plano en Papel de Maguey are major documents in Mexican art and ethnohistory. Each of them has been discussed by Robertson (1959), who also treats the related subject and development of landscape painting in the historical manuscripts. He also devotes some attention to two of the maps in the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, from Cuauhtinchan, Puebla, here classified under the cartographic-historical type. In this document, as in the related Mapas de 33

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Cuauhtinchan, nos. 1-3, the arrangement of place glyphs sometimes accommodates historical narrative perhaps more than it reflects the distribution of places in space. The same is true of the migration itinerary of the Mapa Sigüenza, a major historical source from the Valley of Mexico. Other major studies of maps from the Valley of Mexico are by Linné (1948) and Toussaint, Gómez de Orozco, and Fernández (1938). The former treats the Santa Cruz Map in considerable detail and devotes a chapter to native cartography. The latter study the Plano en Papel de Maguey, the Santa Cruz Map, and the "Cortés" or "Nuremberg" map of the City and Valley of Mexico, first published in 1524, from three intensive points of view.25 In the course of their discussions they give general observations on native cartography and lost native maps. Circular maps have attracted attention for their conceivable independence from European influence in their primary format. Examples of circular Maya maps from colonial Yucatan are discussed in the survey. From Puebla and Western Oaxaca circular maps are represented in the census by the Mapa circular de Cuauhquechollan and the late Plano de San Andres Sinaxtla.26 Among the maps of the Relaciones geográficas (not treated in this census), the Mapa de Teozacoalco contains a circular map, and the Mapa de Amoltepec has a semicircular arrangement of place glyphs. Both of these examples are from Western Oaxaca. The circular Map of Tabasco by Melchor de Alfaro Santa Cruz, also a Relación geográfica map, is probably of European origin although the issue is in doubt. Many maps in the census are relatively minor, late, or crude productions; this is less true of the maps classified as cartographichistorical. Such late and peripheral examples as the Mapa de Santa Cruz Xoxocotlan, the Lienzo de Tamazulapan, and the Map of Tzintzuntzan in the Crónica de Michoacan 34

exhibit extensive Spanish influence. They are as much "views" or landscapes as they are "maps." Although the 38 maps in the census comprise approximately 9 per cent of all the manuscripts, their number does not reflect the quantity of available, unpublished, and minor maps excluded from the census. Maps, of course, are not as readily replaced by the written word as are other types of pictorial manuscripts. It is in maps ( and in the cartographic-historical and property plans types ) where one finds elements of the native tradition continuing into the 17th century long after other modes of manuscript painting had ceased to be practiced. In such late examples traditional iconography or symbolism is primarily expressed through the continued use of footprints ( also horses' hoofprints) to identify roads, water symbols to indicate rivers and springs, and vestigial place glyphs ( particularly the tepetl or hill symbol, frequently without added rebus qualifiers). These three symbolic elements alone, particularly in late contexts where purely stylistic elements (quality of line, proportions, composition, etc. ) are missing, are present in innumerable unpublished documents. 27 Such mixed colonial maps survive in great quantity in the Archivo General de la Na25 The Cortés map, first published in Nuremberg in 1524 with one of Cortés letters, is a document of considerable interest and relative presumptive accuracy; it is based on firsthand acquaintance with Tenochtitlan, but there has been no suggestion as yet that it in any way derives directly from any native map. 26 "Circular" formats or compositions also occur in other categories of manuscripts. The Circular Genealogy of the Descendants of Nezahualcoyotl arranges generations in concentric circles; a page of the Codex Mexicanus (BNP 2 3 - 2 4 ) has a comparable arrangement of genealogical relationships in concentric arcs of a circle. The largely effaced obverse side of the Códice de Tlaxcala once contained a circular composition. The Boban Calendar Wheel in its present state is painted on a circular sheet of paper. 27 In property plans the use of native symbols for units of linear measurements may continue for almost as long a period.

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

ción, Mexico, particularly in the Ramo de Tierras. Their origin lies in ownership and jurisdictional disputes, in applications for concessions of lands for cattle and other uses, and so forth. Some examples of such documents are in the census, but by far the greater number are unpublished and excluded from the census.28 Two great administrative campaigns conducted during the period when most of the documents in the census were painted called forth local maps made either by Indians or by Spaniards. The first was the statistical questionnaire of 1577 which produced the Relaciones geográficas of 1579-85 (see Cline, Article 8). The 76 extant maps in this series ( 16 are known to be lost ) include 35 that are wholly European in style and 41 that display either native or mixed native and European traits. The latter, in particular, are essential to any discussion of Indian cartography. Robertson (Article 6) gives a comprehensive catalog, discussion, and bibliography of these important documents. The second major campaign of map production was occasioned by the specific instructions for the civil congregations of about 1599-1601. A moderately large body of village maps from this activity is preserved in the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico. Four have been published by Simpson (1934), but none is sufficiently Indian to qualify for the present census although some have minor native elements. Only one map of the civil congregations is in the cen28

Examples of late 16th- and early 17th-century colonial maps showing minor native elements may be consulted in the Cartografía de Puebla ( 1 9 5 8 ) . Chevalier (1956, pp. 2 1 , 23, 49, 77, 169) also illustrates some maps that to one degree or another are of interest in this connection as does Pérez García (1956) for Northern Oaxaca. Cuevas ( 1 9 2 1 28) reproduces the "Pintura del Pueblo de Ocuituco" (Morelos) and the "Mapa primitivo de Tepotzotlan y sus Contornos" ( Mexico ), both from the AGN and excluded from the present census. He also reproduces the "Mapa del Obispado de Nueva Galicia, 1550'' from the AGI, not here considered to be in the native tradition although it shows Indians.

sus—the Mapa de la Visita y Congregación de Amecameca—a relatively minor document exhibiting slight traditional influence. We have not examined any of the unpublished corpus. Later series of 18th-century Relaciones geográficas also called forth local maps. Relatively few have been published but native elements are presumably no longer present. The authorship of these later series may, of course, merely be wholly European rather than Indian. West (Article 10) discusses these 18th-century documents. Examples of 18th-century maps are given in the Cartografía de Nueva Galicia (1961). General and rather popular studies of Mexican Indian cartography, with illustrations of well-known examples, have been published by Burland (1947a, 1960) and Guzmán ( 1939b). Robertson ( 1959) has discussed the subject with illustrations of examples from the Valley of Mexico. Linné (1948) gives another general account as does Orozco y Berra ( 1871 ). The usefulness of native documents for historical cartography and toponymic information is illustrated by Cline's (1959, 1961a, 1964) study of Veracruz, Chinantec, and Mazatec native maps. In the Chinantec documents he analyzes two interesting instances of variant orientations in the same document. Apenes (1947) and Carrera Stampa (1949b) reproduce, respectively, maps of the Valley and City of Mexico; few of them are native. Cartographic-historical

Manuscripts

As cartographic-historical we have classified those manuscripts that in a single-panel format combine cartographic and historical or genealogical information. These documents are one of the more interesting realizations of the pictorial manuscript art of Mexico. The 87 available examples account for a fifth of all documents in the census. Only the Maya regions are not represented by the type. Many cartographic-historical manuscripts 35

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

are lienzos and conform to a general pattern. Place glyphs arranged around the periphery or border represent boundaries, usually of a definite village and its outlying lands. The sign for the village in question is frequently depicted near the center; surrounding it will be the genealogy of the ruling cacique or family and historical scenes tending to establish the legitimacy of the existence of the village and its jurisdiction or merely recording notable historical events and disputes with neighboring villages. In effect, such documents are village charters, histories, and land titles. They are thus regarded as having considerable value and are zealously guarded from strangers' eyes. Examples of this particular type come from practically all regions of Central Mexico and Oaxaca; variations of the basic pattern are common. Other varieties of cartographic-historical manuscripts lack the village charter pattern and simply contain drawings of historical events or genealogies placed in a cartographic setting. Although most of the documents in this category tend to be quite large, size is not a factor in determining the type. Economic

Manuscripts

The 124 economic pictorial manuscripts account for 29 per cent of all documents in the census. They are most numerous from Central Mexico, particularly the Valley of Mexico; Northern and Eastern Oaxaca and the Maya regions are not represented in the census by the type. The economic manuscripts are the civil, fiscal, and secular records of Indian life; only a very few are concerned with preconquest subjects. Their quantity and diversity necessitate a descriptive sub-typology (see List 1). As cadastral we have classified or described those sections of manuscripts that are listings of land units not organized as maps. The type is best represented in manuscripts of the Ixhuatepec and Vergara 36

Groups and in certain pages of Codex Kingsborough. In these listings of lands the properties, frequently shown as rectangular or irregular shapes with their measurements and place glyphs, are typically drawn opposite a human figure or head with its personal name glyph. The pictorial modes of composition and forms used in the cadasters comprise a pattern evident in property plans and other colonial documents. Population counts, tax lists, and other listings of persons (Spanish: padrón) have been classified as census documents without reference to the purposes of the listings. Notable examples are the Matrícula de Huexotzingo, the Census of Tepoztlan, the Códice del Tequitlato de Zapotitlan, and the major manuscripts of the Vergara Group. Financial records of various kinds include records of payments, disbursements, or receipts in kind or money by municipal Indian governments and the pictorial equivalents of accounting ledgers. Códice de Tlamapa no. 3, Financial Accounts of Cuitlahuac, Códice Indígena, Códice Indígena, 1564-65, and the Libro de Tributos de San Pablo Teocaltitlan are among manuscripts falling in this category. They are frequently indistinguishable from tribute records. Códice Sierra is an Indian record of the expenses for the support and maintenance of a colonial church. Property plans are maps of restricted areas such as agricultural fields, houses, or house precincts. The Humboldt Fragments 2 and 6, the Oztoticpac Lands Map, and Códice de las Posesiones de Don Andrés are published examples that illustrate the type. Property plans are relatively common among economic manuscripts in the census; documents of this minor variety abound among unpublished documents in the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico.29 29

Cline (1966a, pp. 93-94, fig. 14) reproduces two plans of house precincts showing Indian symbols for units of land measurement that are typical of scores of such documents not in the census.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

On a number of single-leaf property plans there are also genealogies drawn to represent the ownership of the lands or houses in question. The three examples from Xochimilco in Table 12 exemplify this class of document. As tribute manuscripts we have classified those manuscripts whose main pictorial content consists of drawings of goods typical of Mexican Indian tribute during the 16th century, such as foodstuffs, chickens, turkeys, cloth and clothing, loads of wood and fodder, and Spanish money, as well as services and labor. The type includes tribute lists, assessments, and contracts in addition to drawings reflecting litigation over such matters. Códice de los Alfareros de Cuauhtitlan and the Mizquiahuala Sales Receipts are examples of this type whose content is not concerned with tribute but whose pictorial forms are devoted to goods and services. Codices Chavero, Kingsborough, and Mariano Jiménez are major documents that represent colonial tribute. Codex Mendoza, part 2, the Matrícula de Tributos, certain initial pages of Codex Kingsborough, and perhaps Códice de Azoyu no. 2 (reverse) and Humboldt Fragment 1 treat preconquest tribute. An inevitable miscellaneous economic subtype includes those manuscripts whose content does not readily fit any of the foregoing categories. The various parts of Códice Osuna, Códices Indígenas del Marquesado del Valle nos. 1-28, and most of the Humboldt Fragments typify the range of content of the minor colonial economic manuscripts and may be consulted in a limited number of publications. Ethnographic

Manuscripts

The ethnographic pictorial manuscripts are those that explicitly depict Indian customs, behavior, and laws. Parts of 11 manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico are so

classified (see Table 13). The only others in this category are parts of the Relación de Michoacan and the Primeros Memoriales from Hidalgo. Practically all the ethnographic manuscripts are products of European patronage and interest. The depictions of the Indian life-cycle from birth to old age in Codex Mendoza, part 3, and in part of the Florentine Codex are probably European in concept and are also invaluable sources for Aztec ethnography. Miscellaneous and Unclassified Manuscripts Thirty-two manuscripts in the census fail to qualify for any of the established categories or are too fragmentary to classify. In several instances they are unclassified only because we have not obtained photographs for study or available information is insufficient. Among the miscellaneous manuscripts are some that illustrate personal grievances with drawings of beatings or personal assaults; further unpublished examples of such drawings exist in the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico. In Table 14 four such documents have been subtyped as "litigative," but it may be noted that drawings of assaults or illegal punishments also occur in various tribute manuscripts such as Humboldt Fragments 9-12, Códice Osuna, and Codex Kingsborough, among others, and the "litigative" type is an unsatisfactory one. Botanical, zoological, and similar drawings as well as herbais are subclassified as "natural history" in Table 14; further sets of such drawings will be found in the census under the names of Gómez de Cervantes and Francisco Hernández. Unavailable Manuscripts For 27 manuscripts in the census there are no copies, photographs, or reproductions known to be available. For all there exists some form of modern bibliographical reference; their inclusion serves to record present knowledge concerning them. Ten of the 27 are recorded in such standard catalogs or 37

ETIINOHISTORICAL SOURCES

guides as Paso y Troncoso (1892-93), Lehmann (1905a), Mena (1923), and Gómez de Orozco ( 1927a ). Nine have been reported in village archives in the writings of anthropologists during the present century. Lost documents such as Serna Calendar Wheel no. 1 and Códice de Tlamapa no. 2 are included in order to complete information on groups of manuscripts. In all these cases there is some possibility that the document may become available. The number of pictorial manuscripts mentioned or cataloged in 19th-century and earlier sources and now unknown is, of course, considerably greater than that reflected by the 27 unavailable entries in the census. REGIONAL SURVEY

The regional classification used in the census is based primarily on the modern political states of Mexico (see fig. 1) organized into four major areas. Western Mexico includes Michoacan and Jalisco, the only states in that region represented by manuscripts in the census. Central Mexico embraces two major divisions: (1) the state and Federal District of Mexico and (2) the peripheral states of Central Mexico comprising Guerrero, Hidalgo, Morelos, Puebla, Queretaro, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz. The state of Oaxaca is divided into Western, Northern, and Eastern regions. Only the state of Yucatan and the Republic of Guatemala in the region designated as Southeastern Mexico and Guatemala are represented in the census. Alternative regional classifications, such as colonial political jurisdictions, native tribal or linguistic areas, natural areas, or archaeological culture areas, were considered but found impractical for the purposes of the census. The cultural affiliation of manuscripts, so prevalent in earlier classifications, is thus avoided. Certain ethnic correlations may nevertheless be observed. Most manuscripts from Western Mexico are Tarascan. Mixtec 38

and Zapotec manuscripts, generally speaking, are from Western and Eastern Oaxaca, respectively. Mazatec, Chinantec, and Cuicatec manuscripts are from Northern Oaxaca. "Aztec" manuscripts are from the Valley of Mexico ( comprehended within the state of Mexico and the Federal District). Maya manuscripts originate in Southeastern Mexico and Guatemala. Other such correlations are noted in the survey. The survey is organized around Tables 7 26, which provide a typologically classified listing of all the manuscripts in the census by regional or state units. Maps for each region locate, when possible, the towns or villages which are the ostensible proveniences of manuscripts described in the census or discussed in the survey. Sections devoted to the regionally unclassified manuscripts from Central Mexico and the manuscripts of the Borgia Group treat items whose provenience is unknown or speculative. Of the 76 extant maps or pinturas of the Relaciones geográficas of 1579-85, 41 have been classified by Robertson ( Article 6 ) as exhibiting native or mixed European and native styles. Although not included in the census, these 41 pictorial documents are listed in the regional and typological tables by the place name and catalog number ( distinguished by the abbreviation RG) assigned by Robertson. Within parentheses is given the modern identification of the place name according to Cline (Article 8 ) . The ex-districts (Dto.) are added for the examples from Oaxaca. The regional distribution of the native and mixed RG maps is given in List 2. The spatial and typological distribution of manuscripts in the census is summarized in Table 6. Of the 434 documents in the census, 27 are unavailable, leaving a total of 407 available for study. The addition of the 41 mixed and native RG maps increases this figure to 448. The most numerous grouping is the 133 manuscripts from the state and

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY LIST 2—REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF NATIVE AND MIXED RELACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA MAPS

Mexico and D.F. (Table Guerrero (Table 15) . Hidalgo (Table 16) . Morelos (Table 17) . Puebla (Table 18) . Veracruz (Table 20) . Western Oaxaca (Table Northern Oaxaca (Table Eastern Oaxaca (Table

11) . . . . . . . . . . 23) 24) 25)

. . .

7 2 4 2 8 3

5

2 8 41

TOTAL

in the census by manuscripts or by mixed or native RG maps are Western Guerrero, Northern Hidalgo, Queretaro, southern Veracruz, most of Southeastern Mexico and Guatemala, and all of the Central American republics. In Western Mexico only northern Michoacan is represented; the isolated example from Jalisco is a very late and marginal case. Western Mexico

Federal District of Mexico. Of these, 129 are from the Valley of Mexico region. The 114 examples from the peripheral states of Mexico and the 93 from Oaxaca are the other largest groupings. Regions of Mesoamerica not represented

Most of the 18 pictorial manuscripts from Western Mexico (see Table 7) are Tarascan in subject matter or origin and are associated with proveniences in northern Michoacan more or less near Lake Patzcuaro (see fig. 2). A single example, the Mapa de las Tierras de Chiquilistlan, known only through a 19th-century copy, is from Jalisco.

Cartographichistorical

Economic

Ethnographic

Miscellaneous & Unclassified

Unavailable

Subregional Totals*

2

2

7

2

1

1

1

18

18

34

19

11

6

57

11

13

3

133

133

3 3 1 8 5

2

1 1

5

5 1

1 1

8 3

1 1 2 2

4 5

1

9

31

6

14 14 10 33 29 14 59 5

114 59 5

3

15 2 2

3

1

47 17 29

93

78

13 27 435

13 435

20 3 5

9 50

1 6 8

3 1 1 4

3 11 6 12 2 17 8 10

4

3

4 3 3

54

4 38

87

124

1 13

4 32

1 1 2 2 4 11

Regional Totals*

Cartographic

TOTALS*

4

00 CD

Western Mexico Central Mexico: Mexico and D.F. Peripheral states: Guerrero Hidalgo Morelos Puebla Tlaxcala Veracruz Unclassified Borgia Group Oaxaca: Western Northern Eastern Southeast Mexico and Guatemala

Genealogical

Region

Ritualcalendrical

Type

Historical

TABLE 6-REGIONAL AND TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS OF MIDDLE AMERICA

* Totals for each region do not correspond to the sum of numbers for each type as some manuscripts are classified under more than one type. One economic manuscript, the Codex Osuna, is classified under two regions; this accounts for the discrepancy between the 435 manuscripts of this table and the 434 manuscripts of the census.

39

ETHNOHISTORCAL SOURCES TABLE 7 - C L A S S I F I C A T I O N O F T H E

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS FROM W E S T E R N MEXICO Historical manuscripts: 25 BEAUMONT: Crónica de Michoacan: nine historical scenes 39 Carapan, Códice de, no. 2 213 Michoacan, Relación de 357 Tocuaro, Títulos de Genealogical manuscripts: 40 Carapan, Genealogía de los Caciques de 87 Cuara, Códice ( p a r t ) Cartographic manuscripts : 26 BEAUMONT: Crónica de Michoacan: Map of Tzintzuntzan 281 Santa Fe o de Patzcuaro, Mapa de Cartographic-historical manuscripts : 38 Carapan, Códice de, no. 1 56 Chiquilistlan, Mapa de las Tierras de 177 Jucutacato, Lienzo de 231 Nahuatzen, Lienzo de 248 Patzcuaro, Lienzo de 261 Puacuaro, Lienzo de 288 Sevina, Lienzo de Economic manuscripts: 87 Cuara, Códice ( p a r t ) 379 Tzintzuntzan and Tlalpujava, Tributes of Ethnographic manuscripts: 213 Michoacan, Relación de Miscellaneous manuscripts: 430 Huapean, Códice Unavailable manuscripts: 10 Arantza, Códice de

No manuscript in the census is classified under Guanajuato but the Tributes of Tzintzuntzan and Tlalpujava bears a Spanish text relating it to the cacique of Acambaro. At the present time no clear evidence has been noted to demonstrate either the presence or absence of the trait of manuscript picture writing among the Tarascans, the dominant Indian group of Michoacan. If any early relation or chronicle refers to preconquest Tarascan manuscripts, it has not been reported by modern investigators. Indeed, the anonymous author of the Relación de Michoacan, writing ca. 1539-41, says, "these people [the Tarascans] did not have 40

books" ("esta gente no tenia libros"— Tudela, 1956, p. 3). Since this statement may refer to screenfold books and not to manuscripts such as lienzos, its full import is not clear. In the 18th century, Boturini ( 1746, 2: 29) understood that the Tarascans used "pinturas" in the preconquest period but he was unable to travel to Michoacan to collect specimens for his collection. The Tarascan pictorial manuscripts in the census are all colonial in date. There is no compelling suggestion that any of them derive from preconquest prototypes. If the art was practiced in Western Mexico, as it probably was, its colonial examples contain no reflection that the region was characterized by the developed body of pictorial symbols used in Central Mexico and Oaxaca. Only the Tributes of Tzintzuntzan and Tlalpujava, a manuscript that may well have been painted in Mexico City, displays conventional signs or ideographs, the form and style of which are recognizably Central Mexican. Two bibliographic surveys of Tarascan pictorial manuscripts have appeared: Lehmann (1905b) and Mateos Higuera ( 1948b ). The survey of sources for Tarascan ethno-history and geography by Brand (1944) comments on some of the manuscripts treated herein. The several installments of Nicolás León's incompletely published Los Tarascos ( 1903, 1903-04, 1904a, 1906c), as well as Seler's (1908a) study of Michoacan, utilize or comment on such prominent sources as the Relación de Michoacan and the Lienzo de Jucutacato. Two lost pictorial manuscripts described in two notable texts from Michoacan are not included in the census. One is the "antigua pintura de los Indios tarascos" described by Moxó (1828; reprinted 1837, 1839, 1888). Brand (1944, p. 98) asserts, without discussion, that it is the title to the Hacienda Bellas Fuentes near Zamora. For this reason it may perhaps be identified with a Lienzo de Bellas

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

Fuentes mentioned in passing by N. León (1903, p. 453). Códice Plancarte has been published by N. León ( 1888c) and reprinted by Corona Núñez ( 1959). It may be related to the three extant pictorial manuscripts from Carapan. Lehmann's (1905b) survey of Tarascan pictorials lists several items that we have excluded. The Lienzo de Yuririapundaro ( Yuriria, Guanajuato) is briefly described in the Boturini collection inventories of 1743 and 1745 (Item 4-32) and in the 1746 catalog (Item 14-2) but is otherwise unknown (see Article 29). Lehmann also cites a description by Granados y Gálvez (1778, pp. 184-86 ) of another lost pictorial manuscript. The Armas de Patzcuaro cited by Lehmann as being in Seler's personal collection may correspond to the colonial coat of arms of Patzcuaro on stone or to the colonial coats of arms contained in the Crónica de Michoacan. Seler appears to have had copies or versions of the illustrations in the latter document but Lehmann's reference to the Armas de Patzcuaro remains vague. Among published colonial maps from Western Mexico considered for listing in the census, three have been rejected as not being in the native tradition. They are the Mapa del Obispado de Nueva Galicia, Año de 1550, published by Cuevas (1921-28, 2: facing p. 380) and in the Cartografía de la Nueva Galicia (1961, p. 31, no. 10), the Mapa de Huango, 1582, published by N. León ( 1890), and a map of Tingambato and other localities in Michoacan forming part of a civil congregations document of 1599 published by Simpson (1934, pl. 10). Central Mexico Central Mexico as defined here comprises the Federal District of Mexico and the states of Guerrero, Hidalgo, Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Queretaro, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz. The state and Federal District of Mexico are considered as forming one region centered on the Valley of Mexico. The re-

maining states are treated both as individual regions and as a large area peripheral to the Valley of Mexico. One section of the survey, below, treats manuscripts whose provenience cannot confidently be placed except within the large Central Mexican area. A total of 305 of the 434 manuscripts in the census are from Central Mexico. STATE AND FEDERAL DISTRICT OF MEXICO.

The 133 pictorial manuscripts from the state and Federal District of Mexico are classified and listed in Tables 8-14. The localities believed to represent their proveniences are shown in figures 3 and 4. The region may be discussed in terms of eastern and western subregions. The western and larger part of the state of Mexico is represented in the census by four manuscripts: 30 Anales de San Lorenzo Haucalpan; Carte de la Ville de Temazcaltepec; TEMAZCALTEPEC: Pièces d u n Procès Criminel . . . ; and TLACOTEPEC: Pièce du Procès de Pablo Ocelotl . . . . The scarcity of surviving manuscripts from the western subregion may perhaps be explained in part by the extensive Otomian (Otomi, Mazahua, Matlatzinca) settlements in the region. The four manuscripts listed, however, are not Otomian. 31 In the late 17th or early 18th century the region around Toluca in the Matlatzinca Valley eastward into the Valley of Mexico was the provenience of 30

From Tzompahuacan in the western subregion is Pedro Ponce's Breve relación de los dioses y ritos de la gentilidad generally known only through a copy in Códice Chimalpopoca. An illustrated manuscript of the relación dated 1597 was in the collection of the Condes de la Cortina in 1930 ( Sociedad española de Amigos del Arte, 1930, pp. 23, 100). It is also mentioned by Romero and Pereda ( 1860, p. 262). See Article 27B, no. 1088. 31 Manuscript picture writing is considered to have been a trait of at least some Otomi groups (Carrasco Pizana, 1950, pp. 22, 219). Códice de Huichapan from Hidalgo contains a written Otomi text. Carrasco Pizana (1950, passim) accepts Códice de Huamantla from Tlaxcala as Otomi. Other Otomi pictorials perhaps may be numbered among manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, or northern Puebla. Some of the known Testerian manuscripts bear Otomi glosses.

41

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

many of the illustrated Nahuatl texts known as the Techialoyan Codices ( see Article 24 ). All other manuscripts from the state and Federal District of Mexico are from the eastern subregion, a zone generally approximate to the Valley of Mexico. It was the center of the alliance of Aztec tribes that dominated most of Central Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest; it accounts for 129 pictorial manuscripts. The Valley of Mexico region stands next to the screenfolds of the Borgia Group, the Maya screenfolds, and Western Oaxaca in the number or quality of surviving manuscripts. All known categories of pictorial manuscripts are represented in the Valley of Mexico inventory, but none is of undisputed preconquest date. As the center of church and viceregal administration of New Spain, the Valley of Mexico was the focus for manuscripts produced under European patronage (see Table 2 ) as well as for those of ethnographic content ( see Table 13 ). For the purposes of the present survey the Valley of Mexico, encompassing the Federal District and its immediate environs, is treated as a single region together with all of the state of Mexico. Little attention is paid to possible subregional criteria. Such subregions of the Valley could be defined on the basis of colonial jurisdictions of the viceroyalty or on tribal areas (Mexica, Tepaneca, Acolhua, Culhua, Chalca, Xochimilca, etc. ). An intensive study of the style of a selected number of pictorials from the Valley of Mexico by Robertson ( 1959) has successfully defined manuscript painting schools from Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the Colegio de la Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco, and for Texcoco. The study by Robertson may be considered the most important treatment of the Valley of Mexico pictorial manuscripts in practically all aspects other than their content. Other general works are cited below in our survey of the different content-types of documents from the region. Ritual-calendrical Manuscripts. Ritual42

calendrical parts of 20 manuscripts, all from the Valley of Mexico, are classified in Table 8 as divinatory almanacs, festival calendars, calendar wheels, or as miscellaneous. All but TABLE 8 - T H E RITUAL-CALENDRICAL MANUSCRIPTS O F T H E STATE, F E D E R A L DISTRICT, AND VALLEY O F MEXICO 260-day divinatory almanacs ( tonalpohualli ) : 32 Codex Borbonicus, part 1 207 Codex Mexicanus (BNP 2 3 - 2 4 ) (part) 229 Códice del Museo de America ( part ) 270 Codex Ríos (part) 308 Codex Telleriano-Remensis (part) [See also 15, Tonalamatl Aubin] 18-month festival calendars: 32 Codex Borbonicus, part 3 114 DURAN: Historia de las Indias, Tratado 3 (part) 171 Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 1 188 Codex Magliabecchiano ( p a r t ) 205 Kalendario Mexicano, Latino y Castellano 229 Códice del Museo de América ( p a r t ) 270 Codex Ríos (part) 274 SAHAGUN: Florentine Codex, book 2 ( p a r t ) 308 Codex Telleriano-Remensis (part) 364 The Tovar Calendar 394 Codex Veytia ( p a r t ) Calendar wheels: 13 Codex Aubin ( p a r t ) 30 Boban Calendar Wheel 114 DURAN: Historia de las Indias, Tratado 3 (part) 207 Codex Mexicanus ( B N P 2 3 - 2 4 ) (part) 272 Sahagún Calendar Wheel 365 TOVAR: Códice Ramírez ( p a r t ) 366 TOVAR: Historia de la Benida . . . (part) 387 Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 1 390 Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 4 Miscellaneous religious and calendrical documents: 32 Codex Borbonicus, parts 2 and 4 114 DURAN: Historia de las Indias, Tratados 2 and 3 ( p a r t ) 188 Codex Magliabecchiano ( p a r t ) 207 Codex Mexicanus (BNP 23-24) (part) 229 Códice del Museo de América ( p a r t ) 270 Codex Ríos (part) 273 SAHAGUN: Table of day signs . . . 274 SAHAGUN: Florentine Codex, books 1-4 (part) 365 TOVAR: Códice Ramírez ( p a r t ) 366 TOVAR: Historia de la Benida . . . ( p a r t )

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

two (Códice del Museo de América and Tovar, Historia de la Benida . . . ) have been published. The nature and general biblioggraphy of the Central Mexican ritual-calendrical manuscripts has been previously discussed under the definition of the type. With several exceptions most of the manuscripts in Table 8 are the product of European patronage and are composite manuscripts in that many of them have several parts: calendrical, historical, or ethnographic. 32 It is worthy of note that four of the five 260-day almanacs are accompanied by 18-month calendars, a pattern that may reflect a preconquest mode or be a result of European editing. The exception, the tonalpohualli of Codex Mexicanus ( BNP 23-24), is an appendix to a native chronicle. Even it reflects some concern with the 18month calendar; its first section is a 365-day saints' calendar which is correlated with native months. Extensive effacements and palimpsests preclude accurate statements about its original character. Although no part of the Florentine Codex is classified under the divinatory almanacs, its book 4 contains a section devoted to the auguries of the 20 days (a subject of the tonalpohuaUi) but its pictorial format is not that of a tonalamatl. The same book also contains a 260day-sign table. It is perhaps no accident that the 18th-month calendars that are not accompanied by divinatory almanacs are all later than those that are. The number of independent ritual-calendrical manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico is actually somewhat less than 20 since the Huitzilopochtli, Magliabecchiano, and Crónica X Groups are each represented by two or more manuscripts in Table 8 and the Tovar Calendar is represented twice on the list since the Kalendario Mexicano, La32 Those ritual-calendrical manuscripts in Table 8 not evidently produced under European patronage are the Boban Calendar Wheel, Codices Aubin and Mexicanus (BNP 23-24), and, possibly, Codex Borbonicus and Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 1 and 4.

tino y Castellano has been considered a copy of it. The Tonalamatl Aubin has been considered of Valley of Mexico provenience but is here classified and discussed as Tlaxcalan on rather slender evidence. Only Codex Borbonicus among the ritualcalendrical manuscripts has been considered preconquest in date. Much of it is certainly in an early style; it is the only screenfold in Table 8. The ritual-calendrical parts of Codices Telleriano-Remensis and Museo de América (and, indirectly, their derivatives of the Huitzilopochtli and Magliabecchiano Groups) may conceivably be copied from substantially earlier examples or have been painted by artists trained or influenced by the precolonial tradition. Otherwise, most of these manuscripts, particularly those associated with Durán, Tovar, and Sahagún, are relatively late 16th-century products which reflect their European editing. Historical Manuscripts. We have classified 35 pictorial manuscripts, or parts thereof, from the state and Federal District of Mexico as historical (see Table 9). Only one, the unavailable Anales de San Lorenzo Haucalpan, is not from the Valley of Mexico. All are colonial in date although the case for so dating Códice Boturini is not compelling and the date of Códice Xolotl has not been determined. Both are certainly relatively early manuscripts in style and composition, if not in date. For 23 of the manuscripts that may be considered as chronicles we have indicated in Table 9 the approximate span of years that their content embraces. The years are given according to the "Mexica" correlation of 1 Acatl equals A.D. 1519. Dates in parentheses are approximations on a basis as consistent as possible with most of the other manuscripts. The mechanics of the calendar used throughout most of Mesoamerica, outside of the Maya region, is such that for all correlations any date may be in error by any multiple of 52 years. The resultant uncertainty 43

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

TABLE 9-HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS OF THE STATE, FEDERAL DISTRICT, AND VALLEY OF MEXICO Dates in parentheses are approximations.

about the date of any event substantially preceding the Spanish conquest was as true for the 16th-century Indian historians as it is for the modern investigator. In many Chronicles: Period sources discrepancies of approximately 52 2 Anales de San Gregorio 1520-1606 years exist for the same event even between Acapulco (text) manuscripts whose narrative may be con1168-1608 13 Codex Aubin tinuous through the conquest. Such discrep1519-1590 18 Historia de Ayotzingo ancies may be due to error on the part of the (text) 1168-1381 & (1376-1521) artist-author or may derive from faulty syn20 Códice Azcatitlan 1168-1355 34 Códice Boturini thesis of antecedent sources. 84 Códice en Cruz 1402-1569 It has long been evident, furthermore, that 114 DURAN: Historia de (1168-1521) the dates of events in Central Mexican ethlas Indias, Tratado 1 nohistorical sources (both written and pic196 Codex Mendoza, part 1 1325-1521 1168-1573 201 Histoire mexicaine torial ) often vary from one source to another depuis 1221 . . . by amounts less than that of the 52-year 202 Fragment de l'Histoire 1196-1405 cycle, sometimes on an approximately condes anciens . . . sistent basis. This has led to the postulation 206 Mexicanos, Anales, 1398-1596 that a number of different calendars, each 1398-1596 1168-1583 207 Codex Mexicanus requiring a different correlation, were in (BNP 23-24) (part) use in the Valley of Mexico. Since many of (not examined) 208 Codex Mexicanus the major colonial sources, particularly writ(BNP 83) ten ones, are synthetic compilations, a single 211 Anales de Mexico y 1473, 1521-1522 narrative may incorporate dates in more Tlatelolco . . . 270 Codex Ríos (part) 1195-1549 than one system. The examination of this 282 Codex Saville 1407-1535 problem lies outside the scope of the present 290 Mapa Sigüenza (1168-1325) survey, but the reader should be cautioned 308 Codex Telleriano1198-1562 that the dates shown in Table 9 and in the Remensis (part) census descriptions represent an arbitrary 317 Tira de Tepechpan 1298-1596 344 Códice de Tlatelolco 1554-1562 simplification. This, of course, is less true of 365 TOVAR: Códice (1168-1521) the 15th- and 16th-century dates shown; difRamírez ferences of one year in colonial dates may be 366 TOVAR: Historia de (1168-1521) due to the fact that the European and native la Benida . . . calendars did not start on the same day ( or 412 Códice Xolotl (1224-1427) month). For somewhat superficial but imMiscellaneous and other historical documents: portant discussions of the problem of variant 30 Boban Calendar Wheel (part) 83 Codex Cozcatzin (part) calendars in the Valley of Mexico, see Kirch92 Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc (part) hoff (1950, 1956a) and Jiménez Moreno 181 Codex Kingsborough (part) (1961). 33 230 Unos Annales históricos de la Nación Mexicana 243 263 264 274

Codex Osuna, part 6 33 Mapa Quinatzin, leaves 1-2 A typical case that illustrates the difficulty of dating events in the pictorial manuscripts is that of Mapa Quinatzin, leaf 3 SAHAGUN: Florentine Codex, books 8 (part) and the founding of Tenochtitlan on f. 73v of Codex Ríos. The page has year glyphs for 19 years ( 136612 84?, 1314-32?) and a drawing representing the 356 Mapa Tlotzin event without any indication of which of the 19 358 Títulos de Santa Isabel Tola (part) years is that of the event. Kirchhoff ( 1950 ) somewhat arbitrarily picks the first of these ( 4 Tochtli ), Unavailable historical manuscripts: although five of his ten other alternative dates also 131 Anales de San Lorenzo Haucalpan appear on this page.

44

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

A finer regional classification of the historical manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico might sort them according to tribal or other regional divisions of the Valley of Mexico. In the absence, however, of firm knowledge of varying local historical traditions in the Valley and of variant calendrical systems based on both pictorial and written sources, such a classification would be premature and misleading. Suffice it to say, however, that Códices en Cruz and Xolotl, the Mapas Quinatzin and Tlotzin, the Boban Calendar Wheel, and Codex Kingsborough may be considered as Texcocan (Acolhua). On a thematic basis (caves: see Robertson, 1959, p. 141) the first (unnumbered) illustration in Tratado 1 of the Durán atlas might also be attributed to Texcoco. The content of the Tira de Tepechpan ( an Acolhua town), with its almost equal emphasis on Acolhua and Mexica history, complicates its classification. Most of the other historical manuscripts are presumably affiliated with western or southern traditions and regions of the Valley. Certain historical pictorial manuscripts from other regions of Central Mexico contain extensive notices of events in the Valley of Mexico. Most prominent among them are the Anales de Tula, the Otomi Códice de Huichapan, and part of the Primeros memoriales, all from Hidalgo, and Códice Moctezuma from Morelos. The chronicles believed to be from the western Valley of Mexico typically contain linearly ordered year glyphs with drawings for the first settlement of the TenochcaMexica at Chapultepec, the founding of Tenochtitlan, and a subsequent emphasis on the presentation of the Tenochtitlan dynastic succession. Other events shown include successions of rulers of such centers as Tlatelolco, Azcapotzalco, Tacuba, and Texcoco, the wars and conquests of the rulers of Tenochtitlan, incidental political, secular, and religious events, and natural phenomena such as earthquakes, famines, and eclipses. Their colonial sections record scenes of the

conquest, the dates of Indian governors, Spanish viceroys and bishops, etc. Dates are almost invariably given according to years; month and day dates are quite rare. The chronicles that preserve their initial pages usually commence with the date 1 Tecpatl, here presumed equivalent to A.D. 1168 but also possibly equivalent to 1116 or 1220. This is the date of the emigration of the Tenochca-Mexica and certain other Chichimec tribes from the legendary Aztlan (also given as Chicomoztoc, Culhuacan, etc.). Codices Aubin, Azcatitlan, Boturini, Mexicanus (BNP 23-24), and the Histoire mexicaine depuis 1221 jusqu'en 1594 all start with this fundamental and possibly mystical date of Aztec history. The Mapa Sigüenza and the drawings associated with Durán and Tovar, although lacking explicit hieroglyphic or pictorial dates, appear to commence with the same episode. The synthesizing Codex Ríos, if one accepts its two major historical sections as being continuous and in the same calendrical system, opens with a date equal to A.D. 1195 in the Mexica system (but glossed 1194) coupled with the depiction of the emigration from Chicomoztoc. There may be a parallel here with Codex Mexicanus (BNP 23-24), in which two emigrations are depicted, one in A.D. 1168 and another, from Chicomoztoc, about 1194. A double or repeated emigration from Chicomoztoc is also given in the Historia ToltecaChichimeca from Puebla. There are, unfortunately, few modern published comparative studies of the content of the historical pictorial manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico, a lack that is reflected in the dearth of recent syntheses of Aztec history in general archaeological works on ancient Mexico. A survey of early written and pictorial sources for the history of the Valley of Mexico by Radin ( 1920 ) is severely out of date except for its most general observations. Its continuing usefulness lies in its digests, translations, and reprinted illustra45

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

tions from earlier commentaries. More recent topical studies by other authors in the field of Aztec history are too frequently superficial, undocumented, based on too limited a number of sources, or simply generalizing. The exceptions are on topics of too limited scope to warrant citation here. It is a curious fact of the ethnohistorical literature on the Valley of Mexico that the most ambitious comparative and interpretive treatments of the historical manuscripts date from the late 19th century. Chavero (n.d. [ca. 1887] ) and Orozco y Berra (1880) and other writings of these authors are now outmoded but they are still the main touchstone of popular consultation. The former retains some interest in this respect since its narrative is illustrated by an almost complete reprinting of most of the pictorial historical manuscripts available in the 1880s. Perhaps they may be replaced by the centennials of their first editions. Robertson (1959) has distinguished various principles of organization in the native colonial historical manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico. He notes that those associated with the western Valley or Mexican School are time-oriented, with events and places subordinate to the linear stream of dates. Those from the Texcoco School such as the Mapas Quinatzin and Tlotzin and Códice Xolotl are place-oriented, with events drawn against a cartographic or landscape background. Some documents, such as Códice Azcatitlan, as might be expected from the variety of surviving manuscripts, do not fit this classification, but the distinction is an important one that contributes to our understanding of subregional traditions and influences. Historical drawings in the manuscripts of Durán, Sahagún, and Tovar, as illustrations to European edited texts, are removed from their compositional contexts. Among the miscellaneous or non-annalistic historical manuscripts in Table 9 are two documents which are primarily economic in content. They are Codex Cozcatzin and 46

Títulos de Santa Isabel Tola, both of the Ixhuatepec Group. Each contains a section devoted to a sequential listing of the native rulers of Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco. Codex Aubin and Códice Azcatitlan have such appended lists of rulers following their annalistic sections; such a list also occurs on the Plano en Papel de Maguey. As with other categories of pictorial manuscripts, the historical manuscripts contain different component parts. They may be described as the primary pictorial material, added short identifying glosses, and, occasionally, longer written texts in Spanish, Nahuatl, or some other language. In some instances the written component may be in several handwritings. It is generally doubtful that any written surcharge would be by the artist. In other instances the pictorial component is recognizably a synthesis of several antecedent sources or a compilation of copies of several originals. Competent analysis should recognize that each of these parts—text, glosses, pictures, different handwritings or pictorial styles, analyzably different sections—constitutes a discrete human and historical record. Failure to distinguish among these different aspects of a single manuscript and to recognize their interrelationships can lead to deficient interpretation. The segregation of the written and pictorial sources from the Valley of Mexico in any discussion of Central Mexican ethnohistorical sources creates a false dichotomy. This is particularly true since so many of the latter contain major texts. In Codex Aubin parts of its written text are parallel not only to texts in other pictorial manuscripts ( cited in the census ) but to various purely textual accounts as well, such as the Crónica Mexicayotl, the historical writings of Chimalpahin, and probably others. Here the text preserves a tradition embodying data only in part communicated by any known drawings. Pictorially, Codex Mendoza, part 1, records the lengths of reigns of the Te-

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

nochca rulers and their conquests; its accompanying text is clearly a separate document with its own bibliographical history. Many of the purely textual primary sources are themselves transliterations of lost pictorial manuscripts (such as the Historia de los Mexicanos por sus Pinturas, various of the documents in the Anales Antiguos de Mexico y sus Contornos, and numerous others). These few remarks should make it clear that the census distinction between pictorial and written sources is based on a criterion that serves only particular ends. 34 The greatest impediment to research in the interpretation and synthesis of the historical manuscripts is that so much of the known corpus of pictorial and written texts continues unpublished or, in the case of the Nahuatl texts, untranslated. No less of an impediment is that no comprehensive documented research or more than the most preliminary and summary findings have been published on the problem of the conflicts in dates in native sources. Genealogical Manuscripts. Twenty manuscripts are classified as genealogical in Table 10. Five are primarily concerned with the Tenochtitlan dynasty or with its colonial descendants. Five are similarly associated with Texcoco, but intermarriage between the two centers blurs this distinction. The third city of the Triple Alliance, Tacuba, is represented directly only by an unidentified and unavailable manuscript (no. 297). The others, including all those combined with property plans, are concerned with otherwise undistinguished colonial litigants. 34 Certain historical texts with minor or nontraditional pictorial elements excluded from the census include the Fragment of Aztec Manuscript (UTX, CDG 5 5 6 ) , the Nahuatl text known as Códice Gómez de Orozco ( MNA/AH, Col. Gómez de Orozco), the Tratado del Principiado y Nobleza del Pueblo de Teotihuacan (in vol. 3 of C M N E ; AAMC 3 ) , the Leyenda de los Soles ( M N A / A H ) , and the Histoyre du Mechique ( BNP, MS Français 19031, p a r t ) . W e have not examined the Anales del Siglo 19 "con jeroglíficos" (microfilm copy in M N H / C D ) . All these documents are described in the prose census ( Article 27B ).

TABLE 1 0 - G E N E A L O G I C A L MANUSCRIPTS O F T H E STATE, F E D E R A L DISTRICT, AND VALLEY O F MEXICO Genealogies: 37 Genealogía de la Familia Cano 44 Colección Chavero no. 4, part 1 81 COYOACAN: The Concubines of Martín Xuchimitl 111 CULHUACAN: Proceso de Marta Petronila y Augustin de Luna . . . ( part ) 197 Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma 207 Codex Mexicanus ( B N P 2 3 - 2 4 ) , pp. 16-17 235 Circular Genealogy of the Descendants of Nezahualcoyotl 258 Genealogía de los Principes Mexicanos 269 Mappe Reinisch 330 T E X C O C O : Stammbaum des königlichen Geschlechtes von Tetzcoco 356 Mapa Tlotzin 404 X O C H I M I L C O : Genealogy of Pedronila and Juana 412 Códice Xolotl Genealogies combined with property plans: 83 Codex Cozcatzin (ff. 15v-16r) 209 M E X I C O - T E N O C H T I T L A N : Procès entre Diego Francisco et Felipe de Santiago (part) 336 T L A C O T E P E C : Pièce du Procès de Pablo Ocelotl et ses fils, contre Alonzo Gonzales 402 X O C H I M I L C O : Procès entre Francisco de la Cruz Cohuatzincatl, Indio natural de Xochimilco, et Joachim Tecoloatl 405 X O C H I M I L C O : Plan et titre d'une propriété sise à Huexocolco 406 X O C H I M I L C O : Document relating to the descendants of Don Miguel Damián Unavailable genealogical manuscripts: 297 Genealogía de los Señores de Tacuba

Only one of the genealogies ( no. 336 ) is not from the Valley of Mexico. An important genealogical manuscript is Codex García Granados, a Techialoyan manuscript (see Article 24, Catalog, 715), and thus not included in Table 10. In content, iconographic forms, and place and personal name glyphs, it must derive from earlier traditional pictorial sources, either mural or manuscript. Cartographic and Cartographic-historical Manuscripts. Eleven pictorial manuscripts from the state and Federal District of Mexico are classified as cartographic and six as cartographic-historical in Table 11. Only the 47

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

TABLE 11-CARTOGRAPHIC AND CARTOGRAPHICHISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS O F T H E STATE, F E D E R A L DISTRICT, AND VALLEY O F MEXICO Cartographic 2 6 18 68 109 110 181 189 244 280 309

manuscripts:

Anales de San Gregorio Acapulco (part) Mapa de la Visita y Congregación de Amecameca Historia de Ayotzingo (part) Mapa de Coatlinchan CUITLAHUAC: Mapa de Santa Marta, Santiago, Cuitlahuac y Ixtapalapa Plan topographique de Cuitlahuac Codex Kingsborough (part) Plano en Papel de Maguey Mapa de Otumba Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico Carte de la Ville de Temascaltepec

Cartographic-historical 12 46 198 254 424 429

manuscripts :

Lienzo de Atlauhtlan Map of Chichimec History Lienzo de San Andres Metla Mapa de Popotla Codex Santa Anita Zacatlalmanco Lienzo de San Bartolome Coatepec

Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas,

1579-85:

RG 11 Chicoalapa (Chicoloapan de Juarez), Mex. RG 13 Chimalhuacan Atengo (Santa Maria Chimalhuac a n ) , Mex. RG 15 Coatepec Chalco (Coatepec, Mun. Ixtapaluca), Mex. RG 19 Culhuacan, D.F. RG 29 Ixtapalapa, D.F. RG 64 Tequizistlan ( Tequisistlan, Mun. Tezoyuca), Tepechpan, Acolman, and San Juan Teotihuacan, Mex. RG 68 Teutenango (Tenango de Arista, Mun. Tenango del Valle), Mex.

document from Temascaltepec is from outside the Valley of Mexico. Few of these manuscripts have attracted scholarly attention. The Plano en Papel de Maguey, a major document in the urbanization of MexicoTenochtitlan, is a detailed plan of a native section of Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco. The depiction of colonial Indian governors along its right margin has been considered a later addition; it may represent the city at a quite early 16th-century date. The Santa Cruz Map is a mid-16th-century view of the Val48

ley of Mexico and a map of the city. Its scale, cartographic accuracy, ethnographic scenes, and quality as a work of art place it among the most valuable and interesting of the colonial manuscript paintings. These two documents have been studied in detail as have the two maps in Codex Kingsborough. Aside from the Mapa de Coatlinchan, the significance of which has yet to be determined, most of the other documents in the cartographic category are of less interest and further removed from the Indian tradition. The cartographic-historical is one of the most common types from other regions of Mexico, yet in its usual form of village titles it is the rarest from the Valley of Mexico. Only the lienzos from Atlauhtlan, San Andres Metla, and San Bartolome Coatepec, known through late versions, represent this particular type. The documents from Popotla and Zacatlalmanco both contain cartographic as well as what we have considered historical elements. Both also are concerned with titles of village or barrio property but they lack the typical presentation of boundary locations. Like the Mapa de Coatlinchan, the unpublished Map of Chichimec History awaits proper interpretation. Mapa Sigüenza and Códice Xolotl, here classified as historical, both present their historical narrative against a cartographic background, but their subject matter is specifically historical and only incidentally cartographic. They deserve attention, however, in any discussion of cartography from the Valley of Mexico. The maps in Códice Xolotl are among the most detailed and perhaps most native of all surviving Indian maps from Central Mexico. The historical Códice Azcatitlan also contains scenes with cartographic or landscape elements. Maps of more restricted areas, particularly of agricultural fields, are classified herein under the property plans subtype of the economic category. Robertson's (1959) study of cartography and landscape has been

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

discussed above in our treatment of the cartographic type in general. Economic Manuscripts. Including one lost manuscript, there are 58 pictorial manuscripts classified as economic from the state and Federal District of Mexico. All but one (TLACOTEPEC: Pièce du Procès de Pablo Ocelotl . . . ) are from the Valley of Mexico region. Most are colonial in origin and reflect colonial institutions. In addition, many are relatively minor documents with respect to their artistic and substantive content. Outstanding among the few economic manuscripts whose content concerns preconquest material are the Matrícula de Tributos and the related Codex Mendoza, part 2. These two documents are pictorial records of the tribute paid to the Triple Alliance. They form the basis of the study and map of the Empire of the Culhua-Mexica by Barlow (1949d). The Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc and parts of some of the manuscripts of the Ixhuatepec Group treat economic matters of the 15th century. Among the manuscripts listed as tribute and financial documents in Table 12 are records of economic tribute from encomiendas or corregimientos such as Codex Kingsborough and Códice Mariano Jiménez) and financial records of municipal governments ( Financial Accounts of Cuitlahuac, Libro de Tributos de San Pablo Teocaltitlan, Códice Indígena, 1564-65, and Códice de Tlamapa no. 3). Codex Vergara and Códice de Santa Maria Asuncion are notable statistical records of demography and landownership. Their exact provenience is unfortunately conjectural. The several documents forming the Ixhuatepec Group contain related cadastral and village title data; no analysis of this interesting and unique corpus has yet been published. The large number of property plans, some combined with genealogies, form a body of minor documents that has received little attention. An untold number of further ex-

amples exist in the Ramo de Tierras and other branches of the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico. Most of these property plans form or formed parts of lawsuits over ownership of particular pieces of land; others such as the Teotihuacan Maps, appear to derive from village archives. Various of the documents of this type from Xochimilco may be studied in conjunction with related archival records; they typify the use of manuscript picture-writing by Indians in viceregal courts during the early colonial period. Those from Xochimilco (including two pages of Codex Cozcatzin), the Plano en Papel de Amate, the Oztoticpac Lands Map, and Humboldt Fragments 2 and 6 are the most interesting examples of this class of documents. Ethnographic Manuscripts. Eleven manuscripts are classified in Table 13 as ethnographic. The actual number of original documents represented is somewhat less since two versions of the common prototype of the Magliabecchiano Group are represented and the two Tovar manuscripts derive from that by Durán. The ethnographic part of Codex Veytia is of interest only because it preserves a page now lost from Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2. With the exception of leaf 3 of Mapa Quinatzin all were created under the stimulus of European patronage. This classification includes manuscripts or parts thereof that depict miscellaneous and movable religious ceremonies, mortuary and other customs, laws, Indian types and portraits, and gods out of calendrical or other formal contexts. It may be noted that the Indian types drawn in the Códices Ríos and del Museo de América include Indians from other regions of Mexico. Miscellaneous and Unclassified Manuscripts. The 13 manuscripts listed in Table 14 represent the miscellaneous and unclassified documents from the state and Federal District of Mexico. All are probably from the Valley of Mexico. Four of the manuscripts form or formed part of civil suits involving personal or similar grievances and are sub49

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

210 M E X I C O - T E N O C H T I T L A N : Titres de Propriété 246 Oztoticpac Lands Map 252 Mapa de San Martin de las Piramides 312 T E O T I H U A C A N : Ayer Map of Teotihuacan 313 T E O T I H U A C A N : Saville Map of Teotihuacan Tribute manuscripts and other financial documents: 314 T E O T I H U A C A N : Mapa de San Francisco Mazapan 42 CHALCO: Reçus presentes par le Capitaine Jorge 329 Plan topographique de Texcoco Ceron y Carabajal, Alcalde Mayor de Chalco 363 Testamento de Don Antonio Totoquihuaztli 82 Pintura de los Tributos de Coyoacan 371 Mapa de Santa María Nativitas Tultepeque 99 Códice de los Alfareros de Cuauhtitlan 403 X O C H I M I L C O : Document concerning Property of 107 Financial accounts of Cuitlahuac Pedronilla Francisca and Costantino . . . ( part ) 145 H U I T Z I L O P O C H C O : Contrat de Commanderie Property plans combined with genealogies: 158 Códice Indígena 83 Codex Cozcatzin (part) 159 Códice Indígena, 1564-1565 209 M E X I C O - T E N O C H T I T L A N : Procès entre Diego 181 Codex Kingsborough ( p a r t ) 193 Códice Mariano Jiménez Francisco et Felipe de Santiago (part) 196 Codex Mendoza, part 2 336 T L A C O T E P E C : Pièce du Procès de Pablo Ocelotl 203 Códices del Cristo de Mexicaltzingo 402 X O C H I M I L C O : Procès entre Francisco de la Cruz 243 Códice Osuna, parts 1-4, 7 Cohuatzincatl, Indio n a t u r a l . . . 276 Codex San Andres 405 X O C H I M I L C O : Plan et Titre d'une Propriété sise à 310 TEMASCALTEPEC: Pièces d'un Procès criminel Huexocolco 311 Libro de Tributos de San Pablo Teocaltitlan 322 TEPOTZOTLAN: Los Naturales de los Pueblos 406 X O C H I M I L C O : Document relating to the Descendants of Don Miguel Damian de... 341 Códice de Tlamapa no. 3 Miscellaneous and unclassified economic manuscripts: 353-354 TRIBUTES O F TLAXINICAN, TLAYLOTLA5 AMECAMECA: Cédula de Diligencia CAN, TECPANPA, E T C . 44 Colección Chavero no. 4, parts 3 and 4 368 Matrícula de Tributos 108 Los Cuatro Barrios de Cuitlahuac TABLE 1 2 - E C O N O M I C MANUSCRIPTS O F T H E STATE, F E D E R A L DISTRICT, AND VALLEY O F MEXICO

243 Códice Osuna ( p a r t ) manuscripts: 260 Pièce d'un Procès (BNP 392) Códice de Santa Maria Asuncion 303 Códice del Tecpan de Santiago Tlatelolco Codex Cozcatzin ( p a r t ) 332 Plan du Tianquiztli Codex Kingsborough (part) Mapa catastral de Tepoztlan, Panhuacan, Ayapango 407 X O C H I M I L C O : Plan de plusiers Propriétés y Tlanahuac Unavailable economic manuscripts: 339 Códice de Tlamapa no. 1 340 Códice de Santa Cruz Tlamapa no. 2 386 Codex Vergara Census and cadastral

11 83 181 324

Land 44 83 167 358

titles: Colección Chavero no. 4 Codex Cozcatzin Códice de Ixhuatepec Títulos de Santa Isabel Tola

Property

plans:

4 Plano en Papel de Amate 17 Códice de los Señores de San Lorenzo Axotlan y San Luis Huexotla 19 Trozo de Azcapotzalco 44 Colección Chavero no. 4, part 2 92 Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc (part) 100 Títulos de la Casa que está en el Pueblo de Cuauhtitlan 111 CULHUACAN: Proceso de Marta Petronila . . . (part) 148 Humboldt Fragment 2 150 Humboldt Fragment 6 209 M E X I C O - T E N O C H T I T L A N : Procès entre Diego Francisco et Felipe de Santiago ( p a r t )

50

TABLE 1 3 - E T H N O G R A P H I C MANUSCRIPTS O F T H E STATE, F E D E R A L DISTRICT, AND VALLEY O F MEXICO Ethnographic 114 172 188 196 229 264 270 274 365 366 394

manuscripts:

DURAN: Historia de las Indias, parts 2 and 3 (part) Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2 Codex Magliabecchiano ( p a r t ) Codex Mendoza, part 3 Códice del Museo de América (part) Mapa Quinatzin, leaf 3 ( part ) Codex Ríos ( p a r t ) SAHAGUN: Florentine Codex, books 3-10 ( p a r t ) TOVAR: Códice Ramírez ( p a r t ) TOVAR: Historia de la Benida . . . ( p a r t ) Codex Veytia (part)

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

TABLE 1 4 - M I S C E L L A N E O U S AND UNCLASSIFIED MANUSCRIPTS O F T H E STATE, F E D E R A L DISTRICT, AND VALLEY O F MEXICO Miscellaneous (litigative) manuscripts: 9 Manuscrito del Aperreamiento 98 Codex Procès de Cuauhtitlan 106 Códice Cuevas 315 Códice de San Juan Teotihuacan Miscellaneous

(natural history)

manuscripts:

85 CRUZ: Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis 246 Oztoticpac Lands Map (part) 274 SAHAGUN: Florentine Codex, book 11 Miscellaneous 16 62 133 155 176 325

(unclassified)

manuscripts:

Portrait of Axayacatl Códice de Coacalco Los ídolos del Templo de Huitzilopochtli HERRERA: Historia general. . ., title-page vignettes Las Joyas de Martin Ocelotl Miscellaneous pages in Testerian Manuscript BNP 399

classified as litigative. The three natural history manuscripts are a remarkable herbarium produced at the Colegio de la Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco, a set of drawings of tree grafts associated with Oztoticpac near or in Texcoco, and a compilation of drawings of plants and animals in the Florentine Codex. Other drawings of a similar natural historical character are entered in the census under the names of Gómez de Cervantes and Francisco Hernández. PERIPHERAL STATES OF CENTRAL MEXICO.

To north, east, and south of the state and Federal District of Mexico lie the modern states of Guerrero, Hidalgo, Morelos, Puebla, Queretaro, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz ( see Map 1). Our classification of pictorial manuscripts assigns 114 examples to these states, surveyed individually below. The region they represent is diverse in language, history, and culture. In linguistic terms, manuscripts from the peripheral states derive from Huastec (northern Veracruz), Otomi (Tlaxcala and Hidalgo), Popoloca (Puebla), Totonac (central Veracruz), Tlapanec (eastern Guerrero), and other communities. Most manuscripts, however, are from ostensible

proveniences that were at least nominally Nahuatl during the 16th century. It may be noted that Queretaro, western Guerrero, northern Hidalgo, and southern Veracruz are unrepresented by pictorial manuscripts in the census. These regions are on the peripheries of Central Mexico. As a broad generalization, the pictorial forms and styles present in most manuscripts from the peripheral states of Central Mexico often appear to be a provincial reflection of developments in the Valley of Mexico. This is perhaps also true of those from the western part of the state of Mexico centered around Toluca, a region represented by remarkably few 16th-century manuscripts. Specific traits of manuscript picture-writing in the peripheral states—the forms and composition of hieroglyphic place names, for instance,—may be compared with traditions in the Valley of Mexico, which was certainly a focus of developments in manuscript painting during the earliest colonial period. In this sense one may perhaps characterize the style of most manuscripts from the peripheral states as belonging to a generalized Central Mexican tradition, distinct, for instance, from the Mixtec style of Western Oaxaca. These remarks are based on the evidence of surviving manuscripts, most of which are colonial in both date and inspiration. Distinct regional styles of painting in other media, such as on ceramics and murals, do exist in late preconquest horizons in Central Mexico. It must be presumed that this was equally true of manuscript painting. Unfortunately, there are few truly early manuscripts in either style or date from the peripheral states. Many regions are represented only by copies or crude renditions by unskilled artists. Although of use in studying iconographic forms and other traits, such examples are poor vehicles for the analysis of style. There are almost no published attempts to define regional styles of manuscript painting in Central Mexico outside of the Valley of Mexico and Western Oaxaca, but that re51

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

gional styles and traits will be defined to some extent is certain. Nicholson ( 1967) has defined an element of costume apparently restricted in occurrence to manuscripts of Tlaxcalan origin. We have used this ethnographic trait to classify certain manuscripts of otherwise uncertain provenience. Studies of regional styles and traits are required to confirm the regional classifications given in the census as well as to determine the provenience of examples which we have not classified. Ordinarily, a regional style is only usefully defined when it can be based on more than one specimen. As possibilities for such analysis we may suggest the groups of manuscripts from Azoyu (Guerrero), Cuauhtinchan (Puebla), Cuernavaca (Morelos), Mizquiahuala (Hidalgo), and, from northern Puebla, the Papers of Itzcuintepec, and the Lienzo de Metlatoyuca. Huexotzingo (Puebla) is the center of another region whence there is a sufficient corpus of manuscripts to permit a comparative study of dated manuscripts from the same provenience. The possibility that a distinct style of manuscript painting related to the archaeological Mixteca-Puebla style, centered in Tlaxcala and Puebla, survives in extant manuscripts is discussed in connection with the Borgia Group of ritual-calendrical manuscripts. Guerrero. The 14 pictorial manuscripts from the state of Guerrero are listed and classified in Table 15. All are from northern or eastern proveniences within the state (see fig. 5 ) . Five are from the northern part of the state and the remaining nine are from the eastern part of the state, south of the Rio Mezcala, in the Tlapa region. Some of the latter, the two Códices de Azoyu, the Lienzo de Tlapa, and possibly, the Lienzo de Aztactepec y Citlaltepec and the process from Huamuxtitlan may be considered as Tlapanec in origin. The others are all apparently from Nahuatl-speaking communities. Códice de Veinte Mazorcas is the only pic52

TABLE 15-CLASSIFICATION OF THE

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS OF THE STATE OF GUERRERO Historical manuscripts: 21 Códice de Azoyu no. 1 (obverse) 22 Códice de Azoyu no. 2 ( obverse ) 86 Códice de Cualac Genealogical manuscripts: 21 Códice de Azoyu no. 1 (reverse, part) 342 Lienzo de Tlapa Cartographic manuscripts: 318 Mapa de Tepecuacuilco Cartographic manuscripts: 22 Códice de Azoyu no. 1 ( reverse, part ) 23 Lienzo de Aztactepec y Citlaltepec 238 Lienzo de Noxtepec 362 Lienzo de Totomixtlahuaca 385 Códice de Veinte Mazorcas Economic manuscripts: 22 Códice de Azoyu no. 2 ( reverse ) 136 HUAMUXTITLAN: Pièces d'un Procès 147 Humboldt Fragment 1 326 Códice de Tetelcingo 334 Códice de Tlachco Unavailable manuscripts : 58 Lienzo de Chontalcoatlan Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas, 1579-85: RG 41 Muchitan (Mochitlan) RG 91 Zumpango, Minas (Zumpango del Rio)

torial manuscript from Guerrero that has not been associated with some putative local provenience, but it exhibits place glyphs for localities near Tlapa. Among its later additions are Mixtec glosses; it is the only manuscript from eastern Guerrero that shows the influence of Mixtee settlements in the area. Its pictorial style, however, is not Mixtec. The two screenfolds from Azoyu are the most important and interesting of the manuscripts from Guerrero. Although they were discovered in Azoyu, together with the genealogical Lienzo de Tlapa, they have been attributed to Tlapa partly on the grounds that the place glyph for Tlapa is prominent in all three manuscripts. The ob-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

verse of Códice de Azoyu no. 1 and its copy or related version, the obverse of Códice de Azoyu no. 2, are historical annals embracing a 266-year period, possibly equivalent to A.D. 1300-1565. The reverse of Códice de Azoyu no. 2 and its continuation, Humboldt Fragment 1, together form a remarkable tribute document spanning 36 years, possibly 1487-1522. The two Códices de Azoyu and Humboldt Fragment 1 are the only manuscripts from the Tlapa region that have calendrical hieroglyphs and, like certain other manuscripts from proveniences bordering the Mixtec region of Western Oaxaca, they exhibit a variant calendrical system. As in the Códices Porfirio Díaz and Fernández Leal of Northern Oaxaca and the Mapa de Tecamachalco from Puebla, the year-bearer days, instead of being the standard Calli, Tochtli, Acatl, and Teopatl, are one day earlier—Ehecatl, Mazatl, Malinalli, and Olin. In addition, the Azoyu manuscripts utilize the numbers 2 14 rather than 1-13 as coefficients in year dates. The dates cited above for the Azoyu manuscripts are based on the preliminary study by Toscano (1943). His correlation of the Tlapanec calendar (3 Ehecatl, Tlapanec, equals 3 Calli, Aztec, or A.D. 1521 ) must be regarded as tentative pending full publication and study of the manuscripts in question. The rather large, unpublished, and privately owned Lienzo de Totomixtlahuaca, also from the Tlapa region, is drawn in a crude manner that probably represents unskilled artistry rather than a local or provincial style. Its hieroglyphic forms are in the Central Mexican tradition. As in Códice de Veinte Mazorcas individual Indians are shown holding hafted (copper?) axes and a device resembling a feather, possibly a macana. From the northern part of the state are a very minor illustrated tribute assessment of Tetelcingo, a tribute document from Taxco,

and a fragmentary native map from the region south of Tepecuacuilco. No data are available at present on the document from Chontalcoatlan although photographs are in private collections. The Lienzo de Noxtepec shows place glyphs for surrounding communities in Guerrero as well as in the neighboring states of Mexico and Morelos. It is closely related to the lienzo or lienzos from Tetlama, Morelos. Hidalgo. The 14 pictorial manuscripts from the state of Hidalgo (fig. 6) are listed and classified in Table 16. The most notable is the Primeros Memoriales, containing drawings by the informants of Sahagún. It TABLE 16-CLASSIFICATION OF THE

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS OF THE STATE OF HIDALGO Calendrical manuscripts: 142 Códice de Huichapan ( part ) 212 Meztitlan Calendar Wheel 271 SAHAGUN: Primeros Memoriales (part) Historical manuscripts: 142 Códice de Huichapan 271 SAHAGUN: Primeros Memoriales (part) 369 Anales de Tula Cartographic manuscripts: 3 Mapa de Actopan y sus Alrededores Economic manuscripts: MIZQUIAHUALA SALES RECEIPTS: 216 Humboldt Fragment 7 217 Humboldt Fragment 13 218 Poinsett Fragment 1 219 Poinsett Fragment 2 220 Rechnung iiber gelieferte Naturalien 221 Tira de Tributos 243 Códice Osuna, part 5 304 Pintura del Peublo de Tecpatepec Ethnographie and miscellaneous manuscripts: 271 SAHAGUN: Primeros Memoriales (part) Unavailable manuscripts: 222 Tributos de Mizquiahuala Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas, 1579-85: RG 10 Cempoala (Zempoala) RG 22 Epazoyuca (Epazoyucan) RG 38 Misquiahuala ( Mixquiahuala ) RG 67 Tetlistaca (Atliztaca, Mun. Metepec)

53

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

is the first product of Sahagún's campaign of work in Tepepulco, Hidalgo, and is the oldest of the surviving Sahaguntine manuscripts related to the Florentine Codex. The drawings in the Primeros Memoriales include a wide range of ritual, calendrical, religious, historical, and miscellaneous subjects, some of which were later copied into the Florentine Codex. It is perhaps uncertain if the artists were natives of the Tepepulco region or if they were from Texcoco, the dominant town of the Acolhua region of which Tepepulco was a part. The historical annals from Tula—the Otomi Códice de Huichapan and the Anales de Tula—embrace the years 1403-1528 and 1361-1521, respectively. Their historical notices are more extensive for happenings in the Valley of Mexico than for Hidalgo. The specifically historical section of the Primeros Memoriales (Paso y Troncoso, 1905-07, 6: 113-8) has drawings of the native rulers of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Huexotla. The one manuscript classified as cartographic, the Mapa de Actopan y sus Alrededores, is a late production, marginal to the native artistic tradition. Excluded from the census are three published maps of 1599 from Tlilcuautla, Tornacustla, and Ilamatlan, Hidalgo. They accompany documents of civil congregation in the AGN (Tierras, vol. 64, exps. 1 and 2) and have been published by Simpson (1934, pp. 58, 60, 68). Only the example from Tornacustla exhibits specific native iconographic features, such as a few personal name glyphs and several vestigial place glyphs. From Mizquiahuala is a remarkable corpus of six drawings of various foodstuffs and other goods and services sold by the Indians to a Spaniard. They are typical of relatively late (1569-73) tribute manuscripts. The Pintura del Pueblo de Tecpatepec may belong to the same series, though its subject matter is somewhat different. Whether or not the lost Tributos de Mizquiahuala belonged to the same series is unknown. Morelos. Pictorial manuscripts classified 54

under the state of Morelos (fig. 7) are listed in Table 17. Most of them are economic manuscripts which treat colonial tribute, property disputes, or the census of local populations. The Códice de Moctezuma, the only annals from Morelos, concerns the history of Mazatepec and Xochiltepec and includes notices of the Valley of Mexico as well as notable drawings of the Spanish conquest of Tenochtitlan. The diverse corpus of manuscripts known collectively as the Códices de Tlaquiltenango contain tribute documents, a genealogy, sheets of music, and other fragments. The Mapa de Coatlan del Rio is typical of 16th-Century colonial cartographic-historical manuscripts and presents the hieroglyphs of boundaries and data on local cacique succession. Another manuscript in this category, the Lienzo de Tetlama, is unstudied and is known through a relatively large number of versions, only one of which has been published. The 28 Códices Indígenas del MarqueTABLE 17-CLASSIFICATION O F T H E PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS O F T H E STATE O F MORELOS Historical manuscripts : 223 Códice Moctezuma Genealogical manuscripts : 343 Códices de Tlaquiltenango (part) Cartographic-historical

manuscripts :

65 Mapa de Coatlan del Rio 141 Plan topographique de Hueyapan 327 Lienzo de Tetlama Economic

manuscripts:

1 Padrón de los Mayeques de Acapixtla 144 HUITZILA: Pintura de las Tierras de Quahunacazcc 160 Códices Indígenas de algunos Pueblos del Marquesado del Valle, nos. 1-28 178 Manuscrit Judiciaire de 1534 323 Census of Tepoztlan 343 Códices de Tlaquiltenango ( part ) Miscellaneous

manuscripts:

343 Códices de Tlaquiltenango ( part ) Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas,

1579-85:

RG 2 Acapistla (Yecapistla) RG 23 Guaxtepec (Oaxtepec, Mun. Yautepec)

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY TABLE 18-CLASSIFICATION OF THE PICTORIAL

MANUSCRIPTS OF THE STATE OF PUEBLA Historical manuscripts: 69 Códice de Coetzala 93 Libro de los Guardianes de Cuauhtinchan 101 Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco 102 additional fragments 161 Papers of Itzcuintepec 316 Anales de Tepeaca, 1528-1634 359 Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca (part) 432 Mapa de Chalchihuapan Genealogical manuscripts: 35 Confirmation des Elections de Calpan 91 Genealogía de Cuauhquechollan-Macuilxochitepec ( obverse ) 139 Matrícula de Huexotzingo (part) 161 Papers of Itzcuintepec (part) 173 Genealogía de Don Felipe Ixtlilxochitl 175 SAN MATEO JOPANAQUE: Property plan and genealogy Cartographic manuscripts: 91 Genealogía de Cuauhquechollan-Macuilxocbitepec (reverse ) 97 Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no. 4 338 Mapa de San Matías Tlalancalco Cartographic-historical manuscripts : 57 Códice de Cholula 89 Lienzo de Cuauhquechollan 90 Mapa circular de Cuauhquechollan 94 Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no. 1 95 Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no. 2 96 Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no. 3 115 Mapa de Ecatepec y Huitziltepec 199 Lienzo de Metlatoyuca 245 Lienzo de Oyametepec y Huitzilatl 300 Mapa de Tecamachalco 359 Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca ( part ) Economic manuscripts: 43 Códice Chavero 139 Matrícula de Huexotzingo 175 SAN MATEO JOPANAQUE: Property plan and genealogy 224 Codex Monteleone 321 The Painted Tribute Record of Tepexi de la Seda 400 Plainte . . . de Xalpantepec 408 Codex of Xochitepec 426 Códice del Tequitlato de Zapotitlan Miscellaneous and unclassified manuscripts: 50 Lienzo de Chicontla 169 Une Emeute parmi les Indigènes dTxtacmaxtitlan Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas, 1579-85: RG 14 Cholula (Cholula de Rivadabia)

RG RG RG RG RG RG RG

20 Cuzcatlan ( Cozcatlan ), version 1 21 Cuzcatlan ( Cozcatlan ), version 2 25 Gueytlalpa (Hueytlalpan) 31 Jujupango, Xuxupango (Jojupango) 34 Matlatlan (Chila) 58 Tenanpulco and Matlactonatico (Tenampulco) 87 Zacatlan (Zacatlan)

sado del Valle, comprehended under one number in the census, come from the Cuernavaca-Xiutepec region. They were exhibits in local disputes with the Cortés estate, about 1549. A large number of maps from Morelos which are in the Ramo de Tierras of the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico, have been listed and briefly described by Mazari (1926c). Some are of late 16th- or early 17th-century date. Mazari's descriptions suggest that at least some are partially in the native traditon. One, the "Pintura del Pueblo de Ocuituco" ( AGN-T 2782, exp. 7; Mazarí, 1926c, pp. 332-33, no. 35), has been published by Cuevas ( 1921-28, 1: 361 ). It shows Tlalnepantla, the church of Ocuituco, and a hieroglyph for the volcano of Popocatepetl. Since it is only marginally in the native tradition, it is not included in the census. The only documents listed by Mazari that we have included are the property plan from Huitzila (Mazari, 1926c, no. 12) and the map from Santa Cruz Xoxocotlan (ibid., no. 68), the latter from Eastern Oaxaca and not Morelos. Puebla. The 33 pictorial manuscripts here classified under the state of Puebla (see Table 18 ) represent a wide variety of types and proveniences. All are presumably colonial in date; few have been adequately or fully published. Like other regional divisions used in this survey, the state of Puebla ( fig. 8 ) is an arbitrary region, embracing various linguistic groups. The pictorial manuscripts from Puebla have diverse cultural origins and stylistic affiliations. Most of the manuscripts are attributed to Nahuatl communities, but from the northern and southeastern parts of the state there are documents that 55

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

may be from Totonac, Otomi, Popoloca, or Mixtec proveniences.35 We know of no previous attempt to isolate, classify, or to discuss the pictorial manuscripts from Puebla as a whole. The Cartografía de Puebla (1958), however, is devoted to a listing of maps from Puebla that are in the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico. Included among those that are reproduced in the publication are a small number from the late 16th and early 17th centuries that exhibit such details as an occasional place glyph, the use of footprints ( as well as horses' hoofprints ) to indicate roads, and water signs. None of these items, all of which are relatively peripheral, is included in the census. The Mixteca-Puebla style, which is recognized in late archaeological horizons and may have centered in the Valley of Puebla, is considered manifest in some of the manuscripts of the Borgia Group of ritual-calendrical manuscripts. Although members of the group have been assigned by some authorities to Cholula, or at least to Puebla, the provenience of the group is both speculative and controversial and is therefore discussed separately. Otherwise, there are no surviving ritual or calendrical manuscripts from Puebla. An interesting set of pictorial manuscripts comes from Cuauhtinchan in central Puebla. One of them, the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, is a major historical and artistic document. Primarily a Nahuatl text treating the migration of the Nonoualca and ToltecaChichimeca from Tollan into Puebla and later events, it is a "commentary on a lost pictorial manuscript from which it copies occasional pictures" (Barlow, 1948f, p. 266). 35

The Anales de Puebla, 1638-77 (BNP 377) and the Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 2 ( AAMC 19), which contain some minor pictorial elements, or copies thereof, are described in Art. 27B, nos. 1090 and 1094. We have not examined the documents from Xalpantepec or Tlalancalco (both BNP ) or an adequate photograph of the Lienzo de Oyametepec y Huitzilatl ( the regional classification of which is provisional ).

56

Among them are a number of maps combining toponymic and historical details. The manuscript has been published in an excellent black and white facsimile. Part of a mural in the convent of Cuauhtinchan is comparable to a part of the manuscript ( Edwards, 1966, fig. 40; Reyes Valerio, 1967). Three of the four Mapas de Cuauhtinchan that were discovered in the town in 1891 are handsome and important examples of histories set in cartographic frameworks. In style and content they form part of the series of maps contained in the Historia ToltecaChichimeca. Although two of the originals and two copies have been published and studied by Simons ( 1968), they continue inadequately published and deserve full-scale facsimile editions in color. The fourth map from Cuauhtinchan is in a far more acculturated and later style but forms part of the same series. Cartographically, the maps depict an area that in the most comprehensive example includes Cholula, Cuauhtinchan, Tecamachalco, Nopaluca, and Mount Matlacueyatl (La Malinche). Cuauhtinchan is depicted in all four examples by an eagle in the midst of a range of hills; this pictorial detail persists in a late map of the town of about 1698-1705 (Cartografía de Puebla, 1958, pl. 18), not included in the census. Only extracts and a single illustration from the privately owned colonial annals ( 15191629) from the town, the Libro de los Guardianes de Cuauhtinchan, have been published (Barlow, 1946b; E. Orozco, 1892). From Huexotzingo comes a unique corpus of economic manuscripts, one of which, Codex Monteleone, is among the earliest of the surely dated colonial tribute manuscripts. The Matrícula de Huexotzingo, in number of pages, is the largest of all known pictorial manuscripts from any region. It contains information on tribute, demography, countless personal name glyphs, and very striking drawings of colonial churches, comparable in their general style to the Franciscan convent murals at Huexotzingo, as well as genealogies. Códice Chavero pre-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

sents the tribute for various dependencies or barrios of Huexotzingo for the years 1571-79. Unpublished notes by Nicholson suggest the possibility of a Huexotzingo vicinity provenience for the Map of Chichimec History, here classified with documents from the Valley of Mexico. Several pictorial manuscripts are associated with CuauhquechoUan, the modern Huaquechula. The large Lienzo de CuauhquechoUan is an intricate portrayal of warfare and other events of the early colonial period. Also from CuauhquechoUan are a genealogy and an unpublished map cast in an interesting circular pattern. The Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco, like the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, is a commemorative document intended to portray the exploits of the town in events of the early period of Spanish conquest. Similar to this curious series of paintings are the "additional fragments" (no. 102), of uncertain provenience, and the Mapa de Chalchihuapan (no. 432). 36 The partially published Códice de Cholula is an extraordinarily crude and complex document, drawn on both sides, that combines Nahuatl texts, historical scenes, and cartographic material. Also from Cholula is the "Mapa de Santa Isabel Iztazoatlan Atlimeian," a copy of which is reproduced by de la Maza (1959, p. 74). Although the depiction of roads by footprints may suggest some Indian influence, it is too peripheral for inclusion in the census. Attention may also be drawn to the Confirmation des Elections de Calpan, an important record of town hierarchy of 1578, from the western border of central Puebla. 36 A. Bandelier ( 1884, p . 143, and in White and Bernai, 1960, p. 2 4 0 ) , who mentioned these manuscripts, also refers to a Mapa de (San Jeronimo) Tecuanipan, otherwise unknown. The possibility that the "additional fragments" of the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco are the Mapa de Tecuanipan deserves investigation. The "Plano del pueblo de Cuauhtlantzinco hecho por orden del Virey Velasco" reported by Bandelier (in White and Bernai, 1960, p . 328 ) has not come to the attention of modern investigators.

From northern Puebla, an area inhabited by Totonac, Otomi, and Nahuatl groups in the 16th century, are two documents that share a very distinctive regional style: the Lienzo de Metlatoyuca and Papers of Itzcuintepec. The latter is of unidentified local provenience, but analysis of place names among its glosses should clarify the question. Like the Lienzo de Metlatoyuca, its content is largely genealogical but it also has ethnographic and historical information. A northern Puebla provenience for the Lienzo de Tzoquitetlan, here listed among the unclassified manuscripts of Central Mexico, is suggested by the occurrence of "Metlateocan" among its glosses and a superficial resemblance to the Lienzo de Chicontla. Four pictorial manuscripts are from southeastern Puebla, in part a Popoloca region bordering on the Mixtec region of Western Oaxaca. The Zapotitlan shown in figure 8 is the unverified provenience of a local pictorial census which bears glosses in a Mixtec dialect. The Mapa de Tecamachalco has a long genealogy, the origin of part of which may extend into the Mixteca. The provenience of the unpublished Mapa de Ecatepec y Huitziltepec is uncertain. It exhibits the interlaced A - 0 year symbol and, for persons depicted thereon, calendrical rather than personal name glyphs, as is also true with the Mapa de Tecamachalco. Persons having the same names as some of those appearing on the manuscript also appear in the Anales de Tecamachalco (see Art. 27B, no. 1112). The Huitziltepec shown in figure 8 may or may not correspond to the Huitziltepec of the manuscript The fourth document from southeastern Puebla is a minor and late tribute manuscript from Tepexi de la Seda. A possible Tecamachalco region provenience for Códice de la Cueva and Códice Topográfico Fragmentado has been indicated by Nicholson in unpublished notes. These manuscripts are grouped herein with unclassified Central Mexican documents 57

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

and as Western Oaxacan, respectively. TABLE 19-CLASSIFICATION OF THE PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS OF THE STATE OF Place glyphs in the Mixtec Códice Sánchez TLAXCALA Solís include Acatlan, a community in southern Puebla on the border of the MixRitual-calendrical manuscripts : teca Baja region. 15 Tonalamatl Aubin Queretaro. The state of Queretaro, lying 388 Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 between the states of Hidalgo and Gua- 391 Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 5 najuato, for the most part falls outside the 392 Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 6 Mesoamerican culture area. It is not repre- 393 Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 7 sented by any pictorial manuscripts in the Historical manuscripts: census. From San Juan del Rio, near the 104 Códice de Cuetlaxcohuapan southern extremity of the state, however, 348 Anales de Tlaxcala no. 2, 1519-1692 there is a minor and published property 350 Lienzo de Tlaxcala 351 Códice de la Conquista plan of 1590 showing such native elements 352 —untitled pages as water symbols, footprints to indicate Genealogical manuscripts: roads, and vestigial place glyphs. It has 61 Genealogy of Citlalpopoca been reproduced by Ayala Echávarri 103 Genealogía de Cuauhtli (1940). The original forms part of a docu- 194 Genealogy of Maxixcatzin 227 Das Dokument der Familie Mundanegre aus Chiment in AGN-T 2782. chimecapan Tlaxcala. The state of Tlaxcala, like other states used in the present classification, is 262 Properties of the Descendants of Quauhtliztactzin (part) an arbitrary region. It is smaller than the 319 Genealogía de una Familia de Tepeticpac preconquest province of Tlaxcala and its 347 Genealogie des Tlatzcantzin neighbors, who together maintained an in- 427 Genealogía de Zolin dependent enclave within the Aztec Em- Cartographic manuscripts: pire (Barlow, 1949d, end map), and it is 349 Códice de Tlaxcala ( reverse ) considerably smaller than the 16th-century Cartographic-historical manuscripts: bishopric of Tlaxcala (Gibson, 1952, map, p. 41 Lienzo Chalchihuitzin Vasquez 59), with which it should not be confused, 45 Lienzo de Don Juan Chichimecatecuhtli centered in Puebla. 76 Pintura de Contlantzinco An uncertain number of pictorial manu- 135 Códice de Huamantla scripts in the Archivo General del Estado, 337 Mapa de San Pedro Tlacotepec Tlaxcala, have been excluded from the cen- 411 Pintura de Santo Tomas Xochtlan sus. Photographic copies of several have Economie manuscripts ( property plans ) : been examined; none are major documents, 257 Códice de las Posesiones de Don Andrés most being genealogies and property plans 262 Properties of the Descendants of Quauhtliztactzin (part) forming part of late 16th- and early 17th- 298 Mapa de Santa Barbara Tamasolco century lawsuits. A detail from one, the Miscellaneous and unclassified manuscripts: "Genealogy and Properties of Descendants 275 Manta de Salamanca of Iztac Chichimecatl no. 2," has been pub- 349 Códice de Tlaxcala ( obverse ) lished by Nicholson, 1967,fig.4. Unavailable manuscripts: In a series of bibliographical appen278 Linderos del Pueblo de San Matías dices to his Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century Gibson included an annotated listing (ibid., pp. 269-72) discussed a number of of Tlaxcalan pictorial manuscripts (Gibson, lost pictorial manuscripts. Two, the "Cal1952, pp. 264-69). These and a number of endar of movable and fixed ceremonies" additions are in the census (see Table 19). and the Xicotencatl genealogy, have since Under "documents now unknown" Gibson 58

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

been identified as the Tonalamatl Aubin and the Genealogía de una Familia de Tepeticpac, respectively. The others, still unidentified, are not listed in the census. Some are genealogies that were in the Boturini collection and may unknowingly be included in Table 19 or be among the regionally unclassified manuscripts of Central Mexico (Table 21), their Boturini antecedents or numbers unidentified. In a recent study of Tlaxcalan pictorial manuscripts Nicholson (1967) has shown that a twisted bicolor (red and white) headband, frequently with a plume of feathers (aztaxelli), appears as an element of costume in 11 (12, if one includes the Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 5) pictorial manuscripts that on other grounds may be classified as Tlaxcalan, as well as in two documents in the Archivo General del Estado, Tlaxcala, not included in the census. Since the element may be diagnostic of Tlaxcalan provenience, we have accordingly classified six manuscripts, of otherwise uncertain origin, as Tlaxcalan: Lienzo de Don Juan Chichimecatecuhtli, Genealogía de Cuauhtli, Das Dokument der Familie Mundanegre aus Chichimecapan, Códice de las Posesiones de Don Andrés, Généalogie des Tlatzcantzin, Genealogía de Zolin. Despite the compelling nature of Nicholson's presentation, the provenience of these manuscripts must be regarded as tentative. Nicholson (1967) also notes other traits that occur frequently in Tlaxcalan manuscripts: the use of a serrated vertical profile in the depiction of native structures, the representation of coursed masonry ( particularly above the lintels of doors), wooden stools rather than the backed seat of authority (tepotzoicpalli), the drawing of a house at the head of genealogies, and floral bouquets held by persons of high rank. Since these traits may also occur in non-Tlaxcalan manuscripts (such as the Matrícula de Huexotzingo), however, they have not been used as classificatory devices.37

Among the calendrical documents, the Tonalamatl Aubin is a major and possibly preconquest divinatory almanac; its Tlaxcalan provenience, however, has yet to be demonstrated. Various lines of evidence relate Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 to Tlaxcala, but in view of its association with European authorship it may be a synthetic product drawing on generalized Central Mexican calendrics. It is known through several versions; the oldest and probable original is associated with Fray Toribio de Benavente or Motolinía. Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 5 is the only calendrical document reliably attributed to Tlaxcala. First published in 1770, it is known through a copy or copies of a document attributed to Manuel de los Santos y Salazar ( 1685-1715), a Tlaxcalan religious and cura of Cuapiaxtla.38 It begins the year with the month Atemoztli, a feature that is considered a Tlaxcalan trait (Caso, 1958a, p. 69, and Table I I ) . Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 6 and 7 have also been attributed to Santos y Salazar on the basis of statements in the inventories of the Boturini collection. Of the historical manuscripts, the Lienzo de Tlaxcala is one of the outstanding documents from mid-16th-century Mexico. Details from it have been used to illustrate an untold number of historical works on Mexico. Although the origins of the lienzo are still obscure, its large size and format suggest that it was intended for display by the officialdom of Tlaxcala. It is a commemor37 Nicholson (1967) lists 34 Tlaxcalan pictorials as opposed to the 29 given here. The difference lies in his inclusion of four manuscripts in the AGT and five others here listed among the regionally unclassified manuscripts of Central Mexico. W e have added Veytia Calendar Wheels 2, 6, and 7 and the Linderos del Pueblo de San Matias. 38 Certificados de estudio . . . de Manuel de los Santos y Salazar, MS 1735, Library of Congress Ac. 1121, III-48-B,2. This manuscript contains a pictorial genealogy of the ascendants of Santos y Salazar extending to Bartolomé Citlalpopoca; it is not in the native tradition and is not included in the census.

59

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

ative document that portrays the role of the Tlaxcalans as allies of Cortés in the conquest of Mexico. Its separate scenes depict Tlaxcalans engaged in events that include the first baptism of the Lords of Tlaxcala, the massacre at Cholula, the conquest of Tenochtitlan, and later episodes of the conquest. Although several "originals" and early copies are lost, it may be studied through an 18th-century copy in Mexico and two variant lithographed editions based on another version as well as related manuscripts listed in the census. The Códice de Cuetlaxcohuapan, possibly drawn in the city of Puebla de los Angeles, depicts an isolated event of Tlaxcalan colonial judicial or administrative procedure. If its date is correctly assigned, it was probably drawn by a Spaniard. Of the eight genealogies in the inventory, only two—those of Citlalpopoca and Maxixcatzin—are of persons known through other sources. The single manuscript classified as cartographic, the reverse of Códice de Tlaxcala, is a late and very crude map drawn on the back of a now effaced painting in the native tradition. Among the more complex cartographichistorical manuscripts, the Códice de Huamantla may represent the Sacred War of the Flowers. Its provenience and distinctive style have been associated with the Otomi of eastern Tlaxcala; it is the only Tlaxcalan pictorial not associated with a presumably Nahua origin. Only the inclusion of a few Spaniards and some Christian crosses testify to its colonial date. Also from the same provenience was a large lienzo that was in the Boturini collection. Now lost, it is not included in the census. The Lienzo Chalchihuitzin Vásquez stands out for the achievement of its artist; its style suggests that it is a relatively late document of the 16th century. It has no adequate interpretation or commentary, although good photographs have been published. Its apparent provenience is in doubt; the Tzompantepec in 60

figure 9 is based on the reading of several place-name glosses on the lienzo. The Mapa de San Pedro Tlacotepec, showing the boundaries of the town, is of interest for its depiction of Cortés and Marina. The original shows Cortés' left leg in a very deformed position, a feature not evident in the published copy. A very similar and undoubtedly related portrait of Cortés (with his left leg also deformed) and Marina is contained in a possibly 18th-century oil painting preserved in the nearby village of Ahuazhuatepec. The latter, not included in the census, shows them meeting a group of Tlaxcalan nobles. An oil painting showing the boundaries of Ahuazhuatepec, also preserved in the village, is not in the native tradition. The paintings from Contlantzinco and Xochtlan are of a late type that would possibly never have been brought to scholarly attention had they not been included in a codex collection. We have not identified the Xochtlan with certainty; it may correspond to the Santo Tomas shown in figure 9 in the ex-district of Zaragoza. The three manuscripts classed as economic are all property plans. The Códice de las Posesiones de Don Andrés, tentatively assigned to Tlaxcala, shows numerous plots of land with place glyphs and dimensions. The Mapa de Santa Barbara Tamasolco is a late item with Nahuatl glosses only peripherally in the native artistic tradition. The drawing of the Properties of the Descendants of Quauhtliztactzin has place glyphs for localities in eastern Tlaxcala and includes a genealogy in a handsome colonial style. Veracruz. The 14 pictorial manuscripts here classified under the state of Veracruz (fig. 10) are listed in Table 20. None are from southern Veracruz. The single cartographic document is unpublished and known only through a late copy. No description is available for the Códice de Chumatlan, which has been reported only by title. The 12 cartographic-historical manuscripts

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY TABLE 20-CLASSIFICATION OF THE

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS OF THE STATE OF VERACRUZ Cartographic manuscripts : 292 Mapa jeroglífico de Sintlatetelco Cartographic-historical manuscripts : 49 Mapa de Chiconquiaco 63 Lienzo de Coacoatzintla 214 Lienzo de Misantla 233 Lienzo de San Juan Nayotla 320 Mapa de San Antonio Tepetlan 360 Mapa de Tonayan 373-378 Lienzos de Tuxpan nos. 1-6 Unavailable manuscripts: 59 Códice de Chumatlan Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas, 1579-85: RG 39 Mizantla (Misantla) RG 44 Papantla (Papantla de Olarte) RG 53 Tecolutla (Tecolutla)

depict town boundaries and incidental historical detail. All are fully in the native tradition of the 16th century, but, with the possible exception of the unstudied Lienzos de Tuxpan, probably none derive from preconquest prototypes. The three documents associated with Misantla, Tepetlan, and Tonayan are the only ones that have been studied. None, however, have been examined in conjunction with the extensive documentation available in the AGN on jurisdictional disputes in Veracruz which are the apparent origins of most of these documents. Cline (1959) provides a survey of 16th-century cartographic sources for Veracruz toponyms and reproduces the documents from Misantla and Tonayan. The documents from Chapultepec or Tonayan, Chiconquiaco, Coacoatzintla, Tepetlan, and Misantla are from communities that were Totonac or bilingual (Totonac and Nahuatl) in the 16th century. The six Lienzos de Tuxpan are from the Huastec region of Veracruz. The provenience of the Lienzo de San Juan Nayotla is in doubt; we have not identified any community with this name. A summary listing of pictorial manu-

scripts from Veracruz has been published by Melgarejo Vivanco (1953). The bibliographies of two works by Ramírez Lavoignet (1959, 1962), both on the Misantla region, provide additional data. These three sources together list six unpublished "codices" from the Ramo de Tierras of the AGN, most of which we have not examined. Since they are undescribed in the literature and their relevance to the census is uncertain, they have been omitted. They are listed here as a matter of record: 1. Códice Tonayan, 1643. AGN-T 1209 2. Pintura de Chacaltianguis, 1589. AGN-T 2082 3. Pintura de Cosamaloapan, Huaxpaltepec y Rio Alvarado. AGN-T 963 4. Pintura de Ixmatlahuacan, 1587. AGN-T 2687 5. Códice Joaquín de Leguizamo, 1573. AGN-T 2672 6. Códice Rodrigo Cano de Villegas, 1589. AGN-T 2672 Two further documents, also from the AGN and listed by Melgarejo Vivanco (1953, p. 334), have been published by Domínguez (1943, pp. 58-64) but are omitted from the census. They are simple local maps with minor native components related to early 17th-century grants of land. They are probably typical of scores of documents in the AGN that preserve the Indian tradition only in such peripheral details as footprints to indicate roads and rudimentary place glyphs. Their titles are: 7. Códice Teteltzinco. (Pintura mandada a hacer por los naturales, con motivo de la merced concedida de las tierras llamadas Teteltzingo.) AGN-T 2702 8. Códice Tlacotepec. (Pintura mandada a hacer por los naturales con motivo de las mercedes concedidas de Tlacotepeque y Atecaxic). AGN-T 2775 REGIONALLY UNCLASSIFIED MANUSCRIPTS

The regional provenience of 59 pictorial manuscripts in the census has not been determined. They are

OF CENTRAL MEXICO.

61

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES TABLE 2 1 - T Y P O L O G I C A L CLASSIFICATION O F 382 Plan of unidentified property T H E REGIONALLY UNCLASSIFIED PICTORIAL 383 Códice Valeriano 398 Códice de Xalapa MANUSCRIPTS O F CENTRAL MEXICO 399 Plan of the houses of Juan de Xalbornoz & Juan Mateo Calendrical manuscripts: 239 285 287 389

Rueda de los Nueve Señores de la Noche SERNA: Drawings of day and month symbols Serna Calendar Wheel no. 2 Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 3

Historical

manuscripts:

120 Anales de Diego García, 1502-1601 Genealogical

manuscripts:

80 121 146 200 226 234

Genealogía de Cotitzin y Zozahuic Genealogie von 33 Personen Genealogy of Huitznahuac Calpulli Genealogía de Metztepetl Fragmento de las Mujeres Genealogía de Nexmoyotla, Ateno, Zoyatitlan y Hueytetla 237 Genealogía de Nopalxochitl 253 Genealogía de Pitzahua 328 Genealogía de Tetlamaca y Tlametzin Cartographic manuscripts: 268 Mapa de una Región Boscosa 331 Mapa de San Pedro Tezontepec 380 Lienzo de Tzoquitetlan 381 Map of unidentified locality Cartographic-historical

manuscripts :

105 Códice de la Cueva 134 Lienzo of the Heye Foundation Economic

(tribute)

manuscripts:

122-127 Gilcrease Fragments 1-6 152 Humboldt Fragments 9-12 153 Humboldt Fragment 14 154 Humboldt Fragment 15 259 Fragment d'un Procès ( B N P 86) 345 Rôle des Impôts . . . de Tlatengo 367 Fragmento de Tributos 396 Códice del Volador 428 Códice Lucas Alaman 431 American Manuscript no. 10, part 8 Economic (census and cadastral) manuscripts: 149 Humboldt Fragment 5 151 Humboldt Fragment 8 236 Nómina escrita en geroglífico 267 Cadastral Fragment of the Ramírez Collection 294 Steuerliste von 40 Personen Economic (property plans) manuscripts: 55 Die Flurkarte des Chiquatzin Tecuihtli 64 Mapa de Coatepetl 116 Plano de un Edificio 277 Plano de San Joseph, sujeto a Xilotepeque

62

Economic (miscellaneous) manuscripts: 75 Códice de Constancia de Gastos 183 Land Transfer Manuscript 256 Códice Porrúa Turanzas Miscellaneous and unclassified manuscripts: 36 Fragmento Caltecpaneca 128 GOMEZ D E CERVANTES: Relación de la Grana Cochinilla 132 H E R N A N D E Z : Historia natural de Nueva España 138 Plano ideográfico del Señorío de Huaxtepec 186 Legal Document in Hieroglyphics 204 Mexican Manuscript no. 2 Unavailable

manuscripts:

140 Mapa de los Terrenos de Hueyapan 286 Serna Calendar Wheel no. 1

listed and classified typologically in Table 21. General considerations of style, content, and language of glosses indicate that it is doubtful that any are from Western Mexico or from Oaxaca, the other major regions of Mexico.39 It is probable that many are from the Valley of Mexico or from adjacent regions—Tlaxcala or Puebla, for instance— but the research or data to classify them regionally are lacking. Most are relatively minor documents, of peripheral interest. None of the persons shown on the nine genealogies has been identified through other sources. The few place names in these documents are insufficiently distinctive to locate without extensive research. Seven were in the Boturini collection; it is not unlikely that they all were. It may be noted here that the early inventories of the Boturini collection coincidentally list nine Tlaxcalan genealogies that have not been identified (Boturini, 1746, Catalog, Items 17-2 and 17-3; nos. 4-22 and 4-23 of the inventories of 1743 and 1745; see Article 29). 39 T h e Plano ideográfico del Señorío de Huaxtepec, however, has been classified as from Oaxaca by Tamayo and Alcorta (1941, p . 2 3 ) . W e have not examined this document.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

There is thus a possibility that some of the unclassified genealogies listed here may be Tlaxcalan. In this connection it should be noted that four genealogies, which may also have been in the Boturini collection, are here classified as Tlaxcalan solely on the basis of a headdress type. Five of the manuscripts in Table 21, including two of the genealogies, have been classified by Nicholson (1967) as Tlaxcalan. These are: Fragmento Caltecpaneca, Genealogía de Nopalxochitl, Genealogie von 33 Personen, Flurkarte des Chiquatzin Tecuihtli, and Fragmento de las Mujeres. Although his classification is inherently probable, it is too tentative to accept in the present context. The genealogies of Cotitzin y Zozahuic, Tetlamaca y Tlametzin, and Pitzahua, while varying in specific features of style, share certain attributes such as a checkerboardand-dot decoration of the seats on which some individuals are seated. On this basis a common but unknown provenience might be postulated. Among the cartographic manuscripts, the Lienzo de Tzoquitetlan is a detailed map showing numerous place names. Careful analysis of them should enable its provenience, possibly northern Puebla, to be determined. Both cartographic-historical manuscripts are of more than usual interest; the Lienzo of the Heye Foundation treats preconquest history and deserves full study. Most manuscripts in the various economic subtypes are minor and typical documents of the middle and late periods of the 16th century. The six Gilcrease Fragments and the related Códice del Volador are probably from the Valley of Mexico. Humboldt Fragment 8 and the Cadastral Fragment of the Ramírez collection may, like other members of the Vergara Group, also be from the Valley of Mexico. The Borgia Group The Borgia Group of

ritual-calendrical

manuscripts presents the ethnohistorian with a singularly valuable corpus of documents surrounded by important problems of interpretation and provenience. In the context of a regional survey the manuscripts of the group require segregation because their provenience is both unknown and controversial. The group consists of from five to seven manuscripts. The basic five are Codices Borgia, Cospi, Féjérváry-Mayer, Laud, and Vaticanus B. They share certain traits which define their relationship: (1) preconquest date, (2) animal-hide screenfold format, (3) gross similarity of style, (4) intricate symbolism and iconography, and (5) complex religious and calendrical content involving elaborations of the 260day divinatory cycle or tonalpohualli and associated gods. The histories of these manuscripts, all in Europe, are poorly known (see Tables l and 22). The group as such was first defined by Seler (1902b) in an article initially published in 1887. Since then a sixth manuscript, Aubin Manuscript no. 20, a single panel of animal hide, has usually been considered a member of the group. In recent years a consensus for a Mixtec provenience for it has developed; it has accordingly been TABLE 22-BORGIA GROUP OF RITUALCALENDRICAL MANUSCRIPTS Dates of major commentaries by Eduard Seler (dates of translations in parentheses) and of the color facsimile editions patronized by the Duc de Loubat are shown as are the number of identifiable sections in each manuscript. Borgia Group Manuscripts 33 Codex Borgia 79 Codex Cospi 118 Codex FéjérváryMayer 185 Codex Laud 384 Codex Vaticanus B

Commentary by Seler

Facsimile

No. of by Loubat Sections

1904-09 (1963) 1900

1898 1898

28 4

1901 (1901-02)

1901

17 11

1902 (1902-03)

1896

28

63

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

classified as Western Oaxacan in this survey. The ritual-calendrical passages on the reverse of Códice Porfirio Díaz have frequently been compared with the Borgia Group, but its association therewith is less direct, particularly since it has an ostensible Northern Oaxaca provenience. No treatment of the Borgia Group can proceed without a discussion of the researches of the German scholar Eduard Seler and the excellent color facsimiles published under the patronage of the Duc de Loubat, who also financed the publication of the commentaries by Seler and other Americanist studies of the time ( see Article 20). The dates of the Seler commentaries and of the Loubat facsimile editions are shown in Table 22. Following the establishment of the group and of his basic methodological approach in 1887, Seler published a short study of Codex Borgia in 1898 (Seler, 1902f, represents a considerable expansion of this exposition). In the same year (Seler, 19021; English translation, 1904h) his interpretation of parts of Codices Borgia, Cospi, Féjérváry-Mayer, and Vaticanus B as representing a Venus cycle appeared. In 1890 his study of Central Mexican tonalamatls was published; this was subsequently revised and appeared as a commentary on the Tonalamatl Aubin, a ritual-calendrical manuscript from either Tlaxcala or the Valley of Mexico (Seler, 1900; English translation, 1900-01 ). It accompanied a color facsimile financed by the Duc de Loubat and included treatments of comparable sections of Codices Borgia, Cospi, and Vaticanus B. With these publications as prelude his major commentaries on Féjérváry-Mayer, Vaticanus B, and Borgia soon followed. Although he never devoted a full-scale commentary to Codex Laud and only a short article to Codex Cospi, the latter is also treated in his other commentaries as are certain sections of the former. The last of his commentaries, that on Codex Borgia, is the crowning 64

achievement of his interpretive campaign; it includes interpretations of comparable passages in other manuscripts of the group as well as in other Central Mexican, Mixtee, and Maya manuscripts. It is a work of fundamental and enduring importance. A recent appraisal of Seler's commentaries on the Borgia Group manuscripts (Nicholson, 1966b) notes his outstanding achievements in identifying mathematicalcalendrical material and the iconographie attributes of gods. His success on an interpretive level, although considerable, is clouded by his speculative structures based in part on an increasing obsession with astronomical, Venus, and lunar theories. Advances in this field since his time, however, have been few. Until 1963, with its first translation (into Spanish), his commentary on Codex Borgia (1904-09) was his only major work untranslated from the German. Its appearance in a language more widely read among Middle Americanists may provide the groundwork for more research into this specialized field. The five screenfolds of the Borgia Group were first published in color copies by Aglio in 1830 (Kingsborough, 1831-48). Inaccurate in detail and with consistently erroneous paginations, the Aglio-Kingsborough reproductions were the only editions available until the publication of the color facsimiles in screenfold format patronized by the Duc de Loubat. Four of the five manuscripts were so published between 1896 and 1901 with introductory and descriptive pamphlets by himself, Franz Ehrle, or Paso y Troncoso. For other editions and further bibliographic comment see the Borgia Group entry in the census as well as the five individual census entries. By far the most important publication on the group since the work of Seler is the detailed analytical and annotated survey of their content as well as of other early ritualcalendrical manuscripts by Nowotny ( 1961b. ) This intricate and ambitious work

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

provides an outline (under 66 "catalog" headings ) of the content of all these manuscripts, relates each manuscript to the outline, and provides descriptions, commentaries, and interpretations, when possible, of all sections of the manuscripts. It is generously illustrated; the plates and many of the expositions are accompanied by explanatory diagrams. With respect to particular sections of given manuscripts his interpretations differ from those of Seler and may be regarded as more conservative. A work of outstanding importance and utility, it is for the serious student and specialist the modern introduction and guide to the manuscripts of the Borgia Group and other manuscripts having similar content. Spranz (1964) is an ambitious study of the iconographic attributes of gods in the manuscripts of the group with important and revealing statistical studies of their associations and occurrences. The problem of the provenience of the Borgia Group has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Studies of the problem, by an art historian (Robertson, 1963, 1964, 1966) and by an archaeologist (Nicholson, 1966c), together summarize all aspects of the question. One of the most notable developments in these treatments is the increasing emphasis on a Mixtec provenience for at least some members of the group, an hypothesis first seriously advanced by Robertson. In support for a Mixtec origin for most of the Borgia Group, Robertson has argued that differences in style between members of the group are no greater than between such pairs of Mixtee histories as Codices Nuttall and Vienna on the one hand and Bodley and Selden on the other. Since the question of the meaning of the terms "Mixtee," "Puebla-Tlaxcala," and "Mixteca-Puebla" in this context are of importance, two articles by Nicholson ( 1960a, 1961a) on these terminological aspects are cited in the present bibliography.

No known evidence indicates where in Mexico the Borgia Group documents were collected. Since they uniformly lack identifiable historical, genealogical, or circumstantial geographical content, their provenience must be based on stylistic, iconographie, or other comparisons with archaeological remains from known cultures. Such comparisons have been made with painted pottery generally associated with the Mixteca-Puebla sphere, the mural paintings at Tizatlan, Tiaxcala (Caso, 1927), and the Mixtee murals at Mitla, in Eastern Oaxaca (Seler, 1895), and with other artifacts. The closest iconographie and stylistic resemblances, at least to some of the manuscripts of the group, in manuscript painting are to such Western Oaxaca Mixtee screenfold histories as Codices Nuttall and Vienna. As Robertson (1963, p. 154) has pointed out, most theories as to the provenience of the group prior to the recognition of the Mixtee origin of the Western Oaxaca historical screenfolds are of less importance than subsequent theories. Possible alternative proveniences that continue in consideration are central or southern coastal Veracruz, "Puebla-Tlaxcala," Cholula, Western Oaxaca (the "Mixteca"), and the Tehuacan-CozcatlanTeotitlan del Camino region on the PueblaOaxaca border. The latter region was favored at one time by Seler. Comparison of artifacts, pottery, and ethnographic traits of the Tehuacan Valley with depictions in Codex Borgia have led Chadwick and MacNeish (1967, p. 115) to the conclusion that "it seems probable that the Codex Borgia originated in the Señorío de Teotitlan, with the culture characterized as the Venta Salada [Postclassic] phase, and quite possibly within the Tehuacan Valley itself." This region lies to the north of the Mixteca Baja region of the Contact and early colonial period and was populated by ChochoPopoloca, Mazatec, Nahuatl, and some Mixtec groups. No serious consideration has been made 65

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

in modern times of a Valley of Mexico provenience. Few students of the question have felt that all five members of the group have the same provenience or even the same cultural affiliation. Alfonso Caso ( 1927, and personal communication), a prominent authority on Mixtec manuscripts, felt that nothing so much resembles Codex Borgia as the murals of Tizatlan. The similarities include representations of gods, specific iconographic and other forms, and various details, such as blue fingernails and claws. He rejected, on the basis of day-sign forms, a close relationship between the Mitla murals and the Borgia Group manuscripts. On the question of provenience he felt that available evidence does not permit a more precise assignment for Codices Borgia, Cospi, and Vaticanus B than "Puebla-Tlaxcala" and that this area includes the TehuacanTeotitlan del Camino region. For Codices Laud and Féjérváry-Mayer he apparently favored an unknown region subject to "Mixteca-Puebla" influence. Three other recent opinions are shown in List 3.

has frequently attracted attention. Differences between the two sides of Codex Cospi are such that they have been treated as separate documents in comparative studies. A statistical study of the attributes of day signs in the screenfolds of the Borgia Group, the Mixtee histories, and certain other manuscripts by García Granados (1942) supports the pairing of Codices FéjérváryMayer and Laud with Codices Vaticanus B, Cospi reverse, Borgia, and Cospi obverse less closely related to the pair in that approximate order. The same study also reveals a closer relationship between Féjérváry-Mayer, Laud, and Vaticanus B than between such pairs of Mixtee screenfolds as Codices Bodley and Selden and Nuttall and Vienna, as well as other interesting but inconclusive relationships based on this single criterion. The same author (García Granados, 1940-41) has studied the occurrence of weapons in the same manuscripts, showing a greater difference among the Mixtee screenfolds than among the screenfolds of the Borgia Group.

Stylistic and other subdivisions of the group have usually indicated a close relationship between Codices Féjérváry-Mayer and Laud with the others either grouped together or assigned separate status. The presence of what appear to be bar-and-dot numerals in the Maya system in Codices Laud, Féjérváry-Mayer, and Cospi reverse

State of Oaxaca

LIST 3—PROVENIENCE OF THE BORGIA GROUP MANUSCRIPTS ACCORDING TO THREE AUTHORITIES

Manuscript Borgia

Nowotny (1961b)

Mixtee

Nicholson (1966c)

PueblaTlaxcala Cospi Non-Mixtee? PueblaTlaxcala Féjérváry Unclassified Mixtee Mixtee Laud Unclassified Mixtee Mixtee Vaticanus B Mixtee Non-Mixtee? PueblaTlaxcala 66

CholulaTlaxcala Mixtee

Robertson (1964, 1966)

The geographical classification of the 93 pictorial manuscripts from Oaxaca utilized herein divides the state into three regions (see fig. 1). The Western region is closely associated with the important corpus of Mixtee manuscripts; the Northern region embraces Cuicatec, Mazatec, and Chinantec proveniences. The dominant linguistic family in Eastern Oaxaca was Zapotee. The regions are defined on the basis of these gross linguistic factors. The individual maps of the three regions (figs. 11-13) include the former political districts of Oaxaca, as defined by Lemoine (1954), for additional cartographic information. In an important and early pioneer publication, Lehmann (1905a) surveyed the known pictorial manuscripts from Oaxaca. His study continues to be of great utility although it is naturally out of date in specific respects. The listing and bibliography of

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY TABLE 23-CLASSIFICATION O F T H E PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS O F W E S T E R N OAXACA

361 Códice Topográfico Fragmentado 415 Códice de Yanhuitlan

Ritual-calendrical

397 Waldeck Judgment Scene

manuscripts:

14 Aubin Manuscript no. 20 112 Códice Dehesa (part) 395 Codex Vienna ( obverse ) Historical 24 27 28 29 31 72 112 129 228 240 279 283 284 370 395

manuscripts:

Códice Baranda Codex Becker no. 1 Codex Becker no. 2 additional fragment Codex Bodley Códice Colombino Códice Dehesa Fragmento Gómez de Orozco Códice Muro Codex Nuttall Códice Sánchez Solís Codex Selden Selden Roll Codex Tulane Codex Vienna

Genealogical

manuscripts:

156 Genealogy of the Cacique of Igualtepec 355 Genealogy of Tlazultepec 421 Mapa de San Pedro Yucunama Cartographic 164 165 291 299

manuscripts:

Plano topográfico de Santa Maria Ixcatlan ( 1870) Plan topographique de Santa Maria Ixcatlan (1508) Plano de San Andres Sinaxtla ( 1730) Lienzo de Tamazulapan ( 1733)

Cartographic-historical 8 70 71 77 157 174 195 215 232 242 251 409 419 422 423 433 434

manuscripts :

Lienzo Antonio de León Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 1 Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 2 Lienzo Córdova-Castellanos Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan Lienzo de San Pedro Jicayan Lienzo Meixueiro Códice Mixteco Post-cortesiano no. 36 Lienzo de Santa Maria Nativitas Lienzo de Santo Tomas Ocotepec Lienzo of Philadelphia Mapa de Xochitepec Lienzo de Yolotepec Lienzo de Zacatepec no. 1 Lienzo de Zacatepec no. 2 Lienzo de San Miguel Tequixtepec no. 1 Lienzo de San Miguel Tequixtepec no. 2

Economic

manuscripts:

289 Códice Sierra 302 Códice de Tecomaxtlahuaca

Miscellaneous Unavailable

and unclassified

manuscripts:

manuscripts:

163 Mapa de Santa Maria Ixcatlan 372 Códice de Tututepec Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas, RG RG RG RG RG

1579-85:

4 Amoltepec ( Santiago Amoltepec, Dto. Nochistlan ) 18 Cuahuitlan ( Cahuitan, Mun. Santiago Tepextla, Dto. Jamiltepec) 43 Nochiztlan (Asuncion Nochixtlan, Dto. Nochistlan ) 60 Teozacoalco ( San Pedro Teozcoalco, Dto. Nochistlan ) 69 Texupa ( Santiago Tejupan, Dto. Teposcolula )

pictorial manuscripts from Oaxaca given by Martínez Ríos (1961, pp. 135-40) is fully comprehended in the present census. Other general works on pictorial manuscripts from Oaxaca are discussed below. WESTERN OAXACA. The region here defined as Western Oaxaca comprises the former districts of Oaxaca shown in figure 11 with the ex-district of Teotitlan divided between the Northern and Western regions of the state. The eastern boundary is arbitrary. The region approximates the somewhat larger area known as the Mixteca, a geographic and linguistic region not readily adaptable to the present classification. In the 16th century the region was inhabited primarily by Mixtec Indians; it is the known provenience of most Mixtee manuscripts for which such data are available. The region, however, also includes other linguistic or ethnic groups, such as the Chocho-Popoloca, whose potential involvement with some of the "Mixtee" manuscripts from the region has yet to be investigated. Mixtee groups were also to be found in neighboring areas of Guerrero, Puebla, and Eastern Oaxaca. The 47 pictorial manuscripts from Western Oaxaca (see Table 23) may be considered Mixtee on the basis either of style or of known provenience. The listing, however, does not include all documents sometimes 67

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

cited in connection with Mixtec studies. Códices Fernández Leal and Porfirio Díaz, both of which have the interlaced A - 0 year sign, sometimes considered a distinctive Mixtec and Popoloca trait, have been attributed to the Cuicatecs on slender evidence and are here classified under Northern Oaxaca. The same motif is present on the Mapa de Ecatepec y Huitziltepec, which we attribute to Puebla, as well as on the Mapa de Santa Cruz Xoxocotlan from Eastern Oaxaca. Two other manuscripts from Puebla, the Mapa de Tecamachalco and the Códice del Tequitlato de Zapotitlan, also have "Mixtee" features. Recent years have seen a renewed interest in the provenience of the manuscripts of the Borgia Group. Robertson (1963, 1964, 1966) has argued on the basis of style that at least some of the group are Mixtec. Otherwise, ritual-calendrical manuscripts are poorly represented from Western Oaxaca. The question is discussed herein under the separate treatment of the Borgia Group. An extensive and very specialized literature exists for the Mixtee manuscripts of Western Oaxaca, but there are few general works. A partial listing by Caso (1958e) as well as standard bibliographies of pictorial manuscripts supplement the basic survey by Lehmann (1905a). His survey, which covers 20 of the 47 pictorial manuscripts from Western Oaxaca, will continue to be of value although it was written before the Mixtee group of manuscripts and their provenience had been defined. A general survey of Mixtee writing and calendar is given by Caso (1965c). Editions of four of the most important Mixtee manuscripts (Codices Bodley, Selden, Vienna, and the Selden Roll) were published by Kingsborough (1831-48) in the early 19th century, but their nature and significance were not determined until the early years of the 20th century. Around the turn of the century, Eduard Seler, engrossed in the interpretation of the ritual-calendri68

cal manuscripts of Central Mexico and of the Borgia Group, frequently utilized the Mixtee manuscripts ( especially Codices Nuttall and Vienna) in his identification of the iconographie attributes of gods. He was also prominent in attempts to determine calendrical or astronomical significance in the intervals between dates in the Mixtee screenfolds (Seler, 1908c, for example)—dates now accepted as having at least a primary genealogical or historical character. Researches of this nature were also pursued by Lehmann, Kreichgauer, and others. The calendrical-astronomical approach to the Mixtee histories has now largely been discredited and abandoned although its validity has yet to be determined. Further investigations along these lines, particularly in ritual passages ( Codex Vienna, obverse, for example) or in the early or mythical parts of Mixtee history may still prove rewarding. The realization that the Mixtee screenfolds were primarily historical in nature is generally credited to Zelia Nuttall. In her commentary on Codex Nuttall (Nuttall, 1902) she determined that historical sequences involving specific persons could be isolated. She is also credited with identifying the nature of the personal name glyph ( as distinguished from the calendrical name glyph). She was followed in this approach by Clark (1912), who showed that the life of 8 Deer, a famous Mixtee ruler of the 11th century, could be studied in Codices Becker no. 1, Bodley, Colombino, Nuttall, Selden, and Vienna—the so-called Nuttall Group of manuscripts. In 1926 Long analyzed the dates in Codex Nuttall ( obverse ) and noted that they were more compatible with genealogical-historical events than with calendrical or ritual interpretations. The study by H. J. Spinden (1935) continued this line of approach and further defined the historical character of such manuscripts as Codices Bodley and Selden. He also established the interpretive method so

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

successfully pursued in more recent years by Alfonso Caso. The Spinden study, though out of date in some respects, particularly in chronology, remains a useful introduction in English to the Mixtec histories. The foundation for the successful interpretation of the Mixtec pictorial manuscripts, however, was laid in a study by Alfonso Caso published in 1949 but apparently presented in preliminary form in a lecture before the Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología in November of 1942.40 In it he showed that the two genealogies on the Mapa de Teozacoalco (a Relación geográfica map of 1580) were those of the interrelated dynasties of Tilantongo and Teozacoalco and that the same persons appeared with essentially the same personal name and place glyphs in Codices Nuttall, Bodley, Selden, and Vienna. This study established the Western Oaxaca provenience of the Nuttall Group of Mixtee screenfolds beyond doubt. In subsequent studies of the dates in Codices Bodley, Selden, and Vienna Caso (1951, 1952) established a chronology for the Mixtee genealogies extending from the 16th century back to the mythological beginnings of recorded Mixtee history in the 7th century. The correlation between Mixtee and Christian dates utilized by Caso and in the present census is that proposed by Jiménez Moreno (in Jiménez Moreno and Mateos Higuera, 1940). Since 1949 Caso has prepared commentaries on practically all the known Mixtee historical and cartographic-historical manuscripts. Twelve of them have been published. Together they constitute the groundwork for his planned comprehensive interpretation of Mixtee history and genealogy, Reyes y Reinos de la Mixteca.1 Other scholars who have been associated with similar research are Burland, Dark, Nowotny, and M. E. Smith. The surviving corpus of pictorial manuscripts from Western Oaxaca displays a more uniform and native style than those

from any other region of Oaxaca or Central Mexico. It also includes a relatively higher percentage of traditional documents made exclusively for Indian rather than Spanish purposes. This may be explained in part by two factors. One is the fortunate preservation of a number of early documents, including perhaps five preconquest examples. Another factor is the relative isolation of Western Oaxaca from the administrative centers of New Spain. Acculturative influences were thus less intensive and undoubtedly slower in reaching the native artists than was the case in the Valley of Mexico. Viceregal and missionary patronage, such as produced the Mendoza and Florentine Codices, were apparently a negligible stimulant in Western Oaxaca. Códice de Yanhuitlan and Códice Sierra survive as lone examples of the fusion of Mixtee and European modes of manuscript art in major manuscripts from Western Oaxaca. The uniformity of style among the Mixtec manuscripts has led to the concept of a Mixtee pictorial style, but few attempts have been made to define it. Robertson (1959) has carefully defined the style and ways of depicting forms in Codex Nuttall and, in connection with studies of the Borgia Group (1963, 1964, 1966), has amplified his analysis to include other Mixtee manuscripts. Although the style of Mixtee manuscripts is relatively homogeneous and distinct from that of other regions, there is nevertheless considerable diversity within the corpus. To what extent this may be a matter of date or peripheral provenience is not known at this time. A marked conservatism is evident in the surviving pictorial manuscripts from West40 Adelhofer (1963, p . 35) cites Caso, "The caciques of Tilantongo, Mexico, 1944", a work that we have not seen. It may be a preliminary version of the 1949 paper. 41 An announcement for this work appears in the Boletín of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico, no. 38, pp. 5 0 - 5 1 , 1 plate (cover dated December, 1969, but with colophon dated May, 1970).

69

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

ern Oaxaca. Traditional style, forms, and format were retained into the late 16th century. Codex Selden, for instance, is contemporary with or later than strongly acculturated manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico but shows no signs of European influence. The Genealogy of Tlazultepec, painted in 1597, is markedly conservative in its depictions of persons and costume although a written gloss replaces what traditionally would have been hieroglyphic names. Even manuscripts believed to date from as late as the 17th century, such as Codices Baranda and Muro, cling to the tira or screenfold format although degenerate in other respects. They lack, however, the distinctive meander pattern of guidelines used to organize the content of early colonial and preconquest Mixtec screenfolds. A distinctive feature of the more traditional Mixtec manuscripts is their emphasis upon genealogy. This is particularly true of such "historical" manuscripts as Codices Bodley and Selden, whose content is as much genealogical as historical. The recital of political and other secular events, common in annals from the Valley of Mexico, is not a trait of the surviving Mixtee manuscripts. A further trait of these documents is that they are of two main types of format: screenfold and lienzo. Thus the historical and cartographic-historical types in Table 23 are segregated as much by format as by historical or cartographic considerations. Both types contain extensive genealogical material. Most Mixtee manuscripts here classified as historical are skin screenfolds. The only other types of format represented are the tira and the roll. Of the 15 historical manuscripts only the Selden Roll is not made of animal skin, suggesting that native paper may have been rare in Western Oaxaca. The best-known and most studied historical screenfolds—Codices Bodley, Nuttall (obverse), Selden, and Vienna (reverse)— form a group whose content is closely re70

lated and clearly Mixtee. Their content concerns the origin and history of the various royal Mixtee lineages or dynasties. Few of the numerous place glyphs shown in the genealogies of these manuscripts have been identified, but enough is known to permit certain generalizations. As established both by Caso (1952) and by Dark ( 1958b), the dates connected with the genealogies may be traced from historical personages in the 16th century back to the 7th and 8th centuries. Codex Bodley presents the genealogies of the dynasties of Tilantongo, a principal Mixtee center, and Teozacoalco as well as other localities related to them by marriage. Its record, extending from A.D. 692 to about 1521, is the most detailed of all the screenfolds. Codex Vienna (reverse) records the genealogy of Tilantongo; a part of Codex Nuttall (obverse) portrays the genealogy of Teozacoalco and its Tilantongo antecedents. The narrative in both Nuttall and Vienna ends at about the same time in the middle of the 14th century, a date that is not necessarily that of their manufacture. Codex Selden treats an as yet unidentified locality the glyph for which is read as Belching Mountain; its record extends into the 16th century and includes persons shown in the other manuscripts. The genealogy in the late Códice Muro, which extends into the 17th century, also appears to be related to those of Tilantongo and Teozacoalco. Place glyphs for Acatlan (southern Puebla), Tequixtepec, and Tilantongo have been identified in Códice Sánchez Solís, the genealogies of which may be of persons from localities in the Mixteca Baja region. The interpretation of genealogies of the Nuttall Group of Mixtee screenfolds has been greatly aided by the fact that many of the events and persons depicted occur in two or more manuscripts and by the record of the Mapa de Teozacoalco, previously discussed. The interpretation of the other Mixtee histories that are primarily gene-

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

alogical, Codices Sánchez Solís, Becker no. 2, Dehesa, Tulane, and Baranda, is far less advanced. They also lack the explicit chronological organization and meander guidelines of the other manuscripts. Persons portrayed in them, with the exception of two members of the Tilantongo dynasty in Códice Sánchez Solís, have not been identified in other sources. The reverse of the Codex Nuttall and the manuscript known through its two fragments, Codices Colombino and Becker no. 1, depict the life and history of 8 Deer, a prominent Mixtec ruler of the second dynasty of Tilantongo in the 11th century. They are thus practically the only Mixtec historical manuscripts not primarily concerned with genealogy. The earliest passages in the Mixtee histories treat the origins of the various dynasties. The first ancestors are shown as descending from the skies, being born from trees, or emerging from the earth. Some of them have the attributes of known gods. Thus the early sections of the Mixtee histories are considered mythological and concerned with theogony. Such passages occur in the genealogies of the Nuttall Group ( especially in Codices Nuttall and Vienna), in Códice Baranda, and are almost the exclusive concern of Fragmento Gómez de Orozco and the closely related Selden Roll. They also occur in certain manuscripts here classified as cartographic-historical, such as Lienzo Antonio de León. The interpretation of mythological passages presents numerous problems. It has long been evident that the Mixtee screenfolds, like other categories of Mesoamerican pictorial sources, are not self-sufficient or independent documents but required an oral commentary that drew upon knowledge only suggested by the pictures on the manuscripts. The mythological passages that are best comprehended are those for which the corresponding myths were recorded by Reyes, García, and Burgoa. Continued suc-

cess in the interpretation of the Mixtee histories will undoubtedly require the discovery of further sources, either other pictorial manuscripts or related textual material, in the archives of Spain, Mexico, or Indian villages. The close interrelationship of manuscripts of the Nuttall Group has necessitated a somewhat arbitrary treatment of individual manuscript bibliographies in the census. It should be pointed out that important observations on one manuscript may be contained in works listed only under another manuscript of the group. Certain general studies of Mixtee manuscripts not cited specifically in the individual bibliographies but containing interpretative data are Caso (1955b, 1959a, 1960a, 1960d, 1964c, 1966b), Burland (1951b, 1962b), Dark (1958b), and Chadwick(1967). As with the historical manuscripts, the cartographic-historical manuscripts from Western Oaxaca listed in Table 23 form a remarkably traditional or conservative corpus. All but two of the 17 manuscripts listed are lienzos. The two that are not on cloth have the composition usually associated with the cartographic-historical type of village titles on cloth. All but six or seven of the 17, in addition to historical or genealogical content, have a peripheral boundary of place glyphs which usually represents the boundary of the jurisdiction responsible for the map. Those not having this trait, such as Lienzo Antonio de León and Lienzos of Ihuitlan, Philadelphia, and Coixtlahuaca no. 2, are primarily large-format genealogies. The related place glyphs shown do not appear to have any cartographic arrangement. In the case of the Lienzo de Yolotepec, the content is apparently almost exclusively historical rather than either cartographic or genealogical. With the exception of Lienzo of Philadelphia and Códice Mixteco Post-cortesiano no. 36, all of the cartographic-historical documents have a known or presumed pro71

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

venience or can be associated with some other document from a known region. Six of the 15 lienzos are from the Coixtlahuaca region and have been defined as forming the Coixtlahuaca Basin Group (Parmenter, 1961a, p. 2). These are: Lienzo Meixueiro, Lienzo Antonio de León, and Lienzos de Coixtlahuaca nos. 1 and 2, Ihuitlan, and Nativitas. The first four are very closely related and probably share a common history of prototypes. Much remains to be learned concerning the modem history of the Mixtec lienzos. The earliest date associated with any of them is 1889, the date of a copy of Lienzo de Yolotepec. Details concerning ownership are obscure with respect to the collection of Manuel Martínez Gracida (who appears to have been involved with Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 2, Lienzo de Yolotepec, and the lost Mapa de Santa Maria Ixcatlan among others), the copies associated with Nicolás León and successively owned by Wilkinson, Gates, and Garrett (Lienzo Córdova-Castellanos, Lienzo Meixueiro, and Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 1), and those sold by Hearst (Lienzos of Philadelphia and Ihuitlan ). The destruction of much of the Seler collection in World War II may have resulted in the loss of important data in this regard, but remnants of his collection in the Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut have not been studied with a view to establishing what manuscripts were known to him or the dates of various copies which he made. Further data on the subject are required to clarify obscure references such as those to lienzos from Coixtlahuaca and Zacatepec cited in the census. Such information might provide clues to the present location of several lost originals now known only through copies. The identity of five manuscripts owned by Belmar, possibly the Mixtec lienzos, mentioned by N. León (1905a, p. 182), is also unknown. The ownership history of the historical screenfolds is quite different. Five of them 72

( Codices Bodley, Nuttall, Vienna, and both Selden manuscripts) probably survived through having reached Europe during the 16th century. They thus escaped the hazards and vicissitudes of 19th-century Mexican collections. The circumstances under which they were sent to Europe are unknown except for the quite probable theory concerning Codices Nuttall and Vienna. Most of the other screenfolds appear to have remained in Indian hands until after the middle of the 19th century. After that time their histories are shrouded by the usual vagaries of rumor. Where the Western Oaxaca corpus is strong in native-oriented or traditional documents—most of which are classified under the two historical categories—it is surprisingly weak in documents produced to meet the exigencies of the early colonial world. The tribute registers, property plans, fiscal documents, and maps so well represented from the Central Mexican regions are barely represented in the Western Oaxaca inventory. Again, the relative isolation of Oaxaca may have played a part in this but it is also true that whether or not fewer such documents were produced in Western Oaxaca, there may also have been fewer early collectors of manuscripts, such as Boturini and his predecessors, in the region. The inacessibility and lack of research into such potentially relevant archives as the Archivo de Justicia in Puebla and the colonial archives of Oaxaca may be another factor. There are, of course, further unpublished minor documents in the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico, not entered in the census. Most documents of the genealogical, cartographic, and economic types are less traditional; they exhibit acculturation in style or format, having been made under indirect Spanish patronage or influence. Two genealogies in Table 23 are late 16th-century drawings made in connection with affairs of the Spanish world. The Genealogy of Tlazultepec, notable for its conservative rendering of human forms, was made for use

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

in a suit before a Spanish court. The genealogy from Igualtepec illustrates a petition in Spanish and strangely lacks specific traits of Mixtec style. Among the cartographic documents, the maps from Ixcatlan (1870) and Sinaxtla (1730) are peripheral to native style but are included in the census as examples of the retention of native influence in wholly colonial or modern documents. The Ixcatlan map of 1580 exhibits calendrical and place glyphs and other native forms in a traditional but acculturated style. The Lienzo de Tamazulapan is included largely because it is part of a codex collection; it exhibits only traces of native influence. It should be noted that other pictorial cartographic manuscripts from Western Oaxaca are included among the maps of the Relaciones geográficas of 1579-85, not treated in this census. The most notable is the Mapa de Teozacoalco, whose genealogies have already been mentioned. It contains, in addition, a remarkable circular map with place glyphs. The maps of Texupan and Amoltepec also exhibit native features. The economic documents are a pictorial accounting ledger from Texupan (Códice Sierra), a tribute document from Tecomaxtlahuaca, and fragments from a large property plan. Códice de Yanhuitlan is a handsomely drawn and incomplete colonial compilation of economic and historical matters. NORTHERN OAXACA. The Northern

Oa-

xaca region, as here defined, consists of the former districts of Tuxtepec and Cuicatlan, the eastern part of the district of Teotitlan, and the northern parts of the districts of Etla, Ixtlan, and Choapan (see fig. 12). The region was inhabited in the 16th century by Cuicatecs, Mazatecs and Chinantecs, the headings under which the pictorial manuscripts from the region are discussed below. Most of the 17 pictorial manuscripts of

the region ( see Table 24 ) have been classified and listed by Cline (1966c), together with documents here classified under Eastern Oaxaca. He provides extensive data on geographic and ethnic classification. Cuicatec Pictorial Manuscripts. Two early, important, and closely related manuscripts, Códices Fernández Leal and Porfirio Díaz, have been attributed to the Cuicatec subregion, largely on the grounds that one and possibly both were owned by Benjamin Ladrón de Guevara, a descendant of Francisco Monjaraz y Cortés. The latter was one of the early caciques of Quiotepec or Cuicatlan, and is shown on Códice de Quiotepec y Cuicatlan. Although both manuTABLE 24-CLASSIFICATION OF THE PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS OF NORTHERN OAXACA Ritual-calendrical manuscripts: 255 Códice Porfirio Díaz Historical manuscripts: 119 Códice Fernández Leal 255 Códice Porfirio Díaz

Ethnic Affiliation Cuicatec Cuicatec Cuicatec

Cartographic manuscripts : 137 Mapa de Huautla 346 Mapa de San Pedro Tlatepusco 418 Mapa de Yetla

Mazatec Chinantec Chinantec

Cartographic-historical manuscripts : 51 Lienzo de Santa Maria Chilchotla 53 Lienzo de la Chinantla 54 Lienzo de la Gran Chinantla 162 Lienzo de San Pedro Ixcatlan 265 Lienzo de Quiotepec y Ayauhtla 266 Códice de Quiotepec y Cuicatlan 335 Lienzo de Tlacoatzintepec 420 Lienzo de Yolox

Mazatec Chinantec Chinantec Mazatec Cuicatec( ? ) Cuicatec Chinantec Chinantec

Unavailable manuscripts: 74 Lienzo de Santiago Comaltepec 190 Mapa de Malinaltepec 225 Plan cadastral de Muaguia 410 Plan cadastral de Xochitepec

Chinantec Chinantec Chinantec(?) Chinantec( ? )

Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas, 1579-85: RG 6 Atlatlauca (San Juan Bautista Atatlahuca, Dto. Etla) and Malinaltepec (Maninaltepec, Mun. San Juan Quiotepec, Dto. Ixtlan ) RG 59 Teotitlan del Camino ( Teotitlan del Camino, Dto. Teotitlan)

73

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

scripts have been published, neither has been adequately interpreted. Codex Porfirio Díaz bears glosses in an as yet unidentified language and both use a variant set of yearbearer days in their calendrical dates. The year symbol used is the interlaced A-O, generally found only in MixteC or Popoloca sources. The ethnic affiliation of the late but still traditional Lienzo de Quiotepec y Ayauhtla is in doubt. It may be affiliated with the Cuicatecs or the Mazatecs or both. Its native gloss may be in one or the other of these related languages. The place names Quiotepec, Teopa, and Ayauhtla in glosses suggest that the document relates to Santiago Quiotepec in Cuicatec territory and San Bartolome Ayauhtla in the Mazatec subregion. The San Juan Quiotepec in the Chinantla is presumably not at issue. Mazatec Pictorial Manuscripts. The three manuscripts from the Mazatec subregion, the Lienzos of Chilchotla and San Pedro Ixcatlan and the Mapa de Huautla, are all late and quite removed from whatever native tradition may have existed among the Mazatecs. The three are reproduced, two for the first time, by Cline (1964, 1966b), with descriptive and interpretive material. The lost Mapa de Santa Maria Ixcatlan or Lienzo Seler no. 1, formerly classified as Mazatec (Lehmann, 1905a, p. 278), bore glosses believed to be in Chocho-Popoloca or Ixcatec and is here classified under Western Oaxaca. Chinantec Pictorial Manuscripts. The Chinantec manuscripts have been described at length and their cartographic content analyzed by Cline (1961a). More recent data are cited in the census. Since the date of his basic survey the Genealogías de los Señores de Etla have been reclassified as Zapotec and are here listed among the manuscripts from Eastern Oaxaca. Cline (1957) has discussed ethnohistorical documentation of the Chinantla. Of the eight pictorial manuscripts se-

74

curely identified with the Chinantla, two are unavailable and few are of more than local interest. The Lienzo de la Chinantla is a painted map in acculturated or nontraditional style with ethnographic scenes which unfortunately cannot be studied in the published photographs; its circular orientations, however, may well reflect earlier usages. Together with the related Lienzo de la Gran Chinantla and the Mapa de Yetla, it forms an important cartographic source for the eastern colonial Chinantla. The Mapa de Yolox is notable for a migration legend and its trilingual glosses. The Lienzo de Tlacoatzintepec is a typical document of the cartographic-historical type, showing hieroglyphic boundaries and historical scenes. Two documents, probably misattributed to the Chinantla, the cadastral plans of Muaguia and Xochitepec, are wholly unavailable and their copies considered lost. EASTERN OAXACA. The 29 pictorial manuscripts from Eastern Oaxaca (fig. 13) are listed and classified in Table 25. Most of them have been listed in the survey of pictorial manuscripts from Eastern and Northern Oaxaca by Cline (1966c). Four manuscripts have been added to his listing: the Lienzos de Tecciztlan y Tequatepec, Yatao, Yatini, and the Mapa de Santa Cruz Xoxocotlan. The Saville Fragment, listed by Cline, has since been identified by him and Alfonso Caso as a falsification. Aside from the Cline survey, which is primarily devoted to problems of verification and ethnic and regional provenience, there is no general study of the content or styles of the pictorial manuscripts from Eastern Oaxaca. The Lehmann ( 1905a) survey listed only seven of the manuscripts on our list. Only one, the Lienzo de Guevea, has been studied in detail. Pérez García (1956) and Schmieder (1930), both of whom have published pictorial documents from Eastern Oaxaca, provide examples of later cycles of cartography from the region. All but four of the pictorial manuscripts

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY TABLE 25-CLASSIFICATION O F T H E PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS O F EASTERN OAXACA Historical manuscripts: 295 Lienzo de San Juan Tabaa no. 1 333 Lienzo de San Miguel Tiltepec Genealogical manuscripts: 117 Genealogías de los Señores de Etla 425 Arbol genealógico de los Reyes Zapotecos Cartographic 182 Mapa de 306 Mapa de 413 Mapa de

manuscripts: Lachiyoo Tehuantepec Santa Cruz Xoxocotlan

Cartographic-historical manuscripts : 7 Lienzo de Analco 47 Lienzo de San Juan Chicomesuchil (no. 1 ) 66 Lienzo de San Jeronimo Coatlan (no. 1 ) 88 Mapa de San Pablo Cuatro Venados 130 Lienzo de Guevea 143 Lienzo de Huilotepec 241 Genealogía Oaxaqueña 301 Lienzo de Tecciztlan y Tequatepec 416 Lienzo de San Lucas Yatao 417 Lienzo de Yatini Miscellaneous manuscripts: 307 Querella criminal contra Don Juan, cacique de Tehuantepec Unavailable manuscripts : 48 Mapa de San Juan Chicomesuchil (no. 2 ) 52 Lienzo de Santa María Chimalapa 67 Mapa de San Jeronimo Coatlan ( no. 2 ) 73 Códice de San Juan Comaltepec 78 Descendientes de Cosijoeza, Rey de Zaachila 166 Mapa de Ixhuatan 170 Códice de Santa Catarina Ixtepeji 250 Lienzo de Petapa 296 Lienzo de San Juan Tabaa no. 2 305 Fragmento del Mapa del Istmo de Tehuantepec 414 Lienzo de Santa Maria Yahuiche Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas, 1579-85: RG 30 Ixtepexic ( Sta. Catarina Ixtepeji, Dto. Ixtlan ) RG 32 Macuilsuchil (S. Mateo Macuilxochitl, Mun. Tlacochahuaya, Dto. Tlacolula) RG 33 Macupilco, San Miguel (near Sta. Maria Xadan, Mun. San Miguel del Puerto, Dto. Pochutla ) RG 49 Suchitepec ( Sta. María Xadan, as above ) RG 51 Temagastepec (Tlamacazcatepec), San Bartolome (near Sta. María Xadan, as above) RG 55 Tehuantepec, Pintura 1 ( Santo Domingo Tehuantepec, Dto. Tehuantepec) RG 74 Tlacotepec, San Sebastian ( near Sta. María Xadan, as above) RG 90 Zozopastepec, Sta. Maria ( near Sta. María Xadan, as above)

from Eastern Oaxaca are of certain or probable Zapotec origin. The Lienzo de Analco is from a community known to have been founded in the 16th century by Tlaxcalan Indians. The Mapa de San Francisco Ixhuatan, known only through prerevolutionary rumor, is from a Huave provenience and the Mapa de Santa Cruz Xoxocotlan is Mixtec in origin. The Lienzo de Tecciztlan y Tequatepec is believed to be from Astata in the Chontal region. The Mixe, Zoque, and other groups of Eastern Oaxaca are unrepresented by extant pictorial manuscripts in the census.42 Few generalizations may be made about the manuscripts from the region. The historical or genealogical lienzos from Tabaa and Tiltepec share a common format, a division of the cloth into horizontal rows of rectangular compartments, a feature also true of the Lienzo de Tlaxcala and the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco from Puebla. The Lienzo de Guevea and the Lienzo de Tecciztlan y Tequatepec both exhibit the traits of depicting boundaries by the peripheral placement of place glyphs and the use of personal name glyphs. They are among the few surviving documents from Eastern Oaxaca clearly in the native tradition. The early and unpublished Lienzo de Analco, from a non-Zapotec provenience, is probably colonial in inspiration and shows native features only in an indirect manner. Aside from the examples mentioned, all the other available documents are known 42

From a Mixtee village in Eastern Oaxaca, the Mapa de Cuilapam (ex-district of Centro) is a late and acculturated map not included in the census. It has been published by Steininger and Van de Velde (1935, facing p . 106). A probably 17thcentury map in a crude style forming part of a suit between San Juan Chapultepec and San Martin Mexicapan (also in or near the ex-district of Centro) in AGN-T 236 has been published by Vásquez (1931, p. 22bis). It shows Indians, bows and arrows, buildings, etc., and has a genealogy but is too removed from the native tradition for inclusion in the census. Both Alfonso Caso and Peter Tschol ( personal communications ) informed us of this relatively rare publication.

75

ETIINOHISTORICAL SOURCES

only through late versions or copies and are peripheral to the native tradition. The Mapa de Lachiyoo and the Mapa de Tehuantepec, which are included only in perpetuation of prior listings, are wholly European in origin. Four textual documents from Eastern Oaxaca, published by de la Fuente (1949, pp. 185-97 ) and Pérez García ( 1956, 2: 33943), contain claims by Zapotec caciques to hereditary rights, particularly to lands. Their descriptions of boundaries, history, and genealogy indicate that they are probably written transcriptions of oral commentaries on cartographic-historical lienzos. These "verbal lienzos" are of interest as examples of informed interpretations of such documents. Southeastern Mexico and Guatemala The Southeastern Mexico and Guatemala region encompasses Guatemala, British Honduras, and the Mexican states of Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Yucatan. The predominant population of the region in pre-Contact and colonial times spoke various mutually unintelligible Maya languages. This Maya region of Mesoamerica is usually considered in two divisions: lowland and highland. The lowland region corresponds approximately to Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatan, Tabasco, the Guatemalan Department of the Peten, and British Honduras. The highland region comprises Chiapas and the mountainous and Pacific coastal areas of Guatemala. The 13 pictorial manuscripts in the census from the region are listed in Table 26, classified into five descriptive categories. Only one, the Map from a Kekchi Suit of 1611, is from the highland subregion. Nine are from known proveniences in Yucatan (see fig. 14) and the three screenfolds are believed to have originated in the lowland subregion. In Central Mexico the simple pictographic writing of that region endured or was modified as a vehicle of expression throughout the 16th century. In the Maya region, how76

ever, the complex hieratic hieroglyphs and symbols of Maya writing appear not to have been adaptable for continued use in colonial contexts. No known colonial manuscript exhibits any meaningful use of Maya hieroglyphs or other pictorial usages. Maya hieroglyphs in the 18th-century Books of Chilam Balam (see below) are but vestigial devices decorating written texts; their early colonial antecedents are unknown. The common pictorial tribute registers and place glyphs of colonial Central Mexican pictorial manuscripts have no counterpart in lowland colonial Maya manuscripts. Whether this is a function of the scarcity of early colonial Maya documents, of the character of MayaSpanish relationships, or of the nature of Maya hieroglyphic writing is a subject for further investigation. For a review of a large number of colonial descriptions of both lowland and highland Maya pictorial manuTABLE 2 6 - C L A S S I F I C A T I O N O F T H E PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS O F SOUTHEASTERN MEXICO AND GUATEMALA Preconquest 113 Codex 187 Codex 247 Codex

ritual-calendrical Dresden Madrid Paris

screenfolds:

Colonial calendar wheels : 60 The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel ( part ) 168 The Book of Chilam Balam of Ixil (part) 179 The Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua (part) 184 LANDA: Relación de las cosas de Yucatan (part) 191 Katun Wheel of Mani 249 Codex Pérez ( p a r t ) Genealogical

manuscripts:

401 Genealogical Tree of the Xiu Family Cartographic manuscripts : 60 180 192 293

The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel ( part ) Map from a Kekchi Suit of 1611 Map of the Province of Mani Map of the Province of Sotuta

Miscellaneous calendrical illustrations and hieroglyphs: 60 The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel ( part ) 179 The Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua (part) 184 LANDA: Relación de las cosas de Yucatan ( p a r t ) 249 Codex Pérez ( p a r t )

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: SURVEY

scripts in the writings of the early chroniclers and in other accounts, see Genet (1934a). Most are quoted at length. The three preconquest screenfolds—Codices Dresden, Madrid, and Paris—are among the most important of all surviving Mesoamerican pictorial manuscripts. 43 They complement the far more extensive corpus of Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions on stone and other monuments; their study forms a specialized branch of Maya hieroglyphic writing. The content of the three screenfolds is largely divinatory and, like the manuscripts of the Borgia Group, each is primarily a tonalamatl. Mathematical computations relating to eclipses and the Venus cycle, ceremonies, and much undeciphered material are also found. For general bibliography and a statement of the limited treatment afforded these documents in the present work see the entry "Maya Screenfolds" in the census. J. E. S. Thompson (1965) and Satterthwaite ( 1965), both in volume 3 of this Handbook, give general descriptions of Maya hieroglyphic writing and calendrics. The Yucatec Maya texts known as the Books of Chilam Balam form another major corpus of native documents from the lowland Maya region. Of the approximately 10 available examples, four contain drawings. Each has one or more calendar wheels. Other drawings are simplified maps ( as in the Chumayel manuscript), Maya hieroglyphs (in three of the examples), and depictions of various calendrical and cosmological subjects. Illustrations for passages concerning the zodiac and a European romance ( as in the Ixil and Kaua manuscripts) are not in the native tradition. As now known, the Books of Chilam Balam derive from 18thcentury redactions; their drawings are consequently late, acculturated, and marginal to the study of colonial Maya art (see "Books of Chilam Balam," Article 27B, nos. 1145-58 for general bibliography). Under "colonial calendar wheels" in Table

26 are six manuscripts produced in Yucatan. Seven calendar wheels are represented as the Ixil manuscript contains two examples. The wheel drawn in Bishop Landa's 16thcentury Relación de las cosas de Yucatan is comparable in all respects to those in the much later Books of Chilam Balam, an indication that the versions in the latter may not be greatly changed from their earlier prototypes. Bowditch (1910, pp. 324-31) reproduces five of the wheels (mostly after Berendt's copies) and provides an incomplete discussion. As with the Central Mexican calendar wheels, no full-scale inquiry into the origin of the colonial Maya calendar wheels has yet been made. Not included in the census are two calendar wheels from the highland Maya region. One has been published with Ordóñez y Aguiar's Historia de la creación y de la tierra by N. León (1907, facing p. 264). It is uncertain if the wheel originates with Ordóńez y Aguiar or if it is from a lost Tzeltal calendrical manuscript known to Bishop Núñez de la Vega in the late 17th century in Chiapas or from some other source. In two of its concentric circles are written Tzeltal or Tzotzil day names. The arms of a cross at the center reach to the year-bearer days of the first day-name circle, and the four directions are written in an outer circle. Aside from the cross and the concentric circles there are no other pictorial elements. The second highland Maya calendar wheel, in the unpublished Quiche Calendar of 1722, similarly has no pictorial symbols.44 43 Since the two parts of Codex Madrid—Codices Troano and Cortesianus—were discovered separately in the 19th century, the literature of that period occasionally refers to four Maya manuscripts. 44 "Calendario de los Indios de Guatemala, 1722, Kiche." Copy of 1877 in Berendt Linguistic Collection, University Museum, Philadelphia ( Brinton, 1900, no. 5 8 ) . Photographic copies by Gates of the Berendt copy are in LC, T U / L A L , PML, BYU, and NLA 1546 (see Gates, 1924, no. 1006; 1937a, no. 310; 1940, section A, p . 14). Acuña (1968, p. 39) provides some information on the original of this document. Several calendar wheels, without hieroglyphic elements, are contained in the Kalendario . . . ( d e ) Ixtlavacan, a manuscript formerly

77

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

It presents Arabic-numbered day names written in Quiche within the 20 radii of a circle. Three colonial maps from Yucatan, the Maps of the Provinces of Mani and Sotuta, and a simplified diagram in the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel share the traits of a circular composition and an orientation of east at the top. These features may be derived from the native tradition. Roys ( 1943, p. 184) discusses these maps and the possible independence of their circular format and orientation from European influence. The Melchor de Alfaro Santa Cruz Relación geográfica Map of the Province of Tabasco of 1579 (not treated in this census) is another circular map that is possibly influenced by Maya cartography. 45 The only highland Maya manuscript in this census is the Map from a Kekchi Suit of in the Brasseur de Bourbourg and Pinart collections, now in the Brinton collection at U P / U M . 45 Scholes and Roys ( 1948, p . 16 and facing plate) reproduce a copy of the Alfaro de Santa Cruz map and comment briefly on the question of circular Maya maps. For a full bibliography of the Alfaro map see Robertson's catalog of maps of the Relaciones geográficas (Article 6, no. 5 0 ) . See Título de los Señores de Sacapulas (Article 27B, no. 1182) for comment on a circular map which exists in both Quiche and Spanish versions. 46 A photographic reproduction is given by Mengin (1952b, second pagination, p . 4 9 ) . Other reproductions of the drawing are given by Villacorta ( 1934a, p . 6 5 ) , Recinos ( 1950a, frontispiece), Recinos ( 1953, facing p. 118) and in other editions of the document. Fuentes y Guzmán (1932-33, 2: 178) gives a drawing apparently copied from the Cakchiquel manuscript. Genet (1934b) discusses its symbolism. 47 Genet (1934c) attempts a partial interpretation of the more complex symbolic device illustrated by Fuentes y Guzmán.

1611 from near Coban, Guatemala. A marginal example, it indicates roads by the use of footprints, also a Central Mexican trait. Very few highland Maya manuscripts of 16th- or 17th-century origin with drawings of any kind have come to our attention. The Quiche and Tzeltal or Tzotzil calendar wheels, described above, are certainly poor reflections of highland Maya pictorial art. The Anales de los Cakchiqueles (also known as the Memorial de Tecpan-Atitlan, Memorial de Solola, and Anales de los Xahil [see Article 27B, no. 1172]), a Cakchiquel text known through a mid-17th-century copy, contains a single drawing (not in the census ) showing bows and arrows, shields, and various symbols of uncertain meaning. It symbolizes a late 15th-century rebellion among the Cakchiquel Indians. 46 A notable discussion of highland Maya picture writing (possibly including Pipil sources) is given by Fuentes y Guzmán (1932-33, 2: 107-12; 1933), writing in the 17th century. He clearly describes a Quiche lienzo of the cartographic-historical type and two "pergaminos" ( Indian paintings on animal skin), apparently tribute lists. From the latter and from a sculptured monument he gives and describes various symbols. They are recognizable as numbers ( digits, 20, 400, 8000), a rebus place glyph, a day sign, daysign coefficients, the symbol for the binding of the years at the end of a 52-year period, and drawing of items of tribute. These symbols are intelligible, despite Fuentes y Guzmán's own confusion, in terms of about Central Mexican picture writing; they bear no relationship to the hieroglyphs of lowland Maya inscriptions.47

R E F E R E N C E S (compiled by Mary W . Cline) Acuña, 1968 Adelhofer, 1 9 6 3 Alcina F r a n c h , 1 9 5 5 Anders, 1965 A n o n y m o u s , 1 8 2 9 , 1830a

78

Apenes, 1947 Arpee, 1937 Arreola, 1920 Aubin, 1849, 1851 Ayala Echávarri, 1940

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : SURVEY

Azcué y Mancera, 1966 Bandelier, A., 1884 Barlow, 1946b, 1948f, 1949b, 1949d, 1949f and McAfee, 1949 Barthelemy, 1798 Bernai, 1962 Boban, 1891 Borson, 1796 Boturini Benaduci, 1746 Bowditch, 1910 Brand, 1944 Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1857-59, 1864, 186970, 1871 Brinton, 1900 British Museum, 1833, 1933 Burland, 1947a, 1951b, 1955b, 1960, 1962b Carrasco Pizana, 1950 Carrera Stampa, 1949b, 1959, 1962-63, 1965 Cartari (Reggiano), 1615, 1626 Cartografía de la Nueva Galicia, 1961 Cartografía de Puebla, 1958 Caso, 1927, 1930, 1949, 1951, 1952, 1955b, 1958a, 1958e, 1959a, 1960a, 1960d, 1964c, 1965c, 1966b, 1967 Chadwick, 1967 and MacNeish, 1967 Chavero, n.d., 1892, 1901c Chevalier, 1956 Clark, 1912, 1938 Clavigero, 1780-81 Cline, 1957, 1959, 1961a, 1964, 1966a, 1966b, 1966c, 1969b, 1972 Corona Núñez, 1959, 1964-67 Cuevas, 1921-28 Dalton, 1899, 1902a, 1902b Dark, 1958b Dibble, 1940a, 1942a, 1951, 1955 Domínguez, 1943 Edwards, 1966 Fábrega, 1899 Förstemann, 1880 Fuente, 1949 Fuentes y Guzmán, 1932-33, 1933 Galarza, 1960, 1964, 1966, 1967 Galindo y Villa, 1905b, 1922, 1925 García Granados, 1940-41, 1942 García Icazbalceta, 1947, 1954 Gates, 1909, 1924, 1929, 1937a, 1940 Gemelli Careri, 1699-1700 Genet, 1934a, 1934b, 1934c Gibson, 1952 Glass, 1964 Gómez de Orozco, 1927a, 1939a Gonçalves de Lima, 1956 Götze, 1743-44 Granados y Gálvez, 1778 Greenleaf, 1961

Guzmán, 1939b Hernández, 1651 Herrera, 1601-15 Hirtzel, 1928 Hoerschelmann, 1922 Humboldt, 1810 Jiménez Moreno, 1961 and Mateos Higuera, 1940 Junta Colombina, 1892 Kelemen, 1943 Kingsborough, 1831-48 Kircher, 1652-54 Kirchhoff, 1950, 1956a Kollar, 1769 Kubler, 1961, 1962 and Gibson, 1951 Kutscher, 1955 Lambeck, 1679 Legati, 1677 Lehmann, 1905a, 1905b and Smital, 1929 Lejeal, 1902 Lemoine V., 1954 León, N., 1888c, 1890, 1903, 1903-04, 1904a, 1905a, 1906c, 1907 León-Portilla and Mateos Higuera, 1957 León y Gama, 1832 Linné, 1948 Lista, 1881 Long, 1926 López, P., 1925 Lorenzana, 1770 Margáin Araujo, 1943 Martínez Ríos, 1961 Mateos Higuera, 1944-49, 1946c, 1948b, 1966 Maza, 1959 Mazarí, 1926c Melgarejo Vivanco, 1953 Mena, 1923 Mengin, 1942, 1952a, 1952b Mercati, 1589 Moxó, 1828, 1837, 1839, 1888 Nessel 1690 Nicholson, 1960a, 1960b, 1961a, 1961b, 1962, 1966b, 1966c, 1967 Nierembergii, 1635 Noguera, 1933a Nowotny, 1959, 1961b Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a Nuttall, 1902 Orozco, E., 1892 Orozco y Berra, 1871, 1880 Ortega Martínez, 1948 Palomera, 1962 Parmenter, 1961a Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1898a, 1898b, 1905-06, 1905-07, 1912 79

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Peabody Museum, 1963 Peñafiel, 1885, 1897c, 1903b Pérez García, 1956 Preuss and Mengin, 1937-38 Purchas, 1625 Racknitz, 1796 Radin, 1920 Ramírez, J. F., 1855 Ramírez Lavoignet, 1959, 1962 Ramusio, 1556 Recinos, 1950a, 1953 Reyes Valerio, 1967 Robertson, D., 1959, 1963, 1964, 1966 Robertson, W., 1777, 1778 Romero and Pereda, 1860 Rosny, Léon de, 1876a, 1876b, 1881b, 1883, 1887, 1888 Roys, 1943 Satterthwaite, 1965 Saville, 1901 Schmeider, 1930 Scholes and Roys, 1948 Seler, 1890, 1893, 1895, 1900, 1900-01, 1902b, 1902e, 1902f, 1902j, 19021, 1902-03, 190223, 1904b, 1904c, 1904f, 1904h, 1904-09, 1908a, 1908c, 1915, 1923, 1963 Simons, 1968 Simpson, 1934 Smith, M. E., 1963, 1966a

80

Sociedad Española de Amigos del Arte, 1930 Spinden, H. J., 1935 Spranz, 1964 Steininger and Van de Velde, 1935 Sydow, 1941 Tamayo and Alcorta, 1941 Tentori, 1961 Thevenot, 1672 Thevet, 1584 Thompson, J. E. S., 1965 Títulos principales, 1915 Torquemada, 1615 Toscano, 1943, 1944 Toussaint, Gómez de Orozco, and Fernández, 1938 Tozzer and Allen, 1910 Tudela, 1956 Valadés, 1579 Vásquez, 1931 Veytia, 1836, 1907 Villacorta C., 1934a Warburton, 1738-41 Waterman, 1916 Weiditz, 1927 Weitlaner de Johnson, 1959 White and Bernai, 1960 Worm, 1655 Zarco Cuevas, 1924-29 Zavala, 1938

23. A Census of Native Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts

JOHN B. GLASS in collaboration with DONALD ROBERTSON1

E

take two forms.2 Unnumbered "group" entries treat manuscripts having a common origin, bibliography, or other unusual relationship NTRIES IN THE CENSUS

1 Preliminary development of the census, particularly the gathering of inventory material and bibliography as well as the solution of numerous problems of identification, was a collaborative endeavor by Nicholson, Glass, and Robertson. Classified checklists by Nicholson (1960b, 1961b) were of particular importance as were numerous notes by him on particular manuscripts, collections, and related problems. Nicholson withdrew from the project in August, 1967. The final organization, the descriptive material, and the actual writing of the census are by Glass. Major assistance was received from Howard F. Cline, Alfonso Caso, and Charles Gibson. Financial support was given by the Hispanic and Ford Foundations. Many persons have aided in the compilation of the data presented here. Zita Basich de Canessi, Margaret Currier, Jorge Enciso, Eulalia Guzmán, Salvador Mateos Higuera, Antonio Pompa y Pompa, David Warren, and the late Roberto J. Weitlaner were particularly helpful. It is Glass's intention to prepare a supplement to this census which will incorporate bibliography through about 1975. Suggestions concerning omissions, errors, revisions, and additions may be sent to him at Box 282, Lincoln, Mass. 01773. 2 The nature and scope of this census are discussed in the introduction to the survey (Article 22).

(see Table 1). The individual manuscripts of the group may be entered consecutively following the group entry, or the entry may provide a cross-reference to their separately entered descriptions. Most groups are of relatively long standing; a few have been devised for the present census. All other entries are numbered and describe individual documents. Except for those that follow a group entry, they are in alphabetical order by a leading or principal name in the title, frequently a place name. Each entry has the following outline, discussed in detail below: 1. Main entry: (a) title, (b) synonyms, (c) location, (d) history, (e) publication status, (f) typological classification, (g) regional classification, (h) date, (i) physical description 2. Description 3. Bibliographical essay 4. List of copies 5. Classified bibliography MAIN ENTRY. Each main entry describes an "original" manuscript even if the "original" is lost and is known only through one 81

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

TABLE l-"GROUP" ENTRIES IN THE CENSUS OF TRADITIONAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS BEAUMONT: Crónica de Michoacan: copied illustrations Borgia Group Carapan, Códices de Chavero, Colección Coixdahuaca Basin Group Cuauhtinchan, Mapas de Gilcrease Fragments Huitzilopochtli Group Humboldt Fragments Indígenas de algunos pueblos del Marquesado del Valle, Códices Ixhuatepec Group Ixtlilxochitl, Codex Magliabecchiano Group Maya screenfolds Mizquiahuala Sales Receipts Nuttall Group SAHAGUN: Drawings by the informants of SERNA: Manual de Ministros de Indios: illustrations Teotihuacan Maps Tlamapa, Códices de Tlaxinican, Tlaylotlacan, Tecpanpa, etc., Tributes of TOVAR: Relación del Origen de los Yndios . . . Tuxpan, Lienzos de Vergara Group Veytia Calendar Wheels X, Crónica, Group XOCHIMILCO: Pedronilla Francisca vs. Juliana Tlaco XOCHIMILCO: Damian Family vs. Pedronilla Francisca See Article 27B for following groups : Chilam Balam, Books of (nos. 1145-58) Memorias de Nueva España, Colección de (no. 1051) Mexico y sus Contornos, Anales Antiguos de (no. 1066) See also: Codex Mendoza Códice Osuna Lienzo de Tlaxcala

or more copies. This does not imply, however, that a given manuscript represented by a main entry may not derive from some older prototype nor does it mean that a 82

given "original" in the census may not be related in some way as original and copy to another manuscript in the census. Generally, however, no 19th-century or more recent copy is described by a main entry. By "original" we refer to a 16th-century or comparably old manuscript that is either extant or, if unknown, may be postulated directly as the source of a known copy. Some 16th-century "copies" have been entered in the census as "originals." In certain cases (such as the Lienzo de Tetlama and the Mapa de Santa Cruz Xoxocotlan) there exist several closely related manuscripts or versions of essentially the same composition whose exact interrelationship is unknown. For these we have postulated a single unknown original for the main entry and listed the known versions thereunder. In other cases the mechanics of description and bibliography have favored separate entries for related manuscripts. We hope that crossreferences within the census descriptions will clarify such relationships. Title. Main titles have been selected among synonyms on the basis of common usage. A certain amount of revision and editing of titles has nevertheless been undertaken and a few titles have been created for the census. In the case of lesser documents we have occasionally substituted such words as "Genealogía de . . . ," "Mapa de . . . ," "Anales de . . . ," or "Lienzo de . . ." for the term "Códice de . . ." that is so common in pictorial manuscript nomenclature. The term "lienzo" is used only for originals on cloth; "mapa" is used generally only for maps and single-sheet cartographic-historical documents on paper or unknown material. Entries for illustrations in manuscripts associated with known authors are made under the author's name (Beaumont, Durán, Sahagún) rather than under the titles of their works, which may be found in the index of titles and synonyms ( Article 31 ). Many unpublished manuscripts have been

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

listed in catalogs of collections under such descriptive headings as "Pièce d'un Procès." Some of these designations have been perpetuated herein, but when a document with such a name can be associated with a known or putative provenience, it is entered in the census alphabetically under the name of a town (HUITZILOPOCHCO: Contrat de Commanderie, for instance). Unnecessarily long descriptive catalog headings have been shortened. Synonyms. The listing of synonyms is not exhaustive but does include the more common names and unusual titles that have been used to describe the document in the literature. Slight variations in titles have not been noted. Descriptive headings in institutional catalogs and the titles of published commentaries have not been entered as synonyms except when such listing aids in identifying the document. Location. The location of the manuscript described by the main entry is designated by the name or abbreviation of the institution or library where it is located. "Private collection" may refer to an individual or to a dealer. Names of private collectors are given when the datum is a matter of public record. "Pueblo" indicates that the manuscript was last reported in local Mexican possession or village archive. Catalog numbers are given for manuscripts forming parts of large collections such as the MNA or BNP. Some catalog numbers not given in the census entries may be found in the institutional checklist (Article 28). Abbreviations of collections are given at the front of this volume. History. The history or pedigree of a manuscript is expressed by a listing of former owners (and some dealers) following the "ex-" prefix. No attempt has been made to name every person through whose possession the manuscript may have passed. Antonio de León y Gama and José Pichardo have generally been excluded from these listings when their ownership can only be inferred from their having made copies;

most of the latter are in the BNP. The Boturini collection inventory numbers for manuscripts identified in the census as having been in that collection are given in Article 29. Publication status. The designations "published," "partially published," or "unpublished" do not distinguish between the publication of a document through a copy or through the original. Typological classification. The typological classification is given in Article 22. Some manuscripts are classified under more than one type, but the entire range of subject matter of a given manuscript is not necessarily reflected by its classifications, which are intended only to classify its most salient features. Regional classification. Whenever possible, the town and state of Mexico that may be associated with the content of a manuscript is stated as the regional classification. In most cases this will correspond to the actual or putative provenience of the document, but in other instances it may reflect only the locality mentioned or treated in the document. The regional classification thus should not be viewed as synonymous with actual place of origin. The designations "Central Mexico," "Valley of Mexico," and "Borgia Group" have been discussed under the regional survey in Article 22. Date. Actual dates are given for manuscripts when there is evidence that the date is approximately correct or when the style of a manuscript is believed to be consistent with the most recent date appearing in it. Unsubstantiated estimates have been avoided. We have dated most of the manuscripts in the census only as 16thC, by which we refer exclusively to the postconquest period (ca. 1521 in the Valley of Mexico). This general designation includes manuscripts definitely produced between 1521 and 1600 as well as manuscripts of unknown date that exhibit traits of native style compatible with that date. Most "17thC" or "18thC" dates are 83

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

approximations that reflect later styles of painting, extensive degeneration of native symbolism, or the absence of native or European style traits. Physical description. In most cases the physical description is limited to the identification of the material, the number of leaves (if more than one), and the dimensions. Paper is identified as European (including modern and all non-native paper), native paper, amatl paper, and maguey paper. Practically all identifications of native paper made herein as either amatl or maguey fiber derive from the publications by Schwede (1912, 1916) or Lenz (1949, 1950). Other materials include cloth (few fiber identifications exist ), skin or animal hide ( presumably deer hide), and parchment. In stating the number of leaves for most of the documents in the census we have had to rely on published statements. The number of leaves stated is always intended to include blank leaves falling within the document. Few publications have distinguished consistently between leaves and pages and some published descriptions omit blank leaves and pages from their counts. 3 This is particularly true of the catalog of the Goupil collection ( Boban, 1891 ) as may be seen by comparing his descriptions with those by Omont ( 1899) for the same manuscripts. When the format of a manuscript is a screenfold, that fact is so stated. The tira format is also identified as such or is implied by its dimensions (see discussion of nomenclature in Article 22). Most other manuscripts consist of leaves or signatures gathered in the European (i.e., codex) manner. All dimensions are stated in centimeters and expressed in terms of height X width. Where inches have been converted to centimeters we have used a conversion factor of 1 inch equals 2.54 centimeters. Many published 3

One of the most common errors in the literature is that of describing a manuscript foliated 20-100 (for example) as having 80 leaves; the true number in this case is 81 and not the difference between the two inclusive figures.

84

and unpublished measurements for the same manuscript vary considerably or are not in accord with proportions visible in photographs. Since sizes of pages may vary within a single manuscript, published dimensions may be of the largest page, the smallest page, an average of page sizes, or of a single page (or other dimension) chosen at random. Most measurements, like the number of leaves, should therefore be viewed as approximations. Since most manuscripts described in the census have been examined only through photographs or publications, it has proved impossible to indicate on a consistent basis whether or not the reverse side of a document is blank or not. Such statements would in any case be subject to qualification; the subject has therefore generally been ignored. Consideration was also given to indicating whether or not manuscripts were complete or incomplete. This subject cannot be treated accurately by any single statement that could be encompassed within the space limits and purpose of the census. It, too, has had to be ignored. In general, practically all manuscripts in the census are incomplete or removed from the context of other documents with which they may once have been associated. DESCRIPTION. The descriptions are intend-

ed to provide a general and, sometimes, a specific indication of the content of each manuscript. In the case of unpublished or less accessible manuscripts an attempt has been made to indicate their general appearance and the extent to which they contain elements of native iconography. The intended (but not the actual) limit of these descriptions is between 25 and 75 words. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY. The bibliographical essay comments briefly on the more important publications concerning each manuscript and indicates its editions, commentaries, and other studies. It constitutes a guide to the classified bibliography. COPIES. The somewhat selective listing of copies includes all copies listed in the insti-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

tutional checklist (Article 28). It does not include all copies that have been mentioned in the literature and it generally excludes copies prepared for an engraver or lithographer and subsequently published. Copies are of importance for the history of manuscripts as well as for the study of details that have disappeared on deteriorated originals. The listing of copies in the census and the repository list also serves to identify their originals, particularly in those cases where original and copy are in different collections. CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY. Extensive bibliographies are provided for each manuscript. The major classifications used are publication ( editions, including editions with commentaries), partial publication, studies, "other" (miscellaneous topical studies including references cited in the bibliographical essay), brief descriptions, and brief mentions (for manuscripts having little other bibliography). This classification is modified to suit particular circumstances.

Partial publications or the illustration of details from manuscripts that have readily available editions are fisted only on a selected basis. In those instances where the bibliography given for a particular manuscript is more than usually selected that fact is clearly stated. Institutional and sale catalogs are usually cited only in Article 28. The latter should in all cases be checked (both as to originals and copies ) for supplementary data and bibliography, even in those cases where the bibliography in the census is given as "none." Practically all entries in certain previous catalogs and handlists are cited in the present census under "brief description" (or other appropriate category). They are: Alcina Franch (1955), Boban (1891), Gibson (1952), Glass (1964), Kubler and Gibson (1951), Lehmann ( 1905a), and Paso y Troncoso (1892-93). The census thus provides an index to these publications.

CENSUS OF NATIVE MIDDLE AMERICAN PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS 1 Acapixtla, Padrón de los Mayeques de. AGN-HJ 276, exp. 78. Published. Economic (census). Yecapixtla, Morelos. 1564. Physical description not determined. Simple drawings of human heads and of a few place glyphs illustrate a list of mayeques of various localities of Yecapixtla. The document forms part of a visita and tasación of the town. Text, figures, and photographs of two pages are published in "Nuevos Documentos ...(1946). Publication: Nuevos Documentos, 1946, pp. 185-203, 2 plates. 2 Acapulco, San Gregorio, Anales de. Guillermo Cabrera collection. Published. His-

torical and cartographic. San Gregorio Atlapulco, D.F. ca. 1606. Physical description not determined. Nahuatl annals (1520-1606) and land documents accompanied by two local maps showing churches, boundaries, and fields and a drawing of three Indians, one of whom is identified as Cuauhtemoc. Style of pictorial material is late but may derive from older originals. McAfee and Barlow (1952) provide palaeography, translation, and reproduction of the three illustrations. They do not reproduce or describe the vertical columns of year glyphs present in the original. Publication: McAfee and Barlow, 1952. Other: Chapa, 1957, p. 87 ff. 3 Actopan y sus Alrededores, Mapa de.

Un85

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

known. Published. Cartographic. Actopan, Hidalgo. 17th-18thC. Physical description not determined. Map of the Actopan-Ixmiquilpan region with the convent of Actopan at the center. Spanish glosses include a reference to a 17thC viceroy. Style is late and peripheral to the Indian tradition. Reproduction (of a copy?) is given without comment by Roquet (1938). Publication: Roquet, 1938, folding plate following p. 13.

4 Amate, Plano en Papel de. MNA 35-94. ExGodofredo del Castillo Velasco collection. Published. Economic (property plans). Mexico City-Tlatelolco region, D. F., 16thC. Amatl paper. 40.5 X 34 cm. Obverse is a map of an unidentified region showing parallel strips of land with glossed place glyphs and the colonial symbols for the four major barrios of Mexico City, as well as a stream, a road, and, possibly, a stone dike. The reverse is a similar but more simple map. All the legible place names on the map also appear in documents of the Ixhuatepec Group (q.v.). Both Caso (1956) and Glass (1964) give photoreproductions of both sides of the manuscript. The former has discussed its major features. The place glyphs published by Peñafiel (1897c) and attributed to a "Pleito de Tierras" derive from the Códice de Ixhuatepec and, apparently, from this manuscript or from another version thereof. Publication: Caso, 1956, pp. 59-61, 2 plates; Glass, 1964, p. 148, pls. 100-01. Other: Peñafiel, 1897c, passim. 5 AMECAMECA: Cédula de Diligencia. BNP 26. Ex-Aubin collection. Published. Economic ( miscellaneous ). Amecameca region, Mexico. ca. 1532-39. Native paper. 45 X 45 cm. Drawings of Indians and place glyphs with dated Spanish texts. The document ap86

parently concerns a property settlement with lands or settlements (referred to as pueblos) assigned to one or the other of two male Indians depicted. The regional provenience indicated here is tentative. Boban (1891) reproduces and describes the manuscript. Publication: Boban, 1891, 1: 383-85, pl. 26.

6 Amecameca, Mapa de la Visita y Congregación de. AGN-T 2783, exp. 5. Published. Cartographic. Amecameca, Mexico. 1599. European paper. 61 X 51 cm. Map of the Amecameca region shows Amecameca and 13 small dependencies. Spanish glosses give locality names and other data. Limited native influence. The map and accompanying text of this civil congregations document of the 15981606 series is published and interpreted by Lemoine Villicaña (1961). Cook de Leonard and Lemoine Villicaña ( 1956 ) also reproduce the map with a brief description. Publication: Cook de Leonard and Lemoine Villicaña, 1956, pp. 290-91, fig. 3; Lemoine Villicaña, 1961. 7 (figs. 19, 20) Analco, Lienzo de. MNA Codex collection. Partially published. Cartographic-historical. Analco (now a barrio of San Ildefonso Villa Alta), ex-district of Villa Alta, Eastern Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 245 X 180 cm. The lienzo is a detailed map of a large region. Numerous roads and rivers wind between depictions of mountains and houses. Scattered across this intricate geographic setting are drawings of innumerable Spanish soldiers ( with cannon, crossbows, horses, etc.), usually in battle with Indians. Near the center is a town plan with further scenes of warfare. The almost complete absence of any glosses, dates, place names, or glyphs of any description complicates its interpretation.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Blom (1945) gives description, illustrates several details, and suggests alternative interpretations. Copies: Photographs in L C / H F . Partial publication: Blom, 1945. 8 Antonio de León, Lienzo. Codex Rickards. Lienzo of Chicomostoc. Lienzo de Tlapiltepec, Papalutla y Miltepec. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. Ex-Abraham Castellanos and Constantine G. Rickards collections. Published. Cartographic-historical. Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 432 X 165 cm. Very large lienzo covered with a profusion of persons, place glyphs, and dates including two long genealogies, one of which is related to the dynasty of Coixtlahuaca as presented on Lienzo de Ihuitlan and Lienzo Meixueiro. At the lower left are historical scenes pertaining to early Mixtec mythology having parallels in various other Mixtec histories. The manuscript is closely related to Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 2. Caso (1961) provides commentary and photographic reproduction. The history of the lienzo is treated by Parmenter (1961a), who advances evidence that the document may have come from Tlapiltepec (ex-district of Coixtlahuaca). He also reviews most of the peripheral literature listed below. Rickards (1913) comments on the document and gives partial reproduction. The mythico-historical section is also reproduced in Caso's (1954) study of the Fragmento Gómez de Orozco. Copies: Seler collection copy ("Lienzo de Tlacotepec"; for Tlacotepec Plumas?), IAI. Location of copy owned by Paul Henning unknown. The negative blueprint in the BM is presumably from the copy presented to the 18th International Congress of Americanists (ICA 18, 1: xlii, lxxix, 1913). Partial copies by Saldaña made about 1912 (Boletin del Museo Nacional, ep. 3, 1: 205, 262, Mexico, 1912) may cor-

respond in part to copies listed in an unpublished inventory of copies in the MNA in 1934 and now unknown. Publication: Caso, 1961, pp. 251-74, with 7 plates. Studies: Caso, 1954, fig. 7; Parmenter, 1961a; Rickards, 1913. Other: Burland, 1962a; Castellanos, 1912a, 1912b, 1917, pp. 10-11, 41-44, figs. 1, 6; Henning, 1912. Brief description: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 489. 9 Aperreamiento, Manuscrito del. Aperreamiento o Suplicio Ejecutado por Medio de Perros de Presa. Supplice des Caciques. BNP 374. Ex-Boturini, Mexican National Museum, and Reinisch (?) collections. Published. Miscellaneous. Coyoacan, D. F. 16thC. European paper. 43 X 31 cm. Shows Cortés, Marina, Andrés de Tapia, six Indians chained together, and another Indian being attacked by a dog. A place glyph is identified as Coyoacan and the Nahuatl gloss includes a reference to Cholula. The stylistically inaccurate handcolored lithograph and the translation of the Nahuatl text provided by J. F. Ramírez ( 1847) is largely reprinted in Madier de Montjau (1875). Wagner (1944) gives a b / w reproduction of the Ramírez illustration and a detail is given by Mayer ( 1844 ). Copies: Interpretation made in 1867 for Simon León Reinisch, BNP 419-7. The location of a copy in a miscellaneous volume in the Fischer and Phillipps collections is unknown ( Bibliotheca mejicana, 1869; Phillipps no. 21288; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a). Publication: Madier de Montjau, 1875, pp. 230-41, pl. 1; J. F. Ramírez, 1847, pp. 290-99, pl. 4; Wagner, 1944, pp. 76-78, pl. 4. Other: Bibliotheca mejicana, 1869, no. 87

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1925; Mayer, 1844, pp. 99-100; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 489. 10 Arantza, Códice de. Unknown. Ex-Garcia Abarca collection ( ? ) . Unpublished. Unavailable ( cartographic-historical ). Arantza, Michoacan. Date and physical description unknown. The document is said to have depicted events of Tarascan history and to have shown 15 towns, 13 of them as dependencies of Tzintzuntzan. The content of the manuscript is described by Mena (1913) and repeated by Mateos Higuera (1948a). Copies: García Abarca copy reportedly given to SMGE could not be located in July, 1964. Brief descriptions-. Mateos Higuera, 1948a; Mena, 1913. 11 Asunción, Santa Maria, Códice de. Apeo y Deslinde de Tierras ( de los terrenos ) de Santa María de la Asunción. MS de Oláguibel. BNMex. Ex-Olaguibel collection. Partially published. Economic ( census and cadastral ). Valley of Mexico ( Santa Maria Magdalena Tepetlaoxtoc?). 16thC. Watermarked European paper. 80 leaves. 31 X 21 cm. Incomplete. Contains pictorial registers of persons and properties for a number of named localities, probably located in the AtencoChiautla-Tepetlaoxtoc region of the eastern Valley of Mexico. Dates mentioned in several Nahuatl texts include 1550, 1571, and 1579. Final leaf bears signature of Pedro Vásquez de Vergara. The codex closely resembles the Codex Vergara but differs slightly in organization. A manuscript translation of the Nahuatl texts by Francisco Rosales is in MNA/AH. This includes introductory text on initial page now missing from the original. Carreño (1950) gives a brief description and reproduces a sample page as does R. Moreno 88

(1966). Gibson (1964a) has commented on it briefly. The document is one of the sources, cited under the name "MS de Olaguibel," used by Peñafiel ( 1897c) for his study of place glyphs. Partial publication: Carreño, 1950, pp. 12-15, 17; R. Moreno, 1966, pp. 112-14. Other: Gibson, 1964a, p. 269, note 74, p. 300; Peñafiel, 1897c, pp. 66, 78, 84, 97, 285, 286, 289, 303. 12 Atlauhtlan, Lienzo de. Unknown. Published. Cartographic-historical. Atlautla, Mexico. 1639. Physical description unknown. The lienzo, known through a copy ( cloth, 142 X 195 cm.) preserved in the town, exhibits strong European influence, particularly in its perspective view of mountains, and is of peripheral interest. Cook de Leonard and Lemoine Villicaña (1956) give brief description, inadequate photographic reproduction, and list the towns shown on the copy as boundaries of Atlautla. Publication: Cook de Leonard and Lemoine Villicaña, 1956, pp. 292-93, fig. 5. 13 Aubin, Codex. Codex de 1576. Histoire de la Nation Mexicaine depuis le départ d'Aztlan jusqu'à l'arrivée des Conquérants Espagnols. Anales Mexicanos no. 1. British Museum, Add. MSS 31219. Ex-Boturini, Aubin, and Desportes collections. Published. Historical and calendrical. Mexico City, D.F. ca. 1576-96 and 15971608. European paper codex. 81 leaves. 15 X 11 cm. Pictorial and Nahuatl chronicle (pp. 3 135), covering the years 1168-1591 and 1595-96 with an addition for 1597-1608, begins with the departure from Aztlan and includes the dynastic history of Tenochtitlan and colonial events. The early part of the text has parallels to various other sources including Fragment de l'Histoire des anciens Mexicains (no. 202) and Histoire mexicaine

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

depuis 1221 jusqu'en 1594 (no. 201). The content through 1355 is very similar to Codex Boturini (no. 34) but the dates for the rulers of Tenochtitlan beginning with Acamapichtli vary slightly from comparable sources. Translations of the important calendrical passage on p. 82 ( including that in Caso, 1967) omit the values of the glyphs for Panquetzaliztli and Acatl that are part of the text and omit altogether the transcription and translation of the text on p. 48. An appendix (pp. 139-57), the so-called "Códice de 1607," lists rulers of preconquest and colonial Tenochtitlan from Tenoch through 1607. Its chronology was originally in agreement with the first part of the codex, but changes (not all of which are evident in the editions ) convert it to another tradition. A 52-year calendar "wheel" in a rectangular format occupies the reverse of p. 1 and p. 2 but is omitted in the edition of 1963, as is the facsimile of the title page on p. 1. The handcolored lithograph editions (Aubin, n.d.a, 1893) are inadequate for serious study of the codex. They fail to convey the pictorial style of the original, changes in handwritings and styles, changes and alterations of the drawings, and are inaccurate or misleading with respect to innumerable details. The second of these (Aubin, 1893) includes a defective French translation of the text. Dibble (1963) reprints most of the 1893 lithographs in color and gives a transcript and new Spanish translation of the text based on the original. Partial editions and translations are Peñafiel ( 1902) and McAfee and Barlow ( 1947). An edition with German translation by Walter Lehmann has long been in preparation by the Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut, Berlin. Guzmán (1949) describes the physical aspect of the manuscript. The mistitled publication, Anales Mexicanos no. 1 (1948), is not of this manuscript. The bibliography given here is selected. Copies and translations: The following

list, offered with some misgivings, may be inaccurate in certain details. The importance of these copies is bibliographical and historical rather than scholarly. 1. Partial copy by León y Gama, BNP 3536, described and partially published by Boban (1891). 2. Partial copy (by Pichardo?), ex-Aubin collection, SSPK, MS Amer. no. 5. The Peñafiel (1902) edition is based on this copy. 3. Late 18thC or early 19thC copy, described by Siméon ( 1889b ), PUL. 4. Copy with French translation by Rémi Siméon, HSA. 5. Partial copy by Peñafiel (of the SSPK MS), HSA. 6. Partial copy by Peñafiel (of SSPK MS?),MHP. 7. Photographs of the original by Gates; see Article 28, Appendix A, for location of copies. 8. Copy of Nahuatl text and Spanish translation by Galicia Chimalpopoca, Anales Mexicanos no. 1 (MNA/AH, Col. Antig. 273, AAMC 7). This copy of the Nahuatl text appears to be that published in Anales Mexicanos no. 3 (1948, pp. 7798) and continued in Anales Mexicanos no. 4 (1948). 9. Spanish translation by Galicia Chimalpopoca in J. F. Ramírez, Opúsculos históricos, MSS, 13: 315-76 (MNA/AH, Col. Antig. 202). This translation, or possibly that in the preceding copy, has been published as Anales Mexicanos Uno Pedernal (1949) and as Códice de 1576 (1950). 10. Incomplete transcript of text and partial Spanish translation, possibly by León y Gama, BNP 332. 11. French translation by Aubin, BNP 333. This and the previous item were photographed by Gates; see Article 28, Appendix A, for location of copies. 12. Notes by Aubin, BNP 346. 13. A manuscript translation, location unstated, has been cited by Galarza ( 1962, p. 32; 1964, p. 223). 89

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

14. Chavero (1886) cites a copy which had two pages of the original copied on each page; location unknown. Editions: Aubin, n.d.a, 1893; Dibble, 1963. Partial editions: McAfee and Barlow, 1947; Peñafiel, 1902. Editions of text not recommended: Anales Mexicanos no. 3, 1948, pp. 77-98; Anales Mexicanos no. 4, 1948; Anales Mexicanos Uno Pedernal, 1949; Códice de 1576, 1950. Other: Caso, 1967, pp. 88-90; Chavero, 1886, pp. 244-45; García Granados, 1937; Guzmán, 1949; Siméon, 1889b. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 448-49; Boban, 1891, 1: 413-19, 2: 47475, 486, pls. 35-36; Chavero, n.d., pp. xixii, xxiii; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 55; Radin, 1920, pp. 13-14, 26-27. 14 Aubin Manuscript no. 20. Le Culte Rendu au Soleil. Códice del Culto a Tonatiuh. Fonds Mexicains 20. Códice de Teozoneas. BNP 20. Ex-Boturini and Aubin collections. Published. Ritual-calendrical. Western Oaxaca. Preconquest. Skin. 51 X 91 cm. Complex composition featuring five gods of the West and five of the South with calendrical names, place glyphs, and other iconographic symbols, in pairs at the four corners and at the center of the document. Subject concerns the fivefold division of the tonalpohualli and the five cosmic directions. Although frequently classified with the Borgia Group, a Western Oaxaca or Mixtec provenience is now accepted on the basis of the style and form of place glyphs. The central details of the original are now lost but are either preserved or restored in the León y Gama, Pichardo, and MNA copies. In the 19thC the improbable idea that the document represented the colored reliefs on a buried stone monument near the Cathedral in Mexico City was promoted by Gondra (in Mayer, 1844, with reproduc90

tion of central detail) and is reflected in the captions ("Relieves en la Piedra de los Gladiadores," "Piedra policroma del Sacrificio Gladiatorio," etc. ) of various early reproductions. The original and the León y Gama copy are photographically reproduced by Boban (1891). Lehmann (1905c) gives tracings, based on Boban's plates, and a detailed commentary and interpretation. A Spanish translation of Lehmann's study (Lehmann, 1966) is accompanied by a modern commentary by Caso (1966a), in which the original manuscript and the MNA copy are photographically reproduced in color. Seler (1904-09; Spanish translation, 1963) also gives drawings and summary of content. Nowotny (1961b) reproduces the von den Steinen copy of the original, a copy of the central detail from the León y Gama copy, and gives an annotated presentation of its content. See Borgia Group for further comment. The MNA copy is photographically reproduced and described by Glass (1964) and is the apparent source of the reproductions in Prescott (1844), Chavero (n.d., 18821903), and Peñafiel (1910). The illustrations by Chavero are in color. Copies: León y Gama copy, BNP 21. Pichardo copy, BNP 88-4. Anonymous copy (by León y Gama?) MNA 35-12. Von den Steinen copy, IAI. Modern copy of MNA 35-12, MNA 35-12A. Publication with modern commentary: Caso, 1966a; Lehmann, 1905c, 1966; Nowotny, 1961b, pp. 46-47, 202, 227-28, fig. 6, pl. 51; Seler, 1904-09, 2: 102-03, figs. 70a-f; 1963, 2: 82-83, figs. 70a-f. Other reproductions: Boban, 1891, 1: 329-52, pls. 20, 21; Chavero, n.d., p. 748, plate facing p. 749; 1882-1903, in Anales, 2: 117, plate facing p. 233; Glass, 1964, pp. 51-52, pl. 14; Peñafiel, 1910, pp. 44-45, pl. 103; Prescott, 1844, 1:85. Other: Mayer, 1844, pp. 123-24; Orozco y Berra, 1880, 3: 348-49 in note.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 473-74; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 258-59. 15 Aubin, Tonalamatl. Kalendario Ydolatrico. Códice Gama (rare). BNP 18-19. ExBoturini, Nebel (ff. 9-20), Waldeck (ff. 920), and Aubin collections. Published. Ritual-calendrical. Tlaxcala (?). Early 16thC. Native paper screenfold painted on one side. 18 leaves plus additional leaf with title in Spanish; 2 leaves missing. 24 X 27 cm. Possibly preconquest tonalamatl (divinatory almanac) in early unacculturated style. Each page depicts patron deities, 13 birds, 13 gods, and the Nine Lords of the Night associated with each 13-day period of the 260-day divinatory cycle. The tentative Tlaxcalan provenience is based on a statement in the 1745 inventory of the Boturini collection. A lithograph edition, with two pages in color and with the missing pages supplied on the basis of the León y Gama reconstruction, was printed for Aubin about 1851 (Aubin, n.d.g). It had limited circulation until it was issued with a study by Orozco y Berra (1897). Commentary by Seler (1900; English translation, 1900-01) is accompanied by a color lithograph facsimile. Two pages are photographically reproduced by Boban (1891). Copies: León y Gama copy, BNP 19bis. Pichardo copies, BNP 88-2 and 88-6 ( b ) . Ramirez copy of four pages (pp. 11, 13, 19, 20), mentioned by Chavero (1903b) and partially published by Chavero (1906). Publication: Aubin, n.d.g; Librería Echániz, 1938b; Orozco y Berra, 1897; Seler, 1900, 1900-01. Other: Chavero, 1903b, pp. 289-90, 298; 1906, pp. 199, 206; Léon de Rosny, 1876a, pl. 18; Seler, 1890. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 430-31; Boban, 1891, 1: 293-318, pls. 18, 19.

16 (fig. 21) Axayacatl, Portrait of, Nationalbibliothek, Vienna. CVM 12. Ex-Bilimek collection. Published. Miscellaneous. Valley of Mexico. 17th-18thC (?). Oil painting on cloth. Dimensions not determined. The painting portrays Axayacatl, one of the 15thC rulers of Tenochtitlan. He is dressed in a flayed human skin, holds a shield, and bears a feather banner supported on his back. Although the style is not in the native tradition, the composition and iconographic details are reminiscent of a similar portrayal of this individual in Codex Cozcatzin and the two depictions may be related. The painting has been described and reproduced in color by both Hochstetter (1884) and by Nuttall (1888). Seler (1904a, 1904e) interprets it, criticizes Nuttall's interpretation, and reproduces its major features. Publication: Hochstetter, 1884, p. 15, pl. 2; Nuttall, 1888, pp. 10-22, pl. 2, fig. 7; Seler, 1904a, 1904e. 17 Axotlan, San Lorenzo, y San Luis Huexotla, Códice de los Señores de. MNA 3564. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Economic (property plans). San Luis Obispo Huexotla, Mexico. ca. 1672. Tira of European and native paper. 29 X 111.5 cm. The strip is divided into rectangular sections, representing plots of land, separated by roads. In most of the divisions are a drawing of a house or an Indian and Nahuatl texts. Substantially the same texts and a contemporary translation occur in AGN-T 1520, exp. 6, and allow the identification of the document as a statement of land titles and boundaries of properties in San Lorenzo Acxotlan, a barrio of San Luis Obispo Huexotla. The text is dated 1531 but in the AGN accompanies 17thC documents. 91

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

A brief description and a photograph of the drawing are given by Glass (1964). Arreola (1922) has published the related texts and translation from AGN-T 1520. Publication: Glass, 1964, pp. 116-17, pl. 67. Brief description: Mena, 1923, p. 60, no. 15. Other: Arreola, 1922, pp. 582 (lines 3 1 46), 583 (lines 1-33 and 43-47), 585-86. 18 Ayotzingo, Historia de. BNP 84. ExAubin collection. Unpublished. Historical and cartographic. Ayotzingo, Mexico. ca. 1607-1635. European paper. 8 pages of Spanish text and 10 leaves (pages?) of drawings. 30 X 21 cm. Not examined. As described by Boban (1891) the document has historical notices in Spanish encompassing the years 1519-90 and two detailed maps of the Ayotzingo region. The final pages have drawings of Indians, some of whom are identified as the first Christians of Ayotzingo; others are identified as paying tribute, 1592-93. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 215-18. 19 (fig. 22) Azcapotzalco, Trozo de. Archivo General de Indias, Seville. Unpublished. Economic (property plans). Azcapotzalco, D.F. 1543. Native paper. 45 × 49 cm. Simple property plan showing the glyph for Azcapotzalco, a house, adjacent fields, a maguey plant, and Spanish money. It is related to a visita by Tello de Sandoval, the text of which may also be in the AGI. A printed reproduction was prepared for Paso y Troncoso before 1916 but not published; it has had little circulation. Zavala (1938) erroneously refers to this reproduction as the "Mapa de Xaltocan." Brief references: Torres Lanzas, 1900, 1: 20, no. 7; Zavala, 1938, p. 604. 20 Azcatitlan, 92

Códice.

Histoire

mexicaine.

BNP 59-64. Ex-Boturini and Aubin collections. Published. Historical. Valley of Mexico. 16thC. European paper. 25 leaves. 21 X 28 cm. Annals of Mexican history, commencing with the departure from Aztlan (here given as Azcatitlan) and Culhuacan A.D. 1168 and continuing with the migration and the beginnings of the dynastic history of Tenochtitlan through A.D. 1381, followed by pages devoted to individual rulers of Tenochtitlan from Acamapichtli through Moctezuma II. Final pages present drawings of the Spanish conquest and of the earliest colonial period. For commentary and photographic edition see Barlow (1949b). Some pages are reproduced in Boban (1891) and in Robertson (1959). Three pages of one of the copies are reproduced in color in Athearn (1963) and two in Blacker (1965). Copies: León y Gama copy, BNP 90-1. Pichardo copy, BNP 89-3. Publication: Barlow, 1949b Partial publication: Athearn, 1963, pp. 29, 31, 38; Blacker, 1965, pp. 58, 136-37; Boban, 1891, 2: 103-13, pls. 59-64; Robertson, 1959, pp. 184-85, pls. 78-79. Brief description: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 447-48. 21 Azoyu, Códice de, no. 1. Códice Rodríguez-Ortega. MNA 35-108. Partially published. Historical, genealogical, and cartographic-historical. Tlapa, Guerrero. 1565 ( ? ) . Amatl paper screenfold painted on both sides. 38 leaves. 20.5 X 23 cm. approx. The manuscript, together with Códice de Azoyu no. 2 and Lienzo de Tlapa, were discovered in Azoyu in 1940. The individual leaves of the document are composed of thin sheets of laminated amatl paper. In either this manuscript or in Códice de Azoyu no. 2 there is a painting on at least one such internal leaf, now covered by the overlying lamination. On each of the 38 pages of the obverse are

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

drawings of historical episodes and seven year dates. The total number of years so represented is 266, possibly equivalent to A.D. 1300-1565 on a correlation that equates 3 Ehecatl, on p. 32, the first in which Spaniards appear, with 3 Calli (Aztec) or A.D. 1521. The year-bearer days used in the dates are one day earlier than those used in the normal or Aztec calendar and the accompanying numbers are 2-14 rather than 1-13. At one end of the reverse side is a genealogy on six pages in the style of the obverse. Five pages at the other extremity of the reverse are in a much later and possibly 17thC style and contain a sort of map showing persons and boundaries with explanatory Nahuatl texts. The style of this addition is reminiscent of the additions to Códice de Veinte Mazorcas. The 27 intermediate pages of the reverse are blank. A brief preliminary study of the manuscript by Toscano (1943) reproduces two pages of the obverse and one page of the genealogy on the reverse. Glass (1964) briefly describes the manuscript and reproduces one page from each of the three sections. Caso (1943b) gives color reproductions of two pages of the obverse; one of them is reprinted in b / w by Vivó (1946). Copy: Modem copy, MNA 35-108A. Partial publication: Caso, 1943b; Glass, 1964, pp. 163-64, pls. 115-17; Toscano, 1943, pp.1 2 8 - 3 3 ,3plates. Other: Vivó, 1946, pl. 53. 22 Azoyu, Códice de, no. 2. Códice Ortega. MNA 35-109. Partially published. Historical and economic (tribute). Tlapa, Guerrero. ca. 1565(?). Amatl paper screenfold painted on both sides. 15 leaves. 22 X 27 cm. approx. The obverse is similar in content, style, and format to the obverse of Códice de Azoyu no. 1 but has eight rather than seven dates per page. It has been considered a version of pp. 19-38 of the latter manuscript; it spans the period believed equivalent to

1429-1564. Two leaves, corresponding to pp. 10 and 11 of the obverse, are missing. The paintings on the reverse ("Nómina de Tributos de Tlapa y su Señorío al Imperio Mexicano"; "Códice Humboldt") which begin on the back of p. 8 of the obverse are concerned with tribute. Humboldt Fragment 1 (q.v.) is a continuation of this side of the manuscript. Toscano (1943) gives preliminary interpretation and reproduces a page from each side of the manuscript. Two different pages, also from opposite sides of the manuscript, are published by Glass (1964) together with a brief description. The latter's statement that the manuscript has 17 leaves misleadingly includes the two lost leaves. See Humboldt Fragment 1 for additional bibliography on the reverse side. Partial publication: Glass, 1964, p. 165, pls. 118-19; Toscano, 1943, pp. 133-36, 2 plates. 23 (fig. 23) Aztactepec y Citlatepec, Lienzo de. Códice de las Vejaciones. Lienzo de Tlapa no. 2. Casa del Alfeñique, Puebla. Published. Cartographic-historical. Citlaltepec, Guerrero. 1572. Cloth. 107 X 135 cm. Around the periphery of the lienzo are glossed place glyphs including Aztactepec and Atlimeaxac, In the center, which is traversed by a river, are drawings of native rulers, Spaniards, Indians fighting, a large snake, and two women, and the glyph for Citlaltepec. Nahuatl glosses mention Tlapa and the date 1572 (1574?). Glass (1964) reproduces the MNA copy, describes it briefly, and cites an unpublished translation of the Nahuatl glosses. Copies: Copy by Rodolfo Barthez made in 1933, MNA 35-126. Photograph of unidentified copy, apparently on paper, in INAH/ AF. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 184, pl. 137. 93

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

24 Baranda, Códice. Codex Alvarado. Códice de las Conquistas de Alvarado. MNA 35-4. Ex-Boturini and BNMex collections. Published. Historical. Western Oaxaca. 17thC. Skin tira painted on one side. 37 Χ 228 cm. The tira opens with historical scenes having parallels in the early or mythical sections of several Mixtec manuscripts. It continues with drawings of 26 houses with as many pairs of persons with calendrical names and several further historical scenes. In one of the latter are a Spaniard and a horse. The commentary by Caso (1958b) includes photographic reproduction in both color and b/w. Colored lithographs were published by the Junta Colombina (Chavero, 1892) with an unacceptable commentary. A colored reproduction of a copy by J. S. León appears in Mendieta y Núñez (1949). The synonym, Codex Alvarado, derived from a brief reference by Chavero (1899), is sometimes mistaken for a distinct document. Chavero (1906) explains the confusion. Copy: Modem copy by Saldaña, MNA 35-4A. Publication: Caso, 1958b; Chavero, 1892, pp. xix-xxii, with 4 double plates in atlas; Mendieta y Núñez, 1949, folding plate facing p. 62. Other: Chavero, 1899, p. 402, note 1; 1906, pp. 203-04, note 2; Ruz Lhuillier, 1944. Bnef descriptions:Alcinsi Franch, 1955, pp. 479, 482; Glass, 1964, pp. 41-42, pl. 6; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 274-76; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1:263-67.

BEAUMONT, FRAY PABLO. Crónica de Michoacan. The Beaumont chronicle, written ca. 1776-80, contains copies of the three pictorial items listed separately below. The only one of several editions of the Crónica to reproduce the illustrations is Beaumont 94

(1932). Part of the original Beaumont manuscript is in JCBL. The three CMNE copies of ca. 1792 are in RAH (two copies) and AGN-H. Other copies, presumably from the CMNE, are in NYPL (two copies, one incomplete), BAN, and UTX. A copy from the Kingsborough and Phillipps collections (Phillipps 11692-94; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 345; Sotheby and Co., 1948, no. 4857) is unknown. Copies of the illustrations were in the Gómez de Orozco collection (Gómez de Orozco, 1927a, p. 160); these may have been the copies of 1892 made for the Exposición HistóricoAmericana of Madrid (Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1 : 1 0 ) . 25 Nine historical scenes in the Crónica de Michoacan (see above). Originals lost. Published. Historical. Tzintzuntzan, Michoacan. 16thC ( ? ) . Physical description uncertain. The nine copies, with identifying Spanish glosses, depict events of the conquest of Michoacan and the history of the religious establishment before 1550. Some ethnological data are included. Cristóbal de Olid, the Tarascan chieftain, Caltzontzin, Fr. Martin de Jesús, and Vasco de Quiroga are shown. References to the originals by Beamnont are unclear but suggest that more than one original was copied. The drawings were first published by Riva Palacio (n.d.) and later, with slight commentary, by N. León (1903, 1903-04, 1904a). All are reproduced in color in Beaumont (1932). Josephy and Brandon (1961) reproduce one scene in color from a NYPL copy. Five details are photographically reproduced in color by López Sarrelangue (1965). Seler (1908a) reproduces and comments on three of the drawings from copies in his collection. Copies: See above for copies of the Beaumont chronicle. An uncolored copy ("Códice de la Conquista de Michoacan") of the

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

nine scenes on a long strip (75 X 308 cm.) is in the MNA (uncataloged; no. 32 of the inventory of 1934). It presumably derives from the copy in AGN-H. Publication: Beaumont, 1932, 2: 25, 36, 124, 366-68, 380; plates in vols. 2 and 3; N. León, 1903, pls. 6, 25bis; 1903-04 (reprinted, 1904a), pls. 29-34, 37-38; Riva Palacio, n.d., pp. 27-33, 297-98. Partial publication: Josephy and Brandon, 1961; pp. 132-33; López Sarrelangue, 1965, following pp. 38, 50, 150, 158, 170; Seler, 1908a, figs. 33, 42,56. 26 Map of Tzintzuntzan in the Crónica de Michoacan (see above). Original unknown. Published. Cartographic. Tzintzuntzan, Michoacan. 16thC. Physical description unknown. Glossed map of Lake Patzcuaro and surrounding towns with Tzintzuntzan, its church and atrium, and other buildings prominent near the center. Historical detail relates to transfer of episcopal see from Tzintzuntzan to Patzcuaro about 1540. Reproduced in color in Beaumont (1932), B. Smith (1968), and in López Sarrelangue (1965). Other reproductions are given by N. León (1903, 1906b). Seler (1908a) reproduces one of the Beaumont copies as well as a variant copy in his collection. The latter indicates that the original was glossed in Tarascan. McAndrew (1965) also illustrates and comments on the Beaumont and Seler versions. Yet another version is published by Cuevas (1921-28). Publication: Beaumont, 1932, 2: 36-37, 366-69; vol. 3, plate facing p. 410; Cuevas, 1921-28, 1: 313; I. Espinosa, 1945, pl. 10; N. León, 1903, pl. 7; 1906b, fig. 6; López Sarrelangue, 1965, following p. 70; McAndrew, 1965, pp. 508, 633; Seler, 1908a, figs. 17, 18; B. Smith, 1968, p. 19L

See Tributes of Tzintzuntzan and Tlalpujava. 27 Becker, Codex, no. 1. Manuscrit du Cacique. Codex Saussure. Codex Tzapoteque. Codex Franz Josefino. Museum für Völkerkunde, Vienna. Ex-Pascual Almazan and Philip J. Becker collections. Published. Historical. Tututepec, ex-district of Juquila, Western Oaxaca. Preconquest. Skin screenfold painted on one side. 16 leaves in 3 fragments (pp. 1-4, 5-14, 1516). 18.7 X 396.4 cm. (total length). The manuscript consists of fragments of a larger document of which Códice Colombino (q.v.) also forms a part. It treats the life and history of the l l t h C Mixtec ruler, 8 Deer. Codex Becker no. 1 has dates embracing the years A.D. 1047-68. Color lithographs of the copy made by Saussure shortly after 1852 were published in 1891 (Saussure, 1891). A commentary and photographic facsimile were published by Nowotny (1961a). Caso (in Caso and Smith, 1966) also interprets its content and discusses its relationship to Códice Colombino. Partial interpretations of the content appear in Clark (1912) and Caso (1955b). Copy: The location of the Saussure copy is unknown. Publication: Nowotny, 1961a; Saussure, 1891. Studies: Caso, 1955b; Caso and Smith, 1966; Clark, 1912; Nowotny and Strebinger, 1958. Other: Hamy, 1897; Nowotny, 1964. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 487-88. Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 259-60. 28 Becker, Codex, no. 2. Museum für Völkerkunde, Vienna. Ex-Philip J. Becker collection. Published. Historical. Western Oaxaca. Early 16thC. Skin screenfold painted on one side. 4 leaves. 26.5 X 115.6cm. (total length). 95

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

The manuscript is divided into two horizontal bands. In the lower are nine Indian couples with calendrical and personal name glyphs. In the upper are six couples by a different or later hand, also responsible for the addition of place glyphs to the lower division. Both sets of drawings are in the traditional Mixtec style. None of the persons shown have been identified in other Mixtec genealogies. What may be another fragment of this manuscript is described in the following entry. Nowotny (1961a) provides commentary and photographic color reproduction. He also gives line drawings of the manuscript first published by him in 1957. Copies: An unpublished 19thC copy, MNA 35-8, may include details now illegible on the original. MNA 35-77 (partially published by Glass, 1964) is a modern copy based on photographs of the original. The location of the Seler collection copy is unknown. A copy by Becker is owned by C. A. Burland. Publication: Nowotny, 1957, 1961a. Other: Glass, 1964, pp. 46, 130, pl. 82; Nowotny, 1964. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 491; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 261. 29 (fig. 24) , additional fragment. Fragmento Mixteco de Nochistlan. Museum für Völkerkunde, Hamburg. Unpublished. Historical. Western Oaxaca. Early 16thC. Skin, painted on one side. 26 X 50 cm. approx. Like Codex Becker no. 2, the fragment is divided into two horizontal bands. Each band has a hieroglyphic place symbol and date as well as two pairs of Indian couples depicted in much the same manner and style as those in the lower half of Codex Becker no. 2, of which the fragment is believed to form a part. Mixtec (?) glosses are in two different handwritings. The existence of the document was com96

municated by G. Zimmermann, who courteously supplied a photograph to L C / H F for description. The history of the manuscript and the reason for the word Nochistlan in the title are unknown to us. Bibliography: None. 30 Boban Calendar Wheel John Carter Brown Library, Providence. Ex-Boban, Pinart, C. F. Gunther, and Chicago Historical Society collections. Published. Calendrical and historical. Texcoco, Mexico. ca. 1538. Circular leaf of native paper. 38 cm. diameter. Calendar wheel with symbols for the 18 months in the outer circle with the 20 day signs clustered at the top. In the center are two sets of drawings and Nahuatl texts of an historical nature. One, with the date 7 Rabbit (1538), concerns the Texcocan town officers, Hernando de Chávez and Antonio Pimentel. The text of the other includes references to Netzahualcoyotl, Itzcoatl, and Totoquihuatzin, 15thC rulers of Texcoco, Tenochtitlan, and Tlacopan. The Nahuatl texts have not been fully translated. Color lithographs have been published by Doutrelaine (1867) and in Veytia (1907). Color photographs of the original and the 1867 edition are given by Caso (1967). Calendrical interpretations are provided by Paso y Troncoso (1898b), Jonghe (1906a) and by Caso (1959b; reprinted in Caso, 1967). The month symbols are reproduced by Orozco y Berra (1880) and Robertson (1959) gives a general analysis of the document. B/w reproductions of one or the other of the color lithographs appear in some of the publications cited. Publication without comment: Peñafiel, 1910, pl. 110; Veytia, 1907, pl. 8. Publication with partial study: Caso, 1959b, pp. 23-25, fig. 4; 1967, pp. 71-73, fig. 22; Doutrelaine, 1867; Jonghe, 1906a, pp. 495-96, fig. 3; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

56, fig. 12; Robertson, 1959, pp. 146-49, pl. 51. Other: Boban, 1891, 1: 360, note 1; 2: 100; Orozco y Berra, 1880, atlas, pl. 18, figs. 6784; Paso y Troncoso, 1898b, pp. 295-302. 31 Bodley, Codex. Codex Bodleianus. Códice Bodleiano. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Ex-Sir Thomas Bodley collection. Historical. Western Oaxaca. ca. 1521. Skin screenfold painted on both sides. 23 leaves with 20 painted pages on each side. 26 X 29 cm. The obverse contains a detailed presentation of the genealogies of the dynasties of Tilantongo and Teozacoalco and the mythological origins of the former. Its first date is believed equivalent to A.D. 692, and the last event shown is the marriage of the rulers of Tilantongo who were ruling at the time of the Spanish conquest. The reverse contains related genealogies for various localities, most of which have not been identified. This codex is one of the most replete and important of the Mixtec histories. The detailed interpretation and commentary by Caso (1960b, 1960c), is accompanied by a photographic color facsimile. The first edition was published by Kingsborough (1831-48). Another edition (Corona Núñez, 1964-67) has a commentary, possibly based on that by Caso, with the pages of the manuscript reproduced by color photography. Its quality is inferior to that of the Caso edition. The genealogies on the obverse have also been studied by Dark (1958a). Publication: Caso, 1960b, 1960c; Corona Núñez, 1964-67, 2: 33-75;Librería Echániz, 1947a; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 1. Studies: Caso, 1952, 1958f, 1964c, 1966b; Dark, 1958a, 1958b, 1959. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 488; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 271; Nowotny, 1961b, pp. 51, 271, pl. 60.

32 Borhonicus, Codex. Codex du Corps Legislatif. Codex Legislatif. Codex Hamy. Calendario de Paris. Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée Nationale Française, Paris. Published. Ritual-calendrical. Mexico CityTenochtitlan, D.F. Preconquest or early 16thC. Native paper screenfold painted on one side. 36 leaves (pp. 3-38). ca. 39 X 39.5 cm. The manuscript was first described by Waddilove (in W. Robertson, 1778) when it was in the Escorial in Spain and before its pp. 1-2 and 39-40 were lost. It was purchased by the library of the French Chamber of Deputies in 1826. Kingsborough (1831-48) reported its presence in Paris but was apparently refused permission to publish it (Anonymous, 1829). The date of this major and early calendrical source is controversial. Caso (1939a, 1962) has argued for a preconquest dating whereas D. Robertson (1959) has argued for an early colonial date, possibly before 1541. Caso (1967, pp. 103-12) again discusses its dating and attempts a refutation of Robertson's arguments. The manuscript has four major sections. Part 1 (pp. 3-20) is a tonalpohualli or 260day divinatory almanac. The first and second of the 20 periods, presumably depicted on the missing pp. 1 and 2, are lacking. The presiding deities and other symbols of each period are shown in a main panel on each page. The day signs, the 13 Lords of the Day, the 9 Lords of the Night, and the 13 birds are drawn in compartments below and to the right of each main panel. The pictorial detail is greater than that in any other central Mexican tonalamatl or than those in the Borgia Group manuscripts. As in other parts of the document there are later Spanish glosses. Part 2 (pp. 21-22) shows the association of the 9 Lords of the Night with the yearbearer days for a 52-year period. Part 3 (pp. 97

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

23-36) is an 18-month festival calendar for a New Fire ceremony year. Part 4 (pp. 3738 and the missing pp. 39-40) repeats one of the month ceremonies and continues with year dates for a 52-year period. Hamy (1899a) gives descriptive commentary and color lithograph facsimile. A photographic edition of part 1 only was issued by Vaillant (1940). Paso y Troncoso (1898b) is a detailed but unillustrated commentary on the entire manuscript. An edition and commentary by Caso has long been in press. The correlation of the Aztec and Christian calendars by Caso (1939a; 1967, pp. 4 1 64) depends heavily on an analysis of part 3 of this manuscript. Part 2 has been the subject of a number of technical studies and is also treated in some of the other calendrical studies of the document listed below. Chavero (n.d.) illustrated several details from the manuscript under the name "Calendario de Paris," presumably from a copy by J. F. Ramirez in his collection. A single page was first reproduced by Léon de Rosny (1876a, 1881b) and a detail was reproduced by Lucien de Rosny (1877). Eleven of its pages are reproduced (nine in color) in Caso (1967). Copies: An incomplete copy from the Ramirez and Chavero collections is in MNA/AH. An unpublished commentary by Ramirez (cited by Paso y Troncoso, 1898b) may also be in that collection. Full-size photographs were given limited distribution in the late 19thC. Examples of these are in NYPL, MHP, and elsewhere but are not listed in the institutional checklist. A set of photographs is BNP 80. Editions: Hamy, 1899a; Librería Echániz, 1938a. Partial edition: Vaillant, 1940. Commentary: Paso y Troncoso, 1898b. Studies of Part 2: Apenes, 1953; Bowditch, 1900; Burland, 1957b; Caso, 1953; 1967, pp. 112-29; Lizardi Ramos, 1953a. Other calendrical studies: Caso, 1939a; 98

1940; 1967, chaps. 1 and 3 (includes revision of his 1939a and 1940); Jonghe, 1906a, 1906b; Kreichgauer, 1917-18; Margáin Araujo, 1945; Nowotny, 1961b, passim, pls. 63-65; Seler, 1904-09, chap. 23; 1963, chap. 23. General study: Robertson, 1959, pp. 8693, pls. 9, 21. Other: André-Bonnet, 1950; Anonymous, 1829; Boban, 1891, 2: 202-07, pl. 80; Caso, 1962; Chavero, n.d., pp. xvi, 707-11; Collin, 1952; Galindo y Villa, 1923; Kingsborough, 1831-48, 6: 95; Léon de Rosny, 1876a, pl. 10; 1881b, pl. 10; Lucien de Rosny, 1877, pl. 12. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 429-30; Aubin, 1859; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 56; W. Robertson, 1778, 2: 47778. 33 Borgia, Codex. Codex Borgianus. Códice Borgiano. Manuscrit de Veletri. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome. ExPalazzo Giustiniani (?), Cardinal Stefano Borgia and Sacra Congregatione de Propaganda Fide collections. Published. Ritual-calendrical. Borgia Group. Preconquest. Skin screenfold. 39 leaves (38 painted pages on each side; initial and terminal pages formerly attached to covers, blank). 27 X 26.5 cm. (total length ca. 1027-34 cm.). Generally conceded to be among the finest specimens of pre-Columbian art, the manuscript is the most important, detailed, and complex pictorial source extant for the study of Central Mexican gods, ritual, divination, calendar, religion, and iconography. Most of its 28 sections are devoted to different aspects of the tonalpohualli, the Mesoamerican 260-day divinatory period. Other sections depict complex rituals whose significance remains obscure. The Fábrega (1899) commentary, commissioned by Cardinal Borgia before the former's death in 1797, is of historical interest

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

only. Details were first published by Humboldt (1810); the first edition is in Kingsborough (1831-48). A color screenfold facsimile with history of the manuscript was published by the Duc de Loubat (Ehrle, 1898). The copiously illustrated and comprehensive commentary by Seler (1904-09) includes annotated drawings of all pages. Its Spanish translation (Seler, 1963) is also accompanied by a photographic color reproduction. Nowotny (1961b) provides comparative summary and interpretations of all its sections, differing from those by Seler in some instances. He also reproduces 38 of its 76 pages. The color in the editions of 1898 and 1963 may be compared with color photographs of selected pages in Flor y Canto (1964) and in various other art books. See annotation in bibliography under Corona Núñez (1964-67) for an edition now in press. Studies of particular passages of the manuscript are listed below. See Borgia Group, below, for further bibliography and comment. Copies: Ramón Rodríguez Arangoiti, whose name appears on the manuscript as having made a copy in 1856, has been identified (Chavero, 1899, p. 321) as having been retained by J. F. Ramirez to color an uncolored version of the Kingsborough edition from the original. Publication: Librería Echániz, 1937a; Ehrle, 1898; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 3; Seler, 1904-09, 1963. Studies: Beyer, 1912a, 1912b; Nowotny, 1961b, passim; Seler, 1902f, 19021; J. E. S. Thompson, 1934, pp. 217-19, 223-25, pls. 12; 1966. Historical references: Barthelemy, 1798; Borson, 1796, p. 39; Paulinus de Sancto Bartholomaeo, 1805; Zoega, 1797, pp. 53031. Other: Caso, 1927; Chadwick and MacNeish, 1967; Chavero, 1899, pp. 319-24 and passim; Fábrega, 1899; Flor y Canto, 1964, pls. 4, 361,363; Humboldt, 1810, pp. 89-101,

212, 235-37, pls. 15, 27, 37; Márquez, 1911, 1912; Seler, 1895, 1904g. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 471-73; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 251-53.

BORGIA GROUP. Five pictorial manuscripts—the screenfold Codices Borgia, Cospi, Féjérváry-Mayer, Laud, and Vaticanus Β—entered separately in the census but linked together by preconquest date, intricate symbolism, a largely common religious content related to the divinatory tonalpohualli 260-day cycle, and unknown and probably different proveniences. The group was first defined by Seler (1902b) in 1887. Part of the reverse side of Códice Porfirio Díaz (pp. 33-42) has a similar content and is sometimes considered a member of the group. Aubin Manuscript no. 20, also considered a member of the group, has been classified herein as Western Oaxacan or Mixtec. Unsatisfactory color reproductions of the five screenfolds were published by Kingsborough (1831-48); more adequate editions are cited in the census entries. The commentaries by Seler on Tonalamatl Aubin (1900) and Codices Féjérváry-Mayer (1901a), Vaticanus Β (1902a), and especially Borgia (1904-09) constitute the fundamental body of interpretation; each of these commentaries also treats comparable passages in other members of the group, excepting the greater part of Codex Laud. Most earlier 19thC studies, such as those in Chavero (n.d.) and elsewhere, are now either only of historical interest or superseded. Only Nowotny (1961b) is an important, elaborate, and illustrated presentation of the content of all members of the group. His revision of the numeration of sections of some manuscripts as used by Seler will probably be accepted as a new standard for citations. As there are numerous cases where a section of one manuscript is parallel in content to 99

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

one or more of the other members of the group, his indexes to their content facilitate study of these similarities. Spranz (1964) is a detailed analysis of the iconography of deities depicted in the five screenfolds. The provenience of the group is treated in detail in three recent studies (Robertson, 1963, 1964; Nicholson, 1966c) and in more general terms by Martinez Marin (1961). Modern opinion has limited the probable provenience of the five screenfolds to the Mixteca-Puebla, Puebla-Tlaxcala, Western Oaxaca, or Gulf Coast regions. Brief descriptions of the group as a whole and of its five basic members are cited below. Single publication of the five screenfolds: Kingsborough, 1831-48, vols. 2 and 3. Commentaries: Nowotny, 1961b; Seler, 1900, 1901a, 1902a, 1904-09 (and English or Spanish translations cited in the bibliography); Spranz, 1964. Provenience (modern works only): Martinez Marin, 1961, pp. 6-10; Nicholson, 1966c; Robertson, 1963, 1964. Other: Chavero, n.d., passim; Nowotny, 1955; Seler, 1902b. Brief description: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 471-78; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 251-59; Toscano, 1944, pp. 370-77. 34 Boturini, Códice. Tira de Ia Peregrinación. Tira del Museo. MNA 35-38. Ex-Boturini collection. Exhibited in London by Bullock in 1824. Published. Historical. Mexico City, D.F. 16thC. Amatl paper screenfold painted on one side only. 21 and one-half leaves. 19.8 X 549 cm. (total length). Early pictorial chronicle (1168-1355), in native or slightly acculturated style, gives the history of the Tenochca-Mexica beginning with the emigration from Aztlan through the arrival at Chapultepec to the period of their subjugation to Coxcox, ruler 100

of Culhuacan. The sole color is in the red lines that connect the dates. The only photographic edition (Corona Núñez, 1964-67) is in color. Early lithograph editions are Bullock (n.d.), Kingsborough (1831-48), Delafield (1839), and J. F. Ramirez (1858), by Chavero (n.d.), Librería Echániz (1944c,d,e), Mendizábal (1946), and inferior versions in Gondra (1846) and Schoolcraft (1851-57). References to an edition by Aubin are probably in error. Robertson (1959) and Glass (1964) reproduce photographs of individual pages. The manuscript has been interpreted by J. F. Ramirez (1858), by Chavero (n.d.), with full reproduction of the tira as text figures, by Orozco y Berra (1880) with unorthodox chronology, in Librería Echániz (1944c), and by Corona Núñez (1964-67). Radin (1920) reproduces Kingsborough's plates and gives a digest of the Orozco y Berra commentary. The comparative studies by Garcia Conde (1926) and Garcia Cubas (1912), both of which include reproductions, depend on J. F. Ramirez and Orozco y Berra. Barlow (1949b) indicates the basis for a colonial dating; Robertson (1959) comments on the style and dating. The few glosses have been transcribed (incompletely) only on the Bullock and Delafield lithographs. No commentary provides a full treatment and the bibliography given here for this major source is selective. Copies: Among the very large number of copies that have been reported in the literature are: BNP 93, BNP 96, and MNA 3538A. See also the Mapa Monclova (Article 26, no. 963). Publication with commentary: Corona Núñez, 1964-67, 2: 7-29; Librería Echániz, 1944c; García Conde, 1926, pp. 312-27, pl. 33; García Cubas, 1912, pp. 411-18, pl. 71; Radin, 1920, pp. 11-12, 33-35, pls. 1-11; J. F. Ramirez, 1858. Publication without significant comment: Bullock, n.d.; Delafield, 1839, pp. 95-101, folding plate; Librería Echániz, 1944d,

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

1944e; Gondra, 1846, pp. 10-36, pls. 2-5; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 1; Mendizábal, 1946, folding plate; Schoolcraft, 1851-57, vol. 1, pls. 1-2. Studies: Chavero, n.d., pp. vii, 459-507; Orozco y Berra, 1880, 3: 67-87; J. F. Ramirez, 1945a, 1952, 1953, 1956; Robertson, 1959, pp. 83-86, pl. 20. Other: Barlow, 1949b, p. 104; Bullock, 1824c, no. 48. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 444-45; Glass, 1964, pp. 83-84, pl. 40. 35 Calpan, Confirmation des élections de. BNP 73. Ex-Boturini (?) and Aubin collections. Partially published. Genealogical. Calpan, Puebla. 1578. European paper. 9 leaves. 30 X 21 cm. Seven drawings, each on two facing pages, and two pages of text in Nahuatl and Spanish. The drawings, glossed in Nahuatl, are genealogies and apparently pertain to the following localities: Ayapanco, Santa Maria Tepetipan, San Juan Tlaxichco, San Miguel Tlalnauac, San Juan Tianquizmanalco, San Baltasar Atlimeyaya, and Santiago Tenayocan. The abundant genealogical detail extends before the conquest; the glosses are notable for their inclusion of numerous Indian titles. The text identifies the document as a viceregal confirmation of barrio elections of the town of Calpan. The first and most elaborate of the drawings and part of the final text have been published by Boban (1891). Partial publication: Boban, 1891, 2: 15659, pl. 73. 36 Caltecpaneca, Fragmento, MNA 35-79. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Unclassified. Central Mexico. 16thC. Maguey paper. 18 X 55 cm. The drawing, which is but a fragment of a lost larger drawing, shows an Indian man and woman inside a doorway that has floral

decorations. One of the glosses reads "Caltecpaneca." Glass (1964) gives photoreproduction and brief description. It has also been described by Mateos Higuera (1949c) and by Mena (1923). Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 133, pl. 84. Bnef descriptions: Mateos Higuera, 1949c; Mena, 1923, pp. 62-63, pl. 6, no. 21. 37 Cano, Genealogía de la Familia. BNP 388. Unpublished. Genealogical. Valley of Mexico. 17thC ( ? ) . Parchment. 31 X 43 cm. Not examined. A description of the document by Carlos Mancio, dated 1715, is contained in AGN-V 110 and has been published by Fernández de Recas (1961). According to this the genealogy depicts Chimalpopoca, Huitzilihuitzin, Acamapichtli, Moctezuma, and various colonial persons having the surnames Cano and Moctezuma. It also contains native numerals for the sum of 285, ostensibly the date of the manuscript in years elapsed since the founding of Tenochtitlan. Brief description: Fernández de Recas, 1961, pp. 77-81; J. F. Ramirez, 1855, no. 5.

CARAPAN, CÓDICES DE. Three pictorial documents listed below. A fourth and lost pictorial manuscript associated with Carapan is known through Códice Plancarte (see Article 27B, no. 1007). The first two are in the Museo Michoacano, Morelia, which also holds other (nonpictorial) documents relating to Carapan. Notes and transcripts of related documents for an unpublished study by R. H. Barlow are in the library of the University of the Americas, Mexico. 38 (fig. 25) Carapan, Códice de, no. 1, Museo Michoacan, Morelia. Unpublished. Car101

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

tographic-historical. Carapan, Michoacan. 1589 or later. Cloth. Dimensions not reported. The lienzo depicts roads, various groups of Indians, friars, and Spaniards. Some of the latter are on horseback and appear to be receiving tribute. A coat of arms surmounted by an eagle is drawn near the lower left. Glosses refer to place names and to colonial Tarascan Indians, such as Antonio Huitzmengari. The style and content appear wholly colonial. The Lienzo de Patzcuaro (q.v.) is a later version of this document. Mateos Higuera (1948b) gives brief description and transcribes some of the glosses. Copy: Modern copy, without glosses, in Hotel Virrey de Mendoza, Morelia, Michoacan. Brief description: Mateos Higuera, 1948b, pp. 169-72. 39 Carapan, Códice de, no. 2. Museo Michoacano, Morelia. Unpublished. Historical. Carapan, Michoacan. 16thC. Native (?) paper. 1 leaf. Dimensions not determined. Not examined. Mateos Higuera (1948b) describes it as showing various Tarascan Indians (six of whom are at the upper left), a temple, other details, and as having Tarascan glosses which refer to the Indian rulers of Carapan. In citing a publication of this document Mateos Higuera confuses it with the Genealogía de los Caciques de Carapan. Brief description: Mateos Higuera, 1948b, pp. 172-74. 40 Carapan, Genealogía de los Caciques de. Unknown. Ex-León collection. Published. Genealogical. Carapan, Michoacan. Date unknown. Physical description unreported except as 1 fragmentary leaf. Glossed "Irecha Uacus Trongo Real," the document shows eight persons, some identi102

fiable as Tarascan rulers, a double-headed eagle, and lesser detail. Known data derive from the brief description and tracing in N. León (1903-04; 1904a). Corona Núñez has reproduced the León tracing several times (1946, 1 9 5 7 , 1959) with brief comment and has interpreted the symbolism of the two eagle heads (1942b; 1957). He considers it a part of the lost Códice Plancarte, also associated with Carapan. Publication: N. León, 1903-04, pp. 31819, pl. 41; 1904a, 142-43,pl.41. Other: Corona Núñez, 1942b, pp. 87-88; 1946, pp. 26-27, pl. 9; 1957, pp. 62-63, fig. 11; 1959, frontispiece. 41 Chalchihuitzin Vásquez, Lienzo. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Ex-Mrs. John Hay collection. Published. San Salvador Cartographic-historical. Tzompantepec ( ? ) , Tlaxcala. 16thC. Cloth. 165.10 × 127 cm. Two individuals, one of whom is identified as Chalchihuitzin Vásquez, are shown seated in a house at the center of the lienzo. Surrounding this are other houses and numerous portraits of Indian men and women, most of whom are identified by the Nahuatl glosses. Place names appear to include Tlaquatzinco, Quaxumolco, Xaltianguisco, and San Salvador Tzonpa . . . (Tzonpanco?, Tzompantepec?, Tzompantzinco?). These localities may be identified in the ex-districts of Cuauhtemoc and Juarez, Tlaxcala. Photoreproduction and a very superficial commentary are provided by Vaillant (1939). A photograph also appears in Vaillant's Aztecs of Mexico (1941, and other editions). Publication: Vaillant, 1939; 1941, pl. 44. Brief description: Gibson, 1952, p. 264. 42 CHALCO: Reçus presentes par le Capitaine Jorge Ceron y Carabajal, Alcalde Mayor de

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

Chalco. BNP 30. Ex-León y Gama and Aubin collections. Partially published. Economic (tribute). Chalco, Mexico. 1564. Native paper, 1 leaf, 53 X 41 cm., and 12 or 13 leaves of European paper (ff. 93-105?), dimensions not determined. Only one page of the document has been published; it contains pictorial representations of tribute and nine place glyphs. Accompanying this pictorial sheet are a Nahuatl text, a Spanish translation, and further drawings. The whole is said to concern litigation over the payment for goods and services. Boban (1891) reproduces one page, describes the document, and reprints the description by León y Gama (1832). Copies: Pichardo Copy, BNP 296. Partial publication: Boban, 1891, 1: 40002, pl. 30. Brief description: León y Gama, 1832, 2: 137-42. 43 Chavero, Códice. Códice de Tributos de Huexotzingo. MNA/AH Col. Antig. 259 (also cataloged as MNA 35-25). Ex-Boturini and Chavero collections. Partially published. Economic (tribute). Huexotzingo, Puebla. ca. 1579. European paper. 139 leaves of text (ff. 86-220, 222-25), 32 X 22 cm., and 18 drawings (ff. 221, 229-45), 72 X 32 cm. Drawings of the tribute for the years 1571-79 for 17 localities, including Huexotzingo, Almoyahuacan, Tezmelucan, Tianguistengo, and Atlisco, all located between Tezmelucan and Atlixco or in the vicinity of Huexotzingo. The same places figure in the Matrícula de Huexotzingo. The accompanying text is in Spanish. The inventories of the Boturini collection describe it as having had 301 leaves and 22 "mapas." Glass (1964) briefly describes the manuscript and reproduces one of its pictorial pages. Garcia Granados and MacGregor (1934) also describe it and publish three of

its pages. Chavero (1901a) refers to his ownership of the volume. Partial publication: Glass, 1964, pp. 6768, pl. 26; Garcia Granados and MacGregor, 1934, pp. 23-24, 77-81. Other: Chavero, 1901a, pp. 10-11.

CHAVERO, COLECCIÓN. Under this title Chavero (1901a,b,c) published five pictorial documents. Nos. 1-3 are falsifications; nos. 4 and 5 comprise the AMNH volume known as Codex Chavero, also known as Códice de Ixhuatepec. Parts listed individually below.

no. 1. Mapa de Tlaxcallan. See Article 26, no. 902.

no. 2. Códice Ciclográfico. See Article 26, no. 903.

no. 3. Calendario o Rueda del Año. See Article 26, no. 904. 44 no. 4. Códice de Ixhuatepec (part). Codex Chavero (part). American Museum of Natural History, New York. Ex-J. F. Ramirez and Chavero collections. Published. Economic (land titles, property plans, and miscellaneous) and genealogical. San Juan Ixhuatepec, Mexico, or Mexico City-Tlatelolco region, D.F. 18thC ( ? ) . European paper. 8 leaves (ff. 34-39, 4 1 42). 30 × 21 cm. The AMNH document, "Codex Chavero," contains old copies of five different manuscripts defectively published by Chavero (1901c) as Colección Chavero no. 4, parts 1-4, and Colección Chavero no. 5. The latter (ff. 25-33) is described in the census under 103

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

the title Códice de Ixhuatepec, a term by which Chavero (n.d.) also referred to the entire document. The five manuscripts together may represent the titles of San Juan Ixhuatepec. Part 1 (ff. 41v-42r) has glossed drawings, with personal name glyphs, of seven preconquest rulers of Tenochtitlan as well as of numerous other 14th and 15thC persons including Ilancueitl of Culhuacan (wife of Acamapichtli), Netzahualcoyotl of Texcoco, Tezozomoc of Azcapotzalco, Acolmiztli of Coatlinchan, and Cuacuapitzahuac of Tlatelolco. Various genealogical relationships among these persons are indicated. Near the center is a simple plan of Tenochtitlan showing the four major barrios. Part 2 (ff. 38v-39r) is a simple plan of two native houses with the names of two Indians (Andrés and Magdalena Ramírez y Nemac). Part 3 (ff. 36v-37r) is divided into nine vertical columns in which there are place glyphs (most of which also appear in part 4), numerical signs, and symbols for the four barrios of Tenochtitlan. Part 4 (ff. 34v-35r) is divided into six vertical columns and 10 horizontal rows. In 50 of the 60 compartments thus formed are glossed place glyphs. These appear to represent all the place names in Códice de Ixhuatepec other than those also listed in the Títulos de Santa Isabel Tola as well as certain additional place names. The only edition of the manuscript consists of the probably inaccurate tracings published by Chavero (1901c) with a superficial commentary. Chavero (n.d.) refers to the manuscript and illustrates several details from parts 1 and 2. More than half the place glyphs from part 4 of the manuscript were published by Peñafiel (1897c) under the title "Pleito de Tierras." See Ixhuatepec Group for related manuscripts. Publication: Chavero, 1901c, pp. 15-23, pls. 1-4. 104

Other: Chavero, n.d., pp. xxvi, 620, 638, 642; Peñafiel, 1897c, passim.

no. 5. See Códice de Ixhuatepec. 45 Chichimecatecuhtli, Don Juan, Lienzo de. Lienzo Vischer no. 2. Museum für Volkerkunde, Basle. Ex-Vischer collection. Published. Cartographic - historical. Tlaxcala (?). 16thC. C l o t h .ca.91 X 123 cm. Incomplete. The lienzo shows numerous seated Indians in genealogical relationships as well as native houses, the sides of which have serrated profiles. The central house is glossed "Ychan Quauhtliztac." A prominent Indian figure with spear and shield next to a European sword is named Don Juan Chichimecatecuhtli. A European building appears near the bottom. There are no place glyphs or dates and only a few personal name glyphs and glosses. The manuscript is classified as Tlaxcalan, following Nicholson (1967); a provenience in the Texcoco region of the Valley of Mexico is also conceivable. A description and poor reproduction are given by Caso (1965a). Publication: Caso, 1965a. Brief mention: Dietschy, 1960, p. 71; Nicholson, 1967. 46 (figs. 26,27) Chichimec History, Map of. Unknown. Unpublished. Cartographic-historical. Valley of Mexico. 16thC. Physical description unknown. Map of 17 localities, denoted by glossed calli symbols, with roads and a church glossed "Santa Maria de la Me." Adjacent to an historical scene is a Nahuatl gloss with the date 1466. The two known copies vary in proportions and details. Vaillant (MSb) describes the AMNH

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

copy and suggests a provenience in the Amecameca-Chalco region of the Valley of Mexico. Copies: Certified copy, 1854, AMNH. Photograph of unidentified copy, possibly by Nebel, BYU. Bibliography: Vaillant, MSb. 47 Chicomesuchil, San Juan, Lienzo de (no. 1). Pueblo. Partially published. Cartographic-historical. San Juan Chicomesuchil, ex-district of Ixtlan, Eastern Oaxaca. 17thC. Cloth. ca. 150 X 150 cm. The lienzo is very briefly described by Schmieder (1930) as representing the Upper Rio Grande Valley and as bearing Zapotec glosses. The detail published by him shows mounted Spaniards attacking a village. The style of the document is apparently not in the native tradition. Partial publication: Schmieder, 1930, pp. 51-52, fig. 6. 48 Chicomesuchil, San Juan, Mapa de (no. 2). Pueblo. Unpublished. Unavailable. San Juan Chicomesuchil, ex-district of Ixtlan, Eastern Oaxaca. l7thC. European paper. Dimensions not reported. The map is mentioned by Schmieder (1930) as being similar to the Lienzo de San Juan Chicomesuchil and as having illegible Zapotec glosses. Brief mention: Schmieder, 1930, p. 52, note 60. 49 Chiconquiaco, Mapa de. Unknown. Published. Cartographic- historical. Chiconquiaco, Veracruz. 1542 ( ? ) . Physical description unreported except as 1 sheet. The published copy of the document exhibits a peripheral border of numbered, glossed, and very rudimentary place glyphs. In the center are crude drawings of place glyphs, numerous Indians without personal

name glyphs, at least one Spaniard, a friar (Alonso de Santiago), three churches (including San Pedro Chiconquiaco and Miahuatlan), and the native date 11 Rabbit (1542). Most of the many Nahuatl glosses are illegible in the reproduction. A long Nahuatl text in two parts refers to the distribution of lands in a year 10 House (1541) and mentions the names of Indians (whose heads are among the drawings) from Naolingo, San Antonio, Chiconquiaco, Colipa, and Misantla. A palaeography and translation of the long Nahuatl text by Barlow (MSb) are unpublished. A poor reproduction of a copy is given without significant comment by Melgarejo Vivanco (1949). Ramirez Lavoignet (1959, 1962) refers to the document. Copies: Copies are reported in the Archivo Municipal of Chiconquiaco and in the Departamento de Antropología of the state of Veracruz. Publication: Melgarejo Vivanco, 1949, plate facing p. 286. Brief mention: Melgarejo Vivanco, 1953, p. 333; Ramirez Lavoignet, 1959, pp. 37-40, 96, 168; 1962, pp. 25, 143. Other: Barlow, MSb. 50 Chicontla, Lienzo de. Pueblo. Unpublished. Unclassified. Chicontla (municipio de Jopala?), Puebla. Date unknown. Cloth. Dimensions unknown. The lienzo is known only through an extremely poor photograph in the INAH/AF in which practically no details are legible. Visible in the photo are roads depicted by parallel lines with footprints and a few tepetl symbols. The original appears to be in poor condition and of secondary interest. Bibliography: None. 51 Chilchotla, Santa Maria, Lienzo de. Pueblo (?). Published. Cartographic-historical. Santa Maria Chilchotla, ex-district of Teoti105

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

tlan. Northern Oaxaca. 1751 (?). Cloth. ca. 230 X 60 cm. Drawn in a very crude style, the lienzo depicts the boundaries of Chilchotla and includes schematic drawings of two churches, several place glyphs, native rulers, etc., in the center. The date 1751 appears among the Spanish glosses. The document is known only through three photographs (copies in L C / H F ) taken in the Mazatec region by Bernard Bevan in 1937. One is of half of the lienzo; the other two are of a copy on paper dated 1924. Cline (1964, 1966b) reproduces the first of the photographs and gives a drawing of the lienzo based on all three. He also identifies the area covered by the document but fails to indicate that the photos are of two manuscripts rather than of one. Publication: Cline, 1964, pp. 408-10, 42021, figs. 9-12; 1966b, pp. 279-85, figs. 3-5, map 7. 52 Chimalapa, Santa Maria, Lienzo de. Pueblo. Unpublished. Unavailable. Santa Maria Chimalapa, ex-district of Juchitan, Eastern Oaxaca. Physical description unknown. Seler (1908b) reports the alleged existence of a pictorial manuscript in Santa Maria Chimalapa. Further data unavailable. Brief mention: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 456; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 276; Seler, 1908b, p. 158. 53 Chinantla, Lienzo de la. Lienzo de Tuxtepec. MNA 35-112. Published. Cartographic-historical. San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional, ex-district of Tuxtepec, Northern Oaxaca. 17thC (?). Oil on canvas. 110 Χ 130 cm. Palimpsest. Glossed map of about 27 colonial Chinantec communities around present Valle Nacional depicts rivers, mountains, and other features of terrain. Small ethnographic 106

scenes are barely visible in available reproductions. Similar in coverage and composition to the Lienzo de la Gran Chinantla and the Mapa de Yetla. Cline (1961a) provides reproduction and study of cartographic content with diagrams. Cline (1961b) also reproduces the document but gives less detailed discussion. A larger reproduction is in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). Publication: Cline, 1961a, pp. 50-57, pls. 1, 3; 1961b, pls. 3, 6; Glass, 1964, p. 168, pl. 122. Brief description: Cline, 1957, pp. 289-92. 54 (fig. 28) Chinantla, la Gran, Lienzo de. Mapa de la Chinantla. Princeton University Library. Ex-Mariano Espinosa and C. C. James collections. Inadequately published. Cartographic-historical. San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional, ex-district of Tuxtepec, Northern Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 128 X 188 cm. The lienzo depicts communities, rivers, and surrounding mountains in the region around Valle Nacional and is similar in cartographic respects to the Lienzo de la Chinantla (see previous entry). Also shown are numerous Indians seated on small stools. There are 44 glosses on sewn-on slips of paper. A poor photograph was wretchedly published by M. Espinosa (1910). A copy of the photograph has served as the basis for Cline's (1961a, 1961b) study, reproduction, and reconstruction of the original, the whereabouts of which was unknown until late 1967. Publication: Cline, 1961a, pp. 57-60, pl. 4; 1961b; M. Espinosa, 1910, plate facing p. 24. 55 Chiquatzin Tecuihtli, Die Flurkarte des. Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin. Published. Economic (property plans). Cen-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

tral Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 93.5 X 60.5 cm. Plan of an unidentified locality shows fields, roads, houses, an Indian pyramid, and various Indians, one of whom has the hieroglyph of an owl (Chiquatli). There are Nahuatl and Spanish glosses. Kutscher suggests Tlaxcala or Puebla as a probable provenience. Photoreproduction and commentary by Kutscher (1962). Publication: Kutscher, 1962. 56 Chiquilistlan, Mapa de las Tierras de. Unknown. Published. Cartographic-historical. Chiquilistlan (near Sayula), Jalisco. 1563 (?). Physical description unknown. 1 sheet. Ramirez Flores (1959) reproduces a crude copy of 1884 (location unreported, 58×82 cm.), which may derive from a 16thC original, and publishes related documents. The subject of the map is the boundaries of Chiquilistlan, established in 1563. Persons, houses, crosses, crude symbols, and geographical details are depicted. Publication: Ramirez Flores, 1959. 57 Cholula, Códice de. Mapa de Cholula. MNA 35-56. Ex-Boturini collection. Partially published. Cartographic-historical. Cholula, Puebla. 1586 ( ? ) . Amatl paper. 1 sheet drawn on both sides. 112 X 166 cm. Obverse is a map of a territory in Puebla around Cholula comprehended within the region bounded by Tlatenango and La Malinche on the north and Totomihuacan and Atlixco on the south. Drawings are of mountains, rivers, roads, villages, churches, pyramids, persons, battles, and historical scenes. Reverse is a map of a more restricted area, perhaps of Cholula itself. Drawings are on a larger scale than those of the obverse and are of buildings, persons, and pyramids. Numerous short Nahuatl texts on both sides

include references to the founding of churches, tribute, land grants, and provide historical references from legendary period to 1586. Glass (1964) reproduces a detail from the reverse of the original and the entirety of the two copies of the obverse and describes each briefly. One of the two copies (MNA 35-57) has been studied in detail by Simons (1962) with a translation of its texts. A condensation of this study, with a photoreproduction, has been published (Simons, 1967-68). Ceballos Novelo (1934) and Maza (1959) reproduce some details with minimal comment. Copies: Two copies, both of the obverse and both from the Boturini collection, are in the MNA (MNA 35-10; 35-57). Sketches of the reverse of the original and of the second copy (MNA 35-57) with palaeography of the texts by Gómez de Orozco are also in the MNA codex collection. Partial publication: Glass, 1964, pp. 48, 106-07, pls. 12, 59-60; Simons, 1967-68. Partial commentary: Simons, 1962, 1967. Brief description: Mena, 1923, p. 59, no. 13. Other: Ceballos Novelo, 1934, pp. 259-60, pl. 1; Maza, 1959, p. 42-44; Olivera and Reyes, 1969, figs. 2-3. 58 Chontalcoatlan, Lienzo de. Pueblo. Unpublished. Unavailable. Chontalcoatlan, Guerrero. Further data unavailable. Not examined. The existence of the document has been mentioned by Guzmán (1958), who owns a small photograph taken by Alexander von Wuthenau; attempts to secure a copy of the photograph for description have been fruitless. Brief mention: Guzmán, 1958, pp. lxxviiilxxix. 59 Chumatlan, Códice de.

Pueblo.

Unpub107

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

lished. Unavailable. Chumatlan, Veracruz. Further data unavailable. Knowledge of the document is limited to the reference by Melgarejo Vivanco (1953): "Simple noticia y descripción del General Herrero; dice lo conservan los nativos de Chumatlan, Ver." Brief mention: Melgarejo Vivanco, 1953, p. 333. 60 Chumayel, The Book of Chilam Balam of. Códice de Chumayel. Princeton University Library. Ex-Carrillo y Ancona, Cepeda Library (Merida), and Julio Berzunza collections. Published. Historical, calendrical, and miscellaneous. Chumayel, Yucatan. 1782. European paper. 58 leaves (ff. 1, 50, and 55 missing). Quarto. The drawings in this Yucatecan text include symbols for months (20-day periods or uinals), diagrams of eclipses, representations of the Lords of the Katuns, a calendar wheel, a simple circular map of northern Yucatan, and lesser or miscellaneous drawings. Reproductions of the drawings are given in the photographic edition of the manuscript by Gordon (1913) and through line drawings in the edition by Roys (1933). A comparative discussion of the calendar wheel with a reproduction of the Berendt copy is given by Bowditch (1910, pp. 32930, fig. 63). Carrillo y Ancona (1882) discusses and reproduces the circular map and a coat of arms from the manuscript, which he also interprets as a map. See prose census for general comment on the Books of Chilam Balam and for further data on this manuscript (Article 27B, no. 1146). 61 Citlalpopoca, Genealogy of. Généalogie de Tun des Quatre Gouvemeurs de la République de Tlaxcala. BNP 104. Ex-Aubin collection. Unpublished. Genealogical. 108

Quiahuixtlan, Tlaxcala. 1570. European paper. 2 leaves. Folio. Simple genealogy of six persons beginning with Citlalpopoca and ending with the name Diego Sánchez. It includes a written list of 17 place names and it forms an integral part of a separately cataloged and unpublished lawsuit preserved in the same repository (BNP 117). Copy: BNP 104bis (unverified). Brief descriptions: Boban, 1891, 2: 280, 303-04; Gibson, 1952, pp. 92, 266-67. 62 Coacalco, Códice de. Códice de Cohuacalco. Unknown. Unpublished. Miscellaneous. Coacalco, Mexico. Date and physical description unknown. The TU/MARI copy of the Techialoyan Codex of Coacalco includes three pages (ff. 1v, 2r, 2v) that are not Techialoyan. See Article 24, Catalog, 743, for further information, copies, and bibliography. 63 (fig. 29) Coacoatzintla, Lienzo de. AGN-T 685, exp. 3. Unpublished. Cartographic-historical. Coacoatzintla, Veracruz. 1555. Cloth. 124 X 91 cm. The lienzo apparently shows the boundaries of Coacoatzintla. Mojoneras (boundary markers) at the top, together with the glyph for Chapultepec, may coincide with those on one side of the Lienzo de Misantla. Prominently shown are Miguel Arias, encomendero, Juan Garcia GaUeja (?), corregidor of Jalapa, and various Indian officials. The accompanying early 18thC lawsuit between Coacoatzintla and Santa Maria Magdalena on the one hand and San Pedro Tonayan and San Pablo Coapan on the other has not been examined. The document is briefly mentioned by Ramirez Lavoignet (1959, 1962) and is erroneously reported as being in AGN-T 556 by Melgarejo Vivanco (1953). Brief mention: Melgarejo Vivanco, 1953,

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

p. 334; Ramirez Lavoignet, 1959, pp. 12324, 133; 1962, p. 106. 64 Coatepetl, Mapa de. MNA 35-19. Published. Economic (property plans). Central Mexico. Late 16thC. Maguey paper. 56 X 42 cm. The manuscript is a map of a limited region in which appear Christian churches, rows of native houses, roads, and agricultural plots. One of several place glyphs is glossed "Cohuatepetl." Glass (1964) gives photoreproduction and brief description. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 61, pl. 21. 65 Coatlan del Rio, Mapa de, BNP 102 (part). Unpublished. Ex-Aubin collection. Cartographic-historical. Coatlan del Rio, Morelos. 16thC. European paper. 60 X 62 cm. Around the periphery of the document are hieroglyphic place names with Nahuatl glosses. At the center are the glyph for Coatlan, a church, and six Indians with personal name glyphs and numerical symbols. Very brief description in Boban (1891). Cataloged with the document are the Réédification de la Ville de Cuemavaca and the Títulos del Pueblo de Quauhxomulco. The former appears to be related to the Document sur la Fondation de Cuemavaca (BNP 291-92), also known as the Códice Municipal de Cuemavaca. The relationship of the pictorial to these documents, not treated here, is uncertain. Charles Gibson provided us with data on these texts. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 276-77. 66 Coatlan, San Jeronimo, Lienzo de (no. 1). Pueblo. Published. Cartographic - historical. San Jeronimo Coatlan, ex-district of Miahuatlan, Eastern Oaxaca. 16thC ( ? ) . Cloth. 100 X 90 cm. approx.

The lienzo depicts a church, mountains, and historic personages at the center; around the periphery are boundary symbols. There are Zapotec glosses. An inadequate photograph and a description of the document are published by Cicco (1963). Publication: Cicco, 1963. 67 Coatlan, San Jeronimo, Mapa de (no. 2). Pueblo. Unpublished. Unavailable (cartographic-historical). San Jeronimo Coatlan, ex-district of Miahuatlan, Eastern Oaxaca. 1690. European paper. Dimensions unreported. The map is related to the lienzo from the same locality and depicts the same boundaries. Cicco (1963) comments briefly on the manuscript and transcribes its Spanish text. Brief description: Cicco, 1963. 68 Coatlinchan, Mapa de. Plano topográfico del Señorío de Coatlinchan. MNA 35-16. Ex-Chavero collection. Published. Cartographic. Coatlinchan, Mexico. 16thC. Amatl Paper. 45 X 42 cm. Map has glossed place glyphs showing 68 cabeceras, barrios, and estancias. Coatlinchan is at the center and the more prominently depicted localities are Mexicapan, Culhuacan, and Tlalnahuac. The cartographic significance of the document has not been interpreted. A brief description and photoreproduction are in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). A copy is reproduced by Chavero (n.d.) with an inaccurate transcript of the glosses. Copies: Saldaña copy, MNA 35-16A. The location of the copy made in 1892 is unknown. Publication: Chavero, n.d., plate facing p. 517; Glass, 1964, pp. 57-58, pl. 18. Brief descriptions: Garcia Cubas, 1892, pp. 6-7, figure facing p. 6; Mateos Higuera, 109

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1945; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 52; Tamayo and Alcorta, 1941, pp. 17-18. 69 Coetzala, Códice de. Códices indígenas del Marquesado del Valle no. 32. AGN-T 689. Partially published. Historical. Coetzala, Puebla. 16thC(?). Native paper. 2 leaves (ff. 45-46). Dimensions not determined. Incomplete Nahuatl text with drawings of four year-bearer day symbols beginning with 3 Acatl. Colored reproductions of the four drawings are in Códices indígenas (1933). Barlow (1949c) comments briefly on the document and reproduces the drawings. The accompanying 18thC lawsuit is unpublished. Publication: Barlow, 1949c; Códices indígenas, 1933, Item 32.

COIXTLAHUACA BASIN GROUP. Entered separately in the census, the following Mixtec lienzos share a common subregional provenience: Lienzos Antonio de León, de Coixtlahuaca nos. 1 and 2, de Ihuitlan, Meixueiro, and de Santa Maria Nativitas. The relationship was defined by Parmenter (1961a). 70 (fig. 30) Coixtlahuaca, Lienzo de, no. 1. Codex Ixtlan. MNA 35-113. Published. Cartographic - historical. Coixtlahuaca, ex-district of Coixtlahuaca, Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 425 × 300 cm. The lienzo was found in Coixtlahuaca in 1940 and obtained for the MNA in 1941 or 1942; it was temporarily in the Regional Museum of Oaxaca (on the latter point see Monroy, 1946). At its center is a composition of two distinct place glyphs with temples, what appears to be a wall, and a large serpent (the principal element of the Coixtlahuaca place glyph). Adjacent to this are seven Indians, one of whom is partially 110

obliterated by a hole in the cloth, with calendrical name glyphs. Around the periphery are a large number of place glyphs, dates, and persons including Spaniards mounted on horseback. The lienzo is closely related to the Lienzo Meixueiro and to the Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 2. The Nicolás León copy, purchased by Gates from Wilkinson in 1912 and later in the Garrett collection, was redrawn and published in 1931 (Codex Ixtlan, 1931). A brief description and a photograph of the original as well as of the central detail are given by Glass (1964). The comments by Bunting (1931) are of little value. There is no published commentary on the document. Copies: The León-Gates copy may possibly be the copy in TU/LAL. A modern copy by Saldaña is MNA 35-113A. A copy of a lienzo from Coixtlahuaca exhibited by Peñafiel in 1895 (Anonymous, 1897) remains unidentified and unlocated. Publication: Codex Ixtlan, 1931; Glass, 1964, pp. 169-70, pls. 123-24. Other: Anonymous, 1897, p. 38; Bunting, 1931; Gates, MS; Monroy, 1946, p. 31; Parmenter, 1961b, 1961c. 71 Coixtlahuaca, Lienzo de, no, 2. Lienzo Seler no. 2., Lienzo de Cohaixtlahuaca. Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin. ExMartinez Gracida and Seler collections. Unpublished. Cartographic-historical. Coixtlahuaca, ex-district of Coixtlahuaca, Westem Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 375 X 425 cm. Brief examination of photographs of the IAI copy of the lienzo indicates that its content appears to include both that of Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 1 and Lienzo Antonio de León. Its importance is thus considerable. A very brief description of the lienzo is given by Lehmann (1905a). Seler-Sachs (1900) refers to the Selers' acquisition of a lienzo from Coixtlahuaca. Copy: Seler collection copy, IAI.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Brief description: Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 278-79. Other: Seler-Sachs, 1900, p. 90. 72 Colombino, Códice. Codex Dorenberg. MNA 35-30. Ex-Manuel Cardoso and Josef Dorenberg collections. Published. Historical. Tututepec, ex-district of Juquila, Western Oaxaca. Preconquest. Skin screenfold painted on one side. 24 leaves in 4 fragments (pp. 1-15, 17-19, 20-24, 16). 18.5 X 25.5 cm. (total length 606 cm.). The manuscript, in traditional Mixtec style, treats the life and history of 8 Deer, Tiger Claw (A.D. 1011-63), from A.D. 1028 to 1048. Códice Colombino and Codex Becker no. 1 are believed to be parts of the same original manuscript; the parts of the two fit together in a complex sequence with missing initial, intermediate, and terminal pages. A reconstruction of this sequence is presented by Caso (in Caso and Smith, 1966). A study of the Mixtec glosses on the manuscript by M. E. Smith (in Caso and Smith, 1966) indicates that they were written in 1541 and list the boundaries of various towns on the south coast of Western Oaxaca in the Tututepec region. The glosses do not specifically describe the pictorial content. The manuscript was utilized in a land suit between Tututepec and San Miguel Sola in 1717. Documents (in AGN-V 272) pertaining to the suit have been published by Berlin (1947) and studied by M. E. Smith, who gives a partial and preliminary study of the glosses (1963). A photographic color facsimile has been published by Caso and Smith (1966) with a detailed and comparative commentary by Caso and a study of the glosses by Smith. Color lithographs of the document, without the glosses, were published by the Junta Colombina (Chavero, 1892). A study of the life of 8 Deer in the Códice Colombino and other Mixtec histories is Clark (1912). The

first publication of any page of the manuscript was by Batres (1888, 1889). Photographs of individual pages have been published by Glass (1964), Toscano (1944), and Rubin de la Borbolla (1953). Chavero (1901c) gives data on the 19thC ownership history. Copies: The location of the Seler copy made in 1888 is unknown. Lehmann (1905a) reports a copy in the Leipzig Museum. A copy attributed to Mateo A. Saldaña is MNA 35-30A. Mounted 19thC photographs are in MNA/BNA and in the MNA codex collection. Publication: Caso and Smith, 1966; Chavero, 1892, pp. x-xi, 12 plates in the atlas. Partial publication: Batres, 1888, pl. 20; 1889, pl. 20; Glass, 1964, pp. 73-74, pl. 31; Rubin de la Borbolla, 1953, vol. 1, pl. 223; Toscano, 1944, p. 368. Studies: Clark, 1912; M. E. Smith, 1963. Other: Berlin, 1947, pp. 43-44, 54-57; Castellanos, 1910, passim; Chavero, 1901c, pp. 4-5; Clark, 1913a. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 485-87; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 260-61; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 57-59. 73 Comaltepec, San Juan, Códice de, Pueblo. Unpublished. Unavailable. San Juan Comaltepec, ex-district of Choapan, Eastern Oaxaca. Physical description not reported. The existence of the document, presumably a lienzo, is mentioned by Fuente (1949) and is listed as an unverified Zapotec pictorial by Cline (1966c). Further data unavailable. Brief mention: Cline, 1966c, app. 2, no. 44; Fuente, 1949, p. 176. 74 Comaltepec, Santiago, Lienzo de. Pueblo. Unpublished. Unavailable. Santiago Comaltepec, ex-district of Ixtlan, Northern Oaxaca. 1816. Oil on cloth. Dimensions not reported. 1ll

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

The document is reported, but not described, by Pérez García (1956) and is listed as an unverified Chinantec pictorial by Cline (1966c). It may relate to litigation between Comaltepec and Yolox over disputed territory. Whether or not the manuscript is in the native tradition is unknown. Brief mention: Cline, 1966c, app. 2, no. 45; Pérez García, 1956, 2: 176. 75 Constancia de Gastos, Códice de. MNA 35-13. Published. Economic (miscellaneous ). Central Mexico. 16thC. Amatl paper. 104 Χ 32 cm. The drawings of the manuscript depict several buildings surmounted by crosses and adjacent to a course of water. Lesser drawings and Nahuatl glosses concern construction expenses. Photograph and brief description in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 53, pl. 15. 76 Contlantzinco, Pintura de. Linderos del Pueblo de Contlantzinco. MNA 35-34. Published. Cartographic-historical. Contlantzinco, Tlaxcala. 18thC. Oil on cloth. 74 X 53.5 cm. Painting of the region around Contlantzinco, including Mount Matlacueyetl (La Malinche) and eight standing Indian figures. Nahuatl texts mention Chimalpopocatzin, Pablo Xicotencatl, and Pedro Maxixcatzin. Photograph and brief description are in MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). Other brief descriptions are listed below. The Nahuatl texts have not been translated. Copies: Two copies made in 1892 are now unknown. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 79, pl. 36. Bnef descriptions: Gibson, 1952, p. 265; Mateos Higuera, 1944b; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 59. 112

77 (fig. 31) Córdova-Castellanos, Lienzo. Codex Abraham Castellanos. Códice Mixteco Precortesiano Javier Córdova. Códice de San Esteban Atlatlauhca. Mapa Regional de Atlatlauhca. Mapa del Distrito de Tlaxiaco. Unknown. Ex-Javier Córdova collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. San Esteban Atlatlauhca, ex-district of Tlaxiaco, Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 117 X 138 cm. Around the periphery of the lienzo are 30 place glyphs glossed in Nahuatl, presumably boundaries. In the center are three large unidentified place glyphs, a hieroglyphic date with the Mixtec year sign, and other detail. The lienzo is said to have come from San Esteban Atlatlauhca. A copy of the document and an analysis of the place glyphs is given by Peñafiel (1914); his earlier study of 1907 is believed not to be illustrated. A slightly variant copy owned by Nicolás León and purchased by Gates from Wilkinson in 1912 was published as Codex Abraham Castellanos (1931). Copies: The León-Gates copy is in the Garrett collection in the Princeton University Library. Another copy is in IAI. Publication: Codex Abraham Castellanos, 1931; Peñafiel, 1914, pp. 29-34, pls. 24-32. Other: Gates, MS; Parmenter, 1961d; 1966, p. 21, fig. 9; Peñafiel, 1907. 78 Cosijoeza, Rey de Zaachila, Descendientes de. Unknown. Unpublished. Unavailable. Santa Maria Teozapotlan Zaachila, ex-district of Zaachila, Eastern Oaxaca. Further data unknown. The exhibit catalog of the Mexican section of the Exposición Histórico-Americana of 1892 (Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93) describes three photographs showing persons named Velasco. The persons in two of the photographs were identified as descendants of Cosijoeza. Lehmann (1905a) lists the

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

photographs as representing a Zapotec document although it is probable that they were of living people and not of a manuscript. Bibliography: Lehmann, 1905a, p. 276; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 2: 58-59. 79 Cospi, Codex. Codex Cospianus. Códice Cospiano. Codice di Bologna. Códice de Bolonia. Libro delia China. Biblioteca Universitaria, Bologna. Ex-Valerio Zani, Ferdinando Cospi, and Istituto delle Scienze e dell'Arti, Bologna, collections. Published. Ritual-calendrícal. Borgia Group. Preconquest. Skin screenfold. 20 leaves (24 painted pages, 13 on obverse, 11 on reverse; pp. 1420 and 32-38, blank; initial and terminal pages of reverse attached to modern covers). ca. 18 X 18 cm. (total length ca. 364 cm.). One of the five divinatory screenfold almanacs of the Borgia Group, its first three sections on the obverse each present a different aspect of the 260-day tonalamatl. The fourth section on the reverse is in a different style and its interpretation is uncertain. It includes deities, what may be offerings, and sets of bar-and-dot numerals. Details were first published by Legati (1677). The first edition was by Kingsborough (1831-48), the second (facsimile) by Paso y Troncoso (1898a). The third (Corona Núñez, 1964-67) is by color photography and includes a page-by-page commentary. The fourth (Nowotny, 1968) is a photographic color facsimile. In this edition one leaf (two blank pages) is omitted and the back cover placed on the wrong side. There is a short commentary by Seler (1902g), and Nowotny (1961b) gives an analysis of all its sections, differing from those by Seler, particularly in the case of the second and fourth sections. The history of the manuscript is given by Paso y Troncoso (1898b) and by Lehmann (1905a). See Borgia Group for further comment and bibliography. Copies: 18thC (?) copy by Antonio Ba-

soli, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome (unverified). Partial copy and notes by Mezzofanti, Biblioteca Comunales del'Archiginnasio, Bologna. Editions: Corona Núñez, 1964-67, 4: 549; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 2; Nowotny, 1968; Paso y Troncoso, 1898a. Commentaries, studies: Caso, 1967, pp. 79-80; Garcia Granados, 1939a; Nowotny, 1961b, passim, pls. 43-44; Seler, 1902g, 19021; J. E. S. Thompson, 1934, pp. 231-33, pl. 5. Historical references: Clavigero, 1958-59 (first published 1780-81), 2: 288, 291; Fábrega, 1899, pp. 7-8; Humboldt, 1810, p. 75; Legati, 1677, pp. 191-92. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 474-75; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 254-56; Paso y Troncoso, 1898b, pp. 54-55, 330. 80 Cotitzin y Zozahuic, Genealogía de. Códice Genealógico. Dos Fragmentos (part). MNA 35-84. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Genealogical. Central Mexico. 16thC. European paper. 32.5 Χ 27 cm. Fragmentary and incomplete genealogy of 12 persons in Indian costume, some of whom are women. Personal names are given in the gloss. There are no hieroglyphs. Glass (1964) gives brief description and photographic reproduction. The document is believed to have been included in the Mena (1923) catalog as one of the two fragments cataloged therein as no. 28. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 138, pl. 89. Other: Mena, 1923, p. 64, no. 28 ( b ) . 81 COYOACAN; The Concubines of Martin Xuchimitl. AGN-I 36, exp. 6. Published. Genealogical. Coyoacan, D.F. 1539. Native (?) paper. Dimensions not determined. Simple genealogy of 11 Indians, including four sisters with whom Martin Xuchimitl was accused of concubinage. The drawing is 113

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

reproduced and briefly mentioned by Greenleaf (1961). The accompanying process is unpublished. Publication: Greenleaf, 1961, p. 108, note 35, and facing plate. 82 (fig. 32) Coyoacan, Pintura de los Tributos [que pagaban los Indios] de [según la Moderación que hizo el Doctor Gómez de Santillan]. Archivo General de Simancas. Unpublished. Economic (tribute). Coyoacan, D.F. ca. 1555. Physical description not determined. Photographs (in L C / H F ) show a single sheet divided by lines into three vertical columns and four horizontal rows. The drawings are of Indians, Spaniards, items of tribute, and money. Spanish texts identify the document as representing the tribute paid by Coyoacan for 27 years, the tribute paid in each of two subsequent three-year periods (according to the moderation by the Oidor Quesada in one case), and a final and reduced annual tribute assessment by the Oidor Dr. Gómez de Santillan. There are no personal, place, or calendrical glyphs. Brief mention: Rodriguez Marin, 19162 5 , 1:265. 83 Cozcatzin, Codex, BNP 41-45. Ex-Boturini and Aubin collections. Partially published. Economic (land titles, property plans, and cadastral), historical, and genealogical. Mexico City-Tlatelolco region, D.F. 1572. European paper. 17 leaves (ff. 2-10, 10bis, 11, 13-18). 20 X 22 cm. Incomplete. The manuscript is a diverse but handsomely executed compilation of various economic and historical matters. Fifteen pages (ff. 3r, 4r-10v) constitute a listing of 55 parcels of land and the Indians to whom they were given by Itzcoatl in 1439 with accompanying Spanish texts. These pages reflect litigation of ca. 1572 over their ownership. A possibly 18thC copy of these pages (or of 114

a common prototype) is represented by the Códice de Ixhuatepec (q.v.). For other manuscripts related to this section see Ixhuatepec Group. Seven pages of the manuscript (ff. 10bis, r-14r) are devoted to drawings of the preconquest and early colonial rulers of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco, some with short Nahuatl texts. A similar and related series occurs in the Títulos de Santa Isabel Tola (q.v.). Three pages (ff. 14v-15r, 18r) contain a famous drawing of the conquest of Tlatelolco by Tenochtitlan in 1473 with a long historical Nahuatl text. Two pages (ff. 15v-16r) are a plan of properties with drawings and a genealogy of Indians associated with Xochimilco. Three pages (ff. 16v-17v) contain a repetitive listing of place glyphs for Tenochtitlan, Culhuacan, Istapalapa, Mexicaltzinco, and Ixtacalco and are probably cadastral in nature. Other pages contain miscellaneous historical notices. The final page has a text in Spanish seemingly descriptive of the planets and stars. Boban (1891) describes the codex, illustrates 10 of its pages, and publishes some of its Spanish texts. Barlow (1946a) reproduces and gives an incomplete commentary on the seven pages devoted to the rulers of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco. McAfee and Barlow (1946a) transcribe and translate the text concerning the conquest of Tlatelolco in 1473. A color photograph of f. 15r is given by Caso (1967). Copies: León y Gama copy, BNP 45bis. Pichardo copy, BNP 89-5. Partial publication: Barlow, 1946a; Boban, 1891, 2: 39-50, pls. 41-45; Caso, 1967, pp. 97-98; McAfee and Barlow, 1946a. Other: Barlow, 1946d; Caso, 1945b; 1958c, p. 28, fig. 2; Robertson, 1959, pp. 184-85, pl. 80. Brief description: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 448. 84 Cruz, Códice en.

Codex en Croix.

An-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

nales de Cuauhtitlan, de Texcoco, et de Mexico. Anales de San Andres Chiautla. BNP 15-17. Ex-Boturini and Aubin collections. Published. Historical. Texcoco region, Mexico. 1553-69. Native paper screenfold or tira. 3 leaves. 57 X 166 cm. (total length). Chronicle cast in unique framework of yearly events from 1402 through 1553 with additions through 1569. A later gloss refers to an event in 1603. The emphasis is on the dynastic successions at Texcoco, Tenochtitlan, Chiautla, and Tepetlaoxtoc. Notices of famines, rains, wars, conquests, etc., are included. The fundamental study is that by Dibble (1942a); it includes a useful redrawing of the document. Boban (1891) gives photographic reproduction of its three pages. Copies: León y Gama copy, BNP 90-2. Pichardo copy, BNP 88-5. Publication: Boban, 1891, 1: 279-91, pls. 15-17; Dibble, 1942a. Studies: Robertson, 1959, pp. 144-46, pl. 50. Brief description: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 452-53. 85 CRUZ, MARTIN DE LA. Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis. The Badianus Manuscript. Códice Badiano. The Badianus (-de la Cruz) Herbal. Codex Barberini. Códice Cruz. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome. Codex Barberini Latin 241. Ex-Francisco Barberini and Diego de Cortavila collections. Published. Miscellaneous. Colegio de Santa Cruz, Tlatelolco, D.F. 1552. European paper. 63 leaves plus preliminary and end flyleaves. 20.6 × 15.2 cm. The manuscript was discovered almost simultaneously by Charles Upson Clark and Thomdike in 1929. It contains ca. 184 exquisitely rendered colored drawings by an Indian artist of Mexican plants and herbs, some incorporating elements of native sym-

bolism. The Latin text is a translation by Juan Badiano (an Indian from Xochimilco, a reader at the Colegio de Santa Cruz) of a Nahuatl text (not given) by Martin de la Cruz, a native physician at the same college. The text and glosses give medical and pharmacological remedies for the treatment of diseases. Dedicated to Francisco de Mendoza, son of the Viceroy Diego de Mendoza, it was intended for presentation to Charles V. There are three editions (Gates, 1939a,b; Emmart, 1940; M. de la Cruz, 1964). Those of 1940 and 1964 are in color. The 1939 and 1940 editions are based on an accurate copy, best reproduced by Emmart (1940). The third edition is by direct color photography and contains contributions by various specialists. It also gives an extensive bibliography of minor publications relating to the codex. A single but representative page is reproduced by Robertson (1959). Copies: Late 16th or l7thC copy, described by Gabrieli (1929), Royal Library of Windsor Castle. The copy used for the Gates and Emmart editions appears to be cataloged in Gates (1940); unverified information reports it in the Bliss collection at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Editions: M. de la Cruz, 1964; Emmart, 1940; Gates, 1939a, 1939b. Studies and brief descriptions: Emmart, 1935a, 1935b, 1935c; Gabrieli, 1929; Guerra, 1952; Leicht, 1938; Robertson, 1959, pp. 156-.58, pl. 54; Thomdike, 1929-30. Other: Gates, 1940, sec. C, p. 9; Noguera, 1933b; Pruneda, 1953. Propagandists: Acevedo López y de la Cruz, 1958; Aragón Leyva, 1945; Cordero Mendoza, 1954. 86 Cualac, Códice de. Pueblo. Published. Historical. Cualac or Cototolapan, Guerrero. 17th or 18thC. European paper. Four fragments: 39 × 59, 39 × 39, 39 × 39, and 39 × 58 cm. 115

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

The four fragments probably represent remnants of the local titles and history of Cototolapan and have late drawings of a miscellaneous character, including baptisms and marriages. Two of the fragments with historical scenes have peripheral borders of rudimentary place glyphs. Nahuatl glosses allow their identification with localities near Cualac and Olinala. Commentary and reproduction of copies are given by Muller (1958). Publication: Muller, 1958. 87 Cuara, Códice. Códice (Genealogía) de la Familia Cuara. Genealogía de los caciques Cuara Trecha de Patzcuaro. Princeton University Library (16 leaves); lost (2 pages). Ex-Nicolás León and Museo Michoacano collections. Partially published. Economic (property plans) and genealogical. Patzcuaro, Michoacan. 17thC ( ? ) . European paper. 17 or 18 leaves. 30 X 20 cm. Land titles of the Cuara family containing drawings of the family genealogy, various property plans, and a fragmentary calendar wheel with glossed European month names. The many drawings of persons are much acculturated. The PUL manuscript includes six pages of Tarascan and Spanish text and six blank pages not previously mentioned in the literature. Two of the pages with drawings are lost. The MNA copy is reproduced and its content described by Mateos Higuera (1948b). Glass (1964) describes the same copy briefly and reproduces two of its pages. A reproduction of the calendar wheel is given by N.León (1903). Copy: 1892 copy, MNA 35-98. Publication: Mateos Higuera, 1948b, pp. 167-69, pls. 38-48. Other: N. León, 1903, p. 490; 1903-04, p. 333, note 44; 1904a, p. 157, note 44. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 497-98; Glass, 1964, p. 152, pl. 106; N. 116

León, 1906c, pp. 401-05; Mateos Higuera, 1944f; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 252-55. 88 (fig. 33) Cuatro Venados, San Pablo, Mapa de. Mapa de San Miguel de las Peras. Pueblo. Published. Cartographic- historical. San Pablo Cuatro Venados, ex-district of Zaachila. Eastern Oaxaca, 1806. Paper. Dimensions not reported. The document is an 1806 copy of a lost 1588 pictorial. Its pictorial component is slight and not recognizably in any native tradition. The placement of written Spanish texts describing boundaries around the periphery, however, indicates its traditional origin and composition. Texts at the center record the founding of San Pablo in 1588 by persons from San Miguel. Steininger and Van de Velde (1935) give description and photograph of the manuscript and an English translation of its texts. Publication: Steininger and Van de Velde, 1935, pp. 24-27, 100-03. 89 Cuauhquechollan, Lienzo de. Lienzo de la Academia de Puebla. Casa del Alfeñique, Puebla. Ex-José Manso collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Huaquechula. Puebla. 16thC. Cloth. 235 X 320 cm. Complex and detailed painting of a landscape covered with trees, roads, rivers, etc., with numerous scenes showing warfare between Indians as well as between Indians and Spaniards. On the left is a large twoheaded eagle, which forms part of a place glyph that has been identified as that for CuauhquechoUan. The subject matter of the lienzo may represent episodes in the Spanish conquest of central Mexico. One of the two copies in the MNA has been published and briefly described by Glass (1964). Copies: In the MNA are copies of 1892 (MNA 35-44) and of 1933 (MNA 35-44A).

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 90, pls. 44-45. Brief description: Paso y Troncoso, 18929 3 , 1:71-74.

Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 155, pls. 10809; Peñafiel, 1914, p. 86, pl. 2 of the series devoted to Atlixco.

90 (fig. 34)

92

Cuauhquechollan, Mapa circular de. Codex Becker no. 3. Nationalbibliothek, Vienna. CVM 5. Ex-Becker collection. Unpublished. Cartographic-historical. Cuauhquechollan, Puebla. 1546. Skin. 87.5 X 89.5 cm. A church glossed "Sanct Martyn," an eagle glossed "Quauhquechollan," 16 Indians seated on thrones, five house symbols, and an individual in European dress identified as Don Martin Cortés appear at the center of the document. Surrounding them is a circle with 47 calli symbols, with place glyphs drawn around its circumference. A second and outer concentric circle, further place glyphs, and other details encompass the central details. There are numerous glosses and a long Nahuatl text with the date 1546. Bibliography: None.

Cuauhtemoc, Ordenanza del Señor. Plano de Tlatelolco. Plano de Derechos de Pesca, 1430. TU/MARI. Ex-Gates collection. Published. Historical and economic (property plans). Tlatelolco, D.F. 1523 (?). Native paper. 3 leaves (2 of 6 pages are blank). 28 × 36 cm. The manuscript is a Nahuatl text with a map of properties in Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco and several miscellaneous historical drawings. As a whole it is a reafiirmation made by Cuauhtemoc in 1523 of certain land and fishing rights that date from about 1430. The map is described as a copy of an ancient original. The text contains notices of historical relationships between Tlatelolco and Tenochtitlan for such dates as 1361, 1392, and 1431. Rendón (1952) gives photographic reproduction of the four utilized pages, commentary, and palaeography and translation of the Nahuatl text. Barrios (1954) criticizes details of this translation. Studies with photographic reproductions of the map are Espejo and Barlow (1944) and Caso (1956). Barlow (1947a) also treats the map. An uncaptioned and apparently 19thC heliographic reproduction of the map is in TU/LAL. Individual pages, other than the map, are reproduced by Hagen (1944), Gropp (1933), Caso (1956), and Gates (1924). The document was translated by Manuel Mancio, an interpreter of the Audiencia Real, in 1704. A copy of his translation and of the drawings by León y Gama is in the BNP and is briefly described by Boban (1891). This translation has been published (Cédula dada . . . , 1943) with three photographs of the copy (including the map). Barlow (1944f) has commented on this publication.

91 Cuauhquechollan-Macuilxochitepec, Genealogía de. Códice de Guaquechula. Casa del Alfeñique, Puebla. Ex-José Manso collection. Published. Genealogical and cartographic. Huaquechula, Puebla. 16thC. Skin. 83 X 80 cm. The obverse is a genealogy of more than 60 Indian men, women, and children, most of whom have both written and hieroglyphic names. The glyph for CuauhquechoUan-Macuilxochitepec appears at the top. On the reverse is a crude map. Both sides of the MNA copy are reproduced by Glass (1964). Peñafiel (1914) gives a tracing of the obverse. Copies: Modern copy on skin, MNA 35101. Separate copies of the obverse and reverse, both on leather, in AMNH. Glass (1964) mentions two further copies, now unknown.

117

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

A possibly related document, also concerning an early concession of land by Cuauhtemoc and accompanied by a translation of 1714 has been briefly described by Anonymous (1888) and by Siméon (1888). The latter reproduces one original page of its Nahuatl text. This document, also described in a sale catalog of ca. 1888 (Dufosse, n.d.a), is now unknown. Copy: León y Gama copy of 1704 copy, BNP 105. Publication: Rendón, 1952. Studies: Barlow, 1947a, pp. 152-53, pl. D; Caso, 1956, pp. 42-43, pianos 4 and 5; Espejo and Barlow, 1944. Brief descriptions and partial reproductions: Boban, 1891, 2: 281-82; Gates, 1924, Item 758, with 1 plate; Gropp, 1933, pp. 271-73, fig. 5; Hagen, 1944, pls. 5b, 37. Other: Barlow, 1944f; Barrios, 1954; Cédula dada, 1943. Related document: Anonymous, 1888; Dufosse, n.d.a, Item 9497; Siméon, 1888, pp. 8 6 - 9 1 , 1 pl. 93 Cuauhtinchan, Libro de los Guardianes de. Codex of the Derrumbe del Templo Mayor. Andrés Serra Rojas collection. Partially published. Historical. Cuauhtinchan, Puebla. 1629. Physical description unavailable. Nahuatl and Spanish historical notices from 1519 to 1629 with drawings of year symbols. The single published page shows armed and mounted Spaniards engaged in blowing up the tecpan or government house of Tenochtitlan; a Nahuatl text refers to the arrival of the Spaniards in 1519. E. Orozco (1892) described the manuscript while it was still in Cuauhtinchan and published extracts from its Spanish texts, including those for 1522 and 1629. A tracing of one page and a translation of its Nahuatl text have been published by Barlow (1946b). Berlin and Rendón (1947) note that the manuscript is no longer in the 118

town. Accounts of its present ownership have appeared in Mexican newspapers. Partial publication: Barlow, 1946b; E. Orozco, 1892. Other: Berlin and Rendón, 1947, p. 147.

CUAUHTINCHAN, MAPAS DE. The four maps from Cuauhtinchan, Puebla, listed separately below, form an important and related corpus of historical and cartographic sources. Further maps of the same series are contained in the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, from the same provenience. Cartographically, the area represented by the maps includes Cholula, Puebla, Totomihuacan, Tecali, Tecamachalco, Acatzinco, Nopaluca, Mount Metlacueyetl, and part of the Atoyac River. Some of the maps depict a somewhat larger or smaller region. The existence of the first three was first communicated by E. Orozco (1892) when they were still in Cuauhtinchan. They were copied in that year for the Exposición Histórico-Americana of Madrid (Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93). Since the foregoing description of the group and of the four maps, below, was written (in 1965), an important and detailed commentary on the four maps has been published (Simons, 1968). It includes photographic reproductions of the 1892 copies of Maps 1 and 2 and of the originals of Maps 3 and 4. General references: E. Orozco, 1892; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 9-10; Simons, 1968; Velasco, 1903. 94 no. 1. Mappe Baur-Goupil. BNP 375. Ex-Charles Baur and Eugène Goupil collections. Published. Cartographichistorical. Cuauhtinchan, Puebla. 16thC. Native paper. 113 X 167 cm. The map shows three temples and a place glyph on the left representing Cholula. As in each of the other three maps from Cuauh-

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

tinchan, the Atoyac River and a central range of hills with an eagle in a stone enclosure (Cuauhtinchan: house of the eagle) are prominent features. Scattered across the map are numerous roads, Indian caciques, and place glyphs, many of the latter with the arrow symbol denoting war or conquest. Near the center is an assemblage of more than 34 Indians and the Atl-tlachinolli symbol for warfare. The MNA copy is reproduced and briefly described by Glass (1964). A poor photo of the copy is given by Tamayo (1949). Boban (1899) provides the datum concerning its ownership by Charles Baur. See group entry, above, for important additional bibliography. Copy: 1892 copy, MNA 35-32. Publication: Glass, 1964, pp. 76-77, pl. 34; Tamayo, 1949, 1: 46-47. Brief descriptions: Mateos Higuera, 1946a; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 261; Tamayo and Alcorta, 1941, pp. 13-14. Other: Boban, 1899, pp. viii-ix. 95 (fig. 35) no. 2. Peregrinación de los Totomihuacas. Obregón Santacilia collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Cuauhtinchan, Puebla. 16thC. Native paper. 109 X 204 cm., approx. Chicomoztoc, legendary point of departure of Nahua migrations, appears in the upper left comer. A meandering road marks two itineraries from there to Cholula. Along the road are paintings of place glyphs, day signs, and historical episodes. Part of the content of this half of the map is also presented in the text of the Historia ToltecaChichimeca (pars. 166-267), according to which some of the events shown occurred in A.D. 1173. The right half of the document is a map of the Cuauhtinchan-Tecali-Tepeaca region with historical scenes, surrounded by a twisting road that leads to and from Cholula. Published photographs of the original in

color (Martínez Marín, 1963) and in b / w (Quintana, 1960) are of poor quality. The MNA copy is reproduced by Glass (1964) and was first published by Miyar (1928). According to E. Spinden (1933), the original was formerly in the Regional Museum of Puebla. See group entry, above, for important additional bibliography. Copy: 1892 copy, MNA 35-24. Photographs in INAH/AF. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 66, pl. 25; Martinez Marin, 1963; Miyar, 1928, pl. 57; Quintana, 1960, pl. 1. Brief descriptions: Mateos Higuera, 1946b; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 25557; Tamayo and Alcorta, 1941, pp. 15-16. Other: E. Spinden, 1933, p. 236. 96 no. 3. MNA 35-70. Ex-Aristides Martel collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Cuauhtinchan, Puebla. 16thC. Amatl paper. 92 X 112 cm. The smallest of the four maps from Cuauhtinchan, it exhibits such typical features as Cholula, the Atoyac River, the mountains with the Cuauhtinchan place glyph, etc. A photograph of the original is published in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). See group entry, above, for important additional bibliography. Copy: 1892 copy, formerly in the MNA, is unknown. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 123, pl. 73. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 462; Mateos Higuera, 1947a; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 262. 97 no. 4. Mapa de Puebla. MNA 35Ex-Boturini collection. Published. 31. Cartographic. Cuauhtinchan, Puebla. ca. 1563. Amatl paper. 113 X 158 cm. The fourth map from Cuauhtinchan is the least native and probably the most recent of the four; nevertheless it includes 119

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

place glyphs and hieroglyphic dates. Gridiron plans for Tlaxcala, Puebla, Tepeaca, Tecamachalco, and other towns are shown and are connected by numerous roads. The 1563 date appears in a Nahuatl gloss. It is the only one of the four that does not include Cholula. Straight lines and place glyphs denote boundaries, some of which also appear on the second map from the town. Jurisdictions appear to be indicated by different colors in the background. Glass (1964) gives a photograph of the original. The brief description by Mena (1923) includes an incomplete transcript of the glosses. See group entry, above, for important additional bibliography. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 75, pls. 32-33. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 462-63; Mateos Higuera, 1947b; Mena, 1923,pp.43-47,no.3. 98 Cuauhtitlan, Codex Procès de. BNP 31. Ex-Aubin collection. Published. Miscellaneous. Cuauhtitlan, Mexico. 1568. Native paper. 42 X 37 cm. Drawings of 13 Indians with personal name glyphs, circles representing days of the week of the Christian calendar, a bench, and a jail. Spanish text concerns accusation and complaint by the Indians relating to nonpayment for the construction of the bench. Galarza (1964) gives photoreproduction and highly detailed commentary. It is also published and superficially described by Boban(1891). Publication: Boban, 1891, 1: 404-05, pl. 31; Galarza, 1964. 99 Cuauhtitlan, Códice de los Alfareros de, BNP 109. Ex-Aubin collection. Published. Economic (tribute). Cuauhtitlan, Mexico. 1564. European paper tira. 190 × 32 cm. Drawings of numerous and varied kinds 120

of colonial pottery vessels as well as of other detail—jails, persons, porters, money—with Spanish glosses. The manuscript is a bill of complaint over payment for the pottery depicted. The very brief study by Barlow (1951a) includes somewhat deficient photographs of the manuscript. Publication: Barlow, 1951a. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 291-93. 100 Cuauhtitlan, Títulos de la casa que esta en el pueblo de. MNA/AH Col. Antig. T-257 (first 9 leaves of the volume). Unpublished. Economic (property plans). Cuauhtitlan, Mexico. 16thC. European paper. 9 leaves. Dimensions not determined. Drawings are of roads with horse and human footprints, plots of land with heads of persons and personal name glyphs, a stream of water, a bridge, and a house. One of the persons is identified as Alonso Vejarano, possibly one of the informants of Sahagún. The single drawing is accompanied by eight leaves of Nahuatl text. Bibliography: None. 101 Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de. Códice Campos. Codex Chalco. Codex Tepozteco. Unknown. Partially published. Historical. San Juan Cuauhtlantzinco, Puebla. 17th-18thC. Oil paintings on European paper. 44 leaves. 30 X 40 cm. The manuscript was photographed in the pueblo by Starr in 1895 and in 1898; between his two visits some of the paintings were destroyed by fireworks. According to his description, the manuscript consisted of 44 paintings mounted on two stretchers. The first contained 27 painted scenes, arranged in three horizontal rows, with 29 numbered Nahuatl texts. The second frame contained 17 paintings, 11 of which are copies or variants of paintings on the first

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

frame. Around the border of each of these frames was a written Spanish translation of the Nahuatl texts by José Vicente Campos, 1855-56. The paintings, in a primitive style with few traditional elements, commemorate the experiences of an Indian cacique named Tepoztecatzin in the Spanish conquest of Mexico. One of the paintings shows him meeting Cortés in Jalapa; another shows him in alliance with the Spaniards fighting other Indians. Others show baptisms, battles, tribute, a coat of arms, and Cortés departing for Spain. Starr (1898) published photographs of 43 of the 44 scenes, together with a transcript of the Campos translation. Another transcript of the Campos translation is in MNA/ AH. Four scenes from the MNA copy are reproduced by Glass (1964), and Seler (1902h) has commented on the Starr publication. See next entry and the Mapa de Chalchihuapan (Census, 432) for related and similar documents. Copies: A copy probably made about 1855 was in the J. F. Ramirez collection (Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880). It was acquired by the London bookdealer Quaritch, who advertised it in two later catalogs (Quaritch, 1880, 1885). This copy was acquired by Gates in 1912; its present location is uncertain. A copy of the larger frame was described and partially illustrated in the Gates sale catalog of 1924 (Gates, 1924) and is presumably the copy now in TU/LAL (not examined). A copy of the smaller frame from the Gates collection is at PUL. These two copies may be the ex-Ramirez copy or copies thereof. A complete watercolor copy, also exGates, is in PML and is presumably a copy of the ex-Ramirez copy. Photostats of the smaller part of the PML copy are in the Gates collection at BYU (Gates, 1940). A colored copy of 24 scenes from the 27scene original and the Nahuatl texts, made

by Basilio Argil in the pueblo in May of 1892, is owned by Jorge Enciso. This copy (with recent additions based on the MNA copy) was formerly owned by Demetrio García; photographs of it are in the MNA Fototeca. Another copy by the same artist, containing about 28 or 30 scenes but lacking the Nahuatl texts, is MNA 35-102. It has been briefly described by Paso y Troncoso (1892-93) and by Glass (1964). Another copy, apparently by Velasco, was in the possession of Alfonso Caso in 1964, and the late Salvador Toscano is believed to have owned a copy. Galarza (1965) reviews an edition (not examined) of an unidentified copy published by Echániz under the name ''Códice Manuel de Velasco y Amendaro"; this may be based on the copy in the possession of Caso. Publication: Starr, 1898. Brief descriptions: Glass, 1964, pp. 15657, pl. 110; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 52; Seler, 1902h. Brief mention: A. Bandelier, 1884, p. 123; Peñafiel, 1914, pp. 9-10; White and Bemal, 1960, pp. 236, 238, 240. Sale Catalogs: Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880, no. 540; Gates, 1924, frontispiece and no. 557; Quaritch, 1880, no. 176; 1885, no. 29045. Other: Galarza, 1965; Gates, 1937a, nos. 468-69; 1940, sec. F, p. 17, nos. 3 and 4. 102 , additional fragments. SMGE. Partially published. Historical. San Juan Cuauhtlantzinco (?), Puebla. 17th-18thC. European paper. 21 leaves. 30 X 40 cm. Twenty-one further leaves of the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco (or from a similar document ) were reported in an article published in a Mexican periodical (Anonymous, 1942). These leaves are mounted on two panels, one containing 10 scenes and the other containing 11 scenes. The 10-scene panel, reproduced in the article, contains only one scene that is duplicated in the ver121

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

sions published by Starr (see previous entry). A small portion of this panel is also reproduced by López Beltrán (1966). Only four of the scenes from the second panel were published; they duplicate the content of four scenes in the versions published by Starr but lack the Nahuatl texts although there are short glosses. None of this material could be located in the SMGE in 1964. León-Portilla and Mateos Higuera (1957) mention "originals" of the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco in the SMGE, in the possession of the heirs of Demetrio García (a bookdealer), in the possession of Antonio Pompa y Pompa (librarian of the SMGE in 1942), and in the Bancroft Library. They imply that the portions owned by Demetrio García and the Bancroft Library were published by Starr. These two items probably correspond, respectively, to the Enciso collection copy and the copy from the Ramirez sale mentioned in the previous entry. Pompa y Pompa has personally informed us that he does not own any part of the manuscript. Photographs of what are presumably the SMGE fragments and notes for an unpublished study by Barlow are in the library of the University of the Americas, Mexico. Partial publication: Anonymous, 1942; López Beltrán, 1966, p. 58. Brief mention: León-Portilla and Mateos Higuera, 1957, p. 23. 103 Cuauhtli, Genealogía de. Otra Genealogía. MNA 35-128. Ex-Boturini and BNMex collections. Published. Genealogical. Tlaxcala (?). 16thC. European paper. 21.4 Χ 30.2 cm. Unglossed genealogy of nine Indians with personal name glyphs. Individual at top has a glyph showing an eagle's head (Cuauhtli). Reproduced with short description by Glass (1964). Gurría LaCroix (1964) gives a somewhat inaccurate color photograph. 122

It is briefly mentioned in the Mena (1923) catalog. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 186, pl. 139; Gurria Lacroix, 1964. Brief mention: Mena, 1923, p. 63, no. 25. 104 Cuetlaxcohuapan, Códice de. Introducción de la Justicia Española en Tlaxcala. Códice Valencia. Códice Xochitecatl. MNA 35-17. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Historical. Cuetlaxcohuapan (Puebla de los Angeles), Puebla (but classified as Tlaxcalan). ca. 1531-33. European paper. 50.7 X 35.8 cm. Drawing in acculturated style or perhaps by a Spaniard shows Fr. Martin de Valencia, Hernando de Saavedra (corregidor of Puebla), and a group of Tlaxcalan nobles. A Nahuatl text treats an agreement concerning the payment of painters and scribes. The document is described and its Nahuatl text transcribed and translated by Paso y Troncoso (1892-93). Gómez de Orozco's (1937) study includes a reprint of the Paso y Troncoso translation. Glass (1964) also describes it and publishes a photograph of the manuscript. Toussaint (1936, 1948, 1965) and Gibson (1952) reproduce a copy (the 1892 copy?). Copy: Location of 1892 copy unknown; probably reproduced by Toussaint (1936) and Gibson (1952). Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 59, pl. 19; Gibson, 1952, pp. 93, 264-65, fig. 3; Toussaint, 1936, fig. 32; 1948, fig. 40; 1965, pl. 22. Studies: Gómez de Orozco, 1937; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 257-60. 105 Cueva, Códice de la. MNA 35-7. ExBoturini collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Central Mexico. 16th C. Skin. 77.5 X 160 cm. Incomplete. The document depicts a mountainous region crossed by rivers. Along the lower border are place glyphs. Near the center is a

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

European building and five Indian caciques with personal name glyphs seated on native thrones. Elsewhere armed Indians are shown attacking other Indians in the mountains. Glass (1964) gives photoreproduction and a brief description. The manuscript was exhibited in London by Bullock in 1824 and is registered in his catalog (Bullock, 1824c). The Boturini collection inventory descriptions of 1743 and 1746 associate the document with the "Provincia de Tlaxcala" and the "pueblo de Amatla," respectively. On the basis of place glyphs Nicholson (unpublished notes) suggests a provenience in the Tecamachalco-Cuauhtepec region of Puebla. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 45, pls. 9-10. Other: Bullock, 1824c, no. 51. 106 Cuevas, Códice. Archivo General de Indias, Seville. Partially (?) published. Miscellaneous. Tenayuca-Tlalnepantla, Mexico-Tacuba, D.F., region. 1551-67. Physical data not determined; apparently 4 or 6 leaves of drawings. Notes on the original taken by Donald Robertson appear to indicate that the description, palaeography of Spanish texts, and the six negative photostats published by Cuevas (1913) do not represent the entirety of the original pictorial manuscript. The published drawings have Spanish glosses and illustrate complaints against Francisco Rodriguez Magariño, corregidor of Tacuba. The complaints and the drawings concern beatings, the holding of Indians in stocks, and various failures to pay for goods and services, etc. In addition to the publication by Cuevas (1913), a single detail is reproduced by Cuevas (1921-28); Gibson (1964a) has commented on its content. The accompanying text, also in the AGI, has not been published.

Partial (?) publication: Cuevas, 1913, pp. 129-35, 6 plates. Other: Cuevas, 1921-28, 2: 240; Gibson, 1964a, pp. 92, 275. 107 (fig. 36) Cuitlahuac, Financial accounts of. NLA 1476 (part). Unpublished. Economic (tribute). Tlahuac, D.F. 1573-78. European paper. 9 leaves. Dimensions not determined. Fourteen of the 18 pages have pictorial symbols for the sum of 115 pesos, 5 tomines, and dated monthly Nahuatl texts for the years 1573-78. The encomendero, Alonso de Cuevas, and the names of native officials of Cuitlahuac are mentioned. The documents are "cartas de pago" and may be records of tribute payment. The other four pages have drawings of objects, foodstuffs, Spanish money, and Nahuatl texts. The relationship between these and other documents bound with them has not been determined. Bibliography: None. 108 Cuitlahuac, Los Cuatro Barrios de. Unknown. Unpublished. Economic (miscellaneous ). Cuitlahuac (Tlahuac), D.F. 16thC. Physical description unknown. The document is known through a copy in BNMex. It is a single-leaf drawing divided into four horizontal divisions. In each is a place symbol, Nahuatl glosses, numerical symbols, and drawings of a man's and a woman's head. The numbers may refer to population or to tribute. The four barrios are Ixcic Tlaxillacalli, Teopancalcan, Atenchical, and Tecpan Tlaxilacalli. Copy: F. Galicia Chimalpopoca copy, 1857, in BNMex MS, "Origen de Cuitlahuac y otros documentos," f. 6bis, r. Bibliography: None. 109 CUITLAHUAC. Mapa de Sta. Marta, Santiago, Cuitlahuac y Ixtapalapa. Unknown. 123

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Published. Cartographic. Cuitlahuac (Tlahuac), D.F. 1579. Physical description unknown. Known only through the two copies listed below, the map shows four churches representing the localities named in the title, several roads, several tepetl signs, two milpas, a boundary line, and lesser detail with Spanish glosses. The copies are accompanied by a related "merced de un sitio" by the Viceroy Martín Enríquez. The BNMex copy has been published by Apenes (1947). Copies: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy, 1862, in BNMex MS, "Origen de Cuitlahuac y otros documentos," ff. 34r-43r. The map (27 Χ 35.5 cm.) is copied on f. 43r. Another copy, also by Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1853, is MNA/AH Documentos Sueltos, ser. 2, leg. 88, no. 12; no. 11 is the related text. Bibliography: Apenes, 1947, p. 18, pl. 4. 110 Cuitlahuac, Plan topographique de. Unknown. Unpublished. Cartographic. Tlahuac, D.F. Date unknown. Cloth. ca. 200 X 200 cm. Not examined. The 19thC (?) Aubin collection copy is cataloged but not described by Boban (1891). Donald Robertson informs us that it may derive from a native tradition original and that its details include standing "kings" and water signs. Copy: BNP 152. Brief mention: Boban, 1891, 2: 324. 111 CULHUACAN: Proceso de Marta Petronila y Augustín de Luna, Indios, contra Juan Francisco, María, y Juana, BNP 110. ExAubin collection. Unpublished. Economic (property plans) and genealogical. Culhuacan, D.F. 1590. European paper, 45 or 75 leaves (dimensions not reported) and native paper, 1 leaf, 60 X 38 cm. The process, said to be complete, concerns litigation over a house and other properties. 124

One leaf of the volume contains a simple drawing showing the plan of a native house, the heads of two persons, a metate, and a chest. Also with this material is a six-generation genealogy on native paper showing more than 75 Indians, some with personal name glyphs. The document is classified under Culhuacan following information supplied by H. B. Nicholson (personal communication); Boban (1891) reports it as Coyoacan. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 293-94. 112 Dehesa, Códice. MNA 35-51. Ex-Manuel Cardoso, Melgar y Serrano, and Teodoro A. Dehesa collections. Partially published. Historical and calendrical. Western Oaxaca. 16th and 17thC. Skin screenfold painted on both sides. 23 leaves. 17.5 X 498 cm. (total length). The first nine pages contain historical or mythical scenes. Fourteen pages of the obverse and 10 of the reverse present a long series of pairs of Indians with calendrical name glyphs. Hieroglyphic dates with the Mixtec year sign and Nahuatl glosses, most of which are place names, appear. The latter apparently include localities in Puebla and Veracruz as well as Western Oaxaca. The 13 remaining pages of the reverse are occupied by a calendrical table, without drawings, for the years 1506-1692 except 164372, with correlations and Nahuatl annals. A b / w lithograph facsimile, without the glosses and the calendrical table, was published by Melgar y Serrano (1875). Colored lithographs of the painted pages of the manuscript, excluding three illegible pages, were published by the Junta Colombina (Chavero, 1892) with a commentary of uncertain validity. Photographs of a page from the calendrical section and one from the genealogical section are given by Glass (1964). A photo of a page from the historical section is in Galindo y Villa (1905a). Caso (1928) notes the variant day signs

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

used in this document and claims that the year-bearer days are not the usual ones; the latter observation is disputable. Publication: Chavero, 1892, pp. xxii-xxvii and 30 plates in atlas; Melgar y Serrano, 1875. Other: Caso, 1928, pp. 11, 55-57. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 492; Galindo y Villa, 1905a, p. 220, pl. 7; Glass, 1964, p. 98, pls. 53-54; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 274; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 55-56. 113 Dresden, Codex. Codex Dresdensis. Sachsische Landesbibliothek, Dresden. Published. Ritual-calendrical. Lowland Maya region, Southeastern Mexico and Guatemala. Preconquest. Amatl paper screenfold. 39 leaves painted on both sides (4 pages blank). 9 X 20.5 cm. (total length 356 cm.). The manuscript was purchased in 1739 from an unidentified person in Vienna by Johann Christian Götze, librarian of the Königlichen Bibliothek zu Dresden, and acquired by that library in 1740 (Götze, 174344). Some details from the manuscript were published in a somewhat exotic context by Racknitz (1796), a curiosity recently reported and reprinted by Coe (1963). Humboldt (1810) published five of its pages in color after having learned of its existence from an account by Böttiger (1811). The known history of the manuscript is given by Förstemann (1880) and by Deckert (in Lips and Deckert, 1962). One of the most important of the surviving preconquest Mesoamerican pictorial manuscripts, the Codex Dresden contains divinatory almanacs, multiplication tables for synodical revolutions of the planet Venus, representations (with explanatory glyphic texts) of various ceremonies and deities, eclipse and Venus tables, multiplication tables of various numbers (presumably astronomical, divinatory, or calendrical

in nature), and other matters, including disease and agriculture. J. E. S. Thompson (1950), from whose brief description the foregoing is adapted, notes that it is almost certainly a copy, that it exhibits Mexican influence, and that it may date from the 12thC. Eleven complete editions of the manuscript have appeared. The first, by Kingsborough (1831-48), is still considered to be of use because of the deterioration of the original. The first and "second" editions by Förstemann (1880, 1892) are photographic and in color, but the color is inaccurate in detail. The Förstemann edition dated 1882 may be only a publisher's variant of the 1880 edition. The editions by Villacorta and Villacorta (1930, 1930-33), Evreinov, Kosarev, and Ustinov (1961), and Knorozov (1963) derive from earlier editions as does that by Librería Echániz (1947b). The Gates (1932) edition has the glyphs set in type, a much criticized feature. The color photographic edition by Lips (Lips and Deckert, 1962) is similar to those by Förstemann but differs from them in detail. It contains an excellent historical and bibliographical review of the manuscript and studies thereof superseding that by Förstemann (1880). It also gives a bibliography of over 800 titles in which the manuscript has been mentioned, studied, or reproduced in whole or in part. Krusche (1966) gives direct color photographs of 24 pages of the manuscript showing its present (post-World War II) state. An edition with commentary by J. E. S. Thompson is in preparation. See annotation in bibliography under Corona Núñez (1964-67) for an edition now in press. See Maya Screenfolds for comment on the scope and nature of the selected bibliography given below. Copy: The copy made by Aglio for Kingsborough ca. 1825-30 is in the British Museum. Editions: Librería Echániz, 1947b; Evreinov, Kosarev, and Ustinov, 1961, 2: 5-250; 125

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Förstemann, 1880, 1882, 1892; Gates, 1932; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 3; Knorozov, 1963, pp. 424-97; Lips and Deckert, 1962; Villacorta and Villacorta, 1930, pp. 11-159; 1930-33 (various paginations). Other: Krusche, 1966. Historical references: Böttiger, 1811, 1, pp. 20-21; Coe, 1963; Götze, 1743-44, 1: 15; Humboldt, 1810, pp. 266-67, pl. 45; Racknitz, 1796, pl. 34. Brief description: J. E. S. Thompson, 1950, pp. 23-25. 114 DURAN, FRAY DIEGO. Historia de las Indias de Nueva España y Islas de Tierra Firme. Códice Durán. Durán Atlas. Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. Published. Ritual-calendrical, historical, and ethnographic. Valley of Mexico. 1579-81. European paper. 344 leaves. Dimensions not determined. Manuscript in Spanish with three sections, each illustrated by drawings having diverse origins and remote inspiration in native traditions. Robertson (1968) reports that, beginning with Tratado 2, the drawings are pasted in and that some have a written text on their reverse sides. These drawings were cut out of an earlier manuscript. Tratado 1, with 63 illustrations, is a history of the Tenochca-Mexica from their departure from Aztlan-Chicomoztoc through the Spanish conquest, with emphasis on the dynastic history of Tenochtitlan. Part of the text of Tratado 1 derives from a lost manuscript (see Crónica X) also believed to have been utilized by Alvarado Tezozomoc. Tratado 2 treats gods, ceremonies, and various customs and has 34 illustrations. Tratado 3, with 21 illustrations, is a calendrical treatise with drawings of a calendar wheel, day signs, and the ceremonies of the 18 months of the 365-day year. The text and many of the drawings of Tratados 1 and 2 are parallel to those in Tovar's Historia del Origen (q.v.), most of the 126

text and drawings of which are believed to derive from the Durán manuscript. The festival calendar of Tratado 3 is not copied in the Tovar manuscripts. The first edition (Durán, 1867-80; second edition, 1951) is based on a copy made for Ramirez in 1854 and now in MNA/AH. This edition contains the text, reproductions (sometimes handcolored) by Aubin's lithographer (Jules Desportes) of the illustrations and those of the unrelated Codex Ixtlilxochitl, a preface by Ramirez, and a very digressive appendix by Chavero. The plates are frequently gathered in a separate atlas. A recent edition edited by Garibay (Durán, 1967) and based on the Madrid manuscript, reproduces the illustrations by color photography (except for two, now lost from the manuscript, and reproduced after the 1867-80 edition), changes the sequence of the tratados (and the numeration of some of the chapters), and adds a useful index, glossary, and vocabulary. An abridged and partial English translation (Durán, 1964) has few of the illustrations. Photoreproductions of six Durán drawings from the Madrid manuscript are in Horcasitas (1959) and seven (with five in color) are given by Blacker (1965). Glass (1964) reproduces a page from the MNA/ AH copy. Most of the plates of the 186780 edition are reprinted in Chavero (n.d.). Kubler and Gibson (1951) provide a study of the festival calendar illustrations in Tratado 3. For further comment and bibliography see Crónica X and Tovar, Relación del Origen Copies: LC, NYPL, MNA/AH, BAN, BNMA. The location of a copy successively in the Kingsborough, Phillipps (no. 11639), and Stetson collections (Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a; Parke-Bemet, 1953) has not been determined. Editions: Durán, 1867-80, 1951, 1967; Librería Echániz, n.d.a. Partial publications: Blacker, 1965, pp.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

10-11, 32-33, 35, 36-37, 94-95, 1 0 6 - 0 7 , 1 2 6 - the same as, or homonymous with, those of 27; Chavero, n.d., passim; Durán, 1964; some persons who appear in the Anales de Glass, 1964, p. 143, pl. 95; Horcasitas, 1959; Tecamachalco, Velásquez Chávez, 1939, color pl. 1; Yáñez, There is a possibility that this document 1942, pp.l03-200. may correspond to the "Mapa jeroglífico del Señorío de Quetzala" of the Chavero collecOther: Barlow and Smisor, 1943a; Bibliotion mentioned by Chavero (1901a) and N. theca inlustris, 1842, no. 536 (part); FerLeón (1905a). Chavero also owned a "pinnández del Castillo, 1925a; Hagar, 1912c; tura de un cacicazgo popoloca que Uegaba Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 56-57, fig. 7 hasta Tetela, de la Sierra de Puebla . . ." and passim; Parke-Bemet, 1953, 1: no. 214; (Chavero, 1906) and a genealogy "que traía Robertson, 1968; Sandoval, 1945; Sotheby, la descendencia de un cacique hasta cerca Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 330. del fin del siglo pasado" (Chavero, n.d.). Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, All these references may be to the same p. 451; Garibay, 1953-54, 2: 50-56, 293-99; manuscript. The suggestion is based parRadin, 1920, pp. 14-15, 20-24. tially on the fact that at least one Chavero collection manuscript (the falsified Colec115 ción Chavero no. 1) was owned by Hearst; Ecatepec y Huitziltepec, Mapa de. Codex the Ecatepec document, also owned by Charles Ratton. Codex Quetzalecatzin. Hearst (see Sotheby and Co., 1939), may Charles Ratton collection (Paris). Exthus also have come from the Chavero colWilliam Randolph Hearst collection. Unlection. published. Cartographic-historical. Todos Copies: Photographs are in the BM, L C / Santos Ehecatepec ( ? ) , P u e b l a .ca.1575HF, and other collections. 90. European paper. ca. 90 X 74 cm. Brief mention: Caso, 1958e, p. 460. The right half of the manuscript is a map Other: Guzmán, 1939c, pp. 53-55; Sotheof numerous small localities indicated by by and Co., 1939, no. 399. glossed place glyphs between two mountain hoc, cit.: Chavero, 1901a, p. 11; 1906, p. ranges. A place glyph above a European 227, note; n.d., p. v; N. León, 1905a, p. 182. building is that for Ehecatepec and is 116 glossed "Ecatepec" and "Todos Santos"; a less prominent glyph is Huitziltepec. Edificio, Plano de un. DGMH 1171. Unpublished. Economic (property plans). The left half includes a vertical column of Central Mexico. 16thC. European paper. Indians with calendrical name glyphs whose 52 X 39 cm. names are given in the gloss as Cozcaquauhtzin, Ollintzin, Xochitzin, Pedro de León, Plan of a precinct showing a church and etc. Short Nahuatl texts refer to Quetzaa cross, surrounded by 39 calli (house) lecatzin, Ecatepec, Huitziltepec, and to symbols, and lesser detail. lands. Hieroglyphic dates have the interBibliography: None. laced A-O form. Nicholson (in unpublished 117 notes) suggests an association with Santa Cruz Huitziltepec and Todos Santos XochiEtla, Genealogías de los Señores de. Gentlan in the Tecamachalco region of Puebla. ealogías de Yetla. Genealogía de Ixtlan. Caso (1958e) lists it among Mixtec docuMNA 35-85. Ex-Boturini collection. Partially published. Genealogical. Villa de ments and erroneously states that it is in the Etla, ex-district of Etla, Eastern Oaxaca. BNP. Guzmán (1939c) notes that some of 17thC. European paper. 6 sheets. Dithe personal names on the manuscript are 127

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

mensions vary between 51 × 43 and 92 × 83 cm. Six related genealogies in wholly Europeanized style show between six and eleven generations. All the persons have written Zapotec or Spanish names, the latter usually beginning in the fifth generation. There are no hieroglyphic symbols. The inventories of the Boturini collection ascribe the documents to both Yetla (a Chinantec community) and to the Villa de Etla, a more probable provenience. Two of the genealogies have been reproduced by Cline (1961a, 1961b). Glass (1964) provides a brief description and reproduces one of the fragments. Partial publication: Cline, 1961a, pl. 2a; 1961b, pl. 7; Glass, 1964, p. 139, pl. 90. Brief description: Mena, 1923, p. 64, no. 29. 118 Féjérváry-Mayer, Codex. Códice Mayer. Codex de Pesth. Free Public Museums, Liverpool. Ex-Féjérváry, Pulszky, and Mayer collections. Published. Ritual-calendrical. Borgia Group. Preconquest. Skin screenfold. 23 leaves (22 painted pages on each side; initial and terminal pages, formerly attached to covers, blank). 16.2 X 17.2 or 17.5 X 17.5 cm. (total length ca. 385 or 400 cm.). Divinatory almanac in 17 sections. Most sections concern specific aspects of the tonalpohualli, the 260-day Mesoamerican augural cycle. Some sections of the obverse with bar-and-dot numerals may relate to unidentified ceremonies or offerings. Stylistic resemblance to Codex Laud has led to their classification as the Féjérváry-Laud subgroup within the Borgia Group of manuscripts. The first edition (Kingsborough, 183148) is superseded by the facsimile edition by Loubat (1901) and the photographic color edition by Corona Núñez (1964-67); the latter is accompanied by a page-by-page 128

commentary. The commentary by Seler (1901a; English translation, 1901-02) is accompanied by annotated d r a w i g s of all pages. Nowotny (1961b) gives comparative exposition of all sections. The history of the manuscript prior to about 1829 has not been studied. See Borgia Group for further bibliography and comment. Editions: Corona Núñez, 1964-67, 4: 185275; Librería Echánez, 1945; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 3; Loubat, 1901. Commentaries: Seler, 1901a, 1901-02; Nowotny, 1961b, passim. Studies: Beyer, 1911; Burland, 1950a, 1951a; Caso, 1967, pp. 80-81; Hagar, 1911, 1912a; Seler, 19021; Thomas, 1884, pp. 31-36, pl. 3, fig. 6; J. E. S. Thompson, 1934, pp. 22526, 233-34; 1966. Other: Forty-fourth annual report, 1897, pp. 50-51. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 475-76; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 256-57; Paso y Troncoso, 1898b, pp. 55-59, 33032. 119 Fernández Leal, Códice. Bancroft Library, Berkeley. Ex-Benjamin Ladrón de Guevara, Martínez Gracida, Ε. J. Molera, and W. H. Crocker collections. Published. Historical. Santiago Quiotepec-San Juan Bautista Cuicatlan region, ex-district of Cuicatlan, Northern Oaxaca. 16thC. Native paper tira painted on one side. ca. 36 X 580 cm. An additional fragment, ca. 36 X 28 cm., is now lost. Pictorial and historical narrative has drawings of Indians with personal name glyphs, over 25 elaborate place signs, warfare and conquests, roads, etc. The Volador and arrow-sacrifice ceremonies are each shown twice. Calendrical year dates have variant year-bearer days. The content parallels a portion of Códice Porfirio Díaz. A photographic edition, handcolored in most examples, was published by Peñafiel (1895); small photographs of all but the

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

missing fragment have been published by Tompkins (1942). The commentaries by these authors have been severely criticized by Barlow (1944e). Details have been illustrated by Galindo y Villa (1905a) and by Hagen (1944). Publication: Peñafiel, 1895; Tompkins, 1942. Other: Barlow, 1944e; Galindo y Villa, 1905a, pls. 9-10; Hagen, 1944, pl. 6; Lizardi Ramos, 1955. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 499; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 277-78. 120 Garcia, Diego, Anales de, 1502-1601. Anales Antiguos de Mexico y sus Contomos no. 24. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Unpublished. Historical. Central Mexico. After 1620. European paper. 13 leaves. Quarto. The Galicia Chimalpopoca copy contains the Nahuatl text, his Spanish translation, and a very few minor copied drawings, including year signs for the years 1500-02. The text contains annalistic entries for events in the Valley of Mexico and elsewhere. Copy: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and translation, MNA/AH Col. Antig. 274, no. 24(AAMC 24). Bibliography: None. 121 Genealogie von 33 Personen, Lost. Formerly DSB MS Amer. 10 (part). Published. Genealogical. Central Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 45 X 64 cm. Thirty-three Indians, all in Indian costume and all identified by personal name glyphs and Nahuatl glosses, are shown in genealogical relationships through six generations. Also depicted are five native houses. The document has been studied and reproduced photographically by Lehmann

(1906a). An inaccurate copy is given by Gondra (1846) and by Chavero (n.d.). Publication: Lehmann, 1906a, pp. 331-37,

pl. 3. Other: Chavero, n.d., p. 655; Gondra, 1846, pp. 113-14, pl. 24. 122-127 (fig. 37) Gilcrease Fragments 1-6. Gilcrease Institute, Tulsa. Unpublished. Economic (tribute). Central Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 32 fragments of varying dimensions. The "Gilcrease Fragments" consist of approximately 32 fragments representing about six different manuscripts. Only the largest (ca. 152 X 46 cm.) is drawn on both sides. All exhibit various adhesions of glue, cane, and pith and all have been crumpled, suggesting that they derive from the stuffing of a cane statue of Christ in the manner of the Códices del Cristo de Mexicaltzingo. Two of the manuscripts are vertical tiras, each about 12.7 cm. wide. One is represented by 13 fragments, the other by 14; none of them fit together. The overall lengths of the two tiras (ignoring the fact that their component fragments do not fit together) are about 417 and 716 cm. The Códice del Volador (q.v.) is most probably a further fragment of one of these tiras. The history of the manuscripts is unknown. It is possible that they may correspond to the pictorial manuscripts found in a cane Christ near Mixtepec (state of Mexico) and reportedly sold to Ignacio Bemal after having been moved to Tlaxcala (see Carrillo y Cariei, 1949). The manuscripts all fall within the type, content, and style of middle to late 16thC pictorial tribute, fiscal, and accounting documents from the Valley of Mexico. One, with short Nahuatl texts, is a register of payments with Christian month and day dates by or for the regidores of an unstated locality. Place glyphs include two that may represent Tenochtitlan and Culhuacan. There are no year dates. 129

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Loc. cit.: Carrillo y Cariei, 1949, note following p. 81. 128

GÓMEZ DE CERVANTES, GONZALO. Relación de [lo que toca a] la Grana Cochinilla. British Museum in Add. MSS 13964. Published. Miscellaneous. Central Mexi c o . ca. 1599 ( ? ) . European paper. Drawings on 4 leaves. Dimensions not determined. The relación concerning cochineal ("a dye made from the dried bodies of insects cultivated on the tuna or nopal cactus" [Gibson, 1964a, p. 354]) is one of the final sections of the Gómez de Cervantes Memorial, a work on the social and economic life of New Spain at the end of the 16thC. At the end of the manuscript are seven pages of drawings illustrating the care and cultivation of the cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera) on which the insect (Coccus cacti) is grown and its enemies (birds, other insects). The style of the drawings is suggestive of an earlier period of native style than the date of the Gómez MS (1599). Whether or not the gloss on the drawings is in Gómez' hand, or if the drawings are originals or copies or an integral part of the MS is unknown. The drawings may be European in origin. An illustrated relación on cochineal by Muñoz Camargo is now lost (Gibson, 1952, pp. 238-39) but may have some relationship to the drawings in the Gómez MS. It may be noted that, coupled with an account of his lost relación, Muñoz Camargo (1947b) refers to a botanical treatise by Alonso de la Mota (y Escobar), one of whose works is bound with the Gómez MS.4 The drawings are reproduced in Gómez de Cervantes (1944) and in Dahlgren de 4 An interesting drawing of cochineal harvest, evidently marginal to the native stylistic traditional and not included in this census, is reproduced by West and Augelli (1966, p. 2 8 5 ) . They give its date as 18th century and its location as AGI. It may correspond to the document cataloged by Torres Lanzas (1900, 2: 150, no. 5 1 5 ) .

130

Jordán (1963). One of the drawings from the Toledo copy appears in Esteve Barba (1942). The ownership history of the manuscript is the same as that of the Codex Kingsborough, at least since the time that it was owned by Renouard. Copy: 18thC copy, drawings only, Biblioteca Publica de Toledo, Publication: Dahlgren de Jordán, 1963 (page citations not determined); Gómez de Cervantes, 1944, pp. 163-82, plates at end of vol. Other: Esteve Barba, 1942, p. 142, pl. 8; Gibson, 1952a, pp. 238-39; González de Barcia, 1737-38, 2: 766; Muñoz Camargo, 1947b, p. 293. 129 Gómez de Orozco, Fragmento. Códice Gómez de Orozco. Fragment Dorenberg. Gómez de Orozco collection (present location uncertain; not MNA). Ex-Dorenberg and Francisco León Calderón collections. Published. Historical. Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Skin tira painted on both sides. 21.4 X 69.5 cm. Folded to form 3 leaves. The manuscript is a fragment with two painted pages on the obverse and one on the reverse. The obverse depicts the descent of a god whose image has been effaced (probably 9 Wind, Quetzalcoatl) from the eight skies to the earth and related detail. This forms a very close parallel to the opening scene in the Selden Roll. The reverse shows a number of persons and place glyphs that also appear on the Lienzo Antonio de León. Caso (1954) gives commentary, comparison with other sources, and good photographic color facsimile. Kelley (1955) adds alternative interpretation of one symbol. Lehmann (1905a) describes the Seler collection copy (location now unknown) made in 1894. Publication: Caso, 1954. Other: Kelley, 1955; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 273-74.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Brief description: pp. 491-92.

Alcina Franch, 1955, 130

Guevea, Lienzo de. Genealogía de los Señores Zapotecos. Códice Petela. Lienzo de Petapa. Mapa de Santiago Cuevea. Lienzo de Zaachila. Unknown. Published. Cartographic-historical. Santiago Cuevea (Cuevea de Humboldt), ex-district of Tehuantepec, Eastern Oaxaca. 1540. Cloth (?). Dimensions unknown (MNA copy is 309 × 98.5 cm.). The upper half of the lienzo depicts 18 place glyphs, glossed in both Zapotec and Spanish, surrounding several central details such as a seated Indian cacique in the representation of a house and two churches. Seler has suggested that the peripheral place glyphs, ostensibly representing boundaries established in 1540, may also have a calendrical significance. The lower part of the lienzo shows 16 persons with personal name glyphs, including Cosiobi and Cosijoeza, arranged in two columns. These probably represent a dynastic succession list. Place glyphs include Zaachila and Tehuantepec. Seler (1908b) gives commentary and reproduction of the variant copies A and B. Both Class (1964) and Galindo y Villa (1905a) provide photographs of copy A, as does Caso (1965b). A colored copy of copy A is reproduced in color by Mendieta y Núñez (1949) and a copy of the upper half of copy A is reproduced in color by Lenz (1950). The Zapotec place names have been studied by Reko (1945). See Lienzo de Petapa for the use of that name as a synonym. Copies: Copy A, made in 1892 from a now unknown copy apparently dated 1820 and owned by Porfirio Díaz, is MNA 35-1. Copy Β is known only through Seler's publication. Class (1964) mentions another version, also unknown, published in a Mexican newspaper in 1928. Publication: Caso, 1965b, fig. 19; Calindo

y Villa, 1905a, p. 200, pls. 11-13; Class, 1964, pp. 35-36, pls. 1-2; Mendieta y Núñez, 1949, folding plate between pp. 38 and 39; Seler, 1908b. Other: Lenz, 1950, p. 158, pl. 3; Reko, 1945, pp. 143-54. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 480; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 275; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 39-40. 131 Haucalpan, San Lorenzo, Anales de. Unknown. Ex-Auguste Lesouef collection. Unpublished. Unavailable. San Lorenzo Haucalpan (now San Lorenzo Tepealtitlan, pueblo in municipio Toluca), Mexico. 1604. European (?) paper. 14 leaves. 21.5 X 15.5 cm. The manuscript has been briefly described by Anonymous (1888), by Siméon (1888), and in a sale catalog (Dufosse, n.d.a) as a Nahuatl historical text with some pictorial figures embracing the years 13821604. Siméon comments on its chronological disorder and its references to Aztec rulers. Brief descriptions: Anonymous, 1888, p. 39; Dufosse, n.d.a. Item 9495; Siméon, 1888, pp. 85-86. 132 (fig. 38) HERNANDEZ, FRANCISCO. Historia natural de Nueva España (and other titles). Lost. Miscellaneous. Central Mexico. 1571-1577. Physical description omitted. The "protomédico" Hernández, one of the great figures in the history of science, medicine, botany, and herbals, was on a scientific mission to Mexico, 1571-77. During his stay he compiled a massive series of works of which the Natural History (plants, animals, birds, reptiles, insects) is the best known. Hundreds of drawings, many by Indian artists (whose names he gives), illustrated the work. The original manuscripts and all the drawings were almost certainly destroyed by the Escorial fire of 1671. The text is known through various publications 131

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

based on extracts, a severely edited summary, and a contemporary copy, the latter lacking the drawings. Nierembergii (1635) described the character of the drawings and published some copies which together indicate their traditional native origin (such as the use of glyphs for water and stone in conjunction with the drawings of plants). The edition of 1651 (some copies bear dates of 1630, 1648, or 1649) reproduced hundreds of the drawings (mostly of plants) through Italian copies in which all elements of native style and iconography have been removed. The Hernández bibliography and studies relating thereto are too extensive to present here, and therefore only selected illustrated editions of the Historia natural will be cited. The modern critical edition of the works of Hernández (Hernández, 1959-60) gives the text of the Historia natural (including the Historia de las plantas de Nueva España) from the editions of 1651 and 1790. It reproduces the illustrations of the edition of 1651 and some of those given by Nierembergii in 1635. It also includes a comprehensive scholarly apparatus and a revision of the annotated bibliography of the writings of Hernández published by Somolinos d'Ardois (1957). The copied drawings of plants from the 1651 edition also appear in Hernández (1942-46). A study of the original iconography of the drawings is given by Somolinos d'Ardois (1954) with selected illustrations from the 1635 edition. Manuscripts of the works of Hernández, none of which appear to include any of the drawings, are not cited in the repository checklist. The drawings in Hernández, De Antiquitatibus Novae Hispaniae, are copies of calendrical illustrations in Sahagún's Manuscrito de Tlatelolco (or some other manuscript of that work). See Sahagún Calendar Wheel (no. 272) and table of day signs in the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco (no. 273) for description of these copies. Selected bibliography: Hernández, 1651, 132

1942-46, 1959-60; Nierembergii, 1635; Somolinos d'Ardois, 1954, 1957. 133 HERRERA, ANTONIO DE. Historia general de los Hechos de los Castellanos...: title-page vignettes. Published. Unclassified. Valley of Mexico. 1601. Two of the illustrated title pages of parts of Herrera's Historia have a total of 14 vignettes copied from Mexican pictorial manuscripts. Six of those on the Descripción de las Indias occidentales title page depicting Aztec gods are copied from the Codex Magliabecchiano, the Códice del Museo de América, or from a lost manuscript of the Magliabecchiano Group (q.v.). Two of those on the Decada segunda title page may have the same origin. The remaining six drawings represent copies or adaptations from one or more unknown manuscripts. It is this unknown source that is represented by the present census number and entry. One of these six (Descripción, lower left) shows Acamapichtli and place glyphs for four towns that he conquered (compare Codex Mendoza, f. 2v). The two title pages in question were first published in 1601 (Herrera, 1601-15); there are numerous later editions. The relationship between the vignettes and Codex Magliabecchiano was noted by Nuttall (1903). Bibliography: Herrera, 1601-15, loc. cit.; Nuttall, 1903, p. vii. 134 Heye Foundation, Lienzo of the. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York. Ex-W. W. Blake and T. Philip Terry collections. Published. Cartographic-historical. Central Mexico. 16thC. Cloth. ca. 117 X 150 cm. The historical content of this interesting lienzo has not been interpreted nor has its provenience been determined. On the right

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

are two rows of place glyphs and Indians with personal name glyphs. Accompanying Nahuatl glosses are almost illegible. On the left are drawings of several historical scenes, native temples, and further place glyphs connected by lines of footprints indicative of migrations or historical narrative. An inadequate photograph has been published without comment by Hagen (1944). Publication: Hagen, 1944, pl. 1. 135 Huamantla, Códice de. Nine fragments: 7 in MNA and 2 in DSB. (1) MNA 35-22, (2) MNA 35-40, (3) MNA 35-37, (4) MNA 35-41, (5) MNA 35-2, (6) MNA 3555, (7-8) Humboldt Fragments 3-4, in DSB MS Amer. 1, and (9) in Techialoyan Codex of Ixtapalapa, MNA 35-107. Ex-Boturini and Humboldt (2 fragments only) collections. Published. Cartographic-historical. Huamantla, Tlaxcala. 16thC. Amatl paper. 9 sheets. (1) 47 X 114, (2) 154 X 92, (3) 187 x 95, (4) 189 x 91, (5) 242 X 95, (6) 50 X 178 cm.; the dimensions of the two Humboldt Fragments are unpublished; the ninth fragment is very small. The fragments are part of a single large painting, some of which is believed to have been lost since it was first described by Boturini in the 18thC. Three of the fragments fit together; two others may. Drawn and painted in a distinctive style, the principal theme is warfare. Indians armed with bows, arrows, macanas, and shields with the atltlachinolli symbol for war between them form a frequent motif. The taking of prisoners and sacrifices are shown as are clusters of native houses, place glyphs, Indians, and other symbols. One scene depicts tribute being offered to a Spaniard; adjacent to this two mounted Spaniards thrust lances into bleeding Indians. Although there are both place and personal name glyphs, no native dates appear. Faded glosses in Nahuatl include

place names, some of which are at least homonymous with localities in the ex-districts of Juarez and Morelos in Tlaxcala. Photographs and brief descriptions of the MNA Fragments 1-6 have been published by Glass (1964), who cites an unpublished and relatively detailed description of the MNA fragments by Caso and Gómez de Orozco. Fragments 2-5 are very briefly described by Paso y Troncoso (1892-93). They were exhibited in London in 1824 by Bullock and are listed in his catalog (Bullock, 1824c). A superficial study of Fragments 3 and 4 by Barlow (MSa) is unpublished. Fragment 6 ("Fragmento de Fiesta Ciclica"; "E1 Fuego Nuevo") is described twice by Mena (1923) and is included in Seler's study of the two Humboldt Fragments. Carrasco Pizana (1950) utilizes the manuscripts as a source for data on Otomi ethnography, and Gibson (1952) mentions them in his listing of Tlaxcalan pictorials. The unpublished ninth fragment, discovered by Donald Robertson in 1967, has been used to repair f. 1 of the Codex of Ixtapalapa (Article 24B, no. 706). It shows parts of three footprints only. Humboldt Fragment 3 was first published, in color, by Humboldt (1810). Both of the Humboldt Fragments were published photographically in Historische Hieroglyphen (1892). A commentary by Seler (1893) on the latter publication includes an exhaustive treatment of the two fragments. There is an English translation of the 1893 commentary (Seler, 1904f), with reproductions of copies of the two fragments, and a slight revision (Seler, 1902e) which lacks full reproductions. Veytia (1848) reports on his visit to the place of their discovery in Huamantla. See Humboldt Fragments for further data. Copies: Copies of 1892 of Fragments 2-5 are MNA 35-40A, 35-37A, 35-41A, and 352A. Copies of Fragments 1-5 were made by Mateo A. Saldaña about 1933; the first two of these are MNA 35-22B and 35-40B. The 133

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Saldaña copies are so accurate that they may be mistaken for the originals. Publication: Glass, 1964, pp. 37-38, 64, 82, 86, 87, 105, pls. 3, 4, 23, 39, 58; Historische Hieroglyphen, 1892, pls. 3, 4; Seler, 1904f, pp. 176-87, pls. 8-9. Commentaries: Seler, 1893, pp. 61-73; 1902e, pp. 227-42. Brief descriptions: Barlow, MSa; Gibson, 1952, p. 265; Mena, 1923, pp. 39-41, 56-57, nos. 1, 12; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 6062. Other: Bullock, 1824c, nos. 4, 15, 20, 41; Carrasco Pizana, 1950, passim; Humboldt, 1810, pp. 237-38, pl. 38; Veytia, 1848, p. 163. 136 HUAMUXTITLAN: Pièces d'un Procès, BNP 116. Ex-Aubin collection. Unpublished. Economic (tribute). Huamuxtitlan, Guerrero. 1580. European paper. "12 pages in-fol." (6 leaves?). Not examined. Boban (1891) describes the manuscript as concerning complaints by the Indians of Huamuxtitlan against town oficials. The drawings are of persons and sums of money. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 303. 137 Huautla, Mapa de. Mapa de San Juan Evangelista Huautla de Jimenez. Pueblo. Published. Cartographic. Huautla de Jimenez, ex-district of Teotitlan, Northern Oaxaca. 18thC. Cloth. 117 X 213 cm. Landscape painting, not in native tradition, showing Huautla, Ayautla, Tenango, and other localities as well as details of the countryside. The map was first published by Starr (n.d.). Cline (1964, 1966b) reproduces the Starr photograph and analyzes its cartographic content. Publication: Cline, 1964, pp. 410-13, figs. 13-15; 1966b, pp. 285-89, figs. 6-7, Map 8; Starr, n.d., Item 4. 134

Brief mention: Starr, 1900, p. 77; 1908, pp. ix, 236. 138 Huaxtepec, Piano ideográfico del Señorío de, Año 1376, Location uncertain. Unpublished. Unclassified. Central Mexico. Date and physical description not determined. The document is briefly described by Tamayo and Alcorta (1941) on the basis of a heliographic copy (DGMH 2763) as a composition (or copy) of 1907 which includes aboriginal elements. The original appears to be listed in a catalog of maps in the SMGE (Mirabal Lausan, 1937) but neither original nor copy has been examined for the present census. References: Mirabal Lausan, 1937, p. 167; Tamayo and Alcorta, 1941, p. 23, no. 14. 139 Huexotzingo, Matrícula de. MS de 1560. BNP 387. Ex-Boturini collection. Partially published. Economic (census) and genealogical. Huexotzingo, Puebla. 155960. European p a p e r .ca.562 leaves (ff. 464-1032 with 6, 7, or 8 leaves missing internally ). 31.5 X 21.5 cm. The Matrícula is a census, conducted by Diego de Madrid, Juez de Comisión, of about 18 localities in the Huexotzingo region and four or five localities farther south (Atlisco, CuauhquechoUan, Tianguismanalco, etc.). For each of most of these localities there are two separate pictorial sections. One gives a classified listing (by barrio, civil status, profession, etc.) of individuals, usually identified by personal name glyphs and glossed Nahuatl names. The total number of Indians so depicted is enormous. The other section lists principales by famiHes or houses of each locaHty; these sections frequently include genealogies. Numerous pages of text include procedural matter in Spanish related to the census. The pictorial sections (referred to as

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

"quadernos" in the text) represent discrete documents compiled for the census by the Indians. Different individual styles are recognizable. The place glyphs for the major localities are carefully executed and include depictions of churches and patron saints of the towns. Their general style is reminiscent of the colonial murals at Huexotzingo. Only one page of the document has been reproduced (by Kubler, 1961). Many of the place glyphs, including those for barrios of the major localities, are included in the compilation by Peñafiel (1897c). Some name glyphs and numerical symbols from the manuscript are reproduced by Orozco y Berra (1880); others are used to illustrate Seler's study of the Humboldt Fragments (q.v.). Hanns J. Prem has made a study of the personal name glyphs (citation not available), and a facsimile edition has been announced by the Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria. David Warren (1971) has summarized the demographic content. Copies: Photographic copy by Gates in PML and BYU. A partial copy of ff. 482583, perhaps made by Aglio for Kingsborough, was in the Phillipps collection (Phillipps no. 14262; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 357; Sotheby and Co., 1935, no. 300). Partial publication: Kubler, 1961, fig. 4. Brief descriptions: Garcia Granados and MacGregor, 1934, pp. 77-81; Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a, pp. 357-58; J. F. Ramirez, 1855, nos. 3-4. Other: Nicholson, 1967, figs. 8-9; Orozco y Berra, 1880, atlas, pls. 3-10, 13, 15; Peñafiel, 1897c, passim; 1903c, pl. 106, figs. a, b; D. Warren, 1971. 140 Hueyapan, Mapa de los Terrenos de. Unknown. Ex-García Icazbalceta collection. Unpublished. Unavailable. Central Mexico. Date and material unknown. 58 X 43 cm.

The document is known only through its listing in the published catalog of the Garcia Icazbalceta collection (Gómez de Orozco, 1927a). There is no record of its accession by UTX, which acquired most of that collection. Brief mention: Gómez de Orozco, 1927a, Item XXVI-22. 141 Hueyapan, Plan topographique de. BNP 25. Ex-Aubin collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Hueyapan, Morelos. 1574. Native paper. 42 X 38 cm. Map shows several rivers, numerous trees, and place glyphs, some of which are glossed in Nahuatl. That for Hueyapan appears near the lower center below drawings of six Indian caciques. A glyph at the top probably represents Mount Popocatepetl. A dated Spanish text on the reverse suggests that the map formed part of a lawsuit. Boban (1891) gives photoreproduction and brief description. Brief description and publication: Boban, 1891, 1:381-82, pl. 25. 142 Huichapan, Códice de. Códice del Monasterio de San Mateo Huichapan. Códice de Ueychiapan. Códice Otomi. MNA 35-60. Partially published. Historical and calendrical. San Mateo Huichapan, Hidalgo. 16th and 17thC. European paper. 34 leaves. 29 X 21 cm. The manuscript was removed from the museum sometime after about 1901 but was recovered in 1930 from C. C. James. Seven pages of the codex are textual annals in Otomi of the convent of Huichapan for the years 1539-1618 and 1629-32. Two pages contain hieroglyphs of Otomi towns and another two contain a written calendar with Otomi month and day names. Fifty-five pages contain pictorial annals with Otomi texts from 1403 to 1528; pages for 18 years are missing. The annals treat the rulers of 135

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Tenochtitlan, events in Cuauhtitlan and in villages near Jilotepec, the arrival of Spaniards, etc. The codex has been described by Caso (1930), who published three of its pages and two details, and by Soustelle (1937). A brief description and a reproduction of one page are given by Glass (1964). The calendrical pages have been studied by Caso (1930), Soustelle (1937), and by Carrasco Pizana (1950). Caso (1967) gives a reprint of his earlier study with added material and reproduces nine pages (four in color). Copies: MHP and in the possession of Alfonso Caso. Partial publication: Caso, 1930; 1967, pp. 211-25; Glass, 1964, pp. 111-12, pl. 63. Studies: Carrasco Pizana, 1950, pp. 16984; Ecker, 1966; Soustelle, 1937, pp. 213-14, 521-28. Brief mention: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 498; Chavero, 1901a, p. 9; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 61. 143 Huilotepec, Lienzo de. Mapa de Huilotepec. Pueblo. Published. Cartographichistorical. San Pedro Huilotepec, ex-district of Tehuantepec, Eastern Oaxaca. 18thC (?). Cloth. 155.5 X 54 cm. Shows a river, several place glyphs (including that for Tehuantepec), a number of Indians, and lesser detail with glosses, presumably in Zapotec. Barlow (1943b) gives brief commentary and two different photoreproductions, both apparently from the earlier edition by Starr (n.d.). Publication: Barlow, 1943b; Starr, n.d., Item 3. Brief description: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 479-80, fig. 18; Gadow, 1908, p. 173; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 275; Seler-Sachs, 1900, pp. 90-91; Starr, 1908, pp. 330-31; MS, p. 50. 144 HUITZILA: Pintura de las Tierras de Qua136

hunacazco. AGN-T 1535, exp. 4. Published. Economic (property plans). Huitzila, Morelos. 1592. European paper. 42 X 30 cm. Painting of plots of land, four persons, a church, and lesser detail. The document forms part of a petition for a land title. Copy in color reproduced in Códices indígenas (1933). It is described in detail, with translation of Nahuatl glosses, by Mazari (1926c). Publication: Códices indígenas, 1933, no. 30. Commentary: Mazari, 1926c, pp. 315-20, no. 12. 145 HUITZILOPOCHCO: Contrat de Commanderie. BNP 27. Ex-Aubin collection. Published. Economic (tribute). Huitzilopochco (Churubusco), D.F. 1554. European paper. 42 X 31 cm. Drawings of items of tribute (com, wood, pesos, etc.) with a Spanish text, signed by town officials, stating the details of tribute payment to the encomendero, Bernardino Vásquez de Tapia. The document has been published and described by Boban (1891). Publication: Boban, 1891, 1: 387-89, pl. 27.

HUITZILOPOCHTLI GROUP. The relationship between the twin Codices Telleriano-Remensis and Ríos (described separately in this census) has been discussed many times. One school of thought common in the 19thC held that the latter was copied from the former before the presumably missing pages of the Parisian manuscript were lost. The reverse relationship is admitted as impossible since the TellerianoRemensis is clearly the product of several Indian artists, whereas Codex Ríos is in the uniform style of its presumably Italian (?) copyist. J. E. S. Thompson (1941b) has ad-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

vanced iconographic reasons to show that Ríos cannot be a copy of TellerianoRemensis and that the two therefore derive from a common original. Barlow (in unpublished lecture notes) has named this hypothetical lost manuscript Codex Huitzilopochtli after the god who appears at the beginning of the migration history in both manuscripts "as a traveller guiding his people." The theory of a single common prototype may oversimplify a very complex historicgraphic problem that has been inadequately studied. It fails, for instance, to explain the remarkable coincidence of a change in artists and style in Codex Telleriano-Remensis at precisely the point where its page composition changes from one format to another. As Robertson (1959) has pointed out, the Telleriano-Remensis appears more as a synthesis of several sources than a copy of a single original. He admits, nevertheless, the possibility of an original comprised of several component parts. The concordance of the two copies, presented in Table 2, constitutes an outline of the content of Codex Huitzilopochtli and indicates a variety of topics, typical in outline to pictorial manuscripts produced under European patronage. It is probable that the origins of the different sections of this composite manuscript are as diverse as its content. It may well have embodied copies derived from various native originals as well as drawings originally created for this manuscript, both from different regions of the Valley of Mexico and possibly elsewhere. In its cosmological, mythological, and ethnographic sections (represented only in Codex Ríos), this diverse origin may apply to individual pages. In its two copies the glosses may not always refer to the subject which the original artist intended to represent. The history of Codex Huitzilopochtli must of necessity depend on data from the two copies. In both manuscripts the most

recent pictorial entry is the death of Zumárraga, which occurred in 1548; this entry may approximate the earliest date for the completion of the historical part of Codex Huitzilopochtli. The most recent dates in the gloss of Codex Telleriano-Remensis are 1562 and 1563 and are in the handwriting believed to be that of Pedro de los Ríos. The Italian gloss on Codex Ríos associates Pedro de los Ríos with the compilation of its paintings, identifies him as a Dominican friar, links him with an episode in Mexico in 1566, indicates that he supplied the data for the glossed commentary, and provides incidental biographical data, such as his firsthand knowledge of Oaxaca. Aside from this gloss and similar statements in the glosses on Codex Telleriano-Remensis, only one further datum has been reported about this elusive monk. An apparent report of his death by 1565 (cited in Jiménez Moreno and Mateos Higuera, 1940) conflicts with the 1566 date in Codex Ríos and the presumption that he was present when the codex was painted and annotated in Rome ca. 1570. If the 1566 date in the codex is correct and Ríos died in 1565, then it may appear that the original of Codex Ríos (i.e.. Codex Huitzilopochtli ) was taken to Rome by someone else. Whether this original was glossed is uncertain; possibly it was not, and there may have existed a separate written text by Ríos, now unknown, from which the Codex Ríos annotator gleaned his information. The watermarked paper of Codex Ríos has been reported as having been first made ca. 1569-70. The date of the death of Cardinal Amulio, 1570, with whom a copy of Codex Ríos details is associated, establishes the terminus ante quern date for Codex Huitzilopochtli. Mercati (1589) refers to two Vatican Mexican manuscripts in such terms that it may not include Codex Vaticanus B, the only other Mexican pictorial manuscript definitely known to have been in the Vatican in the 16thC. The 1589 refer137

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES TABLE 2 - H U I T Z I L O P O C H T L I GROUP

Simplified concordance of the content of the Codices Ríos and Telleriano-Remensis. Foliation cited is that of the editions of 1900 and 1899, respectively. Blank pages are indicated only between sections.

Subject 1. Cosmological and mythological traditions: blank The skies and the four suns Quetzalcoatl, Toltecs, etc. blank

Codex Ríos 1r lv-7r 7v-llv 12r

2. Tonalpohualli: Gods, day signs, Nine Lords of the Night later gloss blank

33v-34r

3. Calendrical tables: 1558-1619, without drawings blank

34v-36r 36v-42r

4. 18-month calendar: Gods for each period Nemontemi symbol later gloss blank

12v-33r

42v-51r 51v-53v

5. Ethnographic section: Day signs attributed to body parts Sacrificial and mortuary customs Portraits of Indian types Miscellaneous drawing blank

54r 54v-57r 57v-61r 61v 62r-66r

6. Pictorial annals, 1195-1549: First major style, 1195-1294 Second major style, 1295-1549 blank

66v-71r 71v-94r 94v-95r

7. Continuation of the annals, 1550-1562: 1550-1555, without pictorial entries 1556-1562, without pictorial entries Written historical notices, 1519-1557 later gloss blank

Codex TellerianoRemensis

95v-96v 97r-101v

8r-24r* 24v

lr-6v* 7r 7v

25r-28v* 29r-47r*

47v-48r 48v-49r 49v-50r 50v

* Pages missing in Codex Telleriano-Remensis can be reconstructed from Codex Ríos in all cases. ence definitely seems to describe a scene present in Codex Ríos, but whether the second manuscript is Codex Huitzilopochtli, Codex Telleriano-Remensis (the history of which is unknown before 1700), Codex Vaticanus B, or some other manuscript is unknown. 138

The first unequivocal reference to Codex Ríos is of 1596-1600, the date of an inventory (cited by Ehrle, 1900) which gives the Vatican number 3738 and a circumstantial description. A reference by Acosta (1962; first published in 1590) to an "Anales Mexicanos" in

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

the Vatican only complicates the situation. He seemingly describes a drawing therein which corresponds better to one in the Tovar Relación than to any scene in Codex Ríos and he proceeds to state that it was explained to the Vatican librarian by a Jesuit (which Tovar was). Acosta was in Rome in 1588; that his reference published only two years later should be so enigmatic may perhaps be explained by his ownership of the Tovar manuscript at that time. The foregoing review of the salient historical record concerning Codex Huitzilopochtli indicates that it was a pictorial manuscript containing various originals or copies, that it was probably painted by 1549, that it had additions through 1562, and that it was taken to Rome by 1570. It is associated with an otherwise unknown Dominican friar, who provided the information in the gloss on its most complete copy, Codex Ríos, and who is responsible for one of the handwritings on its now incomplete copy, Codex Telleriano-Remensis. All aspects of this theory require critical review, but the fact that Codex Ríos is a copy of a lost pictorial manuscript related to the copies in Codex Telleriano-Remensis is inescapable. Bibliographic and other data bearing on the relationship between the two copies have been summarized by Ehrle (1900) in the introduction to his edition of Codex Ríos. The stylistic analysis of Codex Telleriano-Remensis by Robertson (1959) and the postulation by J. E. S. Thompson (1941b) are the most pertinent modern contributions to the subject. The discussion by Paso y Troncoso (1898b) embodies important observations and treats the history of Codex Telleriano-Remensis in detail. Other sources treating both manuscripts and their interrelationships are listed below. The two calendrical sections common to both manuscripts are treated in many general calendrical studies. The comparative studies by Seler (1899a, 1899b) on the 18-

month calendar and his commentaries on Tonalamatl Aubin (1900; English translation, 1900-01) and Codex Borgia (190409; Spanish translation, 1963) which include detailed treatments of the tonalpohualli section of both manuscripts are the most important of these. Loc. cit.: Ehrle, 1900; Jiménez Moreno and Mateos Higuera, 1940, p. 72; Robertson, 1959, pp. 107-15, pls. 10, 27-29. Comparative studies: Beauvois, 1886; Charency, 1859; Chavero, 1903a, pp. 5-12; Paso y Troncoso, 1898b, pp. 60-61, 332-59; Reina, 1924-27; J. E. S. Thompson, 1941b. Other: Acosta, 1962, p. 354 (1590, bk. 7, chap. 19); Mercati, 1589, p. 96; J. F. Ramirez, 1945b. Calendrical sections: Seler, 1899a; 1899b; 1900; 1900-01; 1904-09, chap. 23; 1963, chap. 23. 146 Huitznahuac Calpulli, Genealogy of. Genealogía de un noble Azteca. British Museum Ethnological Document 1386. ExChristy collection. Unpublished. Genealogical. Central Mexico. 16th or 17th C. European paper. Dimensions not determined. Late style, simple genealogy of about 40 persons in eight generations. The Nahuatl gloss mentions Acolman, Tlacopan, and Tlaqualtzinco. Huitznahuac is a common designation of wards or barrios in the Valley of Mexico and perhaps elsewhere as well. Unpublished notes on the document by C. A. Burland are in the Ethnological Documents file of the BM. Except for brief citations in the catalog literature there is no bibliography. Bibliography: None.

HUMBOLDT FRAGMENTS. Some, if not all, of the 16 manuscripts, representing 12 different documents, described sep139

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

arately below, were purchased by Baron Alexander von Humboldt at a sale of manuscripts from the León y Gama collection in Mexico in 1803 and presented to the Royal Library of Berlin in 1806. All are believed to have been in the Boturini collection. Fragments 2-16 comprise MS Amer. 1 in the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek in East Berlin. Fragment 1 (MS Amer. 2) is on deposit in the Staatsbibliothek Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz in West Berlin. Photographs of all the fragments have been beautifully published in a heliogravure atlas (Historische Hieroglyphen, 1892). There is a separate commentary by Seler (1893). The 1893 commentary has been translated into English (Seler, 1904f) and illustrated by copies, apparently by von den Steinen. The revision of the 1893 commentary (Seler, 1902e; reprinted 1960-61) does not reproduce all the fragments. Details, in color, of Fragments 1, 2, 8, and 10-14 and the entirety of Fragments 3, 6, and 16 were published by Humboldt (1810). The paper of the manuscripts is analyzed by Schwede (1916). Additional bibliography is given under the individual entries. Publication: Historische Hieroglyphen, 1892; Seler, 1893, 1902e, 1904f. Other: Humboldt, 1810, pp. 51-56, 23438, 283, pls. 12, 36, 38, 57; Schwede, 1916; Valentini, 1893, 1895. 147 Humboldt Fragment 1. Codex Humboldt. Codex Berlin. SSPK MS Amer. 2. See above for history. Published. Economic (tribute). Tlapa, Guerrero. 16th C. Amatl paper screenfold painted on one side. 15 leaves. 28.5 X 24.5 cm., approx. (published width of 8 cm. is an error). The screenfold, which reads vertically, records the tribute in gold, cloth, and other items for a 19-year period. The tribute for each year is divided into four parts corresponding to each of four months of the native year. Occasional drawings of Indian 140

rulers and place glyphs are included. The year-bearer days and their numbers used in year dates vary from the normal or Aztec system. The manuscript is a continuation of the reverse side of Códice de Azoyu no. 2 (q.v.) but the (four?) pages that would connect the two manuscripts are lost. Códice de Azoyu no. 2 contains the beginning of the document, with the place glyph for Tlapa, and apparently presents 12 years of the tribute. The two manuscripts, together with the missing pages, embrace a period of 36 years, a period that has been tentatively equated with the years 1487-1522. The commentary by Seler on the excellent photographic reproduction of 1892 (see above) does not treat the related Códice de Azoyu no. 2 which was not discovered until 1940. A colored reproduction of the manuscript is given by Kingsborough (1831-48). Barlow (1943d) comments on the month glyphs, and Beyer (1910) discusses the identification of one of the personal name glyphs. Kubler and Gibson (1951) treat chronological implications of both manuscripts. See Códice de Azoyu no. 2 for further comment. Additional publication: Kingsborough, 1831-48, 15 pls. in vol. 2. Other: Barlow, 1943d; Beyer, 1910. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 431; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 63-64. 148 Humboldt Fragment 2. Généalogie des Princes d'Azcapotzalco. DSB in MS Amer. 1. See above for history. Published. Economic (property plans). Valley of Mexico. After 1565. Amatl paper. 68 X 40 cm. Plan of property divided into parallel strips in which are drawings of heads of individuals identified by Nahuatl glosses and personal name glyphs. Identified persons appear to include Cuauhtemoc, Moctezuma, and Tehuetzquititzin. A gloss refers to the

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

year 1565. The significance of the document has not been determined. In addition to the bibliography common to the Humboldt Fragments as a whole (see above), Kingsborough (1831-48) gives a version in color, and Schmieder (1930) provides an interpretive tracing. Additional publication: Kingsborough, 1831-48, 3 plates in vol. 2. Other: Schmieder, 1930, pp. 28-29, 84, plan 2.

Humboldt Fragments 3 and 4, See Códice de Huamantla, Fragments 7 and 8. 149 Humboldt Fragment 5. DSB in MS Amer. 1. See above for history. Published. Economic (census). Central Mexico. 16thC. Amatl paper. 42 X 15.5 cm. Simple and incomplete fragment divided into horizontal divisions in which are drawings of human heads and name glyphs. One place glyph is identified as Tezontepec by the gloss. See Humboldt Fragments, above, for bibliography. 150 Humboldt Fragment 6. DSB in MS Amer. 1. See above for history. Published. Economic (property plans). Texcoco, M e x i c o .ca.1546. Amatl paper. 20 X 21 cm. Plan of buildings within a precinct with native measurements (misinterpreted by Seler as population figures) is surrounded by drawings of seven Indians and Spaniards. Above the plan is the place glyph for Oxtoticpac and the plan is glossed "Ciudad de Tetzcuco." An almost identical plan, representing the same property, appears on the Oztoticpac Lands Map (q.v.). For bibliography, see Humboldt Fragments, above. An excellent photograph is given by Robertson (1959). Cline (1966a)

compares the document with the Oztoticpac Lands Map and also provides a reproduction. Further commentary and interpretation are given in Cline (1968). Additional publication: Cline, 1966a, 1968; Robertson, 1959, pl. 68.

Humboldt Fragment 7. See MIZQUIAHUALA SALES RECEIPTS: Humboldt Fragment 7. 151 Humboldt Fragment 8. DSB in MS Amer. 1. See above for history. Published. Economic (cadastral). Central Mexico. 16thC. Amatl paper. 22 X 33 cm. Plan of measured units of property drawn opposite heads of Indians with personal name glyphs. Content and organization of pictorial elements are comparable to other manuscripts of the Vergara Group (q.v.). For bibliography see Humboldt Fragments, above. A detail from the drawing is given by Gibson (1964a). Additional partial publication: Gibson, 1964a, pl. 10, top. 152 Humboldt Fragments 9-12. DSB in MS Amer. 1. See above for history. Published. Economic (tribute). Central Mexico. 16thC. Amatl paper. 4 fragments originally in 2 parts: 98 X 17 and 146.5 X 17 cm. Drawings of items of tribute and Indians on two vertical strips believed originally to have formed part of a single document but now incomplete. Bibliography: See Humboldt Fragments, above.

Humboldt

Fragment 13.

See MIZ141

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

QUIAHUALA SALES RECEIPTS: Humboldt Fragment 13. 153 Humboldt Fragment 14, DSB in MS Amer. 1. See above for history. Published. Economic (tribute). Central Mexico. ca. 1562. Amatl paper. 34 X 15 cm. Drawings of cacao beans, turkeys, and other goods and foodstuffs with numerical signs. The single gloss reads "Estancia de Tlatonpan." The manuscript is a fragment of the Role des Impôts de Tlatengo (q.v.). Bibliography: See Humboldt Fragments, above.

An inadequate photograph and a discussion of the process have been published on two occasions by Nuttall (1911a, 1911b); her article in French (1911a) is more detailed. Greenleaf (1961) gives a better reproduction of the drawing and comments on the trial. The text of the process, but not the drawing, is published in Procesos de Indios (1912). Publication: Greenleaf, 1961, pp. 58-60, plate facing p. 52; Nuttall, 1911a, 1911b. Other: Procesos de Indios, 1912, pp. 11540. 156

Humboldt Fragment 16, See Testerian MS of the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Census of Testerian MSS (Article 25, no. 817).

Igualtepec, Genealogy of the Cacique of. Unknown. Unpublished. Genealogical. San Juan Igualtepec, ex-district of Silcayoapan, Western Oaxaca. 16thC. European paper. Dimensions unknown. The document is known only through a single photograph in the Gates collection at BYU. The upper half is a three-generation genealogy showing the two wives and descendants of Don Diego, cacique of Igualtepec (also called Yoaltepec in the text). There are no hieroglyphs or calendrical names. A Spanish text at the bottom reveals that the manuscript concerns a petition for a dispensation for two cousins to marry. Both are shown in the genealogy; one is the cacique of Sochiquilazala. Bibliography: None.

155

157

ídolos del Templo de Huitzilopochtli, Los, Los principales idolos del templo mayor de Mexico. AGN-I 37, exp. 3. Published. Miscellaneous. Mexico City, D.F. 1539. Native paper. Dimensions not determined. The drawing is part of an inquisitorial process concerning charges of idolatry and shows ceremonial objects, individuals named in the process, and five bundles wrapped in cloth representing the idols removed from the main temple of Tenochtitlan at the time of the conquest.

Ihuitlan, Santiago, Lienzo de, Brooklyn Museum. Ex-William Randolph Hearst collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Santiago Ihuitlan (Plumas), exdistrict of Coixtlahuaca, Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 244 × 152 cm. The content is almost entirely genealogical; it has 171 drawings of men and women, including a few gods or idols. Two of the longest genealogies are those of the dynasties of Coixtlahuaca and Ihuitlan. Most of the place glyphs are identified by Nahuatl

154 Humboldt Fragment 15, DSB in MS Amer. 1. See above for history. Published. Economic (tribute). Central Mexico. 16thC. Amatl paper. 34 X 52 cm. The heads of 324 turkeys are drawn opposite the heads of six Indians. A missing comer of the fragment may have had 102 further turkeys. Bibliography: See Humboldt Fragments, above.

142

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

inscriptions. Many persons depicted also appear on Lienzo Antonio de León. Caso (1961) gives commentary and photographic reproduction. It is also reproduced in Caso (1965c). Copy: 19thC copy on cloth in Ihuitlan. Publication: Caso, 1961, pp. 238-49 and 5 plates; 1965c, fig. 1. 158 Indígena, Códice. Libro de Tributos. UTX, CDG 560. Ex-Genaro García collection. Unpublished. Economic (tribute). Mexico City, D.F. ca. 1550. European paper. 10 leaves. 32 X 21 cm. Pictorial register, with Spanish glosses, of payments in goods and services by various barrios of Mexico City. Gibson (personal communication) interprets it as charges against the governor, Don Diego de San Francisco Tehuetzquititzin. Bibliography: None. 159 Indígena, Códice, 1564-65. UTX, CDG 561. Ex-Genaro Garcia collection. Unpublished. Economic (tribute). Mexico City, D.F. 1564-65. European and native paper. 23 leaves. 31 X 21 cm. Pictorial and Nahuatl receipts for salary and other payments to Indian officials of the native government of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 1564-65. Drawings are almost entirely of numerical and monetary symbols. Bibliography: None. 160 Indígenas de algunos pueblos del Marquesado del Valle, Códices, nos. 1-28. AGNHJ 276, exp. 79, pt. 2. Published. Economic (property plans and tribute). Cuernavaca region, Morelos. 1549. Native paper. 28 separate single-leaf documents. Dimensions vary from 21 X 24 to 48 X 122 cm. Drawings of lands and tribute from estancias, barrios, and pueblos in the vicinity of

Cuemavaca and Jiutepec. The documents are part of litigation between Martin Cortés and Indian principals over the restitution of lands and rents. Colored copies and transcripts of Spanish glosses are published in Códices indígenas (1933), and each document is assigned a number and title. Cline (1963a) provides a general comment and further inventory data. Caso (1963) interprets the pictorial content of drawing no. 27, and Burland (1960) reproduces and comments on a detail of drawing no. 11. The text of the lawsuit itself has not been published. Publication: Códices indígenas, 1933, nos. 1-28. Other: Burland, 1960, p. 14, fig. 3; Caso, 1963, pp. 27-29, fig. 1; Cline, 1963a. Brief description: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 495-97.

no. 29. See Querella criminal contra Don Juan, Cacique de Tehuantepec.

no. 30. See HUITZILA: Pintura de las Tierras de Quahunacazco.

no. 31. See TEPOTZOTLAN: Los Naturales de los Pueblos de Cuautlalpan, Tepujaco y Xoloc, de la Jurisdicción de Tepotzotlan, Mex., contra su Gobernador, por malos Tratamientos y pago de Tributos (1552).

no. 32. See Códice de Coetzala. 161 Itzcuintepec, Papers of. Papers of Itzcuintlan. Códice de Tulantzinco. Códice de Julancingo. British Museum, Egerton MSS 2896 (3 sheets) and 2897 (11 sheets). Par143

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

tially published. Historical and genealogical. Northern Puebla. 16thC. Native paper. 14 sheets. Dimensions vary between 85 X 39 and 43 X 22 cm. The 14 fragments, all of which share aspects of the crude and distinctive style (forms) of the Lienzo de Metlatoyuca, are named after the place sign for Itzcuintepec, which is prominent in a number of the fragments. Most fragments depict parts of long genealogies of Indians with both personal and calendrical name glyphs. Historical scenes with native dates also appear; in one fragment (Egerton MS 2896, B) four Indians are shooting arrows at a target suspended between two poles. One of several Nahuatl glosses is a long list of place names. Some of the fragments fit together (Egerton MSS 2896, Β and C; 2897, Fragments 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10) so that perhaps eight manuscripts are represented by the collection. Drawings also appear on the reverse of Egerton MS 2897, Fragment 7. One fragment (Egerton MS 2897, Fragment 1), typical of the style but not of the content of the collection, has been published and described by Burland (1960). Two of the fragments (Egerton MS 2897, Fragments 2 and 4) are published by Nicholson (1966d). An incomplete set of photographs of the Papers (together with photographs of the Lienzo de Tecciztlan y Tequatepec), attributed to T. Maler, was listed in the Wilkinson sale catalog of 1915 (American Art Association, 1915) under the title "Códice de Julancingo." These photographs are now in the Peabody Museum Library, Cambridge, cataloged as the "Códice de Tulantzinco." A complete set of excellent photostats is in the Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress. Partial publication: Burland, 1960, pp. 12-13, fig. 2; Nicholson, 1966d, figs. 14, 15. Brief mention: Burland, 1955b, p. 37, note 4; p. 42, note 23. 144

Other: American Art Association, 1915, no. 167. 162 (fig. 39) Ixcatlan, San Pedro, Lienzo de. Lienzo de San Pedro Ixcatlan-San Miguel Soyaltepec. Lienzo de Tuxtepec. Princeton University Library. Ex-Mariano Espinosa and C. C. James collections. Published. Cartographic-historical. San Pedro Ixcatlan, exdistrict of Tuxtepec, Northern Oaxaca. 18thC (?). Cloth. 128 x 138 cm. The lienzo, a map of a region around San Pedro Ixcatlan, shows rivers and trees and has a peripheral border of glossed and crudely drawn place signs. A scene at the center with a Nahuatl text depicts Juan Marqués (one of the first Spanish conquerors of the region), the baptism of an Indian, and a 16thC encomendero. The PML copy is reproduced with a study of its cartographic and historical content by Cline (1964, 1966b). The document was utilized in a study of the Mazateos by M. Espinosa (1910, 1961). The copy is briefly mentioned in two publications of the Escuela Internacional de Arqueología y Etnología Americanas (Escuela Internacional, 1913a, 1913b). Copy: Copy of 1912, PML. Publication: Cline, 1964, pp. 403-08, 41820, figs. 6-8; 1966b, pp. 273-79, 293-94, figs. 1-2. Other: Escuela Internacional, 1913a, p. 5; 1913b, p. xix; M. Espinosa, 1910, pp. 49-58; 1961, pp. 93-107. 163 Ixcatlan, Santa Maria, Mapa de. Lienzo de Santa Maria Ichcatla. Lienzo Seler no. 1. Seler collection; believed lost. Ex-Martinez Gracida collection. Unpublished. Unavailable. Santa Maria Ixcatlan, ex-district of Teotitlan, Western Oaxaca. 16thC (?). European paper. 170 X 310 cm. The document is known only through Lehmann's (1905a) brief description, which

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

allows its provenience to be identified although Lehmann erroneously classified it as Mazatec. It is said to have depicted numerous villages and historical scenes. Caso (personal communication) suggests that the glosses described by Lehmann are in Chocho-Popoloca or Ixcatec. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 500; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 278. 164 (fig. 40) Ixcatlan, Santa Maria, Plano topográfico de, Año de 1870. Pueblo. Unpublished. Cartographic. Santa Maria Ixcatlan, exdistrict of Teotitlan, Western Oaxaca. 1870. Modem paper (?). Dimensions unknown. The map is a modern drawing showing the church of Ixcatlan within a rectangle around which are conventional symbols and names for the boundaries of the town. Surrounding this are conventionalized representations of the churches of neighboring localities, including Coixtlahuaca, Huautla, and Quiotepec. Although the map does not exhibit any traditional symbols, it is included in the census for its possible dependence on a native prototype for its composition. The map, together with another unpublished map from the town, is apparently mentioned by Cook (1958). A photocopy is in the L C / H F collection. Brief mention: Cook, 1958, p. 3. 165 (fig. 41) Ixcatlan, Santa Maria, Plan topographique de. BNP 103. Ex-Aubin collection. Unpublished. Cartographic. Santa Maria Ixcatlan, ex-district of Teotitlan, Western Oaxaca. 1580. European paper. 60 X 43 cm. Map showing Ixcatlan and its boundaries (with place glyphs) between Coixtlahuaca and Huautla. Other pictorial detail and Spanish glosses refer to disputed settlement in a locality named Axumulco. Two Indians with hieroglyphic calendrical names are shown.

Boban (1891) gives brief description and partial palaeography. A long Spanish text of 1580 on the reverse is unpublished. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2, pp. 27779. 166 Ixhuatan, Mapa de. Unknown. Unpublished. Unavailable. San Francisco Ixhuatan, ex-district of Juchitan, Eastern Oaxaca. Date and physical description unknown. The existence of the manuscript is known only through an entry in an unpublished diary kept by Frederick Starr during a trip through southern Mexico in 1901 (Starr, MS). It is described through hearsay as "an interesting map of all the Huave lands at Ixhuatan" that may have been taken to Oaxaca by a Manuel Gómez. It is listed as an unverified Huave pictorial by Cline (1966c). Brief mention: Cline, 1966c, app. 2, no. 47; Starr, MS, p. 50. 167 Ixhuatepec, Códice de. Colección Chavero no. 5. Pleito de Tierras. American Museum of Natural History, Ν.Y., in Codex Chavero ff. 25v-33r. Ex-J. F. Ramirez (?) and Chavero collections. Published. Economic (land titles). Mexico City-Tlatelolco, D.F., region or San Juan Ixhuatepec, Mexico. 18thC (?). Watermarked European paper. 9 leaves. 30 X 21 cm. Fifteen of the 16 utilized pages of the manuscript are a page-by-page version of ff. 3r and 4r-10v of Codex Cozcatzin (q.v.), with only minor variations. Page 1 of the manuscript probably corresponds to a lost page of Codex Cozcatzin. For related manuscripts see Colección Chavero no. 4 and Ixhuatepec Group. The document is a pictorial and hieroglyphic listing of 60 place names and persons with accompanying Spanish texts. The 60 places represent lands awarded by Itzcoatl in 1439. The document reflects 145

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

16thC and later litigation over their ownership. The only edition, in unjustified tira format, omits the Spanish texts and is only superficially described by its editor (Chavero, 1901c). Chavero (n.d.) briefly refers to it and illustrates two details. All of its place glyphs were published by Peñafiel (1897c) under the title "Pleito de Tierras." Copies: A transcript of the texts is apparently contained in MNA/AH Col. Ant. MS 201 under the title "Pleito sobre Tierras." Publication: Chavero, 1901c, pp. 15-16, 34-36, folded plate. Other: Chavero, n.d., pp. xxvi, 638; Peñafiel, 1897c, passim.

of times, most recently by Glass (1964), who gives the only photographic reproduction from the original. Other reproductions, from copies, include those by Chavero (n.d.) and by Bowditch (1910). A copy of the same two wheels is in Codex Pérez (no. 249) and appears in the 1949 edition of that work. See Article 27B, no. 1147, for general comment on the Books of Chilam Balam and for further data on this manuscript. Publication of two of the calendar wheels: Bowditch, 1910, pp. 327-28, fig. 62; Chavero, n.d., p. 440; Glass, 1964, p. 120, pl. 70. 169

IXHUATEPEC GROUP. Five manuscripts described separately in the census: Piano en Papel de Amate, Colección Chavero no. 4 (especially its parts 3 and 4 ) , Codex Cozcatzin, Códice de Ixhuatepec, and Títulos de Santa Isabel Tola. Their common features concern lands which were awarded by Itzcoatl ca. 1438-39 and which in the 16thC and later were the subject of litigation. The lands appear to be located in the Tlatelolco-Santa Isabel Tola-San Juan Ixhuatepec region of the Valley of Mexico. Future investigations should include an attempt to locate further documentation which might exist in the AGN.

Ixtacmaxtitlan, UZne Émeute parmi les Indigenes d'. BNP 75. Ex-Aubin collection. Partially published. Miscellaneous. Ixtacmaxtitlan, P u e b l a .ca.1564. European paper. 31 X 22 cm. and 53 leaves of Spanish text. The drawing shows Indians fighting and being punished. These events, related to problems of civil congregation, are shown as occurring within and outside the walls of a Franciscan convent, a plan of which is part of the drawing. Boban (1891) gives a photoreproduction of the drawing and an extract from the accompanying text. A much reduced photograph of the drawing is given by Kubler (1948). Partial publication: Kubler, 1948, p. 138, fig. 34; Boban, 1891, 2: 169-70, pl. 75.

168

170

Ixil, The Book of Chilam Balam of. Códice de Ixil. MNA 35-67. Ex-Carrillo y Ancona, Cepeda Library (Merida), and Laura Temple collections. Partially published. Miscellaneous and calendrical. Ixil, Yucatan. 18thC. European paper. 44 leaves. 21.5 X 14.6 cm. The drawings are of Maya glyphs, calendar wheels, and nontraditional illustrations for each sign of the zodiac. Two of the calendar wheels have been published a number

Ixtepeji, Santa Catarina, Códice de. Unknown. Unpublished. Unavailable. Santa Catarina Ixtepeji, ex-district of Ixtlan, Eastem Oaxaca. Date unknown. Skin. 6-8 m. long. Pérez García (1956) reports a local tradition about a manuscript on skin, formerly in the village but sold about 1908-11 to a German consul through a lawyer named José Ruíz Jiménez. Cline (1966c) lists it as an unverified Zapotec pictorial.

146

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Bibliography: Cline, 1966c, app. 2, no. 48; Pérez García, 1956, 1:140.

IXTLILXOCHITL, CODEX. (BNP 6571.) The codex consists of three unrelated parts, two of which are pictorial and are listed below. The present foliation on the manuscript continues the numeration on the manuscript of the Historia de Tlaxcala (BNP 210) by Muñoz Camargo, with which it was bound when owned by Boturini. Part 3 of the codex is described in Article 27B, no. 1101. 171 Ixtlilxochitl, Codex, part 1. Aubin'schen Handschrift. Códice geroglíflco de Mr. Aubin. Códice Goupil. BNP 65-71 (ff. 94-104). Ex-Sigüenza y Góngora, Boturini, and Aubin collections. Published. Ritual-calendrical. Valley of Mexico. 16th C. European paper. 11 leaves. 31 X 21 cm. Contains Spanish texts and drawings illustrative of the gods and ceremonies of 17 of the 18 months of the 365-day year (omitted text and drawing are not of the same ceremony), two drawings and texts of gods, and two of mortuary customs. This material is probably a copy of corresponding texts and drawings in Codex Magliabecchiano (ff. 28v-46r, 60v-62r, 66v-68r). There are minor differences in the two texts, and the drawings in Codex Ixtlilxochitl are more acculturated. Some month names are given in Otomi and in an unidentified language as well as in Nahuatl. Attributions of the codex to Ixtlilxochitl (León y Gama, 1832) or to Sigüenza y Góngora (Robertson, 1959) are speculative. For further relationships see Magliabecchiano Group. Lithographed copies of the drawings by Desportes have been published in two versions (Aubin, n.d.b, and Durán, 1867-80), each without the texts. Photographs of two

pages and transcripts of all the texts are given by Boban (1891). Seler (1899a) discusses and reproduces the 17 monthly ceremony drawings (after the Desportes lithographs). Folio 94v has not been described but is presumably blank. See Magliabecchiano Group for further bibliography. Copies: See Codex Veytia. A 19thC transcript of the text from the J. F. Ramirez collection is in MNA/AH. Publication: Aubin, n.d.b; Durán, 186780, atlas, appendix, pls. 1-14. Descriptions and studies: Boban, 1891, 2: 114-31, pl. 65; Robertson, 1959, pp. 131-33; Seler, 1899a. Other: Carrasco Pizana, 1950, pp. 179-83; Chavero, 1880, pp. 163-69 and passim; León y Gama, 1832, 2: 78; Soustelle, 1937, pp. 524-25. Brief description: Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 58-59. 172 (figs. 42, 43) Ixtlilxochitl, Codex, part 2, Illustrations for the Relación de Texcoco by Juan Bautista Pomar. BNP 65-71 (ff. 105-112, with 2 leaves missing). Ex-Sigiienza y Góngora, Boturini, and Aubin collections. Published. Ethnographic. Texcoco, Mexico. 1582(?). European paper. 6 leaves. 31 X 21 cm. Six drawings: four full-length portraits of Indians, including Nezahualcoyotl and Nezahualpilli, rulers of Texcoco; a similarly executed drawing of the god Tlaloc; and a drawing of the double pyramid-temple at Texcoco. The latter two have on their reverse sides descriptive texts which are less corrupt versions of substantially identical passages in the Relación de Texcoco by Pomar. The drawings may be leaves from a lost Pomar manuscript or from a manuscript utilized by him. Attributions of the drawings and texts to Ixtlilxochitl are unfounded. Two further drawings, now lost from the manuscript, survive through copies. The copy of the drawing of the god Huitzilopochtli is in Codex Veytia (q.v.). A 147

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

drawing of Nezahualpilli, seated on a throne, was copied by Gemelli Careri in 1697 and published by him in 1700. Here he misidentified Nezahualpilli as Moctezuma. Another drawing published by Gemelli ("Soldato Mexicano") may also derive from this manuscript. The Pomar Relación refers to at least six and possibly eight drawings, of which only three (Huitzilopochtli, Tlaloc, and the Texcoco pyramid) may be identified securely with extant versions. The six drawings and the two texts in the BNP manuscript have been published and described by Boban (1891). The drawing of Tlaloc, misidentified as HuitzilopochtU, was published by Μοxό (1828). The drawings of Tlaloc and the Texcoco pyramid are reproduced by Μοxό (1837, 1839), by Aubin (n.d.b), and in Durán (1867-80). Copies of the four portraits in the BNP manuscript, the Tlaloc drawing, and the two further drawings mentioned above were published with erroneous captions by Gemelli Careri (1699-1700). Kingsborough (1831-48) reprints some of the Gemelli plates. Peñafiel (1903c) reprints most of the Boban and Gemelli plates. For reproductions of the HuitzilopochtU drawing see Codex Veytia. The drawing of the Texcoco pyramid has been published many times, usually identified as depicting the pyramid of Tenochtitlan. The connection between the drawings and the Pomar text was first noted by Chavero (1903b); the subject is discussed by J. E. S. Thompson (1941a) and by Robertson (1959). The latter also discusses the subject of full-figure portraiture. The seated portrait of Nezahualpilli is described by Boturini (1746). A copy of the Pomar Relación was first published by Garcia Icazbalceta (1886-92). Copies: See Codex Veytia. Present location of a copy or partial copy by León y Gama is unknown. Partial copies made before 1790 are in Diego Garcia Panes, Teatro de la Nueva España, vol. 6, MS, BNMex. 148

Whether these are based on the GemelU reproductions or on the original has not been determined. Publication: Boban, 1891, 2: 114-39, pls. 66-71. Partial publication: Aubin, n.d.b; Durán, 1867-80, atlas, appendix, pls. 15-16; Gemelli Careri, 1699-1700, 6: 68-80; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 4; Μοχό, 1828, vol. 1, facing p. 158; 1837, facing pp. 70 and 108; 1839, facing pp. 86 and 132; Peñafiel, 1903c, pls. 18691. Studies: Robertson, 1959, pp. 1 3 0 - 3 3 , 1 4 9 51, 201-02, pl. 52; J. E. S. Thompson, 1941a. Other: Boturini, 1746, 1; 12, 76, 84; Chavero, 1903b, pp. 285-86; Garcia Icazbalceta, 1886-92,3:1-69. 173 Ixtlilxochitl, Don Felipe, Genealogía de, BNMex. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Genealogical. Tepeaca (?), Puebla. 16thC. European paper. 34.5×23.5 cm. The drawing shows an Indian seated on a throne, a woman seated on a mat, and three persons above a building (in unusual perspective ) in the background. A gloss on the mount reads "Arbol genealógico del cacicasgo de D. Felipe Ixtlilsochil en el pueblo de Tepecapa." R. Moreno (1966) provides photoreproduction, description, and transcript of Nahuatl glosses. Publication: R. Moreno, 1966, pp. 70-72. Brief descriptions: Carreño, 1950, p. 15; Mena, 1923: 60, no. 17. 174 Jicayan, San Pedro, Lienzo de, Pueblo. Unpublished. Cartographic-historical. San Pedro Jicayan, ex-district of Jamiltepec, Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. Dimensions unknown but photographs suggest about 150 X 110 cm. The lienzo depicts the boundaries of Jicayan and over 40 place glyphs, at least

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

30 of which are glossed in Mixtec. These form an irregular circle around a central detail composed of a temple and place glyph, a date, and a seated Indian with a calendrical name. Although the lienzo has not previously been described, the Mixtec glosses have been published by M. E. Smith (1963). Poor color transparencies are in INAH/AF. Bibliography: M. E. Smith, 1963, pp. 28183; 1966a. 175 JOPANAQUE, SAN MATEO: Property plan and genealogy. MNA/AH Col. Ant. 757-A. Unpublished. Economic (property plans) and genealogical. San Mateo Jopanque (also Hopanac or Xopanac, northwest of Huexotzingo), P u e b l a .ca.1567. European paper, 20 X 31 cm. (property plan), and native paper, 20 X 66 cm. (genealogy), being ff. 82v and 147, respectively, of a larger written document of 518 leaves. The two pictorial sheets are a plan of properties with a Nahuatl text dated 1567, place glyphs, and numerical symbols. The name Andrés de Quesada appears frequently. The other is a genealogy of approximately 33 Indians with personal name glyphs. The two drawings are contained in a larger compilation containing 16thC through 18thC Nahuatl and Spanish documents relating to the Hacienda of San Mateo Jopanaque owned by Gabriel de Alvarado and, later, his son Bartolomé Alvarado. Bibliography: None. 176 Joyas de Martín Ocelotl, Las. AGN-I 37, exp. 4. Published. Miscellaneous. Tlatelolco, D.F. ca. 1540. Native paper. Number of leaves and dimensions not determined. The possessions of Martin Ocelotl, convicted of witchcraft in 1536-37, were confiscated by the Inquisition in 1540. Included

in the process of the trial are drawings of gold jewelry, cloth, and pottery. The drawings are reproduced and discussed in Barlow (1954b). The text of the process, but not the drawings, is published in Procesos de Indios (1912). Publication: Barlow, 1954b. Other: Procesos de Indios, 1912, pp. 1751. 177 Jucutacato, Lienzo de (also Cucutacato, Tucutacato, and Xucutacato). Lienzo de Tiripetio. Lienzo de Xiuhquilan. Lienzo del Reino de Michoacan. Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística. ExGarcía Abarca collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Jucutacato or Xiuhquilan, Michoacan. 16thC. Cloth. 203 × 263 cm. Depicts a migration itinerary from Chalchihuitlapazco through numerous localities, including Tenochtitlan to Xiuhquilan from whence four routes continue, one to Tzintzuntzan-Patzcuaro. Each locality on the route is represented by a hill or church drawn within adjoining rectangular compartments of varying sizes. Drawings of persons, symbols, and Nahuatl glosses are among lesser details. The lienzo was first reported by Rea (1643). Interpretations vary considerably. Jiménez Moreno (1948), who does not give a reproduction, maps most of the localities and interprets it as representing the migration of a Nahua metallurgical guild in search of mines. Mendizábal (1926) has interpreted it as referring to the arrival of Spanish friars. Corona Núñez (1951) interprets it as the ancient history of the inhabitants of Jiquilpan. Other detailed studies are by Seler (1908a) and two different ones by N. León (1889b; 1903-04, reprinted 1904a). Many of the works listed below reproduce copies in black and red, the only colors on the original. A selected bibliography is given here. 149

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Copies: Late 19thC copy, MNA 35-5. Modem copy, MNA 35-5A (the latter reproduced by Glass, 1964). Selected studies: Corona Núñez, 1951; Jiménez Moreno, 1948, pp. 151-55, map at end of volume; N. León, 1889b; 1903-04, passim, pl. 2; 1904a, passim, pl. 2; Mendizábal, 1926, 1946; Seler, 1908a, pp. 42-61. Lesser references: Chavero, n.d., p. 892; Corona Núñez, 1942a; 1942b, pp. 90-95; Rea, lib. 1, cap. 5; Rojas González, 1940, pp. 16-19. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 455-56; Glass, 1964, p. 43, pl. 7; Mateos Higuera, 1948b, pp. 160-63; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 245-49; Tamayo and Alcorta, 1941, pp. 18-19, no. 5. 178 Judiciaire de 1534, Manuscrit. Mappe inédito de 1534. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. Ex-Kalt and Capitan collections. Published. Economic (tribute). Totolapa, Morelos. 1534. Native paper. 75 X 23 cm. Drawings of typical items of tribute, with a Spanish text concerning a grievance between Totolapa and Atlatlauca, Morelos. Both sides of the document are studied and reproduced photographically by Capitan (1923), a work that supersedes his earlier publications. Publication: Capitan, 1923. Other: Capitan, 1911, 1912. 179 Kaua, The Book of Chilam Balam of. Códice de Kaua. Tratado de las 7 Planetas y otro de Medicinarum . . . , 1789. Princeton University Library (19 leaves, ex-Gates) and unknown (122 leaves). Ex-Carlos Maria Pacheco (of Hocaba, Yucatan), Carrillo y Ancona, and Cepeda Library (Merida) collections. Partially published. Ritual-calendrical and miscellaneous. Kaua, Yucatan. 18thC. European paper. 141 leaves. 20 X 15 cm. 150

Illustrations include cosmological subjects (heavens, skies, planets, sun, moon, eclipses), various calendar wheels, drawings depicting European months and the zodiac, and a Maya version of a Spanish romance. Most of these illustrations are in no recognizable native traditional style. Roys (1965) reproduces and interprets one drawing of a disease from the manuscript. One of the zodiacal drawings is reproduced in the second Wilkinson sale catalog (American Art Association, 1915). More relevant to this census are a calendar wheel and drawings depicting the 13 Lords of the Katuns, the latter illustrating a Maya prophetic-historical text. Both of them are in the portion of the manuscript now in PUL and both are published by Gates (1931). The calendar wheel has been published from an inaccurate copy by Bowditch (1910). See Article 27B, no. 1148, for general comment on the Books of Chilam Balam and for further data on this manuscript. Works cited: American Art Association, 1915, no. 156; Bowditch, 1910, pp. 330-31, fig. 64; Gates, 1931; Roys, 1965, p. xi, plate facing p. 66. 180 Kekchi Suit of 1611, Map from a. Local archive of San Pedro Carcha, Guatemala (in 1897). Published. Cartographic. Coban region, Guatemala. 1611. Physical description unpublished. One of two maps in a lawsuit of 1611 between the towns of San Pedro Carcha and San Juan Chameleco, both near Coban, over the possession of lands, shows Indian tradition only in the use of footprints to indicate roads. See Libro antiguo de Carcha (Article 27B, no. 1173) for comment on associated text. Sapper (1897) describes the lawsuit document and publishes a copy of one of the two maps. His illustration is reprinted by Miles (1957).

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Publication: fig. 4.

Sapper, 1897; Miles, 1957, 181

Kingsborough, Codex. Memorial de los Indios de Tepetlaoztoc. Códice de Tepetlaoxtoc. British Museum, Add. MSS 13964 (part). Ex-"Biblioteca del Rey" (Spain), Renouard, and Kingsborough collections. Published. Historical, economic (tribute), and cartographic. Tepetlaoztoc, M e x i c o .ca.1555. European paper. 72 leaves. 29.8 X 21.5 cm. The codex is related to a lawsuit held before the Council of Indies between the Indians of Tepetlaoztoc and the encomendero, Juan Velásquez de Salazar. Part 1 (ff. 1-7) contains two maps of the Tepetlaoztoc region and introductory material relating to preconquest history, tribute, genealogy, and social organization. Part 2 (ff. 8-39) presents a yearly record of the tribute and other goods and services provided to various encomenderos by the Indians from 1522/23 through 1550/51. Part 3 (ff. 40-46r) contains a summary of selected items in part 2 and a presentation of the tribute and other matters for the years 1551/52 through 1553/ 54. Part 4 (ff. 46v-72r) recapitulates the servicio cotidiano part of the tribute for the years 1527/28 through 1550/51. Folio 72v has a textual conclusion to the document and a petition. The Spanish text is contemporary with the drawings. Discontinuities in two of the three foliations on the codex do not reflect missing pages. Most copies of the photographic edition (Paso y Troncoso, 1912) are defective and lack 16 leaves of the reproduction. Both maps from the codex are reproduced by Guzmán (1939b), who interprets the place glyphs, and by Robertson (1959). Reproductions of one of the maps are contained in Burland (1947a), Paso y Troncoso (1913), and, from the Madrid copy, in Léon de Rosny (1881a) and Keleman (1943). Paso y Troncoso (1913) and Seler (1915)

comment on general aspects of the codex. Breton (1919) analyzes place glyphs from the codex. Gibson (1964a) treats the history of the Tepetlaoztoc encomienda. Copies: A copy of at least two pages of the manuscript was in the now-defunct Museum of Artillery, Madrid, in 1880. Watercolor copy in PML. Photographed by Gates (see Article 28, Appendix A, for location of copies). Publication: Paso y Troncoso, 1912. Publications relating to the maps: Burland, 1947a; Guzmán, 1939b; Keleman, 1943, 2: pl. 276c; Robertson, 1959, pp. 18586, pls. 83-84; Léon de Rosny, 1881a, pp. 69-70, pl. 2. General descriptions: Paso y Troncoso, 1913; Seler, 1915, pp. 155-67, figs. 3-15, 1819. Other: Breton, 1919; Gibson, 1964a, pp. 78-80, 429; González de Barcia, 1737-38, 2: 700; Hunter, 1917; Noticias relativas, 1944,

pp. 8-24. Brief description: p. 455.

Alcina Franch, 1955, 182

Lachiyoo, Mapa de, MNA 35-95. Published. Cartographic. Eastern Oaxaca. 18thC (?). European paper. 107 X 85 cm. The map is a painting of a landscape showing two churches, 12 chapels, cattle, trees, roads, a river with aquatic birds, and mountains. Neither the style nor the artistic forms are in the native tradition; it is listed here only because it forms part of a codex collection and has been included in previous listings. Glass (1964) gives brief description and a photoreproduction. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 149, pl. 102. 183 Land Transfer Manuscript, Unknown. Unpublished. Economic (miscellaneous). 151

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Central Mexico. 16thC. Single sheet of unidentified paper. A photograph, with the indicated title, is in TU/MARI. Only briefly seen, its general appearance is reminiscent of the type of pictorial manuscript represented by the Códices indígenas del Marquesado del Valle, nos. 1-28. Further examination of the photograph would yield more classificatory and descriptive data. Bibliography: None. 184 LANDA, FRAY DIEGO DE. Relación de las Cosas de Yucatan, Unknown. Published. Calendrical, ethnographic, and miscellaneous. Yucatan. 1566. Physical description unknown. Landa's Relación is known only through a copy in the RAH first published (incompletely) by Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1864. The text contains important data on the history of Yucatan and on most phases of Maya life, including the calendar and hieroglyphic writing. Illustrations in the native tradition are of: glyphs for the 20 days, glyphs for the four year-bearer days, glyphs for the 18 months, a calendar wheel, examples of Maya phonetic writing, and a Maya "alphabet" in hieroglyphs. Other illustrations, not relevant to the present census, are of an artifact, Maya buildings, and two maps. The glyphs of days and months given by Landa have proved of value in deciphering Maya hieroglyphic writing. His calendar wheel is comparable to other colonial wheels in the Books of Chilam Balam. The examples of phonetic writing and the Landa "alphabet," which have formed the basis for various frustrated attempts to decipher Maya hieroglyphs, are now considered to rest on a misunderstanding between Landa and his informant as to what the former was attempting to accomplish in eliciting an "alphabet." There have been 10 editions of Landa's 152

Relación, They include two translations in French, two in English, and one in Russian (1955; not cited in the Annotated Bibliography, Article 32). The second English translation (Tozzer, 1941) omits the "Kalendario Romano y Yucatanense" and its day and month glyphs but gives extensive notes and topical bibliographies. The literature concerning the glyphs and the "alphabet" given by Landa is quite large and, as with other works concerning Maya hieroglyphic writing (see Maya Screenfolds), is not cited here. For a denunciation of the "alphabet" see Valentini (1880); for a more restrained critique, see J. E. S. Thompson (1950). A linguistic study is given by Durbin (1969). Copy: RAH. Publication: Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1864 (Spanish-French, incomplete); Garibay, 1959b (Spanish, reprinted 1966); Gates, 1937b (English); Pérez Martínez, 1938 (Spanish); Rada y Delgado in Léon de Rosny, 1881b, pp. 69-114, pl. 19 (Spanish, lacks maps); Relaciones de Yucatan, 18981900, 2: 265-411 (Spanish, incomplete); Rosado Escalante and Ontiveros, 1938 (Spanish); Tozzer, 1941 (English, incomplete). Other: Durbin, 1969; J. E. S. Thompson, 1950, pp. 28, 46; Valentini, 1880. 185 Laud, Codex, Liber hieroglyphicorum Aegyptorum. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Ex-William Laud collection. Published. Ritual-calendrical. Borgia Group. Preconquest. Skin screenfold. 24 leaves (22 painted pages on obverse, 24 on reverse; first and last pages of obverse are unpainted and attached to skin covers). 15.7 X 16.5 cm. (total length 398.4 cm.). One of the five screenfold divinatory almanacs of the Borgia Group. Most of its 11 sections develop particular aspects of the tonalpohualli, the Mesoamerican 260-day augural cycle. Other sections, including

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

two with bar-and-dot numerals, may pertain to rituals or offerings. Stylistic resemblance to Codex Féjérváry-Mayer (q.v.). The first edition (Kingsborough, 183148) is superseded by the photographic color facsimile published by the Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria (Burland, 1966a) and by the photographic color edition by Corona Núñez (1964-67). The latter is accompanied by a page-bypage commentary. The b/w photographic edition by Martinez Marin (1961) contains a general introduction and reprints selected earlier descriptions and studies. The commentary by Seler on Codex Féjérváry-Mayer (q.v.) includes interpretation of parts of Codex Laud. Nowotny (1961b) gives comparative interpretation of all its sections. See Borgia Group for further bibliography and comment. Copies: Handcolored copy by A. G. Hunter in PML. Editions: Burland, 1966a; Códice Laud, n.d.; Corona Núñez, 1964-67, 3; 315-409; Librería Echániz, 1937b; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 2; Martinez Marin, 1961. Commentaries: Nowotny, 1961b, passim, pls. 47-50a. Studies: Beyer, 1912b; Burland, 1947c, 1948; Caso, 1967, p. 81; J. E. S. Thompson, 1966. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 476-77; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 257-58; Paso y Troncoso, 1898b, pp. 57-59, 330-32. 186 Legal Document in Hieroglyphics. Private collection (Switzerland). Partially published. Miscellaneous. Central Mexico. 16thC. European paper. 42 X 89 cm. A detail of the manuscript, published in a sale catalog (Sotheby and Co., 1936b), shows two Indians being attacked or killed by other Indians. Short Spanish glosses concern confessions to the crimes illustrated. Partial publication: Sotheby and Co.,

1936b, Item 242 and plate captioned "lot 242." 187 Madrid, Codex, Codex Tro-Cortesianus. Codex Cortesianus (21 leaves: pp. 1-21, 57-76, 78 of Codex Madrid). Codex Troano (35 leaves: pp. 22-56, 77, 79-112 of Codex Madrid). Museo de América, Madrid. See below for former owners. Published. Ritual-calendrical. Lowland Maya region, Southeastern Mexico and Guatemala. Preconquest. Amatl paper screenfold. 56 leaves painted on both s i d e s .ca.22.6 X 12.2 cm. (total length ca. 682 cm.). Codex Madrid was arbitrarily divided or fell into two parts at an unknown date. The two parts (Troano and Cortesianus) have somewhat different ownership and publication histories during the 19thC. Codex Troano was shown to Brasseur de Bourbourg in the Real Academia de la Historia in Madrid in 1866. At that time it was owned by Juan de Tro y Ortolano, who is said to have purchased it from descendants of Cortés (Rada y Delgado in Léon de Rosny, 1881b, p. 11). In that same year or shortly thereafter several announcements of the existence of the manuscript appeared (such as Anonymous, 1865). The proofs for the first edition of 1869 were exhibited in 1867 at the Ministry of Public Education in Paris (Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1869-70, 1: vi) and possibly at the Paris Exposition of that year as well (Exposition Universelle, 1867). In 1881 the manuscript was exhibited at the Fourth International Congress of Americanists by Luis Maria de Tro y Μοχό (Lista, 1881, no. 1109). It was acquired by the Museo Arqueológico, Madrid, in 1888. Codex Cortesianus was offered in sale to the Bibliothèque Imperiale, Paris, in 1867 by a Juan Palacios of Madrid, and it may also have been offered to the British Museum. The correspondence related to this offer with photographs of two pages of the 153

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

manuscript are still in the BNP. The photographs appear to have been known to Brasseur de Bourbourg (1869-70, 1: 5). Léon de Rosny first learned of the photographs about 1876 and published one of them in the first and second editions of his Essai sur le déchiffrement de Vécriture hiératique de l'Amérique Centrale (Léon de Rosny, 1876a, 1876b). The Palacios correspondence and the photographs have been described by Núñez y Domínguez (1947a) and, in less detail, by Zimmermann (1954). In 1871 one page of Codex Cortesianus was published in a Spanish periodical in Madrid and this reproduction was reprinted in Mexico by Melgar y Serrano (1873). The manuscript was acquired by the Museo Arqueológico, Madrid, in 1872 (also reported as 1875) from José Ignacio Miró, a noted bibliophile, who is said to have bought it in Extremadura, Spain (Rada y Delgado in Léon de Rosny, 1881b, p. iii). Like Codex Troano, Codex Cortesianus was also exhibited at the Fourth International Congress of Americanists (Lista, 1881, no. 130). Léon de Rosny learned that the Spanish government had acquired Codex Cortesianus in 1879. In 1880 he examined both parts of Codex Madrid. Shortly thereafter he published photographs of one page of Codex Troano and three of Codex Cortesianus and demonstrated that they were parts of the same manuscript (Léon de Rosny, 1881a). Two pages of Codex Cortesianus and several from Codex Troano were published by him in the Spanish edition of his Essai (Léon de Rosny, 1881b). The content of Codex Madrid appears to be primarily concerned with divination; the divinatory almanacs which it contains cover various subjects including hunting, beekeeping, weaving, rain-making, crops, and diseases. It exhibits much attention to world directions and world colors but lacks the astronomy, multiplication tables, prophecies, and other mathematical reckonings of Codex Dresden, one of the other three 154

surviving Maya screenfolds. J. E. S. Thompson (1950), from whose description these remarks are adapted, notes that it may date from the late 15thC. Codex Troano and Codex Cortesianus have each had three separate editions, listed below. The first edition of the Troano (Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1869-70), in color, was published with a now wholly discredited "translation." The first edition of the Cortesianus (Léon de Rosny, 1883), in b/w, was based on a photographic process; its second edition (Rada y Delgado and López de Ayala y del Hierro, 1892) is in color. Seven editions of Codex Madrid as a whole have appeared. Both of the editions by Gates (1911, 1933) reportedly consist of photographs mounted in screenfold format. Anders (1967a), the only edition in color, is a photographic screenfold facsimile. The other four are based on the earlier editions of the Troano and Cortesianus. See Maya Screenfolds for comment on the scope and nature of the selected bibliography given below. Copies: Photographs of 2 pages of Codex Cortesianus with Palacios correspondence of 1867, BNP 395. Editions (Codex Troano): Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1869-70, vol. 1; Códice Troano, 1930; Librería Echániz, 1939b. Editions (Codex Cortesianus): Librería Echániz, 1949; Rada y Delgado and López de Ayala y del Hierro, 1892; Léon de Rosny, 1883. Editions (Codex Madrid): Anders, 1967a; Evreinov, Kosarev, and Ustinov, 1961, vol. 1; Gates, 1911, 1933; Knorozov, 1963, pp. 520-631; Villacorta and Villacorta, 1930, pp. 225-449; 1930-33, various paginations. Historical references (loc. cit.): Anonymous, 1865; Brasseur de Bourbourg, 186970, 1: vi. 5; Exposition Universelle, 1867; Lista, 1881, Items 130, 1109; Melgar y Serrano, 1873; Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a, pp. 360-61; Léon de Rosny, 1876a, pl. 11; 1876b,

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

pl. 25; 1881a, pp. 78-83, pls. 5-6, 8-9; 1881b, pp. iii, 11, pls. 11, 17; Zimmermann, 1954, p. 64. Brief description: J. E. S. Thompson, 1950, pp. 25-26. 188 Magliahecchiano, Codex, The Book of Life of the Ancient Mexicans. Libro de la Vida que los Yndios antiguamente hazian y Supersticiones y malos Ritos que tenían y guardavan. Codex Nuttall (rare). Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence. MS Magl. XIII-3. Ex-Antonio Magliabecchi collection. Published. Ritual-calendrical and ethnographic. Valley of Mexico. Before ca. 1566 (?). European paper codex. 92 leaves. 15.5 X 21.5 cm. Native drawings and facing Spanish texts illustrative of festival designs on blankets (ff. 2v-8v), day signs ( l l r - 1 3 v ) , year signs (14v-28r), ceremonies of the 18 months (28v-46r), and a long section on movable ceremonies, gods, and mortuary, sacrificial, and other customs (46v-92r). For other versions of this material in related manuscripts see Magliahecchiano Group. There are three major editions. Nuttall (1903) and Codex Magliahecchiano (1904) are by color lithography. That by Nuttall omits preliminary and blank leaves, repetitious year signs, and one text considered unfit for publication. Both are superseded by Anders (1970), by color photography with detailed description and introduction. There is no published transcript or translation of the texts. For literature on relationships to other manuscripts see Magliahecchiano Group. Statements of correlation contained in the codex have been cited and discussed throughout most of the modern calendrical literature. Utilizing a copy obtained from Nuttall prior to her edition, Seler published and commented on many figures from the codex in numerous works. Of particular relevance are his comparisons of blanket

designs (Seler, 1904c), his study of pictorial representations of the 18 monthly ceremonies based on the related Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 1 (Seler, 1899a), and iconographic identifications made throughout his study of Codex Borgia (Seler, 1 9 0 4 - 0 9 , 1 9 6 3 ) . Three pages from the codex are reproduced in Robertson (1959). Copies: See, in this census, Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 1, and Antonio de Herrera, Historia general. Editions: Anders, 1970; Codex Magliahecchiano, 1904; Librería Echániz, 1947c; Nuttall, 1903. Selected studies hy Seler: Seler, 1899a; 1904c, pp. 530-33; 1904-09, passim; 1963, passim. Other: Paso y Troncoso, 1898b, p. 68, passim; SchuUer, 1919-20; Waterman, 1931. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 431-34; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 58; Robertson, 1959, pp. 125-33, pls. 40, 42, 44.

MAGLIABECCHIANO GROUP. See Codices Ixtlilxochitl, part 1, Magliahecchiano, and del Museo de América, entered separately in the census. Pictorial content of these manuscripts is such that they must be related as original and copies or share a common prototype. Codex Magliahecchiano may be a partial copy of the drawings in Códice del Museo de América but with a different Spanish text (or different Spanish translation of a common original Nahuatl text) and calendrical correlation. Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 1, appears to be a partial copy of the drawings and text of Codex Magliabecchiano although there are slight variations in the two texts. Codex Veytia includes an 18thC copy of Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 1. The Costumbres de Nueva España is considered an old copy of part of the text of Códice del Museo de América. See Table 3 for a concordance of most of these manuscripts. 155

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES TABLE 3 - M A G L I A B E C C H I A N O GROUP

Simplified concordance of the content of the Codices del Museo de América, Magliabecchiano, Ixtlilxochitl (part 1), and the Costumbres de Nueva España (a copy of the text of the Códice del Museo de América). Both of the Codices del Museo de América and Magliabecchiano have drawings not in the other. The texts of the Codices Magliabecchiano and Ixtlilxochitl are close and different from the text of the Códice del Museo de América. Blank pages are indicated only between sections. Subject

1. Portraits later gloss 2. 20-day calendar 3. 18-month festival calendar 4. Gods, movable ceremonies and customs blank Additional gods 5. 52-year calendar Text (in re 52 years) blank 6. Blanket designs blank 7. Calendrical text 8. 260-day calendar

Códice del Museo de América 7 pages 1 page

331r-338v

llr-28v

339r-353r

29r-77r

353v-381v

77v-83v 84r-84v 85r 85v-88v 89r-89v 90r-96v 97r-125r

382r-386v 387r-387v

Cervantes de Salazar, in Mexico, and Herrera, in Spain, appear to have had access to a manuscript of the group. Various passages in Cervantes' Crónica (bk. 1, caps. 19, 21, 26, 28, 30, 31) written in Mexico after 1551 and before 1567 are very dose to sections of Codex Magliabecchiano. A calendrical chapter of the Crónica (bk. 1, cap. 29) is comparable to otherwise unique material in the last part of Códice del Museo de América but does not derive from it or from Codex Magliabecchiano. Cervantes planned or finished an unknown work on Indian ceremonies (Crónica, bk. 1, caps. 28, 31). Herrera, who also had access to Cervantes' Crónica, includes details copied from a pictorial manuscript of the group on two of the illustrated title pages of his Historia general published in 1601. See Antonio de Herrera (no. 133) for comment on these copies. The relationship between the manuscripts of the Magliabecchiano Group has been dis156

Costumbres de Nueva España

Códice Magliabecchiano

Códice Ixtlilxochitl

llr-13v 28v-46r

94r-102v

46v-88r 88v 89r-92r 14r-27v 28r

103r-104v

2v-8v 9r-10v

cussed by Robertson (1959). An earlier discussion by Nuttall (1903) antedates the discovery of the Códice del Museo de América. The connection with Cervantes de Salazar was noted by Nuttall (1913) and elsewhere (Nuttall, 1921) she gives data bearing on the possible history of these manuscripts. Paso y Troncoso (in Cervantes de Salazar, 1914-36) has compared parallel passages in the Crónica, Codex Magliabecchiano, and Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 1. See individual entries for the manuscripts of the group for further bibliography. Group relationships: Nuttall, 1903; 1913; 1921, pp. 88-90; Paso y Troncoso in Cervantes de Salazar, 1914-36, 3: 395-401; Robertson, 1959, pp. 125-33, 201-02. Related works: Cervantes de Salazar, 1914, 1914-36; Herrera, 1601-15. 189 Maguey, Plano en Papel de. Plano (parcial) de la Ciudad de Mexico. Plano en

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Papel Indígena. Plano de Tenoxtitlan. Plano antiguo de México. MNA 35-3. Ex-Boturini collection. Exhibited in London in 1824 by Bullock. Published. Cartographic. Mexico City-Tlatelolco, D.F. ca. 1557-62. Amatl paper. 238 X 168 cm. The Piano is a detailed map of a part of the native city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco, possibly of a ward located to the east of Tlatelolco and north of the center of Mexico City. It shows over 400 house and property locations with approximately as many personal name glyphs. The plan is a gridiron layout crossed by roads and canals. Along the right margin is a column of human figures representing the preconquest and early colonial rulers of Tenochtitlan from Itzcoatl through Cristóbal de Guzmán (1557-62). The document has been studied in some detail, particularly with regard to what area of Mexico-Tenochtitlan it represents, by Toussaint, Gómez de Orozco, and Fernández (1938). They give photoreproduction of the original and details. An earlier study by Maudslay (1908-16) includes an excellent large-scale retouched photograph (the only reproduction adequate for study), a lithographed copy in color by Adela Breton, and superficial identification of 404 glyphs by Seler. Robertson (1959) gives photograph and details, analyzes its styles, and suggests a date as early as 1540 for the map before later additions. Barlow (1947a) suggests reasons for a provenience further north than that suggested by Toussaint et al. The first reproduction was by Bullock (1824a, 1824b); this is reprinted in Fernández (1956) and is similar to a lithograph in Prescott(1844). Copies: An old copy on cloth, with the missing sections of the original either copied before their loss or reconstructed, was, until recently, in the MNA but its present location is unknown. It has been reproduced by Gamio (1917), Toussaint et al. (1938), and Marquina (1960) in inadequate photo-

graphs. Toussaint et al. date it as 18thC; it may be the same as that attributed to Sigüenza y Góngora by Gondra (1846) and mentioned by Orozoo y Berra ( 1 8 6 7 , 1 8 7 1 ) . It may also have been in the Boturini collection. A copy of 1892 is MNA 35-3A. Publication with commentary: Maudslay, 1908-16, vol. 3; Robertson, 1959, pp. 77-83, pls. 17-19; Toussaint et al., 1938, pp. 55-84, figs. 5-12. Bullock lithograph: BuUock, 1824a, pp. 297-300, plate following p. 532; 1824b, atlas, pl. 19; Fernández, 1956, fig. 19; Prescott, 1844,2:157. Other: Barlow, 1947a, pp. 153-54, pl. E; Bullock, 1824c, no. 3 or 45; Carrera Stampa, 1949b, pp. 325-28, pl. 3; Eriksson, 1919; Garcia Cubas, 1909-10; Maudslay, 1909-10. Old copy: Gamio, 1917, pp. 130-31, pl. 8; Marquina, 1960, foto 2. Brief descriptions: Glass, 1964, pp. 3940, pl. 5. Brief mention: Gondra, 1846, p. 10; Orozco y Berra, 1867, pp. 1-2; 1871, no. 2159; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 53-54. 190 Malinaltepec, Mapa de, Pueblo. Unpublished. Unavailable. San Miguel Malinaltepec (also Maninaltepec), ex-district of Ixtlan, Northern Oaxaca. Data and physical description unknown. The document is mentioned by Cline (1961a) and is listed as an unverified Chinantec pictorial by Cline (1966c). Pérez García (1956) reports a map of 1870, apparently not preserving native elements, in Malinaltepec. Whether these references are to the same document is uncertain, and further investigation is required to determine the nature, loss, or existence of the original. Bibliography: Cline, 1961a, p. 75; 1966c, app. 2, no. 49; Pérez García, 1956, 1: 121. 191 Mani, Katun Wheel of. Katun Wheel of López CogoUudo. Lienzo de Mani. Un157

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

known. Published. Calendrical. Mani, Yucatan. 1536(?). Painting on cloth. Dimensions unknown. The painting shows 13 human heads, each identified by a Maya name, surrounding a shield within which is a tree. Although both Cogolludo and Stephens were led to believe that it had an historical meaning—the Otzmal massacre of 1536—modern scholars interpret it as an esoteric calendar wheel. The painting is known only through the López Cogolludo reproduction first published in 1688. It is also described by Stephens (1843), who saw the original. The fullest commentary is by Morley (1920). It is discussed by Martinez Hernández (1927, 1940) and by Gates (1931). Other authors who have contributed to its understanding are listed below; this is a selected bibliography. Publication: Blom, 1928, pl. 1; Gates, 1931, pp. 1-4; López Cogolludo, 1688, pp. 132-33; Martinez Hernández, 1927, pp. 31-34; 1940, pp. 30-33; Morley, 1920, pp. 472-73, 480-83, fig. 73. Other: Morley in Morley and Roys, 1941, 1 (part 1): 104-07; Roys, 1954, p. 6; Stephens, 1843, 2: 260-62; J. E. S. Thompson, 1950, p. 202; Tozzer, 1941, p. 55. 192 Mani, Map of the Province of. Unknown. Published. Cartographic. Mani, Yucatan. 1557. Physical description unknown. The boundaries of the Tutul Xiu province of Mani were defined by the 1557 Land Treaty of Mani. Manuscripts of the treaty and the map are in the Crónica de Mani and in the Xiu Chronicles. Codex Pérez (q.v.) contains a text of the treaty but not the map. The 1596 copy of the map in the Crónica de Mani is a circular composition with boundary towns evenly spaced around its periphery, east at the top. They are its only native features. A similar version was obtained in Mani and published by Stephens (1843). The version of the map in the Xiu Chronicles 158

is not circular and is even more Europeanized. Roys (1943) presents a study of the land treaty documents and reproduces the copies of the map in the Crónica de Mani and the Xiu Chronicles. The commentary by Roys (in Morley and Roys, 1941) is unpublished. The version in the Xiu Chronicles is reproduced and discussed by Gates (1937b). See Genealogical Tree of the Xiu Family in this census for further data on the Xiu Chronicles. The version in the Crónica de Mani is reproduced by Morley (1946) and by Gropp (1933). Roys (1957) discusses the Maya province of Mani. Copies: The Crónica de Mani is in TU/LAL. The Xiu Chronicles are in PML. The Stephens copy may be in the New-York Historical Society (not entered in Article 28). A copy described as similar to that published by Stephens is cataloged by Orozco y Berra (1871) and may be in DGMH. Publication: Gates, 1937b, pp. 132-34; Gropp, 1933, pp. 260-63, fig. 4; Morley, 1946, pp. 165-66, pl. 20; Roys, 1943, pp. 17594, Maps 5-6, figs. 1-3; Stephens, 1843, 2: 263-73, plate facing p. 265. Commentary: Morley and Roys, 1941, 2: 622-31, 773-77. Other: Orozco y Berra, 1871, p. 309, no. 3041; Roys, 1957, pp. 61-77. 193 Mariano Jiménez, Códice. Códice de Otlazpan. Nómina de los Tributos de los Pueblos Otlazpan y Tepexic. HSA HC 378/222. Published. Economic (tribute). Utlaspa, Mexico. 1549-50. European paper. 8 leaves. 31 Χ 21 cm. Pictorial and Spanish assessment of salaries for native officials of Utlaspa (Otlaxpan, Mexico, south of Tepeji del Rio, Hidalgo) and other tribute on 11 painted pages. Final pages in Nahuatl list witnesses to an agreement (not given) between Otlaxpan and Tepeji del Rio. Old foliations on the manuscript are 17-24 and 130-137.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Lithograph edition in color (N. León, n.d. [ca. 1904]) includes translation of Nahuatl text and incomplete commentary. A very detailed commentary on pp. 1-11 of the codex (only) is given by Leander (1967) together with a color reproduction of the plates of the earlier edition. One page of the codex is reproduced in a sale catalog (Hiersemann, 1910). Copy: Small photographs of original in AMNH. Publication: Leander, 1967; N. León, n.d. Other: Brinton, 1899; Gibson, 1964a, pp. 260-61, 269; Hiersemann, 1910, Item 222; Leander, 1966a, 1966b. 194 Maxixcatzin, Genealogy of. AGN-T 20, part 1, exp. 1, fol. 63v. Published. Genealogical. Ocotelulco, Tlaxcala. 1562. Probably European paper. Dimensions not determined. Simple genealogy of 13 persons showing 12 heads and two personal name glyphs. Included are Tlacomihuatzin and his grandson, Maxixcatzin (died 1520). The document forms part of the dispute over the cabecera succession at Ocotelulco. Gibson (1952) interprets and reproduces a tracing of the manuscript. Publication: Gibson, 1952, p. 267, fig. 5, Table 3.

MAYA SCREENFOLDS. Only three Maya hieroglyphic manuscripts survive: the screenfold Codices Dresden, Madrid, and Paris. A very large literature of hieroglyphic interpretation surrounds these manuscripts. Much of it concerns the nature and decipherment of Maya writing, the identification of particular glyphs and deities, astronomical and mathematical subjects, the survey of particular topics, or (particularly in Codex Dresden) the interpretation of specific passages. Most of it is highly technical.

None of this literature is cited in the present work. Excellent bibliographies of the subject will be found in J. E. S. Thompson (1950), Bemal (1962), Lips and Deckert (1962) and in the continuing coverage of Mesoamerican ethnohistory in the Handbook of Latin American Studies. Under the census entries for each of the three manuscripts we have listed only editions, selected works bearing on their history, and the brief descriptions and concise outlines of content given by J. E. S. Thompson in his Maya Hieroglyphic Writing (1950). Commentaries on the entirety of each manuscript are singularly rare. Those by Förstemann on each of the manuscripts, cited below, were written at the end of an era of research into Maya writing, and although significant advances have occurred since then, they appear to be of continuing usefulness. The edition of all three manuscripts by Villacorta and Villacorta (1930, 1930-33) provides explanatory comment facing each reproduced page. Nowotny's (1961b) study of Central Mexican and Borgia Group ritual-calendrical manuscripts notes parallels in content between the Mayan and Mexican pictorial sources. The history of research into Codex Dresden by Deckert (in Lips and Deckert, 1962) is also of relevance for the other manuscripts. Schwede (1912) reports on a technical analysis of the manuscripts and their paper fiber. Commentaries: Förstemann, 1886, 1901, 1902, 1903a, 1903b, 1906; Villacorta and Villacorta, 1930, 1930-33. Bibliography: Bemal, 1962, pp. 317-47; Lips and Deckert, 1962; J. E. S. Thompson, 1950. Other: Nowotny, 1961b, passim; Schwede, 1912. Brief descriptions: J. E. S. Thompson, 1950, pp. 23-26; Toscano, 1944, 350-54. 195 (fig. 44) Meixueiro, Lienzo.

Codex Meixueiro. Un159

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

known. Published. Cartographic-historical. Coixtlahuaca region, Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. Dimensions unknown ( T U / LAL copy is 380 X 360 cm.). The document duplicates the content and composition of Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 1 with some rearrangement of details; it may be considered a version of the latter manuscript. Variations include additional place glyphs within the peripheral boundary and six additional persons in the dynastic list at the center, some of whom appear in the Coixdahuaca dynasty on the Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan. The lienzo was named after Guillermo Meixueiro, a Jefe Político of Ixtlan, a fact presumed not to bear on the history of the manuscript. The León copy, purchased by Gates from Wilkinson in 1912 and later in the Garrett collection, was copied and the copy was published in 1931 (Codex Meixueiro, 1931). The comments by Bunting (1931) are of little value. Copies: The León-Gates copy may possibly be the tracing in TU/LAL. Publication: Codex Meixueiro, 1931. Other: Bunting, 1931; Gates, MS; Parmenter, 1961c. 196 Mendoza, Codex, The Collection of Mendoza. Códice Mendocino. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Ex-Thevet, Hakluyt, Purchas, and Selden collections. Published. Historical, economic (tribute), and ethnographic. Mexico City, D.F. ca. 1541-42. European paper. 71 numbered leaves plus added title leaf. 32.7 X 22.9 cm. The codex is believed to have been commissioned by the Viceroy Mendoza for presentation to Charles V and is said to have been seized by French pirates. It was in the possession of André Thevet, the French cosmographer, by 1553. It contains 72 pages of drawings with Spanish glosses, 63 pages of Spanish commentary, 1 text figure, and 7 blank pages. Its three sections, although in 160

a uniform style of drawing and annotation, have different subject matters and origins. The drawings of part 1 (ff. 1-16) present a history of the Tenochca-Mexica from the founding of Tenochtitlan (apparently given here as A.D. 1325) through 1521 in terms of the lengths of the reigns of the rulers and of the towns they conquered. The Spanish text adds some supplementary data. A version of the same text is given by Mendieta (1870). See Article 27B, no. 1099, for comment on alleged relationships between Codex Mendoza and glosses by Sahagún in book 8, chaps. 1-2, of the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco. Part 2 (ff. 17-55) is a pictorial record of the tribute paid by the different provinces of the Aztec Empire with a Spanish interpretation. It closely resembles the Matrícula de Tributos (no. 368), of which it has long been considered a copy but preserving five pages now lost from the Matrícula. In a recent study of a third related source, the Información sobre los tributos que los Indios pagaban a Moctezuma (Article 27B, no. 1136), Borah and Cook (1963) advance reasons to indicate that part 2 and the Matrícula derive from a common lost prototype. Part 3 (ff. 56-71) is a graphic portrayal of Aztec life probably drawn especially for the codex. It includes a year-to-year history of an Aztec from birth onward. Other pages depict warriors, priests, and other professions, the palace of Moctezuma, and the laws and punishments of the latter's rule. It is an almost unique ethnographic account, comparable only to parts of the later Florentine Codex. The first edition (Purchas, 1625) is of historical interest only. It gives an incomplete and inaccurate series of woodcuts of the drawings and an English translation of the text. The second edition (Thevenot, 1672; reissued 1696) is based on that by Purchas. The third edition (Kingsborough, 1831-48) reproduces the drawings and gives the Spanish text and an English translation. The use-

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

ful and most accessible edition (Galindo y Villa, 1925), in b / w photography, has a brief introduction. The rare edition by Clark (1938) is a superb color photofacsimile and is accompanied by a good commentary and an English translation of the text. Another edition in color photography (Corona Núñez, 1964-67) has a transcript of the text and a page-by-page commentary but reproduces the illustrated pages only. Gómez de Orozco (1941) and Robertson (1959) present detailed analyses of the authorship and style of the codex, respectively. A general but incompletely published commentary is Orozco y Berra (1877-82). Other specialized studies of the codex are Usted below and classified as to parts 1, 2, or 3 of the codex and studies of its place glyphs. Part 1, with its data on the founding of Tenochtitlan, the chronology of the rulers of Tenochtitlan, and its town conquest lists, has often been utilized in comparative and general studies, but we have cited only an appraisal of its value (Barlow, 1946f) and a study of the Aztec conquests (Kelly and Palerm, 1952). For the bibliography of part 2, that of the Matrícula de Tributos should also be consulted; Barlow (1949d) and Borah and Cook (1963) are basic sources. Although drawings or extracts from part 3 have illustrated countless studies on Mexico, no important critique of its content appears to have been published. The bibliography of this important and well-known codex could easily be expanded greatly beyond that given here. The location of the codex was generally unknown between its first edition in 1625 and the edition by Kingsborough in 1830 (Kingsborough, 1831-48). During that interval it was frequently discussed in print, and numerous reproductions of individual pages (after one of the three 17thC editions) appeared. Many works gave its location as the Bibliothèque du Roi, Paris, reflecting a confusion with Codex Telleriano-Remensis.

Some of them are cited under historical references below. Early editions: Kingsborough, 1831-48, vols. 1, 5: 37-126, 6: 3-94; Purchas, 1625, 3: 1065-117; Thevenot, 1672, 1696. Modern editions: Clark, 1938; Corona Núñez, 1964-67, 1: 1-149, 2: 119-49; Librería Echániz, n.d.b; Galindo y Villa, 1925. General: Gómez de Orozco, 1941; Orozco y Berra, 1877-82; Robertson, 1959, pp. 95107, pls. 22-26. Part 1: Barlow, 1946f, p. 212; Kelly and Palerm, 1952, pp. 264-317. Part 2: Anderson and Barlow, 1943; Barlow, 1945f, 1949d; Borah and Cook, 1963, pp. 29-33, 36-37; Gibson, 1964a, pp. 194-95, note 4, p. 516; Long, 1942; Molins Fábrega, 1956a, 1956b; Nuttall, 1901; Zantwijk, 1967. Part 3: Esteve Barba, 1952; Mendieta y Núñez, 1961; Orozco y Berra, 1880, 1: book 2, passim. Place glyphs: Barlow and McAfee, 1949; Clark, 1938, 2: 1-55; Nowotny, 1959; Orozco y Berra, 1880, 1: book 3, passim; Peñafiel, 1885. Historical references: Barthelemy, 1798; Fábrega, 1899, pp. 5-6; Humboldt, 1810, pp. 284-91, pls. 58-59; Kircher, 1652-54, 3: 2836; Papillon, 1766, 1: 364; Spineto, 1829, pp. 240-48; Warburton, 1738-41, 2: 67-70; 1744, p. 18. Other: Mendieta, 1870, pp. 148-53; Paleografía, 1951. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 441-43; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 64-65; Radin, 1920, pp. 25-26, 50-56. 197 Mendoza Moctezuma, Genealogía de la Familia. Arbol genealógico de la Casa de Moctezuma. Cacicazgo de Tetepango. Known versions listed below. Published. Genealogical. Valley of Mexico. 17th18thC. Three different and possibly 17th or 18thC versions of the painting have been published. Each depicts six standing figures identified 161

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

in genealogical succession as Tezozomoc (15thC ruler of Azcapotzalco), Quaquapitzauac (15thC ruler of Tlatelolco), Moctezuma (identified in one version as Nezahualcoyotl), Fernando Cortés Moctezuma (Cuauhtemoc), Diego de Mendoza de Austria y Moctezuma (governor of Tlatelolco, 1549-62), and Baltasar de Mendoza Moctezuma, Señor de Tezontepec (governor of Tlatelolco, ca. 1583?). The two versions in the AGN are associated with a supposedly falsified or possibly misdated cédula of 1523 granting certain rights and privileges to Diego de Mendoza. Also in question is the authenticity of his descent from Cuauhtemoc. Although we have classified the painting according to its content under the Valley of Mexico, it may have originated with descendants of the Mendoza Moctezuma family in Tezontepec or Tetepango, Hidalgo. Riva Palacio (n.d.) gives a color lithograph of a copy of the version in AGN-T 1586; Fernández de Becas (1961) reproduces a color photo of the version in AGN-T 2692. Both publications and documents include the cédula of 1523. Glass (1964) reproduces the MNA 35-11 version; Blacker (1965) gives a detail of it in color. Velázquez Chávez (1939) reprints the Riva Palacio reproduction in b/w. The authenticity of the related cédula of 1523 has been discussed by Pérez Martínez (n.d.), I. B. del Castillo (1906), and Barlow (1945b). Barlow (1944h, 1945b, 1947e) has commented briefly on the depictions of Quaquapitzauac, Diego de Mendoza, and Baltasar de Mendoza. Details, presumably from the MNA version, are reproduced in the early Mexican editions of Prescott (Prescott, 1844; Gondra, 1846). Published versions: (1) AGN-T 1586, exp. 1. (2) AGN-T 2692, exp. not determined. (3) MNA 35-11. Other versions: (1) On two sheets of parchment, HSA 397/497. (2) Photograph, probably of one of the known versions, BM. 162

(3) Unidentified probable version may have been in the Poole collection (Leonard and Co., 1871; Bangs and Co., 1893). Publication: Fernández de Recas, 1961, pp. 269-84, color pls. 2-3; Glass, 1964, pp. 49-50, pl. 13; Riva Palacio, n.d., pp. 110-14, color plate facing p. 113; Velázquez Chávez, 1939, pl. 7. Other: Barlow, 1944h, 235, pl. 2; 1945b, pp. 476-77, pl. E; 1947e, p. 190, pl. J; Blacker, 1965, p. 36; Carbajal Espinosa, 1862, 1:318,376,408; I. B. del Castillo, 1906; Gondra, 1846, p. 152, pl. 65; Pérez Martínez, n.d., pp. 261-64, 272-73; Prescott, 1844, 3 plates in vol. 2. Sale catalog references: Bangs and Co., 1893, p. 150, no. 1740; Leonard and Co., 1871, p. 58, no. 970. 198 Metla, San Andres, Lienzo de. Unknown. Published. Cartographic-historical. San Andres Metla, Mexico. 1674. Physical data unknown. The lienzo is known through a 19thC copy (cloth, 160 X 145 cm.) preserved in the town. It depicts the pueblo of San Andres Metla, its boundaries, its 15thC foundation, and a 16thC friar. Cook de Leonard and Lemoine Villicaña (1956) give brief description and a tracing of the copy. Publication: Cook de Leonard and Lemoine Villicaña, 1956, pp. 291-92, fig. 4. 199 Metlatoyuca, Lienzo de. Codex of Huachinango. Piano mixto de un Pueblo en el Distrito de Huachinango. British Museum Add. MSS 30, 088. Ex-Colonel Juan Bautista Campos, Porter C. Bliss, and Simon Stevens collections. Published. Cartographic-historical. Metlatoyuca, Puebla. 16thC. Cloth. 180 X 105 cm. The lienzo is said to have been found in archaeological ruins near Metlatoyuca in 1865 or 1866. It shows 79 Indians in gene-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

alogical relationships with personal as well as calendrical name glyphs, several rivers and roads, and place glyphs. Its style is similar to that of the Papers of Itzcuintepec. The copy made by Hunter is reproduced and described by Breton (1920a). Guzmán (1939b) also reproduces the lienzo and gives a study of its place glyphs. A partial reproduction is given by Burland (1947a). Copies: The Annie G. Hunter copy is in the library of the late A. M. Tozzer. A copy by Valentini was owned by Saville and may now be in the library of the Museum of the American Indian, N.Y. Another copy is DGMH 1183. Publication: Breton, 1920a; Burland, 1947a; Guzmán, 1939b. Other: Breton, 1920b. 200 Metztepetl, Genealogía de. Códice del Señorío de Tenochtitlan. Genealogía de Huitzitzilitzin y Axayacatzin. MNA 35-62. Ex-Boturini collection. Partially published. Genealogical. Central Mexico. 16th or 17thC. European paper. Four fragments from a single sheet; the largest is 72 X 42 cm. approximately. The four fragments form an incomplete genealogy of more than 22 persons, all of whom are in native costume. On the largest fragment are 18 Indians without hieroglyphs but whose names are given by Nahuatl glosses. Among these are Axayacatzin and Atzotzomoctzin. On the reverse are two further figures, one of whom is glossed Quactemoc (Cuauhtemoc), and various glosses including "Metztepetl." Huitzilihuitzin appears on one of the smaller fragments. The presence of the Aztec rulers' names on the genealogy may be coincidental. Glass (1964) gives a brief description and a photoreproduction of the obverse of three of the fragments. Partial publication: Glass, 1964, p. 114, pl. 65.

201 Mexicaine, Histoire, depuis 1221 jusqu'en 1594, BNP 40. Ex-Aubin collection. Partially published. Historical. Mexico City, D.F. 1573. European paper codex. 17 leaves plus added title leaf and 4 leaves of notes and copies by Aubin and Pichardo. 21 X 16 cm. Pictorial and Nahuatl chronicle of Tenochca history from 1168 through 1573. Leaves representing the years 1312-63 and 1559-64 are missing. A later gloss provides an erroneous correlation equivalent to 12211569 and 1594. The first part of the Nahuatl text parallels that at the beginning of Codex Aubin. Boban (1891) gives a brief description and reproduces two pages. Copy: Pichardo copy, BNP 89-1. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 34-38, 228-32, pl. 40. 202 Mexicains, L'Histoire des anciens, Fragment de. BNP 85. Ex-Boturini and Aubin collections. Partially published. Historical. Valley of Mexico. 16thC (?). European paper. 8 leaves. 20 X 15 cm. Historical Nahuatl text embracing the period 1196-1405, with notices concerning the Aztec emigration from Tula, the migration itinerary to Chapultepec, and episodes of later history to the death of Acamapichtli and the installation of Huitzilihuitl. The unpublished drawings (not examined) "appear to derive out of the later colonial period" (Zimmermann, loc. cit.). Zimmermann (1963-65) gives palaeography of the text, indicates the subject of the drawings, and suggests a relationship to the writings of Chimalpahin and Crónica X. His translation of the text into German or Spanish is in preparation. Gibson (personal communication) notes a possible relationship to the text of Codex Aubin, and Aubin (in BNP 85bis) notes a parallel with the writings of Tezozomoc. 163

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Central Mexico. Date unknown. Native Copies: The Anales Mexicanos no. 3, paper. 3 leaves. 25.5 X 16.5 cm. 1196-1396 (MNA/AH-CA 273; AAMC 9; Nahuatl text with crude drawings. DocuAnónimo num. 6) is a Spanish translation of ments of 1867 believed to bear on the histhe text by Aubin. It has been published as tory of this manuscript have been published Anales Mexicanos no. 2 [sic] in Anales by Lemoine Villicaña (1960). On the basis Mexicanos no. 2 (1948), continued in Anales of a Phillipps sale catalog description (SotheMexicanos no. 3 (1948). A copy by Aubin, by, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a), Gómez with a French translation, is BNP 85bis. de Orozco (1948) mistakenly suspected that Publication: Anales Mexicanos no. 2, 1948, pp. 55-67; Anales Mexicanos no. 3 , 1948, pp. it was a Techialoyan codex. Bibliography: Bibliotheca mejicana, 1869, 69-74; Zimmermann, 1963-65, 2: 161-66, p. 215, no. 1929; Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 204-05. 67; Lemoine Villicaña, 1960; Sotheby, WilBrief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 219-21. kinson, and Hodge, 1919a, p. 36, no. 178. 203 205 Mexicaltzingo, Códices del Cristo de. MNA 35-127. Published. Economic (tribute). Mexicaltzingo, D.F. 16thC. European (?) paper. 7 fragments of varying dimensions. Seven fragments from three original Indian pictorial manuscripts, together with paintings and Nahuatl texts of a Christian religious content, were found within the structure of a cane sculpture of Christ in 1946. Most of the native pictorial fragments contain drawings of the heads of Indians with personal name glyphs, units of Spanish money, and various objects (including cattle and a spinning wheel) arranged in horizontal rows. The documents may be tribute registers or an accounting of the payments for services performed by Indians. All the fragments are described and reproduced by Carrillo y Gariel (1949). One fragment is reproduced in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). Publication: Carrillo y Gariel, 1949, pp. 37-48, 73-74, pls. 4-14 of the accompanying atlas. Brief description: Glass, 1964, p. 185, pl. 138. 204 Mexican Manuscript no. 2. Códice Fisher. John Rylands Library, Manchester. ExAgustín Fischer and Sir Thomas Phillipps collections. Unpublished. Unclassified. 164

Mexicano, Latino y Castellano, Kalendario. BNMex, MS 1628bis, S. 86-100. Published. Calendrical. Tlatelolco, D.F. ca. 1585. European paper. 15 (16?) leaves. 20.5 X 15 cm. The document is bound with the Cantares Mexicanos (Article 27B, no. 1019) and the Arte Adivinatoria (Article 27B, no. 1107). The Kalendario consists of: a title and prologue, a calendar in Spanish arranged according to the 12 European months but describing the 18 native monthly ceremonies similar to book 2, chaps. 1-18, of the Florentine Codex, and a passage entitled "Al lector" treating the calendar and idolatry. These texts (ff. 86-94) are by Sahagún although not all authorities (Kubler and Gibson, Toro) agree with this attribution. See Article 27B, no. 1106. The second and only pictorial section on six leaves (ff. 95r-100r) has drawings for 10 of the 18 monthly ceremonies and an eleventh drawing of the nemontemi. This section may be a copy of the Tovar Calendar (no. 364) but lacks the texts of the latter and has added day signs and other variations. The manuscript has been published by Iguíniz (1918) with photographs of the illustrated pages. Kubler and Gibson (1951) have described the compilation, published one of its drawings, and attributed the "Al

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

lector" to Martin de León whose Camino del Cielo (1611) contains some resemblance to it. The "Al lector" has also been published by Garcia Icazbalceta (1954). Carreño (1950), Toro (1923, 1928), and R. Moreno (1966) have each published two pages from the document. Copies: (1) BNMA. (2) in MNA/AH Col. Antig. 210. (3) in MNA/AH Col. Antig. 254. (4) HSA 397/464. Publication: Iguíniz, 1918. Partial publication: Carreño, 1950, pp. 813; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 66-67, fig. 18; R. Moreno, 1966, pp. 38-45; Toro, 1923, pl. 5; 1928,fig.25. Other: Garcia Icazbalceta, 1954, pp. 36869, 380-82; M. de León, 1611, ff. 95r-100v; Nicolau d'Olwer, 1952, pp. 113-15.

ber 30, 1589, through February 13, 1595. The text and translation have been published as Anales Mexicanos, 1589-1596 (1949). The publication Anales Mexicanos no. 4 (1948) is not of this document. The drawings depict events opposite year signs for the years 1573-81 in a style and composition similar to Codex Aubin. The copy does not include all the drawings once with the original (see Ramirez's preface to the copy), and their relationship to the text is uncertain. One of the two drawings is reproduced without comment by Chavero (n.d.), who quotes a passage from the text describing the death of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. The Nahuatl text of BNP 217 begins with 1398 and continues through December 26, 1589 (old ff. 3-12); an additional torn leaf 206 has notices from December 1595 through Mexicanos, Anales, 1398-1596. Two parts: April 1596. One unpublished drawing (old (A) Anales Mexicanos no. 4, 1589-1595. f. 6v) has a symbol for warfare and chronAAMC 10. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collecological signs representing the siege of Tetion. Partially published. Number of leaves nochtitlan-Tlatelolco by the Spaniards in uncertain. (B) Fragment d'une histoire 1521. With the manuscript are 36 pages of du Mexique en langue Nahuatl (1398notes, transcripts, and translations, in part 1 5 8 9 , 1 5 9 5 - 9 6 ) . BNP 217. Ex-Boturini and by Aubin, that at least in part pertain to Aubin collections. Partially published. Codex Aubin and not to this manuscript. A European paper. 11 leaves. Quarto. Histranscript of the Nahuatl text of BNP 217 torical. Valley of Mexico. 1596. has been published by Zimmermann (196365); his translation will presumably be pubThe document is known through a partial lished at a later date. copy (AAMC 10) of a lost fragment and anCopies: AAMC 10, described above. BNP other fragment of the original (BNP 217). 217 was photographed by Gates and copies The two parts represent most of the 26 or 28 are in PML, LC, NLA, TU/LAL, and BYU. leaves of the original; available evidence Publication of text: Anales Mexicanos suggests that two leaves are missing at the 1589-1596, 1949; Zimmermann, 1963-65, 2: beginning and some additional notices for 166-75, 204-05. 1595 and to June 13, 1596, are missing at the Brief description: (BNP 217), Boban, end. The original and the drawings copied 1891,2:240. in AAMC 10 are described in relative detail Other (loc. cit.): Chavero, n.d., pp. xxv, in the Boturini collection inventory of 1791 upper figure, xliv. (see Article 29). AAMC 10 is a copy by Galicia Chimal207 popoca that includes the Nahuatl text, his Mexicanus, Codex. BNP 23-24. Ex-Aubin Spanish translation, and a copy of two drawcollection. Published. Calendrical, historings by J. F. Ramirez. The text records ical, and genealogical. Valley of Mexico. events in Mexico-Tenochtitlan from Decem165

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1571-90. Native paper codex. 51 leaves. 10 × 20 cm. The calendrical sections of the codex (pp. 1-15, 89-102) exhibit extensive and deliberate efFacements of native symbols as well as palimpsests. They contain an incomplete Christian saints' calendar for 1570, based on dominical letters, and a tonalamatl (each correlated with two or more native years), Christian and native calendar wheels, and various tables. In the latter, emphasis is on the zodiac as well as on paschal and lunar cycles. One diagram relates illegible signs to parts of the body. A Nahuatl text inserted into the annals section (pp. 23-24) also treats the zodiac. A genealogy of the descendants of Tezozomoc, Acamapichtli, Itzcoatl, and others occupies two pages (pp. 16-17). The bulk of the codex (pp. 18-85) contains pictorial annals from 1168 through 1571, with some emphasis on the TenochcaMexica. These are continued (pp. 86-87) by two different artists to 1590, but the last entry is for 1583. Christian scenes occupy page 88. Mengin (1952a) provides a facsimile edition and a commentary. Selected pages are reproduced in Boban (1891), Kubler and Gibson (1951), and Robertson (1959). The latter analyzes variant styles in the manuscript and discusses (1954) certain aspects of the tonalamatl. Galarza (1966) gives a study of Christian and phonetic symbolism in the first part of the codex. Copy: Pichardo copy, BNP 89-9. Publication: Mengin, 1952a. Other: Galarza, 1966; Robertson, 1954. Brief descriptions: Boban, 1891, 1: 373-79, pls. 23-24; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 7071, fig. 1; Robertson, 1959, pp. 122-25, pls. 37-38. 208 Mexicanus, Codex. BNP 83. Ex-Laine Villevigue and Aubin collections. Unpublished. Historical. Valley of Mexico. 166

16thC ( ? ) . Native paper tira in 2 fragments. 18 X 220 cm. Not examined. The brief description by Boban (1891) indicates that the tira has native-year dates, drawings of Indians and Spaniards, and Nahuatl glosses. Both preconquest and colonial events and persons are depicted. Copy: Aubin copy, BNP 83bis. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 213-14. 209 MEXICO-TENOCHTITLAN: Procès entre Diego Francisco et Felipe de Santiago. BNP 112. Ex-Aubin collection. Unpublished. Genealogical and economic (property plans). Mexico City (Tecpancaltitlan, barrio of San Juan Moyotlan), D.F. 1593. European paper. 33 (?) leaves. Dimensions not determined. Only partially examined. Lawsuit in Spanish and Nahuatl over properties and houses. Includes three simple drawings showing plans of houses with measurements given in native pictorial conventions. One of the drawings includes a genealogy. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 296. 210 MEXICO-TENOCHTITLAN: Titres de Propriété. BNP 114. Ex-Aubin collection. Unpublished. Economic (property plans). Santa Maria Copolco (a barrio of the parcialidad of Santa Maria Redonda Cuepopan of Mexico City), D.F. 1574. 3 drawings, one on native paper, included in a document of 43 leaves. Dimensions not determined. Not examined. The brief description by Boban (1891) indicates that the drawings are plans of houses and properties; one also depicts Huanitzin and Tehuetzquititzin, early Indian governors of Mexico City. The accompanying text, in Spanish and Nahuatl, contains land titles with dates from 1574 to 1709. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 298301.

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

211 Mexico y Tlatelolco, Anales de, 1473, 152122. Anales Antiguos de Mexico y sus Contornos (AAMC) no. 11. Anónimo núm. 7. Anales de la Conquista de Tlatelolco en 1473 y en 1521. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Historical. Tlatelolco, D.F. 16thC. European paper. 6 leaves. Quarto. Nahuatl text treating conquest of Tlatelolco by Tenochtitlan in 1473 and by the Spaniards in 1521 (given in the document as 1522). A single and simple drawing in the Chimalpopoca copies shows the glyphs for Tlatelolco and Tenochtitlan with the symbol for warfare. McAfee and Barlow (1945) publish and translate the Chimalpopoca copy (AAMC 11) of the Nahuatl text with commentary and reproduction of the drawing. Chavero (n.d.) also reproduces the drawing, as does Alcina Franch (1955). Qualli Amatl (1950) gives Nahuatl text from MNA/AH Col. Antig. 254 copy with Spanish translation by Porfirio Aguirre. Copies: Chimalpopoca copy and translation, MNA/AH Col. Ant. 274, Item 11 (AAMC 11). Chimalpopoca copy of Nahuatl text and drawing, MNA/AH Col. Ant. 254, ff. 49r-51r (old ff. 246r-48r). Publication: McAfee and Barlow, 1945; Qualli Amatl, 1950. Other: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 508-09, fig. 8; Chavero, n.d., p. xxv, lower figure. 212 Meztitlan Calendar Wheel. In Gabriel de Chávez, Relación (Descripción) de la Provincia de Meztitlan. UTX. CDG 1285. ExGarcía Icazbalceta collection. Published. Calendrical. Meztitlan, Hidalgo. 1579. Physical data not determined. Appended to the Relación geográfica of Meztitlan is a description of the native calendar illustrated by a drawing of the four year-bearer days. They are drawn at each

end of a Maltese cross-like device and labeled according to the four directions. The description indicates that the drawing is intended to represent a calendar wheel. The drawing has been published at least twice but only from the Muñoz collection copy. The first (Chávez, 1865) is inaccurate; the second (Chávez, 1925) is presumably adequate. An edition of the relación of 1840 appears not to have included the drawing. Carrasco Pizana (1950) has discussed the day and month names in the text. See Robertson (Article 6, Appendix, 2) for further information and comment. Copies: Muñoz collection copy, RAH. Numerous copies of this copy are not included in Article 28. Publication: Chávez, 1865, 1925. Other: Carrasco Pizana, 1950, pp. 19395; Robertson, loc. cit. Brief mention: Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 71. 213 Michoacan, Relación de. Códice de El Escorial. Biblioteca del Monasterio de El Escorial, Madrid. Ex-Diego González collection. Published. Historical and ethnographic. Tzintzuntzan, Michoacan. ca. 1539-41. European paper. 140 leaves. 20 X 15 cm. Manuscript in Spanish by anonymous Franciscan, illustrated by 44 colored drawings. Treats preconquest and very early colonial Tarascan history. Text and drawings contain wealth of historical, ethnographic, and genealogical information. All but one leaf of part 1, descriptive of gods and ceremonies, is lost. Bound with the manuscript is the unrelated "Calendario de toda la índica gente," a text describing the Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 (q.v.). Attribution of the document to Fray Maturino Gilberti has been shown by Glass (1958b) to rest on false premises. Fray Martin de Jesús (de la Coruña), reported by Beristáin de Souza (1883-97) to be the 167

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

author of an otherwise unknown manuscript history of Michoacan in the Escorial, is a logical candidate for the authorship but is not accepted by most students of the question. J. B. Warren (1971) advances evidence to show that the author is the Franciscan friar Jerónimo de Alcalá. Some copies of the photographic edition and commentary by Tudela (1956) are handcolored. This edition includes a study by Kirchhoff. The first edition (Relación de Michoacan, 1869) did not include the illustrations, which are poorly reproduced from a copy of those in the LC copy in the second edition (Relación de Michoacan, 1903). AU but one of the illustrations are given, in poor copies, in parts 1 and 2 of N. León's study of the Tarascans (N. León, 1903, 1903-04, reprinted, 1904a). Selected illustrations are reproduced, some in color, from the copy owned by Gómez de Orozco in Ν. León (1927), L Espinosa (1945), and Toussaint (1937). Critical bibliographical commentaries are given by N. León (1927) and Bravo Ugarte (1962). The bibliography given below is selected. Copies: LC, NYPL, RAH, BNMA. The Gómez de Orozco collection copy, mentioned above, was probably made for Paso y Troncoso. Two copies were owned by Kingsborough (Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842, nos. 535-1, 536-11). The first appears to be listed in Rich (n.d.) and may correspond to the copy now in LC or NYPL. The location of the second, Phillipps 11642, is unknown but is described in Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge (1919a) and in Sotheby and Co. (1948). Further copies are mentioned in the literature. Editions: Relación de Michoacan, 1869, 1903; Tudela, 1956. Partial publication of drawings: N. León, 1903, pls. 1-3, 13-25; 1903-04, pls. 3-28, 40; 1904a, pls. 3-28, 40. Studies: Bravo Ugarte, 1962; N. León, 1927; F. Ramirez, 1956; J. B. Warren, 1971. 168

Other: Beristáin de Souza, 1883-97, 1: 354; Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842, nos. 535-1, 536-11; Caso, 1943a; 1967, pp. 241-52; L Espinosa, 1945, pls. 4-6; Glass, 1958b; Gómez de Orozco, 1940, pp. 9-29; N. León, 1888b, 1889a; A. López, 1920; Paso y Troncoso, 1888; Rich, n.d., no. 51; Seler, 1908a; Sotheby and Co., 1948, no. 4858, plate facing p. 44; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 346. Brief description: Brand, 1944, pp. 95-96. 214 Misantla, Lienzo de. Códice Misantla. Location uncertain but variously reported as Ayuntamiento, Misantla, and as Archivo Municipal, Tonayan, Veracruz. Published. Cartographic-historical. Misantla, Veracruz. After 1564. Cloth. 160 X 100 cm. Map of the Misantla region shows numerous place glyphs and Indian principales with name glyphs, the landing of Cortés, and boundaries between Coacoatzintla and Chapultepec. Photograph of original or copy poorly published with brief commentary by Mena (1911a). Cline (1959) reprints the Mena photograph; Ramirez Lavoignet (1959, 1962) makes considerable use of the lienzo in studies of the Misantla region. Copies: Reported copies are an old copy in the Vicente Lombardo Toledano collection, a recent copy in the Departamento de Antropología of the state of Veracruz, and a copy made for the Secretaría de Gobierno, Xalapa, about 1911. Publication: Cline, 1959, pp. 654-55, figs. 8, 9; Mena, 1911a. Other: Ramirez Lavoignet, 1953, pp. 32122; 1959, passim; 1962, pp. 27-28, passim. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 455; Melgarejo Vivanco, 1953, p. 333. 215 Mixteco Post-Cortesiano no. 36, Códice. MNA 35-36. Published. Cartographic-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

historical. Western Oaxaca. 16thC. European paper. 85 X 87 cm. The manuscript is bordered on all four sides by place glyphs identified by written Mixtec glosses, representing the boundaries of an as yet unidentified place. In the center is a church, two buildings with seated persons, three hieroglyphic dates, and drawings of plots of land. Incomplete commentary, palaeography, and photographic reproduction are given by Rosado Ojeda (1945). A brief description and photograph are in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). Copy: Copy of selected details, MNA 35-20. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 81, pl. 38; Rosado Ojeda, 1945. Brief description: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 492-93.

MIZQUIAHUALA SALES RECEIPTS. Six pictorial documents, listed individually below, most or all of which are receipts for the payments of goods and services provided by the Indians to Manuel de Olvera, corregidor of Mizquiahuala. All are probably exBoturini collection.

Publication: Historische Hieroglyphen, 1892, pl. 6; Seler, 1904f, pp. 196-200, pl. 12. Commentary: Seler, 1893, pp. 85-90; 1902e, pp. 252-59. 217 Humboldt Fragment 13. DSB. MS Amer. 1, f. 3, upper. Ex-Boturini, León y Gama, and Humboldt collections. Published. Economic (tribute). Mizquiahuala, Hidalgo. 1569. Amatl paper. 31 X 49 cm. Drawings of the heads of women, numerals, and circles representing day signs. A Spanish gloss on the reverse identifies the document as a receipt for the services of Indian women for the manufacture of tortillas. Seler (1893, 1902e, 1904f) interprets and describes the manuscript. It is photographically reproduced in Historische Hieroglyphen (1892); a copy is reproduced by Seler (1904f). A detail in color is given by Humboldt (1810). See Humboldt Fragments for further data. Publication: Historische Hieroglyphen, 1892, pl. 9; Seler, 1904f, pp. 212-17, pl. 18. Commentary: Seler, 1893, pp. 105-10; 1902e, pp. 276-83. Other: Humboldt, 1810, pl. 36, fig. 2. 218

216 Humboldt Fragment 7. DSB. MS Amer. 1, f. 6, upper. Ex-Boturini, León y Gama, and Humboldt collections. Published. Economic (tribute.) Mizquiahuala, Hidalgo. 1571. Amatl paper. 25 x 18 cm. Simple drawings of zacate, fish, and other goods sold to Manuel de Olvera. Spanish gloss on reverse. Seler (1893, 1902e, 1904f) interprets and describes the document. It is photographically reproduced in Historische Hieroglyphen (1892); a copy is reproduced by Seler (1904f). See Humboldt Fragments for further data.

Poinsett Fragment J. MNA 35-117. Ex-Poinsett and American Philosophical Society collections. Published. Economic (tribute). Mizquiahuala, H i d a l g o . ca. 1570. Native paper. 105 X 20 cm. Similar to Humboldt Fragment 13 but with further detail. Reverse, which might bear a text, is covered by the mount. Reproduced photographically in color by Brinton, Phillips, and Morris (1892) without significant comment. Photographic detail and brief description are given in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). Publication: Brinton et al., 1892, folding plate captioned, "Tribute Roll 4 (Calendar 1).'· 169

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Brief description: Glass, 1964, pp. 174-75, pl. 128. 219 Poinsett Fragment 2. MNA 35-118. Ex-Poinsett and American Philosophical Society collections. Published. Economic (tribute). Mizquiahuala, H i d a l g o . ca. 1570. Native paper. 80 X 19 cm. Vertical tira divided into horizontal divisions in which are drawn various goods such as zacate, fish, and turkeys as well as monetary units. The reverse is covered by the mount. Reproduced photographically in color by Brinton et al. (1892) without significant comment. Brief description and photographic reproduction by Glass (1964). Publication: Brinton et al., 1892, folding plate captioned, "Tribute Roll (Calendar 2)"; Glass, 1964, p. 176, pl. 129.

(1946). The description by Mena (1923) includes a transcript of the text. Publication: Wauchope, 1946, p. 30. Brief description: Mena, 1923, p. 52, no. 5. 222 Mizquiahuala, Tributos de. Lost. ExBoturini and BNMex collections. Unpublished. Unavailable. Mizquiahuala, Hidalgo. 16thC. Native paper. 79 X 49 cm. The document, briefly described by Mena (1923) is lost, and no photograph or other reproduction is known. It is said to have had drawings of articles of tribute, 15 men, 60 days, and a written text. It is remarkable how closely Mena's description corresponds to the Tributes of Tzintzuntzan and Tlalpujava (no. 379). Brief description: Mena, 1923, p. 54, no. 8. 223

220 Rechnung iiher gelieferte Naturalien. Lost. Formerly DSB. MS Amer. 10 (part). Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Economic (tribute). Mizquiahuala, Hidalgo. 1573 (?). Native paper. 25 X 20 cm. Drawings of zacate, fish, turkeys, etc., similar to Humboldt Fragment 7 and Poinsett Fragment 2. Spanish text on reverse side. Described, interpreted, and reproduced photographically by Lehmann (1906a). Publication: Lehmann, 1906a, pp. 322-26, pl.L 221 Tira de Tributos. TU/MARI. ExBoturini and BNMex collections. Published. Economic (tribute). Mizquiahuala, Hidalgo. 1569. Native paper. 39 Χ 19 cm. Drawings of zacate, circles indicating days, and pesos. Spanish text on reverse side. Both sides are reproduced photographically, without comment, by Wauchope 170

Moctezuma, Códice. MNA 35-26. Partially published. Historical. Mazatepec or Xochitepec, Morelos. 16thC. Amatl paper tira. 250 X 20 cm. The two surviving fragments of the tira are composed vertically and read upward. Along the left border are year glyphs and to the right are drawings and Nahuatl texts. Much of the manuscript is in very poor condition; many dates and some text are wholly illegible. The reverse is completely blank; its prior history is unknown. The lower and most poorly preserved fragment apparently represents about 15 years, possibly ca. 1419-35. One drawing is of Maxtla (a ruler of Azcapotzalco); the texts mention Tecpanecatzin, Cuatotzin, Quetzaltototzin, Tezozomoc, and Chimalpopoca. The longer fragment embraces about 30 years, the most recent glyph being that for 1523. Opposite the year glyphs for 1519-23 are drawings of Moctezuma held prisoner by a Spaniard, a pyramid of Tenochtitlan in flames, and Cortés on a horse near a glyph believed to represent Coyoacan. In the lower

PICTORIAI MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

section of this fragment, opposite what may have been the year glyph for 1495, is a drawing of Itzcoatl; the text contains a reference to Chimalpopoca. Here and elsewhere the manuscript has a chronological error of at least 52 years from the standard calendar. According to an unpublished study of the tira by Barlow and Mateos Higuera (MS), of which we have consulted only a very incomplete copy, the manuscript also contains references to Xochitepec and Mazatepec. They believed that the document may have been painted in Morelos, but a Coyoacan, D.F., or Valley of Mexico provenience appears equally likely. A superficial description and a photographic detail are given by Glass (1964). A detail in color is given by B.Smith (1968). Partial publication: Glass, 1964, p. 69, pl. 27; B. Smith, 1968, p. 166. Other: Barlow and Mateos Higuera, MS. 224 (fig. 45) Monteleone, Codex, Códice del Archivo de los Duques de Monteleone y Marqueses del Valle. Library of Congress, Washington. Ex-Archivo del Hospital de Jesús, Mexico, and Edward S. Harkness collections. Partially published. Economic (tribute). Huexotzingo, P u e b l a .ca.1531-32. Native paper. 8 leaves. Dimensions vary between 19.7 X 48.3 and 44.5 X 45.7 cm. The eight pictorial sheets illustrate a 79leaf lawsuit brought by Hernando Cortés against Nuño de Guzmán, Juan de Ortiz Matienzo, and Diego Delgadillo, president and oidores of the First Audiencia (152830), to recover incomes claimed by Cortés from the pueblo and province of Huexotzingo. The paintings are of various kinds of foodstuffs, clothing, and other items. One published painting also shows slaves and a primitive Indian painting of a Madonna and Child. Toro and Fernández del Castillo (1925) reproduce two of the paintings and give a transcript of a part of the accompanying lawsuit. Zavala (1952, 1967) reproduces a

detail from one of the paintings reproduced by Toro and Fernández del Castillo. Three further paintings are reproduced in Cline (1966a). Descriptive memoranda by Stella Clemence and Silvio Zavala are in L C / H F files. Partial publication: Cline, 1966a, fig. 2; Toro and Fernández del Castillo, 1925. Other: Garcia Granados and MacGregor, 1934, pp. 81-91; Zavala, 1952, p. 421; 1967, plate facing p. 24. 225 Muaguia, Plan cadastral de. Unknown. Unpublished. Unavailable. Northern Oaxaca. 1550. Physical description unknown. Lehmann (1905a) reported upon a copy in the Seler collection of a pictorial document, which he classified as Chinantec, with topographic indications, the date 1550, the name Juan de Mendoza, and Chinantec and Zapotec glosses. Both original and copy are now unknown. Cline (1957) has commented on the Lehmann reference. Bibliography: Cline, 1957, p. 293; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 280. 226 (fig. 46) Mujeres, Fragmento de las. Genealogy and properties of descendants of Ixtletletzin and Chachatzin. Brooklyn Museum. Ex-Boturini, BNMex, MNA (?), and Emilio Valton collections. Unpublished. Genealogical. Central Mexico (Tlaxcala ?). 16thC. European paper. 43 X 31 cm. Genealogy of 12 Indians (including five women), all with names glossed in Nahuatl or Spanish, showing descent from two bearded male Indians, Yxtletletzin and Chachatzin. Very brief description by Mena (1923). Brief description: Mena, 1923, p. 63, no. 23. 227 Mundanegre aus Chichimecapan, Das Dokument der Familie, Museum für Volkerkunde, Berlin. Published. Genealogical. 171

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Tlaxcala (?). Late 16thC or early 17thC. European paper. 58 X 40 cm. Glossed five-generation genealogy of 11 persons, two of whom are in Spanish dress. Except for an Indian at the head of the genealogy, all the persons have the surname Mundanegre. No glyphs. Kutscher (1963a) gives commentary and photographic reproduction. Publication: Kutscher, 1963a. 228 (fig. 47) Muro, Códice. Códice de Ñunahá. Códice de San Pedro Cantaros. MNA 35-68. ExFelix Muro collection. Partially published. Historical. San Pedro Cantaros (Cuzcatepeque), ex-district of Nochistlan, Western Oaxaca. 17thC. Skin screenfold. 11 and one half leaves painted on one side. 14.8 X 223 cm. The screenfold is in a crude but traditional Mixtec style and has later degenerate additions. There are hieroglyphic dates, place glyphs, and pairs of persons with both calendrical and personal names. The last eight couples of the genealogy have Spanish names only. Several 17thC dates appear in the long written Mixtec text. One or more persons and place glyphs (Teozacoalco, for instance) are believed to be recognizable in other Mixtec histories. No translation of the text, edition, or commentary on this important screenfold has yet appeared. A brief description and photograph of one page has been published by Glass (1964). Anonymous (1935a) reports the discovery of the manuscript and a notice of its accession by the MNA appeared in the Boletin del Museo Nacional (ep. 6, 1: 229, 1934). Copy: Palaeographic copy by Gómez de Orozco owned by Alfonso Caso. Partial publication: Glass, 1964, p. 121, pl. 71. Other: Anonymous, 1935a. 229 Museo de América, Códice del. Codex Tu172

dela. Costumbres, Fiestas, Enterramientos y diversas Formas de Proceder de los Indios de la Nueva España. Museo de América, Madrid. Partially published. Ritual-calendrical and ethnographic. Valley of Mexico. ca. 1553 (?). European paper. 119 leaves (4 ff. andf f. 11-125). 18 or 21 X 15 cm. approx. The discovery of this major manuscript was announced at the 28th International Congress of Americanists in Paris in 1947 by Tudela (Tudela, 1948a). Part of its pictorial content is a version of material in other manuscripts of the Magliabecchiano Group (q.V.). The first four leaves have six full-figure portraits of various Indian types (Mexican woman, Tarascan Indian, Yope Indian, etc.) and a drawing of a maguey plant. They have been published and described by Tudela (1960). Two are reproduced by Trimborn (1959). Five or six missing leaves had similar drawings, to judge from copied captions in the Escorial copy of the text. The next four parts of the codex contain: (1) drawings and Spanish texts illustrative of the gods and ceremonies of the 18 months of the 365-day year (ff. l l r - 2 8 v ) ; (2) drawings and texts of other ceremonies, gods, sacrifices, and customs (ff. 29r-77r); (3) year symbols for a 52-year period (ff. 77v84v); and (4) drawings of ritual symbols on blankets (ff. 85v-88v). The drawings of the four parts just described parallel those in Codex Magliabecchiano, but the Spanish texts in the two manuscripts are different and each manuscript has drawings not in the other. Five pages from the sections cognate with Codex Magliabecchiano have been published (Robertson, 1959; Trimborn, 1959; Tudela, 1960). The final section of the codex contains: (1) a Spanish text describing the native calendar in terms of the 20-day periods subdivided into periods of 13 and 7 days (ff. 90r-96v) and (2) drawings and Spanish texts depicting and describing the 260-day divinatory almanac (ff. 97r-125r). The high-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

ly detailed latter section contains almost unique data relating to a four-way division of the tonalpohualli (four direction trees), pairs of gods for 13-day periods, as well as data on the 13 birds and the Nine Lords of the Night. The final page (f. 125r) has a drawing of a spread deerskin with day signs attributed to different parts of the body. This drawing, which has been published by Robertson (1959, pl. 45), is the only part of this section of the codex that has been published. A transcript of the text of this section has been prepared by Garcia Abrines and Robertson (MS). Rauh (1970) has tabulated much of its calendrical information. Descriptions of the codex have been published by Tudela (1948a) and by Ballesteros Gaibrois (1948a, 1951). Robertson (1959) has reproduced four pages from the manuscript and studied its style and relationship to other sources. Tudela (1960) has pubfished the drawings from the initial section. For further comment see Magliabecchiano Group. Copies: The "Costumbres . . . de Nueva España" (see first paragraph of entry for full title), an old copy of the text through f. 84v, is in the Escorial. It has been published by Gómez de Orozco (1945a). An unlocated copy of this copy was in the Kingsborough collection (Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842). Another copy, also ex-Kingsborough and also unlocated, was in the PhilHpps collection (no. 11797; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a). Description and studies: Ballesteros Gaibrois, 1948a, 1951; Rauh, 1970; Robertson, 1959, pp. 125-33, pls. 39, 41, 45; Tudela, 1948a, 1960. Partial publication of text: Gómez de Orozco, 1945a. Other: Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842, no. 582; Garcia Abrines and Robertson, MS; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 338; Trimborn, 1959, pls. 2 (bottom) and 3. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 434-35; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 56.

230 Nación Mexicana, Unos Annales Históricos de la, Manuscrit de 1528. Anales de Tlatelolco. Two closely related manuscripts: (A) BNP 22 and (B) BNP 22bis. Both exBoturini and Aubin collections. Published. Historical. Tlatelolco, D.F. (A) ca. 1528. Native paper. 21 leaves (19 utilized). 41 X 23 cm. (Β) 17thC (?). European paper. 23 leaves (excluding 4 later added leaves). 30 x 21 cm. Major Nahuatl historical text comprising five separate documents: (1) Lista de los Reyes de Tlatelolco, (2) Lista de los Reyes de Tenochtitlan, (3) Genealogía de los Reyes de Azcapotzalco, (4) Suplemento de la Genealogía de los Reyes de Azcapotzalco, and (5) Historia de Tlatelolco desde los Tiempos mas remotos. The text is known through two manuscripts, BNP 22 and BNP 22bis. Missing parts of BNP 22 can be supplied from BNP 22bis. This latter, once considered a copy of BNP 22, is now thought to be related to it through a common original. BNP 22 has one minor drawing; BNP 22bis has a number of minor illustrations including place glyphs, symbols, and miscellaneous historical drawings. Mengin (1939-40) gives Nahuatl text based on both MSS, German translation, redrawing of illustrations, and commentary. Berlin and Barlow (1948) provide a Spanish translation but do not give the drawings. There is a facsimile photoreproduction of both manuscripts (Mengin, 1945). Garibay (1956) translates the Spanish conquest part of Document 5. Copies: Aubin copy and French translation, BNP 22ter. Facsimile edition: Mengin, 1945. Editions and commentaries: Berlin and Barlow, 1948; Mengin, 1939-40. Extended descriptions: Jiménez Moreno, 1938b, pp. 555-63; Seler, 1913. Brief descriptions: Boban, 1891, 1: 365173

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

70, pl. 22; Garibay, 1953-54, 1: 34-35, 45254; 2: 285-88; Toscano, 1948. Other: Garibay, 1956, 4: 167-85. 231 Nahuatzen, Lienzo de. MNA 35-42. ExPulido and Museo Michoacano, Morelia, collections. Published. Cartographic-historical. Nahuatzen, Michoacan. 16thC. Cloth. 72 × 102 cm. Near the center of the lienzo are drawings of Spanish soldiers and the date July 20, 1521, a date that precedes by one year Spanish penetration into Michoacan. Other pictorial elements are Tarascan Indians, roads, and buildings. Tarascan glosses refer to place names and such persons as Tzintzicha or Caltzontzin and Huitziméngari. A brief description and photograph are given by Glass (1964). N. León (1903-04; reprinted 1904a) reproduces a tracing, gives an interpretive description, and translates the Tarascan glosses. Copy: 1892 copy, unknown. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 88, pl. 42; N. León, 1903-04, pp. 305-08, pl. 36; 1904a, pp. 129-32, pl. 36. Brief descriptions: Mateos Higuera, 1948b, pp. 165-66; Paso y Troncoso, 18929 3 , 1:250-52. 232 (fig. 48) Nativitas, Santa Maria, Lienzo de. Pueblo. Unpublished. Cartographic-historical. Santa Maria Nativitas, ex-district of Coixtlahuaca, Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 173 X 175 cm. Around the periphery of the lienzo are 26 place glyphs glossed in Mixtec, representing the boimdaries of the town. Within the center is a two-column genealogy of 24 couples with calendrical glyphs, also glossed in Mixtec, and other detail, including two yearand-day dates. The calendrical names on the lienzo have been studied by Dahlgren de Jordán (1954a). 174

Copies: The copy made by Dahlgren de Jordán in 1941 is in the possession of Alfonso Caso. Photographs of a copy said to have been made by a schoolteacher of the town are in INAH/AF. The latter is incomplete with respect to the glosses. Bibliography: Dahlgren de Jordán, 1954a, pp. 366-70. 233 Nayotla, San Juan, Lienzo de. Códice Actopan. MNA 35-97. Published. Cartographic-historical. San Juan Nayotla (?), Veracruz(?). 1950(?). Cloth. 194 X 236 cm Map of unidentified region showing roads, historical episodes, Indians, and approximately eight Christian churches, etc., surrounded by boundary of place glyphs. The date 1519 appears at least twice among the Nahuatl glosses, one of which reads "San Juan Nayotla ( ? ) , Visorrey Antonio de Mendoza, Año de 1534." Another legend states that the document was made in 1590, but both the date and provenience of the Benzo are in doubt. A variant version of the document is known through a photograph and a copy made in 1956. In this version the word "Achtopa" is added to the legend quoted above, and the place name reads San Juan Mojotlan. The MNA original and the 1956 copy are briefly described and reproduced by Glass (1964). Reports that the document, under the name Códice Actopan, was in the Biblioteca del Pueblo (Biblioteca Venustiano Carranza), Veracruz, Ver. (Melgarejo Vivanco, 1953; Ramirez Lavoignet, 1962), may refer to loan of the MNA original or to the original of the 1956 copy. Copies: (1) Villagra copy, 1956, from unidentified variant, MNA 35-97A. (2) Photograph of original of 1956 copy, MNA codex collection files. (3) Copy, apparently also by Villagra and similar to MNA 3597A, "on deposit" (1964) in MNA/BNA.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 151, pls. 10405. Brief mention: Melgarejo Vivanco, 1953, p. 334; Ramirez Lavoignet, 1962, p. 186. 234 Nexmoyotla, Ateno, Zoyatitlan y Hueytetla, Genealogía de. Genealogía de Ateno. MNA 35-82. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Genealogical. Central Mexico. 17thC. European paper. 31.5 Χ 86.5 cm. Drawings in unusual style of 72 Indians, some of whose names are given hieroglyphically or by Nahuatl glosses, arranged in four horizontal rows. Pyramidally shaped place signs are glossed with the place names indicated in the title. Glass (1964) gives brief description and photographic reproduction. It has also been described by Mateos Higuera (1944d) and, very briefly, by Mena (1923). Publications Glass, 1964, p. 136, pl. 87. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 459; Mateos Higuera, 1944d; Mena, 1923, pp. 63-64, no. 26. 235 Nezahualcoyotl, Circular Genealogy of the Descendants of, UTX. Ex-Boturini and Stendahl collections. Unpublished. Genealogical. Valley of Mexico. 16thC. European paper. 85 X 58 cm. The lower part of the manuscript is a genealogy of 47 Indians: the eight wives and descendants of (?) Ixtecatzin. Each of five generations forms one of a series of concentric circles. Christian names appear in the second generation. At the top is a related and antecedent genealogy of 21 further Indians including Itzcoatl, Nezahualcoyotl, and Nezahualpilli. Two of the women in the upper part appear to be daughters of rulers of Otumba and Chimalhuacan. Brief description: Prakolumbische Kunst, 1958, p. 93, no. 747.

236 Nómina Escrita en Geroglífico. Unknown: Gómez de Orozco collection about 1927. Partially (?) published. Economic (census). Central Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. Number of leaves and dimensions unknown. The single published photograph shows one page on which are drawn eight horizontal rows of Indian heads with what may be a personal name glyph at the end of most of the rows. The drawings bear a remarkable similarity to those on a small fragment included in the Testerian manuscript BNP/ FM 399(no.325). The photograph is published by Gómez de Orozco (1927a) with a brief comment. Publication: Gómez de Orozco, 1927a, pp. 157-58, plate facing p. 156. 237 Nopalxochitl, Genealogía de. "Genealogía." MNA 35-81. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Genealogical. Central Mexico. 16th or 17thC. European paper. 22 X 31 cm. Fragmentary and incomplete genealogy showing two Indians with personal name glyphs (Nopalxochitl and Teuhhuexoloa) and portions of three native houses. An additional gloss gives the place name Ixaiotepetl. Glass (1964) gives brief description and photographic reproduction. The manuscript is no. 24 of the Mena (1923) catalog. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 135, pl. 86. Other: Mena, 1923, p. 63, no. 24. 238 Noxtepec, Lienzo de. Códice de Nochtepec. Códice Spratling. Pueblo (?). Published. Cartographic-historical. Noxtepec, Guerrero. 16thC. Cloth. Dimensions not determined. The published copy shows a row of glossed place glyphs across the top. Below 175

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

is a group of native rulers with personal name glyphs and two place glyphs, one of which is glossed Nochtepec. Other details include glyphs for Tetipac and Cacalotenango and numerous rivers. The glyphs, glosses, and composition show numerous specific and general similarities to the Lienzo de Tetlama (q.v.). Barlow (1948a) mentions and reproduces the copy in the Ayuntamiento of Taxco. Copies: Copy by Spratling dated 1929 in Ayuntamiento, Taxco. A large colored tracing, also by Spratling, in TU/LAL. Publication: Barlow, 1948a, p. 186, 1 plate. Brief mention: Rubin de la Borbolla and Spratling, 1964, p. 35. 239 Nueve Señores de la Noche, Rueda de los. Lost. Published. Calendrical. Central Mexico. Date and physical description unknown. A copy on European paper of a calendar wheel said to depict the Nine Lords of the Night is listed in the 1746 catalog of the Boturini collection. A drawing by Boturini, made after he was separated from his collection and so presumably from memory, is in the AGI and is reproduced in his Historia general (Boturini, 1948). It is divided into nine numbered sections and has an owl in the center but lacks symbols for the Nine Lords. Publication: Boturini, 1948, p. 120, pl. 20. 240 Nuttall, Codex, Codex Zouche. British Published. Museum Add. MSS 39671. Historical. Western Oaxaca. Preconquest. Skin screenfold painted on both sides. 47 leaves. ca. 19 X 25.5 cm. The manuscript is believed to have been sent, together with Codex Vienna, to Charles V in 1519 by Cortés. It was in the Dominican monastery of San Marco, Florence, Italy, in 1859, when it was sold to John Temple Leader. It was subsequently owned 176

by Robert Curzon, 14th Baron Zouche, and was acquired by the British Museum in 1917. In the 1902 edition two pages are reproduced on the wrong side. The correct sequence is: cover + pp. 1-41 + 4 blank pages and (reverse) pp. 42-84 + 2 blank pages + cover. Page 42 is on the reverse of the first cover. The 1902 pagination, which is cited, assigned the numbers 19 and 76 to facing pairs of pages so that there are 42 painted pages on the obverse and 44 on the reverse. Neither cover has the decorative calendrical signs reproduced on one of them in the 1902 edition. The obverse (pp. 1-41) presents a genealogical and historical narrative divided into six or more sections. Pages 23-32 contain a genealogy of the first and second dynasties of Tilantongo through the marriage of 8 Deer and the genealogy of the rulers of Teozacoalco through the children of the third rulers of the third dynasty. The Cuilapan genealogy on pp. 33-35 shows two marriages with the Teozacoalco dynasty. These pages (pp. 23-35) cover the period from the 9th through the middle of the 14thC. Other pages of the obverse contain less well studied but related genealogies, some antedating the first Tilantongo dynasty or involved with the divine origin of the Mixtec lineages. The emphasis on Teozacoalco suggests that town as a probable provenience. The reverse of the manuscript (pp. 4284) presents an incomplete history of the life and exploits of 8 Deer from the marriage of his parents in 1009 and his birth in 1011 to the year 1050. The colored facsimile edition (Nuttall, 1902) is based on a copy. Some errors of this edition are treated by Burland (1957c) and by Caso (in Caso and Smith, 1966). The historical nature of the manuscript and its emphasis on the history of 8 Deer was recognized and discussed by Nuttall (1902). Long's (1926) study of the obverse treats the historical and genealogical content in a preliminary fashion through the analysis of

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

the dates. The artistic forms and style are studied by Robertson (1959), who also gives photographs of seven pages of the obverse. Robertson (1966) and Caso (1966b) each reproduce three pages photographically and give three details in color. Three pages are reproduced and briefly interpreted by Caso (1965c). An illustrated exposition of a passage on the reverse is given in Leonard (1967). Selected pages are reproduced in color in Flor y Canto (1964). The astronomical studies of Kreichgauer (1915-16) and Seler (1908c) may be outmoded by advances in the knowledge of the Mixtec histories. No modern commentary has been published. Further references to the manuscript will be found in the bibliographies of Codices Colombino, Becker 1, Bodley, and Vienna (reverse), whose content is frequently parallel. See also Nuttall Group. Publication: Librería Echániz, 1939a; Nuttall, 1902. Studies: Burland, 1957c, 1958a; Caso, 1955a, 1964c, 1966b; Kreichgauer, 1915-16; Long, 1926; Robertson, 1959, pp. 14-23, pls. 1-7; Seler, 1908c. Other: Caso, 1965c, pp. 959-61, figs. 10, 11; Caso and Smith, 1966, pp. 15, 115, Table 2; Chadwick, 1967; Flor y Canto, 1964, pp. 7, 186, 358-59, 362; Leonard, 1967, pp. 6977; Robertson, 1966, figs. 1-3, pls. 10-12; W i c k e , 1966,fig.ll. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 484-85; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 269-70; Nowotny, 1961b, pp. 51, 202, 271, pl. 59.

NUTTALL GROUP. See Codices Colombino, Becker no. 1, Bodley, Nuttall, Selden, and Vienna, entered separately in the census. All are skin screenfolds; their common content concerns the genealogies of the Mixtec dynasties of Teozacoalco and Tilantongo, Western Oaxaca. Five of the six (all but Codex Selden) are considered preconquest. The group relationship was first

noted in specific terms by Clark (1912). See also Códice Muro, Códice Sánchez Solís, and the relación geográfica Mapa de Teozacoalco (not in this census) for related manuscripts not usually considered part of the group. 241 Oaxaqueña, Genealogía. Unknown. ExPorfirio Díaz collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Eastern Oaxaca. 18thC. Oil on cloth. MNA copy is 54 X 64 cm. The painting shows roads, a building glossed "Se'de de Sn. Antonino," and numerous persons with Zapotec names. Two persons with the surname Toledo are painted near a coat of arms at the center. There are several Zapotec texts. The MNA copy has been published by Galindo y Villa (1905a), who reprints the Paso y Troncoso (1892-93) description, and by Glass (1964). Copy: 1892 copy, MNA 35-104. Publication: Galindo y Villa, 1905a, pp. 222-23, note 36, pl. 14; Glass, 1964, p. 159, pl. 111. Brief description: Paso y Troncoso, 189293, 2: 16. 242 Ocotepec, Santo Tomas, Lienzo de. Mapa de Santo Tomas Ocotepeque. Lienzo de Santa Maria Cuquila. Pueblo. Published. Cartographic-historical. Santo Tomas Ocotepec, ex-district of Tlaxiaco, Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 104 x 134 cm. Map with European and native elements showing rivers, roads, and mountains around Ocotepec. A large place glyph represents Cuquila; 24 place glyphs around the margin represent boundary locations. Numerous Mixtec glosses. Commentary by Caso (1966c) includes color, b/w, and ultraviolet photographic reproductions. Weitlaner de Johnson (1966) gives a technical analysis of the cloth. 177

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Publication: Caso, 1966c. Other: Weitlaner de Johnson, 1966. 243 Osuna, Códice. Pintura del Gobernador, Alcaldes y Regidores de Mexico. Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. Ex-Duque de Osuna collection. Published. Economic (tribute and miscellaneous) (Documents 15 and 7) and historical (Document 6). Mexico City, Tlatelolco, and Tacuba, D.F., and Tula, Hidalgo. 1565. European paper. 40 leaves. Dimensions not determined. The codex consists of seven discrete documents forming part of an inquiry into the conduct of the Indian and Spanish governments of Mexico City by the visitador Valderrama in 1565. Document 1 (ff. 1-13) concerns grievances over unpaid deliveries of lime used in construction by the colonial government, the services of Indian troops in the Florida expedition, and personal grievances against the Oider Puga. Documents 2-4 (ff. 14-19, 20-25, 26-29) concern unpaid accounts for services and fodder supplied to the viceroy and oidores. Document 5 (ff. 30-33) presents unpaid accounts for service and food incurred by the Oidor Puga. Document 6 (ff. 34-36) is a listing of place glyphs of towns formerly tributary to Tacuba. Document 7 (ff. 37-39) treats various matters, including labor in public constructions. Documents 1-4 and 7 are from Mexico City and Tlatelolco; Document 5 is from Tula, Hidalgo, and Document 6 is from Tacuba. The handcolored lithograph edition (Pintura del Gobernador . . . , 1878) is reprinted in b / w with added palaeography and translation of the Nahuatl texts in Chávez Orozco (1947). Individual pages are photographically reproduced in Robertson (1959) and in Pérez Bustamante (1928). Barlow (1948e) defines the seven component documents. Robertson (1959) analyzes aspects of pictorial style. Some ar178

chitectural details from the codex are given in Kubler (1948). The study by Gibson (1964b) of the Tepanec zone maps the places listed in Document 6. Publication: Chávez Orozco, 1947, pp. 171-342; Librería Echániz, n.d.c; Pintura del Gobernador, 1878. Studies: Barlow, 1948e; Gibson, 1964b; Robertson, 1959, pp. 115-22, pls. 30-36. Other: Kubler, 1948, figs. 41, 43, 53, 81, 106; Pérez Bustamente, 1928, 6 plates. Brief description: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 452. 244 Otumba, Mapa de. Mapa de Tlaquitenanco. MNA 35-75. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Cartographic. Otumba, Mexico. 17thC (?). Amatl paper. 106 Χ 61.5 cm. The map shows roads, watercourses, and numerous localities, the latter indicated by simple place glyphs, calli symbols, and circles. A church at the lower left is identified as Santa Maria Concepción de Otumba. Glosses include place and personal names. Glass (1964) gives brief description and photograph. Some of the glosses are transcribed in the brief description by Mena (1923). Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 128, pl. 80. Brief description: Mena, 1923, p. 55, note on p. 69, no. 10. 245 Oyamatepec y Huitzilatl, Lienzo de. Códice de las Romerías. Casa del Alfeñique, Puebla. Unpublished. Cartographichistorical. State of Puebla ( ? ) . 16thC ( ? ) . Cloth. 142 × 206 cm. Not examined. Glass (1964) refers to the existence of the lienzo and to a copy made in 1933 by Rodolfo Barthez, formerly in the Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico, but now unknown. Brief mention: Glass, 1964, p. 193.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

246 Oztoticpac Lands Map, Library of Congress, Washington. Published. Economic (property plans) and miscellaneous. Texcoco, M e x i c o .ca.1540. Native paper. 75 X 84 cm. Most of the drawings on the document are plans of fields with native measurements and place glyphs. Near the upper left is the plan of several houses within a precinct almost identical to that in Humboldt Fragment 6 (q.v.) and representing the same property. On the upper right is a map showing approximately 75 plots of land. Further fields are drawn at the lower right. Nahuatl and Spanish glosses as well as three long Nahuatl texts include mention of ToUancingo, Oztoticpac, Tezcuco, Don Carlos, and Don Hernando. At the lower left are unique depictions of fruit-tree grafts, showing branches grafted to tree trunks. Twenty trees, identified by glosses as pomegranates, quinces, apples, pears, etc., are shown. Four place glyphs (including Oztoticpac and Cuauhyacac) and various numerical symbols accompany these drawings. Cline (1966a) reproduces the entirety and details of the manuscript, with detailed commentary and comparison with other documents. An amplification of this commentary, with translation of the glosses, is given in Cline (1968). Publication: Cline, 1966a, 1968, 1972. 247 Paris, Codex. Codex Peresianus. Codex Pérez. BNP 386. Published. Ritualcalendrical. Lowland Maya region, Southeastern Mexico and Guatemala. Preconquest. Amatl paper screenfold painted on both sides. 11 leaves. Height reported as 20.2-25 cm.; width usually reported as 12.5 cm. (total length between 137.5 and 145 cm.). The date and source of the acquisition of

the manuscript by the BNP are unknown although J. F. Ramirez (1855) states that its acquisition was verified by purchase in 1832. Its discovery is widely credited to Léon de Rosny, who reported (1875, 1876a, 1876b, etc.) finding it in a basket in the BNP in 1859 together with other Mexican manuscripts. Attached to it was a slip of paper with the name Pérez, from which one of its synonyms derives. Perhaps the earliest reference to the manuscript is by Aubin (1849). His brief reference is mentioned by Brasseur de Bourbourg (1852) and quoted in Brasseur de Bourbourg (1857-59). One of two editions of a description written in 1858 by J. Pérez (1859a) reproduces a page of the manuscript. Pérez knew of the then unpublished description by J. F. Ramirez (1855) and refers to a complete edition as being in preparation for Léon de Rosny's Collection d'anciennes Peintures mexicaines. We have not seen this presumably ephemeral edition, cited herein as Léon de Rosny (1856). Its plates were perhaps the same as, or similar to, those in Léon de Rosny (1869). Also bearing on the history of the manuscript is the existence (in NLA) of a copy (or proofs?) attributed to Augustine Aglio from the Kingsborough (and Phillipps?) collections. Zimmermann (1954) discusses the history of the manuscript and prints the J. F. Ramirez description. The description by J. E. S. Thompson (1950) indicates that each page of the obverse depicts deities ruling over a katun, that little progress has been made in elucidating the hieroglyphic texts, and that "it is a fair assumption that ritual, prophecies, and perhaps historical events" are given. "The reverse is in poor condition. Remains of some divinatory almanacs, new year ceremonies . . . , what is probably a kind of Maya zodiac with divisions of the 364-day years associated with it . . . and miscellaneous scenes can be recognized" (Thompson, 1950, p. 25). The content of two pages has 179

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

been lost through deterioration of the original. Thompson (1950) thinks that the manuscript may be a copy, with alterations, of a Classic ("Initial Series") Period document. The pagination utilized by most authorities includes the lost hypothetical pages 13 and 14. A limited number of sets of photographs of the manuscript were distributed by the Commission Scientifique du Mexique (1864); these are usually recognized as the first edition. A reproduction of the 1864 photographs accompanies the editions by Gates (1909) and Anders (1968). An incomplete and inferior edition is given by Léon de Rosny (1869). Eleven editions, excluding the possible edition of 1856 mentioned above, have appeared and are cited below. An edition planned by Gates as Maya Society Pub. No. 20 was not published. See Maya Screenfolds in this census for data on the nature and scope of the selected bibliography given below. Commentaries on the Maya screenfolds are not cited in this census except for those by Förstemann (cited under "Maya Screenfolds"); that by Gates (1910), giving a detailed description of the physical state of Codex Paris, is cited as it complements his edition of the manuscript (Gates, 1909). Copy: Copy (or proofs?) attributed to Augustine Aglio, NLA. Editions: Anders, 1968; Azcué y Mancera, 1967; Commission Scientifique du Mexique, 1864; Gates, 1909; Knorozov, 1963, pp. 498519; Léon de Rosny, 1869, pls. 117-32; 1887; 1888; Villacorta and Villacorta, 1930, pp. 161-223; 1930-33, various paginations; Willard, 1933. Commentary (selected): Gates, 1910. Historical references: Aubin, 1849 (and other editions); Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1852; 1857-59, 1: Ixxi, Ixxiii; J. Pérez, 1859a, 1859b; J. F. Ramirez, 1855, no. 2; Léon de Rosny, 1856, 1875, 1876a, 1876b; Zimmermann, 1954. 180

Brief description: 1950, p. 25.

J. E. S. Thompson,

248 (fig. 49) Patzcuaro, Lienzo de. Unknown. ExOrozco y Jiménez collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Patzcuaro, Michoacan. 18thC(?). C l o t h . ca. 86 x 150 cm. Across the top of the lienzo are Indians, friars, and Spaniards on horseback. The latter appear to be receiving tribute. Further groups of Indians appear along the bottom, and a coat of arms surmounted by an eagle is drawn at the lower right. Glosses are illegible in the published photograph. The document is a late version of the subject matter of Codice de Carapau no. 1 (q.v.). Cuevas (1921-28) gives a photograph with little comment. Another photograph and a typed description of the original were sent from Chicago in 1936 to the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, where they are preserved. Publication: Cuevas, 1921-28, vol. 1, facing p. 176. 249 Pérez, Codex. MNA/AH. Ex-Carlos Peón Carrillo y Ancona (temporarily), Nicolasa Peón, Eusebio Escalante y Bates, and Josefa Escalante (all of Merida) collections. Published. Ritual-calendrical, historical, and miscellaneous. Mani and other localities, Yucatan. 1837 and later. European p a p e r .ca.100 leaves. Dimensions not determined. Drawings copied in Codex Pérez include the 13 Lords of the Katuns, Ahau glyphs, day glyphs, a katun calender wheel with Ahau glyphs, and a copy of two of the calendar wheels in the Book of Chilam Balam of Ixil (no. 168). Line drawings of them are reproduced in Soils Alcalá (1949). See Article 27B for general comment on the Books of Chilam Balam and for further data on this manuscript (no. 1152).

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

250 Petapa, Lienzo de. Unknown. Unpublished. Unavailable. Santa Maria Petapa (?), ex-district of Juchitan, Eastern Oaxaca. Further data unavailable. Sometime before 1905 Martinez Gracida sold the MNA a collection of watercolor drawings, including one showing the hieroglyph of Zaachila taken from the "Lienzo de Petapa" (Galindo y Villa, 1905a). The lienzo is otherwise unknown. The drawings were in the MNA library at one time but we have made no attempt to locate them. An MNA exhibit label of about 1939 for the Lienzo de Cuevea (in which the Zaachila hieroglyph appears) lists it as a synonym for that manuscript. Since Galindo y Villa also refers to the Lienzo de Guevea, the two are presumed to be distinct documents. Lehmann (1905a) lists the lienzo as a Zapotec manuscript on the strength of the Galindo y Villa reference. Bibliography: Galindo y Villa, 1905a, p. 200; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 276. 251 Philadelphia, Lienzo of. Lienzo de Filadelfia. Lienzo de Coatepec. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. E x William Randolph Hearst collection. Cartographic-historical. Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 108 X 118 cm. One part of the lienzo contains a traditional-style genealogy or dynastic succession list of 24 couples with calendrical name glyphs. The locale of this dynasty is unidentified but may be in the CoixtlahuacaTlaxiaco-Texupan region. Other drawings represent the origin of the dynasty as well as of others, for which only the founding couples are drawn. Some of the place glyphs and persons occur in other Mixtec manuscripts. Caso (1964b) provides summary interpretation, description, and photoreproduction. A photograph has also been published by

Mason (1943) and by Dockstader (1964) without comment. Publication: Caso, 1964b; Dockstader, 1964, pl. 30; Mason, 1943, fig. 15; Parmenter, 1966. 252 Piramides, San Martin de las, Mapa de. Pueblo. Published. Economic (property plans). San Martin de las Piramides, Mexico. 17thC. European paper. 43 X 60 cm. The map depicts the church and atrium of San Martin (on the site of Teotihuacan), roads, houses, and other detail. Prominent is a well-drawn Chichimec warrior in traditional style. Arreola (1922) gives description, color reproduction, and identifies its cartographic content. Publication: Arreola, 1922, pp. 558-59, pl. 149. 253 Pitzahua, Genealogía de. Códice de la Descendencia de Pitzahua. Fragmento de dos Guerreros. Dos Fragmentos (part). MNA 35-80. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Genealogical. Central Mexico. 16th or 17thC. Amatl and European paper. 1 sheet. 77 X 31 cm. approximately. Incomplete and fragmentary genealogy of approximately 13 Indians, whose names are given in the gloss and, in several instances, by rudimentary personal name glyphs. Several of the Indians hold bows and arrows. A brief description and a photographic reproduction are given in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). It has also been described by Mateos Higuera (1949b) and, very briefly, by Mena (1923). Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 134, pl. 85. Brief descriptions: Mateos Higuera, 1949b; Mena, 1923, pp. 63-64, nos. 22 and 28(a). 181

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

254 (fig. 50) Popotla, Mapa de. Unknown. Published. Cartographic-historical. San Estevan Popotlan, D.F. 16thC ( ? ) . Physical data unknown. The document is known through several copies, listed below. It is a town plan showing roads, canals, bridges, and native houses. A Christian church next to a tzompantli or skull rack is at the center. Historical details include 18 Indians in warriors' costumes, some with name glyphs, and 22 Indians seated on thrones. One of the two copies in Vienna (CVM 2) has glosses and a Spanish text identifying it as a copy of 1720. These glosses are also on the tracing owned by Gómez de Orozco. The MNA copy has been reproduced photographically by Caso (1947) and by Glass (1964). The study by the former includes the glosses from the Gómez de Orozco collection tracing. Copies: CVM 2, ex-Bilimek collection, parchment, 70 X 85.5 cm., has glosses and may be the original copy of 1720. CVM 6 (also ex-Bilimek) and MNA 35-88, both also on parchment, lack the glosses and are more deteriorated than CVM 2. A tracing, with the glosses, was in the Gómez de Orozco collection. Publication: Caso, 1947; Glass, 1964, p. 142, pl. 94. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 463; Mateos Higuera, 1944a. 255 Porfirio Díaz, Códice. MNA 35-50. Published. Ritual-calendrical and historical. Cuicatlan, ex-district of Cuicatlan, Northern Oaxaca. 16th-17thC. Skin screenfold painted on both sides. 21 leaves. 15.5 X 421 cm. (total length). Pages 1-29 are historical in content and treat conquests and warfare with place glyphs, drawings of Indians with personal and calendrical name glyphs, roads, historical scenes, etc. Calendrical year dates have 182

a variant set of year-bearer days. Pages 625 are parallel to most of Códice Fernández Leal. Short glosses are in an unidentified language. Written texts in a different style on pp. 30-32 are also unidentified but possibly Cuicatec. The final 10 pages are calendrical and ritual in content with drawings of gods and calendrical signs and have frequently been compared with the Borgia Group manuscripts. The colored lithographs by Genaro López (in Chavero, 1892) are accompanied by a short unacceptable and undocumented commentary. There is no modern commentary on the historical section. Nowotny (1961b) provides a brief study of the calendrical section. Seler (1904-09; Spanish translation, 1963) and Beyer (1912a) analyze specific sections of the calendrical section. Photographs of two pages are in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). Copy: MNA 35-50A. Publication: Chavero, 1892, 1: xi-xix, 21 plates in the atlas. Studies: Beyer, 1912a; Nowotny, 1961b, passim and pl. 50B; Seler, 1904-09, 3: 1-4, figs. 1-5; 1963, 2: 146-48, figs. 152-56; Villacorta, 1934b. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 499-500; Glass, 1964, pp. 96-97, pls. 5 1 52; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 50-52. 256 Porrúa Turanzas, Códice. MNA 35-119. Partially published. Economic (miscellaneous). Central Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 9 fragments of varying dimensions. The fragments, which were found in the binding of a 16thC book, are in a poor state of preservation. Drawings are of Indians, streams of water, and various objects. A Spanish gloss refers to measurements of land. The fragments have been very briefly described and two of them published by Glass (1964).

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Partial publication: Glass, 1964, p. 177, pl. 130.

Publication: Boban, 1891, 2: 151-55, pl. 72; Caso, 1958c.

257

259

Posesiones de Don Andrés, Códice de las. Repartición de Tierras Testamentarias (Fragment 2 ) . Codex Book of Tribute (Fragment 3). Three fragments: (1) MNA 35-87A, (2) MNA 35-87B, (3) UTX, CDG 559. Ex-Boturini (Fragments 1-3), BNMex (Fragments 1-2), and Genaro García (Fragment 3) collections. Partially published. Economic (property plans). Tlaxcala (?). 16thC. European paper. (1) 42 X 22 cm., (2) 15.7 x 86.6 cm., (3) 42 X 22 cm. Drawings of rectangular plots of land with place glyphs and glosses giving dimensions. A seated Indian is glossed "Don Andrés"; on the basis of his headdress type the document is tentatively classified as Tlaxcalan. Fragments 1 and 2 are published and briefly described by Glass (1964). Mena (1923) describes Fragment 2 and illustrates details from both fragments. Fragment 3, which adjoins the left side of Fragment 1, is unpublished. Partial publication: Glass, 1964, p. 141, pls. 92-93. Brief description: Mena, 1923, p. 65, pl. 1, no. 31.

Procès, Fragment dun. BNP 86. ExBoturini and Aubin collections. Unpublished. Economic (tribute). Central Mexico. 1567. European paper. 6 leaves. 31 X 21 cm. Not examined. The brief description by Boban (1891) indicates that most of the document depicts the tribute, in money, for numerous Indians, who are drawn at the left of each of the horizontal rows into which the pages are divided. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 222-23.

258 Principes Mexicanos, Genealogía de los, BNP 72. Ex-Aubin collection. Published. Genealogical. San Cristobal Ecatepec, Mexico, or Mexico City, D.F. After 1554. European paper. 30 X 20 cm. Genealogy, with Nahuatl and later Spanish glosses, of 13 persons from Itzcoatl and Moctezuma Ilhuicamina through a son of Don Diego Tehuetzquititzin, a colonial governor of Mexico City. The drawing has been reproduced and described by Boban (1891). A color reproduction accompanies the commentary by Caso (1958c).

260 (fig. 51) Procès, Pièce dun. BNP 392. Ex-Boturini collection. Unpublished. Economic (miscellaneous). Valley of Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 48 X 81 cm. On the left side of the document are drawings of items of tribute. Near the center are various groups of Indians, a friar, a Spaniard, place glyphs, short Nahuatl texts, and other detail. On the right is what appears to be the representation of an island. Persons identified by personal name glyphs or glosses include the "Marqués," Doña Isabel Ixtlilxochitzin ( ? ) , Itzcoatl, Nezahualcoyotl, and Nezahualpilli. Brief description: J. F. Ramirez, 1855, no. 9. 261 Puacuaro, Lienzo de. Lienzo de Patzcuaro. Museo Michoacano, Morelia. ExNicolás León collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Puacuaro, Michoacan. 16thC. Cloth. ca. 84.5 Χ 75.5 cm. Shows Indians, Spaniards, churches, pyramids, trees, and other detail, including four vertical rows of skulls. Short Tarascan texts have not been published. The MNA copy has been published and very briefly described by Glass (1964). 183

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Mateos Higuera (1948b) gives a somewhat longer description. Copy: 1892 copy, MNA 35-33. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 78, pl. 35. Brief descriptions: Mateos Higuera, 1948b, pp. 163-65; Paso y Troncoso, 189293, 1: 244. 262 Quauhtliztactzin, Properties of the Descendants of. UTX. Ex-Stendahl collection. Unpublished. Economic (property plans) and genealogical. Tlaxcala. 16thC. Native paper. 72 X 67.5 cm. In the upper right comer are elegant drawings of two native houses and six seated Indians, whose names are given both by personal name glyphs and Nahuatl glosses. The latter includes Don Pedro Chichimecatecuhtli, shown as the son of Quauhtliztactzin. The lower half is occupied by drawings of plots of land, houses, and place glyphs. Place names such as Altzayancan, Xalaxco, and Tecopilco indicate a provenience in the ex-district of Juarez, Tlaxcala. On the reverse there are a single house and human figure, without gloss or glyphs. Brief description: Prakolumbische Kunst, 1958, p. 93, no. 746.

bin, n.d.d) was apparently printed to illustrate the commentary by Aubin (1849). The Aubin commentary is illustrated by color lithographs in its reprint of 1885 (Aubin, 1885) and by photoreproductions in its reprinting in Boban (1891). The Spanish translation of the commentary (Aubin, 1886a) is illustrated by the Desportes lithograph. Radin (1920) digests the Aubin commentary and reproduces the 1885 lithographs in b/w. Robertson (1959) reproduces both leaves and discusses their style and date. Ixtlilxochitl (1891-92) describes a source very similar to leaf 2, and Gibson (1956) analyzes the town list of leaf 2. Copies: Pichardo copy, BNP 89-8. Publication: Aubin, n.d.d; 1885, pp. 74106, pls. 4-5; 1886a; Boban, 1891, 1: 219-42, pls. 11-12; Radin, 1920, pp. 19, 38-41, pls. 16-17; Robertson, 1959, pp. 135-40, pls. 13, 46-47. Commentary: Aubin, 1849 (and other editions). Other: Chavero, n.d., pp. xiii-xiv, 509-36, 565-75; Gibson, 1956, pp. 3-5; Ixtlilxochitl, 1891-92, 2:173-81; Léon de Rosny, 1863. Brief description: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 457-58.

263

264

Quinatzin, Mapa, leaves 1 and 2. Cour Chichimeque et Histoire de Tezcuco. BNP 11-12. Ex-Ixtlilxochitl, Boturini, and Aubin collections. Published. Historical. Texcoco, M e x i c o .ca.1542-48. Native paper tira folded to form two leaves. 77 X 44 cm. (each leaf ca. 38 X 44 cm.). Leaf 1 of the manuscript depicts historical events in the time of Quinatzin and Techotlalatzin. Leaf 2 depicts the palace of Nezahualcoyotl with various details, including a partially effaced series of place glyphs of towns subject to Texcoco and their rulers as of some date in the latter half of the 15thC. A third leaf attributed to the manuscript is described in the next entry. The early lithograph by Desportes (Au-

Quinatzin, Mapa, leaf 3. Códice de Delitos y Castigos. BNP 396. Ex-Marqués de Moncada and Cabinet des Medailles collections. Published. Historical and ethnographic. Texcoco, M e x i c o .ca.1542-48. Native paper. 34.5 X 43.5 cm. The drawing is a fragment believed to have formed part of the Mapa Quinatzin. Across the top are seven place glyphs representing towns conquered by Nezahualcoyotl and his allies during the Tepanec War, 1428-33. Most of the other drawings are of crimes and their punishments and presumably illustrate the laws of Nezahualcoyotl and their enforcement by his son Nezahualpilli. Barlow (1950b) reproduces the manu-

184

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

script and provides an adequate commentary. Núñez y Domínguez (1947a) publishes a letter of 1770 describing the manuscript. Publication: Barlow, 1950b. Other: Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a, pp. 361-63. 265 (fig. 52) Quiotepec y Ayauhtla, Lienzo de. Private collection in 1936. Unpublished. Cartographic-historical. San Bartolome Ayautla, ex-district of Teotitlan (or Santiago Quiotepec, ex-district of Cuicatlan, or San Juan Quiotepec, ex-district of Ixtlan), Northern Oaxaca. 1677. Cloth. Dimensions unknown . Around most of the periphery of the lienzo are drawings of Indian men and women, many of whose names are given by calendrical or personal name glyphs. Also shown are trees and roads; a church on the right appears to represent San Bartolome Ayautla. Near the center is a long list of personal names in Nahuatl, Spanish, and possibly Cuicatec or Mazatec. Glosses also mention Fray Alo. Valeojo (a Fray Luis de Valeojo or Vallejo is mentioned on the Lienzo de San Pedro Ixcatlan), Fernando Cortés, the baptism of a Miguel de Mendoza, the election of alcaldes, various place names, and the date 1677. Jiménez Moreno (MS) gives description, incomplete palaeography, and translation of the Nahuatl glosses. Cline (personal communication ) believes that the area and some of the cartographic details of the lienzo overlap with the Mazatec Mapa de Huautla. In 1937 the municipal authorities of Ayautla inquired of the MNA as to the whereabouts of their "códice" (administrative archive, MNA); whether this relates to this lienzo is unknown. Copy: A photograph accompanies the Jiménez Moreno (MS) description in the MNA codex collection files; copies of both are in L C / H F . Description: Jiménez Moreno, MS.

266 Quiotepec y Cuicatlan, Códice de. Códice Martínez Gracida. MNA 35-29. ExMartínez Gracida collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Santiago Quiotepec, ex-distríct of Cuicatlan, Northern Oaxaca. 16thC ( ? ) . European paper. 61 Χ 102 cm. Map in late, acculturated, or merely crude style showing Quiotepec, roads to Cuicatlan and Ixcatlan, as well as Heman Cortés and other persons. Glosses appear to be in several languages. Unpublished descriptions in MNA inventories interpret the document as representing the arrival of Cortés in Quiotepec in 1527. Glass (1964) provides brief description and photograph. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 72, pl. 30. 267 Ramirez Collection, Cadastral Fragment of the, MNA/AH Col. Antig. 213 (José Fernando Ramirez, Opusculos históricos, MS, vol. 25), pp. 499-500. Ex-José Fernando Ramirez collection. Unpublished. Economic (cadastral). Central Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. Fragment. 11 X 21 cm. The fragment exhibits drawings of small plots of land with measurements and place glyphs opposite the heads of Indians with personal name glyphs and Nahuatl glosses. Its style and composition are comparable to Humboldt Fragment 8 and, to a lesser degree, to other manuscripts of the Vergara Group. Bibliography: None. 268 Región Boscosa, Mapa de una, "Copia de Boturini?" MNA 35-74. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Cartographic. Central Mexico. 16thC. European paper pasted on amatl paper. 35.7 X 28.6 cm. and a small fragment 7.5 X 4.5 cm. The manuscript is a fragment of a larger document. It shows trees, a road with nu185

ETHNOHISTORlCAL SOURCES

merical symbols, place glyphs, and other detail. What region is represented by this map is unknown. Glass (1964) gives photoreproduction and brief description. Mena (1923) attempts to identify the place glyphs. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 127, pl, 79. Brief description: Mena, 1923, pp. 54-55, 58, figs. 1-8, no. 9.

269 Reinisch, Mappe. BNP 400. Ex-Charency collection. Published. Genealogical. Oxtoticpac-Texcoco region, Mexico. 1586. Native paper. 83.5 X 39.5 cm. The document presents two separate sets of genealogies on the obverse, both glossed in Nahuatl. Each partially duplicates the content of the other. The upper represents persons by the drawings of human heads, the lower by small circles. Place glyphs include Tenochtitlan, Oxtoticpac, and possibly Huexotla (but glossed Tezcapoctli). The numerous persons have names at least homonymous with Indians of the royal families of Texcoco, of its subsidiaries, and their Tenochca relatives (Nezahualcoyotl, Techotlalatzin, Cuauhtlecohuatzin, Huitzilihuitl, Matlacihuatzin, etc.). On the reverse are several Nahuatl glosses giving personal names, the dates 1545 and 1586, and two sets of native numerals. The only published reproduction consists of two heliogravure sheets issued about 1886 (Mappa Reinisch, n.d.). Boban (1891) comments briefly on this reproduction. Copy: Small modern copy, BNP 419-9. BNP 99 is a set of the heliogravure sheets. Publication: Mappa Reinisch, n.d. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 17-18, 273. 270 Ríos, Codex, Codex Vaticanus A. Codex Vaticanus 3738. Copia Vaticana. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome. Codex Vat. Lat. 3738. Published. Ritual-calen186

drical, historical, and ethnographic. Valley of M e x i c o .ca.1566-89. European paper. 101 leaves. 46 X 29 cm. Codex Ríos and Codex Telleriano-Remensis (q.v.) are currently believed to be copies of a common original, the lost Codex Huitzilopochtli (see Huitzilopochtli Group, where the relationship is discussed). Codex Ríos is believed to have been copied by a non-Indian (?) artist in Italy and its long Italian texts to be based on a commentary by Fr, Pedro de los Ríos. The date 1566 occurs in the text as a reference to a past event; the paper appears not to have been made until 1569-70. The terminus ante quem—1570 or 1589—is discussed herein under the Huitzilopochtli Group (q.v.). The manuscript has seven major sections: (1) cosmogenic and mythological traditions with some emphasis on the four epochs and including notices about Quetzalcoatl and the Toltecs, (2) a 260-day divinatory almanac, (3) calendrical tables without drawings for the years 1558-1619, (4) an 18month festival calendar with drawings of the gods of each period, (5) sacrificial and other customs including portraits of Indian types, (6) pictorial annals for the years 1195-1549 beginning with the migration from Chicomoztoc and covering later events in the Valley of Mexico, and (7) year glyphs for the years 1556-62 without written or pictorial entries. Most of the codex has a long written commentary in Italian, but only three pages of the historical section are annotated. For a concordance of these sections with Codex Telleriano-Remensis see Table 2 of this census. Details from four pages were published in Cartari (1615). These were obtained by the editor, Pignoria, from Octavio Malipiero and had formerly been owned by Cardinal Amulio (died 1570), the Vatican librarian. A detail from a fifth page which appears in a later edition (Cartari, 1626) was obtained from Filippo Winghemio (Filippo de Winghe, died 1592). Paso y Troncoso (1898b,

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

p. 354) identifies these details as copied from Codex Ríos and not from Codex Telleriano-Remensis or, presumably, from Codex Huitzilopochtli. Twelve pages were reproduced by Humboldt (1810). The first edition was by Kingsborough (1831-48) with palaeography and English translation of the Italian text. The color facsimile by Ehrle (1900) has a palaeography of the text and a detailed bibliographic introduction. Another detailed description is by Paso y Troncoso (1898b). The first edition by color photography, with blank pages omitted, is given by Corona Núñez (1964-67) together with a Spanish translation of the text and a page-by-page commentary. Innumerable studies of Mexican Indian religion have commented on the cosmological section of the manuscript, particularly its drawings of the four world eras. Among these studies are Chavero (1877a; 18821903; n.d., pp. 77-90), Paso y Troncoso (1882), and Imbelloni (1943), which are perhaps no more distinguished than many not cited here. The month glyphs on ff. 89r and 89v have been reproduced and identified by Seler (1899a) and by Kubler and Gibson (1951). Two scenes from the historical section have been discussed by J. F. Ramirez (1847) and Madier de Montjau (1875). One scene, the death of Alvarado, is also treated by Riva Palacio (n.d.) and by Mendoza (1869). For further bibliography common to both Codex Ríos and Codex Telleriano-Remensis, for studies of their calendrical sections, and further comment see Huitzilopochtli Group. Copy: A copy (ca. 1592) of a drawing of a god from the codex is in the Biblioteca Angelica, Rome, MS 1564, f. 58/57r. Whether this is the copy by Filippo de Winghe published in 1626 (see above) has not been determined. Editions: Corona Núñez, 1964-67, 3: 7 313, 411-49; Ehrle, 1900; Kingsborough, 1831-48, reproduction in vol. 2, text in vol.

5, pp. 159-206, translation in vol. 6, pp. 155232. Early partial publications: Cartari, 1615, pp. iv-xxiii: 1626, pp. 548-61: Humboldt, 1810, pp. 56-89, 202-11, pls. 14, 26. Description: Paso y Troncoso, 1898b, pp. 60-61,340-59. Miscellaneous studies: Chavero, 1877a; 1882-1903; 1903a, pp. 5-14; n.d., pp. x-xi, xxii, 77-104, and passim; Imbelloni, 1943; Madier de Montjau, 1875, pp. 241-56, pls. 2, 3; Mendoza, 1869, pp. 901-04; Paso y Troncoso, 1882; J. F. Ramirez, 1847, pp. 278-87, pls. 3, 4; Riva Palacio, n.d., p. 269; Seler, 1899a, figs. 20, 21. Historical references: Barthelemy, 1798, p. 199; Fábrega, 1899, pp. 13-14; Homius, 1652, pp. 267-76; Mercati, 1589, p. 96; Warburton, 1744, 1: 16; Zoega, 1797, pp. 530-31. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 437-39; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 71-72. 271-274 SAHAGUN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE, DRAWINGS BY THE INFORMANTS OF. The Franciscan friar, Bernardino de Sahagún, 1499-1590, ranks as the foremost ethnographer of the 16thC in Mexico. The work for which he is best known is the Historia general [universal] de las cosas de [la] Nueva España, an encyclopedic compendium of the rehgion, customs, and natural history of the Aztecs. A number of different manuscripts, representing successive stages in the writing of the Historia, survive. They are in Nahuatl, Spanish, or both, and some are illustrated. The Nahuatl texts and the drawings are considered to be the work of Sahagún's native informants. Only the manuscripts having drawings are treated in the census entries below. See Article 27B, nos. 1097-1108, for a survey of all extant manuscripts related to the Historia. The main manuscripts of the Historia are the two Códices Matritenses, one in BPN and the other in RAH, and the Florentine Codex (no. 274). The former contain vari187

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

ous early manuscripts of the Historia, Only two are illustrated: the Primeros memoriales of 1559-61 (no. 271, below) and the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco of 1561-65, which contains two drawings (nos. 272-73). For a pictorial calendar bound with a Sahaguntine text, see the Kalendario Mexicano, Latino y Castellano (no. 205). For the early bibliography it should be borne in mind that the two Códices Matritenses and the Florentine Codex were almost wholly unknown until after 1881 and that no significant part of these manuscripts was published until about 1889. The Spanish text of the Historia, however, was published from the Tolosa copy in 1829-30 by Bustamante and in 1830 by Kingsborough (1831-48). A full bibliography of the Historia that would include the numerous partial publications, translations, extracts, and commentaries has yet to be published. The citations given in the following census entries are selected; generally they exclude works primarily related to the partial publication or translation of the texts and not the drawings. The excellent bibliography given by Nicolau d'Olwer (1952) is not complete. Cline (Article 14A) provides a review of the bibliography surrounding the publication of the Historia. A summary history of the Sahagún manuscripts with a study of the nature and significance of the drawings is given by Robertson (1959, pp. 167-78, pls. 11, 60-77). [271] Primeros memoriales. Manuscrito de Tepepulco. BPN in Códice Matritense del Real Palacio, ff. 250-303, and RAH in Códice Matritense de la Academia de la Historia, ff. 51-85. Published. Ritual-calendrical, historical, ethnographic, and miscellaneous. Tepepulco, H i d a l g o .ca.155961. European paper. Folio. The Primeros memoriales, an illustrated Nahuatl text divided into four capítulos, is 188

the oldest of the surviving preliminary manuscripts for the Historia general. It is now bound with the Códices Matritenses (see preceding entry). Part of its text and some of its drawings were later copied into the Florentine Codex (no. 274). The major sections of the manuscript having illustrations are a calendar of the 18 monthly ceremonies, a section devoted to the services and offerings to the gods, the costumes and adornments of the gods, as well as one on constellations and other celestial phenomena. Another calendrical section has drawings of day signs; an historical section has drawings of the rulers of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Huexotla. The final pictorial section is devoted to the insignia and accoutrements of the nobility. Among the miscellaneous drawings is the plan of a sacred precinct showing a double temple, a ball court, and other buildings. This drawing has been reproduced innumerable times, usually identified as representing the main center and temple of Tenochtitlan despite the Tepepulco origin of the manuscript. The entirety of the Primeros memoriales was reproduced in photographic facsimile with the drawings also reproduced in color lithographs by Paso y Troncoso (1905-07). Poor color photographs of all the drawings are given in Ballesteros Gaibrois (1964). There are numerous partial translations but not all the illustrated sections have been translated. A selected list of those that are of illustrated passages is given below. Each of them gives copies of most or all of the corresponding drawings. Those by Seler include commentaries and iconographic studies of the drawings. A detailed outline, concordance with the Historia, and bibliography are given by Nicholson in Article 14B. See also Article 27B, no. 1098. Copies: A privately owned copy or falsification of the first 18 drawings and accompanying texts of the Pnmeros memoriales (the festival calendar) on a 10-leaf amatl paper screenfold is described in Article 26 (no. 939). It is not the same copy

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

from which two details are reproduced by Gómez de Orozco (1939a). Publication: Paso y Troncoso, 1905-07, vol. 6. Publication of the drawings: Ballesteros Gaibrois, 1964. Partial translations (selected, illustrated): Aguirre, 1950-51; Fewkes, 1893; Garibay, 1948; León-Portilla, 1958; Seler, 1899b; 1904b; 1904c; 1904d; 1927, pp. 33-53, 54 ff. Other: Gómez de Orozco, 1939a, pls. 2-3. Partial brief description: Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 72. [272] Sahagún Calendar Wheel Calendar Wheel in the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco. BPN, Códice Matritense del Real Palacio, f. 189r. Published. Calendrical. Tlatelolco, D.F. ca. 1563-65. European paper. Folio. The Manuscrito de Tlatelolco (see Article 27B, no. 1099) is primarily a Nahuatl text compiled in Tlateloco, ca. 1561-65. It forms the bulk of the Códices Matritenses (see above). Much of its text was later copied into the Florentine Codex (no. 274) as were its only two drawings, the Sahagún Calendar Wheel, and the table of day signs (treated in the next entry). Both drawings fall in the section of the manuscript known as the Memoriales en tres columnas; in the Florentine Codex both illustrate the Spanish rather than the Nahuatl text. The calendar wheel depicts the 52-year cycle with glyphs for the four year-bearer days, 13 concentric circles with the numbers 1-13 repeated four times, and several Nahuatl glosses. It appears to be an addition to the manuscript page on which it is drawn; it is not mentioned in the Nahuatl text. In the tradition of the spiral calendar wheel, it may be related historiographically to the wheel associated with Motolinía or Francisco de las Navas (see Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2, no. 388). A b / w photograph and a color lithograph

are given by Paso y Troncoso (1905-07, vol. 7). The lithograph is reproduced in color in Clark (1938). A poor color photograph is given by Ballesteros Gaibrois (1964). Copies: A copy appears in the Florentine Codex (bk. 7, fig. 20) together with a description in Spanish at the end of book 7, a description that does not appear in the Nahuatl text. See the Spanish and Nahuatl texts of book 7, chapter 7 (mistakenly numbered 8 in some editions). A color lithograph of this version is given by Paso y Troncoso (1905-07, vol. 5); a b / w reproduction of the lithograph is given in Dibble and Anderson (1950-69) with the Spanish description and an English translation. Another 16thC copy is in the Manuscrito de Tolosa (Article 27B, no. 1105). This copy is reproduced in the Bustamante (1829-30) edition of this manuscript of the Historia from a copy; further reproductions, all from copies, appear in most other editions of Sahagún's Historia general (see Florentine Codex, no. 274, below). A copy of ca. 1571-77 is in Francisco Hernández, De Antiquitatibus Novae Hispaniae (MS in RAH), of which there is a photofacsimile edition (Hernández, 1926) and a Spanish translation (Hernández, 1945). J. F. Ramirez (1898) reproduces and comments on this version of the calendar wheel. Bibliography (selected): Ballesteros Gaibrois, 1964, pl. 1, fig. 1; Bustamante, 182930, 1: p. 345; Clark, 1938, 1: pl. 5; Dibble and Anderson, 1950-69, part 8, fig. 20 and facing text on unnumbered page; Hernández, 1926, f. 118v; 1945, pl. 1; Paso y Troncoso, 1905-07, vol. 5, pl. 45; vol. 7, p. 279 and unnumbered color plate; J. F. Ramirez, 1898, pp. 362-80, fig. on p. 372. [273] Table of Day Signs in the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco, Biblioteca del Palacio Nacional, Madrid, in Códice Matritense del Real Palacio, f. 242v. Published. Calen189

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

drical. Tlatelolco, D.F. 1564. European paper. Folio. The second of the two illustrations in the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco (see previous entry for comment) is a table of day signs, organized to present the structure of the 260-day cycle of the divinatory almanac. In the left margin are the names of the years in a cycle of 52 years. A Nahuatl text above the table (partially translated by Jiménez Moreno, 1938a, p. 48, note 14) mentions the Colegio de Santa Cruz and the date 1564. This text appears not to have been copied or translated into the Florentine Codex. A b / w photograph and a color lithograph are given by Paso y Troncoso (1905-07, vol. 7). A color photograph is given by Ballesteros Gaibrois (1964). Copies: A description and a copy of the table appear in the Florentine Codex in the appendix to book 4, a section that has no equivalent in the Nahuatl text. Reproductions of this copy appear in all editions of the Historia general based on the Florentine Codex (see next entry) but not in those editions based on the Manuscrito de Tolosa, which lacks the table although it contains the description. Dibble and Anderson (195069) give an English translation of the appendix to book 4. A copy of ca. 1571-77 is in Francisco Hernández, De Antiquitatibus Novae Hispaniae, of which there is a photofacsimile edition (Hernández, 1926) and a Spanish translation (Hernández, 1945). J. F. Ramirez (1898) comments on this version of the table. Bibliography (selected): Ballesteros Gaibrois, 1964, pl. 1, fig. 2; Dibble and Anderson, 1950-69, parts 4 and 5, pp. 135-46, fig. 102; Hernández, 1926, ff. 119v-120r; 1945, pl. 2; Paso y Troncoso, 1905-07, 7: 386; J. F. Ramirez, 1898, pp. 372-75. [274] Florentine Codex. Códice Florentino. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva 190

España. Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence. Partially published. Ritual-calendrical, historical, ethnographic, and miscellaneous. Tlatelolco, D. F. About 157577 or 1578-80. European paper. 3 vols. (345,372, and 493 leaves). Folio. The Florentine Codex is a final and complete manuscript of the 12 books of the Historia general It contains the Nahuatl text (derived largely from the earlier Códices Matritenses) and a parallel Spanish text (part translation, part paraphrase). Each text contains material not in the other. It is illustrated by 1,846 drawings, not counting decorative tailpieces and ornamental designs. The codex was generally unknown until about 1883 (see Nicolau d'Olwer, 1952, p. 194), although a good catalog description was published by Bandini (1791-93), and Civezza (1879) had confirmed its existence in Florence. A reprint of the description by Bandini in Garcia Icazbalceta (1886), the reproduction of some of its drawings by Brinton (1890b) and Peñafiel (1890) after copies obtained from Eduard Seler, and a description of the manuscript by Paso y Troncoso (1896) are among the first modern publications on the codex. See also Article 27B,no.ll04. The content of the 12 books of the codex and the distribution of its drawings are as follows: 1. Gods (33 illus.). The first 26 drawings (illustrating the entirety of the book) occupy three leaves preceding the text of this book; all but two derive from the Primeros memoriales. Appendix: refutation of idolatry by Sahagún (10 illus.). In general, most of the drawings in the codex occupy the Spanish or translation column (the decorative drawings are found in either column), but in this appendix they are in the Nahuatl column, which in this instance may be a version of the Spanish text. 2. Ceremonies of the 18 months (49 illus.). Appendix: religious customs, temples, songs

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

(17 illus.). The dominical letter and numerical calendar which frame chapters 1-18 and part of chapter 19 of this book are referred to as "pintado" in the appendix to book 4 but can hardly be considered drawings. 3. Origins of the gods and mythology (14 illus.). Appendix: afterworld and education (5 illus.). 4. The divinatory almanac and various customs (101 illus.). Appendix: treatise on the calendar in Spanish only by Sahagún (3 calendrical tables). The first table derives from the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco (no. 273, above). 5. Omens (7 illus.). Appendix: superstitions (2 illus.). 6. Moral philosophy: prayers to the gods, lords' discourses, moral exhortations, marriage and childbirth, adages, riddles, and metaphors (52 illus.). 7. Natural philosophy: celestial phenomena (the sun, the moon, the stars, etc.) and the count and binding of the years (20 illus.). The final illustration is a calendar wheel, derived from the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco (no. 272, above), described in a Spanish addition to this book. 8. The lords of Mexico, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, and Huexotla; customs (adornments, costumes, foods, government, etc.) of the lords; education (100 illus.). The drawings of the lords of Mexico, Texcoco, and Huexotla derive from the Primeros memoriales, 9. Merchants (39 illus.) and craftsmen (fine arts; 71 illus.). 10. People: vices, virtues, occupations; sicknesses of the body; the nations of Mexico (197 illus.). 11. Natural history (with over half of all the drawings): animals, birds, trees, herbs, etc. (965 illus.). 12. The conquest of Mexico City and Tlatelolco by the Spaniards (161 illus.). Some of the drawings in books 11 and 12 have not been completed or colored. There have been six editions of the Spanish text of the Historia, one French transla-

tion, and one incomplete English translation. They are cited under the names of their editors below. The 19thC editions derive from the Tolosa text; the 20thC editions bear a complex relationship to previous editions, copies of the Tolosa manuscript, partial copies of the Florentine Codex, and, in the case of the edition of 1956, a microfilm or photographic copy for one or more of the books was also consulted. The editions of 1938 and 1956 contain various supplementary material and translations of other texts. The only complete translation of the Nahuatl text is that published by Dibble and Anderson (1950-69). The drawings of the Florentine Codex were copied for Paso y Troncoso by Genaro López in 1893-94 and were lithographed in Florence about 1903-09. Sets of the 158 color lithographs form volume 5 of Paso y Troncoso (1905-07). These lithographs are the source of most reproductions of drawings that illustrate numerous works on Mexico. A few are reproduced in the editions of the Spanish text of 1938, 1946, and 1956. B/w photographs of all these lithographs are reproduced in Dibble and Anderson (195069). Photographic reproductions of the orignal drawings are less numerous. Selected illustrated pages of the Florentine Codex are photographically reproduced in Dibble and Anderson (1950-69). A few are so reproduced by Robertson (1959) and by Blacker (1965). The latter introduces the novelty of giving three in color. Other photographic reproductions of selected drawings have illustrated various recent general works on Mexico and its art. A photofacsimile of the entirety of the codex has been contemplated by the University of Utah Press. The only specific study of the style of the drawings in the Florentine Codex per se is that by Robertson (1959). For a minor critique of his presentation see Glass (1960). Copies: The López copies (tracings?) of the Florentine drawings, now incomplete, are MNA 35-103. The Paso y Troncoso copy 191

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

of the Florentine Codex (Spanish, Nahuatl, and drawings, the latter probably by López), books 1-9 only, is in MNA/AH. 25 pages of this copy are reproduced by Acosta Saignes (1946, vol. 3 ) . Jiménez Moreno (1938a, p. 40) expresses a doubt whether the Spanish in this copy is from the Florentine or Tolosa MSS. A copy of book 12 owned by Zelia Nuttall is in MNA/AH, Colección Gómez de Orozco no. 6. Photographs of the codex were exhibited by Nuttall in 1892 (Exposición, 1892). Copies of the drawings by J. Cooper Clark, seemingly made for an edition once contemplated by Peabody Museum, Harvard University, are in PML. A copy of the Nahuatl text and drawings of book 1 made by Daniel G. Brinton in 1889 are in UP/UM. In HSA is an Italian translation of books 1-5 of the Florentine Codex formerly in the Phillipps collection. Possibly of mid-17thC date, the binding bears the coat of arms of the Medici family and the hat and mantle of a bishop or archbishop. See Article 27B, no. 1105, for comment on the Manuscnto de Tolosa, a copy of the Spanish text of the Historia, Editions of the Spanish text: Acosta Saignes, 1946; F. Bandelier, 1932 (English translation, bks. 1-4); Bustamante, 1829 (bk. 12); 1829-30 (bks. 1-11); 1890-96 (reprint of his 1829 and 1829-30); Garibay, 1956 (reprinted 1969); Jourdanet and Siméon, 1880 (French translation of the Bustamante edition); Kingsborough, 1831-48, vols. 5 and 7; Ramirez Cabañas, 1938. Edition and translation of the Nahuatl text: Dibble and Anderson, 1950-69. Editions of the drawings: Dibble and Anderson, 1950-69; Paso y Troncoso, 1905-07, vol. 5. Historical references: Bandini, 1791-93; Civezza, 1879, p. 525; Garcia Icazbalceta, 1886, pp. 289-90; Paso y Troncoso, 1896. Other: Blacker, 1965, pp. 62, 79, 102, passim; Brinton, 1890b; Exposición, 1892, pp. 192

125-26; Glass, 1960; Peñafiel, 1890, pls. 90100; Robertson, 1959, 173-78; Seler, 1927. 275 Salamanca, Manta de. Manta de Tlaxcala. Unknown. Ex-Eufemio de la Cruz Zamora (of Salamanca, Guanajuato) collection. Published. Miscellaneous. Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala. 16thC ( ? ) . Cloth. 87 X 63 cm. The painting, in much-acculturated style, illustrates the four lords of Tlaxcala (Tlehuexolotzin, Maxixcatzin, Citlalpopoca, and Xicotencatl) and associates each with an hieroglyphic coat of arms. At the top is the coat of arms of the kings of Spain. The document is described in detail by Rivera (1892). Peñafiel (1909) reproduces a photograph and reprints part of the Rivera description. Gibson (1952) describes it briefly; a poor reproduction (after Peñafiel) appears in Muñoz Camargo (1947b). Angulo (1958) reports an unsuccessful search for the docmnent. Publication: Muñoz Camargo, 1947b, p. 206; Peñafiel, 1909, pp. 4, 16-19, pl. 25. Descriptions: Gibson, 1952, p. 267; Rivera, 1892. Other: Angulo, 1958. 276 San Andres, Codex. Musée de l'Homme, Paris. Ex-Doutrelaine collection. Published. Economic (tribute). San Andres (possibly Xaltenco, Xaltocan, or a third locality, all northeast of Cuauhtitlan), Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 40 X 46.5 cm. Fragmentary leaf with drawings of heads of Indians with numerical signs, items of tribute, and a place glyph interpreted as representing a San Andres. Glosses include Cuauhtitlan, San Andres, Tenochtitlan, and a reference to calpixque. Galarza (loc. cit.) suggests that the document may be concerned with tribute or repartimiento labor. A detailed study and photoreproduction are given by Galarza (1963). Publication: Galarza, 1963.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS; CENSUS

277 San Joseph, sujeto a Xilotepeque, Piano de. Unknown. Published. Economic (property plans). Central Mexico. 1547 (?) or 1572 (?). Amatl paper. Dimensions not determined. Plan of part of a town showing houses, a church ("San Joseph"), and native symbols for three currents of water flowing from a spring. The drawing is published by Lenz (1950) without description or indication of its location. Publication: Lenz, 1950, pp. 108-10, 160, figs. 146-48, 241. 278 San Matias (Tlaxcala), Linderos del Pueblo de. Linderos del Pueblo de Santa Maria Belen, Tlaxcala. Unknown. Unpublished. Unavailable (cartographic-historical). Tlaxcala. 1536 ( ? ) . Physical data unknown. A copy of the document, copied from another copy owned by Cahuantzi, is described by Paso y Troncoso (1892-93). He described it as showing boundaries, human figures, and the date 1536. He also referred to the place as San Martin. Glass (1964) suggests that the copy described by Paso y Troncoso may correspond to the "Linderos del Pueblo de Santa Maria Belen," also a copy of 1892 and bearing the 1536 date. The latter was in the MNA codex collection in 1934, but the present whereabouts of these copies and their originals is now unknown. Bibliography: Glass, 1964, pp. 24, 28; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 54. 279 Sánchez Solís, Códice. Codex Egerton 2895. Codex Waecker-Götter. Códice Zapoteco. British Museum, Egerton MS 2895. E x Felipe Sánchez Soils and Ernst Ludwig Karl, Baron von Waecker-Götter, collections. Published. Historical. Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Skin screenfold. 16 leaves. 21.5 X 27.7 cm. (16 painted pages on obverse; 13 on reverse; initial and termi-

nal pages of reverse serve as covers and are blank). Total length 441 cm. In traditional but rather large scale Mixtec style, the first three pages open with a place glyph and two dates followed by a procession of figures. Most of the remaining utilized pages present a couple (male and female) with personal and calendrical name glyphs and a place glyph, apparently representing a 26-generation genealogy. Some pages show subsidiary genealogies. Both short and long glosses in at least two handwritings are in Mixtec; most are illegible and have not been studied. Much of the painting is deteriorated; there are also deliberate effacements. M. E. Smith (MS) has identified two persons of the Tilantongo dynasty in the manuscript and the place glyphs for Acatlan (southern Puebla) and Tequixtepec (exDto. of Huajuapan, Western Oaxaca) as well as that for Tilantongo. She suggests that the manuscript is concerned with genealogies of the Mixteca Baja region. Burland (1965) gives photographic color facsimile and a detailed physical description. The Peñafiel (1890) edition is based on a copy by Carral of the MNA copy, which lacks the glosses. Burland (1947b) reproduces an ultraviolet photograph of one page and comments on its content. The brief description by Paso y Troncoso (1886) is reprinted by Peñafiel (1890) and by Galindo y Villa (1905a). Copies: The José María Velasco copy of 1882-83 is in the MNA/BNA. Two other copies by Velasco, the first of 1869, the Seler collection copy, and the Carral copy are unknown. Publication: Burland, 1965; Peñafiel, 1890, pp. 101-02, pls. 260-88. Other: Burland, 1947b; Galindo y Villa, 1905a, pp. 224-27; Peñafiel, 1887, p. xvi; M. E. Smith, MS. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 480-81; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 272-73; Paso y Troncoso, 1886. 193

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

280 (fig. 53) Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico. Map attributed to Alonso de Santa Cruz. Mapa de Santa Cruz. Mapa de Uppsala. Plano de la Ciudad de Mexico. La Ciudad Tenuxtitan Mexico. University Library, Uppsala, Sweden. Ex-Carl Gustaf Nordin collection. Published. Cartographic. Tlatelolco, D. F. ca. 1555. Skin (apparently not parchment). 78 (75?) X 114 cm. The map is an extraordinarily handsome and accurate depiction of the City and Valley of Mexico, with great detail. It embodies both native and European artistic and cartographic traditions. The plan of the city, in which Tlatelolco figures most prominently, is at the center. The surrounding view of the valley, in a different scale, is concentrated with detail and genre scenes, such as Indians catching birds with nets in Lake Texcoco. Some of the numerous communities shown in the landscape are identified both by glosses and by place glyphs. The modern attribution of the map is to the Indian Colegio de Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco and certainly not to the Spanish cosmographer, Alonso de Santa Cruz. The map bears a badly effaced added inscription which mentions Charles V (abdicated 1556) and his Royal Cosmographer, Alonso de Santa Cruz (died 1567). A copied detail of the map appears in the latter's Islario general, believed to have been completed by 1556 (Schuller, 1913). Despite this evident terminus ante quern of 1556, Toussaint (in Toussaint et al., 1938) adduces cartographic evidence to support an ante quern date as late as 1562, in which he is supported by Kubler (1951). The history of the map between the date of the partial copy by Alonso de Santa Cruz and its reported presence in the Nordin collection in Stockholm by 1792 is uncertain. It may have been given by Charles V to Ferdinand I (died 1604) of Germany; it may be 194

registered in the posthumous inventory of the Santa Cruz papers of 1572 published by Gómez de Orozco (1927b); a vaguely worded inventory of 1635 suggests that it may have been in the Hradschin Palace in Prague, in which case it may have been acquired by the Swedish army during the sacking of Prague in 1648. These and other theories are discussed by Linné (1948). The first publication of the map was a reduced, lithographed line drawing issued simultaneously by Nordenskiold (1889) and Dahlgren (1889). This lithograph is reprinted in Apenes (1947) and Carrera Stampa (1949b). Another lithograph, apparently based on the 1892 copy now in the MNA/BNA, was issued by Peñafiel (1901). The first color edition, a natural-size lithograph of a copy by Adela Breton, was published in Maudslay (1908-16). The first important commentary, with a b / w photo of the Breton lithograph, was published by Toussaint, Gómez de Orozco, and Fernández (1938). The major commentary by Linné (1948) has a slightly reduced color photoreproduction, selected b / w photo details, and a b / w reproduction of the Breton lithograph in sections. A color reproduction in six sections (photographic) and one b / w photograph was printed for a commentary planned by Nuttall but not published and has had very limited circulation (Nuttall, n.d.); the sheets of this reproduction are in the Lowie Museum, University of California, Berkeley. A small photograph of the original and details accompany the illuminating discussion of the style and other aspects of the map by Robertson (1959). Both Linné (1948) and Carrera Stampa (1949b) provide bibliography far exceeding that cited below. Copies: A watercolor copy of 1892 is in MNA/BNA. Two of the four known manuscripts of the Islario general by Alonso de Santa Cruz contain a detail copied from the map. The NBV copy is reproduced in Wieser (1908), Toussaint et al. (1938), and

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Linné (1948). These vary slightly from the BNMA copy reproduced in Santa Cruz (1918-19). Publication (selected): Linné, 1948; Maudslay, 1908-16, vol. 3; Nuttall, n.d.; Peñafiel, 1901; Robertson, 1959, pp. 159-63, pls. 55-57; Toussaint, Gómez de Orozco, and Fernández, 1938, pp. 135-66, figs. 21-25. Other publications (selected): Apenes, 1947, pl. 2; Carrera Stampa, 1949b, pp. 34246, 407-08, pl. 6; Dahlgren, 1889 (page citation not determined); Nordenskiold, 1889 (page citation not determined). Publication, Islario copy: Linné, 1948, fig. 54; Santa Cruz, 1918-19, 61: 695-710, pl. 116; Toussaint, Gómez de Orozco, and Fernández, 1938, fig. 23; Wieser, 1908, pl. 11. Other: Barlow, 1947a; Gómez de Orozco, 1927b, p. 361; Kubler, 1951; Schuller, 1913. Miscellaneous studies and references: Baz, 1899; Burland, 1950b; Garcia Cubas, 1897; Linné, 1942; Toussaint, 1938. 281 Santa Fe o de Patzcuaro, Mapa de. Mapa de Santa Fe de la Laguna. Unknown. Published. Cartographic. Santa Fe de la Laguna, Michoacan. ca. 1552. Parchment. Dimensions unreported. Simple map showing agricultural fields, trees, a boundary line marked by crosses, various buildings, including churches, and roads. Preserved copy exhibits few if any traditional or Indian elements. The MNA copy is briefly described and reproduced by Glass (1964). Paso y Troncoso (1892-93) transcribes a Spanish text on the face of the map treating land boundaries. Copy: 1892 copy, MNA 35-105 (131 X 97 cm.). Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 160, pl. 112. Brief description: Paso y Troncoso, 18929 3 , 1:241-43. 282 Saville, Codex. Códice Protohistórico. Co-

dex Tetlapalco. Codex Telapalco. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York. Published. Historical. Valley of Mexico. 16thC. Native paper tira. 145 × 26 cm. Vertical tira with pictorial annals, 14071535, with succession of the rulers of Tenochtitlan from Huitzilihuitl through Moctezuma Xocoyotzin and the Spanish conquest. A Christian cross, saint, Madonna, and bell with Spanish monetary symbols are drawn opposite the years 1531-35. Commentary and full reproduction by Cuevas (1929) reprinted with partial reproduction (Cuevas, 1956). The glosses have not been studied. Cuevas (1930) gives controversial interpretation of final details (reproduced in color) as representing the apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe. A detail is published by Hagen (1944). Publication: Cuevas, 1929. Other: Cuevas, 1930, pp. 51-53, colored plate facing p. 50; 1956; Hagen, 1944, pl. 5 ( a ) ; Taylor, 1956. 283 Selden, Codex. Codex Selden 1. Codex Selden 2. Códice Selden B. Lienzo de Retapa. MS pictórico de Petapa. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Ex-John Selden collection. Published. Historical. Western Oaxaca. ca. 1556-60. Skin screenfold originally painted on both sides but one side later covered with a white ground so that only one side has a legible content. 20 leaves. ca. 27.5 X 27.5 cm. Traditional-style Mixtec history; presents the genealogies and origin of the dynasties of an unidentified locality known as Belching Mountain, after the form of its place glyph. The first date is A.D. 783 or 794 and the last legible date is equivalent to 1556. The genealogies include relationships to numerous persons from other localities, including Teozacoalco and Tilantongo, known through other Mixtec manuscripts of the Nuttall Group (q.v.). 195

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

The first edition was published by Kingsborough (1831-48). The detailed interpretation and commentary by Caso (1964a) are accompanied by a photographic color facsimile. Another photographic edition in color has a commentary by Corona Núñez (196467). The genealogies have also been interpreted by Dark (1958a). Caso (1964a) criticizes the suggestions as to provenience advanced by Dark (1959). Publication: Caso, 1964a; Corona Núñez, 1964-67, 2: 77-99; Librería Echániz, 1946b; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 1. Studies: Burland, 1958b; Caso, 1952; Dark, 1958a, 1958b, 1959; Dark and Plesters, 1959; H. J. Spinden, 1935. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 489; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 271; Nowotny, 1961b, pp. 51-52, 271, pl. 61; Paso y Troncoso, 1898b, pp. 204-05, 364. 284 Selden Roll. Codex Selden 1. Codex Selden 2. Códice Selden A. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Ex-John Selden collection. Published. Historical. Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Native paper tira, painted on one side. 38 X 350 cm. The roll begins with a scene, closely paralleled in the Fragmento Gómez de Orozco, showing 9 Wind (Quetzalcoatl), the eight skies, and the earth. It continues with a mythical or historical narrative, which includes some ritual elements. The whole possibly relates to the origin of the dynasty of an as yet unidentified locality in Western Oaxaca. Burland (1955b) gives commentary and b / w photofacsimile and one colored detail. The only modern edition in color is that by Corona Núñez (1964-67), also with commentary. The manuscript was first published by Kingsborough (1831-48). Caso (1954) and Nowotny (1958) compare some passages of the Selden Roll with other Mixtec manuscripts. Publication: Burland, 1955b; Corona 196

Núñez, 1964-67, 2: 101-13; Librería Echániz, 1946a; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 1. Studies: Caso, 1954; Nowotny, 1958. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 489-90; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 273.

SERNA, JACINTO DE LA. Manual de Ministros de Indios. Calendrical illustrations in the de la Sema treatise on Indian idolatry, calendar, and superstitions are listed below. The work may be dated between 1646 and 1656. The relationship between the illustrations and possible Indian prototypes is problematical. The Mexican edition (Sema, 1892a), based on a manuscript owned by Paso y Troncoso and now in MNA/AH, includes the illustrations. They are omitted from the Madrid edition (Sema, 1892b), based on a copy owned by Nicolás León. The copy utilized by Boturini in Spain (and perhaps taken there by him from Mexico ) is probably the RAH manuscript. Other manuscripts are in BNMA and HSA. Edition of illustrations: Serna, 1892a. Other: Sema, 1892b. Brief description: Paso y Troncoso, 1897c, pp. 268-69. 285 Drawings of day and month symbols. See above. Published. Calendrical. Central Mexico. 1646-56. Descriptions and drawings of symbols for the 20 days and 18 months as well as calendrical tables of day signs occur in the de la Sema text. The drawings are among the sources of calendrical illustrations in Boturini's Historia general (Boturini, 1948). Kubler and Gibson (1951) reproduce the month symbols after the Mexican edition of the de la Sema manuscript (Sema, 1892a). Publication: Sema, 1892a, pp. 314-43, unnumbered plate "Meses del ano mexicano." Other: Boturini, 1948, pls. 1-3, 5-19, 2 1 22; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 68, fig. 14.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

286 Serna Calendar Wheel no. 1, Unknown. Unpublished. Unavailable (calendrical). Central Mexico. 1646-56. The first of two calendar wheels formerly in the de la Serna manuscript is now apparently missing from all known versions of the manuscript. De la Sema referred to it as the "Demostración y pintura de los siglos," thus implying that it depicted the 52-year cycle. The wheel is not mentioned by Boturini in the 1746 catalog of his collection, indicating that it was unknown to him; elsewhere (Boturini, 1948) he attempts to identify it with a spiral wheel similar to Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2. Whether or not it may be identified with any of the calendars copied by Veytia, one of which is dated 1654, is unknown (see Veytia Calendar Wheels). Bibliography: Boturini, 1948, pp. 362-63, pl. 21; Sema, 1892a, pp. 313-14, 328-29. 287 Serna Calendar Wheel no. 2. See main entry, above. Published. Calendrical. Central Mexico. 1646-56. The second de la Sema wheel depicts the 20 day signs around the periphery of a circle. Glosses associate each year-bearer day with a direction. A lithographic reproduction of the wheel, from the MNA/AH manuscript, is given in de la Serna (1892a). Boturini (1948) gives a copy. Publication: Serna, 1892a, pp. 329-30, unnumbered plate "Días del mes mexicano." Other: Boturini, 1948, p. 98, pl. 6. 288 Sevina, Lienzo de. MNA 35-18. Ex-Pulido and Museo Michoacano, Morelia, collections. Published. Cartographic-historical. Sevina, Michoacan. 16thC. Cloth. 125 X 97.5 cm. Principal pictorial elements are 10 schematic town plans within small squares. Drawings of friars and priests, shown in some form of altercation, appear in the larg-

est square. Other details include Indians holding bows and arrows, Spaniards on horseback, circular temple platforms, trees, roads, and fields. Glass (1964) gives brief description and photograph of the original. Copy: 1892 copy, MNA 35-99. Modem copy, MNA 35-99A. Publication: Glass, 1964, pp. 60, 153, pl. 20. Brief descriptions: Mateos Higuera, 1948b, pp. 166-67; Paso y Troncoso, 18929 3 , 1:240-41. 289 Sierra, Códice. Códice de Santa Catarina Texupan. Codex Popoloca. Academia de Bellas Artes, Puebla. Ex-José Manso collection (?). Published. Economic. Santa Catarina Texupan, ex-district of Teposcolula, Western Oaxaca. 1550-64. European paper. 31 leaves. Folio (dimensions not determined). Pictorial accounting ledger, with Nahuatl text, listing the community expenses for the support of the church of the reportedly extinct community of Santa Catarina Texupan (located near Santiago Texupan) for the years 1550-64. A color facsimile of a copy was given limited distribution in 1906 (N. León, 1906a); the same plates were later issued with a description and a translation of the Nahuatl text (N. León, 1933). The latter reprints most of the Paso y Troncoso (189293) description. Publication: N. León, 1906a, 1933. Other: Ibarra de Anda, 1937; Μ. G. de la Rosa, 1907. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 500-01; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 279; N. León, 1905b, pp. 25-26; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 2: 346-58. 290 Sigüenza, Mapa. Códice de Sigüenza. Jeroglífico de Sigüenza. Mapa de la Peregrinación de los Aztecas. Pintura del Mu197

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

seo. Códice Ramírez. MNA 35-14. ExSigüenza y Góngora and Boturini collections. Published. Historical. Valley of Mexico. 16thC. Amatl paper. 54.5 X 77.5 cm. Migration itinerary and history of the Culhua-Mexica in the form of a map from Aztlan-Culhuacan through the settlement at Chapultepec to the founding of Tenochtitlan. The place names on the route vary from other sources, and no satisfactory interpretation has yet been offered. The copy published in 1700 (Gemelli Careri, 1699-1700) is the source of the reproductions in Kingsborough (1831-48), Humboldt (1810), and Radin (1920), among many others. Most commentators before 1858 sought a biblical interpretation. The standard commentary (J. F. Ramirez, 1858) was accompanied by a color lithograph, the source of many subsequent reproductions. Orozco y Berra (1880) and Chavero (n.d.) also discuss and interpret the document. The only photographic reproductions (Batres, n.d.; Glass, 1964) are inadequate. The comparative studies by Garcia Conde (1926) and Garcia Cubas (1912), both of which have colored lithographs, follow Orozco y Berra and Ramírez. Orozco y Berra (187782) interprets some of the personal name glyphs; Chavero (1903a) discusses the history of the manuscript. Garcia Cubas and Galindo y Villa (1904) and Lejeal (1904) treat the recovery of the document by the museum after its loss many years before. Gondra (1846) is of historical interest only. Copies: Mateo A. Saldaña copy (almost indistinguishable from the original), MNA 35-14A; Pichardo copy, BNP 89-6; León y Gama copy, BNP 91; BNP 91bis; BNP 347; Waldeck copy, NLA 1269 (part). Other copies are reported by Mateos Higuera (1944e) and elsewhere. Publication (selected): Batres, n.d., pp. 19-22, plate facing p. 22; Gemelli Careri, 1699-1700, vol. 6, facing p. 38; Glass, 1964, pp. 54-55, pl. 16; Humboldt, 1810, pp. 223198

30, pl. 32; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 4; J. F. Ramirez, 1858. Commentaries: Chavero, n.d., pp. vii, 460507, plate facing p. 462; Garcia Conde, 1926, pp. 329-52, pl. 16; Garcia Cubas, 1912, pp. 418-26, pl. 72; Orozco y Berra, 1880, 3; 13153. Other: Chavero, 1903a, pp. 15-17; Fernández del Castillo, 1907, p. 74, note 4; Garcia Cubas and Galindo y Villa, 1904; Gondra, 1846, pp. 1-10, pl. 1; Lejeal, 1904; Orozco y Berra, 1877-82, 2: 67-70. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 445-46; Mateos Higuera, 1944e; Radin, 1920, pp. 12-13, pl. 12. 291 Sinaxtla, San Andres, Piano de. AGN-T 308, exp. 1, cua. 3, f. 28bis. Published. Cartographic. San Andres Sinaxtla, exdistrict of Nochistlan, Western O a x a c . 18thC. Physical description not determined. The map lacks specific Indian iconographic forms but is of interest for its circular depiction of the boundaries of Sinaxtla. These and other nontraditional conventions are glossed in Mixtec. The circular composition may derive from traditional modes of cartography. Jiménez Moreno and Mateos Higuera (1940) reproduce the map without comment. Publication: Jiménez Moreno and Mateos Higuera, 1940, p. 4, fig, 1. 292 Sintlatetelco, Mapa jeroglífico de. Códice Cintlatetelco. Unknown. Unpublished. Cartographic. San Francisco Tenampa, Veracruz. 17thC. Physical description not determined. The map, apparently a very minor item with hieroglyphic place names and a drawing of a pyramid, is known only through a copy of 1687 in the municipal archives of Huatusco, Veracruz. It forms part of a claim by San Francisco Tenampa, a barrio of Tu-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

tutla, for lands named Sintlatetelco. The copy is described by Aguirre Beltrán (1940). Description: Aguirre Beltrán, 1940, pp. 55-56,91,220. Brief mention: Melgarejo Vivanco, 1953, p. 334. 293 Sotuta, Map of the Province of. Mapa Antiguo del Partido de Yaxcaba según existia en 1600. Unknown. Published. Cartographic. Sotuta, Yucatan. 1600(?) Physical description unknown. Highly conventionalized circular map of the Maya province of Sotuta with written place names arranged radially within a circle. Yaxcaba and Yaxhaa as well as other place names appear at the center. The map is believed to be related to the Nachi Cocom survey of 1545 known only through the "Documentos de Tierras de Sotuta" copied in Codex Pérez (q.v.). Roys (1939) reproduces a sketch of an old manuscript of the map in TU/LAL and gives the Maya text and English translation of the Sotuta land documents of 1545 from Codex Pérez. The map is utilized in mapping the province by Roys (1957). Copies: Old copy (European paper, 33 X 44 cm.) of the map is in TU/LAL. Another copy appears to be cataloged (as "Piano del Reino o Señorio de Yaxhaa") by Orozco y Berra (1871) and may be in DGMH. Publication: Roys, 1939, pp. 6-11, 87-89, 421-33, fig. 2. Other: Orozco y Berra, 1871, p. 309, no. 3042; Roys, 1957, pp. 93-101. 294 Steuerliste von 40 Personen. Lost. Formerly DSB MS Amer. 10 (part). Published. Economic (census). Central Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 21 X 46 cm. The manuscript consists of a single sheet, drawn on both sides, from a larger assessment register. There are drawings of 40

heads, each with name glyph and name in Nahuatl. Opposite each is the symbol for two reales. Commentary and photoreproduction, Lehmann (1906a). Publication: Lehmann, 1906a, pp. 326-31, pls. 2, 2a. 295 (fig. 54) Tabaa, San Juan, Lienzo de, no. 1. Pueblo. Published. Historical. San Juan Tabaa, exdistrict of Villa Alta, Eastern Oaxaca. 16thC (?). Cloth. (MNA copy is 176×320 cm.) The lienzo is divided into 36 rectangular compartments, 12 of which are in each of three horizontal rows. In most of the compartments are drawings of two Indians and a written Zapotec text. The date 1521 appears in one of the latter. The composition of the lienzo is similar to that of the Lienzo de San Miguel Tiltepec. A brief description and photograph of the MNA copy are given by Glass (1964). De la Fuente (1949) mentions the existence of the lienzo. Copies: Modern copy on cloth, MNA 35114. A photograph of a slightly variant copy (the order of the compartments may merely be different) is in the MNA Fototeca. Colored tracings of the drawings and texts on separate sheets of paper are in the MNA codex collection (uncataloged). Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 171, pl. 125. Brief mention: Fuente, 1949, p. 176. 296 Tabaa, San Juan, Lienzo de, no. 2. Pueblo. Unpublished. Unavailable. San Juan Tabaa, ex-district of Villa Alta, Eastern Oaxaca. Further data unavailable. The existence of a second lienzo from Tabaa, similar to the first (see previous entry), is mentioned by de la Fuente (1949). Brief mention: Fuente, 1949, p. 176. 297 Tacuba, Genealogía de los Señores de. Un199

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

known. Ex-Plancarte collection. Unpublished. Unavailable. Tacuba, D.F. Date and physical description unknown. Mentioned by Paso y Troncoso (189293) as having been copied from a manuscript owned by Plancarte for exhibit at the Exposición Históríco-Amerícana de Madrid. The copy, however, was not exhibited. Both original and copy are now unknown. Glass (1964) speculates that the original may be the Techialoyan Códice García Granados, the history of which is unknown prior to about 1891. Bibliography: Glass, 1964, p. 25; Paso y Troncoso, 1 8 9 2 - 9 3 , 1 : 9 . 298 (fig. 55) Tamasolco, Santa Barbara, Mapa de. British Museum, Add. MSS 22070 ( c ) . Unpublished. Economic (property plans). Santa Barbara Tamasolco, Tlaxcala. Late 16thC. Native paper. Dimensions not determined. Map of numerous plots of land with Nahuatl texts, showing two churches, four human figures, and several place glyphs, all in crude style. The untranslated texts mention Santa Barbara, Santa Ana, Don Antonio de Mendoza, and Diego Muñoz, governor. Several dates in arabic numerals are illegible in photographs. Two of the place glyphs are glossed Tamasolco and Acolco. The document has been briefly described by Gibson (1952); he also discusses the location of Santa Barbara Tamasolco. Brief description: Gibson, 1952, pp. 43, 268. 299 Tamazulapan, Lienzo de. Lienzo Vischer no. 3. Museum für Völkerkunde, Basel. Ex-Lukas Vischer collection. Unpublished. Cartographic. Tamazulapan, ex-district of Teposcolula, Western Oaxaca. 1733. Cloth. About 183 X 122 cm. Map showing the plan, houses, church, and plaza of Tamazulapan. Surrounding the plan are perspective renderings of hills with 200

boundaries indicated by crosses and what may be some vestigial place glyphs. Glosses are in both Chocho and Mixtec (personal communication, M. E. Smith). The document is not in the native tradition although its composition is comparable to late 16thC native maps. Brief description: Dietschy, 1960. 300 Tecamachalco, Mapa de. Lienzo de Tecamachalco. Dorfbuch von Tecamachalco. Lienzo Vischer no. 1. Museum für Völkerkunde, Basel. Ex-Lukas Vischer collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Tecamachalco, Puebla. 16thC. Skin. 242 X 145 cm. Along the left and upper margins are 26 Indian couples; numerous other couples, some in genealogical relationships, occur elsewhere on the manuscript. Personal name glyphs are expressed calendrically. Other major details are place glyphs and a chain of hills or mountains forming a map at the center. Glosses, some illegible, are in both Spanish and Nahuatl. A partial commentary and an inadequate photoreproduction are given by Dietschy (1944). He notes its variant calendrical system, comments on persons also mentioned in the Anales de Tecamachalco (a text not treated in this census), and dates the document at 1557. A good photograph and a brief description appear in Burland (1960). According to Caso (1961) two of the persons depicted on the document also appear in the Lienzo Antonio de León. Publication: Burland, 1960, pp. 11-12, 1718, fig. 1; Dietschy, 1944. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 493; Dietschy, 1960; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 263-65. Other: Caso, 1961, p. 273. 301 Tecciztlan y Tequatepec, Lienzo de. Lienzo de Astata. Lienzo de Putla. MNA

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

35-115. Ex-Ignacio Larrazabal, Oaxaca, collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Santiago Astata, ex-district of Tehuantepec, Eastern Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. ca. 280 X 170 cm. Along three sides of the lienzo are place glyphs identified by glosses written on pasted-on slips of paper. One of them reads Tecciztlan (possibly for Magdalena Tequisistlan) and another, showing a heron on a hill, is glossed Tequatepec (i.e., Tehuantepec?) although the glyph is better read as Aztatepec (heron-hill) and may represent Santiago Astata, the presumed provenience of the manuscript. At the bottom of the lienzo are water symbols, fish, and other aquatic animals. Several rivers and roads are shown crossing the document. Near the center is a drawing of a native house and a number of Indians without name glyphs. Glosses identify one of them as Chimeomemaçatecuhtli (sic). A brief description and a photograph of the lienzo are in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). An anonymous and undated description of the lienzo (Anonymous, MS) states that the document was preserved in Astata. In preliminary papers for this census the lienzo was erroneously identified as the "Lienzo de Putla." Copies: In PML are photographs of the lienzo attributed to Teobart Maler, apparently purchased at the Wilkinson sale of 1915 (American Art Association, 1915). Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 172, pl. 126. Description: Anonymous, MS. Other: American Art Association, 1915, no. 167. 302 Tecomaxtlahuaca, Códice de. AGN-T, 2692, exp. 16. Published. Economic (tribute). San Sebastian Tecomaxtlahuaca, exdistrict of Juxtlahuaca, Western Oaxaca. ca. 1578. Native paper tira. 140 X 40 cm. Drawings of the tribute and services provided to eight successive caciques of Te-

comaxtlahuaca, with written Spanish texts. Lacks calendrical and personal name

glyphs. Riva Palacio (n.d.) reproduces a tracing of the document, without comment. Another tracing is given by Schmieder (1930), who also publishes a translation of the Spanish texts and a questionnaire from the accompanying suit. Publication: Riva Palacio, n.d., p. 77; Schmieder, 1930, pp. 78-80, 83-84, folded sheet facing p. 78.

303 Tecpan de Santiago Tlatelolco, Códice del. MNA/AH, Colección Gómez de Orozco, no. 12. Ex-Boturini and Gómez de Orozco collections. Published. Economic (miscellaneous). Tlatelolco, D.F. 1576-81. European paper. 8 leaves. 32 X 21 cm. Nahuatl text treating expenses of the construction of the tecpan (native government building) of Tlatelolco, with a single drawing of the building. Fernández (1939) reproduces the drawing and describes and translates the document. Kubler (1948) also reproduces the drawing. Publication: Fernández, 1939. Partial publication: Kubler, 1948, 1: 147, fig. 91. 304 Tecpatepec, Pintura del Pueblo de. UTX, CDG 563. Ex-Boturini and Genaro García collections. Unpublished. Economic (tribute). Tecpatepec, Hidalgo. About 1570. European paper. 31.5 X 80 cm. Drawings of persons, money, sheep, buildings, and foodstuffs, illustrating financial complaints against Manuel de Olvera (corregidor of Tecpatepec?) with text in Spanish. The document is probably related to the Mizquiahuala Sales Receipts (q.v.). Bibliography: None. 201

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

305 Tehuantepec, Istmo de, Fragmento del Mapa del. Uncertain. Ex-Hans Lenz collection. Unpublished. Unavailable. Tehuantepec region, Eastern Oaxaca. 18thC (?). European paper. Dimensions unreported. The document is included in a listing of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts under the title "Fragmento del Mapa de la Zona correspondiente al Istmo de Tehuantepec y recorrido del Rio Coatzacoalcos" by Lenz (1950). He indicates only that it is possibly an 18thC copy of historical and geographical character on European paper, presented by him to the INAH. Cline (1966c) lists it as an unverified Zapotec pictorial. We have not located or examined the document. Bibliography: Cline, 1966c, app. 2, no. 53; Lenz, 1950, table, p. 160, fig. 242. 306 Tehuantepec, Mapa de. Unknown. ExPresident Porfirio Diaz collection. Published. Cartographic. Tehuantepec region, ex-districts of Tehuantepec and Juchitan, Eastern Oaxaca. 18thC ( ? ) . Dimensions not determined. A copy of the map figured in the catalog of the Madrid Exposition of 1892 (Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93). Its title has been perpetuated in subsequent listings of native documents (Lehmann, 1905a; Alcina Franch, 1955; Cline, 1966c), although it is not in the native tradition. A fairly detailed description of the copy by Galindo y Villa (1895) allows it to be identified with a map published by Covarrubias (1946). It shows the lagoons between Ixhuatan and Tehuantepec in fair detail; the Pacific Ocean is labeled "Mar Mediterraneo." Copy: 1892 copy (oil, 90 X 107 cm.), Museo Nacional de Historia, Mexico (unverified ). Publication: Covarrubias, 1946, pl. 40. Brief descriptions: Galindo y Villa, 1895, 202

pp. 102-03, no. 134; Paso y Troncoso, 189293, 2: 210-11. Listings: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 48182; Cline, 1966c, app. 2, no. 54; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 275. 307 Tehuantepec, Querella criminal contra Don Juan, Cacique de, AGN-HJ 450, exp. 1. Published. Miscellaneous. Tehuantepec, ex-district of Tehuantepec, Eastern Oaxaca. 1553. Unreported material. 21 X 31 cm. The drawing shows several bleeding Indians being flogged by other Indians. A seated figure with speech scrolls represents the Indian governor of Tehuantepec. The drawing lacks hieroglyphic symbols. A colored reproduction and an extract from the accompanying suit is published in Códices Indígenas (1933). Covarrubias (1946) also illustrates it. Publication: Códices Indígenas, 1933, Item 29; Covarrubias, 1946, p. 204. 308 Telleriano-Remensis, Codex, Codex Tellerianus. Códice Le Tellier. BNP 385. ExLe Tellier collection. Published. Ritualcalendrical and historical. Valley of Mexico. ca. 1562-63. European paper. 50 leaves. 32 X 22 cm. This manuscript and Codex Ríos (q.v.) are currently believed to be copies of a common original, the lost Codex Huitzilopochtli (see Huitzilopochtli Group, where the relationship is discussed). Codex Telleriano-Remensis, glossed "Geroglíficos de que usauan los . . ." on the cover, has three major pictorial sections in several native styles. Each is annotated in Spanish, in several handwritings. One of the latter is believed to be by Fray Pedro de los Ríos. The first section is an 18-month calendar with drawings of the gods of each period and a symbol for the nemontemi. The second is a tonalpohualli (260-day divinatory almanac). The third is a pictorial annal for the period 1198-1562 in two major styles.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Two final pages contain historical notices in Spanish, without drawings, for the years 1519-57. There are leaves missing from each pictorial section but in every case they are preserved in the cognate Codex Ríos. See Table 2 for a concordance of the two manuscripts. Details from the codex were first published by Humboldt (1810). The first edition was issued by Kingsborough (183148) with an inaccurate palaeography and translation of the glosses. A second edition, based on that by Kingsborough, was issued by Léon de Rosny (1869). The third edition, by Hamy (1899b) in color lithography, includes a very brief commentary and a careful palaeography of the texts. The Hamy plates are reproduced by color photography in Corona Núñez (1964-67) with uncritical palaeography and a page-by-page commentary. Six pages of the original are photographically reproduced by Robertson (1959), who provides an analysis of its styles and dating. He also demonstrates that it derives from a screenfold or tira-format prototype. Chavero (n.d.) has commented, perhaps erroneously, on the nemontemi symbol in the codex, possibly the only pictorial element not also in Codex Ríos. Studies which describe this manuscript and Codex Ríos, comment on their interrelationship, or treat their common content are cited herein under our discussion of the Huitzilopochtli Group (q.v.). Copies: A statement by Madier de Montjau (1875) suggests that de Rosny owned an old copy of the codex; presumably it is a copy from the Kingsborough edition used for the 1869 edition and not of further significance. Its present location is unknown. An unidentified copy was offered at a Hotel Drouot sale in Paris in February 1965. Editions: Corona Núñez, 1964-67, 1: 151337, 2: 151-80; Librería Echániz, n.d.d; Hamy, 1899b; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vols. 1 and 5: 127-58, and 6: 95-153; Léon de Rosny, 1869, pp. 190-232, pls. 24-97.

Other: Anderson and Barlow, 1943, p. 414, note 5; Carrasco Pizana, 1944; Chavero, n.d., p. 156; Humboldt, 1810, pp. 279-83, pls. 55-56; Jourdain, 1889; Madier de Montjau, 1875, p. 242, note 1; Paso y Troncoso, 1898b, pp. 60-61, 332-40; Radin, 1920, pp. 26, 45-50. Study: Robertson, 1959, pp. 107-15, pls. 10,27-29. Brief mention: Gallatin, 1845, passim; Wilson, 1859 (page reference not determined ). Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 435-36; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 71; J. F. Ramirez, 1855, no. 1. 309 (fig. 56) Temascaltepec, Carte de la Ville de. NLA 1271 ( a ) . Unpublished. Cartographic. Temascaltepec, Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 77.2 X 59.8 cm. The map shows several rivers and roads, calli symbols, and churches. The latter are identified as subjects of Temascaltepec. The phrase "sitio que pide Luis Alvárez Azevedo" is typical of other glosses. Bibliography: None. 310 TEMASCALTEPEC: Fièces d'un Procès criminei BNP 111. Ex-Aubin collection. Unpublished. Economic (tribute). Temascaltepec, Mexico. 1566. 12 leaves of drawings on native paper of varying dimensions and 72 leaves of text. Not explained. The brief description by Boban (1891) indicates that the drawings illustrate a long criminal process between the towns of Temascaltepec and Malacatepec, Mexico, and depict stolen objects, their values, and other details. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 294-95. 311 Teocaltitlan, San Pablo, Libro de Tributos de. Códice Valeriano. BNP 376. ExBoturini and Goupil collections. Partially published. Economic (tribute). San Pablo 203

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Teocaltitlan (a part of Mexico City), D.F. 1574. European paper. 28 leaves. Dimensions not determined. Pictorial register of persons and tribute with different sections classified as to categories of persons. Drawings are of personal name glyphs, Indian heads, and monetary units. Short Nahuatl texts occur as does the signature of Don Antonio Valeriano, a late 16thC Indian governor of Mexico City. Gibson (1964a) gives a brief description of the manuscript and reproduces one of its pages. Copies: Photographic copies by Gates are in LC, NLA, TU/LAL, PML, and BYU. Partial publication: Gibson, 1964a, pp. 203, 391, pl. 8.

Publication: Hagar, 1912b. Brief description: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 461-62. 313 (fig. 58) Saville Map of Teotihuacan, AMNH. Ex-Leopoldo Batres and M. H. SaviUe collections. Published. Economic (property plans). San Francisco Mazapan, Mexico. 17thC ( ? ) . Native paper. ca. 33 X 63 cm. See above for description. Hagar (1912b) gives description, photoreproduction, and transcribes some of the glosses. A relatively long Nahuatl text that occurs only on this version is unstudied. Publication: Hagar, 1912b. Brief description: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 461-62. 314

TEOTIHUACAN MAPS. The three late pictorial representations of lands listed separately below vary only in relatively minor details and must have a common history or prototype. They depict lands of San Francisco Mazapan and have attracted attention as the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon, the Way of the Dead, and the Cindadela; prominent features of the archaeological site of Teotihuacan are included. The style of each version is crude; rudimentary place glyphs and Nahuatl glosses are substantially the same on all versions. Above the Pyramid of the Moon is the drawing of a crescent moon with a human face. The "celestial" interpretation given by Hagar (cited below) is groundless. 312 (fig. 57) Ayer Map of Teotihuacan, NLA. ExLeopoldo Batres, W. W. Blake, and Edward E. Ayer collections. Published. Economic (property plans). San Francisco Mazapan, Mexico. 17thC(?). Amatl p a p e r .ca.63.5 X 99 cm. See above for description. Hagar (1912b) gives description, inadequate photoreproduction, and transcribes some of the glosses. 204

Mapa de San Francisco Mazapan. Pueblo. Published. Economic (property plans). San Francisco Mazapan, Mexico. 19thC. (?). Parchment. 38 X 62 cm. See above for description. Arreola (1922) gives description, color reproduction, transcript and translation of Nahuatl glosses, and identification of some of the place names. Publication: Arreola, 1922, pp. 553-58, pl. 148. 315 Teotihuacan, San Juan, Códice de. Códice Texcoco-Acolman. MNA 35-69. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Miscellaneous. San Juan Teotihuacan, M e x i c o .ca.1557. Amatl p a p e r .ca.139 X 75 cm., now mounted with 5 small unrelated fragments. The manuscript relates to a 1557 Indian revolt against the establishment of an Augustinian monastery in Teotihuacan. The drawings, with occasional Nahuatl glosses, depict Indians tied together, an escape from a jail, friars, articles of tribute, and a map depicting Acolman, Texcoco, and, presumably, Teotihuacan. The five small fragments ("Otros Fragmentos") showing heads of In-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

dians pertain to some otherwise unknown document, not separately recorded in this census. An interpretation of the manuscript with a colored reproduction of a copy is given by Arreola (1922). It has been described and reproduced by Gómez de Orozco (1927a) and Glass (1964). Gibson (1964a), I. B. del Castillo (1922), and Kubler (1948) summarize the revolt of 1557 and cite sources bearing on it. Publication: Arreola, 1922, pp. 560-65, pl. 150; Glass, 1964, p. 122, pl. 72; Gómez de Orozco, 1927a, pp. 53, 161-62, pl. facing p. 158. Brief description: Mena, 1923, pp. 65-68, pl. 5 (detail), no. 32. Other: I. B. del Castillo, 1922, pp. 440-46; Gibson, 1964a, p. 1 l l ; Kubler, 1948, 2: 473. 316 Tepeaca, Anales de, 1528-1634. Anales Antiguos de Mexico y sus Contomos (AAMC), no. 21. Anales Mexicanos, Puebla, Tepeaca, Cholula, 1524-1645. Anales Geroglíficos e históricos indianos, desde el ano de 1524 hasta el de 1677. Unknown. Ex-DuPaix collection. Unpublished. Historical. Tepeaca, Puebla. 17thC. Physical description unknown. The J. F. Ramirez copy (MNA/AH Col. Antig. 229) was made from an original then in the DuPaix collection of the Mexican National Museum in 1847. The original bore a title (see above) indicating the years spanned as 1524-1677, but Ramirez noted that it was apparently incomplete, reaching only to 1645. The Ramirez copy has an introduction by Ramirez (ff. 2r-2v), a copy of the drawings and Nahuatl texts (ff. 3-23), and a translation of the texts (ff. 24-29). Another manuscript translation is AAMC 21. The pages of the Ramirez copy have vertical columns of native-year dates on the left and historical drawings and Nahuatl texts on the right. The AAMC translation

contains political and ecclesiastical notices of Tepeaca and adjacent communities. Only the introduction to the Ramirez copy, which describes the original, has been published (Chavero, 1901a). Copies: Ramirez copy, with translation, MNA/AH Col. Antig. 229. Translation only, MNA/AH Col. Antig. 274, Item 21 (AAMC21). Brief description: Chavero, 1901a, p. 10. 317 Tepechpan, Tira de. Mapa de Tepechpan. Histoire Synchronique et Seigneuriale de Tepechpan et de Mexico. Cronologia Mexicana, 1298-1596. BNP 13-14. Ex-Boturini, Pichardo, Waldeck, and Aubin collections. Published. Historical. Tepechpan, Mexico. 1596. Native paper. 21 x 625 cm. (totallength). Screenfold chronicle originally in 23 leaves covering the years 1298-1596. Portions of the initial and terminal leaves are missing; the extant portion spans the years 1300-1590. The document has been refolded so that it is described by Boban in 20 sections. It depicts the settlement at Chapultepec, the founding of Tepechpan, and continues with the dynasties of Tepechpan and Tenochtitlan. The colonial section is devoted to the occurrence of plagues, the dates of viceroys, and other events. The drawings appear above and below a line of nativeyear glyphs that divides the tira into two horizontal divisions. The Desportes lithograph, printed for Aubin about 1849-51 (Aubin, n.d.f), was also published (perhaps with slight variation in the printing) by the Mexican National Museum (Aubin, 1886c). Boban (1891) comments on the manuscript at length and reproduces two sections photographically. The same two sections are reproduced by Robertson (1959). Paso y Troncoso (1905-06) comments briefly on the Tepechpan dynasty. Humboldt (1810) mentions a scene in the document. 205

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Copies: Pichardo copy, BNP 88-6 ( a ) . Waldeck copy, NLA 1269 (part). Aubin copy, BNP 14bis. Boturini collection copy on parchment, apparently in the Mexican National Museum in the 19thC, now unknown. Publication: Aubin, n.d.f, 1886c; Librería Echániz, 1944b; Peñafiel, 1889. Commentary: Boban, 1891, 1: 243-77, pls. 13-14. Other: Chavero, n.d., pp. xiii and passim; Humboldt, 1810, p. 54; Paso y Troncoso, 1905-06, 6: 233, note 1; Robertson, 1959, pl. 12. Brief description: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 456-57. 318 Tepecuacuilco, Mapa de. "Fragmento." MNA 35-76 and DSB MS Amer. 10 (part) (lost). Ex-Boturini collection. Partially published. Cartographic. Tepecuacuilco region, Guerrero. 16thC. Amatl paper. MNA fragment 113 X 102 cm.; DSB fragments 30 X 52 and 45 X 40 cm. The MNA fragment is an incomplete native map showing the Rio Balsas and its tributaries, the Zopilote and the Tepecuacuilco, within a restricted region of Guerrero between Iguala and Zumpango. Glossed place glyphs include Chichihualco, Xochipala, and Mexcala. This fragment has been published with commentary by Simons (1969) and with a brief description by Glass (1964). Two further fragments formed part of the lost DSB MS Amer. 10, described by Guzmán (1936). They have been identified by Bankmann (1970) on the basis of fragmentary tracings by Walter Lehmann in IAI. Partial publication: Glass, 1964, p. 129, pl. 81; Simons, 1969. Brief descriptions: Bankmann, 1970, pp. 134-35; Guzmán, 1936, no. 10, parts 2 and 8; Mena, 1923, p. 56, no. 11. 206

319 Tepeticpac, Genealogía de una Familia de. Genealogía Tlascalteca. Genealogía de Xicotencatl. MNA 35-27. Ex-Ayuntamiento de Tlaxcala. Published. Genealogical. Tepeticpac, Tlaxcala. 16thC. Cloth. 119.5 × 58.8 cm. Genealogy of 30 individuals in Indian costume but without personal name glyphs. Although the persons are glossed, they appear to be unknown from other sources. A partially effaced text at the top may include the word "Tepeticpac." A short description and a reproduction of the original and a copy are given by Glass (1964). Other short descriptions are by Paso y Troncoso (1892-93) and Gibson (1952). The latter also reproduces the copy. An illegible photograph of the original with the presumably unjustified title "Genealogía de Xicotencatl" was published by Peñafiel (1909). Copy: 1892 copy, MNA 35-28. Publication: Glass, 1964, pp. 70-71, pls. 28-29. Other: Peñafiel, 1909, pl. 4. Brief descriptions: Gibson, 1952, pp. 266, 272, fig. IV; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, I: 255. 320 (fig. 59) Tepetlan, San Antonio, Mapa de. Códice Tepetlan. Lienzo de Veracruz. Location uncertain. Published. Cartographic-historical. San Antonio Tepetlan, Veracruz. 16thC. Physical description of original unknown. (AMNH copy is cloth, 108 X 122 cm.) At the center of the manuscript are drawings of churches representing Tepetlan and four subject localities, Indian caciques, Cortés and Marina with tribute, a Spanish ship in the sea near Quiahuiztlan, the date 1519, a friar (Fray Buenaventura), and a priest (Alonso Muñoz). The word "congregación" appears in one of the Nahuatl

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

glosses. Around the periphery are the hieroglyphic boundaries of Tepetlan. The 1881 copy, copied from an unidentified original then in the AGN, is reproduced and studied by Mena (1914). The New York and Berlin copies are reproduced and studied by Kutscher (1964). Copies: (1) Certified copy of 1881 reportedly owned by Tepetlan examined by Mena in the Secretaría de Gobierno, Jalapa, about 1913. (2) 19thC copy, ex-Strebel, MVBE. (3) 18th-19thC copy (possibly the 16thC original or the original of one of the preceding copies?), ex-M. H. Saville, AMNH. Publication: Kutscher, 1964; Mena, 1914. 321 Tepexi de la Seda, The Painted Tribute Record of, Códice de Tepexic de la Seda. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York. Published. Economic (tribute). Tepexi de la Seda, Puebla. 19thC. Parchment. 41.9 X 58.4 cm. Detailed drawings of a wide variety of tribute paid by Tepexi and its sujetos before the arrival of the Spaniards. Persons shown include Don Gonzalo Mazatzin, Don Juan Moctezuma, and Cortés. The manuscript appears to be a copy of a 16thC original. Commentary and photographic reproduction by Cook de Leonard (1961) and by Torre and Sandoval (1967). Publication: Cook de Leonard, 1961; Torre and Sandoval, 1967. 322 TEPOTZOTLAN: Los Naturales de los Pueblos de Cuautlalpan, Tepujaco y Xoloc de la Jurisdicción de Tepotzotlan, Mex,, contra su Gobernador, por malos Tratamientos y Pago de Tributos (1552). AGN (ramo and volume numbers not determined). Published. Economic (tribute). Tepotzotlan, Mexico. 1552. Unidentified paper. 69 X 65 cm. The drawing forms part of a complaint against a native judge and depicts various

goods and services as well as several Indians. A color reproduction of the drawing and an extract from the related Spanish text are given in Códices Indígenas (1933). Publication: Códices Indígenas, 1933, Item 31. 323 Tepoztlan, Census of, TU/MARI. Partially published. Economic (census). Tepoztlan, Morelos. 16thC. European paper. 6 leaves (ff. 816-821). 31.5 X 21.5 cm. Each of 11 pages of the document presents a place glyph (the first is Tlalnepantla, a barrio of Tepoztlan) and a pictorial census of persons and houses. The final page contains a summary in Spanish. Cornyn (1946) reproduces a tracing of the first page, most of the place glyphs, and the Spanish text. This census may be studied in conjunction with the textual census of the Tepoztlan region discussed by Carrasco Pizana(1964). Publication (partial): Cornyn, 1946. Others: Carrasco Pizana, 1964. 324 (fig. 60) Tepoztlan, Panhuacan, Ayapango y Tlanahuac, Mapa catastral de, Nationalbibliothek, Vienna. CVM 4. Ex-Boturini and Bilimek collections. Unpublished. Economic (census and cadastral). Amecameca region, Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 77.5 X 71.5 cm. The document is divided into four vertical columns each headed by a glossed place glyph—the localities named in the title. Below each glyph are Indians drawn opposite house symbols and plots of land with numerical signs denoting numbers of persons and land measurements. One of the 32 Indians represented is a Don Diego de Mendoza. A small detail from the manuscript was reproduced in color and briefly discussed by Nuttall(1888). Brief mention: Nuttall, 1888, p. 17, note 2, pl. 2, fig. 11. 207

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

325 Testerian Manuscript of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Fonds Mexicains 399, MisceUaneous pages in the, BNP 399. Unpublished. Miscellaneous. Valley of Mexico. 16thC. European paper. Further details not determined. The Testerian MS, BNP 399, contains various texts and drawings unrelated to its Testerian content. They include a history of the missionary effort in Nahuatl and what appear to be fragments from several pictorial manuscripts. The latter exhibit drawings of Indians (including Icxicuauhtli and a Don P e d r o . . . Cano), symbolic devices, and glyphs for Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco. One of the fragments bears a remarkable similarity to the Nómina escrita en Geroglífico (no. 236). Copies: Photographic copies by William Gates are in LC, TU/LAL, and, possibly, BYU. Bibliography: None. 326 Tetelcingo, Códice de. Private collection. Ex-Echániz collection. Published. Economic (tribute). Tetelcingo, Guerrero. 1557. European paper. 2 leaves. Dimensions not reported. A fragment of a tribute register, the document has one page of Spanish text with the tribute assessment of Tetelcingo and one page with a few simple drawings of human heads and monetary symbols. Described and reproduced by Barlow (1954a). Publication: Barlow, 1954a. 327 (figs. 61, 62) Tetlama, Lienzo de. Lienzo de Miacatlan. Códice de Xochicalco. Known versions listed below. Partially published. Cartographic-historical. Tetlama-Miacatlan region, Morelos. 16thC. The document is known through one "original" and seven copies. Five of the ver208

sions examined vary slightly in content, style, proportions, and arrangement of details. These differences may relate to different related originals from Tetlama and Miacatlan. The subject matter is essentially the same in all, with numerous hieroglyphs, roads, churches, Indian principals, historical scenes, and a peripherally located series of place glyphs. Most details bear glosses in either Spanish or Nahuatl; recognizable among them are place names in the TetlamaMiacatlan region including Coatlan del Rio. See Lienzo de Noxtepec (Guerrero) for another closely related document. The Waldeck copy has been published without comment by Portier and Ficklen (1907). The existence of a pictorial manuscript in Tetlama is mentioned by Humboldt (1810) with sufficient circumstantial comment to identify with the Lienzo de Tetlama. The copies in the BNP are described by Boban (1891). Known manuscripts are: 1. "Original" (but not of all the copies listed below). Cloth, in excess of 100 X 200 cm. Reportedly in Tetlama. Poor photographs are in MNA/BNA and INAH/AF. 2. "Copia del Mapa formado en el año de 1590 del Pueblo de San Agustin Tetlama y Pueblitos aneçsos, sacada por Disposición de D. Francisco Rosales para los Naturales de dicho Pueblo." Photostat (21.5 X 43.5 cm.) in INAH/AF believed to be of a small watercolor copy known as the "Códice de Xochicalco" in the Gómez de Orozco collection from an original in the Bishop Plancarte collection mentioned by Barlow (MSc). 3. Copy with same title as previous item with additional words "en 20 de Abril de 1851." Photograph in INAH/AF. 4. León y Gama copy, BNP 10bis ( b ) . 5. Nebel copy, BNP 98. 6. Anonymous colored copy, BNP 101. 7. Copy, BNP lOlbis. 8. Waldeck copy, ca. 1829, from original in Miacatlan. NLA 1269 (part). Publication: Fortier and Ficklen, 1907, plate facing p. 64.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Other: Barlow, MSc; Boban, 1891, 1: 208; 2: 272, 274-75; Humboldt, 1810, p. 40. 328 Tetlamaca y Tlametzin, Genealogía de. Genealogía de Xochilquexolot. MNA 35-83. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Genealogical. Central Mexico. 16thC. European paper. 1ll X 60 cm. Incomplete genealogy of 48 Indians drawn in eight horizontal rows. There are no hieroglyphs; personal names are given by Nahuatl glosses. The earliest couple in the genealogy are Tetlamaca and Tlametzin. Males in the earlier generations hold bows and arrows or carry quivers. Glass (1964) gives brief description and photographic reproduction. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 137, pl. 88. Other: Mena, 1923, p. 64, no. 27. 329 Texcoco, Plan topographique [provenant d'un document judiciaire ayant trait à des terrains en litige situes dans les faubourgs] de. BNP 107. Ex-Aubin collection. Unpublished. Economic (property plans). Valley of Mexico (?). Late 16thC. European paper. 59 X 63 cm. Map showing parcels of land, houses, roads, a stream of water, and various place glyphs in a late style. Spanish glosses refer to the barrios of Tlaxinican and Tlaquechpan. Boban's attribution of the document to Texcoco may be conjectural. An incomplete description is given by Boban (1891). Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 284-85. 330 TEXCOCO: Stammbaum des Kõniglichen Geschlechtes υοη Tetzcoco. Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin. Published. Genealogical. Texcoco, Mexico. 18thC. Parchment. 73 X 48 cm. Ten-generation genealogical tree cast in

European format, depicting descendants of Nezahualcoyotl, most of whom are shown in European or colonial dress. The document, not in the native tradition, is of slight interest for early 16thC or preconquest genealogy. A Spanish text refers to the zoological park at Tetzcotzingo, the glyph for which is given. Kutscher (1961) gives detailed comparative study and photoreproduction. Publication: Kutscher, 1961. 331 Tezontepec, San Pedro, Mapa de. Unknown. Unpublished. Cartographic. Central Mexico. 1570. Physical data unknown. BNP copy not examined (data received in personal communication from Charles Gibson and Donald Robertson). BNP copy, from original that may have been dated 1570, shows lands, roads, and the town of Tezontepec at the center. Presence of native pictorial elements not determined. Copy: Copy by Manuel Ma. de la Barrera f. Valenzuela dated 1854, BNP 419-8. Bibliography: None. 332 Tianguiztli, Plan du. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Economic (miscellaneous). Valley of Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. Single sheet. The document, now unknown, was copied (by Aubin?) from the original then in the MNA. It shows the plan of a colonial town square and market with vendors' stalls indicated by small rectangles. Drawings, glossed in Nahuatl, depict both Indian and Spanish wares. The Boturini collection inventories identify the market as that of Mexico City and one of the inventories gives the date 1531. Durand-Forest (1971) gives a redrawing of the Aubin collection copy and a transcript and translation of the glosses. Copy: Aubin collection copy, BNP 106. 209

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Publication: Durand-Forest, 1971, pp. 121-24. Other: Boban, 1891, 2: 282-83, 520; Durand-Forest, 1962; Gibson, 1964a, p. 353, note 132. 333 Tiltepec, San Miguel, Lienzo de. Codex Pérez García. Pueblo. Poorly published. Historical. San Miguel Tiltepec, ex-district of Ixtlan, Eastern Oaxaca. 16thC (?). Cloth. ca. 150 × 300 cm. A brief description and photograph of the lienzo, in which no details are legible, have been published by Pérez García (1956). From this it is evident that the lienzo is divided into 36 compartments arranged in three horizontal rows, a composition similar to the Lienzo de San Juan Tabaa no. 1 (q.v.). Both manuscripts have Zapotec texts, the date 1521, and paintings of Indians and Spaniards. The subject matter apparently concerns the Spanish conquest and the conversion of the town to Christianity. Paddock (1959) states that photographs were made in Oaxaca City in 1955. Publication: Pérez García, 1956, pp. 5961. Brief mention: Paddock, 1959, pp. 1-2. 334 (fig. 63) Tlachco, Códice de. Private collection, Santa Barbara, Califomia. Unpublished. Economic (tribute). Taxco, Guerrero. 16thC. Native paper. 113 X 44 cm. Drawings of two houses, Indians, cloth, maize, and turkeys supplied to the corregidor of Tasco. One detail shows the wives of the corregidor and the alguacil being carried in slings. One of several Spanish glosses appears to begin "Proceso hecho ante la justicia de las minas de Tasco entre los Indios de...." A description of the manuscript by Echániz (1954) is unpublished; photograph in INAH/AF. Brief description: Echániz, 1954. 210

335 Tlacoatzintepec, Lienzo de, Pueblo. Published. Cartographic-historical. San Juan Tlacoatzintepec, ex-district of Cuicatlan, Northern Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 222 X 190 cm. The lienzo shows roads, rivers, historical scenes (including an Indian battle), a peripheral series of place glyphs, and drawings of native houses representing colonial communities. Tlacoatzintepec is at the center. The Weitlaner and Castro study, illustrated by the modern MNA copy of the 1892 copy, has appeared twice (1953, 1954). The MNA copy is also reproduced by Glass (1964) and by Cline (1961a). The latter comments on its cartographic content. Copies: Modem copy, MNA 35-111. Copy of 1892, Pueblo. Publication: Cline, 1961a, pp. 71-74, pl. 6a; Glass, 1964, p. 167, pl. 121; Weitlaner and Castro, 1953; 1954, pp. 188-199, fig. 42. 336 TLACOTEPEC: Pièce du Procès de Pablo Ocelotl et ses Fils, contre Alonzo Gonzáles. BNP 32. Ex-Aubin collection. Partially published. Economic (property plans) and genealogical. Tlacotepec (south of Toluca), Mexico. 1565. European paper. 2 leaves of drawings (one is 44 X 32 cm.) and 15 leaves of Spanish text. Only one of the two drawings in the document has been published. It gives the plan of two maguey fields, in each of which there is a house and a genealogy of individuals with personal name glyphs. Surrounding these and other details are 47 year glyphs for unspecified years. A place glyph, Mitepec, may represent Tlacotepec. The second drawing is said to be similar. Boban (1891) reproduces one of the two drawings and gives an extract from the first page of the accompanying text. Partial publication: Boban, 1891, 1: 40607, pl. 32.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

337

Tlacotepec, San Pedro, Mapa de. Pueblo. Published. Cartographic-historical. San Pedro Tlacotepec, Tlaxcala. 18thC (?). Oil (?) on native (maguey fiber?) cloth. Dimensions not determined. (MNA copy is 81 × 122 cm.) Painting of the boundaries of Tlacotepec also showing the church, a coat of arms, a native building, the date 1535, a statue of St. Peter, Cortés and Marina, and an Indian cacique. Glass (1964) describes and reproduces the MNA copy; the original was seen by him in 1964. It is also reproduced by Gibson (1952) and described by Paso y Troncoso (1892-93). Peñafiel (1909) reproduces the coat of arms that appears on the map. Copy: 1892 copy, MNA 35-6. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 44, pl. 8; Gibson, 1952, p. 266,fig.6. Brief description: Paso y Troncoso, 189293, 1: 262-63. Other:Peñafiel,1909,pl.27. 338

Tlalancalco, San Matias, Mapa de. Unknown. Unpublished. Cartographic. San Matias Tlalancalo (also, Tlalancaleca), Puebla. 16th or early 17thC. Native paper. Dimensions unknown. BNP 419-4 is an 1864-65 copy of a much earlier map of the jurisdiction of San Matias Tlalancalco, with emphasis on boundary markers and distances between them plus houses of certain native nobles and Nahuatl glosses. Copy is stylistically quite Hispanicized, but a few native symbols are present. The copy includes a detailed description as well as a palaeography and Spanish translation of the Nahuatl glosses. (Data communicated by H. B. Nicholson.) Bibliography: None.

TLAMAPA, SANTA CRUZ, CODICES

DE. Three pictorial manuscripts, each of which is listed in the Boturini collection inventories of 1743, 1745, and 1804 as well as in the catalog of 1746. They are entered below in the order in which they are described in the inventories of 1743 and 1745. 339 no, 1, Manuscrito [Códice] Azteca del Museo del Ejercito de Madrid. Museo del Ejercito, Madrid. Ex-Boturini, José Gómez de la Cortina (Conde de la Cortina), and Museo de Artillería, Madrid, collections. Published. Economic (census). Santa Cruz Tlamapa, Mexico. 16thC. Native paper tira. 74 X 17.5 cm. Vertical tira headed by drawings of a Christian Church and place glyph. Below are eight horizontal rows of Indians identified by Nahuatl glosses as assistants of the church, officials of the town, etc. The first edition is an excellent natural size photoreproduction by Dios de la Rada y Delgado (in Léon de Rosny, 1881b). It is accompanied by a description and translation of the Nahuatl texts taken from the published catalog of the Museo de Artillería (1856). A second reproduction is given by Estrada (1937), with little comment. The third edition (Alcina Franch, 1960) also describes it and translates the Nahuatl texts. Publication: Alcina Franch, 1960; Estrada, 1937, p. 53, fig. 64; Léon de Rosny, 1881b, app. 2, pp. 115-16, pl. 20. Description: Museo de Artillería, 1856, pp. 324-26, no. 3138. 340

no, 2. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Unpublished. Unavailable. Santa Cruz Tlamapa, Mexico. 16thC. European paper. 1 large tira or leaf. The manuscript is lost; no reproduction is known. It may someday be identified on the basis of the descriptions in the Boturini collection inventories. It apparently concerned the tributes of Tlamapa and mentioned a 211

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Bernardino del Castillo. Glass (1964) presumes (erroneously?) that the Boturini collection inventory label 1823-2-5 found, in 1930, attached to Fragment 1 of the Códice de las Posesiones de Don Andrés originally belonged to this document. Work cited: Glass, 1964, pp. 109, 141. 341 (fig. 64) no. 3. Códice de Tributos de Santa Cruz Tlamapa. MNA 35-58. Ex-Boturini collection. Partially published. Economic (tribute). Santa Cruz Tlamapa, Mexico. ca. 1577. European paper tira. 383.5 X 31 cm. Incomplete vertical tira divided into 14 sections corresponding to the years 1564-77. In the first or lowest section is a Christian church surmounted by an Indian building, a place glyph, and a drawing of the gobernador and other officials. The remaining sections each contain a drawing of the escribano and mayordomo, moon symbols for the months of the Christian year, and numerical signs. The latter may refer to tribute or to other financial expenses of the town. Names of town officers are given by Spanish glosses. The manuscript has been briefly described by Mena (1923) and by Glass (1964); a detail is reproduced by the latter. Partial publication: Glass, 1964, pp. 10809, pl. 61. Brief description: Mena, 1923, p. 62, no. 20. 342 Tlapa, Lienzo de. MNA 35-110. Partially published. Genealogical. Tlapa, Guerrero. 16thC. Cloth. 285 X 76 cm. Drawings of about 97 Indians and four place glyphs (Tlapa, Tototepec?, Acatepec, and Iguala). The 37 couples in the lower part of the lienzo are arranged in vertical columns and have hieroglyphic or Nahuatl names; those in the upper portion have Spanish names. 212

The lienzo has been very briefly described by both Toscano (1943) and Glass (1964); the latter illustrates a detail from the upper portion. Partial publication: Glass, 1964, p. 166, pl. 120. Brief description: Toscano, 1943, pp. 13233. 343 Tlaquiltenango, Códices de. Códice Mauricio de la Arena. MNA 35-21 and AMNH. Partially published. Economic (tribute), genealogical, and miscellaneous. Tlaquiltenango, Morelos. 16thC. Native paper. 6 fragments in MNA; over 100 fragments in AMNH. Dimensions vary. The six fragments in the MNA were discovered pasted face down on the convent walls at Tlaquiltenango about 1909. The fragments in the AMNH were acquired in 1911. Most fragments are from pictorial tribute documents. One is a genealogy; others are of a miscellaneous character and some are sheets of music. The fragments in the MNA are described and published by Mazari (1926a, 1926b) and by Glass (1964). The Vaillant (MSa) description of the AMNH fragments is unpublished. Only the genealogy of the latter collection has been published (H. Spinden, 1913, 1928). Barlow (1943d) comments on the month glyphs on the MNA fragments. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 63, pl. 22; Mazari, 1926a, 1926b; H. Spinden, 1913, plate facing p. 33; 1928, pl. 47b. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 443-44; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 65. Other: Anonymous, 1944; Barlow, 1943d; Vaillant, MSa. 344 Tlatelolco, Códice de. Manuscrito [Pintura] de XochipiUa. MNA 35-39. ExBoturini (?) collection. Published. Historical. Tlatelolco, D.F. ca. 1565. Amatl paper tira. 40 X 325 cm.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Pictorial chronicle from before 1554 to after 1562, with notable drawings of colonial events and personages but without explicit chronological framework. Initial scenes refer to participation of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco in the Mixton War (ca. 1542). If this document is correctly identified as having been in the Boturini collection (see Article 29), a long section at the beginning is lost. The manuscript has been studied and reproduced in full on two occasions by Barlow (1944a, 1948b); the more recent study is more detailed. Some details are reproduced in color from a copy in Peñafiel (1903c). Robertson (1959) has discussed its style. Copies: Copy made for Madrid exposition of 1892, unknown. M. A. Saldaña copy, MNA 35-39A. Publication: Barlow, 1944a, 1948b. Other: Peñafiel, 1903c, p. 1, pls. 76, 77, 124, 132; Robertson, 1959, pp. 163-66, pls. 58-59. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 460; Glass, 1964, p. 85, pl. 41; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 267-69.

The 1823 inventory of the Boturini collection (see Article 29) describes it as representing the tribute of the nine wards of Santa Maria Tlatempan. Brief description: J. F. Ramirez, 1855, no. 7. 346 (fig. 65) Tlatepusco, San Pedro, Mapa de. Pueblo. Unpublished. Cartographic. San Pedro Tlatepusco, ex-district of Tuxtepec, Northern Oaxaca. 1803. European paper. Dimensions not determined. The document has been described by Cline (1961a) as showing the church and limits of San Pedro Tlatepusco and the area around San Felipe de Leon. Details include stylized stars and a moon, several human figures, and miscellaneous geographical detail. It is crudely drawn, peripheral to the native tradition, and primarily of local interest only. It may derive from an older original. Copy: Copy of copy owned by Weitlaner and H. F. Cline, in LC, Manuscripts Division. A photograph of this copy is in L C / HF. Brief description: Cline, 1961a, pp. 65-66.

345 Tlatengo, Rôle des Impôts [perçus sur les habitants du Canton] de, [en 1562]. BNP 390. Unpublished. Ex-Boturini collection ( ? ) . Economic (tribute). Central M e x i c o .ca.1562. Native paper tira. 175 Χ 20 cm. The tira is divided into approximately 10 horizontal divisions marked with year devices and Spanish glosses. The years represented may be 1552-61. In most divisions there are drawings of turkeys, cacao beans, and other goods and foodstuffs with numerical signs. Henry Nicholson (personal communication) has noted that Humboldt Fragment 14 (q.v.) is a fragment of this manuscript. A gloss on the reverse identifies it as assessments of the estancia of Tlatengo.

347 (fig. 66) Tlatzcantzin, Genealogie des. Genealogie von 50 Personen. Museum für Volkerkunde, Berlin. Ex-Uhde collection. Published. Genealogical. Tlaxcala(?). 16thC. European paper. 81 X 56 cm. Glossed genealogy of 49 descendents of Tlatzcantzin Chichimecatlaque. Names of persons in first four of eight generations given in Nahuatl only. Some personal name

glyphs. Lehmann (1906a) provides commentary and reproduction of a tracing; Kutscher (1963b) gives more detailed comment and photographic reproduction. Publication: Kutscher, 1963b; Lehmann, 1906a, pp. 337-42, pl. 4. 213

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

348 Tlaxcala, Amies de, no. 2, 1519-1692, Anales Antiguos de Mexico y sus Contornos (AAMC) no. 17. Unknown. ExBoturini collection. Unpublished. Historical. Tlaxcala. ca. 1692. European paper. 13 leaves. Quarto. The Galicia Chimalpopoca copy contains the Nahuatl text, his Spanish translation, and nine samples of symbols (including four year signs) copied from the original. The text has historical notices, 1519-1692, of events in Tlaxcala and elsewhere. Gibson (1952) discusses the history of the manuscript and related documents. Copy: Chimalpopoca copy and translation, MNA/AH-CA 274, Item 17 (AAMC 17). Brief description: Gibson, 1952, pp. 25455. 349 Tlaxcala, Códice de. Toponimia de Tlaxcala. Tlaxcalan Topographic Chart. Códice de San Agustin Tlaxco, Tlaxcala. MNA 35-71. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Unclassified (obverse) and cartographic (reverse). San Agustin Tlaxco, Tlaxcala. 16thC. Skin. 97.5 X 83 cm. Most of the painting on the obverse has disappeared; descriptions in inventories of the Boturini collection indicate that it presented a coat of arms, portraits of individuals, and place glyphs and other symbols in concentric circles. A crude map on the reverse, probably a later addition, is not in the native tradition. Apparently it represents a region near San Agustin Tlaxco. A brief description, together with photographs of the obverse and reverse, is in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). Mena (1923) has also described it, and Gibson (1952) has commented on it. It was exhibited in London in 1824 by Bullock and is listed in his catalog (Bullock, 1824c). Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 124, pls. 7476. 214

Brief descriptions: Gibson, 1952, pp. 26869; Mena, 1923, pp. 47-52, no. 4. Other: Bullock, 1824c, no. 29. 350 Tlaxcala, Lienzo de. Known versions described below. Published. Historical. Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala. ca. 1550. The history of the Lienzo de Tlaxcala and the relationship between three "originals" and 11 copies, listed below, are complex and incomplete. A 16thC reference (Cervantes de Salazar, 1914-36) suggests that there may have been a similar mural painting in Tlaxcala. A variant copy and a 16thC manuscript in book form are described seperately in this census (nos. 351, 352). See also Informe de los méritos de la ciudad de Tlaxcala (Article 27B, no. 1127). The 1773 copy and the 1892 and 1939 editions of a lost but similar version depict an original single sheet, which had a large main scene at the top followed by 87 much smaller scenes arranged in 13 horizontal rows. The main scene shows a European coat of arms, the lords and devices of the four quarters of Tlaxcala, Spanish officials (including Cortés, Antonio de Mendoza, and Luis de Velasco), the erection of a Christian cross, and numerous lesser Indian nobles. The 87 smaller scenes depict the arrival of the Spaniards in Tlaxcala and the participation of the Tlaxcalans as allies in the Spanish conquest of Mexico City and other places. Most of the scenes are of battles. They show Indian warriors and Spanish soldiers, frequently with the place glyph for the town being conquered. Originals: The three "originals" listed below are reported by Mazihcatzin (1927), writing in 1787 or before. 1. An original kept in the Ayuntamiento of Tlaxcala and described in detail (except whether it was made of cloth or paper) by Mazihcatzin (1927). This version may be the one which Chavero (n.d., 1892) states

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

was taken to Mexico City to be copied by the French Scientific Commission in the time of Maximilian. The Indian painting on cotton seen by Beltrami in Tlaxcala in 1825 (Beltrami, 1830) may be this original. It is now unknown. Gondra (1846) refers to an original on native paper in the Tlaxcalan Ayuntamiento. 2. An original sent to Spain, presumably to Charles V. It is conceivably the subject of a very brief and enigmatic description by Felipe de Guevara, who died in 1563 (Guevara, 1788). The Guevara description is quoted in full by both Chavero (1892) and Gibson (1952). This version is now unknown. 3. An original which stayed in Mexico. This version may correspond to the "original" on cloth in the Boturini collection, which is described in the inventories of 1743, 1745, and 1804 (where its dimensions are given as 5 X 2 varas) as well as in the catalog of 1746. It is not included in the inventory of 1823 and is now unknown. Copies: 1. MNA 35-45/48 is a copy on four sheets of cloth by Juan Manuel Yllañes and is dated 1773. It includes the main scene and the 87 smaller scenes as described above. It has been described by Glass (1964), but only details from it have been published, as in Gurría LaCroix (1966), Velázquez Chávez (1939), and other works not cited here. It is probably copied from the Ayuntamiento original. Gondra (1846) refers to the Yllañes copy but dates it at 1779. A copy of the Yllañes copy, made by Mateo A. Saldaña about 1933, is MNA 3545/48A and is poorly reproduced in Glass (1964). 2. An incomplete copy (38 of the final 49 scenes plus the explanatory legend) of the Yllañes copy is in TU/LAL. The possible identification of this copy with one of those listed below has not been investigated. 3. Seven lienzo scenes and four details from the main scene are published by Gondra (1846, pls. 37-43, 59-62). They are said

to be from the Ayuntamiento original; in composition they resemble the Yllañes copy. Two further scenes published by Alaman in Prescott (1844) may be from the same source. 4. Chavero (1892) reports that a copy of the 1773 copy was exhibited at an unspecified exposition in Paris. This copy is now unknown. 5. The copiously illustrated Teatro de la Nueva España by Diego García Panes (MS in BNMex) contains scenes either copied from, or inspired by, a version of the Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Four of them are published by Gurria LaCroix (1966). Three or four of Panes' drawings of this nature are reproduced through redrawn and considerably romanticized copies by Gondra (1846, pls. 30-33); one of the latter is reprinted by Gurria LaCroix (1966). 6. An apparently complete copy was made (or owned?) by Diego Panes in the 18thC (Gibson, 1952, p. 250). It is now unknown but may correspond to the lienzo given to the Mexican congress in 1822 (Felix Osores in Beristáin y Souza, 1833-97) and/or to the Museo Nacional about 1827 (J. F. Ramirez, 1862). Panes borrowed or secured documents from the Boturini collection (Nuevos datos, 1952). This version might be the Boturini "original," the Yllañes copy, or his own copy. 7. Chavero (n.d., 1892) reported that an inaccurate copy of the Ayuntamiento original was made by the French Scientific Commission. It is now unknown. 8. An oil-on-cloth copy or version of the right third of the main scene is in the Museo Nacional de Historia, Chapultepec, Mexico. Fully glossed, it varies in detail from other versions. A small photo appears in Gurria Lacroix (1967) without comment. It has been briefly described by Gibson (1952). 9. Bullock's description of a painting exhibited by him in London in 1824 certainly suggests another version of the upper part of the lienzo. We quote it in full: "An Oil 215

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Painting, formerly in the collection of the Chevalier Boturini, for whom it was copied. On the top, in a compartment, are the portraits of the Kings of Mexico, arranged in succession, each having his name, in hieroglyphics, placed near him, and a translation below: and underneath each compartment is a Spanish poetical description. At the bottom of the picture is Cortés seated beside the King of Zampoola, several Ladies of his Court, and near them an assemblage of the Warriors of that nation, the first friends of Cortés. In the centre of the lower compartment is Cortés, at the head of his cavalry, preceded by the guide of Zampoola, and the Ambassadors of Tlascalla, The four next compartments are subjects from History, but much defaced" (Bullock, 1824c, pp. 40-41, no. 12). Numbers 21, 42, and 46 of Bullock's catalog should be taken into account in a full discussion. 10. A copy in book form made by Diodoro Serrano and owned by J. F. Ramirez and later by Chavero is the source of the color lithographs made by Genaro López and published by the Junta Colombina with a commentary by Chavero (1892). The Serrano copy, which is now unknown, has been described by Chavero (n.d., 1892), Peñafiel (1909), and by Paso y Troncoso (1892-93). Peñafiel reports that it contained decorative devices by Serrano not on the original; they have been published by Peñafiel (1903c, 1909). The Serrano copy is also the source of the illustrations in Chavero's Historia antigua (n.d.), in which the first 48 scenes of the lienzo are reproduced in order together with details from the main scene. The 1892 edition contains the main scene and 80 of the 87 smaller scenes; the presence of the missing seven scenes is indicated, however, by their titles. There is a reprint of the Chavero edition and commentary (Chavero, 1964) but with most of the plates in b / w rather than in color. 11. The color lithographs associated with Cahuantzi "Códice Cahuantzi") appar216

ently correspond to the edition which Starr (1898)—and not Bandelier as reported by Glass (1964)—mentioned as being in preparation by the state of Tlaxcala. These lithographs, which originally measured 50 X 35 cm., presented two of the smaller scenes on each sheet. Sets of the lithographs were secured by Echániz, cut in half or folded, and published in 1939 (Cahuantzi, 1939) together with a reprint of the Mazihcatzin description. This edition lacks the plates corresponding to scenes 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 of the 1892 edition and places two other scenes in a different order. It also lacks the final seven scenes. Most copies of this edition are incomplete or have missing pages supplied with photostats. Pictorially, the Cahuantzi lithographs are close to those of the 1892 edition; they probably derive from the same ultimate original. Their glosses, however, are occasionally very diflFerent. Angulo (1959) reports some of the vicissitudes suffered by this edition. A concordance of the various published partial versions and copies of the lienzo with the Yllañes copy is given in Table 4. Most of the relevant publications concerning the lienzo are cited above. The Chavero (1892) and Cahuantzi (1939) editions are adequate for most purposes and, except for the final seven scenes, are probably more important than the 1773 copy. Chavero's commentary on the final 39 scenes has been criticized by Gibson (1952). It may also be noted that Chavero's commentary does not include the glosses and variations in other versions. Gibson (1952) provides a detailed review of most known data concerning the lienzo. The 1787 description by Mazihcatzin (1927) is a basic source. It was probably written at the request of Diego Panes (given as Diego Pérez in the 1927 edition). Falsified versions of the lienzo are listed in Article 26. Publication: Cahuantzi, 1939; Chavero, 1892, 1964; Glass, 1964, pp. 91-93, pls. 4649.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS TABLE 4 - L I E N Z O D E T L A X C A L A (Census, 350)

Concordance of published partial versions of lienzo scenes with the Yllañes copy of 1773. Panes Panes copies Copies Códice Chavero Cahuantzi by Gondra, Copies copies published de la 1892 1939 published published published by Gondra, Conquista Yllañes edition copy of edition 1846, in Prescott, by Gurría, (Census, 1846, 1844 Panes nos. plate nos. 1773 plate nos. plate nos. plate nos. 351) main

main

main

A Β C D Ε F G Η

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 16 19 22 30 34 37 41 47 —

1

J

Κ Ρ

s

X F

J

Μ

Q γ —

.... 2 3 5 6 12 14 17 25 29 32 36 42 —

UTX manuscript (Census, 352) ..__

details

—

—

—

--

....

....

....

83

31

1 2

94

....

3

79

30 32

4

1 2 3 4

— 5

— —

--

....

—-

....

37 X X 40 41 38 42 39 43 —

33?

— —

Commentaries: Gibson, 1952, pp. 247-53; Mazihcatzin, 1927. Other: Angulo, 1958, 1959; Beltrami, 1830, 2: 308-09; Beristáin de Souza, 1883-97, 4:134; Boturini, 1746, 1:152; Bullock, 1824c, pp. 40-41, no. 12; Cervantes de Salazar, 1914-36, 1: 296; Chavero, n.d., pp. xvi-xvii, 843-911; Gondra, 1846, pp. 122-28, 132-42, 151, pls. 30-33, 37-43,59-62; Guevara, 1788, p. 236; Gurria LaCroix, 1966, pls. 8, 13, 15, 16, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31; 1967; Nuevos datos, 1952, p. 20; Peñafiel, 1903c, pls. 13, 54; 1909, pp. 15-16, pls. 19, 20; Prescott, 1844, 2: 216, 241; J. F. Ramirez, 1862, p. 404, no. 18; Starr, 1898, p. 7; Velázquez Chávez, 1939, pl. 5. Brief description: Paso y Troncoso, 18929 3 , 1:38-39,68-70. 351 Códice de la Conquista. Códice con escenas de la conquista. Historia de la con-

— 23

— —

quista. Códice entrada de los Españoles en Tlaxcala. MNA 35-78. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Historical. Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala. 17th-18thC. European paper. 56 Χ 116 cm. The manuscript is a late and Hispanicized drawing of five scenes from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, with Spanish glosses, corresponding to plates 2, 3, 5, and 7 of the 1892 edition (see previous entry) together with a scene comparable only to one of Panes' drawings. With this manuscript the inventories of the Boturini collection of 1743 and 1745 also list a separate and sixth scene now lost and unpublished. The latter is also described in the catalog of 1746 and apparently corresponded to plate 1 of the 1892 edition of the lienzo. A fully illustrated description and comparative study is given by Gurria LaCroix (1966). It has been briefly described and 217

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

reproduced by Glass (1964). It has also been described by Mena (1923), who illustrates and misrepresents several details, and by Mateos Higuera (1949a). A partial reproduction is given by Cuevas (1921-28). It has been briefly treated by Gibson (1952). Copies: Modern copy in PML. A modern tracing by Canessi is reproduced by Gurría LaCroix(1966). Publication: Glass, 1964, pp. 131-32, pl. 83; Gurria LaCroix, 1966. Partial publication: Cuevas, 1921-28, 1: 124. Brief descriptions: Gibson, 1952, p. 249; Mateos Higuera, 1949a; Mena, 1923, pp. 6 1 62, pls. 2 and 3, no. 19. 352 Untitled pages of the Lienzo de Tlaxcala. UTX. Ex-Stendahl collection. Published. Historical. Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala. 16thC. Native paper. 2 leaves painted on both sides, each 55.5 X 43.5 cm. This version of the Lienzo de Tlaxcala scenes (see Census, 350, above) consists of a large sheet of native paper on which are drawn four scenes so arranged that they constitute two leaves or four pages of a manuscript in the form of a large European book. The four scenes are comparable in subject matter to plates 4-7 of the 1892 edition of the Lienzo de Tlaxcala but present far more detail and include Nahuatl glosses unknown on any other extant version. The manuscript is presumably incomplete but does not exhibit pagination marks. The manuscript is reproduced without comment on the end papers of Anton (1965). Copy: A photostat of a copy of one of the four scenes, without the glosses, is among the Barlow papers in the University of the Americas library, Mexico. A photograph of the photostat is in L C / H F . Publication: Anton, 1965, end papers. Brief description: Präkolumbische Kunst, 1958, p. 93, no. 745. 218

TLAXINICAN, TLAYLOTLACAN, TECPANPA, ETC., TRIBUTES OF. Two pictorial tribute manuscripts pertaining to various barrios of an unidentified locality, probably in the eastern Valley of Mexico. 353 • Contributions ou Tributs [que payaient en argent et en nature les indigènes des villages] de Tlaxinican, Tlaylotlacan, Tecpanpa, Tenanco, Quecholac, Ayocalco, et San Nicolas. BNP 28. Ex-Aubin collection. Published. Economic (tribute). Valley of Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 40 X 38 cm. Drawings of items of tribute—pesos, fish, canoes ( ? ) , pottery, turkeys—from each of seven localities identified by place glyphs and glosses (see title). Boban (1891) gives description and photoreproduction. Publication: Boban, 1891, 1: 391-95, pl. 28. 354 Contributions ou Tributs [en argent et en nature] imposés aux indigènes par [le chef (caudillo) ou commandeur (encomendero) ] Don Joseph Jorgen. BNP 108. ExAubin collection. Unpublished. Economic (tribute). Valley of Mexico. 16thC. European paper. 140 X 31 cm. Drawings of items of tribute—pesos, fish, pottery, turkeys—paid by each of 10 localities. The first seven are the same as those listed in the title of the preceding document. The total of the items is drawn at the bottom of the tira. Also shown are the Indians —merinos—in charge of collecting the tribute. A Spanish gloss identifies Joseph Jorgen as "caudillo." A detailed description is given by Boban (1891). Description: Boban, 1891, 2: 287-90. 355 Tlazultepec, Genealogy of. AGN-T 59, exp. 2. Published, Genealogical. Tlazul-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

tepec (now San Augustin Tlacotepee), exdistrict of Tlaxiaco, Western Oaxaca. 1597. European paper. 42.5 X 31.5 cm. Drawings of the descendants of a cacique of Tlazultepec and other persons in traditional poses and costume in a conservative Mixtec style. There are no calendrical or personal name glyphs; place glyphs are identified by Spanish glosses. Spores (1964) reproduces a copy, gives an interpretation of the document, and summarizes the related litigation. Publication: Spores, 1964. 356 Tlotzin, Mapa, Histoire du Royanme d'Acolhuacan ou de Tezcuco. Genealogía de los Reyes Chichimecas. BNP 373. ExDiego Pimentel, Ixtlilxochitl, Boturini, and Aubin collections. Published. Historical and genealogical. Texcoco, Mexico. 16thC (before 1550). Skin tira. 31.5 X 127.5 cm. The document treats the establishment of the Chichimecs of Xolotl in the eastern Valley of Mexico in the time of Nopaltzin and Tlotzin. Genealogies relating to six localities are shown, including Huexotla, Coatlinchan, and Oztoticpac (Texcoco); the latter extends into the colonial period. The Nahuatl texts have been translated by Aubin. The early Desportes lithograph (Aubin, n.d.e) was apparently printed to illustrate the commentary by Aubin (1849). The Aubin commentary is illustrated by color lithographs in its reprint of 1885 (Aubin, 1885) and by b / w lithographs in other reprintings (Aubin, 1859-61, 1875). The Spanish translation of the commentary (Aubin, 1886b) is illustrated by the Desportes lithograph. Radin (1920) digests the commentary and reproduces the 1885 lithographs in b/w. Chavero (n.d.) reproduces most of the figures of the manuscript in his history of ancient Mexico and Orozco y Berra (1880) comments on some of its content. Alcina Franch (1955) and others mis-

takenly list the "Genealogía de los Reyes Chichimecas" as a distinct and lost document. Copies: Boturini collection copy, BNP 95; Pichardo copy, BNP 89-4. Publication: Aubin, 1859-61; 1875; 1885, pp. 51-74, pls. 1-3; 1886b; n.d.e; Radin, 1920, pp. 18-19, 35-38, pls. 13-15. Commentary: Aubin, 1849. Other: Chavero, n.d., pp. xiii-xiv, 509-36; León-Portilla, 1967a, p. 72; Orozco y Berra, 1880, vol. 3, book 2, chaps. 5 and 6. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 457, 460; Robertson, 1959, pp. 140-41. 357 Tocuaro, Títulos de. MNA 35-116. Partially published. Historical. Tocuaro, Michoacan. 17thC. European paper. 9 leaves. 31 X 21 cm. Spanish and Tarascan texts related to history and land titles of Tocuaro. One page has a simple drawing of two Indians holding bows and arrows. Glass (1964) gives brief description and photograph of the drawing. Partial publication: Glass, 1964, p. 173, pl. 127. 358 Tola, Santa Isabel, Títulos de [tierras pertenecientes al pueblo de]. Cadastre de Terres conquisés à Izhuatepec. Manuscrito Americano numero 4. Unknown. Published. Economic (land titles) and historical. Santa Isabel Tola, D.F., or San Juan Ixhuatepec, M e x i c o .ca.1616. European (?) paper. 13 leaves. "Medio pliego." The document is known through a copy of its drawings and Nahuatl texts and a detailed description and translation thereof made in 1701 and copied in 1714. From the 1701 description it is evident that the Berlin and Paris copies are incomplete. The Títulos were preserved in Santa Isabel Tola in the late 18thC together with a map of the Villa de Nuestra Señora de 219

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Guadalupe. A brief comment of 1797 by Francisco Sedano on both the map and the titles is quoted by Garcia Gutiérrez (1939, p. 137). Copies of the map, not relevant to this census but containing references to the titles in their legends, are reproduced by Boban (1891, 2: 197-201, pl. 79) and by Pompa y Pompa (1938, ρ, 15). The first four pages of the original had Nahuatl texts and drawings of 16 Indians and place glyphs representing lands distributed by Itzcoatl. The same lands are also depicted in Códice de Ixhuatepec and in Codex Cozcatzin. Other pages presented drawings of the nine preconquest rulers of Tenochtitlan from Acamapichtli through Moctezuma, similar to those in Codex Cozcatzin. The remaining sections are concerned with church expenses, 1539 and 1598-1616, and the sale of lands to a Spaniard in 1573. Two or three final pages, missing from the copies, concerned the Indian rulers of Tenochtitlan from Moctezuma through Cristóbal de Guzmán. The translation of their texts in the 1701 description indicates that they were similar to the series in Codex Cozcatzin. The Berlin copy, together with the copied description of 1701, was defectively published, in color, by Peñafiel (1897b). Eight of the nine drawings of the preconquest rulers of Tenochtitlan were first published in Prescott (1844) and are also published in Peñafiel (1903c). Drawings of 11 rulers (Acamapichtli through Cuauhtemoc) reproduced by Carbajal Espinosa (1862) are similar to those given in Prescott but with some of the personal name glyphs taken from Clavigero. The source of his glyphs for Cuitlahuac and Cuanuhtemoc is uncertain since they are not present in the copies or in Prescott. López Sarrelangue (1957) cites possibly related litigation in the Archivo Municipal de Mexico. See Ixhuatepec Group for further comment. Copies: (1) DSB MS Amer. 4, now lost 220

(2) Peñafiel copy of the DSB copy, HSA. (3) Aubin collection copy, BNP 94 and 222 (described by Boban, 1891). (4) Location of Galicia Chimalpopoca copy, formerly in the Conway collection, is unknown (mentioned by Barlow, 1946a). Publication: Peñafiel, 1897b. Partial publication: Carbajal Espinosa, 1862, 1: pls. facing 316, 322, 334, 356, 382, 396, 415, 419; 2: 6, 449, 466; Peñafiel, 1903c, pls. 128-30; Prescott, 1844, 1: two pls. labeled "Reyes Aztecas." Other: Barlow, 1946a, p. 416; Boban, 1891, 2: 265-66, 406; Garcia Gutiérrez, 1939, p. 137; López Sarrelangue, 1957, pp. 17-18. 359 Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia. Historia Tulteca. Anales de Quauhtinchan. Anuales Tolteco-Chichimeques. Codex Gondra. BNP 46-58. Ex-Boturini and Aubin collections. Published. Historical and cartographic-historical. Cuauhtinchan, Puebla. After 1544. European paper. 52 leaves. 30 X 22 cm. The document is in three parts (BNP 46-50, 51-53, and 54-58). The first two contain 22 leaves of the original and copies by Aubin from BNP 54-58. Modem editions combine the three parts, arrange the pages in logical sequence, and omit the redundant Aubin copies. The manuscript contains 37 pages of Nahuatl text, 35 pages of Nahuatl text with drawings, 25 full-page drawings (including six double-page maps) and seven blank pages. The manuscript is one of the major sources for the study of the early postToltec and subsequent history of the Chichimec migrations from Chicomoztoc to the central Puebla region. It treats the emigration of the Nonohualca and Tolteca-Chichimeca from Tula, the conquest of the Olmeca-Xicalanca at Cholula by the latter, emigrations from Chicomoztoc, the founding of Cuauhtinchan, and the later history

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

and wars of the inhabitants of Cuauhtinchan. The period embraced by this history is A.D. 1116 through 1544. The drawings, none of which depict colonial events, are probably copies from the pictorial manuscript or manuscripts on which the Nahuatl text is based. Some of the mans are clearly part of the series represented by the Mapas de Cuauhtinchan nos. 1-3 (q.v., especially no. 2, for further comment). A part of the manuscript was lithographed for Aubin (n.d.c) about 1849-51 or later. This ephemeral edition, which we have not seen, the extracts and translation (partial) in the AAMC (see below), and a copy of a translation supplied to Brasseur de Bourbourg by Gondra about 1851 made the content of the manuscript known in the 19thC. It is cited or utilized in the major historical writings of Brasseur de Bourbourg, Chavero, and Orozco y Berra. Boban (1891) described the manuscript in considerable detail and reproduced 21 pages of the original and five pages of the Aubin copy catalogued with it. The first complete edition (Preuss and Mengin, 193738) was issued in two parts. The first (1937) gives a transcript of the text, a parallel German translation, and reproduces all of the illustrations (most in line drawings, some by photography). The second (1938) provides an extended commentary. The second full edition (Mengin, 1942) is a b / w photofacsimile of the entirety of the original with a brief introduction. Berlin and Rendón (1947) give a Spanish translation of the text (based both on the Nahuatl and the German translations) and reproduce the drawings after the 1937 edition. They also provide a chronological essay by Berlin (incorporating a revision of that given in 1937) and an historical study by Kirchhoff. Kirchhoff (1940) maps and studies the migration itineraries of the Nonohualca and Tolteca-Chichimeca and considers some as-

pects of their relationship to the OlmecaXicalanca. His study is partially revised in Kirchhoff (1958). Robertson (1959) discusses and reproduces two of the maps. Jiménez Moreno (1961) makes important observations on the chronology and correlation of dates in the manuscript. Some of the studies by Preuss (cited below) may be incorporated in the 1938 commentary. Preuss and Mengin (1937-38, 1: 8) cite translations of selected paragraphs by Seler and Krickeberg excluded from the present bibliography. Copies: (1) Extract in Spanish translation by Aubin, "Anales Toltecas," "Anónimo Número 1," MNA/AH Col. Antig. 273, Item 2 (AAMC 2). Published as Andes Toltecas (1949). (2) Partial translation by Galicia Chimalpopoca, apparently from early lithograph edition, "Anales Tolteca-Chichimecas," "Anónimo número 2." MNA/AH Col. Antig. 273, Item 5 (AAMC 5). Published as Andes Tolteca-Chichimeca (1949) and also as Anales Número Cinco (1954). (3) Partial copy of Nahuatl text and drawings by Galicia Chimalpopoca, "Venida de los Tultecas," MNA/AH Col. Antig. 254, ff. 21r-28r. (4) Partial copy by Aubin of BNP 54-58 in BNP 46-50 and BNP 51-53. (5) Old (Aubin ?) partial copy, BNP 58bis. (6) Aubin copy with French translation, BNP 338. (7) Brasseur de Bourbourg collection copy of incomplete translation made by order of Gondra from original ("Codex Gondra"), unknown. (8) León y Gama copy, unknown. Editions: Berlin and Rendón, 1947; Mengin, 1942; Preuss and Mengin, 1937-38. Partial publications and translations (selected): Anales Número Cinco, 1954; Anales Toltecas, 1949; Anales Tolteca-Chichimeca, 1949; Aubin, n.d.c; Boban, 1891, 2: 51-102, pls. 46-58; Garibay, 1957; Whorf, 1930. Studies: Barlow, 1948c; Kirchhoff, 1940, 1958; Preuss, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1948; Robertson, 1959, pp. 179-80, pls. 81, 82. 221

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Other: Jiménez Moreno, 1961; Nowotny, 1961b, p. 34, pls. 23, 24. Historical references (selected): Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1851, pp. 26-28; León y Gama, 1832, 1:29; 2: 31, 34. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 504; Barlow, 1948f. 360 Tonayan, Mapa de. Códice Tonayan. Códice Chapultepec. Plano de San Juan Chapultepec. Unknown. Published. Cartographic-historical. San Juan Chapultepec or San Pedro Tonayan, Veracruz. 1665. Physical description of original is unknown. Map of the Tonayan, Chapultepec, and Coacoatzintla region with drawings of roads, mountains, place glyphs, and 16thC personages. The document is related to continuing litigation between named communities over municipal jurisdictions. Mena (1911b) reproduces and comments on the 1852 copy. Barlow (1947b) gives photographs of the 1849 copy, the tracing of the 1849 copy, and the 1852 copy. Cline (1959) reproduces the 1849 copy and interprets its cartographic aspects. Copies: Reported copies include: (1) 1849 watercolor, DGMH. (2) Tracing of the 1849 copy, DGMH. (3) 1852 oil on cloth, 137 X 163 cm., in Secretaría de Gobierno, Jalapa, about 1911 and now possibly in the Departamento de Antropología of the state of Veracruz. (4) "Archivo particular,'' Chapultepec, Veracruz. Publication: Barlow, 1947b; Cline, 1959, pp. 655-57, figs. 13, 14; Mena, 1911b; Tamayo, 1949, pp. 54-55. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 463-64; Melgarejo Vivanco, 1953, p. 334; Tamayo and Alcorta, 1941, pp. 19-20, no. 6. 361 Topográfico Fragmentado, Códice. MNA 35-61. Published. Economic (property plans). Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Amatl 222

paper. 10 to 12 fragments of varying dimensions. The surviving fragments of the now very incomplete document exhibit drawings of plots of land, native houses, Indians with calendrical name glyphs, and hieroglyphic dates in the "Mixtec" style. One of the glosses reads "tierras de Don Francisco." Caso (personal communication) reports that one of the Indian couples also appears in the Codex Selden. A brief description and a photograph appear in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). Nicholson (unpublished notes) suggests a provenience in the Cuauhtepec-Tecamachalco region of Puebla. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 113, pl. 64. 362 (fig. 67) Totomixthhuaca, Lienzo de. Private collection. Partially published. Cartographichistorical. Totomixtlahuaca, G u e r r e r o . ca. 1570. C l o t h .ca.189 X 168 cm. or 221 X 188 cm. The lienzo, with about 75 hieroglyphic place names glossed in Nahuatl, depicts Totomixtlahuaca and surrounding dependencies such as Tlaxcalixtlahuaca, Pazcala, and Tlacoapan. There is a peripheral frame of place glyphs. Two rivers are prominent. Numerous persons, some in warlike attitudes, and the caciques of Totomixtlahuaca are shown. A Nahuatl text dated 1564 indicates that the lienzo concerns a land dispute between Totomixtlahuaca, Ocoapan, and Xochitonala. A detail is reproduced in a recent catalog (Parke-Bemet, 1967) in which the original, a modern copy on cloth, and related documentary material are described. A detail of the original is reproduced. The documentary material may correspond to an unfinished commentary by R. H. Barlow and an anonymous collaborator; similar material is also in the Southwest Museum, where there is a modern copy on cloth, probably one of four believed to have been made

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

after about 1948, when the lienzo is believed to have appeared in connection with land litigation in Guerrero. Copies: loc. cit. Photograph of original in L C / H F . Bibliography: Parke-Bernet, 1967, p. 29, no. 117, frontispiece.

part of the Kalendario Mexicano, Latino y Castellano (q.v.) to be copied from the Tovar Calendar. A single page is reproduced in Robertson (1959). Publication: Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 18-54, 73-74, pls. 4 (right) and 5-14. Other: Robertson, 1959, pl. 43.

363 Totoquihuaztli, Don Antonio, Testamento de. BNP 115. Ex-Aubin collection. Unpublished. Economic (property plans). Tacuba, D.F. 1574. European paper. 2 drawings with accompanying text on approximately 10 leaves. Dimensions not determined. The document contains the Nahuatl text and Spanish translation of the will of Don Antonio Totoquihuaztli, cacique of Tacuba. The two drawings are simple property plans with various hieroglyphic place names and lesser detail. Nicholson (1966a) reproduces a single place glyph from the document. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 301-02. Other: Nicholson, 1966a. 364 Tovar Calendar, The, John Carter Brown Library, Providence. Ex-José de Acosta, Richard Heber, and Sir Thomas Phillipps collections. Published. Calendrical. Valley of M e x i c o .ca.1585. European paper. 11 leaves. 21.2 X 15.3 cm. The document is bound at the end of the JCBL MS of Tovar's Relación del Origen... (q.v.) and has had the same history since it came into the possession of Acosta. Unlike the Relación, however, its illustrations do not derive from Durán's Historia although its text has some slight relationship to it. The manuscript is an 18-month festival calendar with drawings and descriptive texts in Spanish for each of the 18 ceremonies and one for the final five-day period. Kubler and Gibson (1951) give complete photofacsimile and detailed comparative commentary. They consider the pictorial

TOVAR, FRAY JUAN DE. Relación del Origen de los Yndios que havitan en esta Nueva España según sus Historias. This work, considered the second and only surviving historical writing by Tovar, is known through two variant 16thC manuscripts, entered separately below. Current opinion holds that the two Tovar texts are close and that they represent an abridgement by Tovar of Durán's Historia de las Indias, with some added material. The drawings in the two Tovar manuscripts differ notably in style and major details but their essential dependence on those in Durán is evident, complex, and unstudied. Those in the JCBL Tovar MS are ambitious executions in color, perhaps more "native" than those in Durán, whereas those in the MNA MS are crude linear sketches, generally without color. The parallel drawings in Durán are in his Tratados 1 and 2 and those represented in the Tovar MSS are depictions of events of Aztec history and of gods, ceremonies, and customs. Only the calendar wheel and day signs from Durán's Tratado 3 are represented in both Tovar manuscripts. The JCBL Tovar MS was available to Acosta, who copied numerous passages in his Historia natural, first published in 1590 (Acosta, 1962). The MNA or some similar MS was available to Torquemada, who utilized it to criticize Acosta. The bibliography concerning the relationships between Acosta, Tovar, and Durán is extensive. Only a selection is given here. Kubler and Gibson (1951) give a clear analysis of the problem 223

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

and cite the earlier bibliography. O'Gorman (in Acosta, 1962) is another modern treatment with an annotated chronological review of the bibliography and related events. No source adequately treats the problem of the drawings since most of those in the JCBL manuscript are unpublished and those in the Durán manuscript were not adequately published until 1967. For further data and bibliography see the entries below, the Durán Historia, and the Crónica X Group in this census. Selected bibliography on the AcostaTovar-Durán relationship: Beauvois, 1885; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 9-12 and passim; O'Gorman in Acosta, 1962, pp. xixxiii, lxxvii-xcv. 365 Códice Ramírez. Códice Anónimo. MNA/AH Col. Antig. 166 (also cataloged as MNA 35-100). Ex-Convento de San Francisco (Mexico City), J. F. Ramírez, and Chavero collections. Published. Calendrical, historical, and ethnographic. Valley of Mexico. 1583-87 or late 16thC. European paper. 169 leaves. 22 X 16 cm. The manuscript, discovered by J. F. Ramirez in 1856, contains the text of the Relación (see previous entry), further fragments of text, and 32 drawings. The first 28 are parallel to those in Tratados 1 and 2 of Durán's Historia; drawings 29 and 30 are of calendar wheels and tables of day signs comparable to drawings at the beginning of Tratado 3 of Durán. The final two drawings are symbolic depictions of the Spanish conquest, not in Durán. The text and the drawings were first published by Orozco y Berra (Alvarado Tezozomoc, 1878; reprinted, Tovar, 1944) with preface by J. F. Ramirez and partial commentary by Chavero and Orozco y Berra, presenting now outdated opinions. There are a French translation with 30 of the drawings (Charnay, 1903) and a partial English translation, without the drawings (Radin, 224

1920). There are also a recent study by Leal (1953) and a suggested concordance between the drawings and those of Durán (Barlow, 1944b). Glass (1964) reproduces two pages of the manuscript photographically. See previous and following entries in this census for further comment. Copies: Orozco y Berra collection, now unknown. Editions: Alvarado Tezozomoc, 1878; Librería Echániz, 1947d; Tovar, 1944. Translations: Charnay, 1903; Radin, 1920, pp. 14-15, 24, 29-30, 67-123. Other: Barlow, 1944b, pp. 534-36; Caso, 1945a; 1967, pp. 96-97; Leal, 1953; Yáñez, 1942, pp. 37-100. Brief description: Glass, 1964, p. 154, pl. 107. 366 Historia de la Benida de los Yndios apoblar a Mexico, John Carter Brown Library, Providence. Ex-José de Acosta, Richard Heber, and Sir Thomas Phillipps collections. Partially published. Calendrical, historical, and ethnographic. Valley of Mexico. 1583-87. European paper. 81 leaves of text plus drawings and other material. 21.2 X 15.3 cm. The manuscript, a Tovar holograph in Spanish, contains: added title page ("Historia de la Benida . . . " ) , correspondence between Tovar and Acosta (3 ff.), the text of the Relación (81 ff.), 28 drawings comparable to certain of those in Tratados 1 and 2 of Durán's Historia, a drawing of a calendar wheel and miscellaneous calendrical drawings parallel to those in Tratado 3 of Durán, a page in Nahuatl, and a festival calendar now known as the Tovar Calendar (described separately in this census). The Tovar-Acosta correspondence has been published numerous times, most recently by Kubler and Gibson (1951) in English translation and photofacsimile. Other editions of the correspondence include Garcia Icazbalceta (1881) and Sandoval

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

(1945). For the text of the Relación there is only a partial, inaccurate, and rare publication (Tovar, 1860). Only four of the drawings have been published (see below). Kubler and Gibson (1951) give excellent historiographic commentary, incomplete description, and inaccurate concordance between the drawings and those of the Durán Historia, An edition is in preparation. See previous entries for further comment. Publication of drawings: Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pl. 4 (left); Mirror of the Indian, 1958, pl. 1; Sotheby and Co., 1946, p. 17, pl. 6; Wroth, 1949, pl. 8. Partial publication of text: Tovar, 1860. Other: Garcia Icazbalceta, 1881 (volume and page references not determined); Sandoval, 1945, pp. 80-82. Commentary, Burrus, 1957 (biographical data on Tovar); Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp.5, 9-18, pls. 1-3,4 (left). 367 Tributos, Fragmento de, Gilcrease Institute, Tulsa. Ex-Boturini and MNA (no. 35-72) collections. Published. Economic (tribute). Central Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 38 X 18.9 cm. Drawings of numerical signs, fish, and other goods arranged in horizontal rows. The document may be a receipt for the payment of goods or for the delivery of tribute. A photograph and a brief description are given by Glass (1964). Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 125, pl. 77. Brief description: Mena, 1923, p. 53, no. 6. 368 (fig. 68) Tributos, Matrícula de. Tribute Roll of Montezuma. Códice de Moctezuma. Codex Poinsett (part). MNA 35-52. ExBoturini collection. Defectively published. Economic (tribute). Mexico City, D.F. 16thC. Amatl paper codex. 16 leaves. 42 X 29 cm.

Itemized pictorial list of tribute paid to the ruling cities of the Valley of Mexico before the conquest by the different provinces of the Aztec Empire. Major source for the study of tribute, place glyphs, and political economy and geography of the Aztecs. Closely related to Codex Mendoza, part 2, and to the Información sobre los Tributos que los Indios pagaban a Moctezuma of 1554 (see Article 27B, no. 1136). The editions of Lorenzana (1770) and Peñafiel (1890) are inadequate for serious research. The two leaves taken to Philadelphia in the 1820s by Poinsett and returned to Mexico in 1942 are reproduced in color by Brinton et al. (1892). Isolated pages are photographically reproduced by Glass (1964), Keleman (1943), Hagen (1944), Lenz (1950), Robertson (1959), and, in color, in Twenty Centuries ,,, (1940). This is not a complete list. Barlow (1949d) describes the manuscript, analyzes much of its political and economic content, and maps the towns and provinces shown in the document. Robertson (1959) discusses its style, date, and prototype. See Codex Mendoza for further comment. The Información of 1554 has been published by Scholes and Adams (1957) and studied by Borah and Cook (1963). Copies: The Boturini collection copy, MNA 35-52 (part), is also published (defectively ) by Peñafiel (1890). Publication: Lorenzana, 1770, pp. 171-76, pls. 2-32; Peñafiel, 1890, chaps. 13-15, pls. 228-59. Partial publication: Brinton et a l , 1892; Glass, 1964, pp. 99-100, pl. 55; Gondra, 1846, pp. 109-13, pl. 23; Hagen, 1944, pl. 34b; Keleman, 1943, pl. 269; Lenz, 1950, figs. 46, 47; Twenty Centuries, 1940, color pl. D. Commentary: Barlow, 1949d. Studies: Anderson and Barlow, 1943; Barlow, 1945f; Borah and Cook, 1963, pp. 2537; Robertson, 1959, pp. 72-77, pls. 15, 16. Other: Scholes and Adams, 1957. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, 225

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

pp. 439-40; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 64-65; Glass, 1964, pp. 99-100, pl. 55. 369 Tula, Anales de. Anales Aztecas. Anales Mexicanos del Pueblo de Tezontepec. Anales de Tezontepec. MNA 35-9. Partially published. Historical. Tula, Hidalgo. 16thC. Amatl paper tira. 17 X 487 cm. The entire length of the tira is divided in half by drawings of the hieroglyphs for the years 1361 through 1521. Above and below them are occasional simple drawings and short Nahuatl texts that refer to historical events in Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, Tula, and other localities. Two details are reproduced by Barlow (1949a), who gives a transcript and translation of the Nahuatl texts. Another detail and a brief description are given by Glass (1964). Copies: A modern copy is in MNA/BNA. This copy may or may not be the one made in 1892 for the Exposición Histórico-Americana. Partial publication: Barlow, 1949a; Glass, 1964, p. 47, pl. 11. Brief mention: Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1:56-57. 370 (fig. 69) Tulane, Codex. Códice de Huamelulpan. TU/MARI. Ex-Samuel Daza of Tlaxiaco and Felix Muro collections. Partially published. Historical. San Juan Ñumi, ex-district of Tlaxiaco, Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Skin roll painted on one side. 22.9 X 378.5 cm. The roll, composed vertically, has drawings of place glyphs, Mixtec year and day dates, Mixtec glosses, and genealogies of persons with calendrical name glyphs. Some aspects of style and form are occasionally divergent from other Mixtec manuscripts. but there are a few similarities to Códice 226

Dehesa. Its content is genealogical and historical. Only brief descriptions and notices of its acquisition by Tulane University have appeared. Those by Gropp ( 1 9 3 2 , 1 9 3 3 ) reproduce two different details from the manuscript. Robertson, M. E. Smith, Parmenter, and Chadwick have a work on this manuscript in preparation. Partial publication: Gropp, 1932, p. 12; 1933, pp. 231-33, fig. 1. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 490-91; Blom, n.d., 1936; Rivet, 1932. 371 Tultepeque, Santa Maria Nativitas, Mapa de. MNA 35-90. Published. Economic (property plans). Santa Maria Tultepec, M e x i c o .ca.1578. European paper. 72 X 64 cm. Incomplete. The surviving fragment of the map shows maguey fields and houses in the vicinity of Tultepec. Three Christian churches represent Tultepec and two other localities. A long Spanish gloss concerns a judicial decision by the Audiencia Real relating to lands and mentions Xaltocan and Tultepec. Photograph and brief description in MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 144, pl. 96. 372 Tututepec, Códice de. Unknown. Unpublished. Unavailable. Western Oaxaca. Further data unavailable. A privately owned manuscript history of Tututepec, written by Martinez Gracida about 1907, contains a description of a Mixtec pictorial manuscript. Unfortunately, the two plates that illustrated the document are not preserved with the history, and neither the plates nor the document are otherwise known. The description is published by Berlin (1947), who cautiously compares it with the Códice de Yanhuitlan. Bibliography: Berlin, 1947, pp. 13-14, 4 5 49.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS; CENSUS

373-378 Tuxpan, Lienzos de, nos. 1-6. Tamiahua Codices. Museo Veracruzano de Antropología. Partially published. Cartographichistorical. Tihuatlan-Tuxpan-Tamiahua region, Veracruz. 16thC. Cloth. Six sheets, dimensions not determined. Six lienzos, each a map with numerous place glyphs and evidently forming part of a related series, were discovered about 1957 or before in the Tihuatlan-Tuxpan region of Veracruz. A very brief examination of color transparencies of the originals suggest that they correspond, at least in part, to three undated and handcolored lithographs reprinted by Barlow (1946e). One of the latter, possibly representing a seventh document, shows Tamiahua, Tihuatlan, Tepetzintla, and Huachinango. A small detail from one of the originals has been published by Medellin Zenil (1957). Related publication: Barlow, 1946e. Brief mention: Medellín Zenil, 1957, p. 48, fig. 9; Melgarejo Vivanco, 1953, p. 333. 379 (fig. 70) Tzintzuntzan and Tlalpujava, Tributes of. Princeton University Library. Ex-Boturini and Garrett collections. Partially published. Economic (tribute). Tzintzuntzan and Tlalpujahua, Michoacan, or Acambaro, G u a n a j u a t o .ca.1542-52. Native paper. 92 X 43 cm. Obverse bears drawings of Indian heads, cloth, containers of food, turkeys, and other items of tribute. A Spanish text on the obverse and reverse concerns tribute, Tarascan and Otomi Indians, the mines of Tzintzuntzan and Tlalpujava, and the cacique of Acambaro. An incomplete 18thC copy and transcript of the text appears in Beaumont's Crónica de Michoacan (q.v. for manuscripts thereof). This copy and part of the transcript were first published by Riva Palacio (n.d.). Beaumont (1932) gives his copy and transcript of the text.

Partial publication: Beaumont, 1932, 3: 63-67; Riva Palacio, n.d., p. 75. 380 Tzoquitetlan, Lienzo de. Lienzo de Xochimilco. Unknown. Published. Cartographic. Central Mexico. Date unknown. (MNA copy is cloth, 242 X 300 cm.) The lienzo is covered with drawings of a large number of roads, streams, and rudimentary place glyphs. The latter are identified by more than 100 glossed Nahuatl place names. Among the more prominent are Metlateocan, Tzoquitetlan, Xuchimilco, and Tzicohuac. Place glyphs are drawn around the border. Further research is required to identify the region represented, possibly northern Puebla. A brief description and a photograph of the copy are given by Glass (1964). Copy: MNA 35-96. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 150, pl. 103. 381 (fig. 71) Unidentified locality, Map of. NLA 1271 ( d ) . Ex-Latroupelignire and Waldeck collections. Unpublished. Cartographic. Central Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 39.3 X 41 cm. Map showing a river, five tepetl symbols, and six native houses. Identifying glosses are illegible. Bibliography: None. 382 Unidentified property, Plan of. NLA 1477 (part). Unpublished. Economic (property plans). Central Mexico. 16thC (?). European paper. ca. 31 X 22 cm. Plan of a house and adjacent property, with measurements given by native pictorial conventions. The drawing is on the first leaf of a volume of deeds (not examined), 16781751. Bibliography: None. 227

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

383 Valeriano, Códice. MNA 35-121. Ex-González Obregon collection. Published. Economic (property plans). Central Mexico. 1574. European paper. 22 X 31.8 cm. Fragment showing several plots of land and drawings of a number of Indians (some in genealogical relationships) with personal and other name glyphs. A short Nahuatl text mentions a Pedro Valeriano. The hats worn by the Indians are unusual. The drawing has been studied by Mateos Higuera (1949d) and briefly described by Glass (1964). Both give a photographic reproduction. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 179, pl. 132; Mateos Higuera, 1949d. 384 Vaticanus B, Codex, Codex Vaticanus 3773. Codice Vaticano Rituale. Códice Fábrega. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome. Published. Ritual-calendrical. Borgia Group. Preconquest. Skin screenfold. 49 leaves (48 painted pages on each side; initial and terminal pages attached to original wooden covers). 13 X 15 cm. (total length ca. 735 cm.). The history of the manuscript prior to 1596-1600, the date of a Vatican catalog which describes the number 3773, is unknown. A reference by Mercati (1589) to two Mexican manuscripts in the Vatican refers to Codex Ríos (Vaticanus 3738 or A) but may not include Codex Vaticanus B. Like other screenfolds of the Borgia Group, Codex Vaticanus Β contains a complex presentation of the tonalpohualli, the 260-day Mesoamerican divinatory calendar. The 28 identifiable sections of the manuscript treat specific aspects of the tonalpohualli such as the 5 X 52 and 20 X 13 days and their associated deities as well as various series of gods, world directions, and so forth. The first partial publication was by Humboldt (1810), the first edition by Kings228

borough (1831-48). The screenfold facsimile in color published by the Duc de Loubat (Ehrle, 1896) is accompanied by pamphlets describing the manuscript (by Paso y Troncoso) and giving its history (by Ehrle). Seler (1902a; English translation, 1902-03) gives detailed commentary and annotated line drawings of each page. Nowotny (1961b) provides comparative interpretation of all sections. A new edition is in preparation by the Akademische Druckund Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria. See annotation under Corona Núñez (1964-67) in bibliography for another edition now in press. See Borgia Group for further bibliography and comment. Editions: Librería Echániz, 1939c; Ehrle, 1896; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 3. Commentanes: Nowotny, 1961b, passim, pls. 37-42; Seler, 1902a, 1902-03. Studies: Seler, 19021; J. E. S. Thompson, 1934, pp. 217-19, 223-25, pls. 3, 4. Other: Dorez, 1896; Hagar, 1913; Haro y Cadena, 1940; Humboldt, 1810, pls. 13, 60. Historical references: Fábrega, 1899, p. 7, passim; Homius, 1652, pp. 267-76; Kircher, 1652-54 (unverified; page references not determined; not examined); Mercati, 1589, p. 96. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 477-78; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 253-54; Paso y Troncoso, 1897b. 385 (fig. 72) Veinte Mazorcas, Códice de. BNP 391. Published. Cartographic-historical. Tlapa region, Guerrero. 16thC. Native paper. 76 X 51 cm. The document has drawings of native caciques and place glyphs of towns in the Tlapa region of Guerrero. The town represented by a central place glyph ("Veinte Mazorcas") has not been identified; Barlow's reading of the glyph may be imaginative. Another glyph has been interpreted as representing Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca. Later additions in a different style (reminiscent of the

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

later style on Códice de Azoyu no. 1, reverse) include drawings of Spaniards, glosses in Mixtec and Nahuatl, and alterations to the content of the earlier drawings. The document is reproduced with the incomplete and posthumous study by Barlow (1961). Publication: Barlow, 1961. Brief description: J. F. Ramirez, 1855, no. 8. 386

Vergara, Codex. BNP 37-39. Ex-Boturini and Aubin collections. Partially published. Economic (census and cadastral). Valley of Mexico. 16thC (1539?). European paper. 55 leaves. 31 X 22 cm. Initial leaf missing. The codex contains a pictorial census and two cadasters for each of five named localities, possibly in the Chiautla-Tepetlaoxtoc region of the eastern Valley of Mexico. Two different Nahuatl and Spanish glosses each refer to Don Agustín de Rojas and Tepetlaoxtoc. The final leaf bears the signature of Pedro Vásquez de Vergara, as does the Códice de Santa Maria Asuncion, which this manuscript closely resembles. Boban (1891) describes the codex and reproduces three of its pages. A study of the place and personal name hieroglyphs in the codex was included in Aubin's Mémoire (see bibliography for editions); this is reprinted by Boban. Gibson (1964a) comments briefly on the document. Partial publication: Boban, 1891, 2: 1133,pls.37-39. Other: Aubin, loc. cit.; Gibson, 1964a, p. 269, note 74 (p. 300).

VERGARA GROUP. Four pictorial manuscripts having both specific and superficial resemblances in page composition, style, and content: Códice de Santa Maria Asuncion, Humboldt Fragment 8, Cadastral

Fragment of the Ramirez Collection, and Codex Vergara.

VEYTIA CALENDAR WHEELS NOS. 17. Seven calendar wheels, listed separately below, were copied and numbered for the Historia del Origen de las Gentes que poblaron la América septentrional by Mariano Fernández de Echeverría y Veytia, a work unfinished at his death February 25, 1780. An original Veytia manuscript, in the RAH (Muñoz collection, vol. 4), contains the first 11 chapters, which treat the calendar in duplicate, copies of the seven calendars, and variant copies (?) of calendars nos. 1, 2, 5, and 7. These copies and their variants (which we have not examined) are unpublished. Copies, presumably of the Madrid manuscript, are in LC, NYPL, and Yale University Library but appear not to include the four variants. Another manuscript of the first 11 chapters, with six of the calendars (no. 2 is now missing), is MNA 35-54. This manuscript, briefly described by Paso y Troncoso (1897c, 1892-93) and Glass (1964), is the source of the excellent color lithographs published in 1907 (Veytia, 1907). Another copy of the Veytia history, without the illustrations, is in MNA/AH. The first edition of the Veytia history (Veytia, 1836; republished 1944) was based on a manuscript that lacked the preface,5 the "Kalendario Tulteco,"6 the "Tablas chronológicas,"7 and the calendar wheels. 5 The author's preface, omitted from the editions of 1836, 1944, and 1907, has been published in the otherwise incomplete edition of 1848, in volume 1 of the Mexican magazine La Castalia in 1849, and in Gómez de Orozco (1927a). A variant and shorter preface (together with the published version) is in BNP 215 and may also be represented by manuscripts in UTX (CDG 692 and 1215). 6 This is a calendrical table for the correlation of the months and days of a leap year 7 Acatl, adapted from Codex Ixtlilxochid, part 3. The editor of the 1836 edition supplied it according to Veytia's descriptions; it is published in the 1907 edition. 7 Shows the correlation of years from the creation of the world to the year 5876 (A.D. 1843). It was

229

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Some of the latter (nos. 1-2, 5-7) were supplied by the editor from now unidentified versions then in the MNA. The versions of this edition vary in detail from the 1907 edition and are untrustworthy with respect to nos. 3 and 4, which were drawn by the editor after Veytia's descriptions. With exception of calendar no. 4, which was copied from a publication, none of the originals copied by Veytia can be located. Veytia states that he copied nos. 5 and 7 from manuscripts in the Boturini collection. It is possible that nos. 1, 3, and 6 also derive from that collection. Bustamante illustrated a few copies of his edition of the Chimalpahin manuscript of López de Gómara's history with a lithograph of two calendar wheels. We have not examined any copy that contains them. In that work Bustamante stated that he owned three calendars (Bustamante in López de Gómara, 1826, 1: 315). It seems probable that the two are the same as the lithograph of the Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 5 and 6, which he published in 1835 (Bustamante, 1835-36, 1: plate facing p. 94). His description of the two wheels published in 1826 (Bustamante, 1829-30, 1: 340-41, note a) supports this possibility as does the fact that he published extracts from Veytia's history on several occasions. The three calendar wheels published by Clavigero in 1780 are adaptations of published versions of nos. 2, 4, and 5. Two are reprinted without credit by Chavero (n.d.) and all three by Jourdanet and Siméon (1880). Comparable variations are given by Visino(1864). In his Historia general Boturini (1948) illustrates a number of calendar wheels. This work was written when he no longer had access to his collection; with the exception of the Rueda de los Nueve Señores de la Noche (q.v.), they derive from the de supplied by the editor of the 1836 edition according to Veytia's references; it is present in the Madrid manuscript but has not been published.

230

la Sema manuscript (q.v.), from published versions then available, and, possibly, from his memory of the wheels (including that in the Codex Aubin) that had been in his collection. It should be noted that only one (no. 2) of the seven calendars of the group is known through a 16thC manuscript. There is no compelling reason to attribute any of the seven to Indian authorship or to date any of the other six before 1654 although any of the seven may ultimately have had Indian prototypes. The iconography of the month symbols in calendar 4 certainly suggests a 16thC origin, however. Seler (1899b) makes the interesting observation that these calendars may have pertained to a work by Sigüenza y Góngora. An unpublished calendar wheel (not examined) in Codex Veytia (q.v.) presumably is a further copy of one of the seven calendar wheels and is not entered separately in this census. Editions: Veytia, 1836, 1944, 1907, chaps. 5-9; see also editor's notice, 1836, 3: 213 ff., 1944,2:191 ff. Brief descriptions: Glass, 1964, pp. 10204; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 1: 66-68; 1897c, pp. 269-71. Other: Boturini, 1948, pls. 2-5, 21-22; Bustamante, 1829-30; 1: 340-41, note a; 1835-36, 1: plate facing p. 94; Chavero, n.d., pp. 726-27; Clavigero, 1958-59, 2: plates facing pp. 128 and 136; Gómez de Orozco, 1927a, pp. 221-56; Jourdanet and Siméon, 1880, pp. lxx-lxxii; López de G-mara, 1826, 1: 315; Seler, 1899b, p. 122; Veytia, 1848; Visino, 1864, pls. 35-37. 387 no. 1. Unknown. Published. Calendrical. Valley of Mexico. 1654. Physical data unknown. The first of the calendar wheels copied by Veytia depicts the 52-year cycle correlated with the years 1649-1700, with drawings of the four year-bearer day signs at the center. A Nahuatl gloss reads "now, in this year

PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

1654." Above the circle, in a rectangular frame, are the glyphs for the places where the Aztecs celebrated New Fire ceremonies in the 2 Reed years 1195, 1247, 1299, and 1351. See above for manuscripts of the Veytia copies and comment on the editions thereof. León y Gama (1832) claims to have had the original of this wheel in his possession. The date 1654 is contemporaneous with the writing of de la Sema's Manual de Ministros de Indios (q.v.). Publication: Veytia, 1836, 1: 47-48, 5556, 97-98, pl. 1; 1907, pp. 25, 27, 46, pl. 1; 1944, 1: 32, 37-38, 66-67, pl. 1. Brief description: León y Gama, 1832, 1: 22-23, note. 388 (figs. 73, 74) no, 2. Motolinía Calendar Wheel. Calendario en Caracol. Valadés Calendar Wheel. Known versions listed below. Calendrical. Various publications. Tlaxc a l a ( ? ) . 16thC. Several closely related calendar wheels and three descriptive texts are subsumed under this entry. The calendar wheel has signs for the 20 days in the inner circle. The numbers 1 to 13 are repeated 20 times and arranged in a spiral to represent the 260-day tonalpohualli cycle. On the periphery are drawings of the four year-bearer days each repeated 13 times to represent the 52-year cycle. The descriptive text records rules for the operation of the calendar. The original may have been illustrated by more than one wheel. References to this calendar occur in the writings of Zorita (1909), Mendieta (1870), E. Martinez (1606), and Torquemada (1723). Its authorship has been attributed to Motolinia, to Olmos, and to Francisco de las Navas. A version of the text was quoted and denounced as divinatory and not calendrical by Sahagún (Historia general. . . appendix to bk. 4; Arte adivinatoria, prologue). Nicolau d'Olwer (1952) has com-

mented on this attack but misdated it at 1566 rather than about 1574-76. A. Motolinia Calendar Wheel (UTX, in CDG 1363. Ex-Bartolomé José Gallardo, José María Andrade, and García Icazbalceta collections. 1549. European paper. 45 Χ 30 cm.). The folded drawing and accompanying Spanish text ("Calendario de toda la yndica gente"; "Motolinia Insert no. 2") are bound in the manuscript of Motolinía's Memoriales (Article 27B, no. 1071). A color lithograph is published in Motolinia (1903) and is reprinted in b / w in Steck (1951). The manuscript is described by Garcia Icazbalceta (in Mendieta, 1870) and Kubler and Gibson (1951) have commented on the calendrical content of the gloss. The January 1st year-beginning is probably illustrative of the two calendars rather than correlative. B. A version of the descriptive text ("Calendario de toda la índica gente") without the drawing is bound in the Escorial manuscript of the Relación de Michoacan (no. 213) and copies thereof. This text has been published, from the LC copy, by N. León (1888a). Paso y Troncoso (1888) corrects León's attribution of this calendar to the Tarascans. The Relación de Michoacan is among the sources of Motolinía's Memoriales. C. Another version of the text, apparently written by Fray Francisco de las Navas about 1551, is contained in a calendrical treatise of 1584, which also includes an incompletely published description of the 18 months by Antonio de Guevara (an Indian governor of Tlaxcala). A copy, lacking the wheel, is included in J. F. Ramírez, Opúcenlos históricos, vol. 21, ff. 93-202 (MS, MNA/AH-CA 210) and the relevant section has been published by Chavero (1901a). J. F. Ramirez (1898), Kubler and Gibson (1951), and Gibson (1952) have commented on this text. A version of the section by Guevara underlies Torquemada's (1723, 2: 295-300) statements about the Tlaxcalan 231

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

calendar and was known to Ixtlilxochitl. See Article 27B, no. 1074. D. Valadés Calendar Wheel. A version of the wheel, published in Italy by Valadés (1579), includes signs of the European zodiac and a correlation of the 18 months with the Julian calendar. The 1 Tlacaxipehualiztli = March 1 correlation which it records is in the tradition established by Motolinía. Reproductions of the Valadés engraving are cited below. De Jonghe (1906a, 1906b), Paso y Troncoso (1882), and Kubler and Gibson (1951) have commented on the Valadés wheel. A copy by Pichardo is BNP 89-7. E. An unpublished 18th or 19thC version with a drawing of a snake around the periphery is BNP 92. F. See above for editions and manuscripts of the version associated with Veytia. It is uncertain from what original Veytia secured his copy. Publication (Motolinia Wheel): Motolinia, 1903, pp. 48-53, colored plate; Steck, 1951, pp. 54-56, plate facing p. 59. Publication (Veytia 2 ) : Veytia, 1836, 1: 47, 97, 100-02, pl. 2; 1907, pp. 25, 46-48, pl. 2; 1944, 1:32,66-69, pl. 2. Publication (Valadés Wheel): Jonghe, 1906a, pp. 508-11, fig. 4; Maza, 1945,' fig. 18; Palomera, 1962, pp. 48, 306, fig. 28; 1963, fig. 14; Valadés, 1579, p. 100. Historical references: E. Martinez, 1606, Trat. 2, cap. 10; Mendieta, 1870, pp. xxviii, 98-99; Sahagún (loc. cit.); Torquemada, 1723, 2: 301; Zorita, 1909, pp. 8-9, 301-03, passim. Brief descriptions and other references: Chavero, 1901a, pp. 33-36; n.d., pp. xv-xvi, xxxi-xxxii; Gibson, 1952, pp. 256-57; Jonghe, 1906b, page references not determined; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 57-58, 68-69; N. León, 1888a; Nicolau d'Olwer, 1952, pp. 67-71; Paso y Troncoso, 1882, p. 379 ff.; 1888; J. F. Ramirez, 1898, pp. 23-26, 467470. 232

389 no. 3. Unknown. Published. Calendrical. Central Mexico. Date and physical description unknown. This calendar, known only through the Veytia copies, is the only one of the group that is rectangular rather than circular. Each of its four sides represents a quarter of the 52-year cycle. Spanish glosses associate each of the four year-bearer days with a direction and with one of the four elements (fire, earth, wind, water). Each may also be associated with a color. The editor of the 1836 edition of Veytia's history was unable to locate a drawing of this calendar so he prepared it from Veytia's description. This version (Veytia, 1836; reprinted, 1944) is thus of little interest. See above for manuscripts of the Veytia copies and comment on the 1907 edition. Publication: Veytia, 1907, pp. 25-26, 46, pl. 3. Other: Veytia, 1836, 1: 47, 97-99, pl. 3; 1944, 1:33, 66, pl. 3. 390 no. 4, Gemelli Careri Calendar Wheel. Unknown. Ex-Sigiienza y Góngora collection. Published. Calendrical. Valley of Mexico. Date and physical description unknown. Either the original or a copy of this calendar wheel was acquired from Sigiienza y Góngora by Gemelli Careri in Mexico in 1697 and published by him in Italy in 1700. The original has not been reported since that time. As published, the calendar has symbols for the 18 months and drawings of the phases of the moon in two inner concentric circles. In the center are four glyphs of historical significance. The outer circle represents the 52-year cycle, and the whole is surrounded by a snake. Tlacaxipehualiztli is indicated as the first month; the spelling of the glosses reflects Italian influence. Some of the month symbols resemble those on leaf 89r of the Codex Ríos.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS; CENSUS

Gemelli Careri's Giro del Mondo (16991700), which contains the first edition of the calendar, was reprinted numerous times. There are editions in French and English as well as three Mexican editions in Spanish of the Mexican section of the work. An inaccurate copy of the Gemelli wheel with a curious caption appears in Kingsborough (1831-48). A published portrait of Boturini, made in Spain, shows him holding a copy of the calendar (Boturini, 1746). The Veytia copies derive from the Gemelli engraving but omit the moon phases and alter the sequence of the month symbols. The inaccurate 1836 and 1944 editions of the wheel are based directly on the Gemelli print and not on the Veytia copy. See above for manuscripts of the Veytia copies and comment on the 1907 edition. The Veytia copy in the MNA has been published by Glass (1964); Kubler and Gibson (1951) reproduce the 1907 lithograph. Copies from an unidentified Veytia manuscript are given by Gondra (1846) and Chavero (n.d.). Other copies: Pichardo copy, BNP 89-2. There may be a copy by Waldeck in NLA.8 Publication (Gemelli wheel): Gemelli Careri, 1699-1700, vol. 6, facing p. 68; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 4; Picart, 173337, vol. 3, facing p. 159; Vevtia, 1836, 1: 47, 56, 59-60, 68, 72-73, 98, pl. 4; 1944, 1: 33, 38, 40, 46,4 8-49, 66-67, pl. 4. Publication (Veytia 4 ) : Chavero, n.d., p. 343; Glass, 1964, pl. 57; Gondra, 1846: 4 5 47, pl. 7; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, fig. 15; Veytia, 1907, pp. 28, 33-34, 46, pl. 4. Brief descriptions: Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 60; León y Gama, 1832, 1: 47-48. Other: Boturini, 1746, second engraving; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 348 (part). 391 (fig. 75) no. 5. Manuel de los Santos y Salazar: Copy of a Calendar Wheel. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Pub-

lished. Calendrical. Tlaxcala. Date and physical description unknown. The fifth Veytia calendar depicts symbols for the 18 months, with explanatory glosses in Spanish, and the five intercalary days. The first month is Atemoztli, a feature that is considered a Tlaxcalan trait (Seler, 1899b; Caso, 1958a). The original of this calendar may be identified as Item 28-3 of the Boturini catalog of 1746. Both Kubler and Gibson (1951) and Gibson (1952), however, identify it with Item 27-4, a copy by Santos y Salazar (died 1715). We identify the latter item with Veytia Calendar no. 7 (q.v.). Both, of course, may be by him. All known versions derive from the lost Boturini collection copy. The wheel was first published by Lorenzana (1770). The unpublished copies made for the CMNE in 1790-92 are substantially the same as the Lorenzana copy. The copies associated with Veytia vary slightly in their glosses from the Lorenzana and CMNE copies. The glosses are omitted in the 1836 and 1944 editions of the Veytia history but are included in the 1907 edition. An anonymous copy (MNA 35-125) is published by Glass (1964). The 1907 lithograph is reproduced by Kubler and Gibson (1951) and by Jiménez Moreno and Mateos Higuera (1940). A possible relationship exists between the glosses on the wheel and month lists given by Torquemada (1723) and in the Guevara Calendar of 1584 (see Kubler and Gibson, 1951). Copies: See above for the Veytia manuscripts. The CMNE copies are in RAH and AGN-H 1. A copy of the CMNE copy is in the Clements Library, University of Michigan. An anonymous copy made after 1770 is MNA 35-125. Publication (non-Veytia copies): Glass, 8 Described in a letter from Clara Smith to H. J. Spinden, July 8, 1920 (MS in NLA files), but was not seen by Cline, whose notes on the NLA collection have been used in this census.

233

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1964, p. 183, pl. 136; Lorenzana, 1770, vol. 2, pl. 1. Publication (Veytia 5 ) : Bustamante, 1835-36, vol. 1, plate facing p. 94; Jiménez Moreno and Mateos Higuera, 1940, p. 71, fig. 14; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 60, fig. 16; Veytia, 1836, 1: 63-69, 98, pl. 5; 1907, pp. 31-33, 46, pl. 5; 1944, 1: 43-46, 66-67, pl. 5. Other: Caso, 1958a, p. 69 and Table 2; Gibson, 1952, p. 268; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 57-58; Seler, 1899b, p. 122; Torq u e m a d a , 1 7 2 3 , 2:295ff. 392 no. 6. Unknown. Ex-Veytia collection. Published. Calendrical. Tlaxcala. Date and physical description uncertain. The sixth Veytia calendar, copied from an original in his possession, appears merely to be a copy of the inner portion of Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 7 (q.v.). It depicts the symbols for the 20 days and has drawings of the sun, moon, and stars in the center. See above for manuscripts of the Veytia copies and comment on the editions thereof. Publication: Bustamante, 1835-36, vol. 1, plate facing p. 94; Veytia, 1836, 1: 76, 8081, 98, 104, pl. 6; 1907, pp. 35-36, 46, 48, pl. 6; 1944, 1: 51, 54, 66-67, 70, pl. 6. 393 no. 7. Unknown. Published. Calendrical. Tlaxcala. Early 18thC. Physical description unknown. The inner portions represent the symbols for the 20 days and the sun, moon, and stars. This section corresponds to Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 6 (q.v.). One of several outer sections associates the four yearbearer days with summer, fall, winter, and spring in an alternating sequence. Glosses on the MNA variant add the years 1701-20 and the four directions. The original of the Veytia copies was in the Boturini collection and is probably the copy described by Boturini as having been 234

copied from older originals by Manuel de los Santos y Salazar (died 1715) (Paso y Troncoso, 1897c). This identification is disputed by Kubler and Gibson (see Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 5). Santos y Salazar was a Tlaxcalan; on this evidence the wheel is so classified. The editions of 1836 and 1944 vary in detail from that of 1907 as does the variant published by Glass (1964). Copies: See above for manuscripts of the Veytia copies. Anonymous copy, MNA 35124. Publication: Chavero, n.d., p. 727; Glass, 1964, p. 182, pl. 135; Veytia, 1836, 1: 109, pl. 7; 1907, p. 49, pl. 7; 1944, 1: 73, pl. 7. Other: Paso y Troncoso, 1897c, p. 271. 394 Veytia, Codex. Biblioteca del Palacio Nacional, Madrid. Ex-Muñoz collection. Published. Calendrical and ethnographic. Mexico City, D.F. 1755. European paper. Details as to foliation and dimensions (which vary) not determined. The codex is a copy, by Mariano Fernández de Echeverría y Veytia, of the first 18 figures and corresponding texts of Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 1 (q.v.), of the drawings of Tlaloc, the Texcoco temple, and Huitzilopochtli from Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2 (q.v.), and of part 3 of Codex Ixtlilxochitl (Article 27B, no. 1101). Its importance lies in its copy of the drawing of Huitzilopochtli, now lost from Codex Ixtlilxochitl. In the same volume that includes Codex Veytia is an unpublished copy (f. 59r) of an unidentified calendar wheel, possibly a copy of one of the seven Veytia Calendar Wheels (q.v.). Copies of other documents bound with Codex Veytia and sometimes comprehended under the same title are not relevant to the present census. Those parts of the codex corresponding to parts 1 and 2 of Codex Ixtlilxochitl have been published in color on two occasions (Librería Echániz, 1937c, and in Veytia, 1944) from a copy by Genaro López. Pho-

PICTORLA.L MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

tographic reproductions of the drawing of Huitzilopochtli and of one of the festival drawings are given in Sociedad Española de Amigos del Arte (1930). J. Ε. S. Thompson (1941a) reproduces the drawings copied from Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2, apparently from the 1937 edition. Copies: Copy of texts only, also in Biblioteca del Palacio Nacional, Madrid. Publication: Librería Echániz, 1937c; Veytia, 1944, 2: 339-46, pls. 9-29. Brief descriptions and other: Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 59; Nuttall, 1903, pp. viiiix; Sociedad Española de Amigos del Arte, 1930, p. 30, no. 348, pl. 58; J. E. S. Thompson, 1941a. 395 Vienna, Codex, Codex Vindobonensis. Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus 1. Codex Hieroglyphicorum Indiae Meridionalis. Codex Clementino. Codex Leopoldino. Codex Kreichgauer. Nationalbibliothek, Vienna. CVM 1. Published. Ritual-calendrical and historical. Western Oaxaca. Preconquest. Skin screenfold painted on both sides with original wooden covers. 52 leaves. ca. 22 X 26 cm. The manuscript is believed to have been sent, possibly with Codex Nuttall, to Charles V by Cortés in 1519. A 16thC Latin inscription on the reverse of the manuscript states that it was given to Pope Clement VII by Manuel I of Portugal (died 1521). It was subsequently owned by Cardinal Hipolito de Medici and Cardinal Capuanus (died 1537). It later appeared in Weimar, Germany, about 1650 when a detail was copied by Ludolph. This copy, published by Worm in 1655, is now in the National Museum, Copenhagen. The manuscript was presented to Leopold I of Hapsburg by Johann Georg, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach about 1677. Since that time it has been in the Imperial Library of Vienna (now the Austrian National Library). The obverse of the manuscript (pp. 52-1;

the 19thC pagination is in reverse order) has been interpreted as ritual-calendrical but also contains mythological genealogies with some emphasis on 9 Wind (Quetzalcoatl), lists of place glyphs and dates, and of persons, gods, or priests. Each of its 10 major sections repeats data pertaining to a ritual or ceremony in which a constant element is fire-making. The 13 pages of the reverse (the rest of the reverse is blank except for the Latin inscription) present a genealogy that begins two generations before the inception of the first Tilantongo dynasty and continues through the marriage of the third rulers of the third dynasty. This span corresponds to a period from the 8thC through the middle of the 14thC A.D. The probable provenience of the manuscript is Tilantongo (ex-district of Nochistlan, Western Oaxaca). The history of the manuscript is treated in detail by Adelhofer (1963) as well as by Nowotny (1960) and Lehmann and Smital (1929). Adelhofer cites and quotes the early references by Worm (1655), Lambeck (1679), and William Robertson (1777) as well as other sources derived from these (Nessel, 1690; KoUar, 1769; and others). He also reproduces the Ludolph copy as illustrated by Worm, the engraving of one page of the manuscript given by Lambeck, and the page reproduced by W. Robertson. Four pages of the manuscript were reproduced in color by Humboldt (1810). The history of the Ludolph copy, with an additional datum on the history of the manuscript, is treated by Simons (1963). The first edition of the manuscript was by Kingsborough (1831-48), based on the copy by Aglio. The photographic color facsimile by Lehmann and Smital (1929) has been reprinted from the same color plates (with different covers and without a facsimile of the page bearing the ownership inscription) by Adelhofer (1963). The 1929 edition was accompanied by a history of the manuscript by Smital and a description and 235

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

superficial commentary on the content by Lehmann, now outmoded by more recent studies. The Smital-Lehmann commentary was not reprinted with the 1963 edition, which is accompanied by a history and a detailed description of the physical nature of the manuscript but does not treat its content. A reproduction by color photography and a page-by-page commentary is given by Corona Núñez (1964-67). The obverse of the manuscript has been studied by Nowotny (1948b, 1961b) and its parallels with other sources have been noted by Nowotny (1958), but its fuU significance has yet to be interpreted. The reverse side has been interpreted by Caso (1951) with poor b / w reproduction. More specialized studies by Nowotny, Rock, Kreichgauer, and others are listed below. Adelhofer (1963) gives an extensive bibliography. Editions: Adelhofer, 1963; Corona Núñez, 1964-67,4: 51-183; Librería Echániz, 1944f; Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 2; Lehmann and Smital, 1929. Commentaries: Caso, 1951; Nowotny, 1948b. Studies: Burland, 1947b, 1966b; Caso, 1963; Kreichgauer, 1917; Nowotny, 1948a; 1956b; 1958; 1960, pp. 33, 70-76, pls. 23-25; 1961b, pp. 47-50, 256-70, pls. 52-58; Rock, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1941. Other: Anonymous, 1875; Lizardi Ramos, 1953b; Simons, 1963. Historical references: Humboldt, 1810, pp. 267-70, pls. 46-48; Juncker, 1710, p. 65; KoUar, 1769, p. 965; Lambeck, 1679, p. 660 ff.; Nessel, 1690, p. 163; W. Robertson, 1777, 2: 482-83, plate facing p. 482; Worm, 1655, p. 383. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 483-84; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 266-69.

The manuscript is known through photographs among the Barlow papers in the library of the University of the Americas, Mexico. The photos indicate that it is a vertical tira about 97 X 13 cm. It is divided into 15 horizontal sections; in the largest and center section is a drawing of an Indian climbing a pole, probably a volador ceremonial pole. Items drawn in other compartments are heads of Indians with name glyphs, Spaniards, Spanish monetary units, and other objects. The document is probably a further portion of one of the Gilcrease Fragments (q.v.). Copies: Photographic copies of the Barlow photos are in L C / H F . Bibliography: None. 397 (fig. 76) Waldeck Judgment Scene. Unknown. Published. Unclassified. Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Native paper. 1 leaf. Dimensions unknown. The manuscript is a fragment that shows a native temple in profile, within which are two men, one upside down with blood streaming from his body. Other figures and a place glyph are drawn outside of the temple. The tentative Western Oaxaca classification is based on a suggestion of Mixtec style. A lithograph reproduction by Waldeck appeared in the first publication of the Mexican National Museum (Icaza and Gondra, 1827). Waldeck (MS) interprets the manuscript as "representant un jugement." Copy: Waldeck copy, NLA 1269 (part). Publication: Icaza and Gondra, 1827, part l,pl.3. Brief description: Waldeck, MS, p. 25.

396 Volador, Códice del. Private collection. Unpublished. Economic (tribute). Central Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. Dimensions unknown. 236

X. CRONICA, GROUP. Crónica X is a hypothetical manuscript proposed by Barlow to account for a historical text com-

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

mon to Durán's Historia de las Indias . . . (q.v.), Alvarado Tezozomoc's Crónica mexicana (a text not treated in this census), and Tovar's Relación del Origen . . . (q.v.). According to Barlow, Crónica X was written by an Indian in Nahuatl and illustrated by a series of paintings, the latter now known only through the Durán and the two Tovar manuscripts. As regards the illustrations, the hypothesis has not been properly examined. No student of the question has seriously compared the three series of drawings, which are incompletely and inadequately published. The main titles directly concerned with Crónica X are cited below; see also Tovar, Relación, and Durán, Historia, in this census for further comment. Bibliography: Barlow, 1944b, pp. 53436; 1945c; 1945e; Bemal, 1947; introduction to Durán, 1964; Caso, 1945a; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 9 ff.

erty plans). Central Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 43 X 48 cm. The document, probably extracted from some litigative process, shows the plans of two houses, several human figures, the symbols for pesos, and lesser detail. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 210-12. 400 Xalpantepec, Plainte adressée au Roi d'Espagne Philippe II par les Indigènes de, BNP 113. Ex-Aubin collection. Unpublished. Economic (tribute). Jalpan, Puebla. 16thC. The pictorial sheet, on European paper, forms part of a 44-leaf document. Not examined. The brief description by Boban (1891) indicates that the document concerns complaints against a native governor; the pictorial element includes depiction of items of tribute. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 297. 401

398 Xalapa, Códice de. Mapa del Juego de Pelota. MNA 35-73. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Economic (property plans). Central Mexico. 1540. Amatl paper. 81.5 X 45.5 cm. Simple plan of a precinct crossed by lines of footprints, within which is the plan of a native ball court. Spanish texts on the reverse and obverse concern a lawsuit over the property. Glass (1964) gives brief description and photoreproduction. Mena (1923) also describes it and gives some palaeography of the Spanish texts. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 126, pl. 78. Brief descnption: Mena, 1923: 53-54, no. 7. 399 Xalbornoz, Juan de, and Juan Mateo, Phn of the Houses of, BNP 82. Ex-Aubin collection. Unpublished. Economic (prop-

Xiu Family, Genealogical Tree of the. In: Xiu Chronicles (also known as Chronicle of Oxkutzcab, Xiu Family Papers, Ticul Manuscript, Libro de Probanzas, Xiu Probanzas, etc.). PML. Ex-Edward H. Thompson and Charles P. Bowditch collections. Published. Genealogical. Mani, Oxkutzcab, or Ticul, Yucatan. 17thC. European paper. On 2 facing pages of the manuscript. Dimensions not determined. The Xiu Chronicles is a compilation of documents, ca. 1608-1817, relating to the authority of the Xiu family, preconquest and colonial rulers of the province of Mani. It contains historical data, titles, petitions for confirmation of hereditary rights, an important one-page chronicle for the years 153345 or 1549 copied in 1685, and a version of the Mani Land Treaty of 1557. The only pictorial items are a version of the Map of the Province of Mani (described separately in this census, q.v.) and the Xiu Family tree. The Chronicles as a whole has not been pub237

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

lished although a photostatic edition has had limited circulation (Xiu Chronicles, 1919) and a complete commentary (Morley and Roys, 1941) remains unpublished. The genealogy depicts nine generations and extends into the 17thC. There is an omission of 18 generations. The tree is shown arising from the loins of a Maya Indian, Hun-Uitzil-Chac, drawn beside his wife. The style and concept are European; some details of costume, etc., are Indian. The tree is photographically reproduced in Morley (1946) and in a sale catalog from one of Gates' photographs (American Art Association, 1915). The genealogy has been discussed by Morley (1920) and by Gates (1937b), who gives a redrawing. Roys (1957) gives a table of persons shown on the genealogy; Tozzer (1941) quotes from the commentary by Morley and Roys (1941). This is a selected bibliography for the genealogy and omits titles bearing on other documents in the Chronicles or on the Chronicles as a whole. Copies: See Article 28, Appendix A, for listing of Gates' photocopies. Publication: American Art Association, 1915, Item 472 and facing plate; Blom, 1928, pl. 2; Gates, 1937b, pp. 120-35; Morley, 1946, pp. 165-67, pl. 22; Xiu Chronicles, 1919. Commentary: Morley and Roys, 1941 (volume and page reference not determined ). Brief descriptions: Morley, 1920, p. 470, note 2; Roys, 1957, pp. 64-65; Tozzer, 1941, pp. 29-30, note 159. Brief mention: Tozzer, 1921, pp. 203-04. 402 XOCHIMILCO: Procès entre Francisco de ία Cruz Cohuatzincatl, Indio natural de Xochimilco, et Joachim Tecoloatl. BNP 29. Ex-Aubin collection. Partially published. Genealogical and economic (property plans). Xochimilco, D.F. 1571. 1 drawing 238

on native paper, 52 X 40 cm., and 15 leaves of Nahuatl text on European paper. Plan of a native house and drawings of plots of land, maguey plants, and various foodstuffs. Includes a genealogy of approximately 28 Indians, some of whose names are given both by glosses and by personal name glyphs. Boban (1891) reproduces a photograph of the drawing; the accompanying lawsuit text is unpublished. Partial publication: Boban, 1891, 1: 399, pl. 29.

XOCHIMILCO. Three pictorial documents (described separately below) related to litigation between PedroniUa Francisca and Juliana Tlaco, her daughter-in-law, both Indians of Xochimilco, over plots of land, houses, and other belongings. At least one of the documents is described in the unpublished text of the trial and judgment, AGN-T 1525, exp. 3. 403 (fig. 77) Document concerning Property of PedroniUa Francisca and Costantino de San Felipe. NLA 1271 ( b ) . Ex-Waldeck collection. Published. Economic (property plans). Xochimilco,D.F. 1575-76. Native paper. 36.5 X 42 cm. Drawings of plots of land with two place glyphs, cloth, and other items as well as the plans of two contiguous houses. Glosses refer to Juliana and PedroniUa Francisca. A small photograph is published without comment by McGee and Thomas (1905). Publication: McGee and Thomas, 1905, plate facing p. 108. 404 (fig. 78) Genealogy of PedroniUa and Juliana, NLA 1271 (f). Ex-Pautret and Waldeck collections. Unpublished. Genealogical. Xochimilco, D.F. 1575-76. Native paper. 38.7 X 39.9 cm.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Genealogy of 20 Indians in four generations with only one name glyph. Pedronilla, Felipe, Constantino, and Juliana are identified by glosses. Bibliography: None.

A small photograph is published without comment by McGee and Thomas (1905). Publication: McGee and Thomas, 1905, plate facing p. 176.

405

Plan de Plusiers Propriétés [avec des Mesures, des Meubles et des Objets varies]. BNP 34. Ex-León y Gama (?) and Aubin collections. Published. Economic (miscellaneous). Xochimilco, D.F. 1576. European paper. 60 X 43 cm. The manuscript is divided into seven horizontal compartments. Each contains the drawing of a different member of the Damian family with representations of houses, plots of land with place glyphs, food bins, chests, and other properties. Some of the content also appears in the preceding document. Boban (1891) gives description and photoreproduction. A small detail is given by León y Gama (1832). Publication: Boban, 1891, 1: 410-12, pl. 34. Other: León y Gama, 1832, unnumbered plate, fig. 12.

Plan et Titre d'une Propriété sise à Huexocolco. BNP 33. Ex-Aubin collection. Published. Genealogical and economic (property plans). Xochimilco, D.F. 157576. Native paper. 37 X 37 cm. Drawings of various items of property, including eight plots of land with twO place glyphs (Chalchiuhquayaca and Huexocolco) and the plan of a native house. On the right is a genealogy showing relationships between Juliana, Felipe, Costadino de San Felipe, and Pedronilla. Photographic reproduction and brief description are given by Boban (1891). Publication: Boban, 1891, 1: 408-09, pl. 33.

XOCHIMILCO. Two pictorial documents believed to be related to litigation between members of a family named Damian and Pedronilla Francisca, 1576. The inception of this litigation is mentioned in AGN-T 1525, exp. 3, Pedronilla Francisca v. Juliana Tlaco (see previous entries), but the location of the text of this trial is unknown. The two documents are described separately below. 406 (fig. 79) Document relating to the Descendants of Don Miguel Damian, NLA 1270. E x Waldeck collection. Published. Genealogical and economic (property plans). Xochimilco, D.F. 1576. Native paper. 38.5 X 39.3 cm. Detailed plans of two native house compounds, one with gardens, and seven plots of land with place glyphs. Includes twogeneration genealogy of seven members of the Damian family.

407

408 (fig. 80) Xochitepec, Codex of. Ordaz and Maxixcatzin Papers (part). Nationalbibliothek, Vienna. CVM 3. Ex-Bilimek collection. Published. Economic (tribute and property plans). Tepexoxuma, Puebla ( ? ) . 16thC (?). Native paper. 2 separate documents glued together. 96 X 81 cm. The left half of the manuscript has crudely drawn depictions of 16 Indians seated on icpallis, plots of land, turkeys with numerical signs, and other details. One of three Spanish glosses, apparently referring to tribute, is signed by Fray Alonso de Santiago. The right half, in a different style, is a plan of fields and includes over 50 personal name glyphs identifying as many heads. An old copy of the document, in two parts, with added details that include the names Lic. Juan Dias and Don Diego de Ordas and 239

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Tepe(o?)xuma, is in the Garcia Icazbalceta collection of the UTX (CDG 566 and 567). These form part of the Ordaz and Maxixcatzin Papers of the same collection (CDG 1451), late documents in Spanish treating the origin and descent of various family names. Genealogical trees of the Ordaz family and of Doña Maria Maxixcatzin that are among these papers and in the same style as CDG 566 and 567 are not in the native tradition. A copy of the Vienna document, owned by Echániz and lacking only the glosses, was published and described by Barlow (1944c) and given its present and probably unjustified title. Following an unpublished description by Ramon Mena, Barlow assigned the document to Xochitepec, Morelos. On the basis of its association with the UTX documents, we have tentatively assigned it to Tepexoxuma, Puebla. Copies: In addition to the copies mentioned above, a tracing of the right half of the manuscript is in the MNA codex collection (presently uncataloged; no. 21 of the unpublished inventory of 1934; see Glass, 1964). Whether this tracing is based on the Vienna original or the UTX copy has not been determined. Publication: Barlow, 1944c. Other: Glass, 1964, p. 25. 409 Xochitepec, Mapa de. National Museum, Copenhagen. Published. Cartographichistorical. San Juan Bautista Suchitepec, ex-district of Huajuapan, Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Skin or native paper. 102 X 92 cm. At the center of the manuscript is a church and a partially effaced place glyph glossed Xuchitepec. Above this is a row of 20 seated Indians, the first 16 of whom have written Mixtec names and the last four of whom have Spanish names. Surrounding these details are 23 place glyphs, glossed in Nahuatl, presumably representing the boundaries of Xochitepec. At the top are several historical scenes. 240

Caso (1958e) gives commentary and photograph of the manuscript. The Paso y Troncoso study has been published by Gómez de Orozco (1952; reprinted, 1955). The manuscript was first published by Birket Smith (1946), without commentary. Publication: Birket Smith, 1946, fig. 349; Caso, 1958e. Studies: Gómez de Orozco, 1952, 1955. 410 Xochitepec, Plan cadastral de. Unknown. Unpublished. Unavailable. Northern Oaxaca. Physical data unknown. Lehmann (1905a) classified as Chinantec a document copied by Seler with "Zapotec" hieroglyphs. The copy is not further described, but it may be noted that at the time of Lehmann's reference, glyphs now considered as Mixtec were then considered Zapotec. Both original and copy are now unknown. Cline (1957) speculates that the document may be identified as the Mapa de Xochitepec, in Copenhagen, but since the latter bears Nahuatl glosses, not mentioned by Lehmann, this seems improbable. Bibliography: Cline, 1957, pp. 293-94; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 280. 411 Xochtlan, Santo Tomas, Pintura de, MNA 35-35. Published. Cartographic-historical. Santo Tomas Xochtlan, Tlaxcala. 18thC. Oil on cloth. 67 X 41 cm. Late painting showing the church of Santo Tomas Xochtlan, the date 1530, San Buenaventura, and four figures including Juan Maxixcatzin and Juan de Guevara. Short Nahuatl texts around the border have not been translated. Glass (1964) gives photograph and brief description. Mateos Higuera (1944c) has described it in detail; Gibson (1952) has commented on it. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 80, pl. 37. Brief descriptions: Gibson, 1952, p. 266; Mateos Higuera, 1944c.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

412 (fig. 81) Xolotl, Códice. Histoire Chichimeque. BNP 1-10. Ex-Ixtlilxochitl, Boturini, Waldeck (one leaf), and Aubin collections. Published. Historical and genealogical. Texcoco region, Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 6 leaves (with 10 painted pages) each about 42 X 48 cm., and fragments of a 7th leaf (with 2 fragmentary pages). Detailed Texcocan history of events in the Valley of Mexico from the arrival of the Chichimecs of Xolotl in a year 5 Tecpatl (1224?) through events leading up to the Tepanec War (1427). Contains extensive genealogical information. Most of the relatively intact pages of the manuscript are also maps of part of the Valley of Mexico. The document is one of the primary sources for the late 16th-early 17thC historical writings of Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl (Ixtlilxochitl, 1891-92). Boban (1891) reproduces 10 of its pages photographically and comments on it at length. It is interpreted and reproduced in full, together with the incomplete León y Gama copy, by Dibble (1951). Rebus elements from glyphs in the manuscript are listed by Dibble (1940a). Certain genealogical relationships of persons in the manuscript are presented by Espejo and Monzon (1945). A small detail was first reproduced by Aubin (1849, and other editions). Copies: León y Gama copy, incomplete, BNP 10bis ( a ) . An old copy of plate 2 located in a private collection in Santiago, Chile, has been reproduced and studied by Dibble (1942b) and by Lizardi Ramos (1968); both studies contain commentary bearing on the interpretation of the original. The latter considers the copy to be a falsification. It should be noted that because the copy does not correspond to León y Gama's style, it need not therefore be disassociated with him since he also employed copyists to work for him (see Burrus, 1959, pp. 70-71). For another falsification based on Codex Xolotl see Article 26, no. 901.

Publication: Boban, 1891, 1: 55-208, pls. 1-10; Dibble, 1951. Interpretation: Ixtlilxochitl, 1891-92, 1: passim, 2: 35-144. Other: Aubin, 1849; Coy, 1966; Dibble, 1940a, 1942b, 1948, 1965; Espejo and Monzon, 1945; Lehmann, 1906b; Lizardi Ramos, 1968; Robertson, 1959, pp. 141-43, 181-82, pls. 14, 48-49. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 453-54; Radin, 1920, pp. 17-18, 41-45. 413 Xoxocotlan, Santa Cruz, Mapa de. Known versions listed below. Unpublished. Cartographic. Santa Cruz Xoxocotlan, ex-district of Centro, Eastern Oaxaca. 17thC. One sheet. The map is known through five copies apparently derived from two related originals. The copies vary considerably in style and detail. The 1771 copy shows the hills of Monte Alban at the top with stylized pictorial elements, a Mixtec A-0 year symbol and date, and Mixtec glosses. At the bottom are San Antonio de la Cal, San Agustin (Yatareni?), and further hills; at the center is the church of Xoxocotlan. There are Spanish texts with the dates 1660, 1718, and 1771. The 1718 copy bears the title "El cura de Guautla con los Indios de Jocoatlan del Marquesado del Valle sobre tierras del Pueblo. Indios. Año de 1719." The 1718 copy is mentioned by Orozco y Berra (1871) and by Tamayo and Alcorta (1941). A brief description of the 1686 copy is given by Mazari (1926c). The 1718 and 1771 copies appear to derive from the same prototype; the 1686 copy may derive from a distinct but related version. Known manuscripts are: 1. Watercolor copy of 1718 (58 X 42 cm.), DGMH 1176. 2. Oil copy of 1771 in Pueblo. Photograph in INAH/AF. 3. Oil copy by Villagra from previous copy, Alfonso Caso collection. 241

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

4. Oil copy of 1686 (87.5 x 79 cm.), AGNT 129, exp. 4. 5. Certified copy of 1879 from previous copy, apparently in Xoxocotlan; photograph in INAH/AF. Brief descriptions: Mazarí, 1926c, pp. 34849, no. 68; Orozco y Berra, 1871, pp. 12-13, nos. 25-26; Tamayo and Alcorta, 1941, pp. 22-23, no. 13. 414 Yahuiche, Santa Maria, Lienzo de, Pueblo. Unpublished. Unavailable. Santa Maria Yahuiche, ex-district of Ixtlan, Eastern Oaxaca. Early colonial. Cloth. 140 X 110 cm. The document is reported, but not described, by Pérez García (1956). It is listed as an unverified Zapotec pictorial by Cline (1966c). Whether or not the manuscript is in the native tradition is unknown, but Pérez García indicates an early colonial date. Bibliography: Cline, 1966c, app. 2, no. 55; Pérez García, 1956, 2: 295. 415 Yanhuitlan, Códice de. Academia de Bellas Artes, Puebla, and AGN-V 272. Economic (miscellaneous). Yanhuitlan, ex-district of Nochistlan, Western Oaxaca. ca. 1545-50. European paper codex. 12 leaves and several fragments (Acad. Bellas Artes) and 4 leaves (AGN). 31 X 22.5 cm. The codex, which is incomplete, treats historical events and economic affairs of Yanhuitlan and Teposcolula. There are drawings in an acculturated Mixtec style of articles of tribute, bins of maize and beans, portraits of Indians and Spaniards, and the churches of Yanhuitlan and Teposcolula. Other pages include a drawing of the Spanish conquest of Tenochtitlan and Mixtec place glyphs. The Puebla portions of the manuscript, which may once have been owned by José Manso, were published with a detailed commentary by Jiménez Moreno and Mateos Higuera (1940). The four leaves in the AGN 242

have been published and studied by Berlin (1947). Copy: Saldaña copy of the Puebla portions, MNA 35-93 (said to be indistinguishable from the original). Publication: Berlin, 1947, pp. 59-67, pls. A-H; Jiménez Moreno and Mateos Higuera, 1940. Studies: Anderson and Finan, 1945; Barlow, 1947c. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 493-94; Glass, 1964, p. 147, pl. 99; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 266; Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93, 2: 359-64. 416 Yatao, San Lucas, Lienzo de. MNA 35-122. Published. Cartographic-historical. San Lucas Yatao, ex-district of Ixtlan, Eastern Oaxaca. 17thC. Oil on cloth. 105 × 86 cm. Occupying most of the lienzo are paintings of 18 Indian couples arranged in two columns. At the top are further Indians, several Spaniards with horses, and lesser detail. There are extensive written glosses with Spanish and Zapotec names. The document lacks specific hieroglyphic elements. Glass (1964) gives brief description and photograph. Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 180, pl. 133. 417 Yatini, Lienzo de. MNA 35-120. Published. Cartographic-historical. Eastern Oaxaca. 1 8 t h C ( ? ) . Cloth. 160 × 117 cm. The lienzo presents a crude depiction of the boundaries of an unidentified locality. Glosses, believed to be in Zapotec, suggest an Eastern Oaxaca provenience. The name Yatini is a gloss on what appears to be a mountain. A brief description and photograph appear in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 178, pl. 131. 418 Yetla, Mapa de.

Pueblo.

Unpublished.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Cartographic. San Mateo Yetla, ex-district of Tuxtepec, Northern Oaxaca. ca. 1811. Physical description unknown. A reconstruction of cartographic data on the map, based on a copy, has been published by Cline (1961a, 1961b). It shows rivers and communities in the vicinity of San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional. To what extent the original, itself probably a copy of an earlier original, is in the native tradition is uncertain. Copy: Copy of tracing by Weitlaner owned by H. F. Cline, now in LC, Manuscripts Division. Description: Cline, 1961a, pp. 60-64, pl. 2b; 1961b, pl. 4. Long after the foregoing description of the Mapa de Yetla was written, we had occasion in 1972 to see a photograph of the copy owned by H. F. Cline. The map consists only of written Spanish glosses, lines, and a few crosses. It does not have pictorial elements in the native tradition and should not have been included in this census. Cline also owned a copy by Weitlaner of another map of the Yetla region, described by Cline (1961a, pp. 64-65) as "Yetla II." It also lacks pictorial elements other than lines and Spanish glosses. Photographs of both copies have been deposited in the pictorial documents collection of L C / H F . The former (Yetla I, census 418a) is marked "2a"; the latter (Yetla II, census 418b) is marked "2b." 419 Yolotepec, Lienzo de. Lienzo de Amoltepec. Códice Mixteco-Zapoteco Manuel Martínez Gracida. Lienzo Mixteco de Santa María Yolotepec. AMNH. Ex-Martínez Gracida collection ( ? ) . Published. Cartographic-historical. Santa Maria Yolotepec, ex-district of Tlaxiaco, Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. Dimensions not determined (published dimensions are in error). At the top of the lienzo is the glyph for Yolotepec, together with an assemblage of Indians. On other parts of the lienzo are

place glyphs, dates, and Indians, some of whom are also shown at the Yolotepec assembly. Another assemblage occurs near the center; a long itinerary, marked by place glyphs and dates, leads from the lower left to the upper right. None of the persons on the lienzo, all of whom are drawn in traditional Mixtec style with calendrical names, can be securely identified in other Mixtec histories. Caso indicates that if one of them is the 2 Rain of the first Tilantongo dynasty, then the principal events of the document occurred toward the end of the 10thC A.D. A copy of the Henzo made in 1889 (when it was preserved in Santiago Amoltepec, exdistrict of Juquila) is reproduced without commentary by Peñafiel (1890). It is photographically reproduced and studied by Caso (1958d). The fanciful commentary and interpretation by Castellanos (1917-18) are unacceptable although of interest as an early attempt to identify Mixtec place glyphs. Publication: Caso, 1958d; Peñafiel, 1890, vol. 2, pl. 317. Study: Castellanos, 1917-18. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, p. 495; Lehmann, 1905a, p. 263. 420 Yolox, Lienzo de. Lost. Published. Cartographic-historical. San Pedro Yolox, exdistrict of Ixtlan, Northern Oaxaca. ca. 1596. Cloth (?). Dimensions unknown. The lienzo is known through an 1832 copy (cloth, ca. 150 X 200 cm.) and a description and translation of its Chinantec and Nahuatl glosses made in Mexico City in 1810, both preserved in the pueblo. The copy exhibits only vestiges of traditional pictorial elements. It depicts Yolox and neighboring communities and gives some local history. A photograph of the copy and a transcript of the 1810 description are given by Pérez García (1956). Cline (1961a) has discussed its major features. Publication: Pérez García, 1956, 1: 99102. Brief description: Cline, 1961a, pp. 75-77. 243

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Brief mention: Cline, 1957, p. 281, note 23. 421 Yucunama, San Pedro, Mapa de. Lienzo de Yucunama. Pueblo ( ? ) . Unpublished. Genealogical. San Pedro Yucunama (Amoltepec), ex-district of Teposcolula, Western Oaxaca. 1585. Physical description not determined. A positive photostat, measuring 40.5 X 34.5 cm., is owned by Alfonso Caso; the original seems to be on paper. Around three and a half sides of the document are 35 year signs (4 Reed to 12 House). The date, 1585, appears on the manuscript as does the Yucunama place glyph. The latter has been reproduced by Caso (1964a). Near the center are five persons (2 couples and one male) with calendrical names. There is a Mixtec gloss. Bibliography: Caso, 1964a, fig. lb. 422 Zacatepec, Lienzo de, no, 1. Códice Mixteco Martinez Gracida de Jamiltepec. MNA 35-63. Published. Cartographic-historical. Santa Maria Zacatepec, ex-district of Putla (formerly Jamiltepec), Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 325 X 225 cm. Scattered across the lienzo are numerous complex place glyphs with hieroglyphic dates and Indians with calendrical names, all in traditional Mixtec style. Most of the major glyphs are connected by roads or chevron bands (considered a representation of warfare). Several rivers are shown. Included within the lienzo is a rectangular frame on which numerous lesser place glyphs are drawn, probably representing some ancient jurisdiction. The lienzo is reproduced, with 25 photographic details, and described by Peñafiel (1900). A photograph and brief description are in the MNA catalog (Glass, 1964). A study of the manuscript is given by M. E. Smith (1966a). Copies: Lehmann (1905a) reported a copy obtained by Seler then in the MVBE. 244

A copy of 1893 is in the pueblo. Peñafiel (1897a) appears to refer to yet another copy. A much later and altered version of the lienzo is described separately in this census as the Lienzo de Zacatepec no. 2. Publication: Peñafiel, 1900. Study: M. E. Smith, 1966a. Other: Peñafiel, 1897a, p. 97; Villagra, 1933. Brief descriptions: Alcina Franch, 1955, pp. 494-95; Glass, 1964, p. 115, pl. 66; Lehmann, 1905a, pp. 261-63. 423 Zacatepec, Lienzo de, no. 2. Unknown. Unpublished. Cartographic-historical. Santa Maria Zacatepec, ex-district of Putla, Westem Oaxaca. 18th-19thC ( ? ) . Cloth. 300 X 245 cm. The manuscript, now known only through a copy of 1893 preserved in Zacatepec, is an extensively altered version of the Lienzo de Zacatepec no. 1 with practically all the historical data and all the calendrical hieroglyphs omitted. A few of the place glyphs are identified by written inscriptions in Nahuatl. Peñafiel (1900) described the original of this copy. Photographs of the 1893 copy, taken by an INAH photographer, are in the L C / H F collection. Bibliography: Peñafiel, 1900, p. 2; M. E. Smith, 1966a. 424 Zacatlalmanco, Santa Anita, Codex. MHP. Ex-Pinart collection. Published. Cartographic-historical. Santa Anita Zacatlalmanco, D.F. 1603-04. European paper. 41.5 X 56.5 cm. Drawings of the Indian governors of Mexico City from about 1536 to 1602, the Viceroy Mendoza, and numerous lesser Indian officials with personal name glyphs. Cartographic detail includes a church within a rectangular plot interpreted as representing the fondo legal of Santa Anita, about 153554.

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

The manuscript has been studied and photographically reproduced by Galarza (1962). Publication: Galarza, 1962. 425 Zapotecos, Arbol Genealógico de los Reyes, Zapotecan Genealogy. Hispanic Society of America, New York. HC 427/46. ExManuel Ortega Reyes of Oaxaca and either Pedro Felix de Silva (Conde de Cifuentes) or Sir Thomas Phillipps collections. Published. Genealogical. Eastern Oaxaca. 18thC (?). Tanned leather (parchment?). ca. 200 X 60.7 cm. Only briefly examined, the manuscript exhibits drawings of persons in a late style. Some or most of them are in native costume. Approximately 14 couples are arranged vertically and dominate the composition. Glosses in Zapotec include the place names Tlacolula and Zaachila. A photograph and a brief description have appeared in a sale catalog (Hiersemann, 1913b). The copy owned by Caso is briefly mentioned by Caso (1964a). Copies: 19thC watercolor copy, 121 X 22 cm., owned by Alfonso Caso. Publication: Hiersemann, 1913b, pp. 7680, plate facing p. 72. Brief mention: Caso, 1964a, pp. 20-21, note 26. 426 Zapotitlan, Códice del Tequitlato de. Códice de Tributos de Santiago Zapotitlan. Apuntes del Tequitlato. MNA 35-59. ExBoturini collection. Partially published. Economic (census). Zapotitlan, Puebla (?). 1561. Skin tira painted on one side. 25.6 X 85 cm. The document is divided into six horizontal rows of house symbols, beside each of which are small circles apparently indicating the number of inhabitants of each house. Glosses in Spanish, Nahuatl, and a Mixtec dialect give names of persons and their civil status. A gloss on the reverse identifies the

manuscript as made by Pedro (?) de Santiago, tequitlato of Zapotitlan. The identification of the Zapotitlan in question is uncertain. Glass (1964) gives a brief description, illustrates a detail from the manuscript, and cites two unpublished studies of the glosses. Partial publication: Glass, 1964, p. 110, pl. 62. Brief description: Mena, 1923, pp. 41-43, no. 2. 427 (fig. 82) Zolin, Genealogía de. MNA 35-43 (lost). Ex-University of Mexico (ca. 1831). Published. Genealogical. Tlaxcala ( ? ) . 16thC. Maguey paper. 44 X 35 cm. Unglossed genealogy of 14 persons with personal name glyphs. Uppermost person, seated in a house, has a name glyph that may be a quail (zolin). Glass (1964) gives photograph and brief description. Lithographs of the upper and lower halves of the manuscript by Waldeck are given in Icaza and Gondra (1827). Copy: Waldeck copy, NLA 1269 (part). Publication: Glass, 1964, p. 89, pl. 43; Icaza and Gondra, 1827, part 1, pl. 3; part 2,

pl. 3.

NOTE. The census numeration through no. 427 was established in 1965. Subsequent documents, nos. 428-434, are in the happenstance sequence in which they were added. They are listed alphabetically in Article 31. 428 Alaman, Lucas, Códice. Unknown. Published. Economic (tribute). Central Mexico. 16thC. Native paper. 11eaf. Dimensions not reported. On one side is a short Nahuatl text and drawings of two horses, money, and day signs. Drawings on the other side, in a different and unusual style, show a hill, a pyramidal substructure, a dead person, a day sign, and other details. Caso and Jiménez Moreno (1966) provide photoreproduction of both sides of the docu245

ETHNOHISTORlCAL SOURCES

ment, brief description, and translation of its Nahuatl text. Publication: Caso and Jiménez Moreno, 1966. 429 Coatepec, San Bartolome, Lienzo de, Pueblo. Published. Cartographic-historical. San Bartolome Coatepec, Mexico. 18thC. Cloth. 152 × 203 cm. Paintings on the lienzo depict a church (San Bartolito), surrounding mountains, and neighboring localities; a legend gives the date of 1639. Only the manner of representing a river is specifically reminiscent of traditional artistic forms. The document may derive from an older prototype. Harvey (1966b) gives description, commentary, and photoreproduction. Publication: Harvey, 1966b. 430

Huapeán, Códice. AGN-C 1276, exp. 1, f. 75. Published. Miscellaneous (litigative). Zinapecuaro, Michoacan. 1567. Native paper. 20 X 84 cm. Drawings, with Tarascan and Spanish glosses, of grievances against Alonso Huapeán, cacique and gobernador of Zinapecuaro. Shown are persons in various positions and small circles representing money. A description and partial photoreproduction are given by López Sarrelangue (1963). The same description and a full two-color reproduction of a copy appear in López Sarrelangue (1965). Publication: López Sarrelangue, 1965, pp. 98-101, 305-06. Other: López Sarrelangue, 1963. 431 American Manuscript no. 10, part 8. Lost. Formerly DSB, MS Amer. 10, part 8. ExBoturini collection. Unpublished. Economic (tribute), Central Mexico (?). Native (?) paper. 100 X 35 (or 97 X 40) cm. approx. 246

The manuscript, accessioned by the DSB in 1867, is lost as a consequence of World War II. It is known through a brief description by Guzmán (1936) and four pages of copies of details and Nahuatl glosses by Walter Lehmann in IAI. From these data it is evident that the document represented seated Indian figures and symbols for monetary units. Copy: Lehmann copy, IAI. Brief description: Bankmann, 1970, p. 135; Guzmán, 1936, no. 10, part 3 (sic). 432

Chalchihuapan, Mapa de. Pueblo. Published. Historical. San Bernardino Chalchihuapan, Puebla. 18th-19thC. Oil paintings on cloth. 101.8 X 252.6 cm. The painting consists of approximately 15 scenes of varying widths arranged in three horizontal rows. Some of the scenes are very similar to parts of the Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco (no. 101); the two documents are in some way related. Castro Morales (1969) provides photoreproduction, line drawings, description, and commentary. The painting is undoubtedly the same as the Mapa briefly mentioned by A. Bandelier (1884 and in White and Bernal, 1960). We have not examined Bandelier, "San Bernardino Chalchihuapan: ein mexikanisches Abenteur" (National Zeitung, Berlin, 1886), cited by White and Bernal. Publication: Castro Morales, 1969. Brief mention: Bandelier, 1884, p. 143; White and Bernal, 1960, p. 240, note. 433

Tequixtepec, San Miguel, Lienzo de, no. 1. Pueblo. Unpublished. Cartographic-Historical. San Miguel Tequixtepec, ex-district of Coixtlahuaca, Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 305 × 248 cm. The existence of two lienzos from Tequixtepec was reported in a Mexican newspaper in July, 1970. The article (S. Cruz,

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

1970) provides a very general description and two photographic details of Lienzo no. 1. Both documents were examined in April, 1970, by Ross Parmenter, who had known of at least one lienzo in the town since 1960. A photograph of no. 1 and descriptions of both lienzos were provided by Parmenter for this census. Both lienzos will be treated in Caso's forthcoming Reyes y Reinos de la Mixteca. In traditional Mixtec style, the upper portion of no. 1 has 25 peripherally situated place glyphs glossed in Nahuatl, a large central place glyph, pairs of Indians with calendrical name glyphs, and the single date 6 Reed (1551?). The lower portion has genealogical and historical drawings within rows of rectangular compartments. Many

of the pairs of persons also appear in other Mixtec lienzos. Brief description: S. Cruz, 1970. 434 Tequixtepec, San Miguel, Lienzo de, no. 2. Pueblo. Unpublished. Cartographic-historical. San Miguel Tequixtepec, ex-district of Coixtlahuaca, Western Oaxaca. 16thC. Cloth. 285 × 70 cm. In more sketchy style than no. 1, this document displays a long genealogy, dates, a Christian church, and a drawing of a ceremony that also occurs in the Selden Roll, the Lienzo Antonio de León, and the Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 2. Bibliography: See previous entry.

REFERENCES (compiled by Mary W. Cline) Acevedo López y de la Cruz, 1958 Acosta, 1590, 1962 Acosta Saignes, 1946 Adelhofer, 1963 Aguirre, 1950-51 Aguirre Beltrán, 1940 Alcina Franch, 1955, 1960 Alvarado Tezozomoc, 1878, 1944a American Art Association, 1915 Anales Mexicanos, 1589-1596, 1949 Anales Mexicanos No. 1, 1948 Anales Mexicanos No. 2, 1948 Anales Mexicanos No. 3, 1948 Anales Mexicanos No. 4, 1948 Anales Mexicanos Uno Pedernal, 1949 Anales Número Cinco, 1954 Anales Toltecas, 1949 Anales Tolteca Chichimeca, 1949 Anders, 1967a, 1968, 1970 Anderson and Barlow, 1943 and Finan, 1945 André-Bonnet, 1950 Angulo, 1958, 1959 Anonymous, MS, 1829, 1865, 1875, 1888, 1897, 1935a, 1942, 1944 Antón, 1965 Apenes, 1947, 1953 Aragón y Leyva, 1945 Arreola, 1922

Athearn, 1963 Aubin, n.d.a, n.d.b, n.d.c, n.d.d, n.d.e, n.d.f, n.d.g, 1849, 1859, 1859-61, 1875, 1885, 1886a, 1886b, 1886c, 1893 Azcué y Mancera, 1967 Ballesteros Gaibrois, 1948a, 1951, 1964 Bandelier, Α., 1884 Bandelier, F., 1932 Bandini, 1791-93 Bangs & Co., 1893 Bankmann, 1970 Barlow, MSa, MSb, MSc, 1943b, 1943d, 1944a, 1944b, 1944c, 1944e, 1944f, 1944h, 1945b, 1945c, 1945e, 1945f, 1946a, 1946b, 1946d, 1946e, 1946f, 1947a, 1947b, 1947c, 1947e, 1948a, 1948b, 1948c, 1948e, 1948f, 1949a, 1949b, 1949c, 1949d, 1949e, 1950b, 1951a, 1954a, 1954b, 1961 and Mateos Higuera, M S and McAfee, 1949 Barrios, 1954 Barthelemy, 1798 Batres, n.d., 1888, 1889 Baz, 1899

Beaumont, 1932 Beauvois, 1885, 1886 Beltrami, 1830 Beristáin de Souza, 1883-97 Berlin, 1947

247

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

and Barlow, 1948 and MacNeish, 1967 and Rendon, 1947 Chapa, 1957 Bernal, 1947, 1962 Charency, 1859 Beyer, 1910, 1911, 1912a, 1912b Chamay, 1903 Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842 Chavero, n.d., 1877a, 1880, 1882-1903, 1886, Bibliotheca mejicana, 1869 1892, 1899, 1901a, 1901b, 1901c, 1903a, Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880 1903b, 1906, 1964 Birket-Smith, 1946 Cháves, 1865, 1925 Blacker, 1965 Chávez Orozco, 1947 Blom, n.d., 1928, 1936, 1945 Cicco, 1963 Boban, 1891, 1899 Civezza, 1879 Borah and Cook, 1963 Clark, 1912, 1913a, 1938 Borson, 1796 Clavigero, 1780-81, 1958-59 Böttiger, 1811 Cline, 1957, 1959, 1961a, 1961b, 1963a, 1964, Boturini Benaduci, 1746, 1948 1966a, 1966b, 1966c, 1968 Bowditch, 1900, 1910 Codex Abraham Castellanos, 1931 Brand, 1944 Codex Ixtlan, 1931 Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1851, 1852, 1857-59, Codex Magliabecchiano, 1904 1864, 1869-70 Codex Meixueiro, 1931 Bravo Ugarte, 1962 Códice de 1576, 1950 Breton, 1919, 1920a, 1920b Códice Laud, n.d. Brinton, 1890b, 1899 Códice Troano, 1930 , Phillips, and Morris, 1892 Códices Indígenas, 1933 Bullock, n.d., 1824a, 1824b, 1824c Coe, 1963 Bunting, 1931 Collin, 1952 Burland, 1947a, 1947b, 1947c, 1948, 1950a, Commission Scientifique du Mexique, 1864 1950b, 1951a, 1955b, 1957b, 1957c, 1958a, Cook, 1958 1958b, 1960, 1962a, 1965, 1966a, 1966b Cook de Leonard, 1961 Burrus, 1957, 1959 and Lemoine Villicaña, 1956 Bustamante, 1829, 1829-30, 1 8 3 5 - 3 6 , 1890-96 Cordero Mendoza, 1954 Cahuantzi, 1939 Comyn, 1946 Capitán, 1911, 1912, 1923 Corona Núñez, 1942a, 1942b, 1946, 1951, Carbajal Espinosa, 1862 1957, 1959, 1964-67 Carrasco Pizana, 1944, 1 9 5 0 , 1 9 6 4 Covarrubias, 1946 Carreño, 1950 Coy, 1966 Carrera Stampa, 1949b Cruz,M. dela, 1964 Carrillo y Ancona, 1882 Cruz, S., 1970 Carrillo y Gariel, 1949 Cuevas, 1913, 1921-28, 1929, 1930, 1956 Cartari, 1615, 1626 Dahlgren, 1889 Caso, 1927, 1928, 1930, 1939a, 1940, 1943a, Dahlgren de Jordán, 1954a, 1963 1943b, 1945a, 1945b, 1947, 1951, 1952, Dark, 1958a, 1958b, 1959 1953, 1954, 1955a, 1955b, 1956, 1958a, and Plesters, 1959 1958b, 1958c, 1958d, 1958e, 1958f, 1959b, Delafield, 1839 1960b, 1960c, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964a, Dibble, 1940a, 1942a, 1942b, 1948, 1951, 1964b, 1964c, 1965a, 1965b, 1965c, 1966a, 1963, 1965 1966b, 1966c, 1967 and Anderson, 1950-69 and Jiménez Moreno, 1966 Dietschy, 1944, 1960 and Smith, 1966 Dockstader, 1964 Castellanos, 1910, 1912a, 1912b, 1917, 1917Dorez, 1896 18 Doutrelaine, 1867 Dufosse, n.d.a Castillo, I. B. del, 1906, 1922 Durán, 1867-80, 1951, 1964, 1967 Castro Morales, 1969 Durand-Forest, 1962, 1971 Ceballos Novelo, 1934 Durbin, 1969 Cédula dada, 1943 Cervantes de Salazar, 1914, 1914-36 Echániz, 1954 Chadwick, 1967 Echániz, Librería, n.d.a, n.d.b, n.d.c, n.d.d. 248

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

1937a, 1937b, 1937c, 1938a, 1938b, 1939a, 1939b, 1939c, 1944a, 1944b, 1944c, 1944d, 1944e, 1944f, 1945, 1946a, 1946b, 1947a, 1947b, 1947c, 1947d, 1949 Ecker, 1966 Ehrle, 1896, 1 8 9 8 , 1 9 0 0 Emmart, 1935a, 1935b, 1935c, 1940 Eriksson, 1919 Escuela Internacional, 1913a, 1913b Espejo and Barlow, 1944 and Monzón, 1945 Espinosa, I., 1945 Espinosa, Μ., 1910, 1961 Esteve Barba, 1942, 1952 Estrada, 1937 Evreinov, Kosarev, and Ustinov, 1961 Exposición..., 1892 Exposition Universelle, 1867 Fábrega, 1899 Fernández, 1939, 1956 Fernández del Castillo, F., 1925a Fernández de Recas, 1961 Fewkes, 1893 Flor y Canto, 1964 Förstemann, 1880, 1882, 1886, 1892, 1901, 1902, 1903a, 1903b, 1906 Fortier and Ficklen, 1907 Forty-fourth annual report, 1897 Fuente, 1949 Gabrieli, 1929 Gadow, 1908 Galarza, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 Galindo y Villa, 1895, 1905a, 1923, 1925 Gallatin, 1845 Gamio, 1917 García Abrines and Robertson, MS García Conde, 1926 García Cubas, 1892, 1897, 1909-10, 1912 and Galindo y Villa, 1904 García Granados, 1937, 1939a and MacGregor, 1934 García Gutiérrez, 1939 García Icazbalceta, 1881, 1886, 1886-92, 1954 Garibay, 1948, 1953-54, 1956, 1957, 1959b Gates, MS, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1924, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1937a, 1937b, 1939a, 1939b, 1940 Gemelli Carerí, 1699-1700 Genet, 1928-29 Gibson, 1952, 1956, 1964a, 1964b Glass, 1958b, 1960, 1964 Gómez de Cervantes, 1944 Gómez de Orozco, 1927a, 1927b, 1937, 1939a, 1940, 1941, 1945a, 1948, 1952, 1955 Gondra, 1846 González de Barcia, 1737-38 Gordon, 1913

Gòtze, 1743-44 Greenleaf, 1961 Gropp, 1932, 1933 Guerra, 1952 Guevara, 1788 Gurría LaCroix, 1 9 6 4 , 1 9 6 6 , 1 9 6 7 Guzmán, 1936, 1939b, 1939c, 1949, 1958 Hagar, 1911, 1912a, 1912b, 1912c, 1913 Hagen, 1944

Hamy, 1897, 1899a, 1899b Haro y Cadena, 1940 Harvey, 1966b Henning, 1912 Hernández, 1651, 1926, 1942-46, 1945, 195960 Herrera, 1601-15 Hiersemann, 1910, 1913b Historísche Hieroglyphen, 1892 Hochstetter, 1884 Horcasitas, 1959 Hornius (Horn), 1652 Humboldt, 1810 Hunter, 1917 Ibarra de Anda, 1937 Icaza and Gondra, 1827 Iguíniz, 1918 Imbelloni, 1943 Ixtlilxochitl, 1891-92 Jiménez Moreno, MS, 1938a, 1938b, 1948, 1961 and Mateos Higuera, 1940 Jonghe, 1906a, 1906b Josephy and Brandon, 1961 Jourdain, 1889 Jourdanet and Siméon, 1880 Juncker, 1710 Kelemen, 1943 Kelley, 1955 Kelly and Palerm, 1952 Kingsborough, 1831-48 Kircher, 1652-54 Kirchhoff, 1940, 1958 Knorozov, 1963 KoUar, 1769 Kreichgauer, 1915-16, 1917, 1917-18 Krusche, 1966 Kubler, 1948, 1951, 1961 and Gibson, 1951 Kutscher, 1961, 1962, 1963a, 1963b, 1964 Lambeck, 1679 Leal, 1953 Leander, 1966a, 1966b, 1967 Legati, 1677 Lehmann, 1905a, 1905c, 1906a, 1906b, 1966 and Smital, 1929 Leicht, 1938 Lejeal, 1904 249

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Lemoine V., 1960, 1961 Lenz, 1949, 1950 León, M.de, 1611 León, Ν., n.d., 1888a, 1888b, 1889a, 1889b, 1903, 1903-04, 1904a, 1905a, 1905b, 1906a, 1906b, 1906c, 1927, 1933 Leonard & Co., 1871 Leonard, 1967 León-Portilla, 1958, 1967a and Mateos Higuera, 1957 León y Gama, 1832 Linné, 1942, 1948 Lips and Deckert, 1962 Lista, 1881 Lizardi Ramos, 1953a, 1953b, 1955, 1968 Long, 1926, 1 9 4 2 López, Α., 1920 López Beltrán, 1966 López CogoUudo, 1688 López de Gómara, 1826 López Sarrelangue, 1957, 1 9 6 3 , 1 9 6 5 Lorenzana, 1770 Loubat, 1901 McAfee and Barlow, 1945, 1946a, 1947, 1952 McAndrew, 1965 McGee and Thomas, 1905 Madier de Montjau, 1875 Mappa Reinisch, n.d. Maráin Araujo, 1945 Márquez, 1911, 1912 Marquina, 1960 Martínez, 1606 Martínez Hernández, 1927, 1940 Martínez Marín, 1961, 1963 Mason, 1943 Mateos Higuera, 1944b, 1944c, 1944d, 1944e, 1944f, 1945, 1946a, 1946b, 1947a, 1947b, 1948a, 1948b, 1949a, 1949b, 1949c, 1949d Maudslay, 1908-16, 1909-10 Mayer, 1844 Maza, 1945, 1959 Mazarí, 1926a, 1926b, 1926c Mazihcatzin, 1927 Medellín Zenil, 1957 Melgarejo Vivanco, 1949, 1953 Melgar y Serrano, 1873, 1875 Mena, 1911a, 1911b, 1913, 1914, 1923 Mendieta, 1870 Mendieta y Núñez, 1949, 1961 Mendizabal, 1926, 1946 Mendoza, 1869 Mengin, 1939-40, 1942, 1945, 1952a Mercati, 1589 Miles, 1957 Mirabel Lausan, 1937 Mirror of the Indian, 1958 Miyar, 1928 250

Molins Fábrega, 1956a, 1956b Monroy, 1946 Moreno, R., 1966 Morley, 1920, 1946 and Roys, 1941 Motolinía, 1903 Μοχό, 1828, 1 8 3 7 , 1 8 3 9 Muller, 1958 Muñoz Camargo, 1947a, 1947b Museo de Artillería, 1856 Nessel, 1690 Nicholson, 1960b, 1961b, 1966a, 1966c, 1966d, 1967 Nicolau d'Olwer, 1952 Nierembergii, 1635 Noguera, 1933b Nordenskiold, 1889 Noticias relativas, 1944 Nowotny, 1948a, 1948b, 1955, 1956b, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961a, 1961b, 1964, 1968 and Strebinger, 1958 Nuevos datos, 1952 Nuevos documentos, 1946 Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a Nuttall, n.d., 1888, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1911a, 1911b, 1913, 1921 Olivera and Reyes, 1969 Omont, 1899 Orozco, E., 1892 Orozco y Berra, 1867, 1871, 1877-82, 1880, 1897 Paddock, 1959 Paleografía, 1951 Palomera, 1962, 1963 Papillon, 1766 Parke-Bemet, 1953, 1967 Parmenter, 1961a, 1961b, 1961c, 1961d, 1966 Paso y Troncoso, 1882, 1886, 1888, 1892-93, 1896, 1897b, 1897c, 1898a, 1898b, 1905-06, 1905-07, 1 9 1 2 , 1 9 1 3 Paulinus de Sancto Bartholomaeo, 1805 Peñafiel, 1885, 1887, 1889, 1890, 1895, 1897a, 1897b, 1897c, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903c, 1907, 1909, 1910, 1914 Pérez, 1859a, 1859b Pérez Bustamante, 1928 Pérez García, 1956 Pérez Martínez, n.d., 1936, 1938 Picart, 1733-37 Pintura del gobernador, 1878 Pompa y Pompa, 1938 Prakolumbische Kunst, 1958 Prescott, 1844 Preuss, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1948 and Mengin, 1937-38 Procesos de Indios, 1912 Pruneda, 1953

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Purchas, 1625 Qualli Amatl, 1950 Quaritch, 1880, 1885 Quintana, 1960 Racknitz, 1796 Rada y Delgado and López de Ayala y del Hierro, 1892 Radin, 1920 Ramírez, F., 1956 Ramírez, J. F., 1847, 1855, 1858, 1862, 1898, 1945a, 1945b, 1952, 1953, 1956 Ramírez Cabañas, 1938 Ramírez Flores, 1959 Ramírez Lavoignet, 1953, 1959, 1962 Rauh, 1970 Rea, 1643 Reina, 1924-27 Reko, 1945 Relación de Michoacán, 1869, 1903, 1956 Relaciones de Yucatan, 1898-1900 Rendón, 1952 Rich, n.d. Rickards, 1913 Riva Palacio, n.d. Rivera, 1892 Rivet, 1932 Robertson, D., 1954, 1959, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1968 Robertson, W., 1777, 1778 Rodríguez Marín, 1916-25 Rock, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1941 Rojas González, 1940 Roquet, 1938 Rosa, Μ. G. de la, 1907 Rosado Escalante and Ontiveros, 1938 Rosado Ojeda, 1945 Rosny, Léon de, 1856, 1863, 1869, 1875, 1876a, 1876b, 1881a, 1881b, 1887, 1888 Rosny, Lucien de, 1877 Roys, 1933, 1939, 1943, 1957, 1965 Rubín de la Borbolla, 1953 and Spratling, 1964 Ruz Lhuillier, 1944 Sandoval, 1945 Santa Cruz, 1918-19 Sapper, 1897 Saussure, 1891 Schmeider, 1930 Scholes and Adams, 1957 Schoolcraft, 1851-57 Schuller, 1913, 1919-20 Schwede, 1912, 1916 Seler, 1890, 1893, 1895, 1899a, 1899b, 1900, 1900-01, 1901a, 1901-02, 1902a, 1902b, 1902e, 1902f, 1902g, 1902h, 19021, 1902-23, 1904a, 1904b, 1904c, 1904d, 1904e, 1904f, 1904g, 1904-09, 1908a, 1908b, 1908c, 1913,

1915, 1 9 2 7 , 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 , 1 9 6 3 Seler-Sachs, 1900 Serna, 1892a, 1892b Siméon, 1888, 1889b Simons, 1962, 1963, 1967, 1967-68, 1968, 1969 Smith, Β., 1968 Smith, Μ. Ε., 1963, 1966a Sociedad Española de Amigos del Arte, 1930 Solís Alcalá, 1949 Somolinos d'Ardois, 1954, 1957 Sotheby and Co., 1935, 1936b, 1939, 1946, 1948 Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a Soustelle, 1937 Spinden, E., 1933 Spinden, H. J., 1913, 1928, 1935 Spineto, 1829 Spores, 1964 Spranz, 1964 Starr, MS, n.d., 1898, 1900, 1908 Steck, 1951 Steininger and Van de Velde, 1935 Stephens, 1843 Tamayo, 1949 and Alcorta, 1941 Taylor, 1956 Thevenot, 1672, 1696 Thomas, 1884

Thompson, J. E. S., 1934, 1941a, 1941b, 1950, 1966 Thomdike, 1929-30 Tompkins, 1942 Toro, 1923, 1928 and Fernández del Castillo, 1925 Torquemada, 1723 Torres Lanzas, 1900 Torre Villar, and Sandoval, 1967 Toscano, 1943, 1944, 1948 Toussaint, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1948, 1965 , Gómez de Orozco, and Fernández, 1938 Tovar, 1860, 1944 Tozzer, 1921, 1941 Trimbom, 1959 Tudela, 1948a, 1956, 1960 Twenty centuries, 1940 VaiUant, MSa, MSb, 1939, 1940, 1941 Valadés, 1579 Valentini, 1880, 1893, 1895 Velasco, 1903 Velázquez Chávez, 1939 Veytia, 1836, 1848, 1907, 1944 Villacorta C., 1943b and Villacorta, 1930, 1930-33 Villagra, 1933 Visino, 1864 Vivó, 1946

251

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Wagner, 1944 Waldeck, MS Warburton, 1738-41, 1744 Warren, D., 1971 Warren, J. B., 1971 Waterman, 1931 Wauchope, 1946 Weitlaner and Castro, 1953, 1954 Weitlaner de Johnson, 1966 West and Augelli, 1966 White and Bernal, 1960 Whorf, 1930 Wicke, 1966

252

Wieser, 1908 Willard, 1933 Wilson, 1859 Worm, 1655 Wroth, 1949 Xiu Chronicles, 1919 Yáñez, 1942 Zantwijk, 1967 Zavala, 1 9 3 8 , 1 9 5 2 , 1 9 6 7 Zimmermann, 1954, 1963-65 Zoega, 1797 Zorita, 1909

24. Techialoyan Manuscripts and Paintings, with a Catalog

DONALD

THE

CODEX OF San Antonio Techia-

loyan (701), 1 now in the Museo Nacional de Antropología de México, became the basis of classification for a group of colonial Mexican manuscripts now known as "Techialoyan Codices/* These manuscripts form such a homogeneous unit that no one has ever seriously questioned their grouping. Common elements include the use of native paper and Nahuatl in their texts, the nature of the written text and pictorial components, the style of handwriting, the artistic style, the purpose for which they were created, and the fact that they are all from villages in and around the State and Valley of Mexico. Although individual items had appeared 1 Numbers refer to the Catalog of Techialoyan Manuscripts and Paintings at the end of this article. The reader is referred to this catalog for all material pertaining to individual manuscripts. 2 See catalog for references to the various Barlow articles in which the Techialoyan alphabetical catalog evolved. 3 Gómez de Orozco (1948) included in addition a manuscript formerly in the Fischer and Phillipps collections, now John Rylands Library Mex. MS 2 (Article 23, no. 204), now known not to be one of the Techialoyan group.

ROBERTSON

in the Hterature earlier (see catalog below), Federico Gómez de Orozco (1933) first treated the manuscripts as a single group. In his study of San Antonio Techialoyan (701) he discussed or mentioned the codices of Cuajimalpa (703), Metepec (704), Zempoala (705), and Ixtapalapa (706), a fragment in Paris (702), one belonging to Sr. Jorge Enciso (707), and two fragments belonging to Don José Maria de Agreda y Sánchez (735). It was Robert H. Barlow, in his article "The Techialoyan Codices: Codex H" (Barlow, 1943e), who first set up a system of identifying them with letters of the alphabet. He catalogued the Techialoyan codices A (701) through Η (708) and later in subsequent articles carried the series up to the letter Ρ (714), omitting I and O. He also identified Techialoyans R (716) and Τ (718) and wrote three articles on Techialoyan Q, Codex Garcia Granados (715). 2 Gómez de Orozco (1948) further enlarged the catalog to cover over 24 manuscripts but gave only 19 of them letters, carrying the catalog up to the letter V (720). 3 253

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

In the catalog at the end of this article we list 48 Techialoyan items, using numbers but retaining the original order of the earlier alphabetical catalog. This has been done because of the confusions in the earlier listings and also because numbers are more flexible.4 The bibliographic history of individual manuscripts can be complex. Publication includes transcriptions of the Nahuatl text, translations into Spanish, and translations into English. Publication of the pictorial component shows an equal variety, some manuscripts being published by a lithographic process, some in line drawings or tracings, and some photographically, but seldom in color. Publication has ranged from complete editions (701 and 705)5 to partial publication (715) to fragmentary publication (708). Many manuscripts remain unpublished, with only references to their names appearing in the literature (716). The Techialoyan manuscripts are in one way the most mobile of all the colonial ethnohistorical sources. Although many are in public collections, enough examples have been in and out of private hands for over 200 years that they continually find their way into the rare book and art markets. Thus locations given in the catalog are more or less fixed for manuscripts in public museum, library, and archive collections, but the location of privately owned ones is potentially subject to change over the years. Techialoyan manuscripts can be considered under several headings. Their material aspects include the paper they are written and drawn on, the ink and colors used. Their content includes the information conveyed in both the written Nahuatl text and the pictorial component with its written glosses. THE MATERIAL OF THE MANUSCRIPTS

was

investigated by Lenz (1949, 1950), who tested four examples, and by Schwede (1916), who tested four others. They both agreed that it is native amatl paper made 254

from the bark of the fig tree. The writer, who has examined them, can aver that the material is essentially the same for all. This material is a coarse-grained, unsized, dark brown amatl paper with a consistency closer to cloth than to the more usual thin but hard lighter-colored amatl paper used in the 16th century. The paper of the Techialoyans is so thick and so poorly compounded that some individual sheets in the course of time have come apart by splitting down the center of the sheet.6 Another characteristic of the paper is that it tends, because of its softness, to unravel at the edges. As a result many of the surviving pages have been trimmed or at least evened along the edges. In the process, the trimming was often unequal among pages in the same manuscript; this means that the dimensions given in our catalog are more or less approximations or even averages of the present dimensions. In many, if not most, cases both the original dimensions of both height and width were somewhat larger. In most examples the ink used for the written component and the outlining of the pictorial forms has tended to fade, an indication that it is not the ink of native preColumbian or even early colonial manuscripts which still retains its dense blackness. A European ink subject to fading was used, and in some examples letters and even the outlines of pictorial forms were later gone over and reinforced. The colors vary from quite intense (Garcia Granados, 715; Ocoyacac, 733) to extremely faded (Xona4 References to the subsequent catalogs or listings by Alcina Franch (1955, 1956) and Carrera Stampa (1959, 1962-63, 1965) have been omitted from our catalog, as they are based on the earlier catalogs and make no new contributions. 5 In the case of Zempoala (705) 56 years separated the publication of the pictorial component (Quaritch, 1890) and the text (McAfee, 1946a). 6 The Codex of Ixtapalapa (706) is a major example where a piece of the non-Techialoyan Codex Huamantla (Article 23, no. 135) was used to repair f. 1 in such a way that both recto and verso sides of the leaf were pasted onto the Huamantla fragment to reinforce the split folio.

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS AND PAINTINGS

catlan, 723). In all cases color seems to have been originally either a dense watercolor or gouache. THE FORMAT of the usual Techialoyan manuscript consists of sheets of amatl paper tied together in single or double folios or combinations thereof to form a book or codex (figs. 83-88). The longest example, Ocelotepec (708), has 27 folios. Often the front and back pages are obliterated by fading or past rough treatment. The large panel is another format used in two examples. One in Brooklyn (726, fig. 90) and another in Mexico (720) are both much larger than the pages of a "book" Techialoyan, but their layouts are similar.7 The third type, of which there are also two examples, is in the form of a long strip or tira: Tizayuca (729) and Codex Garcia Granados (715). 8 The Techialoyan-style murals of the Cathedral of Cuernavaca (ex-convento Franciscano) (745) are aberrant and constitute a unique item (fig. 91). However, they surely belong to the Techialoyan corpus on the basis of their graphic style.9 T H E CONTENT, written and pictorial, is so similar in all codex-type manuscripts that it is clear they follow a single consistent pattern of logic. In the complete or model Techialoyan codex, e.g., Xonacatlan (723), there is a written account in Nahuatl of a meeting in the tecpan or city hall of the homonymous village or pueblo. At this meeting the officials of the pueblo gathered to verify the boundaries of the pueblo and its dependencies; barrios and even individual fields or parajes are defined. In many examples the presence of the hueytlatocatzin or viceroy is asserted. Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza (1535-50) is sometimes obliquely referred to by the dates given, sometimes specifically named in the written text. Viceroy Luis de Velasco (1549/50-64) is named in two manuscripts (727 and 744). 10 Putative dates are given in the somewhat cumbersome Nahuatl way of counting rather

than in European numbers and range from 1504, the earliest (Tepanohuayan, 712), to 1596 (Tizayuca, 728), the latest. The meeting, attested to by the signatures of the major persons of the pueblo, pretends to establish boundaries pro forma legis. This written component of the manuscript is complemented by the pictorial component. Pre-Hispanic history takes the form of standing full-length drawings of the ancestral conqueror of the village site and of subsequent native rulers wearing animal skins and carrying weapons (fig. 83). PreHispanic genealogy is to be seen in the form of a genealogical tree or cactus with the heads of descendants of the earlier ancestral ruler displayed in its branches; the genealogical plant rises from the loins or the navel region of the dead ancestor (fig. 84). Colonial history can include a genealogy (Mimiahuapan, 711, and Coacalco, 743) but appears primarily in pictures of the Spanish military entrada showing Spanish soldiers clad in armor (fig. 85) and the Spanish religious entrada of monks. Some manuscripts show the cult image of the saint of the pueblo being borne on a trestle carried by the natives (fig. 86). Common is the bust-length figure of an important person under a half-round arched frame. Spanish civil government can be represented by the arms of Spain (fig. 87) or the tecpan (fig. 88), but more often it appears in the form of officials of the village receiving their staves of office and, in subsequent illustrations, bearing them as symbols of the rights conferred upon them by the viceroy (fig. 86). Description of the village and its lands makes up the largest number of pages in the complete manuscripts and is typically shown by glossed illustrations. These in7

See below under ''Graphic style." For an extended discussion of these formats, see Robertson, 1959, passim. 9 See below, pp. 262. 10 For a historical account of the viceroys of New Spain, see Rubio Mañé, 1955. 8

255

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

clude the tecpan (fig. 88), the church (fig. 86), and houses of the main village and of its dependencies. Individual fields appear with their crops, mainly maize, maguey, and nopal (cactus). Monte (woodlands in the context of these manuscripts) appears as well as claims to fishing and water rights. In these pictorial sections Nahuatl explanations in the glosses commonly accompany the illustrations to define the barrios and village lands.11 It can be noted that the order of the contents at present varies from manuscript to manuscript. Essentially the section devoted to the village and its lands is a single unit which can follow or precede the textual units. In cases where an orderly sequence now seems to be disturbed, this may be the result of an incorrect retying of folios which became separated in time.12 T H E PURPOSE of the Techialoyan codices emerges from the pattern of content in the complete or ideal Techialoyan. It consists of the historical preamble followed by the heart of the matter—pictorial and written definitions and claims to landholdings. Since the manuscripts were prepared for individual villages, they became what have been called "Village Land Books" and perhaps even later substitutions for otherwise missing pre-Columbian and earlier colonial documents to substantiate these village land claims. The primary purpose is reinforced in the manner of early colonial land-claims documents by the historical preamble in which the justification for the claim is made. 13 Since the codices seem to have been made to be used as legal documents, they were written in Nahuatl, the major Indian language recognized by the viceregal courts, even though the language spoken in certain of the villages was Otomi or Matlatzinca. 14 For examples of manuscripts actually associated with other land-claims docimients, see Cuajimalpa (703), Tizayuca (728, 729), Coyoacan (732), Tezcalucan and Chichi256

caspa (744), and, by implication, Ocelotepec(708). T H E LOCATION of the homonymous associated village is often difiicult to determine even in more or less complete codices. The problem is compounded by the fact that some of the villages no longer exist. Barlow (1947g) studied Tepanohuayan (712), a village near Tenayuca, which has since vanished. It is especially ironic that San Antonio Techialoyan (701), which lent its name to the group, is identified with a now lost village in the State of Mexico south of Toluca. "Techialoyan" in Nahuatl means "inn" (Spanish, mesón). The name is preserved in its Spanish form by the Hacienda del Mesón near San Antonio la Isla.15 The location of the village to be associated with each manuscript is much more a matter of conjecture in the case of fragments, the membra disjecta of formerly complete manuscripts, which constitute a large number of the items in the Catalog. With the historical preamble text missing the names of barrios are usually not adequate for locating the main pueblo. The names we have used in the Catalog are essentially for purposes of identification and are not always the village names (e.g., Xocotla, 730). In the case of the fragmentai Codex of Zempoala (705), however, enough barrios are named to locate the origin of the manuscript in Hidalgo, even though it has only the glossed pictorial content (McAfee, 1946a).16 11 Dr. Joaquin Galarza of the Musée de l'Homme, Paris, is currently studying these illustrations in connection with his investigations of colonial Mexican agriculture. See also Schmeider, 1930. 12 See note 16. 13 Convenient treatments for the study of land claims in this context include: W . Orozco, 1895; Zavala, 1935; Chevalier, 1963; Gibson, 1964a. 14 See Robertson, 1960, p p . 110-111, and Weitlaner, 1939, linguistic map facing p. 328. 15 Basurto, 1901, is a major source for the geography of the archbishopric of Mexico. 16 Eight fragments of Techialoyan codices have been linked in the catalog to reconstitute in whole or in part three manuscripts divided in the course

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS AND PAINTINGS

In the main all Techialoyan documents are associated with villages in the State and Valley of Mexico.17 Identified villages are shown in figure 92, to which Table 1 is the key, providing an alphabetical listing of the documents in the catalog with data on the location of identified villages. T H E STYLE of the manuscripts can be considered under two aspects: the written and the graphic components. In each case the style constitutes a defining characteristic of the members of the group and provides information on the vexing question, discussed below, of the time when they were made. The prose style until now has received little or no consideration. Notes and comments accompanying transcriptions and translations, even recent ones of Byron McAfee, tend to ignore the question of Nahuatl prose style.18 Although no sustained and consistent attention has been paid to this aspect of the texts in the literature, some provisional statements can be made. The texts

are strikingly similar in their common and limited vocabulary. The literary style is quite simple when compared with the more polished and classic 16th-century Nahuatl of Sahagún and his informants. For instance, where Sahagiin uses long compound words in complex sentences and literary patterns, the Techialoyan texts use short words and short sentences. Handwriting similarities parallel the textual similarities of vocabulary and sentence structure. The lowercase unlinked letters used in the manuscripts are written in a rather large, almost childish hand. There are, however, individual variations from manuscript to manuscript suggesting more than one scribe. Key letters for studying these variations seem to be x, y, p, q, h, tz, and ç.19 The graphic style of the drawings has been discussed in the literature (Robertson, 1959, chap. 11; 1960). These earlier discussions, however, were based on a limited

of time: 718-714-722, the Codex of Tepotzotlan (Robertson, 1 9 6 0 ) : 712-709, the Codex of Tepanohuavan; and 702-717-735, the Codex of San Pablo Huyxoapan. Future studies of the fragments might enable us to make more such linkages through recurring names of persons and places, always taking into account that the fragments must be approximately the same size and use congruent handwriting, page formats, etc. A larger study could also detail relations among complete manuscripts by internal cross references of place names common to more than one manuscript; for instance, Xonacatlan is mentioned so often in the Codex of Ocelotepec (708) that it was called Xonacatlan in Boturini's inventory (see catalog). 17 The main maps used in this study are: Estado de México, Dirección de Comunicaciones y Obras Publicas, n.d., and Eliseo Villegas de San Martín, Road Map of the Valley of Mexico, Comisión Nacional de Turismo, México, D.F., n.d. Other valuable aids for locating the Techialoyan codices include: Basurto, 1901; Memoria, 1893; Sánchez Colín, 1951; Hernández Rodríguez, 1952; Olaguíbel, 1957; Colín, 1963-64, 1966; Gibson, 1964a; and Robelo, Olaguíbel, and Peñafiel, 1966. Zantwijk, 1969, containing 10 published maps of the lands of Tlacopan, covers over half the area from which the Techialoyan codices come. 18 Byron McAfee, a North American nahuatlato living in Mexico City, worked independently. Under the urging of Barlow some of his translations

were published in Tlalocan (Zempoala, 705; Acatitlan, 7 0 9 ) . His transcription and translation of Tepotzotlan (722) was published in Robertson, 1960, Other translations and transcriptions remained in typescript at his death. Their present location is often unknown, but those in McAfee's library, which I know existed in the summer of 1958, are listed in the catalog. McAfee's interest in the manuscripts was in their written rather than their pictorial content; he considered them more as linguistic documents than as literary or historical sources. The first published translation of a Techialoyan text was of San Antonio Techialoyan (701) in 1893 by Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca, the translator of the Archivo General de la Nación. Another translator of this archive was Francisco Rosales who made mid-19th-century transcriptions and translations, as well as watercolor copies, of Cuajimalpa ( 7 0 3 ) , Tizayuca (728, 7 2 9 ) , and Coyoacan ( 7 3 2 ) . Translations have also been made by Wigberto Jiménez Moreno (Tepexoxouhcan and Cuaxochco, 7 2 1 ) . Joaquin Galarza is now working on a revision of McAfee's translation of Xonacatlan (723) and for the first time doing certain pages not available to McAfee. 19 An extended study of this aspect of the texts has been made for the author by James Ramsey, a research assistant supported by the Middle American Research Institute of Tulane University; it will be used for a projected publication of the Tulane Techialoyan Codex of Xonacatlan ( 7 2 3 ) .

257

TABLE 1 - T E C H I A L O Y A N S : LISTING AND LOCALIZATIONS

Document

Catalog Number

Acatitlan, Santa Cecelia (J)

709

Acayuca, San Francisco

734

Ahuaquilpan, S. Pedro, see Huaquilpan Atlapolco, S. Pedro (panel) Atlinayan, S. Miguel, see Atlapolco, S. Pedro Axoloapan Xoloctlan

746 726 726 737

Azcapotzalco, see Huyxoapan, Fragment 3 Azcapotzalco, Santa Cruz, see Huyxoapan, Fragment 2 Calacohuayan, Santa Maria (K)

735 717 710

Calpulalpan, San Simon Cempoala ( E ) , see Zempoala Chalco, Atenco, Santiago (R) Chichicaspa, Sta. Maria Magdalena, see Tezcalucan Coacalco Cohuacalco, see Coacalco Coyoacan

744 743 743 732

Coyoacan, see Tetelpan Coyonacazco, see Coyotepec Coyonacazco Coyotepec Coyotepec, San Cristobal (panel)(V)

713 727 747 720

Coyotepec Coyonacazco

727

725 705 716

Municipio or Delegación

State

Map*

Tlalnepantla

Mexico

L/14-68

Zapotlan de Juarez

Hidalgo

K/14-72

S. Pedro Atlapulco

Ocoyoacac

Mexico

M/14-61

Santa Maria Ajoloapan & S. Lucas Xoloc

Tecamac

Mexico

L/14-86

Santa Maria Calacohuayan Calpulalpan

Zaragoza

Mexico

L/14r69

Calpulalpan

Tlaxcala

L/15-1

Chalco

Chalco

Mexico

L/14-108

Coacalco

Coacalco

Mexico

L/14-88

Coyoacan & S. Nicolas Totolapan

Coyoacan & Magdalena Contreras

D.F.

L/14-V

D.F.

L/14.VIII

Coyotepec

Mexico

L/14-75

Location, 1950 Santa Cecilia Acatitlan Acayuca

Unlocated San Cristobal Coyotepec(?) Unlocated

* Map coordinates and municipio number in key to state maps in Article 1, appendix.

TABLE 1—(Continued)

Document

Catalog Number

Cuajimalpa, San Pedro (C)

703

Cuaxochco, San Miguel, see Tepexoxouhcan Cuemavaca Cathedral (murals) Cuitlahuac, see Tlahuac Garcia Granados (tira) (Q) Hemenway, see Huixquilucan Huaquilpan, San Pedro, & San Martin

721 745 736 715 724 746

Huehuetoca, pueblo near Huixquilucan, San Antonio Huyxoapan, San Pablo (B), Fragment 1 Huyxoapan, San Pablo (S), Fragment 2 Huyxoapan, San Pablo, Fragment 3 Ixtapalapa ( F ) Kaska, see Tizayuca Matlatzinca, see Tenancingo, 741; Teotla, 739; Zepayahutla Mazatepec, see Tetelpan Metepec (D) Mimiahuapan, San Miguel (L)

719 724 702 717 735 706 728

Ocelotepec, Santa Maria (Η)

708

Ocoyacac, San Martin Oztoyaotitlan Pingret, see Tepotzotlan Seler's Landbook, see Ocoyacac Sutro, see Calacohuayan Techialoyan, San Antonio (A)

733 738 714 733 710 701

Tenancingo Teotla

741 739

740 713 704 711

Location, 1950

Municipio or Delegación

State

Map

San Pedro Cuajimalpa

Cuajimalpa

D.F.

L/14-VII

Cuemavaca

Cuerna Vaca

Morelos

M/14-2

Azcapotzalco(?)

Azcapotzalco

D.F.

L/14-I

Zapotlan de Juarez Huehuetoca Huixquilucan same Near Azcapotzalco(?) Azcapotzalco Near Azcapotzalco(?) Azcapotzalco Near Azcapotzalco(?) Azcapotzalco Ixtapalapa same

Hidalgo

K/14-72

Mexico Mexico D.F. D.F. D.F. D.F.

K/14-74 L/14-63 L/14-I L/14-I L/14-I L/14-VI

Metepec(?) San Miguel Mimiapan Santa Maria Zolotepec Ocoyoacac Unlocated

Metepec

Mexico

M/13-42

Xonacatlan Xonacatlan

Mexico Mexico

L/14-64 L/14-64

same

Mexico

L/14-61

San Antonio la Isla Tenancingo Tenancingo

Mexico

M/13-46

Mexico Mexico

M/13-49 M/13-49

San Pedro Ahuaquilpan

Hacienda del Meson Tenancingo Teotla

TABLE

Document

Catalog Number

Tepanohuayan, San Bartolome (Μ)

712

Tepexoxouhcan, San Miguel, & San Miguel Cuaxochco (W) Tepexoyucan, Santa Maria

721 731

Tepotzotlan, Fragment 1 (T) Tepotzotlan, Fragment 2 (Ρ) Tepotzotlan, Fragment 3 (X) Tetelpan, Santa Maria (N) Tezcalucan, San Cristobal, & Santa Maria Magdalena Chichicaspa

718 714 722 713 744

Tizayuca, San Salvador (codex)

728

Tizayuca, San Salvador (map)

729

Tlahuac, San Pedro Toluca, Santa Maria, see Ocelotepec Totolapan, San Nicolas, see Coyoacan Unidentified manuscript Unidentified pueblo Unidentifiable pueblo (G) Xocotla, San Nicolas, & San Agustin Xoloctlan, see Axoloapan Xonacatlan, San Francisco

736 708 732 748 742 707 730 737 723

Zempoala ( E ) Zepayahutla

705 740

1—(Continued)

Location, 1950 Disappeared; was near Tenayuca San Francisco Tepexoxuca Santa Maria Asuncion Tepesoyuca Tepotzotlan Tepotzotlan Tepotzotlan Tetelpan San Cristobal Texcaluca & Magdalena Chichicaspa San Salvador Tizayuca San Salvador Tizayuca Tlahuac

Municipio or Delegación

State

Map

Tlalnepantla

Mexico

L/14-68

Tenango del Valle Ocoyoacac

Mexico

M/13-48

Mexico

M/14-61

Tepotzotlan Tepotzotlan Tepotzotlan Coyoacan Huixquilucan

Mexico Mexico Mexico D.F. Mexico

L/14-73 L/14-73 L/14-73 L/14-V L/14-63

Tizayuca

Hidalgo

K/14-70

Tizayuca

Hidalgo

K/14-70

Tlahuac

D.F.

M/14-XI

Xonacatlan

Mexico

L/14-64

Zempoala Tenancingo

Hidalgo Mexico

K/15-66 M/13-49

Unlocated Unlocated Unlocated Unlocated San Francisco Xonacatlan Zempoala Zepayautla

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS AND PAINTINGS

number of contexts and examples. Here we are more concerned with summarizing the characteristics of the Techialoyan group as a whole. The illustrated pages of the Techialoyan codices are composed either as single scenes (single-level; figs. 83-85, 87, 88) or as two scenes, one above the other (double-level; fig. 86). The major exceptions are the two large panels and the two tiras or long strips. In the large panels, Atlapolco (726, fig. 90) and Coyotepec (720), the scenes are more complex than in the codex pages in their larger number of figures and in their interrelationships. They show a friar seated at a table as the focus of a design depicting numbers of Indians on roads converging toward this center. In this composition a map is suggested as much as a landscape. The two tira compositions are distinct from all others. One, Tizayuca (729), is a long narrow map; the other is a complex land-oriented genealogy in the form of a cactus, Codex Garcia Granados (715). Space is represented in two main ways. One is landscape where three-dimensionality is strikingly shown. Fields, persons, and houses may appear in the foreground, and mountains rise as a backdrop. The forms are distributed with assurance in a three-dimensional space. The other manner of representing space, although still somewhat related to landscape, is closer to the cartographer's view of the world. Scenes with roads and streams of water are not views of nature but the cartographer's abstract patterns. The Codex of Acayuca in Vienna (734), in which the scene on each folio suggests part of a map, is one example. Interestingly enough, the map accompanying the Tizayuca codex (729) seems to combine these two spatial conventions. The closeness of style among the manuscripts is such that statements on the quality and use of line, color, human figures, and other forms admit of almost no exceptions.20 Line is invariably heavy, wide in proportion

to its length and in proportion to the figure it defines. It is more broken, however, than the pre-Columbian norm would admit, and it does imply the three-dimensionality of the figure it defines. It is not, in other words, pre-Columbian "frame line" but is closer to the European "contour line." This is especially true in cases where it outlines human figures. The palette includes blue, green, yellow, orange, red, white, gray, and black; even gold is used on Garcia Granados (715). Color is used to suggest the shading in folds or drapery (figs. 86, 90), but it is not used to suggest shadows under standing figures, nor is it used consistently to indicate shadows on buildings. The treatment of the human form in the group is remarkably varied. Common to all, however, is the large size in proportion to the pages of the codex (fig. 83). Male and female figures stand, sit, kneel, and appear in three-quarter view (figs. 86, 90). Men in the preconquest history sections wear loincloths or skin robes with fur (fig. 83); women wear skin robes or skirts. This is in sharp contrast with the white trousers, shirts, and garments suggesting the classic tunic worn by men in the colonial sections and the huipil-like dress of the women (figs. 86, 90). Men are heavily bearded. They carry a variety of weapons and tools: in the preHispanic sections, macanas (native maces), spears, shields (fig. 83), and bows and arrows with quivers; in the colonial sections, spades, staves of office (fig. 86), paddles, saws, fishing poles, and nets. The human figure is conceived of and thus shown as a unified whole with head, body, and limbs related in a convincing fashion in terms of human anatomy. There is no suggestion of the unitary or additive figure of the pre-Hispanic and early colonial manuscript painter or sculptor. Figurai pro20 See Robertson, 1959, passim, for more extended discussion of early colonial manuscript style; see also "The Pinturas (Maps) of the Relaciones Geográficas, with a Catalog" Article 6.

261

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

portions, hov/ever, are reminiscent of preColumbian norms: large heads top stocky bodies with relatively short limbs. Quite different from the native tradition is the ease with which the figures seem to sit, to stand, to hold objects, and the ease with which the artist is able to show the threequarter view, to endow the figures with a three-dimensional plasticity through pose, overlapping, line, and shading (fig. 90). Architectural forms appear in large numbers. Houses are drawn showing two adjacent walls, but the absence of the vanishing points of traditional European perspective and the lack of consistent patterns of light and shade deprive them of the ability to convey the impression of three-dimensional mass. The atrios of churches, even more than the buildings themselves, suggest threedimensionality. The tecpan or city hall is the most important and interesting building in the manuscript. Two main types emerge: one in the native tradition, with lintels supported by clearly delineated posts and the colonial one- or two-story arcaded tecpan (see Cuajimalpa, 703; Xonocatlan, 723 [fig. 88]; Tepotzotlan, 718-714-722). More clearly European because of its use of columns and arches, this second type suggests the cabildo or ayuntamiento buildings common to colonial cities and towns or even specifically the Tecpan of Indian Santiago Tlatelolco.21 Geographic elements in the manuscripts are commonly shown as elements of landscape rather than as the signs or "glyphs" of the native tradition. There are examples where the sign for Culhuacan, a leaning or bent hill, is given, but the glossed place name is not Culhuacan (see Cuajimalpa, 703; Xonocatlan, 723). The absence of a consistent system and use of place signs is remarkable and paralleled by the relative scarcity of name signs to identify persons. A series of pages showing fields drawn as long narrow rectangles, some in a vertical, others in a horizontal, pattern, is the main exception; in 262

these passages name signs do appear sometimes (Tepotzotlan, 718-714-722; Coacalco, 743) but only in the framework of a map or plan (fig. 89). The main plants shown in the manuscripts are magueys, cactus, the trees of the monte or woodlands belonging to the pueblo, and the main staple food crop, maize. The last is planted either in rows showing stems and leaves or as a series of slightly elongated taches more in the manner of a plan than a view of a field. Water and roads which appear as parallel lines bounding areas of color are in the form of cartographic, not landscape, elements. Interestingly enough, footprints to identify the road and the native convention for water are, with few exceptions, both lacking.22 An important addition to the corpus of Techialoyan paintings was made in 1959 when the monumental murals on the walls of the former Franciscan monastery, now the Cathedral of Cuemavaca, were uncovered (745, fig. 91). They depict the martyrdom of San Felipe de Jesús and his companions in Japan in 1597. Until now their Techialoyan quality has not been recognized in print (Toussaint, 1965); the main publication would associate them with a Japanese artist (Islas García, 1967). The remaining paintings occupy large parts of the two side walls of the nave. Similarity of forms, human, architectural, and geographical, to the Techialoyan manuscript paintings is obvious. The differences are significant but easily explained. Certain differences are due to the diverse subject matter. In addition, the manuscript painter, working with soft amatl paper and at a small scale, had to be more general and less detailed in his delineation of forms than the 21

Fernández, 1939, is a publication of the Códice del Tecpan (Article 23, no. 303), a 16thcentury manuscript with an illustration of the building. 22

Examples showing these footprints include Ixtapalapa ( 7 0 6 ) , Huyxoapan (702-717-735), Tepexoxouhcan and Cuaxochco ( 7 2 1 ) , and Coyotepec Coyonacazco ( 7 2 7 ) .

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS AND PAINTINGS

muralist working at a larger scale on a good firm and hard surface. We can note, however, that even with the large surfaces, over 8 m. in height and 30 m. in length, the scenes of the martyrdom, the boats paddled over water, and even buildings, all indicate an artist more at ease working at a small scale than one used to painting large-scale murals. In other words, the world of forms in Cuernavaca is too large for a Techialoyan manuscript painting but at the same time too small to be seen properly from the distance the murals themselves require. T H E DATE OF THE TECHIALOYAN MANU-

was considered by Barlow to be the date recorded in the texts. An undated manuscript was assumed to come from the 16th century, since dates given in other texts were all 16th century. Gómez de Orozco (1933, 1948) made the same assumption but went even further to suggest they were painted in the 16th-century Franciscan school for Indians at San Jose de los Naturales under the impetus of Fray Padre de Gante. 23 More recent investigations (Robertson, 1959, chap. 11; 1960) have revised these earlier dates, based on anachronisms of content and style. Demonstrable anachronisms include dates in text earlier than the arrival of Viceroy Mendoza in New Spain in 1535.24 The two main material aspects of the manuscripts, the paper and the ink, also lead us to discard the dates in text as being accurate dates for the manuscripts. The paper, described above, is in contrast with harder, thinner, and lighter-colored 16th-century examples. The ink is in sharp contrast with the ink of early colonial native-style pictorial documents which diagnostically does not show fading except in written glosses using European ink, which is now turned brown and faded with time. The letters of the texts and glosses are also non-16th century. We have already noted the greater simplicity and limited vocabulary of the literary style of the texts. It is in the graphic style of the paintings, however, that their non-16th-century date SCRIPTS

becomes most apparent. Line is heavier and more dynamic in the definition of threedimensional forms. Color is used to create patterns of light and shade, and the delineation of three-dimensional space is more assured than in the authentically 16th-century documents. The variety of pose and position of the human figure with three-quarter views, overlapping, and the ability of hands to hold and grasp, figures to sit and lean, are all changed from their 16th-century versions by more native-oriented artists. Costume suggests 18th-century neo-classicism; bearded men suggest mestizos more than Indians. Again, the integration of buildings, natural phenomena, people, plants, and animals into landscape visions of the world, however limited the individual scene may be, considered with the strange paucity of personal and geographic name signs or "glyphs," all reinforce our rejection of the early date. 25 The demonstration through a listing of anachronisms that the Techialoyan paintings are not from the early colonial period then leaves open the question of when they were painted. A determination of the probable date can proceed from the starting point of their purpose: In what period of the history of the colony would such documents have been most needed by Indian pueblos? It can continue from the internal evidence of content and the history of the manuscripts. During the period from the early 17th century to the first half of the 18th century pressure on Indian agricultural lands from 23

It is to be noted that neither Barlow nor Gómez de Orozco was acquainted with Tizayuca (728, 729), for instance, dated as late as 1596. 24

Manuscripts anachronistically citing Viceroy Mendoza and their dates include: 1528, Xonacadan

(723); 1532, Huixquilucan (724); 1534, San Antonio Techialoyan (701), Cuajimalpa (703), Tepotzotlan (718-714-722), and Tepexoyucan (731). One manuscript even bears a date of 1504 (Tepanohuayan, 712), before the arrival of the Spaniards and the introduction of European writing.

25 Galarza is currently studying the Techialoyan Nahuatl place names and how they are represented graphically.

263

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

neighboring haciendas was a real and special script so late in time, he jeopardized his asperil to villages, especially those with no sumption of the validity of the early dates acceptable documents proving landownerwritten in the codices themselves. ship. This was also the time in the colonial The history of the manuscripts provides period when the Crown attempted to reguother clues to their dates. We know, for inlarize ownership of village lands, as distinct stance, that there were three and possibly from Crown lands (tierras haldías) by the four in the Boturini collection: Ixtapalapa legal expedient of composición.26 Reexam(706), Ocelotepec (708), Tepotzotlan (718ination of land titles and revalidation 714-722), and Huyxoapan (702-717-735 through composición generally took place [?]). They must have been made before in 1 6 3 1 , 1 6 4 3 , 1 6 7 4 , 1 7 1 6 , 1 7 5 4 . This 1743, process when Boturini was imprisoned and, we is recorded in volume 2, Document 6 (dated can assume, ceased his manuscript-collec1710), of the Codex Kaska now associated ting activities (see Article 29, The Boturini with Tizayuca (728). An archival document Collection). discovered and described by Herbert HarThese data would indicate that the manuvey (1966a) clearly describes a Techialoyan scripts were made in a period from ca. 1700 manuscript used in a land dispute in 1703 to before 1743. This would mean they were which, it might be noted, was burned by all created within a generation and a half or royal officials who said it was a forgery a single very long generation in the early (Tezcalucan and Chichicaspa, 744). 18th century.29 The social stimulus thus was outside presSince we date the manuscripts between sure on Indian landholdings, and the native ca. 1700 and 1743, we can attribute the date response was the Techialoyan codices. Not of the murals of the Cathedral of Cuemaforgeries in the looser sense, they seem to vaca (745) within this same period, espehave been fairly accurate statements. They cially in view of the fact that Vetancurt's dewere thus probably compiled from diverse scription of the building as late as 1697 fails sources—written and possibly pre-Columto mention them. bian or early colonial pictorial documents— T H E IMPORTANCE OF THE TECHIALOYAN and oral traditions. Schmeider (1930) has GROUP lies in the fact that they preserve for demonstrated the accuracy in this century the student of later colonial Indian life a at least of land nomenclature in the Techiagreat mass of potential information. They loyan Codex of Cuajimalpa (703). We sugembody what late 17th- or early 18th-century gest that field work in other villages would Indians thought about their own colonial reveal similar accuracy. past and what they knew about their land tenure. 30 Indirectly, the manuscripts give us The genealogical content of the Codex pictorial information on agricultural and Garcia Granados (715), according to Barother technologies for this period. Linguislow, includes persons living as much as six tically they can be used with assurance in generations after the Conquest. 27 He also said it was made as late as a century and a 26 See note 13 for useful sources for the study of half after the Codex of Zempoala (705), landownership in this period, and also McBride, 28 which he dated ca. 1530, thus placing Gar1923, p p . 56-57. 27 cia Granados as late as 1680. In a letter of Barlow, 1945b, pp. 467-468. 28 Barlow, 1946d, p . 434, note 16. November 24, 1946, to George Kubler, Bar29 F o r a more detailed discussion or arguments low said, "It may be that some of the group regarding t h e dating of these manuscripts, see are far later than 1530; though the 'Q' of Robertson, 1960. Carrillo y Gariel, 1952, discusses a later school of painting in t h e Toluca area, a n d Garcia Granados must be as late as 1700, the from it w e can d e d u c e a continuing of artistic style is still recognizable." Barlow did not activities in this region. 30 seem to realize that by placing this manuRobertson, 1971. 264

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS AND PAINTINGS

studies of later rather than earlier Nahuatl. We assume a certain legitimacy in their historical content, although this remains to be tested. We now know they represent a provincial or even folk variation on late baroque themes in the history of Mexican colonial painting. From the point of view of acculturation they show what their maker knew of his remote past and how much knowl-

edge of this past had been eroded through as many as 200 years. Once the Techialoyan manuscripts are more widely understood and individual scholars begin to refer to them, they will become properly known as a large reservoir of information on late colonial Mexico. One can hope this will lead to adequate scholarly publication of this important corpus.

CATALOG OF TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS AND PAINTINGS Donald Robertson and Martha Barton Robertson Where this catalog is in conflict with or leaves out information found in earlier writers, it is because its present authors consider the earlier writer to be superfluous, superseded, or in error. We have translated all unpublished dates as written in Nahuatl and take full responsibility for their accuracy, especially when they contradict published dates (cf. Techialoyan 724). The catalog is based on an almost complete corpus of photographs, microfilms, kodachromes, photostats, xerox, and "copyflow" in the Robertson collection. This corpus will in due course be deposited in Tulane University's Latin American Library; the kodachromes will be added to the Newcomb College art department's slide collection. The American Council of Learned Societies, the Social Science Research Council, the Guggenheim Foundation, and the Council on Research, Center for Latin American Studies, and the Middle American Research Institute at Tulane University have supported research for this project for over a decade. We wish to express particular thanks for help in preparing this catalog: to Joaquin Galarza, mainly in problems of paleography and transcription of place names in most of the unpublished manuscripts; to John B. Glass, for bibliography, particularly sales catalogs; to Howard F. Cline, for patience, encouragement, and additional data on locations and references to modern communities; and to George A. Kubler, who put his Techialoyan file at our disposal in 1959. Among officials, librarians, and staffs of institutions holding Techialoyan manuscripts special mention is due Cottie A. Burland, Zita Β. de Canessi, Eulalia Guzmán, Gerdt Kutscher, Marjorie E. LeDoux, Clara Penney, Antonio Pompa y Pompa, Edith Β. Ricketson, John Barr Tompkins, Robert Wauchope, and Lawrence Wroth. Others who have given help are: Ulf Bankmann, Alfonso Caso, John Galvin, Charles Gibson, Herbert R. Harvey, Doris Heyden, Wigberto Jiménez Moreno, Fernando Horcasitas, Henry B. Nicholson, Ross Parmenter, Fred and Marjorie S. Zengel, and his Excellency Sergio Mendez Arceo, Obispo de Cuemavaca. KEY:

700. MAIN PUEBLO according to text or PRINCIPAL BARRIO if a glossed fragment. (Synonyms) (Letter, if any). Repository or collection, city, catalog number.

Physical description: amatl paper unless otherwise indicated, dimensions (height by width), format. Publication data: text transcription, translation or illustrations (black and white photographs unless otherwise indicated). Par265

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

tial publication is indicated by numbers of published folios; otherwise publication is complete. Copy: repository, physical description, publication data. McAfee: refers to D. Robertson's notes of conversations with Byron McAfee, Mexico, D.F., summer 1958 (included to record otherwise unpublished information). Bibliography: studies of the document. References: in the literature and catalogs (repository and general catalogs are not included nor are brief and general references). Ex-coll: past owners (sales of their collections). Comment: number of folios of text as opposed to glossed illustrations; date given in the MS and reference to viceroy when present in text. Mod: community, 1950. Map coordinates (fig. 1 ) ; municipio number (see Article 1, appendix). 701. TECHIALOYAN, SAN ANTONIO ( A ) . MNA, 35-65. 20 folios, 26 X 21 cm. (first and last folio in poor condition). Codex, single-level, accompanied by Chimalpopoca transc. (of ff. 2r-10r) and Sp. transl. (whole MS) of 1856. Pub: Memoria, 1893, pp 567-68 (from 1871 copy of Chimalpopoca Sp. transi. of 1856, ff. 8ν bottom [signatures] to end of MS); reprinted by Olaguíbel, 1894, pp. 175-76. Gómez de Orozco, 1933, 37 plates (nonphotographic) of whole MS except ff. 1r, 1v, and 20v (too damaged); Chimalpopoca transc. on pp. 321-22 and Sp. transi. on pp. 322-24; Gómez de Orozco transc. of ff. 2r-8v on pp. 325-27. Gómez de Orozco, 1948, pp. 57, 61-62, 65, pls. 1-3, 7, 9-11 (nonphotographic). Glass, 1964, pp. 118, 199, 202, 208, pl. 68 (of f. 1 0 r ) . Copies: MNA/BNA, A. Villagra copy (37 folios, copy on one side only, 32.5 X 24.8 cm.) bound with explanatory notice by

266

Gómez de Orozco. (COD F1219 T255s). § MNA/AH, Colección Antigua no. 274 (AAMC), no. 26, transc. and Sp. transl. by F . Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1856. § McAfee: transc. and Eng. transi. § See also above. Bibliog: Robertson, 1959, p. 190; 1960, pp. 112-13. Refs: Catálogo, 1911, p. 44 (MNA/BNA); Barlow, 1943e, p. 161; Lenz, 1949, p. 163. Ex-coll: Pueblo of Calimaya in 1856 (MNA/ AH, Colección Antigua, no. 274 [AAMC], no. 2 6 ) . Comment: First 8 folios are text; date of 1534 given, and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza is mentioned. Mod: Disappeared. Location may be present Hacienda del Mesón (Mesón=Techialoyan=Inn) near San Antonio la Isla, exdistrict of Tenango, M. San Antonio la Isla, Mexico. M/13-46. 702. HUYXOAPAN, SAN PABLO ( B ) . BNP, MS Mex. 389 (Ancien no. 6 ) . 2 folios, 45 X 22.5 cm. Codex, text only (poor condition). Unpublished. Refs: J. F . Ramirez, 1855, p. 20, no. 6; Gómez de Orozco, 1933, p. 328; 1948, p. 65; Barlow, 1943e, p. 161; Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a, p. 359. Comment: Text fragment of an incomplete manuscript composed of Techialoyans 702-717-735, San Pablo Huyxoapan; related on the basis of contents, handwriting, dimensions, and tear patterns. Mentions Ixtlahuacan and Azcapotzalco. Includes date of 1545 and page of signatures. Mod: Near Azcapotzalco, D.F. (?). L/14I. 703. CUAJIMALPA, SAN PEDRO ( C ) . AGN-T, vol. 3684, exp. 11 (or exp. 2 ) . 26 folios (first and last folios in poor condition). Codex, single-level, bound with 1865 Sp. transi., and commentary by Francisco Rosales. Pub: Schmieder, 1930, pp. 3 0 - 3 1 , 81 (fig. 7 of f. 20v), 82-83 (Eng. transl. of Rosales

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS AND PAINTINGS

Sp. transl. of text pages only), 168-77 Quaritch, 1890). Gómez de Orozco, (plates of 42-46 of ff. 1r, 3r, 3v, 8v, and 1948, pp. 62, 65-66, pl. 8 (after Gómez 17r with transc. and Eng. transi.) (nonde Orozco, 1933). McAfee, 1946a (transc. photographic). Gómez de Orozco, 1933, and Eng. transi.). Robertson, 1959, pp. p. 328 and facing plate (nonphotograph191-93, 195, plates 87-88 (flF. 3r, 10r). ic); 1948, pp. 62, 65, pl. 6. A. FernánTowner, 1970. (flF. 10v, 11r). dez del Castillo, 1952 (Rosales 1865 Refs: Schwede, 1916, pp. 43-44, no. 5; Bartransc. and Sp. transl. of whole MS and low, 1943e, p. 161; Robertson, 1960, pp. commentary; photographic ed. of 38 pages 112-13, 122. of illustrations). Ex-coll: Charles Etienne Brasseur de BourCopy: BNP, MS Mex. 419, Doc. 3 (Sp. bourg (Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871, pp. transi., illus., and transc. of 1865). § Mc95, 173-74 [sale]). § Alphonse Pinart Afee: transi. § See also above. (Catalogue, 1883, pp. 95-96, no. 582 [sale]). § Bernard Quaritch, London Refs: Barlow, 1943e, p. 161; Robertson, (Quaritch, 1885, pp. 2896-97, no. 29040; 1960,pp. 114, 121. 1886, pp. 2896-97, no. 29040 [catalog]). Ex-coll: Pueblo of San Pedro Cuajimalpa, § Edward E. Ayer (purchased before D.F., until 1865. 1900). Comment: Last 6 folios are text pages; date of 1534 is given, and Viceroy Antonio de Comment: Glossed illustrations only; no text Mendoza is mentioned. This codex was pages. "Zenpualan" appears on ff. 3v and used as evidence of land tenure. With it 4r only. Joaquin Galarza completed field in AGN-T are documents from 1 5 3 8 , 1 7 5 9 , work (winter 1968-69) for a study of this 1799, and 1865, among others. document. Mod: Zempoala, Hidalgo. K/15-66. Mod: San Pedro, Del. Cuajimalpa, D.F. 706. IXTAPALAPA (F). L/14-VII. MNA, 35-107. 704. METEPEC (D). 8 folios, 59.5 X 37 cm. Codex, double-level, Señor Esteban de Antuñano Collection, Pueupper right corner burned. F. 1r reinbla (in 1933). Present whereabouts unforced by a fragment of Códice de Huaknown. mantla. Some fragments, physical description unPub: Gómez de Orozco, 1933, pp. 312-13, known. 330-31, plate facing p. 330 (nonphotoUnpublished. graphic; pastiche of figure, houses, church, Refs: Gómez de Orozco, 1933, p. 328; 1948, and glosses from 3 diflFerent sections of f. p. 65. 6v). Glass, 1964, pp. 26, 162, 192, 199, Mod: Metepec, Mexico. M/13-42. 205,209,pl.ll4(f.6r). 705. ZEMPOALA (E). Copy: McAfee: black pencil tracing with reNewberry Library, Chicago, Edward E. constructed portions of text in red pencil Ayer Collection, no. 1472. and 4 negative photostats of text folios; his 16 folios, 27.5 X 22.5 cm. Codex. singletyped transc. and Eng. transl. of 1948 were level, accompanied by one-page typescript borrowed by Gómez de Orozco and are by E. Seler (general description). now said to be in a private collection in Pub: Quaritch, 1890 (colored lithographic Mexico City. ed. of whole MS). Gómez de Orozco, Refs: Barlow, 1943e, p. 161; Gómez de 1933, pp. 312, 329-30, plate facing p. 329 Orozco, 1948, p. 66; Lenz, 1949, p. 163. (f. 15r, nonphotographic). Ceballos NoEx-coll: Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci (Botuvelo, 1935, p. 8, pl. 5 (f. 2v after Quaritch, rini, 1746, VII-13; also Peñafiel, 1890, 1890). Reed, 1938 (one plate after chap. 12, no. 2-39; Mena, 1918-19, no. 267

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

14; Mena, 1923, pp. 59-60, no. 14; P. López 1925, no. 2-39). Comment: First and last folios are text; date of 1539 is given on f. 8r. F.1, in an advanced state of dilapidation, was split and a fragment of Códice de Huamantla (Article 23, no. 135) pasted between the recto and verso faces of this folio; this hitherto unrecognized Huamantla fragment is the 9th fragment (7th in MNA). Mod: Ixtapalapa, D.F. L/14-VI. 707. Unidentifiable Pueblo (G). Jorge Enciso Collection, Mexico. 1 folio, 22 X 24 cm. (fragment). Codex, single-level. Pub: Gómez de Orozco, 1933, pp. 313, 33132 (transc. and Sp. transl. by Mariano J. Rojas), 2 plates (nonphotographic, of whole MS). Copy: McAfee: transc. Refs: Barlow, 1943e, p. 161; Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 66. Comment: Glossed illustrations only. Mod: Unlocated. 708. OCELOTEPEC, SANTA MARIA (Council House of Santa Maria Toluca) (H). NYPL, Spencer Collection. 27 folios, 26.7 X 24.2 cm. (Ff. 1 and 27 defective). Codex, single-level. Bound with: (1) Sheet of European paper indicating this codex was used by natives of Miacatlan (sic) against an unknown hacienda in a land dispute in 1795, and (2) Spanish transl. of text ff. lv-6r of ca. 1750. Tipped-in: Thomas Athol Joyce Eng. transl. of 1750 Sp. transl. and of Sp. transl. of glossed illustrations (on small piece of paper tipped on each drawing in 1936 but now missing from MS). Pub: American Art Association, 1936, pp. 15-20, no. 61 (tracing of f. 5v (text), repro. of ff. 7v and 13r, and Joyce Eng. transi. New York Public Library, n.d., no. 6 (small color repro. of f. 11r). Copies: MNH/CD, ser. Benjamin Franklin, Rollo X, exp. 2, microfilm (McAfee transc. and Eng. transi.). § McAfee: tracing, 268

transc. and Eng. transi. § See also above. Bibliog: Barlow, 1943e; Robertson, 1959, p. 190, n. 5; pp. 194-95. Refs: Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919b, p. 92, no. 602; New York Public Library, 1937, pp. 179-80; Barlow, 1948d, p. 383, n. 2; Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 66; Robertson, 1960, pp. 1 1 2 , 1 2 1 . Ex-coll: Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci (Boturini, 1746, VII-18; Peñafiel, 1890, chap. 12, no. 4-5; P. López 1925, no. 4-5, as Xonacatlan). § Bernard Quaritch, London. § Mrs. Alice Millard, Pasadena. § Mrs. Milton E. Getz (American Art Association, 1936 [Getz sale]). § Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, New York. Comment: First 6 and last folios are text; date of 1535 given, and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza mentioned. Miacatlan is not mentioned in the codex. Mod: Santa Maria Zolotepec, M. Xonocatlan, Mexico. L/14-64. 709. ACATITLAN, SANTA CECELIA (J). Museo Regional, Guadalajara, Jalisco, exhibit no. 96 (formerly in Biblioteca del Estado, Guadalajara). 2 folios, 26.5 X 20.5 cm. Codex, singlelevel. Pub: Barlow, 1944g, 1 plate reproducing whole codex, transc. and Eng. transl. by Byron McAfee. Alcina Franch, 1955, no. 46, pp. 428, 468-69, fig. 9 (after Barlow); 1956, no. 46, pp. 12, 52-53, fig. 9 (after Barlow). Zuno, 1957, 2 plates reproducing whole codex. Refs: Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 66; Robertson, 1959, p. 191. Comment: Glossed illustrations only, no text pages. Belongs to Techialoyan 712, San Bartolome Tepanohuayan, on basis of tops of pages trimmed in double scallops, hole patterns, and Barlow's article (1947g, p. 278) linking them textually. Mod: Santa Cecilia Acatitlan, formerly a dependency of San Bartolome Tepanohuayan (disappeared), both near Tenayuca, M. Tlalnepantla, Mexico. L/14-68.

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS AND PAINTINGS

710. CALACOHUAYAN, SANTA MARIA (Codex Sutro) (K). Sutro Library, a branch of the California State Library, San Francisco. 3 folios, 47 X 26.6 cm. Codex, doublelevel. Pub: La Voz Guadalupana, 1944, 2, repro. of f. 3v (bottom cut off). Gómez de Orozco, 1948, pp. 61, 66, pl. 4 (f. 2v, nonphotographic). Copy: McAfee: positive photos made from microfilm. Bibliog: Barlow and McAfee, 1946. Ex-coll: Adolph Sutro who purchased MS in Mexico in 1880s. Comment: Glossed illustrations only, no text pages. Mod: Santa Maria Calacohuayan, slightly west of Tlalnepantla, M. Zaragoza, Mexico. L/14-69. 711. MIMIAHUAPAN, SAN MIGUEL (L). John Galvin Collection, Ireland. 24 folios, 26 X 21 cm. Codex, single-level, in excellent state of preservation except for fragmentary last leaf; McAfee Eng. transl. is with the codex. Unpublished. Copy: Microfilm in MNH/CD, ser. Benjamin Franklin, Rollo X, exp. 3; exp. 4 is McAfee transc. and Eng. transi. § McAfee: transc. and Eng. transl. (see also Barlow, 1947g, 277, n. 1). § See also above. Bibliog: Barlow, 1947f; Diebold, 1955. Refs: Guzmán, 1939c, pp. 52-53; Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 66; Robertson, 1959, p. 190, n. 5. Ex-coll: Maggs Bros., London, in 1939 § Robert H. Honeyman, San Juan Capistrano, Calif. § Jacob Zeitlin, Los Angeles (sold to present owner). Comment: First 4 folios are text. Date of 1544 given on f. 1v; "çe tecpatl" (1 Flint, transl. by McAfee as "1532") appears on ff. 1r, 6r (here clearly a calendrical name of a preconquest forefather), and 17r. "Ome acatl" (2 Cane, transl. by McAfee as "1507") appears on f. 17r. Reference is

made to "Tohueytlatocatzin" ("Our Great Ruling Father" [i.e.. Viceroy Mendoza]) onff.2r, 2v, and 4v. Mod: San Miguel Mimiapan, M. Xonacatlan, Mexico. L/14-64. 712. TEPANOHUAYAN, SAN BARTOLOME (Μ). Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, Codex Nahuatl C. Mex. MS 470. 15 folios, and 1 fragment (all in damaged condition), 27 X 22 cm. Codex, singlelevel. Unpublished. Copy: Barlow, 1947g, p. 277, n. 1, cites MS transc. of Byron McAfee (should now be in either Barlow or McAfee papers). Bibliog: Barlow, 1947g. Refs: Barlow, 1945a, p. 92, n. 3; Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 66 (omits this codex and erroneously gives letter "M" to Techialoyan 713, Santa Maria Tetelpan (N); Robertson, 1959, p. 190, n. 5. Comment: 4 folios of text; date of 1504 given, and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza mentioned. Techialoyan 709, Santa Cecelia Acatitlan, is part of this codex on the basis of tops of pages trimmed in double scallops, hole patterns, and Barlow's article (1947g, p. 278) linking them textually. San Bartolome Tepanohuayan has now vanished, but was near Tenayuca (Barlow, 1947g,p. 277). Mod: San Bartolome Tepanohuayan has disappeared but was near Tenayuca, M. Tlalnepantla, Mexico. Santa Cecilia Acatitlan, also near Tenayuca, was a dependency. L/14-68. 713. TETELPAN, SANTA MARIA (Codex Coyoacan) (Títulos del Pueblo de Mazatepec) (N). JCBL, Accession no. 29022. 14 folios, 25.5 X 23.5 cm. Codex, singlelevel; first and last folio glued to modern paper. Studies by J. Alden Mason and R. W. Barlow are with the MS. Pub: Chavero, n.d., p. ν (ff. 10v and 11r, 269

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

nonphotographic). Wroth, 1945, p.v (f. 5v) (color). Copy: McAfee: transc. (by Barlow and McAfee, see Barlow, 1948d, p. 383, n. 1). Bibliog: Barlow, 1948d. Refs: John Carter Brown Library, 1942, pp. 15-19; Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 66 (erroneously gives it the letter "M"); Robertson, 1959, p. 190, n. 5. Ex-coll: Francisco del Paso y Troncoso (?). § J. Luis Bello (Puebla), stamped signature on outside paper wrappers of codex. § John Wise, Ltd., New York. § Henry Dexter Sharpe, Providence (gave MS to JCBL, 1941). Comment: 3½ folios of text (front and back of MS probably text also). Date in text is 1545 or 1525 (partly defaced) according to Barlow, 1948d, p. 383, n. 3 Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza is mentioned. Mod: Tetelpan, Del. Coyoacan, D.F. L/ 14-V. 714. TEPOTZOTLAN (Fragment of a Village Book) (Codex Pingret) (P). NLA, no. 1479 (accessioned ca. 1912). 10 folios, 26.7 X 24.5 cm. Codex, singlelevel. Unpublished. Copies: Gates photocopy at BYU. McAfee: photographs. Bibliog: Barlow, 1949e; Robertson, 1960. Ref: Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 66. Ex-coll: Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci (Boturini, 1746, III-2; also Peñafiel, 1890, p. 60, and P. López, 1925, p. 18, no. 3-8). § J.-M.-A. Aubin, 1849 (see Boban, 1891, 2:519). § Edouard Pingret, Paris (see Lucien de Rosny, 1875, pp. 223-24; Antiquités Aztèques, 1909, part 2, Item 1 [Pingret sale]). § Charles Chadenat, Paris. § Edward E. Ayer, ca. 1912. Comment: Second fragment of a complete Codex of TEPOTZOTLAN constructed of Techialoyans 718-714-722; Robertson, 1960, gives complete study. Includes 2 pages of text and glossed illustrations of barrios and fields and woodlands. John 270

B. Glass called the Pingret association to our attention. Mod: Tepotzotlan, Mexico. L/14-73. 715. GARCIA GRANADOS, Codex (Q). MNA, 35-49. 49.5 X 674 cm. Tira. Pub: Barlow, 1945b (6 plates and 4 figures, line drawings); 1946d (6 plates and 1 figure, line drawing); 1947e (2 plates). Glass, 1964, pp. 94-95, 199, 201, 207, pl. 50 (wheel in center). Copies: MNA, 35-49A (modern copy by Mateo A. Saldaña). Ref: Glass, 1964, pp. 94, 193. § IAI, full-size tracing by Walter Lehmann. § Ex-Kingsborough and Phillipps (no. 35137) copy. Location unknown. Ref: Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge [Phillipps sale], 1919a, no. 369; Maggs Bros., 1922, no. 1325. § McAfee: transc. and transi. (?); notes. Bibliog: Hernández Rodríguez, 1966. Ex-coll: Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci (Boturini, 1746, VI-1) (?) § Emile Dufossé, Paris (Dufossé, n.d.b., inside title page; 1893a, no. 70117; 1893b, no. 72633bis). § Alberto Garcia Granados (purchased in Paris and given to MNA in 1907). Comment: The three Barlow articles include partial publication of illus., transc., and transl. (aided by McAfee). This codex is unique in form and content, one of the most handsome and elaborate of all the Techialoyan manuscripts; the colors still have a brilliancy lacking in others of the group, enhanced by the use of gold. It contains an extremely complex genealogical tree or cactus drawn up to establish the validity of land claims through doubtful blood connections. The genealogies include both preconquest and colonial persons; in addition, 19 rulers and their pueblos are displayed in the form of a wheel. It is not possible to say with complete assurance whether this MS was in the Boturini collection or not. However, if it was, it is probably the one Boturini

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS AND PAINTINGS

describes as a "lienzo que hice copiar de las Pinturas originales, que se hallan hoy dia en las paredes de los Palacios Tecpanecos de 'Azcapotzalco/ con la Rueda de los Señoríos, que desfrutó este linage." (See Boturini, 1746, VM; also XI-1, copia.) This statement is no longer as improbable as it seemed earlier, since mural paintings in a Techialoyan style are now known. See below, Techialoyan 745, Cuemavaca Cathedral Murals. Mod: Azcapotcalco, D.F. (?). L/14-I. 716. CHALCO, ATENGO, SANTIAGO (R). BM, Add. MS no. 17038 (accessioned 1847), Dept. of Ceramics and Ethnography. 10 folios, 47.5 X 25 cm. Godex, doublelevel. Unpublished. Copies: Gates photocopies at TU/LAL and BYU. Microfilm in MNH/CD ser. Benjamin Franklin, Rollo IV, exp. 3. Refs: British Museum, 1864, p. 357; Gómez de Orozco, 1948, pp. 66-67; Barlow, 1948d, p. 383, no. 2; Robertson, 1959, p. 190, n. 5. Ex-coll: Percy Doyle. Comment: 4 folios of text; date of 1537 given and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza mentioned. Mod: Chalco, Mexico. L/14-108. 717. HUYXOAPAN, SAN PABLO (Santa Cruz Azcapotzalco) (Azcapotzalco Maguey Manuscript) (S). BM, Add. MS no. 22070 A and Β (accessioned 1857), Dept. of Ceramics and Ethnography. 4 folios (A: 2 folios, 46 X 24 cm.; B: 2 folios, 46 X 22 cm.). Codex, double-level. Pub: Gates, 1935a (page order confused). Copies: Gates photocopies at LC, NLA (no. 1482), TU/LAL, and BYU. § McAfee: negative photostats and transc. Ref: British Museum, 1875, p. 584; Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 67 (erroneously gives bibliography of this MS to Techialoyan

720, San Cristobal Coyotepec); Lenz, 1949, p. 163. Comment: 2 folios of text (no. 22070A); Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza is mentioned. This MS belongs with Techialoyans 702 and 735, parts of the incomplete Codex of San Pablo Huyxoapan, on the basis of contents, style, handwriting, dimensions, and tear patterns. Mod: Near Azccapotzalco, D.F.(?) L/14-I. 718. TEPOTZOTLAN (Fragment d'Histoire Chichimèque) (Tepotzotlan Tzontecomatl) (T). (fig. 84.) BNP, MS. Mex. 81. 9 folios, 28 X 25 cm. Codex, combination single- and double-level. Unpublished. Copy: Microfilm in MNH/CD, ser. Benjamin Franklin, Rollo V, exp. 13 (photostat with Barlow and McAfee transc.). Bibliog: Boban, 1891, 2: 208-09; Barlow, 1949e, p. 83; Robertson, 1960. Refs: Schwede, 1916, p. 43, no. 4; Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 67. Ex-coll: Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci (Boturini, 1746, III-2; also Peñafiel, 1890, p. 60, and P. López, 1925, p. 18, no. 3-8). § J.-M.-A. Aubin, 1849 (see Boban, 1891, 2: 519). § "1889 Appartenant à Ε. Eug. Goupil, Paris" (written on f. 1r). § Mme. E. Eugène Goupil (part of Goupil bequest to BNP, 1898). Comment: First fragment of a complete Codex of TEPOTZOTLAN constructed of Techialoyans 718-714-722; Robertson, 1960, gives complete study. The content of this fragment (glossed illustrations) is preconquest and colonial history, barrios, and fields of the Pueblo. Mod: Tepotzotlan, Mexico. L/14-73. 719. Pueblo near Huehuetoca (U). Collection unknown. Physical description unknown. Unpublished. Copy: McAfee: Several pages of photostats. Ref: Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 67. 271

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Mod: Unlocated, near Huehuetoca, Mexico. K/14-74. 720. COYOTEPEC, SAN CRISTOBAL (V). MNA 35-91. 74 X 96 cm. Large panel. Pub: Glass, 1964, pp. 145, 199, 205, 208, pl. 97. Copy: MNA 35-92, oil on cloth, 73 X 104.5 cm. (18th or 19thC copy); published in Glass, 1964, p. 146, pl. 98. Enrique Juan Palacios transc. and transl. of glosses and description is in Archivo Administrativo del Dirección, MNA. Refs: Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 67 (erroneously gives to this MS a bibliography belonging to Techialoyan 717, San Pablo Huyxoapan); Lenz, 1949, p. 163; Robertson, 1959, p. 190. Ex-coll: Emilio Valtón (sold original and copy to MNA in 1936). Comment: One of two known large panels, an aberrant type, not associated directly with a text. See Techialoyan 726, San Pedro Atlapolco. In both a friar is seated writing at a table in front of a building; he is surrounded by seated female Indians before him and standing male Indians behind him. Each panel has some of the characteristics of a map, since a series of roads converge on the central motif and show Indians walking toward the gathering carrying burdens on their backs. See Techialoyan 727, Coyotepec Coyonacazco. Mod: Possibly San Cristobal Coyotepec, Mexico. L/14-75. 721. TEPEXOXOUHCAN, SAN MIGUEL, and SAN MIGUEL CUAXOCHCO ( W ) . John Galvin Collection, Ireland. 8 folios, 25.4 X 22.8 cm. Codex, doublelevel. In vol. 1 of 3 volumes, bound with manuscript map locating towns mentioned in the codex. Vol. 2 contains a Sp. transl. and commentary by Wigberto Jiménez Moreno aided by Miguel Barrios, 1954, and 3 letters from Jiménez Moreno. Vol. 3 contains a lengthy and detailed analysis and an Eng. transi.

272

Pub: Parke-Bemet, 1957, p. 6, no. 18; pp. 4 and 13 of codex repro. on frontispiece, pp. 10 and 7 repro. on [5]. Copy: 19thC copy possibly by Aglio in NLA for unpublished vol. 10 of Kingsborough's Antiquities of Mexico. 14 plates printed on vellum, 49.5 X 37.5 cm., some watercolored, are of the codex (pp. 4 and 13 of the original are not included in the copy). § See also above. Bibliog: Robertson, 1960, pp. 1 1 2 , 1 1 8 . Ex-coll: Lord Kingsborough (Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842, p. 9 1 , no. 667 [sale]. § John Howell, San Francisco (sold to present owner). Comment: No pages of text, glossed illustrations only. Wigberto Jiménez Moreno assigned the letter "W" to this MS. Mod: San Francisco Tepexoxuca, M. Tenango del Valle. M/13-48. 722. TEPOTZOTLAN ( X ) . JRL, Mex. MS 1 (acquired 1901). 6 folios, 27.3 X 21.5 cm. Codex, all text. Pub: Robertson, 1960 (f. 1r facing p. 123; transc. and Eng. transl. by Byron McAfee). Copies: W. H. Fellowes, Beaconsfield, Bucks., has made transc. and Eng. transi. § McAfee: negative photostats. § Microfilm in M N H / C D , ser. Benjamin Franklin, Rollo IV, exp. 8 (Chimalpopoca transc. from original, 1855, location unknown). Refs: Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 67 (ref. to McAfee photostats); Robertson, 1959, p. 190. Ex-coll: Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci (Boturini, 1746, III-2; also Peñafiel, 1890, p. 60, and P. López, 1925, p. 18, no. 3-8) § J.-M.-A. Aubin, 1849 (see Boban, 1891, 2:519). § "Coll. E. Boban, Mexico, No. " (stick-on label, inner back cover of MS). § Branford. § Earl of Crawford and Balcarres (Bibliotheca Lindesiana). Comment: Third fragment of a complete Codex of TEPOTZOTLAN constructed of Techialoyans 718-714-722; Robertson, 1960, gives complete study. In this all-

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS AND PAINTINGS

text fragment, a date of 1534 is given. Mention is made of Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza on f. 1v and "Tohueytlatocatzin ley" ("Our Great Ruler the King") on f. 5v. Robertson assigned the letter "X" to this MS. Mod: Tepotzotlan, Mexico. L/14-73. 723. XONACATLAN, SAN FRANCISCO. (figs. 85,87,88.) TU/LAL. 15 folios, 32.5 X 25 cm. Codex, combination single- and double-level. Pub: Frost, 1937, pp. 4-5 (10 photos). Excelsior, 1937, p. 1 (2 photos). Copy: McAfee: transc. and Eng. transi. Refs: Gómez de Orozco, 1948, p. 67; Robertson, 1959, p. 190; 1960, p. 119. Ex-coll: Frederick Starr (Chicago Book and Art Auctions, Inc., 1936, p. 44, no. 1623). § TU/MARI. Comment: 6 folios of text; date of 1528 given, and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza mentioned. An edition by Donald Robertson, with McAfee transc. and Eng. transl. (edited posthumously by Joaquin Galarza), is in preparation. Mod: San Francisco Xonacatlan, Mexico. L/14-64. 724. HUIXQUILUCAN, SAN ANTONIO (Codex Hemenway). (fig. 83.) PML. 20 folios, 26.5 X 22 cm. Codex, singlelevel. Unpublished. Refs: Peabody Museum, 1898, p. 6; Schwede, 1916, pp. 41-42, no. 2; Harvey, 1966a, pp. 123-24. Ex-coll: Zelia Nuttall (as of 1893). § Mary Hemenway. Comment: 7 folios of text; date of 1532 given (Peabody Museum, 1898, date of 1531 is in error) and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza mentioned. An edition by Herbert R. Harvey is in preparation. John B. Glass first called this MS to our attention and supplied photographs and the Zelia Nuttall provenience.

Mod: Huixquilucan, Mexico. L/14-63. 725. CALPULALPAN, SAN SIMON. (fig. 86.) BNP,MS Mex.401. 6 folios, 47 X 22 cm. Codex, double-level, accompanied by three-page 19thC description. Unpublished. Bibliog: Exposición Histórico-Americana, 1892, pp. 126-28, no. 830, and Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a, pp. 364-66 both print accompanying description. Ref: Omont, 1899, p. 64. Ex-coll: Emperor Maximilian I (gift from Pueblo, July 1864). § Feliciano Herreros de Tejada, Madrid. Comment: Glossed illustrations only, no text pages. In black leather box elaborately tooled with imperial arms of Mexico. MS bound in red velvet. Mod: Calpulapan, Tlaxcala. L/15-1. 726. ATLAPOLCO, SAN PEDRO (Aztec Town Record). (fig. 90.) Brooklyn Museum, no. 41.1249. 74 X 94 cm. Large panel. Pub: Diffie, 1945, facing p. 227 (left quarter folded under). Ex-coll: William Randolph Hearst (Hammer Galleries, 1941, p. 305, no. 444-9 sale). § John Wise, Ltd., New York (sold to Brooklyn Museum in 1941). Comment: See Techialoyan 720, San Cristobal Coyotepec, for comment. Joaquin Galarza suggests adding the name of San Miguel Atlinayan. Mod: San Pedro Atlalpulco, M. Ocoyoacac, Mexico. M/14-61. 727. COYOTEPEC COYONACAZCO. Brooklyn Museum, no. 38.3. 9 folios, 42 X 26.8 cm. Codex, doublelevel. Unpublished. Ex-coll: Emilio Valtón (sold to Brooklyn Museum in 1938). Comment: 2 folios of text. See comment for Techialoyan 747, Coyotepec. "Totecuyo to loyx te pelaxco" ("Viceroy Luis de 273

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Velasco") is mentioned on ff. 1r and 1v. Partly obliterated text (f. 9r) may refer to San Cristobal Coyotepee Coyonacazco; see Techialoyan 720, San Cristobal Coyotepec. Mod: Unlocated. 728. TIZAYUCA, SAN SALVADOR (Codex Kaska). HSA, HC 397/433, Doc. 1 in vol. 1 of 4 vols. (since 1956). See comment below. 18 folios, 27.4 X 26.1 cm. Codex, singlelevel. Pubs: R. R. Ramirez, 1874, pl. 1-4 (ff. 1v, 3r, 2r, 2v); reprinted in Chavero, n.d., pp. 647-48 (ff. 3r and 2r, nonphotographic). Stargardt, 1911, pp. 1-2, no. I and the two preceding plates (ff. 2r and 3r). Hiersemann, 1911, pp. 81-83, plate facing p. 48 (f.3v). Copies: See comment below under vol. 4; BNP, MS Mex. 419, Doc. 5 (19thC copy of the codex—villus., transc. and Sp. transi. —and all accompanying documents). Ex-coll: Pueblo of San Salvador Tizayuca. § Tribunal Civil de Mexico (? AGN). § Emperor Maximilian I. § Baron Kaska (Stargardt, 1911, pp. 1-2, no. I [Kaska sale]). § Karl W. Hiersemann, Leipzig. § Archer M. Huntington. Comment: The four volumes of Codex Kaska are bound in blue leather with gold tooling, 1866. Vol. 1 includes Doc. 1, Techialoyan 728, San Salvador Tizayuca; Doc. 2, an Act of the caciques of the Pueblo, 1596; and Doc. 3, Techialoyan 729, San Salvador Tizayuca Map. Vol. 2 includes Francisco Tirso Rosales' 1866 transcriptions of Docs, 4 and 5 (1596), 6 (1710), and 7 (1731). Vol. 3 has originals of Docs. 4-7. Vol. 4 includes Rosales' 1866 description and summary of Docs. 1-7, transc. and Sp. transl. of Docs. 1-3, and watercolor copies of Docs. 1 and 3. Techialoyan 728, San Salvador Tizayuca, has 5 pages of text at end of MS on ff. 274

14v, 16v, 17r, 17v, and 18r. "Ze tecpatl" and "ome acatl" appear on f. 17r and also the date 1596, using a system of counting similar to that used in Techialoyan 737, Axoloapan Xoloctlan. "Tohueytlatocatzin" ("Our Great Ruling Father" [i.e., the viceroy]) is mentioned on f. 14r. Doc. 6 states that in November of 1708 an edict sent from Pachuca required the inhabitants of San Salvador Tizayuca to present their titles proving legal possession of their lands within 30 days. The Pueblo claimed it had already done so in 1596, but paid 100 pesos for a composición based on the earlier documents. Mod: San Salvador Tizayuca, Hidalgo. K/ 14-70. 729. TIZAYUCA, SAN SALVADOR—MAP (Codex Kaska Map). HSA, HC 397/433, Doc. 3 in vol. 1 of 4 vols. (since 1956). See Techialoyan 728, San Salvador Tizayuca, comment. 25.4-26.8 X 168.3 cm. Tira. Unpublished. Copies: Francisco Tirso Rosales' watercolor copy, transc. and Sp. transi. (1866) in HSA, HC 397/433, vol. 4. § BNP, MS Mex. 419, Doc. 5 (19thC copy of map and all accompanying documents). Bibliog: Robertson, 1960, p. 114. Refs: Stargardt, 1911, pp. 1-2, no. I; Hiersemann, 1911, pp. 81-83. Ex-coll: Same as for Techialoyan 728, San Salvador Tizayuca. Comment: See Techialoyan 728, San Salvador Tizayuca, comment, especially paragraph 1 (description of contents of accompanying documents) and paragraph 3. This map, though tira in format, shares characteristics with the large panels: Techialoyan 720, San Cristobal Coyotepec, and Techialoyan 726, San Pedro Atlapolco. It shows in the center a church with people in front of it and roads coming from all directions. Mod: San Salvador Tizayuca, Hidalgo. K/ 14-70.

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS AND PAINTINGS

730. XOCOTLA, SAN NICOLAS and SAN AGUSTIN (Codex Fetich). HSA, HC NS 3/8 (since 1956). 6 folios (5th damaged at top; 6th fragmentary), 35.5 X 27.9 cm. Codex, singlelevel. Pub: Hiersemann, 1914, no. 8, pp. 10-11, plate facing p. 9. Copy: IAI (expertise and tracing by Walter Lehmann of f. 1r, 1v, and 2r). Ex-coll: Fetich (?). § Karl W. Hiersemann, Leipzig. § Archer M. Huntington. Mod: Unlocated. 731. TEFEXOYUCAN, SANTA MARIA. Dr. Martin Bodmer Collection, Cologny, Geneva. 20 folios, 27 X 23 cm. Codex, single-level (first folio partly missing). Fub: John Howell—Books, 1961, no. 14 (reproduces ff. 10v and 11r). Copy: MNA/AH, Colección Antigua, no. 254, Documentos Históricos of F. Galicia Chimalpopoca: Doc. 23, ff. 289r-300r (formerly numbered ff. 220r-222v) are watercolor copies of original codex ff. 6r10v, 13v?, and 14r (including glosses). Ex-coll: Alfred Stendahl, Los Angeles. § Jacob Zeitlin, Los Angeles, and Warren Howell, San Francisco. Comment: First 5 folios are text; date of 1534 given, and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza mentioned. Herbert Harvey has suggested (personal communication) that the text may not belong to the glossed pictorial section. Seler (1904j, p. 49 and n. 5) refers to text of Techialoyan 733, Ocoyacac, which says that its lands are contiguous with those of Santa Maria Tepexoyucan. Mod: Santa Maria Asuncion Tepesoyuca, M. Ocoyoacac, Mexico. M/14-61. 732. COYOACAN (San Nicolas Totolapan). Fueblo of San Nicolas Totolapan de la Magdalena Contreras, D.F. 11 folios. Codex, double-level, accompanied by a volume containing transc. Sp. transi., and watercolor copy of pictorial section by

Francisco Tirso Rosales, 1866, and documents of 1563 (Títulos Totolapan granted by Velasco), 1770, and 1866 pertaining to San Nicolas Totolapan. Fub: Monroy Sevilla, 1964 (poor photographic edition of original, Rosales copies, and accompanying documents). Copy: See above. Comment: 4 pages of text, date of 1535 given, and mention of "Tohueytlatocatzin" ("Our Great Ruler" [i.e., Viceroy Mendoza]). Although this MS is associated with documents from Totolapan, Rosales' Sp. transl. indicates that it actually comes from Coyoacan. No prior mention of this MS in accompanying documents. Fernando Horcasitas Fimentel brought the existence of this MS to our attention in 1963, when it was in the Museo Agrario, Depto. de Asuntos Agrarios y Colonización, Mexico, on deposit as evidence in a land litigation. Joaquin Galarza suggests in agreement with Frof. Monroy Sevilla the name San Nicolas Totolapan and in addition Santa Maria Magdalena Atlauitec. Prof. Monroy Sevilla kindly sent us a copy of his publication. Mod: Coyoacan, D.F. L/14-V. (S. Nicolas Totolapan, Del. Magdalena Contreras, D.F. L/14-VIII). 733. OCOYACAC, SAN MARTIN (Seler's Landbook). SSFK (before World War II, DSB, MS Amer. no. 7, accessioned 1862 by former Royal Library, Berlin; until 1967 deposited in UBT). 20 folios, 26.5 X 23 cm. Codex, single-level (many pages cropped at bottom). Fub: Sapper, 1903, p. 57, Tafel II, Abb. 1 (f. l l r , copy). Seler, 1904j, p. 49, n. 5 (short quotation from Nahuatl text). Degering, 1933-34, p. 176, Abb. 15 (f. 7r in color). Copy: MVBE (30 plates, color, 27 X 22.4 cm.) by Walter Lehmann. Refs: Schwede, 1916, pp. 40-41, no. 1; Bankmann, 1970, pp. 131-32. 275

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Ex-coll: Carl Uhde (Guzmán, 1939c, pp. 52-53; Bankmann, 1970, p. 131). Comment: Text on ff. lv-4v, 19r-20r; date of 1535 given, and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza mentioned. Colors are more brilliant than in most other Techialoyans. Ulf Bankmann provided the UBT location of this codex and photographs. An edition of the MS is planned with a commentary by Ulf Bankmann and a translation by Anneliese Monnich. Mod: Ocoyoacac, Mexico. L/14-61. 734. ACAYUCA, SAN FRANCISCO. NBV, CVM 11. 9 folios, 21 X 28 cm. Codex, single-level. Unpublished. Ref: Unterkircher, 1957-59, 2: 126. Ex-coll: Dominik Bilimek. Comment: No human figures; all illustrations are on the verso of a folio except 8r and 9r. No text pages. Mod: Acayuca, M. Zapotlan de Juarez, Hidalgo. K/14-72. 735. HUYXOAPAN, SAN PABLO (Códice Azcapotzalco). BNMex,MS 1805 (part). 4 folios, 45.5 X 21.75 cm. Codex, combination single- and double-level. Unpublished. Bibliog: Mena, 1918-19, no. 16; 1923, p. 60, no. 16; Gómez de Orozco, 1933, p. 328; 1948, p. 67; R. Moreno, 1966, p. 48, no. 10. Ref: Glass, 1964, p. 27. Ex-coll: Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci (?) § José María de Agreda y Sánchez, Mexico. Comment: Possibly inventoried as ex-Boturini collection in error, as this MS is not listed in any Boturini inventories before Mena, 1918-19. No text pages. This glossed pictorial fragment belongs with Techialoyans 702 and 717, parts of the incomplete Codex of San Pablo Huyxoapan, on the basis of contents, style, handwriting, dimensions, and tear patterns. John B. Glass brought to our attention the existence and location of this codex. 276

Mod: Near Azcapotzalco, D.F. (?). I.

L/14-

736. TLAHUAC, SAN PEDRO (Títulos de las Tierras de los Indios de Cuitlahuac) (Títulos del Pueblo de Tlahuac). BAN, Codex Nahuatl A, Mex. MS 468. 9 folios (f. 1 split apart), 23 Χ 21 cm. Codex, single-level. Unpublished. Copies: Three copies by Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca are known: (1) BNMex, MS 1735 (1312) (16-64) (14-2-64), 2nd text, f. 8 ff.; ff. 9-12, transc.; ff. 12 15, Sp. transl. (dated April 12, 1856). (2) BNMex, MS 1735 (1312) (16-64) (14-2-64), 3rd text, f. 16 ff. (dated March 3, 1855): ff. 17-19, transc.; followed on f. 19v (2d leaf paginated 19v) by no. I, "Cuauhtli itlacuayan, piano" (watercolor copy dated 1856) (probably f. 1v of original codex) and on f. (unnumbered) recto by no. II, "Piano de Cuitlahuac" (dated 1856) (possibly f. 1r of original codex). (3) MNA/AH, Colección Antigua, no. 274 (AAMC), no. 25, transc. and Sp. transl. (dated April 25, 1856). § Francisco del Paso y Troncoso copy of 1886. Location unknown. § McAfee: typed transc. and Sp. transl. copied by McAfee from MSS of Paso y Troncoso (1886) and Chimalpopoca (1855-56); microfilm. § MNH/CD, ser. Benjamin Franklin, Rollo 4, exp. 10, microfilm of McAfee . . . (above). Refs: Barlow, 1945a, pp. 91-92 and n. 4, Apenes, 1947, p. 18; R. Moreno, 1966, p. 47, no. 9, third item. Ex-coll: Hubert Howe Bancroft (?). Comment: F. 1r and ν are pictorial, ff. 2-9 are text. Ff. 1r and 2r mention "Xan Petolo Tlahuac." Date of June 10, 1561, is given on f. 2r (Chimalpopoca), 1585 on 9r (Galarza). "Tohueytlatocatzin ley caztilan" ("Our Great Ruling Father" [i.e., the king of Spain]) and "Vizoley" (viceroy) are mentioned on f. 5r. Mod: Tlahuac, D.F. M/14-XL

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS AND PAINTINGS

737. AXOLOAPAN XOLOCTLAN. Sr. Guajardo Collection, Mexico, D.F., ca. 1939. Present whereabouts unknown. 15 folios (last one a fragment). Codex, single-level. Unpublished. Copy: TU/MARI Photos MS A (ff. 1r, 2v, 3r, 14v, and 15v missing from photographs). Comment: This MS was offered for sale to TU/MARI ca. 1939. The first 7 folios are text. The date 1584 is given on f. 1v, using a system of counting similar to Techialoyan 728, San Salvador Tízayuca. "Tohueytlatocatzin" ("Our Great Ruling Father" [i.e., the viceroy]) is mentioned on f. 5r. Mod: Santa Maria Ajoloapan and San Lucas Xoloc, M. Tecamac, Mexico. Cerro de Xoloc is nearby to the east. L/14-86. 738. OZTOYAOTITLAN. Sr. Guajardo Collection, Mexico, D.F., ca. 1939. Present whereabouts unknown. 11 folios (poor condition, last folio a fragment). Codex, single-level. Unpublished. Copy: TU/MARI Photos MS D (16 photographs). Comment: This MS was offered for sale to TU/MARI ca. 1939. The MS has no text pages, and the paintings are very crude compared to other Techialoyan paintings. As far as one can see in the photographs, the paintings seem to be on only one side of each folio; the other face seems to be reinforced by a printed Bula de la Santa Cruzada. The pattern is such that each painted page seems to face another painted page. Mod: Unlocated. 739. TEOTLA (Códice Matlatzinca). Pueblo of San Pedro Zictepec, state of Mexico. Physical description unknown. Pub: See comment below. Copy: Photographs of each folio are in Biblioteca del H. Congreso de la Unión

(Paniagua Jaen, 1943), but Robertson and Galarza were unable to locate them in the summer of 1966. Ref: Paniagua Jaen, 1943. Comment: Paniagua Jaen, 1943, pp. 23, 25, repro. two pages from either this MS, Techialoyan 740, or Techialoyan 741, three codices he found in the Pueblo of San Pedro Zictepec. He says all three are on maguey paper (sic) and are dated 1562. His copyist, a painter, could finish copying only one MS because they were run out of Zictepec after eight days. A map of San Pedro Zictepec painted in 1639 is with the codices. Lic. Gustavo G. Velázquez of Toluca was making translations. (Existence of the Paniagua Jaen article reported from Alfonso Caso via John B. Glass.) Mod: Teotla, M. Tenancingo, Mexico. M/ 13-49. 740. ZEPAYAHUTLA (Códice Matlatzinca). Pueblo of San Pedro Zictepec, state of Mexico. Physical description unknown. Pub: See comment below. Copy: Photographs of each folio are in Biblioteca del H. Congreso de la Unión (Paniagua Jaen, 1943), but Robertson and Galarza were unable to locate them in the summer of 1966. Ref: Paniagua Jaen, 1943. Comment: Paniagua Jaen, 1943, pp. 23, 25, repro. two pages from either this MS, Techialoyan 739, or Techialoyan 741. See comment for Techialoyan 739, Teotla. Mod: Zepayautla, M. Tenancingo, Mexico. M/13-49. 741. TENANCINGO (Códice Matlatzinca). Pueblo of San Pedro Zictepec, state of Mexico. Physical description unknown. Pub: See comment below. Copy: Photographs of each folio are in Biblioteca del H. Congreso de la Unión (Paniagua Jaen, 1943), but Robertson and Galarza were unable to locate them in the summer of 1966.

277

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Ref; Paniagua Jaen, 1943. Comment: Paniagua Jaen, 1943, pp. 23, 25, repro. two pages from either this MS, Techialoyan 729, or Techialoyan 740. See comment for Techialoyan 739, Teotla. Mod; Tenancingo, Mexico. M/13-49. 742. Unidentified Pueblo, Lost. (Formerly DSB, MS Amer. no. 10, Docs. 3 and 4; deposited in early 1940s at Schloss Altmarrin in Pomerania, Poland.) 1 folio each. Probably same dimensions as tracings, below. Codex, single-level. Unpublished. Copy: IAI pen-and-ink tracings of both documents by Walter Lehmann, July, 1901 (r and V of the same sheet); Doc. 3 is watercolored (25.5 X 22 cm.); Doc. 4 (26.5 X 22.5 cm.). (Pub: Bankmann, 1970, pp. 134-35, Abb. 1-4). Refs: Guzmán, 1936 (refers to Docs. 4 and 5); Bankmann, 1970, pp. 133-34. Comment: Gerdt Kutscher and Ulf Bankmann have kindly supplied information on these two leaves, which show on r and ν four pages of illustrations. Mod: Unlocated. 743. COACALCO (Cohuacalco). (fig. 89.) Lost. Physical description unknown. Unpublished. Copy: TU/LAL (probably 18thC copy). 10 loose folios on European paper painted on both sides, edges tattered. 29 X 21 cm. Codex, probably single-level, pages numbered. Accompanied by Sp. transl. by Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca of ff. 3v-10v (5 folios and a half sheet "title page") and Wigberto Jiménez Moreno letter to Frans Blom dated December 11, 1934 (3 folios). Copies of TU/LAL copy: (1) TU/LAL has typescript of Chimalpopoca Sp. transl. above (11 pages). (2) MNA/CD, ser. Benjamin Franklin, Rollo 4, exp. 1, microfilm of TU/LAL documents and a typed transc. (3) MNA/AH, Documentos Sueltos, ser. 2, leg. 88, no. 2, is a Fran278

cisco del Paso y Troncoso copy of a Chimalpopoca copy (which is dated July 31, 1867) and a description of the TU/LAL copy. Ref: Barlow, 1945f, p. 201, no. 1. Ex-coll: TU/MARI (1934?-70). Comment: The old copy at TU/LAL is probably 18thC. Ff. 3r-10v (of the TU/LAL copy, not the lost original) are a copy of the preconquest history and colonial religious entrada sections of a now lost Techialoyan codex. Even though this is a copy, some of the illustrations are so close to those in Techialoyan 718, Tepotzotlan, a nearby town, that the artist of the original codex must have known the Tepotzotlan MS if he was not in fact the painter of both. In addition, f. 1r is so close to f. 1v of Techialoyan 705, Zempoala, an illustration showing "Ixtlilxochitl," that the same relationship can be made; it is glossed "cepohualtecatl." Whoever copied this MS translated the dates from the original Nahuatl into Arabic numbers. Ff. 1v, 2r, and 2v are not Techialoyan. Ff. 1v and 2r are a mélange of figures, mainly heads, which seem to derive from 16thC MSS; one passage suggests the Mapa Sigüenza (Article 23, no. 290). F. 2v is a symetrically ordered composition drawn on paper originally ruled for eight lines of music. Mod: Coacalco, Mexico. L/14-88. 744. TEZCALUCAN, SAN CRISTOBAL, and SANTA MARIA MAGDALENA CHICHICASPA. Burned by Audiencia of New Spain, 1703, because they considered it fraudulent. 16 folios. Unpublished. Copy: AGN/T, vol. 1798 (Sp. transl. and description). Bibliog: Harvey, 1966a (believes this codex not to have been a Techialoyan). Comment: Presented as evidence in a land dispute. Four text folios and date of 1555 given. Text states that a delegation

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS AND PAINTINGS

of officials from the town had earlier appealed to Viceroy Mendoza to confirm their land titles; Viceroy Luis de Velasco did approve the land titles. Mod; S. Cristobal Texcaluca and Magdalena Chichicaspa, M. Huixquilucan, Mexico. L/14-63. 745. CUERNAVACA, TECHIALOYANSTYLE MURALS IN T H E CATHEDRAL O F ("Christian Martyrs in Japan"). (fig. 91.) Lateral walls of nave. 30 m. long χ S m. high. Murals. Pub: Cary, 1962 (5 illus.). Toussaint, 1965, p. 250, n. 9 by Xavier Moyssén, pls. 5 1 52. Islas García, 1967, figs. 10-23 (believes the murals to have been painted by a Japanese artist). B. Smith, 1968, pp. 186-87. Rodriguez, 1969, pl. 45 (color). Almazán, 1971, pp. 22-25 (8 illus.). Comment: Uncovered in 1959 during renovation work on the Cathedral. Murals; depict the Franciscan martyrs, San Felipe de Jesús and 25 religious and lay companions, who set out from Cuemavaca in 1596 and were martyred in Nagasaki, Japan, Feb. 5, 1597. San Felipe was beatified in 1625. Agustín de Vetancurt, writing in 1697 (Vetancurt, 1871, ed., pp. 182-86), makes no mention of these elaborate and handsome murals in his description of the church (at that time still a Franciscan monastery), although other decorations are described in detail. It might be assumed that they were painted after that date. Mod: Cuernavaca, Morelos. M/14-2. 746. HUAQUILPAN, SAN PEDRO and SAN MARTIN. (San Pedro Ahuaquilpan). BAN, Codex Nahuatl Β, Mex. MS 469. 4 folios and 1 loose folio, 27.5 X 18 cm. Codex, probably single-level. Unpublished. Copy: MNA/AH, Colección Antigua, no. 254 (Documentos Históricos), no. 22, ff. 289r-295v (formerly ff. 229r-231v and

304r-307r) by Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca, August 1 2 , 1 8 5 8 . Ref: Barlow, 1945a, pp. 91-92. Ex-coll: Hubert Howe Bancroft (?). Comment: Four bound folios are text; writing on ff. 3v and 4r is turned sideways. Two different handwritings are present. Date of 1524 is given on ff. 2v, 3r (twice), and 4r; "Tohueitlatocazin ley caztilan'' ("Our Great Ruling Father" [i.e., the king of Spain]) is mentioned on f. 4v. The loose folio is the amatl paper of the codex with a sheet of European paper pasted on it. The back of the European paper has a printed text. A view of "Xan Petolo" and "Xan Maltin" is painted on the exposed face. This painting is a copy of a missing Techialoyan page, probably belonging to this MS, or it is possibly another MS (Techialoyan or not). Mod: San Pedro Ahuaquilpan, M., Zapotlan de Juarez, Hidalgo. K/14-72. 747. COYOTEPEC. Collection unknown. 10 folios. Unpublished. Copy: McAfee: negative photostats. Comment: The McAfee photostats may be of Techialoyan 727, Coyotepec Coyonacazco (q.v.) in the Brooklyn Museum, or it may be part of that manuscript otherwise lost. A third possibility is that it may be a separate and distinct manuscript. Mod: Unlocated. 748. Unidentified Techialoyan manuscript (Codex of Boturini). BAV. 8 folios. Unpublished. Comment: Mentioned in catalog notes of Brooklyn Museum Techialoyan 727, Coyotepec Coyonacazco (by Emilio Valtón?). Not found by Robertson in BAV in the winter of 1964-65. Mod: Unlocated.

279

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

REFERENCES (compiled by Mary W. Cline) Alcina Franch, 1 9 5 5 , 1 9 5 6 Almazán, 1971 American Art Association, 1936 Antiquités Aztèques, 1909 Apenes, 1947 Aubin, 1849 Bankmann, 1970 Barlow, 1943e, 1944g, 1945a, 1945b, 1945f, 1946d, 1947e, 1947f, 1947g, 1948d, 1949e and McAfee, 1946 Basurto, 1901 Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842 Boban, 1891 Boturini, 1746 Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871 British Museum, 1 8 6 4 , 1 8 7 5 Carrera Stampa, 1959, 1962-63, 1965 Carrillo y Cariei, 1952 Cary, 1962 Catálogo, 1911 Catalogue, 1883 Ceballos Novelo, 1935 Chavero, n.d. Chevalier, 1963 Chicago Book and Art Auctions, 1936 Colin, 1963-64, 1966 Degering, 1933-34 Diebold, 1955 Diffiie, 1945 Dufossé, n.d.b, 1893a, 1893b Excelsior, 1937 Exposición Histórico-Americana, 1892 Fernández, 1939 Fernández del Castillo, Α., 1952 Frost, 1937 Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1893 Gates, 1935a Gibson, 1964a Glass, 1964 Gómez de Orozco, 1 9 3 3 , 1 9 4 8 Guzmán, 1936, 1939c Hammer Galleries, 1941 Harvey, 1966a Hernández Rodríguez, 1952, 1966 Hiersemann, 1911, 1914 Islas García, 1967 John Carter Brown Library, 1942

280

John Howell—Books, 1961 Lenz, 1949, 1950 López, P., 1925 McAfee, 1946a, 1948 McBride, 1923 Maggs Bros., 1922 Memoria, 1893 Mena, 1918-19, 1923 Monroy Sevilla, 1964 Moreno, R., 1966 New York Public Library, 1937, n.d. Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a Olaguíbel, 1 8 9 4 , 1 9 5 7 Omont, 1899 Orozco, W., 1895 Paniagua Jaen, 1943 Parke-Bernet, 1957 Peabody Museum, 1898 Peñafiel, 1890 Quaritch, 1 8 8 5 , 1 8 8 6 , 1 8 9 0 Ramirez, J. F., 1855 Ramirez, R. R., 1874 Reed, 1938 Robelo, Olaguíbel and Peñafiel, 1966 Robertson, D., 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 6 0 , 1 9 7 1 Rodríguez, 1969 Rosny, Lucien de, 1875 Rubio Mañé, 1955 Sánchez Colín, 1951 Sapper, 1903 Schmeider, 1930 Schwede, 1916 Seler, 1904j Smith, Β., 1968 Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, 1919b Stargardt, 1911 Toussaint, 1965 Towner, 1970 Unterkircher, 1957-59 Vetancurt, 1871 Voz Guadalupana, La, 1944 Weitlaner, 1939 Wroth, 1945 Zantwijk, 1969 Zavala, 1935 Zuno, 1957

25. A Census of Middle American Testerian Manuscripts

JOHN B. GLASS

PICTORIAL CATECHISMS known as Testerian manuscripts comprise one of the most curious and distinctive classes of the pictorial manuscripts of colonial Mexico. Although not recognizably in any Indian tradition, they have been included in the corpus of Indian pictorial manuscripts because they were created and have survived in similar contexts. Examples of the type are found in thirteen institutional collections (see Table 1). The typical Testerian manuscript is a small volume that contains prayers, the articles of faith, or other parts of the catechism, drawn with small mnemonic and rebus figures. Each represents a phrase, word, or syllable of the Christian text. In most of the known examples the figures are drawn between horizontal lines and are read across two facing pages, in boustrophedon-fashion (left to right, then right to left, alternately). Most figures are probably inventions of the mendicant friars without roots in native iconography. Only a very few figures in the extant examples are taken directly from the colonial vocabulary of traditional Indian picture writing. Testerian manuscripts are thus documents for the history of the Church and

TABLE 1-CLASSIFICATION OF TESTERIAN

MANUSCRIPTS BY LOCATION AND AVAILABILITY

European Collections 804 Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid 806 Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid 807-810 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris 813 British Museum, London 817 Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin Mexican Collections 801-803 Archivo Histórico del I.N.A.H. 830 Museo Nacional de Antropología Private or Unknown Collections Bullock collection 814 831 Orozco y Berra collection 835 Romero de Terreros collection United States Collections Cleveland Public Library 816 822, 823 Hispanic Society of America, New York 824-826 John Carter Brown Library, Brown University 827, 828 Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University Peabody Museum Library, Harvard University 832 833, 834 Princeton University Library Unavailable Manuscripts Aubin, described by 805 8 1 1 , 8 1 2 Boturini collection Chavero collection 815 818-820 Garcia Icazbalceta collection Granados y Gálvez, described by 821 829 Μοχό, described by

281

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

the missionary effort, for the spiritual conversion of the Indians, and for the history of writing, rather than for political or economic history. The conversion of the Indians of New Spain to Catholicism was beset by many problems. Not the least of them was the language barrier between the friars and, literally, thousands of Indians requiring instruction in the new faith at one time. An early response by members of the monastic orders was that of preparing paintings to be used as pedagogic devices. Such paintings are described in several early accounts. In his Historia eclesiástica indiana Mendieta notes how some friars used paintings illustrating the articles of faith, the ten commandments, the seven sacraments of the Church, or other aspects of Christian doctrine. In his biography of Fray Jacobo de Testera, Mendieta says that Testera brought with him to Mexico a lienzo, or painting on cloth, delineating the mysteries of the faith which were explained to the Indians by an interpreter. In another and more detailed account, Dávila Padilla records the use of similar paintings by Fray Gonzalo Luzero.1 Fray Diego Valadés attributes the invention of this method of instruction to the Franciscans. Two engravings in his Rhetorica cristiana (1579) show these paintings in use. In one of them (fig. 93) a preacher in a pulpit points to painted scenes portraying the stations of the cross. Before him stands a large audience of Indians, with their cloaks knotted over their shoulders. This scene has been copied many times and is most frequently seen in frontispieces to Torquemada's Monarquía indiana. An imaginative rendition by Marianus de Orscelar (1625) identifies the preacher as Fray Jacobo de Testera (fig. 94). The other engraving (fig. 95), which is a view of the grounds around a church, depicts the education of the Indians in an idealized Franciscan setting. In the upper right comer of the atrium a friar points to a large lienzo representing the genesis (Creatio 282

Mundi) before a small gathering of Indians. At the upper left,. Fray Pedro de Gante, a famous educator of the Indians, points to a similar panel picturing the mechanical arts, a secular rather than a religious subject. Copies of both illustrations are in the manuscript of Mendieta's history.2 Other drawings by Valadés represent the lienzos in this technique of graphic instruction, of which he was a strong advocate. In several, the details, particularly costumes and hair dressings, are notable for their similarity to traditional colonial Indian pictorial manuscripts. The engraving representing the sanctity of Christian marriage and the punishments for its profanation (fig. 96) combines Christian morality and Indian ethnography. Another aspect of drawings or paintings for religious purposes is described by Fray Toribio de Benavente, who on one occasion required Indians desiring confession to bring drawings of their sins (Motolinia, Historia de los indios de la Nueva España, trat. 2, cap. 6; 1858, p. 122). Valadés also refers to the Indians' recording in paintings the subject of their confessions (Palomera, 1962, pp. 67,308). The use of religious paintings in instruc1 Mendieta, Historia eclesiástica indiana, lib. 3, cap. 29; lib. 5, pt. 1, cap. 42 (Mendieta, 1870, pp. 249-50, 665-66). Both references are repeated in Torquemada, Monarquía indiana, lib. 15, cap. 25; lib. 20, cap. 47 (Torquemada, 1723, 3; 69, 489). Dávila Padilla, Historia de la fundación y discurso de la provincia de Santiago de Mexico, lib. 1, cap. 81 (Dávila Padilla, 1955, pp. 255-59). The anonymous author (Mendieta?) of the Códice Franciscano (García Icazbalceta, 1941, 2: 59-60) also describes the use of paintings in religious instruction. Sahagún (Historia, Spanish text, bk. 11, chap. 13 [Garibay, 1956, 3: 359]) makes only the slightest allusion to such paintings. 2 The relevant passages in Valadés (1579) are given in Spanish translation from the Latin original in Palomera (1962, pp. 274-93, 306-09). On the identification of the signs to which Fray Pedro de Gante is pointing, see Palomera (1962, pp. 134, 276, 293). Palomera (1962) reproduces all the Valadés engravings and Palomera (1963) reproduces the four copies in the Mendieta history from the UTX manuscript. All but one of the Valadés engravings are reproduced by Maza (1945).

TESTERIAN M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

tion and as a graphic adjunct to preaching, a practice described by Mendieta, Dávila Padilla, and Valadés and illustrated by the latter's engravings, is traditionally cited by authors who discuss Testerian manuscripts. It seems evident, however, that these paintings were representative or allegorical and should not be confused with the pictorial catechisms painted in mixed mnemonic, rebus, ideographic, and phonetic systems in what is now generally comprehended under the term Testerian writing. Remarkably little is recorded concerning the picture prayer books in the colonial ethnohistorical literature on Mexico. The fact that they are not mentioned by Valadés is all the more surprising in view of his interest in visual techniques of religious education. In his Rhetorica cristiana (1579) he devotes considerable space to Indian picture writing, to the description of religious paintings, and to techniques of memory for learning the scriptures based on pictorial mnemonic aids (Palomera, 1962, pp. 100-08, 274-93, 302-09). His mnemotecnic alphabet for Indians (fig. 97), inspired by the earlier work of Ludovico Dolce published in 1562 (Palomera, 1962, p. 82), reflects this interest. Only three 16th-century writers have been reported as describing pictorial means of reducing the catechism to the signs of picture writing. They are Las Casas, Acosta, and Mendieta, writing no later than about 1555, 1589, and 1596, respectively. Las Casas (Apologética historia de las Indias, cap. 235; 1909, p. 618) notes an Indian method of representing the Christian doctrine by figures corresponding in voice and sound (in Nahuatl) to the European word. To represent the word amen, the natives drew the sign for water (atl) followed by the sign for the maguey plant (metl) which together (a-metl) approximated the word. Las Casas had seen a great part of the Christian doctrine drawn in this manner which could be read by the Indians just as he could read European writing. J. E. S. Thompson (1959, p. 353) gives an English translation

of the passage in which Las Casas describes this example of rebus writing. Mendieta (Historia eclesiástica indiana, lib. 3, cap. 28; 1870, pp. 246-47) recorded the same system and showed how the words Pater Noster, as an example, were represented by the drawing of a flag (pantli) and a tuna cactus (nochtli). He also stated that confessions were recorded by the same means. Mendieta's description is repeated in Torquemada (Monarquía indiana, lib. 15, cap. 36; 1723, 3: 101-02). In the 19th century Aubin described a pictorial catechism in the "bibliothèque métropolitaine" of Mexico and illustrated its first words, Pater Noster, These were represented by four figures: a flag, a stone, a cactus, and another stone. The Nahuatl rendition of these four signs is pantli, tetl,nochtli, tetl or, in Aubin's transliteration, Pa-te-nochte (Aubin, 1849; quoted in Boban, 1891, 2: 181-82). Unfortunately this manuscript is now unknown (no. 805.) The possibility that a set of Testerian figures was published toward the end of the 16th century is suggested by the title of a work by Fray Juan Bautista given in a list of his own publications issued in 1606 (Garcia Icazbalceta, 1954, p. 471): "Hieroglíficos de conversión, donde por estampas y figuras se enseña a los naturales el aborrecimiento del pecado y deseo que deben tener al bien soberano del cielo." Since the work is unknown, its actual contents are a matter for speculation. Garcia Icazbalceta (loc. cit.) believed that the reference was to religious engravings and not to anything resembling Mexican hieroglyphs. The form of rebus writing observed by Las Casas and Mendieta and reported by Aubin is precisely the system used in traditional Indian pictorial manuscripts from Central Mexico during the 16th century, particularly for the representation of toponyms (place glyphs). It is rare to nonexistent, however, in the published pages of the surviving Testerian manuscripts. The drawings in most of the extant Tes283

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

terian manuscripts correspond to a less traditional system set down by Acosta (Historia natural y moral de las Indias, lib. 6, cap. 7; 1962, pp. 288-90). The description, which I have translated, is in a chapter entitled "Of the nature of the letters and writing used by the Mexicans." And I have seen, to satisfy myself in this regard, the prayers of the Pater Noster, Ave Maria and symbol, and the general confession [written] in the said manner [by images and characters] of the Indians. Certainly whoever would see it, would admire it. For to signify the words, "I, a sinner, do confess myself," they paint an Indian kneeling at the feet of a religious [priest], as one who confesses. For "to God almighty" they paint three faces with crowns like the Trinity; for the glorious Virgin Mary they paint the face of Our Lady and half the body of a child; for Saint Peter and Saint Paul, two heads with crowns and some keys and a sword. In this manner the whole confession is written by images, and where they lack images, they put characters as in what I have sinned, etc. From this one may conceive the liveliness of the ingenuity of these Indians. Since this method of writing our prayers and matters of the faith was not taught them by the Spaniards, they could not have achieved it unless they had a particular conception of what they were taught. By the same means of painting and characters I saw written in Peru, the confession of all his sins that an Indian brought to confession. Each of the ten commandments was painted by a certain means followed by signs something like numbers that were the sins that had been committed against that commandment. For this description, Acosta may have had a Testerian manuscript sent to him by Fray Juan de Tovar, along with the manuscript of the latter's Historia de la benida de los Yndios apoblar a Mexico. This possibility is suggested by a statement in a letter of transmittal from Tovar to Acosta (English translation from Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 78): "And to add to what I have said here, I send to you the orations of the Pater Noster, etc., and of the general confession, and other matters of our faith, as the ancients 284

wrote and learned them by their characters, which were sent to me by the old men of Texcoco and Tula." For the Mexican origins of Testerian manuscripts we thus have the evidence of Las Casas, Mendieta, and Acosta. In addition, the signature of Fray Pedro de Gante reportedly occurs on two (different?) examples: on the Testerian manuscript of the Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid (no. 806) and on one of the three examples that were in the Garcia Icazbalceta collection (nos. 818-820). Another, in the Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris (no. 809), is said to bear Sahagún's name. In the absence of any firm dating of the older existing Testerian manuscripts (style, palaeography, paper characteristics), this is sufficient evidence to demonstrate their 16th-century presence in Mexico. The representation of Christian subject matters both in a systematic way and through picture writing is, of course, not limited solely to Testerian manuscripts. Symbolic, phonetic, and rebus methods of representing the names of saints and Christian festivals have been studied by Galarza (1966), based primarily on occurrences in Codex Mexicanus (BNP 23-24) and Códice Sierra. The undeciphered mixed traditional and Christian signs across the top of pages 52-54 of Codex Mexicanus may represent a Christian prayer or text, possibly related to the passion and crucifixion of Christ (Joaquin Galarza, personal communication; Mengin, 1952a, p. 442). The name of the 16th-century Franciscan, Fray Jacobo de Testera, has come to be associated with the pictorial catechisms, and the writing which characterizes them is known as Testerian writing. The attribution of the system to Testera rests on Mendieta's and Torquemada's description of his use of religious paintings, discussed above. Aubin (1849; quoted in Boban, 1891, 2: 176-82) was probably the first to use the adjective Testerian but he was careful to distinguish

TESTERIAN M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

among religious paintings used in preaching, the ideographic-mnemonic system of recording the catechism (as described by Acosta and present in most surviving Testerian manuscripts), and the phonetic-rebus system (as described by Las Casas and Mendieta). Subsequent authors have accepted Testera's connection with the pictorial catechisms, although N. León (1897, pp. 288-89) doubts it. Tozzer (1941, p. 67, note 303) appears to attribute their invention to him. Testera may have introduced the idea of utilizing religious paintings for the spiritual education of the Indians, but there is reasonable historical doubt that he invented the type of manuscript and writing now associated with his name. While the origins of Testerian manuscripts can be traced into 16th-century Mexico, the possibility of their having had antecedents outside of New Spain has not been investigated. The attempt to convey the written texts of the Church to illiterate heathens all around the world has undoubtedly led to many solutions, among which Testerian writing is but one. A form of Testerian writing to record the prayers of the catechism has frequently been reported from 19th- and 20th-century Peru and Bolivia among Quechua and Aymara Indians. Ibarra Grasso (1953) illustrates numerous examples of these documents, some prepared by living informants. Miranda Rivera (1958) reproduces a number of South American examples in presentday use. Two specimens, on animal skins, are in the collections of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University. Another, with glosses in Quechua, on paper, is in the library of the Museum of the American Indian, New York. The historical connection between the 16th-century and later Testerian manuscripts from Mexico and the 19thand 20th-century examples from South America is unknown. The Mexican manuscripts give evidence from their physical characteristics and

glosses that Testerian manuscripts continued to be produced into the 19th century. N. León (1897, 1900) observed that such manuscripts still could be found in the Otomi regions of Guanajuato and Queretaro during the 19th century. To what extent such occurrences were mere preservations and copies of antiquarian interest or were related to their continuing utility is, at present, conjectural. Several extant manuscripts may well have been drawn by the Mexican priest and linguist, Francisco Pérez. An Otomi scholar, Pérez published a translation of an Otomi catechism in 1834. He was known to Aubin, who acquired several manuscripts from him (nos. 807, 808, 816, 833, 834). In addition to these examples made or owned by him, he may be responsible for the glosses on three other manuscripts (John Carter Brown Library no. 3, Peabody Museum Library, and Romero de Terreros collection: nos. 826, 832, 835). To date, few general studies of Testerian manuscripts have appeared. The first, by Aubin (1849; reprinted in Boban, 1891, 2: 176-82), discusses many pertinent references from the early chroniclers. Orozco y Berra (1877) also discusses many of the same references, describes several Testerian manuscripts, and offers translations of the symbols on two manuscripts. León (1897, 1900, 1968) provides general comments in addition to describing the manuscript which he published (no. 826). J. E. S. Thompson (1959, pp. 352-54) gives superficial generalizations about Testerian writing. More specific articles and translations of particular manuscripts are cited in the census. Future research on Testerian manuscripts should include a study of the varying styles and differences in particular sets of figures in the 25 available examples. Such analysis might lead to information as to dating, authorship (Indian or European), and provenience. It may be noted that only one Testerian manuscript, that in the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek (no. 817), is reported to be 285

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

painted on native paper. In addition, this example varies in size and style from all other known manuscripts and uses a highly variant set of symbols. Criteria which may segregate the other manuscripts into meaningful groupings are size (both of the manuscript pages and of the figures), the number of lines of figures to a page, the presence or absence of guidelines intended to accommodate interlinear glosses, and, of course, the particular type of figures. The unpublished Testerian manuscript of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Fonds Mexicains 399 (no. 810), may prove crucial to such investigation. Further linguistic and symbolic analysis of the pictorial texts is also needed, as well as a more precise definition of the nature of Testerian writing and of its relationship to colonial Indian picture writing (mixed ideographic, rebus, mnemonic, and phonetic). The numerous "translations" of particular Testerian texts that have been made to date (and cited in the census) have served to identify the content of the manuscripts but have contributed little to the understanding of Testerian writing. The studies by Haberly (1963), Soustelle (1936-39), and J. E. S. Thompson (1959) have only initiated such analysis. The language in which particular Testerian texts were intended to be read also requires attention. It is not known, for instance, if a given Testerian manuscript can be read with equal facility into Nahuatl, Otomi, Spanish, or Latin. It is possible that a somewhat differing sequence of figures may have been required for different languages. A related problem bears on the identity of the particular catechism on which the manuscript or manuscripts were based. Between the 16th and 18th centuries the wording of the catechism was revised, and therefore it may prove possible to identify particular Testerian texts with specific catechisms. N. León (1897, 1900) has touched upon this problem in dating the example he published. The availability of such 286

revised catechisms in Mexico, not only in Spanish but in the written or printed texts in the relevant Indian languages, will have to be considered. It may be noted that most of the glosses in the extant examples are in Otomi or Mazahua; only three manuscripts are reported as having Nahuatl glosses. The major problem affecting Testerian manuscripts and writing has to do with their origins. Are they primarily an invention by the friars, stimulated by their knowledge of Central Mexican Indian rebus writing? The characteristics of Testerian writing as we know it today might have been comprehended readily by Central Mexican Indians, since they were accustomed to picture writing. Such an hypothesis, however, fails to explain the presence of a similar system of writing in South America, serving the same purpose, or the comparable picture writing of lhe 20th-century Cuna Indians in Panama.3 Neither does it explain the survival of Testerian figures having no roots in native iconography in most of the extant examples or the disappearance of manuscripts bearing the traditional forms reported by Las Casas and Mendieta. INTRODUCTION TO THE CENSUS

The main previous listing of Testerian manuscripts is that given in a brief notice by Barlow (1943c). It recorded 12 such manuscripts. The same number is also listed by Mateos Higuera (1966, nos. 54-65). The present census includes 23 examples in institutional collections, three published or partially published examples in private or unknown collections, and nine unidentified examples described in the literature since 1743 3 Writing in Mexico about 1679, the Jesuit lay brother Manuel Duarte (1906, pp. 474-75) observed that the Pantli-Nochtli rebus system for recording Christian prayers must have been taught the Indians by the Apostle Saint Thomas (alias Quetzalcoatl) when he preached the gospel in the New World long before its "discovery" in 1492. This diffusionist fantasy at least has the merits of specifying the mechanism for transmission in the first century A.D.!

TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS TABLE 2 - T E S T E R I A N MANUSCRIPTS IN INVENTORIES OF THE

BOTURINI COLLECTION Census Number 817 811 812 809

1743 1745 6-31 6-32 6-33 6-34

1746 25-2 25-3 25-4 25-1

Paper Native European European European

(Table 1). The total number represented is uncertain as there may be some duplication in the entries. Some of the manuscripts in institutional collections are copies and have not been compared with other manuscripts. Published information on most of the extant examples, some of which are wholly unpublished, is insufficient to permit comparison between them and the descriptions of the nine unidentified manuscripts. Manuscripts in institutional collections are entered alphabetically in the census by the name of the institution, all others according to the name of a person associated with them. The main entry in the census gives information concerning titles, former owners, publication status, number of leaves, and dimensions. The descriptions are largely restricted to bibliographical information. Some further data, particularly catalog references and accession dates, are given in the institutional checklist (Article 28). The collections of Testerian manuscripts made by Boturini in the 18th century and by Aubin in the 19th century must be mentioned. Those in the Boturini collection present a special problem. Four such documents are listed in the inventories of 1743 and 1745 as well as in the catalog of 1746. These four are noted as missing in the listings of 1823. This information is summarized in Table 2.4 Numbers 6-31 and 6-34 of the inventories of 1743 and 1745 may be identified with the example in the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek (Humboldt Fragment 16) and with one of the examples in the Bibliothèque Na-

Number of Leaves "un pedazo" 4 44 or 48 11

Size

Gloss

4to 8vo 4to

Otomi

Location DSB BNP 78

tionale (Fonds Mexicains no. 78), respectively. Since numbers 6-32 and 6-33 have not been reliably identified, they are entered in the present census as unknown documents. Attempts to identify them with Fonds Mexicains nos. 76 and 77 of the Bibliothèque Nationale by Boban (1891, 2: 172-73) rest on no published facts. Aubin (1849; quoted in Boban, 1891, 2: 178, 181) stated that he owned five Testerian manuscripts. He identified one of them as the manuscript now cataloged as BNP/ FM 78. He then added that after the death of Francisco Pérez he acquired other examples, two with texts in Spanish, one in Otomi, and a fourth in Mexican (i.e.. Nahuatl). The manuscripts with Otomi and Nahuatl texts are presumably BNP/FM 76 and 77. The two documents with Spanish texts were not acquired by Eugène Goupil, who purchased the Aubin collection. Boban ( 1 8 9 1 , 1 : 19) reported that two pictorial catechisms were missing from the collection. Available evidence suggests that they are to be identified with the manuscripts once in the possession of Pérez and now in the Princeton University and Cleveland Public libraries (nos. 833, 834, 816). We have not included in the census the reference by Aubin (1849; quoted in Boban, 1891, 2: 181) to two Testerian manuscripts in the Mexican National Museum (in the 4 Bibliographical information on the inventories of the Boturini collection is given in Article 29. The seventh entry in an inventory of 1771 is a "librito chico que se dice ser cathecismo, por figuras." Nos. 1791-5a, 1791-5b, and 1804-5-3 are catechisms, but their identification remains to be made.

287

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1830s) as they may be represented by examples already in the census. Aubin's de-

scription of a symbol on one of them may prove sufficient to identify it.

CENSUS OF MIDDLE AMERICAN TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS 801 Archivo Histórico del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico. Colección Antigua no. 254 (part). Copy by Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca. Unpublished. Various complete and fragmentary copies, in watercolor, ink, and pencil, of pages from one or more Testerian manuscripts are contained in Galicia Chimalpopoca's Documentos históricos, a 19thC compilation of miscellaneous copies, transcripts, and translations. Barlow (MSc) reports that these occur on ff. 273-74, 280-81, and 286-88. The volume has since been rearranged so that the drawings may now fall on new ff. 23948. The originals of these copies are unidentified but may correspond to one or more of those listed elsewhere in the present census.5 Bibliography: Barlow, MSc. 802 Archivo Histórico del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico. Colección Antigua no. 776. ''Doctrina Cristiana en Geroglificos." Unpublished. 28 double leaves. 28 Χ 40 cm. A very unusual example of a Testerian manuscript (see note 5). Bibliography: None. 803 Archivo Histórico del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico. Colección Gómez de Orozco no. 183. "Códice Catecismo Gómez de Orozco." Partially published. 6 leaves painted on both sides. 15 X 10.5 cm. The manuscript bears glosses in a native 5 After this census was completed we were informed by Joaquin Galarza that nos. 801 and 802 are copies of the Testerian manuscript now in the British Museum (see no. 813).

288

language. A single page is photographically reproduced by Zulaica Garate (1939, plate facing p. 16). Bibliography: Zulaica Garate, 1939. 804 Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid. Biblioteca. Unpublished. 28 leaves. The manuscript has been very briefly described by Sentenach (1900, pp. 603-04). He reports that it bears the legend "Explicación de la dotrina de los Yndios mucaguas" (i.e., Mazahuas?). Bibliography: Sentenach, 1900. 805 Aubin, Testerian manuscript described by. Unknown. Unpublished. In 1849 Aubin briefly described a pictorial catechism, a "Pater fragmentaire,'' which he said was in the "bibliothèque métropolitaine" of Mexico. He illustrated some of its figures which conform to the pantli-nochtli rebus system of rendering the words Pater Noster. The document is now unknown. Aubin's (1849, page references not determined) comment and illustration are reprinted in Boban (1891, 2: 181-82) and in Aubin (1885, pp. 29-30). Bibliography: Aubin, 1849, 1885; Boban, 1891. 806 Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. "Catecismo de la doctrina cristiana en jeroglíficos." Partially published. 42 leaves. 7.7 Χ 5.5 cm. The document consists of two manuscripts bound together. The first, having 34 leaves, has been described as complete. The second has eight leaves from another example and bears the signature of Fray Pedro de Gante. There are apparently no further

TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

major glosses other than a descriptive title in Spanish. The manuscript has been studied and two of its pages photographically reproduced by Sentenach (1900). Four additional pages are similarly reproduced by Pérez Bustamante (1928, plate facing p. 96). Photographs of two pages are given in Sociedad Española (1930, no. 266, pl. 39, upper figure). A brief description is given by Paz (1933, p. 5, no. 13). The manuscript has recently been on display in the Museo de América, Madrid. Bibliography: Paz, 1933; Pérez Bustamante, 1928; Sentenach, 1900; Sociedad Española, 1930. 807 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Fonds Mexicains no. 76. Ex-Pérez, Aubin, and Goupil collections. Partially published. 18 (?) leaves. 21 X 16 cm. (published dimensions of 31 X 16 cm. must be in error). The manuscript has been briefly described and two of its pages photographically reproduced by Boban (1891, 2: 171-72, pl. 76). Soustelle (1936-39) has studied certain of its linguistic aspects. It apparently has 18 leaves plus two further leaves with notes by Aubin. It is incomplete and, according to Boban, may be missing two leaves at the beginning and perhaps one or two at the end. It has a written Otomi text and Spanish headings. Bibliography: Boban, 1891; Soustelle, 1936-39.

808 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Fonds Mexicains no. 77. Ex-Pérez, Aubin, and Goupil collections. Partially published. 20 (?) leaves. 21 X 16 cm. A brief description and a photo reproduction of two pages of the manuscript are given by Boban (1891, 2: 173-74, pl. 77). It has a Nahuatl text and the date 1719. Two leaves of notes in French concerning this manuscript are in BNP/FM 428, part 3. Bibliography: Boban, 1891.

809 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Fonds Mexicains no. 78. Ex-Boturini, Aubin, and Goupil collections. Partially published. 11 (?)leaves. 21 X 15 cm. The manuscript has been briefly described and two of its pages photographically reproduced by Boban (1891, 2: 17576, pl. 78). The same two pages are also reproduced by Robertson (1959, pl. 8). There are Spanish headings and a Spanish gloss identifying some of its drawings. Robertson (personal communication) reports that the date 1832 among other glosses on the cover disguises a Boturini collection inventory number. Boturini attributes the manuscript to Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, and Aubin reports that it bears Sahagún's name and notes (both are quoted in Boban, 1891, 2: 178). Bibliography: Boban, 1891; Robertson, 1959. 810 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Fonds Mexicains no. 399. Unpublished. Approximately 33 leaves. Octavo. The manuscript contains Nahuatl texts and drawings of a non-Testerian nature (Article 23, no. 325) and two separate Testerian documents. The first occupies 35 pages and has both Spanish and Nahuatl glosses. The second, on 15 pages, has traditional devices and signs on the lower lines and is not glossed. Photographs of the manuscript by William Gates are in LC, TU/LAL, and possibly at BYU (see Article 28, Appendix A, for references). A very brief description is given by Núñez y Domínguez (1947a, p. 364). Bibliography: Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a. 811 Boturini known.

Collection no. Unpublished.

1743-6-32. Un289

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Four Testerian manuscripts are described in the Boturini collection inventories of 1743 and 1745 as items 31-34 of the sixth section. Two, nos. 31 and 34, probably correspond, respectively, to the example in the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek and to Fonds Mexicains no. 78 of the Bibliothèque Nationale. The two unidentified manuscripts are described here and in the next entry. Item 6-32 of the 1743 inventory (Peñafiel, 1890, p. 64) is described as "Cuatro fojas útiles de los mismos caracteres de Doctrina cristiana y unos renglones en lengua otomi." In the 1745 inventory (P. Lopez, 1925, p. 42) the four Testerian documents are summarily described together; this particular manuscript is not specifically mentioned. The manuscript is paragraph 25, item 25, of the 1746 catalog (Boturini, 1746, 2: 54). It is described as an original in quarto and as "Unos principios de dicha Doctrina en 4. fojas de papel Europeo, y no continuados. Tienen, ademas de las Figuras, y Cifras, unos pocos renglones en lengua Otomi." The manuscript is not identifiable in later inventories. Bibliography: Boturini, 1746; P. Lopez, 1925; Peñafiel, 1890. 812 Boturini Collection no. 1743-6-33. Unknown. Unpublished. The second of the two unidentified Testerian manuscripts in the Boturini collection (see previous entry for general statement) is described in the 1743 inventory (Peñafiel, 1890, p. 64) as Item 33 of the sixth section: "Un librito con toscos dibujos, en papel de Castilla, forrado en una piel, que trata de dichos caracteres, en fojas cuarenta y cuatro." In the 1745 inventory the reference to a "librito entre ellos de a medio octabo" may refer to this manuscript (P. López, 1925, p. 42). In the 1746 catalog (Boturini, 1746, 2: 54) the manuscript is described in paragraph 25, Item 4, as an original in octavo 290

and as "Un Librito en papel Europeo de 48. fojas chiquitas. Explica con toscas Figuras, y Cifras la dicha Doctrina." The document is not identifiable in later inventories. Bibliography: Boturini, 1746; P. López, 1925; Peñafiel, 1890. 813 British Museum, London. Egerton MS 2898. Ex-Felipe Sánchez Solís and (possibly) Baron von Waecker-Gotter collections. Partially published. 30 leaves. 24 X 16.5 cm. The manuscript contains Nahuatl glosses, the date August, 1714, and the signature of a Lucas Matheo. It was acquired by the British Museum in 1911; its contents are outlined in the published catalog (British Museum, 1925, pp. 410-11). It has been described and one or two of its pages reproduced by Orozco y Berra (1877, pp. 21213, plate facing p. 216, fig. 2). It is treated in a study by Mendoza (1877). The Orozco y Berra illustration has been reprinted a number of times, notably by Blake (1891, p. 83), Chavero (n.d., p. iv), and Cuevas (1921-28, 1: 186). A possibly related item is a copy, by F. Galicia Chimalpopoca, of a catechism by Lucas Matheo also dated August, 1714, formerly in the Ramirez collection (Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880, p. 71, no. 513) and now in the Bancroft Library (Barlow, 1943a, p. 198). An important study of this manuscript is in preparation by Joaquin Galarza. See also nos. 801 and 802. Bibliography: Barlow, 1943a; Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880; Blake, 1891; British Museum, 1925; Chavero, n.d.; Cuevas, 192128; Mendoza, 1877; Orozco y Berra, 1877. 814 Bullock Collection. Private collection. Ex-William Bullock, Duke of Sussex (Augustus Frederick, 1773-1843), and Sir Thomas Phillipps collections. Partially published. 35 leaves. 15.24 X 11.43 cm.

TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS: CENSUS

Two pages of the manuscript are photographically reproduced in a Phillipps collection auction catalog (Parke-Bemet, 1969, pp. 142-43, no. 1129). The same two pages were previously published in an advertisement for the sale (Burlington Magazine, May, 1969, p. xxix). Earlier descriptions are in the Phillipps catalog (Phillipps, 1837-71, no. 12243) and in the sale catalog of the Duke of Sussex collection (Bibliotheca sussexiana, 1844, p. 36, no. 400). The description in the Sussex catalog identifies the manuscript as "brought from Mexico by Mr. Bullock, see his MS note"; the rest of the description is a condensed paraphrase of a description in one of the Bullock exhibit catalogs of 1824 (Bullock, 1824c, p. 49, no. 47). Some of the pictorial manuscripts acquired by Bullock when he visited Mexico in 1823 were from the Boturini collection and on loan to him from the Mexican government (see Glass, 1964, pp. 21-22). The anonymous annotator of the Phillipps sale catalog of 1969 (cited above) states, in connection with Bullock's museum in Piccadilly, that the manuscript was "no. 102 of catalogue." This catalog is unknown to us as is the answer to whether or not Bullock's "MS. note" mentioned in the Sussex catalog survives. Phillipps gives its provenance as "Bright" —Benjamin Heywood Bright (d. 1843)— but we cannot identify it in the five Bright sales of June 3, 1844-July 7, 1845, or in that of June 18, 1844. As the Bright and Sussex manuscripts were sold in the same year, it may be that Phillipps confused the provenance. Bibliography: Bibliotheca sussexiana, 1844; Bullock, 1824c; Burlington Magazine, 1969; Glass, 1964; Parke-Bemet, 1969; Phillips, 1837-71. 815 Chavero Collection. Unknown. Ex-Ramirez collection. Unpublished. Chavero (1901a, p. 9) describes a Tester-

ian manuscript in his collection as "Una doctrina en figuras, muy antigua y original. Se compone de 8 hojas en ovtavo pintadas con color azul por ambos lados, y con una cubierta de piel muy maltratada. Perteneció al Sr. D. José Femando Ramírez." The manuscript now in the Hispanic Society of America (no. 823 of this census) may be a copy of this manuscript. Bibliography: Chavero, 1901a. 816 Cleveland Public Library, Cleveland, Ohio. John Griswold White collection of Folklore and Orientalia. Ex-Pérez and Aubin collections. Unpublished. 14 leaves. 16 X 10.5 cm. The manuscript includes a complete interlinear translation, in Spanish, in the handwriting of Francisco Pérez. Bibliography: Sotheby and Co., 1936b, p. 35, no. 239. 817 Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin, East Germany. American Manuscript no. 1 (part). Humboldt Fragment 16. Ex-Boturini, León y Gama, and Humboldt collections. Published. Native paper. 1 leaf. 35 X 45 cm. The manuscript is distinguished from other Testerians by its size, native paper, the clustering of symbols, and variant style and symbols. The identification of the paper fiber is discussed by Schwede (1916, pp. 52-54). The manuscript was published, in color, by Humboldt (1810, p. 283, pl. 57). A b/w natural-size photoreproduction appears in Historische Hieroglyphen (1892). Seler (1893, pp. 116-23) gives a detailed commentary. An English translation of the commentary with an added reproduction of a copy is given in Seler (1904f, pp. 221-28, pl. 21). A slight revision of the commentary (Seler, 1902e, pp. 289-99) lacks a full reproduction. See Humboldt Fragments in pic291

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

torial census (Article 23) for a general statement concerning the Humboldt collection. Bibliography: Historische Hieroglyphen, 1892; Humboldt, 1810; Schwede, 1916; Seler, 1 8 9 3 , 1902e, 1904f. 818-820 Garcia Icazbalceta Collection, [nos. 1-3]. Unknown. Unpublished. Three Testerian manuscripts in the Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta collection were described by Orozco y Berra (1877, pp. 21516). Three such manuscripts are also listed, but not described, in the published catalog of the collection (Gómez de Orozco, 1927a, p. 87). They were not received by the University of Texas, which otherwise acquired most of the collection. Sentenach (1900, p. 599) reports that a Testerian manuscript in the collection bears the signature of Fray Pedro de Gante, a feature not mentioned by Orozco y Berra. The first manuscript described by Orozco y Berra has 14 leaves. The second, seemingly by the same author as the first, is described as having six leaves plus 10 "double leaves." The third manuscript also has two parts: the first has 11 leaves and ends with verses in Spanish in honor of the Virgin; the second has 13 leaves. The descriptions contain sufiicient further detail to permit identification of the manuscripts when they are found. It is possible that one or more of them may correspond to examples in institutional collections entered elsewhere in the present census. Bibliography: Gómez de Orozco, 1927a; Orozco y Bena, 1877; Sentenach, 1900. 821 Granados η Gálvez, Testerian manuscript described by. Unknown. Unpublished. Granados y Gálvez (1778, pp. 10-12) provides an interesting description of a pictorial catechism of 50 or 60 leaves. The Spaniard of his dialogues expresses surprise 292

that the figures of the manuscript are not "figuras tan horibles, que creyendo fueran algunos embelecos de sus hechizerias y supersticiones." The manuscript, which is now unidentified, included the Pater Noster and among its first figures were "unos monillos abrazados de un venerable anciano." Bibliography: Granados y Gálvez, 1778. 822 Hispanic Society of America, New York [no. 1]. HC 417/50. Canilla de gerogUficos de la doctrina cristiana en idioma Otomi, Partially published. 24 leaves. 21 Χ 16 cm. A text in Spanish describing linguistic aspects of this 19th-century manuscript occupies ff. l-3r and 24r. Half of the first leaf is missing. The drawings are on ff. 3v-23v, and there is an interlinear Otomi and Spanish translation (Otomi only on ff. 15-23). Part of the document is reproduced in a dealer's catalog (Hiersemann, 1913a, p. 12, no. 50, 1 plate facing p. 24). The number D4044377 appears on f. 24v. The sale catalog description of a manuscript offered by a dealer in Mexico (Blake, 1909, p. 49, no. 665) suggests that it may be the same manuscript. This description is quoted in full: Cartilla de geográficas (sic) de la doctrina Cristiana en Otomi (the rest of the title page is missing) (18th century manuscript). 46 pp. 8vo. n.d. Instruction in the Christian doctrine by means of hieroglyphs, for the use of some missionary among the Otomi Indians. Every word or phrase is represented by hieroglyphic figures; beneath them are the corresponding words written in Otomi; and, in most cases, the translation in Spanish. Original, very singular and interesting specimen of the manner of instructing the ignorant Indians in the rudiments of the Christian religion. Bibliography: 1913a.

Blake, 1909; Hiersemann, 823

Hispanic Society of America, New York [no.

TESTERIAN M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

2]. Wilkinson MS 142. Unpublished. 28 leaves. 21.3 × 15.7 cm. The manuscript is probably a 19th-century copy. The first leaf bears the glosses "Catecismo en Geroglífico," "in 18-26 hojas," and a modern catalog designation. The Testerian drawings, with only a single word of gloss, occupy ff. 2v through 9r. The remaining leaves are blank. The manuscript was described in the first Paul Wilkinson collection sale catalog as having eight leaves (Anderson Auction Co., 1914, p. 16, no. 142). Many items from that sale were from the Chavero collection; it is conceivable that this manuscript may be a copy of the unidentified eight-leaf Testerian manuscript of the Chavero collection (no. 815 of this census). Bibliography: Anderson Auction Co., 1914. 824 John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Providence [no. 1]. Codex Ind. 25. Ex-Mrs. J. H. Pilling collection. Unpublished. 20 leaves. 10.7 X 8 cm. Examination of the manuscript indicates that four leaves are missing from the present binding, two at the beginning and two at the end. There is some Spanish gloss in the manuscript. A photostatic copy is in the Peabody Museum Library, Cambridge. Bibliography: None. 825 John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Providence [no. 2]. Codex Ind. 24. Ex-José Maria Agreda and George Parker Winship collections. Unpublished. 28 leaves. 15.6 X 11 cm. The manuscript is in poor condition but has been carefully restored. There are numerous blank pages. On the first leaf is a stamp with a monogram which appears to contain the letters G, M, and C. In correspondence preserved with the document Winship reports that it was purchased from

(José María de?) Agreda (y Sánchez?) in 1895. The existence of the manuscript is mentioned by Tozzer (1919). Bibliography: Tozzer, 1919. 826 John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Providence [no. 3]. Codex Ind. 26. Published. Ex-Stavenhagen collection. 13 leaves. 15.5 X 11 cm. A general commentary and a full reproduction of the 22 utilized pages (ff. lv-12r) of the manuscript are given by N. León (in English translation, 1900; in Spanish, 1968), who presumably owned it at the time. A shorter version of this work (N. León, 1897) contains a partial reproduction. A few glosses are said to be in Mazahua; others are in Spanish. Sapper (1901) provides a further discussion of the document, based on León's publication. The manuscript was in the possession of a Boston, Massachusetts, art dealer about 1963-68. A 14th and blank leaf was present in 1963. Bibliography: N. León, 1897, 1900, 1968; Sapper, 1901. 827 Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans [no. 1]. Partially published. 14 leaves. 10 X 7.5 cm. Two Testerian manuscripts in the T U / MARI collection were cataloged by Gropp (1933, pp. 233-36). One, now missing from the collection, is described in the next entry. The remaining manuscript is the smaller of the two documents; two of its pages are reproduced by Gropp (1933, fig. 3 ) . Bibliography: Gropp, 1933. 828 Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans [no. 2]. Partially published. 26 leaves. The larger of the two Testerian manuscripts formerly in the TU/MARI collection (see previous entry) disappeared from the museum gallery in 1957. Two of its pages 293

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

are reproduced in the announcement of its loss (Wauchope, 1957) and in the catalog by Gropp (1933, pp. 233-36, fig. 2). Bibliography: Gropp, 1933; Wauchope, 1957.

no Tullucu." He offers a commentary and a translation of the part of the manuscript which he illustrates (Orozco y Berra, 1877; pp. 202-05, plate facing p. 216, fig. 1). Bibliography: Orozco y Berra, 1877.

829

832

Μοχό, Testerian manuscript described by. Unknown. Unpublished. Writing in 1805, Benito Maria de Μοχό briefly described a Testerian manuscript in his possession: ". . . un catecismo entero de nuestra Santa Relijion, formado por un Neófito, y escrito todo del principio, al cabo con imajenes, ó figuras para uso de sus paisanos, los Indios Otomites. . . ." The manuscript had been found in Xilotepeque and given him by Juan José Pastor. The reference is published in Moxó's Cartas mejicanas (Μοχό, 1837, p. 75; 1839, pp. 92-93) and perhaps also in the first version of that work (Μοχό, 1828). Bibliography: Μοχό, 1828, 1837, 1839.

Peabody Museum Library, Harvard University, Cambridge. Ex-Edward B. Thompson and Charles P. Bowditch collections. Published. 25 leaves. 16 X 11 cm. The manuscript is lacking at least two leaves at the beginning and at the end as well as two or more leaves internally. It has Spanish headings and a few glosses in a native language, presumably Otomi. Two pages of the manuscript are photographically reproduced by Tozzer (1911, pl. 7). A limited photostatic edition is accompanied by a brief discussion of Testerian manuscripts by Tozzer (1919). A line-byline and picture-by-picture translation has been prepared by R. Thompson (1949). A linguistic analysis of the symbols in one prayer in the manuscript is given by Haberly (1963). Bibliography: Haberly, 1963; R. Thompson, 1949; Tozzer, 1 9 1 1 , 1 9 1 9 .

830 (fig. 98) Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico. Codex collection, MNA 35-53. "Libro de Oraciones." Published. 11 leaves. 15.6 X 11 cm. A few lines of gloss at the end of the manuscript are in Mazahua. A copy of the manuscript is reproduced in full and in color by Basich de Canessi (1963). Two pages are photographically reproduced by both Kelemen (1937, pp. 137-39, pl. 36) and by Glass (1964, p. 101, pl. 56). Four pages are similarly published by Cuevas (1921-28, vol. 1, plate facing p. 216). Bibliography: Basich de Canessi, 1963; Cuevas, 1921-28; Glass, 1964; Kelemen, 1937. 831 Orozco y Berra Collection, Unknown. Partially published. 12 double leaves. Sextodecimo. The manuscript is described by its owner as bearing the inscription "Cartilla de Maria294

833 Princeton University Library, Princeton [no. 1]. Robert Garrett collection. Ex-Perez and Aubin collections. Published. 26 leaves. 7.8 X 5.8 cm. The manuscript is one of two Testerian documents that were described as lot 238 in a Sotheby and Co. sale catalog of November, 1936 (Sotheby and Co., 1936b, p. 35). The two manuscripts were purchased by Garrett during the same month through or from the London firm of Bernard Quaritch. Although the second manuscript includes a partial translation of the first, they are entered separately in the present census. A photofacsimile edition has been published by Griffin (1968). Four pages are photographically reproduced in the sale catalog (loc cit., plate captioned "lot 238").

TESTERIAN M A N U S C R I P T S : CENSUS

The manuscript has 51 pages of drawings with the final page blank and unpaginated. There is only one gloss, the word ''errata" (?), on p. 31. On one of the preliminary leaves in the present binding is the curious legend "Alaja preciosal cogida al enemigo en Sn. Yago del Cerro." Bibliography: Griffin, 1968; Sotheby and Co., 1936b. 834 Princeton University Library, Princeton [no. 2]. Robert Garrett collection. Ex-Perez and Aubin collections. Unpublished. 10 leaves. The second of Princeton's two Testerian manuscripts, together with the first, described above, formed lot 238 of a Sotheby and Co. sale catalog of 1936 (Sotheby and Co., 1936b, p. 35). It contains a partial translation of the first manuscript into Spanish by Francisco Pérez and copies or originals by Pérez of two separate series of Testerian drawings. Each of the latter occupies three pages and has an interlinear Spanish trans-

lation. The second of these two sets of drawings may be a copy of the two final pages of the Testerian manuscript of the Cleveland Public Library (no. 816). The final words in the manuscript read "Catecismo de geroglíficos Otomi, descifrado por el Presbitero D. Francisco Pérez, Catedrático de esta Universidad, y examinador sinodal de dicho Idioma Otomi. Mexico, Febrero 8, 1837. Francisco Pérez (rubric)." Bibliography: Sotheby and Co., 1936b. 835 Romero de Terreros Collection. Mexico. Partially published. 21 (?) leaves. Quarto. Two pages of the manuscript have been published photographically by its owner in a short article devoted to it (Romero de Terreros, 1942; reprinted in N. León, 1968, pp. 47-51). It has Spanish headings and an interlinear Mazahua translation except on the final pages. Bibliography: N. León, 1968; Romero de Terreros, 1942.

REFERENCES (compiled by Mary W. Cline) Acosta, 1962 Anderson Auction Co., 1914 Aubin, 1 8 4 9 , 1 8 8 5 Barlow, MSc, 1943a, 1943c Basich de Canessi, 1963 Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880 Bibliotheca sussexiana, 1844' Blake, 1 8 9 1 , 1 9 0 9 Boban, 1891 Boturini Benaduci, 1746 British Museum, 1925 Bullock, 1824c Burlington Magazine, 1969 Chavero, n.d., 1901a Cuevas, 1921-28 Dávila Padilla, 1955 Duarte, 1906 Galarza, 1966 García Icazbalceta, 1 9 4 1 , 1 9 5 4 Garibay, 1956 Glass, 1964

Gómez de Orozco, 1927a Granados y Gálvez, 1778 Griffin, 1968 Gropp, 1933 Haberly, 1963 Hiersemann, 1913a Historische Hieroglyphen, 1892 Humboldt, 1810 Ibarra Grasso, 1953 Kelemen, 1937 Kubler and Gibson, 1951 Las Casas, 1909 León, N., 1 8 9 7 , 1 9 0 0 , 1 9 6 8 López, P., 1925 Marianus de Orscelar, 1625 Mateos Higuera, 1966 Maza, 1945 Mendieta, 1870 Mendoza, 1877 Mengin, 1952a Miranda Rivera, 1958 295

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Motolinía, 1858 Μοχό, 1 8 2 8 , 1 8 3 7 , 1 8 3 9 Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a Orozco y Berra, 1877 Palomera, 1 9 6 2 , 1 9 6 3 Parke-Bemet, 1969 Paz, 1933 Peñafiel, 1890 Pérez, F., 1834 Pérez Bustamante, 1928 Phillipps, 1837-71 Robertson, D., 1959 Romero de Terreros, 1942 Sapper, 1901

296

Schwede, 1916 Seler, 1 8 9 3 , 1902e, 1904f Sentenach, 1900 Sociedad Española de Amigos del Arte, 1930 Sotheby and Co., 1936b Soustelle, 1936-39 Thompson, J. E. S., 1959 Thompson, R., 1949 Torquemada, 1723 Tozzer, 1 9 1 1 , 1 9 1 9 , 1 9 4 1 Valadés, 1579 Wauchope, 1957 Zulaica Garate, 1939

26. A Catalog of Falsified Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts

JOHN B. GLASS

TO THE total body of Middle American Indian pictorial manuscripts in the native tradition are the falsifications. The present catalog of such documents serves to identify a selected number of examples, particularly those specimens that have been published without having been identified as forgeries.1 The catalog of falsifications is limited primarily to originals in institutional collections and to originals and copies having a published bibliography. Numerous photographs in various repositories of unlocated originals are thus omitted. Only one of the 63 documents listed does not fit these criteria (no. 939, the Falsified Sahagún Festival Calendar). Twenty-three of the documents in the catalog have been published in whole or in part; 10, without any indication that they were suspect. Forty of the documents in the catalog are in public repositories, a figure that probably represents only a fraction of the specimens so held. In this casual survey, little effort has been made to pursue reports of further originals located in several institutions. A PERIPHERAL

spokesman for one major museum requested that we not publicize their small collection of falsifications, ostensibly because of the discredit that might be reflected on the collector or donor. Most falsifications in museum collections have been acquired as gifts or as part of larger collections; others may have been purchased in order to remove them from circulation or for a variety of other reasons. Few were acquired initially as authentic specimens. Some falsifications inevitably find their way into the hands of dealers or auction houses. Depending on their knowledge and ethical standards, they may or may not advise prospective purchasers of the questionable nature of these items. The falsification known as Colección Chavero no. 1 (no. 902), for instance, was described in the catalog of a famous New York auction house 1 Howard F. Cline provided extensive aid in the preparation of this catalog and placed a provisional listing and survey, which he made in 1963, at our free disposition. A memorandum on falsifications prepared by César Lizardi Ramos in 1962 for the Hispanic Foundation, Library of Congress, has also been helpful.

297

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

in 1963. When they were advised by us of its questionable nature, the owner withdrew it from the sale. Archaeologists and museum curators are continually requested to identify manuscripts of doubtful authenticity owned by individuals and dealers. The total number of falsifications that have been examined under these circumstances is unknown but may be numbered in the hundreds. As a result of such inquiry, and from other sources, photographs of falsifications may be found in the collections of various museums and libraries. Often uncataloged, the photographs are usually identified with the name of the owner of the manuscript at the time that the photograph was taken. This transitory datum has little value for identification of the manuscript and would be of doubtful propriety in any published system of nomenclature. In view of the relative unimportance of falsifications, we have excluded photographs of privately owned or unlocated falsifications except when they have been the subject of published reference. Without this and other limitations the catalog would record a considerably greater number of examples. Two listings of falsified pictorial manuscripts have been published. Blom (1935a) listed 10 "Maya" falsifications; only two of them have been included in the present catalog. Carcer (1948-49, 1949) described 12 falsifications; the five that have been published are relisted herein. The catalog provides the following data: title or other designation, location, history, publication status, physical description, and bibliography. Between the authentic manuscript and the outright fraud there is a wide range of documents whose nature is less susceptible to precise definition. Copies may be suspect, particularly when the original or other copies are unknown. If the copy is made on parchment, skin, cloth, or native paper the question of fraudulent purpose is inevitably 298

raised. The Museum für Völkerkunde in Hamburg, for instance, possesses a copy of Codex Boturini—"Mapa Monclova" (no. 963)—painted on leather. On the reverse are the coat of arms of a 17th-century viceroy and a corresponding date. This document might have been considered a 17thcentury copy made for the viceroy, but Prem (1969) has shown that it is based on the 1858 edition of Codex Boturini and on an 1872/73 publication of coats of arms. It may be dated between 1873 and 1896, when it was acquired by the Hamburg museum. Comparable in some respects to this copy of Codex Boturini is an old copy on parchment of one page of Codex Xolotl (no. 412), the original of which is on native paper. The copy would probably have been recognized as such on stylistic and other grounds even if the original were unknown. It is probable, however, that the copy has been identified mistakenly by former owners in the past as an original. Since the identity and intent of the artist are unknown, the document may be judged as a copy or as a falsification, depending on one's choice of alternative inferences. In this case, fraudulent or not, the copy is of value in reconstructing some details that have deteriorated on the original. Two falsifications in the present catalog, the falsified version of Codex Colombino (no. 905) and Codex Moguntiacus (no. 923), contain pages copied from the genuine Codex Colombino as well as pages which merely imitate or are inspired by the style and content of that document. In describing Codex Moguntiacus, Mengin (1958a, 1958b) raised the question whether the latter pages might have been copied from lost pages of Codex Colombino. A similar question occurred to me in examining the relationship between the Falsified Drawing of the Conquest of Azcapotzalco (no. 901) and its major source, Codex Xolotl. It is now known that the lost pages of

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CATALOG

Codex Colombino were separated from the original before 1717, and Codex Xolotl was already in its present size in the early 17th century. Caso (in Caso and Smith, 1966, pp. 17-18) has shown that the pages in question in the two documents which derived from Codex Colombino are fraudulent imitations. I have reached the same conclusion with regard to the Azcapotzalco document. The possibility that a falsification may be based on an unknown authentic manuscript should, of course, be considered; the possibility that a relatively recent falsification of this character will be found is small. Pictorial documents produced during the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly land titles and maps, present more complicated and subtle problems. Iconographic forms of the native tradition or place glyphs may be present but be so greatly altered by the later style of the artist and by degeneration of the tradition that they lead to inaccurate, unrecognizable, or meaningless detail. Such documents may combine contemporary material with information derived from older manuscripts. Although such a document may be authentic and made for a legitimate purpose, the pictorial content and glosses may reveal anachronistic elements and combinations, normally clues to fraudulence. If the document conveys information of an earlier period, only appropriate analysis can test its reliability and authenticity. The Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma (Article 23, no. 197) is a case in point. The style, forms, material and composition all suggest a 17th- or 18th-century date. The painting portrays genealogical relationships among six prominent preconquest and early colonial Indians that are unsubstantiated by other documents. Since one version of the document forms part of a claim to hereditary rights based on the genealogy, a possible motive for deliberate falsification is present. We do not know if the painting was in existence before such claims were made or if it was made to form

part of the claims. Regardless of the accuracy of the genealogy, however, the document does illustrate the viability of the style and forms of the native tradition at the time it was painted, modified by the extent to which the artist may have believed he emulated older forms. The document may be an original composition, since we do not know to what extent the artist relied upon or copied an older version. Identification of this document as a falsification would not destroy its usefulness as an example of a late product, remotely in the native tradition. Some of the late extant versions of such manuscripts as the Mapa de Santa Cruz Xoxocotlan, the Lienzo de Tetlama, and the Map of Chichimec History might be suspect were it not for the fact that other versions exist. In the case of the document known as Colección Chavero no. 5, it may be compared with a known prototype. The content of these documents and their glosses are credible. So long as they are recognized as late products and not mistaken for 16th-century manuscripts, they present few problems. Correct dating, even if only approximate, is crucial to the understanding and identification of any source. Litigation and other legal proceedings have always provided the context for the falsification of genealogies, land titles, maps, and other historical documents. Forgeries made under such circumstances demand far more expert identification than do relatively modern products made to deceive the art collector into believing they are authentic preconquest or colonial documents. The question of false information in a document that is contemporary with its ostensible or purported date of manufacture (and this includes sources of any date) raises problems of historical analysis, historicity, and the nature of valid historical evidence, a very different matter from the expertise of art objects. The 24 Puebla-Tlaxcala Village Maps in the Library of Congress (no. 937) are late 19th-century forgeries purporting to be of 299

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

16th-, 18th-, and 19th-century origin. The artists were convicted in a Mexican court for having forged the maps and the official seals which some of them bear. The validity and scholarly usefulness of the maps for cartographic and other information (as well as for questions of landownership and jurisdictional or boundary claims) are uncertain. To the extent that the documents may be geographically accurate or derive from older sources they may be of value when used with appropriate cautions. The Techialoyan Codices of the late 17th or early 18th century are a comparable corpus of documents treated separately in this volume by Robertson (Article 24). As with the Puebla-Tlaxcala Village Maps, they were probably made by a group of entrepreneurs who catered to the needs of villages to substantiate landownership claims or questions of community jurisdiction. Despite their questionable origin they are valuable documents; however, their unusual nature must be recognized. By falsified pictorial manuscript we refer to any relatively recent manuscript which at any given time and place might be identified mistakenly as a genuine preconquest or colonial Middle American Indian document painted in the style and with the iconographic forms of the native tradition. The intent to defraud by the artist or by any subsequent owner or dealer is thus not part of the definition, although motivation and purpose are important factors in the existence of any falsification. Suspect copies and facsimiles of authentic single originals present a special problem; they are best classified on the basis of their individual merits. The known falsifications of 19th- and 20th-century origin recorded in the catalog vary widely in content and techniques of execution, in the type of manuscript imitated, and in material. Their content includes outright invention based on fantasy and imagination, with little recourse to specific models. Others combine invention with details copied from reproductions of au300

thentic manuscripts, sculpture, or other types of artifacts. It is a characteristic of many falsifications that their content derives from quite disparate sources and cultures. These features are frequently arranged into patterns that have no meaningful structure. In the case of calendrical signs they may be found in meaningless sequences. The most flagrant and readily recognized modern forgeries appear to date from the period after about 1885-1900, when reproductions of such documents as the Lienzo de Tlaxcala and various Maya, Borgia Group, and Mixtec screenfolds first became widely available, either in facsimile editions or in secondary sources. Falsifications based on these sources may be recognized readily by the experienced observer; in most cases little research is necessary to identify the originals on which they are based. Few falsifications have been made with the care necessary to deceive the expert. The material on which the falsified pictorial manuscripts reported in the catalog are painted includes a variety of substances: amatl paper, imitations of native paper using agave or cotton fibers, parchment, cloth, and various kinds of animal skins. Not in the catalog is a document in a private collection concocted from several published sources and drawn on "European" paper. The owner informs us that the paper exhibits 16th-century watermarks. Two documents in the catalog are painted on amatl paper, the material of which many authentic preconquest and colonial manuscripts are made. The paper of the Falsified Drawing of the Conquest of Azcapotzalco (no. 901) has been analyzed by Schwede (1916, pp. 44-45) and that of the Falsified Sahagún Festival Calendar (no. 939) specifically for me by two qualified experts. These two specimens are also the "best" of the known falsifications in that they are not immediately recognizable as such. The less convincing Waldeck Calendar Wheel (no. 947) may also be made of amatl paper.

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CATALOG

The Falsified Drawing of the Conquest of Azcapotzalco is one of the oldest of the known falsifications, having been acquired by Waldeck in 1831-32. The only other falsifications with comparable suspected antiquity are the Waldeck Calendar Wheel, acquired by Waldeck in 1831, and the manuscript known as Colección Chavero no. 1 (no. 902), which was allegedly owned by Pichardo, whose death occurred in 1812. The Azcapotzalco document portrays an event in the Tepanec War of 1428 A.D., the death of Mazatl at the hands of Moctezuma Ilhuicamina. Also shown are Maxtla and Itzcoatl, rulers of Azcapotzalco and Tenochtitlan, respectively, as well as the place glyph for Azcaptozalco and the temazcal or sweat bath in which Maxtla took refuge after his defeat. For the pictorial content and composition of this falsification the unknown artist drew on the then unpublished Codex Xolotl and on some details from pictorial manuscripts that had been published by Clavigero as early as 1780-81. The narrative content of the depiction may also have been taken from Clavigero (1780-81, 1: 215-19; or any one of six translations published before 1831). For this account Clavigero probably drew upon a Nahuatl historical text known only through its publication and translation in Torquemada's Monarquía indiana (1723, 1: 140-41). This particular account of the Tepanec War is the only one that provides the "story" depicted in the drawing. This falsification is unique in that the artist held original invention to a minimum by adapting authentic pictorial forms to the portrayal of a known event in Aztec history. The calendrical signs and dates that the artist used, however, have no meaningful structural significance, and the style and proportions of the drawing are not those of either preconquest or 16th-century periods of Mexican Indian manuscript painting. Had the artist forged an 18th-century copy

rather than imitated a 16th-century manuscript, its identification would have been more diffcult. The Falsified Sahagún Festival Calendar is another falsification distinguished by relatively careful attention to detail. As with the Azcapotzalco manuscript, the artist avoided the invention of pictorial forms by copying an authentic manuscript. In this case, the original was a colonial Nahuatl text with drawings on European paper. The artist rearranged the pictures and texts, placing them on an amatl paper screenfold. Technical analysis of the manuscript identified the sizing as lithopone and one of the pigments as Prussian Blue. Both are 19thcentury chemicals, incompatible with a supposed 16th-century amatl paper screenfold. In addition, the artist outlined the drawings in pencil before painting them in. The manuscript which was copied, the Primeros Memoriales (Article 23, no. 271), was virtually unknown (except to a restricted number of scholars) until it was copied by Genaro López for Francisco del Paso y Troncoso about 1893-94. Photographs of the original and color lithographs were printed about 1905 (Paso y Troncoso, 1905-07, vol. 6, part 2) but had little circulation until into the 1920s. These facts bear upon the possible date and authorship of this falsification. A most curious series of falsifications is painted or drawn on large animal hides. In some instances the hides have not been trimmed into rectangular shapes but preserve parts of the skin extending toward the legs, neck, or tail. From photographs of some of these specimens it is also evident that the hair has not been removed from, or shaved off, the outside. What model for this form the artists had in mind is unknown, the closest Indian artifact being the painted buffalo hides of the North American Plains Indians. The 14 "Zaremba" falsifications (nos. 949-962) are all of this nature. Their content includes invented fantasies and details from a wide variety of sources, many 301

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

available as reproductions in Chavero (n.d.), published about 1887. Also in this class are the examples entered in the catalog under the names of Lumholtz, Museo de América, Museo Nacional de Antropología, and Parma. It is probable that the Pinart falsifications (nos. 931-933) also belong in this category. The most notorious group of falsifications is painted on a heavily sized and very coarse brown fiber material that has been reported to be coconut fiber. This identification appears not to have been confirmed by technical analysis. The use of this bizarre material, which in no way resembles any authentic Indian paper, probably serves to identify the product of a single artist or school of forgers. Its use seems to have been reported first by Batres (n.d., p. 10), writing about 1910, whose statement I here translate: "Recently, imitations of pictorial manuscripts of different cultures and of different types are being made. These are true works of art and employ the fiber from the covering or sheath of the coconut as an imitation of the paper used in authentic manuscripts." Batres published one example of this type of falsification, Códice Fantástico (no. 907). At least six further specimens in the present catalog are of the "coconut" fiber group: 908. Falsified MS purchased from Hans Gadow 917. Codex López 942. Falsified MS purchased from the Sonora News Co. 943. Códice de Comillas 945. Primer Códice de la Granja 946. Cuadro Genealógico de Tulantzinco Photographs of Codex of Liberec, Codex Moguntiacus, and the falsified ball-court scene of the Royal Ontario Museum (nos. 915, 923, 938) suggest that they may also be made of this material. Carcer (1948-49, pp. 109-12, nos. 2A and 7) reports two additional examples not in the present catalog. The name of the Mexican artist Genaro López has come to be associated with this 302

type. López is known in more legitimate contexts as the copyist and lithographer for three major publications of pictorial manuscripts published by the Mexican government. The first, under the auspices of the Junta Colombina (Chavero, 1892) reproduced five pictorial manuscripts; Lienzo de Tlaxcala, and Códices Baranda, Dehesa, Colombino, and Porfirio Díaz. Later he was in Spain and Italy, employed by Francisco del Paso y Troncoso to copy the illustrations in the Sahagún manuscripts, Códices Matritenses and the Florentine Codex (Paso y Troncoso, 1905-07). The color lithographs of the Veytia Calendar Wheels (Veytia, 1907) carry his name as lithographer. Although he did not mention him by name, Paso y Troncoso (in Chavero, 1901c, pp. 3-4) appears to attribute the Colección Chavero MS no. 3 (no. 904) as well as other falsifications to López. Somewhat later Batres (n.d., p. 14) also associates López with falsifications, but again his name is not mentioned (my translation): One of the most dangerous forgers that there is in the attempt to deceive is a draftsman that a well-known Mexican archaeologist took to Europe as an employee to copy the illustrations of the historical work of Sahagún. I say that he is very dangerous because a multitude of original pieces are familiar to him and have passed through his hands to copy the mentioned work. For that reason he has extraordinary talent for this type of work and for that reason his works are convincing. A more specific and circumstantial account of Genaro López as a falsifier of pictorial manuscripts is given by Carcer (194849, pp. 106-07), quoting Federico Gómez de Orozco, a well-known Mexican bibliophile and historian who had acquired many of Francisco de Paso y Troncoso's papers. Utilizing information from Gómez de Orozco, Carcer attributed eight specific falsifications to López. Two were made of cotton fiber, one of agave paper, and five of coconut fiber. Another manuscript is attributed to López by Blom (1935a).

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CATALOG

Since Batres, who was a contemporary of both López and Paso y Troncoso, described the coconut-fiber type of falsification without attributing that type to López, the reliability of the attribution of the coconut-fiber type to him rests on uncertain evidence. Although the attribution has entered the folklore of archaeology as a fact, it must be considered an unproven allegation. Lizardi Ramos (preface to Loukotka, 1957) has doubted that the crude forgeries represented by the coconut-fiber examples are compatible with the known artistic abilities that López possessed as a copyist. Other names that have been associated with falsifications are Miguel Saad as a dealer of Merida, Yucatan; Alfredo Chavero as a gullible collector; and T. A. Willard, also as a collector. Falsifications will undoubtedly continue to be made so long as there exists a tourist or collector who can be swindled or inter-

ested in their purchase. The museum curator and archaeologist will continue to be approached by hopeful owners with requests to authenticate doubtful manuscripts. In recent years we have personally had occasion to inspect about 15 or more fraudulent manuscripts, referred to us for identification. Independent of information supplied by the owners, we were able to determine that two of these had been examined by other archaeologists over 15 years previously. It thus appears that many manuscripts are repeatedly identified—perhaps every time the document changes hands! We know of one archaeologist, a specialist in Maya hieroglyphs, who almost categorically refuses to consider requests to examine newly "discovered" Maya manuscripts. Since authentic colonial pictorial manuscripts have been discovered and will continue to appear, the effort expended in examining new discoveries is perhaps worth the trouble.

CATALOG OF FALSIFIED MIDDLE AMERICAN PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS 901 (fig. 99) Azcapotzalco, Falsified Drawing of the Conquest of. NLA 1271c. Ex-Waldeck collection. Published. Amatl paper. 24.1 × 33.5 cm. A line drawing of the manuscript is reproduced without comment by Ober (1883 and later editions). Waldeck mentions the document under dates of Oct. 24, 1831, and Jan. 14, 1832, in his unpublished journal (MS in British Museum). Many of its pictorial forms derive from Codex Xolotl. See introduction to this catalog, above, for further comment. Bibliography: Ober, 1883, p. 139; Schwede, 1916, pp. 44-45; Temaux-Compans in Ixtlilxochitl, 1840, 1: 214; TemauxCompans, MS, no. 123; Waldeck, MS, p. 129, no. 123. CHAVERO, COLECCIÓN.

Under this

name Chavero (1901a,b,c) published five pictorial manuscripts. Seler (1901b) denounced nos. 1 and 2 as falsifications. Paso y Troncoso (quoted in Chavero, 1901c, pp. 3-4) denounced nos. 1, 2, and 3. Chavero (ibid., pp. 4-6) defends their authenticity, primarily on the basis of the 19th-century history of nos. 1 and 2. Batres (n.d., p. 7) refers briefly to their publication. For information on nos. 4 and 5, see Article 23, nos. 44 and 167. 902 no. 1. Mapa de Tlaxcallan. Private collection (the Hearst Corporation as of 1963). Ex-Pichardo, Chavero, and W. R. Hearst collections. Published. Skin. 59 X 87 cm. Publication: Chavero, 1901a, pp. 13-31, 38-44, pl. 1; Johnson, 1933; Parke-Bemet, 1963, pp. 55, 57, no. 134. 303

ETHNOHISTOEICAL SOURCES

Other: Chavero, 1901c, p. 6; Paso y Troncoso in Chavero, 1901c, pp. 3-4; Gibson, 1952, p. 267; Seler, 1901b. 903 no. 2. Códice Ciclográfico. Unknown. Ex-Manuel Cardoso (ca. 1863) and Chavero collections. Published. Skin. 13 leaves. ca. 20 X 26 cm. (total length, 346.5 cm). Publication: Chavero, 1901a, pp. 45-49, pl. 2. Other: Chavero, 1901c, pp. 4-5; Paso y Troncoso in Chavero, 1901c, pp. 3-4; Seler, 1901b. 904 no. 3. Calendario o Rueda del Año. Unknown. Ex-Chavero collection. Published. Skin. 60 X 41 cm. Publication: Chavero, 1901b. Other: Chavero, 1901c, p. 6; Paso y Troncoso in Chavero, 1901c, pp. 3-4. 905 Colombino, Códice, Falsified version of the. Códice de la Mixteca. Unknown. Unpublished. Sized native paper screenfold painted on both sides. 14 leaves. 19.5 X 392 cm. (total length). A watercolor copy of 1912 and a five-page description dated 1916 by Manuel Velasco are in the Peabody Museum Library, Harvard University. Of its 28 pages, 22 correspond to as many pages of Códice Colombino, four pages correspond to published pages of the falsified Codex Moguntiacus (no. 923), and two pages are sheer falsifications based on Códice Colombino. The original was reportedly taken to Europe in 1913. Caso (in Caso and Smith, 1966) reports the existence of another version of the copy by Velasco and comments on both copies and their relationships to Codex Moguntiacus and Códice Colombino. Bibliography: Caso and Smith, 1966, pp. 17-18. 304

906 Contlán, San Bernardino, Mapa Original del Pueblo de. Uncertain. Published. A certified copy from the early part of this century is in the INAH (Colección de Planos y Mapas, no. 34, leg. 4, no. 1) and was formerly in the INAH codex collection (no. 27 of the 1934 inventory of copies; see Glass, 1964, p. 28). The copy is published in the Boletin of the INAH (no. 2, Mexico, 1960, p. 13, fotos 8-9). The original probably has the same origins and characteristics as the 24 Puebla-Tlaxcala Village Maps in the LC (no. 937), to judge from appearance, general style, orthography, and placement of legends on the copy. Some additional data appear to be given by Mateos Higuera (1966). Publication: loc. cit. Other: Glass, 1964, p. 28; Mateos Higuera, 1966, p. 13, no. 77. 907 Fantástico fabricado con fibra de la envoltura de coco, adobado con yeso y azúcar y pintado con fuchinas, Códice. Unknown. Published. Single panel of coconut fiber. (Published reproduction is 37 X 46 cm.). Publication: Batres, n.d., p. 18, second folding plate following p. 30. Other: Carcer, 1948-49, p. 112, no. 9. 908 Gadow, Hans, Falsified manuscript purchased from. AMNH (1902-22) no. 653565. Unpublished. Single panel of coconut fiber. Bibliography: None. 909 Gomesta Manuscript. Miguel Saad Manuscript. Unknown. Published. Photographic negatives are in the Peabody Museum, Harvard University. Publication: Gates, 1935b. Other: Anonymous, 1935b, 1937; Blom, 1935b; Sorenson, MS; Soustelle, 1935-36.

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CATALOG

910 GOTEBORG, ETNOGRAFISKA MUSEET. Forged Maya Codex on Parchment. Partially published. Parchment screenfold. 20 leaves. 15.5 X 17 cm. Partial publication: Wassen, 1942. Other: Anonymous, 1946. 911 Hall, Codex. Unknown (possibly in Philosophical Research Society, Los Angeles). Published. Agave (?) fiber paper tira. 19.7 X 125.7 cm. Publication: Dibble, 1947. Other: Carcer, 1948-49, pp. 110-11, no. 4; Kubler, 1949. 912 Hammaburgensis, Codex, Museum für Völkerkunde, Hamburg. Published. Cotton fiber panel. 61.5 X 58 cm. Publication: Danzel, 1926a. Other: Carcer, 1948-49, p. 109, no. 1; Danzel, 1926b, 1928. 913 HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA, New York. Falsified ball-court scene. Unpublished. Single panel of deer (?) skin or imitation parchment. The manuscript (together with a separate description in Spanish) was sold to Archer Huntington in 1911 as a modern falsification by the German bookdealer Karl Hiersemann of Leipzig. The painting shows five Indians playing ball in a ball court. It closely resembles the falsified ball-court scene in the Royal Ontario Museum (no. 938). Bibliography: None. 914 JOHN RYLANDS LIBRARY, Manchester. Mexican manuscript no. 3. Unpublished. Not examined (information communicated by Donald Robertson). Bibliography: None.

915 (fig. 100) Liberec, Codex of. The Jablonec Codex. Severoceske Museum, Liberec, Czechoslovakia. Partially published. Sized coconutfiber screenfold painted on both sides. 18 leaves. 26.5 X 15.5 cm. A complete set of photographs is in PML. Partial publication: Loukotka, 1 9 5 6 , 1 9 5 7 . Other: Anonymous, 1956; Rodriguez, 1957; Solc, 1956. 916 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript transferred from Art Department, Colby College, Waterville, Maine. LC, Manuscripts Division, Ac. 13238. Imitation (?) native paper. 28 X 44 cm. Brief mention: Cline, 1966a, p. 80. 917 López, Codex. TU/LAL. Ex-Martel collection. Unpublished. Coconut-fiber screenfold. 32 pages. Brief mention: Blom, 1935a, no. 3. 918 Loubat, Duc de, False Maya codex, gift of the. AMNH (1901-04) no. 30-9530. Unpublished. Bibliography: None. 919 Lumholtz, Carl, Collection, Falsified pictorial manuscript of the. AMNH (1896-11) no. 30.3-789. Unpublished. Skin. 73.5 X 63.5 cm. Bibliography: None. 920 Maya Codex, Another falsified. Private collection. Unpublished. Parchment screenfold. 16 leaves. 7.5 X 9.5 cm. Bibliography: Brainerd, 1948. 921 Merida, Codex. Unknown. Published. Publication reproduces 12 pages. 305

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Unverified information locates the document in the Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, possibly in the T. A. Willard collection. Publication: Stacy-Judd, 1940.

named falsified pictorial manuscript. Unpublished. Single panel of animal hide. Brief description: Fernández Vega, 1965, p. 151.

922 Merida, Map of. Aztec painting of the siege of Tenochtitlan. Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. Sylvanus G. Morley collection. Ex-Miguel Saad collection. Published. Single panel of sized cloth. Photographic negative in Peabody Museum, Harvard University. Publication: Blacker, 1965, pp. 144-45.

926

923 Moguntiacus, Codex, Private collection, Mainz, Germany (as of 1954). Partially published. The manuscript contains pages based on Lienzo de Tlaxcala, copies of 20 pages of Códice Colombino, and nine pages in a pseudo-Mixtec style based on Códice Colombino. Four of the latter are published by Mengin (1958a) and are similar to pages of the falsified version of Códice Colombino copied by Velasco (no. 905). Caso (in Caso and Smith, 1966) reports that the entire manuscript is a falsification. Partial publication: Mengin, 1958a. Other: Caso and Smith, 1966, pp. 17-18; Mengin, 1958b.

MUSEO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGÍA, Mexico. Copies of an unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript. Unpublished. An uncataloged tracing and photograph of a falsified pictorial manuscript painted on animal hide are in the MNA codex collection. The tracing bears stamps of the Exposición Histórico Americana de Madrid of 1892 and the photograph is no. 68 of the 1934 inventory of copies ( see Glass, 1964). The location of the original is unknown. Brief mention: Glass, 1964, p. 25. 927 MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN, HEYE FOUNDATION, New York. Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript. Unpublished. Single panel. Bibliography: None. 928 NELSON GALLERY OF ART, Kansas City, Missouri. Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript. Unpublished. 22 leaves. Bibliography: None. 929-930

Monclova, Mapa. See no. 963.

924 MUSÉE DE L'HOMME, Paris. Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript. Unpublished. Brief mention: Galarza, 1960, p. 70, note 1. 925 MUSEO DE AMÉRICA, Madrid. 306

Un-

PARMA. R. Museo d'Antichita (Museo Archeologico Nazionale?). "Due Pergamene Messicane." Published. Two separate documents on animal hide, 65 X 45 cm. and 82 X 74 cm. Publication: Callegari, 1911. Other: Callegari, 1914.

PINART COLLECTION. The three items listed below are identified as falsifications solely on the basis of sale catalog descriptions. They are sufficiently detailed to allow identification of the manuscripts.

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL M A N U S C R I P T S : CATALOG

931 [no. 1]. Conquest of Cuetlaxtlan by Montezuma the first in 1457. Unknown. Unpublished. Skin. 76 X 30 cm. Bibliography: Catalogue, 1883, p. 124, no. 721 (part); Quaritch, 1885, pp. 2898-99, no. 29042.

n.d. [1970?], p. 2, no. 9 and facing plate; Lucien de Rosny, 1875, pp. 224-25. 935

[no. 2]. Scenes of Mexican history. Unknown. Unpublished. Skin. 78.5 X 68.5 cm. Bibliography: Catalogue, 1883, p. 124, no. 721 (part); Quaritch, 1885, p. 2899, no. 29043.

Porrúa, Manuel, Códice, Cueros de Porrúa. Manuscrito pictórico de la cultura Maya sobre piel de mamífero. Unknown. Published. Painted on numerous small pieces of animal skin. Publication: Manuscrito pictórico, 1957. Other: Bernal and Sodi Pallares, 1958-59; Lizardi Ramos, 1958, 1959; Martinez Paredes, 1958; Ruz Lhuillier, 1958-59; Sodi PaHares, 1958; Stuiver, Deevey, and Rouse, 1963, p. 332.

933

936 (fig. 101)

[no. 3]. Theogonic or genealogical tree representing apparently the succession or relationship of the deities of Mexican mythology. Unknown. Unpublished. Skin. 61 × 38 cm. Bibliography: Catalogue, 1883, p. 124, no. 721 (part); Quaritch, 1885, p. 2899, no. 29044; 1895, p. 200, no. 1949.

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. Garrett collection. Ex-Gates collection. Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript. Unpublished. Imitation native paper. 58 X 58 cm. Bibliography: None.

932

934 Pingret Collection Manuscript no. 2. Unknown (California bookdealer in 1963 and 1969). Published. Skin. ca. 33 X 76 cm. Pingret Manuscript no. 1 (Lucien de Rosny's numeration) is the Techialoyan Codex of Tepotzotlan (second fragment, no. 714). It bears the number 943 and is also described in the works of 1909 and 1875 cited below. Pingret Manuscript no. 2 bears the numbers 942 and 10 from an unidentified series of catalog numbers. Around three sides are 51 Central Mexican year-bearer day glyphs; in the center are dates, place glyphs, and Nahuatl glosses. Identification of this document as suspect is based on an unpublished memorandum by H. B. Nicholson dated April 15, 1961. A photograph ap pears in a recent dealer's catalog (Bennett and Marshall, n.d.). Bibliography: Antiquités Aztèques, 1909, part 2, second item; Bennett and Marshall,

937 Puebla-Tlaxcala Village Maps, nos, 1-24, LC, Manuscripts Division, Ac. 7828, D. R. 2391. Partially published. European paper. 24 maps of various sizes. Apparently manufactured between 1865 and 1870, the maps form part of a large corpus of documents entered for evidence in litigation in the District Court of Puebla, 1870-72. The maps include interesting portrayals of buildings, churches, people, etc. Although the maps purport to be oí 16th-, 18th-, and 19th-century origin, no particular imitation of the older native tradition is evident. One of the maps is reproduced by Cline (1966a). See Mapa Original del Pueblo de San Bernadino Contlan (no. 906) for a related document. Partial publication: Cline, 1966a, p. 79, fig. 3. 938 ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM, Toronto, Canada. Falsified ball-court scene. Un307

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

published. Single panel of sized coarse fiber. 48 X 63 cm. The painting is similar to the falsified ball-court scene in the Hispanic Society of America (No. 913). Bibliography: None. 939 SAHAGÚN. Falsified festival calendar. Private collection, Ex-H. A. Monday collection. Unpublished. Amatl-paper screenfold. 10 leaves. 19.5 X 159 cm. (total length). The manuscript is a copy of the first 18 drawings and Nahuatl texts of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún's Primeros Memoriales (Article 23, no. 271). Technical analysis performed at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1963 identified the sizing as lithopone and one of the paint pigments as Prussian Blue, both of which are 19th-century chemicals. Bibliography: None. 940 (fig. 102) Saville Fragment. Unknown. Unpublished. Bark fiber. 24 X 14 cm. A photograph of 1901 is among the M. H. Saville papers in the AMNH. Cline (1966c) lists the document as an unidentified Oaxaca pictorial manuscript. The document was subsequently identified as a falsification by both Cline and Caso (personal communications). Bibliography: Cline, 1966c, p. 124, no. 25. 941 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Museum of Natural History, Office of Anthropology, archaeology cat. no. 300298. Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript. Unpublished. Parchment screenfold painted on both sides. 11 leaves. 15 X 11.5 cm. Bibliography: None. 942 Sonora News Co., Falsified pictonal manuscript purchased from the. AMNH (1910308

35) no. 65-3299. Unpublished. panel of sized coconut fiber. Bibliography: None.

Single

TLAXCALA, LIENZO DE. See Article 23, no. 350. Falsified versions: 943 Códice de Comillas. Private collection of the Marqueses de Comillas, Santander, Spain. Published. Single panel of sized coconut fiber. 90 X 106 cm. The painting has three rows with three scenes in each row, corresponding to nine scenes from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Publication: Carcer, 1948-49, pp. 111-12, no. 5, fig. 5; 1949, page reference not determined. Other: Ballesteros Gaibrois, 1948b, p. 678; Barón Castro, 1949; Gibson, 1952, p. 250; Tudela, 1948b, 1949. 944 Dorenberg photographs of a falsified version of the Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Location of original unknown. Unpublished. The photographs are in the British Museum to which Dorenberg sent them in 1910. Gibson (1952) reports that they correspond to nine scenes of the Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Brief mention: Gibson, 1952, p. 250. 945 Primer Códice de la Granja. Unknown. Published. The document is similar in size, physical characteristics, and content to the Códice de Comillas (no. 943). Publication: Carcer, 1948-49, pp. 107-08, 112, no. 6, fig. 6; 1949, page reference not determined. Other: Gibson, 1952, p. 250. 946 Tulantzinco, Cuadro Genealógico de. USA.

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CATALOG

Unpublished. Single panel of sized coconut fiber. 82 X 59 cm. On the reverse of the mounting board is an inscription bearing the putative date of 1705. The manuscript (together with a modern description in Spanish) was sold to Archer Huntington in 1911 by the German bookdealer Karl Hiersemann. A photograph is in the British Museum, to which it was sent by Dorenberg in 1910. Bibliography: None.

949-962

Zaremba Falsifications, nos, 1-14. NLA. Unpublished. The documents are on goatskin, deerskin, and parchment. The dimensions range from 74.5 X 85.2 cm. to 200 × l60 cm., although the shapes are irregular. Many skins still have hair on one side. Labels on photographs in the Gates collection at BYU refer to Zaremba, possibly Charles W. Zaremba, author of The Merchants' & Tourists' Guide to Mexico (Chicago, 1883). The pictorial elements 947 (fig. 103) include outright fantasy and invention as well as details derived from late 19th-cenWaldeck Calendar Wheel NLA 1271e. tury publications, particularly Chavero Ex-Nebel collection. Unpublished. Native (n.d.), published about 1887. The originals paper. 32 × 36 cm. were found in the NLA basement by H. F. The document is mentioned in Waldeck's Cline in 1963. Uncataloged, they were conunpublished journal (MS in British Musidered to be of North American origin. seum) under dates of 1 5 , 1 6 , and 20 January They appear to have been in the NLA since 1831. A copy, together with a copy of the at least 1912. calendar wheel diagram published by GraBibliography: None. nados y Gálvez (1778), both by Waldeck, are also in NLA. The original bears some resemblance to a suspect calendar wheel published by Chavero (n.d.). Bibliography: Chavero, n.d., p. 726; Granados y Gálvez, 1778, plate facing p. 56; Ternaux-Compans, MS, no. 125; Waldeck, MS, p. 101, no. 97.

948 WALLACE, WALTER THOMAS, COLLECTION. Falsified pictorial manuscript. Unknown. Partially published. Skin screenfold. 17 leaves. 26.7 X 16.5 cm. Apparently the same as no. 2 of Blom's (1935a) list. Partial publication: American Art Association, 1920, no. 172. Other: Blom, 1935a, no. 2.

963 Monclova, Mapa. Museum für Volkerkunde, Hamburg. Ex-Hackmack collection. Published. Skin. 70 X 64 cm. The painting is a copy of Codex Boturini (Article 23, no. 34) arranged in five horizontal rows in a format identical to the 1858 lithograph of Codex Boturini. On the reverse are the coat of arms of Viceroy Melchor Portocarrero Lazo de la Vega, Conde de Monclova, and the date 1686. Prem (1969), who has published the document, has shown that it is based on the 1858 lithograph and on a publication of 1872-73 (for the coat of arms). It may be dated between 1872/73 and 1896, when it was acquired by the Hamburg Museum. Publication: Prem, 1969.

REFERENCES (compiled by Mary W. Cline) American Art Association, 1920 Anonymous, 1935b, 1 9 3 7 , 1 9 4 6 , 1 9 5 6

Antiquités Aztèques, 1909 Ballesteros Caibrois, 1948b 309

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Barón Castro, 1949 Batres, n.d. Bennett and Marshall, n.d. Bemal and Sodi Pallares, 1958-59 Blacker, 1965 Blom, 1935a, 1935b Brainerd, 1948 Callegari, 1 9 1 1 , 1 9 1 4 Carcer, 1 9 4 8 - 4 9 , 1 9 4 9 Caso and Smith, 1966 Catalogue, 1883 Chavero,n.d., 1 8 9 2 , 1901a, 1901b, 1901c Clavigero, 1780-81 Cline, 1966a, 1966c Danzel, 1926a, 1926b, 1928 Dibble, 1947 Fernández Vega, 1965 Galarza, 1960 Gates, 1935b Gibson, 1952 Glass, 1964 Granados y Gálvez, 1778 Ixtlilxochitl, 1840 Johnson, 1933 Kubler, 1949 Lizardi Ramos, 1 9 5 8 , 1 9 5 9

310

Loukotka, 1 9 5 6 , 1 9 5 7 Manuscrito pictórico, 1957 Martínez Paredes, 1958 Mateos Higuera, 1966 Mengin, 1958a, 1958b Ober, 1883 Parke-Bernet, 1963 Paso y Troncoso, 1905-07 Prem, 1969 Quaritch, 1885, 1895 Rodríguez, 1957 Rosny, Lucien de, 1875 Ruz Lhuillier, 1958-59 Schwede, 1916 Seler, 1901b Sodi Pallares, 1958 Solc, 1956 Sorenson, MS Soustelle, 1935-36 Stacy-Judd, 1940 Stuvier, Deevey and Rouse, 1963 Temaux-Compans, MS Torquemada, 1723 Tudela, 1948b, 1949 Veytia, 1907 Waldeck, MS Wassen, 1942

FIGURES

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

FIG. 1 — M A P OF WESTERN MEXICO, CENTRAL MEXICO, AND OAXACA showing regions used in the classification of pictorial manuscripts Western Mexico 1. (Guanajuato) 2. Jalisco 3. Michoacan Oaxaca 12. Western Oaxaca 13. Northern Oaxaca 14. Eastern Oaxaca

Central Mexico 4. Mexico and D.F. 5. Guerrero 6. Hidalgo 7. Morelos 8. Puebla Peripheral 9. (Queretaro States 10. Tlaxcala 11. Veracruz

NOTE: The maps throughout this article were drafted by John B. Glass and redrawn by Joseph C. Wiedel.

FIG. 2—MAP OF WESTERN MEXICO showing state of Michoacan and parts of states of Colima, Jalisco, and Guanajuato

FIG. 3—MAP OF STATE OF MEXICO, CENT] MEXICO

FIG. 4 — M A P OF DISTRITO FEDERAL, CENTRAL MEXICO

FIG. 5—MAP OF STATE OF GUERRERO, CENTRAL MEXICO

FIG. 6—MAP OF STATE OF HIDALGO, CENTRAL MEXICO

FIG. 7—MAP OF STATE OF MORELOS, CENTRAL MEXICO

FIG. 8—MAP OF STATE OF PUEBLA, CENTRAL MEXICO

FIG. 9—MAP OF STATE OF TLAXCALA, CENTRAL MEXICO

FIG. 10—MAP OF STATE OF VERACRUZ, CENTRAL MEXICO

FIG. 11—MAP OF WESTERN OAXACA

FIG. 12—MAP OF NORTHERN OAXACA

FIG. 13—MAP OF EASTERN OAXACA

FIG. 14—MAP OF STATE OF YUCATAN, MEXICO

FIG. 15—ARMAS DE LA CIVDAD DE TESCVCO POR EL SEÑOR EMPERADOR CARLOS V. AÑO 1551. This is one of the most iconographically interesting examples of a class of documents (coats of arms) not included in the census. (After an engraving published by Peñafiel, 1903b.)

FIG. 16—PORTRAIT OF MOCTEZUMA II. The design on the shield is adapted from drawings in Codex Mendoza. (After Thevet, 1584, f. 644r.)

FIG. 1 7 — E N G R A V E D TITLE PAGE OF A 16TH-CENTURY BOOK PRINTED AND PUBLISHED IN MEXICO IN 1556. The stone and nopal cactus signs at the bottom represent Tenochtitlan and are elements of traditional Indian iconography in an otherwise European heraldic context. (After Garcia Icazbalceta, 1886, pl. XVI, facing p. 62.)

FIG. 18—LORENZO BOTURINI BENADUCI, 1702-1755, collector of Mexican ethnohistorical manuscripts. Below his right hand is a copy of the Gemelli Careri Calendar Wheel (Article 23, census, 390). (After Boturini, 1746.)

FIG. 19—LIENZO DE ANALCO (census, 7). Complete overall view. LC/HF collection.

FIG. 20—LIENZO DE ANALCO (census, 7 ) . Detail, upper left. The stamp near left center includes the word "Analco." L C / H F collection.

FIG. 21—PORTRAIT OF AXAYACATL (census, 16). Courtesy, Handschriftensammlung Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna.

FIG. 22—TROZO DE AZCAPOTZALCO (census, 19). LC/HF collection.

FIG. 23—LIENZO DE AZTACTEPEC Y CITLALTEPEC (census, 23). Unidentified copy. Courtesy, Archivo Fotográfico, INAH.

FIG. 2 4 — A D D I T I O N A L FRAGMENT OF CODEX BECKER NO. 2 (census, 29). LC/ HF collection.

FIG. 2 5 — C O D I C E D E C A R A P A N N O . 1 (census, 38). Courtesy, Archivo Fotográfico,

INAH.

FIG. 2 6 — M A P OF CHICHIMEC HISTORY (census, 46). The Nahuatl gloss at the bottom reads: "Yncalco ynchichimeca nepopohualca tlalmaceuhque ypa yi huitl de 1466." On the reverse is a Mexican government seal (for 1854-58) and a statement that the map is a true and legal copy of an ancient original. It is dated Nov. 30, 1854, and is signed by Manuel Maria de la Barreda and F. Valenzuela. Courtesy, American Museum of Natural History.

FIG. 2 7 — M A P OF CHICHIMEC HISTORY (census, 46). The Nahuatl gloss at the bottom appears to read: "Ynalco ynchichimecatl ime Nepohulca—tlamacehuque yquh-ac. oc centlaliguey Pan Xihuitl ce. milic Nahui Poal Pani chigua—ce. huan chiquace. 1466." After a photograph in the Gates collection at Brigham Young University labeled "Aztec map of the district of Xochicalco. Copy in oil made by Charles Nebel. 19th century. Canvas, 74 × 59 cm." This label and the dimensions, however, seem to describe Nebel s copy of the Lienzo de Tetlama, BNP 98 (see census, 327). L C / H F collection.

FIG. 28—LIENZO DE LA GRAN CHINANTLA (census, 54). Complete overall view. Courtesy, Princeton University Library.

FIG. 29—LIENZO DE COACOATZINTLA (census, 63). Detail. The object at the upper left must be part of the photographer's equipment. LC/HF collection.

FIG. 30—LIENZO DE COIXTLAHUACA NO. 1 (census, 70). After Codex Ixtlan, Maya Society Pub. 3, 1931.

FIG. 3 1 — L I E N Z O C O R D O V A - C A S T E L L A N O S

(census, 77). After Codex Abraham Castellanos, Maya Society Pub. 5, 1931.

FIG. 3 2 — P I N T U R A DE LOS TRIBUTOS DE COYOACAN (census, 82). Upper half (above). The gloss across the top reads: "Esta es la pintura de los tributos q[ue] los yndios naturales del pueblo de Cuyuacan [h]an dado de treynta e tres/ años a esta p[ar]te e de lo que al presente dan. por la moderación y comutaçión del señor doctor gómez de santillan oydor de la Au-/diencia real desta nueva españa en la visyta q[ue] hizo en el dicho pueblo." L C / H F collection. Lower half (opposite). L C / H F collection.

FIG. 33-MAPA DE SAN PABLO CHATRO VENADOS (census, 88). After Steininger and Van de Velde 1935.

FIG. 3 4 — M A P A CIRCULAR DE CUAUHQUECHOLLAN (census, 90). Courtesy, Handschriftensammlung Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna.

FIG. 35—MAPA DE CUAUHTINCHAN NO, 2 (census. 95). Detail of the original. Courtesy, Archivo Fotográfico, INAH.

FIG. 3 6 — F I N A N C I A L ACCOUNTS OF CUITLAHUAC (census, 107). One page. Courtesy, Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library.

FIG. 3 7 — G I L C R E A S E FRAGMENTS (census, 122-127). Details from two fragments. Courtesy, Gilcrease Institute.

FIG. 38—FRANCISCO HERNÁNDEZ, Historia de las Plantas de Nueva España (census, 132). Examples of drawings showing native influence in the use of the rebus signs tetl (stone) and atl (water). (After Nierembergii, Historia naturae . . . , 1635, p. 306 [Atatapalacatl], p. 308 [Teoamatl], and p. 310 [Tuna].) Photographs courtesy of Houghton Library, Harvard University.

FIG. 39—LIENZO DE SAN PEDRO IXCATLAN (census, 162). Courtesy, Princeton University Library.

FIG. 40—PLANO TOPOGRÁFICO DE SANTA MARIA IXCATLAN, AÑO DE 1870 (census, 164). Courtesy, Mrs. Irmgard Weitlaner de Johnson, LC/HF collection.

FIG. 41—PLAN T O P O G R A P H I Q U E D E

SANTA MARIA IXCATLAN, 1580 (census, 165). LC/HF collection

FIG. 4 2 — C O D E X I X T L I L X O C H I T L , PART 2 (census,

172). Portrait of Nezahualpilli, mislabeled "Mouhtezuma IX Re, e 2o di tal nome." After Gemelli Careri, 1699-1700, vol. 6.

FIG. 4 3 — C O D E X IXTLILXOCHITL, PART 2 (census, 172). "Soldato Mexicano." After Gemelli Careri, 16991700, vol. 6.

FIG. 4 4 — L I E N Z O M E I X U E I R O

Pub. 4, 1931.

(census, 195). After Codex Meixueiro, Maya Society

FIG. 45—CODEX MONTELEONE (census, 224). One of the eight paintings in the codex. L C / H F collection.

FIG. 4 6 — F R A G M E N T O DE LAS MUJERES (census, 226). Names of the persons in this genealogy (left to right, top to bottom) are: Yxtletletzin, Chachatzin, Quillaztli, Ocellotetepitzin, Sochimetzini, Tozcamiltzin, Diego Quauhtlahuetzin, Covatzin, Maria Sillotzin, Maria, Lucia, and Juan Tepetzin. Courtesy, The Brooklyn Museum.

FIG. 47—CÓDICE MURO (census, 228). One page. Courtesy, Fototeca, Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico.

FIG. 48—LIENZO DE SANTA MARIA NATIVITAS (census, 232). The numbers "27" and "28" are not on the original. Photograph by Wade Seaford. LC/HF collection.

FIG. 49—LIENZO DE PATZCUARO (census, 248). After a photograph in Peabody Museum, Harvard University.

FIG. 50—MAPA D E POPOTLA (census, 254). Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus no. 2. An eight-line gloss at the lower left identifies it as a copy of 1720. Courtesy, Handschriftensammlung Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna.

FIG. 51—PIECE D'UN PROCÈS (census, 260). LC/HF collection.

FIG. 52—LIENZO DE QUIOTEPEC Y AYAUHTLA (census, 265). Courtesy, Archivo Fotográfico, INAH.

FIG. 53—SANTA CRUZ MAP OF THE CITY AND VALLEY OF MEXICO (census, 280). Partial copy by Alonso de Santa Cruz, about 1556. After Wieser, 1908, pl. 11.

FIG. 5 4 — L I E N Z O DE SAN JUAN TABAA, NO. 1 (census, 295). Unidentified copy. Gloss in sixth compartment, second row (lacking in MNA 35-114 copy), reads: "Es copia fiel de su original que obra en el archivo Municipal de este pueblo. Tabaa Villa Alta Oax. Nov. 15 de 1933." Courtesy, Fototeca, Museo Nacional de Antropología.

FIG. 55—MAPA DE SANTA BARBARA TAMASOLCO (census, 298). Courtesy, British Museum.

FIG. 56—CARTE DE LA VILLE DE TEMASCALTEPEC (census, 309). Courtesy, Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library.

FIG. 57—AYER MAP OF TEOTIHUACAN (census, 312). Courtesy, Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library.

FIG. 5 8 — S A V I L L E MAP OF TEOTIHUACAN (census, 313). Courtesy, American Museum of Natural History.

FIG. 59—MAPA DE SAN ANTONIO TEPETLAN (census, 320). Courtesy, American Museum of Natural History.

FIG. 60—MAPA CATASTRAL DE TEPOZTLAN, PANHUACAN, AYAPANGO Y TLANAHUAC (census, 324). Courtesy, Handschriftensammlung, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna.

FIG. 61—LIENZO DE TETLAMA (census, 327). "Original," reportedly located in the village of Tetlama. Courtesy, Archivo Fotográfico, INAH.

FIG. 62-LIENZO DE TETLAMA (census, 327) Copy by Waldeck Courtesv Edward F. Ayer Collection Newberry Library.

FIG. 6 3 — C Ó D I C E D E T L A C H C O (census, 334). The upside-down gloss above the

seated Spaniard reads: "Proceso hecho ante la justicia de las Minas de Tasco entre los yndios de Acala contra el gobernador de dicho pueblo. Va remitido al Illmo. Sr. Virrey desta Nueva España cerrado y sellado." Courtesy, Archivo Fotográfico, INAH.

FIG. 6 4 — C Ó D I C E D E T R I B U T O S D E S A N T A C R U Z T L A M A P A , N O . 3 (census,

341). Lowest (1564) and next to lowest (1565) sections. The individual seated on the chair is identified by the gloss as "Don Francisco Pimentel, Gobernador." Courtesy, Fototeca, Museo Nacional de Antropología.

FIG. 6 5 — M A P A DE SAN PEDRO TLATEPUSCO (census, 346). Gloss at the bottom (north) reads: "Por el Señor Justicia Mayor Pimentel. Año de 1803." L C / H F collection.

FIG. 6 6 — G E N E A L O G I E DES TLATZCANTZIN (census, 347). After Lehmann, 1906a, pl. 4.

FIG. 67—LIENZO DE TOTOMIXTLAHUACA (census, 362). Original. LC/HF collection.

FIG. 68—MATRICULA DE TRIBUTOS (census, 368). The angel is not on the original manuscript. After Lorenzana, 1770, pl. 11.

FIG. 69—CODEX TULANE (census, 370). Detail. Courtesy, Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University.

FIG. 7 0 — T R I B U T E S OF TZINTZUNTZAN AND TLALPUJAVA (census, 379). Obverse. Reverse contains continuation of written texts, signatures, and the Boturini number, "No. 10, 3 Inventario" (1743-3-10). Courtesy, Princeton University Library.

FIG. 7 1 — M A P OF UNIDENTIFIED LOCALITY (census, 381). Courtesy, Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library.

FIG. 72—CÓDICE D E VEINTE MAZORCAS

(census, 385). LC/HF collection.

FIG. 7 3 — V E Y T T A CALENDAR W H E E L NO. 2 (census, 388). Valadés version. After Valadés, Rhetorica cristiana, 1579.

FIG. 7 4 — V E Y T I A CALENDAR W H E E L NO. 2 (census, 388). Veytia version. After the manuscript of Veytia's Historia in the Library of Congress. L C / H F collection.

FIG. 75—VEYTIA CALENDAR WHEEL NO. 5 (census, 391). After Lorenzana, 1770, pl. 1.

FIG. 7 6 — W A L D E C K JUDGMENT SCENE (census, 397). Waldeck copy. Courtesy, Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library.

FIG. 7 7 — D O C U M E N T CONCERNING PROPERTY OF PEDRONILLA FRANCISCA AND COSTANTINO DE SAN FELIPE (census, 403). Gloss at left center reads: "Pedronilla Francisca muger de Costantino de San Felipe." Courtesy, Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library.

FIG. 78—GENEALOGY OF PEDRONILLA AND JULIANA (census, 404). Glosses, left to right, read: "Pedronila, Felipe, Constantino, and Juliana." Courtesy, Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library.

FIG. 7 9 — D O C U M E N T RELATING TO THE DESCENDANTS OF DON MIGUEL DAMIAN (census, 406). Courtesy, Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library.

FIG. 8 0 — C O D E X OF XOCHITEPEC (census, 408). Courtesy Handschriftensammlung, Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna.

FIG. 81—CODEX XOLOTL (census, 412). Tracings by Waldeck of selected details fr om pls. 2 and 3. This is one of two pages of tracings by Waldeck of details from the single leaf of the codex owned by him. Courtesy, Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library.

FIG. 8 2 — G E N E A L O G Í A DE ZOLIN (census, 427). Copy by Waldeck. Courtesy, Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library.

FIG. 8 3 — H U I X Q U I L U C A N , T E C H I A L O Y A N 724, f. 3v. Courtesy, Peabody Museum, Harvard University.

FIG. 8 4 — T E P O T Z O T L A N , T E C H I A L O Y A N 718, f. 6r. Courtesy, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

FIG. 8 5 — X O N A C A T L A N , T E C H I A L O Y A N 723, f. 6r. Courtesy, Latin American Library, Tulane University.

FIG. 8 6 — C A L P U L A L P A N , T E C H I A L O Y A N 725, f. 1r. Courtesy, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

FIG. 8 7 — X O N A C A T L A N , T E C H I A L O Y A N 723, f. 4r. Courtesy, Latin American Library, Tulane University.

FIG. 8 8 — X O N A C A T L A N , T E C H I A L O Y A N 723, f. 3v. Courtesy, Latin American Library, Tulane University.

FIG. 8 9 — C O A C A L C O , T E C H I A L O Y A N

743, f. 3r. Courtesy, Latin American Library, Tulane University.

FIG. 90—SAN PEDRO ATLAPOLCO, TECHIALOYAN 726 (panel). Courtesy, The Brooklyn Museum, Ella C. Woodward Fund.

FIG. 9 1 — C U E R N A V A C A CATHEDRAL, TECHIALOYAN 745 (murals). Courtesy, Bradley Smith, New York.

FIG. 92—MAP LOCATING IDENTIFIED VILLAGES IN TECHIALOYAN DOCUMENTS. Revised by Donald Robertson.

FIG. 93—SIXTEENTH-CENTURY RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION. Paintings, illustrating the Stations of the Cross, used as a visual adjunct to preaching by a Franciscan friar. After Valadés, Rhetorica cristiana, 1579.

FIG. 94—SIXTEENTH-CENTURY RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION. Fray Jacobo de Testera (at upper left, misidentified as Alphon. Testera) preaches to the Indians. After Marianus de Orscelar, Gloriosus Franciscus redivivus, 1625.

FIG. 9 5 — S I X T E E N T H - C E N T U R Y RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION. Education of the Indians by means of graphic techniques (upper left and right) on the grounds of an idealized Franciscan establishment. After Valadés, Rhetorica cristiana, 1579.

FIG. 9 6 — T H E SANCTITY OF CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE AND THE PUNISHMENTS FOR ITS PROFANATION. An example of a religious painting used in the spiritual conversion of the Indians. After Valadés, Rhetorica cristiana, 1579.

FIG. 9 7 — M N E M O T E C N I C ALPHABET PROPOSED FOR THE USE OF INDIANS. After Valadés, Rhetorica cristiana, 1579.

FIG. 9 8 — T E S T E R I A N MANUSCRIPT. Two pages of the "Libro de Oraciones" (census, 830). Photograph by Juan Guzman ( L C / H F collection).

FIG. 9 9 — F A L S I F I E D DRAWING OF THE CONQUEST OF AZCAPOTZALCO (census, 901). Courtesy, Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library.

FIG. 100—CODEX OF LIBEREC (census, 915). One page of a falsified Maya manuscript. LC/HF collection.

FIG. 101—FALSIFIED MEXICAN MANUSCRIPT (census, 936). Courtesy, Princeton University Library.

FIG. 1 0 2 — S A V I L L E FRAGMENT (census, 940).

Courtesy, American Museum of Natural History.

FIG. 1 0 3 — W A L D E C K CALENDAR W H E E L (census, 947). Courtesy, Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library.

HANDBOOK OF MIDDLE AMERICAN INDIANS, VOLUME 15 Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Part 4

27. Prose Sources in the Native Historical Tradition

A. A SURVEY OF MIDDLE AMERICAN PROSE MANUSCRIPTS IN THE NATIVE HISTORICAL TRADITION CHARLES

O

UR PRESENT USAGE designates prose as writing in European characters on paper or its equivalent. We exclude carved inscriptions and glyphs. Documents containing both prose writing and pictorial material are for the most part here considered to be pictorial. But pictorial documents containing quite ample and significant prose sections may receive attention in both categories. Because writing in European characters was unknown to Indians prior to the coming of the Spaniards, the prose classification implies a colonial or modern dating. Strictly speaking, there can be no native prose source before white contact. The colonial or modern dating, however, need operate only with respect to the form in which native texts now appear, for prose documents are by no means limited to post-Contact subjects. Much that was already "historical" at the time of Contact was later set down in writing. Oral traditions were preserved in written form; pictorial documents were

GIBSON

translated into prose; the circumstances of the Spanish colony stimulated much new composition. Indian prose includes mythological, astronomical, dramatic, poetic, religious, philosophical, and medical writing, as well as incantations and recipes and post-Contact records such as cofradía ledgers, contracts, and wills. The Indian mind was quite capable of distinguishing between history and other types of writing. But the distinction was frequently blurred in practice; historiographical elements may occur in fragmented or disguised form, interspersed with materials of other kinds. Our solution to this problem will necessarily be an arbitrary one. We include in the census (Section B) the most important, known, and available texts appropriate to an historical classification. On the other hand, we have no rigid standard for inclusion, and the careful reader will observe some inconsistencies. They are frankly admitted to be indefensible on other than pragmatic grounds. 311

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES EXCLUDED MATERIAL

Obviously we are not commenting simply on a bibliography of writings in native languages. The census does contain material in Nahuatl, Maya, and other Indian languages. But Indians sometimes wrote in non-Indian languages, including Latin. Some texts originally written in Nahuatl or Maya were later translated and are now known only in Spanish (or in the case of one document, the Histoyre du Mechique, in French). Above all, a bibliography of works in native languages would necessarily include quantities of material whose origin is non-Indian. Biblical literature, papal bulls, hymns, sermons, European folktales, Cárdenas' decree on the expropriation of oil, and numerous other non-Indian texts have been translated and published in Indian tongues. Such materials constitute a special class of native literature and do not belong to the corpus here being considered. Similarly we exclude from present consideration the grammars and dictionaries of Indian languages which have been prepared and published from the 16th to the 20th centuries. They contain, especially in the earlier period, useful information for researches in Indian history. Great dictionaries such as the Motul for Maya and the Molina for Nahuatl are works that all students utilize and respect. Word changes, terms in material culture, kin-relationship words, and other valuable historical material may be studied in grammars and dictionaries, but the works are not ordinarilv identifiable as prose writings in a native historical tradition. In the same way we do not consider here the Indian dance and drama texts. Most are Christian and didactic and are more informative for the ways in which Christian knowledge was taught than for Indian life. Some recapitulate events in the Christian history of Europe, favorite themes being the battles of Moors and Christians and scenes from the 312

life of Christ. More purely Indian are the texts of dance-dramas relating to incidents in native history, such as the Rabinal Achi (Baile del Tun), concerning the capture and execution of a Quiche warrior, or the Danzas del Marqués, concerning the conquest by the Spaniards. An argument might surely be made for the inclusion of some of these texts as historical, but they are historical only in the sense of dramatic or ritual recapitulation and are omitted from our listing. For similar reasons Indian myths and folktales find no direct place in the native historical tradition as it is defined here. In Central Mexico such materials were collected in the colonial period by Pedro Ponce, Jacinto de la Serna, and others. In the Maya area they were collected by Landa and later by Brasseur de Bourbourg, Berendt, and others. Indian myths may be found in abundance in the colonial Inquisitorial records, for mythology was suspect as non-Christian and came in part within the jurisdiction of the Inquisitorial examiners. In recent times quantities of lore have been collected from Indian informants by ethnographic fieldworkers. Some of these texts are at least vaguely related to the native historical tradition, but the distinction between myth and history, insofar as it can be maintained, is a valid one. Our primary concern here is with real rather than fictional events. The largest category of excluded material consists of post-Contact administrative records, civil and ecclesiastical. In the colonial period, and to the present, Indian communities and other organized native groups have kept such records, often in an irregular and unsystematic form. Minutes of meetings and financial statements of Indian organizations, which may frequently be found in local archives, constitute important sources for native history, as do Indian wills and lawsuits, and records of baptism, marriage, and death. The bibliographical task of listing

PROSE SOURCES

such sources, however, is of quite a different order from that of our census. Administrative and legal records are enormous in quantity, for the most part unpublished, and scattered through American and European archives. We include in the census some of the most important and best-known court testimonies, but we make no effort systematically to incorporate all legal depositions with historical content. Testimonies on the Virgin of Guadalupe, and apparition literature in general, we have also omitted. The census of pictorial documents (Article 23) takes as its criterion the Indian character or style of pictorial illustration. The census of prose documents has no such standard and cannot have. Essentially the prose census includes historical writings either by Indians or by Europeans dependent on Indian sources. But, as we have said, even this characterization contains ambiguities and uncertainties that are not easily resolved. HISTORICAL TEXTS: PICTORIAL, ORAL, AND PROSE

Reliable testimonies indicate the existence of written (pictorial or glyphic) histories before the Spaniards came. The number of original texts was far larger than the limited extant repertory would suggest. As Motolinía reported in 1541, historians in the Aztec world depicted conquests, wars, dynastic successions, plagues, storms, and "noteworthy signs in the skies" (Foster, 1950, p. 25). Ixtlilxochitl gives evidence that Texcoco contained a great documentary archive. Some historians arranged events in chronological order; others were specialists in genealogical records; still others reported geographical limits, laws, and ceremonies (Ixtlilxochitl, 1891-92, 2: 17-18). Historical books in Yucatan, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua are occasionally mentioned by Spanish writers. Probably all or most of the pictorial his-

tories were supplemented by oral traditions. Pictorial writing was insufficient for recording the nuances of historical happening, and the interpretation of texts appears to have been a specialist's function in all the societies of which we have knowledge. Certainly oral traditions also existed independently of texts; past events were in some cases recorded and transmitted exclusively by word of mouth. In the colonial period whenever a pictorial history was interpreted in writing, or whenever an oral history was recorded in written words, the result was a prose source in the native historical tradition. Indians who had become literate might be the scribes. At other times Indians were the intermediaries; oral or pictorial histories were written down by missionaries or other persons in whose presence they were narrated or interpreted. We should not suppose that all original pictorial and oral histories were translated into prose form. A few survived without translation. Many others were destroyed before translation could take place. Nor did all book burning take place at Spanish hands. Sahagún tells us that under the Aztec ruler Itzcoatl existing historical writings were destroyed in order to preserve a version of native history that would do justice to the Aztec state. "It is not necessary for all the common people to know of the writings," a council of rulers is reported to have remarked on this occasion, for "government will be defamed" (Dibble and Anderson, 1950-69,11:191). To the writings that survived the competitive process within Indian society, Spanish colonists applied their further program of extirpation. Unquestionably native texts were destroyed in large numbers in the early colonial period without ever being translated into prose. The known acts of colonial destruction probably represent only a fraction of the true total. In other instances his313

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

torical materials were subject to less deliberate forms of loss, in the atmosphere of suspicion and disdain that surrounded the recently Christianized Indian society. Native communities concealed their manuscripts from Spanish eyes, removed them from bibliographical notice, or allowed them to deteriorate. Sharp depopulations, forced removals, and the many other stresses to which Indians were subjected were hardly ideal conditions for the preservation of documents. The history of the Boturini collection provides an example of continuous deterioration in the late colonial years and after (see Article 29). Even in the 20th century, as with the Chilam Balam of Kaua, manuscripts continue to be lost. The sum total is immeasurable, but it means that a sharp reduction has occurred among original works capable of translation into prose, as well as among prose sources themselves. Oral histories also deteriorated, through circumstances far less clear. The disappearance of a popular oral history would have required a large-scale extermination of people or some interruption in the customary habits of communication. It is obvious that these circumstances rarely occurred. But in the course of time and under conditions of disruption such as those that affected all colonial Indian societies, oral traditions were subjected to a cumulative attrition that did result in absolute and irrevocable loss. It is axiomatic that Indians of the first colonial generation were more conversant with native pre-Spanish history than were their children, and far more so than their remote descendants of our time. Side by side with the Spanish instinct to eliminate material tainted with idolatry was another instinct to preserve the records of the Indian past. In Spanish society the principal and best-known individuals concerned with the preservation of native texts were Sahagún in the 16th century and Boturini in the 18th. Within Indian society we have few 314

names but on occasion very clear expressions of the desire to recapture lost material. "This we shall write now under the Law of God and Christianity," says the Popol Vuh. "We shall bring it to light because now the Popol Vuh . . . cannot be seen any more. . . . The original book, written long ago, existed, but its sight is hidden to the searcher and to the thinker. Great were the descriptions . . . " (Recinos, 1950b, pp. 79-80). The writer seems to be saying that the new book is much needed as a substitute for the old, but that it is necessarily a poorer and later version. We cannot be certain that the surviving material in any area accurately represents the types or quantities of original documentation. Yet there is probably a gross compatibility. In general it is likely that the areas in which the greatest quantity has been preserved were the areas of most abundant original documentation, and that the varieties of surviving texts are in some degree representative of pre-Contact types. The largest number of Indian prose histories appear in the central Mexican plateau, the Nahuatl-speaking area surrounding Tenochtitlan. The incidence drops sharply as one moves in any direction from the Aztec center. Michoacan is poorly documented in native historical prose writing, and the more distant regions to north, west, and south are hardly represented at all. Only in the Maya areas do we find new clusters. In the lowland Maya regions the Chilam Balam group, which is only partially within the native historical tradition, accounts to a considerable degree for the increase in number; the highland Maya, while still not heavily documented, provides two Indian texts of fundamental importance, the Anales de los Cakchiqueles and the Popol Vuh. In general this incidence corresponds with that indicated by Spanish writers of the early colonial period. Interesting variations appear in the re-

PROSE SOURCES

lation of pictorial to prose writing among these several areas. In the Valley of Mexico region surviving materials consist of both pictorial and prose works, but all known manuscripts date from the post-Contact period. In Oaxaca we have genuine preContact pictorial histories in the absence of prose texts. Michoacan has one major and several minor prose texts, and the derivation seems to be primarily from oral rather than from pictorial sources. The Maya materials appear to be prose versions of both pictorial and oral sources, with a rich admixture of mythology and nonhistorical themes. These differences seem to follow upon combinations of aboriginal and colonial conditions. Both central and southern Mexico were areas of rich pictorial documentation. That they should be so unlike with respect to prose historiography may be the result of the intense Mendicant tutelage that central Mexico received in the early post-Contact years, in contrast to the more lethargic Christianization of the south. San José de los Naturales in Tenochtitlan and the Colegio de Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco were institutions unique throughout the entire colony. The case of Michoacan may perhaps be accounted for through the original deficiency in pictorial material as well as through the absence of colonial centers of Indian learning. Yucatan and Guatemala appear to represent areas where native material suffered destruction at an early date but where Indian communities were subsequently tolerated to the point at which major oral traditions were ultimately recorded. But it cannot be emphasized too strongly that our interpretation of these subjects rests largely on conjecture. T H E TRANSITION TO PROSE

The pictorial originals and processes of translation into prose have had important influences on the form of surviving prose texts. Thus the Anales de Tula, in part a

prose text, retains the tira form of a pictorial codex. The Anales de Tlatelolco is in part written in lines that extend across two pages, a fact that may be regarded as related to an original tira form. Prose documents sometimes betray their pictorial origins directly in words, as in the phrase "as is depicted here" in a text wholly lacking in illustrations (Motolinía, 1903, p. 353 ff.). The reconstruction of missing illustrations and of pictorial originals from surviving prose works has become a subject of serious scholarly attention. We may presume that a common preContact form of native historical record consisted of calendrical notations expressed in glyphs, to which were keved illustrations of events. The type is still known through extant examples, such as Codex Mexicanus or Mapa de Tepechpan. As written glosses were added to such documents, there developed a combined pictorial-prose genre, represented now by Codex TellerianoRemensis. Later copies or commentaries then might abandon the pictorial form, and the illustrated original might be lost, to leave only the prose text. In such cases the difference between pictorial and prose documentation appears less a matter of categorical differentiation than of historical accident. Torquemada, Zorita, and other Spanish colonial writers state explicitly that they depend on native pictorial sources in certain portions of their works. When such pictorial originals are not now known, the Spanish prose account provides our only knowledge. Generally in writings such as those of Torquemada or Zorita all that exists is a brief prose description or slight précis of the original, in the absence of anything that could be called a direct translation, and the content is therefore unknown in detail. But in a sense the Spanish descriptions themselves are prose documents deriving from native originals and they deserve inclusion in our record. At the opposite extreme is a combi315

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

nation such as Códice Xolotl and the writings of Ixtlilxochitl, where we possess both the pictorial original and a full prose commentary, and where the former may be used as a check on the latter. As Charles Dibble (1951) has shown, a careful reading of Códice Xolotl will indicate points at which Ixtlilxochitl misread his source. Occasionally also the prose version is useful in reconstructing the pictorial codex. Thus Mapa Quinatzin has become worn and illegible in part, but Ixtlilxochitl's written text allows us to reconstruct the missing areas. A related feature of many Indian historical texts is the long time span that single documents embrace. Works such as the Historia de Tlaxcala of Muñoz Camargo or the Monarquía indiana of Torquemada or the historical annals of the Chilam Balam books of Tizimin and Chumayel and Códice Pérez are great works of synthesis covering events from early preconquest times on into the colonial period. It is obvious that they depend on an accumulation of various lesser sources fitted together in chronological order. The annals of central Mexico often cover time spans in excess of one lifetime; none of them could conceivably have been the work of a single individual. These facts suggest a variety and richness as well as a duplication of sources. Documentary materials could be merged and correlated. Old and new sequences could be joined. In the sequence of the Matrícula de tributos, the Codex Mendoza, and the Información sobre los tributos que los indios pagaban a Moctezuma (1554), we have an approximation of three surviving stages in the transition from pictorial to prose documentation. The Matrícula de tributos is a pictorial record of tribute payment in the Aztec empire, presumably made shortly after the conquest. Codex Mendoza, part 2, of ca. 1541, is essentially similar to the Matrícula de tributos, but it has a more Europeanized form and lengthier prose explanations. The Información sobre los tri316

butos is a purely prose text, the recorded explanation of the Aztec tribute system by Indian interpreters of a pictorial document. It is unlikely that we have here an actual sequence of original, copy, and prose explanation, for the Matrícula and Codex Mendoza may both be copies of an unknown document, and the Información cannot be a direct commentary on Codex Mendoza itself (Robertson, 1959, pp. 72ff., 95ff.; Borah and Cook, 1963, p. 24ff.). But the three closely related works represent three crucial steps in the complex process of translation. Ordinarily, of course, the transition from pictorial to prose documentation took place in the colonial period. But with some of the Anales antiguos de México y sus contornos it took place in the 19th century, and in the case of the Anales de Tula, which has been published as a prose text, it has come close to taking place in the 20th century (Barlow, 1949a). It may be added that occasionally through irresponsible modem editing a prose document has become a pictorial document and the normal direction of the transition is reversed. This has occurred with the Vargas Rea publication of a portion of the Anales de Cuauhtitlán (Historia chichimeca, 1950). Texts that occur in the form of lists, with or without commentary, such as the Lista de los reyes de Tenochtitlán or the Pintura de México, in all probability are translations of pictorial documents. Migration itineraries are natural subjects for glyphic representation. Documents or parts of documents that include large numbers of toponyms or personal names, even if not in list form, may be supposed, at least on prima facie evidence, to depend on glyphs or illustrations. The category would include migration texts, genealogies, records of military campaigns, tribute documents, and statements of boundaries or of the extent of territories. These, however, are only the most obvious instances. A prose text may be a full and expository commentary on a pictorial text, as with

PROSE SOURCES

Ixtlilxochitl and Códice Xolotl. We can at least imagine circumstances in which the translator so freely uses his pictorial sources that the derivation becomes quite obscured. ANNALS

The prose annal cannot in itself be said invariably to depend on an original pictorial pattern, for the type was known in Europe essentially in the same form that we find in Mesoamerica, where it follows a straightforward calendrical scheme. In Europe the annal developed in part out of astronomical calculations concerning Easter, and the native astronomical science of Mesoamerica is of course essential to its American development. The European and American annals appear to have been inventions independent of each other, their similarity being the consequence of each people's recognition of the solar year. The introduction of American peoples to Easter and the church festivals had a considerable effect on American calendrical literature but a negligible effect on annalistic writing per se. Annals that include dated preconquest events presumably derive from pictorial originals. The alternative would be memorized oral traditions, and though they surely existed, as we have said, it seems likely that the formal dated histories were kept as codical documents. Much evidence supports this conclusion, not the least being the easy transition that pictorial annals such as Codex Aubin make from the preconquest to the colonial period. As colonial Indian scribes learned to record directly in prose, the intermediate pictorial stage was given up in the annals. Those annals that give us so much information on the 17th century, such as some of the Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala, are almost certainly direct prose records of events, for the notices themselves imply as much and the pictorial tradition was by this time practically at an end. In the case of an annalist such as Chimalpahin we may easily imagine

dependence on pictorial materials for the early notices, but far less convincingly may this be argued for the late 16th- and early 17th-century records of his sixth and seventh Relaciones. With Chimalpahin's Journal and other diaries we are clearly in the presence of texts written directly in Nahuatl prose as the events occurred. The unusually full record, the accounts of the author's personal experiences, the inclusion of reports received from Europe, and the writer's evident literacy all indicate that such materials have moved beyond any pictorial dependence. No date can be assigned at which annalists began to record directly in prose, for each case is unique. Some sections of the Historia de Tlatelolco desde los tiempos más remotos—for example, the accounts of imperial conquest and the subordination of Tlatelolco to Tenochtitlan—appear to be translations of one or more pictorial histories. But the personal account of the Spanish conquest in this same document is of quite a different nature, and there is some evidence that the original was a prose text already by 1528. In parts of Codex Aubin, on the other hand, the pictorial annal continues to the beginning of the 17th century. These two cases probably represent the effective chronological extremes. Prose writing dating from a period prior to 1528 must be rare indeed; and pictorial elements surviving after the early 17th century are sporadic. They occur mainly in the limited form of annual dates. The typical local annal concentrates on the history of a single community but contains miscellaneous materials derivative from other places. It frequently betrays a high degree of community patriotism. It may begin and end at any dates, but the fullest annals commonly include both preconquest and postconquest periods. Annals are generally fairly brief documents with short, sometimes enigmatic, notices. Conquests, political and ecclesiastical events, 317

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

and extraordinary natural phenomena make up a large part of their contents. Very full and precise local data are sometimes included, as in the Anales de Tecamachalco in the latter half of the 16th century. Often for long periods there may be no entry whatsoever. Occasionally an annal will deal at extraordinary length with a single event, as the account of the defeat of Tlatelolco by Tenochtitlan in 1473 in the Anales de México y Tlatelolco. The annalistic style is customarily simple and declarative. But occasionally as in these same Anales de México y Tlatelolco the style may become eloquently literary. There are many evident dating errors in the annals. The Spanish conquest, which one might expect to be the best-known event of all, is sometimes misdated by several years, and lesser events may occasionally be five to ten years out of place. Side by side with these errors will be correctly dated entries. The discrepancies suggest multiple derivations, repeated copyings, and perhaps local variations in the native calendar. An intricate network of interrelationship connects one annal with another. The bibliography of originals and derivatives is complicated in the extreme. Very little study has been devoted to this subject, especially to the minor annals. Even for major texts such as the Relaciones of Chimalpahin and the Anales de Cuauhtitlán much remains to be learned. There are certain obvious similarities, e.g., among the several Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala, or between Codex Aubin and the Anales de San Gregorio Acapulco, or between Codex Pérez and the Chilam Balam of Tizimin. To what extent these similarities represent direct copying or divergent derivation from common sources or chance coincidence we still have very little idea. CHRONICLES

"Chronicles" and "annals" are synonymous 318

in some contexts, but as we use the terms here annals record series of dated and disconnected events in chronological order, while chronicles recount consecutive histories in narrative form. There is obviously a considerable typological overlapping. Part of Chimalpahin and the Anales de Cuauhtitlán, for example, might be assigned to either category, or to both. But such writers as Durán, Tezozomoc, Tovar, Muñoz Camargo, and Ixtlilxochitl fall far more clearly under the heading of chroniclers than of annalists. The main chroniclers appear in central Mexico in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Their numbers include Spaniards and mestizos as well as Indians, although the traditions recorded are indisputably Indian. A favorite subject is Aztec dynastic and imperial history, and thus it is remarkable that we have no written chronicle of this history until the latter half of the 16th century. Durán was the first to synthesize the Aztec imperial narrative, in a section completed ca. 1581. Even Sahagún paid scant attention to Aztec imperial history. The fact that materials for it were available from early colonial times suggests that the chronicle was less an integral part of original Indian historiography than the annal. We know a little of Durán's sources, which he refers to variously as Relaciones or Historias. It may be that they were themselves chronicles rather than annals, and that it is only a failure in our knowledge that places the chronicle at a late date. Possibly the written originals were bare records that were then filled in and embellished by an oral interpreter. An alternative would be that chroniclers such as Durán used detailed pictorial sources of the Códice Xolotl type or prose records such as Historia de Tlatelolco desde los tiempos más remotos, and undertook to synthesize from a number of sources of this nature. Thus we know that Durán himself used records of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, Coyoacan, and other communities.

PROSE SOURCES

It is possible that documents such as the Historia de los mexicanos por sus pinturas or the Histoyre du Mechique represent early 16th-century steps in the direction of the later chronicle. Thus a chronicle might be manufactured or assembled as a composite of any of a number of annals. The annals themselves sometimes contain fairly lengthy narrative passages that presumably were incapable of being rendered pictorially. As with annals, there are close interrelationships among groups of chronicles. Durán, Tovar, and Tezozomoc contain many points of similarity, so much so that R. H. Barlow was inspired to invent an otherwise unknown "Crónica X" as their common source. Ixtlilxochitl and Muñoz Camargo, on the other hand, stand outside this Crónica X tradition, for they deal respectively with Acolhua and Tlaxcalan rather than Mexica affairs. HISTORY AND PROPHECY

One of the most celebrated features of native Mesoamerican historical thought is its prophetic component, the projection of historical sequences in a known future. In central Mexico Quetzalcoatl was a culture hero and deity whose return was predicted and with whom Cortés appears to have been temporarily identified. The analogous advent of Kukulcan in the Maya area is likewise associated with the arrival of Spanish soldiers. It is unquestionably the case that these two famous examples of "historic prophecy" were reinforced by Spanish contact and by the exploitative uses to which Spaniards put them. Yet they appear also to have been authentic elements of Indian belief. The advent narratives and certain other prophecies are features of an Indian preoccupation with systematic recurrence. Both among the Maya and among the people of central Mexico time was cyclically ordered. Events were dated by their position within calendrical cycles. As in European astrol-

ogy, the calendar was believed to exercise some control over events. In the Aztec tonalpohualli each day was identified as a calendrical sign and was itself an omen, governing and foretelling the lives of the persons born on that day. It is among the lowland Maya that we find, in the surviving texts, the most explicit expressions of historic prophecy. The prophecies are related to the cyclical form of the Maya calendar, with its periodic recurrence of numerical blocks of time presided over by particular deities. In predicted eras, harvests will be bountiful or meager, fortunes prosperous or poor, peoples numerous or sparse, rainfall heavy or light. The prediction that white and bearded foreigners will come is somewhat ambiguous in the text of the Chilam Balam of Chumayel, for the event is described in the past tense, and suffering and misery are foreseen for the future. Past, present, and future are intermingled in these texts. Pagan and Christian eras are not clearly distinguished. The prophecies themselves have affinities with the European zodiacal prophecies and the horoscope tradition. INDIAN INFORMANTS

A substantial part of our knowledge of Indian history, both pre- and post-Contact, stems from information given orally by Indians to Spaniards and then recorded either in the original language or in Spanish. The materials are of two types. In the one, Indians related to Spaniards an oral tradition already developed and known in Indian society. Here the oral tradition resembled the pictorial history, for it served as the original from which the prose source derived. Unquestionably Zorita and Ixtlilxochitl and others availed themselves of such spoken records, and indeed the type may be represented in a far larger number of surviving prose works than we have ordinarily supposed. The difficulty, of course, is that surviving prose writings infrequently distin319

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

guish in an overt way between portions based on pictorial and portions based on oral histories. We may suppose, as we have indicated above, certain appropriate subjects for pictorial representation, such as dated migration itineraries, lists of towns conquered, and genealogies. Similarly one may suppose oral sources to have been appropriate for narrative histories containing character delineation, lengthy conversations, or incidents involving complex personal relationships. An oral origin for any prose source is probable to the extent that the source contains material that could not, or could not easily, have been treated pictorially. But it should be remembered that oral commentaries may have accompanied pictorial texts, and that we are not yet capable of saying precisely what could, and what could not, be narrated in pictures. The second category of information provided by Indians for Spanish writers consists of answers to questions. The materials appear not in the form of Indian compositions, but in the form of Spanish compositions made up from Indian elements. Our two fullest accounts of Indian civilization in Mesoamerica, that of Sahagún for the Aztec and that of Landa for the Maya, are of this type. Similarly the main ethnographic document for the Tarascan region, the Relación de Michoacán, depends on Indian answers to specific questions. Deliberate Spanish research of this nature originated at an early date, its principal early practitioners being Olmos and Motolinía, beginning in the 1530s. The data were sometimes gathered under royal order, as with the Anunciación report on Chalco, the Motolinía and Olarte carta from Cholula, and the San Vicente Paulo carta from Meztitlan, all in the 1550s. Likewise in the category of Indian information arranged in a Spanish form is the corpus of Relaciones geográficas, with its rich data on Indian history and society. The Spanish respondents to the questionnaires of 320

the Relaciones geográficas to some extent wrote of their own observation in their own time, but to a large extent also they relied on Indian informants. Most Indian informants in the Relaciones geográficas remain anonymous ("the ancianos and informed Indians of the community"), but in a few instances we have their names. The best known is Gaspar Antonio Chi in the Yucatecan Relaciones. The two types cannot, of course, always be distinguished in practice. An oral report of some event or series of events occurring in the colonial period might be recorded in prose writing through an informant without ever having achieved the status of an oral tradition. The Relaciones geográficas, though ordered and organized in accordance with an established series of questions, might themselves contain materials of the first type. An example is the Papel del origen de los señores, included in the Relación geográfica of Zapotitlan and Suchitepec. The Relación which as a whole was written by the Spanish corregidor of the area, Juan de Estrada, in 1579, follows the standard form for this type of document. But included in it, in a different hand, are the two pages of the Papel, describing the genealogy and history of the rulers of Utatlan. The Papel is indisputably a native source, and the Spanish manuscript may be a nearly exact translation of a Quiche original. TÍTULOS

Títulos are commonly Indian statements of local boundaries with exhortations to maintain them. We consider in the census those that contain, in addition to the geographical notations, historical information on the original establishment of the boundaries or data on the past history of the communities. Examples are the Códice municipal de Cuernavaca, the Títulos de Tetzcotzingo, and the Títulos de Santa Catalina Tlamacaztonco.

PROSE SOURCES

Títulos may resemble chronicles or even annals in form, and individual documents, e.g., the Tratado del principado y nobleza del pueblo de San Juan Teotihuacan may combine the characteristics of several types. It should be noted that lists of towns in a sequence designating boundary lines may occur also in non-título contexts. Thus the Anales de Cuauhtitlán lists the boundary toponyms of Otomi Xaltocan at several periods, not to exhort an audience to preserve them but with the historical objective of demonstrating the diminishing area of Otomi power in the 14th century. The diagnostic trait of the título is its concern with the identification of claimed lands. It is not impossible that the form developed in the pre-Contact period, for it would be appropriate to any situation wherein territorial possessions were endangered from outside. A constant feature of pre-Contact history was the seizure of the lands of one people by another. But in their most common form títulos are either texts of colonial origin or adaptations of pre-Contact materials to colonial conditions. Especially in the Spanish-Indian competitions

for land in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, títulos made their appearance. The documents represent an individual or collective memory of lands possessed or once possessed and endangered. The memory might be misguided or deliberately contrived to support a claim. Errors in fact or in dating may appear. The Relación of Nicolás de San Luis Montañez concerning the founding of San Francisco Acambaro contains data surely posterior to its supposed date, 1526. Títulos are sometimes accompanied by maps, and portions of títulos may appear simply as prose interpretations of a map or other pictorial document. But there is a sense also in which the título may be understood to be related to oral rather than to pictorial traditions. Persons experienced in Indian community life in the 20th century are familiar with the local conciliar meeting, in which one person arises and delivers a kind of village manifesto, with boundary points, patriotic exhortation, and historical narration all fused in an eloquent oral recital.

321

Β. Α CENSUS OF MIDDLE AMERICAN PROSE MANUSCRIPTS IN THE NATIVE HISTORICAL TRADITION CHARLES GIBSON JOHN B. GLASS

This census is an annotated handlist of documents and types of documents. It is subdivided regionally and arranged alpha­ betically by author's name or by the prin­ cipal leading word of the title within each region. The numeration begins with 1001 in order to distinguish the prose sources from those groups of pictorial documents having lower numbers. The regions designated are Northern and Western Mexico (nos. 1001-1010), Central Mexico (nos. 1011-1141), Lowland Maya (nos. 1142-1170), and Highland Maya (nos. 1171-1188), a classification followed in other ethnohistorical surveys in this Hand­ book. The large areas of Oaxaca and Central America are not represented in this census of native prose sources partly because of the lack of investigation in those regions. Arch­ ival research for Oaxaca will surely produce land titles, wills, and other records contain­ ing historical information, but no written annals are known. The works of Las Casas, Torquemada, and Zorita give data relating to the Maya but are arbitrarily classified as Central Mexican. Each entry is organized according to the following outline: (1) Author, main title, other titles and synonyms, location of orig­ inal or oldest known manuscript, former owners, publication status, number of leaves, language, putative provenience or regional classification, and approximate date; (2) description; (3) discussion or list­ ing of manuscripts and copies; (4) selected bibliography classified as to publication or commentary. 322

and

The names of authors and titles of anony­ mous works will be found in the index (Ar­ ticle 31). All manuscripts cited which are located in institutions are relisted in the checklist (Article 28), where further cata­ log data may be found. Abbreviations for the names of institutions are listed at the front of this volume. Inventory citations for documents identified as ex-Boturini are given in Article 29. Relatively few of the manuscripts have been examined directly or even through photographs. Much descrip­ tive and interpretive material is reported at second hand. Most of the documents listed are anony­ mous Indian annals and chronicles, land titles having specific historical content, and histories by a remarkable series of Indian or mestizo authors: Alvarado Tezozomoc, Chimalpahin, Ixtlilxochitl, Muñoz Camargo, and the author of the Anales de los Cakchiqueles. Groups or types of Indian texts are described under the following (unnumbered) entries: CANTARES (songs, poems), HUEHUETLATOLLI (didactic discourses), LEYES (laws), ANNALS OF PUEBLA AND TLAXCALA, BOOKS OF CHILAM BALAM, and Maya MEDICAL TEXTS. Works that are primarily ethnographic rather than historical in content, such as texts concerning social and political organization, religion, the calendar, and economic customs, are excluded although we have made exceptions to all of these criteria. One such exception is the group of European documents described in the census under TRIBUTE INQUIRY OF 1553.

PROSE SOURCES

Works by European authors are included for their direct or indirect use of native sources. The Anónimo franciscano de Culhuacan, Olmos, and Motolinía represent the Franciscan inquiry into Central Mexican history and customs that began as early as 1532 and that is reflected in the later writings of López de Gómara, Las Casas, Zorita, Mendieta, and Torquemada. Underlying the results of this inquiry are direct translations of pictorial records and the interrogation of informants (see Table 1). Among other European and missionary. authors whose works are included are Durán, Tovar, Landa, Fuentes y Guzmán, and the anonymous author of the Relación de Michoacan. Expansion of the coverage of European

authors whose writings are the secondary repositories of lost sources would bring in López de Gómara, Cervantes de Salazar, Veytia, and others. All of them, however, are treated in volume 13 of this Handbook. The 131 numbered entries in the census for Central Mexican sources represent 126 different titles since five entries describe compilations whose parts are also listed separately: Códice Chimalpopoca, Colección de memorias de Nueva España, Anales antiguos de México y sus contornos, Libro de oro y tesoro índico, and Sahagún's Codices Matritenses. Approximately 34 manuscripts are described both in the pictorial census and in the prose census. In every instance a

TABLE 1-SELECTED FRANCISCAN AND FRANCISCAN-INFLUENCED ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES, 1530-1615

323

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

cross-reference leads to the pictorial coverage. There are few bibliographical guides specifically devoted to ethnohistorical sources in the native tradition. The Fuentes para el estudio del mundo indígena by Carrera Stampa (1962-63), however, covers much of the same ground as this census. The general bibliography of the archaeology of Mesoamerica by Bernal (1962) has sections devoted to history, "fuentes," or "historia indígena" for various regions of Middle America; as a bibliography it far exceeds the selected coverage given in this prose census. Current titles in ethnohistory and colonial history are reported in the Handbook of Latin American Studies. For Western Mexico, especially Michoacan, the surveys of historical sources by Brand (1944) and Fernández de Córdova (1952) are particularly useful. The Historia de la literatura Nahuatl in two volumes by Garibay (1953-54) is an indispensable study of sources from the Valley of Mexico. Various anthologies and other studies by León-Portilla (1956, 1959, 1961a), some of which have been translated into English, are also useful as introductions to the nature of Indian texts. The voluminous literature relating to the Lowland Maya region of Yucatan is exhaustively surveyed by Tozzer (1921). His survey is a basic point of departure for the study of that region. For the Highland Maya, a forthcoming survey of Quiche sources by Robert M. Carmack will considerably expand our knowledge of native sources of that area, particularly with reference to documents in the Archivo General del Gobierno, Guatemala.

ly by Basalenque). Pirinda (Matlatzinca). Charo, Michoacan. 16th (?) C. The 17thC chronicler Basalenque utilized a libro antiguo in Pirinda to record preconquest and early colonial events in Charo. The narrative states that the Tzintzuntzan ruler Characu requested military aid from Toluca against Teca people to the west. Six captains from Toluca answered his call and, winning a victory, were given lands in Charo and Undameo. The Pirinda manuscript is lost. Basalenque's paraphrase of it is our only indication of its contents. Beaumont follows Basalenque. Commentary: Basalenque, 1886, 1: 30305; Beaumont, 1932, 2: 45, 61-62. 1002 Cheran Hatzicurin, Título de tierras de. AGN-T 8778 (part). Published. Tarascan. Tzintzuntzan, Michoacan. ca. 1539. Brief Tarascan land title with slight historical notes. Publication: Velásquez Gallardo, 1952. Commentary: Barlow, 1957. 1003 HUITZIMÊNGARI, CONSTANTINO. Noticias sacadas de una información judicial . . . con el objeto de probar la extensión de sus dominios. Unknown. Partially published. Spanish. Tzintzuntzan-Patzcuaro, Michoacan. 1594. Constantino Bravo Huitziméngari Caltzontzin (ca. 1540-1614), of Patzcuaro and Tzintzuntzan, was the son of Antonio Huitziméngari and grandson of the last Tarascan ruler, Francisco Caltzontzin (Tzintzicha Tangaxoan). 1 He was later gobernador of 1

NORTHERN AND WESTERN MEXICO 1001 Charo, Libro antiguo de [title supplied]. Unknown. Unpublished (except secondari324

Brand (1944, pp. 97-98) cites the Información de los méritos y servicios de don Antonio Huitziméngari y de su padre Cazonci rey y señor natural que fue de toda la tierra y provincia tarasca con fines de México hasta Culiacán, 1553, as containing historical information. The document is in the AGI. Its title, but not its text, appears in the Epistolario de Nueva España (Paso y Troncoso, 1939-42, 7: 64) and it is apparently unpublished. Copy in

PROSE SOURCES

Coyoacan in 1607 and of Xochimilco in 1609 (López Sarrelangue, 1965, pp. 210-15). The document briefly describes the boundaries of the province of Michoacan and lists towns in the Obispado de Michoacan. The extent to which the description and listing derive from native rather than colonial Spanish sources is uncertain. Manuscripts: A copy by Veytia from the Boturini collection copy was available to J. F. Ramírez, who supplied it to Orozco y Berra. The latter published an extract, which was reprinted by Nicolás León. López Sarrelangue (1965, pp. 29-30, notes 23, 26) cites a manuscript in Documentos relativos a los bienes y ala familia del Caltzontzin, rey de Michoacan, 1597 (MNA/ AH, Colección Gómez de Orozco, no. 171, ff.2-5). Partial publication: Ν. León, 1904a, pp. 2-5; Orozco y Berra, 1880, 2: 208-09; 1960, 2: 176-79. Commentary: Boturini, 1746, 2: 26-28; López Sarrelangue, 1965, pp. 29-30, notes 23,26. 1004 Michoacan, Relación de. Biblioteca del Monasterio de El Escorial, Madrid. Published. 140 leaves. Spanish. Michoacan. ca. 1540. Ethnographic and historical report on Michoacan, combining written text and illustrations. The most important single record for pre-Spanish Tarascan history. Data concerning Indian action at the time of the Spanish conquest are derived from oral reports of the cacique Don Pedro and others. Additional historical information is taken from anonymous Indians. See Article 23, no. 213, for further comment and bibliography. 1005 Nombre de Dios, Durango, Memorial de los Muñoz collection, vol. 86 (Catálogo, vol. 68, no. 1421, part 3 4 ) .

1954-56, 2:

indios de, acerca de sus servicios al rey. Unknown. Published. Nahuatl. Durango. ca. 1563. Chichimec warfare, settlement, church construction, and other events in the early 1560s by an unknown Indian. Copies: Copy and Spanish translation by Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1845, BAN Mex. MSS 93, ff. 15-27. Ex-Ramírez collection. Barlow (MSc) reports that the original Nahuatl documents of which he and Smisor published an unsatisfactory copy in 1943 are in BNMex, "in the Franciscan papers." Barlow also mentions the existence of a transcript by McAfee. Publication: Barlow and Smisor, 1943b, pp. 2-45. 1006 PANTECATL, FRANCISCO. Relación. Unknown. Unpublished (except secondarily by Tello). Spanish(?). Jalisco. 1 6 t h ( ? ) C . A lost Indian work, known only through its utilization by Fray Antonio Tello in book 2 of his Crónica miscelánea in the mid17thC. Tello cites and gives extracts from the Relación. Some of his undocumented material may derive from the same work. The lost book 1 of Tello's chronicle presumably contained even more use of the document. Beaumont's use of the work derives from Tello; it remains to be determined if he had access to a better manuscript of Tello's chronicle than is now available. The narrative describes early migration and war, original settlements, conflict with "mexicanos," and Spanish conquest. Tello, incidentally, reported on other, less well defined elements of native historical tradition, particularly of the 16thC, in addition to Pantecatl. Commentary: Beaumont, 1932, 2: 231-47, 431-35; 3: 432-33; Tello, 1891, pp. 13 ff., 23 ff., 251 ff., 359 ff., and passim. 1007 Plancarte, Codex. Unknown. Ex-Francisco 325

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Plancarte y Navarrete collection. Published. Spanish. Carapan area, Michoacan. 16thC. Internal evidence indicates that the original (presumably translated from an Indian source) was at least in part composed by Pablo Cuiru, ca. 1589. Dynastic history and genealogy from Marame, who began the settlement, to the conquest, plus annalistic notices for the postconquest 16thC to 1589. See also Códices de Carapan in Article 23. Publication: Corona Núñez, 1959; N. León, 1888c. 1008 Relación de 1591. Unknown. Published. Nahuatl. Durango. ca. 1570. Brief description of the Indian foundation of Nombre de Dios, Durango, in the early 1560s. Copies: Copy of 16thC Spanish translation, BAN Mex. MSS 93, ff. 103-104. ExRamírez collection. Publication: Barlow and Smisor, 1943b, pp. 64-66. 1009 SAN LUIS MONTAÑEZ, NICOLAS DE. Relación. Unknown. Partially published. Spanish. Acambaro, Guanajuato, and Queretaro. 16thC. Indian account of Spanish entradas into the Chichimec frontier in the 1520s and the conquest, pacification, and foundation of Acambaro, Queretaro, Apaseo, and other localities. The text should be used with care and needs critical study. The author identifies himself as a cacique, descendant of the rulers of Tula (of Xilotepec) and Tlaxcala. Publication: Three long extracts are published, with commentary, by Beaumont, 1932, 2: 296-309,3: 99-115,213-18. 1010 Tarecuato, Anales de. Unknown. Published (in Spanish). Tarascan. Tarecuato (?), Michoacan. 17thC. 326

Annals, 1519-1666, with data on the arrival of the Spaniards, payment of tributes, tenure of officials, and similar historical material. The original, in Tarascan, appears to be the "annales," "quaderno," or "librito" cited by J. Moreno (1766, in prólogo and chaps. 7, 8,16; 1939: 11,43n., 46, 49,84-85). Brand (1944, pp. 94, 97-98) refers to it as the "Anales del Reino de Michoacan." Publication. There have been four editions: Anales de Tarecuato, 1898, 1903, 1951, and 1953. The editions of 1951 and 1953, in Spanish only, are based on the edition of 1898, which, like that of 1903, was published by Nicolás León. We have not examined the editions of 1898 or 1903.

CENTRAL MEXICO 1011 Acapulco, San Gregorio, Anales de. Guillermo Cabrera collection, Mexico. Published. Nahuatl and Spanish. Atlapulco, D.F. ca. 1606. Annalistic portion in Nahuatl and Spanish contains brief notices for the period 15201606. Other documents, in Nahuatl, include an Indian memorial concerning land grants and the introduction of Christianity in Atlapulco in the mid-16thC, a Nahuatl record of land usurpation of 1595, and a Nahuatl congregación text of 1603. See Article 23, no. 2, for further comment and bibliography. 1012 ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC, HERNANDO. Crónica mexicana. LC. Ex-Sigüenza y Góngora, Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo, Boturini, Condes de Revillagigedo (Spain), and H. P. Kraus collections. Published. 158 leaves. Spanish. Central Mexico. ca. 1598 or early 17thC. A major and detailed narrative concentrating on the rise to power of the Mexica from the time of Acamapichtli and continu-

PROSE SOURCES

ing to the Spanish conquest. A second part, presumably dealing with the Spanish conquest, has been mentioned but whether it ever existed is uncertain. The Crónica falls in the class of materials relating to Tovar, Durán, and the Crónica X (q.v.). See also Crónica Mexicayotl. Manuscripts: The Boturini collection original (now in LC) is described by McPheeters (1954), who examined it in 1951 in the possession of H. P. Kraus. A copy made by Veytia about 1755 served as original for the copies made for vol. 12 of the CMNE (MSS in RAH and AGN-H). Other copies include BNP 207, 223, and 384-1; NYPL (Rich 56); UTX; MNA/AH 528-29. A copy was in the Kingsborough collection (Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842, no. 536, part 10) and Phillipps collections (Phillipps no. 11635; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 397). McPheeters (1954, p. 510) cites a manuscript offered for sale in 1953 (Barbazán, 1953). A manuscript is said to belong to the Alegría family in Mexico. Further copies are cited in the literature. Publication: Alvarado Tezozomoc, 184449 (French ed.), 1943, 1944a, 1944b; Alvarado Tezozomoc and Tovar, 1878, pp. 15161, 223-701; Kingsborough, 1831-48, 9: 1-196. Commentary: See particularly the editor's comments in the editions of 1878, 1943, and 1944a. Garibay, 1953-54, 2: 299-307; McPheeters, 1954; Dyckerhoff, 1970. 1013 Anónimo mexicano. Documents en Nahuatl relatifs aux Toltèques, etc. Unknown. Partially published. Nahuatl. Central Mexico and Tlaxcala. Late 16thC. History (in 11 or 12 chapters) of the Toltecs, the Chichimecs of Xolotl, and of Tlaxcala. The document compares closely with parts of Torquemada and may also relate to the writings of Ixtlilxochitl and Muñoz Camargo. A version of chaps. 1-3 appears in

Santos y Salazar (1856, pp. 230-35) and in Vetancurt. See Historia y fundación de la ciudad de Tlaxcala y sus cuatro cabeceras (no. 1128) for a related document. Manuscripts: The copy by Francisco de Loaysa (ex-Boturini and Aubin collections with about 29 leaves) is presumably BNP 254. A Spanish translation by Mariano Jacobo Rojas is in MNA/AH, Colección Paso y Troncoso, leg. 54/254. A Nahuatl manuscript (apparently containing only five chapters) was owned by Chavero. A manuscript in MNA/BNA (Misc. XI-8-13) may be the Chavero MS. Publication: Chapters 1-5 of the Nahuatl text of the Chavero MS with a Spanish translation of chaps. 1-3 by Aquiles Gerste were published as Anónimo mexicano (1903). The Nahuatl text of chaps. 4-5 (from the MNA/BNA MS?) with the Spanish translation of the corresponding parts of BNP 254 is published in Paleografía (1958). A fragment is translated in Berlin and Barlow (1948, pp. xxii-xxiii). The statement by Jiménez Moreno that the entirety of the BNP MS is published in the Anónimo mexicano (1903) is surely incorrect; chaps. 6-11 (or 12?) appear to be unpublished in any form. Commentary: Boban, 1891, 2: 425-26; Gibson, 1952, pp. 261-63; Jiménez Moreno, 1938b, pp. 575-76. A detailed collation of the Boturini collection manuscript with Torquemada was made in 1791 by Rosa y Saldívar (1946, pp. 265-71; 1947, pp. 110-20). 1014 Aubin, Codex. Codex de 1576. BM Add. MSS 31219. Ex-Boturini and Aubin collections. Published. Nahuatl. Valley of Mexico. Early 17thC. Recounts migration from Aztlan, Mexica dynastic history, Spanish conquest, and colonial events to early 17thC. Final pages enumerate pre- and postconquest rulers of Tenochtitlan with dates in office. A major 327

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

source. See Article 23, no. 13, for manuscripts, bibliography, and further comment. 1015 Ayotzingo, Historia de. BNP 84. Unpublished. Spanish. Ayotzingo, Mexico. ca. 1607-35. Not examined. The published catalog description indicates that the Spanish text contains notices for the period 1519-90. See Article 23, no. 18, for further comment. 1016 Aztec manuscript, Fragment of. UTX, CDG 556. Ex-Genaro García collection. Unpublished. 16 leaves. Spanish. Central Mexico. 16th (?) C. Conquest history of Mexico beginning about 1520 and including the arrival of Motolinía and other Franciscan friars in 1524. The emphasis is on the establishment of Christianity and the destruction of pagan symbols. Many communities of the Central Mexican region are mentioned. Includes four drawings marginal to the native tradition (not listed in pictorial census, Article 23). Copy. A transcript of the text by Andrade is UTX, CDG 348. 1017 Bartolache, Annals described by. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Partially published. 24 or 25 leaves. Nahuatl. Puebla-Tlaxcala region. 1737. Bartolache (1790) described and quoted three passages from a Nahuatl annal (in a copy by Marcelo de Salazar) spanning the years 1454-1737, examined by him in the Mexican University Library in 1787. Two of the passages, for 1531 and 1548, refer to the Virgin of Guadalupe and are similar to passages in the Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 1,1519-1739 (no. 1091). In addition, Bartolache described a drawing also present in the copy of the latter manuscript owned 328

by Gómez de Orozco. Both manuscripts appear to be identifiable in the Boturini collection catalog of 1746 (see Article 29). The literature on the apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe since 1790 contains many references to this manuscript, based on Bartolache's description (such as Vera, 1887; Velázquez, 1931; García Gutiérrez, 1931). Velázquez (1931, p. 68, note 16) cites a published work of 1888 which we have not examined for information that the manuscript was owned by José María de Agreda. We have not compared the passages published by Bartolache with the Êphémérides de Tlaxcala et lieux circonvoisins, 1519-1737 (no. 1126), the terminal date of which may merely be coincidental. Partial publication: Bartolache, 1790, pp. 37-39, 68-69, and second pagination pp. 11-13; Velázquez, 1931, pp. 67-68, no. 8; Vera, 1887-89,1:27-30. 1018 Bautista, Juan, Anales de. Archivo capitular de la Colegiata de Guadalupe, Mexico. Ex-Boturini collection. Partially published. 60 leaves. Nahuatl. Mexico City, D.F. 16thC. Personal diary by an Indian of the barrio of San Juan, with notices of historical events and daily life, mostly in Mexico City. The earliest notice is of 1528, but the reports are unusually full and detailed for the late 1560s. Velázquez (1931, pp. 55-58) discusses the names of Indian painters mentioned in the annals. He indicates that the years for which notices are given are 156469, 1555, 1558, and 1581-82. The author is presumably a different person from one of the authors of the Notes sur Chapoltepetl (no. 1022). The document is studied by Garibay (1945a) with selected extracts in Spanish translation. Copy: MNA/AH, Colección Gómez de Orozco, 14.

PROSE SOURCES

Commentary: Cuevas, 1930, pp. 49-51, plate facing p. 48; Garibay, 1945a; 1945b, pp. 155-69; 1953-54, 2: 328-33, plate facing p. 336; Pompa y Pompa, 1938, pp. 50, 52 (reproduces same plate as given by Cuevas, 1930); Velázquez, 1931, pp. 55-58; 65-66, no. 6; 423, no. 17.

CANTARES (POEMS, SONGS). Nahuatl poems and songs are frequently informative about cosmography, religion, myth, and history. There are three main compilations: the Cantares mexicanos (see below), the Cantares a los dioses collected by Sahagún (q.v.), and the Romances de los señores de la Nueva España (see Pomar). Most anthologies of Aztec poetry (Garibay, 1940, 1959a; León-Portilla, 1967b) are based on these sources. Important poems also occur in many historical texts such as Unos annates históricos de la nación mexicana, Anales de Cuauhtitlan, Crónica Mexicayotl, Leyenda de los Soles, and others. See also Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl. Garibay, in his Historia de la literatura nahuatl (1953-54), gives a detailed exposition of Nahuatl poetry, with translations from numerous sources. Surveys of Nahuatl philosophy, culture, and historical literature by León-Portilla (1956, 1961a, 1963) include commentary on poetry. The bibliography cited here is highly selected. 1019 Cantares mexicanos. BNMex 1628bis, ff. 1-85. Published. 85 leaves. Nahuatl. Central Mexico. 16thC. The Cantares mexicanos, a collection of poems possibly collected by Sahagún or at least known to him, forms part of a volume that also contains the Kalendario mexicano, latino y castellano (no. 1106), the Arte adivinatoria by Sahagún (no. 1107), and other texts in Nahuatl not relevant to this census.

The manuscript was considered lost for some years; Vigil (1889, 1897) reported its rediscovery in the BNMex. Included are poems from Azcapotzalco, Chalco, Huexotzingo, Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Tacuba, and Texcoco as well as poems allegedly translated from the Otomi. Many of the poems are pre-Spanish in origin and subject matter; some are postconquest or contain Christian material. Indian authors are identified for many of the poems. The dates 1536 (for 1563?), 1550, 1551, 1553, and 1565 appear in the text. The date 1597 pertains to an addition to the compilation. A detailed commentary and exposition, with numerous translations, are given by Garibay (1953-54). His projected edition with transcript of the text, Spanish translation, and notes was left incomplete on his death in 1967, and only two volumes were published (Garibay, 1965-68). The Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México has announced plans to continue the edition. Peñafiel published a defective transcript (1899) as well as a photofacsimile edition (1904). Selected partial translations are cited below; see under CANTARES, above, for further comment. Copies: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy, BNMA. An incomplete copy by Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1865, is in the Brinton collection, UP/UM. Publication: Garibay, 1965-68 (text and Spanish translation, incomplete); Peñafiel, 1899 (transcript), 1904 (photofacsimile). Partial publication and translation (selected): Brinton, 1887; Campos, 1936, pp. 101-98; Garibay, 1940, 1959a; Lehmann, 1922, 1941; León-Portilla, 1967b; SchultzeJena, 1957; Zantwijk, 1957. Commentary (selected): I. M. del Castillo, 1940; Garibay, 1953-54, 1: 37-38, 15161, and passim; 1958a; Jiménez Moreno, 1938a, pp. 52-56, note 39; Kutscher, 1958; Vigil, 1889,1897. 329

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1020 CASTAÑEDA, GABRIEL DE. Relación de la jornada que hizo Don Francisco de Sandoval Acazitli, cacique y señor natural que fué del pueblo de Tlalmanalco, provincia de Cholco, con el señor visorey Don Antonio de Mendoza cuando fué á la conquista y pacificación de los indios chichimecas de Xuchipila. Unknown. Published. Nahuatl. Mixton War zone. 1541. Journal by an Indian describing the participation of Indians of Chalco in the Mixton War, 1541. All known manuscripts are a Spanish translation of 1641 from an unknown Nahuatl original. Manuscripts: A manuscript, now in NLA 1109, was in the Boturini collection and was bound with the Relaciones of Ixtlilxochitl. Copies of 1790-92 are in CMNE, vol. 4 (MSS in RAH and AGN-H), also bound with the Relaciones of Ixtlilxochitl. Other copies may be found with copies of Ixtlilxochitl's Relaciones. UTX, CDG 1684, is the García Icazbalceta copy from a copy owned by Andrade. Further copies are BAN, Mex. MSS 162, 189, and 426. Two unidentified copies were in the Ramírez collection (Ramírez 410 and 598). Publication: García Icazbalceta, 1858-66, 2: xlv, 307-32. 1021 CASTILLO, CRISTÓBAL DEL. Historia de los mexicanos. Unknown. Partially published. Nahuatl. Central Mexico. ca. 1600. The work is known through fragmentary copies and translations by Pichardo and references by León y Gama. These record migratory, religious, and dynastic Mexica history, the Spanish conquest, and some calendrical material. They are published in Nahuatl and in Spanish translation by Paso y Troncoso (1908). A calendrical text attributed to Cristóbal del Castillo by León y Gama is probably a 330

copy of the Arte adivinatoria by Sahagún (no. 1107). Manuscripts: Clavigero (in Burrus, 1959, p. 80, no. 15) cites the work as a manuscript that was in the Jesuit library at Tepotzotlan. Extracts, copies, and translations by Pichardo in BNP 263, 305, and 306. Publication: Paso y Troncoso, 1908. Commentary: Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 67; León y Gama, 1832, 1: 31-32, 2: 1 1 15, and passim; Paso y Troncoso, 1902. 1022 Chapoltepetl, Notes sur. Unknown. Unpublished. Spanish. Chapultepec, D.F. Undetermined date. Begins with a list of Tenochca rulers and describes church construction in Chapultepec in the 1520s. Authors give their names as Don Juan Bautista, Francisco Miguel, and Juan José, in 1523. The style and forms are those of a late colonial document, with errors and anachronisms. It may be a forgery. The opening lines of the copy are quoted by Boban (1891, 2: 437). Copy: From source now unknown, 5 leaves, BNP 277. 1023-1027 CHIMALPAHIN QUAUHTLEHUANITZIN, DOMINGO FRANCISCO DE SAN ANTÓN MUÑÓN (born 1579). The basic list of Chimalpahin's works is given by Boturini (see Article 29), who cataloged five items that he owned. The first three were copies forming part of a volume of "Fragmentos de historia mexicana," copied by him from originals in the Sigüenza y Góngora collection in the Jesuit College of San Pedro y San Pablo. The five items are: 1. An Historia mexicana in Spanish with historical notices to 1526, written about 1626 (no. 1025, below). 2. A Crónica mexicana in Nahuatl, 10681597. This is now known as the Crónica Mexicayotl, 1064-1579 (no. 1062).

PROSE SOURCES

3. Apuntes in Nahuatl, 1064-1521. This is described below as the Compendio de la historia mexicana, 1064-1521 (no. 1023). 4. The Diferentes historias originales . . . in Nahuatl. The original of this work is in existence (no. 1027, below). 5. An Historia de la conquista in Spanish (no. 1024, below). A sixth work, not mentioned by Boturini, is now divided into two parts: the Anales Tepanecas, 1426-1589 (no. 1115) and the Journal, 1589-1615 (no. 1026). For some of the sources used by Chimalpahin, see Fragment de l'histoire des anciens Mexicains, 1196-1405 (no. 1055) and Anales mexicanos, 1398-1596 (no. 1058). The Chimalpahin bibliography and the problems of identifying his works with extant manuscripts and publications are discussed by Kutscher (in Lehmann and Kutscher, 1958); the present descriptions enlarge upon his presentation. [1023] Compendio de la historia mexicana, 1064-1521. Unknown. Ex-Sigüenza y Góngora and Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo collections. Unpublished. Nahuatl. Mexico City. Early 17thC. The work is known primarily through short quotations in Nahuatl given by León y Gama. Some of his citations contain day and month dates in the Christian and Indian calendars for the nine preconquest kings of Tenochtitlan. To the extent that they may be compared, they are identical with dates in the Crónica Mexicayotl (no. 1062). A partial reconstruction of the text and calendrical information in this source, based on unpublished writings of León y Gama (BNP 328), has been prepared by J. B. Glass. Manuscripts: The original and the Boturini copy are unknown. A "Compendio de la historia mexicana . . . escrito por Chimalpahin," 1064-1526, was in the Fischer (Bibliotheca mejicana, 1869, no. 1848) and

Phillipps collections (Phillipps, 1837-71, no. 21349; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1913, no. 272). The wording of the title in Phillipps' catalog identifies it as a copy by León y Gama. A manuscript and a translation of 1808 may have been owned by Bustamante (López de Gómara, 1826, 1: ii). Commentary: León y Gama, 1832, 1: 20, notes 2 and 3; 59-60, note 3; 83, note 2; 88, note 1. [1024] Historia de la conquista de Mexico. Unknown. Ex-Sigüenza y Góngora and Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo collections. Published. Spanish. Mexico City. Early 17thC. The work is a copy of López de Gómara's Conquista de Méjico with undated additions, comments, and interpolations by Chimalpahin. It has been published, defectively, by Bustamante (López de Gómara, 1826) with the false assertion that the original was in Nahuatl. A concordance with the relevant edition of López de Gómara is needed to determine the extent and significance of Chimalpahin's additions. Manuscripts: Whether the manuscript owned by Boturini was the original or a copy is uncertain; its present location is unknown. A copy dated 1766, said to have been made from the original in the Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo, is in the BNP (Fonds Espagnols 173). A copy of 1808 from the "originar in the same college was owned by J. M. Andrade (Andrade, 1869, no. 2209). An incomplete copy is in JCBL. Chavero (n.d., p. xlvi) stated that he owned the manuscript used by Bustamante. Paz (1933, p. 267, no. 539) describes a document in BNMA that may include another copy of the work (Dr. Charles E. Ronan, S.J., drew our attention to the reference by Paz). Publication: López de Gómara, 1826. Commentary: Anonymous, 1827; J. F. Ramírez, 1957, pp. 284-95. 331

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

[1025] Historia mexicana. Historia ó crónica mexicana, y con su calendario de los meses. . . . Unknown. Ex-Sigüenza y Góngora and Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo collections. Unpublished. Spanish. Mexico City. 1621. Native history presented in chronological sequence from the departure from Aztlan and Chicomoztoc (1064) through the death of Juan Velázquez Tlacotzin and the election of Andrés Motelchiuhtzin (1526). The text is primarily concerned with the genealogy of the nine preconquest rulers of Tenochtitlan and the role of Tlacaelel in l5thC Mexica history. Its content is similar to that of the Crónica Mexicayotl (no. 1062) but is less detailed, is shorter, and lacks the day and month dates given in the latter. Veytia, who made extensive use of this Spanish work, cited it as the Historia mexicana and said, inaccurately but with some justification, that it was the "misma obra" (same work) as Chimalpahin's Nahuatl Crónica mexicana. Manuscripts: The original and the Boturini copy are unknown. A copy owned by Aubin with a note by León y Gama is BNP 342. Another copy is in BNP 419 (Document 6, ff. 133-47). A copy by García Icazbalceta from a copy in the Museo Nacional in 1855 is UTX, CDG 863. A manuscript was owned by J. F. Ramírez and Orozco y Berra tabulated some of the year dates in the Ramírez manuscript. Commentary: Orozco y Berra in Alvarado Tezozomoc and Tovar, 1878, pp. 181-82, and in Tovar, 1944, pp. 244-45; J. F. Ramírez, 1957, pp. 282-84; Veytia, 1836, 2: 90-95, 101-03, 157-58. An edition is in preparation by J. B. Glass. [1026] Journal. Diario. BNP 220. ExSigüenza y Góngora and Aubin collections. Published. 284 pp. Nahuatl. Mexico City. ca. 1615. 332

Record of events, 1589-1615, with minute detail on political, ecclesiastical, and other events, including acts of viceroys, religious ceremonies, public events in Mexico City, news of the European and non-Spanish world, and personal events in the life of the author. The entry for 1608 has a chronological review of Mexican history, 670-1609, with special emphasis on the period since 1064. See Anales Tepanecas, 1426-1589 (no. 1115) for an earlier part of the Journal. The Nahuatl text is published by Zimmermann (1963-65); his translation into German or Spanish is in preparation. A translation by R. H. Barlow and Miguel Barrios is unpublished. Publication: Zimmermann, 1963-65, 2: 37-146. Commentary: Boban, 1891, 2: 404-05; Jiménez Moreno, 1938b, pp. 569-70. [1027] Relaciones. Diferentes historias originales de los reynos de Culhuacan, y Mexico y de otras Provincias. BNP 74. Ex-Sigüenza y Góngora, Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo, Boturini, and Aubin collections. Published. 272 leaves. Nahuatl. Mexico City. ca. 1606-31. The eight relations into which later glosses divide the work comprise one of the most detailed single bodies of writings in existence for native history in Central Mexico. The relations were assembled from a variety of sources, including Tenochca, Tlatelolca, and especially Chalca annals. The data extend from remote preconquest times to 1613. The first two relations contain material on Christian and biblical history, the creation of the world, and a survey of world geography. Between the second and third relations is a ninth part, the Memorial breve acerca de la fundación de la ciudad de Culhuacan, spanning the period 670-1299. Kutscher (1948) gives a commentary on this text.

PROSE SOURCES

The third relation spans the years 10631519 and deals in annalistic fashion with migratory and dynastic events. The fourth, entitled La descendencia y generación de los reyes y duques y señores naturales del pueblo de Amaquemecan, provincia de Cholco, describes the arrival of the Teochichimecas by sea in A.D. 50 and continues with notices for eight other years ending with 1241. The fifth, sixth, and seventh relations are annals for the years 1269-1334, 1258-1612, and 1272-1591. The eighth relation is dated 1620 and treats the history of Amecameca-Chalco, the sources used by Chimalpahin, and numerous other topics with incidental data on the history of Tenochtitlan since 1336. Copies: León y Gama copy of part of the Memorial breve, BNP 315. Other Aubin collection copies are BNP 348, 349, and 350. The sixth and seventh relations, missing from the Aubin-Goupil collection at the time that the Boban (1891) catalog was prepared, were recovered in 1893 (Boban, 1899, p. viii). Publication: The entirety of the eight relations is published in photofacsimile by Mengin (1949-52). No single translation of all eight relations is yet available. Zimmermann (1963-65) has published the second through eighth relations in Nahuatl with the sequence of their parts rearranged. His translation into either German or Spanish is in preparation. Other major editions and translations are: Lehmann and Kutscher, 1958 (second and fourth relations with parts of the third, fifth, and sixth in Nahuatl and German translation); Mengin, 1950 (fifth in Nahuatl and German translation); Rendón, 1949 (fourth in Nahuatl and Spanish translation); Rendón, 1965 (third through seventh with part of second in Spanish translation; extracts from the eighth in Spanish translation in the translator's introduction); Seler, 1927, pp. 447-52 (part of seventh in Nahuatl and German translation); Siméon, 1886 (ex-

tracts from sixth and seventh in Nahuatl); Siméon, 1889a (sixth and seventh in Nahuatl and French translation); and Zimmermann, 1960 (most of second and parts of third and eighth in Nahuatl and German translation). The edition by Rendón (1965) must be used with caution because of errors in transcription and correlation of dates, editorial carelessness, and mistakes in translation. Commentary: Kutscher (in Lehmann and Kutscher, 1958) gives a detailed commentary and description of the relations. General commentaries are also given in the editions cited above (especially Siméon, 1889; Rendón, 1965; and Zimmermann, 1963-65). Chimalpahin's sources are treated in Zimmermann (1960). Other commentaries are: Boban, 1891, 2: 160-68; Jiménez Moreno, 1938b, pp. 56368; Kirchhoff, 1956b, 1961, 1964; Kutscher, 1948; León-Portilla, 1961b; Siméon, 1884. This is a selected bibliography. 1028 Chimalpopoca, Códice. MNA/AH-CA 159 (lost since 1949). Ex-Boturini collection. Published. 42 leaves. Nahuatl and Spanish. Central Mexico. 17thC. Contains copies, possibly in the handwriting of Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl (q.v.) of three unrelated 16thC originals: Anales de Cuauhtitlan (q.v.), Breve relación de los dioses y ritos de la gentilidad in Spanish by Pedro Ponce (q.v.), and Leyenda de los Soles (q.v.). A compilation of major importance. Guard leaves contain genealogical notices of the Ixtlilxochitl family similar in content to a document that accompanies the Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de San Juan Teotihuacan (q.v.). The first and third parts have been translated by Lehmann (1938) and Velázquez (1945) into German and Spanish respectively. See separate census entries for further data. References to the manuscript 333

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

by Brasseur de Bourbourg and other 19thC writers are not cited in this census. Manuscripts: It is probable but uncertain that the manuscript in the Jesuit Colegio de San Gregorio in the early 19thC is the same as the Boturini collection copy and that it is also the same manuscript previously in the Sigüenza y Góngora and Jesuit Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo collections. The question is discussed by Lehmann (1938). Copies by León y Gama, Brasseur de Bourbourg, and Aubin are BNP 312, 334, 335, and 336. 1029 Cozcatzin, Codex. BNP 41-45. Ex-Boturini and Aubin collections. Partially published. Nahuatl. Mexico City-Tlatelolco, D.F., region. 1572. Three pages of the codex (ff. 14v, 15r, 18r) contain an illustrated Nahuatl account of the conquest of Tlatelolco by Tenochtitlan in 1473. See Article 23, no. 83, for citation of published translation of these pages and further comment. 1030 Cuacuauzentlalpan, La fundación de. Origen, genealogía y hechos de Huitzcoatzin, gran señor fundador del pueblo. Unknown. Published. Nahuatl. Cuacuauzentlalpan (near Tlalmanalco), Mexico. 16th (?) C. Statement of preconquest foundation of Cuacuauzentlalpan, the conquest, first Christianization, and establishment of colonial boundaries. The published text is a Spanish translation in a copy dated 1930. Publication: La Fundación de Cuacuauzentlalpan, 1962. 1031 Cuauhtemoc, Ordenanza del señor. Plano de Tlatelolco. TU/MARI. Ex-Gates collection. Published. Nahuatl. Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco, D.F. 1523 ( ? ) . A statement attributed to Cuauhtemoc in 1523 concerning lands ceded by Tlatelolco 334

to the Mexica in the 15thC. If genuine, or correctly dated, a text of some importance and great antiquity. See Article 23, no. 92, for manuscripts, bibliography, and further comment. 1032 Cuauhtinchan, Libro de los guardianes de. Andrés Serra Rojas collection, Mexico. Partially published. Nahuatl and Spanish. Cuauhtinchan, Puebla, etc. 16th-17thC. Historical notices of Cuauhtinchan and other communities from the conquest period to the early 17thC. See Article 23, no. 93, for further comment and bibliography. 1033 Cuauhtitlan, Anales de. Historia de los reynos de Culhuacan y Mexico. Anónimo de 1570. Códice Chimalpopoca (part 1). AAMC 1. Unknown. Nahuatl. Published. Central Mexico. ca. 1570. Chronological annals, with initial periodization by suns, and historical sequences from Toltec and Chichimec to Spanish periods, derived from songs, pictorial materials, historical traditions, and earlier annals. Uneven historical accounts of Tula, Xico, Xaltocan, Cuauhtitlan, Culhuacan, Azcapotzalco, Chalco, Texcoco, Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, and other towns. A fundamental source, containing much that is unavailable elsewhere. Noteworthy are the precision of toponymic reference, calendrical data, exact Nahuatl terminology, tribute lists, Aztec conquest list, list of towns subject to Texcoco (see note below), and abundance of incidental detail. Copies: A 17thC copy, ex-Boturini collection, occupies ff. 2-35 of the Códice Chimalpopoca (q.v.). Incomplete Galicia Chimalpopoca translation, MNA/AH-CA 273, Item 1 (AAMC 1). His translation of a fragment (MNA/AH-CA 254, ff. 114-29) has been published as Historia chichimeca (1950). See

PROSE SOURCES

Códice Chimalpopoca and note, below, for further copies. Publication: Lehmann (1938) gives Nahuatl text, German translation, commentary, and notes. Velázquez (1945) gives photofacsimile, Spanish translation, introduction, and concordance between the two editions, both of which are based on the Boturini manuscript. The incomplete edition and translations in the edition of 1885 are superseded by these two editions. Barlow (1947h) provides a useful outline. Partial publications are: Anales de Cuauhtitlan (1885), Hendrichs (1941), Historia chichimeca (1950), and Whorf (1929). Commentary: Barlow, 1947h; Garibay, 1953-54, 1: 36-37, 2: 278-81; Lehmann, 1906c; J. F. Ramírez, 1945b; Velázquez, 1922. Note: Two copies and translations by Galicia Chimalpopoca of a list of towns subject to Texcoco near the end of the manuscript are known. One, the "Lista de los pueblos principales que pertenecían antiguamente a Tetzcoco," MNA/AH-CA 273, Item 4 (AAMC 4; Anónimo no. 3), has been published with commentary by Paso y Troncoso (1897d) and in part by Orozco y Berra (1880, 2: 201 ff.; 1943). The other, MNA/ AH-CA 254, ff. 206-09, is also published (Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1947). See Gibson (1956, pp. 5-6, 8-9) for the connection with the Anales de Cuauhtitlan and comparison with similar lists in other sources. 1034 Cuernavaca, Códice municipal de. Document sur la Fondation de Cuernavaca. Unknown. Ex-Ayuntamiento de Cuernavaca. Nahuatl. Published. Cuernavaca, Morelos. 16thC. Indian account of first Spanish ecclesiastical and political establishments in Cuernavaca and detailed statements by Cuernavaca principales concerning landholdings and local jurisdictions.

Copies: Pichardo transcript, BNP 291. Pichardo translation, BNP 292. Publication: The 1911 publication and its reprint are of the Pichardo translation: Códice municipal de Cuernavaca, 1911, 1951. 1035 Cuernavaca (Cuauhnahuac), Réédification de la ville de. Unknown. Unpublished. Spanish (presumably translated from Nahuatl). Cuernavaca, Morelos. ca. 1575. Statement by the Indian officials of Cuernavaca concerning properties and boundaries assigned to them by Cortés. Concerns some of the same individuals as, and is closely related to, the Códice municipal de Cuernavaca (no. 1034) and the Títulos del pueblo de Quauhxomolco (no. 1095). Like the former, it contains an abundant record of local place names. There remains the possibility that the original was a 17th or 18thC fabrication. See Mapa de Coatlan del Rio (Article 23, no. 65) for another related document. Copy: Copy by Pichardo, BNP 102, pp. (ff.?) 1-9. Brief description: Boban, 1891, 2: 276-77. 1036 DURAN, FRAY DIEGO. Historia de las Indias de Nueva España y Islas de tierra firme. BNMA. Published. Spanish. Valley of Mexico. 1579-81. The first Spanish text to deal systematically with Aztec dynastic and imperial history and the principal repository for the data of a number of unknown native sources on calendar and ritual. The account of the conquest is essentially an Indian account, comparable only to book 12 of Sahagún and a relatively small number of other texts. See also Crónica X and Article 23, no. 114, for further comment and bibliography. 335

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1037 García, Diego, Anales de, 1502-1601. AAMC 24. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Unpublished. Tlaxcala. 17thC. The extant copy contains brief statements of events in various locations in the valleys of Mexico and Puebla in the 16thC, especially friars' movements, church constructions, plagues, and famines. Diego García, author of the final entry, recorded 1601 as the date of his own birth. See Article 23, no. 120, for manuscripts and further comment. 1038 Genealogía y linaje de los señores que han señoreado esta tierra de la Nueva España . . . , Relación de la. Anónimo franciscano de Culhuacan (part). UTX, CDG 558. Published. 9 leaves. Spanish. Central Mexico. ca. 1532. See Origen de los mexicanos for description and comment. Publication: García Icazbalceta, 1886-92, 3: xli-xlii, 263-81; 1941,3: xxxvi, 240-56. 1039 La gente de la Nueva España tributaba de aquellas cosas UTX, CDG 995 (part). Published. 1 leaf. Spanish. Central Mexico. Mid-16thC. Commentary by a 16thC Spaniard on an unknown pictorial tribute document, describing mantas and other tribute items and the system of numerical recording. See Libro de oro y tesoro índico (no. 1083) for comment on the volume of which this document is a part. Publication: García Icazbalceta, 1886-92, 3: 315-16; 1941, 3: 286-87. 1040 Gómez de Orozco, Códice. Anales de Cuetlaxcohuapan. MNA/AH, Colección Gómez de Orozco no. 185 (186?). Partially published. 31 (32?) leaves. Nahuatl. 336

Puebla de los Angeles, Puebla. 17th (18th?) C. Annals, 1524-1691, with dates in pictorial year signs in columnar arrangement at the edge of the pages and with minor drawings (not in pictorial census). Leaves are missing at both the beginning and the end. Content is most abundant for the 17thC. Not to be confused with the Mixtec pictorial Fragmento Gómez de Orozco (Article 23, no. 129). Two unsatisfactory descriptions, each with photoreproduction of the same page, have been published by Cuevas (1921-28, 1930). The same page is reproduced by Pompa y Pompa (1938). The texts on this page, their Spanish translation, and a description of the manuscript under the title Anales de Cuetlaxcohuapan are given by Velázquez (1931). These texts, one of which contains a reference to the apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe, are almost identical to the opening part of the Anales de Puebla, 1524-1686 (no. 1089). Partial publication: Cuevas, 1921-28, 1: 272-73, plate facing p. 256; 1930, pp. 53-55, 286, plate facing p. 52; Pompa y Pompa, 1938, pp. 48, 52; Velázquez, 1931, pp. 6870, no. 9; 424, no. 19. ·

HUEHUETLATOLLI. The huehuetlatolli ("pláticas de los ancianos," "speeches of the elders") were formal addresses or interchanges between father and son, husband and wife, cacique and principal, guest and host, and others. They contain moral precepts, admonitions for good behavior, and are revealing but idealized records of Aztec life and philosophy. The main such texts are those collected by Olmos (no. 1080), by Sahagún in book 6 of the Florentine Codex (no. 1104), and the Huehuetlatolli: Documento A (next entry). Garibay (1953-54,

PROSE SOURCES

1: 401-48) discusses these and other texts, with translations of selected passages. 1041 Huehuetlatolli: Documento A. BAN, Mex. MS 458. Ex-Ramírez collection. Published. Nahuatl. Central Mexico. 17thC. See previous entry for description of the general type of document which this manuscript represents. Its Nahuatl text and two Spanish translations have been published by Garibay (1943). 1042 Huichapan, Códice de. MNA 35-60. Partially published. Otomi. San Mateo Huichapan, Hidalgo. 16th and 17thC. Otomi annals for the convent of Huichapan for the years 1539-1618 and 162932, together with an incomplete pictorial history with short Otomi texts for the period 1403-1528. See Article 23, no. 142, for further comment and bibliography. 1043-1044 IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA. Relaciones [no. 1043] and Historia chichimeca [no. 1044]. Unknown. ExSigüenza y Góngora and Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo collections. Published. Spanish. Teotihuacan-Texcoco, Mexico. ca. 1600-40. Ixtlilxochitl (ca. 1578-1648), a mestizo descendant of the preconquest rulers of Texcoco, is known for two major works: the Relaciones and the Historia chichimeca. He is the supposed copyist of Códice Chimalpopoca (no. 1028). Attribution of Codex Ixtlilxochitl to him is unfounded. See also the works described in this census under Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl (no. 1076). The Relaciones consist of five major and a number of lesser parts: 1. Sumaria relación de todas las cosas que han sucedido en la Nueva España . . . , a history of the Toltecs in five relations. 2. Historia de los señores chichimecos...,

a history of the Acolhua Chichimecs from the time of Xolotl into that of Nezahualcoyotl based in part on Codex Xolotl in 12 relations (in the 1848 edition; numbered as 11 in the 1891) followed by a continuation of this history (called the 12th relation in the 1891 edition), and five further separately entitled parts including the Pintura de México (see no. 1063) and the Ordenanzas (laws) que hizo Nezahualcoyotzin. 3. Noticias de los pobladores . . . (or Compendio histórico de los reyes de Texcoco), another history of the Acolhua from the Toltecs through the Spanish conquest in 13 relations. At the end is a certification dated 1608. In the Boturini collection copy the Noticias was bound with the Historia chichimeca and for this reason some manuscript copies of the Relaciones may not contain the Noticias. 4. Relación sucinta en forma de memorial . . . , a brief summary of the history in 11 numbered and two unnumbered relations (called 13 relations in some sources), the second of which concerns Xochimilco. 5. Sumaria relación de la historia general . . . , a summary of the history. The 1891 edition contains a longer text than the 1848. The Relaciones are published in this order by Kingsborough; the edition by Chavero rearranges the parts of the individual relations and interpolates the historical account ("Guerra de Chalco") from the Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl (no. 1076) and two short fragments (Ixtlilxochitl, 1891-92, 1: 241-58), both of which are integral parts of the text in the edition by Kingsborough (1831-48, 9: 385, 388). There are other important differences in the texts of these two editions. The Historia chichimeca, also known as the Historia general de la Nueva España, is an integral work of 95 chapters and treats Toltec, Acolhua, Chichimec, Tepanec, and Tenochca history from the creation of the world and extends, unfinished, into the 337

ETHNOHISTÔBICAL SOURCES

Spanish conquest. Part of the Historia chichimeca and parts of the Relaciones are based on Codex Xolotl; other extant sources probably included the Mapas Quinatzin and Tlotzin. For some sources (see Niza, Tadeo de [no. 1077], for example), Ixtlilxochitl's commentary is our only guide. Some of the Relaciones may have been written in Nahuatl and translated into Spanish about 1608; all known manuscripts, however, are in Spanish. Relationships between Torquemada and Ixtlikochitl, or their sources, remain to be studied. Manuscripts: Ixtlilxochitl's manuscripts, as well as his collection, passed to Sigüenza y Góngora and thence to the Jesuit college library of San Pedro y San Pablo. A copy of the Relaciones and of the Historia were in the Boturini collection, from which source copies were made by or for Veytia about 1755. The latter were the main source for the copies made about 1792 for vols. 4 (Relaciones) and 13 (Historia) of the CMNE. The originals are considered lost and the location of the Boturini and Veytia copies is uncertain. Relaciones: Located copies are: BNP 209 (the Veytia copy?), BNP 221, 224-227, 384II (partial copies); RAH (CMNE vol. 4, 2 copies); BPN (after the Panes copy); AGN-H (CMNE vol. 4); BAN; NLA 1108 (ex-Aubin), NLA 1109 (the Boturini copy), NLA 1110; Gilcrease Institute (partial); NYPL (ex-Kingsborough). An unlocated copy of the Relaciones was in the Kingsborough (Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842, no. 536, part 13) and Phillipps collections (Phillipps 11640; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 399). Two copies were in the Ramírez collection. One is Ayer, NLA 1109 (see institutional checklist [Article 28] for catalog citations). The other, possibly by Fray Juan Agustín Morfi, is unknown (Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880, no. 411; Quaritch, 1880, no. 144; 1885, no. 29112; Puttick and Simpson, 1888, no. 364). Further copies are mentioned in the literature. 338

Historia: Located copies are: BNP 208; RAH (CMNE vol. 13, one copy); AGN-H (CMNE vol. 13); NYPL (ex-Kingsborough). Unlocated copies are Phillipps 11641 (Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842, no. 536, part 8; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 322; Sotheby and Co., 1948, no. 4688) and Phillipps 21273 (Bibliotheca mejicana, 1869, no. 2034; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1913, no. 270; Maggs Bros., 1913, no. 1096; and, possibly, American Art Association, 1935, no. 8). Further copies are mentioned in the literature. Publication: Both works were published by Kingsborough (1831-48, 9: 197-468) and by Chavero (Ixtlikochitl, 1891-92, 2 vols.). The Chavero edition has been reprinted twice (Ixtlikochitl, 1952, 1965). A French translation of the Historia was published by Ternaux-Compans (1837-41, vols. 12-13). An edition in German has not been examined (Ixtlikochitl, 1930). The 13th relation of the Noticias de los pobladores, concerning the Spanish conquest, has also been published separately: Ixtlikochitl (1829); Ternaux-Compans (1837-41, in vol. 8 in French translation); Ixtlikochitl (1843, in Italian translation); Ixtlikochitl (1938); Ramírez Cabañas (1938, 4: 237-336); and Garibay (1956, 4: 187-276). Commentary: Boban, 1891, 1: 209-18; Ignacio B. del Castillo, 1922, pp. 535-47; Garibay, 1953-54, 2: 308-13; Hoyo, 1956, 1957; J. F. Ramírez, 1854. 1045 LAS CASAS, FRAY BARTOLOMÉ DE. Apologética historia sumaria. RAH, Muñoz Collection, vol. 46. Published. Spanish. 1555-59. For ethnohistory and ethnology, the most valuable of the many writings of Las Casas. Has sections on Indian history and customs in many parts of Middle America, depending in part on his own observations and, for Central Mexico, on the writings of López de

PROSE SOURCES

Gómara, Motolinía, and others as well as on Estas son las leyes... (no. 1046) and Olmos' Huehuetlatolli (no. 1080). Sections on Totonac customs are attributed by Las Casas (chaps. 175-76) to an account given him by a man who had spent four years among them as a boy (perhaps the page left by Cortés in Cempoala). The sources of some chapters are unidentified and may derive in part from lost portions of Motolinía (no. 1069). The work was known in manuscript to Mendieta, Torquemada, and others. See Article 12 for comment on Las Casas' Historia de las Indias. Publication: The three complete editions are Las Casas, 1909, 1958, and 1967. Las Casas, 1966, is a collection of the chapters relating to New Spain with notes by O'Gorman discussing Las Casas' sources.

UTX, CDG 338. Published. 3 leaves. Spanish. Central Mexico. 1543. Lists Indian laws derived from one "authentic" and one "unauthentic" source. The former is described as an Indian book of paintings. The compilation is signed by Fray Andrés de Alcobiz and dated Valladolid (Spain), 1543. The document is contained in the Libro de oro y tesoro índico (no. 1083) and is included nearly verbatim by Las Casas in his Apologética historia sumaria (chap. 215; 1909, pp. 562-65). A similar but not identical set of laws is found in the Relación geográfica of San Juan Teotihuacan, signed (among others) by an Indian named Andrés Dalbiz (de Albiz) (Paso y Troncoso, 190506, 6: 223-24). Publication: García Icazbalceta, 1886-92, 3: 308-15; 1941, 3: 280-86. 1047

LEYES (LAWS; LEGAL COMPENDIA). Spaniards were juridically minded. Although it is doubtful that Aztec governments systematically enacted "law" in the Spanish sense, nevertheless numerous colonial records include presumptive Indian compilations. They should be used with caution. The Relaciones of Ixtlilxochitl (q.v.) contain the 20 laws of Nezahualcoyotl, and his Historia chichimeca treats many others. Codex Mendoza, part 3, and Mapa Quinatzin (leaf 3) are among pictorial sources representing laws. Motolinía, Mendieta, Torquemada, Zorita, and other Spanish authors include references to laws. See also Historia de los mexicanos por sus pinturas (no. 1060) and Estas son las leyes . . . (below). Commentary (selected): Alba, 1949; Kohler, 1924; Mendieta y Núñez, 1961. 1046 Leyes que tenían los Indios de la Nueva España, Estas son las. Códice Alcobiz.

Malacachtepec Momoxco, Fundaciones de los pueblos de. AGN (ramo and volume not reported). Published. Spanish. Milpa Alta, D.F., region. 1600 ( ? ) . Historical notices for 1140, 1409, and 1528-36, with data on migration of nine Chichimec families and settlements in the Milpa Alta municipality region in the southern Valley of Mexico. Publication: Malacachtepec Momoxco, 1953, 1954. Commentary: Madsen, 1960, pp. 3-4, 2 1 23. 1048 Matlatzinca, Calendario. BNP 381. ExBoturini and Goupil collections. Published. 15 pages. Matlatzinca. Central Mexico. 17thC. The calendar records Matlatzinca day and month names and provides a correlation with the Christian calendar as of 1553-54 or 1589. Although calendars are normally excluded from this census, this document is included for bibliographical reasons. 339

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Manuscripts: The calendar occupies pp. 27-41 of a larger manuscript in the BNP. The first and unpublished part (pp. 1-26) evidently contains prayers in Nahuatl. Photographs of the third part (pp. 42-60) have been issued by Gates under the title, "A planetary calendar en lengua Nahuatl del año 1639" (Gates, 1935f). These two parts have not been discussed in the literature and are not of known relevance to this census. The original (BNP 381) and a five-leaf copy of the calendar by Boturini were in his collection. The latter was in the Mexican National Museum in the 19thC and was later owned by Orozco y Berra and Paso y Troncoso. This copy served as the basis for the commentaries and publications by J. F. Ramírez, Orozco y Berra, Chavero, and N. León. A copy of the Boturini copy by Veytia, 1756, is BNP 249. Gates' photographs of the original and the Veytia copy are in PML, LC, NLA, TU/LAL, and BYU. Publication: A commentary and full photographic reproduction of the original are given by Caso (1967, pp. 226-40). This is a revision of his earlier study (Caso, 1946) which was based on the publications by J. F. Ramírez (1905), Orozco y Berra (1880, 2: 144-50), Chavero (n.d., pp. 765-68), and N. León (1904b). Photographs of the original and the Veytia copy were issued by Gates (1935e). Commentary: Barlow, 1951b; Carrasco Pizana, 1950, pp. 189-93; Hernández Rodríguez, 1952, pp. 47-60; Soustelle, 1937, pp. 528-30. 1049 Mechique, Histoyre du. Unknown. Published. Spanish. Central Mexico. ca. 1543. The extant manuscript (BNP, MSS Français 19031, ff. 79-88) is a 16thC French translation by the French cosmographer, André Thevet, from a lost Spanish document. The work is a diverse compilation relating to 340

mythology (the creation, the four suns or eras, the 13 skies), gods (Tezcatlipoca, Quetzalcoatl, etc.), Mexica and other history, and the calendar. Authorship has been attributed in part to Fray Marcos de Niza and in part to Fray Andrés de Olmos (q.v.) but remains conjectural. The document has been published in French (Jonghe, 1905) and in two Spanish retranslations (Garibay, 1965; Jonghe, 1961). Publication: Garibay, 1965, pp. 14-16,91120; Jonghe, 1905,1961. Commentary: Garibay, 1953-54, 1: 52, 481-83, 2: 47-49; Jonghe, 1906c; Nowotny, 1956a. 1050 Méjico, Relación de los señores que fueron de. Biblioteca del Monasterio de El Escorial, Madrid, X-II-7, no. 59, ff. 343-44. Published. Spanish. Central Mexico. 16thC. Briefly indicates the Tenochca dynastic succession from Acamapichtli through Moctezuma the second, stating years of each rule and number of towns conquered. Copy: Gilcrease Institute, 18thC copy (Strout, 1962, p. 69, no. 131, part 17). Publication: Miguelez, 1917-25, 1: 237; Tudela, 1954, p. 388. 1051 MEMORIAS DE NUEVA ESPANA, COLECCIÓN DE. The CMNE is a 32-volume compilation of copies completed in Mexico in December 1792, in response to a royal directive of February 21, 1790. It is sometimes called the Revillagigedo collection, after the viceroy of Mexico at the time, or, misleadingly, the Muñoz or Boturini collections. Three sets were made under the direction of Fray Francisco García Figueroa with the assistance of Fray Manuel de Vega in the Convento de San Francisco. Two sets were sent to Spain. One is in RAH (lacks

PROSE SOURCES

vols. 27, 28); the second, now incomplete, is divided between the RAH and the Archivo del Ministerio de Hacienda. The third, originally kept for the Secretaría de Cámara del Virreinato, is now AGN-H, vols. 1-32. Vol. 1 of this set was lost after 1804 and replaced in 1882 after one of the two copies in RAH. A thirty-third volume in AGN-H bears a title describing the introductory material in vol. 1 of one or both copies in RAH. A fourth copy of at least some of the volumes was made for the Convento de San Francisco. Despite certifications by the "Padre colector" of the faithfulness of the copies, they are not considered accurate or complete and may vary from one set to another. Parts of the CMNE were frequently copied in the 19thC. They are to be found in many major repositories (BM, BNP, NYPL, UTX, BAN, etc.); copies from the CMNE were also in the Kingsborough, Ternaux-Compans, J. F. Ramírez, García Icazbalceta, Phillipps, and other private collections. A substantial portion of the CMNE concerns northern Mexico, New Mexico, Texas, and California. Contents of the CMNE are listed in Catálogo (1954-56, 3: xiii-xxix), Tudela (1954, pp. 68-93), Civezza (1879, pp. 609-25, no. 750), and other standard bibliographical sources. Middle American items cited in the prose and pictorial censuses are listed below. Vols. 1, 4, 7-11, and possibly 3 are duplicated in RAH; the location of the second Spanish set of vols. 12 and 13 has not been identified. In vol. 1: Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de San Juan Teotihuacan, with three related documents (no. 1114); Informe de los méritos de la ciudad de Tlaxcala (no. 1127); and the Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 5 (Article 23, no. 391). This volume also contains the Boturini collection appraisal of 1791 by Vicente de la Rosa y Saldivar (see Article 29). In vol. 3: Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl (no. 1076). In vol. 4: Ixtlilxochitl, Relaciones (no.

1043) and Castañeda, Relación de la jornada... (no. 1020). vols. 7-11: Beaumont, Crónica de Michoacan (see nos. 1001, 1006, 1009, and Article 23, nos. 25,26,379). vol. 12: Alvarado Tezozomoc, Crónica mexicana (no. 1012). vol. 13: Ixtlilxochitl, Historia chichimeca (no. 1044). 1052 MENDIETA, FRAY JERÓNIMO DE. Historia eclesiástica indiana. UTX, CDG 1120. Ex-José Bartolomé Gallardo, José María Andrade, and García Icazbalceta collections. Published. 336 leaves. Spanish. Central Mexico. 1596 (in a copy of 1611). Although the work is primarily a chronicle of the Franciscan Order, book 2, "De los ritos y costumbres de los indios de la Nueva España en su infidelidad," is an important but secondary ethnohistorical source. It is the main source of knowledge concerning the lost works of Olmos and its chaps. 1-6 (with material comparable to the Histoyre du Mechique, no. 1049), as well as parts of others, derive from Olmos' Recopilación (no. 1079). Most of the book, however, depends on Motolinía (no. 1069). Other chapters are identifiable with Las Casas (no. 1045), with Olmos' Huehuetlatolli (no. 1080, via Las Casas), and with a version of part 1 of the Codex Mendoza (chaps. 34-36; no. 196). For this book, however, Mendieta stated that he used (only?) Olmos and Motolinía (see Table 2). Much of Mendieta's Historia is incorporated by Torquemada in his Monarchia indiana (no. 1130); a partial and incomplete concordance is given in the editions cited below. The Mendieta manuscript contains six drawings. Four that have been published (as by Palomera, 1963, pls. 6, 9-11) appear to be copies of those published by Valadés (1579). 341

TABLE 2-TENTATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF THE SOURCES OF MENDIETA, HISTORIA ECLESIÁSTICA INDIANA, BOOK 2, AND EQUIVALENCES WITH TORQUEMADA

Source Olmos (HM 7) Olmos (HM 8) Olmos (HM 9) 01mos(HM l;Z 67) Olmos (HM 10) Olmos (Z 63) Motolinía 1-30, 31 Motolinía 1-15 Las Casas 121 Las Casas 122 Olmos (Ζ 67) Motolinía 1-49? Olmos (Ζ 160-61) Olmos Olmos?

Mendieta Bk.2 Cap. 1* 2 3 4* 5 6 7 8A 8B 9 10 11A 11B 12A 12B*† 13A*† 13B 14A

Torquemada Bk. Cap. 41 42 43 44 β 6 45 6 45 9 8 6 16 Omitted 25) (6 6 24 6 46 6 46 6 47 6 47 Omitted 6 47 Omitted 6 6 6

Source Las Casas 221 Olmos, Huehuetlatolli Olmos, Huehuetíatolli Olmos, Huehuetíatolli Motolinía 2-3 Motolinía 2-4 Motolinía 2-5 Motolinía 2-12 Motolinía 2-13 Motolinía 2-13 Motolinía 2-14 Motolinía 2-15 Motolinía 2-16A Motolinía 2-17B Motolinía 2-18B Motolinía 2-26 Olmos (Z 46, 50)

Mendieta Bk.2 Cap. 20A 20B‡ 21‡ 22‡ 23 24 25 26A 26B 27A 27B 28 29A 29B 30 31 32 pt.* 32 pt.

Torquemada Bk. Cap. Omitted 13-36 13-36 13-36 13-28 13-29, 30 13-5 14-2 14-3 14-3 14-4 (11-26) (12-4) (11-25) 14-10 14-11 1-11 Omitted

Mendieta Motolinía? Motolinía 1-16-21? Motolinía 1-16,25 Motolinía 1-27A Motolinía 1-29A Motolinía 1-25B Motolinía 1-26B Las Casas 175 Motolinía 1-49 Olmos

14B 15 16 17A 17B 18A 18B 18C 19 pt. 19 pt. 19 pt. 19 pt.*

Omitted

— 10

passim

— 10 10 9 9 6 6 6 6

31 32 9 14 48 48 48 48

Motolinía, Epístola Motolinía, Epístola Olmos (Z 46, 111, HM 3) Codex Mendoza, part 1 Motolinía Epístola Codex Mendoza, part 1 Codex Mendoza, part 1 Motolinía 2-10B Motolinía 2-10A Motolinía 2-11A Motolinía 2-11B Motolinía 2-2 Motolinía 2-1

33 34A 34B* 34C 34D 35 36 37A 37B 38 39 40 41

1-12 Omitted Omitted Omitted Omitted Omitted Omitted 11-27 11-28 11-29 11-30 13-45 13-46

NOTE: Torquemada used Las Casas and Motolinía directly as well as through Mendieta, but probably knew Olmos' Recopilación only through Mendieta. HM = Histoyre du Mechique, chapters (concordances after de Jonghe, 1906c). Ζ = Zorita, Historia, 1909, pages. Las Casas = Apologética historia, chapters. Motolinía = Memoriales, 1903, book and chapter. Adapted, with additions, from García Icazbalceta (in Mendieta, 1870, p. xxxviii) and from notes by H. F. Cline. * Olmos, Recopilación, cited by Mendieta. † See also Olmos, Tratado de Hechecerías (Garibay, 1953-54, 2: 187-90). ‡ Mendieta may follow Las Casas, chapters 223-24; Torquemada used Olmos, Huehuetlatolli, MS.

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Publication: Mendieta, 1870 (reprinted 1945). Commentary (selected): See Article 13 under Mendieta. A biography is given by García Icazbalceta (1880-92, in vol. 1).

ning and ending notations compare with equivalent portions of Codex Aubin, but the whole requires systematic study and comparison. See Article 23, no. 202, for manuscripts, bibliography, and further comment.

1053

1056

Mendoza, Codex, part 1. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Published. Spanish. Mexico City, D.F. ca. 1541-42. The first 16 leaves (part 1) of Codex Mendoza contain a pictorial history of the Tenochca-Mexica about the founding of Tenochtitlan and the lengths of the reigns of the preconquest rulers from Acamapichtli through Moctezuma the second, together with the towns they conquered. The accompanying Spanish text, intended as a commentary on the drawings, contains supplementary material and covers the years 13241521. See Article 23, no. 196, for bibliography and further comment.

Mexicalzingo, Anales de. Archivo del Ayuntamiento, Mexico, ramo Tierras y Ejidos, leg. 2, núm. 4066, exp. 26, fol. 6. Unpublished. Spanish. Mexicalcingo, D.F. 16thC. The document contains extracts of 1709 from an unknown original. It indicates migration stops at Ixtacalco, Coyoacan, Ixtapalapa, and other locations, migrants' arrival at Coyoacan in 1255, and settlement of Tenochtitlan in 1372. Land assignments were described and illustrated in the unknown original. Bibliography: None.

1054 Mexicaine, Histoire, depuis 1221 jusquen 1594. BNP 40. Partially published. Nahuatl. Central Mexico. Late 16th (?) C. Historical annal beginning with tribal migration from Aztlan and proceeding through foundation of Tenochtitlan and selected events of Aztec and early colonial history. The original dating, 1168-1573, has been altered to 1221-1594. An important unstudied text with many similarities to Codex Aubin. See Article 23, no. 201, for further comment and bibliography. 1055 Mexicains, Fragment de l'histoire des anciens. Anales mexicanos no. 3, 1196-1396. AAMC 9. Anónimo no. 6. BNP 85. ExBoturini and Aubin collections. Nahuatl. Central Mexico. 16th (?) C. Tenochca migration and early settlement in the Valley of Mexico, 1196-1405. Begin344

1057 Mexicanos, Anales, 1398-1524 [title assigned]. Unknown. Unpublished. Nahuatl. Central Mexico. The three-page copy (BNP 303, ff. 107-08) bears the title: "Copia de lo mas substancial de un Quaderno en Mexicano, que le falta la primera hoja y algunos pedazos de otros. Y contiene la Historia de México desde su fundación, de autor anónimo." Its possible relationship to other annals in this census has not been investigated. Brief description: Jiménez Moreno, 1938b, p. 581. The span of dates, misprinted 19381524, is corrected to 1398-1524 in the introduction to the reprint of this article. 1058 Mexicanos, Anales, 1398-1596 [title assigned] . Two parts: (A) Anales mexicanos no. 4,1589-95. Anales antiguos de Mexico y sus contornos (AAMC) no. 10. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Partially published. (Β) Fragment dune histoire du Mexique

PROSE SOURCES

en langue Nahuatl (1398-1589, 1595-96). BNP 217. Ex-Boturini and Aubin collections. Partially published. Nahuatl. Valley of Mexico. ca. 1596. Nahuatl annals now known through two parts, a partial copy (A) and part of the original (B). Together they span the years 1398-1596, with notices of Tenochca-Mexica history and Indian events in Tenochtitlan in the 16thC. See Article 23, no. 206, for further comment and bibliography.

Mexicanos, Codex.

Anales,

no. 1.

See Aubin,

1059 Mexicanos, Anales, no. 2, 1168-1546. AAMC 8. Anónimo no. 5. Códice de San Juan Cuantlancingo. Unknown. ExBoturini collection. Published. 8 leaves. Nahuatl. Valley of Mexico. 16thC. The Galicia Chimalpopoca copy contains a table of dates for the years 1168-79 and a Nahuatl text that begins with 1 Tecpatl (1168 or 1220), then skips to 1231 and continues through 1546, with notices of the migration itinerary and events in Tenochtitlan and elsewhere. Title of the 1948 publication unnecessarily confuses the terminology. Copies: Copy of Nahuatl text and Spanish translation by Galicia Chimalpopoca, AAMC 8, copied from a manuscript in the Boturini collection. Gilmor (1964, pp. 24748), under the title Códice de San Juan Cuantlancingo, reports another manuscript as no. 8 in leg. 7 of the first series of documents, MNA/AH. Publication: Anales mexicanos no. 1,1948.

Mexicanos, Anales, no. 3. See Mexicains, Fragment de l'histoire des anciens.

Mexicanos, Anales, no. 4. Anales, 1398-1596.

See Mexicanos,

1060 Mexicanos, Historia de los, por sus pinturas. Códice Zumárraga. Códice Fuenleal. Codex Ramírez [de Fuenleal]. UTX, CDG 562. Published. 12 leaves. Spanish. Central Mexico. ca. 1535. A major and early text with mythological, historical, and ethnographic data including the creation of the world and the sun, Culhua-Mexica history from Toltec times, Mexica migration and dynastic history to about 1530, and material on laws, Tochimilco history, and the calendar. Garibay attributes the work to Fray Andrés de Olmos. Kubler and Gibson (1951, p. 70) suggest that the "Motolinía Insert I" (see Motolinía, Memoriales, no. 1071) is part of this manuscript. See also Libro de oro y tesoro índico (no. 1083). Copies: Aubin copy, BNP 343. Pinart copy, BAN, Mex. MS 448. Publication: García Icazbalceta, 1882; 1886-92, 3: xxxix-xli, 228-63; 1941,3: xxxivxxxvi, 207-40; Garibay, 1965, pp. 9-14, 2 3 90; Phillips, 1884 (English translation). Commentary: Garibay, 1953-54, 2: 3 1 34; Radin, 1920, pp. 27-28, 57-66 (with partial English translation). 1061 Mexicanos, Origen de los. Anónimo Franciscano de Culhuacan (part). UTX, CDG 1457. Published. 10 leaves. Spanish. Central Mexico. ca. 1532. Both this and the Relación de la genealogía (no. 1038) represent the results of Juan Cano's endeavors to legitimize the position and property of his wife Isabel, daughter of Moctezuma the second, and both preserve the materials of one of the earliest Spanish inquiries into preconquest history. They include information from the 8thC to about 1532, with special emphasis on the dynastic history of Culhuacan and 345

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Tenochtitlan and early colonial descendants of Moctezuma the second. The content of these two documents seems reflected in part of Motolinía's Epístola proemial (see his Memoriales, no. 1071) and López de Gómara utilized a similar source (via Motolinía's lost work?). The authorship is given (in the Relación de la genealogía) as by "los religiosos infrascriptos, sacados de los libros de . . . estos naturales. . . . Escrebimos por mandado de nuestro Prelado, á ruego . . . de Juan C a n o . . . . " Motolinía and Olmos are the most likely among possible Franciscan candidates. See also Libro de oro y Tesoro índico (no. 1083), in which both documents are bound. Copy: Copy by Pinart, BAN, Mex. MS 448. Publication: García Icazbalceta, 1886-92, 3: xlii-xliv, 281-308; 1941, 3: xxxvi-xxxviii, 256-80.

one part of the text, and there are statements in the first person by both Alvarado Tezozomoc (dated 1609) and Chimalpahin. Numerous resemblances to other writings of Chimalpahin suggest that he is the main author. Manuscripts: Clavigero (in Burrus, 1959, p. 79) reported the work in the Boturini collection and believed that another manuscript was in the Colegio de San Gregorio. The original and the Boturini collection copy are unknown; BNP 311 (with 49 pages) is, in part, a copy by León y Gama of part of the Boturini manuscript. A copy and French translation by Aubin are BNP 337. Publication: Alvarado Tezozomoc, 1949 (Nahuatl text, Spanish translation, introduction by Adrián León). Commentary: Boban, 1891, 2: 457-58; Jiménez Moreno, 1938b, pp. 582-83; Kirchhoff, 1951.

1062

1063

Mexicayotl, Crónica (attributed to Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc). Crónica mexicana (attributed to Chimalpahin). Unknown. Ex-Sigüenza y Góngora collection. Published. Nahuatl. Mexico City. Early 17thC. One of the more important of the writings in the native tradition. Content includes the departure from Aztlan, 1064, migration and dynastic Tenochca history, myths of Huitzilopochtli, establishment of Tenochtitlan, extensive genealogical notices for the preconquest and colonial Indian rulers of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco, and related subjects to 1579.2 Alonso Franco (a mestizo who died in 1602) appears as the author of

México, Pintura de. Unknown. Published. Spanish. Texcoco, Mexico. Late 16th or early 17thC. The document occurs as a classified list of place names interpolated into the text of the Relaciones of Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl (q.v.) and may be a commentary on a lost pictorial source. Comparison with Ixtlilxochitl's text indicates that they were towns reportedly conquered by the Acolhua either alone or in conjunction with Triple Alliance forces. Chavero's commentary (Ixtlilxochitl, 1891-92,1: 261) is unreliable. Publication: Ixtlilxochitl, 1891-92, 1: 258-61; Kingsborough, 1831-48, 9: 385. Commentary: Barlow, 1950b, pp. 114-15; Gibson, 1956, pp. 13-14.

2 One of the first dates in the text is 1 Flint, "1069" (also given as "mil y sesenta y cuatro"), the fourth is 5 Flint, "1068," and the final date is 9 Reed, "1578." The normal correlations of the first and last of these dates are 1064 and 1579. Boturini (no. 1746-8-2) gives the years spanned as 10681597. Clavigero (in Burrus, 1959, p. 79) gives 1068-1587. The terminal dates which they give are probably misprints. León y Gama (1832,1: 84) described the final date as 1579.

346

1064 México y sus alrededores, Anales de, no. 1, 1564-1711. AAMC 14. Unknown. ExBoturini collection. Unpublished. Nahuatl and Spanish. Valley of Mexico. 18thC.

PROSE SOURCES

The extant copy contains miscellaneous Indian and ecclesiastical notices in Nahuatl, 1564-1699 and 1711, and in Spanish, 170016. Most pertain to Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco. The Boturini collection inventory description of 1791 (see Article 29 for citation) gives the span of years of the original as 1559-1731. Copy: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and translation, AAMC 14, copied from a manuscript from the Boturini collection. 1065 México y sus alrededores, Anales de, no. 2, 1546-1625. AAMC 15. Unknown. ExGalicia Chimalpopoca collection. Unpublished. Nahuatl. Central Mexico. 17thC. Miscellaneous historical notices relating especially to Tacuba but also mentioning Tecamachalco and other places. A notice for 1556, which appears to describe the apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe, has been published and translated various times (as by Velázquez, 1931, p. 65, no. 5). There are numerous specific parallels with the Anales de Tecamachalco (no. 1112) in the later part of the manuscript. Copy: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and translation, AAMC 15. 1066 MEXICO Ύ SUS CONTORNOS, ANALES ANTIGUOS DE. (AAMC) MNA/AH Col. Antig. 273-274. Ex-Chavero collection. A two-volume compilation by José Fernando Ramírez of 26 19thC copies, extracts, and translations (many by Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca) of Mexican Indian historical Nahuatl manuscripts. Most of the originals are now lost although about eight (from the Boturini collection) were in the Mexican National Museum at the time the copies were made. Few of these copies have been adequately published, and the translations by Galicia Chimalpopoca are considered unreliable. J. F. Ramírez's foreword to the compilation

has been published in Anales de Cuauhtitlan (1885, pp. 5-6). A copy of all but AAMC 9 and excluding the Nahuatl texts made by or for Orozco y Berra may also be in MNA/AH (Col. Antig. 238?). Some of the documents have been briefly described by Chavero (n.d., pp. xxiv-xxvi), who refers to them as Anónimos nos. 1-8. Nine of the copies (AAMC 2, 5, 7, 9-11, 17, 21, 24) are of known pictorial manuscripts or include copied drawings from lost originals. They are also described in the pictorial census. The few drawings in AAMC nos. 3 (not verified), 18 (part 1), and 19 have been omitted from the pictorial census as have several, without drawings, that may have been copied from lost illustrated originals. Nos. 25 and 26 are copies of Techialoyan texts and are described in the catalog of those manuscripts (Article 24). The 26 titles are given below. VOLUME 1

1. Anales de Cuauhtitlan. 2. Anales toltecas. See Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. 3. Historia del señorío de Teotihuacan. See Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de San Juan Teotihuacan. 4. Lista de los pueblos principales que pertenecían antiguamente a Tetzcoco. See Anales de Cuauhtitlan. 5. Anales tolteca-chichimecas. See Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. 6. Anales tepanecas, 1426-1589. 7. Anales mexicanos no. 1. See Codex Aubin. 8. Anales mexicanos no. 2, 11681546. 9. Anales mexicanos no. 3, 11961396. See Fragment de l'histoire des anciens Mexicains. 10. Anales mexicanos no. 4, 1589-95. See Anales mexicanos 1398-1596. 347

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES VOLUME 2

11. Anales de México y Tlatelolco, 1473, 1521-22. 12. Anales de Tlatelolco y México no. 1, 1519-1633. 13/1 Anales de Tlatelolco y México no. 2, part 1,1519-1662. 13/2 Anales de Tlatelolco y México no. 2, part 2, 1524-1663. See Anales de Puebla, 1524-1686. 14. Anales de México y sus alrededores no. 1, 1564-1711. 15. Anales de México y sus alrededores no. 2,1546-1625. 16. Anales de Tlaxcala no. 1, 14531603. 17. Anales de Tlaxcala no. 2, 15191692. 18/1 Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 1, 1519-1739. 18/2 Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 2,1519-1697. 18/3 Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 3,1519-1691. 19. Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 2, 1524-1674. 20. Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 3,1664-86. See Anales de Puebla, 1524-1686. 21. Anales de Tepeaca, 1528-1634. 22. Anales de Tecamachalco y Quecholac, 1520-58. See Anales de Tecamachalco. 23. Anales de Quecholac. 24. Anales de Diego García, 15021601. 25. Títulos de las tierras de los indios de Cuitlahuac. See Techialoyan Codex of San Pedro Tlahuac (Article 24, no. 736). 26. Amojonamiento del Pueblo de Techialoyan. See Techialoyan Codex of San Antonio Techialoyan (Article 24, no. 701). 348

1067 México y Tlatelolco, Anales de, 1473,152122. AAMC 11. Anónimo no. 7. Anales de la conquista de Tlatelolco en 1473 y en 1521. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Nahuatl. Tlatelolco, D.F. 16thC. Eloquent and detailed account of the defeat of Tlatelolco by Tenochtitlan in 1473 with list of governors of Tlatelolco and full account of the Spanish conquest from the point of view of Tlatelolco. See Article 23, no. 211, for manuscripts, bibliography, and further comment. 1068 Mixiuca, La Magdalena, Codex of. Unknown. Published. 8 leaves. Mexico, D.F. 1576. Lost pictorial chronicle known only through a description of 1712 in Spanish reproduced three times in the Títulos principales . . . de la Magdalena Mixiuca (1915). An unpublished analysis of the descriptions and a reconstruction of the codex by Glass show that its major feature was the sequence of rulers of Tenochtitlan from Acamapichtli to 1576. The text of the Títulos (apart from the descriptions cited) also contains some local historical data. Publication: Títulos principales, 1915, pp. 8-13,24-28,43-47. 1069 MOTOLIN1A (Benavente), FRAY TORIBIO DE. De moribus indorum. Lost. Spanish. Central Mexico. ca. 1536-52. Fray Toribio de Benavente, alias Motolinía (1481/91-1569) wrote a major historical work before 1552 on the Franciscan missionary endeavor, aspects of the spiritual conversion, and Indian customs based on informants, Indian books, and direct observation. Retrospectively in 1555 he acknowledged his debt to "three or four" unnamed friars who had written on the antiquities

PROSE SOURCES

and customs of Mexico and whose writings he had (Motolinía, 1969, p. 217). Among them may have been Fr. Andrés de Olmos and the author of the Relación de Michoacan. Other sources may have included some of the documents bound in the Libro de oro (no. 1083). From references to the work by Motolinía, Zorita, and others, it is evident that extant manuscripts known as the Historia and the Memoriales (described below) do not represent the complete work and that a version with differences in detail, in scope, and in part and chapter numeration existed. There are also reasons to believe that Motolinía wrote a history of the conquest, utilized by López de Gómara and Cervantes de Salazar, that probably formed part of the lost work. Presumably in Spanish, it may be the work cited in the 16thC as De moribus indorum. Extensive utilization of Motolinía's work was made by López de Gómara (before 1552), Las Casas, Zorita, Mendieta, Torquemada, and others. Except for passages relating to the conquest, many of their extracts can be matched in the Memoriales or in the Historia. All probably used De moribus indorum, but it seems unlikely that all used the same manuscript. In an unpublished manuscript study ("Motolinía: Reconstruction of the lost De moribus indorum') Cline put forth evidence to show that the Historia and the Memoriales are copies that reflect successive stages of a "continuous, expanding creative process" that culminated in the lost work of 1549-52. O'Gorman (introduction and notes to Motolinía, 1969) argues that the Historia is an edited and selective extract of the lost work made in Spain and that the Memoriales represent an incomplete copy. Commentary: Ricard (1933) discusses early references to the work. Five articles by Atanasio López, not cited here, are among modern commentaries noted by Ricard and Cline (above). Lejeal (1906, 1907) com-

pares the Historia and Memoriales texts. See also the biobibliographical introductions to the editions of the Historia, especially those of 1858,1951, and 1969. 1070 Historia de los indios de la Nueva España. Relación de las cosas, ydolatrias, ritos y cerimonias que en la Nueva España hallaron los españoles . . . [and other titles]. See below for manuscripts. Published. Spanish. Central Mexico. ca. 1536-43. The Historia contains material on the spiritual conversion of the Indians, Franciscan missionary history, and Indian customs and ceremonies. The Historia and the author's Memoriales (see next entry) are substantially the same work, but the Historia has about 14 chapters (and parts of others) not in the Memoriales; the latter has about 30 chapters, representing somewhat less than half its content, not in the Historia. Manuscripts: 16thC manuscripts are in the Escorial (used for the 1869 edition) and in a private collection in Mexico (the "Ciudad de Mexico" MS). The latter, described in some detail in a Mexican bookdealer's catalog (Robredo, 1942, pp. 24-31, no. 3224), is probably the manuscript formerly in the Kingsborough and Phillipps collections (Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842, no. 615?; Phillipps no. 11710; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 370; Sotheby and Co., 1936a, no. 18). Both versions, collated against comparable portions of the Memoriales, were utilized for the edition of 1969. In HSA is a 16th or 17thC manuscript in a binding said to bear the arms of the Marqués de Astorga. Pasted on the inner side of the binding is a dedication to Alonso Osorio; on the final two leaves are three pages of pasted-on drawings. On a preliminary or binder's leaf is a title page with a drawing of Camaxtli within the initial letter R (Relación). The title page and dedication have been published by Vindel (1910, vol. 2, nos. 349

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

900 and 977) and the title page is reprinted in Gómez de Orozco (1927a, p. 97). The drawing of Camaxtli derives from Durán, Historia (1867-80, atlas, Tratado 2, lám. 6, cap. 7; 1967, 1: pl. 13). Although the manuscript appears to be an authentic and important copy, its relationship to the binding, the dedication, and the final drawings is suspect. The illustrated title page is some kind of modern mystification. Cline (in his unpublished MS cited in no. 1069) reports that the manuscript has less material than the others and may represent an earlier version. Copies, presumably of the Escorial or Ciudad de Mexico MSS, are in BPN (exMuñoz?), NYPL (ex-Kingsborough), and UTX (ex-García Icazbalceta, after the copy owned by Prescott). The location of the copy owned by Prescott is unknown (Catalogue, 1860, pp. 6-11, vol. 9). A copy was also owned by William Robertson and may be an undescribed 307-leaf manuscript in the BM bound with Kings Collection MS no. 216. A defective copy of the Escorial MS is recorded in the Kingsborough catalog (Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842, no. 536, part 12). Editions: Kingsborough, 1831-48, vol. 9, second pagination, pp. 1-60 (incomplete); García Icazbalceta, 1858-66, 1: 1-249; Motolinía, 1869, 1914 (reprinted 1941, 1956a), 1969. There are two English translations: Foster, 1950; Steck, 1951. Motolinía, 1956b, contains selections. 1071 Memoriales. UTX, CDG 1363. ExBartolomé José Gallardo, José María Andrade, and García Icazbalceta collections. Published. 126 leaves. Spanish. Central Mexico. ca. 1536-43. Content similar to Motolinía's Historia (see preceding entry) but with much additional material and more emphasis on Nahuatl names. Types of Indian books and Indian history are treated in the Epístola proemial. In the Historia this introduction, 350

dated 1541, has less detail and other differences. The following are among parts not in the Historia. Two calendrical sections, known as Motolinía "Inserts" 1 and 2 (Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 69-70) are in different handwritings from the rest of the text. The first (pp. 43-48 of the 1903 edition) may be related to the Historia de los mexicanos por sus pinturas (no. 1060). The second (pp. 48-53), dated 1549 and with a folded pictorial calendar, is described in Article 23 under Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 (no. 388). Some information on Michoacan (part 2, cap. 1, pp. 237-43) derives from the Relación de Michoacan. A commentary on a lost pictorial source (pp. 353-56), enumerating communities in various degrees of subjection of Texcoco and others that paid tribute to the Triple Alliance, has been studied by Gibson (1956, pp. 6-7). Copy: Modern copy, UTX, CDG 1364. Publication: Motolinía, 1903. Commentary: García Icazbalceta (in Mendieta, 1870, p. xxviii, note 11) describes the manuscript. Steck (1951, plate facing p. 58) gives a photo of the first page of the Epístola. See Libro de oro (no. 1083) for volume in which the manuscript is bound. See previous entries for further comment and bibliography. 1072 MUÑOZ CAMARGO, DIEGO. Historia de Tlaxcala. Memorial de la descripción de Tlaxcalla. Pedazo de historia verdadera. Chrónica de Tlaxcallan. Fragmentos de historia de Nueva España. BNP 210. Published. Ex-Boturini and Aubin collections. 64 leaves. Spanish. Tlaxcala. Late 16thC. History of preconquest and 16thC Tlaxcala, together with data concerning other areas. Exceptionally rich for migration and dynastic history as well as Spanish conquest. A major source by a prominent Tlaxcalan

PROSE SOURCES

mestizo (ca. 1529-99). At the end of the work is the "Historia natural," a short treatise on Mexican flora and fauna. Illustrations mentioned in the Boturini collection inventories of 1743 and 1745 in connection with the Muñoz Camargo manuscript refer to Codex Ixtlilxochitl (Article 23, nos. 171, 172), once bound with it, and not to any part of this work. Copies: León y Gama copy, BNP 211; RAH, Muñoz collection, vol. 30; LC; UTX (CDG 1791); MNA/AH-CA 207-208. A MS was utilized by Antonio de Herrera in Spain before 1601. The history of these and other copies is described by Gibson (1952). To his listing may be added two copies in NYPL, NLA 1174, and HSA. Unlocated is a copy from the Ramírez collection (Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880, no. 585; Quaritch, 1880, no. 195) and another from the Andrade collection (Andrade, 1869, no. 2237). Publication: Muñoz Camargo, 1843 (French translation), 1870, 1871, 1892, 1947a, 1947b. Commentary (selected): Carrera Stampa, 1945; Gibson, 1950,1952, pp. 238-45. 1073 Nación mexicana, Unos annales históricos de la. Manuscrit de 1528. Anales de Tlatelolco. Two closely related manuscripts: BNP 22 and BNP 22bis. Both exBoturini and Aubin collections. Published. 21 and 23 leaves. Nahuatl. Valley of Mexico. ca. 1528-31 and 17thC (?). An anthology consisting of the five parts listed below. The last bears the date 1528 (Mengin, par. 103, in BNP 22bis only) but in a context suggesting that this applies to the unknown original rather than to either of the two known manuscripts. 1. Lista de los reyes de Tlatelolco (pars. 1-47). History of Tlatelolco to 1520 and expedition to Honduras in 1524-25. Few private Indian adventures in all Nahuatl literature are recorded so graphically as those of Martin Ecatzin and Pedro Temilo-

tzin after the execution of Cuauhtemoc. Noteworthy for narrative power, direct quotation, and historical data on TenochtitlanTlatelolco relations. 2. Lista de los reyes de Tenochtitlan (pars. 48-68). Short statement of Tenochca dynastic history and conquest, beginning with two Azcapotzalco rulers, Tlacoten and Teuhtleuatzin, and continuing in a standard form to Moctezuma the second. Conquered towns and some other historical events recorded for each reign. Presumably written shortly after the Spanish conquest. 3. Genealogía de los reyes de Azcapotzalco (pars. 69-94). Apparently a commentary on a pictorial manuscript now unknown. Begins with Chichimec communities in the Valley of Mexico and proceeds with rulers of Azcapotzalco and Tlatelolco. Dynastic connections of Azcapotzaltongo, Tenayuca, Coatlinchan, and other localities. 4. Suplemento de la genealogía de los reyes de Azcapotzalco (pars. 95-102). Text repeats much of the material of part 3, with some additions and variants. It may be an alternative commentary on the same or a related pictorial document. 5. Historia de Tlatelolco desde los tiempos mas remotos (pars. 103-394). Full chronological record from the departure at Aztlan to the years immediately following the Spanish conquest. Tlatelolco history receives detailed attention after separation from Tenochtitlan. Includes songs commemorating military victories and a remarkable Indian account of the Spanish conquest. See Article 23, no. 230, for editions and other bibliography. 1074 NAVAS, FRAY FRANCISCO DE LAS, and ANTONIO DE GUEVARA. Anónimo Tlaxcalteco, Calendario índico de los Indios del mar oceano, and Cuenta antigua de los indios naturales de esta Nueva España. 351

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Unknown. Partially published. Spanish. Tlaxcala. ca. 1551-84. The date, authorship, and significance of these documents are uncertain, and they have not been fully published. The Calendario índico, dated 1584 but probably much earlier in origin, is similar to the calendrical text appended to the Relación de Michoacan and to the text ("Motolinía Insert Π") interpolated into Motolinía's Memoriales (see Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2, Article 23, no. 388). Copy: A copy of these documents is contained in J. F. Ramírez, Opúsculos históricos, 21: 93-202 (MS, MNA/AH-CA 210). Partial publication: Chavero, 1901a, pp. 31-38. Commentary: Gibson, 1952, pp. 256-57; Kubler and Gibson, 1951, pp. 57-58; J. F. Ramírez, 1898, pp. 23-26, 239-42, 467-70. A work on Indian customs by Francisco de las Navas was known to Zorita (1891, p. 82; 1909, p. 8). 1075 NAZAREO, PABLO. Carta al Rey Don Felipe II. Possibly AGI, Papeles de Simancas. Published. Latin. Xaltocan, Mexico. March 17,1566. List of towns conquered in Aztec imperialism, list of rulers of Tenochtitlan, genealogy, etc., with data on the Otomi and other Indian history of Xaltocan. Publication: A photofacsimile was printed for Paso y Troncoso (n.d.a). The Latin text with a Spanish translation is published in Paso y Troncoso (1939-42, 10: 89-129). Commentary: Carrasco Pizana, 1950, pp. 258-60 and map, fig. 25. Zorita (1909, p. 9; quoted in García Icazbalceta, 1886-92, 3: xxxi) speaks of Nazareo as an author. Other letters in Latin by Nazareo have been cited (as in Paso y Troncoso, 1939-42,9: 107) but are unpublished. 1076 Nezahualcoyotl, 352

Cantares

de.

Lamenta-

ciones de Nezahualcoyotl. Pedazo de historia de la vida de Nezahualcoyotl. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Spanish. Texcoco, Mexico. Late 16th or

early 17thC. As published in its fullest form the document contains five major parts: the lamentations of Nezahualcoyotl ("oíd con atención las lamentaciones . . ."); three poems ("Un rato cantar quiero . . . ," "Tiene el florido verano . . . ," and "A los muros de Zamora . . ."); and a history of the sons of Nezahualcoyotl in a war with Chalco with references to Nezahualcoyotl's belief in one God. Only the last is of historical (as opposed to literary) interest. Authorship of these pieces has been attributed to Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl (q.v.). Chavero considered the historical portion apocryphal and Ramírez doubted that it was by Ixtlilxochitl (both references in Ixtlilxochitl, 1891-92, 1: 241, 255). The historical section has been published in Veytia (1826), Documentos (1856), Ixtlilxochitl (1891-92), and Peñafiel (1903b). A comparable account is given by Ixtlilxochitl (1891-92, 2: 223-28). Garibay (1953-54,1: 494-96) considered the historical account as imaginative fiction, influenced by European ideas. There are some remarkable differences among some of the editions cited. The lamentations and the first two of the three poems mentioned above have been published many times. All three are published in Documentos (1856), by Peñafiel (1903b), and (in English translation) by Brinton (1887). Two of the three pieces are published by Ternaux-Compans (1837-41), in Veytia (1826), by Campos (1936), and by Méndez Plancarte (1942). The poem concerning the death of the Spanish king Don Sancho at the walls of Zamora is published in the Documentos (1856) and in Méndez Plancarte (1942) but in none of the other works cited here. Ixtlilxochitl (1891-92, 2: 235-36) gives a variant of the

PROSE SOURCES

lamentations. 3 This is a highly selected bibliography. Copies: The Boturini collection manuscript was copied in vol. 3 of the CMNE (MSS in RAH and AGN-H). Other copies are BNP 232 (Veytia), 233, and 295 (Pichardo); NYPL (3 MSS). The document does not form part of either the Historia chichimeca or the Relaciones of Ixtlilxochitl. Publication (see above): Brinton, 1887, pp. 38-47; Campos, 1936, pp. 201-02, 21114; Documentos, 1856, pp. 286-304; Ixtlilxochitl, 1891-92, 1: 241-56; Méndez Planearte, 1942, pp. xxxvii-xxxviii, 142-49; Peñafiel, 1903b, pp. 25-43; Ternaux-Compans, 1837-41, 8: 299-309, 12: 368-73; Veytia, 1826, pp. 242-56. Commentary: Garibay, 1953-54, 1: 25056, 494-96. 1077 NIZA, TADEO DE. Historia de la conquista de México. Unknown. Unpublished (except secondarily in Ixtlilxochitl). Spanish (?). Tlaxcala. 1548. Ixtlilxochitl (1891-92, 2: 368) states that, beginning with chap. 83 of his Historia chichimeca (see Ixtlilxochitl), he depended on a native Tlaxcalan history (of the conquest) by Niza written in 1548. Boturini (1746, second pagination, p. 77) mentions the work, notes that it was signed by about 30 Tlaxcalan caciques, but does not indicate that he owned it. Clavigero (in Burrus, 1959, p. 79) gives the title used above as a document in the Boturini collection. The document is not otherwise known. Commentary: loc. cit. and Gibson, 1952, p. 259. 3 A poem attributed to Nezahualcoyotl published by Granados y Gálvez (1778, pp. 90-94) in Otomi and Spanish translation ("Son las caducas pompas . . .") is also published in most of the works cited above. Garibay (1953-54, 1: 247-50) considers it a falsification; Soustelle (1937, p. 217) assigns it an 18thC date. Other poems by Nezahualcoyotl are contained in the Cantares mexicanos (q.v.) and in the Romances de los señores de la Nueva España (see Pomar).

1078,1079 OLMOS, FRAY ANDRÉS DE. No. 1078: Libro de las antigüedades de México, Texcoco y Tlaxcala. Lost. Unpublished. ca. 1533. No. 1079: Recopilación de las antigüedades. Lost. Date uncertain. Spanish. Central Mexico. The lost historical treatise by Olmos (d. 1571) on the history, antiquities, and customs of the Indians of Central Mexico, based on Indian paintings and informants, is known only through references to it by Zorita and Mendieta. The original and several copies were sent to Spain but no manuscript survives. Subsequently Olmos prepared a suma, epílogo, or recopilación (summary) of the earlier work. This was used by Zorita (see his Historia de la Nueva España, no. 1141) and Mendieta (no. 1052, q.v.) but, again, no manuscript is known. Whether or not either of these works was used by Las Casas (no. 1045) or Motolinía (no. 1069) is uncertain. All or parts of the Histoyre du Mechique (no. 1049) and the Historia de los mexicanos por sus pinturas (no. 1060) have been attributed to Olmos. Commentary: Garibay, 1953-54, 2: 2836 and passim; Meade, 1950; Mendieta, Historia eclesiástica indiana, bk. 2, prologue, and bk. 5, part 1, chaps. 33-35 (1870, pp. 75-76, 644-51 and passim; Zorita, 1909, p. 8 and passim (extract quoted in García Icazbalceta, 1886-92, 3: xxxi-xxxii). 1080 Huehuetlatolli. Various manuscripts (see below). Published. Nahuatl. Central Mexico. ca. 1547. A collection of huehuetlatolli texts in Nahuatl (see under HUEHUETLATOLLI in this census for comment on this type of text) was compiled by Fray Andrés de Olmos by 1547 and apparently translated by him, at least in part, into Spanish. Manuscripts: (1) A Nahuad manuscript of 17 of the huehuetlatolli texts, without any 353

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Spanish translations, is appended to the manuscript of Olmos' Arte de la lengua mexicana in LC (ex-Pinart and Maisonneuve). Other manuscripts of the Arte reportedly contain only one or two of the texts but may have the one or two corresponding translations; (2) BNMA (ex-Biblioteca de la Catedral de Toledo); (3) BNP, Fonds Espagnols 259; (4) BNP, Fonds Mexicains 364 (ex-Aubin and allegedly ex-Las Casas and Torquemada); (5) T U / LAL (without huehuetlatolli texts but with a vocabulario, ex-Fischer, Phillipps, and Gates); and (6) BAN (ex-Ramírez). The BAN MS of the Arte lacks ff. 1-8; a MS of ff. 2-7 only was in the Wilkinson and Gates collections (Anderson Auction Co., 1914, no. 526; Gates, 1924, no. 761). Viñaza (1892, nos. 7 and 10) reports a lost or unidentified manuscript. Four of the MSS are described, inadequately, by Pilling (1895). A page from the LC MS is reproduced by Garibay (1953-54, vol. 1, facing p. 416). A copy of the Spanish portion of the edition of 1601 with an introduction by J. F. Ramírez, 1847, is in JCBL. Publication: The basic publication with 29 texts in Nahuatl and with an incomplete Spanish translation is by Bautista (1601). Two of the three known copies of this book are in JCBL (see Fernández de Córdova, 1959, pp. 45-47). A similar but less complete publication, without indication of source, is given by Peñafiel (1901, pp. 151). Siméon's edition of Olmos' Arte (Olmos, 1875, pp. 231-64) gives the Nahuatl text of the first two texts based on the LC and BNP (Fonds Espagnols 259) MSS, the Spanish digest from the BNP MS, and a French translation of the Nahuatl. Spanish translations of several of the texts are given by Las Casas (Apologética historia, caps. 223-24), Zorita (1891, pp. 8690, 123-32, 143-46), Mendieta (Historia eclesiástica, lib. 2, caps. 20-22), and Torquemada (1723, 2: 492-99). Peñafiel (1901, 354

pp. 55-63, 65-75) reprints the texts given by Torquemada and part of those given by Zorita. Commentary: Garibay, 1953-54, 1: 40148; Gómez de Orozco, 1939b. 1081,1082 La orden que los indios tenían en su tiempo para hacerse tecutles and La orden que tenían los indios en suceder en las tierras y baldíos, AGI. Published. Spanish. Central Mexico. ca. 1537. Two related documents, both originally published in French translation by TernauxCompans (1837-41). The first describes the investiture ceremony for the Indian rank of tecuhtli. Its publication by Carrasco Pizana (1966) includes mention of similar accounts in numerous other sources. The second (published in Paso y Troncoso, 1939-42) describes land tenure, land succession, as well as penal and other systems. Copies: RAH, Muñoz collection, in vol. 42. Other copies, presumably copied from the Muñoz collection copies, include NYPL (in Rich 40) and University of Michigan, Clements Library (in Phillipps 13685). Publication: Carrasco Pizana, 1966, pp. 134-38; Paso y Troncoso, 1939-42, 14: 14548; Ternaux-Compans, 1837-41, 10: 22342. 1083 Oro y tesoro índico, Libro de. UTX, CDG 995. Ex-Bartolomé José Gallardo, José María Andrade, and García Icazbalceta collections. Partially published. Spanish. Principally Central Mexico. Mid-16thC. Contains 13 documents, of which six fall in the native historical tradition (others concern Spaniards and Spanish events in Mexico and Peru). Those listed in this census are Motolinía's Memoriales (no. 1071) and five shorter documents (published together by García Icazbalceta, 1886-92, 3: 228316): Relación de la genealogía . . . (no.

PROSE SOURCES

1038); La gente de la Nueva España tributaba . . . (no. 1039); Estas son las leyes . . . (no. 1046); Historia de los mexicanos por sus pinturas (no. 1060); and Origen de los mexicanos (no. 1061). Commentary and publication: See individual items. The volume is described by García Icazbalceta in Mendieta (1870, p. xxviii, note 11). Orozco y Berra (in Tovar, 1944, pp. 236-43) provides some additional data. 1084 PIMENTEL, ANTONIO. [Record of the expenses of the court of Nezahualcoyotl.] Unknown. Unpublished (except secondarily in Torquemada). Nahuatl. Texcoco, Mexico. ca. 1545 ( ? ) . Torquemada gives information from a record of the maintenance and expenses of Nezahualcoyotl's court, "autorizada" by Antonio Pimentel (governor of Texcoco, 154045). Torquemada's list of towns tributary to Texcoco may derive from the same source. Clavigero's use and mention of the document appear to depend solely on Torquemada and it is otherwise unknown. 4 Commentary: Clavigero, 1958-59, 1: 15, 294-95; Gibson, 1956, pp. 10-11; Torquemada, 1723,1: 167-68; 3: 183. 1085 PIMENTEL, HERNANDO. Various writings. Unknown. Partially published. Spanish. Texcoco, Mexico. Mid-16thC. Letters of Hernando Pimentel (governor of Texcoco in the mid-16thC) and of Antonio de Tovar Cano Moctezuma Ixtlilxochitl concerning the ancient status of Texcoco were in the Boturini collection (see 4

Cline (1969a, p . 377) is presumably in error in reporting the manuscript in the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele in Rome. The manuscript that he cites is a work by Clavigero published by Burrus (1959) and, defectively, by Guzmán (1964, pp. 149-50). Neither Burrus nor Guzmán mentions the Pimentel manuscript.

Article 29 for citations). Ixtlilxochitl (189192, 2: 244-45) mentions Hernando Pimentel as an author-historian, but these writings are unknown to modern scholars. A memorial by Hernando Pimentel listing towns subject to ancient Texcoco was also in the Boturini collection. A copy was published by Orozco y Berra (1880, 2: 20113; 1943, pp. 508-09) and has been studied by Gibson (1956, pp. 9-10). A royal cédula of 1557 (Peñafiel, 1903b, pp. 9-10) may reflect receipt of the memorial in Spain by that date. A related letter from the AGI, also concerning Acolhua towns, is published in Pasoy Troncoso (1939-42,16: 74-75). Bibliography: loc. cit. 1086 POMAR, JUAN BAUTISTA. Relación de Texcoco. UTX, CDG 1518. Ex-Sigüenza y Góngora, Colegio de San Gregorio, José María de Agreda y Sánchez, and Genaro García collections. Published. Spanish. Texcoco, Mexico. 1582. The Relación de Texcoco, written in response to the relación geográfica questionnaire of 1577, differs from most relations of the 1579-85 series (see vol. 12 of this Handbook for comment on these texts) in its manuscript history and authorship. It is a major source on Indian gods and other aspects of preconquest and colonial Indian culture. Illustrations mentioned in the text have been identified with part 2 of Codex Ixtlilxochitl (Article 23, no. 172). Pomar, a mestizo descendant of the preconquest rulers of Texcoco, was known as an author to Ixtlilxochitl and Torquemada, but it is uncertain if they knew this or some other work. Copies: The Genaro García manuscript (see above) is a 17thC copy. A copy by Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1850, was in the Brasseur and Pinart collections (Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871, p. 122; Catalogue, 1883, no. 744) and may have been in a private 355

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

collection in Mexico in 1945. The García Icazbalceta collection copy is UTX, CDG 1517. A copy of the García Icazbalceta copy by Simon Léon Reinisch, 1867, is BNP, Fonds Espagnols 597-1. Publication: García Icazbalceta, 188692, 3: 1-69; 1941, 3: 1-64; Garibay, 1964, pp. 149-228. Commentary: Gómez de Orozco, 1945b. 1087 Romances de los señores de la Nueva España. UTX, CDG 980. Published. Nahuatl. 41 leaves. Valley of Mexico. 16thC. Compilation of 60 Nahuatl poems, evidently collected by Pomar, and found at the end of the Genaro García manuscript of the Relación by Pomar (see previous entry). The manuscript is a 17thC copy. Many of the poems duplicate those in the Cantares mexicanos (no. 1019). The two compilations are closely related in origin. Publication: The Romances have been published in Nahuatl and Spanish translation by Garibay (1964). Selections appear in the anthologies by Garibay (1959a) and León-Portilla (1967b). Commentary: Jiménez Moreno, 1938b, pp. 588-89. 1088 PONCE DE LEÓN, PEDRO. Breve relación de los dioses y ritos de la gentilidad. Unknown. Published. Spanish. Zumpahuacan, Mexico. 16thC. Brief description of native gods, ceremonies, and religious and other customs. Ponce (1548?-1628) was an Indian Catholic priest of Zumpahuacan. Manuscripts: A 17thC copy, ex-Boturini collection, occupies ff. 36-38 of the Códice Chimalpopoca (q.v.). An illustrated manuscript (not in the pictorial census), the Relación de los reyes, dioses y ritos del paganismo mexicano by Pedro Ponce dated 1597 356

was in the collection of José Gómez de la Cortina in the 19thC (Romero and Pereda, 1860, p. 262) and in the collection of the Condes de la Cortina in 1930 (Sociedad Española de Amigos del Arte, 1930, pp. 23, 100). The significance, authenticity, and relationship of this manuscript to the Boturini collection copy have not been determined. Publication: Garibay, 1965, pp. 16-18, 121-32 (with added glossary and translation of Nahuatl terms); Ponce, 1892. 1089 Puebla, Anales de, 1524-1686. Two parts: (A) Anales de Tlatelolco y México, no. 2, part 2, 1524-1663 (AAMC 13, part 2) and (B) Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 3, 1664-86 (AAMC 20). Ex-Boturini collection. Unpublished. 30 leaves. Nahuatl. Puebla de los Angeles, Puebla. 17th (18th?)C. The document is described in the Boturini collection inventory of 1791 as cuaderno 3 of legajo 1 (1791-1-3; see Article 29 for citation ). The description indicates that it had 30 leaves, gives extracts in translation, and records the date 1688 for a passage on leaf 26. The original terminal date may have been some years later. It is evident that the two copies do not represent the entirety of the original. The two copies (A and B, above) together extend only through 1686. They record events in Puebla and elsewhere with notices of pestilences, earthquakes, eclipses, as well as political and ecclesiastical occurrences of interest to the Indian population, 1524-90, 1575-78, and 1601-86. The first lines of the text are almost identical to the only published part of the Códice Gómez de Orozco, 1524-1691 (no. 1040). Further comparison is required to clarify this relationship. See also Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 2 (no. 1094). Copies: Galicia Chimalpopoca copies and translations, AAMC 13, part 2, and 20.

PROSE SOURCES

AAMC 20 was copied from a manuscript in the library of the Cathedral of Mexico City. 1090 Puebla, Andes de, 1638-77. BNP 377. Ex-Boturini and Goupil collections. Unpublished. 30 leaves. Nahuatl. Puebla. 17thC. Notices from 1638 through 1677 recording public events in Puebla, deaths of prominent persons, climatic phenomena, and other events. The text is accompanied by many small drawings in European style and vertical strips of pictorial dates (not in pictorial census). Omont (1899, p. 59, no. 377) describes it as "pages 7 à 66." If the document is correctly identified with Boturini collection nos. 1743/45-5-12 and 1746-19-7 (see Article 29), two or three leaves beginning with notices of 1585 are missing.

PUEBLA AND TLAXCALA, ANNALS OF. Sixteen Nahuatl annals whose content primarily concerns Puebla and Tlaxcala are listed in Table 3. None of the six "originals" has been compared with any of the copies. Relationships beyond those suggested in the table can probably be determined by examination of those manuscripts which we have not studied. The numbers from the Boturini collection inventories (see Article 29 for explanation) are somewhat speculative. One reason why few of these annals can be identified in the inventories of 1743 and 1745 is that 11 undescribed annals were grouped together as 1743-5-24. The most recent terminal date, 1739, is a function of the years that Boturini collected (173642). 1091 Puebla y Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 1, part 1, 1519-1739. AAMC 18, part 1. Anónimo no. 8. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection.

Partially published. 28 leaves. Nahuatl. Puebla-Tlaxcala region. 1739. List of the preconquest rulers of Tenochtitlan followed by annals, 1519-1739, with political and ecclesiastical notices, primarily for Cuetlaxcohuapan (Puebla) and Tlaxcala. The original had at least some drawings (not in pictorial census). A. de la Rosa (1887) describes what appears to be this manuscript (or a copy) then in the library of the Cathedral of Mexico City. He compares two of its passages (for 1531 and 1548, containing references to the Virgin of Guadalupe) with similar passages in the annals described by Bartolache (no. 1017). Copies: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and translation (from a manuscript in the Cathedral of Mexico City), AAMC 18, part 1. Another copy with the same title, known as the Noticias curiosas, was in the Gómez de Orozco collection. It is described by Velázquez (1931). Its first page, containing the title and several drawings, is reproduced by Pompa y Pompa (1938, p. 49). The statement that the original was in the Gómez de Orozco collection (Gibson, 1952) may refer to this copy. Partial publication and commentary: Gibson, 1952, p. 255; Pompa y Pompa, 1938, pp. 49, 52; A. de la Rosa, 1887, pp. 97-102; Velázquez, 1931, pp. 66-67, no. 7; pp. 7 1 72, no. 11. 1092 Puebla y Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 1, part 2, 1519-1697. AAMC 18, part 2. Unknown. Ex-Boturini (?) and Biblioteca de la Catedral de México (?) collections. Unpublished. Nahuatl. Tlaxcala. 17thC. Brief annalistic notices, primarily for Tlaxcala, 1519-38, 1556, and 1611-97. The text is substantially the same as the Anales de Tlaxcala no. 2, 1519-1692 (no. 1125); the two documents may derive from a common original. See also Anales de Puebla y 357

TABLE 3-NAHUATL ANNALS OF PUEBLA AND TLAXCALA (see text for comment) Copies

Originals No. 1017: Annals described by Bartolache, 1454-1737. 24 or 25 leaves. Unknown

No. 1091: [1] Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala, no. 1, pt. 1,1519-1739. AAMC 18/1 [2] Noticias curiosas, 1519-1738. Gómez de Orozco collection No. 1092: Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, pt. 2,1519-1697. AAMC 18/2 No. 1125: Anales de Tlaxcala no. 2, 1519-1692. AAMC 17

No. 1123: Anales de Tlaxcala, 1519-1720.22 (24) leaves. Gomez de Orozco collection No. 1040: Códice Gómez de Orozco, 1524-1691. 31 (32?) leaves. MNA/AH

1

|

No. 1093: Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. l , p t . 3 , 1519-1691. AAMC 18/3 No. 1094: Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 2,1524-1674. AAMC 19. (Text almost same as no. 1089) No. 1089: Anales de Puebla, 1524-1686 A. Anales de Tlatelolco y México no. 2, pt. 2,1524-1663; AAMC 13/2 B. Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 3, 1664-86. AAMC 20

No. 1090: Anales de Puebla, 1638-77. 30 (33) leaves. BNP 377 No. 1126: Éphémérides de Tlaxcala..., 1519-1737. 18 leaves. BNP 378

Boturini Numbers 1746-19-10 25 leaves (1454-1737)

ι

1746-19-9 28 leaves (1519-1739) 1791-4-4 28 leaves 1746-9-8 ? 12 leaves (1519-1697)

1

1746-19-8 ? 13 leaves (1519-1697) 1791-2-3 13 leaves 1791-3-11 24 leaves

1791-2-12 1804-6-9

24 leaves 24 leaves

1791-1-3

30 leaves

1743-5-12 32 leaves 1746-19-7 33 leaves (1585-1677)

No. 1124: Anales de Tlaxcala no. 1, 1453-1603. AAMC 16 No. 1096: Anales de Quecholac, 1519-1642. AAMC 23

No. 1112: Anales de Tecamachalco, 1398-1590. 40 leaves.

Anales de Tecamachalco y Quecholac, 1520-58. AAMC 22

UTX

Another, 1399-1549. MNA/AH-CA 254 (part) No. 1116: [1] Anales de Tepeaca, 1528-1634. AAMC 21 [2] Anales mexicanos, Puebla, Tepeaca, Cholula, 1524-1645. MNA/AH-CA 229 No. 1037: Anales de Diego García, 1502-1601. AAMC 24

1746-9-11? 13 leaves (15341-1608) 1743-5-11 9 leaves 1746-9-7 9 leaves (1507-1670) 1791-2-6 10 leaves 1823-3-14 10 leaves (1507-1677)

1746-9-13 ? 20 leaves (1519-1645) 1743-5-6 1791-2-5 1823-3-17

13 leaves 13 leaves 12 leaves

PROSE SOURCES

Tlaxcala no. 1, part 3, 1519-1691 (next entry). Copy: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and translation, AAMC 18, part 2, apparently copied from a manuscript (copy?) in the library of the Cathedral of Mexico City. Commentary: Gibson, 1952, p. 255. 1093 Puebla y Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 1, part 3, 1519-1691. AAMC 18, part 3. Ex-Boturini collection. Unpublished. 24 leaves. Nahuatl. Tlaxcala. 17thC. One of the fullest annals of this type for Tlaxcalan history, 1519-1691, with ecclesiastical and political notices for Tlaxcala and elsewhere. The entries for 1519-38 are substantially the same as those in the Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 2 (previous entry) and in the Anales de Tlaxcala no. 2 (no. 1125). Paso y Troncoso (1890, pp. ii-iii) cites a Nahuatl annal to the year 1719, owned by José María Agreda, for dates through 1704 connected with the Santos y Salazar family and identifies the Anales de Tlaxcala no. 2, 1519-1692 as its copy. However, the data he cites are not found in that copy but are in the Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 3. Copy: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and translation, AAMC 18, part 3, apparently copied from a manuscript in the library of the Cathedral of Mexico City. J. F. Ramírez (1898, p. 240) cites this copy, and Gómez de Orozco (1930, p. 128) stated that he owned the manuscript cited by J. F. Ramírez. Whether Gómez de Orozco meant the original or another copy is uncertain. Commentary: Gibson, 1952, p. 255. 1094 Puebla y Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 2, 15241674. AAMC 19. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Unpublished. 24 leaves. Nahuatl. Puebla de los Angeles, Puebla. 17th(18th?)C.

The copy contains ecclesiastical and other notices for Puebla, Tlaxcala, and Tenochtitlan beginning about 1524 and continuing through 1674. Through 1570 the dates are in error by as much as 20 years. Includes a few minor drawings (bishop's mitres, etc.; not in pictorial census). If our identification of the original with Boturini collection no. 1791-2-12 is correct, the manuscript may have lost two leaves before being copied by Galicia Chimalpopoca, and the original terminal date may have been later than 1674. For what may be another manuscript, copy, or the original of this document, see Anales de Tlaxcala, 1519-1720 (no. 1123). The text has remarkable parallels to that of the Anales de Puebla, 1524-1686 (no. 1089) but each document contains data not in the other. A very rough concordance follows: Puebla, 1524-1686

Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 2

1524 Undated 1530-1590 1510-(1570) 1575-1578 (1575-1578) Missing (1579?-1600) 1601-1674 1601-1674 1675-1686 Missing (1687-1720? missing [2] in both copies) Copy: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and translation, AAMC 19, copied from a manuscript from the Boturini collection.

Puebla y Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 3, 166486. See Puebla, Anales de, 1524-1686 (no. 1089). 1095 Çuauhxomolco, Títulos del pueblo de. Unknown. Unpublished. Nahuatl. San Buenaventura Quauhxomolco (jurisdiction of Cuernavaca, Morelos). 16thC. Details of the boundaries of Quauhxomolco as granted by Cortés. See Réédification de la Ville de Cuernavaca (no. 1035), 359

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

which this document closely resembles. Copy: Pichardo copy (including Spanish translation of 1768), BNP 102, pp. (ff.?) 9-18. 1096 Quecholac, Anales de, 1519-1642. AAMC 23. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Unpublished. Nahuatl. Region of Quecholac, Puebla. 17thC. The extant copy has dates beginning with 1507, but the text starts with 1519 and continues through 1642. The text is an historical annal relating primarily to the town of Quecholac with the names and dates of many officeholders. Dates are in Nahuatl and in an unidentified language, probably Popoloca. The Boturini collection inventory descriptions of 1746 and 1823 (see Article 29, Table 3, for citations) give the terminal dates of 1670 and 1677, respectively, indicating that a copy is incomplete. Copy: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and translation, AAMC 23, copied from a manuscript in the Boturini collection. 1097-1108

SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE (1499-1590). The Nahuatl texts compiled by Sahagún and written by his native informants form one of the most comprehensive and important collections of material for the study of the culture, ethnology, and history of the Aztecs. Since the subject is also treated separately in Article 14 of this Handbook, only a summary presentation and selected bibliography are given here. The extant manuscripts of Sahagún that relate to his Historia general [universal] de las cosas de [la] Nueva España are described below in approximate chronological order (see Table 4). The events that are related to the chronology of the manuscripts of the Historia are described by Sahagún (especially in the prefaces to bks. 1 and 2). The dates of many of these events, some of which are chapter 360

meetings of the Franciscan Provincia de el Santo Evangelio, must be determined from other sources. Nicolau d'OIwer (1952), whose datings are adapted in this census, follows dates reported in the Anales de Tecamachalco, which in the period 1557-63 tend to be one year later than reported by Mendieta in his Historia eclesiástica and by authorities who followed him such as Torquemada, Vetancurt, García Icazbalceta, and Jiménez Moreno. Sahagún's account of his activities omits or barely mentions (see Jiménez Moreno, 1938a, pp. 10, 33, and notes 14, 79) a period of writing at the Colegio de Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco which occurred after his move to the Convent of Santiago de Tlatelolco and before his residence in San Francisco de México. This intermediate period must be placed about 1563-65, the presumed date of the Memoriales en tres columnas. In addition to the documents described here, unidentified manuscripts of texts similar to those in the Historia were available to Juan Bautista, Torquemada, and others in Mexico about 1600 and later. J. F. Ramírez (1885, p. 112; 1903, p. 21) asserted that book 12 of the Historia was used in Spain by Herrera, but the passage cited derives, not from Sahagún, but from the Crónica (bk. 4, cap. 127) of Cervantes de Salazar. Whether Suárez de Peralta consulted the Historia in Mexico or Spain is unknown. 5 5 For his Antiquitatibus Novae Hispaniae, completed about 1574 or at least before late 1577, Francisco Hernández (1926) used books 3-6 and 8 (and perhaps others), the appendices to books 3 and 5, the summaries of books 1 and 2 (in texts similar to those in the Breve conpendio), and copied two of the illustrations (see Census, no. 132). In another work, published in Nierembergii ( 1 6 3 5 ) , he used the appendix to book 2. Torquemada utilized books 2 - 7 (and perhaps others), the appendices to books 2 and 3, the 1585 revision of book 12, and texts similar to the appendix to book 4 and the Arte adivinatoria. Both Hernández and Torquemada appear to have used a version of Sahagún's work which occasionally varied in substance from the Historia as now known through the Florentine and Tolosa manuscripts.

TABLE 4-APPROXIMATE CHRONOLOGY AND MANUSCRIPTS OF THE HISTORIA GENERAL DE NUEVA ESPAÑA BY FRAY BERNARDINO DE SAHAGÚN, O.F.M. Date

Census No.

DE LAS_COSAS

Place, Title, and Comment

TLATELOLCO TRATADO DE LA RETÓRICA Y FILOSOFÍA MORAL Y TEOLOGIA . . . ( Ν ) . Incorporated in the Historia first as bk. 7, then as bk. 6 1555 Lost LA CONQUISTA DE MEXICO (Ν). Incorporated in the Historia as bk. 4, 9, and then as bk. 12 TEPEPULCO 1559 Lost MINUTA O MEMORIA DE TODAS LAS MATERIAS DE QUE HABIA DE TRATAR (S) 1559-61 1098 PRIMEROS MEMORIALES (N; illus.), in 4 known chapters TLATELOLCO 1561-65 1099 MANUSCRITO DE TLATELOLCO (Ν), in 5 known chapters in three stages: (a) 1561-62 Memoriales Complementarios; Segundos Memoriales (N) (b) 1563-65 Memoriales en Tres Columnas (N; some Spanish) 1100 (c) 1565 MEMORIALES CON ESCOLIOS (N, S, scholia) MEXICO CITY 1566-68. Addition and revision of chapter headings and numeration, first as 5 books and finally as 12 (as glosses on the Tepepulco and Tlatelolco manuscripts) 1568-69 Lost MANUSCRITO DE 1569 (Historia in 12 books in N; preface to bk. 1 in S) Support for Sahagún's work was withdrawn for more than five years (1570-75) and his manuscripts were taken from him (1571?) and subsequently returned (1574?). Some of the Spanish text nevertheless dates from this period (see bk. 8, chap. 5-1571; bk. 4, appendix) May 1570 Lost SUMARIO DE TODOS LOS LIBROS Y DE TODOS LOS CAPÍTULOS DE CADA LIBRO Y LOS PRÓLOGOS (S). Sent to Spain with Navarro and Mendieta in 1570 1570 1101 CALENDARIO DE LAS FIESTAS Y MESES DESTOS NATURALES (S). Bk. 2, summary December 1570 1102 BREVE CONPENDIO DE LOS RITOS YDOLATRICOS . . . (S). Sent to the pope TLATELOLCO 1575-77. Completion of the Historia and its Spanish translation; additions to the prefaces of bks. 1 and 2; composition (1576) of Spanish digressions in bks. 10 and 11; revision (?) of bk. 4, appendix (1576); translation of bk. 6 (1577) 1570-75 1103 MEMORIALES EN ESPAÑOL (S). Bks. 1 and 5 1570-77 Lost Originals of the Spanish text. Bks. 1-12 (see also preceding entry) 1575-77 Lost? Four-volume bilingual manuscript given to Sequera before Oct. 18,1577 1575-77 Lost? ENRÍQUEZ MANUSCRIPT, presumably sent to Spain in 1578 (N?; S?) 1104 1575-77? FLORENTINE CODEX (Ν and S; illus.), taken to Spain by Sequera in 1580 1577? 1105 MANUSCRITO DE TOLOSA (S) Later manuscripts and revisions 1585 1106 KALENDARIO MEXICANO, LATINO Y CASTELLANO (S). Bk. 2, summary, revised 1585 1107 ARTE ADIVINATORIA (S). Bk. 4; bk. 4, appendix, revised 1585 1108 RELACIÓN DE LA CONQUISTA DE ESTA NUEVA ESPAÑA (N-S). Bk. 12, revised 1585, etc. Lost VOCABULARIO TRILINGÜE (see Article 14A) 1547

Lost

NOTE: Adapted, with revisions, from Sahagún, Historia, prefaces to bks. 1 and 2; Paso y Troncoso, 1905-07; Jiménez Moreno, 1938a; Nicolau d'Olwer, 1952; and Article 14A in vol. 13 of this Handbook. Ν = Nahuatl. S = Spanish.

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

For a compilation of poems sometimes associated with Sahagún as compiler and which he appears to have cited or known, see Cantares mexicanos (no. 1019). See also Testerian manuscript no. 809. The most important biobibliographical works concerning Sahagún and his Historia are Jiménez Moreno (1938a; preface to Ramírez Cabañas, 1938) and Nicolau d'Olwer (1952). A digest of the latter with important revisions is given in Article 14A. Garibay (1953-54, 2: 63-88) treats the work as literature. Earlier studies by Chavero (1877b) and Ramírez (1885, 1903) are seriously out of date although the latter remains useful as does the elegant and indispensable study by García Icazbalceta (1886, 1954). For the student desiring to consult the Historia it is normally sufficient to consult one of the recent editions of the Spanish text (Ramírez Cabañas, 1938; Acosta Saignes, 1946; Garibay, 1956) or the English translation of its Nahuatl text (Dibble and Anderson, 1950-69). Omitted and variant texts in the earlier or later manuscripts can be consulted only in a wide range of other publications. [1097] Códices Matritenses. BPN, Códice Matritense del Real Palacio (303 folios) and RAH, Códice Matritense de la Academia de la Historia (342 folios). Nahuatl and Spanish. Tepepulco (Hidalgo), Tlatelolco, and Mexico City, D.F. ca. 155975. Contain early drafts for the Historia, described separately below (nos. 1098-1100, 1103). The entirety of the two Códices Matritenses (except for certain blank pages) is published in photofacsimile by Paso y Troncoso (1905-07, vols. 6-8) with the parts and leaves arranged not by their present sequence and foliation but according to his unchallenged reconstruction (Table 5). Ballesteros Gaibrois (1964) describes the two manuscripts, provides a concordance of 362

Spanish chapter headings (by their numeration and not their content) with the Tolosa and Florentine manuscripts, and gives poor color photoreproductions of the illustrated pages. The foliation on the Academy MS was applied about 1866 (J. F. Ramírez, 1903, p. 6) and the leaves of the Palace MS may have been numbered about the same time. The somewhat complex relationships of the parts of the Códices Matritenses to the Historia are best presented in a study by Jiménez Moreno (1938a; preface to Ramírez Cabañas, 1938, especially note 76). No single translation of their Nahuatl texts has been published, but there are numerous partial translations by Seler, Garibay, LeónPortilla, and others. A complete transcript and translation will presumably appear in the Fuentes indígenas de la cultura Nahuatl, Textos de los informantes de Sahagún, published by the Institute of History of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, of which four volumes have so far appeared (León-Portilla, 1958; Garibay, 1958b, 1961; López Austin, 1969). General knowledge of the existence of the Códices Matritenses dates from 1881, when they were exhibited at the 4th International Congress of Americanists (Lista, 1881, no. 1027; Brinton, 1890a). The presence of an illustrated Sahagún manuscript in Madrid was learned by Léon de Rosny in 1880 (Léon de Rosny, 1881a, p. 69). The RAH manuscript was described and the BPN manuscript mentioned, however, by J. F. Ramírez in 1867 in a work unpublished until 1885 (J. F. Ramírez, 1885, 1903). He quoted from a then unpublished reference of 1762 to the RAH manuscript. Somewhat wider publicity was given both manuscripts by García Icazbalceta (1886, 1954). Brn> ton's (1890a) description of the BPN manuscript is perhaps among its first published notices. Nicolau d'Olwer (1952, pp. 191-96) discusses events of the 1880s bearing on the history of the manuscripts.

TABLE 5-DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIALS A N D THEIR FOLIATION IN THE TWO CODICES Palace Manuscript

Modern title page Memoriales en Español Bks. 1 and 5 Unpublished blank leaves* Manuscrito de Tlatelolco, capítulo l Bk. 1, chap. 1-22 Bk. 1, chap. 23-24 (MC) (inserted) Buenaventura letter (inserted) Stub of lost leaf Calendar fragmentj: (transposed) Bks. 2-3 Memoriales con escolios, capítulo 2 Bk. 4 (later 7), chap. 1-5 Unpublished blank leaves Manuscrito de Tlatelolco, capítulo 2 Bks. 4-6 Primeros Memoriales Capítulo 1 Capítulo 2, pars. 1-5A

MATRITENSES

Academy Manuscript

Frontispiece 1-24 25-32 33-48 49-52 53 125, 123-124 54-122,126-159 160-170 171-177 178-249

250-281 282-303

Title page from old binding

Manuscrito de Tlatelolco, capítulo 3 Book 8, chap. 1-2 (SM) Book 8, chap. 3-17 Unpublished blank leaves Book 9 Memoriales con escolios, capítulo 4 Book 10, chap. 1-3 Unpublished blank leaves Manuscrito de Tlatelolco, capítulos 4-5 Capítulo 4 (bk. 10) Unpublished blank leaves Capítulo 5 (bk. 11) Trímeros Memoriales Capítulo 3 Unpublished blank leaf Capítulo 4 Supplement in capítulo 4 Later fragment Capítulo 4, continued Capítulo 2, pars. 5A-7 Unpublished blank leaves

1

2-5 6-23 24-25 26-50

88-96 97-103 104-197 198-199 200-342 51-66 67 68-71 72-80 81 82-83 84-85 86-87

* Ff. 25-32 of the Palace manuscript, not described by Ballesteros Gaibrois ( 1 9 6 4 ) , are blank, according to Brinton (1890a). X Appears in the Florentine Codex as bk. 2, chap. 38. M C = Memoriales complementarios SM = Segundos memoriales Leaves that are blank on only one side are not indicated. T h e leaves are out of order in capítulos 2 and 4 of the Primeros memoriales.

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

[1098] Primeros memoriales. Manuscrito de Tepepulco. BPN, in Códice Matritense del Real Palacio, ff. 250-303, and RAH, in Códice Matritense de la Academia de la Historia, ff. 51-66, 68-85. Published. 88 leaves. Nahuatl. Tepepulco, Hidalgo. 1559-61. This is the oldest of the surviving drafts of the Historia and is organized into four capítulos. Some parts served as the outline for the expansion of its content in the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco. A few parts are incorporated in the final version (see Florentine Codex, below). A photofacsimile was published by Paso y Troncoso (1905-07, 6: 1-175). A detailed outline, concordance with the Historia, and bibliography of partial editions and translations are given by Nicholson in Article 14B. See Article 23, no. 271, for further comment. Included in the Primeros memoriales are the 20 Cantares a los dioses in Nahuatl. They also appear, with little change, in the appendix to book 2 of the Nahuatl text of the Florentine Codex but are not translated in its Spanish text and do not appear in the Tolosa manuscript. The main editions are Brinton (1890b, Nahuatl-English), Seler (1904i, Nahuatl-German), Ramírez Cabañas (1938, Nahuatl in vol. 1, Spanish translation of Seler's translation in vol. 4), Acosta Saignes (1946, Nahuatl only in vol. I ) , Dibble and Anderson (1950-69, in book 2, Nahuatl-English), Garibay (1956, Nahuatl in vol. 1, Spanish without notes in vol. 4), and Garibay (1958b, Nahuatl-Spanish, with notes). This is a selected bibliography for these poems. See under CANTARES in this census for comment on Aztec poetry. [1099] Manuscrito de Tlatelolco. BPN, in Códice Matritense del Real Palacio, ff. 3 3 159, 178-249, and RAH, in Códice Matritense de la Academia de la Historia, ff. 2 364

50, 104-342 (ff. 24-25 and 198-99 are blank). Published. 484 leaves. Nahuatl. Tlatelolco, D.F. 1561-65. The Manuscrito de Tlatelolco is the second major body of Nahuatl drafts for the Historia and it forms the bulk of the two Códices Matritenses (see above). It is believed to have served as the basis for the preparation of the lost Nahuatl Manuscrito de 1569 in Mexico City which, in turn, was the original for the Nahuatl text copied in the Florentine Codex. Most of the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco appears almost verbatim in the latter but some parts do not. Originally composed in five capítulos, glosses of ca. 1566-68, mostly by Sahagún, provide successive changes in the numeration of its parts and convert it from a finished work into a draft. The final series of these glosses divide the work into 10 books. Books 6 and 12 of the later versions (formerly 7 and 9) are not present in this manuscript although their existence is reflected in the numeration. Caps. 1, 2, 4, and 5 each bear signature marks beginning with A but only in cap. 2 do they extend to the end of the capítulo. In the case of cap. 1, these marks antedate the foliation, the loss of one leaf, the transposition of leaves later foliated 123-25 (bk. 2, chap. 38, of the Florentine Codex), and the insertion of the Memoriales complementarios and the Buenaventura letter. 6 In part of the manuscript the Nahuatl text occupies the full width of the page and is believed to date from 1561-62, before a three-column plan was developed. These sections comprise book 1, chaps. 23-24, as an insert (Memoriales complementarios) 6 Inserted into the Palace MS as f. 53 (Paso y Troncoso, 1905-07, 7: 4 1 - 4 2 ) is a letter in Nahuatl from Pedro de San Buenaventura and Pedro González of ca. 1566-72 to Sahagún concerning the calendar. A transcript and Spanish translation by Jiménez Moreno are published by Caso (1958a, pp. 79-82; reprinted in Caso, 1967, pp. 8 6 - 8 8 ) . See also Kubler and Gibson (1951, p . 7 0 ) .

PROSE SOURCES

and book 8, chaps. 1-2 (Segundos memoriales); they have also been called the "Primer Manuscrito de Tlatelolco."7 The rest of books 8 and 9 and thus all of old cap. 3 (the only capítulo without signature marks) also has a single- or wide-column format but is nevertheless inaccurately subsumed under the designation Memoriales en tres columnas. Most of the manuscript (bks. 1-6 and 1011, except for the insertions in bk. 1) is believed to be a hurried copy of ca. 1563-65 after lost originals of 1561-62. It is known as the Memoriales en tres columnas (or "Segundo Manuscrito de Tlatelolco") although only the central column, in Nahuatl, is complete. In two short sections at the beginning of books 4 and 10 all three columns (Spanish, Nahuatl, scholia) have been completed and served as drafts for the Memoriales con escolios (see next entry). The manuscript has been published in photofacsimile by Paso y Troncoso (190507, 7: 1-400 [Palace MS] and 8, 570 pages [Academy MS]). The two drawings (in the Palace MS) are described in Article 23, nos. 272-273. There is no full transcript or translation published; the major partial editions are cited by Cline in Article 14C and under Códices Matritenses, above. The major sections which do not appear in the Florentine Codex and their modern translations are noted below. 7 One leaf of the Primeros memoriales (Academia MS f. 81) perhaps should also be classified here. Book 1, chap. 23 corresponds to book 1, chap. 12 of the later manuscripts. Chap. 24 is not in later versions. Book 8, chaps. 1-2, occupy the same position in later manuscripts but are rearranged, and later manuscripts lack the additions, in Spanish, that Sahagún made to these two chapters. Sahagún states that these additions (transcribed in Ballesteros Gaibrois, 1964, 1, pp. 86-88) were taken from the relation, in writings and pictures, that the Tenochcas gave to Juan González. Jiménez Moreno (1938a, p . 39 and note 88) and Gómez de Orozco (1941, p. 51) suggest that these additions show some resemblance to Codex Mendoza, but their differences indicate that this is unlikely.

Book 1, cap. 10, the gods Amimitl and Atlaua (Seler, 1927, pp. 31-32); book 1, cap. 24, Adagios (no published translation); book 8, cap. 15, education of common children (Seler, 1927, pp. 314-19); parts of book 8, caps. 9, 16, and 17, equivalent to chaps. 14, 21, and 20 of the Florentine Codex (Dibble and Anderson, 1950-69, bk. 8, appendices A, C, Β). Calendrical material at the end of books 2 and 5 (Palace MS ff. 126v-129r, 243r) has not been separately published or translated but its content is adapted in book 2, caps. 1-19, of the Flor­ entine Codex. [1100] Memoriales con escolios. BPN, in Códice Matritense del Real Palacio, ff. 16070, and RAH, in Códice Matritense de la Academia de la Historia, ff. 88-96r. Published. Nahuatl and Spanish. Tlatelolco, D.F. ca.1565. Two bilingual fragments in three columns—Spanish, Nahuatl, linguistic glossary (scholia)—that correspond to book 7 (chaps. 1-5) and book 10 (chaps. 1-3) of the final Historia. They are a clean copy with some revision of the same chapters of book 4 and book 10 of the Memoriales en tres columnas which they replace and which, in these sections only, also have the three completed columns. Published in photofacsimile by Paso y Troncoso (190507, 6: 177-215). Dibble and Anderson (1950-69, bk. 7, pp. 33-81) transcribe the texts and scholia of the part equivalent to part of book 7 and translate its Spanish text. The scholia of the Memoriales con escolios and those of the corresponding sections of the Memoriales en tres columnas (Palacio MS ff. 178-83r; Academy MS ff. 104-11r) are indexed and arranged as a NahuatlSpanish dictionary in Ballesteros Gaibrois (1964, pp. 255-303). The manuscript is an integral part of the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco and is a model for 365

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

the three-column work that Sahagún projected but never completed. [1101] Calendario de las fiestas y meses destos naturales. Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 3. Calendario escrito por Don Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl. BNP 65-71, ff. 113-22. Ex-Sigüenza y Góngora, Boturini, and Aubin collections. Partially published. Spanish. Mexico City, D.F. ca. 1570 (in a 17thC copy). Corresponds, with small variations, additions, and an omission to that part of the Breve conpendio (no. 1102) that also appears in the Historia as chaps. 1-19 of the Spanish text of book 2. This manuscript was misattributed to Ixtlilxochitl by Boturini (1746, 2: 62) and by León y Gama (1832, 2: 49, 54, 70, 87) and to Sigüenza y Góngora by Beristáin (1883, 3: 147-48). Although a copy, it may represent the oldest of the several known versions of this text. Whether or not it is in Ixtlilxochitl's handwriting is unknown. The 1 Atlcahualo = 7 Acatl correlation may relate the manuscript to the Francisco de las Navas calendar of 1551 (no. 1074). See Article 23, nos. 171-172, for parts 1 and 2 of Codex Ixtlilxochitl. Copies: León y Gama copy, BNP 318 (Boban, 1891, 2: 462-63). Veytia copy, 1755, in Codex Veytia (Article 23, no. 394). Publication: Lehmann, 1908 (part equivalent to chaps. 1-18 only). [1102] Breve conpendio de los ritos ydolátricos que los yndios desta Nueva España usauan en el tiempo de su infidelidad. BAV, Archivio Segreto. Published. 33 leaves. Spanish. Mexico City, D.F. December 25,1570. Contains: (1) a title and a letter to the Pope, (2) a summary of book 1 of the Historia with incidental data from other books, (3) the preface to book 2, (4) a summary 366

of book 2, (5) an account of the movable ceremonies digested from books 4 and 6, and (6) the Spanish translation of one chapter of book 2, chap. 5, of the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco. It has been partially published by Schmidt (1906) and in full by Oliger(1942). Parts 3-6 appear again, with minor variations, as the preface (with an addition), chaps. 1-19 (with an addition in 19), and chap. 24 of book 2 of the Florentine Codex. A Latin version of parts 2, 4, and 5, closer to the Breve conpendio than to the Florentine Codex, appears in Francisco Hernández, De antiquitatibus Novae Hispaniae (1926, 1945), book 3, chaps. 1-2 and 6-14. An earlier manuscript of parts 4 and 5 is described in the preceding entry. [1103] Memoriales en Español. Memoriales en Castellano. Historia universal de las cosas de la Nueva España. BPN, in Códice Matritense del Beal Palacio, ff. 1-24. Published. Spanish. Mexico City, D.F. ca. 1570-71 or Tlatelolco, D.F. ca. 1575-76. Corresponds to the Spanish text, without prefaces or appendices, of books 1 and 5 of the final Historia. The titles only for book 2 and the appendix to book 1 are given. Published in photofacsimile by Paso y Troncoso (1905-07,7:401-48). [1104] Florentine Codex. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España [original title page missing]. Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence, Italy. Incompletely published. 3 vols. (formerly bound as 4) 345, 372, and 493 leaves. Nahuatl and Spanish. Tlatelolco, D.F. Between September 1575 and October 1577 or 1578-80. The Florentine Codex is a final and, except for some details, completed manuscript of the Historia. It has 12 books with drawings, prefaces, and appendices by Sahagún

PROSE SOURCES

(as well as his signature), and parallel texts in Nahuatl and Spanish. Each of the latter has data and sections not in the other. The manuscript is believed to have been taken to Spain in February of 1580 by Fray Rodrigo de Sequera, to whom the work is dedicated for having commissioned the completion of its translation and a bilingual copy in or after September 1575. Formerly dated 1575-77 after contemporary dates of composition in recent editions of the Spanish text, Cline has noted (in Article 14A) that the single 1575 date in an interpolation in the preface to book 1 appears to read 1579 in Arabic numerals in the Florentine Codex. The context in which the date appears, however, is such that a date of 1575 (less probably, 1576) is clearly intended; it may be an error or an inadvertent correction made during later copying. It is the main evidence that the codex may be a copy made after rather than before 1578. Sahagún gave a four-volume bilingual manuscript to Sequera in 1577; this or another manuscript ("originals and copies") may have been sent to Spain by the Viceroy Martín Enríquez in 1578. Sahagún wrote the king in March of 1578 that another copy could be made and thus retained an original at that date. Whether these can be identified with the Florentine or Tolosa manuscripts is problematical; neither of the latter has been precisely dated. Except for the 1579 date in the Florentine Codex the copies of the Spanish text in these two manuscripts derive from an original completed during 1575-77, which may have remained in Sahagún's possession after 1580. Whether the physical redaction of the Florentine Codex and its drawings dates from 1575-77 or 1578-80, the dates of the composition of its Nahuatl texts are those of its antecedent drafts. Prefaces: Except for an interpolation, the preface before book 1 dates from 1569 and describes the 12 books as of that date. The

first half of the preface to book 2 dates from 1570 (see Breve conpendio). Cline (1971) has pubhshed the texts of the prefaces to books 2, 9, 11, and 12 and the Latin dedication preceding book 6 with English translations. The "Al sincero lector" before book 11 continues unpublished in any form as does a very short and second notice to the reader before book 1 describing some of its drawings. Unpublished tables of contents for books 7-11 show corrections in the leaf references; in their original states they describe some manuscript other than the Florentine Codex, probably the Manuscrito de 1569. Spanish text: The Spanish text may translate, paraphrase, or condense the Nahuatl. Some of the Nahuatl was not translated. There are frequent digressions. Parts of the Spanish text date from 1565 (see Memoriales con escolios) and 1570 (Breve conpendio). Drafts of some parts may have been written during 1570-75 but it was incomplete in 1575; it was completed during 1575-77. Some parts, such as the appendix to book 4 and the long digressions at the end of chaps. 12 and 13 of book 11 and chap. 27 of book 10, which are independent compositions by Sahagún rather than translations of his informants' texts, are dated 1576.8 Another full manuscript of the Spanish text is in the Manuscrito de Tolosa (see next entry). Nahuatl text: The Nahuatl text of books 1-5 and 7-11 derives with additions, omissions, and occasional variation, from the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco, presumably 8 The 1566 date in the appendix to book 4, on which Nicolau d'Olwer (1952, pp. 6 6 - 7 1 , and passim) bases parts of his interpretations, was taken from the Bustamante or Acosta Saignes editions. The date is given as 1576 in the Florentine Codex. This is more consistent with the implied date of 1574/75 (15 years after 2 Acatl, 1559/60), also given in this appendix, and with the theory that most of the Spanish text was written after January 1570. Contrary to a published report, book 10, chap. 27, is not in Sahagún's handwriting.

367

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

through the intermediate and lost Manuscrito de 1569. That manuscript, known through Sahagún's references to it in the prefaces to books 1 and 2, contained a clean copy of the 12 books in Nahuatl (only) with at least one Spanish preface. He stated that when the 1569 manuscript was prepared, the "Mexicans" added to and revised the Tlatelolco text. These additions must be among those which may be identified by comparing the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco and the Florentine Codex: the first, third, and final sections of the appendix to book 2; two omens at the end of book 5; the appendix to book 5; chaps. 5 and 7 of book 8; and various much shorter parts. The rest of the appendix to book 2 and chaps. 3-4 of book 8 which derive from the Primeros memoriales may also have been in the 1569 manuscript. Additions in chaps. 1 and 2 of book 11 as well as the long account of medicinal herbs by Tlatelolcan informants which appears as chap. 7, par. 5 (mistakenly numbered 5 and 6 in recent incomplete editions of the corresponding Spanish text) of book 11 were probably added after 1570 since the length of the additions in chaps. 2 and 7 is not reflected in the first of the two tables of contents for this book. The Nahuatl texts of books 6 and 12, putatively written as early as about 1547 and 1555, respectively, survive only in the Florentine Codex.9 Publication: The 20thC editions of the Spanish text (Ramírez Cabañas, 1938; Acosta Saignes, 1946; Garibay, 1956; the latter reprinted 1969) derive in complex ways from copies of the Manuscrito de Tolosa and only partially, incompletely, or in9 The only earlier extant part of book 12 is the Nahuatl of chap. 1 which appears in chap. 5, book 2, of the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco (Palace MS ft. 74v-75v) and also in book 8, chap. 6, of the Florentine Codex. The possibility that Sahagún was mistaken about the dates of these books or that the 1547 date for book 6 may refer only to its chaps. 41-43 deserves careful consideration.

368

directly from the Florentine Codex. In general, the editions of 1938 and 1956 are based on both manuscripts for books 1-5 without regard to their differences; book 6 in the 1956 edition is said to be based on the Florentine Codex. Books 10-12 in the 1938 and 1956 editions are based on the Manuscrito de Tolosa, and parts of these and other books of the Florentine Codex which are not represented in the Tolosa manuscript have never been published. The question is complicated and important only in details but an accurate edition of the Spanish text of both manuscripts or of the Florentine text with the variations in the Tolosa manuscript carefully noted, is greatly needed. Dibble and Anderson (1950-69) have published and translated book 2, chaps. 1-19, and the appendix to book 4, neither of which is represented in the Nahuatl text. The complete Nahuatl text with an English translation has been published by Dibble and Anderson (1950-69). A survey of the bibliography surrounding the publication of the Historia is given by Cline in Article 14C. See Article 23, no. 274, for data on the drawings, copies, and further comment. [1105] Manuscrito de Tolosa. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España. Historia universal de las cosas de la Nueva España. Códice castellano de Madrid. RAH, Muñoz collection, vol. 50. Ex-Convento de Tolosa. Published. 343 leaves. Spanish. Tlatelolco, D.F. ca. 1577-80. Contains the Spanish text, prefaces, and appendices of the Historia. It varies only in detail from the Spanish text in the Florentine Codex (see preceding entry), of which it is considered to be a slightly edited and condensed copy written by a Spanish rather than by an Indian scribe. Certain additional

PROSE SOURCES

passages, not in the Florentine Codex (bk. 6, chaps. 41 and 43, final sentences; bk. 10, chap. 27, preliminary paragraph; etc.) include statements in the first person apparently by Sahagún, which may indicate that it was either prepared under his supervision in Mexico or copied from an intermediate original. Since neither codex has been completely or accurately published (or adequately described), their comparison and conclusions as to their relationship must be regarded as tentative. No page of the Tolosa manuscript has been photographically reproduced. The 19thC editions of the Historia by Bustamante (1829,1829-30, reprinted 189096; French translation, Jourdanet and Siméon, 1880) and Kingsborough (1831-48) derive, through copies, from the Tolosa text and all suffer from various defects. Books 1-4 have been translated into English by Fanny R. Bandelier (1932). See previous entry for comment on the 20thC editions of the Spanish text of the Historia. See Article 23, no. 272, for comment on the single drawing in the Tolosa codex. Copies: (1) An incomplete copy, RAH, Muñoz collection, vol. 51. (2) The Panes copy of 1793, used by Bustamante, with book 12 missing is in BNMex. Book 12 of this copy was owned by Ramírez and Chavero. (3) ΝYPL, 2 vols., Rich55. (4) NYPL, partial copy, Rich 20. (5) NYPL, another partial copy, ex-Kingsborough, Phillipps 16190. (6) HSA, 2 vols., ex-Kingsborough 542 and Phillipps 11646, probably listed by Rich (1827, p. 2). (7) HSA (again), 2 vols. Not identified but probably included among the above are: a copy sold in Eng­ land by Felipe Bauzá before 1830 (Bauzá had possession of the Muñoz collection, 1812-15, and signed the receipt for its deposit in the RAH in 1816); a second exKingsborough copy in two volumes (Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842, no. 541); and a copy which was made for the Convent of Tolosa

in 1802-04 in exchange for the original and which passed through the hands of Antonio Uguina (this copy may have burned in 1808). A copy was reportedly secured by Aglio in 1828 for Kingsborough, who claimed that the copy he used was in Muñoz' handwriting. If the Panes copy was not made directly from the Tolosa manuscript, it may derive from one of the twovolume copies mentioned above. [1106] Kalendario mexicano, latino y castellano. BNMex, MS 1628bis, ff. 86-100. Published. Spanish. Tlatelolco, D.F. ca. 1585. The manuscript is bound with the Cantares mexicanos (no. 1019) preceding the Arte adivinatoria (no. 1107). The text (ff. 86-94) consists of a prologue, a calendar in Spanish (a version of bk. 2, chaps. 1-18 of the Historia but with the nemontemi distributed among five separate months), and a passage entitled "Al lector" (with data similar to Historia, bk. 4, appendix, bk. 2, chap. 19, and bk. 11, following chap. 12). Not all authorities agree on the attribution of this text or all of its parts to Sahagún but the phraseology, similarities to the Historia, and mention of the "vocabulario de tres lenguas," the "Historia de las cosas de esta tierra," and the "arte de la sciencia adivinatoria" (in "Al lector") can leave no doubt as to its author. The balance of the document is a seemingly unrelated pictorial calendar. See Article 23, no. 205, for further comment and bibliography. [1107] Arte adivinatoria. BNMex, MS 1628bis, ff. 101-25. Partially published. Spanish. Tlatelolco, D.F. 1585. Bound with the Cantares mexicanos (no. 1019) following the Kalendario mexicano, latino y castellano (no. 1106), the manuscript is a calendrical text with two introductory sections and 32 chapters. The intro369

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

ductory sections (with material similar to Historia, appendices to bks. 1 and 4) and chap. 1 have been published by García Icazbalceta (1886, pp. 316-23; 1954, pp. 369, 382-87). Chaps. 2-32 correspond, with undescribed variations, to chaps. 1-31 of book 4 of the Historia. To judge from its incipit, length, and number of chapters (32), BNP 252 (Boban, 1891,2, p. 424) must be another manuscript of this work. It was mis attributed to Cristóbal del Castillo by León y Gama (1832,1:91). [1108] Relación de la conquista de esta Nueva España. Unknown. Partially published. Nahuatl and Spanish. Tlatelolco, D.F. 1585. The work is a revision of book 12 (old 9) of the Historia, the conquest of Mexico. It contains two new introductory sections in Spanish, "Prólogo" and "Al lector," and the revised Spanish text. The Nahuatl text is unknown and unpublished. Manuscripts: The original, seemingly owned by Juan Francisco Montemayor y Cuenca in the 17thC, is unknown. A copy (in Spanish only?) was evidently made by Fray Esteban Manchola in the 17thC and may have been the one owned by Fray Agustín de Vetancurt. This or another copy, in the Real Academia de la Historia in 1808, was acquired by José Gómez de la Cortina in 1828 and was used by Bustamante for his edition.10 The work was known to Torquemada and a passage from chap. 40 was quoted by Díaz de la Vega in Mexico about 1782 (Baudot, 1969, p. 235). A copy of the Gómez de la Cortina MS (Spanish only), made in Mexico in 1839 and owned and frequently cited by Prescott, is in the Boston Public Library. Publication: The introductory sections and the Spanish text were published by Bustamante (1840). Ramírez Cabañas (1938, in vol. 4) reprints both introductory sections and gives some of the variant pas-

370

sages of the text in footnotes to the text of 1575-77. Acosta Saignes (1946, in vol. 3) reprints both introductory sections and Garibay (1956, in vol. 4) reprints the "prólogo." An edition of the original (bk. 12, Nahuatl and Spanish) and the revised (Spanish, 1585) texts in English translation edited by Cline is to be published by the Academy of American Franciscan History. 1109 Siglo 18, Anales del [title supplied]. BNP 262, f. 37. Ex-Aubin collection. Unpublished. 2 pp. Nahuatl. Central Mexico. 18thC. Brief fragmentary document spanning the years 1705-37 with annalistic notices included for approximately half of the 33 years relating to viceregal changes, plagues, and public and ecclesiastical events. The volume of which this document is a part contains a miscellany of other historical fragments. 1110 Siglo 19, Anales del. Unknown. Unpublished. Nahuatl. Mexico City, D.F. Mid19thC. Brief document with notices of public events of the late 1850s. Demonstrates the survival of annalistic tradition into modern 10 Jiménez Moreno (1938a, p. 42), followed by Nicolau d'Olwer (1952, p. 122), reports that the revised book 12 manuscript used by Bustamante was offered for sale in Barcelona in 1935 and that it was from the Chavero collection. The accuracy and credibility of this report is open to doubt. Chavero (n.d., p. xxxix; 1903a, pp. 69-70) stated that he owned book 12 of the Panes copy of the Tolosa manuscript, formerly owned by Bustamante (and Ramírez), and that he did not know the location of the revised manuscript. García Icazbalceta (1954, p. 364) also noted Chavero's ownership of the Panes copy of book 12 of the Tolosa manuscript. Without further information the identification of the Barcelona manuscript remains uncertain; it may have been the Bustamante manuscript of the revised book 12 (probably not ex-Chavero collection) or the Panes copy of book 12 of the Tolosa codex (ex-Chavero).

PROSE SOURCES

times. Microfilm of copy by Galicia Chimalpopoca in MNH/CD, BF rollo 4, exp. 6. Reference: Zavala, 1951, no. 49. 1111 Soles, Leyenda de los. Unknown. Published. Nahuatl. Central Mexico. ca. 1558. Describes human and divine events of the four suns (mythological epochs) and outlines the history of the present or fifth sun. Also includes legends, poems, data on Toltecs, and Aztec conquest. Some material is lacking at the end. The Boturini manuscript includes two minor drawings (not in pictorial census). Copies: A 17thC copy, ex-Boturini collection, occupies ff. 75-84 of the Códice Chimalpopoca (q.v.). Pichardo copy, BNP 304. Partial copy and translation by Galicia Chimalpopoca, MNA/AH-CA 254, ff. 65-84. See also Códice Chimalpopoca. Publication: Lehmann, 1906d (Latin translation); 1938, pp. 322-88 (German translation); Paso y Troncoso, 1903 (literal Spanish translation); Velázquez, 1945, pp. 119-42 (Spanish translation); Yáñez, 1942, pp. 1-36 (reprints Paso y Troncoso translation). Commentary: Garibay, 1953-54, 1: 292302, 2: 276-77; Velázquez, 1922. 1112 Tecamachalco, Anales de [1398-1590]. Anales de Tecamachalco y Quecholac, 1520-58. AAMC 22. UTX, CDG 555. Ex-José María de Agreda and Genaro García collections. Published. 40 leaves. Nahuatl. Tecamachalco region, Puebla. ca. 1590. Conventional notices from 1398 to about 1545, becoming more specific with names and dates of alcaldes mayores, friars, Indian governors, and Indian alcaldes, principally in Tecamachalco but also in Tepeaca and Quecholac. Extraordinarily full record for Tecamachalco from 1545 to 1590.

Copies: Incomplete copy and translation by Galicia Chimalpopoca (1520-58), AAMC 22. Incomplete translation (13991549) by Galicia Chimalpopoca, MNA/AHCA 254, ff. 53-56. Publication: The Nahuatl text and an incomplete interlinear Spanish translation of a copy made by Vicente de P. Andrade for Luis González Obregón are published by Peñafiel (1903a). Selected extracts in Spanish translation are given in García Icazbalceta (1886-92, 5, pp. 272-77). Three passages bearing on calendrical correlation are translated in Caso (1967, pp. 89-90). Commentary: Kubler and Gibson, 1951, p. 55. 1113 Tecpan de Santiago Tlatelolco, Códice del. MNA/AH Colección Gómez de Orozco, no. 12. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. 8 leaves. Nahuatl. Tlatelolco, D.F. 1576-81. Running dialogue concerning construction of community building of Tlatelolco in 1576-81, with information on Tlatelolco political processes and sujetos. Unique native statement on Indian labor organization and attitudes toward work. See Article 23, no. 303, for bibliography and further comment. 1114 Teotihuacán, San Juan, Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de. Historia del señorío de Teotihuacan. AAMC 3 (and related documents, see below). Unknown. Published. Nahuatl and Spanish. Teotihuacan, Mexico. ca. 1597-1621. A manuscript of the Tratado, together with manuscripts (18thC copies, at least in part) of three closely related documents, was in the Boturini collection. They were copied as Items 3-6 of vol. 1 of the Colección de memorias de la Nueva España (CMNE). The partial publications by Chavero (1904), Guzmán (1938), and Barlow (Rosa y Saldivar, 1946) derive from 371

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

these copies. BNP 242-45, partly in Nahuatl, may be, or derive from, the Boturini collection copies. It is uncertain if the publication of some of these documents by Fernández de Recas (1961) is based on a document in AGN-V or upon the CMNE copy in AGN-H, vol. 1. The four documents are: 1. A genealogy of the ascendants (to Nezahualcoyotl) and descendants of Francisco (Fernando?) Cortés Ixtlilxochitl (including Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl). Similar to genealogical material on the guard leaves of the Anales de Cuauhtitlan (q.v.). Published by Chavero (1904), Rosa y Saldivar (1946), Fernández de Recas (1961), and, from a MS in the Linga collection, by Lehmann (1938). 2. Testamento de D. Francisco Verdugo Quetzalmamalictzin, 1563 (1573?). Of note for a clause leaving a bequest to the Virgin of Guadalupe but of little ethnohistorical interest, although it bears on the genealogy of the Alva Ixtlilxochitl family. Published by Paso y Troncoso (1887; MS source not indicated); Fernández de Recas (1961) gives a digest. 3. Los primeros señores de Teotihuacan y sus comarcas. Possibly a translation and digest of the Tratado. Published by Chavero (1904), Rosa y Saldivar (1946), and by Fernández de Recas (1961). 4. The Tratado (see above for tide and synonyms) is a detailed preconquest and early colonial record of historical events and rulers of Teotihuacan from the time of Xolotl to 1621. The CMNE MS (RAH) has a few minor unpublished drawings in the native tradition (not included in pictorial census). Published (in Spanish) by Chavero (1904), Rosa y Saldivar (1946), and by Guzmán (1938). A copy or extract by Aubin (presumably from one of the BNP MSS) is AAMC 3 (Historia del señorío de Teotihuacan) and has been published in Anales mexicanos no. 2 (1948). As described here, the Tratado is not a translation of the 372

Testamento, as implied by Jiménez Moreno (1938b). Manuscripts: BNP 242-45. MNA/AH-CA 273, Item 3 (AAMC 3). All or most other copies probably derive from CMNE, vol. 1, Items 3-6 (RAH) or from copies thereof, such as AGN-H, vol. 1. BM Add. MSS 42567. Clements Library, Univ. of Michigan, 100 (Phillipps 13685). NYPL, Rich 40, ff. 52-65. MNA/AH, Colección Paso y Troncoso, 5 1 52. Publication: Anales mexicanos no. 2, 1948, pp. 35-53; Chavero, 1904, pp. 431-63; Fernández de Recas, 1961, pp. 120-24; Rosa y Saldivar, 1946, pp. 282-95; Guzmán, 1938; Lehmann, 1938, pp. 389-91; Paso y Troncoso, 1887. Commentary: Castillo, I. B. del, 1922, pp. 516-18, 535-47; Jiménez Moreno, 1938b, pp. 573-74. We have not examined the BNP MSS or had simultaneous access to all the works cited here. 1115 Tepanecas, Anales, 1426-1589. AAMC 6. Anónimo no. 4. Anales mexicanos, MexicoAzcapotzalco, 1426-1589. Anales de los reyes de Azcapotzalco y de los emperadores de Mexico. In MNA/AH-CA 256. ExSigüenza y Góngora and Galicia Chimalpopoca collections. Published. 18 leaves. Nahuatl. Mexico City. ca. 1615. Nahuatl annals from the death of Tezozomoc (1426) through the Spanish conquest (1522) and for the years 1577-1589. Reyes G. (1971) has published the evidence that this document is an earlier part of Chimalpahin's Journal, 1589-1615 (no. 1026) and is in his handwriting. The present census numbers had been fixed prior to our examination of Reyes' publication; otherwise, this document would have been described under its author's name. Copies: Copy by Galicia Chimalpopoca dated 1854, MNA/AH 254, ff. 29-48. Another copy by Galicia Chimalpopoca with

PROSE SOURCES

his Spanish translation dated 1857 is AAMC 6. His Spanish translation dated 1853, presumably from a manuscript in the Chavero collection, was published in 1903. There are significant and serious differences among the Nahuatl text of AAMC 6, its Spanish translation, and the edition of 1903. Publication: Anales mexicanos, MexicoAzcapotzalco . . . , 1903; Reyes G., 1971 (section for 1577-1589 only, with Spanish translation). 1116 Tepeaca, Anales de, 1528-1634. AAMC 21. Anales mexicanos Puebla, Tepeaca, Cholula, 1524-1645. Anales geroglíficos e históricos indianos, desde el año de 1524 hasta el de 1677. Unknown. Unpublished. Nahuatl. Tepeaca, Puebla, etc. 17thC. Dated notices of Tepeaca and adjacent communities with references to political and ecclesiastical events of the 16th and 17thC. See Article 23, no. 316, for manuscripts and further comment. 1117 Tetzcotzinco (Santa María Nativitas), The Titles of. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. 3 leaves. Nahuatl. Tetzcotzinco, Mexico. 16thC. Relates to a grant of water by Nezahualcoyotl in the 15thC and to land grants and church building in and near Tetzcotzinco in the early 16thC. Manuscripts: Pichardo copy in Nahuatl, BNP 288. A copy in Nahuatl by Galicia Chimalpopoca (MNA/AH-CA 254, ff. 26166) and a copy in Spanish of 1828 belonging to Echániz were published together with an English translation by McAfee and Barlow. The Echániz copy may be the one now in the Gilcrease Institute, Tulsa (Strout, 1962, p. 117, nos. 231-32). A text in Spanish was published in 1944. Publication: Datos relativos . . . , 1944; McAfee and Barlow, 1946b. Commentary: Wolf and Palerm, 1955.

1118 TLACAUEPANTZI, DOMINI PETRI. Verba Sociorum. Declaraciones de los convecinos de don Pedro Tlacauepantzin. AGN-V 256. Published. Latin. Tula, Hidalgo, and vicinity. 1541. Indian statements, mainly concerning Tula lands and their possessors in preconquest and early colonial times. Publication: Rosas Herrera, 1946. 1119 Tlacupan, Memorial de los pueblos sujetos al señorío de, y de los que tributaban a Mexico, Tezcuco y Tlacupan. AGI, Papeles de Simancas. Published. Spanish. Valley of Mexico. 16thC. Lists towns subject to Tacuba in a form similar to the equivalent lists for the Acolhua as recorded in Motolinía's Memoriales (q.v.), by Hernando Pimentel (q.v.), and in the Anales de Cuauhtitlan (q.v.). Names of about 340 towns whose tributes were paid to Mexico, Tacuba, and Texcoco. Publication: Paso y Troncoso, 1939-42, 14: 118-22. A photofacsimile was printed for Paso y Troncoso (n.d.b). Commentary: Gibson (1964b) maps some of the towns on this list. Gibson (1956) treats comparable lists for the Acolhua. 1120 Tlamacaztonco, Santa Catalina, Títulos de. Unknown. Unpublished. Nahuatl. Tlamacaztonco (southern Valley of Mexico?). Mid-16thC. Eloquent defense of traditional land properties and an exhortation that they be maintained. Copy: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and Spanish translation in his "Origen de Cuitlahuac y otros Documentos," BNMex MS, 1735 (old nos. 14-64 and 1312), ff. 22-33. 1121 Tlatelolco y Mexico, Anales de, no. 1,1519373

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

J633. AAMC 12. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Published. Nahuatl. Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco, D.F. 17thC. Abundant notices of political, ecclesiastical, and other events in Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco from the arrival of the Spaniards to 1633. Copy: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and translation, AAMC 12, copied from a manuscript from the Boturini collection. Publication: Anales de Tlatelolco, 1950; McAfee and Barlow, 1948.

scribed by Velázquez (except the terminal date) are similar to the copy, Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 2, 1524-1674 (no. 1094). Further comparison is required to clarify this relationship. The title of the Gómez de Orozco manuscript is cited, without substantive comment, by Garibay (1945b, p. 52) and by Pompa y Pompa (1938, p . 5 2 ) . Commentary: Velázquez, 1931, p. 70, no. 10; p. 424, no. 20.

1122

Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. I, 1453-1603. AAMC 16. Unknown. Unpublished. Nahuatl. Tlaxcala. 1603. Brief notices of political, religious, and natural events for 38 of the 151 years spanned by the annals. Copy: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and translation, AAMC 16, from unspecified source. Commentary: Gibson, 1952, p. 254.

Tlatelolco y Mexico, Anales de, no. 2, part 1, 1519-1662. Anales de Juan Miguel. AAMC 13, part 1. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Unpublished. 4 leaves. Nahuatl. Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco, D.F. 17thC. Brief notices, 1519-1662, of events in Tlatelolco and elsewhere. McAfee and Barlow (1948, p. 163) refer to the document as the Anales de Juan Miguel. Copy: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and translation, AAMC 13, part 1, copied from a manuscript from the Boturini collection.

Tlatelolco y Mexico, Anales de, no. 2, part 2, 1524-1663. See Puebla, Anales de, 15241686. 1123 Tlaxcala, Anales de, 1519-1720. Unknown. Ex-Gómez de Orozco collection. Unpublished. 22 (formerly 24) leaves. Nahuatl. Puebla de los Angeles, Puebla. 18thC. The document is very briefly described by Velázquez (1931) as containing notices of events in Tlaxcala, of Indian governors, of the expedition to Xuchipila (Mixton War), the arrival of viceroys, eclipses, and public calamities. He transcribes and translates one entry (for "1510") describing the apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe. This text as well as other features de374

1124

1125 Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 2, 1519-1692. AAMC 17. Unknown. Ex-Boturini collection. Unpublished. 13 leaves. Nahuatl. Tlaxcala. 17thC. The copy contains brief annalistic notices, primarily for Tlaxcala, 1519-38, 1556, and 1611-92 as well as a few minor drawings of year signs and other figures. The terminal date of the original was 1697. The text is substantially the same as the Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 2, 1519-1697 (no. 1092) and the two documents may derive from a common original. See also Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 3 (no. 1093). Copy: Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and translation, AAMC 17, copied from a manuscript from the Boturini collection. Commentary: Gibson, 1952, pp. 254-55. 1126 Tlaxcala et lieux circonvoisins,

Êphémér-

PROSE SOURCES

ides de (1519-1737). BNP 378. Ex-Goupil collection. Unpublished. 18 leaves. Nahuatl. Tlaxcala. 18thC. Sparse 16thC and abundant later notices of viceregal rules, friars, epidemics, and gubernatorial elections, principally of Tlaxcala but also of other communities and including public events in New Spain. The Nahuatl calendar is maintained to the end, but with erratic correspondence with Christian years and some misdating. 1127 Tlaxcala, Informe de los méritos de la ciudad de. Unknown. Unpublished. Spanish. Tlaxcala. 17thC. Recounts services performed by the Tlaxcalans as allies of the Spaniards in the conquest of Mexico and includes a catalog of places and provinces conquered by the Spaniards in Mexico and Guatemala with the aid of the Tlaxcalans. Most of the latter follows a sequence reported by Mazihcatzin in his commentary on the Lienzo de Tlaxcala (Article 23, no. 350). The document is based on earlier sources of the 16thC. Manuscripts: The Boturini collection copy of 1740 (6 leaves), now unknown, served as original for the copy in CMNE, vol. 1, Item 13 (MSS in RAH and AGN-H). Pichardo copy of the CMNE copy, BNP 289. Two similar documents are listed, but not published, in Paso y Troncoso (1939-42, 11, p. 267). Commentary. Gibson, 1952, p. 259. 1128 Tlaxcala y sus cuatro cabeceras, Historia y fundación de la ciudad de. Unknown. Partially published. Nahuatl. Tlaxcala. 18thC. Preconquest history of Tlaxcala translated from Spanish into Nahuatl by Francisco de Loaysa (also as Loaiza, Soria, and Souiza) in 1718. The document is probably a translation from the published work of Torque-

mada. See Anónimo mexicano (no. 1013) for a related manuscript, also associated with Loaysa. Manuscripts: The Boturini collection copy (possibly located in AGN-H, vol. 41) may be the source of all extant copies. A copy by Pichardo, with additions, is BNP 290. A 19thC copy is BNP 418; a Spanish translation by Francisco Rosales, 1867, in the same hand as BNP 418, is BNP Fonds Espagnols 597-2 (pp. 126-84). This copy and translation are probably related to the edition contemplated by Simon Léon Reinisch (Pilling, 1885, nos. 2301-02). The Ramírez collection copy is BAN, Mex. MS 231. Publication: The Nahuatl text of the BAN manuscript that is parallel to chaps. 4-5 of the Anónimo mexicano is published in Paleografía (1958). Commentary: Gibson, 1952, pp. 257-58; Jiménez Moreno, 1938b, pp. 578-79. 1129 Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia. Anales de Quauhtinchan. BNP 46-58. Ex-Boturini and Aubin collections. Published. 52 leaves. Nahuatl. Cuauhtinchan, Puebla. ca. 1550. Recounts migrations of Nonoalca-Chichimeca and Tolteca-Chichimeca peoples from Tula, foundation of Cuauhtinchan, struggles of Cuauhtinchan with neighboring peoples and with the Aztecs, and history of Cuauhtinchan during the early Spanish regime. One of the major sources for toponymic and migration study. Large number of place and personal names extending over a long period, evidently deriving from other sources in addition to the originals of the surviving illustrations. See Article 23, no. 359, for further comment and bibliography. 1130 TORQUEMADA, FRAY JUAN DE. Monarchia indiana. Manuscript unknown. 375

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Published. Spanish. Central Mexico. 1592-1613. A major synthetic work in which the author cites, describes, quotes, or translates numerous native pictorial, written, and oral sources, many of which are now otherwise unknown. A substantial part of the work is taken from the writings of Mendieta, Sahagún, and Motolinía. There are also relationships to the writings of Pomar, Las Casas, Muñoz Camargo, Ixtlilxochitl, and others. Publication: Torquemada, 1615, 1723, 1943-44, and 1969. Commentary: Selections from the Monarchia indiana have been published with an introduction by León-Portilla (Torquemada, 1964), who is also the editor of the facsimile reprint of 1969. A study of Torquemada's use of native sources has been published by Cline (1969a). See Article 16 for further comment.

1136), and the Breve y sumaria relación by Alonso de Zorita (no. 1140). Benjamin Keen (in Zorita, 1963, pp. 277-87) gives a digest in English of three of the four letters. Documents concerning tribute generally fall outside of the limits of the present census, but these letters are included because of their explicit emphasis upon preconquest patterns and the evident use of Indian informants. An anonymous and undated document, comparable to these letters, is published by Carrasco Pizana (1967a, pp. 131-39). A less interesting letter of the series is published in Paso y Troncoso (193942,14:54-55). [1132]

TOVAR, JUAN DE. Relación del origen de tos yndios (JCBL) and Códice Ramírez (MNA/AH-CA 166). Published. Spanish. Valley of Mexico. ca. 1583-87. The work, known through two 16thC manuscripts, in general follows Durán's Historia (no. 1036) and is one step further removed from the Indian sources on which Durán depended. See Article 23, nos. 365, 366, for bibliography and further comment.

ANUNCIACIÓN, FRAY DOMINGO DE LA. Parecer sobre el modo que tenían de tributar los indios en tiempo de la gentilidad. AGI. Published. Spanish. Chimalhuacan Chalco, Mexico. September 20, 1554. Statement concerning the tribute and history of Chimalhuacan Chalco and its relations with Tenochtitlan from the time of Moctezuma the first, as reported to the author by Indian principals. Copies: RAH, Muñoz collection, vol. 87. NYPL,Rich 40. Publication: Cuevas, 1914, pp. 235-42; Paso y Troncoso, 1939-42, 7: 259-66; Ternaux-Compans, 1837-41,16: 332-41 (French translation).

1132-1135

[1133]

TRIBUTE INQUIRY OF 1554. A royal cédula of December 20,1553, specifically requested information concerning preconquest Indian tribute practices. The inquiry is briefly described by Scholes and Adams (1957, pp. 11-12,17-23). Among the resulting reports are the four letters by friars of various orders described below, the Información sobre los tributos que los indios pagaban a Moctezuma, año de 1554 (no.

MOTOLINIA, FRAY TORIBIO DE, and FRAY DIEGO DE OLARTE. Parecer sobre lo que solía tributar los indios en su gentilidad. AGI. Published. Spanish. Cholula, Puebla. August 27,1554. Brief statement concerning pre- and postconquest systems of tribute. Copies: RAH, Muñoz collection, vol. 87. NYPL,Rich 40. Publication: Carrasco Pizana, 1967a, pp.

1131

376

PROSE SOURCES

128-30 (partial, from the original); Cuevas, 1914, pp. 228-32; Ternaux-Compans, 183741,10: 401-14 (French translation). [1134] Parecer de la orden de San Agustín sobre los señores y tributos de los indios (signed by the friars Juan de San Simón, Alonso de la Veracruz, Pedro de Pamplona, Miguel de Figueroa, and another, illegible). AGI. Published. Spanish. No place. 1554. General description of preconquest tribute practices with comparative observations on Michoacan and colonial usages. Copy: RAH, Muñoz collection, vol. 87. Publication: Carrasco Pizana, 1967a, pp. 121-27.

dant information on preconquest tribute, land tenure, and other subjects. Publication: Scholes and Adams, 1957. Commentary: Borah and Cook, 1963, pp. 33-36. 1137 Tula, Anales de. Anales de Tezontepec. Anales aztecas. MNA 35-9. Published. Nahuatl. Tula, Hidalgo, etc. 16thC. Dating starts with 12 Calli, 1361, but the earliest recorded event is the death of Huitzilihuitl in 1365. Ends with the fall of Tenochtitlan to the Spaniards, 1521. Conquests and deaths comprise the larger part of the documentation. See Article 23, no. 369, for bibliography and further comment.

[1135] SAN VICENTE PAULO, FRAY NICOLAS DE (alias Nicolás de Witte and Nicolás de San Pablo). Parecer sobre el modo que tenían de tributar los indios en tiempo de la gentilidad. AGI. Published. Spanish. Meztitlan, Hidalgo. August 21 (27?), 1554. Description of the tribute system of the preconquest period with emphasis on the region of Meztitlan. Copies: RAH, Muñoz collection, vol. 87. NYPL,Rich 40. Publication: Cuevas, 1913, pp. 145-51; 1914, pp. 221-28; Paso y Troncoso, 193942, 16: 56-62; Ternaux-Compans, 1837-41, 16: 284-93 (French translation). 1136 Tributos que los indios pagaban a Moctezuma, Información sobre los, año de 1554. AGI, Justicia, leg. 203, no. 5. Published. Spanish. Mexico City, D.F. 1554. Court record of descriptions by six Indians of a tribute book similar to Codex Mendoza, part 2, and Matrícula de tributos (Article 23, nos. 196, 368). Contains abun-

X, Crónica. Unknown. Unpublished. Nahuatl. Valley of Mexico. 16thC. The name, Crónica X, proposed by Barlow, refers to the presumed Nahuatl source from which the materials of Durán (q.v.) and the Crónica mexicana of Alvarado Tezozomoc (q.v.) directly derived, and which formed the basis secondarily of the Historia and Códice Ramírez of Tovar (q.v.). A document of dubious historicity. See under this title (following no. 397) in Article 23 for further comment and bibliography. 1138 Xilotepec, Anales de, 1403-1589. Unknown. Unpublished. Spanish (possibly translated from the Otomi). Xilotepec (Jilotepec, Mexico?). 16thC. Two modern copies were found by Garibay in Xilotepec in 1918. A microfilm of his copy is in MNH/CD, BF rollo 4, exp. 17. The document contains names and events of pre-Spanish Otomi history in Xilotepec and colonial history to 1589. Much of the material concerns the cacique Don Juan Valerio Bautista de la Cruz. Illustrations are de377

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

scribed but not copied in the Garibay manuscript. Reference: Zavala, 1951, no. 60. 1139 ZAPATA [y Mendoza], JUAN BENTURA [Buenaventura], and MANUEL DE LOS SANTOS Y SALAZAR. Historia cronológica de la Ν. C. de Tlaxcala. BNP 212. ExBoturini collection. Unpublished. 240 pages. Nahuatl. Tlaxcala. 17thC. Deals briefly with Chichimec and migra­ tion antecedents and at length with Tlaxcalan history following 1519. Materials con­ siderably more abundant and less familiar in the 17thC, for which period of Tlaxcalan history this is a fundamental source. An edi­ tion with Spanish translation by Miguel Barrios has long been in preparation by the Instituto de Historia of the Universidad Na­ cional Autónoma de México. Copy: Partial copy and French translation by Aubin, BNP 341. Commentary: Boban, 1891, 2: 393-96; Gibson, 1952, pp. 263-64; Jiménez Moreno, 1938b, pp. 571-73. 1140 ZORITA (also, Zurita), ALONSO DE. Breve y sumaria relación de los señores y maneras y diferencias que había de ellos en la Nueva España. . . . BNMex. Ex-Sigüenza y Góngora, Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo, J. F. Ramírez, and Chavero collections. Published. Spanish. 125 leaves. Central Mexico (written in Granada, Spain). ca. 156&-70. In response to a royal directive of 1553, Zorita collected data on pre-Spanish social organization and government, principally from Central Mexico. Depends in part on native sources, on the writings of his European and Franciscan predecessors, and on his own observations. He frequently quotes 378

from Motolinía (no. 1069) and from Olmos' Huehuetlatolli (no. 1080). Manuscripts: The original manuscript as well as the Boturini collection copy appears to be in BNMex. A large number of copies exist, all of which presumably derive directly or indirectly from one or the other of the two manuscripts mentioned. Copies include: RAH, Muñoz collection, vol. 41 (after the Panes copy); BPN, BM (two copies); BNP 218 and 219; Clements Library, University of Michigan (ex-Phillipps); NYPL; UTX, CDG 1894 and 1896; BAN, Mex. MSS 162 and 254; and Harvard University (Houghton Library). Other copies are mentioned in the literature. Publication: Zorita, 1840,1864,1891,1941, 1942, and 1963 (English translation).

1141 Historia de la Nueva España. Relación de las cosas notables de la Nueva España. BPN. Partially published. 22 + 633 leaves. Spanish. Central Mexico. 1585. Written in Spain by 1585, only the first of the four parts of this work on the history and customs of the Indians of New Spain has been published. In its published part Zorita frequently cites the lost Recopilación by Fray Andrés de Olmos (no. 1079) and often quotes from a manuscript of the historical work by Fray Toribio de Motolinía (no. 1069). Zorita sent the latter and perhaps the former as well to Mendieta in 1584. In a valuable and interesting introductory "Catálogo de los autores que an escripto historias de yndias" Zorita cites works by Fray Francisco de las Navas, Pablo Nazareo, and others, some of which are now unknown. García Icazbalceta (1886-92,3: xxixxxix) has commented on this catalog. Copy: Incomplete copy, BNMex. Partial publication: Zorita, 1909.

PROSE SOURCES

LOWLAND MAYA 1142 Bacabs, Ritual of the. PUL, Gates no. 1. Ex-Gates collection. Partially published. 237 pages. Yucatec Maya. Yucatan. 18thC (copy of older material). Roys (1965) published a transcript of the text and an English translation of 42 medical incantations, deficient in historical content but informative on Maya lore, ritual, and divination. The relatively small unpublished part appears to contain somewhat similar material. Copies: Photographs by Gates are in PML and NLA. Publication: Roys, 1965. Commentary: Tozzer, 1921, p. 196. 1143 Calkini, Crónica de. Códice de Calkini. The Book of Chilam Balam of Calkini. PUL, Gates no. 4. Ex-Carrillo y Ancona, Biblioteca Cepeda (Merida), and Gates collections. Published. 15 leaves (paginated 11-40). Yucatec Maya. Calkini, Yucatan. 17th (?) C. History of the settlement of Calkini, the conquest by Montejo, and other 16thC events, together with a description of the province of Ah Canul. Parts of the document bear the dates 1579,1582, and 1595; the next to last passage dated 1821 appears to be a later addition. Copies: The original was photographed by Maler and also at the University of Pennsylvania about 1910-13. Gates' photographs (after Maler's) are in PML and NLA. A copy is at PUL; Gates' photographs of this copy are in PML, LC, and BYU. Publication: Barrera Vásquez, 1957 (photofacsimile and Spanish translation); Gates, 1935c (photofacsimile). Commentary: Roys, 1957, pp. 11-13; Tozzer, 1921, p. 190.

1144 CHI, GASPAR ANTONIO (also as Xiu and de Herrera). Relación sobre las costumbres de los indios. AGI. Published. 2 leaves. Spanish. Yucatan. 1582. Chi (1531-1610) was an Indian protégé of Landa from Mani and later an official interpreter for the Spanish court in Yucatan. He provided the historical information in 12 of the Relaciones geográficas of Yucatan of 1579-81 (Relaciones de Yucatán, 18981900), some of which he also signed. Jakeman (1952) reprints the Spanish text of the seven versions of this narrative in the 12 relations and gives an English translation of the combined version. His Relación sobre las costumbres, published in English translation by Tozzer (1941), is shorter and less comprehensive than the combined texts in the Relaciones geográficas. Chi's relation was previously known through an abstract given by López Cogolludo (1688), which may be used to reconstruct the damaged AGI manuscript. The combined narratives record Itza and Xiu history and the founding of Yucatecan cities before the conquest and provide additional information on food, dress, and customs. Copies: Photographs of the AGI manuscript with a transcript and translation by Roys (used in the edition by Tozzer) are in PML. Publication: Jakeman, 1952; López Cogolludo, 1688, bk. IV, chaps. III-IV, pp. 17882; Relaciones de Yucatán, 1898-1900; Tozzer, 1941, pp. 44-46, 230-32. Commentary (selected): Blom, 1928; Rubio Mañé, 1956. 1145-1158 CHILAM BALAM, BOOKS OF. The Books of Chilam Balam, named after a Maya priest whose prophecy appears in some of the manuscripts, contain historical, calen379

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

drical, astrological, prophetic, medical, and Christian texts. The known examples are of 18th and 19thC dates but contain material of earlier origin. Some of the texts occur in parallel versions in several manuscripts. It is evident that the known books are the product of repeated copying. The present census records 14 examples, one of which (Oxkutzcab) may merely represent a different name for another manuscript. Tozzer (1921, pp. 191-92) refers to Books of Hocaba, Nabula, Peto, and Tihosuco, about which little information is available. The Hocaba is probably another name for the Book of Kaua; the reference to a book from Peto rests on a faulty English interpretation of the meaning of the Spanish word "pueblo." The Crónica de Calkini (no. 1143) is sometimes called a Book of Chilam Balam but is not properly of this class. Four of the books (Chumayel, Ixil, Kaua, and Codex Pérez) contain illustrations, which are described in the pictorial census. The drawings include glyphs, calendar wheels, Lords of the Katuns, the European zodiac, and some historical, astrological, and miscellaneous drawings. Except for the glyphs, all these illustrations are remote from any preconquest Indian tradition though some may express native colonial concepts. The Books of Chumayel, Ixil, Kaua, and Tizimin, and Codex Pérez were either owned by, or in the possession of, Crescend o Carrillo y Ancona, bishop of Yucatan, in the late 19thC. Complete or partial copies of these five books were made by C. H. Berendt in 1868 and, after being acquired by D. G. Brinton, are now in the Berendt Linguistic Collection (BLC) of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. The Books of Chumayel, Kaua, and Tizimin were photographed by Teobert Maler. A set of his photographs was acquired by William Gates, who also acquired (from S. G. Morley) a volume (now in PUL) 380

containing partial copies of the Chumayel, Ixil, Kaua, and Tizimin. Gates' photographs of these and other manuscripts are located in several collections and, to the extent of available information, are recorded in this census. Further comment on his photographs and collection is given in Article 28, app. A. A large literature surrounds this corpus of documents, but only a selected bibliography is cited in the census descriptions. For further bibliography, a general survey, and a Spanish translation of a number of selected texts from five of the books, see Barrera Vásquez and Rendón (1948). An English translation of the introduction to that work is given in Barrera Vásquez and Morley (1949). The early surveys by Brinton (1882a), Morley (1911), and Tozzer (1917), although superseded by subsequent works, remain useful. The very detailed bibliography given by Tozzer (1921, pp. 182-92) may be supplemented by titles listed in Bernal (1962, pp. 373-77 and passim). The historical chronicles, prophecies, divinatory almanacs, and medical remedies that exist in parallel versions in two or more manuscripts and that have been published in comparative form are discussed below. The only books published in complete translation are the Chumayel, the Tizimin, and Codex Pérez. Maya Chronicles. Five chronicles of Maya history, named after the three books in which they appear, are of particular significance and interest. They are the Mani (in Codex Pérez, pp. 134-37), the Tizimin (ff. 18v-19r), and the first, second, and third Chumayel (pp. 74-77, 77-78, and 78-81). Chronicles 1-3 (also known as Chronicle 1) may be versions of a common tradition, which can be reconstructed from the three extant texts. Chronicles 4-5 (also known as Chronicles 2-3) are known only in the Chumayel manuscript. The individual chronicles have been pub-

PROSE SOURCES

lished various times; a selected bibliography of comparative editions follows: Brinton (1882b, pp. 79-185) (Chronicles 1-5: Maya text and English translation). Martínez Hernández (1927, 1940) (Chronicles 1-3 and 5: Maya text and Spanish translation). Barrera Vásquez and Rendón (1948, pp. 41-73) (Chronicles 1-5: Spanish translation of the reconstructed text). Barrera Vásquez and Morley (1949) (Chronicles 1-3: Maya texts, reconstructed Maya text, English translation of the reconstructed text; Chronicles 4-5: Maya texts and English translation). Barrera Vásquez (1964, pp. 51-58) (Chronicles 1-3: revision in the order of his earlier Spanish translation of the reconstructed text. In this work he gives the name "Crónica Matichu" to the reconstructed text of Chronicles 1-3). The chronicles are arranged by katuns, a period of 20 X 360 days; a given katun can recur every 256 years. In the editions since 1926, correlations with Christian dates as early as A.D. 415 have been proposed. Roys (1962, pp. 68-78) presents reasons for a correlation of the dates in the chronicles that would place most of them after A.D. 1185 with only a few pertaining to the period beginning in A.D. 948. Roys' arguments reflect a wholly revised and more realistic viewpoint toward the significance of the chronicles. Other discussions of the dates in the chronicles include Morley (1920, p. 465 ff.) and Schulz (1944) as well as much of the literature surrounding the correlation of the Maya and Christian calendars (not cited here). Prophecies. Prophecies in the Books of Chilam Balam occur in several main forms: those of named prophets and those for katuns and tuns. Five of the former, including a prophecy by Chilam Balam, were first published by Lizana in 1633 (1893, ff. 3639) in Maya and Spanish translation.

López Cogolludo (1688, pp. 95-101) gives their texts in Spanish. They are mentioned by various early colonial writers. These five prophecies occur in Codex Pérez (twice) and in the Chumayel; three are found in the Tizimin. Barrera Vásquez and Rendón (1948, pp. 195-203) give a Spanish translation based on these sources. Roys (1933, pp. 185-87) discusses additional prophecies in the same manuscripts. Tozzer (1921, pp. 192-94) reviews the extensive bibliography already extant by 1921. The prophecies for the katuns (a round of 13 katuns is approximately 260 years) occur in two series and are essentially historical in character. The first is in the Books of Chumayel, Kaua, Tizimin, Mani, and "Oxkutzcab" (the latter two in Codex Pérez). The second series is in the Books of Chumayel and Tizimin. Barrera Vásquez and Rendón (1948, pp. 95-143) present a synthesized Spanish translation of each of these series based on these sources. Roys (1954) gives an English translation of the first series with commentary and suggested correlation with the Christian calendar. In the Books of Mani (in Codex Pérez) and Tizimin is a parallel text of prophecies for 21 tuns (360-day periods) that incorporate calendrical features for 365-day periods. Barrera Vásquez and Rendón (1948, pp. 186-88) give a synthesized Spanish translation. Roys (1949b) gives the Maya text with English translation and a commentary which discusses some of the problems of interpretation that surround this text. Divinatory almanacs. J. E. S. Thompson (1950, pp. 297-302) discusses the "sorry remnants of the old art of prognostication of the days of the sacred almanac" in the Books of Ixil, Kaua (2 texts), and Tizimin and in Codex Pérez (4 texts). He tabulates some of the data they contain and mentions similar almanacs in the Books of Nah and Tekax. A different series of prognostications for 381

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

the days in the Book of Kaua (3 texts) and in Codex Pérez is studied by Barrera Vásquez (1943) with commentary, Maya texts, and Spanish translation. Barrera Vásquez and Rendón (1948, pp. 189-94) give the synthesized translation in Spanish of this series. Medical remedies. Medicinal plant remedies in the Books of Kaua and Nah are published by Roys (1931). For further comment on this type of content see "Medical Texts" in this census. [1145] Chan Kan, Book of Chilam Balam of. MNA/AH. Ex-Loring M. Hewen collection. Unpublished. 132 pp. Yucatec Maya. Chan Kan (near Peto), Yucatan. The manuscript was given to the INAH in 1963. Part of its content is said to be similar to parts of the Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua. Copies: Photographic copy in UP/UM. [1146] Chumayel, Book of Chilam Balam of. PUL. Ex-Carrillo y Ancona, Cepeda Library (Merida), and Julio Berzunza collections. Published. 58 leaves (originally; ff. 1, 50, and 55 missing). Yucatec Maya. Chumayel, Yucatan. 1782. The manuscript is an illustrated text compiled by Juan José Hoil in 1782. Like other books of Chilam Balam, it derives from older manuscripts and traditions. Its text contains rituals, prophecies, chronicles, and material related to astronomy, cosmology, and similar subjects. See Article 23, no. 60, for comment on the drawings. Copies: Berendt copies in BLC 43 and 49. Partial copy at PUL. Gates' photographs of the partial copy at PUL are in PML, LC, and BYU. Gates' set of the photographs by Maler may be at BYU. Publication: A photoreproduction of the manuscript based on photographs taken in 382

1910 has been published by Gordon (1913). Roys (1933) gives the Maya text, English translation, commentary, and line drawings of the illustrations. There are also editions in Spanish (Mediz Bolio, 1930,1941, and other editions) and French (Peret, 1955). See Books of Chilam Balam, above, for further comment and bibliography. Partial translations by Gates, Roys, and others are omitted from the present bibliography. Printer's galley proof for an unpublished edition by an unidentified editor of the text is in PML. Commentary: Barrera Vásquez and Morley, 1949, pp. 16-18; Barrera Vásquez and Rendón, 1948, pp. 23-29; Tozzer, 1921, pp. 187-89. [1147] Ixil, Book of Chilam Balam of. MNA 35-67. Ex-Carrillo y Ancona, Biblioteca Cepeda (Merida), and Laura Temple collections. Partially published. 43 leaves. Yucatec Maya. Ixil, Yucatan. 18thC. The manuscript consists of two parts. The first (25 folios), known as the Lunario or Calendario maya, contains calendrical and astrological texts, drawings, and tables, a European almanac (Catholic calendar and zodiac with drawings illustrating the latter), and a Christian biblical narrative. See Article 23, no. 168, for comment on the drawings. The second part (18 folios), without drawings, known as the Libro de medicina de Ixil, contains another biblical narrative and a long section devoted to medical remedies. Except for a few pages and two calendar wheels copied in Codex Pérez (no. 1152), no publication of the texts of the manuscript has appeared. Roys (1946) gives a detailed outline and description of its content and compares it with other texts. Copies: Photostats of the original are in LC, NLA, PML, and other collections. Gates' photographs of a partial copy now in PUL are in PML and LC. Other partial

PROSE SOURCES

copies are in BLC, TU/LAL, and in Codex Pérez. Commentary: Barrera Vásquez and Morley, 1949, p. 19; Barrera Vásquez and Rendón, 1948, pp. 31-33; Glass, 1964, p. 120; Roys, 1946; Tozzer, 1921, p. 190. [1148] Kaua, Book of Chilam Balam of. Tratado de las 7 planetas y otro de medicinarum . . . , 1789. PUL, Gates no. 6 (19 leaves, ex-Gates) and unknown (122 leaves). Ex-Carlos María Pacheco (of Hocaba, Yucatan), Carrillo y Ancona, and Cepeda Library (Merida) collections. Partially published. 141 leaves. Yucatec Maya. Kaua, Yucatan. 18thC. Gates' photographs (in PML) of Maler's photographs of the original are foliated 141 and paginated 1-282. Pages 5-6, 9-14, 2 1 22, and 161-88 of this numeration (which does not correspond to various paginations on the original) are in PUL; the location of the remainder is unknown. The largest of all the Books of Chilam Balam, the Kaua manuscript contains a compilation of diverse texts written in Yucatec Maya. Those in this manuscript include highly acculturated divinatory almanacs, prayers, medical recipes, calendrical tables, cosmological and astrological subjects, katun prophecies, and other miscellaneous material. See Article 23, no. 179, for comment on the drawings. Copies: Photographs of the original taken by Maler were secured by Gates; his photographs of Maler's photographs are in PML, LC, and BYU. Partial copies by Berendt are BLC 42-13, 43-5, and in BLC 49. Partial copies are in TU/LAL and PUL; Gates' photographs of the latter are in PML and LC. A typescript by Roys is in TU/LAL; another typescript may be at BYU. Publication: See Books of Chilam Balam, above, for translations of sections of the manuscript (katun prophecies, divinatory

almanacs, prognostications for the days). Gates (1931) gives the text and an English translation of the katun prophecies on pp. 166-71. Proskouriakoff (1952) studies a calendrical table from the manuscript with dates, 1797-1824. The medicinal plant remedies are among the sources of Roys' Ethnobotany of the Maya (1931). Commentary: Barrera Vásquez and Morley, 1949, pp. 19-20; Barrera Vásquez and Rendón, 1948, pp. 33-34; Tozzer, 1921, pp. 190-91. [1149] Mani, Book of Chilam Balam of. Unknown. Partially (?) published. Yucatec Maya. Mani, Yucatan. Part or parts of one, two, and possibly three books from Mani are known through copies by Juan Pío Pérez in Codex Pérez (q.v., no. 1152). Tozzer (1921, p. 184) cites Berendt (in Brinton, 1882b, p. 91) for the existence of four books from Mani. All available texts, however, from any book or books from Mani appear to be known only through Codex Pérez or copies thereof. Just what parts of Codex Pérez constitute the Mani material is uncertain; it is conceivable that most of the codex (through p. 166) was copied at Mani. There are more specific indications that pp. 50-64 and 65-137 of Codex Pérez derive, respectively, from an "Almanaque del Archivo de Mani" and from a Book of Chilam Balam of Mani. The latter (pp. 134-37 of Codex Pérez) is a chronicle of Maya history first published by Stephens (1843, 2: 278-80, 465-69) from a copy and translation given him by Pérez. This chronicle is also known as the Chilam Balam of Mani, the Mani Chronicle, the Crónica de Mani (not to be confused with an homonymous document, no. 1162), and Chronicle 1; Tozzer calls it Pérez Codex. Its numerous separate publications and translations include those by Martínez Hernández (1909, 1926a). See Books of Chilam 383

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Balam, above, and Codex Pérez for further comment and bibliography. Publication (selected): Escalona Ramos, 1934; Martínez Hernández, 1909,1926a. Commentary (selected): Tozzer, 1921, pp. 184-86. [1150] Nah, Book of Chilam Balam of. PUL, Gates no. 2. Ex-Gates collection. Partially published. 36 leaves. Yucatec Maya. Teabo, Yucatan. 19thC. The manuscript takes its name from the signature of a José María Nah. Gates (1929, no. 2) describes it as "containing a calendar count, with the ancient day names; a section on astronomy, and many recipes for plant remedies for the chief endemic diseases." It may also contain some baptismal records from Teabo, and it is said to be similar, in part, to the Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua. Pages 4-38 are very similar to the Book of Chilam Balam of Tekax (no. 1154); the Nah may be a copy of the Tekax made when the latter was more complete. Roys (1946, pp. 101-02) makes a similar observation. Copies: Photographs by Gates are in PML, LC, NLA, and TU/LAL. Partial publication: The medicinal plant remedies from the manuscript are among the sources of Roys' Ethno-botany of the Maya (1931). Commentary: Barrera Vásquez and Morley, 1949, p. 21; Barrera Vásquez and Rendón, 1948, p. 38; Tozzer, 1921, p. 191. [1151] Oxkutzcab, Book of Chilam Balam of. Tozzer (1921, p. 190) mentions a Book of Chilam Balam of Oxkutzcab, 1689, on the basis of a copy by Pérez copied by Berendt (BLC 43-8). This seems to be a reference to the third part of Codex Pérez (no. 1152, q.v.). A statement on p. 166 of Codex Pérez contains a reference to Don Juan Xiu of 384

Oxkutzcab, to Diego Chi, scribe of Mani, and the date 1689. Roys' (1949a, p. 95) translation of the passage in which this statement occurs suggests that Chi, in Mani, copied a book belonging to Juan Xiu of Oxkutzcab. Barrera Vásquez' (1939, pp. 71,77) interpretation of this passage as well as his translation (Barrera Vásquez and Rendón, 1948, p. 228) omit all reference to Xiu's possession of a book, as does the translation by Solís Alcalá (1949, p. 329). If such a book existed and was copied by Chi in 1689, it is known only through Codex Pérez. Most of the third part of that codex (pp. 138-66) is sometimes cited as the Book of Chilam Balam of Oxkutzcab. Carrillo y Ancona (1950, p. 98) quotes a notice from the Registro Yucateco, 1845, describing a manuscript then in Oxkutzcab, and formerly in Ticul, that belonged to the Xiu family. The description refers to the Xiu Chronicles (no. 1170). Tozzer (1921, pp. 190, 204) mysteriously accepts it as probably applying to both the Chilam Balam of Oxkutzcab and the Xiu Chronicles. Somewhat unrelated to these observations is the fact that a part of the Xiu Chronicles is known as the Chronicle of Oxkutzcab. Bibliography: Barrera Vásquez, 1939, pp. 71, 77; Barrera Vásquez and Morley, 1949, pp. 20-21; Barrera Vásquez and Rendón, 1948, pp. 36-37, 228; Carrillo y Ancona, 1950, p. 98; Roys, 1949a, p. 95; Solís Alcalá, 1949, p. 329; Tozzer, 1921, pp. 190,204. [1152] Pérez, Codex. MNA/AH. Ex-Carlos Peón, Carrillo y Ancona, Nicolasa Peón, Eusebio Escalante y Bates, and Josefa Escalante (all of Merida) collections. Published. Approx. 97 leaves. Yucatec Maya. Mani, Ticul, Sotuta, and perhaps other localities, Yucatan. Early 19thC (1837; perhaps other dates). Codex Pérez contains copies and extracts by Juan Pío Pérez of various Maya texts of

PROSE SOURCES

the sort known as Books of Chilam Balam as well as of several other documents. The originals which he copied are unknown and poorly identified by him. It is evident, however, that at least part of the document derives from a lost Book of Chilam Balam of Mani (see no. 1149) and it is possible that most of the codex (through p. 166) derives from manuscripts associated with Mani. One translation of a statement on p. 166 of the codex has led to the belief that part 3 of the codex is based on a lost Book of Chilam Balam of Oxkutzcab (see no. 1151). All citations to Books of Mani or Oxkutzcab in the modern literature are to texts known only or primarily through Codex Pérez, but note that a part of the Xiu Chronicles (no. 1170) is known as the Chronicle of Oxkutzcab. The manuscripts copied in Codex Pérez include correlations and tables of Maya and Christian calendars, astrological and zodiacal material, almanacs, prophecies, historical data, and the Chronicle of Mani, described separately in this census (see Book of Chilam Balam of Mani, no. 1149). Some of the sections in the first and second parts of the codex (also known as Pérez I) have parallels in the third part of the codex (also known as Pérez I I ) . Many sections are paralleled by parts of the Books of Chumayel, Kaua, and Tizimin, but these books are not believed to be among the immediate sources of the codex (see Roys, 1949a, p. 98). Among the sections following p. 166 is a partial copy of the Book of Chilam Balam of Ixil (no. 1147), including two of its calendar wheels, and the texts, without maps, of the Documentos de tierras de Sotuta (no. 1167) and of the Mani Land Treaty of 1557 (no. 1163). See Article 23, no. 249, for comment on the drawings in Codex Pérez. Copies: Photographic negatives and negative photostats are in Peabody Museum, Harvard University. A copy by Berendt, 1870, is in UP/UM (BLC 50). A 19thC copy

by Juan de Dios Pinto Pérez is in BNMex. Other copies are mentioned in the literature. Publication: The Maya text, a Spanish translation, and reproduction of line drawings of the illustrations are given by Solís Alcalá (1949) with a brief introduction and a few notes; this is the only complete edition. See Books of Chilam Balam, above, for translations of sections of the codex dealing with prophecies, tun and katun prophecies, and divinatory almanacs, as well as for the Chronicle of Mani. Commentaries: Carrillo y Ancona first published a description of the codex, which he named, in 1870 (1950, pp. 87-94). Detailed guides to the content of the codex are given by Barrera Vásquez (1939) and Roys (1949a, 1950). They indicate parallels with other manuscripts and provide further bibliography. Proskouriakoff (1952) studies the calendrical table on pp. 124-25 of the codex. The same table as well as other dates in the codex are treated by Schulz (1944). Tozzer (1921, pp. 184-86) uses the name Pérez Codex to describe the chronicle of Mani which, in the words of Barrera Vásquez, "confuses the part with the whole" (Barrera Vásquez and Morley, 1949, pp. 13-16). Brief descriptions: Barrera Vásquez and Morley, 1949, pp. 13-16; Barrera Vásquez and Rendón, 1948, pp. 17-32. [1153] Teabo, Book of Chilam Balam of. Unknown. Unpublished. The Gates collection sale catalog of 1924 (Gates, 1924, no. 957) listed photographs of a Chilam Balam of Teabo, described as having 36 pages and as similar to the Chilam Balam of Tekax. Photographs of the latter, also of 36 pages, were no. 956 of the same catalog. This "Teabo" was not received by Tulane University, which otherwise acquired most of the items in this sale. The list of original manuscripts sold by Gates to Garrett about 1930 included a 385

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Chilam Balam of Teabo (Gates, 1929, no. 3), described as having 36 pages and as similar to the Chilam Balam of Nah (no. 2 of the same list). The Teabo was not received by Garrett, and the Tekax was not on the list. Gates' comparison of the "Teabo" with both the Tekax and the Nah is not contradictory since the Nah is probably a copy of the Tekax. Gates had given the Nah that name so as not to have two Chilam Balams with the same title (unpublished notes by Gates made for Bowditch in PML). The collection of Gates' photographs in the Library of Congress includes both the Tekax and the "Teabo" (LC, Manuscripts Div. Ac. 2989 and 4056), but comparison of the two by H. F. Cline reveals that both are of the Tekax. The suspicion voiced by Barrera Vásquez (in Barrera Vásquez and Rendón, 1948, pp. 38-39) that the Tekax and the Teabo are one and the same is compatible with the evidence reviewed here. Note that the "Cuaderno" de Teabo is a distinct manuscript that does not enter into this confusion (see "Medical Texts" in this census). Although Gates' "Teabo" may not exist except as a confusing synonym for the Tekax, another Book of Chilam Balam of Teabo is reported by Genet and Chelbatz (1927, pp. 42, 145, 147). They describe it as of 1640 with 20 pages and also refer to it as the Book of Chilam Balam of Tabi (apparently under the mistaken impression that the two names refer to the same place). Two brief quotations which they give in French translation suggest that its content is historical. It is this manuscript, described by Genet and Chelbatz, that is designated by this census entry; its identification is uncertain and its location unknown. [1154] Tekax, Book of Chilam Balam of. Unknown. Ex-Gates collection. Partially pub386

lished. 18 leaves. Yucatec Maya. Tekax, Yucatan. 19thC. Catholic saints' calendar with Maya day names (pp. 1-11); zodiacal and astronomical material (pp. 12-28); medicinal plant remedies (pp. 29-36). The Book of Chilam Balam of Nah (no. 1150) may be a copy of the Tekax made when the Tekax was more complete. Copies: Photographs by Gates are in PML, LC, NLA, TU/LAL, and BYU. Partial publication: Photographs of pp. 12-21 and 23-36 (but mislabeled 13-36 with p. 22 omitted), without transcription or translation, were published by Gates (1935d). Commentary: Barrera Vásquez and Morley, 1949, p. 21; Barrera Vásquez and Rendón, 1948, pp. 38-39; Tozzer, 1921, p. 191. [1155] Telchac, Book of Chilam Balam of. Unknown. Unpublished. Genet and Chelbatz (1927, p. 42) state: "Le livre de Chilam Balam de Telchac contient quelques textes historiques et surtout des homélies et des textes religieux catholiques traduits en yucateque." Aside from several citations by the same authors (pp. 45, 53, 59) the document is otherwise unknown. [1156] Tixcocob, Book of Chilam Balam of. Unknown. Unpublished. Tozzer (1921, pp. 191-92) reported that no information was available for a Book of Chilam Balam of Tixcocob. Genet and Chelbatz (1927, p. 42) mention a book of this name with five pages (i.e., leaves) written in two columns (Maya and Spanish translation) compiled by Juan Chul and written about 1700. Genet (1934d, pp. 67-68) later amplified and corrected this description slightly and reported a second Chilam Balam of Tixcocob (possibly a fragment of

PROSE SOURCES

the first). He also cited a French sale catalog of 1922 in this connection. No further data on this Book or Books of Chilam Balam of Tixcocob are presently available. [1157] Tizimin, Book of Chilam Balam of. Códice Anónimo. MNA 35-66. Ex-Manuel Luciano Pérez, Carrillo y Ancona, Biblioteca Cepeda (Merida), and Laura Temple collections. Published. Title leaf + 26 leaves. Yucatec Maya. Tizimin, Yucatan. Includes religious, calendrical, and historical data, prophecies, prognostications for the days, and a chronicle of Maya history. See Books of Chilam Balam, above, for further comment and bibliography. Copies: Photostats of the original are in PML, LC, NLA, and other collections. Gates' photographs of the original (after Maler's photos) are in PML. Photographs by Gates of the partial copy in PUL are in PML and LC. Other copies are in BLC and TU/LAL. Publication: Makemson, 1951 (complete English translation and commentary). Over half of the manuscript is utilized in the Spanish translations in Barrera Vásquez and Rendón(1948). Commentary: Barrera Vásquez and Rendón, 1948, pp. 29-32; Carrillo y Ancona, 1950, pp. 97-99; Glass, 1964, p. 119, pl. 69; Makemson, 1948, 1950; J. E. S. Thompson, 1951 (critical review of Makemson, 1951); Tozzer, 1921, p. 189. [1158] Tusik, Book of Chilam Balam of. Pueblo. Partially published. 29 leaves. Yucatec Maya. Tusik, Quintana Roo. 19thC. One part of the manuscript (ff. 16r-27r) is parallel to a section of the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel; both are the basis of the Spanish translation in Barrera Vásquez

and Rendón (1948, pp. 204-19). The rest of the manuscript is unpublished and evidently contains legends and prayers. Copy: Photographs are in PML from negatives made for Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1936 and now in the Peabody Museum. Partial publication and commentary: Barrera Vásquez and Rendón, 1948, pp. 3435, 204-19; Villa Rojas, 1945, p. 73. 1159 Dzitbalche, Cantares de. Barrera Vásquez collection. Published. 9 leaves. Yucatec Maya. Dzitbalche, Campeche. 18thC. Fifteen songs, with slight historical content but representing practically the only known example of this type of Maya literature. Publication: Barrera Vásquez, 1944 (text and translation of one song); 1965 (photoreproduction, transcript, and Spanish translation). 1160 Ebtun, The Titles of. Local archive, Ebtun, Yucatan. Published. Yucatec Maya and Spanish. Cupul province, Yucatan. 16th-19thC. Collection of documents, primarily land titles and agreements, containing information on colonial government and society, native town finances, land tenure, law, and related topics, with occasional brief items in the native historical tradition. Includes a few late, local maps. Copies: Photographs by Gates are in PML and LC. One of the maps reproduced by Roys (1939, pl. 6b) is similar to a map in the Gates-Garrett collection at PUL (Gates list, no. 74). Publication and commentary: Roys, 1939 (texts and English translation). 1161 LANDA, FRAY DIEGO DE.

Relación de 387

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

las cosas de Yucatan. Unknown (copy in RAH). Published. Spanish. Yucatan. 1566. The foremost 16thC account of the culture of the Yucatec Maya. Based in part on Indian informants, including Gaspar Antonio Chi (no. 1144). See Article 23, no. 184, for further data and bibliography. 1162 Mani, Crónica de (1557-1813). TU/LAL. Ex-Vicente Riva Palacio collection. 49 leaves. Partially published. Yucatec Maya and Spanish. Mani, Yucatan. 16th-19thC. Includes (ff. 1-5) a late 16thC copy of the Maya text, together with a 17thC Spanish translation, of the Mani Land Treaty of 1557 (no. 1163) as well as a copy (f. 9) of the related Map of the Province of Mani (Article 23, no. 192). The balance of the document contains unpublished texts in Maya and Spanish from 1642 through 1813 and two 17th or 18thC maps of Calkini. Not to be confused with a Maya chronicle, also known as the Crónica de Mani, in the Book of Chilam Balam of Mani (no. 1149). Bibliography: Roys (1943, pp. 185-92, fig. 1) gives an English translation of the Mani Land Treaty and reproduces the map. Gropp (1933, pp. 260-63, fig. 4) describes the document as a whole and also reproduces the map of Mani. 1163 Mani Land Treaty of 1557. Unknown. Published. Yucatec Maya. Mani, Yucatan. 1557. Mid-16thC land survey of the Province of Mani. One of the oldest of the known Maya texts, it is only peripherally in the native historical tradition. See Map of the Province of Mani (Article 23, no. 192) for further comment and bibliography. Manuscripts: Stephens (1843,2: 263-73) obtained a copy in Mani in 1842 and pub388

lished a partial English translation. His copy may be in the New York Historical Society. Other texts are the Yaxakumche version in the Xiu Chronicles (no. 1170), the Calotmul version in the Codex Pérez (no. 1152), and the Mani version in the Crónica de Mani (no. 1162). Publication: Roys (1943, pp. 173-94) gives commentary and English translation of the treaty from the versions in the Crónica de Mani and an extract in translation from the version in Codex Pérez. Solís Alcalá (1949, pp. 347-57) gives the text and Spanish translation from Codex Pérez. Roys (in Morley and Roys, 1941, MS) translates the version in the Xiu Chronicles.

MEDICAL TEXTS. Maya manuscripts from Yucatan include a class of writings dealing with the symptoms and cures of diseases and the use of native plants as remedies. These manuscripts date from the 18th and 19thC but some derive from earlier sources. The Libros del Judío, in Spanish (a title also given, perhaps mistakenly, to some of the Maya texts), may derive from the work of Ricardo Ossado. Although ethnobotanical rather than historical in content, they are mentioned here because this type of content also occurs in the Books of Chilam Balam (q.v.). The most frequently mentioned manuscripts, all cited by Tozzer (1921, pp. 195-96), are listed below. The titles are not entered separately in this census. Nos. 1-5 are in Maya; nos. 6-10 are in Spanish. 1. Libro del Judío. Anonymous no. 13. PML. 2. Libro de medicina maya. Anonymous no. 15. Copy by Francisco Mena, PUL, Gates 12. 3. Libro de medicina maya de Sotuta. Anonymous no. 16; Sotuta "A." PUL, Gates 13.

PROSE SOURCES

4. Libro del Judío de Sotuta. Sotuta "B." PUL, Gates 10 or 11. 5. Cuaderno de Teabo. Berendt copy, 1868, in BLC 49, pp. 93-96. 6. Apuntes sobre algunas plantas medicinales de Yucatán. Anonymous, 1820. PUL, Gates 9. Published as Maya Society, Pub. 10, Baltimore, 1935. 7. El libro de los médicos yervateros de Yucatán ó noticias sobre yervas y animales medicinales yucatecos sacadas de los antiguos libros mayas de Chilam Balam, calendarios y demás copias curiosas. Anonymous no. 14. Copy, PUL, Gates 5, vol. 1, ff. 72117. 8. Noticias de varias plantas y sus virtudes. Anonymous no. 19. Gates' photographs of a copy by Berendt, 1868, after a manuscript in the Regil collection. 9. Juan Pío Pérez, Recetarios de indios en lengua maya. Berendt copy, BLC 45. 10. Yerbas y hechicerías del Yucatán. Attributed to Ricardo Ossado. TU/LAL; Gropp, 1933, pp. 259-61. Nos. 1-4 and 6-8 were photographed by W. Ε. Gates; copies of his photographs are in PML and, to a lesser extent, in LC, NLA, BYU, and TU/LAL. Gates (in Sorenson, 1957) gives a somewhat confusing but more comprehensive listing of this type of docu­ ment. Roys' Ethno-botany of the Maya (1931) publishes medicinal plant remedies from nos. 1-3 and 5 of the foregoing list, as well as from the Books of Chilam Balam of Kaua and Νah. Medicinal plant remedies also occur in the Books of Chilam Balam of Ixil and Tekax. See Ritual of the Bacabs (no. 1142) for medical incantations. Commentary: Roys, 1931; Sorenson, 1957; Tozzer, 1921, pp. 195-96. 1164 Paxbolon-Maldonado Papers: Chontal text. AGI, Mexico, leg. 138, ff. 69r-77r (with contemporary Spanish translation, ff. 89v102r). Published. 17 pages. Chontal

(of Tabasco). Tixchel, Campeche. 1614. The Paxbolon-Maldonado Papers, 15651628, record the merits and services of Don Pablo Paxbolon, a descendant of the native rulers of Acalan (a region in the vicinity of Laguna de Terminos, Campeche), and of his Spanish son-in-law, Francisco Maldonado. The Papers include the only known text in the Chontal language of Tabasco. The Chontal text is a copy of an earlier copy of 1612, which in part was a translation from a Nahuatl text of 1567. Part 1 is a brief account of seven generations of the rulers of Acalan to 1567. Part 2 lists 76 localities of Acalan. Part 3 is an account of historical events in Acalan from the arrival of Cortés and the execution of Cuauhtemoc to 1604. Publication: The Chontal text, a contemporary Spanish translation, and an English translation are published by Scholes and Roys (1948). Commentary: Smailus, 1969. 1165 PECH, AH MACAN. Crónica de Yaxkukul. Unknown. Published. Yucatec Maya. Yaxkukul, Yucatan. 16thC. Chronicle of the Spanish conquest and other events in Yucatan from 1511 to about 1553, in two parts. As published, the document also contains another chronicle by Ah Naum Pech, 1541-, lists of Spanish conquerors and founders of Merida, and a statement concerning the boundaries of Yaxkukul. Parts of the chronicle are identical or very similar to the Crónica de Chac-Xulub-Chen (no. 1166). Manuscripts: Photographs of an 18thC (?) copy and a Spanish translation dated 1769 are in PML. This copy appears to have been the one utilized by Martínez Hernández. Publication: Martínez Hernández, 1926b. 1166 PECH, AH NAKUK.

Crónica de Chac389

ETHNOHISTORICAL

Xulub-Chen. Crónica de Chicxulub. Códice Nakuk-Pech. Unknown. Partially published. Yucatec Maya. Chicxulub, Yucatan. 16thC. Chronicle of the Spanish conquest and other events in Yucatan, about 1511-62, as well as several appended documents, including a list of Spanish conquerors. Closely related to the Crónica de Yaxkukul (no. 1165). Copies: Photographs by Gates of a copy that belonged to J. Rafael de Regil (title page + 13 leaves) are in PML, LC, NLA, TU/LAL, and BYU. Photostats of the same copy and of the Spanish translation by Manuel E. Ávila, Merida, 1864 (15 pages) are in PML. Copies by Berendt (apparently after copies by Juan Pío Pérez) are BLC 43-4 and 50-35. Publication (selected): A partial publication in Maya with French translation is given by Brasseur de Bourbourg (1869-70, 2: 110-20). This edition includes several passages from a related but different source not in other editions. Brinton (1882b, pp. 187-259) gives the Maya text and English translation of the chronicle, with notes. Pérez Martínez (1936) provides a Spanish translation with notes. The Pérez Martínez translation is reprinted in Yáñez (1939, pp. 191-215). The text with an interlinear Latin translation is published by Charency (1891, pp. 3-43). Commentary (selected): Tozzer, 1921, pp. 202-03 (cites further bibliography). 1167 Sotuta, Documentos de tierras de. Unknown. Published. Maya (with Spanish translation by Gaspar Antonio Chi). Sotuta, Yaxcaba, etc., Yucatan. 1600. Boundary claims of Sotuta as of 1600, survey of Sotuta boundaries by Nachi Cocona in 1545, and territorial agreements made at Yaxcaba in 1600. See Map of the 390

SOURCES

Province of Sotuta (Article 23, no. 293) for a related map. Copies: The Juan Pío Pérez copy occupies pp. 185-94 of Codex Pérez (no. 1152,

q.v.). Publication: Roys (1939, pp. 6-21, 42133) publishes the Maya and Spanish texts of the document and adds an English translation and commentary. A concluding part of the land claims is recorded in the Titles of Ebtun (Roys, 1939, pp. 87-89). Solís Alcalá (1949, pp. 358-64) transcribes the text and gives a Spanish translation from Codex Pérez. 1168 Τabi, Documentos de (1569-1821). T U / LAL. Unpublished. 4 vols. Maya and Spanish. Tabi, Yucatan, and vicinity. 16th-19thC. Legal documents, 1569-1821, with some pages of Maya text referring to preconquest and 16thC events. Data on the cacique Jorge Xiu and others. Description: Gropp, 1933, pp. 263-65. 1169 Valladolid Lawsuit of 1618. Unknown. Published. Spanish. Valladolid, Yucatan. 1618. Testimony by an Indian that a relative of Moctezuma and other Mexican nobles settled at Bacalar, Chichen Itza, and else­ where in Yucatan. Copies: Photographs by Gates of a manu­ script copy in Spanish (probably the one used by Brinton) are in PML (last item in volume entitled "Miscelánea Schuller-Berendt"). Publication: Brinton (1882b, pp. 113-18) gives the Spanish text and an English translation. He used a copy by Berendt from an unidentified original. Roys (1962, p. 66) comments on the significance of the document.

PROSE SOURCES

1170 Xiu Chronicles. Libro de Probanzas. Xiu Family Papers. Ticul manuscript. Chronicle of Oxkutzcab. PML. Ex-Edward H. Thompson and Charles P. Bowditch collections. Partially published. 82 leaves. Yucatec Maya and Spanish. Mani region, Yucatan. 1608-1817. The Xiu Chronicles are a compilation of documents, ca. 1608-1817, relating to the authority of the Xiu family, preconquest and colonial rulers of the Province of Mani. Many of the documents are proofs of nobility (probanzas) and petitions for the confirmation of hereditary rights, privileges, and exemptions. An important one-page chronicle for the years 1533-45, copied by Don Juan Xiu in 1689, is known as the Chronicle of Oxkutzcab. Parts of the Chronicles are described separately in this guide: the Genealogical Tree of the Xiu Family (Article 23, no. 401), a Map of the Province of Mani (Article 23, no. 192), and a text of the Mani Land Treaty of 1557 (no. 1163). See these references for their bibliography and descriptions. The Chronicles as a whole have not been published although a photostatic edition has had limited circulation (Xiu Chronicles, 1919). A complete commentary by Morley and Roys (1941) is unpublished. Part 1 of this commentary contains a history of the Xiu Family A.D. 960-1940, by Morley. Part 2, by Roys, includes selected transcripts and a full English translation. The study made by Roys (1943, pp. 127-71) of the cacique system in Yucatan is primarily based on the Chronicles and is taken in part from his 1941 commentary. A facsimile and discussion of the Chronicle of Oxkutzcab is given by Morley, together with a transcript and translation by Gates (Morley, 1920, 470-71, 507-09). This chronicle is one of the sources used in the correlation of the Maya and Christian calendars.

Copies: Photographs by Gates are in PML,LC,NLA,and BYU. Bibliography (selected): Morley, 1920, pp. 470-71, 507-09; Morley and Roys, 1941; Roys, 1943, pp. 127-71; Tozzer, 1921, pp. 203-04; Xiu Chronicles, 1919.

HIGHLAND MAYA 1171 Atitlan, Relación de los caciques y principales del pueblo de (by Francisco de Ribera and others). AGI. Published. Spanish. Atitlan, Guatemala. 1571. Tzutuhil native rulers of Atitlan describe preconquest government, tribute, and social organization as well as their progressive subjugation to Spanish authority. Copy: RAH, Muñoz collection, vol. 42, ff. 120-23 (source of published editions). Publication: Relación, 1952; TernauxCompans, 1837-41, 10: 415-28 (French translation). Commentary: Carrasco Pizana, 1967b. 1172 Cakchiqueles, Anales de los. Memorial de Tecpan-Atitlan. Manuscrito Cakchiquel. Memorial de Solola. Anales de los Xahil de los Indios Cakchiqueles. Unknown. Published. Cakchiquel. Solola, Guatemala. Late 16th and early 17th (ca. 1605) C. Historical material to 1524 includes migration from Tula to Guatemala, separation of Cakchiqueles from Quiches, founding of Yximche, warfare, and Cakchiquel relations with first Spaniards. Further parts contain annalistic notes on Solola history to 1601. As a whole the document comprises the fullest single account of Cakchiquel history. Manuscripts: The oldest known manuscript (17thC in 48 leaves) was acquired by Brasseur de Bourbourg in Guatemala in 1855 and is now in UP/UM, after having passed through the Pinart and Brinton col391

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

lections. A copy and partial French translation by Brasseur made in Rabinal in 1856 as well as a copy (of this copy?) made by Berendt in Merida, 1870, are in the same library. Another copy, associated with Pinart, is BAN, Mex. MS 446. The University Museum MS and an incomplete manuscript Spanish translation were photographed by Gates (see Article 28, app. A). Editions and translations: An unpublished partial French translation by Brasseur was translated into Spanish by Gavarette (1873-74, 1907-08, 1928, and other editions). This translation extends into 1583 (par. 215 of the Villacorta edition). Brinton (1885) published the Cakchiquel text through 1530 (par. 164) with an English translation to 1560 (par. 185; par. 189 of Villacorta's numeration). An unpublished French translation by Raynaud, based on Brinton's edition and similarly incomplete, has been translated into Spanish (Raynaud, 1928). Its second and third editions contain revisions (Raynaud, 1937, 1946). Villacorta (1934a) apparently gives the complete text in transcription, but the parts are not in the sequence in which they occur in the manuscript and he does not number the paragraphs in the last part of his transcript. His Spanish translation extends into his par. 215. Teletor (1946) has translated the remaining portion into Spanish. The Spanish translation by Recinos (1950a) extends through par. 226 (of his and Villacorta's numeration) and then gives selected portions of the remaining text. His numeration of the paragraphs after 226 differs radically from that given by Villacorta. The English translation of Recinos' Spanish edition (Recinos, 1953) omits parts of the introduction, omits the paragraph numeration, and abridges the translation, omitting some parts altogether. A complete photofacsimile of the manuscript is given by Mengin (1952b). It may be noted that important and substantive statements in the text of the 392

manuscript have remarkably different meanings in the different translations. 1173 Carcha, Libro antiguo de. Local archive. Published. Spanish. San Pedro Carcha, Guatemala. 1611 (copy of earlier material). A petition of 1541 for land restitution recounts a narrative of pre-Spanish occupation of the land. See Map from a Kekchi suit of 1611 (Article 23, no. 180) for comment on the associated map. Publication: Dieseldorff, 1906 (text in Spanish and German translation); Sapper, 1897 (text in German translation). 1174 FUENTES Y GUZMÁN, FRANCISCO ANTONIO DE. Recordación florida: discurso historial y demostración natural, material y política del reyno de Guatemala. Historia de Guatemala. Archivo General del Gobierno, Guatemala, and BPN (incomplete). Published. Spanish. Guatemala. ca. 1689-98. Fuentes y Guzmán (1643-1700) used and cited a number of early native documents in Quiche and other Guatemalan languages. Villacorta (1934a, pp. 133-56) discusses and identifies the following: (1) MS Quiche de Francisco García Calel Tzumpam de Istahuacan, (2) MS Quiche de Juan de Torres y Juan Macario, (3) MS Quiche de Juan Francisco Gómez Ajzip, (4) MS Quiche de Ahpopqueham ó de Xecul, (5) MS Quiche del cacique Gatú Porom Moxim, (6) MS Quiche de Juan Torres Calel Cacoj Atzigiiinak, (7) MS Cakchiquel ó título de Aruchilaba, (8) MS Quekchi ó título de Porom Chitabal, (9) MS Pipil, and (10) MS Pokomam. These documents are not entered separately in this census. Some of them may represent different forms of citation to the same document. The texts deal with migration, settlement, town foundation, genealogy, and native his-

PROSE SOURCES

tory in Guatemala. In several instances Fuentes y Guzmán's statements are such that a fairly full reconstruction of the content and scope of the sources can be ascertained. See Article 22 for Fuentes y Guzmán's description of certain pictorial sources. Manuscripts and editions: The first edition (Fuentes y Guzmán, 1882-83) was based on an incomplete manuscript in BPN containing only the first 16 books. The second edition (1932-33) derives from a manuscript in the Archivo General del Gobierno, Guatemala, and contains part 1, books 1-17, and part 2, books 1-14, as well as illustrations and maps. Copies, mostly incomplete, are in RAH, BNMA, LC, and TU/LAL. Two partial copies were in the Brasseur de Bourbourg (1871, pp. 65, 72) collection; one of them was later in the Pinart collection (Catalogue, 1883, no. 383). An Extracto del Tomo 2, associated with Mariano Padilla with over 1000 pages, was photographed by Gates (copies in BYU and PML; the latter includes watercolor copies of the illustrations). Extracts from the work, in part from a manuscript in a private collection, have been published from time to time in the Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala. 1175 Huitzitzil Tzunún, Título del Ajpop. Noticias de la conquista y batalla que Don Pedro Alvarado ganó en el Pinar de Quesaltenango. Unknown. Published. Quiche. Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. 1567. Probanza and título of Martín de Velázquez Ajpop Huitzitzil Tzunún, with information on the Spanish conquest of the Quetzaltenango region, the death of the Quiche hero, Tecún Umán, boundaries, early encomienda, and other data. The document includes a statement by Pedro de Alvarado,

ostensibly dated 1524, which may be an 18thC composition. Copy: 18thC copy (21 pages) of Spanish translation, NLA 1030. Publication: Gall, 1963 (commentary, transcript, photoreproduction). 1176 Ixcutn Nehaib, Títulos de la Casa, Señora del territorio de Otzoya. Títulos de los antiguos nuestros antepasados, los que ganaron estas tierras de Otzoya, antes de que viniera la fé de Jesuchristo entre de ellas, en el año de mil y trescientos. Título de los señores de Quetzaltenango y de Momostenango, firmado por el conquistador Don Pedro de Alvarado. . . . Título de los reyes de Guatemala en Quiche (part). Unknown. Published. Quiche. Quetzaltenango-Totonicapan region, Guatemala. 16thC. Preconquest Quiche history, conquests, and wars, known only through copies of a Spanish translation of the 18thC. Includes unequivocal and unique statement that tribute was paid to Moctezuma. Concludes with an account of the Spanish conquest by Pedro de Alvarado. Copies: (1) An old and incomplete copy of a Spanish translation, ex-Brasseur de Bourbourg and Pinart collections (8 leaves), is PUL, Gates no. 101 (part). (2) Another copy of the translation was in the Archivo del Departamento de Totonicapan in the 19thC. (3) A copy of the manuscript in Totonicapan was in the "Museo de la Sociedad Economica" in Guatemala and was used for the edition of 1876. (4) Brasseur de Bourbourg made a copy, now unknown, based on two sources. (5) A manuscript in BAN (Mex. MS 446, ex-Pinart?) requires further investigation. (6) Another manuscript of the translation is reported by Carmack (1967, p. 10) in a local Guatemalan village archive. Publication: A copy of the translation located in Totonicapan was published in 1876 (Títulos, 1876; reprinted 1941). Recinos 393

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

(1957, pp. 13-16, 69-94) utilizes the 1876 edition and the PUL manuscript for a new edition of the translation. 1177 Izquín Nehaib, Don Francisco, Título Real de. Título de los reyes de Guatemala en Quiche (part). PUL, Gates no. 101 (part). Ex-Brasseur de Bourbourg, Pinart, and Gates collections. Published. 11 leaves. Quiche. Momostenango, Guatemala. 1558. Testimonial affirming the authority of Francisco Izquín Nehaib. Names of chiefs and places recognizing his jurisdiction and a history of conquest and tribute in the Verapaz, Rio Chixoy, and Quetzaltenango regions to 1501. Signed by Juan Cortés, señor of Santa Cruz Utatlan, and other Quiche leaders. Manuscripts: The PUL manuscript may be a later copy designed to resemble the original of 1558. Carmack (1967, pp. 6-7) cites and gives an extract from a Spanish translation in a Guatemalan village archive. Publication: Recinos, 1957, pp. 17-18, 95117 (Quiche text and Spanish translation). Commentary: Carmack, 1967, pp. 6-7 and passim. 1178 Origen de los señores, Papel del. UTX, CDG 1503b. Ex-García Icazbalceta collection. Published. Spanish. Zapotitlan region, Guatemala. 1579. Very brief document presenting history and genealogy, with simple pictorial chart, of Quiche kings of Utatlan from Balam Quisé to Juan Cortés in the mid-16thC. The manuscript is appended to the relación geográfica of Zapotitlan of 1579 (Article 9, no. 152). Publication: Descripción, 1955, pp. 82-83; Recinos, 1950a, pp. 245-47; 1950b, pp. 23639 (English translation). 394

1179 Popol Vuh. El Libro del Consejo. Manuscrito de Chichicastenango. Empiezan las historias del origen de los indios de esta provincia de Guatemala. Unknown. Published. Quiche. Santa Cruz del Quiche, Guatemala. ca. 1544-58. The fullest single account of Quiche history. Begins with the creation of heaven, earth, man, and animals and continues with long sections of myths and legends. Also contains data on the development of the Quiche people, migrations, wars, settlements, councils, and leaders' genealogies. The work is generally regarded as the foremost literary production of native America and one of its most important ethnohistorical sources. Manuscripts: The original is unknown but was available to Fray Francisco Ximénez (1666-1729) in Chichicastenango about 1702. His copy of the Quiche text with his Spanish translation in parallel columns (56 leaves) is in the Ayer collection together with his Arte de las tres lenguas Cakchiquel, Quiche y Tzutuhil (NLA 1515; ex-Brasseur de Bourbourg and Pinart collections). A copy of this manuscript (text and translation) is in the BNP (Fonds Americains 57; ex-Brasseur de Bourbourg and Pinart collections). Both of these manuscripts were photographed by Gates (see Article 28, app. A). Another translation by Ximénez forms book 1, chaps. 2-21, of his Historia de la provincia de San Vicente de Chiapa y Guatemala. Manuscripts of this work are discussed by Recinos (1947). A copy of most of book 1 by Juan Gavarette, 1847, was in the Brasseur de Bourbourg collection (Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871, pp. 156-57) and is now in BAN. It appears to have been photographed by Gates (see Gates, 1940, sec. A, pp. 32, 41). According to Recinos (1947, pp. 45, 59), the version of the Popol Vuh in Ximénez' Historia is the source of the text that is transcribed, with notable variations, in Ordóñez

PROSE SOURCES

y Aguiar's Historia de la creación del cielo y de la tierra, written in the late 18thC. The edition of this work by Nicolás León (Ordóñez y Aguiar, 1907) was based on a manuscript owned by Gustav Brühl, previously in the Brasseur and Pinart collections (Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871, pp. 112-13; Catalogue, 1883, no. 694). A better manuscript (described by Smisor, 1943a) is in BAN (Mex. MS 177). The BAN manuscript was photographed by Gates. The Historia de la gentilidad americana traducida al castellano (29 leaves, BNP/FM 216) is an incomplete Spanish translation of the Popol Vuh. It has been partially published by Crespo Morales (1959). It is very similar to the version in Ordóñez y Aguiar's Historia and has a similar numeration of the paragraphs. It was also photographed by Gates. Both Raynaud (1925, pp. 147-48) and Boban (1891, 2: 438) note a relationship between this manuscript and the Notas sobre la historia antigua de Yucatan (MS, BNP/ FM 278). The Peabody Museum Library has a Spanish manuscript translation of the Popol Vuh (124 leaves), possibly associated with Juan Gavarrete or Brasseur de Bourbourg. Editions and translations: The Spanish translation by Ximénez, from a copy of the manuscript now in NLA, was published by Scherzer (1857, reprinted 1926). This edition also contains the Prólogo and the Escolios a las historias . . . by Ximénez which form part of the NLA manuscript, as well as book 1, chaps. 27-36 of Ximénez' Historia (but published as if they were part of the scholia). The Escolios have also been published separately (Ximénez, 1964). The "second," simplified, and somewhat incomplete translation by Ximénez is in his Historia (Ximénez, 1929-31,1: 6-53). The Quiche text and a French translation were published by Brasseur de Bourbourg (1861). There is a Spanish translation of this translation (Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1926).

Another French translation is Raynaud (1925) and this translation has also been translated into Spanish (Raynaud, 1927, 1939). Villacorta and Rodas (1927) give the Quiche text and a Spanish translation. Villacorta (1962) gives the Quiche text with an interlinear Spanish translation. The Spanish translation by Recinos (1947) has been translated into English (Recinos, 1950b). Burgess and Xec (1955) give both the Quiche text and a Spanish translation. There are three German translations: Pohorilles (1913), Schultze Jena (1944, with Quiche text), and Cordan (1962). There are also translations into Russian, Italian, and Japanese (not cited) and perhaps other languages. Many other editions, adaptations, or popularizations have appeared. Since the foregoing was written, a new English translation has been published by Edmonson (1971, with Quiche text). His commentary and bibliography have not been utilized in the preparation of the present description. Commentary: The introduction and bibliography by Recinos (1947; slightly revised in its English translation, 1950b) provide a useful discussion of the Popol Vuh and cite most of the voluminous literature about the work. 1180 Quiche, Antiguo título. Unknown. Published. Quiche. Momostenango region, Guatemala. 1542. Very brief document gives boundaries of land near Momostenango and incidentally provides historical data on Francisco Izquín Nehaib and the Ilocab branch of the Quiche nation. Carmack (1967) provides a detailed study and publishes a Spanish translation used in litigation in 1775 and now preserved in a local archive. 395

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1181 o

Quiche, Probanza ejecutoria del 2 casa de. PUL, Gates no. 103. Ex-Gates collection. Unpublished. Quiche. Utatlan, Guatemala. 16thC. Not examined. The document is described by Gates (1929, no. 103) as: "much damaged, but of highest importance, as it gives many details of the districts of the kingdom, and their government; clearly an original document of the first years after the conquest, and referred to by no writer or historian." A transcript and translation, under the title Título C'oyoi Quejnay, is to be published by Robert M. Carmack in a forthcoming survey of Quiche ethnohistorical sources. 1182 Sacapulas, Título de los señores de. Título territorial de los señores de Sacapulas. Unknown. Partially published. Quiche. Santo Domingo Sacapulas, Guatemala. 16thC. Quiche origins, migration, history, and settlement with dynastic genealogy and boundaries as expressed in a local land title. Surviving parts of the document include a circular map (not in pictorial census) with 30 written descriptions of boundaries on the outer periphery. Copies: An 18thC copy of the Quiche text may have been acquired from the AGG by Brasseur de Bourbourg but is now unknown. An 18thC copy of an earlier Spanish version with a Spanish version of the map (both published by Acuña, 1968) is in AGG, Al, leg. 6025, exp. 5326 (53126?). A partial copy of 1859 of the Quiche text by Brasseur de Bourbourg (published and translated by Acuña), together with a complete and an incomplete copy of the Spanish version also by Brasseur de Bourbourg, is in AGG, A18 (Al?), leg. 6074, exp. 54886 (54887?). "Postscripts" to the Sacapulas document 396

and what may be the 18thC Quiche version of the map will be published by Robert M. Carmack in his forthcoming survey of Quiche sources. Publication: Acuña, 1968. 1183 Santa Ana, Título del barrio de. Local archive. Published. Pokonchi. San Cristobal Verapaz (Cahcoh), Guatemala. 1565. Land boundaries of the 16thC in the barrio of Santa Ana. Contains some data on ancestral origins and a record of religious events and land possessions of the early 16thC. Publication: Sapper, 1906; Stoll, 1906. 1184 Santa Clara la Laguna, Título de los indios de. Archivo General del Gobierno, Guatemala, exp. 51,997, leg. 5942. Published. Quiche. Santa Cruz del Quiche, Guatemala. 1640 (in part after an earlier document of 1583). Brief statement of land boundaries, migration history, and Quiche genealogy. The authors are Quiche principals of the late 16thC. Publication: Recinos, 1957, pp. 21-22, 171-81 (Quiche text and Spanish translation). 1185 Torres, Don Juan de, Historia Quiche de. Unknown. Published. Quiche. Totonicapan region, Guatemala. 1580. Quiche history, migration, political organization, and genealogies, particularly of the Tamub branch, as well as territorial boundaries. Data may be compared with the Popol Vuh and the Títulos de los señores de Totonicapan (qq.v.). Manuscripts: A copy of the Quiche text made in 1812 (9 leaves) is in PUL (Gates, 102). Publication: Recinos, 1957, pp. 7-12, 2 3 -

PROSE SOURCES

Totonicapan, Título de los señores de. Unknown. Published. Quiche. Totonicapan, Guatemala. ca. 1554. Describes Quiche history from legendary origins to the mid-15thC, with information on wars, genealogy, and wanderings. The document is known through a 19thC Spanish translation, which omitted a section said by the translator to concern the creation of the world in biblical terms and to have identified the three Quiche nations as descendants of the lost tribes of Israel. Diego Reynoso appears as the author of one section. Manuscripts: A Spanish translation was made by Dionisio José Chonay in 1834. This translation was copied by Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1860 and is now in the BNP (18 leaves, BNP/FA 77). A French translation by Charency is BNP/FM 404. Publication: Charency, 1885a, 1885b; Recinos, 1950a, pp. 209-42; 1953, pp. 161-96 (English translation).

Gustav Briihl of Cincinnati, Ohio, formerly owned by Brasseur de Bourbourg (1871, pp. 112-13) and Pinart (Catalogue, 1883, no. 694). This manuscript was copied from another in the Museo Nacional of Mexico in the 19thC. A more complete manuscript is BAN, Mex. MS 177 (Ramírez 615; see Smisor, 1943a) and an even more complete manuscript of part 2 (ex-Brasseur and León) is in TU/LAL (Gropp, 1933, pp. 249-50). Cabrera's commentary is in his Teatro crítico written in 1794 and published (incomplete?) in English translation in 1822. The manuscript of Cabrera's work is BNP, Fonds Espagnols 596 (Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871, p. 36; Catalogue, 1883, no. 186; ex-Charency). Commentary (selected): The work received considerable attention in the 19thC but has had no modern commentary. Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1851, letter 1; 1861, p. lxxxviii; Núñez de la Vega, 1702, preamble, nos. 32-36, pp. 9-10, and ninth pastoral letter; Ordóñez y Aguiar, 1907, pp. 8, 14-15, 269-72; Recinos, 1947, pp. 20-21, 28, 44-46; Río and Cabrera, 1822, p. 30 ff.

1187

1188

Votan, Probanza de. Prueba de que soy culebra. Unknown. Unpublished. 5 or 6 leaves. Tzendal, Chiapas. The work is unknown but was described in some detail by Ordóñez y Aguiar and Cabrera in the 1790s and may be the same manuscript described a hundred years earlier by Núñez de la Vega. In a circumstantial narrative the leader, Culebra, states that he conducted migrants from Valum Votan to America, educated them, and was chosen their king. Related manuscripts: Part 2 of the Historia de la creación del cielo y de la tierra by Ordóñez y Aguiar was to have been based on the Probanza but has not been fully published. The incomplete edition of 1907 was based on a manuscript owned by

Xpantzay, Historia de los. Trasunto de los títulos de las tierras de Tecpan Guatemala. Archivo General del Gobierno, Guatemala, exp. 53,957, leg. 6062. Published. Cakchiquel (ff. 30-44) with Spanish translation of 1659 (ff. 49-66). Tecpan Guatemala, Guatemala. 17thC. Six Caxchiquel texts that form part of land litigation of 1658-63. All six are described and published (in Spanish translation in part by Recinos and in part from a translation of 1659) by Berlin (1950). Three are 17thC copies of 16thC documents and together treat Cakchiquel history, migration, genealogy, and later land boundaries. The three are published in Cakchiquel and Spanish translation by Recinos (1957) under the following titles: Historia de los Xpantzay de

67 (commentary, Quiche text, Spanish translation). 1186

397

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Tecpan Guatemala; Guerras comunes de Quiches y Cakchiqueles; and Testamento de los Xpantzay.

Publication: Berlin, 1950; Recinos, 1957, pp. 19,119-69.

REFERENCES (compiled by Mary W. Cline) Acosta Saignes, 1946 Burgess and Xec, 1955 Burrus, 1959 Acuña, 1968 Bustamante, 1829, 1829-30, 1840, 1890-96 Alba, 1949 Alvarado Tezozomoc, 1844-49, 1943, 1944a, Cabrera, 1822 1944b, 1949 Campos, 1936 Carmack, 1967 and Tovar, 1878 American Art Association, 1935 Carrasco Pizana, 1950, 1966, 1967a, 1967b Anales de Cuauhtitlan, 1885 Carrera Stampa, 1945, 1962-63 Anales de Tarecuato, 1898, 1903, 1951, 1953 Carrillo y Ancona, 1950 Anales de Tlatelolco, 1950 Caso, 1946, 1958a, 1967 Anales Mexicanos, Mexico-Azcapotzalco, 1903 Castillo, I. B. del, 1922 Anales Mexicanos no. 1, 1948 Castillo, I. M. del, 1940 Anales Mexicanos no. 2, 1948 Catálogo, 1954-56 Anderson Auction Co., 1914 Catalogue, 1860, 1883 Andrade, 1869 Charency, 1891 Anónimo mexicano, 1903 Chavero, n.d., 1877b, 1901a, 1903a, 1904 Anonymous, 1827 Civezza, 1879 Ballesteros Gaibrois, 1964 Clavigero, 1958-59 Bandelier, F., 1932 Cline, 1969a, 1971 Barbazán, 1953 Códice Municipal de Cuernavaca, 1911, 1951 Barlow, MSc, 1947h, 1949a, 1950b, 1951b, Cordan, 1962 1957 Corona Núñez, 1959 and Smisor, 1943b Crespo Morales, 1959 Barrera Vásquez, 1939, 1943, 1944, 1957, Cuevas, 1913, 1914, 1921-28, 1930 1964, 1965 Datos relativos, 1944 and Morley, 1949 Descripción, 1955 and Rendón, 1948 Dibble, 1951 and Anderson, 1950-69 Bartolache, 1790 Dieseldorff, 1906 Basalenque, 1886 Baudot, 1969 Documentos, 1856 Bautista, 1601 Durán, 1867-80, 1967 Beaumont, 1932 Dyckerhoff, 1970 Berlin, 1950 Edmonson, 1971 and Barlow, 1948 Escalona Ramos, 1934 Bernal, 1962 Fernández de Córdoba, 1952, 1959 Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842 Fernández de Recas, 1961 Bibliotheca mejicana, 1869 Foster, 1950 Bibliotheca mexicana, 1860 Fuentes y Guzmán, 1882-83, 1932-33 Blom, 1928 Fundación de Cuacuauzentlalpan, 1962 Boban, 1891, 1899 Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1947 Borah and Cook, 1963 Gall, 1963 Boturini, 1746 García Gutiérrez, 1931 Brand, 1944 García Icazbalceta, 1858-66, 1882, 1886, Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1851, 1861, 1869-70, 1886-92, 1941, 1954 1871, 1926 Garibay, 1940, 1943, 1945a, 1945b, 1953-54, Brinton, 1882a, 1882b, 1885, 1887, 1890a, 1956, 1958b, 1959a, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1890b 1965-68

398

PROSE SOURCES Gates, 1924, 1929, 1931, 1935c, 1935d, 1935e, Mendieta y Núñez, 1961 Mengin, 1949-52, 1950, 1952b 1935f, 1940 Miguelez, 1917-25 Gavarrete, 1873-74, 1907-08, 1928 Moreno, J., 1766, 1939 Genet, 1934d Morley, 1911, 1920 and Chelbatz, 1927 and Roys, 1941 Gibson, 1950, 1952, 1956, 1964b Motolinía, 1858,1869, 1903,1914, 1941, 1951, Gilmor, 1964 1956a, 1956b, 1969 Glass 1964 Muñoz Camargo, 1843, 1870, 1871, 1892, Gómez de Orozco, 1927a, 1930, 1939b, 1945b 1947a, 1947b Gordon, 1913

Granados y Gálvez, 1778 Gropp, 1933 Guzmán, 1938, 1964 Hendrichs, 1941 Hernández, 1926, 1945 Hernández Rodríguez, 1952 Historia Chichimeca, 1950 Hoyo, 1956, 1957 Ixtlilxochitl, 1829, 1843, 1891-92, 1930, 1938, 1952 Jakeman, 1952 Jiménez Moreno, 1938a, 1938b Jonghe, 1905,1906c, 1961 Jourdanet and Siméon, 1880 Kingsborough, 1831-48 Kirchhoff, 1951, 1956b, 1961, 1964 Kohler, 1924 Kubler and Gibson, 1951 Kutscher, 1948, 1958 Las Casas, 1909,1958,1966,1967 Lehmann, 1906c, 1906d, 1908, 1922, 1938, 1941 and Kutscher, 1958 Lejeal, 1906, 1907 León, N., 1886c, 1904a, 1905b León-Portilla, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1961a, 1961b, 1963, 1967b León y Gama, 1832 Lista, 1881 Lizana, 1893 López Austin, 1969 López Cogolludo, 1688 López de Gómara, 1826 López Sarrelangue, 1965 McAfee and Barlow, 1946b, 1948 McPheeters, 1954 Madsen, 1960 Maggs Bros., 1913 Makemson, 1948, 1950, 1951 Malacachtepec Momoxco, 1953, 1954 Martínez Hernández, 1909, 1926a, 1926b, 1927, 1940 Meade, 1950 Mediz Bolio, 1930,1935,1941 Méndez Plancarte, 1942 Mendieta, 1870

Nicolau d'Olwer, 1952 Nierembergii, 1635 Nowotny, 1956a Núñez de la Vega, 1702 Oliger, 1942 Olmos, 1875 Omont, 1899 Ordóñez y Aguiar, 1907 Orozco y Berra, 1880, 1943, 1960 Paleografía, 1951, 1958 Palomera, 1963 Paso y Troncoso, n.d.a, n.d.b, 1887, 1890, 1897d, 1902,1903,1905-06,1905-07,1908, 1939-42 Paz, 1933 Peñafiel, 1899, 1901, 1903a, 1903b, 1904 Peret, 1955 Pérez Martínez, 1936 Phillipps, 1837-71 Pilling, 1885, 1895 Pohorilles, 1913 Pompa y Pompa, 1938 Ponce, 1892 Proskouriakoff, 1952 Puttick and Simpson, 1888 Quaritch, 1880, 1885 Radin, 1920 Ramírez, J. F., 1847, 1854, 1885, 1898, 1903, 1905, 1945b, 1957 Ramírez Cabañas, 1938 Raynaud, 1925, 1927, 1928, 1937, 1939, 1946 Recinos, 1947, 1950a, 1950b, 1953,1957 Relación, 1952 Relaciones de Yucatán, 1898-1900 Rendón, 1949, 1965 Reyes G., 1971 Ricard, 1933a Rich, 1827 Río and Cabrera, 1822 Robertson, D., 1959 Robredo, 1942 Romero and Pereda, 1860 Rosa, A. de la, 1887 Rosa y Saldivar, 1946,1947 Rosas Herrera, 1946 Rosny, Léon de, 1881a 399

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Roys, 1931, 1933, 1939, 1943, 1946, 1949a, 1949b, 1950, 1954, 1957, 1962, 1965 Rubio Mañé, 1956 Santos y Salazar, 1856 Sapper, 1897, 1906 Scherzer, 1857 Schmidt, 1906 Scholes and Adams, 1957 and Roys, 1948 Schultze Jena, 1944, 1957 Schulz, 1944 Seler, 1904i, 1927 Siméon, 1884, 1886, 1889a Smailus, 1969 Smisor, 1943a Sociedad Española de Amigos del Arte, 1930 Solís Alcalá, 1949 Sorenson, 1957 Sotheby and Co., 1936b, 1948 Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1913, 1919a Soustelle, 1937 Steck, 1951 Stephens, 1843 Stoll, 1906 Strout, 1962 Teletor, 1946 Tello, 1891 Ternaux-Compans, 1837-41

400

Thompson, J. E. S., 1950,1951 Títulos, 1876, 1941 Títulos principales, 1915 Torquemada, 1615,1723, 1943-44, 1964, 1969 Tovar, 1944 Tozzer, 1917, 1921,1941 Tudela, 1954 Valadés, 1579 Velázquez, 1922, 1931, 1945 Velázquez Gallardo, 1952 Vera, 1887-89 Veytia, 1826, 1836 Vigil, 1889, 1897 Villacorta C., 1934a, 1962 and Rodas N., 1927 Villa Rojas, 1945 Viñaza, 1892 Vindel, 1910 Whorf, 1929 Wolf and Palerm, 1955 Ximénez, 1929-31, 1964 Xiu Chronicles, 1919 Yáñez, 1939, 1942 Zantwijk, 1957 Zavala, 1951 Zimmermann, 1960, 1963-65 Zorita, 1840, 1864, 1891, 1909, 1941, 1942, 1963

28. A Checklist of Institutional Holdings of Middle American Manuscripts in the Native Historical Tradition

JOHN B. GLASS

is PROVIDED an index-list of all original manuscripts and copies cited in the census of Middle American pictorial manuscripts in the native tradition (Article 23), in the catalog of Techialoyan manuscripts (Article 24), in the census of Testerian manuscripts (Article 25), in the catalog of falsified pictorial manuscripts (Article 26), and in the census of prose manuscripts in the native tradition (Article 27B), arranged by the repositories where they are located. Local village archives and noninstitutional holdings, such as private collections and dealers' stocks, are not treated. The collections are arranged in alphabetical order by countries, cities, and institutions, according to the schedule immediately preceding the checklist. When appropriate, a short essay is given for each collection. These essays treat the nature and origin of the collections and cite relevant institutional catalogs. HERE

For each collection, the manuscripts are classified as original pictorial manuscripts, copies thereof, Techialoyan manuscripts, Testerian manuscripts, falsifications, and prose manuscripts. Additional categories are included in some instances and a sub-classification of copies is given for the larger collections. Within each of these divisions the manuscripts are listed either alphabetically or by the number assigned to them in this "Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources." Exceptions to this are the manuscript collections in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and the codex collection of the Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico, where the manuscripts are ordered by the catalog numbers of those collections. The entry for each manuscript provides the following data. (1) The title used in the various censuses and catalogs in this Guide, followed by the corresponding number in parentheses. (2) The designation given by the institution for the manuscript when it is 401

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

substantially different from the census or catalog title and not entered as a synonym therein. Descriptive designations from institutional catalogs, however, have been omitted. (3) The current institutional catalog number, usually taken from a published catalog. The omission of this datum indicates either that the number is unknown to us or that we feel its inclusion is unnecessary. Such numbers seldom correspond to call or shelf numbers. Certain old catalog numbers are given when known and when their inclusion may aid in the identification of the manuscript in old sources. Descriptions or listings in published institutional catalogs are cited when they provide substantive information, aid in identifying the manuscript, or provide catalog numbers and data about provenance. Millares Carlo (1959) and Gómez Canedo (1961) are standard guides to collections and catalogs and may be consulted for further information. Tudela (1954) is a satisfactory guide to manuscripts in Spain; Fernández de Córdova (1959) gives useful information about the background of many collections in the United States. When the manuscript in question—original or copy—is known to have been listed in a sale catalog, the reference is given. Some of the identifications between manuscripts and sale catalog descriptions may require verification. In the case of copies not described in the censuses, a statement as to authorship, date, provenance, and other pertinent data may be given. The copies listed here and cited in the various censuses and catalogs are selected. It omits copies we consider unimportant or lacking in scholarly, historical, or bibliographical interest, as well as many photographic copies and copies based on published sources. This does not mean, however, that all copies listed are necessarily of any particular importance. When determined, the date the manu402

script was acquired by the institution is given, preceded by the abbreviation "Acc." In the case of certain large accessions the date is given in the short essays that precede many of the listings. In some instances pictorial or other manuscripts which are not included in the censuses but which are part of "codex" or ethnohistorical collections are listed in the checklist and identified as not relevant to the censuses. Much of the information reported is derived from published sources. We have not personally investigated the holdings of more than a few of the approximately 90 collections represented. No attempt has been made to circularize the hundreds of museums and libraries in Western Europe and North America that might have relevant manuscripts. For institutions whose holdings have been the subject of a published catalog, there may be more recent acquisitions that have not come to our notice. The institutional checklist is a guide to present knowledge, and investigators should not presume that further manuscripts may not exist in the collections surveyed herein. For several governmental archives, particularly those of the Indies in Seville, Simancas, Mexico, Tlaxcala, and Guatemala, our coverage is generally limited to published manuscripts. Howard F. Cline, Charles Gibson, and Alfonso Caso, as well as other colleagues and the many librarians and curators of the collections listed, have been most helpful in the compilation of this checklist. Special acknowledgement must be made to Donald Robertson and Henry B. Nicholson, who, among other contributions, provided information subsequent to their visits to European collections in 1964-65 and 1960, respectively. The sections on Techialoyan manuscripts are based on the Robertsons' catalog of such documents (Article 24).

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS Austria Vienna Museum fiir Völkerkunde Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek

406 406

Czechoslovakia Liberec Severoceske Muzeum (North Bohemian Museum)

406

Denmark Copenhagen Kongelige Bibliotek (Royal Library) Nationalmuseet (National Museum)

407 407

France Paris Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée Nationale Française Bibliothèque Nationale Musée de l'Homme

407 407 414

Germany Berlin (East) Deutsche Staatsbibliothek Berlin (West) Ibero-Amerikanische Institut Museum für Völkerkunde Staatsbibliothek Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz Dresden Sachsische Landesbibliothek Hamburg Museum fiir Völkerkunde Tübingen Universitätsbibliothek Great Britain Liverpool Free Public Museums London The British Museum Manchester John Rylands Library Oxford Bodleian Library Windsor Royal Library of Windsor Castle

415 416 416 417 417 417 417

417

Italy Bologna Biblioteca Comunales del'Archiginnasio Biblioteca Universitaria Florence Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Parma Reale Museo d'Antichita Rome Biblioteca Angelica Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Spain Madrid Biblioteca del Archivo Histórico Nacional Biblioteca Nacional Biblioteca del Palacio Nacional Biblioteca de la Real Academia de la Historia Biblioteca del Real Monasterio de El Escorial Museo de América Museo del Ejército Seville Archivo General de Indias Simancas Archivo General de Simancas Toledo Biblioteca Pública Sweden Goteborg Etnografiska Museet Uppsala Universitetsbibliothek Switzerland Basle Museum für Völkerkunde

419 419 420 420 420 420 420

420 420 421 422 423 424 424 424 425 425

425 426

426

417 419 419 419

GUATEMALAN COLLECTION Guatemala Guatemala City Archivo General del Gobierno

426

403

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

MEXICAN COLLECTIONS

Universidad Veracruzana, Museo Veracruzano de Antropología

441

Distrito Federal Mexico City Archivo Capitular de la Colegiata de Guadalupe Archivo del Ayuntamiento Archivo General de la Nación Biblioteca Nacional Departamento de Asuntos Agrarios y Colonización Dirección de Geografía, Meteorología e Hidrología Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia Archivo Fotográfico, p. 429 Archivo Histórico, p. 430 Biblioteca Nacional de Antropología, p. 433 Museo Nacional de Antropología: Codex Collection Museo Nacional de Antropología: Fototeca Museo Nacional de Historia Museo Nacional de Historia: Centro de Documentación Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística Universidad de las Américas

426 426 426 428 429 429 429

438 438 438 439 439

Jalisco 440

Michoacan Morelia Museo Michoacano

440

440 440

442

Connecticut New Haven Yale University Library

442

District of Columbia Washington Library of Congress Smithsonian Institution

443 444

Illinois Chicago Newberry Library, Ayer Collection

444

Louisiana New Orleans Tulane University

446

Massachusetts Boston Boston Public Library Cambridge Harvard College Library Peabody Museum Library

448 448 448

449

441

Missouri Kansas City Nelson Gallery of Art

449

Veracruz

404

442

440

Jalapa Departamento de Antropología

441

Michigan Ann Arbor University of Michigan, William L. Clements Library

Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Archivo General del Estado

California Berkeley University of California, Bancroft Library Los Angeles Southwest Museum San Francisco Sutro Library

433

Guadalajara Museo Regional

Puebla Puebla Academia de Bellas Artes Casa del Alfeñique

UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN COLLECTIONS

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

New Jersey Princeton Princeton University Library New Mexico Santa Fe Museum of New Mexico New York New York American Museum of Natural History The Brooklyn Museum Hispanic Society of America Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation New York Public Library Ohio Cleveland Cleveland Public Library

450

451

451 452 452 453 453

455

Rhode Island Providence Brown University, The John Carter Brown Library

456

Texas Austin University of Texas Library

457

Utah Provo Brigham Young University

458

CANADA 455

Oklahoma Tulsa Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art

Pennsylvania Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania, University Museum

455

Ontario Toronto Royal Ontario Museum Appendix A: Photographic Copies by William E. Gates Appendix B: Notes on Selected 19th-century Collectors

459 459 462

405

EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS AUSTRIA VIENNA: MUSEUM FÜR VÖLKERKUNDE (MVV) Heger (1908, pp. 18-19,40-42) gives brief descriptions of the Dominik Bilimek and Philipp J. Becker collections accessioned by the former K. K. naturhistorische Hofmuseum in 1878 and 1897, respectively. The 10 manuscripts of the Bilimek collection and one of the Becker collection are now in the Nationalbibliothek, Vienna. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Becker, Codex, no. 1 (no. 27). No. 60306. Becker collection no. 7. 2. Becker, Codex, no. 2 (no. 28). No. 60307. Becker collection no. 8. VIENNA: OSTERREICHISCHE NATIONALBIBLIOTHEK (NBV) The Códices Vindobonenses Mexicani (CVM) (Bibl. Pal. Vind. Cod. Mexic.) include the 10 manuscripts of the Bilimek collection (CVM 2-4, 6-12) and one from the Becker collection (CVM 5), transferred from the Museum für Völkerkunde, Vienna. We have consulted a transcript of the unpublished catalog of these manuscripts in the NBV. The old catalog numbers given below derive from that catalog and from information provided by Edward Calnek and Donald Robertson. CVM 7-10 and 12, listed separately below, are oil paintings in European style, only one of which is included in the census. The Santa Cruz manuscript and CVM 1-12 have been cataloged by Unterkircher (1957-59, 1: 107, 2: 126). ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Cuauhquechollan, Mapa circular de (no. 90). CVM 5. Old nos. S.N. 4740, 60308. Becker collection no. 9. 2. Tepoztlan, Panhuacan, Ayapango y Tla406

nahuac, Mapa catastral de (no. 324). CVM 4. Old nos. S.N. 4739, 4599, 6858. 3. Vienna, Codex (no. 395). CVM 1. Acc. ca. 1677. 4. Xochitepec, Codex of (no. 408). CVM 3. Old nos. S.N. 4733, 4598, 6857. ORIGINAL OIL PAINTINGS

1. Axayacatl, Portrait of (no. 16). CVM 12. Old nos. S.N. 4738*, 4601, 6860. 2. Coat of arms, unidentified. Not included in census. CVM 9. Old nos. S.N. 4736, 4602,6861. 3. Coat of arms, unidentified. Not included in census. CVM 10. Old nos. S.N. 4737, 4605,6864. 4. Tizoc, Portrait of. Not included in census. CVM 8. Old nos. S.N. 4735, 4604, 6863. 5. Valeriano, Don Antonio, Portrait of. Not included in census. CVM 7. Old nos. S.N. 4734,4603, 6862. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

l.Popotla, Mapa de (no. 254). CVM 2. Original (?) copy on parchment, 1720. Old nos. S.N. 4732, 4597, 6856. 2.Popotla, Mapa de (no. 254). CVM 6. Old nos. S.N. 4740*, 4596, 6855. Copy, without annotations. 3. Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico (no. 280). In Alonso de Santa Cruz, Islario general de todas las islas del mundo . . . Cod. Pal. Vindob. 7195 (Hist. prof. 268). Contains partial copy, mid16thC. TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1. Acayuca, San Francisco (no. 734). CVM 11. Oídnos. S.N. 4738,4600, 6859. CZECHOSLOVAKIA LIBEREC: SEVEROCESKE MUZEUM (NORTH BOHEMIAN MUSEUM) The manuscript listed below may now be

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

in the Naprstkovo Museum in Prague (see Lizardi Ramos, preface to Loukotka, 1957, p. 7). FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Liberec, Codex of (no. 915). DENMARK COPENHAGEN: KONGELIGE BIBLIOTEK (ROYAL LIBRARY) COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Vienna, Codex (no. 395). Hieroglyphica Mexicana quae in sui Recordationem Reliquit J. Ludolphus. Ny Kgl. Samling (New Royal Collection) 2064, folio. Partial copy, 1 page. 17thC. COPENHAGEN: NATIONALMUSEET (NATIONAL MUSEUM) ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Xochitepec, Mapa de (no. 409). MS no. EE 6.1. Acc. ca. 1839 (cat. no. and acc. date unverified). FRANCE PARIS: BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE L'ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE FRANÇAISE ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Borbonicas, Codex (no. 32). No. Y.120. Old nos. 113 and 1788. Acc. 1826. PARIS: BIBLIOTHÈQUE (BNP)

NATIONALE

Mexican manuscripts in the BNP are contained in the Fonds Mexicains (FM) as well as in other divisions of the library, but only the FM is believed to house pictorial manuscripts in the native tradition. There are 428 numbered manuscripts (not including subscript numbers) in the FM collection. The abbreviation BNP, as used in this checklist, applies only to the FM collection. The bulk of the FM collection (MSS 1384) was acquired in 1898 from the widow

of Eugène Goupil. The latter, in turn, had acquired most of his collection from J. M. A. Aubin in 1889. During the time that this collection was owned by Goupil, Eugène Boban prepared a detailed and illustrated catalog, which describes MSS 1-372 (Boban, 1891). The catalog numbers assigned by Boban were preserved by the BNP as FM numbers. This part of the FM collection (MSS 1-372 and part of 373-84) represents almost the entirety of the Aubin collection plus a few additions made to it by Goupil. As such it contains parts of the much earlier collections of Ixtlilxochitl, Sigüenza y Góngora, Boturini, Veytia, León y Gama, and Pichardo. Reville (1898) gives a general account of the history of the Aubin-Goupil collection; Boban (1899) provides a history of the collection between 1891 and 1898. One of Aubin's accounts (1851) of his own collection is reprinted by Boban (1891, 2: 51325). MSS 385-400 or 401 represent the "ancien collection" of the FM, acquired by the library before the accession of the Goupil collection. MSS 385-94 are described in an unpublished catalog made by J. F. Ramírez in 1855 (BNP/FM 427). At least five pictorial manuscripts were purchased or acquired about 1829 and are described by Anonymous (1829, 1830a, 1830b). The common source of these announcements has not been identified. Perhaps only the Matrícula de Huexotzingo (BNP 387) may with any certainty be identified with these descriptions. The other four may include BNP 390, 391, and 392. Whether or not the Maya Codex Paris (BNP 386) was part of this purchase is unknown; J. F. Ramírez (1855) states that its acquisition was verified by purchase in 1832. Delisle (1868-81, 2: 292) reports the purchase of a Mexican manuscript "orné de peintures" by the BNP in 1832. Further investigation into the sources of these early acquisitions is required. MSS 402-27 are mostly linguistic docu-

407

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

ments from the Brasseur de Bourbourg, Pinart, and Charency collections. Omont (1899) is the official published catalog of MSS 1-401. It draws heavily on the Boban catalog (1891) but frequently counts leaves and pages differently and lacks its detailed descriptions of content. MSS 387-427, and certain other manuscripts photographed for the Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico, are listed and, in some cases, described, by Núñez y Domínguez (1947a). His list is summarized by Carrera Stampa (1949a, pp. 81-105). MSS 402-27 are listed by title by Núñez y Domínguez (1947b). Jiménez Moreno (1938b, pp. 55599) describes a number of FM manuscripts (including few pictorials) of which photographs taken for Paso y Troncoso are among the latter's papers in MNA/AH. All pictorial manuscripts in the native tradition are classified and listed below but are ordered by the BNP/FM catalog numbers rather than alphabetically. Certain subscript letters (a, b ) and the numbered subsections of BNP 88, 89, 90, and 419 have been supplied by us and are not part of the BNP/FM catalog numbers. Cross references between originals and copies in this collection are provided. Manuscripts described in the prose census (Article 27B) are listed following the pictorial manuscripts. The prose manuscripts are located in the Fonds Mexicains ( F M ) , Espagnols, Americains, and in the Fonds Français. Fonds Espagnols nos. 1-504 are cataloged in Morel-Fatio (1892), nos. 50579 in Omont (1912). The Fonds Americains contains New World linguistic manuscripts, many from the Brasseur and Pinart collections, and is cataloged by Omont (1925); a few are listed in Núñez y Domínguez (1947b, pp. 632-36). Joaquín Galarza provided us with information on Fonds Mexicains 428 and Espagnols 580-632, added to the collections since the publication of the catalogs cited above. 408

He reports that the Fonds Americains has had no additions since the 1925 catalog. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1-10. Xolotl, Codex (no. 412). One leaf (pp. 2-3) is Waldeck, Catalogue, nos. 118-119. Copy: BNP 10bis ( a ) . 11-12. Quinatzin, Mapa (leaves 1 and 2) (no. 263). Copy: BNP89-8. 13-14. Tepechpan, Tira de (no. 317). Waldeck, Catalogue, no. 127. Copies: BNP 14bis, 88-6(a). 15-17. Cruz, Códice en (no. 84). Copies: BNP 88-5, 90-2. 18-19. Aubin, Tonalamatl (no. 15). Leaves 9-20 are Waldeck, Catalogue, no. 126. Copies: BNP 19bis, 88-2, 88-6 ( b ) . 20. Aubin manuscript no. 20 (no. 14). Copies: BNP 21, 88-4. 22. Nación mexicana, Unos Annates históricos de la (no. 230A). Copy: BNP 22ter. See also next entry. 22bis. Nación mexicana, Unos Annates históricos de la (no. 230B). 23-24. Mexicanus, Codex (no. 207). Copies: BNP 89-9. 25. Hueyapan, Plan topographique de (no. 141). 26. AMECAMECA: Cedula de Diligencia (no. 5). 27. HUITZILOPOCHCO: Contrat de Commanderie (no. 145). 28. TLAXINICAN, TLAYLOTLACAN, TECPANPA, ETC., TRIBUTES OF: Contributions ou Tribuís de Tlaxinican, Tlaylotlacan . . . (no. 353). 29. XOCHIMILCO: Procès entre Francisco de la Cruz Cohuatzincatl, Indio natural de Xochimilco, et Joachim Tecoloatl (no. 402). 30. CHALCO: Reçus presentés par le Capitaine Jorgé Ceron y Carabajal, Alcalde Mayor de Chalco . . . (no. 42). Copy: BNP 296. 31. Cuauhtitlan, Codex Procès de (no. 98). 32. TLACOTEPEC: Pièce du Procês de

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

107. Texcoco, Plan topographique de (no. Pablo Ocelotl et ses fib, contre Alonzo 329). Gonzales (no. 336). 108. TLAXINICAN, TLAYLOTLACAN, 33. XOCHIMILCO: Plan et titre dune TECPANPA, ETC., TRIBUTES OF: propriété sise à Huexocolco . . . (no. 405). Contributions ou tributs imposés aux in34. XOCHIMILCO: Plan de plusiers propdigènes par Don Joseph Jorgen (no. 354). riétés... (no. 407). 109. Cuauhtitlan, Codice de los alfareros 37-39. Vergara, Codex (no. 386). de (no. 99). 40. Mexicaine, Histoire, depuis 1221 jus110. CULHUACAN: Proceso de Marta qu'en 1594 (no. 201). Copy: BNP 89-1. Petronila y Agustín de Luna, indios, 41-45. Cozcatzin, Codex (no. 83). Copcontra Juan Francisco, Marta y Juana ies: BNP 45bis, 89-5. (no. 111). 46-58. Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia (no. 111. TEMASCALTEPEC: Pièces d'un 359). Copies: BNP 58bis, 338. Partial Procès criminei (no. 310). copies by Aubin of BNP 54-58 are bound 112. MEXICO-TENOCHTITLAN: Procès with BNP 46-50 and BNP 51-53. entre Diego Francisco et Felipe de Santi59-64. Azcatitlan, Codice (no. 20). Copago (no. 209). ies: BNP 89-3, 90-1. 113. Xalpantepec, Plainte adressée au Roi 65-71. Ixtlilxochitl, Codex, parts 1 and 2 d'Espagne Philippe II par les indigènes de (nos. 171,172). (no. 400). 72. Principes mexicanos, Genealogía de los 114. MEXICO-TENOCHTITLAN: Titres (no. 258). Propriété (no. 210). de 73. Calpan, Confirmation des Elections de 115. Totoquihuaztli, Don Antonio, Testa(no. 35). mento de (no. 363). 75. Ixtacmaxtitlan, Une émeute parmi les 116. HUAMUXTITLAN: Pièces d'un Proindigènes d' (no. 169). cès (no. 136). 79. Guadalupe, La Villa de Nuestra Señora 217. Mexique, Fragment dune histoire du, de, Plan topographique de, 1694. Not in"Nahuatl(no. 206B). en langue cluded in census. Not in native tradition. 373. Tlotzin, Mapa (no. 356). Copies: 82. Xalbornoz, Juan de, and Juan Mateo, BNP 95,89-4. Plan of the houses of (no. 399). 374. Aperreamiento, Manuscrito del (no. 83. Mexicanus, Codex (no. 208). Copy: 9). BNP 83bis. 375. Cuauhtinchan, Mapa de, no. 1 (no. 84. Ayotzingo, Historia de (no. 18). 94). Acc. by Eugène Goupil in 1893 or 85. Mexicains, l'Histoire des anciens, Fraglater. ment de (no. 202). Copy: BNP 85bis. 376. Teocaltitlan, San Pablo, Libro de 86. Procès, Fragment d'un (no. 259). Tributos de (no. 311). 102. Coatlan del Rio, Mapa de (no. 65). 385. Telleriano-Remensis, Codex (no. 308). Cataloged with other documents not relAcc. 1700. Old no. 1. evant to pictorial census. 386. Paris, Codex (no. 247). Old no. 2. 103. Ixcatlan, Santa Maria, Plan topo387. Huexotzingo, Matrícula de (no. 139). graphique de (no. 165). Old nos. 3 and 4. 104. Citlalpopoca, Genealogy of (no. 61). 388. Cano, Genealogía de la familia (no. Généalogie de Tun des quatre gouverneurs 37). Old no. 5. 390. Tlatengo, Rôle des Impôts de (no. de la republique de Tlaxcala. Copy: 345). Old no. 7. BNP 104bis. Related text is BNP 117. 409

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

391. Veinte Mazorcas, Codice de (no. 385). Old no. 8. 392. Procès, Pièce d'un (no. 260). Old no. 9. 396. Quinatzin, Mapa (leaf 3) (no. 264). Old no. 13. Acc. 1879 by transfer from the Cabinet des Médailles. 399. Testerian manuscript BNP 399, Miscellaneous pages in (no. 325). In BNP 399. Old no. 16. 400. Reinisch, Mappe (no. 269). Old no. 17. Copy: BNP 99,419-9. COPIES OF LOST OR UNLOCATED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

10bis ( b ) . Tetlama, Lienzo de (no. 327). León y Gama copy. Other copies: BNP 98,101, lOlbis. 89-2. Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 4 (no. 390). Pichardo copy. 92. Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 (no. 388). Anonymous variant. 94. Tola, Santa Isabel, Títulos de tierras pertenecientes al pueblo de (no. 358). Partial copy with marginal notes by León y Gama. Other copies: BNP 222. 98. Tetlama, Lienzo de (no. 327). Nebel copy. Other copies: BNP lObis ( b ) , 101, lOlbis. 101. Tetlama, Lienzo de (no. 327). Other copies: BNP lObis ( b ) , 98, lOlbis. lOlbis. Tetlama, Lienzo de (no. 327). Other copies: BNP lObis ( b ) , 98, 101. 106. Tianquiztli, Plan du (no. 332). 152. Cuitlahuac, Plan topographique de (no. 110). 222. Tola, Santa Isabel, Títulos de (no. 358). Partial copy with marginal notes by León y Gama; probably completed with BNP 94. 419-4. Tlalancalco, San Matías, Mapa de (no. 338). Ff. 80r-94r. Copy of 1864. Acc. 1919. 419-8. Tezontepec, San Pedro, Mapa de (no. 331). Copy of 1854. Acc. 1919. 410

COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS LOCATED IN THE

BNP

lObis ( a ) . Xolotl, Codex (no. 412). León y Gama copy, incomplete. Original: BNP 1-10. 14bis. Tepechpan, Tira de (no. 317). Aubin copy. Original: BNP 13-14. 19bis. Aubin, Tonalamatl (no. 15). León y Gama copy. Ex-Humboldt collection. Original: BNP 18-19. 21. Aubin manuscript no. 20 (no. 14). León y Gama copy. Original: BNP 20. 22ter. Nación mexicana, Unos Annales históricos de la (no. 230). Aubin copy with French translation. Original: BNP 22. 45bis. Cozcatzin, Codex (no. 83). León y Gama copy. Original: BNP 41-45. 58bis. Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia (no. 359). Old (Aubin?) partial copy. Original: BNP 46-58. 83bis. Mexicanus, Codex (no. 208). Aubin copy. Original: BNP 83. 85bis. Mexicains, l'Histoire des anciens, Fragment de (no. 202). Aubin copy w'th French translation. Original: BNP 85. 88-2. Aubin, Tonalamatl (no. 15). Pichardo copy. Original: BNP 18-19. 88-4. Aubin manuscript no. 20 (no. 14). Pichardo copy. Original: BNP 20. 88-5. Cruz, Códice en (no. 84). Pichardo copy. Original: BNP 15-17. 88-6(a). Tepechpan, Tira de (no. 317). Pichardo copy. Original: BNP 13-14. 88-6(b). Aubin, Tonalamatl (no. 15). Pichardo copy, incomplete. Original: BNP 18-19. 89-1. Mexicaine, Histoire, depuis 1221 jusqu'en 1594 (no. 201). Pichardo copy. Original: BNP 40. 89-3. Azcatitlan, Codice (no. 20). Pichardo copy. Original: BNP 59-64. 89-4. Tlotzin, Mapa (no. 356). Pichardo copy. Original: BNP 373.

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

89-5. Cozcatzin, Codex (no. 83). Pichardo copy. Original: BNP 41-45. 89-8. Çuinatzin, Mapa (leaves 1 and 2) (no. 263). Pichardo copy. Original: BNP 11-12. 89-9. Mexicanus, Codex (no. 207). Pichardo copy. Original: BNP 23-24. 90-1. Azcatitlan, Códice (no. 20). León y Gama copy. Original: BNP 59-64. 90-2. Cruz, Códice en (no. 84). León y Gama copy. Original: BNP 15-17. 95. Tlotzin, Mapa (no. 356). Ex-Boturini collection. Original: BNP 73. 99. Reinisch, Mappe (no. 269). Printed heliogravure copy. Original: BNP 400. 104bis. Citlalpopoca, Genealogy of (no. 61). Original: BNP 104 (existence unverified). 296. CHALCO: Reçus presentes par le Capitaine Jorgé Ceron y Carabajal, Alcalde Mayor de Chalco . . . (no. 42). Pichardo copy. Original: BNP 30. 338. Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia (no. 359). Copy of the text by Aubin with French translation. Original: BNP 4658. 419-9. Reinisch, Mappe (no. 269). Small modern copy. Original: BNP 400. Acc. 1919. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS IN OTHER COLLECTIONS

35-36. Aubin, Codex (no. 13). León y Gama copy, incomplete. 80. Borbonicus, Codex (no. 32). Photographic copy. 89-6. Sigüenza, Mapa (no. 290). Pichardo copy. Other copies: BNP 91, 91bis, 347. 89-7. Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 (Vaiadés version) (no. 388). Pichardo copy, probably from published edition. 91. Sigüenza, Mapa (no. 290). León y Gama copy. Other copies: BNP 89-6, 91bis,347. 91bis. Sigüenza, Mapa (no. 290). Trac-

ing of BNP 91. Other copies: BNP 89-6, 91,347. 93. Boturini, Codex (no. 34). Waldeck copy. Waldeck, Catalogue, nos. 79-83. Other copy: BNP 96. 96. Boturini, Codex (no. 34). Aubin copy. Other copy: BNP 93. 105. Cuauhtemoc, Ordenanza del señor (no. 92). León y Gama copy, including copy of 18thC translation. 163. Becker, Codex, no. 1 (no. 27). Photographic copy. 344. Mendoza, Codex (no. 196). Aubin

copy. 347. Sigüenza, Mapa (no. 290). Aubin copy, with notes. Other copies: BNP 89-6,91,91bis. 395. Madrid, Codex (part: Codex Cortesianus) (no. 187). Photographic copy of two pages, with correspondence, dated 1867. Old no. 12. Acc. 1876. TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

81. Tepotzotlan (first fragment, T) (no. 718). 389. Huyxoapan, San Pablo (no. 702). Old no. 6. 401. Calpulalpan, San Simon (no. 725). Short description in Lista, 1881, 2d sec., no. 1071. Acc. ca. 1898. 419-3. Cuajimalpa, San Pedro (no. 703). Copy. Acc. 1919. 419-5. Tizayuca, San Salvador (codex and map, nos. 728, 729). Copies. Acc. 1919. TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

76. Testerian MS of the BNP, FM 76 (no. 807). 77. Testerian MS of the BNP, FM 77 (no. 808). 78. Testerian MS of the BNP, FM 78 (no. 809). 399. Testerian MS of the BNP, FM 399 (no. 810). Old nos. 16 and R.C. 8150. Includes traditional non-Testerian material cited in pictorial census (no. 325). 428-3. Testerian MS of the BNP, FM 77 411

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

(no. 808). Two leaves of notes in French. RELATED MANUSCRIPTS

80bis. Borbonicus, Codex (no. 32). Notes by Aubin. Published by Boban (1891, 2:206-07). 213. Tlaxcala, Lienzo de (no. 350). Description by Mazihcatzin. Published. 214. Tlaxcala, Lienzo de (no. 350). Copy of BNP 213, q.v. in preceding entry. 279. Jucutacato, Lienzo de (no. 177). Apparently an extract from the published description by Alonso de la Rea (1643). 332. Aubin, Codex (no. 13). Incomplete copy and Spanish translation of the Nahuatl text, apparently by León y Gama. 333. Aubin, Codex (no. 13). Copy and French translation by Aubin. 346. Aubin, Codex (no. 13). Notes and copy of the text by Aubin. 353. Ríos, Codex (no. 270). Notes in French. 355. Tlotzin, Mapa de (no. 356). Notes by Aubin on this and other manuscripts. 356. Tepechpan, Tira de (no. 317). Notes by Aubin on this and other manuscripts. 357. Mendoza, Codex (no. 196). Notes by Aubin on this and other manuscripts. 372. Carrion, Antonio. Tableau hiéroglyphique des anciens rois mexicains. Not included in census. Drawings of the native rulers of Tenochtitlan with their hieroglyphs, 1859, copied from various sources, not all of which can be readily identified. Unpublished. 414. Borgia, Codex (no. 33). Copy of Fábrega's commentary on Codex Borgia. Published. 419-7. Aperreamiento, Manuscrito del (no. 9). Interpretation made in 1867. Acc. 1919. 427. Ramírez, José Fernando. Noticia de los manuscritos mexicanos . . . (in the BNP), 1855. MS description of BNP 412

385-94 (under old nos. 1-11) with later additions in another hand giving catalog entries for BNP 395-98 (under old nos. 12-15). PROSE MANUSCRIPTS FONDS MEXICAINS

65-71. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 3 (no. 1101). 74. CHIMALPAHIN QUAUHTLEHUANITZIN. DOMINGO DE SAN ANTÓN MUÑÓN: Relaciones (no. 1027). 102. Cuernavaca, Réédification de la ville de (no. 1035). Copy by Pichardo. 102. Quauhxomolco, Títulos del pueblo de (no. 1095). Copy by Pichardo with Spanish translation. 207. ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC, HERNANDO: Crónica mexicana (no. 1012). Veytia copy, 1755. 208. IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA: Historia chichimeca (no. 1044). Copy. 209. Relaciones (no. 1043). Copy. 210. MUÑOZ CAMARGO, DIEGO: Historia de Tlaxcala (no. 1072). 211. , (no. 1072). Copy, with notes by León y Gama. 212. ZAPATA, JUAN BENTURA, and MANUEL DE LOS SANTOS Y SALAZAR: Historia cronológica de la N. C. de Tlaxcala (no. 1139). 216. POPOL VUH: Historia de la gentilidad americana traducida al castellano (no. 1179). Spanish translation similar to that used by Ordóñez y Aguiar. 217. Mexique, Fragment d'une histoire du, en langue Nahuatl (no. 1058B). 218. ZORITA, ALONSO DE: Breve y sumaria relación . . . (no. 1140). Copied from the Boturini copy. 219. , (no. 1140). Copy, after the Boturini copy. 220. CHIMALPAHIN QUAUHTLEHUA-

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

NITZIN, DOMINGO DE SAN ANTÓN MUÑÓN: Journal (no. 1026). 221. IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA: Relaciones (no. 1043). Incomplete copy. 223. ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC, HERNANDO: Crónica mexicana (no. 1012). Partial copy. 224-227. IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA: Relaciones (no. 1043). Partial copies. 232-233. Nezahualcoyotl, Cantares de (no. 1076). Two copies. 242-245. Teotihuacan, San Juan, Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de, and related documents (no. 1114). Copies. 248. Algunos apuntes sobre la historia antigua de Yucatan (not in census). Names of gods in Maya with Spanish descriptions (ff. 2-8) and "alfabeto de la lengua Maya" (ff. 9-14). Text includes references to Cogolludo and Torquemada. Photographs by Gates in PML and other collections. 249. Matlatzinca, Calendario (no. 1048). Veytia copy, 1756.

252. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Arte adivinatoria (no. 1107). Copy. 254. Anónimo mexicano (no. 1013). ExBoturini collection? 262 (part). Siglo 18, Anales del (no. 1109). 263. CASTILLO, CRISTÓBAL DEL: Historia de los mexicanos (no. 1021). Partial copy by Pichardo. 277. Chapoltepetl, Notes sur (no. 1022). Copy. 278. Notas sobre la historia antigua de Yucatan. Not in census; relevance not determined. See comment in census under Popol Vuh (no.1179). 288. Tetzcotzinco (Santa Maria Nativitas), The titles of (no. 1117). Copy by Pichardo. 289. Tlaxcala, Informe de los méritos de la

ciudad de (no. 1127). Copy by Pichardo. 290. Tlaxcala y sus cuatro cabeceras, Historia y fundación de la ciudad de (no. 1128). Pichardo copy and translation, with additions. 291-292. Cuernavaca, Códice municipal de (no. 1034). Copy and translation by Pichardo. 295. Nezahualcoyotl, Cantares de (no. 1076). Copy by Pichardo. 303 (part). Mexicanos, Anales, 1398-1524 (no. 1057). Copy. 304. Soles, Leyenda de los (no. 1111). Copy by Pichardo. 305-307. Pichardo, José: Explicación del calendario mexicano. Original and two copies. Includes extracts and translations from Cristóbal del Castillo, Historia de los mexicanos (no. 1021). 311. Mexicayotl, Crónica (no. 1062). Copy, in part by León y Gama. 312. Chimalpopoca, Códice (no. 1028). León y Gama copy. 315. CHIMALPAHIN QUAUHTLEHUANITZIN, DOMINGO DE SAN ANTÓN MUÑÓN: Relaciones (no. 1027). Copy of part of the second relation by León y Gama. 318. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 3 (no. 1101). Copy by León y Gama. 334. Chimalpopoca, Códice (no. 1028). Copy and French translation by Brasseur de Bourbourg. Ex-Brasseur and Pinart collections. Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871, p. 47; Catalogue, 1883, no. 237. 335-336. (no. 1028). Two copies. 337. Mexicayotl, Crónica (no. 1062). Copy with French translation by Aubin. 341. ZAPATA, JUAN BENTURA, and MANUEL DE LOS SANTOS Y SALAZAR: Historia cronológica de la N.C. de Tlaxcala (no. 1139). Partial copy and French translation by Aubin. 342. CHIMALPAHIN QUAUHTLEHUA413

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

NITZIN, DOMINGO DE SAN ANTÓN MUÑÓN: Historia ó crónica mexicana . . . (no. 1025). Copy. 343. Mexicanos, Historia de los, por sus pinturas (no. 1060). Partial copy by Aubin. 348-350. CHIMALPAHIN QUAUHTLEHUANITZIN, DOMINGO DE SAN ANTÓN MUÑÓN: Relaciones (no. 1027). Copies. 364. OLMOS, FRAY ANDRÉS DE: Huehuetlatolli (no. 1080). With his Arte de la lengua mexicana. 377. Puebla, Anales de, 1638-1677 (no. 1090). 378. Tlaxcala et lieux circonvoisins, Éphémérides de (no. 1126). 381. Matlatzinca, Calendario (no. 1048). Original. 384-1. ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC, HERNANDO: Crónica mexicana (no. 1012). Copy: Boban, 1899, no. 145. 384-11. IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA: Relaciones (no. 1043). Copy: Boban, 1899, no. 116. 404. Totonicapan, Título de los señores de (no. 1186). French translation by Charency. 418. Tlaxcala y sus cuatro cabeceras, Historia y fundación de la ciudad de (no. 1128). 19thC copy. 419-6. CHIMALPAHIN QUAUHTLEHUANITZIN, DOMINGO DE SAN ANTÓN MUÑÓN: Historia ó crónica mexicana . . . (no. 1025). Copy. FONDS ESPAGNOLS

173. CHIMALPAHIN QUAUHTLEHUANITZIN, DOMINGO DE SAN ANTÓN MUÑÓN: Historia de la conquista de Mexico (no. 1024). 18thC copy. Morel-Fatio, 1892, no. 562. Old no. 2502. 259. OLMOS, FRAY ANDRÉS DE: Huehuetlatolli (no. 1080). With his Arte para aprender la lengua mexicana. 414

Morel-Fatio, 1892, no. 632. Old no. 8172. 597-1. POMAR, JUAN BAUTISTA: Relación de Τ excoco (no. 1086). Copy by Simon Léon Reinisch, 1867, after the García Icazbalceta collection copy (UTX, CDG 1517). 597-2. Tlaxcala y sus cuatro cabeceras, Historia y fundación de la ciudad de (no. 1128). Spanish translation by Francisco Rosales, 1867, in same hand as BNP/FM 418. FONDS FRANÇAIS

19031. Mechique, Histoyre du (no. 1049). French translation by Thevet. FONDS AMÉRICAINS

57. Popol Vuh (no. 1179). Copy of the Quiche text and Spanish translation with Ximénez, Arte de las tres lenguas. ExBrasseur de Bourbourg and Pinart collections. Catalogue, 1883, no. 50. 77. Totonicapan, Título de los señores de (no. 1186). Copy, by Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1860, of the translation by Chonay. Ex-Brasseur de Bourbourg (1871, p. 45), Pinart (Catalogue, 1883, no. 231), and Charency collections. (Same as Fonds Espagnols no. 539?) PARIS: MUSÉE DE L'HOMME (MHP) The catalog of Mexican ethnohistorical sources in the library of the museum (Galarza, 1960) cites the copies listed below. The original manuscripts are in the Département d'Amérique. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. San Andres, Codex (no. 276). Nos. 8187/1 and 6.148. Acc. 1881. 2. Zacatlalmanco, Santa Anita, Codex (no. 424). Nos. 78.1/2970 and 6.147. Acc. 1881. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Aubin, Codex (no. 13). Incomplete copy with signature of Antonio Peñafiel. Galarza,1960,p.72.

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

2. Borbonicus, Codex (no. 32). Photographic copy. Galarza, 1960, p. 73. 3. Huichapan, Codice de (no. 142). Copy with notes by Jacques Soustelle. Galarza, 1960, p. 78. FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript of the MHP (no. 924). Galarza, 1960, p. 70, note 1. GERMANY

BERLIN (EAST): DEUTSCHE STAATSBIBLIOTHEK(DSB) The American Manuscripts collection of the former Royal Library contained 15 items of which MSS Amer. 1-2, 4, 5, 7, and 10 contained Mexican Indian pictorial material. MSS Amer. 2, 5, and 7 are now in the Handschriftenabteilung der Staatsbibliothek Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz (West Berlin) (q.v.). MSS Amer. 3, 4, 6, and 8-15 are missing and considered lost as a consequence of World War II. The lost pictorial manuscripts are listed below in order to record their former location. MSS Amer. 1 and 2 were given to the library by Baron von Humboldt in 1806 (Wilken, 1828, pp. 155-56, 234); MS Amer. 1, containing Humboldt Fragments 2-16, is the only MS Amer. remaining in the library. MS Amer. 10, accessioned in 1867, contained nine single-leaf Mexican manuscripts, according to Lehmann (1906a, p. 321) and Guzmán (1936). They represent seven different documents; three have been published by Lehmann (1906a) and four are known through copies in the Lehmann collection in the IAI. All seven are listed below. A tenth part of MS Amer. 10 was recognized by Lehmann in 1901 as belonging to MS Amer. 3 (a Nahuatl text) and was added to it at that time. Some, and probably all, parts of MS Amer. 10 were in the Boturini collection.

Ulf Bankmann courteously provided us with a transcript of the unpublished Katalog der MSS Amer. and extracts from the Akzessionskatalog of the library as well as a copy of his report on these manuscripts (since published: Bankmann, 1970). ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Genealogie von 33 Personen (no. 121). MS Amer. 10 (part 9). Lost. 2. Huamantla, Codice de (Fragments 7 and 8) (no. 135). Humboldt Fragments 3 and 4. MS Amer. 1, ff. 10 and 9. 3. Humboldt Fragment 2 (no. 148). MS Amer. 1, f, 1. 4. Humboldt Fragment 5 (no. 149). MS Amer. 1, f. 4, upper. 5. Humboldt Fragment 6 (no. 150). MS Amer. 1, f. 4, lower. 6. Humboldt Fragment 8 (no. 151). MS Amer. 1, f. 6, lower. 7. Humboldt Fragments 9-12 (no. 152). MS Amer. 1,ff. 2 a n d 5 . 8. Humboldt Fragment 14 (no. 153). MS Amer. 1, f. 3, lower. 9. Humboldt Fragment 15 (no. 154). MS Amer. 1, f. 7. 10. MIZQUIAHUALA SALES RECEIPTS: Humboldt Fragment 7 (no. 216). MS Amer. 1, f. 6, upper. 11. MIZQUIAHUALA SALES RECEIPTS: Humboldt Fragment 13 (no. 217). MS Amer. 1, f. 3, upper. 12. MIZQUIAHUALA SALES RECEIPTS: Rechnung über gelieferte Naturalien (no. 220). MS Amer. 10 (part 2). Lost. 13. Steuerliste von 40 Personen (no. 294). MS Amer. 10 (part 7). Lost. 14. Tepecuacuiho, Mapa de (part) (no. 318). MS Amer. 10 (parts 5-6). Lost. Guzmán, 1936, no. 10, parts 2 and 8. Fragmentary tracings by Lehmann in IAI. 15. Unnamed Nahuatl text dated 1561. Nonpictorial. Not in census. MS Amer. 415

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

10 (part 1). Lost. Photograph and copy by Lehmann in IAI. 16. American manuscript no. 10, part 8 (no. 431). MS Amer. 10 (part 8). Lost. Guzmán, 1936, no. 10, p a r t 3 (sic). Copy of details by Lehmann in IAI. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Tola, Santa Isabel, Títulos de (no. 358). MS Amer. 4. Acc. 1839 or 1840. Lost.

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Unidentified pueblo (no. 742). MS Amer. 10 (parts 3-4). Lost. Copy by Lehmann in IAI. Guzmán, 1936, no. 10, parts 4-5.

TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Testerian MS of the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek (no. 817). Humboldt Fragment 16. MS Amer.l,f.8.

BERLIN (WEST): IBERO-AMERIKANISCHE INSTITUT(IAI) The IAI library houses a relatively large collection of copies of Mexican pictorial manuscripts from the Walter Lehmann and Eduard Seler collections. The listing given here is selected from incomplete information in part supplied by Gerdt Kutscher, Ulf Bankmann, and Η. Β. Nicholson. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Antonio de León, Lienzo (no. 8). Seler collection copy. 2. Aubin manuscript no. 20 (no. 14). Von den Steinen copy. 3. Coixtlahuaca, Lienzo de, no. 2 (no. 71). Lienzo Seler no. 2. Seler collection copy. 4. Córdova-Castellanos, Lienzo (no. 77). 5. Tepecuacuilco, Mapa de (part) (no. 318). Fragmentary tracings by Lehmann from lost original in DSB, MS Amer. 10 (2 parts). 6. American manuscript no. 10, part 8 (no. 431). Copy of details and glosses by Lehmann from lost original in DSB. 416

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1.

García Granados, Codex (no. 715). Copy by Walter Lehmann. 2. Xocotla, San Nicolas, and San Agustín (no. 730). Codex Petich. Expertise and copy of three pages by Walter Lehmann. Bankmann, 1970, pp. 133-35, figs. 1-4. 3. Unidentified pueblo (no. 742). Copy by Walter Lehmann, 1901, from lost original in DSB, MS Amer. 10 (2 parts). BERLIN (WEST): MUSEUM VÖLKERKUNDE (MVBE)

FÜR

The five Mexican pictorial manuscripts of the Carl Uhde collection, sold in Paris about 1857 (Catalogue, 1857, p. 60), were acquired by the museum and cataloged as nos. IV C a 3010-3014 (Kutscher, 1963b, p. 337). Only one can now be identified with certainty and at least one is not represented in the list below. We have made no investigation into the holdings of this collection. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Chiquatzin Tecuihtli, Die Flurkarte des (no. 55). Possibly IV C a 3010 (Kutscher, 1963b, p. 337). 2. Coixtlahuaca, Lienzo de, no. 2 (no. 71). Lienzo Seler no. 2. 3. Mundanegre aus Chichimecapan, Das Dokument der Familie (no. 227). 4. TEXCOCO: Stammbaum des Königlichen Geschlechtes von Tetzcoco (no. 330). 5. Tlatzcantzin, Die Genealogie des (no. 347). IV Ca 3014. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Becker, Codex, no. 1 (no. 27). VIIIE 3080 a-o. Photographic copy. Lehmann, 1905a, p. 260. 2. Tepetlan, San Antonio, Mapa de (no. 320). IV C a 14939b. 19thC copy on cloth. Strebel collection. 3. Zacatepec, Lienzo de, no. 1 (no. 422). Copy on cloth. Seler collection. Lehmann, 1905a, p. 262.

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

T E C H I A L O Y A N MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Ocoyacac, San Martin (no. 733). by Walter Lehmann.

Copy

BERLIN (WEST): STAATSBIBLIOTHEK STIFTUNG PREUSSISCHER KULTURBESITZ (SSPK) The three manuscripts listed below are part of the American Manuscripts collection of the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek but are now deposited in the Handschriftenabteil· ung of the SSPK. They were transferred to the SSPK in 1967 from the depository at the Universitätsbibliothek in Tübingen. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Aubin, Codex (no. 13). Annales hieroglyphici mexicani. MS Amer. 5. Incomplete copy with introduction by Aubin. Acc. 1840 or 1841 by the former Royal Library of Berlin.

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Ocoyacac, San Martin (no. 733). MS Amer. 7. Acc. 1862 by the former Royal Library of Berlin (see DSB).

DRESDEN: SACHSISCHE LANDESBIBLIOTHEK ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Dresden, Codex (no. 113). MS R 310. Old no. Ε 451. Acc. 1740.

HAMBURG: MUSEUM FÜR VÖLKERKUNDE(MVH) ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Hammaburgensis, Codex (no. 912). Acc. 1925. 2. Monclova, Mapa (no. 963). Β 3047. Acc. 1896. TÜBINGEN: UNIVERSITÄTSBIBLIOTHEK (UBT) Three manuscripts formerly located in the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek were on deposit in the Depot der ehemalige Preussischen Staatsbibliothek of the Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz in the Tübingen University Library. They were transferred to the Staatsbibliothek Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz in West Berlin (q.v.) in 1967.

Humboldt Fragment 1 (no. 147). MS Amer. 2. Acc. 1806 by the former Royal Library of Berlin.

COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

1.

Becker, Codex, no, 2, additional fragment (no. 29). Catalog number, history, accession date not determined.

GREAT

BRITAIN

LIVERPOOL: FREE PUBLIC MUSEUMS ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Féjérváry-Mayer, Codex (no. 118). No. 12014 M. Acc. 1867. Gatty, 1882, part 2, p. 25, no. 181.

LONDON: THE BRITISH MUSEUM (BM) Incomplete listings of pictorial manuscripts now housed in the Department of Ethnography have been published by Burland (1957a) and by Guzmán (1939a). Anonymous (1913) describes certain pictorial manuscripts exhibited in 1912. The Catalogue of Additions to the Manuscripts in the British Museum (British Museum, various dates), cited below, gives brief descriptions of the additional (Add. MSS) and Egerton manuscripts. Cottie A. Burland (personal communication) kindly furnished supplementary information. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Aubin, Codex (no. 13). Chronicle of Mexican history to the year 1576 con417

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

tinued to 1607. Add. MSS 31219. Acc. 1880. (British Museum, 1882, p. 164.) 2. GÓMEZ DE CERVANTES, GONZALO: Relación de la grana cochinilla (no. 128). Add. MSS 13964 (part). Acc. 1843. Catalog data same as for Codex Kingsborough (see below). 3. Huitznahuac Calpulli, Genealogy of (no. 146). Ethnographical Document 1386. 4. Itzcuintepec, Papers of (no. 161). Egerton MS 2896-2897. Acc. 1911. (British Museum, 1925, pp. 409-10.) 5. Kingsborough, Codex (no. 181). Add. MSS 13964 (part). Acc. 1843. (British Museum, 1850, p. 2.) Gayangos, 1875-93,2: 307-09. Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842, no. 569. Renouard, 1819, 4: 191. 6. Metlatoyuca, Lienzo de (no. 199). Add. MSS 30088. Acc. 1876. (British Museum, 1882, p. 33.) 7. Nuttall, Codex (no. 240). Add. MSS 39671. Parham MS 89. Acc. 1917. (British Museum, 1933, pp. 141-43.) 8. Sánchez Solís, Códice (no. 279). Egerton MS 2895. Acc. 1911. (British Museum, 1925, pp. 407-09.) 9. Tamasolco, Santa Barbara, Mapa de (no. 298). Add. MSS 22070 C. Acc. 1857. (British Museum, 1875, p. 584.) COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Antonio de León, Lienzo (no. 8). Facsimile of the Codex Rickards. Add. MSS 38845. Negative blueprint of a copy. Acc. 1914. (British Museum, 1925, p. 278.) 2. Ecatepec y Huitziltepec, Lienzo de (no. 115). Ethnographical Document 1340. Photographs, 6 details. 3. Féjérváry-Mayer, Codex (no. 118). Add. MSS 9789. Acc. 1834. Presented to the museum by Kingsborough. (British Museum, 1837, p. 3.) 4. Mendoza Moctezuma, Genealogía de la 418

familia (no. 197). Photograph. ExDorenberg. Acc. 1910. 5. Copies (tracings?), apparently of Codices Borgia, Cospi, Dresden, Ríos, Vaticanus B, Vienna, and Humboldt Fragments 1 and 2, by Augustine Aglio, 182530. Not examined. Not cited in census. Published by Kingsborough (1831-48, in vols. 2 and 3 ) . Add. MSS 8882. Acc. 1831. (British Museum, 1833, p. 2.) See Kingsborough (1831-48, 8: 231) for comment on his gift of them to the museum. TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1. Chalco, Ateneo, Santiago (no. 716). Add. MSS 17038. Acc. 1847. (British Museum, 1864, p. 357.) 2. Huyxoapan, San Pablo (no. 717). Add. MSS 22070 A and B. Acc. 1857. (British Museum, 1875, p. 584.) TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Testerian MS of the British Museum (no. 813). Egerton MS 2898. Acc. 1911. (British Museum, 1925, pp. 410-11.)

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Tlaxcaia, Lienzo de: photographs of a falsified version (no. 944). Three photographs. Ex-Dorenberg. Acc. 1910. 2. Tulantzinco, Cuadro Genealógico de (no. 946). Photograph. Ex-Dorenberg. Acc. 1910. 1.

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS: CENTRAL MEXICO

Teotihuacan, San Juan, Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de, and related documents (no. 1114). In Add. MSS 42567. Copy. 2. ZORITA, ALONSO DE: Breve y sumaria relación . . . (no. 1140). Add. MSS 17572. Copy. 3. Another copy. King George IV Library (King's) no. 216. 18thC copy probably made for William Robertson. 1.

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

MANCHESTER: JOHN RYLANDS LIBRARY (JRL) ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Mexican manuscript no. 2 (no. 204). Mex. MS 2. Acc. 1919 from Quaritch. Bibliotheca mejicana, 1869, no. 1929; Phillipps 29733; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 178.

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Tepotzotlan (third fragment, X) (no. 722). Mex. MS 1. Acc. 1901.

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Mexican manuscript no. 3 (no. 914). Acc. date not determined.

678 (formerly Laud B.65). Acc. 1636. (Location: S.C. 153.) 3. Mendoza, Codex (no. 196). 3134, Arch Selden A.l. Acc. 1654-59. (Location: Arch.P.C. 14.) 4. Selden, Codex (no. 283). 3135, Arch Selden A.2. Acc. 1654-59. (Location: S.C. 150.) 5. Selden Roll (no. 284). 3207, Arch Selden A.72 (3). Acc. 1654-59. (Location: S.C. 151.) WINDSOR: ROYAL LIBRARY OF WINDSOR CASTLE COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

OXFORD: BODLEIAN LIBRARY (BLO) Mexican pictorial manuscripts in the Department of Western Manuscripts of the Bodleian Library come from the collections of Sir Thomas Bodley, 1544-1612, Archbishop William Laud, 1573-1645, and John Selden, 1584-1654. They are listed and described by Clark (1913b) and all were published by Kingsborough (1831-48). The relevant BLO catalog (Madan and Craster, 1922) gives catalog and accession data. The accession date for the Selden manuscripts is given as 1654 by Clark (1938,1:2) and as 1659 by Barratt (1951) and others. The collection was generally unknown until the publication by Kingsborough, although Humboldt (1810, p. 321) cites two published references to it which we have been unable to identify.1 Color film strips of the five manuscripts are available from the library. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Bodley, Codex (no. 31). 2858, MS Mex. d. 1 (formerly Arch Bodl. A.75). Acc. 1603-05. (Location: Permanent exhibit; formerly S.C. 152.) 2. Laud, Codex (no. 185). 546, Misc. no. 1 Monthly Magazine, 2: 337; Gazette Litteraire de Gõttingue, Année 1811, p. 1553.

CRUZ, MARTIN DE LA: Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis (no. 85). Late 16th or early 17thC copy. ExCassiano dal Pozzo and George III of England collections. 7TALY

BOLOGNA: BIBLIOTECA COMUNALES DEL'ARCHIGINNASIO The late 18th and early 19thC collection of Cardinal Giuseppi Mezzofanti, containing the items listed below, is described by Guzmán (1964, pp. 50-52, 60-61). COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Cospi, Codex (no. 79). Notes, correspondence, partial copy. 2. Vienna, Codex (no. 395). Notes, correspondence, partial copy.

1.

BOLOGNA: BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITARIA ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Cospi, Codex (no. 79). Cod. 4093. Acc. 1665 by Ferdinando Cospi; subsequently in Cospi Museum in Bologna (for catalog see Legati Cremonese, 1677, pp. 191-92, 477-78); then, ca. 1742-43, in Istituto delle Scienze e dell'Arti; in university after ca. 1802-03. 419

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

FLORENCE: BIBLIOTECA MEDICEA LAURENZIANA ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Florentine Codex (no. 274). Cod. Mediceo-Palatino 218-220. Bandini, 1791-93, in vol. 3 (page reference not determined ).

FLORENCE: BIBLIOTECA NAZIONALE CENTRALE ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Magliabecchiano, Codex (no. 188). Codex Magliabecchiano XIII, 3. Call number: B.R. 232. PARMA: REALE MUSEO D'ANTICHITA

cano 1. Immediate prior location in 19thC: Museo Etnografico [Borgiano] of the Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide. Acc. 1809-14. 2. CRUZ, MARTIN DE LA: Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis (no. 85). Codex Barberini Latin 241. The Barberini Library became a part of the Vatican Library in 1902 (Emmart, 1940, p. 3). 3. Ríos, Codex (no. 270). Codex Vaticanus Lat. 3738. Acc. 16thC. 4. Vaticanus B, Codex (no. 384). Codex Vaticanus Lat. 3773. Acc. 16thC. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

This institution may correspond to the present Museo Archeologico Nazionale.

1.

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1-2. Due Pergamene Messicane (no. 92930). Acc. 1907. Could not be located by Robertson in winter of 1964-65 (possibly cataloged as North American rather than Mexican).

COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Ríos, Codex (no. 270). MS no. 1564, f. 58/57r. Copy, with textual date of 1592 on same page, of a drawing of a god from the codex. 2. Not investigated are: "Icones coloribus ornatae idolorum Mexicanorum, Aegyptorum . . . addita declaratione Hispanica" which occupy ff. 1-8 of MS no. 1551, reportedly of 17thC date (Fish, 1911, p. 208). ROME: BIBLIOTECA APOSTOLICA VATICANA (BAV) ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

420

Borg. Messi-

Unidentified Techialoyan manuscript (no. 748). Unverified. Could not be located by Robertson in winter of 1964-65.

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS: CENTRAL MEXICO

1. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Breve conpendio de los ritos idolátricos . . . (no. 1102). Archivio Segreto. Misc. Coll. AA. Arm. XVIII, no. 1816.

ROME: BIBLIOTECA ANGELICA

1. Borgia, Codex (no. 33).

Cospi, Codex (no. 79). Copy by Bassoli. Ex-Borgia Museum. Unverified. (Fábrega,1899,p.8.)

SPAIN MADRID: BIBLIOTECA DEL ARCHIVO HISTÓRICO NACIONAL TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Testerian MS of the Archivo Nacional (no. 804).

Histórico

MADRID: BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL (BNMA) All but one of the manuscripts listed here are cataloged by Paz (1933). Estrada (1933) re-lists the Mexican manuscripts in the Paz catalog. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. DURAN, FRAY DIEGO: Historia de las Indias . . . (no. 114). Vitrina 26-11.

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

León Pinelo, 1629, p. 101; González de Barcia, 1737-38, 2: 605, 807; Exposición Histórico-Americana, 1892, p. 94, no. 620; Paz, 1933, pp. 28-30, no. 40. 2. Osuna, Códice (no. 243). Vitrina 26-8. Acc. 1882 or later. Rocamora, 1882, p. 44, no. 176; Exposición Histórico-Americana, 1892, p. 94, no. 619; Paz, 1933, pp. 182-85, no. 315. COPEES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. DURAN, FRAY DIEGO: Historia de las Indias . . . (no. 114). Nos. 1980-1982. 19thC copy. Paz, 1933, p. 4, no. 11. 2. Mexicano, latino y castellano, Kalendario (no. 205). In Cantares mexicanos, no. 6688 (part). F. Galicia Chimalpopoca copy, 19thC. Paz, 1933, p. 290, no. 613. Ex-Heredia collection (Catalogue, 1891-94, 2: 235, no. 2223). Ex-Ramírez collection. (Bibliotheca mexicana . . . , 1880, pp. 70-71, no. 511). 3. Michoacan, Relación de (no. 213). No. 19162. Incomplete copy. Paz, 1933, p. 190, no. 329. 4. Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico (no. 280). In Alonso de Santa Cruz, Islario Géneral de todas las islas del mundo (the name Andrés García Cespedes has been substituted on the title page). MS J. 92. Contains partial copy, mid-16thC. 5. SERNA, JACINTO DE LA: Manual de ministros de Indios: illustrations (nos. 285, 286, 287). No. 19634. Paz, 1933, p. 306, no. 366. TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

1. Testerian MS of the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid (no. 806). Vitrina 26-9. Paz, 1933, p. 5, no. 13. On display in the Museo de America, Madrid. PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. Cantares mexicanos (no. 1019). Copy. See Kalendario mexicano, latino y caste-

llano under copies of pictorial manuscripts, above. 2. FUENTES Y GUZMAN, FRANCISCO ANTONIO DE: Recordación florida . . . (no. 1174). Nos. 10481-10483. ExOsuna collection. Paz, 1933, p. 317, no. 696. 3. OLMOS, FRAY ANDRÉS DE: Huehuetlatolli (no. 1080). With his Arte de la lengua mexicana. Ex-Biblioteca de la Catedral de Toledo. Viñaza, 1892, no. 6. Paz, 1933, pp. 185-86, no. 319, part 4. 4. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Arte adivinatoria (no. 1107). Copy. See Kalendario mexicano, latino y castellano under copies of pictorial manuscripts, above. MADRID: BIBLIOTECA DEL PALACIO NACIONAL (BPN) The references given below are taken from the catalog of American manuscripts in the former Royal Palace (Domínguez Bordona, 1935). ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Primeros memoriales (part); Sahagun Calendar Wheel; Table of day signs (nos. 271, 272, 273). In Códice Matritense del Real Palacio. No. 3280. Domínguez Bordona, 1935, no. 365.

COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Veytia, Codex (no. 394). Modos que tenían los Indios para zelebrar sus fiestas en tiempo de la gentilidad y figuras ridiculas de que usavan. No. 2951. Domínguez Bordona, 1935, no. 371. ExMuñoz collection (Fuster, 1827-30, 2: 228). 2. Veytia, Codex (no. 394). Fiestas de los Indios al demonio en días determinados y de los difuntos. No. 1764. Copy of text only. Domínguez Bordona, 1935, no. 372. Ex-Muñoz collection (Fuster, 1827-30,2: 228). 421

ETHNOHISTORICAL

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. FUENTES Y GUZMAN, FRANCISCO ANTONIO DE: Recordación florida . . . (no. 1174). First original (incomplete). Domínguez Bordona, 1935, no. 442. 2. IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA: Relaciones (no. 1043). Copy, after the Panes copy. Muñoz collection, vol. 17 (Fuster, 1827-30, 2: 205-06). Domínguez Bordona, 1935, no. 369. 3. MOTOLIN1A, FRAY TORIBIO DE: Historia de los indios de la Nueva España (no. 1070). Copy. Ex-Muñoz collection (?). Domínguez Bordona, 1935, no. 370. 4. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Códice Matritense del Real Palacio (no. 1097). Contains parts of his Primeros memoriales (nos. 271, 1098), Manuscrito de Tlatelolco (nos. 272, 273, 1099), and his Memoriales en español (no. 1103). Domínguez Bordona, 1935, in 365. 5. ZORITA, ALONSO DE: Breve y sumaria relación . . . (no. 1140). Copy. Domínguez Bordona, 1935, no. 367. 6. Historia de la Nueva España (no. 1141). Domínguez Bordona, 1935, no. 366. MADRID: BIBLIOTECA DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA (RAH) Juan Bautista Muñoz (1745-99) was commissioned to write a history of the New World in 1779. In this connection he formed a huge collection of manuscripts, many of which were copies of documents in the archives of Simancas. His collection included 95 folio volumes, of which 76 were deposited in the RAH in 1816. They are meticulously described and indexed in the Catálogo (1954-56). Volume numbers (1-76) given in this catalog do not supersede the older numbers (1-95). Other parts of his collection are in BPN or dispersed. A complete but less detailed catalog is given in Fuster (1827-30, 2: 202-38). Items listed below 422

SOURCES

are in the Muñoz collection or in the "Fondo General." ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Primeros memoriales (part) (no. 271). In Códice Matritense de la Academia de la Historia, ff. 51-85. Acc. 1762. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. BEAUMONT, FRAY PABLO: Crónica de Michoacan: illustrations (nos. 25, 26, 379). CMNE 7-11. 2 copies. Catálogo, 1954-56, 3: xviii-xix. 2. GÓNGORA, BARTOLOMÉ DE: Octava maravilla . . . , 1628 (not in census). Muñoz collection, vol. 30, ff. 197-233. Catálogo, 1954-56, 1: vol. 15, no. 67. Copy from an original owned by Panes. Contains a few minor drawings based on Indian drawings in the native tradition. A copy is in NYPL, Rich 47, ff. 189-212 (Rich, n.d., no. 31; ex-Kingsborough). 3. LANDA, FRAY DIEGO DE: Relación de las cosas de Yucatan (no. 184). No. 12-24-3. B-68. 4. Meztitlan Calendar Wheel (no. 212). In Gabriel de Chávez, Relación de la provincia de Meztitlan. Copy from an original then in the archives of Simancas. Muñoz collection, vol. 39,ff.52-63. Catálogo, vol. 24, no. 196. Note: copies of this copy are not listed in the census. 5. Michoacan, Relación de (no. 213). No. 11-1-7.230. 6. Sahagún Calendar Wheel (no. 272). In Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, Historia universal de las cosas de la Nueva España (the Tolosa Manuscript). Muñoz collection, vol. 50. Catálogo, vol. 33, no. 316. In Tolosa monastery until 1783. Acc. by RAH 1816. An incomplete copy of this manuscript is Muñoz collection, vol. 51 (Catálogo, vol. 34, no. 317). 7. Sahagún Calendar Wheel (no. 272). In Francisco Hernández, De Antiquitatibus

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

Novae Hispaniae . . . 12-10-5.1. Acc. ca. 1830. 8. SERNA, JACINTO DE LA: Manual de ministros de Indios: illustrations (nos. 285, 286, 287). 9-27-1/5.136. Ex-Boturini collection. 9. Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 1-7 (nos. 387-393). In Mariano Fernández de Echeverría y Veytia, Historia del origen de las gentes que poblaron la América Septentrional Muñoz collection, vol. 4. Catálogo, vol. 4, nos. 27-29. 10. Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 5 (no. 391). In CMNE 1. 2 copies. PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. Atitlan, Relación de los caciques y principales del pueblo de (no. 1171). Copy. Muñoz collection, vol. 42, ff. 120-123. Catálogo, vol. 27, no. 285. 2. FUENTES Y GUZMAN, FRANCISCO ANTONIO DE: Recordación florida . . . (no. 1174). Copy. Muñoz collection, vol. 29. Catálogo, vol. 14, no. 62. 3. LAS CASAS, FRAY BARTOLOMÉ DE: Apologética historia sumaria (no. 1045). Muñoz collection, vol. 46. Catálogo, vol. 30, no. 309. 4. Memorias de Nueva España, Colección de (no. 1051). Copies. 32 vols. 2 sets, both incomplete. See census description for list of parts cited. Called "Museo" or "Colección de Boturini" in RAH. Catálogo, 1954-56, 3: xiii-xxix. 5. MUÑOZ CAMARGO, DIEGO: Historia de Tlaxcala (no. 1072). Copy, after the Panes copy. Muñoz collection, vol. 30, ff. 1-179. Catálogo, vol. 15, no. 63. 6-7. La orden que los indios tenían en su tiempo para hacerse Tecutles (no. 1081) and La orden que tenían los indios en suceder en las tierras y baldíos (no. 1082). Copies. Muñoz collection, vol. 42, ff. 7072, 37-39. Catálogo, vol. 27, nos. 282, 275. 8. Origen de los señores, Papel del (no.

1178). In Relación geográfica of Zapotitlan, 1579. Copy. Muñoz collection, vol. 39, ff. 114-26. Catálogo, vol. 24, no. 200. 9. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Códice Matritense de la Academia de la Historia (no. 1097). Contains parts of his Primeros memoriales (no. 1098), Manuscrito de Tlatelolco (no. 1099), and Memoriales con escolios (no. 1100). 10. Manuscrito de Tolosa (Historia universal de las cosas de la Nueva España) (no. 1105). Muñoz collection, vol. 50. Catálogo, vol. 33, no. 316. 11. , (no. 1105). Incomplete copy. Muñoz collection, vol. 51. Cat-logo, vol. 34, no. 317. 12. TRIBUTE INQUIRY OF 1554: FRAY DOMINGO DE LA ANUNCIACIÓN: Parecer . . . (no. 1132). Copy. Muñoz collection, vol. 87, ff. 271-75. Catálogo, vol. 69, no. 1483. 13. FRAY TORIBIO DE MOTOLINÍA and FRAY DIEGO DE OLARTE: Parecer . . . (no. 1133). Copy. Muñoz collection, vol. 87, ff. 261-64. Catálogo, vol. 69, no. 1481. 14. Parecer de la orden de San Agustín (no. 1134). Copy. Muñoz collection, vol. 87, ff. 277-82. Catálogo, vol. 69, no. 1485. 15. FRAY NICOLÁS DE SAN VICENTE PAULO: Parecer . . . (no. 1135). Copy. Muñoz collection, vol. 87, ff. 26570. Catálogo, vol. 69, no. 1482. 16. ZORITA, ALONSO DE: Breve y sumaria reloción . . . (no. 1140). Copy, after the Panes copy. Muñoz collection, vol. 41, ff. 3-138. Catálogo, vol. 26, no. 266. MADRID: BIBLIOTECA DEL REAL MONASTERIO DE EL ESCORIAL (ESC) The catalogs by Miguelez (1917-25) and Zarco Cuevas (1924-29) describe the man423

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

uscripts listed below, as do those by Gutiérrez Cabezón (1910) and Tudela (1954).

founded in 1941 but not opened until some years later.

ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Michoacan, Relación de (no. 213). C.IV.5, ff. 1-140. Gutiérrez Cabezón, 1910, pp. 32-43; Miguelez, 1917-25, 1: 206-14, 2 colored plates; Zarco Cuevas, 1924-29,1: 106-07,3: 412-14,494-96 (no. 9), 529; Tudela, 1954, pp. 370-84.

1. Madrid, Codex (no. 187). Codex TroCortesianus. Códice Troano, Acc. 1888. Códice Cortesianus, Acc. 1872. Formerly in the Museo Arqueológico Nacional. Rodríguez Marín, 1916-25, 2: 200. 2. Museo de América, Códice del (no. 229). Acc. ca. 1947.

COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Museo de América, Códice del (no. 229). Costumbres, fiestas, enterramientos, y diversas formas de proceder de los Indios de Nueva España. K. III. 8., ff. 331-87 (part 21). Partial copy of text only. ExLópez de Velasco (?). Gutiérrez Cabezón, 1910, pp. 26-32; Miguelez, 191725, 1: 196-99; Zarco Cuevas, 1924-29, 2: 189-94; Tudela, 1954, pp. 408-14. 2. Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 (no. 388). Calendario de toda la indica gente. C. IV. 5., ff. 141-43. Copy of related text only. Gutiérrez Cabezón, 1910, pp. 11-13; Miguelez, 1917-25, 1: 214-16; Zarco Cuevas, 1924-29, 1: 107; Tudela, 1954, pp. 384-87. PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. Méjico, Relación de los señores de (no. 1050). X-II-7, no. 59, ff. 343-44. Miguelez, 1917-25,1: 237. 2. MOTOLIN1A, FRAY TORIBIO DE: Historia de los indios de la Nueva España (no. 1070). X-II-21. Gutiérrez Cabezón, 1910, pp. 13-17; Miguelez, 1917-25, 2: 54-56; Zarco Cuevas, 1924-29, 2: 48990. MADRID: MUSEO DE AMÉRICA A recent museum guidebook (Fernández Vega, 1965, pp. 44-46, 140, 151) reports the manuscripts listed below as well as the Testerian manuscript of the Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid, presumably on loan from that institution. The Museo de América was 424

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript (no. 925). Fernández Vega, 1965, p. 151.

MADRID: MUSEO DEL EJÉRCITO ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Tlamapa, Santa Cruz, Códice de, no. 1 (no. 339). 43, 197. Manuscrito Azteca del Museo del Ejército. Formerly in the now defunct Museo de Artillería, which acquired it about 1853 (Museo de Artillería, 1856, pp. 324-26, no. 3138).

SEVILLE: ARCHIVO GENERAL DE INDIAS (AGI) The listing given below is limited to items that have been published or which have otherwise been treated in the literature. It includes all documents dated before 1625 for which the Torres Lanzas (1900) catalog descriptions suggest a native pictorial content. Maps of the Relaciones geográficas of 1577-85 are not included in the list. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Azcapotzalco, Trozo de (no. 19). Trozo de una relación por geroglíficos, hecha en estraza de maguey en tiempo de la visita del Licenciado Tello de Sandoval, perteneciente al pueblo de Azcapotzalco, cerca de Mexico. Exposición Histórico-Americana, 1892, p. 25, no. 119; Torres Lanzas, 1900,1: 20, no. 7. 2. Cuevas, Códice (no. 106). Varias pinturas hechas por Indios de Tenayuca

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

(Nueva España), representando los malos tratamientos que les habia hecho su corregidor Francisco Rodríguez Magariño. Mapas (Mexico), leg. 9. Text in Patronato, leg. 181, ramo 21. Old no. Descripción y Población Doc. 274, leg. 3. Exposición Histórico-Americana, 1892, p. 27, no. 137; Torres Lanzas, 1900,1: 21-22, no. 9. 3. Motezuma, Arbol genealógico de la descendencia de. Not included in census. Not in native tradition. Torres Lanzas, 1900, 1:44, no. 48. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Nueve Señores de la Noche, Rueda de los (no. 239). In Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci, Historia general de la América Septentrional. Torres Lanzas, 1900, no. 173. Also contains drawings derivative from the Veytia Calendar Wheels (nos. 387393) and the calendrical illustrations in the Manual de ministros de Indios by Jacinto de la Serna (nos. 285-287). PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. ANUNCIACIÓN, FRAY DOMINGO DE LA: Parecer . . . (no. 1132). Patronato, ramo 27, leg. 181. 2. Atitlan, Relación de los caciques y principales del pueblo de (no. 1171). Mexico, 98. 3. CHI, GASPAR ANTONIO: Relación sobre las costumbres de los indios (no. 1144). 4. MOTOLINIA, FRAY TORIBIO DE, and FRAY DIEGO DE OLARTE: Parecer . . . (no. 1133). Patronato, ramo 27, leg. 181. 5. NAZAREO, PABLO: Caña al rey . . . (no. 1075). 6. Paxbolon-Maldonado Papers: Chontal text (no. 1164). Mexico, leg. 138, ff. 69r-77r. 7. Parecer de la orden de San Agustín sobre los señores y tributos de los indios (no. 1134). Indiferente, leg. 1092.

La orden que los indios tenían en su tiempo para hacerse tecutles (no. 1081) and La orden que tenían los indios en suceder en las tierras y baldíos (no. 1082). 9. PIMENTEL, HERNANDO: Letter (no. 1085). 10. Tlacupan, Memorial de los pueblos sujetos al señorío de . . . (no. 1119). 11. SAN VICENTE PAULO, FRAY NICOLÁS DE: Parecer . . . (no. 1135). Patronato, ramo 27, leg. 181. 12. Tributos que los indios pagaban a Moctezuma, Información sobre los, año de 1554 (no. 1136). Justicia, leg. 203, no. 5. 8.

SIMANCAS: ARCHIVO GENERAL DE SIMANCAS (AGS) The single manuscript listed below is cataloged by Rodríguez Marín (1916-25, 1: 265). ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Coyoacan, Pintura de los tributos de (no. 82). Sección Estado, Sueltos de Estado, leg. 2.687, 1o.

TOLEDO: BIBLIOTECA PÚBLICA COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

GÓMEZ DE CERVANTES, GONZALO: Relación de la grana cochinilla (no. 128). Cultivo de la grana cochinilla en el Peru [sic]. Cataloged in Esteve Barba, 1942, p. 142, pl. 8, no. 172.

SWEDEN

GOTEBORG: ETNOGRAFISKA MUSEET (Ethnographical Museum) FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Forged Maya codex on parchment (no. 910). Nr. 1941.17.1. 425

ETHNOHISTORICAL

UPPSALA: UNIVERSITETSBIBLIOTHEK ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico (no. 280).

SOURCES

4.

(no. 1182). Partial copy of 1859 by Brasseur de Bourbourg. A 18 (1?), leg. 6074, exp. 54886 (54887?). 5. Xpantzay, Historia de los (no. 1188). Leg. 6062, exp. 53957.

SWITZERLAND MEXICAN COLLECTIONS

BASLE: MUSEUM FÜR VÖLKERKUNDE (MVBA) The three manuscripts listed below were collected by Lukas Vischer in Mexico between 1828 and 1837 (Dietschy, 1960, p. 71). ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Chichimecatecuhtli, Don Juan, Lienzo de (no. 45). Lienzo Vischer Nr. 2. 2. Tamazulapan, Lienzo de (no. 299). Lienzo Vischer Nr. 3. 3. Tecamachalco, Mapa de (no. 300). Lienzo Vischer Nr. 1. 1.

GUATEMALAN COLLECTION

DISTRITO

FEDERAL

MEXICO CITY: ARCHIVO CAPITULAR DE LA COLEGIATA DE GUADALUPE Located just outside Mexico City. Also apparently known as the Archivo de la Insigne y Nacional Basilica de Santa María de Guadalupe. PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. Bautista, Juan, Anales de (no. 1018). Original. Ex-Boturini collection. MEXICO CITY: ARCHIVO DEL AYUNTAMIENTO PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

GUATEMALA GUATEMALA CITY: ARCHIVO GENERAL DEL GOBIERNO (AGG) The AGG evidently incorporates such formerly separate archives as the Archivo de la Escribanía del Gobierno (Sección de Tierras), the Archivo Colonial, the Archivo Municipal, and others. The archive holds material from Chiapas and most of the Central American republics. PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. FUENTES Y GUZMAN, FRANCISCO ANTONIO DE: Recordación florida . . . (no. 1174). 2. Santa Clara de la Laguna, Títulos de los indios de (no. 1184). Leg. 5942, exp. 51997. 3. Sacapulas, Título de los señores de (no. 1182). 18thC copy. A 1, leg. 6025, exp. 5326 (53126?). 426

1.

Mexicalzingo, Anales de (no. 1056). Ramo Tierras y Ejidos, leg. 2, núm. 4066, exp. 26, f. 6.

MEXICO CITY: ARCHIVO GENERAL DE LA NACIÓN (AGN) With few exceptions the listing given below is limited to published manuscripts. A very large number of unpublished pictorial manuscripts—property plans, genealogies, and maps—many containing specific elements in the native tradition, are to be found in the AGN, especially in the Ramo de Tierras. Most of those that have come to our attention are of a relatively minor nature and are related to grants of land, lawsuits over property, and so forth. A guide to these "planos" is available in the AGN. Abbreviations for different branches of the archive are: Τ (Ramo de Tierras), HJ (Hospital de Jesús), C (Civil), I (Inqui-

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

sición), V (Vínculos), and Η (Historia). Incomplete catalogs of several of the ramos, including Tierras and Hospital de Jesús, have appeared in the Boletín of the AGN. A very preliminary but more comprehensive survey of pictorial manuscripts in the AGN, prepared as a working paper for the census, was accidentally published (Cline, 1963b). Unfortunately it bears little relationship to the present listing. Information on specific omissions and published listings of AGN pictorials is given in the regional survey (Article 22), particularly in the sections devoted to the states of Puebla, Veracruz, and Morelos. It is probable that many pictorial manuscripts in other collections were formerly in the AGN or that related documents may be found in the AGN. Several examples of the latter are listed under "related manuscripts" below.

10. Maxixcatzin, Genealogy of (no. 194). AGN-T 20, part 1, exp. 1. 11. Sinaxtla, San Andres, Plano de (no. 291). AGN-T 308, exp. 1. 12. Tecomaxtlahuaca, Códice de (no. 302). AGN-T 2692, exp. 16. 13. Tehuantepec, Querella criminal contra Don Juan, Cacique de (no. 307). AGNHJ 450, exp. 1. 14. TEPOTZOTLAN: Los naturales de los pueblos de Cuautlalpan, Tepujaco y Xoloc de la jurisdicción de Tepotzotlan . . . (no. 322). AGN, ramo and catalog number not determined. 15. Tlazultepec, Genealogy of (no. 355). AGN-T 59, exp. 2. 16. Yanhuitlan, Códice de (part) (no. 415). AGN-V 272, exps. 8-10. 17. Huapean, Códice (no. 430). AGN-C 1276, exp. 1.

ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. BEAUMONT, FRAY PABLO: Crónica de Michoacan: illustrations (nos. 25, 26, 379). AGN-H 7-11. CMNE 7-11. 2. Mendoza Moctezuma, Genealogía de la familia (no. 197). AGN-T 1586, exp. 1. 3. Mendoza Moctezuma, Genealogía de la familia (no. 197). AGN-T 2692, exp. not determined. 4. Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 5 (no. 391). In AGN-H-1. CMNE 1. 5. Xoxocotlan, Santa Cruz, Mapa de (no. 413). AGN-T 129, exp. 4.

COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Acapixtla, Padrón de los mayeques de (no. 1). AGN-HJ 276, exp. 78. 2. Amecameca, Mapa de la visita y congregación de (no. 6). AGN-T 2783, exp. 5. 3. Coacoatzintla, Lienzo de (no. 63). AGN-T 685, exp. 3. 4. Coetzala, Códice de (no. 69). AGN-T 689, exp. not determined. 5. COYOACAN: The concubines of Martin Xuchimitl (no. 81). AGN-I 36, exp. 6. 6. HUITZILA: Pintura de las tierras de Quahunacazco (no. 144). AGN-T 1535, exp. 4. 7. Ídolos del templo de Huitzilopochtli, Los (no. 155). AGN-137, exp. 3. 8. Indígenas de algunos pueblos del Marquesado del Valle, Codices, nos. 1-28 (no. 160). AGN-HJ 276, exp. 79, part 2. 9. Joyas de Martín Ocelotl, Las (no. 176). AGN-I37,exp.4.

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1. Cuajimalpa, San Pedro (no. 703). AGN-T 3684, exp. 11. 2. Tezcalucan, San Cristobal, and Santa Maria Magdalena Chichicaspa (no. 744). AGN-T 1798. Spanish translation and description only. RELATED MANUSCRIPTS

1. Axotlan, San Lorenzo, y San Luis Huexotla, Codice de los señores de (no. 17).

427

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

AGN-T 1520, exp. 6. Nahuatl text and translation. 2. Cano, Genealogía de la familia (no. 37). AGN-V 110. 18thC description. 3. Colombino, Códice (no. 72). AGN-V 272, exps. 8-10. Description and translation of glosses on pp. 1-2. 4. XOCHIMILCO: Pedronilla Francisca v. Juliana Tlaco (nos. 403, 404, 405). AGN-T 1525, exp. not determined. Related lawsuit. PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

Cheran Hatzicurin, Título de tierras de (no. 1002). AGN-T 8778 (part). 2. Malacachtepec Momoxco, Fundaciones de los pueblos de (no. 1047). Ramo and volume number not determined. 3. Memorias de Nueva España, Colección de (no. 1051). AGN-H, vols. 1-32. See census description for parts cited. 4. TLACAUEPANTZI, DOMINI PETRI: Verba sociorum (no. 1118). AGN-V 256. 5. Tlaxcala y sus cuatro cabeceras, Historia y fundación de la ciudad de (no. 1128). In AGN-H, vol. 41. Reported by Barlow in unpublished notes; unverified. 1.

MEXICO CITY: BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL (BNMex) Most of the manuscripts listed below are cataloged by Roberto Moreno (1966). Some are also described by Carreño (1950). A collection of pictorial manuscripts from the Boturini collection was transferred from the BNMex to the MNA in 1919. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Asunción, Santa Maria, Códice de (no. 11). MS 1497bis. R. Moreno, 1966, no. 61. 2. Ixtlilxochitl, Don Felipe, Genealogía de (no. 173). MS 1805 (part). Mena, 1923, p. 60, no. 17; R. Moreno, 1966, no. 20. 3. Mexicano, latino y castellano, Kalen428

dario (no. 205). In Cantares mexicanos. MS 1628bis. R. Moreno, 1966, no. 4. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Cuitlahuac, Los cuatro barrios de (no. 108). In Origen de Cuitlahuac y otros documentos, f. 6bis recto. Galicia Chimalpopoca copy, 1857. MS 1735. R. Moreno, 1966, no. 9. 2. CUITLAHUAC: Mapa de Sta. Marta, Santiago, Cuitlahuac y Ixtapalapa (no. 109). In Origen de Cuitlahuac y otros documentos, f. 43r. Galicia Chimalpopoca copy, 1862. Related text on ff. 34r41r. MS 1735. R. Moreno, 1966, no. 9. 3. Ixtlilxochitl, Codex, part 2 (no. 172). Partial copies in Diego Panes, Teatro de la Nueva España, vol. 6. 4. PÉREZ, JUAN PÍO: Codex Pérez (no. 249). 19thC copy by Juan de Dios Pinto Pérez, ex-Paso y Troncoso collection. MS 1527. R. Moreno, 1966, no. 11. 5. Tlaxcala, Lienzo de (no. 350). Partial copies in Diego Panes, Teatro de la Nueva España, vol. 6. 1.

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1. Huyxoapan, San Pablo (no. 735). Códice Azcapotzalco. MS 1805 (part). Mena, 1923, p. 60, no. 16; R. Moreno, 1966, no. 10. 2. Tlahuac, San Pedro (no. 736). In Origen de Cuitlahuac y otros documentos, ff. 8-19 and three maps (I—III) on following folios. Spanish translation and two transcripts of Nahuatl text by Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1855. Maps I and II by same copyist, 1856, may be copied from f. 1v and 1r of original codex. Map III, 1857, not relevant to pictorial census, published by Apenes (1947, pl. 34). MS 1735. Old nos. 1312 and 14-64. R. Moreno, 1966, no. 9. PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. Cantares mexicanos (no. 1019). 1628bis. R. Moreno, 1966, no. 4.

MS

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

2. Pérez, Codex (no. 1152). Late 19thC copy by Juan de Dios Pinto Pérez, exPaso y Troncoso collection. MS 1527. R. Moreno, 1966, no. 11. 3. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Arte adivinatoria (no. 1107). Bound with Cantares mexicanos, above. 4. Manuscrito de Tolosa (Historia universal de las cosas de la Nueva España) (no. 1105). MSS 1510-12. Books 1-11 only. The Panes-Bustamante copy. 5. Tlamacaztonco, Santa Catalina, Títulos de (no. 1120). In Origen de Cuitlahuac y otros documentos, ff. 22-33. Galicia Chimalpopoca copy and translation, 1866. 6. ZORITA, ALONSO DE: Breve y sumaria relación . . . (no. 1140). Original. MS 1546 (old 1682). 7. , Boturini copy, 1738. ExRamírez collection. MS 89 (old 1725). 8. Historia de la Nueva España (no. 1141). Incomplete copy. MEXICO CITY: DEPARTAMENTO DE ASUNTOS AGRARIOS Y COLONIZACIÓN The holdings of this department have not been investigated. Unverified information indicates that the single manuscript reported below has been returned to its Indian village owners. TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1. Coyoacan (no. 732). Nicolas Totolapan.

Códice de San

MEXICO CITY: DIRECCIÓN DE GEOGRAFÍA, METEOROLOGIA E HIDROLOGIA (DGMH) The Colección Orozco y Berra ("Mapoteca Orozco y Berra"), especially DGMH 1166-1195, includes various printed and manuscript items in the native tradition. Most of them have not been investigated. The early catalog of the collection lists

several unidentified items not treated in the census (Orozco y Berra, 1871, pp. 12-13, nos. 24, 29, 30). The collection also includes at least 12 maps of the Relaciones geográficas of the 1577-85 (DGMH 1182, 11841193, 1195) copied from originals in the García Icazbalceta collection and now in the UTX; about 17 are cataloged by Orozco y Berra (1871, nos. 5-23, 860-862, 926, 927, 3043, 3044). Such maps are not listed below. Μ. Ε. Smith provided some of the in­ formation given here. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Edificio, Plano DGMH 1171.

de

un

(no.

116).

COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Huaxtepec, Plano ideográfico del señorío de, ano 1376 (no. 138). DGMH 2763. Heliographic copy. 2. Metlatoyuca, Lienzo de (no. 199). Plano en geroglíficos de un pueblo en el distrito de Huachinango. DGMH 1183. Orozco y Berra, 1871, p. 13, no. 31. 3. Tonayan, Mapa de (no. 360). Plano de San Juan Chapultepec. DGMH 1178. Copy of 1849, with tracing. Orozco y Berra, 1871, p. 13, nos. 27,28. 4. Manx, Map of the province of (no. 192). Orozco y Berra, 1871, p. 309, no. 3041. Presence in DGMH unverified. 5. Sotuta, Map of the province of (no. 293). Plano del reino o señorío de Yaxhaa. Orozco y Berra, 1871, p. 309, no. 3042. Presence in DGMH unverified. Identification uncertain. 6. Xoxocotlan, Santa Cruz, Mapa de (no. 413). DGMH 1176. Copy of 1718. Orozco y Berra, 1871, pp. 12-13, nos. 25, 26. MEXICO CITY: INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGÍA E HISTORIA, ARCHIVO FOTOGRÁFICO (INAH/AF) The public photographic files of the INAH/AF contain a large and growing col429

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

lection of photographs, negatives, and color transparencies of pictorial manuscripts. Those that are of documents in village archives, in private collections, or of unlocated originals or copies and that are cited in the census are listed below. The listing given here was compiled in July 1964. Copies of those noted as L C / H F are in that collection. PHOTOGRAPHIC COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Aztactepec y Citlaltepec, Lienzo de (no. 23). Photograph of unidentified copy. LC/HF. 2. Chicontla, Lienzo de (no. 50). Photograph. L C / H F . 3. Cuauhtinchan, Mapa de, no. 2 (no. 95). Photographs and color transparencies, overall and details. Overall photograph in L C / H F . 4. Jicayan, San Pedro, Lienzo de (no. 174). 15 color transparencies. 5. Nativitas, Santa Maria, Lienzo de (no. 232). Copy made by local schoolteacher. 4 photographs (details). L C / H F . 6. Tetlama, Lienzo de (no. 327). Version on cloth supposedly in pueblo. 4 photographs. L C / H F . 7. Tetlama, Lienzo de (no. 327). Photostat of copy dated 1590. L C / H F . 8. Tetlama, Lienzo de (no. 327). Copy dated 1851. Photograph. L C / H F . 9. Tlachco, Códice de (no. 334). Photograph. L C / H F . 10. Xoxocotlan, Santa Cruz, Mapa de (no. 413). Copy dated 1771. Photograph. LC/HF. 11. Xoxocotlan, Santa Cruz, Mapa de (no. 413). Photograph of certified copy of 1879. L C / H F . MEXICO CITY: INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGÍA E HISTORIA, ARCHIVO HISTÓRICO (MNA/AH) The MNA/AH contains historical and other manuscripts of which some were for430

merly housed in the library of the Mexican National Museum. For ethnohistory the most important collections are the Paso y Troncoso papers, the Gómez de Orozco collection (only part of these two collections was acquired by the museum), and the Colección Antigua (Col. Antig.). The latter includes copies, transcripts, and translations of Nahuatl documents by Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca such as the Anales antiguos de Mexico y sus contornos (AAMC; described in census) and similar material, as well as notes and copies from the José Fernando Ramírez and Alfredo Chavero collections (also acquired only in part by the museum). The Paso y Troncoso papers are treated in detail by Zavala (1938) and more summarily by Carrera Stampa (1949a, pp. 5 55). The contents of vols. 1-4 and 8-20 of Ramírez's Opúsculos históricos. MSS, one of several sets of notes, copies, and translations from the Ramírez collection assembled by Chavero, are listed by González Obregón (1898, pp. xxxviii-xlii). Vols. 5-7 of that compilation are in the Gómez de Orozco collection of the MNA/AH. Vols. 21-25 of the series are also in this archive. Typed inventories of the various collections are available in the MNA/AH. The listing given here probably includes the more important relevant manuscripts but is undoubtedly incomplete for lesser items. The contents of this repository are poorly known and have been investigated only superficially for the census. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Chavero, Códice (no. 43). Col. Antig. 259 (also cataloged as MNA 35-25). 2. Cuauhtitlan, Títulos de la casa que esta en el pueblo de (no. 100). Col. Antig. T.2.57, ff. 1-9. 3. JOPANAQUE, SAN MATEO: Property plan and genealogy (no. 175). In Col. Antig. 757-A. 1.

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

Codex Pérez (no. 249). Recent (196364?) uncataloged accession. 5. Ramírez Collection, Cadastral fragment of the (no. 267). Col. Antig. 213 (J. F. Ramírez, Opúsculos históricos, vol. 25), pp. 499-500. 6. Tecpan de Santiago Tlatelolco, Códice del (no. 303). Gómez de Orozco collection, 12. 7. TOVAR, JUAN DE: Códice Ramírez (no. 365). Relación del origen de los indios que habitan esta Nueva España. Col. Antig. 166 (also cataloged as MNA 35-100). 4.

COPIES

AND TRANSLATIONS

OF

PICTORIAL

MANUSCRIPTS

1. Asuncion, Santa Maria, Códice de (no. 11). Col. Antig. 201 (J. F. Ramírez, Opúsculos históricos, vol. 12), pp. 239-50, 353-65. Translation of Nahuatl texts by Francisco Rosales. 2. Aubin, Codex (no. 13). Col. Antig. 202 (J. F. Ramírez, Opúsculos históricos, vol. 13), pp. 315-76. Translation of Nahuatl text by Galicia Chimalpopoca. 3. Borbonicus, Codex (no. 32). In Col. Antig. 401. Calendario de Paris. Very incomplete copy. Ex-Ramírez; ex-Chavero. 4. Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de (no. 101). Col. Antig. 201 (J. F. Ramírez, Opúsculos históricos, vol. 12), pp. 405-32. Translation of Nahuatl texts by José Vicente Campos, 1856. 5. CUITLAHUAC: Mapa de Sta. Marta, Santiago, Cuitlahuac y Ixtapalapa (no. 109). Copy of map by F. Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1853, and related material. Docs. sueltos, ser. 2, leg. 88, nos. 11-12. 6. DURAN, FRAY DIEGO: Historia de las Indias de Nueva España (no. 114). Col. Antig. 556. Copy of 1854 (also cataloged as MNA 35-89). 7. Ixhuatepec, Códice de (no. 167). Col. Antig. 201 (J. F. Ramírez, Opúsculos his-

tóricos, vol. 12), pp. 211-33. Pleito sobre tierras, 1572. Transcript or translation of text in Spanish. 8. Ixtlilxochitl, Codex, part 1 (no. 171). Col. Antig. 210 (J. F. Ramírez, Opúsculos históricos, vol. 21), pp. 479-518. Copy of text. 9. Mexicano, latino y castellano, Kalendario (no. 205). Col. Antig. 210 (J. F. Ramírez, Opúsculos históricos, vol. 21), pp. 225-81. 10. Mexicano, latino y castellano, Kalendario (no. 205). Col. Antig. 254 (Galicia Chimalpopoca, Documentos históricos ), ff. 85-97. Copy of drawings. 11. Mexico y sus contornos, Anales antiguos de. Col. Antig. 273-74. See Article 27B, no. 1066, for list of parts cited in pictorial census. 12. Mexico y Tlatelolco, Anales de, 1473, 1521-22 (no. 211). Col. Antig. 254 (Galicia Chimalpopoca, Documentos históricos ), ff. 49-51. Copy of Nahuatl text and drawing, 1854. 13. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Florentine Codex (no. 274). Paso y Troncoso copy, bks. 1-9. 14. Florentine Codex (no. 274). Colección Gómez de Orozco, no. 6. Bk. 12 only. Ex-Nuttall. 15. SERNA, JACINTO DE LA: Manual de ministros de indios (nos. 285, 286, 287). Col. Antig. 178. Ex-Paso y Troncoso collection. LeClerc, 1878, pp. 30506, no. 1176. 16. Tepeaca, Anales de, 1528-1634 (no. 316). Col. Antig. 229. Anales mexicanos Puebla, Tepeaca, Cholula, 15241645. Ramírez copy, 1847, with translation. Ex-Chavero. Acc. 1902. 17. Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia (no. 359). Col. Antig. 254 (Galicia Chimalpopoca, Documentos históricos), ff. 21r28r. Venida de los Tultecas. Partial copy of text and drawings. 18. Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 1-7 (nos. 431

ETHNOHISTORICAL

SOURCES

387-93). In Mariano Fernández de Echeverría y Veytia, Historia del origen de hs gentes que poblaron la América Septentrional Col. Antig. 261-62. 3 vols. bound as 2. Copy lacks illustrations. 19. Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 (no. 388). Copy of descriptive text, possibly by Francisco de las Navas, in "Anónimo Tlaxcalteco," Col. Antig. 210 (J. F. Ramírez, Opúsculos históricos, vol. 21), pp. 93-202. 20. Yanhuitlan, Códice de (no. 415). Col. Antig. 772. Copy by Mateo A. Saldana of portion in Puebla (kept in codex collection, MNA 35-93).

Documentos históricos, ff. 239-48. Copy. 2. Testerian MS of the Archivo Histórico del INAH, Colección Antigua 776 (no. 802). 3. Testerian MS of the Archivo Histórico del INAH, Colección Gómez de Orozco 183 (no. 803).

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

Techialoyan, San Antonio (no. 701). Amojonamiento del Pueblo de Techialoyan. Transcript and Spanish translation of text by Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1856. Col. Antig. 274, Item 26 (AAMC 26). 2. Tepexoyucan, Santa Maria (no. 731). Partial copy. Col. Antig. 254. Galicia Chimalpopoca, Documentos históricos, ff. 298r-300r (formerly ff. 220r-222v). 3. Tlahuac, San Pedro (no. 736). Títulos de las tierras de los indios de Cuitlahuac. Transcript and Spanish translation of text bv Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1856. Col. Antig. 274, Item 25 (AAMC 25). 4. Coacalco (no. 743). Paso y Troncoso copy of a copy by Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1867, with description of the TU/MARI copy. Docs. sueltos, ser. 2, leg. 88, no. 2. 5. Huaquilpan, San Pedro, and San Martin (no. 746). Copy, 1858. Col. Antig. 254. Galicia Chimalpopoca, Documentos históricos, ff. 289r-295v (formerly ff. 229r231v and 304r-307r).

1. ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC, HERNANDO: Crónica mexicana (no. 1012). Col. Antig. 528-29. 2. Anónimo mexicano (no. 1013). Col. Paso y Troncoso, leg. 54/254. Translation by Mariano Jacobo Rojas. 3. Bautista, Juan, Anales de (no. 1018). Col. Gómez de Orozco 14. Copy. 4. Chan Kan, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1145). Original. Acc. 1963. Catalog number not determined. 5. Chimalpopoca, Códice (no. 1028). Col. Antig. 159. See census description for list of parts. 6. Galicia Chimalpopoca, Faustino: Documentos históricos. Col. Antig. 254. Contains notes, transcripts, and translations of various Nahuatl texts, not all of which are readily identifiable. Parts cited in Article 27B are: Anales Tepanecas, 1426-1589 (no. 1115). ff. 29-48. Anales de Tecamachalco (no. 1112). Fragment. ff. 53-56. Leyenda de los Soles (no. 1111). Fragment. ff. 65-84. Anales de Cuauhtitlan (no. 1033). Fragments. ff. 114-29, 200-09.

1.

TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Testerian MS of the Archivo Histórico del INAH, Colección Antigua 254 (part) (no. 801). In Galicia Chimalpopoca,

432

RELATED MANUSCRIPTS

1. Ramírez, José Fernando. Noticia de los manuscritos mexicanos de la Biblioteca Imperial de Paris, 1855. Colección Gómez de Orozco, 142 (J. F. Ramírez, Opúsculos históricos, vol. 7), pp. 1-81. Another MS of BNP/FM 427.

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

Titles of Tetzcotzingo (no. 1117). ff. 261-66. Further parts are listed under pictorial, Techialoyan, and Testerian sections, above. 7. Gómez de Orozco, Códice (no. 1040). Col. Gómez de Orozco 185 (186?). Original. 8. HUITZIMÉNGARI, CONSTANTINO. Noticias sacadas de una información judicial . . . (no. 1003). In Documentos relativos a los bienes y a la familia de Caltzontzin . . . , ff. 2-5. Col. Gómez de Orozco 171. 9. Mexico y sus contornos, Anales antiguos de (no. 1066). Col. Antig. 273-74. See census description for complete list of parts. 10. MUÑOZ CAMARGO, DIEGO: Historta de Tlaxcala (no. 1072). Col. Antig. 207-08. Copy. 11. , (no. 1072). Col. Gómez de Orozco 7-8. Incomplete copy. 12. NAVAS, FRAY FRANCISCO DE LAS, and ANTONIO DE GUEVARA: Anónimo Tlaxcalteco and other documents (no. 1074). Col. Antig. 210 (J. F. Ramírez, Opúsculos históricos, vol. 21), pp. 93-202. Copies. 13. Pérez, Codex (no. 1152). Original. Acc. 1964 or before. Catalog number not determined. 14. Teotihuacan, San Juan, Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de, and related documents (no. 1114). Col. Paso y Troncoso 51-52. Copy. 15. Tepanecas, Anales, 1426-1589 (no. 1115). In Col. Antig. 258. Original in Chimalpahin's handwriting. MEXICO CITY: INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGÍA E HISTORIA, BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGIA (MNA/BNA) The central library of the INAH, located in the MNA, houses a small collection of

secondary copies of pictorial manuscripts. The listing given here is selective. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Sánchez Solís, Códice (no. 279). Copy by J. M. Velasco, 1882, without the glosses. 2. Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico (no. 280). Copy, apparently by Berglund, 1892. Ex-Secretaría de Relaciones. 3. Tetlama, Lienzo de (no. 327). 5 photographs of copy on cloth supposedly in pueblo. 4. Tula, Anales de (no. 369). Anonymous modern copy in screenfold format. Includes Nahuatl glosses. 1.

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Techialoyan, San Antonio (no. 701). Copy by A. Villagra bound with explanatory notice by Gómez de Orozco.

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. Anónimo mexicano (no. 1013). XI-8-13.

Misc.

MEXICO CITY: MUSEO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGÍA: CODEX COLLECTION (MNA 35) The original pictorial manuscripts of the codex collection of the MNA derive largely from remnants of the Boturini collection and from modern acquisitions. The descriptive catalog by Glass (1964) illustrates practically all the manuscripts in the collection. Earlier published sources on the collection (Mendoza y Sánchez, 1882, pp. 467-71; Noguera, 1933a, table facing p. 602; Mateos Higuera, 1942) as well as various unpublished inventories and catalogs are reviewed in detail by Glass. The listing provided below includes all the originals and copies assigned catalog numbers in the 1964 catalog. Many of the copies listed were prepared in 1892 for the Exposición Histórico-Americana de Madrid. The catalog of that exposition (Paso y Tron433

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

coso, 1892-93) is cited throughout the census for the manuscripts it describes. In 1919 a number of manuscripts that had been in the Boturini collection were transferred to the MNA from the BNMex. They were cataloged and described by Mena (1923), whose catalog numbers are indicated below. Five of the manuscripts described by him are in other institutions and two others are lost and not listed here. 2 Not cited in the present census are unpublished studies by Alfonso Caso, Gómez de Orozco, and others of 36 manuscripts in the collection. These studies are in the files of the collection and are listed by Glass (1964, pp. 194-95). When known, the accession date or supplementary catalog data are given for manuscripts acquired since 1907, the date of an unpublished inventory of the collection by Eduard Seler. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

35-2. Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment no. 5 (no. 135). Copy: MNA 35-2A. 35-3. Maguey, Plano en papel de (no. 189). Plano parcial de la Ciudad de Mexico. Copy: MNA 35-3A. 35-4. Baranda, Códice (no. 24). Copy: MNA 35-4A. 35-7. Cueva, Códice de la (no. 105). 35-9. Tula, Anales de (no. 369). 35-13. Constancia de Gastos, Códice de (no. 75). 35-14. Sigüenza, Mapa (no. 290). Copy: MNA 35-14A. 2 Mena nos. 5, 6, 17, and 23 are now located in TU/LAL, the Gilcrease Institute, BNMex, and the Brooklyn Museum, respectively. No. 16, a Techialoyan codex, is also in BNMex. No. 8 (lost) is described in the census under the title Tributos de Mizquiahuala. Nos. 18 (Escudo de Castilla, MNA 35-106) and 30 (Códice de Teotenantzin, MNA 35-86) are not relevant to the pictorial census. No. 33 (lost), the Conversión de San Pablo, is unclassified and not entered in the census; a microfilm copy may be in the Centro de Documentación in the Museo Nacional de Historia, Mexico.

434

35-16. Coatlinchan, Mapa de (no. 68). Copy: MNA 35- 16A. 35-17. Cuetlaxcohuapan, Códice de (no. 104). 35-18. Sevina, Lienzo de (no. 288). Copies: MNA 35-99, 99A. 35-19. Coatepetl, Mapa de (no. 64). 35-21. Tlaquiltenango, Códices de (no. 343). Códice Mauricio de la Arena. Acc. 1909. 35-22. Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment 1 (no. 135). Copy:35-22B. 35-25. Chavero, Códice (no. 43). Note: kept in ΜΝA/AH cataloged as Col. Antig. 259. 35-26. Moctezuma, Códice (no. 223). 35-27. Tepeticpac, Genealogía de una familia de (no. 319). Copy: MNA 35-28. 35-29. Quiotepec y Cuicatlan, Códice de (no. 266). Acc. 1909. 35-30. Colombino, Códice (no. 72). MNA 35-30A. 35-31. Cuauhtinchan, Mapa de, no. 4 (no. 97). Mena 3. 35-34. Contlantzinco, Pintura de (no. 76). 35-35. Xochtlan, Santo Tomas, Pintura de (no. 411). 35-36. Mixteco Post-cortestano, no. 36, Códice (no. 215). Copy: MNA 35-20. 35-37. Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment 3 (no. 135). Copy:35-37A. 35-38. Boturini, Códice (no. 34). Copy: MNA 35-38A. 35-39. Tlatelolco, Códice de (no. 344). Copy: MNA 35-39A. 35-40. Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment 2 (no. 135). Copies: MNA 35-40A, -40B. 35-41. Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment 4 (no. 135). Copy: MNA 35-41 A. 35-42. Nahuatzen, Lienzo de (no. 231). 35-43. Zolin, Genealogía de (no. 427). Lost or missing from collection. 35-50. Porfirio Díaz, Códice (no. 255). Copy: MNA 35-50A. 35-51. Dehesa, Códice (no. 112).

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

35-52. Tributos, Matrícula de (no. 368). Bound with old copy, also ex-Boturini collection. 35-55. Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment 6 (no. 135). Mena 1,12. 35-56. Cholula, Códice de (no. 57). Mena 13. Copies: MNA 35-10, 35-57. 35-58. Tlamapa, Santa Cruz, Códice de, no.3( no. 341). Mena 20. 35-59. Zapotitlan, Códice del Tequitlato de (no. 426). Mena 2. 35-60. Huichapan, Códice de (no. 142). 35-61. Topográfico fragmentado, Códice (no. 361). 35-62. Metztepetl, Genealogía de (no. 200). Ex-BNMex. 35-63. Zacatepec, Lienzo de, no. 1 (no. 422). Acc. 1933. 35-64. Axotlan, San Lorenzo, y San Luis Huexotla, Códice de los Señores de (no. 17). Mena 15. 35-66. Tizimin, Libro de Chilam Balam de. Nonpictoríal text. Not included in pictorial census. Acc. 1929. 35-67. Ixil, Libro de Chilam Balam de (no. 168). Acc. 1929. 35-68. Muro, Códice (no. 228). Acc. 1934. 35-69. Teotihuacan, San Juan, Códice de (no. 315). Mena 32. Mounted with several small unrelated fragments. 35-70. Cuauhtinchan, Mapa de, no. 3 (no. 96). 35-71. Tlaxcala, Códice de (no. 349). Mena 4. 35-72. Tributos, Fragmento de (no. 367). Stolen, 1943; now located in the Gilcrease Institute, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Mena 6. 35-73. Xalapa, Códice de (no. 398). Mena 7. 35-74. Región boscosa, Mapa de una (no. 268). Mena 9. 35-75. Otumba, Mapa de (no. 244). Mena 10. 35-76. Tepecuacuilco, Mapa de (no. 318). Mena 11.

35-79. Caltecpaneca, Fragmento (no. 36). Mena 21. 35-80. Pitzahua, Genealogía de (no. 253). Mena 22,28a. 35-81. Nopalxochitl, Genealogía de (no. 237). Mena 24. 35-82. Nexmoyotla, Ateno, Zoyatitlan y Hueytetla, Genealogía de (no. 234). Mena 26. 35-83. Tetlamaca y Tlametzin, Genealogía de (no. 328). Mena 27. 35-84. Cotitzin y Zozahuic, Genealogía de (no. 80). Mena 28b. 35-85. Etla, Genealogías de los señores de (no. 117). Mena 29. 35-86. Teotenantzin, Códice de. Not included in census. Not in native tradition. Mena 30. 35-87A and B. Posesiones de Don Andrés, Códice de las, Fragments 1 and 2 (no. 257). Ex-BNMex (Fragment 1); Mena 31 (Fragment 2). 35-90. Tultepeque, Santa Maria Nativitas, Mapa de (no. 371). 35-94. Amate, Plano en papel de (no. 4). Acc. 1936-37. 35-95. Lachiyoo, Mapa de (no. 182). 35-97. Nayotla, San Juan, Lienzo de (no. 233). No. 29 of the 1934 unpublished inventory. 35-106. Castilla, Escudo de. Not included in census. Not in native tradition. Mena 18. 35-107. Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment 9 (no. 135). Used in repair of Techialoyan Codex of Ixtapalapa. 35-108. Azoyu, Códice de, no. 1 (no. 21). Acc. 1940-42. 35-109. Azoyu, Códice de, no. 2 (no. 22). Acc. 1942. 35-110. Tlapa, Lienzo de (no. 342). Acc. 1942. 35-112. Chinantla, Lienzo de (no. 53). Acc. 1937. 35-113. Coixtlahuaca, Lienzo de, no. 1 (no. 70). Acc. 1942. A notice in the New 435

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

York Times, June 1, 1941, says it was secured for the museum in that year. 35-115. Tecciztlan y Tequatepec, Lienzo de (no. 301). Listed in 1959 inventory. 35-116. Tocuaro, Títulos de (no. 357). Acc. 1958. 35-117. MIZQUIAHUALA SALES RECEIPTS: Poinsett Fragment 1 (no. 218). Acc. 1942. 35-118. MIZQUIAHUALA SALES RECEIPTS: Poinsett Fragment 2 (no. 219). Acc. 1942. 35-119. Porrúa Turanzas, Códice (no. 256). Acc. 1959. 35-120. Yatini, Lienzo de (no. 417). Not in 1959 inventory. 35-121. Valeriano, Códice (no. 383). Acc. 1940. 35-122. Yatao, San Lucas, Lienzo de (no. 416). Not in 1959 inventory. 35-123. Chiapa, Rio de, Vista del. Not included in census. Not in native tradition. 35-127. Mexicaltzingo, Códices del Cristo de (no. 203). Acc. 1964. 35-128. Cuauhtli, Genealogía de (no. 103). Mena 25. Recovered 1964. Uncat. Analco, Lienzo de (no. 7). Acc. 1969. COPIES OF ORIGINALS WHICH ARE LOST OR NOT LOCATED IN INSTITUTIONAL COLLECTIONS

35-1. Guevea, Lienzo de (no. 130). Copy of 1892. 35-6. Tlacotepec, San Pedro, Mapa de (no. 337). Copy of 1892. 35-11. Mendoza Moctezuma, Genealogía de la familia (no. 197). Old copy or version. 35-24. Cuauhtinchan, Mapa de, no. 2 (no. 95). Copy of 1892. 35-45/48. Tlaxcala, Lienzo de (no. 350). Copy by Yllañes, 1773. Copy of this copy: MNA 35-45/48A. 35-54. Veytia Calendar Wheels, nos. 1, 3-7 nos. 387, 389-393). Ex-Paso y Troncoso collection. 436

35-78. TLAXCALA, LIENZO DE: Códice de la conquista (no. 351). Mena 19. 35-88. Popotla, Mapa de (no. 254). 35-96. Tzoquitetlan, Lienzo de (no. 380). No. 28 of 1934 inventory. 35-97A. Nayotla, San Juan, Lienzo de (no. 233). Copy by Agustín Villagra, 1956, from unidentified version. 35-98. Cuara, Códice (no. 87). Copy of 1892. 35-100. TOVAR, JUAN DE: Códice Ramírez (no. 365). Relación del origen de los indios que habitan esta Nueva Espana. Note: kept in MNA/AH cataloged as Col. Antig. 166. 35-102. Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de (no. 101). Copy of 1892. 35-104. Oaxaqueña, Genealogía (no. 241). Copy of 1892. 35-105. Santa Fe o de Patzcuaro, Mapa de (no. 281). Copy of 1892. 35-111. Tlacoatzintepec, Lienzo de (no. 335). Copy of 1952. 35-114. Tabaa, San Juan, Lienzo de, no. 1 (no. 295). Modern copy. Also in the collection (uncataloged) are tracings and drawings of the texts. 35-124. Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 7 (no. 393). No. 25 of the 1930 catalog. 35-125. Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 5 (no. 391). No. 28 of the 1930 catalog. Uncat. Quiotepec y Ayauhtla, Lienzo de (no. 265). Photograph, with unpublished study by W. Jiménez Moreno. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS IN OTHER COLLECTIONS

35-5. Jucutacato, Lienzo de (no. 177). 19thC copy. Ex-Nicolás León collection. Acc. 1892. 35-5A. Jucutacato, Lienzo de (no. 177). Modern copy. 35-8. Becker, Codex, no. 2 (no. 28). 19thC copy. 35-12. Aubin manuscript no. 20 (no. 14).

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

Códice del culto a Tonatiuh. 19thC copy. 35-12A. Aubin manuscript no. 20 (no. 14). Códice del culto a Tonatiuh. Copy by Saldaña, about 1933, from MNA 35-12. 35-32. Cuauhtinchan, Mapa de, no. 1 (no. 94). Copy of 1892. 35-33. Puacuaro, Lienzo de (no. 261). Copy of 1892. 35-44. Cuauhquechollan, Lienzo de (no. 89). Copy of 1892. 35-44A. Cuauhquechollan, Lienzo de (no. 89). Copy by Rodolfo Barthez, about 1933. 35-77. Becker, Codex, no. 2 (no. 28). Modern copy by Saldaña from photographs of original. 35-89. DURAN, FRAY DIEGO: Historia de las Indias (no. 114). Códice Durán. Copy of 1854. Note: kept in MNA/AH cataloged as Col. Antig. 556. 35-93. Yanhuitlan, Códice de (no. 415). Modern copy of portion of original in Puebla, by Saldaña. Also cataloged as MNA/AH Col. Antig. 772. 35-101. Cuauhquechollan-Macuilxochitepec, Genealogía de (no. 91). Modern copy. Acc. 1940. 35-103. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO D E : Florentine Codex (no. 274). Copy by Genaro López, 1893-94. Incomplete. 35-126. Aztactepec y Citlaltepec, Lienzo de (no. 23). Copy by Rodolfo Barthez about 1933. Uncat. Xochitepec, Codex of (no. 408). No. 21 of 1934 inventory. Partial copy. Uncat. BEAUMONT, FRAY PABLO: Cronica de Michoacan: nine historical scenes (no. 25). No. 32 of 1934 inventory. Códice de la conquista de Michoacan. Modern copy. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS LOCATED IN THE M N A

35-2A. Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment 5 (no. 135). Copy of 1892.

35-3A. Maguey, Plano en papel de (no. 189). Copy of 1892. 35-4A. Baranda, Códice (no. 24). Copy by Mateo A. Saldaña, about 1933. 35-10. Cholula, Códice de (no. 57). Copy no. 1. Ex-Boturini collection. On display, Museo Regional de Cholula. 35-14A. Sigüenza, Mapa (no. 290). Copy by Saldaña, about 1933. Almost indistinguishable from original. 35-16A. Coatlinchan, Mapa de (no. 68). Copy by Saldaña. 35-20. Mixteco Post-cortesiano no. 36, Códice (no. 215). 19thC copy. 35-22B. Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment 1 (no. 135). Copy by Saldaña, about 1933. 35-28. Tepeticpac, Genealogía de una familia de (no. 319). Copy of 1892. 35-30A. Colombino, Códice (no. 72). Copy by Saldaña. 35-37A. Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment 3 (no. 135). Copy of 1892. 35-38A. Boturini, Códice (no. 34). Copy by Saldaña. 35-39A. Tlatelolco, Códice de (no. 344). Copy by Saldaña. 35-40A. Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment 2 (no. 135). Copy of 1892. 35-40B. Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment 2 (no. 135). Copy by Saldaña. 35-41A. Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment 4 (no. 135). Copy of 1892. 35-45/48A. Tlaxcala, Lienzo de (no. 350). Copy of the Yllañes copy by Saldaña. 35-50A. Porfirio Díaz, Códice (no. 255). Copy by Saldaña. 35-57. Cholula, Códice de (no. 57). Copy no. 2. Ex-Boturini collection. 35-99. Sevina, Lienzo de (no. 288). Copy of 1892. 35-99A. Sevina, Lienzo de (no. 288) Modern copy. 35-108A. Azoyu, Códice de, no. 1 (no. 21). Modern copy. 35-113A. Coixtlahuaca, Lienzo de, no. 1 (no. 70). Copy by Saldaña.

437

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES MAPS

OF

THE

RELACIONES

GEOGRÁFICAS,

1579-1586 35-15. Mizquiahuala, Mapa de. Copy of 1892. 35-15A. Mizquiahuala, Mapa de. Modern copy. 35-23. Cholula, San Gabriel, Plano de. Copy of 1892. TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

35-49. García Granados, Codex (no. 715). Dufossé, 1893a, no. 70117; 1893b, no. 72633bis; n.d.b, inside title page. Acc. 1907. 35-49A. García Granados, Codex (no. 715). Modern copy by Mateo A. Saldaña. 35-65. Techialoyan, San Antonio (no. 701). Transferred from MNA library in 1935. Catálogo, 1911, p. 44. With Spanish translation by Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1856, and partial transcript of text. 35-91. Coyotepec, San Cristobal (no. 720). Acc. 1936. 35-92. Coyotepec, San Cristobal (no. 720). Old copy. Acc. 1936. 35-107. Ixtapalapa (no. 706). Mena 14. Recovered 1947. TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

35-53. Testerian MS of the Museo "Nacional de Antropología (no. 830). Libro de Oraciones. FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Uncat. Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript (no. 926). Photograph and tracing. No. 68 of 1934 inventory. Glass, 1964, p. 25. PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

35-66. (no. 35-67. (no.

Tizimin, Libro de Chilam Balam de 1157). Acc. 1929. Ixil, Libro de Chilam Balam de 1147). Acc. 1929.

MEXICO CITY: MUSEO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGIA: FOTOTECA The photographic department 438

of

the

MNA houses a large collection of photographs of pictorial manuscripts, many of which are of manuscripts in the MNA collection. The two items listed below are among those of manuscripts not in institutional collections. PHOTOGRAPHIC COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de (no. 101). Approx. 24 photographs of as many scenes from the copy of 1892 by Basilio Argil (now in a private collection) of the 27scene original. 2. Tabaa, San Juan, Lienzo de, no. 1 (no. 295). Photograph of unidentified copy, slightly different from MNA 35-114. 1.

MEXICO CITY: MUSEO NACIONAL DE HISTORIA No investigation has been made into the holdings of the Museo Nacional de Historia (in the Castillo de Chapultepec). The two items listed below have been mentioned in the literature. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Tehuantepec, Mapa de (no. 306). Copy of 1892. 2. Tlaxcala, Lienzo de (no. 350). Partial copy of main scene by Sifuentes. 18thC (?). Oil on cloth panel.

1.

MEXICO CITY: MUSEO NACIONAL DE HISTORIA: CENTRO DE DOCUMENTACIÓN ( M N H / C D ) The "Benjamin Franklin" (BF) series of microfilms (named after the Benjamin Franklin Library, Mexico City, where this series was initiated by George T. Smisor and R. H. Barlow) includes some original and copied pictorial manuscripts located in various European, Mexican, and U.S. collections. A catalog has been published by Zavala (1951). The listing given below is selected. Since this article was written the

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

collection has been transferred to the Departamento de Micropelículas, MNA/BNA. PHOTOGRAPHIC COPIES OF TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

Ocelotepec, Santa Maria (no. 708). McAfee transcript and English translation. BF, rollo 10, exp. 2. Zavala 107. 2. Mimiahuapan, San Miguel (no. 711). BF, rollo 10, exp. 3; exp. 4 is McAfee transcript and English translation. Zavala 109. 3. Chalco, Atenco, Santiago (no. 716). BF, rollo 4, exp. 3. Zavala 46. 4. Tepotzotlan (first fragment, T) (no. 718). Photostat with Barlow and McAfee transcript. BF, rollo 5, exp. 13. Zavala 73. 5. Tepotzotlan (third fragment, X) (no. 722). Galicia Chimalpopoca transcript, 1855. BF, rollo 4, exp. 8. Zavala 48. 6. Tlahuac, San Pedro (no. 736). McAfee copy of transcript and Spanish translation from MSS of Paso y Troncoso, 1886, and Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1855-56. BF, rollo 4, exp. 10. Zavala 53. 7. Coacalco (no. 743). TU/MARI copy with typed transcript. BF, rollo 4, exp. 1. Zavala 44. 1.

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. Siglo 19, Anales del (no. 1110). BF, rollo 4, exp. 6. Zavala 49. 2. Xilotepec, Anales de, 1403-1589 (no. 1138). BF, rollo 4, exp. 17. Zavala 60. UNIDENTIFIED MANUSCRIPT

1. Códice de la Conversión de San Pablo. BF, rollo 3, exp. 9, and rollo 14, exp. 7. With palaeography. Possibly one of the missing documents in the collection formerly in the BNMex and transferred to the MNA codex collection in 1919 (Mena, 1923, p. 69, no. 33). Possible pictorial manuscript not entered in census. This microfilm copy has not been examined. Zavala 34, 120. Should be compared

with the Nómina escrita en geroglífico (census, no. 236). MEXICO CITY: SOCIEDAD MEXICANA DE GEOGRAFÍA Y ESTADÍSTICA (SMGE) Pictorial manuscripts reported to be in this institution are listed below. Presumably owing to reorganization, only the original of the Lienzo de Jucutacato could be located in July 1964. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de: additional fragments (no. 102). 2. Jucutacato, Lienzo de (no. 177). Acc. late 19thC. Located in Director's office, 1964. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Arantza, Códice de (no. 10). García Abarca copy. 2. Huaxtepec, Plano ideográfico del señorío de, año 1376 (no. 138). Mirabal Lausan, 1937, p. 167. MEXICO CITY: UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS AMÉRICAS The Barlow collection of the library of the University of the Americas, formerly known as Mexico City College, houses some of the scholarly papers of R. H. Barlow. They include notes and manuscripts by him and some photographs. In addition to the selected items cited below, three manuscripts in this collection are cited in the bibliography as Barlow, MSa, MSb, and Barlow and Mateos Higuera, MS. PHOTOGRAPHIC COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de: additional fragments (no. 102). Photographs, with notes for unpublished study. Identification not verified. 2. Tlaxcala, Lienzo de: untitled pages (no. 352). Negative photostat of a copy, 439

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

without the glosses, of one page. Positive copy of this copy in L C / H F . 3. Volador, Códice del (no. 396). Two photographs. Copies in L C / H F . RELATED MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Campan, Códices de, nos. 1 and 2 (nos. 38,39). Notes and transcripts by Barlow of related documents for unpublished study. Identification not verified. JALISCO

ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

GUADALAJARA: MUSEO REGIONAL The single manuscript reported below was formerly in the Biblioteca del Estado, Guadalajara. Ex-

MICHOACAN MORELIA: MUSEO MICHOACANO (MMM) The extent of the holdings of the Museo Michoacano has not been investigated, but the presence of the three items listed below has been verified. The museum may also have (nonpictorial) documents related to the Códices de Carapan. Brand (1944, pp. 70, 98) also reports copies of the Lienzos de Jucutacato and Nahuatzen. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. 2. 3.

Carapan, Códice de, no. 1 (no. 38). Carapan, Códice de, no. 2 (no. 39). Puacuaro, Lienzo de (no. 261). PUEBLA

PUEBLA: ACADEMIA DE BELLAS ARTES A Museo de Antigüedades was founded about 1828 in Puebla on the initiative of José Manso and affiliated with the Academy in 1849. An early reference of 1852, quoted by 440

1. Sierra, Códice (no. 289). 2. Yanhuitlan, Códice de (no. 415). Further portions of this manuscript are in the AGN.

PUEBLA: CASA DEL ALFEÑIQUE

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1. Acatitlan, Santa Cecilia (no. 709). hibit no. 96.

Quintana (1960, pp. 9-10) indicates that in 1848 the Manso collection included two "cuadernos escritos con caracteres de los mexicanos" and two "pinturas grandes originales de los antiguos mexicanos," one on cloth and the other on skin. They may tentatively be identified with the two volumes listed below and with the two manuscripts from Cuauhquechollan now in the Casa del Alfeñique.

Also known as the Museo Regional de Puebla, the Casa del Alfeñique is a dependency of the INAH. No investigation into the holdings of this museum has been made, but the four items listed below were on display in 1963. The two manuscripts from Cuauhquechollan were formerly in the Academia de Bellas Artes of the same city, from whence they are believed to have been transferred about 1926. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Aztactepec y Citlaltepec, Lienzo de (no. 23). 2. Cuauhquechollan, Lienzo de (no. 89). 3. Cuauhquechollan - Macuilxochitepec, Genealogía de (no. 91). 4. Oyametepec y Huitzilatl, Lienzo de (no. 245). TLAXCALA TLAXCALA: ARCHIVO GENERAL DEL ESTADO (AGT) The AGT houses an uncertain number of pictorial manuscripts, none of which has been included in the census. Nicholson (1967, table facing p. 76, and fig. 4) has reported four pictorial documents from the

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

AGT and has reproduced a detail from one of them. The examples reported are apparently genealogies and property plans and form part of litigation from the period 15651615. VERACRUZ Our investigations into the holdings and interrelationships of institutions possessing pictorial manuscripts in the state of Veracruz are incomplete; the location of the items listed below is unverified. The Lienzo de San Juan Nayotla (Códice Actopan) has been variously reported as being in the Biblioteca del Pueblo, in the Biblioteca del Ayuntamiento of Veracruz, and in the Biblioteca Venustiano Carranza. This item may be a copy or may correspond to the original (MNA 35-97), now in the MNA and once on loan to a Veracruz institution. JALAPA: DEPARTAMENTO DE ANTROPOLOGÍA The Departamento de Antropología is a division of the government of the state of Veracruz. The items listed below are reported by Melgarejo Vivanco (1953) as being in the "Oficina de Antropología de Veracruz." The present location of a certified copy of 1881 of the Mapa de San Antonio Tepetlan that was (temporarily?) located in the Secretaría de Gobierno about 1913 is unknown. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Chiconquiaco, Códice de (no. 49). 2. Misantla, Lienzo de (no. 214). Recent copy (same as copy of about 1911 made for the Secretaría de Gobierno?). 3. Tonayan, Mapa de (no. 360). Plano de San Juan Chapultepec. Oil-on-cloth copy, 1852 (formerly in Secretaría de Gobierno, about 1911?). JALAPA: UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA, MUSEO VERACRUZANO DE ANTROPOLOGÍA

ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1-6. Tuxpan, Lienzos de, nos. 1-6 (nos. 373-378).

UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN COLLECTIONS CALIFORNIA BERKELEY: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BANCROFT LIBRARY (BAN) The "Mexican Manuscripts" in the Bancroft Library (abbreviated MM) derive from the collection formed by Hubert Howe Bancroft (1832-1918) and from subsequent additions by the library. Parts of the collection were purchased at the sales of the libraries of Andrade (Andrade, 1869), Fischer (Bibliotheca mejicana, 1869), J. F. Ramírez (Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880), and Squier (Catalogue, 1876); many of the items cited below are from the Ramírez sale. Notes on selected Mexican manuscripts are given by Barlow (1943a, 1945a). A guide to the collection is in preparation. George P. Hammond, director emeritus of the library, courteously provided us with extracts from the guide in advance of its publication. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Fernández Leal, Códice (no. 119). MM 1884. Acc. about 1940.

COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. BEAUMONT, FRAY PABLO: Crónica de Michoacan: illustrations (nos. 25, 26, 379). MM 23. Incomplete copy, 1849, with some of the drawings. Andrade 2179. 2. DURAN, FRAY DIEGO: Historia de las Indias de Nueva España (no. 114). MM 90-92. 3 vols. Possibly the copy by C. A. Spofford after the copy in LC. TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Tepanohuayan, 712). MM 470.

San

Bartolome

(no. 441

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Tlahuac, San Pedro (no. 736). MM 468. 3. Huaquilpan, San Pedro, and San Martin (no. 746). MM 469. 2.

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. Cakchiqueles, Anales de los (no. 1172). MM 446, part. Copy. 2. CASTAÑEDA, GABRIEL DE: Relación de la jornada que hizo Don Fernando de Sandoval Acaxitli (no. 1020). MM 162, part. Ramírez 576, part. 18thC copy by Fray Juan Agustín Morfi. 3. another copy. MM 189, part. 4. another copy. MM 426, part. 5. Huehuetlatolli: Documento A (no. 1041). MM 458. Ramírez 521. 6. Ixcuín Nehaib, Títulos de la casa . . . (no. 1176). MM 446, part. Copy by Pinart. 7. IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA: Relaciones (no. 1043). MM 426, part. Copies. 8. Mexicanos, Historia de los, por sus pinturas (no. 1060). MM 448, part. Copy. 9. Mexicanos, Origen de los (no. 1061). MM 448, part. Copy. The copy of this and the previous item, possibly by Pinart or from his collection, may include the Histoyre du Mechique (no. 1049) and the Relación de la genealogía (no. 1038). 10. Nombre de Dios, Durango, Memorial de los indios de (no. 1005). MM 93, ff. 15-27. Ramírez 295. Copy of Nahuatl text and Spanish translation by Galicia Chimalpopoca. 11. OLMOS, FRAY ANDRÉS DE: Arte de la lengua mexicana (see Huehuetlatolli, no. 1080). MM 454. Ramírez 604. 12. ORDÓÑEZ Y AGUIAR, RAMÓN DE: Historia de la creación del cielo y de la tierra . . . (see Popol Vuh, no. 1179, and Probanza del Votan, no. 1187). MM 177. Ramírez 615. This manuscript has been described by Smisor (1943a). 13. POPOL VUH (no. 1179). MM 439. Manuscrito antiguo Kiché, encontrado a 442

principios del siglo X V I I I . . . and Historia del antiguo reino del Quiche . . . by Fray Francisco Ximénez in copies by Juan Gavarette, 1847. Correspond to Ximénez, Historia, bk. 1, chaps. 3-21 and 27-36. Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871, pp. 156-57. Ex-Pinart. 14. Relación de 1591 (no. 1008). MM 93, ff. 103-04. Ramírez 295. Copy of 16thC Spanish translation. 15. Tlaxcala y sus cuatro cabeceras, Historia y fundación de la ciudad de (no. 1128). MM 231. Ramírez 810. Copy by José Magdaleno Rosales. 16. ZORITA, ALONSO DE: Breve y sumaria relación . . . (no. 1140). MM 162, part. Ramírez 576. 18thC copy by Fray Juan Agustín Morfi. 17. another copy. MM 254. Squier 783. LOS ANGELES: SOUTHWEST MUSEUM COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Totomixtlahuaca, Lienzo de (no. 362). Modern copy on cloth with MS commentary and small photograph of original. Acc. about 1964 (?). Information from Hasso von Winning.

SAN FRANCISCO: SUTRO LIBRARY (A BRANCH OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY) TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Calacohuayan, Santa Maria (no. 710). CONNECTICUT

NEW HAVEN: YALE LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY

The single manuscript entered below is cataloged by Patterson (1957, p. 125). COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 1-7 (nos. 387-393). In Mariano Fernández de Echeverría y Veytia, Historia del origen

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

de las gentes que poblaron la América Septentrional . . . Ex-Kingsborough, Phillipps (no. 11637), and Stetson collections. Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842, no. 536 (part); Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 376; Parke-Bernet, 1953, part 3, no. 305. Acc. 1953. DISTRICT

OF

COLUMBIA

WASHINGTON: LIBRARY OF CONGRESS (LC) Original documents and copies in the Manuscripts Division (MSS Div.) of the Library are cataloged by Cortés Alonso (1962). Four manuscripts listed below are from the Peter Force collection purchased in 1867. They were purchased before 1854 by Force from Henry Stevens, who in turn had acquired them from Obadiah Rich. Some of them may be from the Kingsborough or Antonio de Uguina and Ternaux-Compans collections. For photographic copies by W. E. Gates in the LC, see Appendix A. A large collection of photographs of pictorial manuscripts was made in the Hispanic Foundation ( L C / H F ) in connection with the publication of the Catálogo de la colección de códices (Glass, 1964) and the preparation of Articles 23,25, and 26 of this Guide. Practically all of the illustrations in volume 14 of the Handbook are selected from photographs in this collection. The collection has been transferred to the Prints and Photographs Division of the Library. A 35-page typed inventory dated March 13, 1973, has been prepared by Glass. Documents, memoranda, and other papers relating to the preparation of volumes 12-15 of the Handbook are to be transferred to the Manuscripts Division. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Monteleone, Codex (no. 224). MSS Div. Ac. 3489A. Harkness collection, Mex., Doc. 1. Acc. 1928. 2. Oztoticpac Lands Map (no. 246). Ge-

ography and Maps Div. Received in 1965 from U.S. Government Printing Office, where it appeared without known prior history. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. DURAN, FRAY DIEGO: Historia de las Indias de Nueva España (no. 114). MSS Div. Ac. A-387, III-49-P,3. Peter Force collection. Acc. 1867. 2. Itzcuintepec, Papers of (no. 161). Full set of negative photostats (18). Oversize. Cataloged as "British Museum, Egerton MSS 2896-2897." Shelf number IV-36-A-1. 3. Michoacan, Relación de (no. 213). MSS Div. Ac. 6683-U, III-48-C,2. Peter Force collection. Acc. 1867. 4. Tlatepusco, San Pedro, Mapa de (no. 346). MSS Div. Copy. 5. Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 1-7 (nos. 387-393). In Mariano Fernández de Echeverría y Veytia, Historia del origen de las gentes que poblaron la América Septentrional MSS Div. Ac. D.R.A.391, III-49-P,3. Peter Force collection. Acc. 1867. 6. Yetla, Mapa de (no. 418). MSS Div. Copy. FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript (no. 916). Formerly owned by Art Department, Colby College, Waterville, Maine. MSS Div. Ac. 13238. Acc. 1964. 2. Puebla-Tlaxcala Village Maps, nos. 1-24 (no. 937). MSS Div. Ac. 7828, D.R. 2391. Acc. 1945. With related documents. 1.

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC, HERNANDO: Crónica mexicana (no. 1012). Boturini collection copy. H. P. Kraus collection. Acc. 1969. 2. FUENTES Y GUZMAN, FRANCISCO ANTONIO DE: Historia de Guatemala (no. 1174). MSS Div. Ac. 1233, III-48443

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

A.l. Partial copy and extracts, in part by Mariano Padilla, 1857. Acc. 1911. 3. Ixil, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1147). Negative photostats of original. MSS Div.Ac.4143. Acc. 1931. 4. MUÑOZ CAMARGO, DIEGO: Historia de Tlaxcala (no. 1072). Peter Force collection. Copy. MSS Div. Ac. D.R. A386, III-49-P,4. Acc. 1867. 5. OLMOS, FRAY ANDRÉS DE: Huehuetlatolli (no. 1080). With his Arte de la lengua mexicana. Acc. 1898. Ex-Pinart collection. LeClerc, 1867, no. 1097; 1881-87, Supplement 2, no. 3407; Catalogue, 1883, no. 684; Viñaza, 1892, no. 8. 6. Tizimin, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1157). Negative photostats of original. MSS Div. Ac. 4143. Acc. 1931. WASHINGTON: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The holdings and files (correspondence, notes, photographs) of the Smithsonian Institution, as well as those of the U.S. National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology, have not been investigated for the census. FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript (no. 941). Museum of Natural History, Office of Anthropology, Archaeology Catalog no. 300298. Acc. 1917. ILLINOIS

CHICAGO: NEWBERRY LIBRARY, AYER COLLECTION (NLA) The pictorial manuscripts in the Edward E. Ayer (1841-1927) collection consist of original manuscripts and copies from the Waldeck collection, acquired in Paris about 1900, original manuscripts purchased from such dealers as Quaritch, Chadenat, and Blake, and photographic copies by William E. Gates. Most of them are cataloged by Butler (1937); a few are listed in Butler 444

(1941a). NLA 1269 is a large collection of drawings of Mexican antiquities prepared by Waldeck for an intended but never published work. It includes copies and partial copies of a number of manuscripts. Our listing of them is selective, omitting partial copies of extant manuscripts and copies based on published sources.3 NLA 1260 is Waldeck's Catalogue de dessins (MS, ca. 1829-31); it describes all of the original manuscripts and some of the copies which he owned. It is indexed below for those items that are in the Ayer collection (all others are in the BNP). NLA 1268, Waldeck's notes for his Enciclopédie Archéologique, has not been examined. The subscript letters a-f for NLA 1271 have been provided by us. For photographic copies by W. E. Gates in this repository see Appendix A. Colton Storm, former curator, facilitated our work on this collection. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Cuitlahuac, Financial accounts of (no. 107). In Deeds of Property, 1571-1679. NLA 1476 (part). 2. Temascaltepec, Carte de la ville de (no. 309). NLA 1271a. Not in Waldeck catalog; purchased from Chadenat about 1901. 3. Teotihuacan, Ayer map of (no. 312). Uncataloged. Kept with NLA 12701271. Purchased from W. W. Blake about 1891 or later. 4. Unidentified locality, Map of (no. 381). Map showing houses, etc. NLA 1271d. Waldeck, Catalogue, no. 124. 5. Unidentified property, Plan of (no. 382). Deeds of Property, 1678-1751 (part). NLA 1477 (part). Blake, 1899, no. 1614. 6. XOCHIMILCO: Document concerning property of Pedronila Francisca and Cos1.

3 Information on copies in NLA 1269 and certain other manuscripts depends on information and photographs supplied by H. F . Cline. Subsequent to his investigations the Newberry Library located some further Waldeck drawings and our survey may therefore be incomplete.

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

tantino de San Felipe (no. 403). NLA 1271b. Waldeck, Catalogue, no. 121. With typed description by E. Seler. 7. XOCHIMILCO: Genealogy of Pedronila and Juliana (no. 404). Pedigree of a family.... NLA 1271f. Waldeck, Catalogue, no. 120. 8. XOCHIMILCO: Document relating to the descendants of Don Miguel Damian (no. 406). NLA 1270. Waldeck, Catalogue, no. 122. With typed description by E. Seler. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Ixil, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 168). NLA 1606. Photographic copy of original. 2. Paris, Codex (no. 247). Copies of 20 pages on 10 sheets. This copy as well as that of Techialoyan Codex W (no. 721; see below) form a part of a portfolio of 65 handcolored drawings made by Aglio for Kingsborough printed on vellum. A 66th sheet is a trial printing of the title page for vol. 3 of Kingsborough's Antiquities in its first (1830) state but calls for only four volumes and is dated 1829. Not cited in the census are proofs of odd pages of nine other pictorial manuscripts (all published by Kingsborough) including 10 pages of Codex Dresden on four sheets. They are cataloged in NLA as "part of an unpublished tenth volume" of the Antiquities, but we know of no evidence to support this statement. Information as to provenance is lacking, but they were purchased by Ayer "quite some time ago" before December 1921. Gates (1932, p. 3) states that he was given a duplicate of one of the vellum proofs from this collection by Ayer (presumably of Codex Paris). 3. Sigüenza, Mapa de (no. 290). NLA 1269, pl. 94. Waldeck, Catalogue, no. 94. Copied from a copy by Valdez. 4. Tepechpan, Tira de (no. 317). NLA 1269, part. Waldeck, Catalogue, no. 127.

Tetlama, Lienzo de (no. 327). NLA 1269, pl. 79. Waldeck, Catalogue, no. 36. 6. Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 4 (no. 390). Waldeck collection; not in Waldeck catalog. Unverified. See letter from Clara Smith to H. J. Spinden, July 8, 1920, in NLA files. 7. Waldeck Judgment Scene (no. 397). NLA 1269, pl. 87. Waldeck, Catalogue, no. 13. 8. Xolotl, Códice (no. 412). Two details. NLA 1269, part. 9. Zolin, Genealogía de (no. 427). NLA 1269, pl. 86. Waldeck, Catalogue, no. 66.

5.

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

Cempoala (no. 705). NLA 1472. Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871, p. 95; Catalogue, 1883, no. 582; Quaritch, 1885, no. 29040; Reed, 1938. 2. Tepotzotlan (second fragment, P) (no. 714). NLA 1479. Antiquités Aztèques . . . , 1909. Purchased from Chadenat about 1912. 3. Tepexoxouhcan, San Miguel, and San Miguel Quaxochco (no. 721). Incomplete copy by Aglio printed on vellum. See note under Codex Paris, above. 1.

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Azcapotzalco, Falsified drawing of the conquest of (no. 901). NLA 1271c. Waldeck, Catalogue, no. 123. With typed description by E. Seler. 2. Waldeck Calendar Wheel (no. 947). NLA 1271e. Waldeck, Catalogue, no. 97. 3. Waldeck Calendar Wheel (no. 947). NLA 1269, pl. 85. Copy, with additional material. 4-17. Zaremba Falsifications, nos. 1-14 (nos. 949-962). Uncataloged; accession data lacking. Possibly cataloged or recorded as North American. RELATED MANUSCRIPTS

1. Ternaux-Compans, Henri: [Description of Waldeck's manuscript collection]. MS, 11 pp. ca. 1839. NLA 880. 445

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

2. Waldeck, Jean Frédéric de. Catalogue de dessins. MS, 1829-31. NLA 1260.

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. CASTAÑEDA, GABRIEL DE: Relación de la jornada . . . (no. 1020). Boturini copy, with NLA 1109; another copy with NLA 1110. 2. Huitzitzil Tzunun, Título del Ajpop (no. 1175). NLA 1030. 18thC copy with Spanish translation. 3. Ixil, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1147). Photographic copy of original. NLA 1606. 4. IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA: Relaciones (no. 1043). NLA 1108. Copy dated 1755. Ex-AubinGoupil collection. Boban, 1899, no. 117; Chadenat, 1899, no. 23492. 5. Relaciones (no. 1043). NLA 1109. Ex-Ramírez. Boturini copy. Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880, no. 410; Quaritch, 1880, no. 143; 1885, no. 29111; 1895, no. 2043; 1899, no. 897. 6. Relaciones (no. 1043). NLA 1110. Copy. Ex-Boban. 7. MUÑOZ CAMARGO, DIEGO: Historia de Tlaxcala (no. 1072). NLA 1174. Copy of 1852 from the copy owned by García Icazbalceta. Bibliotheca mejicana, 1869, no. 1840; Phillipps 21251; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1913, no. 269; Maggs Bros., 1913, no. 1097. 8. Popol Vuh (no. 1179). NLA 1515 (part). Copy and Spanish translation by Fray Francisco Ximénez with his Arte de las tres lenguas. . . . Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871, pp. 155-56; Catalogue, 1883, no. 964; LeClerc, 1881-87, Supplement 2, no. 3578. 9. Tizimin, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1157). Photographic copy of original. NLA 1621. 446

LOUISIANA NEW ORLEANS: TULANE UNIVERSITY (TU) The library of the Middle American Research Institute (TU/MARI) was transferred to the Howard-Tilton Memorial Library in 1962 and now forms a special division known as the Latin American Library (TU/LAL). The collection includes many but not all of the items sold by William E. Gates in New York in 1924 (Gates, 1924) and presented to the then-named Department of Middle American Research by Samuel Zemurray. Selected manuscripts in the collection are described by Gropp (1933). All items cited are in TU/LAL unless designated as TU/MARI, but most of the latter have been transferred to TU/LAL. For photographic copies by Gates in this repository see Appendix A. Mrs. Edith B. Ricketson, librarian emeritus of MARI, and Miss Marjorie E. LeDoux, librarian of LAL, have supplied valuable data on the collection. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Cuauhtemoc, Ordenanza del señor (no. 92). TU/MARI. Gates, 1924, no. 758; Gropp, 1933, pp. 271-73, fig. 5. 2. MIZQUIAHUALA SALES RECEIPTS: Tira de tributos (no. 221). TU/MARI. Described and illustrated in an unidentified Dawson's Book Shop catalog (pp. 8-9, no. 43), Los Angeles, California, about 1936. 3. Tepoztlan, Census of (no. 323). T U / MARI. Acc. date unknown but probably ca. 1935 (the date of MARI photos). 4. Tulane, Codex (no. 370). TU/MARI. Related correspondence and MS description by Hermann Beyer in TU/LAL. Gropp, 1933, pp. 231-33, fig. 1. Acc. 1932. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Coixilahuaca, Lienzo de, no. 1 (no. 70).

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

Lienzo Β. Copy on tracing cloth, 413 X 285 cm. 2. Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de (no. 101). Watercolor copy of the larger, 27-scene, original. Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880, no. 540 (part); Quaritch, 1880, no. 176 (part); 1885, no. 29045 (part); Gates, 1924, no. 557 and frontispiece. 3. Land transfer manuscript (no. 183). TU/MARI photo file. Negatives 2413 and 4414. Photographic copy. 4. Manx, Map of the province of (no. 192). In Crónica de Manx, f. 9. Copy of 1596. Ex-Vicente Riva Palacio collection. Gropp, 1933, pp. 261-63,fig.4. 5. Meixueiro, Lienzo (no. 195). Lienzo A. Copy on tracing cloth, 380 X 360 cm. 6. Nooctepec, Lienzo de (no. 238). Newspaper room, no. 371. Colored tracing in two parts by William Spratling. Louisiana Historical Records Survey, 1941, vol. 4, no. 371. 7. Sotuta, Map of the province of (no. 293). In Yerbas y hechicerías del Yucatan. Gropp, 1933, pp. 259-61. 8. Tlaxcala, Lienzo de (no. 350). Old (19thC?) partial copy. Acc. date unknown. TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1. Xonacatlan, San Francisco (no. 723). TU/MARI. Starr sale (Chicago Book and Art Auctions, 1936, no. 1623). Acc. 1936-37. 2. Axoloapan Xoloctlan (no. 737). TU/ MARI photos, MS A. Acc. 1939. 3. Oztoyaotitlan (?) (no. 738). TU/ MARI photos, MS D. Acc. 1939. 4. Coacalco (no. 743). TU/MARI. Copy, with Spanish translation by Galicia Chimalpopoca (typescript in TU/LAL) and descriptive letter from Jiménez Moreno to Frans Blom, 1934. Acc. date unknown, possibly about 1934.

TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

1. Testerian manuscript of the Middle American Research Institute, no. 1 (no. 828). Gropp, 1933, pp. 233-36, fig. 3. 2. Testerian manuscript of the Middle American Research Institute, no, 2 (no. 828). Gropp, 1933, pp. 233-36, fig. 2. Stolen in 1957. FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Lopez, Codex (no. 917). TU/LAL. Blom, 1935a, no. 3. PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. FUENTES Y GUZMAN, FRANCISCO ANTONIO DE: Historia de Guatemala (no. 1174). "Estractada . . . por Don Rafael Arevalo . . . , 1867." Gropp, 1933, pp. 257-58. 2. Ixil, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1147). Copy in "Cronicas de Mayas," ft. 43-67. Gropp, 1933, pp. 265-68. 3. Kaua, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1148). Copy in "Cronicas de Mayas," ff. 69-138. TU/LAL also has a typed transcript by Roys, 1929,2 vols. Gropp, 1933, pp. 265-68. 4. Mani, Crónica de (no. 1162). Original. Gropp, 1933, pp. 261-63. Acc. about 1927 or before. 5. OLMOS, FRAY ANDRÉS DE: Arte y vocabulario de la lengua mexicana. Some manuscripts of the Arte contain his Huehuetlatolli (no. 1080), apparently lacking in this manuscript. Bibliotheca mejicana, 1869, no. 1932; Phillipps no. 21355; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1913, no. 176; Gates, 1924, no. 760; Gropp, 1933, pp. 270-71. Photographic copies of this MS are in NLA (NLA 1483) and BYU. 6. Tabi, Documentos de, 1569-1821 (no. 1168). Original. Gropp, 1933, pp. 26365. Acc. about 1927 or before. 7. Tizimin, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1157). Copy in "Cronicas de Mayas," ff. 6-42. TU/LAL also has a typed tran447

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

script by Roys, 1929. 265-68.

Gropp, 1933, pp.

MASSACHUSETTS BOSTON: BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1.

SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Relacion de la conquista de esta Nueva España (no. 1108). **G.38.43. Copy of Spanish text by William Carrington, 1839. Ex-W. H. Prescott.

CAMBRIDGE: HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. ZORITA, ALONSO DE: Breve y sumaria relación . . . (no. 1140). MS Span. 46F. Copy: derives from the Boturini collection copy. Gift of John B. Stetson, 1935. CAMBRIDGE: PEABODY MUSEUM LIBRARY (PML) The listing given here is selective and omits various photographic and other minor copies. For photographic copies by W. E. Gates in this repository see Appendix A. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Xiu Family, Genealogical tree of the (no. 401). In Xiu Chronicles. Acc. 1902. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de (no. 101). Watercolor copy in two sections, complete. Ex-Gates. Acc. ca. 1912. 2. Itzcuintepec, Papers of (no. 161). Incomplete set of photographs cataloged as "Códice de Tulantzinco" (part). American Art Association, 1915, no. 167. 3. Ixcatlan, San Pedro, Lienzo de (no. 162). Lienzo de Tuxtepec. Acc. 1916. 4. Ixil, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 168). Photostatic copy of original. 1.

448

Kingsborotigh, Codex (no. 181). Colored copy by A. G. Hunter, with transcript and translation of text and related material. 6. Laud, Codex (no. 185). Colored facsimile copy by A. G. Hunter. 7. Manx, Map of the province of (no. 192). In Xiu Chronicles. 8. Patzcuaro, Lienzo de (no. 248). Photographic copy. With typed description. Acc. 1936. 9. Pérez, Codex (no. 249). Negative photostats of original. Photographic negatives of original in museum catalog office. Papers of Itzcuintepec (see above). 10. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Florentine Codex (no. 274). Ink and watercolor copies of the illustrations by J. Cooper Clark. 11. Tecciztlan y Tequatepec, Lienzo de (no. 301). Photographic copy, 3 photographs (details). Cataloged with the Papers of Itzcuintepec (see above). 12. TLAXCALA, LIENZO DE: Códice de la conquista (no. 351). Modern copy on cardboard.

5.

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1. Huixquilucan, San Antonio (no. 724). Codex Hemenway. Peabody Museum, 1898, p. 6. Acc. 1896-97. Ex-Zelia Nuttall. TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

1. Testerian MS of the Peabody Library (no. 832). Acc. 1902.

Museum

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Colombino, Códice, Falsified version of the (no. 905). Watercolor copy of 1912 and description dated 1916, both by Manuel de Velasco. 2. Gomesta manuscript (no. 909). Photographic negatives in museum catalog office. 3. Liberec, Codex of (no. 915). Set of photographs.

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

4.

Mexida, Map of (no. 922). Photographic negative in museum catalog office, no. 22906. Ex-Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Ex-Carnegie Institution of Washington. Prints in library. 11. Xiu Chronicles (no. 1170). Original. Acc. 1902.

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. CHI, GASPAR ANTONIO: Relación sobre las costumbres de los Indios (no. 1144). Photographs, with transcript and translation by Roys. 2. Chumayel, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1146). Printer's galley proof of text for an unpublished edition by an unidentified editor, with MS transcript of the text. 3. Ixil, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1147). Negative photostats from Carnegie Institution of Washington. 4. LANDA, FRAY DIEGO DE: Relación de las cosas de Yucatan (no. 1161). Photostats of the original, without maps. 5. PECH, AH MACAN: Crónica de Υaxkukul (no. 1165). 34 photographic nega­ tives in museum catalog office, no. 22909. Ex-Carnegie Institution of Washington. Prints in library. 6. PECH, AH NAKUK: Crónica de ChacXulub-Chen (no. 1166). Photostats of the Regil collection copy and of the Avila translation. 7. Popol Vuh (no. 1179). Anonymous Spanish translation, possibly by Juan Gavarrete. Hiersemann, 1909, p. 39, no. 21. 8. Pérez, Codex (no. 1152). Negative photostats of the original. Photographic negatives, ex-Carnegie Institution of Washington, in museum catalog office, no. 22910. 9. Tizimin, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1157). Negative photostats of original from Carnegie Institution of Washington. Acc. 1931. 10. Tusik, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1158). 29 photographic negatives in museum catalog office, no. 22908. Cataloged as "Santa Cruz de Bravo Ms., 1875,"

MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR: UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, WILLIAM L. CLEMENTS LIBRARY Manuscripts in the Clements Library are cataloged in Peckham (1942) and in Ewing (1953). COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 5 (no. 391). In a volume of miscellaneous copies. Peckham, 1942, no. 100; Ewing, 1953, no. 180. Ex-Kingsborough. Phillipps no. 13685; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 348. Acc. 1937. PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. La orden que los indios tenían en su tiempo . . . (no. 1081) and La orden que tenían los indios en suceder . . . (no. 1082). Copy. Bound with preceding item. 2. Teotihuacan, San Juan, Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de, and related documents (no. 1114). Copy. Bound with preceding item. 3. ZORITA, ALONSO DE: Breve y sumaria relación . . . (no. 1140). Copy. Ex-Kingsborough. Phillipps no. 11633; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 387. Acc. 1928. Ewing no. 304. Peckham no. 172. MISSOURI

KANSAS CITY: NELSON GALLERY OF ART FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

J.

Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript (no. 928). Acquisition no. 32-28. 449

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

NEW

JERSEY

PRINCETON: PRINCETON SITY LIBRARY (PUL)

UNIVER-

With the exception of the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, the manuscripts listed here are in the Robert Garrett collection, given to the Library in 1949. Most of the collection had been deposited in the Institute for Advanced Studies in 1942. The collection contains original Maya linguistic manuscripts from the William E. Gates collection purchased by Garrett about 1929 as well as a number of manuscripts acquired by Garrett independently of Gates. The list of manuscripts sold by Gates to Garrett included tracings of Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 1 and Lienzo Meixueiro that were not received by Garrett; their present location is unknown unless they are the tracings now in TU/LAL. The manuscripts that were owned by Gates are identified below by their numbers on the list of about 1929. A catalog of the collection is in preparation. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Chinantla, La Gran, Lienzo de (no. 54). 2. Chumayel, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 60). Acc. 1968. 3. Cuara, Códice (no. 87). With undated Mexico City bookdealer's advertisement (Mexlibris). 4. Ixcatlan, San Pedro, Lienzo de (no. 162). 5. Kaua, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 179). 19 leaves only. Gates list no. 6. 6. Tzintzuntzan and Tlalpujava, Tributes of (no. 379). Sotheby and Co., 1936b, no. 243. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Aubin, Codex (no. 13). Late 18th or early 19thC copy. Sotheby and Co., 1936b, no. 240. Ex-Luigi Chialiga (or Chialiva?). 2. Chumayel, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 60). In Chilam Balam texts . . . , 450

vol. 1, ff. 1-55. Gates list no. 5. 19thC copy. Ex-S. G. Morley. 3. Córdova-Castellanos, Lienzo (no. 77). Tracing, 119 X 135 cm. Gates list no. 262. 4. Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de (no. 101). Gates list no. 258a. Watercolor copy of the smaller, 17-scene, original. Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880, no. 540 (part); Quaritch, 1880, no. 176 (part); 1885, no. 29045 (part). 5. Ixil, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 168). In Chilam Balam texts . . . , vol. 2, ff. 3660. Gates list no. 5. 19thC copy. Incomplete? Ex-S. G. Morley. 6. Kaua, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 179). In Chilam texts . . . , vol. 2, ff. 6 1 150. Gates list no. 5. 19thC copy. Incomplete. Ex-S. G. Morley. TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

Testerian MS of the Princeton University Library, no. 1 (no. 833). Sotheby and Co., 1936b, no. 238 (part), plate captioned "lot 238." 2. Testerian MS of the Princeton University Library, no. 2 (no. 834). Sotheby and Co., 1936b, no. 238 (part). 1.

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Unnamed falsified pictorial (no. 936). Ex-Gates.

manuscript

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. Bacabs, Ritual of the (no. 1142). Original. Gates no. 1. 2. Calkini, Crónica de (no. 1143). Original. Gates no. 4. 3. Calkini, Crónica de (no. 1143). Copy. Gates no. 5, vol. 1, ff. 55-67. 4. Chumayel, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1146). Original. Acc. 1968 by purchase from the widow of Julio Berzunza. 5. Chumayel, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1146). Partial copy. Gates no. 5, vol. l, ff. 1-55. 6. Ixil, Book of Chilam Balam of (no.

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

1147). Partial copy. Gates no. 5, vol. 2, ff.36-60. 7. Ixquín Nehaib, Título de la casa, señora del territorio de Otzoya (no. 1176). Incomplete copy of Spanish translation. With following item. 8. Izquín Nehaib, Don Francisco, Título real de (no. 1177). Original (?). Gates no. 101. With preceding item and other documents (12 leaves), unpublished, 1581-1782, not described in census. Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871, pp. 14243; Catalogue, 1883, no. 890; LeClerc, 1881-87, Supplement 2, no. 3546; Baer & Co., n.d. (1911?), pp. 7-8, no. 21, pl. 2; 1912, p. 175, no. 4264, pl. 15; American Art Association, 1921, no. 509 (purchased by Gates at this sale). 9. Kaua, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1148). Original, 19 leaves only. Gates no. 6. 10. Kaua, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1148). Partial copy. Gates no. 5, vol. 2, ff. 61-150. 11. Νah, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1150). Original. Gates no. 2. 12. Quiche, Probanza ejecutoria del 2° casa de (no. 1181). Gates no. 103. 13. Tizimin, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1157). Copy. Gates no. 5, vol. 2, ff. 135. 14. Torres, Don Juan de, Historia Quiche de (no. 1185). Copy of 1812. Gates no. 102.

NEW

YORK

NEW YORK: AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY (AMNH) Pictorial manuscripts in the AMNH are located in the office of the Curator of Mexi­ can Archaeology and in the library. The De­ partment of Anthropology catalog numbers, given below, are preceded by the accession date and number. Gordon F. Ekholm, cu­ rator, provided a manuscript inventory and extended full cooperation in the preparation of this listing. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Chalchihuitzin Vásquez, Lienzo (no. 41). 1938-25 no. 30.2-4558. On display in museum gallery in 1964. 2. Chavero, Colección, no. 4, parts 1-4 (no. 44). Library. In Codex Chavero, ff. 34-39,41-42. Acc. 1902. 3. Ixhuatepec, Códice de (no. 167). Library. In Codex Chavero, ff. 25v-33r. Acc. 1902. 4. Teotihuacan, Saville map of (no. 313). 1901-35 no. 30.1-4438. 5. Teponaxtli drum, Drawing in parchment of man beating. Not included in census. Not in native tradition. 1900-23 no. 308028. 6. Tlaquiltenango, Códices de (part) (no. 343). 1911-31 no. 30.1-4435. Kept in library with unpublished description by G. C. Vaillant. 7. Yolotepec, Lienzo de (no. 419). 190135 no. 30-9533. 1.

COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

NEW

SANTA FE: MUSEUM OF NEW MEX­ ICO FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Merida, Map of (no. 922). ley collection.

Chichimec History, Map of (no. 46). 1911-13 no. 65-3459. Certified copy of 1854. With unpublished description by G. C. Vaillant. 2. Cuauhquechollan, Lienzo de (no. 89). 1910-25 no. 65-3295a,b. Two photographic prints. 3. Cuauhquechollan-Macuilxochitepec, Genealogía de (no. 91). 1904-66 no. 1.

MEXICO

S. G. Mor-

451

ETHNOHISTORICAL

30.0-6,7. Facsimiles, on leather, of obverse and reverse sides of the MS. ExZelia Nuttall. 4. Mariano Jiménez, Códice (no. 193). Library. Photographic copy presented to the 13th International Congress of Americanists, New York, 1902. 5. Tepetlan, San Antonio, Mapa de (no. 320). Lienzo of Veracruz. 1900-56 no. 30-8404. Copy (original?) on cloth. FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Gadow, Hans, Falsified manuscript purchased from (no. 908). 1909-22 no. 653565. 2. Loubat, Due de, False Maya Codex, Gift of the (no. 918). 1901-04 no. 309530. 3. Lumholtz, Carl, Collection, Falsified pictorial manuscript of the (no. 919). 1896-11 no. 30.3-789. Lumholtz no. 2892. 4. Saville Fragment (no. 940). Photograph among Μ. Η. Saville papers. 5. Sonora News Co., Falsified pictorial manuscript purchased from the (no. 942). 1910-35 no. 65-3299. NEW YORK: THE BROOKLYN MU­ SEUM An unpublished description of the col­ lection by Parmenter (1960) has had lim­ ited circulation. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

Coyotepec, Codex. No. 38.4 (part). Not included in census. Text concerning grant of land to Indians of Huaquechula with map showing slight Indian influence. Acc. from Emilio Valton, 1938. 2. Ihuitlan, Santiago, Lienzo de (no. 157). No. 42.160. Hammer Galleries, 1941, p. 305, no. 610-8. Acc. 1941. 3. Mujeres, Fragmento de las (no. 226). No. 38.4 (part). Cataloged with Co­ dex Coyotepec (see above) and pre­ sumed to have the same accession history. 1.

452

SOURCES

TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1. Atlapolco, San Pedro (no. 726). No. 41.1249. Hammer Galleries, 1941, p. 305, no. 444-9. Acc. 1941. 2. Coyotepec Coyonacazco (no. 727). No. 38.3. Acc. 1938. NEW YORK: HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA (HSA) Most of the manuscripts listed below were purchased by Archer Milton Hunting­ ton (1870-1955) from the firm of Karl W. Hiersemann of Leipzig, Germany. The So­ ciety catalogs the manuscripts by their sale catalog numbers; thus, HC 397/433 is Item 433 of Hiersemann catalog no. 397. His cata­ logs 321 (1906), 378 (1910), 397 (1911), 417 (1913a), 427 (1913b), and new series 3 (1914) are represented below and are cited in the bibliography (Hiersemann, 1906, etc.). His new series catalog 6, issued in 1914, has not been examined. The Society received a large number of the manuscripts after Huntington's death in 1955. There is, consequently, an ever dimin­ ishing backlog of uncataloged manuscripts. Miss Clara Penney, librarian, graciously co­ operated with our incomplete survey of the collection. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Mariano Jiménez, Códice (no. 193). HC 378/222. 2. Mendoza Moctezuma, Genealogía de la familia (no. 197). HC 397/497. 3. Zapotecos, Arbol genealógico de los reyes (no. 425). HC 427/46. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Aubin, Codex (no. 13). HC 321/700. Copy (after the copy described by Siméon, 1889) with notes and translation by Rémi Siméon. Angrand collection G 42. Chadenat, 1903, no. 32423bis. 2. Aubin, Codex (no. 13). HC 397/431. Peñafiel copy after the Berlin copy. Star-

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

gardt, 1911, no. XIX. Ex-Kaska collection. 3. Mexicano, latino y castellano, Kalendario (no. 205). HC 397/464. Stargardt, 1911, no. IV. Ex-Kaska collection. 4. SERNA, JACINTO DE LA: Manual de ministros de Indios (nos. 285-287). HC 378/175. Lacks illustrations. 5. Tola, Santa Isabel, Título de tierras de (no. 358). HC 397/432. Peñafiel copy after the Berlin copy. Stargardt, 1911, no. XVIII. Ex-Kaska collection. TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

Tizayuca, San Salvador (codex and map) (nos. 728, 729). HC 397/433. Stargardt, 1911, no. 1. Ex-Kaska. In Codex Kaska, vol. 1, Docs. 1 and 3. Vol. 4 includes Spanish translations and copies of both documents. R. R. Ramírez, 1874. 2. Xocotla, San Nicolas, and San Agustín (no. 730). HC NS3/8. 1.

ian translation of the Spanish text of books 1-5 without drawings. Ex-Medici and Kingsborough collections. Phillipps 21041. Unidentified old number 1138. Puttick and Simpson, 1854, no. 686; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 392. 4. Manuscrito de Tolosa (no. 1105). Transcript, 2 vols. Ex-Kingsborough (Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842, no. 542). Phillipps 11646. Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 393. The number of leaves is approximately the same as a copy listed by Rich, 1827, p. 2. 5. Manuscrito de Tolosa (no. 1105). Transcript, 2 vols. HS NS 6/147. NEW YORK: MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN, HEYE FOUNDATION (MAI/HF) ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Hispanic Society of America, no. 1 (no. 822). HC 417/50. 2. Hispanic Society of America, no. 2 (no. 823). Wilkinson 142. Anderson Auction Co., 1914, no. 142.

1. Heye Foundation, Lienzo of the (no. 134). No. 15/3358. Acc. ca. 1927. 2. Saville, Codex (no. 282). No. 13/6913. Acc. ca. 1924. 3. Tepexi de la Seda, The painted tribute record of (no. 321). No. 8/4482. Acc. 1918.

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Falsified ball-court scene (no. 913). Purchased from Hiersemann about 1911. 2. Tulantzinco, Cuadro genealógico de (no. 946). Purchased from Hiersemann about 1911.

1.

TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. MOTOLIN1A, FRAY TORIBIO DE. Historia de los indios de la Nueva España (no. 1070). HC 397/479. 2. MUÑOZ CAMARGO, DIEGO: Historia de Tlaxcala (no. 1072). HC 397/ 480. Copy, after Ramírez collection copy. Ex-Kaska and Peñafiel collections. Stargardt, 1911, no. XXIV. 3. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Florentine Codex (no. 1104). Ital-

Metlatoyuca, Lienzo de (no. 199). Copy by Valentini. In the MAI/HF library, not the museum.

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript (no. 927). Catalog number and accession date not determined.

NEW YORK: NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY (NYPL) The manuscript holdings of the NYPL are reported in its Bulletin or in the Dictionary Catalog of the Manuscript Division (New York Public Library, 1901, 1915, 1967). Carreño (1912) gives extracts from the notices of 1901. 453

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Many manuscripts listed below are part of a relatively large collection, comprised mainly of late 18th or early 19thC transcripts of manuscripts relating to the New World in Spanish archives and libraries, purchased by James Lenox in 1848 from Obadiah Rich. They are listed by Rich (n.d.) in a catalog of manuscripts from the Antonio de Uguina and Henri Ternaux-Compans collections, together with "duplicates" from the Kingsborough collection and a few items collected in Spain. Those identified as exKingsborough below bear his arms on their bindings; others bear Lenox's arms or none. Item numbers from the Rich catalog (n.d.) are given in parentheses following the "Rich" numbers employed by the NYPL. In some cases the copy described in Rich (n.d.) may not be the manuscript actually purchased by Lenox. Regarding the Veytia and Relación de Michoacan MSS, Lenox's copy of the Rich catalog is marked by him as "purchased previously." These and several other NYPL MSS differ from the descriptions in the Rich catalog. For many of these transcripts, Rich appears to have had three copies, two from the Kingsborough collection, and perhaps one from the Uguina-Ternaux-Compans collection. In general, he seems to have disposed of one copy to Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1843, one or more to Lenox in 1848 and before, and, to the extent that they existed, to Henry Stevens. Stevens appears to have sold some of those that are listed in Rich (n.d.) to Peter Force, whose collection is now in LC. Stevens was also among Phillipps' suppliers. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

BEAUMONT, FRAY PABLO: Crónica de Michoacan: illustrations (nos. 25, 26, 379). 5 vols. Ex-J. F. Ramírez. Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880, no. 94; Quaritch, 1880, no. 33. 2. another (nos. 25, 26, 379). In1.

454

complete, without illustrations. 3 vols. Rich 33 (26). Ex-Kingsborough. 3. DURAN, FRAY DIEGO: Historia de las Indias de Nueva España (no. 114). 2 vols. Rich 37 (20). Ex-Kingsborough. 4. Michoacan, Relación de (no. 213). Rich 42 (51). 5. Nación mexicana, Historia de la (not in census). Rich 40 (33), ff. 7-34. Text (without drawings) seems similar to text of Codex Mendoza (no. 196) but was not compared. 6. Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 1-7 (nos. 387-393). In Mariano Fernández de Echeverría y Veytia, Historia del origen. . . . 2 vols. Rich 29 (24). Ex-Kingsborough. TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1. Ocelotepec, Santa Maria (no. 708). Spencer collection. Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919b, p. 92, no. 602; American Art Association, 1936, pp. 15-20, 1 plate, no. 61; New York Public Library, 1937, pp. 179-80. TRANSCRIPTS OF PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC, HERNANDO: Crónica mexicana (no. 1012). Rich 56 (23). Ex-Kingsborough. 2. ANUNCIACIÓN, FRAY DOMINGO DE LA: Parecer (no. 1132). Rich 40 (36), ff. 214-18. 3. Atitlan, Relación de los caciques y principales del pueblo de (no. 1171). Rich 40 (36),ff. 237-40. 4. IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA: Relaciones (no. 1043) and Historia chichimeca (no. 1044). 2 vols. Rich 58 (27-28). Ex-Kingsborough. 5. MOTOLIN1A (FRAY TORIBIO DE BENAVENTE): Historia de los indios de la Nueva España (no. 1070). Rich 44 (not in Rich, n.d.). Ex-Kingsborough. 6. and FRAY DIEGO DE OLARTE: Parecer (no. 1133). Rich 40 (36), ff. 207-09.

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

MUÑOZ CAMARGO, DIEGO: Historia de Tlaxcala (no. 1072). Rich 47 (31), ff. 1-174. Ex-Kingsborough. 8. another (no. 1072). In Rich 48 (32). 9. Nezahualcoyotl, Cantares de (no. 1076). Rich 5 (134), ff. 157-72. 10. another (no. 1076). Rich 48 (32), ff. 260-76. 11. another (no. 1076). Rich (uncataloged). 20 folios. 12. La orden que los indios tenían . . . (nos. 1081, 1082). Rich 40 (36), ff. 144-48. 13. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Manuscrito de Tolosa (no. 1105). In Rich 20 (22). Partial copy. 14. , (no. 1105). 2 vols. Rich 55(21). 15. , (no. 1105). Fragmentary copy. Ex-Kingsborough. Phillipps 16190. Sotheby and Co., 1936a, no. 307 (part). 16. SAN VICENTE PAULO, FRAY NICOLAS DE: Parecer (no. 1135). Rich 40 (36),ff. 210-13. 17. Teotihuacan, San Juan, Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de, and related documents (no. 1114). Rich 40 (33), ff. 52-65. 18. Tlaxcala, Informe de los méritos de la ciudad de (no. 1127). Rich 47 (31), ff. 175-88. Ex-Kingsborough. 19. another (no. 1127). In Rich 48 (32). 20. ZORITA, ALONSO DE: Breve y sumaria relación . . . (no. 1140). Rich 59 (25). 7.

OHIO CLEVELAND: LIBRARY

CLEVELAND

PUBLIC

TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Testerian MS of the Cleveland Public Library (no. 816). Sotheby and Co., 1936b, no. 239. In the John Griswold

White collection of Folklore and Orientalia. OKLAHOMA TULSA: THOMAS GILCREASE INSTITUTE OF AMERICAN HISTORY AND ART The seven pictorial manuscripts listed below are not included in the catalog of the Hispanic documents in the Gilcrease library (Strout, 1962). ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1-6. Gilcrease Fragments 1-6 (nos. 122127). 7. Tributos, Fragmento de (no. 367). PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA: Relaciones (no. 1043). Partial copy, dated by Strout, 1962, pp. 24-25, no. 58-1, as about 1730. Ex-Conway collection. 2. Tetzcotzingo (Santa Maria Nativitas), The titles of (no. 1117). Copy. No. 232-2. Probably ex-Echániz. 3. Méjico, Relación de los señores que fueron de (no. 1050). No. 131-17. PENNSYLVANIA PHILADELPHIA: UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY MUSEUM (UP/UM) The Daniel G. Brinton collection of the University Museum Library includes the Berendt Linguistic Collection (BLC), which was incompletely cataloged by Brinton (1900). Vols. 42-44, 49, and 50 of the BLC include copies made by Carl Hermann Berendt in Yucatan about 1868, in part after copies by Juan Pío Pérez. Some are facsimile copies. Items cited in Article 27B are the Books of Chilam Balam of Chumayel (no. 1146), Ixil (no. 1147), Kaua (no. 1148), and Tizimin (no. 1157), as well as Codex Pérez 455

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

(no. 1152) and Crónica de Chac-XulubChen (no. 1166). Tozzer (1921) comments on these and other Yucatecan items in the collection and cites the BLC volume and page or part numbers. Apart from the Berendt catalog, there is no published listing of the Brinton collection or of other manuscripts in the University Museum. The information reported below is based on a very superficial survey.

THE JOHN CARTER BROWN LIBRARY (JCBL) The annual reports of the library (John Carter Brown Library, 1942, etc.; abbreviated JCB-AR) are cited for accession dates and notices. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Philadelphia, Lienzo of (no. 251). Original. Hammer Galleries, 1941, p. 305, no. 611-206. Acc. ca. 1941. 2. SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE: Florentine Codex (no. 1104). Brinton collection. Copy of Nahuatl text and illustrations of book 1 by Brinton, 1889.

1. Boban Calendar Wheel (no. 30). No. 30891. Acc. 1950. JCB-AR, 1951, pp. 610. Catalogue, 1883, no. 578; Quaritch, 1885, no. 29041. 2. Τovar Calendar, The (no. 364). In Tovar MS; see next entry. 3. TOVAR, JUAN DE: Historia de la benida de los yndios . . . (no. 366). No. 30289. Acc. 1947. JCB-AR, 1948, pp. 20-26. Evans, 1836, no. 765; Sotheby and Co., 1946, no. 66, pl. 6; Phillipps, 8187.

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Cakchiqueles, Anales de los (no. 1172). Brinton collection. 17thC copy. ExBrasseur de Bourbourg collection. 2. (no. 1172). Brinton collection. Partial copy and French translation by Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1856. Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871, pp. 13-14; Catalogue, 1883, no. 35. 3. (no. 1172). Brinton collection. Copy and French translation by Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1855, copied by Berendt, Merida, 1870. 4. Cantares mexicanos (no. 1019). Brinton collection. Partial copy by Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1865. Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871, p. 38; Catalogue, 1883, no. 194. 5. Chan Kan, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 1145). Xerox copy with brief typescript notices by Satterthwaite and Roys, 1964.

1. BEAUMONT, FRAY PABLO: Crónica de Michoacan (nos. 25, 26,379). Incomplete part of original Beaumont MS. Accession number and date not determined. TECIIIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS

1.

Tetelpan, Santa Maria (no. 713). Codex Coyoacan. No. 29022. JCB-AR, 1942, pp. 15-18. Acc. 1941. Ex-Paso y Troncoso.

TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

Testerian MS of the John Carter Brown Library, no. 1 (no. 824). No. 8269. Acc. 1912. 2. Testerian MS of the John Carter Brown Library, no. 2 (no. 825). No. 30257. Acc. 1947. JCB-AR, 1947, pp. 48-49. 3. Testerian MS of the John Carter Brown Library, no. 3 (no. 826). No. 69-109. Acc. 1968. 1.

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS: CENTRAL MEXICO

RHODE

ISLAND

PROVIDENCE: BROWN UNIVERSITY, 456

1.

CHIMALPAHIN QUAUHTLEHUANITZIN, DOMINGO DE SAN ANTÓN MUÑÓN: Historia de la conquista de

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

Mexico (no. 1024). No. 10711. Incomplete copy. Acc. 1915. 2. OLMOS, FRAY ANDRÉS DE: Huehuetlatolli (no. 1080). No. 04219. Copy by J. F. Ramírez, with introduction, of the edition of 1601. Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880, no. 399, part 1; Quaritch, 1880, no. 136; 1885, no. 29105.

TEXAS AUSTIN: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS LIBRARY (UTX) Manuscripts listed below are in the Latin American Collection of the UTX and derive from the Genaro García ( G ) , Joaquín García Icazbalceta (JGI), and Stendahl collections, purchased by the university in 1921, 1937, and 1964, respectively. All but the latter accession are cataloged in the guide (CDG) to the collection by Castañeda and Dabbs (1939). The published catalog of the JGI collection (Gómez de Orozco, 1927a) also lists the manuscripts of that collection. It should be noted that three Testerian manuscripts and a map of Hueyapan in the 1927 catalog (no. XXVI-22 and p. 87) were not received by the UTX. Maps of the Relaciones geográficas of 1579-85 are not included below. The three Stendahl collection manuscripts were exhibited at one or more of a series of exhibits of pre-Columbian art in eight European cities, 1958-60. They are listed and described in one or more of the exhibit catalogs (as in the Munich catalog, Präkolumbische Kunst, 1958, p. 93, nos. 745-47). Manuscripts may be examined in the library but permission to make copies, obtain photographs, or publish holdings of the UTX is ordinarily refused. The restrictive policies of this institution are indefensible by any known scholarly or academic standards.4

ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. Indígena, Códice (no. 158). G-30, CDG 560. 2. Indígena, Códice, 1564-65 (no. 159). G-42, CDG 561. 3. Meztitlan Calendar Wheel (no. 212). In JGI XXIV-12, CDG 1285. 4. Nezahualcoyotl, Circular genealogy of the descendants of (no. 235). Acc. 1964. 5. Posesiones de Don Andrés, Códice de las, Fragment 3 (no. 257). Codex Book of Tribute. G-24,CDG559. 6. Quauhtliztactzin, Properties of the descendants of (no. 262). Acc. 1964. 7. Tecpatepec, Pintura del pueblo de (no. 304). Record of expenses kept by Indian scribe. G-71, CDG 563. 8. TLAXCALA, LIENZO DE: untitled pages (no. 352). Acc. 1964. 9. Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 (no. 388). In Motolinía, Memoriales. JGI XXXI-3, CDG 1363. COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1. BEAUMONT, FRAY PABLO: Crónica de Michoacan: illustrations (nos. 25, 26, 379). JGI XXVII-XXIX, CDG 1290. 2. Xochitepec, Codex of (no. 408). Mapa con muchas cabezas sin letra alguna, JGI XXVI-20, CDG 566, and Un mapa de tributos, JGI XXVI-21, CDG 567. They form part of the Ordaz and Maxixcatzin Papers, JGI XXVI-19, CDG 1451. PROSE MANUSCRIPTS

1. ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC, HERNANDO: Crónica mexicana (no. 1012). JGI IV, CDG 341. Copy. 2. Azteca, Imperio, 1325-1522. G-l, CDG 869. 19thC composition not relevant to census. Not included in census. 3. Aztec manuscript, fragment of (no. 1016). G-8,CDG 556. 4 Ed. note: This statement reflects the author's personal viewpoint, which is not necessarily that of the editors of this volume.

457

ETHNOHISTORICAL

4. Aztec manuscript, Fragment of (no. 1016). G-9, CDG 348. Copy. 5. CASTAÑEDA, GABRIEL DE: Relación de la jornada que hizo Dn. Francisco de Sandoval Acaxitli... (no. 1020). JGI XII-14, CDG 1684. Copy. 6. CHIMALPAHIN QUAUHTLEHUANITZIN, DOMINGO DE SAN ANTÓN MUÑÓN: Historia ó crónica mexicana, y con su calendario . . . (no. 1025). JGI XXVI-12, CDG 863. Copy. 7. Genealogía y linaje de los señores que han señoreado esta tierra de la Nueva España . . . , Relación de la (no. 1038). JGI XXXI-8,CDG558. 8. La gente de la Nueva España tributaba de aquellas cosas . . . (no. 1039). JGI XXXI-12, CDG 995 (part). 9. Leyes que tenían los indios de la Nueva España, Estas son las (no. 1046). JGI XXXI-9,CDG 338. 10. MENDIETA, JERÓNIMO DE, FRAY: Historia eclesiástica indiana (no. 1052). JGI, CDG 1120. 11. Mexicanos, Historia de los, por sus pinturas (no. 1060). JGI XXXI-7, CDG 562. 12. Mexicanos, Origen de los (no. 1061). JGI XXXI-1, CDG 1457. 13. MOTOLINÍA, FRAY TORIBIO DE: Historia de los indios de la Nueva España (no. 1070). JGI X, CDG 1365. Copy. 14. Memoriales (no. 1071). JGI XXXI-3, CDG 1363. 15. Memoriales (no. 1071). JGI XXXII, CDG 1364. Copy. 16. MUÑOZ CAMARGO, DIEGO: Historia de Tlaxcala (no. 1072). JGI XI, CDG 1791. Copy. 17. Origen de los señores, Papel del (no. 1178). In Relación geográfica de Zapotitlan, 1579. JGI XX-9, CDG 1503b. 18. Oro y tesoro índico, Libro de (no. 1083). JGI XXXI, CDG 995. 19. POMAR, JUAN BAUTISTA: Relación 458

SOURCES

de Texcoco (no. 1086). G-57, CDG 1518. 17thC copy. 20. , (no. 1086). JGI XII-16, CDG 1517. Copy. 21. Romances de los señores de la Nueva España (no. 1087). G-59, CDG 980. 17thC copy. 22. Tecamachalco, Anales de (no. 1112). G-2, CDG 555. 23. ZORITA, ALONSO D E : Breve y sumaria relación de los señores . . . (no. 1140). JGI XI, CDG 1894. Copy. 24. , (no. 1140). JGI, CDG 1896. Copy. UTAH PROVO: BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY (BYU) Following the death of William E. Gates in 1940, a catalog of the part of his collection that had not previously been dispersed (see Tulane and Princeton University libraries) was issued by McComas about 1940-45 (Gates, 1940). Most of the collection represented by this catalog, consisting of books, photographic copies, loose photographs, negatives, notes and correspondence, was acquired by BYU in 1946. With the extraordinary cooperation and other courtesies extended to the Hispanic Foundation by Ralph W. Hansen, former manuscripts librarian, and John L. Sorenson, professor of anthropology, most of the major pictorial material listed in the 1940 catalog or in a card catalog at BYU has been identified. Certain presumably minor items have not been examined or identified. The listing given below is limited to Gates photographs located only in this repository. It omits photographic copies of many manuscripts in known collections (particularly BNP, BM, and NLA), working material (photographs, tracings, negatives, and notes) related to various manuscripts published by him, and material related to the Maya

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

screenfolds (Codices Dresden, Paris, and Madrid). The material relating to the books of Chilam Balam listed below is selected from incomplete information. For Gates photocopies in this as well as in other collections see Appendix A. PHOTOGRAPHIC COPIES OF PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

714). Codex Pingret. Gates, 1940, sec. A, p. 16. PHOTOGRAPHIC COPIES OF FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

1-14. Zaremba falsifications, nos. 1-14 (nos. 949-962). Gates, 1940, sec. F, p. 19, nos. 18,19 (part). Copies in L C / H F .

1. Chichimec History, Map of (no. 46). Mislabeled as "Aztec map of the district of Xochicalco, copy in oil made by Charles Nebel." Copy in L C / H F . 2. Chumayel, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 60). Photographs by Maler. Gates, 1937a, no. 131; 1940, sec. A, p. 15. 3. Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de (no. 101). Positive and negative photostats, from the copy in PML. Gates, 1940, sec. F, p. 17, nos. 3,4,7. Copies in L C / H F . 4. Igualtepec, Genealogy of the cacique of (no. 156). Copy in L C / H F . 5. Kaua, Book of Chilam Balam of (no. 179). Photographs by Maler with typescript. Gates, 1937a, no. 130; 1940, sec. A, p. 24.

1. Antonio de León, Lienzo (no. 8). Codex Rickards. Cat. no. not determined. Acc. ca. 1916. 2. Judiciaire de 1534, Manuscrit (no. 178). Tribute roll. ΗΜ 974. Acc. 1930. Arts precolombiens, 1930, no. 293, pl. 6.

PHOTOGRAPHIC COPIES OF TECHIALOYAN

FALSIFIED PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

MANUSCRIPTS

1. Falsified ball-court scene HM 1460. Acc. 1931.

1.

Tepotzotian (second fragment, P) (no.

APPENDIX

CANADA

TORONTO: ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM (ROM) Information on the holdings of the ROM has been supplied by Kenneth E. Kidd, curator of ethnology. ORIGINAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

(no. 938).

A. PHOTOGRAPHIC COPIES BY WILLIAM E. GATES

William E. Gates (1863-1940) was an industrious collector of Maya and Middle American Indian manuscripts, in addition to being a noted Maya scholar. He also photographed innumerable manuscripts and rare imprints. The original manuscripts which he collected are now located at Tulane University (TU/LAL) and in the Garrett collection at Princeton University (PUL). A very few manuscripts, none known to be relevant to this checklist, are at Brigham Young University. The location of some manuscripts that he owned, such as

the Book of Chilam Balam of Tekax, is un­ known; at least a few have appeared in deal­ ers' hands since his death. Collections of Gates' photographs of man­ uscripts are located in five institutions. Most of those relevant to this checklist are noted in Table 1, which also shows the present lo­ cation of the manuscripts photographed by Gates and gives references to the sale cata­ logs of 1924 and 1940 and to the listing pub­ lished by Gates in 1937. Each of the five col­ lections is discussed below. 1. A large collection of Gates' photographs 459

TABLE 1-MANUSCRIPTS IN THE NATIVE HISTORICAL TRADITION PHOTOGRAPHED BY WILLIAM E. GATES

Census

Short Title

Present Location

Pictorial Manuscripts: 9 Aperreamiento, MS del 13 Aubin, Codex 13 Copy (BNP 332-333) 139 Huexotzingo, Matrícula 181 Kingsborough, Codex 199 Metlatoyuca, Lienzo de 206B Mexique, Fragment d'une histoire 212 Meztitlan Calendar Wheel (copy) 311 Teocaltitlan, San Pablo N.R. Carrion (BNP 372)

BNP BM BNP BNP BM BM BNP BM? BNP BNP

Techialoyan Manuscripts: 705 Cempoala (E) 714 Tepotzotlan (P) 716 Chalco, Atenco (R) 717 Huyxoapan (S)

NLA NLA BM BM

Testerian Manuscripts: 810 Bibliothèque Nationale 399

BNP

References in Three Published Listings 1924 1937 1940 818 808 809 817 801 622 806 813

60? 47 48 45 50 59? 49 506 46 66

56? 816 814

54?

802 819

57

Prose Manuscripts, Central Mexico: 1048 Matlatzinca Calendar

BNP

1048

BNP

Veytia copy

1080 OLMOS: Arte

TU

Prose 1142 1143 1143

PUL PUL PUL

Manuscripts, Lowland Maya: Bacabs, Ritual of the Calkini, Crónica de (Maler's photos) — Copy

747 810 748

28 63 29 38 39 124 132 136

10 31 10

PML

Location of Copies of the Photographs LC NLA TU

χ χ

χ

χ

1471 1473

χ χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

28

1475 1474

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ χ

1482 1482

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

χ

1675

χ

χ

χ

χ

1674

χ

χ

1483

χ

χ χ

χ

1598 1600

χ

15 15

χ

χ

χ

27

χ

χ

15 16 31

11 11 31

χ χ

χ

16 10 16 15 20 14

BYU

χ

χ

Census 1146 1146

Short Title CHILAM BALAM, BOOKS OF: Chumayel (Maler's photos) , Copy

Present Location

1147 — Ixil, copy

PUL PUL PUL

1148 1148 1150

PUL PUL

1154

Kaua (Maler's photos) , Copy —Nah Tekax

1157 Tizimin (Maler's photos) 1157 — , — Copy 1160 Ebtun, Titles of

MNA PUL

1166 PECH: Crónica de Chac-Xulub-Chen 1169 Valladolid Lawsuit (copy) 1170 Xiu Chronicles Yucatan, Algunos apuntes . . . (BNP 248)

BLC? PML BNP

References in Three Published Listings 1924 1937 1940

131 136 959

136 137 130 136

15 15 15

X X

X

X

X

X X X

X X X

1611

X

X

X

1619

X

X X X

X X

16 26

X

X

1601

X

X

X X X

X X

1622 1597

X

X X

24 15

956

133

967

135 136 125

15 37 15

960

128

17

127

41

129

41

404?

¿13?

Partial Spanish translation

405

1174 FUENTES Y GUZMÁN: Historia (copy)

311 221 222? 220 517 305

(14? ¿41? 18

970

BYU

X

134

958

PML

Location of Copies of the Photographs LC NLA TU

X

X X X

Prose Manuscripts, Highland Maya: 1172 1172

Cakchiqueles, Anales (copy)

1176 Ixcuín Nehaib, Títulos de la casa 1177 1178 1179 1179 1179

Izcuín Nehaib, Don Francisco Origen de los señores POPOL VUH: Ximénez copy — Copy Ximénez: Historia, bk. 1, copy

1179 Ordóñez y Aguiar 1179 Historia de la gentilidad 1181 Quiche, Probanza ejecutoría 1185 Torres, Don Juan de, Historia quiche de

UP/UM

PUL PUL UTX NLA BNP BAN

306?

BAN BNP PUL PUL

307? 225 224

308

(10?

X X

X

1497

X

33?

X X

X X

41 32 32 41

X

X

20

X

X X

X X X

1564 1563

X X X

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

is located in the Peabody Museum Library (PML). An unsatisfactory catalog is given under the heading "W. E. Gates, 'reproducer/" in the author section of the published catalog of the library (Peabody Museum, 1963). 2. Another large collection is in the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress ( L C ) . An unpublished listing has been prepared by Cline (1961c). 3. The Ayer collection of the Newberry Library (NLA) holds a moderate-sized collection of the photographs, cataloged in Butler (1937). 4. In 1924 Gates sold a large collection of books, pamphlets, broadsides, autographs, photographs of Middle American Indian manuscripts, and some non-Maya original manuscripts at an auction at the American Art Association in New York. The sale included the linguistic manuscripts from the Fischer collection purchased by Gates at the Phillipps dispersal sale in 1913, as well as non-Maya manuscripts he had acquired both directly from Wilkinson and at the two Wilkinson sales. This is the source of some of the ex-Chavero and ex-León items in the sale. On the eve of the sale the collection was purchased en bloc by Samuel Zemurray and presented to the Department of Middle American Research, now the Middle American Research Institute. Not all the items in

APPENDIX

B. NOTES ON SELECTED 19TH-CENTURY COLLECTORS

The collecting of native Middle American manuscripts in the modern sense may be said to begin with Baron Alexander von Humboldt, who visited Mexico in 1803 and later published some of the pictorial manuscripts which he acquired (Humboldt, 1810). Between 1821 and 1840 the number of Europeans or Americans who acquired 462

the catalog (Gates, 1924) were received by Tulane. A marked copy of the catalog showing items received was courteously supplied to us by Mrs. Edith B. Ricketson, librarian emeritus. 5. After Gates' death in 1940 an undated catalog (cited arbitrarily as Gates, 1940) was prepared, listing a very large collection of his photographs, books, and working papers. The collection was acquired by Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1946. Section A of the catalog lists the photographic copies; its page references are cited in the table. There is a presumption that BYU holds photographs or negatives for all items photographed by Gates, but we have tentatively verified the presence only of those noted in the table. Other sections of the 1940 catalog, particularly the supplement to Section A and Sections C and F, also list photographs of some of these manuscripts. See the entry under BYU in the checklist, above, for further comment on this collection and for certain other photographs not in the table. A number of Gates' photocopies were sold at the two Paul Wilkinson auctions, apparently by arrangement with Gates in order to test their marketability. They are listed in the catalogs of those two sales (Anderson Auction Co., 1914; American Art Association, 1915), but are not indicated in the table.

Mexican pictorial manuscripts in Mexico was considerable. They include Waldeck, J. C. Beltrami, Charles Nebel, Carl Uhde (see MVBE), Lukas Vischer (see MVBA), Aubin (see BNP), William Bullock, Joel R. Poinsett, and the anonymous person from whom the Bibliothèque Nationale purchased a small collection about 1829. Considera-

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

tions of space preclude a more extensive discussion of the innumerable collectors before and after this period who have been cited in the different catalogs and censuses that form this Guide. In this appendix we record some information on six major collectors of the 19th century whose collections have been widely dispersed: Waldeck, Kingsborough, Phillipps, Brasseur, Pinart, and J. F. Ramírez. The histories and dispersal of these collections are typical of the fate of many manuscripts, some of which remain unlocated, and of the sources from which many institutions have built their recent holdings. WALDECK COLLECTION

Jean Frédéric Maximilien de Waldeck (1766-1875) was an explorer, artist, author, pioneer Americanist. His unpublished Catalogue de dessins (MS, NLA 1260, ca. 182931) describes nine original pictorial manuscripts and five copies (see Table 2). The same nine originals (counted as 10 since the

one leaf of Codex Xolotl which he owned was split into two separate sheets) are also described by Henri Ternaux-Compans (MS, NLA 880, ca. 1840). Three of the originals, formerly in the Boturini collection, and one of the copies were purchased by Aubin from Waldeck in Paris in 1841 and 1842 and are now in the BNP. All the rest were acquired in Paris about 1900 by Edward E. Ayer and are now in the Newberry Library (NLA). References in Waldeck's unpublished journals indicate that six of the originals were collected by Waldeck in Mexico in 1831, and perhaps all were acquired about that time. He acquired 12 leaves of the Tonalamatl Aubin and the falsified "Waldeck Calendar Wheel" from Charles Nebel in 1831.5 See Newberry Library, above, for further comment on the Waldeck collection.

5 Some of the statements made here depend on unpublished notes by H. F. Cline on Waldeck's collection, in which pertinent extracts from Waldeck's diaries are quoted.

TABLE 2 - W A L D E C K C O L L E C T I O N Pictorial manuscripts described in Jean Frédéric Maximilien de Waldeck's Catalogue de dessins, MS, ca. 1829-31.

Census

Short Title

Waldeck Number

Location

Copies 397 327 427 34 290

Waldeck Judgment Scene Lienzo de Tetlama Genealogía de Zolin Codex Boturini Mapa Sigüenza

947 412 404 403 406 901 381 15 317

Waldeck Calendar Wheel Codex Xolotl (one leaf, pp. 2 - 3 ) Genealogy of Pedronila and Juliana Document concerning property Document relating to the descendants Falsified drawing of the conquest Map of an unidentified locality Tonalamatl Aubin (ff. 9-20) Tira de Tepechpan

13 36 66 79-83 94

NLA NLA NLA BNP NLA

1269 1269 1269 93 1269

97 118-119 120 121 122 123 124 126 127

NLA BNP NLA NLA NLA NLA NLA BNP BNP

1271e 1-10 1271f 1271b 1270 1271c 1271d 18-19 13-14

Originals

463

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES KlNGSBOROUGH COLLECTION

Lord Kingsborough (Edward King, Viscount Kingsborough, 1795-1837) edited the monumental Antiquities of Mexico, which contained the first reproductions of 14 major pictorial manuscripts, an edition of Sahagún's Historia, and other material in its first seven volumes. These volumes were published in two states, one without his name on the title page dated 1830 and the other in 1831. Volumes 8 and 9, published posthumously in 1848, included the works of Ixtlilxochitl and Alvarado Tezozomoc. The final 60 pages of volume 9, an incomplete edition of Motolinía's Historia, are separately paginated and bear signature marks identifying them as belonging to an otherwise unpublished volume 10. His collection of books and manuscripts was sold at auction in Dublin (Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842); the manuscripts included originals, copies of pictorial manuscripts by Augustine Aglio, and transcripts of historical manuscripts in Spanish archives. Some of the latter may have been made for him under Obadiah Rich's direction; many titles in his collection also appear in one of Rich's early listings (Rich, 1827). Sir Thomas Phillipps attempted to acquire the collection, but all his purchases were made after the sale through such dealers as Thomas Rodd, Rich, Henry Stevens, and perhaps Thomas Thorpe and the Boone brothers. The sale catalog is a miserable piece of work; several items are large undescribed lots of manuscripts. Supplementary information may be obtained from Phillipps' catalog (see Phillipps collection, below) and from the Sotheby catalog of the 1919 sale at which most of Phillipps' Kingsborough manuscripts were dispersed. Many transcripts acquired by Phillipps from Rich in 1843 (Phillipps 11632-11651) were bound in blue morocco and bear Kingsborough's coat of arms; most of them are identifiable with 464

similarly described titles forming part of Lot 536 in the Kingsborough catalog.6 In 1848 and before, Rich sold to James Lenox a large collection of manuscripts which included transcripts of standard works in Spanish archives. They are now in NYPL. A few titles are duplicated, and 17 of the volumes bear Kingsborough's coat of arms on their bindings. Others of relevance to this Guide bear Lenox's arms or none, and their provenance is thus uncertain. Kingsborough's catalog listed undescribed and unbound copies of manuscripts from Spanish repositories (Lot 537, for instance). They could later have been bound with Lenox's arms or, for that matter, with Kingsborough's. In 1867 the Library of Congress purchased a collection of transcripts of works also represented in the Phillipps and Lenox collections from Colonel Peter Force. We are informed by the Library of Congress that they were purchased by Force from Henry Stevens, who in turn had obtained them from Rich. Force's purchase must have taken place before 1854, when Brasseur de Bourbourg visited Force's library in Washington. Related to these sales is an unpriced catalog published by Rich (n.d.) between 1842 and 1848. In it he offered manuscripts from 6 In preparing this section we have depended primarily on the evidence of the catalogs themselves and on the known history of some of the manuscripts. Munby (1951-60, 4 : 11-14) provides some data as do the accession files of the Rich collection in NYPL. A marked and priced copy of the 1842 catalog courteously made available to the Hispanic Foundation by Hans Kraus has been of some help. Although the significance of its annotations is unclear, most seem to refer to Hodges and Smith, "R" (Rich?), "Rd" ( R o d d ) , and Thorpe. More specifically, they show Rich as the purchaser of Lots 535 and 536 (from Hodges and Smith, evidently), "R" and " T h " in connection with Lots 541 and 542, "Rd" for 569, and Boone for 667. Items later in the possession of Henry Stevens (and sold to Phillipps in 1860) or advertised by Puttick and Simpson (1854) may have been acquired from these dealers.

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

the collection of Antonio de Uguina and Henri Ternaux-Compans as well as "several duplicates" from the Kingsborough collection. The provenance of individual items is seldom specified in the catalog. All or most of the titles listed are represented in the Lenox purchase but some of the descriptions (Durán, Veytia, Relación de Michoacan) correspond better to copies in the Force collection than they do to copies in the Lenox library. Rich was thus involved with the dispersal of up to three copies of such standard works as Durán, Veytia, and the Relación de Michoacan, two from the Kingsborough and one from the Ternaux-Compans collection. They were sold to Phillipps (now dispersed ), Lenox (NYPL), Stevens-Force ( L C ) , and perhaps elsewhere.7 Table 3 records some of the information regarding those duplicates identifiable as exKingsborough that figure in the present Guide. Kingsborough's catalog records two copies of Sahagún's Historia as Lots 541 and 542; the latter, bound in blue leather without the arms and with the number 542 in pencil, is in HSA; no. 541 may or may not be the NYPL copy, bound with Lenox's arms. In both the Kingsborough catalog and in the 1919 Phillips sale there are copies of pictorial manuscripts, many said to be by Aglio. Some of them are of manuscripts published in the Antiquities but others, such as copies of Codex Paris and Techialoyan W (now in NLA and not known to have been in the Phillipps collection) and of the Matrícula de Huexotzingo and Codex García Granados (Phillipps 14262 and 35137), were not published by Kingsborough. There is a possibility that Aglio may have copied originals now lost, unidentified, or subsequently damaged. His copies, now widely dispersed, deserve further investigation.8 Some of Aglio's copies were given to the British Museum (Add. MSS 8882) by Kingsborough before his death.

Other manuscripts owned by Kingsborough and cited in the census are the originals of Codex Kingsborough (bound with Gómez de Cervantes' Relación) and Techialoyan Codex W, Items 569 and 667 of his catalog, respectively. See also Phillipps collection, below. PHILLIPPS COLLECTION

Sir Thomas Phillipps (1792-1872) amassed the greatest collection of manuscripts ever assembled by a single individual. The dispersal of the books and manuscripts of the Bibliotheca Phillippica was begun by the encumbered heir as a sale in 1886. There have been more than 45 auctions since then as well as a number of direct private sales. A large block has yet to be sold. The fasciiating history of the collection has been recorded by A. N. L. Munby (5 vols., 1951 60). 62—3821—U.P.—Handbook Vol. 15 Phillipps' own catalog of the manuscripts, the Catalogus Librorum Manuscriptorum... (Phillipps, 1837-71), was privately printed in installments. Only a relatively few complete copies exist. It was reprinted in 1969. It carries his numbers through 23,837; the numeration was continued after his death, 7 Obadiah Rich also supplied William Prescott with a copy of Motolinía's Historia, but otherwise Prescott's collection of copies from Spain (especially RAH) may have been obtained through more direct sources. Except for a Sahagún manuscript (Census, 1108) the location of Prescott's collection (listed summarily in Catalogue, 1860, pp. 6-11) is unknown to us. 8 In the Phillipps sales are four unidentified pictorials whose dimensions suggest that they might be copies of the Códice de Huamantla, Fragments 2 - 5 (Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, nos. 349, 351, 353; Sotheby and Co., 1936a, no. 3 0 4 ) ; the originals were exhibited by Bullock in London in 1824. Other pictorials exhibited by Bullock are unidentified and one (Códice de Tlaxcala) is now illegible. Nos. 350 and 353 of the 1919 sale, relisted as no. 305 of the 1936 sale, are unidentified pictorials from "Histlatusaca" and "Hismiquilpan"; our efforts to trace them through Maggs, the 1936 purchaser, have been fruitless.

465

TABLE 3-TRANSCRIPTS OF HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS IN SPANISH ARCHIVES OF WHICH DUPLICATES WERE IN THE KINGSBOROUGH COLLECTION Showing Kingsborough numbers (Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842) and bindings (coat of arms and color). For further data on the Phillipps copies see Table 4.

Census

Short Title

387

VEYTIA: Historia del origen — Another DURÁN: Historia de las Indias IXTLILXOCHITL: Historia ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC: Crónica Relación de Michoacan MOTOLIN1A: Historia Another (defective) IXTLILXOCHITL: Relaciones BEAUMONT: Crónica de Michoacan MUÑOZ CAMARGO: Historia Informe . . . Tlaxcala SAHAGÚN: MS de Tolosa Costumbres de Nueva España

114 1044 1012 213 1070 1043 25 1072 1127 1105 229

Kingsborough Arms

Phillipps Copy Color

Phillipps

Duplicate Copy Kingsborough Arms Color 535-2,-3

536-3

Kings

blue

11637

[536-6,-7 536-8 536-10 536-11 615?

Kings Kings Kings Kings

blue blue blue blue old red morocco

11639 11641 11635 11642 11710

536-13

Kings

blue

11640 11692

535-1 536-12

½ green Kings black Kings black Kings red Kings red (none) ½ green Kings black Kings blue Kings red Kings red Kings

542

blue ½ red

11646 11797

541 582

red blue

Location NYPL R-29 NYPL R-37 NYPL R-58 NYPL R-56 (LC, Force?) NYPL R-44 NYPL R-58 NYPL R-33 NYPL R-47

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

but no listing of these additional numbers has been published. We are indebted to Mr. Munby of King's College, Cambridge, and to Mr. L. J. Gorton of the British Museum for unpublished numbers and for information concerning the dispersal and location of some of the manuscripts. As regards Middle American manuscripts of known relevance to this census (see Table 4), Phillipps' collection derives primarily from the Kingsborough collection (see above) and from the Agustín Fischer sale (Bibliotheca mejicana, 1869), at which he was a major buyer. All manuscripts of known relevance to the census in that sale were purchased by Phillipps. BRASSEUR AND PINART COLLECTIONS

Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg (1814-74) on various trips to Mexico and Guatemala succeeded in collecting and copying a variety of Indian manuscripts, many of which are mentioned or utilized in his published writings (see Article 18). The catalog of his library, the Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatemalienne, 1871, lists most but not all of the manuscripts he is believed to have owned. An earlier list is Brasseur (1857-59, 1: lxxviii-lxxxix). His library was purchased by Pinart, and its dispersal is thus a part of the history of that collection. Alphonse Louis Pinart, 1852-1911, was a French traveler, linguist, collector, and sometime agent for Hubert Howe Bancroft and husband of Zelia Nuttall. The auction catalog of his library (Catalogue, 1883), auctioned in Paris in 1884, included the Brasseur collection as well as many additional items. Some of the linguistic manuscripts were acquired by the BNP at the sale and by later gift from the widow of the Comte de Charency. The rest of the collection was widely dispersed. Many manuscripts reappear in numerous later dealers' catalogs, especially those issued by Boban, Maisonneuve (LeClerc, 1881-87, Supple-

ment 2), and Quaritch (1885). A published letter (Pinart, 1882) describes some Mexican manuscripts which he seems to have acquired, including unidentified pictorials, not in the 1884 sale. Some copies and perhaps other documents, which are in the Bancroft Library, may pertain to his activities after 1884. In Table 5 are listed most of those manuscripts in the Brasseur and Pinart collections that are cited in this Guide. RAMÍREZ COLLECTION

José Fernando Ramírez (1804-71) was a Mexican historian, politician, and sometime director of the Mexican National Museum. Most of his library of books and manuscripts was acquired in 1873 by Alfredo Chavero, who then sold much of it to Manuel Fernández del Castillo. This part was then auctioned in London by Puttick and Simpson in 1880. Manuscripts described in the catalog (Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880) and cited in the census are shown in Table 6. One of the major buyers at the sale was Hubert Howe Bancroft, whose purchases are now in the Bancroft Library. Bernard Quaritch, the London bookdealer, also acquired for stock items which are listed in his later catalogs (1880,1885,1895, and 1899 are cited). A substantial number of manuscripts that did not figure in the sale remain to be located. They may have been retained by his heirs or by Chavero. Many copies that had been made by or for Ramírez, such as his Opúsculos históricos and the Anales antiguos de Mexico y sus contornos are in MNA/AH, perhaps as a gift or sale from Chavero. Others were later in the possession of Paso y Troncoso (perhaps as loans from the museum or Chavero?) and, like other items owned by Paso y Troncoso, have been widely dispersed after passing to his heirs and then, in part, to José Luis Bello, Gómez de Orozco, and others. The historical and bibliographical writings of both Ramírez and Chavero contain

467

TABLE 4-MANUSCRIPTS (MOSTLY COPIES) IN THE COLLECTION OF SIR THOMAS PHILLIPPS CITED IN THE CENSUS Showing Phillipps dispersal sale (all at Sotheby's except as noted), subsequent sales, and present location. Census

Source

Phillipps

Short Title

366 1140 1012 387 114 1043 1044 213 1105 25 1070

Heber 765 Kings Kings 536-10 Kings 536-3 Kings 536-6,-/7 Kings 536-13 Kings 536-8 Kings 536-11 Kings 542 Kings Kings 615?

8187 11633 11635 11637 11639 11640 11641 11642 11646 11692-94 11710

TOVAR. Historia ZORITA: Breve y sumaria TEZOZOMOC: Crónica VEYTIA: Historia DURÁN: Historia IXTLILXOCHITL: Relaciones IXTLILXOCHITL: Historia Relación de Michoacan SAHAGÚN: MS de Tolosa BEAUMONT: Crónica MOTOLINÍA: Historia

229 814 q.v. 139 1105 1104 1072 1044

Kings Bright [Sussex] Kings Boone [Kings] Kings Libri Misc. [Kings] Fischer 1840 Fischer 2034

11797 12243 13685 14262 16190 16377 21041 21251 21273

Costumbres de Nueva España Testerian MS—Bullock Census 391, 1081, 1082, 1114 Matrícula de Huexotzingo SAHAGÚN: Tolosa (partial) Unidentified Nahuatl text SAHAGÚN: Florentine (Ital.) MUÑOZ CAMARGO: Historia IXTLILXOCHITL: Historia

9 1025 1080 204 715

Fischer 1925 Fischer 1848 Fischer 1932 Fischer 1929 Kings 663 pt.?

21288 21349 21355 29733 35137

Aperreamiento & other CHIMALPAHIN: Historia OLMOS: Arte Mexican MS no. 2 Codex García Granados

Dispersal 1946-66 1919-387 1919-397 1919-376 1919-330 1919-399 1919-322 1919-346 1919-393 1919-345 1919-370

Other Sales

Present Location JCBL Michigan

PB PB SO SO SO

1953 3-305 1953 1-214 1965-482 1948-4688 1948-4858

SO 1948-4857 SO 1936a-18 RO 1942-3224

1919-338 PB 1969-1129 1919-348 1919-357 SO 1935-300 1936-307 1919-214 SO 1948-4859 1919-392 1913-269 MA 1913-1097 1913-270 MA 1913-1096 AA 1935-8? 1919-489 1913-272 1913-176 Gates 1924-760 1919-178 MA 1922-1325 1919-369

Yale

HSA Private coll. (Mexico) Private coll. Michigan NYPL HSA NLA 1174

TU/LAL JRL

AA = American Art Association PB = Parke-Bernet Kings •= Kingsborough RO = Robredo MA = Maggs Bros. SO = Sotheby and Co. The Sotheby catalog of 1965, cited above, has not been examined and is not recorded in the annotated bibliography (Article 32).

TABLE 5-BRASSEUR DE BOURBOURG AND PINART COLLECTIONS References are to numbers in Brasseur de Bourbourg's listing (1857-59, 1: lxxviii-lxxxix) and in the Pinart sale catalog (Catalogue, 1883) but to pages in the Brasseur de Bourbourg catalog (Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1871).

Census 1172 1172 1019 1186 1028 1174 705 (1179) 1086 1176-77 1179 1179 1179

Short Title Anales de los Cakchiqueles (17thC copy) — Copy, 1856 Cantares mexicanos (copy) Título de los señores de Totonicapan (copy) Códice Chimalpopoca (copy) FUENTES Y GUZMÁN: Recordación . . . (extract) Techialoyan Codex of Cempoala (original) ORDÓÑEZ Y AGUIAR: Historia . . . (copy) POMAR: Relación de Texcoco (copy) Ixquín Nehaib . . . and Izquín Nehaib . . . POPOL VUH: XIMÉNEZ: Arte . . . ("original") Gavarrete copies XIMÉNEZ: Arte . . . (copy)

Brasseur 1857-59

Brasseur 1871 (pp.)

Catalogue 1883

IX

(13-14) 13-14 38 45 47 65 95 112-13 122 142-43 155-56 156-57

35 194 231 237 383 582 694 744 890 964

I XIII IV III VIII XI? XXVIII

50

Present Location UP/UM UP/UM UP/UM BNP/FA 77 BNP/FM 334 NLA 1472 PUL, Gates NLA 1515 BAN BNP/FA 57

Pinart Collection 30 Boban Calendar Wheel (original) 1080 OLMOS: Arte de la lengua mexicana 931-33 Falsifications, Pictorial 424 Codex Santa Anita Zacatlalmanco

578 684 721

JCBL LC MHP

TABLE 6-MANUSCRIPTS IN THE RAMÍREZ COLLECTION CITED IN THE CENSUS

Census

Short Title

25 1005 1008 1080 1043 1020 1043 1019 205 1041 101 1140 1020 1072 1020 1080 (1179) 1128

BEAUMONT: Crónica de Michoacan (c)* Nombre de Dios, Durango, Memorial Relación de 1591 OLMOS: Huehuetlatolli (c) IXTLILXOCHITL: Relaciones (c) CASTAÑEDA: Relación (c) IXTLILXOCHITL: Relaciones (c) Mexicanos, cantares (c) Mexicano, Latino . . . , Kalendario (c) Huehuetlatolli: Documento A Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de (c) ZORITA: Breve y sumaria relación (c) CASTAÑEDA: Relación (c) MUÑOZ CAMARGO: Historia (c) CASTAÑEDA: Relación (c) OLMOS: Arte de la lengua ORDÓÑEZ Y AGUIAR: Historia Tlaxcala, Historia y fundación (c)

* (c) indicates a copy.

Bibliotheca mexicana 1880 94

Quaritch 1880

1885

Subsequent Sales Puttick and Simpson 1888

Quaritch 1895

1899

NYPL

33

BAN MM 93

295 399-1

136

29105

410

143

29111

411

144

29112

JCBL 2043

897

NLA 1109

364 BNMA

511 521 540 576-III 576-IV 585 598-III 604 615 810

Present Location

176

29045

BAN MM 458 (Gates) BAN MM 162 BAN MM 162

195 BAN MM 454 BAN MM 177 BAN MM 231

INSTITUTIONAL HOLDINGS

descriptions of t h e manuscripts in t h e former's collection. Although it did not contain many originals relevant to this Guide, it was

one of t h e most important collections of Mexicana dispersed at auction in t h e 19th century.

REFERENCES (compiled by Mary W. Cline) American Art Association, 1915, 1921, 1935, 1936 Anderson Auction Co., 1914 Andrade, 1869 Anonymous, 1829, 1830a, 1830b, 1913 Antiquités Aztèques, 1909 Apenes, 1947 Arts precolombiens, 1930 Aubin, 1851 Baer and Co., n.d., 1912 Bandini, 1791-93 Bankmann, 1970 Barlow, MSa, MSb, 1943a, 1945a and Mateos Higuera, MS Barratt, 1951 Beristáin y Souza, 1883-97 Bibliotheca inlustris, 1842 Bibliotheca mejicana, 1869 Bibliotheca mexicana, 1880 Blake, 1891 Blom, 1935a Boban, 1891, 1899 Boturini, 1746 Brand, 1944 Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1857-59, 1871 Brinton, 1900 British Museum, 1833,1837,1850, 1864,1875, 1882, 1925, 1933 Burland, 1957a Butler, 1937, 1941a Carreño, 1912 Carrera Stampa, 1949a Carrillo y Ancona, 1950 Castañeda and Dabbs, 1939 Catálogo, 1911, 1954-56 Catalogue, 1857, 1860, 1876, 1883, 1891-94 Chadenat, 1899 Chavero, 1886 Chicago Book and Art Auctions, 1936 Clark, 1913b, 1938 Cline, 1961c, 1963b Cortés Alonso, 1962 Cubas, 1936 Delisle, 1868-81 Dietschy, 1960 Documentos, 1936 Domínguez Bordona, 1935

Dufossé, n.d.b, 1893a, 1893b Emmart, 1940 Esteve Barba, 1942 Estrada, 1942 Evans, 1836 Ewing, 1953 Exposición Histórico Americana, 1892 Fábrega, 1899 Fernández de Córdoba, 1959 Fernández Vega, 1965 Fish, 1911 Fuster, 1827-30 Galarza, 1960 Gates, 1924,1932,1937a, 1940 Gatty, 1882 Gayangos, 1875-93 Gibson, 1952 Glass, 1964 Gómez Canedo, 1961 Gómez de Orozco, 1927a González de Barcia, 1737-38 González Obregón, 1898 Gropp, 1933 Gutiérrez Cabezón, 1910 Guzmán, 1936, 1939a, 1964 Hammer Galleries, 1941 Heger, 1908 Hiersemann, 1906, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1913a, 1913b,1914 Humboldt, 1810 Jiménez Moreno, 1938b John Carter Brown Library, 1942, 1947, 1948. 1951 Kingsborough, 1831-48 Kutscher, 1963b LeClerc, 1867, 1878,1881-87 Legati Cremonese, 1677 Lehmann, 1905a, 1906a León Pinelo, 1629 Lista, 1881 López, P., 1925 Louisiana Historical Records Survey, 1941 Loukotka, 1957 Madan and Craster, 1922 Maggs Bros., 1913,1922 Mateos Higuera, 1942 Melgarejo Vivanco, 1953

471

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Mena, 1918-19, 1923 Mendoza and Sánchez, 1882 Miguelez, 1917-25 Millares Carlo, 1959 Mirabal Lausan, 1937 Morel-Fatio, 1892 Moreno, R., 1966 Munby, 1951-60 Museo de Artillería, 1856 New York Public Library, 1901, 1915, 1937, 1967 Nicholson, 1967 Noguera, 1933a Nuevos datos, 1952 Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a, 1947b Omont, 1899, 1912, 1925 Orozco y Berra, 1871 Parke-Bernet, 1953 Parmenter, 1960 Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93 Patterson, 1957 Paz, 1933 Peabody Museum, 1898, 1963 Peckham, 1942 Peñafiel, 1890 Phillipps, 1837-71 Pinart, 1882 Präkolumbische Kunst, 1958 Puttick and Simpson, 1854 Quaritch, 1880,1885,1895,1899

472

Quintana, 1960 Ramírez, J. F., 1847,1855 Ramírez, R. R., 1874 Rea, 1643 Reed, 1938 Renouard, 1819 Reville, 1898 Rich, n.d., 1827 Robredo, 1942 Rocamora, 1882 Rodríguez Marín, 1916-25 Rosa y Saldívar, 1946, 1947 Smisor, 1943a Sotheby and Co., 1935, 1936a, 1936b, 1946, 1948 Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1913, 1919a, 1919b Stargardt, 1911 Strout, 1962 Torre Revello, 1933 Torres Lanzas, 1900 Tozzer, 1921 Tudela, 1954 Unterkircher, 1957-59 Viñaza, 1892 Waldeck, MS Wilken, 1828 Zarco Cuevas, 1924-29 Zavala, 1938, 1951

29. The Boturini Collection

JOHN B. GLASS

T

manuscript collection formed by Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci (1702-55) in Mexico during the years 1736-43 was the most important such collection for Mexican ethnohistory ever assembled. Parts of it traced back to the earlier collections of Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl and Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, and it was the main source for consultation or collection for such later persons as Veytia, León y Gama, Pichardo, Waldeck, and Aubin. When Boturini was arrested and imprisoned his collection was confiscated by order of the viceroy dated January 31, 1743. He was deported to Spain in late 1743. The subsequent history of the collection is one of continual dispersion and diminution, a history that is reflected in a long series of ever shorter inventories. 1 HE MEXICAN INDIAN

THE INVENTORIES

Table 2 lists those manuscripts identified in the pictorial census as "ex-Boturini." Also shown are the corresponding catalog numbers from seven of the inventories of the collection. Tables 3 and 4 provide the same

data for Techialoyan, Testerian, and prose manuscripts. The inventories cited are the following: 1743. The first juridical inventory of the collection was made in the presence and with the collaboration of Boturini in September 1743. It has been published by Peñafiel (1890, pp. 56-68). 1745. The second viceregal inventory of July 1745 utilizes the same numeration as that established in 1743. It is published (P. López, 1925). 1746. The Catálogo del Museo Indiano (Boturini, 1746, second pagination) is Boturini's description of the collection. It is less comprehensive than the inventories of 1743 1 Chavero (1886) provides an informed account of Boturini's misfortunes. Torre Revello (1933) gives a detailed account, primarily of Boturini's activities after his return to Spain in 1744, and cites the voluminous literature on the subject. The basic source is the record of the criminal proceedings against Boturini in Mexico, which we have consulted and which was also used by Chavero and Torre Revello. A copy of the proceedings and perhaps the original as well are in MNA/AH. Extracts from it and other pertinent material were published in Documentos (1936).

473

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

and 1745. During his imprisonment in Mexico he prepared a catalog, dated July 15, 1743, which was sent to Spain and which exists in the AGI, but we have not examined or compared it with the published version. 1791. The inventory of 1791 was prepared by Vicente de la Rosa y Saldívar for the Colección de Memorias de Nueva España (CMNE; see Article 27B, no. 1051) as an appraisal of the historical value of the Nahuatl texts in the collection, to which category of manuscripts it is largely restricted. There are two published editions (Rosa y Saldívar, 1946, 1947). Manuscripts in the collection which were copied or translated for the CMNE do not appear in this inventory. The more important Nahuatl texts in the collection are not noted in the appraisal, from which circumstance we judge that they were missing by this date. 1804. The inventory of 1804, by Ignacio de Cubas, is unpublished. 1823. The 1823 inventory, also by Cubas, identifies the equivalent 1745 number in the margin for many of the items described. Cubas also prepared a complementary listing of missing documents, arranged according to the 1745 numbers. A few documents appear on both lists; both have been published (Nuevos datos, 1952, pp. 22-41, 4256). The collection was transferred to the newly founded Museo Nacional (in the University) in January 1826, and with some abridgment of the descriptions the inventory of 1823 was copied for this purpose but with the addition of a sixth legajo of manuscripts. This inventory has also been published (Cubas, 1936). The numeration of the items in the third legajo in these two versions varies; we have cited the numbers given in the 1826 version since they correspond to those given in Cubas' preliminary draft for the 1823 inventory as well as to numbers reportedly on some of the manuscripts. 1917-18. What may be considered the final inventory of the collection lists and de474

scribes pictorial manuscripts in the Biblioteca Nacional de México under 32 numbers with a 33d number assigned in a postscript. The collection was transferred to the MNA in 1919 but has suffered some further dispersion. The inventory has had two editions (Mena, 1918-19, 1923). Manuscript copies of the inventories of 1743, 1745, 1804, and 1823, as well as an original manuscript of the inventory of 1745 and a draft of the 1823, are in MNA/AH. The 1791 inventory may be consulted in manuscripts of volume 1 of the CMNE, in which it is included, and in an incomplete copy in Paris (BNP/FM 300). Comparison of microfilm copies of these inventories with published versions of some of the inventories occasionally reveals differences in Arabic numerals used to describe numbers of pages or leaves—a basic datum in many of the descriptions. Most of the inventories are divided into numbered sections (inventories, legajos) with the manuscripts independently numbered within each section. Each description may be cited by the inventory date, the section, and the item. Thus 1745-8-48 refers to the 1745 inventory, section 8, item 48. Occasionally, unnumbered manuscripts are described at the end of sections; we have assigned numbers to these in continuation of the immediately preceding numbers. Letters have been added by us to distinguish two or more items comprehended under one number. Because of deterioration, restoration, mounting, binding, and the loss of exterior pages, covers, and pas ted-on labels, few of the manuscripts today bear the numbers applied in 1743 or 1745, 1791, and 1823. Certain numbers have been deliberately effaced, removed, or disguised. Some manuscripts in the collection may never have been numbered. The identification of manuscripts with inventory numbers must therefore be based on a concordance of inventory de-

BOTURINI COLLECTION

scriptions, comparison between these and known manuscripts, and a knowledge of the history of the manuscripts and the collection. Many times the inventory descriptions are too vague to equate with known manuscripts or with other descriptions. For these and other reasons some of the identifications in the tables must be regarded as tentative and subject to verification or correction. Other inventory descriptions are quite detailed and clearly describe documents that are unknown even through other manuscripts or copies. Manuscripts known only through such descriptions are not listed in the census or in Tables 2-4. The inventory descriptions, to which the tables are a guide, form an important corpus of supplementary short descriptions for the historical bibliography of manuscripts that were in the collection. The descriptions may be used to determine if given documents have lost pages since the 18th century or if copies represent the entirety of the original manuscripts. They sometimes provide information on provenience or content that is now illegible or that may have been contained on pages or labels now lost. Boturini's knowledge of where he collected certain documents, reflected in the earliest three listings, is often of considerable value. The descriptions of unidentified manuscripts broadens our knowledge of the variety of ethnohistorical sources and sustains hope in the continuing search for new documents. 2 The collection was kept in the Real Caja 2

To prepare the listings in Tables 1-4, Xerox copies of typescripts or editions of the inventories were obtained and cut apart. With the 1743 inventory as a base, each of its descriptions was attached with Scotch tape to a separate sheet of paper. The corresponding descriptions in the other inventories were then added to that sheet, various lines of evidence being used to establish the equivalences. With this procedure it has been possible to equate a large number of the descriptions. This "total" approach is more satisfactory than attempts to trace individual manuscripts through the different inventories.

(exchequer) from the time of its confiscation in 1743 until 1745, when it v/as transferred to the Escribanía de Gobierno, where it was consulted by Veytia about 1750-56. After having been lent to the archbishop of Mexico, Francisco Antonio Lorenzana, it was deposited in the university in 1771, where it became mixed with the other holdings of that library. In 1787-88 it was returned, much depleted, to the Secretaría de Cámara del Virreinato. Some manuscripts, not then identified as part of the collection, remained in the university library. In 1790 the collection was turned over to Fray Manuel de Vega, one of the editors of the CMNE. By 1795 it was again in the Secretaría de Cámara, where it remained until 1821 when it was moved to the Secretaría de Estado y Relaciones. The inventories of 1823 and 1826 (see above) record that part of the collection which was placed in the Museo Nacional in 1826; other manuscripts, not listed in those two inventories, appear to have been deposited in the Archivo General, which was founded in 1823. Although the collection suffered some depletion by 1771, the most important losses seem to have occurred between 1771 and 1788, the period also when León y Gama was engaged in copying many of its documents. Part of Boturini's personal papers and some documents relating to the Virgin of Guadalupe were sent to Spain in 1788, but no shipment of original ethnohistorical manuscripts to Spain has been documented. T H E TWENTY VOLUMES

(Table 1)

In addition to the section and item numeration employed in the 1746 catalog there is another numeration which identifies 20 numbered tomos. These 20 volumes are listed and identified in Table 1 together with the catalog numbers from the inventories of 1743 and 1745 and the regular numeration from the 1746 catalog. Only three of the volumes (14, 15, and 18) are identifiable in 475

TABLE 1-THE TWENTY "TOMOS" OF THE BOTURINI COLLECTION

Census Volume 359 1043 1043 1043 1043 1043 1020 1044 1043

1 2

— — 3 4

1025 1062

— 1023

1003 230 1012 1027 1028 1033 1088 1111 13 1140 285

5 6 7 8

... ._. 9 10 11 12

Title Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca IXTLILXOCHITL: Relaciones (c) a. — Sumaria relación de todas las cosas (c) b. Historia de los señores chichimecos (c) c. Relación sucinta (c) d. Sumaria relación de la historia (c) e. Conducta de Nuño de Guzman .. .1 f. Cedula real en favor de Isabel Moctezuma .. .2 g. CASTAÑEDA: Relación de la jornada (c) IXTLILXOCHITL: Historia chichimeca (c) Noticias de los pobladores (c) i. Fragmentos de historia mexicana, 109 folios (c) a. SAN ANTONIO, JUAN DE: Fragmento, 1564 (c) b. CHIMALPAHIN: Historia mexicana (c) c. Crónica Mexicayotl (c) d. Fragmentos históricos (c) e. AYALA, GABRIEL DE: Apuntes históricos, 1243-1562 (c) f. Apuntes, 1367-1569 (c) g. CHIMALPAHIN: Compendio de la historia mexicana (c) h. Memoria, 1066-1316 (c) i. Fragmentos históricos (c) j. CULHUACAN, SEÑORES DE: Chronología histórica (c) k. HUITZIMÉNGARI: Noticias sacadas de una informatión (c) Unos Annales históricos de la nación mexicana ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC: Crónica mexicana CHIMALPAHIN: Relaciones Códice Chimalpopoca (c) a. Anales de Cuauhtitlan (c) b. PONCE: Breve relación (c) c. Leyenda de los Soles (c) Codex Aubin ZORITA: Breve y sumaria relación (c) SERNA: Manual de ministros de indios (c) MANGE, JUAN MATHEO: Luz de tierra incognita3

1743 &1745 2-2 2-3

1746 1-1 2-1 4-1 4-2 4-3

2-4

Present Location BNP NLA NLA NLA NLA NLA NLA NLA NLA

4-4 4-5

2-5

3-1 2-7 2-6 2-16

2-17 2-8 2-51

5-4 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 14-3 8-10 8-11 8-12 8-13

8-14 10-1 10-2 10-3

BNP LC BNP MNA/AH

BM BNMex RAH?

13 14 15 16

— 1072 171 172 1101 1139

_

1024

— 17 18 19 20

VETANCURT, FR. AGUSTÍN DE: Histórica relatio4 Padrón de los indios de la provincia de Tlaxcala5 Actas de Cabildo del Ayuntamiento de Tlaxcala6 Fragmentos de historia mexicana, 219 folios a. SIGÜENZA Y GÓNGORA: Memorial... Panzacola, 16897 b. — Informe sobre . . . San Juan de Ulua, 16958 c. ARRIOLA, ANDRES DE: Representación . . . , 16999 d. SIGÜENZA Y GÓNGORA: Respuesta . . . , 169910 e. MUÑOZ CAMARGO: Historia de Tlaxcala (ff. 30-93) f. Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 1 (ff. 94-104) g. Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2 (ff. 105-112) h. SAHAGÚN: Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 3 (ff. 113-122) i-m. Miscellaneous documents ZAPATA and SANTOS Y SALAZAR: Historia cronológica SANTOS Y SALAZAR: Computo cronológico11 GUTIÉRREZ DE SANTA CLARA, PEDRO: Historia12 CHIMALPAHIN: Historia de la conquista

2-12 2-11

2-9 2-14

10-4 18-1 18-2 18-3

MNA/AH NMA/AH

BNP BNP BNP BNP 2-10 2-18 2-15 2-13

18-4 28-5 32-2 32-3

BNP

NOTE: See text for explanation. (c) indicates that the manuscript in the collection was a copy. 1 Published, from another manuscript, by J. F. Ramírez (1847, pp. 259-72). 2 Copies may be found in CMNE, vol. 4, and NLA 1228. 3 Published: Luz de tierra incógnita en la América septentrional. . . (Archivo General de la Nación, Publicaciones, vol. 10), Mexico, 1926, from manuscripts in BNMex, AGN, and the Linga collection. 4 Beristáin y Souza (1883-97, 1: 169) cites a MS of Fray Agustín de Vetancurt's Historica relatio de incrementis gloriosis provinciae Sancti Evangelii... in Madrid. It appears not to have been published in Latin. 5 Described by Gibson (1952, p. 260, no. XI). Later Boturini numbers are 1791-1-5, 1804-4-4, and 1823-6-8. 6 Described by Gibson (1952, pp. 253-54, no. I, and 272, no. X). Later Boturini numbers are 1791-1-10, 1804-3-1, and 1823-3-10. 7 Published, from other copies, by Irving A. Leonard, Documentos inéditos de Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Mexico, 1963, pp. 43-62. 8 Published, from a copy in the Bancroft Library, by Irving A. Leonard, "Informe de Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora . . . ," Revista de Historia de America, no. 45, pp. 130-43, Mexico, 1958. 9 Unpublished. 10 Published by Francisco Pérez Salazar, Biografía de D. Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Mexico, 1928, pp. 119-60. Copies of this and the three previous items are in CMNE, vol. 1, and in BAN, Mex. MS 162. 11 See Gibson (1952, p. 261, no. XIII). Published in the Documentos para la historia de México, 3d ser., 1: 227-43, Mexico, 1856. A later Boturini number is 1823-3-19. 12 Published as Historia de las guerras civiles de Perú (1544-1548) y de otros sucesos de las Indias (Colección de libros y documentos referentes a la historia de América, vols.2-4, 10, 20-21), Madrid, 1904-29, 6 vols., from a manuscript in the Biblioteca Provincial de Toledo.

ETHNOraSTORICAL SOURCES

later inventories. Parts of volume 4 are unknown even through copies and are not included in the census. Volumes 12-15 and 18-19 are not relevant to the census; publication and other data on them are given in the notes to the table. Various lines of evidence indicate that about half of these 20 volumes (2-4, 6-8, 10, 11, 16, 19, 20), or their originals in the case of copies, were in the Sigüenza y Góngora and the Jesuit Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo collections and were probably among the 28 volumes bequeathed to the college by Sigüenza in 1700. TRADITIONAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS

(Table 2) The 106 entries for traditional pictorial manuscripts in Table 2 represent 91 original manuscripts, 4 copies, and 11 fragments or copies of the originals. The 91 originals represent approximately 21 per cent of the pictorial manuscripts in the census. The present location of the 106 manuscripts in the table is shown below. Of the 25 documents now in the BNP, 19 were in the Aubin collection in the 19th century as was the one now in the British Museum. Europe:

Bibliothèque Nationale,

Paris

Mexico:

U.S.A.: Unknown:

Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin Five other collections Museo Nacional de Antropología Biblioteca Nacional Five collections (12 are known through copies)

25 12 6 40 1 7 15 106

These manuscripts are but a portion of the pictorial manuscripts that were in the collection. The total number of such manuscripts that Boturini owned was on the order of 160. Of the approximately 60 that have not been identified, perhaps half are

478

in the census, their association with the collection unrecognized. Some of them are probably in the BNP and MNA collections; in the former collection there are unpublished manuscripts that we have been unable to compare with the inventory descriptions. About 15 pictorial manuscripts from the collection are so specifically described in the inventories that it is evident that they are not in the census and must be presumed lost. TECHIALOYAN MANUSCRIPTS (Table 3)

In their catalog of Techialoyan manuscripts (Article 24) Robertson and Robertson identify four Techialoyan manuscripts in inventories of the collection (see Table 3). One fragment of the Techialoyan Codex of San Pablo Huyxoapan (no. 735) appears in the inventory of 1917-18; if it was in the Boturini collection at an earlier date, two other fragments of this codex (nos. 702 and 717) may also have been in the collection. The Techialoyan codex of an unidentified pueblo (no. 742) may also have been in the collection, as were other documents once cataloged with it in the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek. Concerning the Codex of Santa Maria Ocelotepec, Robertson informs us that its content answers to the Boturini inventory descriptions, but it is difficult to understand how this manuscript can have been in the collection and also have been translated in 1750 and used in a lawsuit of 1795 (see Article 24, no. 708). Boturini owned a lienzo (1746-6-1) copied from the walls of the Tepanec palaces at Azcapotzalco showing the "wheel" of the lordships of the Tepanec dynasty. This lienzo is not otherwise recorded in inventories of the collection. The description is suggestive of the circular genealogy in the Techialoyan Codex García Granados (no. 715), but that document, on paper, is not a lienzo. Further investigation of this question

TABLE 2-TRADITIONAL PICTORIAL MANUSCRIPTS: CONCORDANCE OF CENSUS AND BOTURINI COLLECTION INVENTORY NUMBERS Census

Short Title

9 13 14 15 17 20 24 34 35 36 43 57

Aperreamiento Aubin, Codex Aubin MS no. 20 Aubin, Tonalamatl Axodan Azcatitlan, Códice Baranda, Códice Boturini, Códice Calpan Caltecpaneca Chavero, Códice Cholula, Códice de copy no. 1 copy no. 2 Cotitzin y Zozahuic Cozcatzin, Codex Cruz, Códice en Cuauhtinchan no. 4 Cuauhtli Cuetlaxcohuapan Cueva, Códice de la Etla, Genealogías García, Diego Huamantla nos. 1-5 No. 6 Nos. 7-8 Huexotzingo

—

80 83 84 97 103 104 105 117 120 135 139

1743 & 1745

4-11 2-17 6-24 6-23 4-3 2-32 4-31 2-33 4-38?

1746

1791

20-4 8-14 30-3 30-2 3-10 7-3 20-19 7-1

1804

1823

2-2

19171918

15

9-21? 7-1 21

4-25 4-8 4-9 4-10

16-2 20-3a 20-3b 20-3c

4-1 2-37 4-44 4-23 part 4-17 4-12 4-34 5-6 4-26 4-26 4-26 4-55

7-17 7-10 20-5 17-3 part 17-4 20-7 20-16

3-4 12-7 12-8 7-8

5-16 1-5

13

2-9 28b

20-2 20-2 20-2 16-4

2-5

11-2

1-10

7-7 12-3 9-15

6-5

10-1 10-1 3-2

2-7 3-17 1-11 1-11

3 25 29 1,12

Present Location BNP BM BNP BNP MNA BNP MNA MNA BNP MNA MNA/AH MNA MNA MNA MNA BNP BNP MNA MNA MNA MNA MNA Unknown MNA MNA DSB BNP

Census

Short Title

147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 171 172 173 189 200 202 206A 206B 211 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 226 230

Humboldt no. 1 Humboldt no. 2 Humboldt no. 5 Humboldt no. 6 Humboldt no. 8 Humboldt nos. 9-12 Humboldt no. 14 Humboldt no. 15 Ixtlilxochitl part 1 Ixtlilxochitl part 2 Ixtlilxochitl, Felipe Maguey, Plano Metztepetl Mexicains Mexicanos no. 4 Mexique, Fragment Mexico y Tlatelolco Humboldt no. 7 Humboldt no. 13 Poinsett no. 1 Poinsett no. 2 Rechnung Tira de Tributos Mizquiahuala Mujeres Nación mexicana copy Nexmoyotla Nezahualcoyod Nopalxochitl Nueve señores (copy) Otumba

234 235 237 239 244

1743 & 1745

1746

1791

1804

1823

6-25?

30-4 7-8

3-12

3-7

6-25?

21-10?

2-14f 2-14g

21-11 18-3 18-3

2-30

7-15

5-14

9-2

3-15

5-21

3-8

5-13

9-1

2-10

6-10

3-7

5-15

12-3

3-14

5-22

4-11

6-6 11-3

21-1 21-2 121-3 (5 MSS)

19171918

17

1-20 (5 MSS) 5 8 23

3-1 4-6

8-10 12-1

3-9

3-6

26 7-3

2-1 24

29-4

10

Present Location SSPK DSB DSB DSB DSB DSB DSB DSB BNP BNP BNMex MNA MNA BNP (A) Unnkown (B) BNP Unknown DSB DSB MNA MNA DSB (lost) TU/MARI Unknown Brooklyn BNP BNP MNA UTX MNA Unknown MNA

Census 253 257

— 259 260 263 268 285 287 290 303 304 311 315 317 318 324 328 332 339 340 341 344 345 348 349 350

Short Title Pitzahua Posesiones Fragment 1 — Fragment 2 — Fragment 3 Procès, Fragment Procès, Pièce Quinatzin Region boscosa Serna: Drawings (copy) Serna: Wheel 2 (copy) Sigüenza Tecpan Tecpatepec Teocaltitlan Teotihuacan Tepechpan — copy Tepecuacuilco Tepoztlan Tetlamaca Tianquiztli Tlamapa no. 1 Tlamapa no. 2 Tlamapa no. 3 Tlatelolco Tlatengo Tlaxcala no. 2 Tlaxcala, Códice de Tlaxcala, Lienzo de

1743 & 1745

1746

1791

4-20 4-39 4-20 5-3 3-13 2-38

17-6 17-5 17-6 22-9? 3-8 3-5

_

10-2 10-2 7-6 12-2 21-7 22-7 34-3 part 3-4a 3-4b

4-4 2-44 5-2 4-59 8-27 3-6 3-7 4-2? 3-14 2-50 2-42 4-28 4-29 4-30 6-6

7-16 20-13 20-14 20-15 31-1

4-40 8-48

19-8? 17-1 31-2

1804

1823

19171918 22,28a

9-11 9-4 9-11

2-5? 2-4

8-2

1-12

31

5-7 9

5-2

9-8 7-4

5-13 2-12

9-9?

1-2

32

12-5 11

3-11

2-3

9-7 8-8 8-7 9-17 7-10 9-1 9-16

2-6 1-19 1-6 6-1? 2-11 1-1 1-7

27

8-16 12-1

1-8

4

20

Present Location MNA MNA MNA UTX BNP BNP BNP MNA RAH? RAH? MNA MNA/AH UTX BNP MNA BNP Unknown MNA; DSB (lost) NBV MNA Unknown Madrid Unknown MNA MNA BNP Unknown MNA Unknown

Census 351 356 359 367 368 379 386 387 389 391 392 393 398 412 426 431

Short Title Conquista, Códice de la Tlotzin copy Tolteca-Chichimeca Tributos, Fragmento de Tributos, Matrícula de copy Tzintzuntzan Vergara, Codex Veytia no. 1 Veytia no. 3 Veytia no. 5 Veytia no. 6 Veytia no. 7 (copy) Xalapa Xolotl, Códice Zapotitlan American MS no. 10, part 8

1743 & 1745

1746

1791

4-16b 3-4 3-5 2-2

17-8 3-3

—

2-35 2-36 3-10 2-52

7-9 21-6 3-12

6-14

28-3

6-15 4-42 3-3 4-58 4-54 part

27-4 20-11 3-1 21-8

1804

1823

19171918

2-8

19

1-1 6 9-14 9-2? 9-12

3-5 1-16

5-1 7-15? 9-3

1-15

7

9-10

1-4

2

Present Location MNA BNP BNP BNP Tulsa MNA MNA PUL BNP Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown MNA BNP MNA DSB (lost)

BOTURINI COLLECTION

should include consideration of a painting of 1566 in which the ancient kings of Mexico were each painted on a nopal cactus. The painting is described in the Anales de Juan Bautista (Article 27B, no. 1018; quoted in Garibay, 1945a, p. 230, and Velázquez, 1931, p. 57). (Table 3) Four Testerian manuscripts are listed in the inventories of 1743 and 1745 and in the catalog of 1746 (see Table 3). Two are now unidentified. The three pictorial manuscripts listed at the bottom of Table 3 are either unknown or not relevant to the census. They are included only to complete the listing of documents described in the 1917-18 inventory. TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS

PROSE MANUSCRIPTS (Table 4)

The census of prose sources in the native historical tradition (Article 27B) identifies 49 items as having been in the Boturini collection. Ten of the 49 items are also classified as pictorial and are listed only in Table 2. The inventory numbers for the other 39 are given in Table 4. At least 15 of them are copies. In only one instance (the Zorita MS) is the original of the Boturini copy known. The location of 24 of the 39 is unknown but most of them are accessible through later copies made before the loss of the Boturini manuscripts in question. As with the pictorial manuscripts (see above), the documents identified as "exREFERENCES (compiled by Mary W. Cline) Beristáin y Souza, 1883-97 Boturini, 1746 Chavero, 1886 Cubas, 1936 Documentos, 1936 Garibay, 1945a Gibson, 1952

Boturini" in the census of prose sources are but a portion of such manuscripts that were in the collection. The original number is uncertain but approximately 25 historical manuscripts and annals in Nahuatl or Spanish not described as pictorial in the inventories remain to be identified. Some of them are probably represented in the census but their association with the collection is as yet unrecognized or unstudied. 3 SUMMARY

The pictorial manuscripts in the census that were in the Boturini collection amount to 21 per cent, as previously noted, or one out of every five. Boturini also owned 12.5 per cent of the recorded Techialoyan manuscripts, 12 per cent of the Testerian manuscripts, and 39 per cent of the Central Mexican prose manuscripts. These figures reflect the historical importance of the Boturini collection for Mexican ethnohistory. It should also be observed that the collection also included linguistic, calendrical, economic, and religious manuscripts not treated in these censuses but of importance for other areas of Mexican history. 3 We have not had opportunity to do research on these questions in any European collections or in more than one Mexican collection. The information reported in this article has been developed from the published literature, from information supplied by colleagues, and from a few microfilms. Research into the unpublished holdings of the BNP, MNA/ AH, BNMex, and other repositories would obviously produce more data than assembled here.

López, P., 1925 Mena, 1918-19, 1923 Nuevos datos, 1952 Peñafiel, 1890 Ramírez, J. F., 1847 Rosa y Saldívar, 1946, 1947 Torre Revello, 1933 Velázquez, 1931

483

TABLE 3-TECHIALOYAN AND TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS: CONCORDANCE OF CENSUS AND BOTURINI COLLECTION INVENTORY NUMBERS

Census

Short Title

1743 & 1745

1746

1791

1804

1823

19171918

Present Location

Techialoyan manuscripts: 706 708 714 718

Ixtapalapa Ocelotepec, Santa Maria

2-39 4-5

7-13 7-18

8-10

Tepotzotlan

3-8

3-2

9-6

735

Huyxoapan, San Pablo

722

14

MNA NYPL BNP, NLA, JRL

16

BNMex

Testerian manuscripts: 809 811 812 817

BNP/FM 78 Boturini 1743-6-32 Boturini 1743-6-33 Humboldt no. 16

6-34 6-32 6-33 6-31

25-1 25-3 25-4 25-2

8-50 8-52

31-4

BNP Unknown Unknown DSB

Manuscripts not in census: Escudo de Castilla Teotenantzin Conversión de San Pablo

7-6

2-3

18 30 33

MNA 35-106 MNA 35-86 Unknown

TABLE 4-PROSE SOURCES IN THE NATIVE HISTORICAL TRADITION: CONCORDANCE OF CENSUS AND BOTURINI COLLECTION INVENTORY NUMBERS*

Census 1003 1012 1013 1017 1018 1020 1023 1024 1025 1027 1028 1033 1043

1044 1048 1059 1062 1064 1072 1076

Short Title HUITZIMÉNGARI: Noticias (c)f ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC: Crónica Anónimo mexicano (c) Bartolache, Annals Bautista, Juan, Anales CASTAÑEDA: Relación (c) CHIMALPAHIN: Compendio (c) Conquista Historia mexicana (c) Relaciones Chimalpopoca, Códice Cuauhtidan, Anales de (c) IXTLILXOCHITL: Relaciones (c) , Sumaria (c) , Historia (c) , — Relación (c) , — Sumaria (c) , Noticias (c) Historia chichimeca (c) Matlatzinca, Calendario Boturini copy Mexicanos, Anales, no. 2 Mexicayotl, Crónica (c) Mexico y sus alrededores, no. 1 MUÑOZ CAMARGO: Historia Nezahualcoyod, Cantares de

1743 & 1745 2-5 part 2-7 5-22 8-25 2-3 part 2-5 part 2-13 2-5 part 2-6 2-16 2-16a 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-4 2-4 6-21 6-22 5-16 2-5 part 5-24 part 2-14b 2-24 part

1746 14-3 8-11 19-3 19-10 35-2

Tomo 4 6

8-6 32-3 8-1 8-12 8-13 8-13a

2 4 20 4 7 8 8

2-1 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-5 4-4

2 2 2 2 3 3

9-14 8-2 18-3 5-2 part

1791

2-1

2-8

1804

6-8

5-33

4 16

2-2 5-31 part

1823

4-18

4-10

Present Location Unknown LC BNP Unknown Mexico Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown BNP MNA/AH (lost) MNA/AH (lost) NLA NLA NLA NLA NLA Unknown Unknown BNP Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown BNP Unknown

Census 1085

1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1096 1101 1111 1114 1117 1121 1122 1127 1128 1139 1140

Short Title PIMENTEL, HERNANDO: Various

PONCE: Breve Relación (c) Puebla, Anales, 1524-1686 Puebla, Anales, 1638-77 Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 1 Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 2 Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 3 Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 2 Quecholac, Anales de SAHAGÚN: Codex Ixlilxochitl, part 3 Soles, Leyenda de los (c) Teotihuacan, Tratado (c) Tetzcotzingo, Titles Tlatelolco y Mexico no. 1 Tlatelolco y Mexico no. 2, part 1 Tlaxcala, Informe (c) Tlaxcala, Historia y fundación (c) ZAPATA and SANTOS Y SALAZAR ZORITA: Breve y sumaria (c)

1743 & 1745

1746

2-22 2-26 2-27 2-29 2-16b

5-3

5-12

19-7 19-9

5-11 2-14h 2-16c 8-26 5-17 5-7 5-9 4-14 4-13 2-10 2-8

Tomo

1791

1804

1823 4-21 5-14

8-13

9-7 18-3 8-3c 36-2

8 1-3 4-4

_____

3-11 2-12 2-6

6-9 3-14

16 8 5-15 4-12?

1-9 3-6 3-12

9-12 9-9

5-2 19-2 18-4 10-1

1-6 17 10

* Other than those also listed in the pictorial census (Article 23) and in Table 2. † (c) indicates that the manuscript in the collection was a copy.

4-3

Present Location Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown MNA/AH (lost) Unknown BNP Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown BNP MNA/AH (lost) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown BNP BNMex

30. Middle American Ethnohistory: An Overview

Η. Β.

W

ITHIN THE FRAMEWORK of Amer­ icanist research most United States anthropologists and his­ torians currently apply the term "ethnohistory" to the field of study concerned with reconstruction of native New World cultures from written sources—in contrast to archae­ ology, which focuses on imperishable ma­ terial culture remains, and to ethnography, which deals with contemporary, functioning cultures. Most of the articles in the "Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources" are detailed sur­ veys and bibliographical discussions of documentary sources for the ethnohistory of Middle America.1 This article will concen­ trate on the substantive rather than the bib­ liographical literature. As an epilogue to the specialized articles, it is a concise overview, with emphasis on the types of sources, the problems which most frequently arise in using them, areal coverage, progress to date, and outstanding needs. Although there is great overlap, it is con­ venient to divide the field of Middle Ameri1

Ed. note: Article 1 defines "Middle America," "Mesoamerica," and other areal units used con­ sistently in vols. 12-15.

NICHOLSON

can ethnohistory on a chronological basis into two major subfields, pre-Hispanic and post-Contact. Not only does the nature of the evidence for them differ, but so do the contexts and problems. Accordingly, the first section below discusses the pre-Hispanic subfield, followed by a similar treatment of the post-Contact subfield. PRE-HISPANIC ETHNOHISTORY

This branch of Mesoamerican ethnohistory is concerned with the reconstruction of the native cultures as they were before the im­ pact of European civilization had effected any appreciable changes. Many of the sources utilized by the investigator primar­ ily interested in "pure" Mesoamerican cul­ tures are the same as those used to recon­ struct those of the early period of European contact. Some anthropologists and historians neatly bracket the Conquest in their re­ search interests. Sources PICTORIAL. The most authentically native "written" source is the Mesoamerican pic­ torial, the "codex," which conveyed the pre-

487

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Hispanic method of writing throughout most of Mesoamerica, essentially a pictographic system but with limited phonetic elements in place and name signs.2 Various formats were employed: single sheets of native paper, animal skin, or cloth (lienzo); long strips (tiras); rolls; and, most importantly by far, screenfold books. Aside from maps and plans, topics included history and genealogy (often in a "cartographized" form), ritual-divinatory themes, and legal-administrative records (landownership, census, tribute, etc.). Of the thousands of pictorials of all types undoubtedly extant in Mesoamerica in 1519, probably not over a score or so have survived. The majority consist of ritual-divinatory and historical-genealogical screenfolds taken early to Europe as curiosities. However, some pre-Hispanic pictorials were copied or newly "edited" in post-Contact times. Many more were originally composed during the 16th century for a variety of purposes, especially litigative, carrying on the native stylistic-iconographic tradition. Despite their post-Contact date, these are often of the greatest value to the student of late pre-Hispanic culture. TEXTUAL. Useful as the native tradition pictorials are, they are overshadowed in importance by the textual sources, which are highly varied in nature and origin. The earliest in time are various descriptions of the country and the natives by participants in the Conquest. Although they sometimes failed fully to comprehend what they were witnessing, all are of great value because they are reporting the initial European response to uninfluenced Mesoamerican culture. The Cortesian cartas de relación are the most important items in this category, but the accounts of Díaz del Castillo, Tapia, the "Anonymous Conqueror," and Aguilar, plus various letters and conquistador relaciones de servicios, all contain useful information. Certain early chroniclers of the Conquest—especially Martire d'Anghiera,

488

Las Casas, Fernández de Oviedo, López de Gómara, and Cervantes de Salazar—can also be included in this category. Although they themselves did not participate in the entradas they describe, they often incorporated accounts of those who did. 3 Later official chroniclers like Herrera similarly summarized firsthand accounts, many of the originals of which are now lost (see Article 15). Of prime value is a small set of works which were consciously ethnographic. They were written by Spaniards, particularly the missionaries, who had personally undertaken investigations into the native culture or had access to the works of those who had. 4 Their writings at times include some history but usually focus on ethnographic descriptions. The Sahaguntine corpus is the outstanding member of this group (Article 14). Highly important data are also contained in the writings of such prominent authors as Olmos, Motolinía, Durán (and derivatives, Tovar and Acosta), Las Casas, Zorita, Mendieta, Torquemada, Landa, Lizana, López de Cogolludo, Burgoa, Remesal, Vásquez, Fuentes y Guzmán, Ximénez, García de Palacio, the Franciscan author (Fray Gerónimo de Alcalá?), of the Relación de Michoacan, and Tello. The sizable epistolary corpus of the Spanish colonial administrators also contains scattered valuable information on native culture, particularly its socio-political, land tenure, inheritance, and economic aspects. Another group of 2 With two major exceptions: Lowland Maya region, where a more complex mixed ideographicphonetic system prevailed; and Western Mexico, which may have lacked even a pictographic system, although a rudimentary one was possibly in use in the areas nearest the rest of Mesoamerica. 3 Ed. note: Article 12 examines the literature of the Conquest and other European-tradition sources in detail. Several lesser-known but important accounts like Sepúlveda's treatment of Cortés are there discussed. 4 Ed. note: Missionary histories and chronicles are given detailed treatment in Article 13, with added data in Article 12.

OVERVIEW

colonial administrative records of considerable utility are those concerned with tribute and census data, ecclesiastical and secular visitas, litigative transcripts, etc., particularly for demography and ethnogeography— and it is precisely this type of source which is most employed for both the pre-Hispanic and post-Contact subperiods. A special category of exceptional value, particularly for the outlying districts often ignored by the major sources, is the Relaciones geográficas of the 1579-85 series (Article 8). The Spanish-educated Indian and mestizo chroniclers, often because they were seeking privileges based on their noble descent, were usually more interested in preserving the annalistic history of their communities than in writing ethnography in the usual sense. But frequently they incorporated some ethnographic data (see Articles 23 and 27 for details). Most prominent in this group were Alvarado Tezozomoc, Chimalpahin, Tadeo de Niza, Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Muñoz Camargo, Cristóbal del Castillo, Gaspar Antonio Chi, and Zapata, plus a number of anonymous native annalists whose accounts are preserved in various histories.5 Of these the best known are the Anales de Cuauhtitlan, Anales de Tlatelolco, Historia ToltecaChichimeca, "Leyenda de los Soles" Popol Vuh, Anales de los Cakchiqueles (compiled by members of the Xahil lineage), and the Yucatecan "Books of Chilam Balam." The Indian-mestizo chroniclers wrote in native languages (what has survived is confined to Nahuatl, Otomi, Quiche, Cakchiquel, Chontal, and Yucatec), Spanish, and (rarely) Latin. The native-language chronicles are 5 Ed. note: Indian and mestizo writers are discussed in Articles 23 and 27. They and their works are listed alphabetically in Article 3 1 . 6 Relación de la genealogía y linaje de los señores que han señoreado esta tierra de la Nueva España and Origen de los mexicanos. 7 Ed. note: Maps 2-14 of Article 22 demonstrate the clustering of the proveniences of the Mexican pictorial manuscripts except the regiónes geográficas, which are treated in vol. 12.

particularly valuable because they express most effectively the authentically aboriginal concepts and attitudes. In many cases their historical and genealogical narratives are obviously derived directly from pictorial sources. Not infrequently the narratives are accompanied by copies of them, and sometimes the text directly annotates a pictorial record. In contrast to the native writers, Spanish colonial authors usually dealt only incidentally with native history. However, the Relación de Michoacan contains a long historical narration. Durán devoted much of his opus to a detailed history of Tenochtitlan derived from a lost Nahuatl history, and Torquemada consigned great amounts of space in his monumental work to native history (Article 16). Two particularly significant examples are the Juan Cano Relaciones6 and the Historia de los mexicanos por sus pinturas, both histories of Tenochtitlan and its imperialistic-dynastic ancestors, Tollan and Colhuacan, compiled early by anonymous Franciscans. The latter is uniquely valuable as its major portion is obviously the explanation of a single pre-Hispanic Tenochca pictorial "world history." Areal Considerations Before we turn to a discussion of some of the outstanding problems in utilizing these sources, some areal considerations are in order. The coverage is not at all uniform. If the proveniences of the extant pictorial and documentary sources were to be plotted on a map of Mesoamerica, some striking clusterings and gaps would be apparent. 7 The densest cluster by far would be in the Basin of Mexico and immediately adjoining territory, reflecting the fact that this region was the power heart of Mesoamerica at Contact. Western Mexico would be quite thinly represented, as would the Gulf Coast, especially its northern sector. Another clustering would be present in Oaxaca, particu489

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

larly its western zone for pictorials. The Isthmian area would be very poorly represented, and adjoining Chiapas not much more satisfactorily. In northern Yucatan another distinct, if not too dense, clustering would be encountered. Another clustering would be evident in Highland Guatemala. The southeastern periphery of Mesoamerica (the Pacific Coast salient running through Salvador, southern Honduras, western Nicaragua, and northwest Costa Rica) would be quite skimpily represented. This marked unevenness of Mesoamerican ethnohistoric source coverage poses a considerable problem as investigators attempt to reconstruct a reasonably comprehensive culture history for all of late pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica. Major Problems Beginning with the pictorials, the obvious leading problem here is simply that of understanding their contents. In late preHispanic times one basic "writing" system, with numerous regional variants, prevailed throughout most of Mesoamerica, which can for convenience be labeled "MixtecaPuebla," referring to the area where it may have crystallized. Because of its essentially pictographic-ideographic nature, it can usually be successfully interpreted, at least in general terms. Another system, much more ancient and complex, still prevailed in the Lowland Maya area. It has been only partially deciphered and hence still constitutes one of the major problems in Mesoamerican ethnohistory. Although nearly all the "Mixteca-Puebla" pictorials can be generally understood, in each individual case full understanding is naturally the desired goal. Here many problems and obstacles can and do arise. In some major areas much work remains to be done. For example, although the basic genealogical connections in the Mixteca pictorials have been worked out with considerable success, most of the identifications of the 490

large number of place signs remain to be made. There are also many sections of the ritual-divinatory pictorials of the pre-Hispanic Borgia Group, which have yet to be satisfactorily interpreted. For the documentary sources, the problems are many and diverse. One which has caused considerable difficulty, especially for anthropologists untrained in the techniques of critical examination of sources, is that of determining the genuinely primary version of a particular passage, a problem exacerbated by the common practice of the early chroniclers of freely copying each other without explicit acknowledgment. Too often, say, have Motolinía, López de G-mara, Zorita, Román y Zamora, Mendieta, and Torquemada been cited as independent and corroborating authorities for a particular datum without recognition that the last five simply copied, directly or indirectly, from the first. Before many of the longer and more complex chronicles can be intelligently exploited for their ethnohistorical information, therefore, a thorough analytic breakdown into their constituent sources must be undertaken. This problem is more acute with the Spanish sources, particularly the later ones, but it also enters in some of the Indian-mestizo works, above all in such intricately composite annals as the Anales de Cuauhtitlan, Chimalpahin's relaciones, and the Books of Chilam Balam. Once these analytic studies have been completed and the primary sources identified, however, the more basic problem of evaluating their reliability arises. Here the usual questions must be asked of each source: who wrote it, why, when, and where—and it must also be carefully compared with all other relevant sources. Although this undoubtedly sounds commonplace, particularly to any trained historian, anyone familiar with the pre-Hispanic branch of Mesoamerican ethnohistory is only too well aware how rarely it has ac-

OVERVIEW

tually been accomplished in practice. Not a little of the confusion and the existence of so many widely disparate reconstructions by different leading students can be attributed to the failure rigorously to pursue this indispensable critical and evaluatory analysis. Three other major problems face the student of the native histories: (1) distinguishing legendary "pattern histories" from reliable chronicling of actual past events; (2) allowing for local propagandistc bias; and (3) discerning the use of different year counts. With regard to the first, it has been insufficiently recognized to what extent in the early portions of most of the native histories—and even, occasionally, in their later portions as well—the events chronicled have been fitted consciously or unconsciously into stylized patterns heavily influenced by religious and cosmological preconceptions. All the native histories represent a very selective and formalized image of the past, one which was obviously being constantly revised in response to various socio-political and religious changes within the groups in question. There has been too much naive acceptance of the literal historicity of the earliest segments of these stylized histories. The second problem is similar to the first, but here the distorting influence was more specifically political. When many sources from a number of neighboring communities exist, as in the case of some areas of Central Mexico, an opportunity exists for establishing corrective balances by carefully weighing and comparing the variant versions. However, when only a single version of a community's history is available, the difficulty of making an accurate appraisal of reliability is greatly increased and more abstract evaluative criteria must be employed (such as inherent probability, congruency with known patterns of Mesoamerican culture, discounting of obvious hyperbole and exaggeration). As for the third problem, although con-

siderable progress has been made in distinguishing various divergent year counts in late pre-Hispanic times, much remains to be done. Particularly needed is the detailed presentation of evidence on the part of those like Jiménez Moreno (1961) and Kirchhoff (1950, 1956a), who have claimed the simultaneous use of a great many different calendric systems in Central Mexico alone, sometimes even within the same community. On a more general level, one of the most serious problems in pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican ethnohistory up to now has been the widely scattered locations of the sources and the fact that many still lie buried in unknown archives and private collections. Precisely to help alleviate this problem, the "Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources" forms a major part of the Handbook of Middle American Indians (vols. 12-15). Various articles discuss the classes or particular sources, with extensive bibliographic coverage, and verify data on locations of originals and copies of unpublished materials. In many instances photoreproductions of them have been collected and organized by the Hispanic Foundation in the Library of Congress to provide the scholarly public with more direct access than was previously possible to these scattered and diverse materials. It is hoped that these efforts will reduce the amount of scholarly time previously devoted to identifying and locating relevant ethnohistorical materials, thus freeing it for creative scholarship. 8 Progress to Date Considerable progress in studies of preContact Mesoamerican ethnohistory can bo reported, despite earlier and remaining obstacles and problems. Limited space pre8 Ed. note: See Article 28, United States Collections, District of Columbia, Washington: Library of Congress, for statement on the 1973 transfer of Handbook files to custodial divisions.

491

ETHNOHISTORICAL

eludes either enumerating further the latter or fully detailing all advances. From the outset, various colonial writers were particularly concerned with native culture history, in what we might term a "prescientific" fashion. Their works provide raw data that more recent hands have refined and interpreted. After the period of the Conquest eyewitnesses and the 16th-century "field workers," began the period of the compilers and copyists. These compilers could well be considered to be, in some sense, the first Mesoamerican ethnohistorians. The Indians and mestizos figured quite prominently in this group, especially Chimalpahin and Alva Ixtlilxochitl. However, the preeminent figure here is undoubtedly Torquemada, who published in 1615 the first large-scale, comprehensive account of native Mesoamerican history and culture (although heavily weighted to the Central Mexican area). Poorly organized and compilatory rather than genuinely integrated, Torquemada's Monarquía indiana nevertheless constitutes a landmark in the development of the field which eventually became known as Mesoamerican ethnohistory (Article 16). The 17th century also saw the beginnings of the formation of the first important collections of textual manuscripts and native tradition pictorials (or their combination) relevant to pre-Hispanic history and culture. Alva Ixtlilxochitl appears to have been one of the first to form a sizable collection of this type, some of whose items (above all Códice Xolotl) he utilized in his writings. After his death (ca. 1648?) they passed into the possession of Sigüenza y Góngora) 1645-1700), a celebrated criollo intellectual (Article 12, Item 86). Most of Sigüenza y Góngora's writings are lost, but many of the manuscripts in his collection (which he considerably augmented over and above what he obtained from the heirs of Alva Ixtlilxochitl) have survived. 492

SOURCES

Overshadowing Sigüenza y Góngora in importance, however, was the greatest single collector in the history of the field, the Italian aristocrat Boturini (Article 12, Item 89; Article 29). Between 1736 and 1743 he amassed by far the largest collection of documentary and pictorial materials brought together up to that time, including items of fundamental importance. Although much of the collection was subsequently dispersed and many documents lost, a sizable portion survived, particularly in the collection formed about a hundred years later by Aubin. Boturini hoped to complete a major history, utilizing the sources in his great collection, but his failure ever to reacquire his sequestered collection after his arrest and deportation to Spain and his premature death (1755) prevented this. His friend and executor, the Mexican aristocrat Mariano Veytia (Article 12, Item 90), attempted, with access to the Boturini collection, to compose the kind of history Boturini had hoped to write but only produced an unfinished work published posthumously (1836), of limited value, based largely on the writings of Alva Ixtlilxochitl. A contemporary, the Mexican Jesuit Clavigero (Article 17), who as a youth had the opportunity to inspect some of the Sigüenza y Góngora and Boturini collection items, later while in exile in Italy wrote the best general pre-Contact Central Mexican historyethnography published up to that time (1780-81), but one still largely based on secondary authority, especially Torquemada (see Article 16). A talented Mexican astronomer, León y Gama, who also had access to the Boturini collection, can be considered the real founder of the modern Mexican ethnohistoric-archaeologic tradition. Copying and studying key items in the Boturini corpus, he unfortunately was able to publish only one significant work embodying his researches, his classic study of the "Calendar

OVERVIEW

Stone" and other pre-Hispanic monuments found in Mexico City (1792, enlarged edition 1832). His friend and executor, the Jesuit Pichardo, continuing his work with the Boturini collection, was able to render Humboldt substantial aid on the latter's memorable visit to Mexico in 1803-04, but never published anything of ethnohistoric significance. However, his "pupil" Humboldt, in his Vues de Cordillères (1810 [1813]), devoted considerable attention to Central Mexican native culture, particularly the pictorials—publishing some for the first time— which helped to arouse greater interest in "Aztec" (he was the first to use this term in its modern generic sense) culture in Western intellectual circles. An eccentric Irish aristocrat, Lord Kingsborough (Edward King) published in 1830-31 (Kingsborough, 1831-48, vols. 1-7) most of the important Mesoamerican pictorials known at that time, including those first generally publicized by Humboldt, which stimulated much more interest in this aspect of Mesoamerican culture, although their successful elucidation was not accomplished until much later. A great many of the surviving Boturini collection items were secured by Aubin, a French professor in newly independent Mexico between 1830 and 1840. Taking them back to France, he eventually sold his whole collection 49 years later to Goupil, who in 1891 financed the publication of a monumental catalog of the collection, including photographs of many of the pictorials, with commentary by Boban. Goupil's widow donated his collection in 1898 to the Bibliothèque Nationale. Aubin can be considered the founder, with Brasseur de Bourbourg (Article 18), of the French tradition in Mesoamerican ethnohistory. Aubin was particularly interested in the pictorials in his collection, and his few substantive publications were almost exclusively devoted to them, particularly a group from the Texcoco area.

Not long after Aubin left Mexico, Prescott's immensely influential account of the conquest of Mexico appeared (1843) and almost immediately was translated into Spanish (1844). It included a substantial description of Central Mexican native culture at Contact, which greatly furthered popular interest in the subject. An industrious and perspicacious Mexican, José Fernando Ramírez, picking up, in effect, where León y Gama and Pichardo had left off, was very active in Mexican ethnohistoric studies in the middle decades of the century, collecting, copying, and editing manuscripts and publishing few but precise studies (see Article 21 for further data). An energetic French priest, Brasseur de Bourbourg, also made his appearance on the scene at this time. Aided in his Nahuatl studies by Galicia Chimalpopoca, an associate of Ramírez in some of his scholarly enterprises, Brasseur de Bourbourg published in 1857-59 the most comprehensive account of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican native history produced up to that time. Although not standing up well with time in part because of his penchant for speculative reconstructions, his Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique et de VAmérique Centrale was particularly noteworthy because he made greater use of native sources than did any of his predecessors. But Brasseur de Bourbourg's most important contribution was made in the following decade in Maya studies, which he did as much as anyone to establish, with, above all, his discovery in Madrid and first publication (1864) of the abridged copy of Landa; his edition (1861), with first French translation, of the Popol Vuh; and his discovery and first publication (1869-70) of the Troano portion of Codex Madrid. He also collected many documents of importance, especially in Guatemala (Article 18). Another founder of Maya ethnohistory, active well before Brasseur de Bourbourg, 493

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

was the Yucatecan student Pío Pérez. He collected and copied important manuscripts, including some of the Chilam Balam books, and studied the pre-Hispanic Yucatecan calendric system; his results were first published by Stephens in 1843. Modern Highland Guatemala ethnohistory can be considered to have been rather spectacularly launched in 1857 with Scherzer's publication in Vienna of Ximénez' 18th-century copy of the Quiche text and Spanish translation of the Popol Vuh, the aboriginal New World's most famous mythic saga and native history. In the second half of the 19th century preHispanic Mesoamerican ethnohistory began to come of age. In Mexico, the earlier traditions were carried on impressively by Orozco y Berra and, somewhat less successfully, by Chavero; in addition to lesser contributions and some editing, both published monumental syntheses of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican history and culture (Orozco y Berra, 1880; Chavero, n.d., ca. 1887) which have had lasting influence (Article 21). A little earlier (1874-75), the prominent United States historian of the North American West, Bancroft, had, with his assistants, produced a similar type of broad-scale synthesis, which, although based more on secondary authority, had an almost equal influence in the English-speaking world (Article 19). Two other outstanding Mexican scholars of the same period, García Icazbalceta and Paso y Troncoso, made their greatest contributions as editors of important, hitherto unpublished sources. The latter also made important substantive contributions, particularly his commentary (1898b) on Codex Borbonicus (Article 21). Another significant Mexican contemporary was Peñafiel, who, in addition to editing various previously unpublished textual and pictorial sources, published two important studies (1885, 1897c) of the place signs in Codex Mendoza and other Central Mexican native tradition pictorials. 494

Outside of Mexico considerable progress was also being made. In the United States, Brinton and Thomas stood out as pioneer students of Lowland Maya hieroglyphic writing, focusing on the three surviving screenfolds. The former, in addition to publishing and translating the Yucatecan historical chronicles from various Chilam Balam books (1882b) and the other great highland Guatemala native history, the Anales de los Cakchiqueles (1885; collected by Brasseur), was one of the first to publish in the field of Nahuatl literature (Article 14B, Table 5). Between 1877 and 1880, Bandelier, a Swiss-American, published three highly influential studies on the socio-political structure, land tenure system, and military organization of Tenochtitlan. However, dominated by Morgan's evolutionary theories, these were highly distorted interpretations (Bandelier, 1877, 1878, 1880) which later students consider to have had a pernicious influence on the development of a more accurate understanding of the sociopolitical aspect of late pre-Hispanic Central Mexico, particularly in the United States. The important French tradition was continued by various leading scholars. Siméon, briefly a student of Aubin in Mexico, edited Olmos' Nahuatl grammer (Olmos, 1875), collaborated in a French translation of Bustamante's imperfect edition of Sahagún (Jourdanet and Siméon, 1880), published a massive Classical Nahuatl-French dictionary (1885), and produced the first translation into any modern language of the sixth and seventh relaciones of Chimalpahin (1889a). Hamy published a number of studies, including his general commentaries to Codices Borbonicus (1899a) and Telleriano-Remensis (1899b). Another prominent member of the group was Léon de Rosny. He published pioneering studies on Maya hieroglyphic writing (especially 1876a) and edited the Cortesianus portion of Codex Madrid (1883) and the second edition of

OVERVIEW

Codex París (1887). These and other French investigators also carried on the work of an ethnological society (Société Américaine de France) in Paris dedicated to Americanist studies, whose journals and monographs attest to the widespread interest the French had maintained. They were also instrumental in convoking the first meeting (1875) of the International Congress of Americanists at Nancy, France, which since that time has met 40 times (since 1895 more or less biannually on alternate sides of the Atlantic) for exchange of scientific information on New World themes. A great German tradition also emerged during this period, led most notably by Seler and carried on by his colleagues and students to the present. Seler made numerous fundamental contributions, particularly with his paleographies and translations of the invaluable, hitherto unpublished Sahaguntine Nahuatl texts and his interpretations of various native tradition pictorials (see Articles 20 and 22). Perhaps his single most significant contribution was his elucidation (between 1887 and 1909) of the important Borgia Group of pre-Contact ritual-divinatory pictorials, capped by his commentary (1904-09) to Codex Borgia itself, wherein he summarized all his previous research on the group as a whole. Other German investigators made impressive, if less monumental, contributions. Förstemann, specializing in Maya studies, took fundamental steps toward the decipherment of lowland Maya hieroglyphic writing, particularly with his commentaries to Codices Dresden (1886, 1901, 1906), Madrid (1902), and Paris (1903a). Another leading pioneer Mayanist, Schellhas, made his most important contribution with his widely accepted classification (1892, 1897, 1904a, 1904b) of deity representations in the three screenfolds. The general tempo of activity has steadily accelerated in the 20th century. One inev-

itable trend has been specialization, particularly between those students concerned with Maya studies and those primarily interested in the rest of Mesoamerica, especially Central Mexico and Oaxaca. Such specialization has reached a point that in effect these are now visible subfields. In the Mayanist subfield a galaxy of English-speaking scholars emerged as major figures during the decades after 1900. Some of the most prominent would include Bowditch, Tozzer, Morley, Thompson, Spinden, Gates, and Roys. All utilized to a greater or lesser extent the relevant documentary-pictorial corpus. In addition to training students like Lothrop, Blom, Spinden, and La Farge, for instance, Tozzer edited the standard copiously annotated English translation of Landa (1941) and published Spanish source material on the historic Lacandones (1913). Thompson has become the preeminent authority on the pre-Hispanic Maya in general, with particular emphasis on hieroglyphic writing. Gates was especially active in copying and collecting pictorial and linguistic documents, not only for what he called Mayance areas but for other parts of Mesoamerica as well. Roys, from the 1920s until his death in 1965, very much dominated the documentary-philological side of lowland Maya research, sometimes in collaboration with historians like Scholes. In Yucatan itself, the firmly rooted 19thcentury tradition of Mayanist ethnohistorical studies has been carried on in this century most prominently by Martínez Hernández, Mediz Bolio, and Solís Alcalá. Most recently Barrera Vásquez has made the major contributions, especially through his new translations with Rendón (1948) and with Morley (1949) of portions of the Chilam Balam books. In 1938 he, as well as a fellow Yucatecan, Pérez Martínez (1938), published important supplementary materials in reeditions of Landa. The Europeans have continued their inter495

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

est in Mayanist investigations. Led by Knorozov, Russian students first seriously entered the field in the 1950s. His controversial "decipherments" of hieroglyphs and hieroglyph passages in the screenfolds have not been widely accepted. Three of Knorozov's colleagues, Evreinov, Kosarev, and Ustinov, attempted (1961) to decipher hieroglyphic texts in Codices Dresden and Madrid with the aid of an electronic computer, an attempt which most Mayanists, including Knorozov, have essentially rejected. About the same time the earlier German Mayanist tradition was reactivated. A landmark catalog (1956) of all glyphs in the three surviving Maya pictorials was issued by Zimmermann. Barthel has become one of the leading contemporary students of lowland Maya hieroglyphic writing. Anders has contributed (1963) a major work on the deities of the Mayance speakers. Highland Guatemala-Chiapas has continued to receive considerable attention. Schultze Jena (1944) provided a new paleography and German translation of the Popol Vuh, while a Guatemalan scholar, Recinos, newly translated it into Spanish (1947). He also translated the Anales de los Cakchiqueles (1950a) and edited some similar but briefer Guatemalan native histories (1957). Significant works on the late preContact period, chiefly socio-political and linguistic aspects, have been published by various students, particularly a group in the United States, led by Edmondson, Miles, Carrasco, Calnek, Carmack, and Navarrete. Ethnohistorical research on the parts of Mesoamerica lying west and north of the Maya regions has intensified during the present century. Classical Nahuatl studies, particularly revolving around translation and study of works by Sahagún and related materials, have become a subspecialty of international interest (see Article 14). The outstanding contribution is the paleography and full translation in English of the Nahuatl version of Sahagún's General History by An496

derson and Dibble, who (1950-69) have published all the books. In Mexico Garibay, León-Portilla, and their students and associates have been especially active in promoting the study and teaching of Nahuatl linguistic and cultural topics. In Spain, under Ballesteros Gaibrois, a more limited but significant effort continues. The general reconstruction of the late preHispanic history and culture of Central Mexico has been led by such scholars as Caso, Jiménez Moreno, Kirchhoff, Barlow, Soustelle, García Granados, Carrasco, Katz, López Austin, and others. Jiménez Moreno and Kirchhoff have been particularly dominant in the more strictly historical aspect of the Central Mexican field. A remarkable young scholar, who fully matched their productivity and influence in this particular subfield and who also became a leading Nahuatlato, was Barlow—not only through his own substantial body of writings before his premature death in 1951 at age 32, but by his founding (with Smisor; continued later by Horcasitas and Bernal) the only learned journal exclusively devoted to Middle American ethnohistorical matters, Tlalocan (1943-). Its pages contain a wealth of data in the form of translated texts, special bibliographies, and important articles and notes. Oaxaca has been another focus of 20thcentury investigation. Pioneering studies appeared at the hands of Nuttall, Clark, Long, and Spinden on the Mixteca historical-genealogical meander screenfolds, which culminated in Caso's fundamental decipherments and reconstructions of Mixteca dynastic genealogies, in a series of basic publications from the 1940s onward. Recent students, principally Dark, Burland, Nowotny, Μ. Ε. Smith, Troike, and Spores, have also made significant contributions to a greater knowl­ edge and understanding of the Mixteca pictorials. Dedicated principally to the preHispanic history and culture of Oaxaca was

OVERVIEW

a session in Mexico in 1962 of the 35th International Congress of Americanists; recent state of knowledge is revealed in an English translation of the papers there presented, with important added new materials, in a volume entitled Ancient Oaxaca (Paddock, 1966). The Borgia Group of native pictorials, whose provenience is under debate, especially between Robertson (1963, 1964) and Nicholson (1966c; cf. Chadwick and MacNeish, 1967), have recently been the subject of revived interest. Following Seler's landmark researches at the turn of the century, they received declining attention. Renewal of interest is evidenced by the recent publication of Nowotny's extensive catalog (1961b), the Fondo de Cultura Económica's Spanish translation of Seler's Codex Borgia commentary, with new facsimile (1963), and Spranz' study of the iconography (1964), as well as the provenience-problem papers by Robertson, Nicholson, and Chadwick and MacNeish. For the interpretation of the Central Mexican pictorials and the writing system, the recent researches of Caso, Dibble, Barlow, García Grandes, Mateos, Nowotny, Mengin, Kutscher, Prem, Nicholson, and Galarza have been significant. In addition to the Sahaguntine texts, important Nahuatl sources either have been published and translated for the first time or have received their first adequate publications in recent years. In this effort a group of Germanspeaking scholars, many trained by Seler or his students, have played a particularly active role (Lehmann, Preuss, Mengin, Kutscher, Zimmermann, and others) along with an equally productive group publishing in Mexico (Barlow, López Austin, McAfee, Velázquez, Garibay, León-Portilla, Rendón, León, Sullivan, and others). Finally, some leading examples of successful modern reconstructive syntheses of late pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican cultures—

based almost entirely on documentary and pictorial sources—deserve special mention because of their importance and utility. These are apart from such summaries prepared for other volumes of this Handbook and would include Tarascan: Ν. León, 1903, 1903-04, 1906c; Seler, 1908a; Otomi: Carrasco Pizana, 1950; Matlatzinca: García Payón, 1941, 1942-43; Totonac: Krickeberg, 1918-25,1933; Mixtec: Dahlgren de Jordán, 1954b; Spores, 1967; Pokoman; Miles, 1957; Chontal Maya: Scholes and Roys, 1948; Yucatecan Maya: Roys, 1943; and NicaraoMangue: Lothrop, 1926; Chapman, 1960. These are discrete studies of great value, but to date they have not been integrated into a general pan-Mesoamerican comprehensive synthesis. Remarkably, an adequate synthesis is lacking for the best documented late pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican culture, that of the Nahua-speakers of Central Mexico ("Aztec"). The popular summaries of Vaillant (1941, revised 1962), Soustelle (1955), and others are useful, but more thorough, comprehensive, and up-to-date syntheses are needed to replace the outmoded 19th-century summaries of Bancroft, Orozco y Berra, Chavero, and others of lesser importance. Outstanding

Needs

Among the many obvious needs in the still embryonic field of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican ethnohistory a major one has been for improved bibliographical control and organization. It is hoped that the present "Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources" will go a long way to fill that gap for retrospective materials. The section "Ethnohistory: Mesoamerica," which was instituted by the standard Handbook of Latin American Studies in 1960 (Nicholson, 1960-70), along with its sections on archaeology, linguistics, and history, should aid the student in keeping abreast of recent and current studies and developments. 497

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Another need is for additional color reproductions of native tradition pictorials. The Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (Graz), and the Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología have been most active in recent years. There are still many important Mesoamerican pictorials which need adequate publication. The bringing together in single volumes of reproductions of significant groups of pictorials is also an obvious need, even if only in less expensive black-and-white format. The Mesoamerican pictorials should never be studied in isolation but always within meaningful culture historical contexts. Their publication in contextually integrated groupings would positively facilitate this approach. There are also numerous textual sources of considerable importance which still await first publication or first adequate scholarly publication, including some in native languages, especially Nahuatl and members of the Mayance family. Modern critical editions with suitable analysis and annotation, of some of the classic chronicles (e.g., Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Alvarado Tezozomoc, Muñoz Camargo, Torquemada) are also needed. A major desideratum is completion of accurate translation and publication of the Sahaguntine Nahuatl corpus. Article 14 outlines an elaborate plan for making available to modern scholarship the native and Spanish texts, vocabularies, and studies of their relationships, a scheme which successive specialists have developed since mid-19th century. These materials form the single most important body of ethnographic sources for pre-Contact Mesoamerica and deserve priority treatment. Finally, in spite of some excellent syntheses of the late pre-Hispanic history and culture of certain Mesoamerican linguistic groups (see above), there are other important groups which lack adequate coverage. A partial list would include: trans-Michoacan 498

West Mexico (Sauer, 1948, is useful for Colima); Central Mexican Nahua-speakers; Huaxtec (Meade, 1942, has some useful data); Zapotec; the Chiapas groups (principally Zoque, Chiapanec, and Mayance; Navarrete, 1966, is useful for the Chiapanec); the highland Guatemala groups other than the Pokomam, especially Quiche, Cakchiquel, Tzutuhil, Mam, and some of the Alta Verapaz peoples; the Guatemala-Salvador Pipil (J. E. S. Thompson, 1948, contains a useful résumé); and the western Honduras groups (Chorti, Lenca, Pipil, etc.). For some of these groups the available data are thin, but for others they are relatively abundant. In any case, all extant information should be systematically compiled for each, to produce the fullest ethnohistoric reconstruction possible. Also needed are more adequate topical studies, especially in the spheres of socio-political structure, economics, esthetics, and religion, ritual, magic, and shamanism. POST-CONTACT ETHNOHISTORY

As indicated above, many of the sources which contain useful data for the student of the pre-Hispanic cultures also contain information of importance for the post-Contact specialist. Most of the categories of sources outlined for the previous section apply as well to this section, at least through the 16th century. After the Conquest, Mesoamerican Indian societies and cultures gradually became components of a larger IndoHispanic Middle American socio-cultural universe. This changed status is clearly reflected in the nature of the sources and the ethnohistorical problems. Sources PICTORIAL. The native system of pictoideographic writing survived in some areas in almost pure form well into the century of the Conquest. Litigative and administrative records and exhibits (land-plot and

OVERVIEW

house diagrams, censuses, receipts, tribute computations, genealogies), especially, were composed with little change in technique and format. Pre-Hispanic histories were copied, brought up to date, and continued in some cases into the 17th century. Even ritualdivinatory pictorials were copied or composed, clandestinely or as part of Spanish ethnographic investigations. As mentioned above, only a handful of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican pictorial documents have survived. Usually brought into being by various Spanish administrative requirements or interests, however, between at least 400 and 500 colonial pictorials in the native tradition are known to have survived. Such productions are discussed in detail in Articles 22 and 23. Nearly all are significant documents for the history and culture of the Indian component of the colonial society. For reasons still not entirely clear, almost none of these postHispanic pictorials have survived from eastern Mesoamerica; however, various references indicate that some were extant in the 16th and 17th centuries. For students of acculturation, the gradually increasing degree of European influence observable in the native-tradition pictorials as the century wore on is a phenomenon of considerable interest. Often coupled with this Europeanization process is a frank degeneration of the native stylisticiconographic forms and conventions. However, occasionally this fusion of European and Mesoamerican stylistic canons resulted in the production of some handsome pictorials. By the end of the century the authentic native pictorial tradition had almost faded out. Certainly by 1650 virtually nothing was left but the copying of earlier redactions and, occasionally, some conscious archaizing. At the margin of the dwindling mainstream of native production of pictorial documents are two groups of colonial documents with pictorial components. Capital-

izing on the ability of Indians to learn by rote from pictographs, early friars created a body of pictorial catechisms employing arbitrary standard symbols to indoctrinate the Indians. Named for the priest who seemingly first employed them, they are generically known as "Testerians" (Article 25). They are not genuinely native tradition productions. Another group of late colonialperiod documents (exact dating is disputed) has no exact parallel in the pre-Hispanic traditions beyond the general one of using pictorial elements to convey information. Named for the village where a prominent example was discovered, they are generically labeled "Techialoyans." Among others, Barlow published concerning them, and they were summarily treated by Robertson (1959, chap. 11). Techialoyans concern land claims, with Nahuatl texts that refer to 16thcentury dates, with a characteristic pictorial style unrelated to the main colonial schools. More details are provided in Article 24. TEXTUAL. The post-Contact ethnohistorian has an abundance of varied documentary sources at his disposal. Of special value are various historical annals which carry on the pre-Hispanic tradition and in some cases extend well into the 17th century. Genuine "ethnographic" post-Contact accounts of native culture are quite rare, although there are a few exceptions such as occasional investigations into surviving Indian "superstitions" (e.g., Ponce in 1597 [1892], Ruiz de Alarcón in 1629 [1892], La Serna in 1646-56 [1892a, 1892b], Balsalobre [1656], Sánchez de Aguilar [1639]), The bulk of the documentation is connected with various colonial institutions which deeply involved the Indians: encomienda, repartimiento, congregación, llamamiento, cacicazgo, municipal government, slavery—plus censuses, tributetithe records, secular and ecclesiastical visitas, local parish records (births, baptisms, marriages, deaths), litigative records (especially pleitos over land rights), petitions 499

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

for the obtaining of privileges on the part of the surviving native aristocracy. The lay and religious chroniclers of the colonial period and the more formal royal chroniclers provide scattered data, which similarly appear in colonial administrative records of various types. In most instances patient search through masses of irrelevant materials is necessary to cull these bits of information. Article 11 provides details on various collections of printed records, primarily administrative, in which such information will be found; Article 12 gives biobibliographical data on more than 150 secular writers in the European tradition whose works have some ethnohistorical interest; and Article 13 details the principal religious chroniclers and their works, all with comprehensive bibliographies. Of considerable value are certain geographical-democraphic surveys. The greatest corpus, the Relaciones geográficas of 1579-85 (Article 8), invaluable for the preHispanic period, are equally indispensable for the post-Contact era. Also containing much useful information are 17th- and 18thcentury surveys of somewhat similar nature (1608-12,1743-46,1777-78,1789-92), many for the first time clearly identified and discussed in Article 10. Certain colonial geographic-demographic surveys, such as those of López de Velasco, Vázquez de Espinosa, Mota y Escobar, Arregui, Villaseñor y Sánchez, Alcedo, and others often provide important ethnogeographical data. Valuable observations on the Indian component of Middle American colonial society can be found in various travelers' accounts, especially those of Ponce, Gage, and Gemelli Careri, and in the voluminous literature produced by 19th-century travelers in the Mexican national period (see Gardiner, 1952). In general, more relevant documentary material seems to be known for the 16th and early 17th centuries than for the next two 500

and a half centuries. This obviously reflects to some extent the socio-political submergence and tremendous reduction in numbers of the Indian and the growing emergence of the mestizo class. It also arises from the circumstance that editors and historians have generally been more attracted by the great dramas of the Conquest and stirrings toward national independence than coverage of the routine administrative matters of the 17th and much of the 18th centuries, both of which await much fuller exploration. Areal Considerations The areal coverage is again, as for the sources relevant to the pre-Hispanic period, somewhat uneven. Central Mexico, Oaxaca, highland Guatemala, and northern Yucatan still provide the greatest amount of documentation. Certain types of administrative records, however, covered major colonial jurisdictions more or less uniformly. Here it is worth noting that many important regional documents were transmitted to Spain, where they are filed under the appropriate jurisdictional headings, usually by audiencias in the Archive of the Indies and elsewhere. Similar materials of a more local nature were retained in the New World, again in audiencia archives. Thus for much of the colonial period they are found in Guatemala City (for Central America and Chiapas, occasionally Yucatan), in Guadalajara (for western and northern Mexico), and in Mexico City (for Central Mexico, Veracruz, and Oaxaca, occasionally Chiapas). To aid the student in tracking down these records through the labyrinthine Spanish administrative system of overlapping jurisdictions Articles 2, 3, and 4 provide clues. Major Problems Many of the leading problems of postConquest ethnohistory are identical or similar to those for the pre-Hispanic period. For the native tradition pictorials, the "decipher-

OVERVIEW

ment" problem is generally less acute because this is often facilitated by the annotations they bear and the fact that they can frequently be directly related to known postContact historical contexts. For the documentary sources, the problem of pinning down the genuinely primary versions of passages is still present but, in general, is less serious as so many of the sources used by the post-Contact ethnohistorian are administrative records rather than chronicles. Evaluation of reliability is also less of a problem, principally because the historical contexts can be better controlled. Chronological control in general, such a difficult problem for the pre-Hispanic ethnohistorian, is much less a problem for the student of the postContact period. One problem, shared with pre-Hispanic ethnohistory, has been quite acute. It is the widely scattered locations of the sources and the fact that so many lie buried in archives, both local and national. Again, the ethnohistory volumes of this Handbook have attempted to reduce this problem, although the emphasis has been placed on printed rather than on archival materials. Perhaps the greatest problem in the postHispanic field is the large number of gaps in the record between the Conquest and the era of modern ethnographic investigations. These lacunae present a serious challenge to the ethnohistorian attempting any kind of genuinely continuous historical account. For some communities enough documentation exists at "spaced intervals" so that shrewd forward and backward extrapolations of culture historical trends can fairly well fill the gaps, a procedure similar to the technique mentioned as "upstreaming" in the Introduction (vol. 12, p. 15). For others, however, no adequate documentation is available until relatively recent times, making it virtually impossible to reconstruct the past of these places other than by assuming that the processes known to have been op-

erative in the documented areas also prevailed here. Progress to Date Interest in the native component of the hybrid Indo-Hispanic society which emerged in the wake of the Conquest lagged badly until relatively recent times. From the beginning of serious study of the Mesoamerican Indian, far more attention has been directed toward the "pure" pre-Cortesian cultures than toward the "contaminated" ones of post-Conquest times. Historians of the Colonial and early Independence periods usually devoted little attention to the submerged Indian segment of the society of the Spanish colony and succeeding independent Mexico. Only with the rise of modern anthropology and the beginning of ethnographic investigations of recent and contemporary Indian subcultures did there come full recognition of the importance of research into these same subcultures throughout the lengthy period between the Conquest and the present era. However, this recognition came quite slowly. Many of the anthropologically trained ethnographers, particularly those conducting the so-called "village studies," tended virtually to ignore the pasts of the communities they were investigating, even in cases where some documentation was available. A classic example was the anthropologist Redfield, who, in his Folk Culture of Yucatan (1941), preferred to reconstruct the histories of his communities by utilizing a version of the "age-area hypothesis" rather than investigate to any extent the available documentation. One striking exception to the prevailing ahistorical orientation of so many of the earlier ethnographers deserves special mention: the Teotihuacan Valley project of 1917-22 directed by Manuel Gamio (1922). It devoted considerable effort to the reconstruction of as much of the history of this valley as possible between the 501

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Conquest and the period of the project's ethnographic investigations, definitely foreshadowing the systematic cultivation of the post-Contact field. Leading the way toward what eventually did develop as the distinct subfield of postContact ethnohistory was a series of studies by historians and anthropologists commencing in the 1920s. They investigated certain colonial institutions which were set up by the Spanish administrators to further the economic exploitation and religious conversion of the natives. Among such pioneers were Kirkpatrick, Simpson, Zavala, Chamberlain, and Miranda on encomiendarepartimiento; Miranda on tribute; Simpson and Cline on congregación; Roys on cacicazgo; Zavala on slavery; Gibson on llamamiento; and Chávez Orozco, Aguirre Beltrán, Chevalier, and Gibson on Indian municipal government. Also further pointing the way were various works on the Spanish proselytization effort, for they were inevitably much concerned with the Indian side of the equation. The basic contribution here was the comprehensive study of Ricard (1933b), but Cuevas, Braden, Kubler and others contributed significantly to this conversion literature. The "Conquest literature" also certainly helped pave the way for greater interest in the post-Contact Indian. This tradition is quite old. In its more modern form it might be said to have begun with the tremendously influential classic of Prescott (1843). For over a century since his day numerous writers have expanded and embroidered the theme. 9 Closely related to these essentially narrative accounts have been studies more concerned with the institutional side of the Conquest by Zavala, Simpson, Hanke, Konetzke, Frankl, and Warren. The ethnohistory of colonial and postcolonial Mesoamerica seems to have emerged more clearly as a sub-branch of both history and anthropology in the 1950s, 502

and seems slowly evolving toward a distinct specialty that merges many features of each. The term itself first came into common usage in those years, as the Introduction to this Guide notes in some detail. Probably the establishment in the United States of the American Indian Ethnohistoric Conference (sparked by the Indian lands claims cases stemming from the Federal Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946) and the beginning of the publication of its journal Ethnohistory (1954- ) exerted some indirect influences on the Middle American field. Another noteworthy factor was the growing realization among ethnographers that in order adequately to understand the culture patterns of modern Middle American Indian communities it was important to ascertain as much as possible about culture historical events in those communities between the Conquest and the present. The discussions at the important Viking Fund Seminar on Middle American Ethnology and Social Anthropology in New York in 1949, for example, were hampered throughout by lack of specific knowledge of the Indian cultures between the 16th and 20th centuries. This fact was not lost on the seminar participants or on perceptive readers of the book reporting the conference (Tax, 1952). Another sign of the times was the fact that Lewis' important restudy of Tepoztlan (1951) included a fairly substantial section on the historical background (including some use of archival materials) in contrast to the slight attention paid to the historical aspect in Redfield's pioneer "village study" of this community (1930). In Mexico itself there had always been some interest in the history of the postConquest Indian. This interest increased 9

Some of the more important works were written by J. F. Ramírez, Brasseur de Bourbourg, Orozco y Berra, Bancroft, Chavero, and, more recently, Pereyra, Blom, Madariaga, Wagner, Toussaint, López Portillo y Weber, Iglesia, Chamberlain, Powell, Altolaguirre y Duvale, and Gardiner.

OVERVIEW

with the growing importance in this century of the indigenismo movement. However, Indian history was usually considered only a subordinate aspect of the history of the criollo-mestizo-dominated national society and was rarely investigated and reported on in its own right. There were a few significant exceptions, such as Chávez Orozco's (1943) and Aguirre Beltrán's (1952, 1953) studies of colonial Indian municipal government. A model scholarly study of a neglected corner of the lowland Maya region, Scholes and Roys' monograph on the Chontal Maya Province of Acalan (1948), which included considerable material on the colonial period, also pointed the way toward increased interest in the post-Contact Indian. During the past two decades the field has taken a quantum leap forward. A landmark was Gibson's monograph on 16th-century Tlaxcala (1952), followed by a series of articles focusing more on the Basin of Mexico, and culminating in his major book (1964a) on the history of Indian culture and society in the Basin of Mexico between the Conquest and 1810. Another leading historian on Mexico, Cline, contributed studies on Oaxacan ethnohistory and on the relaciones geográficas; in his summaries of recent and contemporary Mexico (1953, 1962) he emphasized the historic and recent Indian in the national context. He also agreed to edit this "Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources," assisted by Gibson, Nicholson, and others, placing the resources of the Hispanic Foundation at their disposal. A trio of productive scholars at the University of California, "The Berkeley School" of Borah, Cook, and Simpson, have also been leaders in this emerging subfield, focusing on demographic aspects of colonial Indian society. They have revolutionized Middle American demographic studies with a series (1948-71) of highly important and controversial monographs (most of which were published in the series Ibero-Americana at the University of Cali-

fornia, Berkeley). Art historians, most prominently exemplified by Kubler and Robertson, have recently published important studies of the aesthetic side of post-Conquest native Middle American culture. Roys, the leading lowland Maya pre-Hispanic ethnohistorian, also contributed useful studies of the post-Contact period, Carrasco has undertaken important studies of the socio-political aspect of early colonial Indian culture, and a third anthropologist, Wolf, produced Sons of the Shaking Earth (1959), the chronologically most comprehensive modern account of the Mesoamerican Indian. Various younger scholars have recently entered the post-Contact ethnohistoric lists (Lemoine, Galarza, Calnek, Prem, David Warren, J. Benedict Warren, Spores, M. E. Smith, Equilaz de Prado, Leander, and Taylor, among others), and it is likely that the tempo of activity will increase significantly during the next few decades. In Mexico the indigenismo-influenced trend has yielded important results in various significant recent studies concerning the post-Contact Indian. Notable are the Zavala and Miranda article on the colonial period and González Navarro's unique survey of the Independence period in the Instituto Nacional Indigenista's Métodos y resultados de la política indigenista en México (1954, pp. 31-94, 113-69). López Sarrelangue's study of the colonial Tarascan nobility (1965) and Fernández de Recas' compilation (1961) of colonial documents concerned with cacicazgo also deserve mention as significant recent contributions to our theme. Outstanding

Needs

A full discussion of the many needs in post-Contact Mesoamerican ethnohistory would fill many pages. Here we can give only highlights on a very selective basis. Research on the bibliographical and 503

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

archival materials for this Guide revealed many important gaps, some of which are partially closed by the articles which form it. In archives remain unpublished important individual items and groups of sources. Published editions of basic works, notably colonial histories and chronicles, often are carelessly edited and otherwise deficient. Careful publication of all these works is an obvious and pressing need. It is also to be hoped that such publication projects would be somewhat better organized (by area, period, topic) and accompanied by more introductory and annotatory material by qualified specialists than has been customary in the past. The areal and temporal coverage to date has been quite spotty. Only one region, the Basin of Mexico, has been the subject of a truly comprehensive history (Gibson, 1964a), and this ends at 1810. Some important regions have received virtually no postContact ethnohistoric attention. Areas particularly in need of further study include West Mexico, Gulf Coast, Eastern Oaxaca, Highland Guatemala, and the Southeast Pacific Coast Salient. Temporally, the post-Independence 19th century has received virtually no systematic coverage by post-Contact ethnohistorians. This glaring gap particularly needs filling, for it is precisely this period which was immediately antecedent to the cultures which can be investigated by ethnographic techniques. Also, certain topics, because of their importance, require much more attention. At a minimum these include religion, folklore and folk art, land tenure, socio-political structure, economics, and linguistic acculturation. Anthropologists have traditionally been especially interested in the colonial acculturation processes, and this aspect also requires much additional research. Two anthropologists (La Farge, 1940; Beals, 1951) 504

have suggested sequential acculturation schemes for the post-Contact period, one for Eastern (Maya) and the other for Western (non-Maya) Middle America. Their suggestive hypotheses need testing and refinement. Perhaps the greatest single need of all is for a genuinely comprehensive overview of the history of the Indian cultures of the whole area in post-Contact times. Works like Wolf's Sons of the Shaking Earth, nearly unique, are laudable beginnings. But more thorough and comprehensive syntheses are needed. Like Haring's general historical work on the Spanish Empire in America (1947) and Diffie's (1945), these would provide the necessary temporal context and topical framework into which monographic treatments following them could fit and which they would amend. For the historical record it might here be noted that when the advisory editorial board of the Handbook of Middle American Indians requested (1959) the editors of the present Guide to undertake such a task, the reply was that it was premature until the sources had been identified and the monographic lacunae inventoried. Now that many of these tasks have been performed and here reported, the undertaking of broader substantive syntheses should clearly be facilitated.

FINAL OBSERVATIONS

This review of sources, problems, progress, and needs in Mesoamerican Middle American ethnohistory indicates that, in spite of some impressive achievements in certain areas, we are really at the cockcrowing and the morning star in this young field. The task before us is immense and exciting in its intellectual challenge. Anthropologists and historians, cooperating in the locating and analysis of the vast, scattered body of documentary and native tradition pictorial

OVERVIEW

sources, h a v e a great opportunity to advance substantially our knowledge oi

roughly a millennium in the history of an important branch of mankind.

REFERENCES (compiled by Mary W. Cline) Aguirre Beltrán, 1952, 1953 Anders, 1963 Balsalobre, 1656 Bancroft, 1874-75 Bandelier, Α., 1877, 1878, 1880 Barrera Vásquez, 1938 and Morley, 1949 and Rendón, 1948 Beals, 1951 Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1857-59, 1861, 1864 1869-70 Brinton, 1882b, 1885 Carrasco Pizana, 1950 Chadwick and MacNeish, 1967 Chapman, 1960 Chavero, n.d. Chávez Orozco, 1943 Clavigero, 1780-81 Cline, 1953, 1962 Dahlgren de Jordán, 1954b Dibble and Anderson, 1950-69 Diffie, 1945 Evreinov, Kosarev, and Ustinov, 1961 Fernández de Recas, 1961 Förstemann, 1886, 1901,1902, 1903a, 1906 Gamio, 1922 García Payón, 1941, 1942-43 Gardiner, 1952 Gibson, 1952, 1964a González Navarro, 1954 Hamy, 1899a, 1899b Haring, 1947 Humboldt, 1810 Instituto Nacional Indigenista, 1954 Jiménez Moreno, 1961 Jourdanet and Siméon, 1880 Kingsborough, 1831-48 Kirchhoff, 1950, 1956a Krickeberg, 1918-25, 1933 La Farge, 1940 León, N., 1903, 1903-04, 1906c León y Gama, 1832 Lewis, 1951 López Sarrelangue, 1965

Lothrop, 1926 Meade, 1942 Miles, 1957 Navarrete, 1966 Nicholson, 1960-70, 1966c Nowotny, 1961b Olmos, 1875 Orozco y Berra, 1880

Paddock, 1966

Paso y Troncoso, 1898b Peñafiel, 1885, 1897c Pérez Martínez, 1938 Ponce, 1892 Prescott, 1843, 1844 Recinos, 1947, 1950a, 1957 Redfield, 1930, 1941 Ricard, 1933b Robertson, D., 1959, 1963, 1964 Rosado Escalante and Ontiveros, 1938 Rosny, Léon de, 1876a, 1883,1887 Roys, 1943 Ruiz de Alarcón, 1892 Sánchez de Aguilar, 1639 Sauer, 1948 Schellhas, 1892,1897,1904a, 1904b Scherzer, 1857 Scholes and Roys, 1948 Schultze Jena, 1944 Seler, 1904-09,1908a, 1963 Serna, 1892a, 1892b Siméon, 1885, 1889a Soustelle, 1955 Spores, 1967 Spranz, 1964 Stephens, 1843 Tax, 1952 Thompson, J. E. S., 1948 Torquemada, 1615 Tozzer, 1913, 1941 Vaillant, 1941 Veytia, 1836 Wolf, 1959 Zavala and Miranda, 1954 Zimmermann, 1956

505

31. Index of Authors, Titles, and Synonyms JOHN B. GLASS

Ν

UMBERS REFER to the catalog or

census entries listed throughout this Guide: nos. 1-434 are traditional pictorial manuscripts (Article 23); nos. 701-748 are Techialoyan manuscripts (Article 24); nos. 801-835 are Testerian manuscripts (Article 25); nos. 901-963 are falsified pictorial manuscripts (Article 26); and nos. 1001-1188 are prose sources in the native historical tradition (Article 27B). Academia de Puebla, Lienzo de la. See Cuauhquechollan, Lienzo de Acapixtla, Padrón de los mayeques de, 1 Acapulco, San Gregorio, Anales de, 2, 1011 Acatitlan, Santa Cecilia, Techialoyan Codex of: 709 Acayuca, San Francisco, Techialoyan Codex of, 734 Acaxitli, Don Francisco de Sandoval. See Castañeda, Gabriel de Acolhuacan ou de Tezcuco, Histoire du royaume d'. See Tlotzin, Mapa Actopan, Códice de. See Nayotla, San Juan, Lienzo de Actopan y sus alrededores, Mapa de, 3 506

Aegyptorum, Liber hieroglyphicorum. See Laud, Codex Agreda y Sánchez. Don Jesús María de, Códice que poseía el bibliófilo mexicano. See Huyxoapan, San Pablo, Techialoyan Codex of (735) Alaman, Lucas, Códice, 428 Alcobiz, Códice. See Leyes que tenían los indios de la Nueva España, Estas son las Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de. See Ixtlilxochitl, Femando de Alva Alvarado, Codex. See Baranda, Códice ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC, HERNANDO: Crónica mexicana, 1012 Crónica Mexicayotl. See Mexicayotl, Crónica Amate, Plano en papel de, 4 AMECAMECA: Cédula de diligencia, 5 Amecameca, Mapa de la visita y congregación de, 6 American manuscripts (Manuscripta Americana; MS Amer.). Catalog designation for certain manuscripts presently or formerly in the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

No. 1. See Humboldt Fragments 2 16 No. 2. See Humboldt Fragment 1 No. 4. See Tola, Santa Isabel, Títulos de No. 5. See Aubin, Codex No. 7. See Ocoyacac, San Martin, Techialoyan Codex of No. 10 (parts). See Genealogie von 33 Personen (121); Rechnung uber gelieferte Naturalien (220); Steuerliste von 40 Personen (294); Mapa de Tepecuacuilco (part) (318); American manuscript no. 10, part 8 (431); Techialoyan Codex of an unidentified pueblo (742) American manuscript no. 10, part 8,431 Amoltepec, Lienzo de. See Yolotepec, Lienzo de Analco, Lienzo de, 7 Anales antiguos de Mexico y sus contornos. See Mexico y sus contornos, Anales antiguos de Anales geroglíficos e históricos indianos, desde el año de 1524 hasta el de 1677. See Tepeaca, Anales de, 1528-1634 Andrés, Don, Códice de las posesiones de. See Posesiones de Don Andrés, Códice de las Año, Calendario o rueda del. See Chavero, Colección, no. 3 Anónimo, Códice. See Tovar, Juan de: Códice Ramírez. See also Tizimin, Book of Chilam Balam of Anónimo de 1570. See Cuauhtitlan, Anales de Anónimo franciscano de Culhuacan. See Genealogía y linaje de los señores que han señoreado esta tierra de la Nueva España. . . , Relación de la. See also Mexicanos, Origen de los Anónimo Número 1. See Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia No. 2. See Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia No. 3. See Cuauhtitlan, Anales de

No. 4. See Tepanecas, Anales, 14261589 No. 5. See Mexicanos, Anales, no. 2, 1168-1546 No. 6. See Mexicains, Fragment de l'histoire des anciens No. 7. See Mexico y Tlatelolco, Anales de, 1473,1521-1522 No. 8. See Puebla y Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 1 Anónimo mexicano, 1013 Anónimo tlaxcalteco. See Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 Antonio de León, Lienzo, 8 ANUNCIACIÓN, FRAY DOMINGO DE LA: Parecer sobre el modo . . . , 1132 Aperreamiento, Manuscrito del, 9 Arantza, Códice de, 10 Archivo de los duques de Monteleone y Marqueses del Valle, Códice del. See Monteleone, Codex Arena, Mauricio de la, Códice. See Tlaquiltenango, Códices de Arte adivinatoria. See Sahagún: Arte adivinatoria Astata, Lienzo de. See Tecciztlan y Tequatepec, Lienzo de Asunción, Santa María, Códice de, 11 Ateno, Genealogía de. See Nexmoyotla, Ateno, Zoyatitlan y Hueytetla, Genealogía de Atitlan, Relación de los caciques y principales del pueblo de, 1171 Atlapolco, San Pedro, Techialoyan Codex of, 726 Atlatlauhca, Mapa regional de. See Córdova-Castellanos, Lienzo Atlatlauhca, San Esteban, Códice de. See Córdova-Castellanos, Lienzo Atlauhtlan, Lienzo de, 12 Aubin, Codex, 13,1014 Aubin manuscript no. 20,14 Aubin, Códice geroglífico de Mr. See Ixtlilxochitl, Codex, part 1 Aubin, Testerian manuscript described by. See Testerian manuscripts 507

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Aubin, Tonalamatl, 15 Aubin'schen Handschrift. See Ixtlilxochitl, Codex, part 1 Axayacatl, Portrait of, 16 Axayacatzin y Huitzitzilitzin, Genealogía de. See Metztepetl, Genealogía de Axoloapan Xoloctlan, Techialoyan Codex of, 737 Axotlan, San Lorenzo, y San Luís Huexotla, Códice de los señores de, 17 Ayauhtla y Quiotepec, Lienzo de. See Quiotepec y Ayauhtla, Lienzo de Ayer Map of Teotihuacan. See Teotihuacan Maps: Ayer map of Teotihuacan (312) Ayotzingo, Historia de, 18,1015 Azcapotzalco, Anales de los reyes de, y de los emperadores de Mexico. See Tepanecas, Anales, 1426-1589 Azcapotzalco, Códice. See Huyxoapan, San Pablo, Techialoyan Codex of (735) Azcapotzalco, Falsified drawing of the conquest of, 901 Azcapotzalco, Genealogía de los reyes de. See Nación mexicana, Unos Annales históricos de la Azcapotzalco, Généalogie des princes d'. See Humboldt Fragment 2 Azcapotzalco maguey manuscript. See Huyxoapan, San Pablo, Techialoyan Codex of (717) Azcapotzalco, Santa Cruz, Códice de. See Huyxoapan, San Pablo, Techialoyan Codex of (717) Azcapotzalco, Suplemento de la genealogía de los reyes de. See Nación mexicana, Unos Annales históricos de la Azcapotzalco, Trozo de, 19 Azcatitlan, Códice, 20 Azoyu, Códice de, no. 1,21 Azoyu, Códice de, no. 2,22 Aztactepec y Citlaltepec, Lienzo de, 23 Aztec manuscript, Fragment of, 1016 Aztec town record. See Atlapolco, San Pedro, Techialoyan Codex of 508

Azteca, Genealogía de un noble. See Huitznahuac Calpulli, Genealogy of Aztecas, Anales. See Tula, Anales de Aztecas, Mapa de la peregrinación de los. See Sigüenza, Mapa

Bacabs, Ritual of the, 1142 Badiano, Códice. See Cruz, Martín de la: Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis Badianus manuscript. See Cruz, Martín de la: Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis Ball-court scene, Falsified. See Hispanic Society of America; Royal Ontario Museum Baranda, Códice, 24 Barberini, Codex. See Cruz, Martín de la: Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis Bartolache, Annals described by, 1017 Baur-Goupil, Mappe. See Cuauhtinchan, Mapa de, no. 1 Bautista, Juan, Anales de, 1018 BEAUMONT, FRAY PABLO: Crónica de Michoacan: illustrations Nine historical scenes in the Crónica de Michoacan, 25 Map of Tzintzuntzan in the Crónica de Michoacan, 26 Becker, Codex, no. 1,27 Becker, Codex, no. 2,28 additional fragment, 29 Becker, Codex, no. 3. See Cuauhquechollan, Mapa circular de Belen, Santa María, Tlaxcala, Linderos del pueblo de. See comment under Linderos del pueblo de San Matías, Tlaxcala Benavente, Fray Toribio de. See Motolinía, Fray Toribio de Berlin, Codex. See Humboldt Fragment 1 Boban Calendar Wheel, 30 Bodleiano, Códice. See Bodley, Codex Bodleianus, Codex. See Bodley, Codex Bodley, Codex, 31 Bologna, Codice di. See Cospi, Codex Bolonia, Códice de. See Cospi, Codex

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

Borbonicus, Codex, 32 Borgia, Codex, 33 BORGIA GROUP, following 33 Borgiano, Códice. See Borgia, Codex Borgianus, Codex. See Borgia, Codex Boturini, Códice, 34 Boturini "?", Copia de. See Región boscosa, Mapa de una Boturini collection, Testerian manuscripts of the. See Testerian manuscripts Boturini, Techialoyan Codex of. See Unidentified Techialoyan manuscript (748) Bullock collection, Testerian manuscript of the. See Testerian manuscripts Cacique, Manuscrit du. See Becker, Codex, no. 1 Cahuantzi, Códice. See Tlaxcala, Lienzo de Cakchiquel, Manuscrito. See Cakchiqueles, Anales de los Cakchiqueles, Anales de los, 1172 Calacohuayan, Santa Marta, Techialoyan Codex of, 710 Calendar wheel in the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco. See Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de: Sahagún Calendar Wheel Calendario de toda la índica gente. See Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 Calendario maya. See Ixil, Book of Chilam Balam of Calendario mexicano, latino y castellano. See Mexicano, latino y castellano, Kalendario Calendario ó rueda del año. See Chavero, Colección, no. 3 Calkini, Book of Chilam Balam of. See Calkini, Crónica de Calkini, Crónica de, 1143 Calpan, Confirmation des elections de, 35 Calpulalpam, San Simon, Mapa antiguo de los terrenos del pueblo de. See Calpulalpan, San Simon, Techialoyan Codex of Calpulalpan, San Simon, Techialoyan Codex of, 725

Caltecpaneca, Fragmento, 36 Campos, Códice. See Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de Cano, Genealogía de la familia, 37 Cano, Juan. See Mexicanos, Origen de los CANTARES, following 1018 Cantares a los dioses. See Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de: Primeros memoriales Cantares mexicanos, 1019 Cántaros, San Pedro, Códice de. See Muro, Códice Caracol, Calendario en. See Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 CARAPAN, CÓDICES DE, following 37 Códice de Carapan no. 1,38 Códice de Carapan no. 2, 39 Genealogía de los caciques de Carapan, 40 Carcha, Libro antiguo de, 1173 Carcha, San Pedro, Map of. See Kekchi suit of 1611, Map from a Cartilla de geográficas [sic] de la doctrina cristiana en Otomi. See Testerian manuscript of the Hispanic Society of America no. 1 Cartilla de Mariano Tullucu. See Testerian manuscript of the Orozco y Berra collection Casas, Fray Bartolomé de las. See Las Casas, Fray Bartolomé de CASTAÑEDA, GABRIEL DE: Relación de la jornada que hizo Don Francisco de Sandoval Acaxitli..., 1020 Castellanos, Abraham, Codex. See Córdova-Castellanos, Lienzo CASTILLO, CRISTÓBAL DEL: Historia de los mexicanos, 1021 Catecismo de geroglíficos Otomi. See Testerian manuscript of the Princeton University Library no. 2 Catecismo de la doctrina cristiana en jeroglíficos. See Testerian manuscript of the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid Catecismo en geroglífico. See Testerian manuscript of the Hispanic Society of America no. 2 509

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Catecismo Gómez de Orozco, Códice. See Testerian manuscript of the Archivo Histórico del INAH, Colección Gómez de Orozco no. 183 Cempoala. See Zempoala Cempoallan, Mexican picture chronicle of. See Zempoala, Techialoyan Codex of Ceron y Carbaial, Jorge, Reçus presentes par le Capitaine. . . . See CHALCO: Reçus presentes . . . Chac-Xulub-Chen, Crónica de. See Pech, Ah Nakuk: Crónica de Chac-Xulub-Chen Chalchihuapan, Mapa de, 432 Chalchihuitzin Vasquez, Lienzo, 41 Cholco, Atenco, Santiago, Techialoyan Codex of, 716 Chalco, Codex. See Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de CHALCO: Reçus presentes par le Capitaine Jorge Ceron y Carabajal, Alcalde Mayor de Chalco, 42 Chameleco, San Juan, Map of. See Kekchi suit of 1611, Map from a Chan Kan, Book of Chilam Balam of, 1145 Chapoltepetl, Notes sur, 1022 Chapultepec, Códice. See Tonayan, Mapa de Chapultepec, San Juan, Plano de. See Tonayan, Mapa de Charo, Libro antiguo de, 1001 Chavero, Codex. See Chavero, Colección, nos. 3 and 4 Chavero, Códice, 43 CHAVERO, COLECCIÓN, following 43 and 901 No. 1,902 No. 2,903 No. 3,904 No. 4,44 No. 5. See Ixhuatepec, Códice de Chavero collection, Testerían manuscript of the. See Testerían manuscripts Chávez, Gabriel de: Relación de la provincia de Meztitlan. See Meztitlan Calendar Wheel Cherán Hatzicurin, Título de tierras de, 1002 510

CHI, GASPAR ANTONIO: Relación sobre las costumbres de los Indios, 1144 Chiautla, San Andrés, Anales de. See Cruz, Códice en Chichicaspa, Santa Maria Magdalena, and San Cristobal Tezcalucan. See Tezcalucan, San Cristobal, and Santa María Magdalena Chichicaspa, Techialoyan Codex of Chichicastenango, Manuscrito de. See Popol Vuh Chichimecapan, Das Dokument der Familie Mundanegre aus. See Mundanegre aus Chichimecapan, Das Dokument der Familie Chichimecas, Genealogía de los reyes. See Tlotzin, Mapa Chichimecatecuhtli, Don Juan, Lienzo de, 45 Chichimec history, Map of, 46 Chichimèque, Fragment d'histoire. See Tepotzotlan, Techialoyan Codex of (first fragment, Τ) Chichimèque, Histoire. See Xolotl, Codex Chicomesuchil, San Juan, Lienzo de (no. 1), 47 Chicomesuchil, San Juan, Mapa de (no. 2), 48 Chicomostoc, Lienzo of. See Antonio de León, Lienzo Chiconquiaco, Mapa de, 49 Chicontla, Lienzo de, 50 Chicxulub, Crónica de. See Pech, Ah Nakuk: Crónica de Chac-Xulub-Chen CHILAM BALAM, BOOKS OF, 1145-1158 Calkini. See Calkini, Crónica de Chan Kan, 1145 Chumayel, 60,1146 Ixil, 168, 1147 Kaua, 179,1148 Mani, 1149 Nah, 1150 Oxkutzcab, 1151 Perez, Codex, 249,1152 Teabo, 1153 Tekax, 1154

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

Telchac, 1155 Tixcocob, 1156 Tizimin, 1157 Tusik, 1158 Chilchotla, Santa Maria, Lienzo de, 51 Chimalapa, Santa Maria, Lienzo de, 52 CHIMALPAHIN QUAUHTLEHUANITZIN, DOMINGO DE SAN ANTÓN MUÑÓN Compendio de la historia mexicana, 1023 Crónica mexicana. See Mexicayotl, Crónica Diferentes historias originales de los reynos de Culhuacan, y Mexico y de otras provincias. See his Relaciones Historia de la conquista de Mexico, 1024 Historia mexicana, 1025 Historia ó crónica mexicana, y con su calendario de los meses. . . . See his Historia mexicana Journal, 1026 Memorial breve acerca de la fundación de la ciudad de Culhuacan. See his Relaciones Relaciones, 1027 Chimalpopoca, Códice, 1028 China, Libro della. See Cospi, Codex Chinantla, Lienzo de la, 53 Chinantla, La gran, Lienzo de, 54 Chinantla, Mapa de la. See Chinantla, La gran, Lienzo de Chiquatzin Tecuihtli, Die Flurkarte des, 55 Chiquilistlan, Mapa de las tierras de, 56 Cholula, Códice de, 57 Cholula, Mapa de. See Cholula, Códice de. See also a relación geográfica map not included in this census Chontal text. See Paxbolon-Maldonado Papers Chontalcoatlan, Lienzo de, 58 Chumatlan, Códice de, 59 Chumayel, Book of Chilam Balam of, 60, 1146

Chumayel, Códice de. See Chumayel, Book of Chilam Balam of Ciclográfico, Códice. See Chavero, Colección, no. 2 Cintlatetelco, Códice. See Sintlatetelco, Mapa jeroglífico de Citlalpopoca, Genealogy of, 61 Citlaltepec y Aztactepec, Lienzo de. See Aztactepec y Citlaltepec, Lienzo de Clementino, Codex. See Vienna, Codex Coacalco, Códice de, 62,743 Coacalco, Techialoyan Codex of, 743 Coacoatzintla, Lienzo de, 63 Coatepec, Lienzo de. See Philadelphia, Lienzo de Coatepec, San Bartolome, Lienzo de, 429 Coatepetl, Mapa de, 64 Coatlan del Rio, Mapa de, 65 Coatlan, San Jeronimo, Lienzo de (no. 1), 66 Coatlan, San Jeronimo, Mapa de (no. 2), 67 Coatlinchan, Mapa de, 68 Coatlinchan, Plano topográfico del señorío de. See Coatlinchan, Mapa de Cochinilla, Relación de la grana. See Gómez de Cervantes, Gonzalo: Relación de la grana cochinilla Codex de 1576. See Aubin, Codex Códice de 1607. See Aubin, Codex Coetzala, Códice de, 69 Cohaixtlahuaca, Lienzo de. See Coixtlahuaca, Lienzo de, no. 2 Cohuacalco, Códice de. See Coacalco, Códice de; Coacalco, Techialoyan Codex of COIXTLAHUACA BASIN GROUP, following 69 Coixtlahuaca, Lienzo de, no. 1, 70 Coixtlahuaca, Lienzo de, no. 2,71 Colombino, Códice, 72 Colombino, Falsified version of the Códice, 905 Comaltepec, San Juan, Códice de, 73 Comaltepec, Santiago, Lienzo de, 74 Comillas, Códice de, 943 Commanderie, Contrat de. See Huitzilopochco: Contrat de Commanderie 511

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Compendio de la historia mexicana. See Chimalpahin: Compendio de la historia mexicana Conquista, Códice de la. See Tlaxcala, Lienzo de: Códice de la Conquista (351) Conquista de Mexico. See Sahagún: Relación de la conquista de esta Nueva España Conquista de Mexico, Historia de la. See Chimalpahin: Historia de la conquista de Mexico; Niza, Tadeo de: Historia de la conquista de Mexico Conquista de Michoacan, Códice de la. See Beaumont, Fray Pablo: Nine historical scenes in the Crónica de Michoacan Conquista, Historia de la. See Tlaxcala, Lienzo de: Códice de la conquista (351) Conquistas de Alvarado, Códice de las. See Baranda, Códice Consejo, El libro del. See Popol Vuh Constancia de gastos, Códice de, 75 Contlan, San Bernardino, Mapa original del pueblo de, 906 Contlantzinco, Linderos del pueblo de. See Contlantzinco, Pintura de Contlantzinco, Tintura de, 76 Contributions ou tributs de Tlaxinican, Tlaylotlacan, Tecpanpa, Tenanco, Quecholac, Ayocalco, et San Nicolas. See Tlaxinican, Tlaylotlacan, Tecpanpa . . . Tributes of: Contributions ou tributs de Tlaxinican . . . (353) Contributions ou tributs imposés aux indigènes par Don Joseph Jorgen. See Tlaxinican, Tlaylotlacan, Tecpanpa . . . Tributes of: Contributions ou tributs imposés...(354) Córdova-Castellanos, Lienzo, 77 Córdova, Javier, Códice Mixteco precortesiano. See Córdova-Castellanos, Lienzo Corps Legislatif, Codex du. See Borbonicus, Codex Cortesianus, Codex. See Madrid, Codex Cosijoeza, Rey de Zaachila, Descendientes de, 78 Cospi, Codex, 79 512

Cospianus, Códice. See Cospi, Codex Costumbres, fiestas, enterramientos y diversas formas de proceder de los Indios de Nueva España. See Museo de America, Códice del Cotitzin y Zozahuic, Genealogía de, 80 Coyoacan, Codex. See Tetelpan, Santa Maria, Techialoyan Codex of COYOACAN: The Concubines of Martín Xuchimitl, 81 Coyoacan, Pintura de los tributos de, 82 Coyoacan, Techialoyan Codex of, 732 Coyotepec Coyonacazco, Techialoyan Codex of, 727 Coyotepec, San Cristobal, Techialoyan Codex of, 720 Coyotepec, Techialoyan Codex of, 747 Cozcatzin, Codex, 83,1029 Cristo de Mexicaltzingo, Códices del. See Mexicaltzingo, Códices del Cristo de Crónica mexicana. See Alvarado Tezozomoc, Hernando: Crónica mexicana; Chimalpahin: Crónica mexicana Cronología mexicana, 1298-1596. See Tepechpan, Tira de Croix, Codex en. See Cruz, Códice en Cruz, Códice. See Cruz, Martín de la: Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis Cruz, Códice en, 84 CRUZ, MARTÍN DE LA: Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis, 85 Cuacuazentlalpan, La Fundación de, 1030 Cuajimalpa, San Pedro, Techialoyan Codex of, 703 Cualac, Códice de, 86 Cuantlancingo, San Juan, Códice de. See Mexicanos, Anales, no. 2, 1168-1546 Cuara, Códice, 87 Cuara, Genealogía de la familia. See Cuara, Códice Cuara Irecha de Patzcuaro, Genealogía de los caciques. See Cuara, Códice Cuatro Venados, San Pablo, Mapa de, 88 Cuauhnahuac. See Cuernavaca Cuauhquechollan, Lienzo de, 89 Cuauhquechollan, Mapa circular de, 90

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

Cuauhquechollan-Macuilxochitepec,Genealogía de, 91 Cuauhtemoc, Ordenanza del señor, 92, 1031 Cuauhtinchan, Anales de. See ToltecaChichimeca, Historia Cuauhtinchan, Libro de los guardianes de, 93, 1032 CUAUHTINCHAN, MAPAS DE, following 93 No. 1, 94 No. 2, 95 No. 3,96 No. 4,97 Cuauhtitlan, Anales de, 1033 Cuauhtitlan, Codex Trocès de, 98 Cuauhtitlan, Códice de los alfareros de, 99 Cuauhtitlan, de Texcoco, et de Mexico, Annales de. See Cruz, Códice en Cuauhtitlan, Títulos de la casa que está en el pueblo de, 100 Cuauhtlalpan, Tepujaco y Xoloc, de la jurisdicción de Tepotzotlan, Mex., . . . Los naturales de los pueblos de. See Tepotzotlan: Los naturales de los pueblos . . . Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de, 101 Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de: additional fragments, 102 Cuauhtli, Genealogía de, 103 Cuauhtliztactzin. See Quauhtliztactzin Cuauhximalpa. See Cuajimalpa Cuaxochco, San Miguel, and San Miguel Tepexoxouhcan, Codex of. See Tepexoxouhcan, San Miguel, and San Miguel Cuaxochco, Techialoyan Codex of Cucutacato, Lienzo de. See Jucutacato, Lienzo de Cuernavaca Cathedral, Techialoyan-style murals, 745 Cuernavaca, Códice municipal de, 1034 Cuernavaca, Document sur la fondation de. See Cuernavaca, Códice municipal de Cuemavaca, Réédification de la Ville de, 1035 Cuetlaxcohuapan, Anales de. See Gómez de Orozco, Códice Cuetlaxcohuapan, Códice de, 104

Cuetlaxtlan, Conquest of, by Montezuma the first in 1457. See Pinart Collection, no. 1 Cueva, Códice de la, 105 Cuevas, Códice, 106 Cuicatlan y Quiotepec, Códice de. See Quiotepec y Cuicatlan, Códice de Cuitlahuac. See abo Tlahuac Cuitlahuac, Financial accounts of, 107 Cuitlahuac, Los cuatro barrios de, 108 CUITLAHUAC: Mapa de Sta. Marta, Santiago, Cuitlahuac y Ixtapalapa, 109 Cuitlahuac, Plan topographique de, 110 Cuitlahuac, Títulos de las tierras de los Indios de. See Tlahuac, San Pedro, Techialoyan Codex of Culebra, Prueba de que soy. See Votan, Probanza de Culhuacan, Anónimo franciscano de. See Genealogía y linaje de los señores que han señoreado esta tierra de la Nueva España . . . , Relación de la; Mexicanos, Origen de los CULHUACAN: Proceso de Marta Petronilla y Agustín de Luna, indios, contra Juan Francisco, Marta, y Juana, 111 Culhuacan, Memorial breve acerca de la fundación de la ciudad de. See Chimalpahin: Relaciones Culhuacan y Mexico, Historia de los reynos de. See Cuauhtitlan, Anales de Cuite rendu au Soleil, Le. See Aubin Manuscript no. 20 Culto a Tonatiuh, Códice del. See Aubin Manuscript no. 20 Cuquila, Santa María, Lienzo de. See Ocotepec, Santo Tomás, Lienzo de

Damian, Don Miguel, Document relating to the descendants of. See Xochimilco: . . . Document relating... (406) Day signs in the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco, Table of. See Sahagún: Table of day signs in the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco Dehesa, Códice, 112 513

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Delitos y castigos, Códice de. See Quinatzin, Mapa, leaf 3 Derrumbre del templo mayor, Codex of the. See Cuauhtinchan, Libro de los guardianes de Diferentes historias originales de los reynos de Culhuacan y Mexico y de otras provincias. See Chimalpahin: Relaciones Diligencia, Cédula de. See Amecameca: Cédula de Diligencia Doctrina cristiana en geroglíficos. See Testerian manuscript of the Archivo Histórico del INAH, Colección Antigua no. 776 Dokument der Familie Mundanegre aus Chichimecapan, Das. See Mundanegre aus Chichimecapan, Das Dokument der Familie Dorenberg, Codex. See Colombino, Códice Dorenberg, Fragment. See Gómez de Orozco, Fragmento Dorenberg photographs. See Tlaxcala, Lienzo de, falsified versions; Tulantzinco, Cuadro genealógico de Dresden, Codex, 113 Dresdensis, Codex. See Dresden, Codex Durán Atlas. See Durán, Fray Diego: Historia de las Indias . . . Durán, Códice. See Durán, Fray Diego: Historia de las Indias . . . DURAN, FRAY DIEGO: Historia de las Indias de Nueva España y islas de tierra firme, 114,1036 Dzitbalche, Cantares de, 1159 Ebtun, Titles of, 1160 Ecatepec y Huitziltepec, Mapa de, 115 Echeverría y Veytia, Mariano Fernández de. See Veytia Edificio, Plano de un, 116 Egerton manuscripts. Catalog designation for certain manuscripts in the British Museum, London Egerton 2895, Codex. See Sánchez Solís, Códice Egerton 2896-2897. See Itzcuintepec, Papers of 514

Egerton 2898. See Testerian manuscript of the British Museum Ehecatepec y Huitziltepec, Mapa de. See Ecatepec y Huitziltepec, Mapa de Enciso, Códice del Señor. See Unidentifiable pueblo, Techialoyan Codex of an Entrada de los Españoles en Tlaxcala, Códice. See Tlaxcala, Lienzo de: Códice de la Conquista Escenas de la conquista, Códice con. See Tlaxcala, Lienzo de: Códice de la Conquista Escorial, El, Códice de. See Michoacan, Relación de Etla, Genealogías de los señores de, 117

Fábrega, Códice. See Vaticanus B, Codex Fantástico fabricado con fibra de la envoltura de coco ..., Códice, 907 Féjérváry-Mayer, Codex, 118 Fernández Leal,Códice, 119 Fiesta cíclica, Fragmento de. See Huamantla, Códice de, Fragmento no. 6 Fiestas de los Indios al demonio en días determinados y de los difuntos. See Veytia, Codex Filadelfia, Lienzo de. See Philadelphia, Lienzo de Fischer. See Vischer Fisher, Códice. See Mexican Manuscript no. 2 Florentine Codex. See Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de: Florentine Codex Florentino, Códice. See Florentine Codex Fonds Mexicains. Catalog designation for certain manuscripts in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris Franco, Alonso. See Mexicayotl, Crónica "Fragmento." See Tepecuacuilco, Mapa de Fragmentos, Dos. See Cotitzin y Zozahuic, Genealogía de; Pitzahua, Genealogía de Fragmentos, Otros. See Teotihuacan, San Juan, Códice de Franz Josefino, Codex. See Becker, Codex, no. 1

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

Fuego nuevo, El. See Huamantla, Códice de, Fragment 6 Fuenleal, Códice. See Mexicanos, Historia de los, por sus pinturas FUENTES Y GUZMAN, FRANCISCO ANTONIO DE: Recordación florida . . . (or, Historia de Guatemala), 1174

Gadow, Hans, Falsified pictorial manuscript purchased from, 908 Gama, Códice. See Aubin, Tonalamatl García, Diego, Anales de, 1502-1601, 120, 1037 García Figueroa, Fray Francisco. See Memorias de Nueva España, Colección de García Granados, Codex, 715. See also comment under Tacuba, Genealogía de los señores de (297) García Panes, Diego. See Panes, Diego García Icazbalceta collection, Testerian manuscripts of the. See Testerian manuscripts Gemelli Careri Calendar Wheel. See Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 4 "Genealogía." See Nopalxochitl, Genealogía de Genealogía, Otra. See Cuauhtli, Genealogía de Genealogía y linaje de los señores que han señoreado esta tierra de la Nueva España . . . , Relación de la, 1038 Genealógico, Códice. See Cotitzin y Zozahuic, Genealogía de Genealogie von 33 Personen, 121 La gente de la Nueva España tributaba de aquellas cosas..., 1039 Geroglíficos históricos indianos, Anales, desde el año de 1524 hasta el de 1677. See Tepeaca, Anales de, 1528-1634 Gentilidad americana, Historia de la, traducida al castellano. See Popol Vuh Gilcrease Fragments 1-6,122-127 Gobernador, alcaldes y regidores de Mexico, Pintura del. See Osuna, Códice Gomesta manuscript, 909

GÓMEZ DE CERVANTES, GONZALO. Relación de la grana cochinilla, 128 Gómez de Orozco, Códice, 1040. See also Gómez de Orozco, Fragmento Gómez de Orozco, Códice catecismo. See Testerian manuscript of the Archivo Histórico del INAH, Colección Gómez de Orozco no. 183 Gómez de Orozco, Fragmento, 129 Gondra, Codex. See Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia GOTEBORG: Forged Maya codex on parchment, 910 Goupil, Códice. See Ixtlilxochitl, Codex, part 1 Granados y Gálvez, Testerian manuscript described by. See Testerian manuscripts Granja, La, Primer Códice de, 945 Guaquechula, Códice de. See Cuauhquechollan-Macuilxochitepec, Genealogía de Guatemala, Título de los reyes de, en Quiche. See Ixcuín Nehaib, Titulo . . . ; Izcuín Nehaib, Don Francisco, Título real de Guerreros, Fragmento de dos. See Pitzahua, Genealogía de Guevara, Antonio de. See Navas, Fray Francisco de las, and Antonio de Guevara Guevara calendar of 1584. See comment under Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 2 and 5 Guevea, Lienzo de, 130 Guevea, Santiago, Mapa de. See Guevea, Lienzo de Gueyapan. See Hueyapan

Hall, Codex, 911 Hammaburgensis, Codex, 912 Hamy, Codex. See Borbonicus, Codex Haucalpan, San Lorenzo, Anales de, 131 Hemenway, Codex. See Huixquilucan, San Antonio, Techialoyan Codex of Herbal, The Badianus (de la Cruz). See Cruz, Martín de la: Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis 515

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

HERNANDEZ, FRANCISCO: De antiquitatibus Novae Hispaniae. See Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de: Sahagún Calendar Wheel (272); Table of day signs in the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco (273) Historia natural de Nueva España, 132 HERRERA, ANTONIO DE: Historia general de los hechos de los castellanos . . . : title-page vignettes, 133 Heye Foundation, Lienzo of the, 134 Hieroglyphicorum Indiae Meridionalis, Codex. See Vienna, Codex HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA: Falsified ball-court scene, 913 Historia mexicana, Compendio de la. See Chimalpahin: Compendio de la historia mexicana Historia ó crónica mexicana y con su calendario. . . . See Chimalpahin: Historia mexicana Historia verdadera, Pedazo de. See Muñoz Camargo, Diego: Historia de Tlaxcala Huachinango, Codex of. See Metlatoyuca, Lienzo de Huachinango, Plano mixto de un pueblo en el distrito de. See Misantla, Lienzo de Huamelulpan, Códice de. See Tulane, Codex Huamantla, Códice de, 135 HUAMUXTITLAN: Pièces d'un procès, 136 Huapean, Códice, 430 Huaquechula. See Cuauhquechollan Huaquilpan, San Pedro, and San Martin, Techialoyan Codex of, 746 Huautla, Mapa de, 137 Huautla de Jiménez, San Juan Evangelista, Mapa de. See Huautla, Mapa de Huaxtepec, Plano ideográfico del señorío de, año de 1376,138 HUEHUETLATOLLI, following 1040 Huehuetlatolli: Documento A, 1041 Huehuetoca, Códice de un lugar cercano a. See Huehuetoca, Techialoyan Codex of Pueblo near Huehuetoca, Pueblo near, Techialoyan Codex of, 719 516

Huexocolco, Plan et titre d'une propriété sise à. See Xochimilco . . . : Plan et titre . . . (405) Huexotla, San Luis, y San Lorenzo Axotlan, Códice de los señores de. See Axotlan, San Lorenzo, y San Luis Huexotla, Códice de los señores de Huexotzingo, Códice de tributos de. See Chavero, Códice Huexotzingo, Matrícula de, 139 Hueyapan, Mapa de los terrenos de, 140 Hueyapan, Plan topographique de, 141 Huichapan, Códice de, 142, 1042 Huilotepec, Lienzo de, 143 Huilotepec, Mapa de. See Huilotepec, Lienzo de Huitzcoatzin, Origen, genealogía y hechos de, gran señor fundador del pueblo. See Cuacuazentlalpan, La Fundación de HUITZILA: Pintura de las tierras de Quahunacazco, 144 Huitzilatl y Oyametepec, Lienzo de. See Oyametepec y Huitzilatl, Lienzo de HUITZILOPOCHCO: Contrat de commanderie, 145 Huitzilopochtli, Codex. See Huitzilopochtli Group Huitzilopochtli, Drawing of. See Ixtlilxochitl, Codex, part 2. See also Veytia, Codex HUITZILOPOCHTLI GROUP, following 145 Huitziltepec y Ecatepec, Mapa de. See Ecatepec y Huitziltepec, Mapa de HUITZIMÉNGARI, CONSTANTINO: Noticias saca das de una información judicial . . . con el objeto de probar la extensión de sus dominios, 1003 Huitzitzil Tzunum, Título del Ajpop, 1175 Huitzitzilitzin y Axayacatzin, Genealogía de. See Metztepetl, Genealogía de Huitznahuac Calpulli, Genealogy of, 146 Huixquilucan, San Antonio, Techialoyan Codex of, 724 Humboldt, Codex. See Humboldt Fragment 1

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

Humboldt, Códice. See Azoyu, Códice de, no. 2; Humboldt Fragment 1 HUMBOLDT FRAGMENTS, following 146 No. J, 147 No. 2,148 Nos. 3 and 4. See Huamantla, Códice de, Fragments 7 and 8 No. 5,149 No. 6, 150 No. 7. See Mizquiahuala Sales Receipts: Humboldt Fragment 7 (216) No. 8, 151 Nos. 9-12,152 No. 13. See Mizquiahuala Sales Receipts: Humboldt Fragment 13 (217) No. 14, 153 No. 15, 154 No. 16. See Testerian Manuscript of the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek (817) Huyxoapan, Cuaderno de. See Huyxoapan, San Pablo, Techialoyan Codex of (735) Huyxoapan, San Pablo, Techialoyan Codex of, 702, 717, 735 Ichcatla, Santa Maria, Lienzo de. See Ixcatlan, Santa Maria, Mapa de ídolos del templo de Huitzilopochtli, Los, 155 ídolos del templo mayor de Mexico, Los. See ídolos del templo de Huitzilopochtli, Los Igualtepec, Genealogy of the cacique of, 156 Ihuitlan, Santiago, Lienzo de, 157 Indígena, Códice, 158 Indígena, Códice, 1564-1565,159 Indígena, Plano en papel. See Maguey, Plano en papel de Indígenas de algunos pueblos del Marquesado del Valle, Códices, nos. 1-28, 160 No. 29. See Tehuantepec, Querella criminal contra Don Juan, Cacique de No. 30. See Huitzila: Pintura de las tierras de Quahunacazco No. 31. See Tepotzotlan: Los naturales de los pueblos . . .

No. 32. See Coetzala, Códice de Irecha Uacus Trongo Real. See Carapan, Genealogía de los caciques de Itzcuintepec, Papers of, 161 Itzcuintlan, Papers of. See Itzcuintepec, Papers of Ixcatlan, San Pedro, Lienzo de, 162 Ixcatlan, San Pedro, and San Miguel Soyaltepec, Lienzo de. See Ixcatlan, San Pedro, Lienzo de Ixcatlan, Santa Maria, Mapa de, 163 Ixcatlan, Santa Maria, Plano topográfico de, año de 1870,164 Ixcatlan, Santa Maria, Plan topographique de, 165 Ixcuín Nehaib, Títulos de la casa, señora del territorio de Otzoya, 1176 Ixhuatan, Mapa de, 166 Ixhuatepec. See also Izhuatepec Ixhuatepec, Códice de, 167. See also Chavero, Colección no. 4 IXHUATEPEC GROUP, following 167 Ixil, Book of Chilam Balam of, 168,1147 Ixil, Libro de medicina de. See Ixil, Rook of Chilam Balam of Ixtacmaxtitlan, Une émeute parmi les indigènes d', 169 Ixtapalapa, Cuaderno de. See Ixtapalapa, Techialoyan Codex of Ixtapalapa, Mapa de Sta. Marta, Santiago, Cuitlahuac y. See Cuitlahuac: Mapa de Sta. Marta, Santiago, Cuitlahuac y Ixtapalapa Ixtapalapa, Techialoyan Codex of, 706 Ixtepeji, Santa Catarina, Códice de, 170 Ixtletletzin and Chachatzin, Genealogy and properties of the descendants of. See Mujeres, Fragmento de las Ixtlan, Codex. See Coixtlahuaca, Lienzo de, no. 1 Ixtlan, Genealogía de. See Etla, Genealogías de los señores de IXTLILXOCHITL, CODEX, following 170 Part 1,171 Part 2,172 517

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Part 3. See Sahagún: Calendario de las fiestas y meses destos naturales Ixtlilxochitl, Don Felipe, Genealogía de, 173 IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA Calendario escrito por D. Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl. See Sahagún: Calendario de las fiestas y meses destos naturales Genealogy. See Chimalpopoca, Códice; Teotihuacan, San Juan, Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de Historia Chichimeca, 1044 Relaciones, 1043 Izcuín Nehaib, Don Francisco, Título real de, 1177 Izhuatepec, Cadastre de terres conquises à. See Tola, Santa Isabel, Títulos de Jablonec, Codex. See Liberec, Codex of Jicayan, San Pedro, Lienzo de, 174 Jilotepec. See Xilotepec JOHN RYLANDS LIBRARY: Mexican manuscript no. 3,914 JOPANAQUE, SAN MATEO: Property plan and genealogy, 175 Joyas de Martin Ocelotl, Las, 176 Jucutacato, Lienzo de, 177 Judiciaire de 1534, Manuscrit, 178 Juego de pelota, Mapa del. See Xalapa, Códice de Julancingo, Códice de. See Itzcuintepec, Papers of Justicia española en Tlaxcala, Introducción de la. See Cuetlaxcohuapan, Códice de

Kalendario mexicano, latino y castellano. See Mexicano, latino y castellano, Kalendario Kaska, Codex (vol. 1, Docs. 1 and 3 ) . See Tizayuca, San Salvador, Techialoyan Codex of (728); Techialoyan Map of (729) Katun wheel of López de Cogolludo. See Mani, Katun wheel of 518

Katun wheel of Mani. See Mani, Katun wheel of Kaua, Book of Chilam Balam of, 179, 1148 Kaua, Códice. See Kaua, Book of Chilam Balam of Kekchi suit of 1611, Map from a, 180 Kingsborough, Codex, 181 Kreichgauer, Codex. See Vienna, Codex Lachiyoo, Mapa de, 182 Laguna, Santa Fe de la, Mapa. See Santa Fe o de Patzcuaro, Mapa de Land transfer manuscript, 183 LANDA, FRAY DIEGO DE: Relación de las cosas de Yucatan, 184,1161 LAS CASAS, FRAY BARTOLOMÉ DE: Apologética historia sumaria . . . , 1045 LAS NAVAS, FRAY FRANCISCO DE. See Navas, Fray Francisco de las Laud, Codex, 185 Laws. See Leyes Legal document in hieroglyphics, 186 Legislatif, Codex. See Borbonicus, Codex Leopoldino, Codex. See Vienna, Codex Le Tellier, Códice. See Telleriano-Remensis, Codex LEYES (LAWS), following 1045 Leyes que tenían los Indios de la Nueva España, Estas son las, 1046 Liberec, Codex of, 915 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS: Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript, 916 Life of the ancient Mexicans, Book of. See Magliabecchiano, Codex López, Codex, 917 López de Cogolludo, Katun wheel of. See Mani, Katun wheel of Loubat, Duc de, False Maya codex gift of the, 918 Lumholtz, Carl, Collection, Falsified pictorial manuscript of the, 919 Lunario Maya. See Ixil, Book of Chilam Balam of Madrid, Codex, 187 Magliabecchiano, Codex, 188

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

MAGLIABECCHIANO GROUP, following 188 Maguey, Plano en papel de, 189 Malacachtepec Momoxco, Fundaciones de los pueblos de, 1047 Malinaltepec, Mapa de, 190 Manx, Book of Chilam Balam of, 1149 Manx, Crónica de, 1162. See also Mani, Book of Chilam Balam of Mani, Katun wheel of, 191 Mani Land Treaty of 1557, 1163 Mani, Lienzo de. See Mani, Katun wheel of Mani, Map of the province of, 192 Manuscripts by years: 1528, Manuscrit de. See Nación mexicana, Unos annales históricos de la 1534, Mappe inédite de. See Judiciaire de 1534, Manuscrit de 1560, Manuscrito de. See Huexotzingo, Matrícula de 1569, Manuscrito de. See Sahagún: Manuscrito de 1569 1570, Anónimo de. See Cuauhtitlan, Anales de 1576, Codex de. See Aubin, Codex 1591, Relación de. See Relación de 1591 1607, Códice de. See Aubin, Codex Manuscrit de 1528. See Nación mexicana, Unos annales históricos de la Manuscrito de 1560. See Huexotzingo, Matrícula de Manuscrito de 1569. See Sahagún: Manuscrito de 1569 Manuscrito pictórico de la cultura Maya sobre piel de mamífero. See Porrúa, Manuel, Códice Mappe inédite de 1534. See Judiciaire de 1534, Manuscrit de Mariano Jiménez, Códice, 193 Martínez Gracida, Códice. See Quiotepec y Cuicatlan, Códice de Martínez Gracida, Códice Mixteco, de Jamiltepec. See Zacatepec, Lienzo de, no. 1

Martínez Gracida, Manuel, Códice MixtecoZapoteco. See Yolotepec, Lienzo de Matichu, Crónica. See Books of Chilam Balam of Mani, Tizimin, and Chumayel Matlatzinca, Calendario, 1048 Matlatzincas, Códices. See Techialoyan Codices of Teotla (739), Zepayahutla (740), Tenancingo (741) Matrícula de Tributos. See Tributos, Matrícula de Matritenses, Códices. See Sahagún: Codices Matritenses Matritense de la Academia de la Historia, Códice. See Sahagún: Codices Matritenses Matritense del Real Palacio, Códice. See Sahagún: Códices Matritenses Mauricio de la Arena, Códice. See Tlaquiltenango, Códices de Maxixcatzin, Genealogy of, 194 Maxixcatzin and Ordaz Papers. See Ordaz and Maxixcatzin Papers Maya Codex, Another falsified, 920 Maya Codex on parchment, Forged. See Goteborg: Forged Maya codex on parchment MAYA SCREENFOLDS, following 194 Mayer, Codex. See Féjérváry-Mayer, Codex Mazapan, San Francisco, Mapa de. See Teotihuacan: Mapa de San Francisco Mazapan (314) Mazatepec, Títulos del pueblo de. See Tetelpan, Santa Maria, Techialoyan Codex of Mechique, Histoyre du, 1049 MEDICAL TEXTS, following 1163 Meixueiro, Codex. See Meixueiro, Lienzo Meixueiro, Lienzo, 195 Méjico, Relación de los señores que fueron de, 1050 Memorial breve acerca de la fundación de la ciudad de Culhuacan. See Chimalpahin: Relaciones Memoriales complementarios. See Sahagún: Manuscrito de Tlatelolco 519

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Memoriales con Escolios. See Sahagún: Manuscrito de Tlatelolco Memoriales en Español. See Sahagún: Memoriales en Español Memoriales en Tres Columnas. See Sahagún: Manuscrito de Tlatelolco Memoriales, Primeros. See Sahagún: Primeros memoriales Memorias de Nueva España, Colección de, 1051 MENDIETA, FRAY JERONIMO DE: Historia eclesiástica indiana, 1052 Mendocino, Códice. See Mendoza, Codex Mendoza, Codex, 196,1053 Mendoza, Collection of. See Mendoza, Codex Mendoza Moctezuma, Genealogía de la familia, 197 Merida, Codex, 921 Merida, Map of, 922 Metepec, Techialoyan Codex of, 704 Metla, San Andres, Lienzo de, 198 Metlatoyuca, Lienzo de, 199 Metztepetl, Genealogía de, 200 Mexicaine, Histoire. See Azcatitlan, Códice Mexicaine, Histoire, depuis 1221 jusquen 1591, 201, 1054 Mexicains, Vhistoire des anciens, Fragment de, 202, 1055 Mexicains 20, Fonds. See Aubin manuscript no. 20 Mexicalzingo, Anales de, 1056 Mexicaltzingo, Códices del Cristo de, 203 Mexican history, Scenes of. See Pinart Collection no. 2 Mexican manuscript No. 1. See Tepotzotlan, Techialoyan Codex of (third fragment, X) (722) Mexican manuscript no. 2, 204 Mexican manuscript no. 3. See John Rylands Library: Mexican manuscript no. 3 (914) Mexicano, latino y castellano, Kalendario, 205,1106 Mexicanos, Anales, 1398-1524, 1057 Mexicanos, Anales, 1398-1596, 206, 1058 520

Mexicanos, Anales, 1589-1596. See Mexicanos, Anales, no. 4,1589-95 Mexicanos, Anales, no. 1. See Aubin, Codex Mexicanos, Anales, no. 2,1168-1546,1059 Mexicanos, Anales, no. 3, 1196-1396. See Mexicains, l'histoire des anciens, Fragment de Mexicanos, Anales, no. 4, 1589-95, 206A, 1058A Mexicanos, Cantares. See Cantares mexicanos Mexicanos, Historia de los, por sus pinturas, 1060 Mexicanos, Mexico-Azcapotzalco, Anales, 1426-1589. See Tepanecas, Anales, 14261589 Mexicanos, Origen de los, 1061 Mexicanos, Puebla, Tepeaca, Cholula, Anales, 1524-1645. See Tepeaca, Anales de, 1528-1634 Mexicanos Uno Pedernal, Anales. See Aubin, Codex Mexicans, The book of life of the ancient. See Magliabecchiano, Codex Mexicanus Codex (BNP 23-24), 207 Mexicanus, Codex (BNP 83), 208 Mexicayotl, Crónica, 1082 Mexico, Ciudad de, Plano de la. See Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico. See also Maguey, Plano en papel de Mexico, Pintura de, 1063 Mexico, Los principales ídolos del templo mayor de. See ídolos del templo de Huitzilopochtli, Los Mexico, Plano antiguo de. See Maguey, Plano en papel de Mexico, Relación de los señores de. See Méjico, Relación de los señores que fueron de MEXICO-TENOCHTITLAN: Procès entre Diego Francisco et Felipe de Santiago, 209 MEXICO-TENOCHTITLAN: Titres de propriété, 210

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

Mexico y sus alrededores, Anales de, no. 1, 1564-1711, 1064 Mexico y sus alrededores, Anales de, no. 2, 1546-1625,1065 Mexico y sus contornos, Anales antiguos de, 1066 Mexico y Tlatelolco, Anales de, 1473,15211522, 211,1067 Mexique, Fragment d'une histoire du, en langue Nahuatl, 206B, 1058B Mexique, Histoire du. See Mechique, Histoyre du Meztitlan calendar wheel, 212 Miacatlan, Lienzo de. See Tetlama, Lienzo de Michoacan, Anales del reino de. See Tarecuato, Anales de Michoacan, Códice de la conquista de. See Beaumont, Fray Pablo: Crónica de Michoacan: nine historical scenes Michoacan, Crónica de. See Beaumont, Fray Pablo: Crónica de Michoacan Michoacan, Lienzo del reino de. See Jucutacato, Lienzo de Michoacan, Relación de, 213,1004 Miguel, Juan, Anales de. See Tlatelolco y Mexico, Anales de, no. 2,1519-1662 Mimiahuapan, San Miguel, Techialoyan Codex of, 711 Misantla, Códice. See Misantla, Lienzo de Misantla, Lienzo de, 214 Mixiuca, La Magdalena, Codex of, 1068 Mixteca, Códice de la. See Colombino, Códice, Falsified version of the Mixteco Martínez Gracida, Códice, de Jamiltepec. See Zacatepec, Lienzo de, no. 1 Mixteco post-cortesiano no. 36, Códice, 215 Mixteco-Zapoteco Manuel Martínez Gracida, Códice. See Yolotepec, Lienzo de MIZQUIAHUALA SALES RECEIPTS, 216-221 Humboldt Fragment 7, 216 Humboldt Fragment 13, 217 Poinsett Fragment 1,218 Poinsett Fragment 2,219

Rechnung über gelieferte Naturalien, 220 Tira de Tributos, 221 Mizquiahuala, Tributos de, 222 Moctezuma, Arbol genealógico de la casa de. See Mendoza Moctezuma, Genealogía de la familia Moctezuma, Códice, 223. See also Tributos, Matrícula de Moctezuma, Mendoza, Genealogía de la familia. See Mendoza Moctezuma, Genealogía de la familia Modos que tenían los Indios para zelebrar sus fiestas en tiempo de la gentilidad. . . . See Veytia, Codex Moguntiacus, Codex, 923 Monasterio de San Mateo Huichapan, Códice del. See Huichapan, Códice de Monclova, Mapa, 963 Monteleone, Codex, 224 Montezuma. See also Moctezuma Montezuma, Tribute roll of. See Tributos, Matrícula de Motolinía calendar wheel. See Veytia calendar wheel no. 2 Motolinía Insert no. 1. See Motolinía: Memoriales Motolinía Insert no. 2. See Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 MOTOLINÍA, FRAY TORIBIO DE Calendar Wheel. See Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 De moribus indorum, 1069 Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España, 1070 Memoriales, 1071 Relación de las cosas, ydolatrias, ritos. . . . See his Historia Inserts. See comment under his Memoriales and FRAY DIEGO DE OLARTE: Parecer..., 1133 Moxó, Testerian manuscript described by. See Testerian manuscripts Muaguia, Plan cadastral de, 225 Mujeres, Fragmento de las, 226 521

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Mundanegre aus Chichimecapan, Das Dokument der Familie, 22Ί MUÑOZ CAMARGO, DIEGO: Historia de Tlaxcala, 1072 Muro, Códice, 228 MUSÉE DE L'HOMME: Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript, 924 Museo de América, Códice del, 229 MUSEO DE AMÉRICA: Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript, 925 Museo del Ejercito de Madrid, Manuscrito (Códice) Azteca del. See Tlamapa, Santa Cruz, Códice de, no. 1 MUSEO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGIA: Copies of an unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript, 926 Museo, Pintura del. See Sigüenza, Mapa Museo, Tira del. See Boturini, Códice MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN, HEYE FOUNDATION: Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript, 927

Nación mexicana, Unos annates historicos de la, 230,1073 Nah, Book of Chilam Balam of, 1150 Nahuatl A, B, and C, Codices. See Techialoyan Codices of San Pedro Tlahuac (736), San Pedro and San Martin Huaquilpan (746), San Bartolome Tepanohuayan (712) Nahuatzen, Lienzo de, 231 Nation mexicaine depuis le départ d'Aztlan jusqu'à l'arrivée des conquerants Espagnols, Histoire de la. See Aubin, Codex Nativitas, Santa Maria, Lienzo de, 232 Naturalien, Rechnung über gelieferte. See Mizquiahuala Sales Receipts: Rechnung liber gelieferte Naturalien (220) NAVAS, FRAY FRANCISCO DE LAS, and ANTONIO DE GUEVARA: Anónimo Tlaxcalteco; Calendario índico de los indios del Mar Oceano; and Cuenta antigua de los indios naturales de esta Nueva España, 1074. See also comment under Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 522

Nayotla, San Juan, Lienzo de, 233 NAZAREO, PABLO: Carta al Rey don Felipe 11,1075 NELSON GALLERY OF ART: Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript, 928 Nexmoyotla, Ateno, Zoyatitlan y Hueytetla, Genealogía de, 234 Nezahualcoyotl, Circular genealogy of the descendants of, 235 Nezahualcoyotl, Cantares de, 1076 Nezahualcoyotl, Lamentaciones de. See Nezahualcoyotl, Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl, Ordenanzas que hizo. See Ixtlilxochitl: Relaciones Nezahualcoyotl, Pedazo de la historia de la vida de. See Nezahualcoyotl, Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl, Record of the expenses of the court of. See Pimentel, Antonio: Record of the expenses of... Nezahualpilli, Drawing of. See Ixtlilxochitl, Codex, part 2 Nican ycuiliuhtica. . . . See Aubin, Codex NIZA, TADEO DE: Historia de la conquista de Mexico, 1077 Nochistlan, Fragmento Mixteco de. See Becker, Codex, no. 2: additional fragment Nochtepec, Códice de. See Noxtepec, Lienzo de Nombre de Dios, Durango, Memorial de los indios de, acerca de sus servicios al rey, 1005 Nómina escrita en geroglífico, 236 Nopalxochitl, Genealogía de, 237 Noticias curiosas. See Puebla y Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 1, part 1, 1519-1739 Noxtepec, Lienzo de, 238 Nueva España, Fragmentos de Historia de. See Muñoz Camargo, Diego: Historia de Tlaxcala Nueve señores de la noche, Rueda de los, 239 Ñunaha, Códice de. See Muro, Códice Nuttall, Codex, 240. See also Magliabecchiano, Codex NUTTALL GROUP, following 240

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

Oaxaqueña, Genealogía, 241 Ocelotepec, Santa Maria, Techialoyan Codex of, 708 Ocelotl, Martin, Las joyas de. See Joyas de Martin Ocelotl, Las Ocelotl, Pablo, et ses fils, contre Alonzo Gonzales, Pièce du Procès de. See Tlacotepec: Pièce du procès d e . . . Ocotepec, Santo Tomás, Lienzo de, 242 Ocotepec, Santo Tomás, Mapa de. See Ocotepec, Santo Tomás, Lienzo de Ocotepeque, Santo Tomas, Mapa de. See Ocotepec, Santo Tomas, Lienzo de Ocoyacac, Altepeamatl. See Ocoyacac, San Martin, Techialoyan Codex of Ocoyacac, Das Dorfbuch von. See Ocoyacac, San Martin, Techialoyan Codex of Ocoyacac, San Martin, Techialoyan Codex of, 733 Olaguibel, Manuscrito de. See Asuncion, Santa María, Códice de OLARTE, FRAY DIEGO DE. See Motolinía, Fray Toribio de, and Fray Diego de Olarte OLMOS, FRAY ANDRÉS DE Libro de las antigüedades de Mexico, Τ excoco y Tlaxcala, 1078 Reconpilación de las antigüedades, 1079 Huehuetlatolli, 1080 Oraciones, Libro de. See Testerian manuscript of the Museo Nacional de Antropología Ordaz and Maxixcatzin Papers. See Xochitepec, Codex of La orden que los indios tenían en su tiempo para hacerse tecutles, 1081 La orden que tenían los indios en suceder en las tierras y baldíos, 1082 Ordóñez y Aguiar, Ramon de: Historia de la creación del cielo y de la tierra. See Popol Vuh; Votan, Probanza de Origen de los señores, Papel del, 1178 Oro y tesoro índico, Libro de, 1083 Orozco y Berra collection, Testerian manuscript of the. See Testerian manuscripts

Ortega, Códice. See Azoyu, Códice de, no. 2 Osuna, Códice, 243 Otlazpan y Tepexic, Nómina de los tributos de los pueblos. See Mariano Jiménez, Códice Otomi, Códice. See Huichapan, Codice de Otumba, Mapa de, 244 Oxford, Códice de. See Codices Bodley, Laud, Mendoza, Selden, and the Selden Roll Oxkutzcab, Book of Chilam Balam of, 1151 Oxkutzcab, Chronicle of. See Xiu Chronicles Oyametepec y Huitzilatl, Lienzo de, 245 Oztoticpac Lands Map, 246 Oztoyaotitlan Techialoyan Codex of, 738 PANES, DIEGO: Teatro de la Nueva España. See comments under Ixtlilxochitl, Codex, part 1 (172), and Tlaxcala, Lienzo de (350) PANTECATL, FRANCISCO: Relación 1006 Papel de amate, Plano en. See Amate, Plano en papel de Papel de maguey, Plano en. See Maguey, Plano en papel de Papel indígena, Plano en. See Maguey, Plano en papel de París, Calendario de. See Borbonicus, Codex Paris, Codex, 247 PARMA: Due Pergamene Messicane, 929930 Patzcuaro, Genealogía de los caciques Cuara Irecha de. See Cuara, Códice Patzcuaro, Lake, Map of. See Beaumont, Fray Pablo: Map of Tzintzuntzan in the Crónica de Michoacan Patzcuaro, Lienzo de, 248. See also Puacuaro, Lienzo de Patzcuaro o de Santa Fe, Mapa de. See Santa Fe o de Patzcuaro, Mapa de Paxbolon-Maldonado Papers: Chontal text, 1164 523

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

PECH, AH MACAN: Crónica de Yaxkukul, 1165 PECH, AH NAKUK: Crónica de ChacXulub-Chen, 1166 Pedronilla and Juliana, Genealogy of. See Xochimilco . . . : Genealogy of Pedronilla and Juliana (404) Peras, San Miguel de las, Mapa de. See Cuatro Venados, San Pablo, Mapa de Peregrinación de los Aztecas, Mapa de la. See Sigüenza, Mapa Peregrinación de los Totomihuacas.- See Cuauhtinchan, Mapa de, no. 2 Peregrinación, Tira de la. See Boturini, Códice Peresianus, Codex. See Paris, Codex Perez, Codex, 249,1152 Pérez García, Codex. See Tiltepec, San Miguel, Lienzo de Personen, Genealogie von 33. See Genealogie von 33 Personen Personen, Genealogie von 50. See Tlatzcantzin, Genealogie des Personen, Steuerliste von 40. See Steuerliste von 40 Personen Pesca, Plano de derechos de. See Cuauhtemoc, Ordenanza del Señor Pesth, Codex de. See Féjérváry-Mayer, Codex Petapa, Lienzo de, 250. See also Guevea, Lienzo de Petapa, Manuscrito pictórico de. See Selden, Codex Petela, Códice. See Guevea, Lienzo de Petich, Codex. See Xocotla, San Nicolas and San Agustín, Techialoyan Codex of Philadelphia, Lienzo of, 251 Piedra de los gladiadores, Relieves en la. See Aubin manuscript no. 20 PIMENTEL, ANTONIO: Record of the expenses of the court of Nezahualcoyotl, 1084 PIMENTEL, HERNANDO: Various writings, 1085 PINART COLLECTION No. 1,931 524

No. 2,932 No. 3,933 Pingret, Codex. See Tepotzotlan, Techialoyan Codex of (second fragment, P) (714) Pingret collection manuscript no. 1. See Tepotzotlan, Techialoyan Codex of (second fragment, Ρ) (714) Pingret collection manuscript no. 2, 934 Pirámides, San Martín de las, Mapa de, 252 Pitzahua, Códice de la descendencia de. See Pitzahua, Genealogía de Pitzahua, Genealogía de, 253 Plancarte, Codex, 1007 Poems. See Cantares Poinsett, Codex. See Tributos, Matrícula de Poinsett Fragment l. See Mizquiahuala Sales Receipts: Poinsett Fragment 1 (218) Poinsett Fragment 2. See Mizquiahuala Sales Receipts: Poinsett Fragment 2 (219) POMAR, JUAN BAUTISTA: Relación de Texcoco, 1086 Romances de los señores de la Nueva España, 1087 PONCE DE LEÓN, PEDRO: Breve relación de los dioses y ritos de la gentilidad, 1088 PopolVuh, 1179 Popoloca, Codex. See Sierra, Códice Popotla, Mapa de, 254 Porfirio Díaz, Códice, 255 Porrúa, Cueros de. See Porrúa, Manuel, Códice Porrúa, Manuel, Códice, 935 Porrúa Turanzas, Códice, 256 Posesiones de Don Andrés, Códice de las, 257 Primeros memoriales. See Sahagún: Primeros memoriales PRINCETON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY: Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript, 936 Principes mexicanos, Genealogía de los, 258

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

Probanzas, Libro de. See Xiu Chronicles Procès criminei, Pièces d'un. See Temascaltepec: Pièces d'un procès criminei (310) Procès de Pablo Ocelotl, et ses fils, contre Alonzo Gonzales, Pièce du. See Tlacotepec: Pièce du procès de . . . (336) Procès entre Diego Francisco et Felipe de Santiago. See Mexico-Tenochtitlan: Procès entre . . . ( 2 0 9 ) Procès entre Francisco de la Cruz Cohuatzincatl, Indio natural de Xochimilco et Joachim Tecoloatl. See Xochimilco: Procès entre Francisco . . . (402) Procès, Fragment d'un, 259 Procès, Pièce d'un, 260 Procès, Pièces d'un. See Huamuxtitlan: Pièces d'un procès (136) Proceso de Marta Petronila y Agustín de Luna, Indios, contra Juan Francisco, María y Juana. See Culhuacan: Proceso de Marta Petronila . . . (111) Property of Pedronilla Francisca and Costantino de San Felipe, Document concerning. See Xochimilco: Document concerning property . . . (403) Propriété, Titres de. See Mexico-Tenochtitlan: Titres de propriété (210) Propriétés, Plan de plusiers. See Xochimilco: Plan de plusiers . . . (407) Protohistórico, Códice. See Saville, Codex Puacuaro, Lienzo de, 261 Puebla, Anales de, 1524-1686,1089 Puebla, Anales de, 1638-1677,1090 PUEBLA AND TLAXCALA, ANNALS OF, following 1090 Puebla, Mapa de. See Cuauhtinchan, Mapa de, no. 4 Puebla-Tlaxcala Village Maps, nos. 1-24, 937 Puebla y Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 1, part 1, 1519-1739,1091 Puebla y Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 1, part 2, 1519-1697,1092 Puebla y Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 1, part 3, 1519-1691,1093

Puebla y Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 2 (15241674), 1094 Puebla y Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 3, 166486. See Puebla, Anales de, 1524-1686 Pueblo near Huehuetoca. See Huehuetoca, Pueblo near, Techialoyan Codex of Putla, Lienzo de. See Tecciztlan y Tequatepec, Lienzo de

Quahunacazco, Pintura de las tierras de. See Huitzila: Pintura de las tierras de Quahunacazco (144) Quauhquechollan. See Cuauhquechollan Quauhtinchan. See Cuauhtinchan Quauhtli. See Cuauhtli Quauhtliztactzin, Properties of the descendants of, 262 Quauhxomolco, Títulos del pueblo de, 1095 Quaxochco. See Cuaxochco Quecholac, Anales de, 1519-1642,1096 Quecholac y Tecamachalco, Anales de. See Tecamachalco, Anales de Quetzala, Señorío de, Mapa jeroglífico del. See Ecatepec y Huitziltepec, Mapa de Quetzalecatzin, Codex. See Ecatepec y Huitziltepec, Mapa de Quetzalmamalictzin, Francisco Verdugo. See Verdugo Quetzalmamalictzin, Francisco Quetzaltenango y de Momostenango, Título de los señores d e . . . . See Ixcuín Nehaib, Títulos... Quiche, Antiguo título, 1180 Quiche, Probanza ejecutoria del 2o casa de, 1181 Quinatzin, Mapa (leaves 1 and 2), 263 Quinatzin, Mapa (leaf 3), 264 Quiotepec y Ayauhtla, Lienzo de, 265 Quiotepec y Cuicatlan, Códice de, 266

Ramírez, Códice. See Mexicanos, Historia de los, por sus Pinturas; Sigüenza, Mapa. See also Tovar, Fray Juan de: Códice Ramírez (365) 525

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Ramírez collection, Cadastral fragment of the, 267 Ratton, Charles, Codex. See Ecatepec y Huitziltepec, Mapa de Rechnung über gelieferte Naturalien. See Mizquiahuala Sales Receipts: Rechnung iiber gelieferte Naturalien (220) Region boscosa, Mapa de una, 268 Reinisch, Mappe, 269 Reino de Michoacan, Lienzo del. See Jucutacato, Lienzo de Relación de las cosas, ydolatrias y cerimonias que en la Nueva España. . . . See Motolinía: Historia de los Indios . . . Relación de 1591,1008 Retapa, Lienzo de. See Selden, Codex Reyes Chichimecas, Genealogía de los. See Tlotzin, Mapa Reyes Zapotecos, Arbol genealógico de los. See Zapotecos, Arbol genealógico de los reyes Rickards, Codex. See Antonio de León, Lienzo Rios, Codex, 270 Ríos, Fray Pedro de los. See Ríos, Codex Rodríguez-Ortega, Códice. See Azoyu, Códice de, no. 1 Romances de los señores de la Nueva España. See Pomar, Juan Bautista: Romances . . . Romerías, Códice de las. See Oymatepec y Huitzilatl, Lienzo de Romero de Terreros collection, Testerian manuscript of the. See Testerian manuscripts ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM: Falsified ball-court scene, 938 Saad (Miguel) manuscript. See Gomesta manuscript Sacapulas, Título de los señores de, 1182 Sacrificio gladiatorio, Piedra polícroma del. See Aubin manuscript no. 20 Sahagún Calendar Wheel. See Sahagún: Sahagún Calendar Wheel (272) 526

SAHAGÚN, FRAY BERNARDINO DE. See nos. 271-274,1097-1108 Arte adivinatoria, 1107 Breve conpendio de los ritos ydolátricos . . . , 1102 Calendar wheel in the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco. See Sahagún Calendar Wheel Calendario.... See Kalendario Calendario de las fiestas y meses destos naturales, 1101 Cantares a los dioses. See Primeros memoriales Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 3. See Calendario de las fiestas . . . Códice castellano de Madrid. See Manuscrito de Tolosa Códice Matritense de la Academia de la Historia. See Códices Matritenses Códice Matritense del Real Palacio. See Códices Matritenses Códices Matritenses, 1097 Conquista de Mexico. See Relación de la conquista... Drawings by the informants of, 271274 Falsified festival calendar, 939 Florentine Codex, 274,1104 Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España. See Florentine Codex; Manuscrito de Tolosa Historia universal de las cosas de la Nueva España. See Manuscrito de Tolosa; Memoriales en español Kalendario mexicano, latino, y castellano, 205,1106 Manuscrito de 1569. See nos. 10971108, passim Manuscrito de Tepepulco. See Primeros memoriales Manuscrito de Tlatelolco, 1099 Manuscrito de Tolosa, 1105 Memoriales complementarios. See Manuscrito de Tlatelolco Memoriales con escolios, 1100

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

Memoriales en castellano. See Memoriales en español Memoriales en español, 1103 Memoriales en tres columnas. See Manuscrito de Tlatelolco Primer manuscrito de Tlatelolco. See Manuscrito de Tlatelolco Primeros memoriales, 271,1098 Relación de la conquista de esta Nueva España, 1108 Sahagún Calendar Wheel, 272 Segundo manuscrito de Tlatelolco. See Manuscrito de Tlatelolco Segundos memoriales. See Manuscrito de Tlatelolco Table of day signs in the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco, 273 Salamanca, Manta de, 275 San Agustín, Orden de, parecer de la, sobre los señores y tributos de los indios, 1134 San Andres, Codex, 276 SAN BUENAVENTURA, PEDRO DE, and PEDRO GONZÁLEZ: Letter to Sahagún. See Sahagún: Manuscrito de Tlatelolco San Joseph, sujeto a Xilotepeque, Plano de, 277 SAN LUIS MONTAÑEZ, NICOLÁS DE: Relación, 1009 San Matías (Tlaxcala), Linderos del pueblo de, 278 SAN PABLO, FRAY NICOLÁS DE. See San Vicente Paulo, Fray Nicolás de SAN VICENTE PAULO, FRAY NICOLÁS DE: Parecer sobre el modo . . . 1135 Sánchez Solís, Códice, 279 SANDOVAL ACAXITLI, DON FERNANDO. See Castañeda, Gabriel de Santa Ana, Título del barrio de, 1183 Santa Clara de la Laguna, Título de los indios de, 1184 Santa Cruz, Alonso de, Map attributed to. See Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico, 280

Santa Fe de la Laguna, Mapa de. See Santa Fe o de Patzcuaro, Mapa de Santa Fe o de Patzcuaro, Mapa de, 281 Santos y Salazar, Manuel de los. See Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 5 and 7. See also Zapata, Juan Bentura, and Manuel de los Santos y Salazar Saussure, Codex. See Becker, Codex, no. 1 Saville, Codex, 282 Saville Fragment, 940 Saville map of Teotihuacan. See Teotihuacan Maps: Saville map of Teotihuacan (313) Selden, Codex, 283 Selden, Codex, no. 1. See Selden, Codex; Selden Roll Selden, Codex, no. 2. See Selden, Codex; Selden Roll Selden, Códice, A. See Selden Roll Selden, Códice, B. See Selden, Codex Selden Roll, 284 Seler, Lienzo, no. 1. See Ixcatlan, Santa Maria, Mapa de Seler, Lienzo, no. 2. See Coixtlahuaca, Lienzo de, no. 2 Seler's Landbook. See Ocoyacac, San Martin, Techialoyan Codex of SERNA, JACINTO DE LA: Manual de ministros de indios, following 284 Drawings of day and month symbols, 285 Serna Calendar Wheel no. 1, 286 Serna Calendar Wheel no. 2,287 Sevina, Lienzo de, 288 Sierra, Códice, 289 Siglo 18, Anales del, 1109 Siglo 19, Anales del, 1110 Sigüenza, Códice. See Sigüenza, Mapa Sigüenza, Jeroglífico. See Sigüenza, Mapa Sigüenza, Mapa, 290 Sinaxtla, San Andrés, Plano de, 291 Sintlatetelco, Mapa jeroglífico de, 292 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: Unnamed falsified pictorial manuscript, 941 Soldato Mexicano, Drawing of. See Ixtlilxochitl, Codex, part 2 527

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Soleil, Le culte rendu au. See Aubin manuscript no. 20 Soles, Leyenda de los, 1111 Solola, Memorial de. See Cakchiqueles, Anales de los Songs. See Cantares Sonora News Co., Falsified pictorial manuscript purchased from the, 942 Sotuta, Documentos de tierras de, 1167 Sotuta, Map of the province of, 293 Soyaltepec, San Miguel, and San Pedro Ixcatlan, Lienzo de. See Ixcatlan, San Pedro, Lienzo de Spratling, Códice. See Noxtepec, Lienzo de Steuerliste von 40 Personen, 294 Supplice des caciques. See Aperreamiento, Manuscrito del Sutro, Codex. See Calacohuayan, Santa Maria, Techialoyan Codex of

Tabaa, San Juan, Lienzo de, no. 1, 295 Tabaa, San Juan, Lienzo de, no. 2, 296 Τabi, Documentos de, 1168 Tacuba, Genealogía de los señores de, 297 Tamasolco, Santa Barbara, Mapa de, 298 Tamazulapan, Lienzo de, 299 Tamiahua Codices. See Tuxpan, Lienzos de, nos. 1-6 Tarecuato, Anales de, 1010 Taxco. See Tlachco Teabo, Book of Chilam Balam of, 1153 Tecamachalco, Anales de, 1112 Tecamachalco, Dorfbuch von. See Tecamachalco, Mapa de Tecamachalco, Lienzo de. See Tecamachalco, Mapa de Tecamachalco, Mapa de, 300 Tecamachalco y Quecholac, Anales de, 1520-1558. See Tecamachalco, Anales de Tecciztlan y Tequatepec, Lienzo de, 301 Techialoyan, Codices, A-Η, J-N, P-X (let­ ters I and O omitted). See Techialoyan Codices nos. 701-722. 528

Techialoyan, Amojonamiento del Pueblo del See Techialoyan, San Antonio, Techia­ loyan Codex of Techialoyan, San Antonio, Techialoyan Co­ dex of, 701 Tecomaxtlahuaca, Códice de, 302 Tecpan-Atitlan, Memorial de. See Cakchiqueles, Anales de los Tecpan de Santiago Tlatelolco, Códice del, 303, 1113 Tecpan Guatemala, Trasunto de los títulos de las tierras de. See Xpantzay, Historia de los Tecpatepec, Pintura del pueblo de, 304 Tehuantepec, Istmo de, Fragmento del mapa de, 305 Tehuantepec, Mapa de, 306 Tehuantepec, Querella criminal contra Don Juan, Cacique de, 307 Tekax, Book of Chilam Balam of, 1154 Telapalco, Codex. See Saville, Codex Telchac, Book of Chilam Balam of, 1155 Telleriano-Remensis, Codex, 308 Tellerianus, Codex. See Telleriano-Remensis, Codex Temascaltepec, Carte de la Ville de, 309 TEMASCALTEPEC: Pièces Sun procès criminei, 310 Templo mayor, Codex of the derrumbe del. See Cuauhtinchan, Libro de los guardianes de Tenancingo, Techialoyan Codex of, 741 Tenochtitlan, Aztec painting of the siege of. See Merida, Map of Tenochtitlan, Códice del señorío de. See Metztepetl, Genealogía de Tenochtitlan, Lista de los reyes de. See Nación mexicana, Unos annales históricos de la Tenoxtitlan, Plano de. See Maguey, Plano en papel de Tenuxtitlan Mexico, La ciudad. See Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico Teocaltitlan, San Pablo, Libro de tributos de, 311

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

Teotihuacan, Historia del señorío de. See Teotihuacan, San Juan, Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de TEOTIHUACAN MAPS, following 311 Ayer map of Teotihuacan, 312 Saville map of Teotihuacan, 313 Mapa de San Francisco Mazapan, 314 Teotihuacan, San Juan, Códice de, 315 Teotihuacan, San Juan, Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de, 1114 Teotihuacan y sus comarcas, Los primeros señores de. See Teotihuacan, San Juan, Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de Teotla, Techialoyan Codex of, 739 Teozacoalco, Mapa de. A relación geográfica map not treated in this census Teozoneas, Códice de. See Aubin manuscript no. 20 Tepanecas, Anales, 1426-1589,1115 Tepanohuayan, San Bartolome, Techialoyan Codex of, 712. See also Acatitlan, Santa Cecilia, Techialoyan Codex of, 709 Tepeaca, Anales de, 1528-1634, 316, 1116 Tepechpan et de Mexico, Histoire synchronique et seigneuriale de. See Tepechpan, Tira de Tepechpan, Tira de, 317 Tepecuacuilco, Mapa de, 318 Tepepulco, Manuscrito de. See Sahagún: Primeros memoriales Tepeticpac, Genealogía de una familia de, 319 Tepetlan, Códice. See Tepetlan, San Antonio, Mapa de Tepetlan, San Antonio, Mapa de, 320 Tepetlaoxtoc, Códice de. See Kingsborough, Codex Tepetlaoxtoc, Memorial de los Indios de. See Kingsborough, Codex Tepexi de la Seda, The painted tribute record of, 321 Tepexic y Otlazpan, Nómina de los tributos de los pueblos de. See Mariano Jiménez, Códice Tepexoxouhcan, San Miguel, and San Mi-

guel Cuaxochco, Techialoyan Codex of, 721 Tepexoyucan, Santa Maria, Techialoyan Codex of, 731 TEPOTZOTLAN: Los naturales de los pueblos de Cuauhtlalpan, Tepujaco y Xoloc, de la jurisdicción de TepotzoÜan, Mex., contra su gobernador, por malos tratamientos y pago de tributos (1552), 322 TepotzoÜan, Techialoyan Codex of (first fragment, T ) , 718 TepotzoÜan, Techialoyan Codex of (second fragment, P ) , 714 TepotzoÜan, Techialoyan Codex of (third fragment, X), 722 Tepozteco, Codex. See Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de Tepoztlan, Census of, 323 Tepoztlan, Panhuacan, Ayapango y Tlanahuac, Mapa catastral de, 324 Tequatepec y Tecciztlan, Lienzo de. See Tecciztlan y Tequatepec, Lienzo de Tequisistlan. See Tecciztlan Tequixtepec, San Miguel, Lienzo de, no. 1, 433 Tequixtepec, San Miguel, Lienzo de, no. 2, 434 Tequitlato, Apuntes del. See Zapotitlan, Códice del tequitlato de Testerian Manuscript of the Bibliothèque Nationale, BNP/FM 399, Miscellaneous pages in the, 325 TESTERIAN MANUSCRIPTS: Archivo Histórico del INAH, Colección Antigua 254, 801 Archivo Histórico del INAH, Colección Antigua 776, 802 Archivo Histórico del INAH, Colección Gómez de Orozco no. 183,803 Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid, 804 Aubin, described by, 805 Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, 806 Bibliothèque Nationale, Taris, FM 76, 807 529

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, FM 77, 808 • Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, FM 78, 809 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, FM 399, 810 — Boturini collection no. 1743-6-31. See Testerian manuscript of the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek — Boturini collection no. 1743-6-32, 811 — Boturini collection no. 1743-6-33, 812 — Boturini collection no. 1743-6-34. See Testerian manuscript of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, FM 78 — British Museum, 813 — Bullock collection, 814 — Chavero collection, 815 — Cleveland Public Library, 816 — Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, 817 — García Icazbalceta collection, nos. 1-3, 818-820 — Granados y Gálvez, described by, 821 — Hispanic Society of America no. 1, 822 — Hispanic Society of America no. 2, 823 — John Carter Brown Library no. 1, 824 — John Carter Brown Library no. 2, 825 — John Carter Brown Library no. 3, 826 — Middle American Research Institute no. 1, 827 — Middle American Research Institute no. 2,828 — Moxó, described by, 829 — Museo Nacional de Antropología, 830 — Orozco y Berra collection, 831 — Peabody Museum Library, 832 — Princeton University Library no. 1, 833 — Princeton University Library no. 2, 834 — Romero de Terreros collection, 835 Tetelcingo, Códice de, 326 Tetelpan, Santa Maria, Techialoyan Codex of, 713 Tetepango, Cacicazgo de. See Mendoza Moctezuma, Genealogía de la familia de Tetlama, Lienzo de, 327 Tetlamaca y Tlametzin, Genealogía de, 328 Tetlapalco, Codex. See Saville, Codex 530

Tetzcoco, Stammbaum des kõniglichen Geschlechtes von. See Texcoco: Stammbaum des kõniglichen... (330) Tetzcotzinco, The titles of, 1117 Texcoco, Lista de los pueblos principales que pertenecían antiguamente a. See Cuauhtitlan, Anales de Texcoco, Plan topographique de, 329 Texcoco, Relación de. See Pomar, Juan Bautista: Relación de Texcoco. See abo Ixtlilxochitl, Codex, part 2 TEXCOCO: Stammbaum des kõniglichen Geschlechtes von Tetzcoco, 330 Texcoco-Acolman, Códice. See Teotihuacan, San Juan, Códice de Texupan, Santa Catarina, Códice de. See Sierra, Códice Tezcalucan, San Cristobal, and Santa Marta Magdalena Chichicaspa, Techialoyan Codex of, 744 Tezcuco, Cour Chichimèque & Histoire de. See Quinatzin, Mapa Tezontepec, Anales Mexicanos del pueblo de. See Tula, Anales de Tezontepec, San Pedro, Mapa de, 331 Tezozomoc, Hernando Alvarado. See Alvarado Tezozomoc, Hernando Theogonic or genealogical tree. . . . See Pinart collection no. 3 Tianquiztli, Plan du, 332 Ticul manuscript. See Xiu chronicles Tierras, Pleito de. See Amate, Plano en papel de. See also Ixhuatepec, Códice de Tierras testamentarias, Repartición de. See Posesiones de Don Andrés, Códice de las, Fragment 2 Tiltepec, San Miguel, Lienzo de, 333 Tiripetio, Lienzo de. See Jucutacato, Lienzo de Titres de propriété. See Mexico-Tenochtitlan: Titres de propriété (210) Tixcocob, Book of Chilam Balam of, 1156 Tizayuca, San Salvador, Techialoyan Codex of, 728 Tizayuca, San Salvador, Techialoyan Map of, 729

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

Tizimin, Book of Chilam Balam of, 1157 TLACAUEPANTZI, DOMINI PETRI: Verba sociorum, 1118 Tlachco, Códice de, 334 Tlacoatzintepec, Lienzo de, 335 Tlacotepec, Lienzo de. See Antonio de León, Lienzo TLACOTEPEC: Piece du procès de Pablo Ocelotl et ses fils contre Alonzo Gonzales, 336 Tlacotepec, San Pedro, Mapa de, 337 Tlacupan, Memorial de los pueblos sujetos al señorío de, y de los que tributaban a Mexico, Tezcuco y Tlacupan, 1119 Tlahuac, San Pedro, Techialoyan Codex of, 736 Tlahuac, Títulos del pueblo de. See Tlahuac, San Pedro, Techialoyan Codex of Tlalancalco, San Matías, Mapa de, 338 Tlamacaztonco, Santa Catalina, Títulos de, 1120 Tlamapa, Santa Cruz, Códice de tributos de. See Tlamapa, Santa Cruz, Códice de, no. 3 TLAMAPA, SANTA CRUZ, CODICES DE, following 338 No. 1,339 No. 2, 340 No. 3, 341 Tlametzin y Tetlamaca, Genealogía de. See Tetlamaca y Tlametzin, Genealogía de Tlapa, Lienzo de, 342 Tlapa, Lienzo de, no. 2. See Aztactepec y Citlaltepec, Lienzo de Tlapa y su señorío al imperio mexicano, Nómina de tributos de. See Azoyu, Codice de, no. 2 Tlapiltepec, Papalutla y Miltepec, Lienzo de. See Antonio de León, Lienzo de Tlaquiltenango, Códices de, 343 Tlaquitenanco, Mapa de. See Otumba, Mapa de Tlascalteca, Genealogía. See Tepeticpac, Genealogía de una familia de

Tlatelolco, Anales de. See Nación mexicana, Unos annales históricos de la Tlatelolco, Anales de la conquista de, en 1473 y en 1521. See Mexico y Tlatelolco, Anales de, 1473,1521-22 Tlatelolco, Códice de, 344 Tlatelolco, Historia de, desde los tiempos más remotos. See Nación mexicana, Unos annales históricos de la Tlatelolco, Lista de los reyes de. See Nación mexicana, Unos annales históricos de la Tlatelolco, Plano de. See Cuauhtemoc, Ordenanza del señor Tlatelolco, Manuscrito de. See Sahagún: Manuscrito de Tlatelolco Tlatelolco, Plano de. See Cuauhtemoc, Ordenanza del señor Tlatelolco, Santiago, Códice del tecpan de. See Tecpan de Santiago Tlatelolco, Códice del Tlatelolco y Mexico, Anales de, no. 1,15191633,1121 Tlatelolco y Mexico, Anales de, no. 2, part 1, 1519-1662, 1122 Tlatelolco y Mexico, Anales de, no. 2, part 2, 1524-1663. See Puebla, Anales de, 15241686 Tlatengo, Rôle des impôts de, 345 Tlatepusco, San Pedro, Mapa de, 346 Tlatzcantzin, Genealogie des, 347 Tlaxcah, Anales de, 1519-1720, 1123 Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 1, 1453-1603, 1124 Tlaxcala, Anales de, no. 2, 1519-1692, 348, 1125 Tlaxcala, Códice de, 349 Tlaxcala et lieux circonvoisins, Êphémérides de, 1519-1737, 1126 Tlaxcala, Généalogie de l'un des quatre gouverneurs de la république de. See Citlalpopoca, Genealogy of TlaxcaL·, Informe de los méritos de la ciudad de, 1127 Tlaxcala, Introducción de la justicia Española en. See Cuetlaxcohuapan, Códice de 531

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Tlaxcala, Lienzo de, 350 Códice de la conquista, 351 untitled pages, 352 TLAXCALA, LIENZO DE: falsified versions Códice de Comillas, 943 Dorenberg photographs . . . , 944 Primer códice de La Granja, 945 Tlaxcala, Manta de. See Salamanca, Manta de Tlaxcala, Toponimia de. See Tlaxcala, Códice de Tlaxcalan topographic chart. See Tlaxcala, Códice de Tlaxcala y sus cuatro cabeceras, Historia y fundación de la ciudad de, 1128 Tlaxcallan, Mapa de. See Chavero, Colección, no. 1 Tlaxcalla, Memorial de la descripción de. See MUÑOZ CAMARGO, DIEGO: Historia de Tlaxcala Tlaxcallan, Chrónica de. See MUÑOZ CAMARGO, DIEGO: Historia de Tlaxcala Tlaxcalteca, Genealogía. See Tepeticpac, Genealogía de una familia de Tlaxcalteco, Anónimo. See Navas, Fray Francisco de las, and Antonio de Guevara Tlaxco, San Agustín, Códice de. See Tlaxcala, Códice de Tlaxiaco, Mapa del distrito de. See Córdova-Castellanos, Lienzo TLAXINICAN, TLAYLOTLACAN, T E C PANPA, ETC., TRIBUTES OF, following 352 Contributions ou tributs de Tlaxinican, Tlaylotlacan, Tecpanpa, Tenanco, Quecholac, Ayocalco, et San Nicolas, 353 Contributions ou tributs imposés aux indigènes par Don Joseph Jorgen, 354 Tlazultepec, Genealogy of, 355 Tlotzin, Mapa, 356 Tocuaro, Títulos de, 357 Tola, Santa Isabel, Títulos de, 358 Tolosa, Manuscrito de. See Sahagún: Manuscrito de Tolosa 532

Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia, 359, 1129 Toltèques, Documents en Nahuatl relatifs aux, etc. See Anónimo mexicano TORQUEMADA, FRAY JUAN DE: Mon~ archia indiana, 1130 Tolteca-Chichimecas, Anales. See ToltecaChichimeca, Historia Toltecas, Anales. See Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia Tolteco-Chichimèques, Annales. See Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia Tonatiuh, Códice del culto a. See Aubin manuscript no. 20 Tonayan, Códice. See Tonayan, Mapa de Tonayan, Mapa de, 360 Topográfico fragmentado, Códice, 361 Torres, Don Juan de, Historia Quiche de, 1185 Totolapan, San Nicolas, Códice de. See Coyoacan, Techialoyan Codex of Totomihuacas, Peregrinación de los. See Cuauhtinchan, Mapa de, no. 2 Totomixtlahuaca, Lienzo de, 362 Totoquihuaztli, Don Antonio, Testamento de, 363 Totonicapan, Título de los señores de, 1186 Tovar Calendar, 364 TOVAR, FRAY JUAN D E : Relación del origen de los Yndios que havitan en esta Nueva España según sus historias, following 364 Códice Ramírez, 365,1131 Historia de la benida de los Yndios apoblar Mexico, 366,1131 Tratado de las 7 planetas y otro de medicinarum. . . . See Kaua, Book of Chilam Balam of Tribute, Codex book of. See Posesiones de Don Andrés, Códice de las, Fragment 3 TRIBUTE INQUIRY OF 1554, 1132-1135 ANUNCIACIÓN, FRAY DOMINGO DE LA: Parecer sobre el modo . . . , 1132 MOTOLINÍA, FRAY TORIBIO DE, and FRAY DIEGO DE OLARTE: Parecer sobre lo que solía tributar . . . , 1133

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

Parecer de la Orden de San Agustín sobre los señores..., 1134 SAN VICENTE DE PAULO, FRAY NICOLÁS DE: Parecer sobre el modo que tenían..., 1135 Tributos de Santiago Zapotitlan, Códice de. See Zapotitlan, Códice del tequitlato de Tributos, Fragmento de, 367 Tributos, Libro de. See Indígena, Códice Tributos, Matrícula de, 368 Tributos que los Indios pagaban a Moctezuma, Información sobre los, año de 1554, 1136 Tributos, Tira de. See Mizquiahuala Sales Receipts: Tira de Tributos (221) Troano, Codex. See Madrid, Codex Tro-Cortesianus, Codex. See Madrid, Codex Tucutacato, Lienzo de. See Jucutacato, Lienzo de Tudela, Codex. See Museo de América, Códice del Tula, Anales de, 369,1137 Tulane, Codex, 370 Tulantzinco, Códice de. See Itzcuintepec, Papers of Tulantzinco, Cuadro genealógico de, 946 Tullucu, Mariano, Cartilla de. See Testerian manuscript of the Orozco y Berra collection Tulteca, Historia. See Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia Tultecas, Venida de los. See Tolteca-Chichimeca, Historia Tultepeque, Santa Marta Nativitas, Mapa de, 371 Tusik, Book of Chílam Balam of, 1158 Tututepec, Códice de, 372 Tuxpan, Lienzos de, nos. 1-6, 373-378 Tuxtepec, Lienzo de. See Chinantla, Lienzo de la. See also Ixcatlan, San Pedro, Lienzo de Tzapoteque, Codex. See Becker, Codex, no. 1 Tzintzuntzan and Tlalpujava, Tributes of, 379

Tzintzuntzan, Map of. See Beaumont, Fray Pablo: Map of Tzintzuntzan in the Crónica de Michoacan (26) Tzoquitetlan, Lienzo de, 380

Ueychiapan, Códice de. See Huichapan, Códice de Unidentifiable pueblo, Techialoyan Codex of an, 707 Unidentified locality, Map of, 381 Unidentified property, Plan of, 382 Unidentified pueblo, Techialoyan Codex of an, 742 Unidentified Techialoyan manuscript, 748 Uppsala, Mapa de. See Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico

Valadés Calendar Wheel. See Veytia Calendar wheel no. 2 Valencia, Códice. See Cuetlaxcohuapan, Códice de Valeriano, Códice, 383. See also Teocaltitlan, San Pablo, Libro de tributos de Valladolid Lawsuit of 1618,1169 Vaticana, Copia. See Ríos, Codex Vaticano rituale, Códice. See Vaticanus B, Codex Vaticanus A, Codex. See Ríos, Codex Vaticanus B, Codex, 384 Vaticanus 3738, Codex. See Ríos, Codex Vaticanus 3773, Codex. See Vaticanus B, Codex Vega, Fray Manuel de. See Memorias de Nueva España, Colección de Veinte mazorcas, Códice de, 385 Vejaciones, Códice de las. See Aztactepec y Citlaltepec, Lienzo de Velasco y Amendaro, Manuel de, Códice. See Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de Veletri, Manuscrit de. See Borgia, Codex Veracruz, Lienzo de. See Tepetlan, San Antonio, Mapa de Verdugo Quetzalmamalictzin, Don Francisco, Testamento de. See Teotihuacan, 533

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

San Juan, Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de Vergara, Codex, 386 VERGARA GROUP, following 386 VEYTIA CALENDAR WHEELS, NOS. 17, following 386 No. 1, 387 No. 2,388 No. 3,389 No. 4, 390 No. 5,391 No. 6,392 No. 7, 393 Veytia, Codex, 394 Veytia, Mariano Fernández de Echeverría y: Historia del origen de las gentes que poblaron la America septentrional. See Veytia Calendar wheels nos. 1-7 Vida que los Indios antiguamente hazian y supersticiones y malos ritos que tenían y guardavan, Libro de la. See Magliabecchiano, Codex Vienna, Codex, 395 Village book, Fragment of a. See Tepotzotlan, Techialoyan Codex of (second fragment, Ρ) (714) Vindobonensis Mexicani, Codices. Cata­ log designation for certain manuscripts in the Nationalbibliothek, Vienna Vindobonensis, Codex. See Vienna, Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus no. 1, Codex. See Vienna, Codex Vischer, Lienzo, no. 1. See Tecamachalco, Mapa de Vischer, Lienzo, no. 2. See Chichimecatecuhtli, Don Juan, Lienzo de Vischer, Lienzo, no. 3. See Tamazulapan, Lienzo de Volador, Códice del, 396 Votan, Probanza de, 1187

Waecker-Gotter, Codex. See Sánchez Solís, Códice Waldeck calendar wheel, 947 Waldeck judgment scene, 397 534

WALLACE, WALTER THOMAS, COLLECTION: Falsified pictorial manuscript, 948 Witte, Fray Nicolás de. See San Vicente Paulo, Fray Nicolás de

X, CRONICA, GROUP, following 397 and 1137 Xahil, Anales de los. See Cakchiqueles, Anales de los Xalapa, Códice de, 398 Xalbornoz, Juan de, and Juan Mateo, Plan of the houses of, 399 Xalpantepec, Phinte adressée au roi d'Espagne Philippe II par les indigènes de, 400 Xaltocan, Mapa de. See Azcapotzalco, Trozo de Xicayan. See Jicayan Xicotencatl, Genealogía de. See Tepeticpac, Genealogía de una familia de Xilotepec, Anales de, 1403-1589,1138 Xilotepeque, Plano de San Joseph sujeto à. See San Joseph, sujeto à Xilotepeque, Plano de Ximénez, Fray Francisco: Historia de la provincia de San Vicente de Chiapa y Guatemala. . . . See comment under Popol Vuh Xiu Chronicles, 1170. See also Mani, Map of the province of; Xiu family, Genealogical tree of the Xiu family, Genealogical tree of the, 401 Xiu family papers. See Xiu Chronicles Xiu probanzas. See Xiu Chronicles Xiuhquilan, Lienzo de. See Jucutacato, Lienzo de Xochicalco, Códice de. See Tetlama, Lienzo de Xochilquexolot, Genealogía de. See Tetlamaca y Tlametzin, Genealogía de Xochimilco, Lienzo de. See Tzoquitetlan, Lienzo de XOCHIMILCO: Ρ roces entre Francisco de la Cruz Cohuatzincatl, Indio natural de Xochimilco, et Joachim Tecoloatl, 402

AUTHORS, TITLES, SYNONYMS

XOCHIMILCO: Litigation between Pedronilla Francisca and Juliana Tlaco, following 402 Document concerning property of Pedronilla Francisca and Costantino de San Felipe, 403 Genealogy of Pedronilla and Juliana, 404 Plan et titre d'une propriété sise à Huexocolco, 405 XOCHIMILCO: Litigation between Damian family and Pedronilla Francisca, following 405 Document relating to the descendants of Don Miguel Damian, 408 Plan de plusiers propriétés, 407 Xochipilla, Manuscrito (or, Pintura) de. See Tlatelolco, Códice de Xochitecatl, Códice. See Cuetlaxcohuapan, Códice de Xochitepec, Codex of, 408 Xochitepec, Mapa de, 409 Xochitepec, Plan catastral de, 410 Xochtlan, Santo Tomas, Pintura de, 411 Xocola, San Nicolas, and San Agustín, Techialoyan Codex of, 730 Xolotl, Codex, 412 Xolotl, Codex: falsified versions. See Azcapotzalco, Falsified drawing of the conquest of; Xolotl, Codex (copies) Xonacatlan, San Francisco, Techialoyan Codex of, 723 Xoxocotlan, Santa Cruz, Mapa de, 413 Xpantzay, Historia de los, 1188 Xuchimid, Martin, The concubines of. See Coyoacan: The concubines of Martin Xuchimitl (81) Xucutacato, Lienzo de. See Jucutacato, Lienzo de

Yahuiche, Santa Maria, Lienzo de, 414 Yanhuitlan, Códice de, 415 Yatao, San Lucas, Lienzo de, 416 Yatini, Lienzo de, 417 Yaxcaba, Mapa antiquo del partido de,

según existía en 1600. See Sotuta, Map of the province of Yaxkukul, Crónica de. See Pech, Ah Macan: Crónica de Yaxkukul Ydolátrico, Kalendario. See Aubin, Tonalamatl Yetla, Genealogías de. See Etla, Genealogías de los señores de Yetla, Mapa de, 418 Yolotepec, Lienzo de, 419 Yolotepec, Santa María, Lienzo mixteco de. See Yolotepec, Lienzo de Yolox, Lienzo de, 420 Yucunama, San Pedro, Mapa de, 421

Zaachila, Lienzo de. See Guevea, Lienzo de Zacapulas. See Sacapulas Zacatepec, Lienzo de, no. 1,422 Zacatepec, Lienzo de, no. 2,423 Zacatlalmanco, Santa Anita, Codex, 424 ZAPATA, JUAN BENTURA, and MANUEL DE LOS SANTOS Y SALAZAR: Historia cronológica de la N. C. de Tlaxcala, 1139 Zapotecan genealogy. See Zapotecos, Arbol genealógico de los reyes Zapoteco, Códice. See Sánchez Solís, Códice Zapotecos, Arbol genealógico de los reyes, 425 Zapotecos, Genealogía de los señores. See Guevea, Lienzo de Zapotitlan, Códice del tequitlato de, 426 Zaremba falsifications, nos. 1-14, 949-962 Zempoala, Techialoyan Codex of, 705 Zepayahutla, Techialoyan Codex of, 740 Zictepec, Códices de. See Techialoyan Codices of Teotla (739), Zepayahutla (740), Tenancingo (741) Zolin, Genealogía de, 427 Zolotepec. See Ocelotepec ZORITA, ALONSO DE: Breve y sumaria relación de los señores..., 1140 535

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Historia de la Nueva España, 1141 Relación de las cosas notables de la Nueva España. . . . See his Historia Zouche, Codex. See Nuttall, Codex

536

Zozahuic y Cotitzin, Genealogía de. See Cotitzin y Zozahuic, Genealogía de Zumárraga, Códice. See Mexicanos, Historia de los, por sus pinturas

32. Annotated References

JOHN B. GLASS

PRESENT BIBLIOGRAPHY is an annotated list of works cited in Articles 22-32 of the two volumes that form this guide to Middle American pictorial and prose manuscripts in the native tradition. It is not, therefore, a general bibliography for these types of manuscripts. Many titles appropriate to a general bibliography but which are not of necessary relevance to particular manuscripts or collections were not cited and have been excluded. These include short generalizing articles on Mexican pictorial manuscripts, surveys published as sections of general books on Mexican history, bibliography, or archaeology, publications on hieroglyphic and picture writing, the literature on Indian paper, and most anthologies of historical texts. Some book reviews of substantive interest have been cited but no special search for them was made. A few articles in Mexican newspapers or popular magazines have come to our attention but they have not been cited unless they recorded information not available elsewhere. No previous bibliography on the subject is wholly comprehended herein. Statements concerning the scope of this bibliography will be found in the survey of THE

pictorial manuscripts (Article 22, under "Picture and Hieroglyphic Writing" and "Guides and Bibliographies"), in the introduction to the census of pictorial manuscripts (Article 23, under "Classified Bibliography"), and in the introductions to the prose census (Article 27A) and the institutional checklist (Article 28). The bibliography for certain groups of manuscripts is more than usually selective: see "Maya screenfolds" (census, following no. 194); writings of Sahagún (census, remarks preceding nos. 271-274 and nos. 1097-1108); and Books of Chilam Balam (census, nos. 1145-1158). Although some works have been annotated as "not examined," very few titles have been included or cited solely on the basis of their titles. A number of promising titles, including many listed in relevant sections of Bernal's (1962) bibhography of Middle American archaeology, have not been cited or consulted. The scope of that bibhography far exceeds the resources of the limited number of hbraries to which we have had access, principally those of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, and the Library of Congress. 537

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

In general, the annotations of works listed here are limited to comment on that aspect of their content which is cited in the guide. They respond to the question, "for what reason and where is the work cited?" and they provide a cross-reference between the bibliography and the several censuses, catalogs, and surveys that form this guide. Many titles in the bibliography contain relevant material not reflected in the annotations. Most editions of pictorial and other manuscripts have been cited and are listed here under the names of their editors rather than by their titles or authors. The 1899 edition of Codex Borbonicus, for instance, will be found under "Hamy, 1899a" and not under "Codex." For editions of Codex Borbonicus, other "codices," "anales," and the writings of such authors as Sahagún, consult the census for the names of their editors. Numerous ephemeral and presumably inferior "editions" of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts have been published in Mexico and elsewhere from time to time. They may consist of printed tracings, bound sets of photographs or photostats, or pirated reproductions of other editions. Because of the cost of the regular editions these masquerades have their uses for the student and tourist but have little place in formal bibliography; few have reached the shelves of most libraries. Such reproductions, with the exception of those published by Echániz discussed below, have not been investigated for this bibliography nor have the fugitive editions made by Mateos Higuera been included. We have not seen any of the editions issued by the Chicago publisher Wisotzki, whose productions may be the same as those published by Echániz. The present bibliography was assembled by the authors represented in the guide and its editors: Cline, Gibson, Glass, Nicholson, and Robertson. Although it includes some works published as recently as 1970 and 1971, its coverage basically ends with titles published in 1968-69. The annotations for 538

titles cited in the survey and catalog of Techialoyan manuscripts and in the survey and census of prose manuscripts were drafted by Robertson and Gibson, respectively. Annotations marked [Art. 30] are by H. B. Nicholson and are of works cited only in Article 30. WORKS PUBLISHED BY VARGAS REA

Thirty-six titles published in Mexico by Luis Vargas Rea have been cited in the pictorial and prose censuses under their titles or their authors' names (see Table 1). In every inTABLE 1—Works Published by Luis Vargas Rea, 1943-57 Aguirre, 1950-51 Anales de Tarecuato, 1951, 1953 Anales de Tlatelolco, 1950 Anales mexicanos 1589-1596, 1949 Anales mexicanos no. 1,1948 Anales mexicanos no. 2,1948 Anales mexicanos no. 3,1948 Anales mexicanos no. 4,1948 Anales mexicanos uno pedernal, 1949 Anales número cinco, 1954 Anales toltecas, 1949 Anales tolteca chichimeca, 1949 Cédula dada . . . , 1943 Chavero, 1948 Códice de 1576,1950 Códice municipal de Cuernavaca, 1951 Corona Núñez, 1951 Datos relativos, 1944 Galicia Chimalpopoca, 1947 Gómez de Orozco, 1952,1955 Guerra, 1952 Historia chichimeca, 1950 Lehmann, n.d. León, Fray Martín de, 1947 Malacatepec momoxco, 1953, 1954 Mazihcatzin, 1957 Noticias relativas . . . , 1944 Paleografía..., 1951 Qualli amatl, 1950 Ramírez, J. F., 1945a Ramírez, J. F., 1945b Ramírez, J. F., 1948 Ramírez, J. F., 1952 Ramírez, J. F., 1953 Ramírez, J. F., 1956 Tozzer, 1944

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

stance the publisher is identified in the present bibliography as a warning to the reader. Some reprintings or reissues of the same works, under slightly variant titles, are mentioned in the annotations. All these publications are of inferior quality and should be avoided. Unfortunately, some works are unavailable in other editions. The annotations serve to identify certain manuscripts published by Vargas Rea under wholly erroneous or misleading titles. Poorly printed, poorly edited, and with frequently mistaken titles, these works form a tangible bibliographic problem. In studying the Vargas Rea problem we have benefited from a similar but much broader investigation by H. F. Cline, which he recorded in several loose-leaf notebooks. We were able to consult many of the titles in the Library of Congress. We have also utilized the Lista de lo publicado por el editor Vargas Rea (Mexico, Vargas Rea, 1961, xxv pp.), a listing in catalog no. 16 of the Antigua Librería Robredo (Mexico, 1954), and a typed listing of titles once offered by the Librería de Porrúa Hnos. y Cia., Mexico. Insofar as we can judge from the titles listed in these sources our coverage seems relatively complete, but there are undoubtedly some titles published by Vargas Rea of relevance to this guide that have escaped our notice or whose identification we have been unable to verify. El Códice Sánchez Solís (Mexico, Vargas Rea?, 1951?), conceivably a reprinting of Paso y Troncoso (1886), is one such example. The dates of those listed herein range from 1943 through 1957; whether he continued to publish after 1957, we do not know. In 1964 we saw, but did not examine, a very large collection of his imprints in the INAH library at their Córdoba street offices. EDITIONS PUBLISHED BY ECHÁNIZ

We have cited 26 editions of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts published by the Librería Anticuaría Guillermo M. Echániz,

Mexico. They are listed under the publisher's name. Only about 10 have been examined directly; for the description of the others we have depended on commercial book catalogs, a set of 21 bibliographical slips kindly lent us by Francisco Guerra, and one of the publisher's advertisements. A 27th edition published but not printed by Echániz is cited as Cahuantzi, 1939. Most of these editions are handcolored printed tracings of other editions. The tracings are stated by the publisher in an advertisement of about 1961 to have been made by Porfirio A. Aguirre, one-time employee of the Mexican National Museum. The editions were originally issued in printings of from 25 to 50 copies. The earliest dated issue of which we have confirmed notice is 1937; the publisher in the advertisement that we have mentioned states that he "felt the need to provide" these reproductions in 1935. At an uncertain date, possibly about 1949, the publisher began to offer second printings in either handcolored or uncolored (blackand-white outline) states. We have cited and listed these editions under the earliest date we have found, after somewhat superficial investigation, for their first appearances. There is no assurance, however, that our citations are in fact to their "first" editions by this publisher nor is our listing necessarily complete. Conflicting dates within the 1940s have been reported in catalogs for the same titles. The existence of undated reproductions by this publisher and the fact that we have not knowingly seen any of the reissues preclude more accurate description. In recent book catalogs we have seen citations of editions of Codices "Durán," Magliabecchiano, Mendoza, Osuna, and Telleriano-Remensis, without indication of publisher, dated 1962 or 1963. Possibly they are reissues by Echániz. It may be worthy of note that the significance of the designations "Códice Selden A" and "Códice Selden B" may have been switched between the first 539

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

and second issues. The bibliographical situation is confusing but not of great importance. In the absence of better editions or photographs the Echániz reproductions are undoubtedly useful, but their very nature precludes their use for serious scholarly purposes. Only a few of his editions would be cited in a more exclusive bibliography. His edition of Codex Veytia (Librería Echániz, 1937c) is dignified by being the first edition of that manuscript (a second is given in Veytia, 1944). One of his three editions of Códice Boturini (Librería Echániz, 1944c), issued in an edition of 1000 copies (and apparently reissued in an edition of 250 copies), is accompanied by a bilingual exposition of its content. Galarza (1965) reviews an Echániz edition of a copy of Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco that may be of some interest but that is otherwise not cited in the present bibliography. The Echániz edition of Lienzo de Tlaxcala (Cahuantzi, 1939) is of an entirely different order. It consists of lithographs, based on an unidentified but surely authentic copy of the lienzo, printed in the late 19th century but published by Echániz for the first time with a reprint of Mazihcatzin's 18thcentury commentary. The original lithographs were cut in half and their large margins trimmed off prior to or for this edition, but their value is considerable. Unfortunately, not all copies of the Echániz edition contain all of the lithographs. ACEVEDO LÓPEZ Y DE LA CRUZ, SANTOS

1958

Martín de la Cruz y Juan Badiano, herbario azteca de 1552. Xochimilco.

Not examined. Concerns the Martín de la Cruz manuscript, Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis. ACOSTA, JOSEPH DE

1590 Historia natural y moral de las Indias. Seville, Juan de León. First edition. Other editions in Spanish are Barce-

540

lona (1591), Madrid (1608), Madrid (1792), Madrid (1894), Mexico (1940), and Mexico (1962, q.v.).

1962 Historia natural y moral de las Indias . . . edición preparada por Edmundo O'Gorman. . . . Mexico and Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica. 2d ed., rev. xcv + 444 pp. Critical edition of the Acosta history, first published in 1590. O'Gorman, in preface (pp. xi-xxiii), treats relationship between Acosta, Durán, and Tovar in detail and gives (pp. lxxvii-xcv) annotated chronological review of bibliography and events bearing on it. Supersedes discussion in edition of 1940. ACOSTA SAIGNES, M I G U E L

1946 Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España. Mexico, Editorial Nueva España: Colección Atenea. 3 vols. Fifth edition of the Historia general by Sahagún (see Florentine Codex in census) with notes, bibliographies, and other supplementary material. ACUÑA, RENE

1968 Titulo de los señores de Sacapulas. Folklore Americas, 28 ( 1 ) : 1-43. Los Angeles, University of California. Publication of the indicated document and the related map. ADELHOFER, O T T O

1963 Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus 1. Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek Wien. History and description of the manuscript. (Codices Selecti, vol. 5 ) . Graz, Austria, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. 37 pp., 8 figs. with separate screenfold facsimile between boards, 52 pp. on obverse, 13 pp. on reverse. Boxed. Reprint of the Lehmann and Smital (1929) colored facsimile of Codex Vienna with pamphlet by Adelhofer containing detailed history and description of the manuscript. Does not reprint the commentary that accompanied the 1929 edition. Extensive bibliography. AGUIRBE, PORFIRIO

1950-51 Primeros memoriales de Tepeo-

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

pulco. Anónimos indígenas compilados por Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún traducidos del Nahuatl al Español. (Colección Amatlacuilotl). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 4 vols. Unpaginated. Vols. 1-3, 1950 ( 1 : Las 18 fiestas del año, 2: Servicios a los dioses, 3: Otras ceremonias) give Nahuatl text, Spanish translation, and handcolored copies of the corresponding drawings from Sahagún's Primeros memoriales, cap. 1, pars. 2-3 (Códice Matritense del Real Palacio, ff. 250r257v). Vol. 4, 1951, not examined, presumably gives same for cap. 1, par. 4. Other volumes with similar titles, 1954-55, by same publisher and translator, not examined, are presumably reissues of these volumes and not a continuation of the translation. AGUIRRE BELTRÁN, GONZALO

1940 El señorío de Cuauhtochco. Luchas agrarias en Mexico durante el virreinato. Mexico, Ediciones Frente Cultural. 220 pp. Description (pp. 55-56, 91, 220) of Mapa Jeroglífico de Sintlatetelco.

1952 El gobierno indígena en México y el proceso de aculturación. América Indígena, 12 ( 4 ) : 271-97. Mexico. First part of Aguirre Beltrán, 1953.

[Art. 30.]

1953 Formas del gobierno indígena. Mexico, Imprenta Universitaria. (Cultura Mexicana, 5 ) . 221 pp. First part is devoted to a summary and analysis of pre-Hispanic governmental structures and those which emerged in Mexican Indian communities during the colonial and Independence periods. [Art. 30.] ALBA, CARLOS H.

1949 Estudio comparado entre el derecho azteca y el derecho positivo mexicano. Ediciones especiales del Instituto Indigenista ínteramericano, 3. Prólogo de Manuel Gamio. Mexico. 140 pp. Similarities and differences between an artificially constructed Aztec legal code and modern Mexican law. ALCINA FRANCH, JOSÉ

1955 Fuentes indígenas de Mejico. En-

sayo de sistematización bibliográfica. Revista de Indias, año 15, nos. 61-62, pp. 421-521, 20 figs. Madrid. Classification and description of approximately 86 pictorial manuscripts and 16 prose sources with extensive bibliography. Cited for all descriptions in pictorial census. For reprint with index see Alcina Franch, 1956. For appraisal and criticism of this work see Glass, 1958a. Certain errors of fact, interpretation, and citation detract from its usefulness.

1956 Fuentes indígenas de Mejico. Ensayo de sistematización bibliográfica. Madrid. 119 pp., illus., index. Reprint of Alcina Franch, 1955, with added index.

1960 El manuscrito azteca del Museo del Ejército de Madrid. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, 2: 27-30, 3 pls. Mexico. Photoreproduction of and commentary on Códice de Santa Cruz Tlamapa no. 1. ALMAZÁN, MARCOS A.

1971 El galeón de Manila. Artes de Mexico, año 18, no. 143, pp. 4-34. Mexico. Text in Spanish and English. Reproduces (pp. 2225) eight photographs of the Techialoyan-style frescoes in the Cathedral of Cuernavaca. ALVA IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE

See Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC, HERNANDO

1844-49 Histoire du Mexique traduite sur le manuscrit inédit de la bibliothèque de Μ. Ternaux-Compans. Nouvelles Annates des Voyages de le Géographie et de l'Histoire, in vols. 102-04, 107, 111-14, 116-21, various paginations. Paris. French translation of Crónica mexicana by Alvarado Tezozomoc. Reprinted, Paris, 1847-49 (A. Bertrand, 2 vols.), and Paris, 1853 (P. Jannet, 2 vols.).

1878 See Alvarado Tovar, 1878.

Tezozomoc

1943 Crónica mexicana.

and

Prólogo y se541

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

lección de Mario Mariscal. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario, no. 41). Mexico. xlvi + 202 pp. Selections from Crónica mexicana by Alvarado Tezozomoc with introduction and notes by the editor.

1944a Crónica mexicana escrita hacia el año de 1598. Notas de Manuel Orozco y Berra. Mexico, Editorial Leyenda. 545 pp. Reprint of the 1878 edition of Crónica mexicana by Alvarado Tezozomoc (see Alvarado Tezozomoc and Tovar, 1878).

1944b Crónica mexicana. Selección e introducción por Mario Mariscal. (Secretaría de Educación Pública, Biblioteca Enciclopédica Popular, no. 33). Mexico. 89 pp. Not examined.

1949

Crónica Mexicayotl. Traducción directa del Nahuatl por Adrián León. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Historia, primera serie, no. 10). Mexico. xxvii + 187 pp., frontispiece.

Only edition of this important work with Nahuatl text, Spanish translation, and editorial commentary by Adrián León. AND JUAN DE TOVAR

1878 Crónica mexicana escrita por D. Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc hacia el año de MDXCVIII. Anotada por el Sr. Lic. D. Manuel Orozco y Berra y precidida del Códice Ramírez, manuscrito del siglo XVI intitulado: Relación del origen de los indios que habitan esta Nueva España según sus historias. . . . Mexico, Ireneo Paz. 712 pp., 32 pls. Third edition of Crónica mexicana by Alvarado Tezozomoc and first of the Tovar Relación from the Códice Ramírez manuscript. At the date of this edition the Relación, here published with preface by J. F. Ramírez, its 32 drawings, and commentary

542

by Orozco y Berra with included study by Chavero, was still considered anonymous. For reprint of this edition see Alvarado Tezozomoc, 1944a, and Tovar, 1944. AMERICAN ART ASSOCIATION

1915 The library of Paul Wilkinson, Esq., of Mexico City comprising literature relating to Mexico. . . . New York, American Art Association. Unpaginated. Second Wilkinson sale catalog. Items 156, 157, 167, and 472 are photographic copies by Maler of the Books of Chilam Balam of Kaua, Tizimin, the "Códice de Julancingo" (a factitious name for photos of the Papers of Itzcuintepec and Lienzo de Tecciztlan y Tequatepec), and anonymous photographs of the Xiu Chronicles.

1920 The antiquities collected by Walter Thomas Wallace of South Orange, New Jersey. New York, American Art Association, American Art Galleries. March 27. Complete copy of catalog not examined. Includes description (Item 172 of the catalog) and reproduction of three pages of a falsified Maya pictorial manuscript.

1921 Illustrated catalogue of a notable selection of Americana . . . to be sold December 6th and 7th, 1921. New York, American Art Association. Item 509 ("the property of a western gentleman") includes Título de la Casa Ixquín Nehaib and Título Real de Don Francisco Izcuín Nehaib, purchased by W. Ε. Gates at this sale.

1935 Romances of chivalry, European literature, French books with en­ gravings. Rare Americana. From the library of John B. Stetson, Jr. . . . . New York, American Art As­ sociation, Anderson Galleries, Inc. (sale no. 4172). 226 pp. No. 8 is a manuscript of Ixtlilxochitl's Historia chichimeca (number of pages described suggests that it may include the Relaciones), probably copied from the CMNE.

1936

First editions, incunabulas, press books, autograph letters . . . the notable library formed by Mrs. Milton E. Getz, Beverly Hills, Cali-

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

fornia, Part 1, Α-Lang . . . Novem­ ber 17 and 18 . . . (Sale no. 4278). New York, American Art Associ­ ation, Anderson Galleries, Inc. 267 pp. Detailed description with photoreproduction of two pages (pp. 15-20, no. 61, 1 pl.) of Techialoyan Codex 708, Santa Maria Ocelotepec, and partial English translation of the Spanish translation by T. A. Joyce. ANALES DE C U A U H T I T L A N

1885 Anales de Cuauhtitlan. Noticias históricas de México y sus contornos compiladas por D. José Fernando Ramírez y traducidas por los señores Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca, Gumesindo Mendoza y Felipe Sánchez Solís. Publicación de los Anales del Museo Nacional. Mexico. 84 pp. Incomplete and defective publication of the Nahuatl text of Anales de Cuauhtitlan (from the AAMC no. 1 MS) with two diflFerent and much criticized Spanish translations. Superseded by other editions. Includes foreword by Ramírez to the compilation known as the Anales antiguos de México y sus contornos (AAMC). Published in separately paginated supplements to vols. 1-3 of the Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico. ANALES DE TARECUATO

1898 Anales de Tarecuato. El Estandarte, November 8 (page references not determined). San Luis Potosi. Not examined. Edition of the indicated document, edited by Nicolás León.

1903 Anales de Tarecuato. In Francisco Ramírez, Historia del Colegio de la Compañía de Jesús de Pátzcuaro (published in "E1 Tiempo"). Nicolás León, ed. Mexico. Not examined. One of four editions of Anales de Tarecuato.

1951 Anales de Tarecuato, Anónimo. (Colección Amatlacuilotl). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 32 pp. Publication of the indicated document, taken from Anales de Tarecuato (1898).

1953 Anales de Tarecuato. Anónimo.

(Biblioteca de Historiadores Mexicanos). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 32

pp. Reissue of Anales de Tarecuato (1951) with change in series names on title page. A N A L E S DE TLATELOLCO

1950 Anales de Tlatelolco número uno. Anónimo indígena traducido al español por Porfirio Aguirre. (Colección Amatlacuilotl). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 46 pp. Spanish translation and Nahuatl text (from AAMC 12) of Anales de Tlatelolco y Mexico no. I, 15191633. A N A L E S MEXICANOS, MEXICO-AZCAPOTZALCO

1903 Anales mexicanos. Mexico-Azcapotzalco. 1426-1589. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 7:49-74. Mexico. Spanish translation by F. Galicia Chimalpopoca of Anales Tepanecas, 1426-1589. ANALES MEXICANOS 1589-1596

1949 Anales mexicanos 1589-1596. (Colección Amatlacuilotl). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 67 pp. Parallel Nahuatl text and Spanish translation, presumably of Anales mexicanos no. 4, 1589-95 (AAMC 10). Does not give illustration that is in the manuscript. Another edition, 1954, not examined. A N A L E S MEXICANOS NO. 1

1948 Anales mexicanos no. 1. Anónimo en lengua mexicana traducido al español por el Lic. Faustino Chimalpopoca Galicia. (Part 1, pp. 1-27, of Anales antiguos de México y sus contornos, compilados por J. Fernando Ramírez). Biblioteca Aportación Histórica, 2a Colección. Mexico, Vargas Rea. Only published edition of the Nahuatl text and Spanish translation probably of Anales mexicanos no. 2, 1168-1546 (AAMC 8). The title Anales mexicanos no. 1 is erroneous and refers to Codex Aubin. A N A L E S MEXICANOS NO. 2

1948 Anales mexicanos no. 2.

Historia 543

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

del Señorío de Teotihuacan. (Part 2, pp. 29-67, of Anales antiguos de México y sus contornos, compilados por J. Fernando Ramírez). Biblioteca Aportación Histórica, 2a Colección. Mexico, Vargas Rea. Publication (pp. 35-53) of the Historia del Señorío de Teotihuacan (AAMC 3), a document related to the Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de San Juan Teotihuacan. The tide Anales mexicanos no. 2 is in error for this document. Pp. 56-67 present the Spanish translation of Anales mexicanos no. 3, 1196-1396 (AAMC 9; a version of the Fragment de l'histoire des anciens Mexicains). Continued in Anales mexicanos no. 3 (1948), q.v. ANALES MEXICANOS NO. 3

1948 Anales mexicanos no. 3. Anónimo en lengua mexicana traducido al español por el Lic. Faustino Chimalpopoca Galicia. (Part 3, pp. 69-98, of Anales antiguos de México y sus contornos, compilados por J. Fernando Ramírez). Biblioteca Aportación Histórica, 2a Colección. Mexico, Vargas Rea. Continues, from Anales mexicanos no. 2 (1948), publication (pp. 69-74) of the Spanish translation of Anales mexicanos no. 3, 1196-1396. The Nahuatl text (pp. 77-98) corresponds to the text of Codex Aubin, pp. 1-55 (years 1168-1395), probably taken from Anales mexicanos no. 1 (AAMC 7). Continued in Anales mexicanos no. 4 (1948). A N A L E S MEXICANOS N O . 4

1948 Anales mexicanos no. 4. Anónimo en lengua mexicana traducido al español por el Lic. Faustino Chimalpopoca Galicia. (Part 4, pp. 99124, of Anales antiguos de México y sus contornos, compilados por J. Fernando Ramírez). Biblioteca Aportación Histórica, 2a Colección. Mexico, Vargas Rea. Nahuatl text corresponding to Codex Aubin, pp. 56-105 (years 1396-1564), probably from Anales mexicanos no. 1 (AAMC 7 ) , not no. 4. Continued from Anales mexicanos no. 3 (1948). ANALES MEXICANOS UNO PEDERNAL

1949 Anales mexicanos Uno PedernalDiez Caña. 1605. Anónimo en lengua mexicana traducido al es544

pañol por el Lic. Faustino Chimalpopoca. (Colección Amatlacuilotl). Mexico, Vargas Rea, 111 pp. Spanish translation of the text of Codex Aubin. Publisher's foreword (p. 5) says from Anales antiguos de Mexico y sus contornos, MS, vol. 1, but same translation published as Códice de 1576 (1950), q.v., there stated to be from vol. 14 of MSS of J. F. Ramírez. Probably from either AAMC 7 or from J. F. Ramírez, Opúsculos históricos, MSS, 13:315-76. Another edition, 1951, not examined. ANALES NÚMERO CINCO

1954 Anales número cinco. (Biblioteca de Historiadores Mexicanos). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 67 pp. Text, pp. 7-67, same as Anales Tolteca Chichimeca (1949), q.v. A N A L E S TOLTECAS

1949 Anales toltecas. (Colección Amatlacuilotl). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 58 pp. Copies of extracts in Spanish translation by Aubin from the Nahuatl text of the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. From Anales antiguos de México y sus contornos (AAMC) no. 2. A N A L E S TOLTECA CHICHIMECA

1949 Anales tolteca chichimeca. (Colección Amatlacuilotl). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 67 pp. Partial Spanish translation of the Nahuatl text of the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca by Chimalpopoca Galicia from Anales antiguos de Mexico y sus contornos (AAMC) no. 5. Not recommended. Also published as Anales número cinco (1954). ANDERS, FERDINAND

1963 Das Pantheon der Maya. Graz, Austria, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. Well-illustrated, comprehensive description and discussion of the religious-ritual systems of ancient and modern Mayance-speaking groups, which include an alphabetic listing, with definitions, of their principal deities. [Art. 30.]

1965 Volkerkundlicher und kulturhistorischer Quellenwert bei Illustrationen in Reisewerk aus dem 16. bis 19. Jahrhundert. Adeva-Mitteilungen, Heft 4, pp. 12-15, illus.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Vienna, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. Shows that one of Valadés' (1579) engravings of a Mexican scene derives in part from non-Mexican subjects first engraved by Benzoni. Cited in introduction to Article 22. 1967a Codex Tro-Cortesianus (Codex Madrid). Museo de América Madrid. Einleitung und Summary. (Codices Selecti, vol. 8 ) . Graz, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. 54 pp. and separate screenfold facsimile in two sections, 35 and 21 leaves. Photographic color facsimile of Codex Madrid. Accompanying pamphlet in German provides history, description, detailed commentary on the physical state of each page, a color reproduction of page 56 after the edition of 1869-70, and an English summary. Also published with additional imprint, "Distributed . . . Phaidon Press, Ltd., London . . . [and] Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., New York." 1967b Die Madrider Maya-Handschrift (Codex Tro-Cortesianus). AdevaMitteilungen, Heft 11, pp. 15-22. Graz. [Trade publication of the Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt.] Substantially the same as parts of Anders (1967a). 1967c Wort-und Sachregister zu Eduard Seler, Gesammelte Abhandlungen. . . . Graz, Akademische Druckund Verlagsanstalt. 54 + 668 pp. Biobibliography of Eduard Seler with index to his collected works published as a supplement to its second edition (Seler, 1960-61). Includes separate index to illustrations in the collected works with entries under titles of pictorial manuscripts (pp. 645-68). 1968

Codex Peresianus (Codex Paris). Bibliothèque Nationale Paris. Einleitung und Summary. (Codices Selecti, vol. 9 ) . Graz, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. 41 pp. and separate screenfold facsimile, 11 leaves. Facsimile is a reprint of the color edition of Codex Paris by Léon de Rosny (1887) but bound as a screenfold. Accompanying pamphlet in German includes reproduction of the photographs of the

1864 edition (Commission Scientifique du Mexique, 1864), color photographs of two pages of the original, and English summary. Also published with additional imprint, "Distributed . . . Phaidon Press Ltd., London . . . [and] Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., New York." 1970

Codex Magliabecchiano CL. XIII.3 (B.R. 232). Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze. (Codices Selecti, 23). Graz, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. 77 pp. with separate facsimile, 1 + 92 leaves. Photographic color facsimile edition of Codex Magliabecchiano with pamphlet containing detailed description and introduction. ANDERSON, ARTHUR J. O.

1950-69 See Dibble 1950-69.

and

Anderson,

ANDERSON AUCTION C O .

1914

The library of Paul Wilkinson of Mexico City. Scarce books, manuscripts . . . [sale] no. 1020. New York, The Anderson Auction Co. 80 pp. Catalog of the first Wilkinson sale. Items cited are 142, a Testerian manuscript now in HSA, and 526, an incomplete manuscript of Olmos' Arte. Photographic copies by Gates of various manuscripts in this catalog are not cited in the census but are believed to be of known manuscripts. ANDERSON, EDGAR, AND R. H. BARLOW

1943

The maize tribute of Moctezumas empire. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 30: 413-20, 1 pl. St. Louis. Study of corn tribute in Matrícula de Tributos and in part 2 of Codex Mendoza, with map showing provinces paying corn and reproduction of a negative photostat of one page of Matrícula de Tributos. A long footnote treats the interpretation of an event of 1503 in Codex Telleriano-Remensis. AND JOHN JAY FINAN

1945

Maize in the Yanhuitlan Codex. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 32: 361-66, 3 figs., 2 pls. St. Louis. Discussion and botanical identification of the drawings of maize in Códice de Yanhuitlan. 545

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

bound in volume entitled Arqueología; Varios, vol. 2, Item 15. 3

ANDRADE, JOSÉ MARÍA

1869

Catalogue de la riche bibliothèque de D. José María Andrade. Leipzig and París. ix + 368 pp.

Includes: copy of Chimalpahin's Historia de la conquista de Mexico (no. 2209), a possible copy of Muñoz Camargo's Historia de Tlaxcala (no. 2237), and a copy of Beaumont's Crónica de Michoacan (no. 2179). Some copies have paste-over on cover which changes words "D. José María Andrade" to "Maximilien I e r , Empereur du Mexique." ANDRÉ-BONNET, LEONARD

1950 La divination chez les Aztlantes d'après le "Codex Borbonicus" traduit et interpreté dans son ésotérisme. Paris, Editions Adyar. 186 pp., illus. Not examined; cited for Codex Borbonicus. See Lizardi Ramos, 1952, for highly critical review. ANGULO, ANDRÉS

1958

El Códice Tlaxcalteco. Memoria de la Academia Nacional de Historia y Geografía, 14 ( 6 ) : 71-75. Mexico.

Unimportant book review of Mazihcatzin (1957) with brief comment on the Cahuantzi (1939) edition of Lienzo de Tlaxcala and report of unsuccessful search for the Manta de Salamanca.

1959 El Códice del Corl. Prospero Cahuantzi. Memoria de la Academia Nacional de Historia y Geografía, 15 ( 4 ) : 47-51. Mexico. Incomplete history of the Cahuantzi (1939) edition of Lienzo de Tlaxcala, particularly its partial destruction in 1915 during the Mexican Revolution. ANÓNIMO MEXICANO

pp. Untitled description of Lienzo de Tecciztlan y Tequatepec, apparently written for, or copied from, a publication. Photograph mentioned in title does not accompany the manuscript.

1827

Historia de la conquista de Méjico por un indio mejicano del siglo XV. Repertorio amencano, 3: 160-68. London.

Review of Chimalpahin's Historia de la conquista (see López de Gómara, 1826) based on an incomplete (67 chapters) and advance copy of the edition, signed "A.B." Of little importance.

1829

Mexikanische Manuscripte. Das Ausland, Jahrgang 2, p. 1207. Munich.

Very brief description of five pictorial Mexican manuscripts acquired by the predecessor institution of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Present identification of them is uncertain but presumably included among BNP Fonds Mexicains nos. 386394. See also Anonymous, 1830a, 1830b.

1830a Manuscrits mexicains à Paris. Bulletin des sciences historiques, antiquités, philologie rédigé par MM Champollion . . ., 14: 278-80. Paris. Substantially the same notice as Anonymous, 1829 (q.v.).

1830b La bibliothèque royale vient de faire l'achat de plusiers manuscrits mexicains. Le Moniteur Universel [Journal officiel de la République Française], no. 4, p. 15, Monday, January 4.

1903 Anónimo mexicano. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 7: 115-32. Mexico.

Three-sentence announcement of purchase of Mexican Indian manuscripts by the BNP; similar to Anonymous, 1829, 1830a.

Publication of chaps. 1-5 of the Anónimo mexicano with Spanish translation of chaps. 1-3 by Aquiles Gerste and with note by Alfredo Chavero.

1865 Découverte d'un nouveau MSS Maya. Actes de la Société d'Ethnographie Américaine et Orientale, vol. 4 (also issued as Revue Américaine, 2d ser., vol. 2), pp. 400-01. Paris.

ANONYMOUS

MS

546

"E1 original del presente mapa, cuyo fotogramo aquí se reproduce existe en el pueblo de Astata. . . ." Handwritten MS, n.d., in Biblioteca y Archivo Técnico del INAH,

Announcement, probably by Léon de Rosny, of the discovery of Codex Troano by Brasseur de Bourbourg. Publication date of the part of this volume cited is 1866 or later.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

1875 Un manuscrit figuratif de l'Amérique du Sud. Archives de la Société Américaine de France, 2d ser., 1: 354, pl. 21. Paris. Poor lithographic reproduction of a detail from Codex Vienna with request for comment from readers of the journal.

1888

Manuscrits mexicains. Archives de la Société Américaine de France, n.s., 6: 39-40. Paris.

Announces that Lesouef has acquired four Mexican manuscripts and that Siméon will describe them. See Siméon, 1888.

1897 Visita al Museo Nacional. 11th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 36-39. Mexico. Includes reference to exhibit of two pictorial manuscripts of the Antonio Peñafiel collection: the original of Códice Fernández Leal and a copy on cloth of "Plano de Coixtlahuaca," the latter presumably from Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 1.

1913 Visit to the British Museum . . . an exhibition of manuscripts. 18th International Congress of Americanists, Part 1, pp. xlvi-xlix. London. Includes very brief descriptions of a number of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts in the British Museum.

1935a Key found to Mixtec sign writing. El Palacio, 38 (21-23): 125-26. Santa Fe. Announcement that a Mixtec screenfold (Códice Muro) has been brought to light by Miss Emma Reh.

1935b New light on Mayan writing. El Palacio, 38 (24-26): 144. Santa Fe. Announces discovery of the Gomesta Manuscript by Gates; added note refers to Blom's (1935b) denunciation of it as a forgery.

1937 Key to Mayan writing found in long forgotten book. Science News Letter, 99. Washington, May, 1937. Not examined. Refers to the Gomesta Manuscript, a falsified Maya manuscript. Another notice concerning the Gomesta Manuscript appeared in the same journal, February 16 (1935?), also not examined.

1942

¡Sensacional descubrimiento: un códice del siglo XVI! Hoy, Mexico, October 3, pp. 62-63.

Description and partial reproduction of additional fragments of Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco in the SMGE.

1944

The Tlaquiltenango manuscripts. Tlalocan, 1 ( 4 ) : 362. Sacramento.

Notice of the existence of some of the Códices de Tlaquiltenango in the American Museum of Natural History, New York.

1946 Forged Maya codex. The Masterkey, 20 ( 1 ) : 18. Los Angeles. Draws attention to the publication by Wassen (1942) on a falsified pictorial manuscript.

1956

Reported discovery of a Mayan codex. New World Antiquity, 3 ( 3 ) : 40.

Brief notice of discovery of a "fourth" Maya pictorial manuscript in Jablonec and its transfer to the Liberec museum. Concerns Codex of Liberec, a falsified maya manuscript. A N T I Q U I T É S AZTÈQUES

1909 Antiquités aztèques provenant du Mexique. Collection formée en 1854, par Μ. Ε. Pingret, artiste peintre. Vente du Mercredi 17 Mars 1909 . . . André Desvouges, commissaire-priseur . . . Henri Leman, expert. . . . Paris. Unpaginated [4 pp.]. Pingret collection sale catalog; part 2, nos. 1 and 2, are Techialoyan Codex of Tepotzotlan (second fragment, P) (no. 714) and the falsified Pingret manuscript no. 2 (no. 934). See Lucien de Rosny, 1875, for another description. A N T Ó N , FERDINAND

1965 Alt-Mexiko und seine Kunst. Leipzig, E. A. Seeman Buch-und Kunstverlag. 307 pp., 215 figs. End papers reproduce the four pages of the untitled version of Lienzo de Tlaxcala now in UTX, without reference in the text. APENES, OLA

1947

Mapas antiguos del Valle de Mexico. Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Historia. 31 pp., 43 pls. 547

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Reproductions cited in the pictorial census are a reprint of the 1889 lithograph of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico and the Galicia Chimalpopoca copy of the Mapa de Santa Marta, Santiago, Cuitlahuac y Ixtapalapa. Other Galicia Chimalpopoca copies of maps from the Cuitlahuac region mentioned on p. 18 and a map of the Xaltocan region misreproduced on pl. 5 are peripheral to the native tradition and are not included in the census. 1953

Las páginas 21 y 22 del Códice Borbonico. Yan, no. 2, pp. 10204. Mexico. Technical calendrical study of pp. 21 and 22 of Codex Borbonicus. Accompanies articles on the same subject by Caso (1953) and Lizardi Ramos (1953a). ARAGÓN Y LEYVA, AGUSTÍN

1945

Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis, herbario azteca de 1552 . . . trabajos que se hacen para publicarlo en Mexico . . . (Comite Nacional Pro-Badiano). Xochimilco. 63 pp. Attempts of a local society to promote a Mexican edition of the Martín de la Cruz manuscript, Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis.

of Mapa de San Francisco Mazapan, Mapa de San Martin de las Pirámides, and Códice de San Juan Teotihuacan. Also gives a version of the text of Códice de los Señores de San Lorenzo Axotlan y San Luis Huexotla from a document in AGN-T. ARTS PRECOLOMBIENS

1930

Arts precolombiens. Amérique du Nord-Mexique-Amérique Centrale. Succession de M. le Docteur L. Capitan. París, Hotel Drouot. 34 pp., 6 pls. One of the Capitan sale catalogs. Item 293 (p. 30) is the Manuscrit Judiciaire de 1534, one side of which is photographically reproduced on pl. 6. ATHEARN, ROBERT G.

1963

The American Heritage new illustrated history of the United States. New Vol. 1, The New World. York, Dell Publishing Co. 87 pp., illus. Color photographic illustrations include three pages from a copy of Códice Azcatitlan (pp. 29, 31, 38). AUBIN, JOSEPH MARIUS ALEXIS

n.d.a

ARPEE, LEVON HARRIS

1937

A catalogue of Maya and Mexican codices and papers relating to them in the libraries of the University of Chicago and Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. (University of Chicago, Department of Anthropology). Chicago. 12 pp., mimeographed. Unimportant bibliography. ARREOLA, JOSÉ MARÍA

1920

Jeroglíficos mexicanos de apellidos españoles. Ethnos, 1 ( 1 ) : 17-21, 10 figs. Mexico. Identification of personal name glyphs for Spaniards in Codices Ríos, Osuna, and Kingsborough. Cited in introduction to Article 22 only. 1922

Codices y documentos en mexicano. In Manuel Gamio, La Población del Valle de Teotihuacan, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 549-94. Mexico. Includes studies and color reproductions of copies 548

[Codex Aubin]. Nican ycuiliuhtica. . . . [Paris], Lith. J. Desportes, Inst. Nat. des Sourds-Muets. 158

pp. First edition, ca. 1849-51, of the handcolored lithographs of Codex Aubin without printed title page. Pages compared with second edition (Aubin, 1893) reveal that although the two editions closely resemble each other, they were not printed from the same engravings. Lithographer's imprint on p. 158 has same wording but is set in different typeface. n.d.b

[Codex Ixtlilxochitl]. De la colección de M. Aubin. [Paris], Lith. de J. Desportes, Inst. Imper. des Sourds-Muets. 9 numbered lithographs with 23 numbered figures. First, untitled, and incomplete edition of Codex Ixtlilxochitl, parts 1 and 2. Does not include the four portraits of part 2. Ca. 1852-67. These are not the same lithographs as those by the same lithographer published in Durán, 1867-80. n.d.c

[Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca]. Anales Tolteco-Chichimèques. [Paris]. 18 (?) lithographed leaves.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES Not examined. First, partial edition of the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca without printer's name.

n.d.d Mappe Quinatzin. Cour Chichimèque & Histoire de Tezcuco, pl. 2. [Paris], Lith. de J. Desportes, à l'Inst. Imper. des Sourds-Muets. 1 lithographed sheet, ca. 49 X 87 cm. Lithograph reproduction of Mapa Quinatzin, printed ca. 1849-51 or later to illustrate Aubin, 1849. Some copies handcolored. Copies of this lithograph as well as of those of Mapa Tlotzin and Tira de Tepechpan were obtained from Aubin and distributed by J. F . Ramírez, E . G. Squier, E . Goupil, A. Peñafiel, and the Mexican National Museum (see Aubin, 1886a,b,c, and Peñafiel, 1889). Slight variations in copies of these lithographs suggest that each had at least two different printings.

n.d.e Mappe Tlotzin. Histoire du royaume d'Acolhuacan ou de Tezcuco (peinture non chronologique), pl. 1. [Paris], Lith. de J. Desportes, Instit. Imper. des Sourds-Muets. 1 lithographed sheet, ca. 50 X 135 cm. Lithograph reproduction of Mapa Tlotzin. Aubin, n.d.d, for further comment.

n.d./

See

Mappe de Tepechpan (histoire synchronique et seigneuriale de Tepeehpan et de Mexico). Example d'annales à série chronologique continue rectiligne, pl. 3. [Paris], Lith. de J. Desportes, à rinst. Imper. des Sourds-Muets. 1 lithographed sheet, ca. 50 X 340 cm.

Lithograph reproduction of Tira de Tepeehpan, printed ca. 1849-51 or later to illustrate an unpublished continuation of Aubin, 1849. See Aubin, n.d.d, for further comment. The lithograph reproduces the tira in two horizontal bands; some copies are found cut in half horizontally, doubling the length of the reproduction and halving its width.

n.d.g [Tonalamatl Aubin]. Communiqué par M. Aubin. [Paris], Lith. de J. Desportes, à l'Inston. Imple., des Sourds-Muets. 20 numbered lithographed sheets, nos. 19 and 20 in color. First lithographed edition of Tonalamatl Aubin,

without title, printed ca. 1851 or later. Copies, apparently obtained from Aubin by J. F . Ramírez, were published by the Mexican National Museum (Orozco y Berra, 1897).

1849

Mémoire sur la peinture didactique et l'écriture figurative des anciens Mexicains. París, Paul Dupont. 128 pp., figs.

General description of the author's collection of Mexican manuscripts, a treatise on Testerian manuscripts, a study of Central Mexican hieroglyphic writing based largely on Codex Vergara, commentaries on Mapas Tlotzin and Quinatzin, and illustration and study of a detail from Codex Xolotl. See Aubin, 1885, for illustrated edition. See also Aubin, 1851. For partial reprintings and translations see Aubin, 1859-61, 1875, 1886a, 1886b. Extracts are given by Brasseur de Bourbourg, 185759, l:xxxi-lxxiv. This work is also cited as n.d., as 1851, and as 89 pp. The citation given is from the copy in the library of the Hispanic Society of America.

1851 Notice sur une collection d'antiquités mexicaines (peintures et manuscrits). Extrait d'un mémoire sur la peinture didactique et l'écriture figurative des anciens Mexicains. Paris, Paul Dupont. 27 pp. Description of the author's collection of Mexican manuscripts, substantially the same as part of the introductory section of Aubin, 1849. Reprinted in Boban, 1891, 2:513-25, and in Domenech, 1860, pp. 16-33.

1859 Notice sur la peinture mexicaine du Corps Legislatif. Revue Ori-ntale et Américaine, 3: 165-69. Paris. [1860.] Brief comment on Codex Borbonicus. reprinted in Boban, 1891, 2 : 206-07.

Apparently

1859-61 Mémoire sur la peinture didactique et l'écriture figurative des anciens Mexicains. Revue Orientale et Amérícaine, 3: 224-55, 4: 33-51,270-82,5: 361-92,1 pl., figs. Paris. [1860-1861.] Incomplete reprint of Aubin, 1849, with added reproduction of Mapa Tlotzin. In copies examined the reproduction is a single lithograph by Jules Desportes; other copies are said to have the reproduction in three sections. This reprint omits the section containing the commentary on Mapa Quinatzin.

549

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1875 Examen des anciens peintures figuratives de l'ancien Mexique. Archives de la Société Américaine de France, 2d ser., 1: 283-95, pls. 9-18. Paris. Incomplete reprint of author's commentary on Mapa Tlotzin (see Aubin, 1849, or 1859-61) with added lithographs of Mapa Tlotzin by "Imp. des Ternes, G. Quantin."

1885 Mémoires sur la peinture didactique et l'écriture figurative des anciens Mexicains. Précédés d'une introduction par Ε. Τ. Hamy. (Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique Centrale, Recherches historiques et archéologiques. Première partie, Histoire). Paris, Imprimerie Nationale. xi + 106 pp., 5 pls. Complete reprint of Aubin, 1849, with slight revisions by the author and with added color lithographs by B. Schmidt of Mapas Tlotzin and Quinatzin. For Spanish translations of the sections devoted to these two manuscripts but accompanied by the Desportes lithographs see Aubin, 1886a, 1886b. For an English translation of these sections with b/w photoreproductions of the Schmidt lithographs see Radin, 1920, pp. 35-41, pls. 13-17. The sections of the text devoted to Testerian manuscripts, hieroglyphic writing, and Mapa Quinatzin are reprinted in Boban, 1891, 1:222-42, 2:19-33, 176-82. For reprint of the editor's introduction see Hamy, 1899c.

1886a Mapa Quinatzin, cuadro histórico de la civilización de Tetzcuco. Fragmento de la obra de M. Aubin titulada: "Mémoire sur la peinture didactique et l'écriture figurative des anciens Mexicaines," traducido para los "Anales del Museo" por Francisco Martínez Calleja. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 3: 345-68, 1 folding pl. Mexico.

obra de M. Aubin titulada: "Mémoire sur la peinture didactique et l'éscriture figurative des anciens Mexicaines," traducido para los "Anales del Museo." Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 3: 304-20, 1 folding pl. Mexico. Translation of the commentary by Aubin (1849 or 1885) on Mapa Tlotzin with the Desportes lithograph (see Aubin, n.d.e).

1886c Mapa de Tepechpan. Historia sincrónica y señorial de Tepechpan y Mexico. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 3: 368, 1 folding pl. Mexico. Publication of the Desportes lithograph (see Aubin, n.d./) of Tira de Tepechpan with brief notice by Jesús Sánchez.

1893 Histoire de la nation mexicaine depuis le depart d'Aztlan jusqu'à l'arrivée des conquerants espagnols (et au de la 1607). Manuscrit figuratif accompagné de texte en langue nahuatl ou mexicaine suivi d'une traduction en Français. Reproduction du Codex de 1576 appartenant à la collection de Μ. Ε. Eugène Goupil. Ancienne collection Aubin. Paris, Ernest Leroux. 158 pp. of colored plates, iii + 63 pp. Second edition of the handcolored lithographs by Jules Desportes of Codex Aubin with added translation of the Nahuatl text by Aubin and introductory note by E. Boban. For first edition, see Aubin, n.d.a. For reprint of most of the plates of this edition see Dibble, 1963. AYALA ECHÁVARRI, RAFAEL

Translation of the commentary by Aubin (1849 or 1885) on Mapa Quinatzin with the Desportes lithograph (see Aubin, n.d.d).

Un plano Indo-Español del siglo XVI de la ciudad de San Juan del Rio, Qro. Revista Mexicana de Geografía, 1 ( 1 ) : 61-64, 1 pl. Mexico, Instituto de Geografía de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico.

1886b Mapa Tlotzin. Historia de los reyes y de los estados soberanos de Acolhuacan. Fragmento de la

Reproduction and general description of a map (AGN-T 2782) of 1590 of properties in San Juan del Rio, Queretaro, showing minor native pictorial elements. Cited but not included in census.

550

1940

ANNOTATED REFERENCES AZCUÉ Y MANCERA, LUIS

1966

1962

Códices indígenas. Mexico, Editorial Orion. 226 pp.

Carelessly compiled, error-ridden, and worthless bibliographic guide to about 75 Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts.

1967 Códice Peresiano. Mexico, Editorial Orion. 130 pp., illus.

Describes the Sahagún MSS, Manuscrito de Tolosa and the two Códices Matritenses. Presented in greater detail in Ballesteros Gaibrois, 1964.

1964

Complete b / w reproduction of the 22 pp. of Codex Paris with fanciful commentary. BAER & Co., JOSEPH

n.d.

Americana Catalogue No. 600 including scarce and precious books, manuscripts, and engravings from the collections of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico and Charles Et. Brasseur de Bourbourg.... Frankfort. 265 pp. (ca. 1911).

Item 21 ( p p . 7-8 and pl. 2) is the same as Baer & Co., 1912, Item 4264.

1912 A catalogue of fine and valuable books, manuscripts, autographs. . . . . Frankfort. pp. 173-306.

MANUEL

1948a Un manuscrito mejicano desconocido. Saitabi (Revista de Historia, Arte y Arqueología, Universidad Literaria de Valencia, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras). Año 8, 6 (27): 63-68. Valencia. Description and announcement of the discovery of the Códice del Museo de América. See also Ballesteros Gaibrois, 1951.

1948b XXVIII Congreso Internacional de Americanistas. Revista de Indias, 8: 671-88. Madrid. Not examined. Includes reference ( p . 678) to Códice de Comillas, a falsified version of Lienzo de Tlaxcala.

1951 Un manuscrito mejicano desconocido. Estudios: Revista de Cultura Hispanica, 1 ( 1 ) : 20-23. Pittsburgh, Duquesne University. Not examined; presumably a reprint of Ballesteros Gaibrois, 1948a.

Códices Matritenses de la Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva España de Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún. (Colección Chimalistac de Libros y Documentos acerca de la Nueva España, vols. 19, 20). Madrid, Porrúa Turanzas. 2 vols. xxiii ·+ 342 pp., 11 pls., 53 pls.

Description, reproduction of watermarks, and tabular concordance of the content of the Sahagún MSS: Manuscrito de Tolosa, Florentine Codex, and the two Códices Matritenses. Gives rather poor color photographs of all pages with drawings in the two Códices Matritenses. BALSALOBRE, GONZALO DE

1656

Item 4264 (p. 175 and pl. 15) includes Título de la Casa Ixcuín Nehaib and Título Real de Don Francisco Izcuín Nehaib. BALLESTEROS GAIBROIS,

Los manuscritos matritenses de Sahagún. 34th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 226-43. Vienna.

Relación auténtica de las idolatrías, supersticiones, vanas observaciones de los indios del Obispado de Oaxaca. Mexico, Bernardo Calderón.

Report on a significant investigation into surviving aboriginal religious beliefs and ritual practices among Zapotec-speaking communities in the Partido de San Miguel Sola (modern Sola de Vega), 50 miles southwest of Oaxaca. Reprint editions: Andes del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 6 [1900]: 225-60, Mexico, 1892; Tratado de las idolatrías . . . , Ediciones Fuente Cultural, "vol. XX," Mexico, 1953, pp. 337-90. The word "vanas" in the title may be a misprint for "varias." [Art. 30.] BANCROFT, HUBERT HOWE

1874-75 The native races of the Pacific states of North America. San Francisco, A. L. Bancroft & Co. 5 vols. Monumental ethnographic and historical survey of native cultures of far western North America and all of Middle America. In spite of its rather uncritical approach, it constituted the most comprehensive treatment in English up to that time. Also published New York ( D . Appleton and Co., 187476, 5 vols.). Reissued as his Works, vols. 1-5, 1882. [Art. 30.] BANDELIER, ADOLPH F.

1877

On the art of war and mode of 551

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

warfare of the ancient Mexicans. Tenth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, 2 ( 1 ) : 95-161. Cambridge. Extensively documented study of Mexica militarism, the analysis of which is distorted by his misinterpretation of the nature of late pre-Hispanic Central Mexican socio-political systems. [Art. 30.]

1878 On the distribution and tenure of lands, and the customs with respect to inheritance, among the ancient Mexicans. Eleventh Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, 2 (2): 385-448. Cambridge. Detailed summary and discussion of late preHispanic Central Mexican land tenure and inheritance systems, his interpretation of which is seriously marred by his strong bias in favor of kinship-based, essentially egalitarian socio-political structures for the native communities of this area. [Art. 30.]

1880 On the social organization and mode of government of the ancient Mexicans. Twelfth and Thirteenth Annual Reports of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, 2 (3, 4 ) : 557-699. Cambridge. Influential description and analysis of the Mexica socio-political system. His Lewis H. Morgandominated interpretation of its essential nature as constituting a "military democracy, originally based upon communism in living" has been rejected by nearly all modern students. [Art. 30.]

1884

Report of an archaeological tour in Mexico in 1881. (Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, American series, vol. 2 ) . Boston. 326 pp.

Brief description ( p . 123, note 1) of Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco and color reproduction (pl. 15) of the relación geográfica map of Cholula. BANDELIER, FANNY R.,

tr.

1932 A history of ancient Mexico by 552

Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Volume 1 (only). Fisk University Press. 315 pp. English translation of books 1-4 of Sahagún's Historia general from the edition by Bustamante ( 1 8 2 9 - 3 0 ) . Further volumes of this translation have not been published. BANDINI, ANGELO

MARIA

1791-93 Bibliotheca Leopoldina Laurentiana; seu, catalogus manuscriptorum Florence. 3 vols. Not examined. Florentine Codex described in vol. 3 ( 1 7 9 3 ) ; quoted in García Icazbalceta (1954, p p . 357-59). BANGS & Co.

1893 Catalogue of the library of the late Henry Ward Poole of the City of Mexico. . . . New York. 250 pp. Includes listing of a probable manuscript of the Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma. BANKMANN,

1970

ULF

Manuscripta Americana der Staatsbibliothek in Berlin. 38th International Congress of Americanists, 2: 127-38. 4 figs.

List and description of MS Amer. 1-15 of the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin, collection. Includes reproduction of a copy of Techialoyan Codex 742. BARBAZÁN, JULIÁN

1953 Catálogo de libros antiguos, raros y curiosos procedentes de la biblioteca de D. José M. López Balboa, primera parte. (Año 1953, núm. 31). Madrid. 41 pp. Lists ( p . 1, no. 5) a copy of about 1840 of Alvarado Tezozomoc's Crónica mexicana from the manuscript in RAH. BARLOW, ROBERT

MSa

H.

Algunos apuntes sobre el Códice de Huamantla. Typescript in Library of the University of the Americas, Mexico. Azcapotzalco, 1949. 8 pp.

Study of Fragments 3 and 4 of Códice de Huamantla.

MSb

[Palaeography and Spanish trans-

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

lation of the Nahuatl text on the Mapa de Chiconquiaco.] Typescript in the Library of the University of the Americas, Mexico. n.d. 3 pp. As described.

MSc

Memorandum for Dr. Bentley. No. 3. 12 March, 1945. Typescript, about 54 pp.

Possibly incomplete copy in private collection consulted. Classified listing of manuscripts to be photographed for a microfilm project, apparently for the Benjamin Franklin Library, Mexico City. Related to microfilm collection now in Centro de Documentación, Museo Nacional de Historia, Mexico. Cited for mention of a small watercolor copy of "Códice de Xochicalco" in the Gómez de Orozco collection believed by us to be a version of Lienzo de Tetlama.

1943a Los manuscritos de la Biblioteca Bancroft que pertenecieron a la antigua colección de D. José Fernando Ramírez. Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 2 ( 2 ) : 189-200. Mexico. Summary descriptions of selected manuscripts in the Bancroft Library, formerly in the Ramírez collection.

H. Tlalocan,l ramento.

( 2 ) : 161-62. Sac-

Description, without reproduction, of the Techialoyan Codex of Santa Maria Ocelotepec (no. 7 0 8 ) .

1943f See E. Anderson and Barlow, 1943. 1944a El Códice de Tlatelolco. In Francis Borgia Steck, El primer colegio de América—Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco. Mexico, Centro de Estudios Históricos Franciscanos. pp. 9 1 108, 3 pls. and folding reproduction of the manuscript. Description, commentary, and reproduction: Códice de Tlatelolco. See Barlow, 1948b, for revised and enlarged version of this study.

1944b Los dioses del Templo Mayor de Tlatelolco. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 2, part 6). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 3 ( 4 ) : 530-40, pls. 15-20. Mexico. Note 12, pp. 534-36, provides a concordance between the illustrations in Tovar's Códice Ramírez and Durán's Historia de las Indias with preliminary comments on Crónica X.

1943b The mapa de Huilotepec. Tlalocan, 1 ( 2 ) : 155-57, 1 pl. Sacramento.

1944c The graphic style of the Tlalhuica. Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, 2 (44): 127-32, 2 figs. Cambridge, Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Brief commentary on Mapa de Huilotepec, with two reproductions, both apparently after Starr, n.d.

Description and reproduction of a copy of the Codex of Xochitepec.

1943c Otros manuscritos testerianos. Divulgación Histórica, 4: 469-70. Mexico.

1944d Review of: La "Essaltatione delle Rose" del Códice Vaticano Mexicano 3738 . . . , by Imbelloni (1943). Tlalocan, 1 ( 3 ) : 269. Sacramento.

Catalog of 12 different Testerian manuscripts, all included in present census.

1943d The periods of tribute collection in Moctezuma's Empire. Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, 1 (23): 152-55, 1 fig. Cambridge, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Brief interpretation of calendrical hieroglyphs in Humboldt Fragment 1 and in one of the MNA fragments of the Códices de Tlaquiltenango.

1943e The Techialoyan codices: Codex

Informative review of Imbelloni, 1943.

1944e Review of: Codex Fernández Leal, by Tompkins (1942). Tlalocan, 1 ( 4 ) : 383-84. Sacramento. Critical comment on Tompkins' (1942) interpretation of Códice Férnandez Leal.

1944f Review of: Cédula dada por el emperador Quauhtemotzin . . . , Mexico, 1943. Tlalocan, 1 ( 3 ) : 269-71. Sacramento. 553

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES Useful review of the Vargas Rea edition of the Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc with index of personal and place names.

1944g The Techialoyan codices: Codex J (Codex of Santa Cecilia Acatitlan). Tlalocan, 1 (3): 232-34,1 pl. Sacramento. Description and full reproduction of the Techialoyan Codex Santa Cecilia Acatitlan (no. 7 0 9 ) .

1944h Tlatelolco en el período Tepaneca. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 1, part 3). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 3 ( 2 ) : 219-38, 2 pls. Mexico. Includes description and reproduction of a detail from the Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma.

1944i See Espejo and Barlow, 1944. 1945a Algunos manuscritos en Nahuatl de la Biblioteca Bancroft. Tlalocan, 2 ( 1 ) : 91-93. Mexico. Brief descriptions of a limited number of manuscripts in the Bancroft Library.

Nahuatl

1945b Los caciques precortesianos de Tlatelolco en el Códice García Granados (Techialoyan Q). (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 6, part 7). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 4 ( 4 ) : 467-83, illus. Mexico. Description, interpretation, and reproduction of part of the Techialoyan Codex García Granados (no. 7 1 5 ) ; discussion and reproduction of a detail from the Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma.

1945c La Crónica X: versiones coloniales de la historia de los Mexica Tenochca. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 7: 65-87, 2 pls. Mexico. Examination of the evidence for postulating the existence of Crónica X and analysis of its major features.

1945d Fuentes históricas para la zona de habla nahua. Edición provisional. Mexico, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Mimeographed. 554

Not examined.

Also cited as 1944; 2d ed., 1947.

1945e La guerra de 1473 en la "Crónica X." (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 6, part 5). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 4 ( 4 ) : 459-63. Mexico. Reconstruction of a passage from Crónica X.

1945f Tlatelolco como tributario de la Triple Alianza. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 4, part 4). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 4 ( 2 ) : 200-15, illus. Mexico. Interpretation and reconstruction of a fragmentary page of Matrícula de Tributos based on Codex Mendoza, part 2.

1945g See McAfee and Barlow, 1945. 1946a Los caciques de Tlatelolco en el Códice Cozcatzin. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 8, part 5). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 5 ( 4 ) : 416-21, 7 pls. Mexico. Reproduction of seven pages of Codex Cozcatzin with incomplete commentary.

1946b The codex of the Derrumbe del Templo Mayor. Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, 3 (72): 75-78,1 pl. Cambridge, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Reproduction of a copy of one page of Libro de los Guardianes de Cuauhtinchan, with translation of its Nahuatl text.

1946c Notes on Mexican prehispanic historical manuscripts. Mexico, Biblioteca Benjamin Franklin. 3 pp., mimeographed. Not examined.

1946d El reverso del Códice García Granados. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 8, part 6). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 5 ( 4 ) : 422-38, illus. Mexico. Interpretation and partial reproduction of part of the Techialoyan Codex García Granados (no. 7 1 5 ) ;

ANNOTATED REFERENCES description and reproduction of a detail from Codex Cozcatzin.

1946e The Tamiahua codices. Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, 3 (64): 26-30, 3 pls. Cambridge, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Brief description and publication of three previously unpublished lithographs of certain of the Lienzos de Tuxpan.

1946f Materiales para una cronología del Imperio de los Mexica. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 8: 207-15. Mexico. Includes ( p . 212) appraisal of Codex Mendoza, part 1, as a source for the study of Aztec conquests.

1946g See McAfee and Barlow, 1946a. 1946h See McAfee and Barlow, 1946b. 1947a Cinco siglos de las calles de Tlatelolco. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 9, part 4 ) . Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 6 ( 2 ) : 148-55, 5 pls. Mexico. Illustrated discussion of particular aspects of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico, the Plano en Papel de Maguey, and the Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc.

1947b The Codex of Tonayan. Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, 3 (84): 178-87, 6 pls. Cambridge, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Brief description, listing of place names, and reproduction of three versions of Mapa de Tonayan.

1947c Glifos toponímicos de los códices mixtecos. Tlalocan, 2 ( 3 ) : 28586, 1 fig. Azcapotzalco. Brief comment on Mixtec place glyphs with particular reference to Codex Nuttall and to Códice de Yanhuitlan.

1947d Las ocho ermitas de Santiago Tlatelolco. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 9, part 6). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 6 ( 2 ) : 183-88, 3 pls. Mexico.

Identification of eight chapels in Tlatelolco depicted on the Map attributed to Alonso de Santa Cruz.

1947e

Otros caciques coloniales de Tlatelolco, 1567-1623. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 9, part 7). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 6 ( 2 ) : 189-92,1 pl. Mexico.

Sources illustrated include details from the Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma and the Techialoyan Codex García Granados (no. 715).

1947f The Techialoyan codices: Codex L (Codex of San Miguel Mimiahuapan). Tlalocan, 2 ( 3 ) : 276. Azcapotzalco. Brief description of the Techialoyan Codex of San Miguel Mimiahuapan (no. 711).

1947g The Techialoyan codices: Codex Μ (Codex of San Bartolome Tepanohuayan). Tlalocan, 2 ( 3 ) : 277-78. Azcapotzalco. Brief description of the Techialoyan Codex of San Bartolome Tepanohuayan (no. 7 1 2 ) .

1947h Review of: Primo Feliciano Velázquez, Códice Chimalpopoca, 1945, and "Provisional résumé of the Annals of Cuauhtitlan." Hispanic American Historical Review, 27 ( 3 ) : 520-26. Appendix to review is a useful detailed outline of the contents of the Anales de Cuauhtitlan.

1947i See McAfee and Barlow, 1947. 1948a Apuntes para la historia antigua de Guerrero. El Occidente de Mexico (Cuarta Reunión de Mesa Redonda), pp. 181-90, 1 pl. Mexico, Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología. Also cited as 1947. Includes brief mention ( p . 186, note 20a) and reproduction of a copy of Lienzo de Noxtepec.

1948b El Códice de Tlatelolco. In Heinrich Berlin and Robert H. Barlow, Anales de Tlatelolco-. Unos Annates Históricos de la Nación Mexicana y Códice de Tlatelolco (Fuentes 555

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

para la Historia de Mexico, 2 ) . Mexico, Antigua Librería Robredo. pp. 105-28, 5 pls., 1 table, folding reproduction. Description, commentary, and reproduction of Códice de Tlatelolco. A revision of Barlow, 1944a. See Berlin and Barlow, 1948, for comment on the Anales de Tlatelolco.

1948c Un problema cronológico: la conquista de Cuauhtinchan por Tlatelolco. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 10, part 4 ) . Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 7 ( 2 ) : 147-51, 1 pl. Mexico. Interpretation of two drawings in the Historia teca-Chichimeca.

Tol-

1948d The Techialoyan codices: Codex Ν (Codex of Santa Maria Tetelpan). Tlalocan, 2 ( 4 ) : 383-84. Azcapotzalco. Description of the Techialoyan Codex of Santa Maria Tetelpan (no. 7 1 3 ) .

1948e Review of: Códice Osuna, by Ch-vez Orozco (1947). Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana, 10: 181-83. Mexico. Description and identification of the seven component parts of Códice Osuna. Part of this review circulated, in mimeograph form, as "Guía al Códice Osuna."

1948f Review of: Die mexikanische Bilderhandschrift Historia Tolteca Chichimeca, by Preuss and Mengin (1937); Historia Tolteca Chichimeca, by Mengin (1942); and Historia Tolteca Chichimeca, by Berlin and Rendón (1947). American Antiquity, 13 ( 3 ) : 265-66. Menasha. Useful summary of the content of the Historia teca-Chichimeca.

Tol-

1948g See Berlin and Barlow, 1948. 1948h See McAfee and Barlow, 1948. 1949a Anales de Tula, Hidalgo, 13611521. Tlalocan, 3 ( 1 ) : 2-13, 1 pl. Azcapotzalco. 556

Palaeography and translation of the Nahuatl text of the Anales de Tula with photographic reproduction of two details.

1949b El Códice Azcatitlan. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, n.s., 38: 101-35, with reproduction of the manuscript in a separate album of 29 pls. Paris. Description, commentary, and photoreproduction of Códice Azcatitlan. A few pages are reproduced in color.

1949c El Códice de Coetzala, Puebla. Tlalocan, 3 ( 1 ) : 91-92, 1 fig. Azcapotzalco. Brief comment on Códice de Coetzala and illustration of its pictorial details.

1949d The extent of the Empire of the Culhua Mexica. (Ibero-Americana, vol. 28). Berkeley, University of California. 141 pp., 1 folding map. Definition and map of the preconquest provinces of Mexico subject to the political hegemony of the Valley of Mexico, based on an interpretation of Matrícula de Tributos and part 2 of Codex Mendoza. A major work for both manuscripts.

1949e The Techialoyan codices: Códice Ρ (codex from the vicinity of Tepotzotlan, Mex.). Tlalocan, 3 ( 1 ) : 83. Azcapotzalco. Description of the Techialoyan Codex of Tepotzotlan (second fragment, Ρ ) (no. 7 1 4 ) .

1949f The arms of Mexico. Tlalocan, 3 ( 1 ) : 95-96, 1 pl. (following p. 8). Azcapotzalco. Reproduction of a 17thC ( ? ) engraving of the coat of arms of Mexico with some traditional In­ dian icono graphic elements; cited in survey but not included in census.

1950a Codices and Mesoamerican picture writing: A note on civil books. Mesoamerican Notes, no. 2, pp. 107-17. Mexico, Mexico City Col­ lege, Department of Anthropology. Only published part of a lecture outline for an ele­ mentary introduction to Mexican pictorial manu­ scripts.

1950b Una nueva lámina del Mapa Quinatzin. Journal de la Société des

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Américanistes, n.s., 39: 111-124, 14 figs., 1 pl. Paris.

Mendocino). (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Historia, Primera Serie, no. 9). Mexico. 46 pp.

Description, reproduction, and identification of leaf 3 of Mapa Quinatzin.

1951a El Códice de los Alfareros de Cuauhtitlan. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 12: 5-8, 5 pls. Mexico. Description and reproduction of Códice de los Alfareros de Cuauhtitlan.

1951b El manuscrito del Calendario Matlatzinca. In Homenaje al Doctor Alfonso Caso, pp. 69-72, 1 pl. Mexico. Brief comment on a manuscript since published by Caso (1967, p p . 2 2 6 - 4 0 ) .

1952

See McAfee and Barlow, 1952.

1954a El Códice de Tetelcingo, Guerrero. Yan, no. 3, pp. 65-68. Mexico. Commentary and photoreproduction of Códice de Tetelcingo.

1954b Las joyas de Martin Ocelotl. Yan, no. 3, pp. 56-59, 3 figs. Mexico. Commentary on the drawings, Las joyas de Martin Ocelotl, with reproductions.

1957 Some sources for the history of the Cheran area. Tlalocan, 3 ( 4 ) : 361-63. Mexico. Commentary on the Título de tierras de Cheran Hatzicurin (a Tarascan text) with mention of several pictorial manuscripts from the indicated region of Michoacan.

1961 El palimsesto de Veinte Mazorcas. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 17: 97-110, 1 pl., 2 figs. Mexico. Description and reproduction of Códice de Veinte Mazorcas. AND BYRON MCAFEE

1946

The Techialoyan codices: Codex Κ (Codex of Santa Maria Calacohuayan). Tlalocan, 2 (2): 18485. Mexico.

Description of the Techialoyan Codex of Santa Maria Calacohuayan (no. 7 1 0 ) .

1949 Diccionario de elementos fonéticos en escritura jeroglífica (Códice

Illustrated dictionary of hieroglyphic rebus elements from place glyphs in Codex Mendoza. AND SALVADOR M A T E O S

MS

HIGUERA

El Códice Moctezuma. Typescript in the Library of the University of the Americas, Mexico. 11 pp. Incomplete.

Description of and commentary on Códice Moctezuma, with palaeography and translation of Nahuatl texts. A possibly complete version of the manuscript is in the possession of Mateos Higuera. AND GEORGE T. SMISOR

1943a Durán in English. Tlalocan, 1 ( 2 ) : 163. Sacramento. Announces existence of an English manuscript translation of Durán's Historia de las Indias by a California author.

1943b Nombre de Dios, Durango: Two documents in Nahuatl concerning its foundation. Sacramento, The House of Tlaloc. xxv + 103 pp. Nahuatl text and translation of the Memorial de los indios de Nombre de Dios, Durango, acerca de sus servicios al rey, the translation of the Relación de 1591, and other documents concerning Nombre de Dios. BARÓN CASTRO, RODOLFO

1949 Del "Lienzo de Tlaxcala" al "Códice de Comillas." Revista de Indias, 9 (35): 117-26. Madrid. Not examined. Concerns Códice de Comillas, a falsified version of Lienzo de Tlaxcala. BARRATT, D.

M.

1951 The Library of John Selden and its later history. The Bodleian Library Record, 3 (31): 128-42. Does not specifically treat Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts in the Selden collection. BARRERA VÁSQUEZ, ALFREDO

1934

Una versión inglesa del Chilam Balam de Chumayel. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, 557

ETHNOHISTORICAL

Historia y Etnografía, ep. 6 , 1 : 5 5 67. Mexico. Critical review of the translation of the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel by Roys ( 1 9 3 3 ) . Reprinted in Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala, 12 ( 4 ) : 451-62 (Guatemala, 1936).

1938 See Rosado Escalante and Ontiveros, 1938. 1939 El Códice Pérez. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 3 ( 1 ) : 69-83. Mexico. Description and outline of the contents of the volume of copies of Chilam Balam texts known as Codex Pérez. Less detailed than the description by Roys ( 1 9 4 9 a ) .

1943 Horóscopos mayas o el pronóstico de los 20 signos del tzolkin, según los libros de Chilam Balam, de Kaua y de Mani. Registro de Cultura Yucateca, año 1, no. 6, pp. 4 33. Mexico. Maya texts, Spanish translation, and analysis of three divinatory almanacs in the Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua and one from the Book of Chilam Balam of Mani, the latter included in Codex Pérez.

1944

Canción de la Danza del Arquero flechador. Tlalocan, 1 ( 4 ) : 27377. Sacramento.

Text and translation of one song from the Cantares de Dzitbalché; see Barrera Vásquez, 1965, for full edition of these songs.

1957 Códice de Calkini. (Biblioteca Campechana, 4 ) . Campeche, Gobierno del Estado. 146 pp. Photofacsimile of the Crónica de Calkini (after Gates, 1935c) with introduction, Spanish translation, glossary, and index.

1964

Los Mayas. In Miguel León-Portilla and others, Historia documental de Mexico (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Pub. 71, Serie Documental, no. 4), 1: 42-86. Mexico.

Selections from various lowland Maya texts include ( p p . 51-58) a revision of his earlier translation of the Maya chronicles in the Books of Chilam Balam of Mani, Tizimin, and Chumayel, here called Crónica Matichu.

558

SOURCES

1965 El Libro de los Cantares de Dzitbalché: Una traducción con notas y una introducción. (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Serie Investigaciones, 9). Mexico. 89 pp. Photofacsimile, transcription of Maya text, and Spanish translation of the Cantares de Dzitbalché. AND SYLVANUS GRISWOLD M O R L E Y

1949 The Maya Chronicles. Contributions to American Anthropology and History, 10 (48): 1-85. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Maya text, English translation, and reconstruction of texts occurring in parallel versions in the Books of Chilam Balam of Mani (in Codex Pérez), Tizimin, and Chumayel as well as two texts, without parallels, in the Chumayel MS. Introduction by Barrera Vásquez provides general commentary on the Books of Chilam Balam. Some of this material also appears in Barrera Vásquez and Rendón, 1948. AND SILVIA RENDÓN

1948

El libro de los libros de Chilam Balam. Mexico and Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Ecónomica. 268 pp., illus.

Spanish translation of selected texts from various Books of Chilam Balam including the "Maya Chronicles" from the Books of Chilam Balam of Mani (in Codex Pérez), Tizimin, and Chumayel. Introduction provides general commentary on these texts. Some of this material appears in English translation in Barrera Vásquez and Morley, 1949. Another edition appeared in 1963. BARRIOS E.,

1954

MIGUEL

Review of: Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc, by S. Rendón (1952). Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana, vols. 15-16, part 2, pp. 255-57. Mexico.

Critical review of the translation of the Nahuatl text of the Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc by Rendón ( 1 9 5 2 ) . BARTHELEMY, JEAN JACQUES

1798 Reflexions sur quelques peintures mexicaines. In his Oeuvres Diverses, 2: 183-200. Paris. 2 vols. General and unimportant discussion of Mexican

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Indian pictorial manuscripts, said (erroneously?) by the editor to have been written in 1771. Includes vague notices of a manuscript in the Vatican, a rumor of a manuscript in the Bibliothèque du Roi (Paris), and mention of Codex Mendoza, Codex Borgia, and the Fábrega commentary thereon. Also describes, with circumstantial detail, two Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts otherwise unknown or unidentified and not included in the census. Another edition is Oeuvres de J. J. Barthelemy, Paris, 1821, 4 vols. and atlas (reference in vol. 4, pp. 425-32). BARTOLACHE, JOSEPH IGNACIO

1790

Manifiesto satisfactorio anunciado en la Gazeta de Mexico (Tom. I. Núm. 53). Opúsculo Guadalupano. Mexico, Zúñiga y Ontiveros. Describes and quotes three passages from the "Annals described by Bartolache" (census, 1017).

cadas: falsificación y falsificadores. Mexico. 30 pp., 63 pls., 2 folding pls. Large-scale photoreproduction of Mapa Sigüenza (facing p. 30) with attempt to prove it a falsification. Also reproduces a falsified pictorial manuscript. Published about 1910-11. 1888

Civilización de algunas de las diferentes tribus que habitaron el territorio hoy mexicano, en la antiguëdad . . . (Tiro especial de 100 ejemplares numerados . . . ) . Mexico, Imprenta del Gobierno Federal. 98 pp., 30 pls. See Batres, 1889, for another edition. PL 20 gives color lithograph, with glosses, of a page from Códice Colombino; caption on p. 67.

Historia de la provincia de San Nicolas de Tolentino de Michoacan del Orden de N.P.S. Agustín. Mexico, La Voz de Mexico. 3 vols. Cited for paraphrase ( 1 : 303-05) of the lost Libro antiguo de Charo. First published in Mexico, 1673. Another edition is Mexico, Editorial Jus, 1963 (Colección Mexico Heroico, 18) (reference on pp. 148-49).

Civilización de algunas de las diferentes tribus que habitaron el territorio, hoy mexicano, en la antigüedad. Memoria que el Secretario de Justicia e Instrucción Pública Licenciado Joaquín Baranda presenta al Congreso de la Unión, pp. 263-356, illus. Mexico. Gives color lithograph (pl. 20, following p. 327) of one page of Códice Colombino, including its Mixtec gloss. See Batres, 1888, for separate edition.

BASICH DE CANESSI, Z I T A

BAUDOT, GEORGES

BASALENQUE, D I E G O

1886

1963

Un catecismo del siglo XVI. Mexico, Editorial Offset. 2 pp. text, 22 pp. color lithographs. Color lithograph facsimile of the Testerian manuscript in the codex collection of the Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico (ΜΝΑ 35-53). Intro­ duction by Carlos Martínez Marin. BASURTO, J. TRINIDAD

1901

El Arzobispado de Mexico. Obra biográfica, geográfica y estadística .... Mexico, Talleres Tipográficos de El Tiempo. 416 pp., illus., maps (cover title dated 1905). Key work for the study of place names in the archbishopric of Mexico, especially "Techialoyan Pueblos" in the state of Mexico, southern Hidalgo, and the Federal District. Includes an important map. BATRES, LEOPOLDO

n.d.

Antigüedades

mejicanas

falsifi-

1889

1969

Las antigüedades mexicanas de Padre Diaz de la Vega, O.F.M. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, 8: 223-56. Mexico. Cited for extract (p. 235) from the unpublished work by Diaz de la Vega in which Sahagún's Relación de la conquista in its revised version of 1585 was quoted about 1782. BAUTISTA, FRAY JUAN

1601

Huehuetlatolli, que contiene las pláticas que los padres y madres hicieron a sus hijos y a sus hijas, y los señores a sus vasallos, todas llenas de doctrina moral y política. Mexico. Only three copies of the work are known to exist and they lack the title page, so that the original title and publication date (possibly 1599 or 1600) are uncertain (see García Icazbalceta, 1954, pp. 472-73, and Gómez de Orozco, 1939b, for ref559

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES erences). Contains the Nahuatl text and partial Spanish translation of the huehuetlatolli texts collected by Fray Andrés de Olmos.

G. 1899 Sur le plan de Mexico conserve à la Bibliothèque d'Upsal. Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, o.s., 2 ( 4 ) : 300-01. Paris.

BAZ,

General and quite unimportant remarks about the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico. BEALS, RALPH L.

1951 The history of acculturation in Mexico. In Homenaje al Doctor Alfonso Caso, pp. 73-82. Mexico. Proposes a scheme of six basic periods of acculturation of Mexican Indian groups from the Conquest to the present, consciously paralleling that proposed earlier by La Farge (1940) for the Maya region. [Art. 30.]

Comparative discussion of Códices Ríos and Telleriano-Remensis. BELTRAMI, J. C.

1830

Account of travels in Mexico, 1824-25. Describes two pictorial manuscripts which h e acquired, both on native paper: a history of the Aztec kings from Acamapichtli through Cuauhtemoc ( 1 : xxv; 2: 8 6 91, 103-28, 145-47) and a genealogy of the kings of Tlaxcala ( 2 : 301-02, 318, 3 2 2 ) . These are now unknown and are not in the census. Describes two Indian paintings in the Cabildo of Tlaxcala, one of which is probably Lienzo de Tlaxcala ( 2 : 3 0 8 09). B E N N E T T AND M A R S H A L L

n.d.

BEAUMONT, FRAY PABLO

1932

Crónica de Michoacan. (Publicaciones del Archivo General de la Nación, nos. 17-19). Mexico, Talleres Gráficos de la Nación. 3 vols., 574, 466, 469 pp., illus.

Earlier editions (1826, 1855-57, 1873-74) do not reproduce the illustrations cited in the pictorial census under Beaumont, Crónica. Also cited for use of the lost relaciones by Francisco Pantecatl and Nicolás de San Luís Montañez. BEAUVOIS, EUGENE

1885 L'histoire de l'ancien Mexique: les antiquités mexicaines du P. D. Durán comparées aux abrégés des PP. J. Tobar et J. d'Acosta. Revue des Questions Historiques, 38: 109-65. Paris. Not examined. Study of the relationships among the Acosta Historia natural and the Tovar and Durán manuscripts. Concludes that Códice Ramírez (by Tovar) is an extract by Tovar, utilized by Acosta, from the Durán manuscript.

1886 Deux sources de l'histoire des Quetzalcoatl: les anciennes interpretations, italienne et espagnole, du Codex Vaticanus no. 3738 et du Codex Tellerianus. Museon, 5 ( 4 ) : 427-44; 5 ( 5 ) : 597-604. Louvain. 560

Le Mexique. Paris. 2 vols. xxxii + 443, 431 pp.

Catalogue No. 8, Americana: A selection of fine books & pamphlets on North, Central and South America. . . . Los Angeles, Bennett & Marshall. 92 pp. [1970?]

Bookdealer's catalog. Item no. 9 ( p . 2 and facing plate) is the Pingret Manuscript No. 2. BERISTÁIN Y SOUZA, JOSÉ MARIANO

1883-97 Biblioteca hispano americana setentrional. 2d ed. Amecameca (3 vols., 1883) and Santiago de Chile (1 vol., 1897). 4 vols. Also other editions. Contains wealth of largely undocumented biographical and bibliographical data on authors, books, and manuscripts. Cited for possible reference to the Relación de Michoacan ( 1 : 354) and, in connection with Lienzo de Tlaxcala, for description of the Teatro de la Nueva Espana by Panes ( 4 : 1 3 3 - 4 2 ) . See also J. F . Ramírez ( 1 8 9 8 ) . BERLIN,

1947

HEINRICH

Fragmentos desconocidos del Códice de Yanhuitlan y otras investigaciones mixtecas. Mexico, Antigua Librería Robredo. 87 pp., illus.

Includes commentary and photoreproduction of the fragments of Códice de Yanhuitlan in AGN-V 272, partial publication of a lawsuit of 1717 (AGN-V 272, exps. 8-10) relating to Códice Colombino, and publication of Martínez Gracida's description of the lost Códice de Tututepec. The map of Tututepec on two leaves, also in AGN-V 272, described on p. 54 is a colonial rendition not in the native tradition. The "pintura" of 20 "varas de largo" mentioned on p . 45 is too vaguely known for inclusion in the census.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

1950

La historia de los Xpantzay. Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, 2 ( 2 ) : 40-53, 2 pls. Guatemala (Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala).

Description and publication (in Spanish translation ) of the six Cakchiquel texts that form the Historia de los Xpantzay. AND ROBERT H. BARLOW

1948 Anales de Tlatelolco: Unos annales históricos de la nación mexicana y Códice de Tlatelolco. (Fuentes para la Historia de Mexico, 2). Mexico, Antigua Librería Robredo. 128 pp. Spanish translation of the German translation by Mengin (1939-40) of the Nahuatl text of the Unos annales históricos de la nación mexicana with added historiographic commentary by Barlow and notes by Berlin. See Barlow, 1948b, for comment on the edition of Códice de Tlatelolco appended to this work. AND SILVIA R E N D Ó N

1947 Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. Anales de Quauhtinchan. Versión preparada y anotada por Heinrich Berlin en colaboración con Silvia Rendón. Prólogo de Paul Kirchhoff. (Fuentes para la Historia de Mexico, 1). Mexico, Antigua Librería Robredo. lxiv + pp. 67147, 25 pls., 1 map. Spanish translation of the German translation of the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca by Preuss and Mengin ( 1 9 3 7 - 3 8 ) , checked against original text; long historical introduction by Kirchhoff; revision of the chronological interpretation of the 1937 edition; reproduction of the drawings; index. BERNAL, IGNACIO

1947

Los calendarios de Durán: mas confusión alrededor de la "Crónica X." Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 9: 125-34. Mexico.

Review of the calendrical evidence for the date of Crónica X and its relationship to the lost Tovar history.

1960 See White and Bernal, 1960.

1962 Bibliografía de arqueología y etnografía: Mesoamérica y norte de México, 1514-1960. (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Memorias, 7). Mexico. xvi

+ 634 pp.

Classified bibliography of 13,990 titles. Includes sections on "códices, cronología e inscripciones" within and outside the Maya regions. AND ERNESTO SODI PALLARES

1958-59 Dos dictamenes sobre el llamado "Manuscrito pictórico de la cultura maya sobre piel de mamífero." Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 15: 89-93. Mexico. Identifies the pictorial manuscript published by Manuel Porrúa as a falsification; report on carbon14 analysis. BEUCHAT, HENRI

1902

Notice sur quelques manuscrits mexicains de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris. Revue des Etudes Américaines.

Not examined. (Bernal, 1962, no. 5403.)

1911 Les manuscrits indigènes de l'ancien Mexique. Revue Archaeologique, 4th ser., 17 [1?]: 99-129, 52 figs. Paris. A general consideration and review of the subject matter with emphasis on pictorial manuscripts and some treatment of hieroglyphic writing. BEYER, HERMANN

1910 Über eine Namenshieroglyphe des Kodex Humboldt. Wissenschaftliche Festschrift zur Enthüllung des von Seiten seiner Majestät Wilhelm II. dem mexikanische Volke zum Jubilaum seiner Unabhangigkeit gestiften Humboldt-Denkmals, pp. 93-105, 34 figs. Mexico, Muller Hnos. Interpretation of a personal name glyph in Humboldt Fragment 1. A Spanish translation appears in El Mexico Antiguo, 10: 494-505 ( 1 9 6 5 ) .

1911 ¿Existe en el Codice FéjérváryMayer una representación de Huitzilopochtli? Anales del Museo 561

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnología, ep. 3, 2 ( 9 ) : 531-36. Mexico. Interprets a god in Codex Féjérváry-Mayer as representing the Black Tezcatlipoca, in disagreement with Seler, who had identified it as Huitzilopochtli. Reprinted in El Mexico Antiguo, 10: 369-71 (1965).

1912a Correcciones del período de Venus en los Códices Borgia y Porfirio Díaz. 17th International Congress of Americanists, 2d sess., pp. 13439, illus. Mexico. Interprets a part of section 15/16 ( p p . 4 9 - 5 2 ) of Codex Borgia and section 7 ( p . J' or 33, right) of Códice Porfirio Díaz as representing a correction in the length of the Venus cycle. Relates section 6 ( p . J' or 33, left) of Códice Porfirio Díaz with the four cosmic directions. Reprinted in El Mexico Antiguo, 10:291-95 (1965).

1912b Die "Serie der kosmischen Gegensatze," ein Abschnitt aus zwei mexikanischen Bilderschriften. Archiv für Anthropologic, n.s., 11: 293-319. Brunswick. Interprets section 6 ( p p . 18-21) of Codex Borgia and section 7 ( p p . 26-29, lower) of Codex Féjérváry-Mayer as representing a series of contrasts, such as the struggle between darkness and light. Also treats section 7 ( p p . 2 4 - 1 7 ) of Codex Laud. Spanish translation in EL Mexico Antiguo, 10: 1-33 (1965).

1942

Review of: Die Geschichte der Konigreiche . . . by Walter Lehmann (1938). American Anthropologist, 44 ( 1 ) : 127-29.

Detailed and critical review of Lehmann, 1938. BIBLIOTHECA INLUSTRIS

1842

Bibliotheca inlustris ac praehonorabilis domini Edvardi Vicecomitis de Kingsborough. . . . Catalogue of the rare and valuable library . . . . Dublin, Charles Sharpe. ν + 110 pp.

Kingsborough sale catalog. Items cited are: 535, copies of the Relación de Michoacan and Veytia's Historia; 536, copies of Veytia's Historia, Durán's Historia, Ixtlilxochitrs Historia and Relaciones, Alvarado Tezozomoc's Crónica, and the Relación de Michoacan; 541-542, two copies of Sahagún's Manuscrito de Tolosa; 569, Codex Kingsborough and

562

Gómez de Cervantes' Relación; 582, a copy of the Costumbres de Nueva España; and 667, the Techialoyan Codex of San Miguel Tepexoxouhcan and San Miguel Cuaxochco ( " W " ) . The catalog includes many undescribed items, some of which, as with others in the collection, were subsequently acquired by Sir Thomas Phillipps (see Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a), NYPL (see Rich, n.d.), and others. BIBLIOTHECA MEJICANA

1869

Bibliotheca mejicana: A catalogue of an extraordinary collection of books and manuscripts, almost wholly relating to the history and literature of North and South America, particularly Mexico. London, Puttick and Simpson. 312 pp.

Auction catalog of the Agustín Fischer collection (nos. 1-2038) and of the collection of Carl Hermann Berendt combined with that of an anonymous person (nos. 2039-2962). Items cited are: 1840, a copy of Muñoz Camargo's Historia; 1848, a Chimalpahin manuscript; 1925, includes a copy of the Manuscrito del Aperreamiento; 1929, Mexican Manuscript no. 2; 1932, a manuscript of Olmos' Arte; and 2034, an Ixtlilxochitl manuscript copy. All of them were acquired by Sir Thomas Phillipps. BIBLIOTHECA MEXICANA

1880

Bibliotheca mexicana or a catalogue of the library of rare books and important manuscripts relating to Mexico and other parts of Spanish America, formed by the late Señor Don José Ramírez. . . . London, Puttick and Simpson. 165 pp.

Items cited are: 94, Beaumont's Crónica de Michoacan ( N Y P L ) ; 295, Memorial de los Indios de Nombre de Dios, Durango, and the Relación de 1591 ( B A N ) ; 3 9 9 - 1 , Olmos' Huehuetlatolli ( J C B L ) ; 410, Ixtlilxochitl's Relaciones and Castañeda's Relación ( N L A ) ; 411, Ixtlilxochitrs Relaciones; 511, Cantares mexicanos ( B N M A ) ; 521, Huehuetlatolli: Documento A ( B A N ) ; 540, Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco; 576-3, 4; Zorita's Breve y sumaria relación and Castañeda's Relación ( B A N ) ; 585, Muñoz Camargo's Historia; 598-3, Castañeda's Relación; 604, Olmos' Arte ( B A N ) ; 615, Ordoñez y Aguiar's Historia ( B A N ) ; and 810, Historia y fundación de la ciudad de Tlaxcala y sus cuatro cabeceras ( B A N ) . Some of these items, most of which are copies, other than those now in BAN, relisted in Quaritch, 1880.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES BlBLIOTHECA SUSSEXIANA

1844 Bibliotheca Sussexiana: The extensive and valuable library of his Royal Highness the late Duke of Sussex, K.G. &c., &c. Part II— Manuscripts . . . which will be sold by auction by Messrs. Evans . . . Wednesday, July 31 . . . 1844. London. 73 pp. Testerian manuscript of the Bullock collection (census, 814) described as no. 400 on p . 36.

same as Blake (1884, pp. 83-96) with added remarks and illustrations.

1899

Sale catalog description (no. 1614, p. 132) of a volume, now in NLA, containing the "Plan of Unidentified Property." Nos. 1580 and 1641 of this catalog, also now in NLA, are not relevant to the census of pictorial or Testerian manuscripts.

1909

BIRKET-SMITH, K A J

1946

Geschichte der Kultur. Eine allgemeine Ethnologic Zurich, Orell Füssli. xii + 587 pp.

Second edition, 1948. Translated from the Danish edition (Kulturens Veje, Copenhagen, 1941-42; other editions, 1948, 1966). Cited for first reproduction (fig. 349) of the Mapa de Xochitepec.

BLOM, FRANS

n.d.

1965 Cortes and the Aztec conquest. (A Horizon Caravel Book). New York, American Heritage Publishing Co. and Harper & Row. 153

pp.

BLAKE, WILLSON WILBERFORCE

1884

Catalogue of the collections, historical and archaeological, of the National Museum of Mexico. Mexico. 119 pp.

Blake's catalogue of autographs and manuscripts, printed books on the inquisition . . . No. 8. Mexico. 87 pp.

Item 665 ( p . 49) is a Testerian manuscript, probably one of the two now located in the Hispanic Society of America, New York.

BLACKER, IRWIN R.

Numerous illustrations, many from Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts, include five in color from Durán's history, one from the Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma (MNA 3 5 - 1 1 ) , two in color from a copy of Códice Azcatitlan, numerous details from the Florentine Codex (three in color), and a falsification from the Morley collection.

Catalogue No. 2 of second-hand books and manuscripts. Mexico. 140 pp.

Codex Tulane: The most complete original Mixtee pictorial manuscript in the United States. A treasure of the Department of Middle American Research, The Tulane University of Louisiana, New Orleans. Unpaginated leaflet, 2 leaves, 1 illus.

Same as Blom, 1936, with added photographic detail of Codex Tulane. No author indicated on the leaflet.

1928

Gaspar Antonio Chi, interpreter. American Anthropologist, n.s., 30 ( 2 ) : 250-62, 2 pls.

Biobibliographical sketch; includes reproduction and interpretation of the Katun Wheel of Mani (after Cogolludo) and the genealogical tree of the Xiu family.

1935a A checklist of falsified Maya codices. Maya Research, 2 ( 3 ) : 25152.

"Paintings" ( p p . 83-96) describes 24 items, mostly pictorial manuscripts, on display in the Mexican National Museum. Substantially the same as listing in Mendoza and Sánchez (1882, pp. 4 6 7 - 7 1 ) . See Blake, 1891, for revised edition.

Brief descriptions of 10 falsified Maya pictorial manuscripts.

1891 The antiquities of Mexico as illustrated by the archaeological collections in its National Museum. New York, C. G. Crawford's print. 94 pp.

Page-by-page proof of the falsity of the Gomesta Manuscript.

"Indian paintings" ( p p . 8 3 - 9 4 ) , substantially the

1935b The "Gomesta Manuscript," a falsification. Maya Research, 2 ( 3 ) : 233-48, 6 figs.

1936

Codex Tulane, the most complete original Mixtec manuscript in the 563

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

U.S.A. Anthropos, 31: 238-39. Vienna. Brief description of Codex Tulane with notice of its acquisition by Tulane University. Not illustrated. See also Blom, n.d. 1945

El Lienzo de Analco, Oaxaca. Cuadernos Americanos, año 4, 24 ( 6 ) : 125-36, 10 figs. Mexico. Description, preliminary interpretation, and reproduction of details (nonphotographic) from Lienzo de Analco. BOBAN, E U G E N E

1891

Documents pour servir à l'histoire du Mexique. Catalogue raisonné de la collection de Μ. Ε. Eugène Goupil (ancienne collection J. M. A. Aubin). Paris, Ernest Leroux. 2 vols., xv + 428, 601 pp., and atlas with 80 pls. Detailed descriptive catalog of the Aubin-Goupil collection of Mexican and other manuscripts, now BNP 1-372. The first 35 manuscripts described are reproduced photographically in whole or in part in the atlas. Includes history of the collection, biography of Aubin, biographical notices of numerous other persons, and reprint of Aubin, 1851. A work of major importance. 1893

See Aubin, 1893.

1899

Catalogue de la bibliothèque américaine de feu Μ. Ε. Eugène Goupil. Paris, xviii + 114 pp. Sale catalog of books from the Aubin-Goupil collection other than of those given to the BNP. Two of the three manuscripts listed are now BNP 384; the third, by Ixtlilxochid, also listed by Chadenat (1899, no. 23492). Introductory remarks by Boban (pp. v-ix) treat history of the Aubin-Goupil collection between 1891 and 1898. Includes annotated outline (pp. 67-114) of Kingsborough, 1831-48, and reprint (pp. xi-xviii) of Reville, 1898. BORAH, WOODROW, AND SHERBURNE F. COOK

1963

The aboriginal population of Central Mexico on the eve of the Spanish conquest. (Ibero-Americana, 45). Berkeley, University of California. 157 pp. Study of the "Información sobre los tributos que los Indios pagaban a Moctezuma," a text related to Codex Mendoza, part 2, and the Matrícula de Tributos. 564

BORSON, ETIENNE

1796

Lettre à Μ. le médicin Allioni . . . sur les beaux-arts et en particulier sur le cabinet d'antiquités et d'histoire naturelle de S. E. Monseigneur le Cardinal Borgia a Velletri Rome. 53 pp. Account of the collection of Stephano Borgia includes mention (p. 39) of Codex Borgia and of the study thereof being prepared by Fábrega. BÕTTIGER, CARL AUGUST

1811

Ideen zur Archäologie der Malerei. Dresden. 377 pp. Not examined. Early reference ( 1 : 20-21) to Codex Dresden. BOTURINI BENADUCI, LORENZO

1746

Idea de una nueva historia general de la América septentrional. Madrid. 167 and 96 pp. Includes (second pagination, pp. 1-96) his "Catálogo del Museo Histórico Indiano," a listing of Mexican manuscripts and books in his collection. The "Idea" (first pagination, pp. 1-167) is a diffuse essay on the calendar and history of ancient Mexico with occasional comment on Mexican manuscripts. Second engraving, a portrait of the author, shows him holding a copy of Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 4. Other editions are Mexico (1871), Mexico (1887), and Paris (1933). 1948

Historia general de la América septentrional. (Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de España, 6: 1382,24pls.). Madrid. First complete edition of Boturini's treatise on the Mexican Indian calendar. Plates include drawings of day and month symbols and calendar wheels based on the Manual de Ministros de Indios by Serna, the Veytia Calendar Wheels, and inventive adaptations of them. Plate 20 is of the Rueda de los Nueve Señores de la Noche. BOWDITCH, CHARLES P .

1900

The Lords of the Night and the tonalamatl of the Codex Borbonicus. American Anthropologist, n . s . , 2 ( l ) : 145-54. Study of the permutation of the Nine Lords of the Night, the 260-day tonalpohualli cycle, and the 365-day year based on pp. 21-22 (part 2) of Codex Borbonicus. 1910

The numeration, calendar systems,

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

and astronomical knowledge of the Mayas. Cambridge, Mass. xvi + 340 pp., illus. Includes (pp. 324-31) discussion and reproductions of calendar wheels from various Books of Chilam Balam. BRAINERD, GEORGE W.

Another falsified Maya codex. The Masterkey, 22 ( 1 ) : 17-18. Los Angeles. Description of a falsified pictorial manuscript owned by a private collector. 1948

BRAND, D O N A L D

1944

An historical sketch of geography and anthropology in the Tarascan region: Part 1. New Mexico Anthropologist, 6-7: 37-108,1 map. "Bibliographic notes" (pp. 61-108) is a detailed bibliographical essay on Michoacan and includes some brief comments on pictorial manuscript sources. Part 2 has not been published. Reprint issued without change in pagination as "a contribution from the Institute of Social Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution" (Washington, D.C., n.d.). Spanish translation in Anales del Museo Michoacano, ep. 2, no. 5, pp. 41-151,1952.

à Christophe Colomb. . . . Paris, Arthus Bertrand. 4 vols. Ambitious but outmoded synthesis of the ancient history of Mexico and Guatemala based in part on manuscripts and copies in his own and other collections. Cited in pictorials census for early citation of Codex Paris ( 1 : lxxi, lxxiii) after Aubin, 1849. Introduction to vol. 1 includes bibliographical survey and long extracts from Aubin, 1849. 1861

Popol Vuh: Le livre sacré et les mythes de I'antiquité américaine, avec le livres héroïques et historiques des Quichés. . . . (Collection de documents dans les langues indigénes . . ., vol. 1). Paris, Arthus Bertrand. cclxxix •+ 367 pp. Quiche text of the Popol Vuh with French translation and long introduction and notes. The transcript of the text and the translation have been superseded by more recent works. See Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1926, for Spanish translation of this translation. 1864

BRASSEUR DE BOURBOURG, CHARLES ETIENNE

1851

Cartas para servir de introducción a la historia primitiva de las naciones civilizadas de la América setentrional. Mexico, Murguia.

75 pp. Text and title also in French. Cited for brief reference (pp. 26-28) to the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca under the synonym Codex Gondra. First letter deals with Ordóñez y Aguiar, cited with reference to the Probanza de Votan. Later reprinted in the Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía e Estadística. 1852

Des antiquités mexicaines. À propos du mémoire sur la peinture didactique . . . par M. J. A. Aubin . . . . Revue Archéologique, 9: 408-21. Paris. Also cited as 1853. General review of Aubin, 1849. Cited for early reference to the existence of Codex Paris. 1857-59 Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique et de I'Amérique-Centrale, durant les siècles anterieurs

Relation des choses de Yucatan de Diego de Landa. Texte espagnol et traduction français . . . avec une grammaire et un vocabulaire abrégés français-maya.... (Collection de documents dans les langues indigènes pour servir à 1'étude de I'histoire et de la philologie de I'Amérique ancienne, 3 ) . Paris, cxii + 516 pp.

Incomplete first edition of Landa's Relación with French translation. Includes an appendix of documents relating to Maya history. 1869-70 Manuscrit Troano: Études sur le système graphique et la langue des Mayas. Paris, Imprimerie Impériale. 2 vols. Vol. 1 contains color reproduction of the 70 pages of Codex Troano (a part of Codex Madrid) with introduction and a now wholly discredited translation of the manuscript. Vol. 2, primarily devoted to a Maya grammar and vocabulary, includes (pp. 110-20) incomplete Maya text and French translation of the Crónica de Chac-Xulub-Chen. 1871

Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatemalienne précédée d'un coup d'oeil sur les études américaines. . . . París, Maisonneuve & Cie. xlvii 4-183 pp. 565

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Annotated and selected catalog of the Brasseur collection. Items cited and present locations where known are: copies of the Anales de los Cakchiqueles (UP/UM), Cantares mexicanos (UP/UM), Título de los señores de Totonicapan (BNP/FA), Códice Chimalpopoca (BNP/FM), Fuentes y Guzmán's Historia, Ordóñez y Aguiar's Historia, and Pomar's Relación de Τexcoco. Also manuscripts of the Techialoyan Codex of Cempoala (NLA), the Ixcuín documents (PUL), Ximénez's copy of the Popol Vuh (NLA), and Gavarette's copy of parts of Ximénez's Historia (BAN). The collection was purchased by Pinart and all but the last item are identifiable in the sale catalog of his library (Catalogue, 1883). 1926

Popol Vuh: Libro sagrado del Quiche. Versión española del texto Francés del Abate Carlos Esteban Brasseur de Bourbourg. (Ediciones de la Biblioteca Nacional). San Salvador. 160 pp. Spanish translation of the French translation of the Popol Vuh by Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1861. BRAVO UGARTE, JOSÉ

La Relación de Mechuacan. Historia Mexicana, 12 ( 1 ) : 13-25. Mexico, El Colegio de Mexico. Critical discussion of the Relación de Michoacan, its history, bibliography, and authorship, with critical observations on the editor's introduction and notes to the 1956 edition, of which this article is a review. 1962

BRETON, ADELA C.

1919

Some Mexican picture names. Man, vol. 19, art. 64, pp. 118-21. London. Study and illustration of 24 place glyphs from Codex Kingsborough. 1920a An ancient Mexican picture-map. Man, vol. 20, art. 10, pp. 17-20, 2 pls. London. History and description of Lienzo de Medatoyuca, with reproduction of the Annie G. Hunter copy. 1920b The ancient Mexican picture-map in the British Museum. Man, vol. 20, art. 69, pp. 143-44. London. Brief note on Lienzo de Metlatoyuca by Zelia Nuttall, communicated by Breton. BRINTON, D A N I E L G.

1882a The Books of Chilan Balam, the 566

prophetic and historic records of the Mayas of Yucatan. Philadelphia, Edward Stern & Co. 19 pp., illus. General, outdated, comment on the Books of Chilam Balam. Illustrations are of glyphs of months from the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel and the Landa manuscript and day glyphs from the Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua, Codex Troano (a part of Codex Madrid), and the Landa manuscript. Other editions include those in the Venn Monthly, 13: 261-75 (1882), and in his Essays of an Americanist (Philadelphia, 1890), pp. 255-73. Spanish translations include that with notes by Paso y Troncoco in Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 1, 3: 92109, Mexico, 1886; reprinted, Merida, 1940. 1882b The Maya chronicles. (Brinton's Library of Aboriginal American Literature, 1). Philadelphia. vii + 279 pp. Reprinted by AMS Press, New York, 1969. Maya text and English translation of the Maya chronicles in the Books of Chilam Balam of Mani, Chumayel, and Tizimin; text and translation of the Chronicle of Chac-Xulub-Chen by Ah Nakuk Pech; edition of the Spanish text known as the Valladolid Lawsuit of 1618 (pp. 113-18). 1884

Manuscrits mexicains de la collection Poinsett. Revue d'Ethnographie, 3: 179. Paris. Brief notice of Mexican pictorial manuscripts in the Poinsett collection in Philadelphia: two leaves of the Matrícula de Tributos and the Poinsett Fragments 1 and 2, now in the codex collection of the Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico. 1885

The Annals of the Cakchiquels. The original text, with a translation, notes and introduction. (Brinton's Library of Aboriginal American Literature, 6 ) . Philadelphia. 234 pp. Incomplete transcript of the Anales de los Cakchiqueles with an English translation, also incomplete but extending further into the manuscript than the transcript. 1887

Ancient Nahuatl poetry, containing the Nahuatl text of XXVII ancient Mexican poems with a translation, introduction, notes and vocabulary. (Brinton's Library of Aboriginal American Literature, 7 ) . Philadelphia, viii + 177 pp.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Discussion of Nahuatl poetry; English translation (pp. 38-44) of the lamentations and the two poems from the Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl; English translation and Nahuatl text of 27 poems from the Cantares mexicanos (based on a copy by Brasseur de Bourbourg). 1890a On the Nahuatl version of Sahagún's Historia de Nueva Espana. 7th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 83-89. Berlin. One of the first published descriptions of the Sahagún manuscript, Códice Matritense del Real Palacio. 1890b Rig Veda Americanus: Sacred songs of the ancient Mexicans, with a gloss in Nahuatl. (Brinton's Library of Aboriginal American Literature, 8 ) . Philadelphia. xii + 95 pp., 5 figs. Publication of the 20 Cantares a los Dioses in Na huatl and English translation based on both the Primeros memoriales and Florentine Codex texts, with reproduction of copies of the accompanying drawings in the Florentine Codex. 1899

Current notes on anthropology: Another Mexican codex. Science, n.s., 9: 156. New York. States that letter received from Nicolás León reports discovery of a Mexican codex in hieroglyphic characters (of which León will soon publish a photolithographic reproduction), dating from the year 1545 and relating to the tributes paid by the town of Tepeai (sic). Probably refers to Códice Mariano Jiménez. 1900

Catalogue of the Berendt linguistic collection. Bulletin of the Free Museum of Science and Art of the University of Pennsylvania, 2 ( 4 ) : 203-34. Collection now in University Museum Library, University of Pennsylvania, includes copies of various Books of Chilam Balam and other Indian texts. Reprint separately paginated, 1900, 32 pp. , HENRY PHILLIPS, JR., AND J. CHESTON MORRIS

1892

The tribute roll of Montezuma. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s., vol. 17, part 2, art. 4, pp. 54-61, 6 pls. Philadelphia.

Description and photoreproduction, in color, of two leaves of the Matrícula de Tributos and of the Poinsett Fragments 1 and 2, then in the American Philosophical Society but since 1942 in the codex collection of the Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico. BRITISH MUSEUM

1833

List of additions made to the collections in the British Museum in the year 1831. London. Catalog entry (p. 2) for copies of Mexican pictorial manuscripts in the British Museum made by Aglio and presented by Lord Kingsborough. See Article 28 for listing. 1837

List of additions made to the collections in the British Museum in the year 1834. London. Catalog entry (p. 3) for a copy of Codex Féjérváry-Mayer by Aglio. 1850

Catalogue of additions to the manuscripts in the British Museum in the years 1841-1845. London. Catalog entry (p. 2 of the 1843 section) for the volume containing Codex Kingsborough and the Gómez de Cervantes manuscript. 1864

Catalogue of additions to the manuscripts in the British Museum in the years 1846-1847. London. Catalog entry (p. 357) for the Techialoyan Codex of Santiago Chalco, Atenco (no. 716). 1875

Catalogue of additions to the manuscripts in the British Museum in the years 1854-1860. London. Catalog entry (p. 584) for the Mapa de Santa Barbara Tamasolco and part of the Techialoyan Codex of San Pablo Huyxoapan (no. 717). 1882

Catalogue of additions to the manuscripts in the British Museum in the years 1876-1881. London. Catalog entries for Lienzo de Metlatoyuca (p. 33) and Codex Aubin (p. 164). 1925

Catalogue of additions to the manuscripts in the British Museum in the years 1911-1915. London. Catalog entries for a copy of Lienzo Antonio de León ("Codex Rickards") (p. 278) and three manuscripts from the Waecker-Götter collection: Códice Sánchez Solís, the Papers of Itzcuintepec, and the Testerian manuscript of the British Museum (pp. 407-11). 567

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1933 Catalogue of additions to the manuscripts, 1916-1920. London. History (given nowhere else) and catalog data ( p p . 141-43) on Codex Nuttall.

1967

Catalogue of additions to the manuscripts, 1931-1935. London.

Add. MSS 43795 ( p p . 232-33) includes pictorial plan of property in or near Tepetlaoxtoc, 1605; not investigated and not included in pictorial census. BULLOCK,

n.d.

WILLIAM

[Lithograph facsimile of the Códice Boturini.]

Rare first edition of Códice Boturini, made about 1824. No copy located or examined for description.

1824a Six months' residence and travels in Mexico, containing remarks on the present state of New Spain. . . . London, John Murray. 532 pp. Includes some general references to Mexican manuscripts and to pictorial manuscripts borrowed by him from the Mexican government. Lithograph of the Plano en Papel de Maguey at end of volume. Second edition, 1825, and also Dutch (Delft, 1825) and German translations (Dresden, 1825). For French translation see Bullock, 1824b.

1824b Le Mexique en 1823 ou Relation d'un voyage dans la Nouvelle Espagne. . . . Paris, Alexis-Eymery. 2 vols, and atlas (Atlas historique pour servir au Mexique en 1823). French translation of Bullock, 1824a. The Plano en Papel de Maguey is reproduced in a lithograph in the atlas. For reprint of the atlas see Fernández, 1956.

1824c A description of the unique exhibition called ancient Mexico: collected on the spot in 1823 by the assistance of the Mexican government and now open for public inspection at the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly. London. 51 pp. Exhibit catalog with 52 numbered entries, of which 17 appear to be pictorial manuscripts. See Glass, 1964, pp. 21-22, for discussion. Identifiable items are: Códice de la Cueva (no. 5 1 ) , Códice Boturini (no. 4 8 ) , Códice de Huamantla, Fragments 2 - 5 (nos. 15, 20, 4 1 , and 4 ) , Plano en Papel de Maguey (no. 3 or no. 4 5 ) , and Códice de Tlaxcala (no. 2 9 ) . Also unidentified copy of Códice Boturini (no. 49) and unidentified Testerian manuscript (no. 4 7 ) .

568

Nos. 12, 2 1 , 42, and 46 may be related to Lienzo de Tlaxcala. BUNTING, ETHEL-JANE

1931 The Ixtlan and Meixueiro codices. The Maya Society Quarterly, 1 ( 1 ) : 34-36. Baltimore. Unimportant general observations on Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 1 and Lienzo Meixueiro. BURGESS, DORA M. DE, AND PATRICIO XEC

1955 El Popol Wuj. Texto del Padre Ximénez traducido por. . . . Quetzaltenango, Talleres Gráficos "El Noticiero Evangélico." xiii •+ 302

pp. Quiche text (after the manuscript in NLA) and Spanish translation. Introduction by Pablo Burgess, also in Quiche and Spanish. BURLAND, COTTIE A .

1947a American Indian The Geographical ( 7 ) : 285-92, illus.

map makers. Magazine, 20 London.

Popular account of North American and Mexican Indian maps. Includes reproduction of a detail from Lienzo de Metlatoyuca and the second of the two maps in Codex Kingsborough, here misdated at 1583.

1947b Einige Bemerkungen über den Codex Vindobonensis Mexic. 1. Archiv für Völkerkunde, 2: 10107. Vienna. General speculations about genealogies in Codex Vienna and the Toltecs of Tula. Ultraviolet photoof one page of Códice Sánchez Solís.

1947c A 360-day count in a Mexican codex. Man, vol. 47, art. 114, pp. 106-08. London. Interprets a passage in Codex Laud as representing a 360-day count. Spanish translation in Martínez Marín, 1961, p p . 17-20.

1948

Some descriptive notes on Ms. Laud Misc. 678, a pre-Columbian Mexican document in the Bodleian Library of the University of Oxford. 28th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 371-76. Paris.

Description of Codex Laud with summary page-bypage commentary. Spanish translation in Martínez Marín, 1961, p p . 21-25.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

1950a The four directions of time: An account of page one of Codex Féjérváry-Mayer. Santa Fe, Museum of Navajo Ceremonial Art. 12 pp., 1 pl. Admittedly controversial interpretation of p . 1 of Codex Féjérváry-Mayer, with color reproduction.

1950b A map of Mexico City in 1550. The Geographical Magazine, 23 ( 3 ) : 119-28. London. Popular account of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico with two-page reproduction and details from the Linné (1948) edition, of which this article constitutes a sort of book review.

1951a Codex Féjérváry-Mayer in Liverpool City Museums. Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana, vol. 13, part 1, p. 27. Mexico. Brief comment, with observations on minor differences between the original manuscript and the edition of 1901.

1951b The picture books of ancient Mexico. Naturai History, 60 ( 4 ) : 177-81, illus. New York. Popular introduction to the subject matter with emphasis on the Mixtec pictorial manuscripts.

1951c The tree of the Mixteca: A short study of the historical codices of Mexico. 29th International Congress of Americanists, 1 (Civilizations of Ancient America): 68-71. Chicago. Brief consideration of the mythological beginning of Mixtec history as presented in the major Mixtee pictorial manuscripts.

1953

Magic books from Mexico. (The King Penguin Books, 64). Harmondsworth. 31 pp., 16 colored pls.

Popular account of Mexican pictorial manuscripts with descriptions of illustrated details from selected manuscripts, principally of the Mixtee and Borgia Groups. Another edition, Mexico, Ediciones Lara, 1966, 30 pp., illus.

1955a The conception of the supreme deity expressed in pre-Columbian Mexican picture writings. Baes-

sler-Archiv, n.s., 3: 35-46, 11 figs. Berlin. Analysis of the indicated subject matter as well as of the concept of a supreme duality as represented in a wide number of the better-known, ritualcalendrical Mexican pictorial manuscripts.

1955b The Selden Roll: An ancient Mexican picture manuscript in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. (Ibero-Amerikanischen Bibliothek zu Berlin. Monumenta Americana, vol. 2). Berlin, Verlag Gebr. Mann. 51 pp., colored frontispiece, facsimile of the manuscript mounted on a strip of cloth. Separate abridged German translation of the commentary by Gerdt Kutscher, 16 pp. Photographic facsimile edition of the Selden Roll, with commentary. Includes bibliography of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts listed separately in this bibliography (Kutscher, 1955).

1956

Mixtee codical art. Man, vol. 56, art. 72, p. 75. London.

Brief communication about a note by Dark (1956) published in the same volume and under the same title.

1957a Ancient Mexican documents in Great Britain. Man, vol. 57, art. 85, pp. 76-77. London. Incomplete survey with general remarks.

1957b Codex Borbonicus: pages 21 and 22, a critical assessment. Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, n.s., 46: 157-63. París. Considers the ritual and religious significance of part 2 of Codex Borbonicus, particularly that of the gods in the central panels.

1957c Some errata in the published edition of Codex Nuttall. Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas de Mexico, 2 ( 1 [3]): 11-13. Mexico. Important but incomplete notices about copyist's and binder's errors in the 1902 edition of Codex Nuttall (Nuttall, 1902).

1958a Eclipse data from a Mixtee codex. Boletín de Estudios Oaxaqueños, 569

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

no. 9, pp. 1-7. ico.

Oaxaca and Mex-

Discussion of the implications of possible representations of eclipses in Codex Nuttall for Mixtec chronology.

1958b Ethnographic notes on Codex Selden in the Bodleian Library of the University of Oxford. Miscelánea Paul Rivet Octogenario Dicata, l : 361-72. Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. Description of costume, personal accoutrements, ceremonial objects, and other forms depicted in Codex Selden.

1960 The map as a vehicle of Mexican history. Imago Mundi, 15: 11-18, 7 figs. The Hague. General discussion of Mexican Indian maps. Includes description and excellent folding photoreproduction of the Mapa de Tecamachalco, a redrawing of one sheet of the Papers of Itzcuintepec (BM, Egerton MS 3897, part 1; here identified as Egerton MS 2896, part 1 ) , a redrawing of a detail from Códices indígenas de algunos pueblos del Marquesado del Valle, no. 11, and photoreproductions of two pages from Codex Nuttall and two pages from Codex Vienna.

1962a More data on the Lienzo of the Royal Ontario Museum. Katunob, 3 (1-2): 21. Oshkosh. Relatively unimportant comment on the photostatic copy of Lienzo Antonio de Leon in the British Museum.

1962b Town foundation dates and historical cross references in Mixtec codices. 34th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 665-69. Vienna. Speculations about Mixtee history in Codices Bodley, Selden, Nuttall, and Vienna and possible historical relationships to the Toltecs.

1965 Codex Egerton 2895, British Museum, London. Codices Selecti, vol. 7). Graz, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. 23 pp. with screenfold facsimile, 16 leaves. Photographic color facsimile of Códice Sánchez Solís. Accompanying pamphlet is primarily devoted to a detailed physical description of the manuscript

570

without more than incidental comment content.

on its

1966a Codex Laud (Ms. Laud Misc. 678), Bodleian Library, Oxford. (Codices Selecti, vol. 11). Graz, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. 34 pp. with separate screenfold facsimile, 24 leaves. Boxed. Photographic color facsimile of Codex Laud with accompanying pamphlet containing description, comment on pagination and possible missing pages, and bibliography.

1966b Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus 1, seen as the Book of Quetzalcoatl. Adeva-Mitteilungen (trade journal of the Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt), no. 7, pp. 7-8. Graz. Concludes that Codex Vienna is "the history of Quetzalcoatl, and a succinct chronicle of his Toltec successors." Reprinted in Katunob, 5 ( 2 - 3 ) : 1 8 20 ( 1 9 6 5 ) . BURLINGTON MAGAZINE

1969 Testerian manuscript of Christian doctrine. . . . The Burlington Magazine, 111 (794 [May]): xxix. Advertisement on p. xxix reproduces two pages of the Testerian manuscript of the Bullock collection (no. 814) with notice regarding date of Phillipps sale (see Parke-Bernet, 1969, in which the same two pages are again reproduced). BURRUS, ERNEST J.,

S.J.

1957 Two lost Mexican books of the sixteenth century. Hispanic American Historical Review, 37: 330-39. Includes biobibliographical data and documentation on Juan de Tovar.

1959

Clavigero and the lost Sigüenza y Gongora manuscripts. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, 1: 59-90. Mexico.

Study and publication of a list of manuscripts made by Clavigero (different from that in his Historia antigua), some of which were seen by him in 1759 in either the Boturini or the Sigüenza collections. The study attaches undue significance to Clavigero's list, which displays little knowledge of the manuscripts beyond that already recorded in the literature at the time that Clavigero wrote (Boturini,

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

dian linguistics in the Edward E. Ayer collection. Chicago, The Newberry Library. 2 vols.

Eguiara y Eguren, Vetancurt, Pinelo, González de Barcia, etc.). BUSTAMANTE, CARLOS MARÍA DE

1829

Historia de la conquista de Mexico escrita por el R. P. Fr. Bernardino Sahagún. . . . Mexico, Imprenta de Galván. viii + 69 pp.

First edition of book 12 of the Historía general by Sahagún based on a copy of the Manuscrito de Tolosa. See Bustamante, 1829-30, for publication of books 1-11.

1829-30 Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España. . . . Mexico, Alejandro Valdés. 3 vols. First edition of books 1-11 of the Historía general by Sahagún based on a copy of the Manuscrito de Tolosa. See Bustamante, 1829, for book 12. See Bustamante, 1890-96, for another edition.

1835-36 Mañanas de la Alameda de Mexico. Mexico. 2 vols. Includes (in vol. 1, facing p. 94) a lithograph reproduction of Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 5 and 6.

1840 La aparición de Ntra. Señora de Guadalupe de Mexico . . . ó sea: Historia original de este escritor que altera la publicada en 1829. . . . Mexico, Ignacio Cumplido, xxii + 261 pp. Publication of the Spanish text of Sahagún's Relación de la conquista de esta Nueva España, a revision of book 12 of his Historia general.

1890-96 Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España escrita por el R. P. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. (100 Tomos, Biblioteca Mexicana, vols. 22-25). Mexico, Ireneo Paz. 4 vols.

Lists books, pamphlets, reprints, and some photographs and manuscripts classified by languages of North and Middle America.

1941b Edward E. Ayer's quest for Hispano-Americana. Inter-American Bibliographical Review, 1 ( 2 ) : 8 1 90. Washington. Biographical sketch and data on the formation of the Ayer collection in the Newberry Library, Chicago. CABRERA, PAUL FELIX

1822

CAHUANTZI, PRÓSPERO

1939 Lienzo de Tlaxcala: Manuscrito pictórico de mediados del siglo XVI. Mexico, Librería Anticuaría de G. M. Echániz. 21 pp., pls. 113, 13bis, 14-75, A-D, 1 unnumbered plate and 1 diagram. Publication of late 19thC color lithographs of Lienzo de Tlaxcala with preface and reprint of the description by Mazihcatzin ( 1 9 2 7 ) . CALLEGARI, G. V.

1911 Due pergamene Messicane del R. Museo d'Antichita di Parma. Le Cronache Letterarie, anno 2, no. 74 (September 17), p. 3, 2 illus. Florence. Identification and poor reproduction of two falsified pictorial manuscripts on skin. See also Callegari, 1914.

1914

Another edition of Bustamante, 1829, and 1 8 2 9 30. BUTLER, RUTH LAPHAM

1937 A checklist of manuscripts in the Edward E. Ayer collection. Chicago, The Newberry Library, viii

See Rio and Cabrera, 1822.

Due pergamene Messicane del R. Museo d'Antichita di Parma. Revista de la Sociedad Científica "Antonio Alzate," 32 (9-10): 7376. Mexico.

Reprint of Callegari, 1911, without the illustrations. CAMPOS, RUBÉN

Μ.

Classified catalog of manuscripts in the Ayer collection in the Newberry Library, Chicago.

La producción literaria de los aztecas. Mexico, Museo Nacional. 464 pp.

1941a A bibliographical checklist of North and Middle American In-

Anthology containing extracts from the writings of Durán, Bustamante, Veytia, Ixtlilochitl, Clavigero, Sahagún, etc. Cited only for Spanish translation

+ 295 pp.

1936

571

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES ( p p . 101-98) by Mariano Jacobo Rojas of 33 songs from Cantares mexicanos and for partial publication of Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl. CAPITÁN,

LOUIS

1911 Un manuscrit mexicain de 1534 nahuatl-espagnol. Académie des Inscriptions & Belles-Lettres, Comptes Rendus des séances de Xannée 1911. Paris. pp. 154-59. Description, without illustrations, of the Manuscrit Judiciaire de 1534.

1912

1949

Une mappe inédite de 1534, avec texte espagnol au verso. 17th International Congress of Americanists, 2d sess., p. 336. Mexico.

One-paragraph announcement Manuscrit Judiciaire de 1534.

concerning

the

1923 Un manuscrit judiciaire de 1534 nahuatl-espagnol. lournal de la Soctété des Américanistes de Paris, n.s., 15: 75-81, 2 pl. Paris. Slightly incomplete photoreproduction of both sides of the Manuscrit Judiciaire de 1534 with commentary and paleography of the text.

Not examined. See Carcer, 1948-49, for annotation of another edition of this work. CARMACK, ROBERT M.

1967 Análisis histórico-sociológico de un antiguo título Quiché. Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, 19 ( 1 ) : 3-13. Guatemala. Publication of the Antiguo título Quiche (census, 1180). CARRASCO ΡIΖΑΝΑ, PEDRO

1944

Historia de Mexico desde los primeros tiempos de que haya noticia hasta mediados del siglo XIX. Mexico, Juan Abadiano. 2 vols. Mus.

Illustrations include drawings based on the Títulos de Santa Isabel Tola (in part after Prescott, 1844), the Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma, and the Plano en Papel de Maguey (after Bullock, 1824). Others are imaginative, not relevant to the census, or are based on Clavigero. CARCER,

MARIANO

1948-49 Ejemplares del arte plumario mexicano y una falsificación del Lienzo de Tlaxcala descubiertos recientemente en España. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 10: 99-113, illus. Mexico. Photoreproduction and description of two falsified versions of Lienzo de Tlaxcala (Códice de Comillas and Primer Códice de la Granja). Also, general discussion of falsified pictorial manuscripts and mention of other examples. See Carcer, 1949, for another edition of this work.

572

Un dios Otomi que pierde el nom­ bre. Tlalocan, 1 ( 4 ) : 359. Sacra­ mento.

Palaeography of a single line of gloss on one page of Codex Telleriano-Remensis.

1950

CARBAJAL ESPINOSA, FRANCISCO

1862

Ejemplares de arte plumario mejicano y una falsificación del Lienzo de Tlaxcala descubiertos recientemente en España. Revista de Indias, 9 (35): 99-112.

Los Otomíes: Cultura e historia prehispánicas de los pueblos mesoamericanos de habla otomiana. (Instituto de Historia, 1st ser., no. 15). Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma. 355 pp.

Thorough, well-documented survey of the preHispanic culture and history of the Otomian-speaking peoples of Central Mexico. Includes study of the calendrical pages in Códice de Huichapan, the calendrical content of the Meztitlan Calendar Wheel, the Calendario Matlatzinca, and of the Otomi calendrical names in Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 1. Extensive utilization of Códice de Huamantla.

1964

Tres libros de tributos del Museo Nacional de Mexico y su importancia para los estudios demográficos. 35th International Congress of Americanists, 3: 373-78. Mexico.

Study of a written census of localities in the state of Morelos, Mexico, cited in connection with the pictorial census of Tepoztlan.

1966 Documentos sobre el rango de Tecuhtli entre los Nahuas tramontanos. Tlalocan, 5 ( 2 ) : 133-60. Mexico. Includes publication ( p p . 134-38) of "La orden

ANNOTATED REFEBENCES que los Indios tenían en su tiempo para hacerse tecutles," from the NYPL copy.

1967a Relaciones sobre la organización social indígena en el siglo XVI. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, 7: 119-54. Mexico.

1949a Misiones mexicanas en archivos europeos. (Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, Pub. 93). Mexico. x + 120 pp.

Includes the Parecer de la Orden de San Agustín sobre los señores y tributos de los Indios and part of the Parecer by Fray Toribio de Motolinía and Fray Diego de Olarte.

Lists of copies of documents, etc., from European archives assembled by Paso y Troncoso, Núñez y Domínguez, and others. Includes incidental data on Mexican Indian manuscripts in the native tradition. See also Zavala, 1938, and Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a, 1947b.

1967b El señorío Tzutuhil de Atitlan en el siglo XVI. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 21: 31731. Mexico.

1949b Planos de la ciudad de Mexico. Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, 67 ( 2 3 ) : 263-427, 66 pls. Mexico.

Includes comment on the Relación de los caciques y principales del pueblo de Atitlan. CARREÑO, ALBERTO MARÍA

1912

Documentos relacionados con la historia de Mexico existentes en la Nueva Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York. Anales del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia, y Etnología, ep. 3, 4: 489-504. Mexico.

Includes catalog of Mexican manuscripts, many from the Rich collection, in the New York Public Library. Also published in Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, ep. 5, 5: 242 ff., Mexico, 1912.

1950

Manuscritos, incunables, y libros raros en la Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico. Boletín de la Biblioteca Nacional, ep. 2,1 ( 4 ) : 3-74. Mexico.

Cited in pictorial census for description of the Kalendario mexicano, latino y castellano with reproduction of two of its pages ( p p . 8 - 1 3 ) , description and reproduction of one page of Códice de Santa Maria Asuncion ( p p . 12-15, 17), and brief description of the Genealogía de Don Felipe Ixtlilxochitl ( p . 1 5 ) . CARRERA STAMPA, M A N U E L

1945 Algunos aspectos de la Historia de Tlaxcala de Diego Muñoz Camargo. In Ramon Iglesia, ed., Estudios de Historiografía de la Nueva España, pp. 91-142. Mexico, El Colegio de Mexico. Analysis of the work and of the historiographical perspectives of its author.

Comprehensive, illustrated, and ography of the Plano en Papel 325-28, pl. 3) and of the Santa City and Valley of Mexico ( p p . pl. 6 ) .

annotated biblide Maguey ( p p . Cruz Map of the 342-46, 407-08,

1959 Fuentes para el estudio de la historia indígena. In Carmen Cook de Leonard, ed., Esplendor del Mexico Antiguo, 2: 1109-96. Mexico, Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas de Mexico. Annotated guide, with bibliographies, to a large number of printed and manuscript sources for the ethnohistory of Middle America. Approximately 86 entries are pictorial manuscripts in the native tradition. See Carrera Stampa, 1962-63 and 1965, for revised editions.

1962-63 Fuentes para el estudio del mundo indígena. Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 21 ( 3 ) : 261-312; 21 ( 4 ) : 375-413; 22 ( 1 ) : 31-110; 22 ( 2 ) : 152-212; 22 ( 3 ) : 261-326; 22 ( 4 ) : 361-420. Mexico. Enlarged and revised version of Carrera Stampa, 1959. Describes and gives bibliographies for about 100 pictorial manuscripts and numerous other sources.

1965 Códices, mapas y lienzos acerca de la cultura nahuatl. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, 5: 165-220. Mexico. Descriptive and bibliographic handlist of more than 50 pictorial manuscripts, excluding those of Maya, Mixtec, Tarascan, and other non-Nahuatl origins. Extracted and revised from Carrera Stampa, 1962-63.

573

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES CARRILLO Y ANCONA, CRESCENCIO

Geografía maya. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 2: 435-38, 2 figs. Mexico. Publication and discussion of two maps from the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. Apparently extracted from his Historia antigua de Yucatan (1883,1937). 1882

1950

Disertación sobre la historia de la lengua maya o yucateca. In his Los Mayas de Yucatan (Editorial Yucatanense "Club del Libro," vol. 21), pp. 71-187. Merida. Cited for descriptions of Codex Pérez and the Books of Chilam Balam of Chumayel and Tizimin. Also gives biobibliographical sketches of more than 24 authorities (Landa, Juan Pío Pérez, Brasseur de Bourbourg, etc.). First published in the Revista de Merida, 1870, and subsequently in the Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, 1872 (reprinted Merida, 1872, and Merida, 1937).

et nove imagini de gli Dei Indiani. Padua. Not examined. Cited by Ehrle (1900, pp. 10-11) and Paso y Troncoso (1898b, pp. 353-54). Apparently contains material in Cartari, 1615, as well as an engraving and description of an eighth detail from Codex Rios from a copy by Fifippo Wingherino or Vinghernio (Felipe de Einghe) (pp. 548-61). Also other editions, including Venice, 1574 (reprinted, Graz, 1963), not examined. CARTOGRAFÍA DE LA N U E V A G A L I C I A

1961

Cartografía de la Nueva Galicia. Guadalajara, Ediciones del Banco Industrial de Jalisco. 102 pp., 45 pls. Reproduces some 16thC maps and numerous 18thC maps of Northern and Western Mexico, none of which are included in the census. Cited in survey. CARTOGRAFÍA DE PUEBLA

1958

CARRILLO Y G A R I E L , ABELARDO

1949

El Cristo de Mexicaltzingo, técnica de las esculturas en caña. Mexico, Dirección de Monumentos Coloniales. 88 pp., 26 pls., and separate atlas with 22 pls. Description and photoreproduction of the Códices del Cristo de Mexicaltzingo. 1952

Pinturas de la escuela toluqueña del siglo XVIII. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 5: 81-88, 8 pls. Mexico. Discussion of a school of painting immediately following the period of the Techialoyan painters. CARTARI ( R E G G I A N O ) , V I N C E N Z O

1615

Le vere e nove imagini de gli dei delli antichi . . . nouissima impressione . . . da Lorenzo Pignoria. . . . Padua, prelims., 576 pp. [2 ff.], lxiii. "Annotationi di Lorenzo Pignoria al libro delle Imagini del Cartari" or "Seconda parte delle Imagini . . ." added to this edition includes engravings and descriptions of seven details from four pages of Codex Rios from copies provided to Ottaviano Malipiero by Cardinal Amulio (pp. iv-xxiii). See also Cartari, 1626. 1626 574

Nova seconda editione delle vere

Cartografía de Puebla en el Archivo General de la Nación. (Centro de Estudios Históricos de Puebla, Pub. 8 ) . Puebla. 22 pp., 40 pls.

Catalog of maps, 1564-1873, from the state of Puebla, Mexico, most of which are in AGN-T; 40 are reproduced. None are included in pictorial census although some exhibit slight traces of Indian influence. GARY, DIANA SERRA

1962

A cathedral comes into focus: An important discovery and restoration of artistic treasures at Cuernavaca. (Reprint from St. Joseph Magazine, St. Benedict, Oregon). Mount Angel Abbey, Inc. Five illustrations of the Techialoyan-style murals of Cuernavaca Cathedral. [This item from Donald Robertson; not seen by J. B. Glass.] CASO, ALFONSO

1927

Las ruinas de Tizatlan, Tlaxcala. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Históricos, 1 ( 4 ) : 139-72, 3 pls. Mexico. Publication of painted archaeological murals, compared with style of Codex Borgia. 1928

Las estelas zapotecas. Mexico. 204 pp., 95 figs. Study of the hieroglyphic sculpture of Monte Al-

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

ban, Oaxaca. Cited for comment on day signs in Códice Dehesa. Un códice en Otomi. 23d International Congress of Americanists, pp. 130-35. New York. Description of Códice de Huichapan with study of its calendrical section and photoreproduction of selected pages. Reprinted, with additions, in Caso, 1967. 1930

1939a La correlación de los años azteca y cristiano. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 3 ( 1 ) : 11-45. Mexico. Fundamental modern study of the correlation of the Aztec calendar. Includes analysis of the initial month of the native year in Codex Borbonicus. Reprinted, with additions, in Caso, 1967. 1939b En la Plaza de la Constitución esta enterrada un monolito azteca. El Nacional, Edición Dominical, May 28, p. 1. Mexico. Popular newspaper account of theory that Aubin Manuscript no. 20 depicts a sculpture buried in Mexico City. El entierro del siglo. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 65-76. Mexico. Analysis of the ceremony of the Aztec month Tititl, based largely on Codex Borbonicus. Reprinted, with additions, in Caso, 1967, pp. 129-40. 1940

1943a The calendar of the Tarascans. American Antiquity, 9 ( 1 ) : 11-28. Analysis of calendrical data in the Relación de Michoacan. Reprinted in Caso, 1967, pp. 241-52. 1943b The Codices of Azoyu. Dyn, 1 ( 4 - 5 ) : 3-6, 2 pls. Coyoacan, Mexico. General observations and color reproductions of two pages of a copy of Códice de Azoyu no. 1. 1945a Una fecha en el Códice Ramírez. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 7: 82-83. Mexico. Analysis of the implications of a single date in Códice Ramírez (by Tovar) as it affects the date and authorship of Crónica X and the Tovar manuscript, Relación del Origen.. . . Reprinted in Caso, 1967, pp. 96-97. 1945b La fecha de la conquista de Tlatelolco por Tenochtitlan. (Tlatelol-

co a Través de los Tiempos, 5, part 4). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 4 ( 3 ) : 324-25. Mexico. Discussion of a hieroglyphic day-and-month date in Codex Cozcatzin. Reprinted, with added color reproduction of f. 15r of the codex, in Caso, 1967, pp. 97-98, pl. facing p. 98. El Calendario Matlatzinca. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 8: 95-109. Mexico. Revised in Caso, 1967, pp. 226-40, with added photoreproduction of the original manuscript. 1946

El Mapa de Popotla. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 2: 315-20. Mexico. Commentary and photoreproduction of the MNA copy of Mapa de Popotla. 1947

El Mapa de Teozacoalco. Cuadernos Americanos, año 8, 47 ( 5 ) : 145-81. Mexico. Description, interpretation, and color reproduction of the DGMH copy of the relación geográfica Mapa de Teozacoalco. Fundamental study for the interpretation of the Mixtec historical screenfolds. 1949

1951

Explicación del reverso del Codex Vindobonensis. Memoria de el Colegio Nacional, vol. 5 (i.e., 2; for 1950), no. 5, pp. 9-46. Mexico. Interpretation, with poor photoreproduction, of the reverse side of Codex Vienna. 1952

Base para la sincronología mixteca y cristiana. Memoria de el Colegio Nacional, vol. 6 (i.e., 2; for 1951), no. 6, pp. 49-66, 3 tablcs. Mexico. Important study of Mixtee chronology and establishment of correlation of dates in the genealogies of Codices Bodley, Selden, and Vienna with the Christian calendar. Tables give dates in pp. 1-20 of Codex Bodley, Codex Selden, and correlation of Mixtee and Christian years. Also published in Memoria del Congreso Científico Mexicano, 12: 26388 (Mexico, U.N.A.M., 1953) but without correlation table and with added table of dates in Codex Vienna, reverse (the latter table is also published in Caso, 1951). 1953

Un problema de interpretación. Yan, no. 2, pp. 105-07. Mexico. Discussion of the interpretation of pp. 21-22 of Codex Borbonicus. Accompanies articles on same 575

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

subject by Apenes (1953) and Lizardi Ramos (1953a). Content comprehended in Caso, 1967.

1954

Interpretación del Códice Gómez de Orozco. Mexico. 20 pp. with facsimile reproduction of the manuscript.

Commentary and color photofacsimile of Fragmento Gómez de Orozco. Includes reproduction and interpretation of a detail from Lienzo Antonio de León and comparative observations on the Selden Roll and other Mixtec manuscripts.

1955a Der Jahresanfang bei den Mixteken. Baessler-Archiv, n.s., 3: 4753, 3 tables. Berlin. Analysis of dates on the reverse of Codex Nuttall suggests that the Mixtec year was named after its first rather than after the 360th day.

1955b Vida y aventuras de 4 Vientos, "Serpiente de Fuego." Miscelánea de estudios dedicados al Dr. Fernando Ortiz por sus discípulos, colegas y amigos con ocasión de cumplirse sesenta años de la publicación de su primer impreso en 1895, 1 ( ? ) : 293-98. Havana. Study of the dynastic wars and marriages of 4 Wind ( A . D . 1040-1112) as contained in Codices Becker no. 1, Bodley, Nuttall, and Selden with minor utilization of Lienzo de Zacatepec.

1956 Los barrios antiguos de Tenochtitlan y Tlatelolco. Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 15 ( 1 ) : 7-63, illus. Mexico. Important study of barrio names and locations in Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco. Cited for comment on the Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc (partially reproduced) and the Plano en Papel de Amate (completely reproduced).

1958a El calendario mexicano. Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 17 ( 1 ) : 41-96, tables. Mexico. General study of the Mesoamerican native calendar with observations bearing on the interpretation of various manuscript sources. Reprinted in chapter 1 of Caso, 1967.

1958b Comentario al Códice Baranda. Miscelánea Paul Rivet, Octogenario Dicata, 1: 373-89, 1 folding 576

colored pl., 4 b / w pls. Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma. Commentary on Códice Baranda with photoreproduction in both color and b / w .

1958c Fragmento de genealogía de los principes mexicanos. Journal de la Société des Americanistes, n.s., 47: 21-31, 3 figs., 1 colored pl. París. Detailed interpretation with color photoreproduction of the Genealogía de los Principes Mexicanos. Includes illustration of a detail from Codex Cozcatzin and translation of its Nahuatl text.

1958d Lienzo de Yolotepec. Memoria de el Colegio Nacional, vol. 3 (for 1957), no. 4, pp. 41-55. Mexico. Photoreproduction and commentary, Lienzo de Yolotepec.

1958e El Mapa de Xochitepec. 32d International Congress of Americanists, pp. 458-66. Copenhagen. Photoreproduction of and commentary on Mapa de Xochitepec. Includes listing of Mixtee pictorial manuscripts.

1958f El primer embajador conocido en América. Cuadernos Americanos, año 17, 100 ( 5 ) : 285-93. Mexico. Study of a 9thC episode in the genealogies of Codex Bodley.

1959a El dios 1 Muerte. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Volkerkunde in Hamburg (Amerikanisten Miszellen: Festband Franz Termer), 25: 40-43. Hamburg. Brief study of the personage 1 Death as a god and as a priest-king in Codices Nuttall, Bodley, Selden, Becker no. 1, and other sources.

1959b Nuevos datos para la correlación de los años aztecas y cristiano. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, 1: 9-25. Mexico. Includes interpretation of certain calendrical data and glosses on the Boban Calendar Wheel with b / w photoreproduction from the edition of 1907. Reprinted with improved illustrations in Caso, 1967.

1959c Review of: Mixtee ethnohistory . . . , by P. Dark (1958). Ameri-

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

can Anthropologist, 51.

61 ( 1 ) : 147-

Detailed and critical review of Dark, 1958a.

1960a The historical value of the Mixtec codices. Boletín de Estudios Oaxaqueños, no. 16. Oaxaca and Mexico. 7 pp. English translation of Caso, 1960d.

1960b Interpretación del Códice Bodley 2858. Mexico, Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología. 85 pp., 8 figs., 6 tables, with separate color facsimile of the manuscript. Boxed. Color photofacsimile edition of Codex Bodley with description and major commentary. See Caso, 1960c, for English edition.

1960c Interpretation of the Codex Bodley 2858. Translated by Ruth Morales and revised by John Paddock. Mexico, Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología. 87 pp., 8 figs., 6 tables, with separate color facsimile of the manuscript. Boxed. English language edition of Caso, 1960b.

1960d Valor histórico de los códices mixtecos. Cuadernos Americanos, año 19, 109 ( 2 ) : 130-47. Mexico. Generalizations about Mixtee hieroglyphic writing and pictorial manuscripts. See Caso, 1960a, for English translation.

1961 Los lienzos mixtecos de Ihuitlan y Antonio de León. In Homenaje a Pablo Martínez del Río en el vigesimoquinto aniversario de la primera edición de Los Origenes Americanos, pp. 237-74, 10 pls. Mexico. Commentary and photoreproduction of Lienzo de Ihuitlan and Lienzo Antonio de León.

1962

Review of: Mexican manuscript painting . . . , by D. Robertson (1959). The Americas, 19 ( 1 ) : 100-07.

Detailed review of Robertson, 1959, with discussion of various points on which the authors are in disagreement (classification of the Borgia Group manuscripts, date of Codex Borbonicus, etc.).

1963 Representaciones de hongos en los códices. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, 4: 27-36. Mexico. Study of the representations of mushrooms in two pictorial manuscripts with reproduction and interpretation of manuscript no. 27 of the Códices indígenas de algunos pueblos del Marquesado del Valle and of two pages of Codex Vienna.

1964a Interpretación del Códice Selden 3135 (A.2). Mexico, Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología. 100 pp., 17 figs., tables, with separate color facsimile of the manuscript. Boxed. Color photofacsimile edition of Codex Selden with description and major commentary in Spanish and English.

1964b El Lienzo de Filadelfia. In Homenaje a Fernando MárquezMiranda, Arqueólogo e historiador de América, pp. 138-44. (Publicaciones del Seminario de Estudios Americanistas y el Seminario de Antropología Americana). Madrid. Interpretation and photoreproduction of Lienzo of Philadelphia.

1964c Los Señores de Yanhuitlan. 35th International Congress of Americanists, 1: 437-48. Mexico. Genealogy of the Lords of Yanhuitlan based on Codex Bodley and other sources; genealogy of Cuilapan and identification of its place glyph in Codices Bodley and Nuttall. For English translation with added and improved illustrations, see Caso, 1966b.

1965a El Lienzo Vischer II. In Homenaje a Juan Comas en su 65 aniversario, 1: 193-200, 2 figs. Mexico. Description and poor photoreproduction of Lienzo de Don Juan Chichimecatecuhtli.

1965b Zapotee writing and calendar. Handbook of Middle American Indians, 3: 931-47,19 figs. Austin. General treatment of subject matter with slight reference to pictorial manuscripts. Includes reproduction (fig. 19) of the MNA copy of Lienzo de Guevea.

1965c Mixtee

writing

and

calendar. 577

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Handbook of Middle American Indians, 3: 948-61, 11 figs. Austin. General treatment of subject matter. Includes reproduction of Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan and reproduction and interpretation of three pages of Codex Nuttall.

1966a El culto al Sol; notas a la interpretación de W. Lehmann. Traducciones Mesoamericanistas, 1: 11790,5 figs., 2 pls. Mexico, Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología. Comment on publication of Lehmann, 1966; interpretation of Aubin Manuscript no. 20 with color photo reproduction of the original and the MNA copy.

1966b The Lords of Yanhuitlan. In John Paddock, ed., Ancient Oaxaca: discoveries in Mexican archaeology and history, pp. 313-35, 35 figs., pls. 10-40. Stanford, Stanford University Press. English translation of Caso, 1964c, with further and better-quality illustrations.

1966c Mapa de Santo Tomas Ocotepeque, Oaxaca. In Summa Anthropologica en homenaje a Roberto J. Weitlaner, pp. 131-37, 4 figs. Mexico, I.N.A.H. Photoreproduction in both color and b / w of Lienzo de Santo Tomas Ocotepec, with commentary.

1967 Los calendarios prehispanicos. (Instituto de Investigaciones, Serie de Cultura Nahuatl, Monografías, 6). Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. 266 pp., illus. Major work on Mexican (Aztec), Toltec, Otomi, Matlatzinca, Tarascan, and Xochicalco calendars. Relevant to the census are reprints or revisions, with added material, of the following earlier works by the author: 1930, 1939a, 1940, 1943a, 1945a, 1945b, 1946, 1953, 1958a, and 1959b. New material on Codex Borbonicus (its date and interpretation of its pp. 2 1 - 2 2 ) is given on pp. 103-29; 11 of its pages are reproduced (nine in color). Other new material includes color photographs of the original and the 1867 edition of the Boban Calendar Wheel and a color photograph of f. 15r of Codex Cozcatzin. Nine pages of Códice de Huichapan are reproduced (four in color).

578

AND WlGBERTO JlMÉNEZ MORENO

1966 El Códice Lucas Alamán. Boletín del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, no. 24, pp. 1-4, 2 figs. Mexico. Photoreproduction and commentary, Códice Lucas Alamán, with transcript and translation of its Nahuatl text. AND MARY ELIZABETH SMITH

1966 Interpretación del Códice Colombino [by A. Caso]; Las glosas del Códice Colombino [by Μ. Ε. Smith]. Mexico, Sociedad Mexi­ cana de Antropología. 189 pp., figs., maps, tables, with separate screenfold facsimile, 24 leaves. Boxed. Color photofacsimile of Códice Colombino with commentary by Caso (including relationship with Codex Becker no. 1 ) , interpretation of glosses by Smith, and technical appendices by other authors. Text in English and Spanish. See Nicholson, 1968, for review. CASTAÑEDA, CARLOS E., AND JACK AUTREY DABBS

1939 Guide to the Latin American Manuscripts in the University of Texas Library. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. 217 pp. Catalog of manuscripts, principally from the García Icazbalceta and Genaro García collections, now in the Latin American Collection of the University of Texas Library. CASTELLANOS,

1910

ABRAHAM

El rey Iukano y los hombres del oriente. Leyenda indígena inspirada en los restos del "Códice Colombino." Mexico, A. Carranza e Hijos. 87 pp.

Fantasy, presented as a narrative legend, includes inaccurate transcription and some faulty translation of Mixtec glosses on Códice Colombino.

1912a La cronología indiana. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 3,3 ( 8 ) : 45384. Mexico. Includes reproduction of details from Lienzo Antonio de León, of importance only for establishing the history of the manuscript.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

1912b El rayo diana. gress of 120-33.

de luz y la cronología in17th International ConAmericanists, 2d sess., pp. Mexico.

mexicanos with observations on the bibliography of translations from the manuscript. CASTRO MORALES, EFRAÍN

1969

Includes early publication of two details from Lienzo Antonio de León, of importance only for the modern history of the manuscript.

1917

Conferencias histórico-pedagógicas. Merida.

Not examined. Brief references to Lienzo Antonio de León with illustration of two details (pp. 1011, 41-44, figs. 1, 6), of importance only for establishing the modern history of the manuscript.

1917-18 Análisis y lectura del lienzo mixteco de Santa Maria Yolotepec, Distrito de Juquila, Oaxaca. (Oficina Internacional de Arqueología Mexicana. Boletín. Nos. 1-9). Mexico. Mimeographed, 100 pp., figs. Fanciful commentary and interpretation of Lienzo de Yolotepec with attempt to identify all of its place glyphs. CASTILLO, IGNACIO Β. DEL

1906

Cuauhtemoc, su ascendencia, su edad, su descendencia. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 2, 3: 541-60. Mexico.

Includes discussion of the cédula of 1523 associated with the Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma.

1922 La población colonial, capítulos I VII. In Manuel Gamio, La población del Valle de Teotihuacan, Mexico, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 363-547. Includes discussion of historical data bearing on events depicted in Códice de San Juan Teotihuacan (pp. 440-46). Utilizes and interprets parts of the Tratado del Principiado y Nobleza del Pueblo de San Juan Teotihuacan and a related document, the Testamento de D. Francisco Verdugo Quetzalmamalictzin (pp. 516-18, 535-47). Gives extensive data on the genealogy of the Alva Ixtlilxochitl family (pp. 535-47 and passim). CASTILLO, IGNACIO M A N U E L DEL

1940

Los cantares mexicanos. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 129-40. Mexico.

Spanish translation of two poems from the Cantares

El Mapa de Chalchihuapan. Estudios y Documentos de la Región de Puebla-Tlaxcala, 1: 5-22, 17 figs. Puebla. (Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Instituto Poblano de Antropología e Historia).

Photoreproduction, line drawings, description, and commentary: Mapa de Chalchihuapan. CATÁLOGO

1911 Catálogo general de las obras que contiene la biblioteca pública del Museo Nacional. Mexico, Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnología. Includes some manuscripts, such as the Techialoyan Codex of San Antonio Techialoyan (no. 701), listed on p. 44, then in MNA library but now in ΜΝA/AH or MNA codex collection. Copy examined lacked pp. 153 ff.

1954-56 Catálogo de la colección de Don Juan Bautista Muñoz. Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia. 3 vols. Annotated catalog of the Muñoz collection with historical introduction. See Article 28 under Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, for pictorial and related manuscripts in this collection that are cited in the census. Supersedes Fuster, 1827-30. CATALOGUE

1857

Catalogue des objets formant le Musée Azteco-Mexicain de feu M. Charles Uhde à Handschuhsheim près Heidelberg. Paris, Martinet. 60 pp.

One-sentence description (p. 60) of five pictorial manuscripts from Mexico. Collection purchased by Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin.

1860

Catalogue of printed books and manuscripts relating to the conquest of Mexico and Peru and the Reign of Philip the Second. Cambridge, Mass., Welch, Bigelow & Co. 35 pp.

One of the catalogs of the William H. Prescott collection. On pp. 6-11 are described nine volumes of

579

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES copies of Mexican manuscripts, mostly of wellknown documents in Spanish archives. Cited only for a copy of Motolinía's Historia.

1876

Catalogue of the books, manuscripts, maps, drawings, and engravings, principally relating to Central America, and Peru . . . belonging to Mr. E. G. Squier. New York, Bangs, Merwin & Co. 277 pp.

Item 783 is a copy of the Breve y sumaria by Alonso de Zorita, now in BAN.

1883

relación

Catalogue de livres rares et precieux, manuscrits et imprimés principalement sur I'Amérique . . . composant la bibliothèque de Μ. Alph.L. Pinart. . . . Paris, Adolphe Labitte. 248 pp.

Catalogue of the Pinart library auctioned in 1884. Includes all but one of the items cited in the Brasseur de Bourbourg (1871) catalogue ( q . v . ) . Ad­ ditional items are: no. 50, a copy of the Popol Vuh ( B N P / F A ) ; no. 578, the Boban Calendar Wheel ( J C B L ) ; no. 684, Olmos' Arte and Huehuetlatolli ( L C ) ; and no. 721 (three falsifications).

1891-94 Catalogue de Ia bibliothèque de Μ. Ricardo Heredia, Conde de Benahavis. París, Em. Paul, L. Huard et Guillemin. 4 vols. Sale catalog entry ( 2 : 235, no. 2223) for the Galicia Chimalpopoca copy of the Cantares mexicanos volume (containing the Kalendario mexicano, latino y castellano), formerly in the Ramírez collection and now in the Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid.

CEBALLOS NOVELO, ROQUE J. 1934 Quetzalcoatl: los dos templos que sucesivamente tuvo en Cholula, estado de Puebla. Anales del Museo 'Nacional, ep. 5, 1: 257-65. Mexico. Brief mention of Códice de Cholula with photograph of a small detail.

1935

Antecedentes legendarios e históricos de Tenayuca. Capítulo 1 of: Tenayuca, estudio arqueológico de la pirámide . . . , pp. 1-26, 15 figs. Mexico, Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia e Etnografía.

Techialoyan Codex of Cempoala (no. 705) is cited

580

on p. 8, and f. 2ν is reproduced in color (after Quaritch, 1890) in fig. 5. CÉDULA DADA

1943

Cédula dada por el Emperador Quauhtemotzin para el reparto de la laguna grande de Tescuco en 1523. (Biblioteca Aportación Histórica). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 24 pp., 3 pls.

Defective publication of BNP 105, the León y Gama copy of the drawings of the Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc and the Spanish translation made by Manuel Mauricio (Mancio) in 1704. See Barlow, 1944f, for review. C E R V A N T E S DE SALAZAR, F R A N C I S C O

1914

Crónica de la Nueva España. Madrid, The Hispanic Society of America, xxiv + 843 pp.

See annotation under edition of 1914-36. Excellent bibliographic preface by Magallon in this edition does not comment on relationship between text of the Crónica and pictorial manuscripts of the Magliabecchiano Group.

1914-36 Crónica de Nueva España. (Papeles de Nueva España compilados por D. Francisco del Paso y Troncoso, 3d ser., Historia). Madrid and Mexico. 3 vols. Book 1, chapters 19-31 ( 1 : 4 2 - 6 7 ) , of the Crónica contain passages derived from a manuscript of the Magliabecchiano Group. Paso y Troncoso ( 3 : 3 9 5 401) compares those in chapter 19 with Codices Magliabecchiano and Ixdilxochitl, part 1. CHADENAT, C H .

1899

Le bibliophile americain, no. 23. Paris.

Sale catalog description (no. 23492) of a copy of the Relaciones of Ixdilxochitl, now NLA 1108.

1903

Le bibliophile americain, no. 31. Paris.

Sale catalog description ( p . 2 1 , no. 32423bis) of the Siméon copy of another copy of Codex Aubin, now in HSA. CHADWICK,

1967

ROBERT

Un posible glifo de Teotihuacan en el Códice Nuttall. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 21: 17-39. Mexico.

Attempts to identify glyphs in various Mixtee pictorial manuscripts with Teotihuacan and Cholula.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES - AND RICHARD S. MACNEISH

1967

Codex Borgia and the Venta Sa­ lada phase. In Douglas S. Byers, general ed., The prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley, 1: 114-31, figs. 70-88. Austin, University of Texas Press.

Compares pottery, artifacts, and ethnographic traits of the Tehuacan Valley with depictions in Codex Borgia. CHAPA, SOSTENES Ν.

1957

San Gregorio Atlapulco, Xochimilco, D. F., pueblo que nació luchando por sus tierras y ha vivido defendiéndolas, en el IV centenario de su fundación. Mexico. 365

pp. History and description of the community, with reference to the Anales de San Gregorio Acapulco (sic). CHAPMAN, ANNE MACKAYE

1960 Los Nicarao y los Chorotega según las fuentes históricas. (Publicaciones de la Universidad de Costa Rica, Serie histórica y geográfica, 4). San José. 115 pp. Comprehensive ethnographic survey, derived from primary documentary sources, of the Nahua- and Mangue (Chorotega)-speaking groups of Pacific coastal Nicaragua—northwest Costa Rica, both of Mesoamerican cultural affiliation. [Art. 30.] CHARENCY, H. DE

1859 Notice sur un ancien manuscrit mexicain dit Codex TellerianoRemensis. Revue Orientale et Américaine, 2: 215-19,1 pl. Paris. General observations on the relationship between Codices Ríos and Telleriano-Remensis.

1885a Título de los señores de Totonicapan. Titre généalogique des seigneurs de Totonicapan. Traduit de l'espagnol. Actes de la Société Philologique, 14: 101-69. Alençon. The Spanish translation by Dionisio José Chonay of the indicated document with French translation by Charency on facing pages.

1885b Título de los señores de Totonicapan. Titre généalogique des seigneurs de Totonicapan, publié et traduit de I'espagnol. Alençon, de Broise. 69 pp. Separate publication of Charency, 1885a.

1891 Chrestomathie maya d'après le Chronique de Chac-Xulub-Chen. Extrait de la "Library of Aboriginal American Literature" de M. le Dr. D. G. Brinton. Texte avec traduction interlineaire, analyse grammaticale et vocabulaire mayafrançaise. Paris, C. Klincksieck. viii + 301 pp. Maya text with interlinear Latin translation of the Crónica de Chac-Xulub-Chen. CHARNAY, DÉSIRÉ

1903 Manuscrit Ramírez. Histoire de I'origine des Indiens qui habitent la nouvelle espagne selon leurs traditions. (Recueil de Voyages et de Documents pour servir à I'Histoire de la Géographie, vol. 19). Paris. xix + 246 pp., 30 pls. French translation of the 1878 edition of the Tovar Códice Ramírez with added preface (concerning José F. Ramírez) by Chavero. Omits two of the plates of the earlier edition. CHAVERO, ALFREDO

n.d.

Historia antigua y de la conquista. (Vol. 1 of Vicente Riva Palacio, ed., México a Través de los Siglos). Mexico and Barcelona. 926 pp.

Ambitious, well-illustrated—but often uncriticalsurvey of pre-Hispanic Mexican native culture and history. First published ca. 1887; several other editions and printings. Long introduction presents survey of most native pictorial and written sources then known and includes biobibliographical notices of many early historians and chroniclers. Text treats such subjects as hieroglyphic writing, the calendar, and ethnological topics as well as prehistory and is illustrated with innumerable figures. Many are from pictorial manuscripts, some from earlier works such as Kingsborough, 1831-48, but others are original with this work. The sections on central Mexican calendar, prehistory, and the conquest of Mexico are extensively illustrated with figures from Codices Aubin, Boturini, Ixtlilxochitl, Mendoza, Ramírez (Tovar), Ríos,

581

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES and Telleriano-Remensis, the Tira de Tepechpan, the Tonalamad Aubin, the Mapas Tlotzin and Quinatzin, the drawings in the Durán manuscript, and manuscripts of the Borgia Group. The author's narrative amounts to an indirect commentary on these manuscripts, some of which are reproduced in their entirety. Copies of Mapa Sigüenza, Mapa de Coatlinchan, and the Aubin Manuscript no. 20 are reproduced in full, the latter in color. Reproductions of Lienzo de Jucutacato and the first 48 scenes of Lienzo de Tlaxcala are their first editions. Only selected references and illustrations of these and other manuscripts have been cited in the pictorials census. Lesser illustrations cited are of a poor copy of details from Codex Borbonicus, details from Colección Chavero no. 4, a defective drawing of the Genealogie von 33 Personen, details from Códice de Ixhuatepec, the drawings in the Anales Mexicanos no. 4, the drawing in the Anales de Mexico y Tlatelolco, 1473, 1521-22, and reproductions of Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 2, 4, and 7. Also illustrated are details from the Testerian manuscript in the British Museum ( p . i v ) , two pages from the Techialoyan Codex of Santa Maria Tetelpan (no. 713) ( p . v ) , and two pages from the Techialoyan Codex of San Salvador Tizayuca (no. 728) ( p p . 6 4 7 - 5 8 ) . The pictorial manuscripts in the author's collection mentioned but not illustrated (p. v, bottom) are unknown and not included in the census. Although outdated and superseded by later commentaries, the work is of historical interest and contains some bibliographical notices and other data not given elsewhere.

1877a La Piedra del Sol: segundo estudio. Andes del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 1: 353-86, 2 pls. Mexico. Study of the four eras (soles) of Aztec cosmology based on Codex Ríos and other sources. This is a partial revision of his study of the Aztec calendar stone published in 1875 and again in 1876 (not cited h e r e ) .

1877b Sahagún. Estudio por Alfredo Chavero, Secretario perpetuo de la Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística de Mexico. Mexico. 109 pp. Biobibliography of Sahagún written without knowledge of the Codices Matritenses or the Florentine Codex and thus seriously out of date. Reprinted in the Boletín of the Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística (ep. 3, vol. 6, 1877), in his Apuntes Viejos (Chavero, 1903a), in his Historia antigua (Chavero, n.d.), in his Obras (vol. 1, 1904), and by Vargas Rea (Chavero, 1948).

1880 Explicación del Códice geroglífico 582

de Mr. Aubin. In Fray Diego Durán, Historia de las Indias . . . , Mexico, 1867-80, vol. 2, separate pagination, 177 pp. Diffuse commentary on Aztec religion and migration history with discussion and utilization of Durán's Historia, Tovar's Códice Ramírez, the Códice Boturini, the Mapa Sigüenza, and other sources. Some comment on Codex Ixtlilxochitl, parts 1 and 2 (the manuscript referred to in the title). Reprinted in Durán, 1951.

1882-1903 La Piedra del Sol: estudio arqueológico. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 2: 3-46, 107-26, 233-66, 291-310, 403-30; 3: 3-26, 37-56, 110-14, 124-26; 7: 133-36. Mexico. Reprinted (n.d., 204 pp.) with somewhat different plates. Includes poor lithograph reproduction (handcolored in some copies) of a copy of Aubin Manuscript no. 20 (in Anales, vol. 2, pl. facing p . 233; reference on p. 117).

1886

Boturini. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 1, 3: 236-45. Mexico.

Informed account of the 18thC collector Lorenzo Boturini, with information on editions of pictorial manuscripts from his collection published by Aubin. Cited for mention ( p p . 244-45) of a copy, possibly from the Boturini collection, of Codex Aubin. Reprinted in Chavero (1904, pp. 181-206); French translation in Boban (1891, 1: 3 3 - 4 7 ) .

1892 Antigüedades mexicanas publicadas por la Junta Colombina de Mexico en el cuarto centenario del descubrimiento de América. Mexico, Oficina Tipográfica de la Secretaria de Fomento. 2 vols, xlii, ν + 80 pp. and separate atlas ot colored plates. Text volume has short descriptions of Codices Ba­ randa, Colombino, Dehesa, and Porfirio Díaz and a longer commentary on Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Color lithographs by Genaro López of all of them are in the atlas with separate title pages, and sometimes circulate separately. For a reprint of the lithographs of Lienzo de Tlaxcala and its commentary, see Chavero, 1964.

1899

Los dioses astronómicos de los antiguos mexicanos. Apéndice a la interpretación del Códice Borgiano. Estudio arqueológico. A-

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

nales del Museo Nacional, ep. 1, 5: 261-478. Mexico. Diffuse essay on pre-Hispanic Indian religion, published as an appendix to the commentary on Codex Borgia by Fábrega ( 1 8 9 9 ) . Includes bibliographic comment on Codex Borgia ( p p . 3 1 9 - 2 4 ) .

1901a Pinturas jeroglíficas. Primera parte. Colección Chavero. Mexico, Imprenta del Comercio de Juan E. Barbero. 49 pp., 3 folding pls. Publication and study of the falsified pictorial manuscripts, Colección Chavero nos. 1 and 2. Includes partial publication ( p p . 31-38) of the "Anónimo Tlaxcalteco," which contains a text by Francisco de las Navas related to Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2, an historical review of the publication of pictorial manuscripts ( p p . 5 - 9 ) , and a description ( p p . 9-11) of manuscripts in Chavero's collection.

1901b Calendario o rueda del año de los antiguos indios: estudio cronológico. Mexico, Imprenta del Museo Nacional. 13 pp., 1 folding pl. Publication and study of the falsified manuscript, Colección Chavero no. 3.

pictorial

1901c Pinturas jeroglíficas. Segunda parte. Colección Chavero. Mexico, Imprenta del Comercio de Juan E. Barbero. 36 pp., 5 folding pls. Reproduction and study of the pictorial manuscripts, Colección Chavero no. 4 and Códice de Ixhuatepec (Colección Chavero no. 5 ) . Includes ( p p . 3-4) publication of a letter from Paso y Troncoso denouncing Colección Chavero nos. 1-3 (see Chavero, 1901a, 1901b) as falsifications, data on the ownership history of Códices Colombino and Dehesa ( p p . 4 - 5 ) , and comparative study of the Mapa Sigüenza, Códice Boturini, and Codex Aubin.

1903a Apuntes viejos de bibliografía mexicana. Mexico. 89 pp. Contains the following essays, most of which are reprinted from earlier publications: ( 1 ) "Códice "Telleriano Remense" ( p p . 5 - 1 2 ) , a comparative discussion of Códice Telleriano-Remensis and Códice Ríos; ( 2 ) "Pintura de los Soles" ( p p . 1 3 14), concerning the depiction of the four eras in Codex Ríos; ( 3 ) "Peregrinación azteca" ( p p . 1 5 17), observations on the history of the Mapa Sigüenza; ( 4 ) "Cronistas tenochcas" ( p p . 1 9 - 3 6 ) , concerning Códice Ramírez, Durán, Acosta, and Tezo-

zomoc; ( 5 ) "Motolinia" ( p p . 3 7 - 4 1 ) , a description of the Memoriales manuscript; ( 6 ) "Mendieta" (pp. 4 3 - 4 5 ) , bibliographical notices; ( 7 ) "Sahagún" ( p p . 4 7 - 8 4 ) , a biobibliography; and ( 8 ) "Vetancurt" ( p p . 8 5 - 8 9 ) , bibliographical notices.

1903b El monolito de Coatlinchan: estudio arqueológico. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 2 , 1 : pp. 281-305. Mexico. Cited for first and somewhat vague realization of relationship between Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2, with the Pomar Relación de Texcoco ( p p . 285-86, in note). Also, observations on the history and mention of the Ramírez four-leaf copy of Tonalamatl Aubin ( p p . 289-90, 298, in notes).

1904

Obras del Lic. Don Alfredo Chavero. . . . Tomo I, Escritos diversos. (Biblioteca de Autores Mexicanos, vol. 52). Mexico, Agüeros, xxv + 463 pp.

Only volume published. Includes reprints of his biobibliographies of Sahagún ( 1 8 7 7 b ) , Boturini ( 1 8 8 6 ) , Veytia, Muñoz Camargo, etc. "Teotihuacan" ( p p . 4 3 1 - 6 3 ) , reprinted from El Renacimiento, 1894, includes publication of the Tratado del principiado y nobleza del Pueblo de San Juan Teotihuacan and two related documents.

1905 Veytia. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 2, 2: 121-25. Mexico. Biobibliography of Mariano Fernández de Echeverría y Veytia with notice of manuscripts owned by Chavero. Also published with slight variation in his Obras (1904, pp. 2 0 7 - 1 6 ) .

1906

Calendario de Palemke. Signos cronográficos. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 2, 3: 53-96, 197-236. Mexico.

Reproduces ( p p . 199, 206) main scene details from the Ramírez copy of Tonalamatl Aubin (corresponding to p p . 11 and 20 of the manuscript); detail on p. 214 is from the Desportes lithograph. Also ( p p . 203-04, note 2 ) , clarification of the use of the synonym, Códice Alvarado, for Códice Baranda.

1948

Sahagun. 106 pp.

Mexico, Vargas Rea.

Not examined. Reprint of Chavero, 1877b ( q . v . ) .

1964

Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Artes de Mexico, año 11, nos. 51-52, ν + 80 pp., pls. Mexico.

Lithographic reproduction of Lienzo de Tlaxcala,

583

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES with commentary. Reprinted from Chavero, 1892, but with only a few plates in color.

CHEVALIER, FRANÇOIS

1956

CHÁVEZ, GABRIEL DE

1865 Relación de la provincia de Meztitlan Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y organización de los antiguos posesiones españolas en América y Oceania sacados de los archivos del Reino, y muy especialmente del de Indias. . . . 4 : 530-55,1 fig. Madrid. Text of the relación geográfica of Meztitlan of 1579 with inaccurate reproduction of the Meztitlan Calendar Wheel from the Muñoz collection copy.

1925 Relación de la provincia de Meztitlan. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía, ep. 4,2: 109-20,1 fig. Mexico. Text of the relación geográfica of Meztitlan of 1579 from the Muñoz collection copy with reproduction of a copy of the Meztitlan Calendar Wheel.

Translated from the French edition with added illustrations. The latter include various pictorial manuscripts and maps from the relaciones geográficas of 1577-1585 as well as some maps peripheral to the Indian tradition and not included in the census.

1963 Land and society in colonial Mexico: the Great Hacienda. Translated by Alvin Eustis. Edited, with a foreword, by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley, University of California Press. ix + 334 pp., illus. Translated from the French edition of 1952 without the footnotes and scholarly apparatus and without the added illustrations in the Spanish edition of 1956. CHICAGO BOOK AND ART AUCTIONS, INC.

1936

CHÁVEZ OROZCO, LUIS

1943 Las instituciones democráticas de los indígenas Mexicanos en la época colonial. América Indígena, 3 ( 1 ) : 73-82; 3 ( 2 ) : 161-71; 3 ( 3 ) : 265-76; 3 ( 4 ) : 365-82. Mexico. Discussion of governmental processes which developed in Mexican Indian communities during the colonial period, with emphasis on those which displayed a "democratic" aspect. Also published as a monograph, Ediciones del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, Mexico, 1943 ( 6 1 p p . ) . [Art. 30.]

1947

Códice Osuna. Reproducción facsimilar de la obra del mismo título, editada en Madrid, 1878. Acompanada de 158 paginas inéditas encontradas en el Archivo General de la Nación (Mexico). Mexico, Ediciones del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. 342 pp.

Reprints the 1878 lithograph edition of Códice Osuna {Pintura del Gobernador . . . , 1878) in b / w with added palaeography and translation of its Nahuatl text. The contemporary AGN text also published in the volume is not a pictorial manuscript.

584

La formación de los grandes latifundios en Mexico. Problemas agrícolas e industriales de Mexico, 8 ( 1 ) : 1-258. Mexico.

Sale No. 69. The entire library of the late Prof. Frederick Starr, formerly Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago. Part II. Public auction, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, November 18, 19, and 20. Chicago, n.d. [1936]. 48 pp.

The Techialoyan Codex of San Francisco Xonacatlan (census, 723) is Item 1623 on p . 44. C I C C O , G A B R I E L DE

1963 El Lienzo de San Jeronimo Coatlan. Tlalocan, 4 ( 2 ) : 173-78. Mexico. Description and inadequate reproduction of Lienzo de San Jeronimo Coatlan and brief description of the Mapa from the same locality. CIVEZZA, MARCELLINO DA

1879

Saggio di bibliografia geografica storica etnografica Sanfrancescana. Prato. 698 pp.

Includes biobibliographical notices of many Franciscans associated with Mexican ethnohistorical sources but cited only for a reference to the Florentine Codex.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES CLARK, JAMES COOPER

1912 The story of "Eight Deer" in Codex Colombino. London, Taylor and Francis. 33 pp., frontispiece, 6 figs., 10 colored pls. Comparative study of the life of the Mixtec ruler, 8 Deer, in Codices Becker no. 1, Bodley, Colombino, and Nuttall.

1913a The story of Eight Deer in Codex Colombino. Abstract. 18th International Congress of Americanists, part 1, pp. 135-36,1 pl. London. Abstract of the author's 1912.

1913b The Mexican picture manuscripts contained in the Library. 18th International Congress of Americanists, part 1, pp. lxiii-lxiv. London. Brief descriptions of six Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Five of them are in the present census.

1938

Codex Mcndoza. The Mexican manuscript known as the Collection of Mendoza and preserved in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. London, Waterlow & Sons. 3 vols.

Vol. 3, with 72 leaves of reproductions, contains excellent photofacsimile in color of Codex Mendoza and includes the added title leaf by Selden, not reproduced elsewhere. Vols. 1 and 2 contain description, page-by-page commentary, English translation of the text, listing, etymology, and identification of 612 place glyphs, index, and glossary. CLAVIGERO, FRANCISCO JAVIER

1780-81 Storia antica del Messico. ena. 4 vols. illus.

Ces-

Major, late Enlightenment survey of pre-Hispanic Mexican Indian culture and history. A very influential work, which constituted the most ambitious treatment of its subject since Torquemada. First edition; numerous other editions in English, German, or Spanish translation. See Clavigero, 1 9 5 8 59, for annotation of edition cited in pictorials census.

1958-59 Historia antigua de Mexico. (Colección de Escritores Mexicanos, 7-10). Mexico, Editorial Porrúa. 4 vols. illus. Second, revised, edition based on a manuscript by the author in Spanish. Most references to pictorial

manuscripts are secondary. Illustrations (from the edition of 1780-81) include details from early editions of such manuscripts as Codex Mendoza. Plates labeled Siglo, Año, and Mes Mexicano are adaptations of calendar wheels published by Gemelli Careri ( 1 6 9 9 - 1 7 0 0 ) , Vaiadés ( 1 5 7 9 ) , and Lorenzana ( 1 7 7 0 ) . Mention of Codex Cospi is among earliest published references to that manuscript. For first edition see Clavigero, 1780-81. CLINE, HOWARD F.

1947

The apochryphal career of J. F. Waldeck, pioneer Americanist. Acta Americana, 5 ( 4 ) : 278-300. Mexico.

Partial biography of an early collector of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts but without treatment of his manuscript collection.

1953 The United States and Mexico. (American Foreign Policy Library, Sumner Welles, ed.). Cambridge, Harvard University Press. xiii + 452 pp., maps. General description and history of Mexico, with emphasis on the modern period and relations with the United States. Second edition, corrected, Harvard University Press, 1961; revised and enlarged edition, New York, Atheneum Press [paperback], 1963. [Art. 30.]

1957 Problems of Mexican ethno-history: The ancient Chinantla. Hispanic American Historical Review, 37 ( 3 ) : 273-95. Discussion of ethnohistorical documentation, including pictorial sources, of the Chinantec region of Northern Oaxaca.

1959 The Patiño maps of 1580 and related documents: Analysis of 16th century cartographic sources for the Gulf coast of Mexico. El Mexico Antiguo, 9: 633-92, 13 figs. Mexico. Includes reproduction of Lienzo de Misantla and Mapa de Tonayan, with cartographic interpretations.

1961a Mapas and lienzos of the colonial Chinantec Indians, Oaxaca, Mexico. In A William Cameron Townsend en el vigesimoquinto aniversario del Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, pp. 49-77, 7 pls. Mexico. 585

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Comprehensive survey of pictorial manuscripts and maps from the Chinantec region of Northern Oaxaca; includes reproduction of several documents.

1961b El Mapa de Chinantla publicado por Mariano Espinosa; crítica y reconstrucción. Papeles de la Chinantla, vol. 3 (Museo Nacional de Antropología, Serie Científica, vol. 7), pp. 193-209, 8 pls. Mexico. Study and reproduction of a poor photograph and the reconstruction of Mapa de Chinantla. Includes data on Mapa de Yetla and Lienzo de Chinantla, the latter more fully treated in Cline, 1961a.

1961c A provisional listing of Middle American Indian materials in the Division of Manuscripts, Library of Congress. . . . (Handbook of Middle American Indians project Working Papers, no. 6.) Washington, Hispanic Foundation. 87

pp. Limited number of copies distributed. Primarily devoted to listing and classification of photographic copies of Middle American Indian manuscripts by William E. Gates.

1962

Mexico: Revolution to evolution, 1940-1960. London, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Oxford University Press. xiv + 375 pp., maps.

Narration and analysis of the major events of recent Mexican history, with special attention to socio-political and economic aspects. [Art. 30.]

1963a Documentos pictóricos de los indios mexicanos, 1. Archivo General de la Nación. Hospital de Jesus. Códices indígenas del Marquesado del Valle. Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación, 2d ser., 4 ( 1 ) : 6-28. Mexico. Listing of the Códices indígenas del Marquesado del Valle nos. 1-28, with descriptive and archival data, based on unpublished inventory with indices of place and personal names.

1963b Documentos pictóricos de los indios mexicanos, 2. Archivo General de la Nación. Ramo de Tierras. Boletín del Archivo General 586

de la Nación, 2d ser., 4 ( 1 ) : 29-56. Mexico. Listing, with archival and classificatory data, of 60 maps and pictorial documents in the AGN-T, few of which are included in the present census.

1964

Lienzos y comunidades mazatecos de la época colonial, Oaxaca, Mexico. 35th International Congress of Americanists, ( 1 ) : 397-424, 16 figs. Mexico.

Study and reproduction of Lienzo de San Pedro Ixcatlan, Mapa de Huautla, and Lienzo de Santa Maria Chilchotla. See Cline, 1966b, for edition in English.

1966a The Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco, 1540. Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress, 23 ( 2 ) : 75-115, 24 figs., 4 tables. Washington. Detailed study and reproduction of the Oztoticpac Lands Map. Includes reproduction of Humboldt Fragment 6, three of the paintings in Codex Monteleone, and one of the falsified Puebla-Tlaxcala maps from the Library of Congress collections.

1966b Colonial Mazatec lienzos and communities. In John Paddock, ed., Ancient Oaxaca: Discoveries in Mexican archeology and history, pp. 270-97, 7 figs., 9 maps. Stanford, Stanford University Press. Study and reproductions of Lienzo de San Pedro Ixcatlan, Mapa de Huautla, and Lienzo de Santa Maria Chilchotla, with maps and cartographic interpretations. See Cline, 1964, for Spanish translation.

1966c Native pictorial documents of Eastern Oaxaca, Mexico. In Summa Anthropologica en Homenaje a Roberto J. Weitlaner, pp. 101-30, 5 figs., 12 tables. Mexico, I.N.A.H. Survey, classification, and cartographic data on pictorial manuscripts and maps of the relaciones geográficas from Northern and Eastern Oaxaca.

1968 The Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco, 1540: Further notes. 37th International Congress of Americanists, 3: 119-37, illus. Buenos Aires. Amplifies his earlier commentary (Cline, 1966a) on

ANNOTATED REFEBENCES

the Oztoticpac Lands Map. Includes reproduction and translation of glosses and further commentary, with reproduction, of Humboldt Fragment 6.

1969a A note on Torquemada's native sources and historiographical methods. The Americas, 25 ( 4 ) : 372-86. Washington, Academy of American Franciscan history.

Reproduction of Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 1, from the Nicolás León-William Gates collection copy. CODEX MAGLIABECCHIANO

1904

Revealing study of native sources cited in Fray Juan de Torquemada's Monarchia indiana.

1969b Hernando Cortés and the Aztec Indians in Spain. Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress, 26 ( 2 ) : 70-90, illus. Washington. Reproduces the drawings by Weiditz of Indians transported by Cortés to Spain in 1528, after Weiditz, 1927.

1971 Missing and variant prologues and dedications in Sahagún's Historia general: texts and English translations. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, 9: 237-51. Mexico. Spanish texts of the prologues to books 2, 9, 11, and 12 and of the Latin dedication preceding book 6, with English translations based on the Florentine Codex.

1972 The Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco, 1540. In Walter W. Ristow, compiler, À la carte: selected papers on maps and atlases, pp. 5-33, 17 figs., 7 tables. Washington, Library of Congress. Incorporates an amplification and revision of the author's earlier studies of the Oztoticpac Lands Map and Humboldt Fragment 6 (Cline, 1966a, 1968). Includes reproductions of both manuscripts. CODEX A B R A H A M CASTELLANOS

1931 Codex Abraham Castellanos. (Maya Society, Pub. 5 ) . Baltimore. Rolled facsimile on cloth, 83 X 93 cm. Reproduction of Lienzo Cordova-Castellanos, from the Nicolás León-William Gates collection copy. CODEX IXTLAN

1931 Codex Ixtlan. (Maya Society, Pub. 3). Baltimore. Rolled facsimile on cloth, 160 X 92 cm.

Codex Magliabecchiano XIII.3. Manuscrit mexicain Post-Colombien de Ia Bibliothèque Nationale de Florence. Reproduit en Photochromographie aux Frais du Duc de Loubat, Correspondant de I'Institut. Rome, Danesi. 92 leaves.

Color facsimile edition of Codex Magliabecchiano without preface or commentary. Reproduction consists of cover-title page, preliminary leaf with Harisse inscription of 1885 on verso, two title leaves from the manuscript, an unnumbered leaf, and leaves 3-92. Leaves 9 and 10 are blank. CODEX MEIXUEIRO

1931

Codex Meixueiro. (Maya Society, Pub. 4). Baltimore. Rolled facsimile on cloth, 96 X 94 cm.

Reproduction of Lienzo Meixueiro, from the Nicolás León-William Gates collection copy. CODEX TULANE

n.d.

See Blom, n.d.

CÓDICE DE 1576

1950

Códice de 1576: Versión castellana de la interpretación Nahuatl. Anónimo. (Colección Amatlacuilotl). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 111 pp.

Text (pp. 7-111) same as Anales mexicanos Uno Pedernal, 1949 (q.v.). CÓDICE LAUD

n.d.

Códice Laud: Manuscrito pictórico mexicano donado a la Universidad de Oxford por el Arzobispo Laud y que se conserva en la Biblioteca Bodleiana. Mexico. Frontispiece portrait of Laud and screenfold facsimile.

Not examined. Edition of Codex Laud. Various citations, all apparently to same edition, describe it as "reproducción fotográfica directa del original," as "reproducción fotolitográfica . . .," as n.d., and as 1928, and some associate it with the name Sender, possibly the editor or publisher. Copies in Boston Public Library, TU/LAL, and MNA/BNA.

587

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

los pueblos del Estado de Mexico, Ramo de Tierras del Archivo General de la Nación. (Biblioteca Enciclopédica del Estado de Mexico, vol. 7). Mexico. xv + 525

CÓDICE MUNICIPAL DE CUERNAVACA

1911 Códice Municipal de Cuernavaca. In Boletín y Revista Eclesiástica de Cuernavaca, vol. 12. Not examined and citation not verified. See next item for annotation.

1951 Códice Municipal de Cuernavaca. Anónimo del Siglo XVI. (Colección Histórica Estado de Morelos; Biblioteca de Historiadores Mexicanos). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 53

pp. Useful for locating villages (from which Techialoyan codices come) engaged in litigation over land with other villages or especially with haciendas. COLLIN, RODNEY

1952

pp. Pichardo's translation of the Nahuatl document with the indicated title. Reprinted from preceding item. CÓDICE TROANO

1930

Códice Troano. Hecho por Matev. Madrid, Artes e Industrias Gráficas. Pamphlet [26 pp.] and screenfold facsimile, 35 leaves.

Codex Borbonicus serves as the inspiration for a poetical and mystical treatise on Aztec religion, of no scholarly significance. C O M M I S S I O N S C I E N T I F I Q U E DU M E X I Q U E

1864

Color facsimile edition of Codex Troano (a part of Codex Madrid) with introductory pamphlet in Spanish, English, French, and German. CÓDICES INDÍGENAS

1933 Códices indígenas de algunos pueblos del Marquesado del Valle de Oaxaca. Mexico, Talleres Gráficos de la Nación. Publication of colored copies of 32 pictorial manuscripts in the AGN. Nos. 1-28 are described in the census as Codices indígenas de algunos pueblos del Marquesado del Valle nos. 1-28; nos. 29-32 are entered under their individual titles. COE, MICHAEL D.

1963 Una referencia antigua al Códice de Dresde. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 3: 37-40, I fig. Mexico. Describes and reprints the illustration from Racknitz, 1796 (q.v.), relating to Codex Dresden. COLIN, MARIO

1963-64 Bibliografía general del Estado de México. (Biblioteca Enciclopédica del Estado de Mexico, vols. 1-3). Mexico. 3 vols. Primary reference for further study of Techialoyan codices and pueblos of the state of Mexico.

1966 índice de documentos relativos a 588

Meditaciones sobre el Códice Borbonico. Humanismo, 1 ( 2 ) : 8489; 1 ( 3 ) : 74-77. Mexico.

Manuscrit dit mexicain no. 2 de la Bibliothèque Imperiale. Photographie (sans reduction) par ordre de S. E. M. Duruy, Ministre de I'Instruction Publique, President de la Commission Scientifique du Mexique. Paris, Imprimerie Bonaventure et Ducessois. Imprimerie Photographique Benoist. 22 photographs.

Not examined. Rare first edition of photographs of Codex Paris. Rephotographed in Gates, 1909, and Anders, 1970. COOK, SHERBURNE F.

1958

Santa Maria Ixcatlan, habitat, population, subsistence. (IberoAmericana, 41). Berkeley, University of California Press. 75 pp.

Brief mention ( p . 3) of the Plano topográfico de Santa Maria Ixcatlan of 1870.

1963 See Borah and Cook, 1963. COOK DE LEONARD, CARMEN

1961 The painted tribute record of Tepexi de la Seda. In A William Cameron Townsend en el vigesimoquinto aniversario del Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, pp. 87-107, illus. Mexico. Photoreproduction of and commentary on painted tribute record of Tepexi de la Seda.

The

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

icana de Geografía y Estadística, 57: 5-9. Mexico.

• AND ERNESTO LEMOINE VILLICAÑA

1956

Materiales para la geografía histórica de la región Chalco—Amecameca. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, [19541955], vol. 14, part l, pp. 289-95, 9 figs. Mexico.

Includes description and publication of Mapa de la Visita y Congregación de Amecameca, Lienzo de San Andres Metla de 1674, and Lienzo de Atlauhtlan. CORDAN, WOLFGANG

1962

Das Buch des Rates. Popol Vuh. Schöpfungsmythos und Wanderung der Quiche-Maya. Aus dem Quiche übertragen und erlautert v o n . . . . Düsseldorf-Cologne, Eugen Diedrichsverlag. 228 pp.

German translation of the Popol Vuh. CORDERO MENDOZA, LORENZO

1954 Έ1 Badiano': síntesis de lo que se ha realizado según trabajos y obras que se conocen. (Comite ProHomenaje a Martín de la Cruz y Juan Badiano). Xochimilco, D. F. 84 pp. Popularizes and promotes an interest in the Martin de la Cruz manuscript, Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis. CORDIER,

HENRI

1913 Codex Borbonicus. In his Melanges américains, pp. 52-55. Paris, Maisonneuve & Fils. Unimportant book review of Hamy (1899a) edition of Codex Borbonicus. Reprinted from Revue Critique d'Histoire et de Littérature, 1900, pp. 248-50. CORNYN, JOHN

1946 Hieroglyphs of towns in northern Morelos. Tlalocan, 2 ( 2 ) : 18284, 2 figs. Azcapotzalco. Publication of one page of the Census of Tepoztlan and its place glyphs, with very brief comment. CORONA NÚÑEZ, JOSÉ

1942a Jiquilpan y el Lienzo de Jucutacato. Boletín de la Sociedad Mex-

Evidence that the locality identified as Xiuhquillan on Lienzo de Jucutacato may be identified with the modern Jiquilpan.

1942b Origen probable de los antiguos habitantes de Michoacan. Universidad Michoacana, 4 (18): 82-113. Morelia. Brief discussion of the symbolism of the eagle heads on the Genealogía de los Caciques de Carapan; much utilization of Relación de Michoacan and Lienzo de Jucutacato.

1946

La religión de los tarascos. Anales del Museo Michoacano, ep. 2, 4: 13-38. Morelia.

Includes reproduction and brief comment on the Genealogía de los Caciques de Carapan.

1951 Lienzo de Jucutacato. (Colección Amatlacuilotl). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 39 pp., folding reproduction. Commentary on and interpretation of Lienzo de Jucutacato, with inferior reproduction. Bernal (1962, no. 3652) reports editions of 1940 and 1950.

1957

Mitología tarasca. Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Económica. 112 pp. 14 figs., 14 pls.

Cited for reproduction of the Genealogía de los Caciques de Carapan and discussion of the symbolism of the two eagle heads appearing thereon.

1959

Códice Plancarte. (Colección Siglo XVI, no. 4). [Mexico], 23 pp., 1 illus.

Reprint of the Códice Plancarte from León, 1888c, with added notes by the editor and reproduction of the Genealogía de los Caciques de Carapan.

1964-67 Antigüedades de Mexico basadas en la recopilación de Lord Kingsborough. Palabras preliminares Antonio Ortiz Mena, Prólogo Agustín Yáñez, Estudio e interpretación José Corona Núñez. Mexico, Secretaria de Hacienda y Credito Público. 4 vols. First four of a projected five-volume work intended to reproduce through color photography the pictorial manuscripts published as handcolored lith-

589

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES ographs by Kingsborough (1831-48, vols. 1-3). Of the 11 manuscripts so far published all are based on the originals except Codex Telleriano-Remensis, which is taken from the Loubat edition (Hamy, 1899b). The color reproductions are accompanied by page-by-page commentaries by Corona Núñez and transcripts or Spanish translations of glosses. The quality of the printing varies from poor to excellent. Vol. 1 reproduces the illustrated pages of Codex Mendoza ( p p . 1-149, 72 pls.), with the texts of the pages not reproduced transcribed in the commentary, and Codex Telleriano-Remensis ( p p . 1 5 1 337, 93 pls.) with certain blank pages and pages having only writing omitted from the reproduction. Vol. 2 (1964) contains the first photographic edition of Codice Boturini (pp. 7-29, 22 pls.), Codex Bodley (pp. 31-75, 41 pls.), Codex Selden ( p p . 77-99, 21 pls.), and the first color photographic edition of the Selden Roll ( p p . 101-13, 12 pls.). The appendix to vol. 2 gives a Spanish translation of Kingsborough's notes on the content of Codices Mendoza ( p p . 119-49) and Telleriano-Remensis (pp. 151-80). Vol. 3 (1964; colophon, 1965) contains a reproduction of all but the blank pages of Codex Ríos (pp. 7-313, 144 pls., 11 unnumbered pls.) with a Spanish translation of the Italian text and a reproduction of Codex Laud ( p p . 315-409, 46 pls., 1 unnumbered pl.). Kingsborough's notes on Codex Ríos are given in Spanish translation (pp. 4 1 1 - 4 9 ) . Vol. 4 (1967) contains reproductions of Codex Cospi (pp. 5-49, 24 pls., 2 unnumbered pls.), Codex Vienna ( p p . 51-183, 52 and 13 pls.), and Codex Féjérváry Mayer ( p p . 185-275, 44 pls.). Vol. 5, not yet published as of 1967, will presumably contain editions of Codices Borgia, Dresden, and Vaticanus Β and perhaps of other pic­ torial manuscripts published by Kingsborough (Humboldt Fragments 1-2; Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2; Mapa Sigüenza; Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 4).

(pl. 4 0 ) , the Querella criminal contra Don Juan, cacique de Tehuantepec ( p . 2 0 4 ) , and the upper half of Lienzo de Guevea (pl. 4 1 ) . COY, PETER Ε. Β.

1966

Identifies and interprets certain cartographic fea­ tures (including Tetzcotzingo) on pls. 1-7 of Códice Xolotl. CRESPO MORALES, MARIO

1959

Manuscripts concerning Mexico and Central America in the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. The Americas, 18 ( 3 ) : 255-96. Washington.

Catalog data on Codex Monteleone and copies of Durán's history, the Relación de Michoacan, and Veytia's history. COVARRUBIAS, MIGUEL

1946

Historia de la gentilidad americana. Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, 11 ( 1 ) : 17-31. Guatemala.

Publication of a Spanish version of the Popol Vuh from a manuscript in the BNP. CRUZ, MARTÍN DE LA

1964

Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis. Manuscrito azteca de 1552. Según traducción latina de Juan Badiano. Versión española con estudios y comentarios por diversos autores. Mexico, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. xii + 394 pp., colored pls.

Excellent and complete photofacsimile in color of the Cruz manuscript with specialized commentaries by various authors; extensive bibliography.

CRUZ, SALVADOR

1970

CORTÉS ALONSO, VICENTA

1962

Tetzcotzinco: usurped and ne­ glected. Man: Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 1 ( 4 ) : 543-49, pls. 4-8. London.

Entrega de un viejo códice mixteca. Mexico en la Cultura, suplemento a Novedades [newspaper]. Mexico, 12 July, pp. 1, 8.

Notice of Lienzos de San Miguel Tequixtepec nos. 1 and 2 with two photographic details of no. 1. C U B A S , IGNACIO DE

1936

Segundo inventario de los objetos y papeles recogidos a Boturini. Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación, 7 ( 4 ) : 565-80. Mexico.

Mexico South: The Isthmus of Tehuantepec. New York, Alfred A. Knopf. xxviii + 427 pp., [8], viii, pls., figs.

Publication of a version of the 1823 inventory of the Boturini collection based on a manuscript in AGN-H.

Cited for reproduction of Mapa de Tehuantepec

1913 Algunos documentos de la colec-

590

CUEVAS, MARIANO

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

ción Cuevas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnología, ep. 3, 5: 125-51, illus. Mexico. Reproduction (incomplete?) of negative photostats of Códice Cuevas with very brief description and palaeography of its text (pp. 129-35, 6 pls.) and publication of two letters by Fray Nicolás de San (Vicente) Paulo (de Witte), one of which (pp. 145-51) is cited in the prose census. Documentos inéditos del siglo XVI para la historia de Mexico. Mexico, Museo Nacional. xxxi + 521 pp. Important collection of 16thC letters and documents, several of which are cited in the prose census.

51-53) of a detail (reproduced in color) from Codex Saville; reference (pp. 49-51) to the Anales de San Juan Bautista; description (pp. 53-55) of the text known as Códice Gómez de Orozco. 1956

1914

1921-28 Historia de la iglesia en Mexico. Tlalpam, Santa Julia, and El Paso. 5 vols. Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts illustrated include photographic reproductions of Lienzo de Patzcuaro and the Map of Tzintzuntzan (after Beaumont, Crónica), a detail from Códice de la Conquista, four pages of the Testerian manuscript in the MNA (MNA 35-53), a detail (nonphotographic) of the Testerian manuscript in the British Museum (after Chavero, n.d.) (all in vol. 1), and a detail from Códice Cuevas (in vol. 2). Three maps marginal to the native tradition reproduced in vols. 1-3 are not included in the census: Pintura del Pueblo de Ocuituco, Mapa del Obispado de Nueva Galicia, and Mapa primitivo de Tepotzotlan y sus Contornos. One page of the text known as Códice Gómez de Orozco is reproduced and described in vol. 1. Other editions of this work include a reprint of 1938 and an (incomplete?) edition with different pagination of 1946. 1929

The Codex Saville: Americas oldest book. Historical Records and Studies, 19: 7-20, folding plate facing p. 4. New York, United States Catholic Historical Society. Description, commentary, and photoreproduction of Codex Saville. A minor addition to the article appears in the same journal, 20: 186-87 (1931). See Cuevas, 1956, for reprint. 1930

Album histórico Guadalupano del IV centenario. Mexico, Escuela Tipográfico Salesiana. 291 pp. History and review of publications and manuscripts bearing on the apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe. Cited for controversial interpretation (pp.

The Codex Saville: America's oldest book. In Donald Demarest and Coley Taylor, The Dark Virgin: The book of our Lady of Guadalupe. A documentary anthology. Freeport, Maine, and New York, Coley Taylor, Inc. pp. 179-94, 3 pls.

Reprint of Cuevas, 1929 (q.v.), but the full reproduction of Codex Saville is omitted and, instead, three details are given. There are second and third printings (1959, 1962) of the book in which this reprint appears. DAHLGREN, E. W.

1889

Något om det forna och nuvarande Mexico. Ymer, 9: 3-30, illus. Stockholm. Not examined. Cited for one of the first reproductions of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico. DAHLGREN DE JORDÁN, BARBRO

1954

La Mixteca: Su cultura e historia prehispánicas. Mexico, Imprenta Universitaria. 399 pp., figs., maps. Comprehensive ethnographic and historical survey of pre-Hispanic Western Oaxaca, based on most relevant primary documentary and pictorial sources. Cited in pictorials census for study (pp. 366-70) of calendrical names of persons in the gloss on Lienzo de Santa Maria Nativitas. Another edition, Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 1966. 1963

La grana o cochinilla. (Nueva Biblioteca Mexicana de Obras Históricas, 1). Mexico, Robredo. 327 pp., illus. Not examined. Illustrations include drawings from Gómez de Cervantes' Relación de lo que toca a la grana cochinilla. D A L T O N , O R M O N D E MADDOCK

1899

Reproductions of Nahua manuscripts. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 29: 337-38. London. Unimportant review of various facsimile editions 591

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

analysis of the codical art. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 61

of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts published by the Duc de Loubat.

1902a Reproductions of Nahua manuscripts. Man, vol. 2, art. 54, pp. 73-75, 5 figs. London. Similar to Dalton, 1899.

1902b Further notes on reproductions of Nahua manuscripts. Man, vol. 2, art. 67, p. 92. London. Addition to Dalton, 1902a. DANZEL,

THEODOR-WILHELM

1926a Codex Hammaburgensis, eine neuendeckte altmexikanische Bilderhandschrift des Hamburgischen Museums für Völkerkunde. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Völkerkunde in Hamburg, no. 11. 24 pp., 7 pls. Hamburg.

pp. Presentation of a method for reading genealogies in the Mixtee pictorial manuscripts, with interpretations of those in Codex Selden and Codex Bodley (obverse). See Caso, 1959c, for an extended review of this work.

1958b Speculations on the course of Mixtec history prior to the conquest. Boletín de Estudios Oaxaqueños, no. 10, pp. 1-14. Oaxaca and Mexico. Discussion of Mixtee chronology based on early data in Codices Bodley and Selden and Nuttall and on archaeological evidence.

1959 Evidence for the date of painting and provenience of Codex Selden and Codex Bodley. 33d International Congress of Americanists, 2: 523-29. Costa Rica.

Color reproduction and b / w photographic details of Codex Hammaburgensis, a falsified pictorial manuscript.

Analysis of the date and provenience of Codices Bodley and Selden.

1926b Eine neuendeckte altmexikanische Bilderhandschrift des Hamburgischen Museums für Völkerkunde. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Amerikanistenvereinigung, 1: 20. Wiirzburg.

1959 The palimpsests of Codex Selden: Recent attempts to reveal the covered pictographs. 33d International Congress of Americanists, 2: 530-39. Costa Rica.

Not examined. Presumably concerns Codex Hammaburgensis, a falsified pictorial manuscript.

1928 Eine mexikanische Bilderhandschrift aus dem Besitze des Hamburgischen Museums für Völkerkunde. Archiv für Schreib-und Buchwesen, 2 ( 1 ) : 1-9. Wolfenbüttel. Not examined. Presumably concerns Codex Hammaburgensis, a falsified pictorial manuscript. DARK,

Report on examination of the palimpsests of Codex Selden, with chemical analysis of the pigments. No legible detail of the underlying painting was uncovered. D A T O S RELATIVOS

1944

Datos relativos a Tetzcuzinco y al pueblo de Santa María Nativitas. (Biblioteca Aportación Histórica). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 26 pp.

Publication of the Titles of Tetzcotzinco in Spanish from a copy dated 1828.

PHILIP

1956 Mixtec codical art: Summary of a communication to the institute. Man, vol. 56, art. 38, pp. 42-43. London. Generalizations about Mixtee manuscripts and a method of analysis, more fully presented in Dark, 1958a.

1958a Mixtee ethnohistory: A method of 592

AND JOYCE PLESTERS

DAVILA PADILLA, AGUSTÍN

1955 Historia de la fundación y discurso de la provincia de Santiago de México, de la Orden de Predicadores. (Colección de Grandes Crónicas Mexicanas, 1). Mexico, Editorial Academia Literaria. xxvii •+ 654, 27 pp.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

First published 1596; this edition is a facsimile of the edition of 1625. Description of use of paintings for religious instruction of Indians (lib. I, cap. LXXXI) cited in introduction to census of Testerian manuscripts. DECKERT, HELMUT

1962 See Lips and Deckert, 1962. DEGERING, HERMANN

1933-34 Prunkstucke der Preuszichen Staatsbibliothek. Velhagen und Klasings Monatshefte, 48 Jahrgang, 1933/1934, 2: 161-76. Not examined. Fig. 15 (p. 176) illustrates one page of the Techialoyan Codex of Ocoyacac. DELAFIELD, JOHN, JR.

1839 An inquiry into the origin of the antiquities of America. Cincinnati, Ohio. 142 pp. Long (ca. 19 X 558 cm.) folding lithograph of Códice Boturini based on a copy by Bullock, marked "Lith. by Samyn Cincinnati O." Another edition is New York, London, Paris, 1839, 142 pp., in which the reproduction is marked "Bufford's Lithog. 136 Nassau St. N.Y." DELISLE, LEOPOLD

1868-81 Le cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Imperiale. Paris, Imprimerie Imperiale. 3 vols. Cited for brief statements concerning the Fonds Mexicains of the BNP before 1874. DESCRIPCIÓN

1955 Descripción de la provincia de Zapotitlan y Suchitepequez, año de 1579. Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala, 28: 68-83. Guatemala. Publication of a relación geográfica text containing the Papel del Origen de los Señores. D I B B L E , CHARLES E.

1940a El antiguo sistema de escritura en Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 105-28, illus. Mexico. Illustrated analysis of phonetic rebus elements in Códice Xolotl. Also issued in English as "The ancient Mexican writing system," Archaeology and Ethnology Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Utah, no. 2, 1940 (reprinted, 1950, in

Anthropological Papers, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, nos. 1-8).

1940b Mexican and Mayan codices. The Improvement Era, 43: 464-65,50406. Salt Lake City, Utah. A general and popular account.

1942a Códice en Cruz. Mexico. 159 pp., and portfolio with 3 large pls. Reproduction of tracings of Códice en Cruz with extensive and comparative commentary.

1942b A recently discovered copy of the Xolotl Codex. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 19-20 (1941-43): 3539, 2 pls. (whole vol., 1944). Description and reproduction of an old copy on parchment of pl. 2 of Códice Xolotl.

1947

Codex Hall: An ancient Mexican hieroglyphic picture manuscript. With a silk screen facsimile reproduction of the codex. (Monographs of the School of American Research no. 11). Santa Fe. 16 pp., 2 folding pls.

Detailed commentary and color reproduction of the falsified pictorial manuscript, Codex Hall. See Kubler, 1949, for review of this work.

1948 The page order of the Codex Xolotl. 28th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 377-80. Paris. Analysis of the number of pages and leaves in Códice Xolotl.

1951 Códice Xolotl. (Publicaciones del Instituto de Historia, 1st ser., no. 22). Mexico, Universidad Nacional de Mexico and the University of Utah. 166 pp., plates. Commentary on Códice Xolotl with photoreproduction of the original and of the incomplete León y Gama copy.

1955 The Aztec writing system. In E. Adamson Hoebel, Jesse D. Jennings, and Elmer Smith, eds., Readings in Anthropology, pp. 296-302, illus. New York, Toronto, London, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 593

ETHNOraSTORICAL SOURCES

General treatment of Central Mexican hieroglyphic writing.

1963 Historia de la nación mexicana. Reproducción a todo color del Códice de 1576 (Códice Aubin). Edición, introducción, notas, índices, versión paleográfica y traducción directa del Nahuatl. (Colección Chimalistac, vol. 16). Madrid, Ediciones José Porrúa Turanzas. lll pp., 158 pls. Reprint of the colored lithographs of Codex Aubin from the Aubin (1893) edition with brief introduction and transcript and translation of the Nahuatl text from the original manuscript. The reproduction omits the drawing on the reverse of page 1 and on page 2, included in the 1893 edition.

1965 Apuntes sobre la plancha X del Códice Xolotl. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, 5: 103-06. Mexico. Discusses possible interpretation, with photoreproduction, of certain details in Códice Xolotl. AND ARTHUR J. O. ANDERSON

1950-69 Florentine Codex: General history of the things of New Spain (by) Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Translated from the Aztec. . . . (Monographs of the School of American Research, 14, parts 2 13). Santa Fe, School of American Research and the University of Utah. 11 vols. Nahuad text and English translation of the 12 books of the Florentine Codex illustrated with b / w photographs of the color lithographs of the drawings published by Paso y Troncoso (1905-07, vol. 5) and selected photographs of selected pages of the original. Part 1, to contain the introduction, and a revision of Part 2 (book 1) are in preparation. Some volumes also contain material from Sahagún manuscripts other than the Florentine Codex. DIEBOLD, A. RICHARD

1955 Notice of reappearance of Codex L (the Codex of San Miguel Mimiahuapan) of the Techialoyan Codices. 3 pp. typescript in folder of modern documents accompanying the original codex. Concerns Techialoyan Codex 711, San Miguel Mimiahuapan.

594

DlESELDORFF, E . P.

1906 Extracto del libro antiguo que conserva la cofradía de Carcha. . . . 14th International Congress of Americanists, 2: 399-402. Stuttgart. Spanish text and German translation of the Libro Antiguo de Carcha. DIETSCHY, H A N S

1944 Zur Entzifferung einer mexikanischen Bilderhandschrift. Die Daten der mexikanischen Bilderhandschrift no. 1 ("Lienzo Vischer no. 1") des Museums für Völkerkunde in Basel. Anthropos, 3536 ( 4 - 6 ) : 863-75, 1 pl., 5 figs. Freiburg. Inadequate photoreproduction of Mapa de Tecamachalco with description, partial commentary, and analysis and correlation of its two hieroglyphic dates.

1960 Three Mexican "lienzos" of the Ethnographical Museum of Basle. 3d Congrès International des Sciences Anthropologiques et Ethnologiques, pp. 71-72. Tervuren. Brief descriptions of the Lienzos Vischer nos. 1-3 entered in the present census as Mapa de Tecamachalco, Lienzo de Don Juan Chichimecatecuhtli, and Lienzo de Tamazulapan, respectively. DIFFIE, BAILEY W.

1945 Latin American civilization: colonial period. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Stacpole Sons. 812 pp. Comprehensive survey of colonial Latin America, with emphasis on institutional and cultural aspects. Partial photoreproduction of the Techialoyan Codex of San Pedro Atlapolco (no. 726). DOCKSTADER, FREDERICK J.

1964 Indian art in Middle America. Greenwich, Conn., New York Graphic Society. 221 pp., 248 pls. Photoreproduction of Lienzo of Philadelphia (pl. 30) and a portion of Codex Dresden (pl. 59), the latter in color. DOCUMENTOS

1856

Documentos para la historia de Mexico. 3d ser., vol. 1. Mexico.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Only part cited is publication of the Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl (pp. 286-304).

1936 Documentos relativos a D. Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci. Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación, 7: 5-45, 229-55, 362-401, 565-95. Mexico. Includes abridged reprint of Torre Revelo, 1933, extracts from the proceedings against Boturini in Mexico, 1742-1745 (and documents from later years), and an inventory of his collection dated January, 1826. DOMENECH, EMMANUEL HENRI DIEUDONNE

1860 Manuscrit pictographique américain precede d'une notice sur Γideographie des Peaux-Rouges. Paris, Gide. viii + 119 pp., 228 lithographed pls. Publication of sketches believed to be by a German schoolboy but published as an authentic Indian pic­ torial manuscript. A large literature of exposure and denunciation surrounds this work. Cited for reprint (pp. 16-33) of Aubin, 1851. DOMÍNGUEZ, MIGUEL

1943 Coscomatepec de Bravo. Apuntes para la historia veracruzana, I. Mexico. 330 pp. Includes reproduction and description of "Códice Teteltzinco" and "Códice Tlacotepec," mentioned in the survey of pictorial manuscripts from Veracruz but not included in the census. DOMÍNGUEZ BORDONA, JESÚS

1935 Manuscritos de América. (Catálogo de la Biblioteca del Palacio, vol. 9). Madrid. 250 pp. See Article 28 under Biblioteca del Palacio Nacional, Madrid, for pictorial manuscripts cataloged and described in this work. DOREZ, LEÓN, trans.

1896 Le manuscrit mexicain Vatican 3773. Revue des Bibliothèques, sixième année, pp. 373-79. Paris. French translation of the 16-page history of Codex Vaticanus Β by Ehrle, 1896. DOUTRELAINE, COLONEL

1867 Rapport . . . sur un manuscrit mexicain de la collection Boban. Archives de la Commission Scien-

tifique du Mexique, 3: 120-33, 1 folding pl. Paris, Imprimerie Imperiale. Description and color lithograph of the Boban Cal­ endar Wheel. DUARTE, MANUEL

1906 El Apostol Santos Tomás en el Nuevo Mundo. . . . In Nicolás León, Bibliografía Mexicana del siglo XVIII (Boletín del Instituto Bibliográfico Mexicano, no. 7), sec. 1, part 3, A-Z, pp. 353-532. Mexico. Cited in Article 25 for statement (pp. 474-75) concerning origin of Testerian writing. DUFOSSÉ, E M I L E

n.d.a Americana. Bulletin du bouquiniste Americain et Colonial, 3d ser., no. 5. Paris, Librarie Emile Dufossé. Sale catalog (ca. 1888-91) descriptions of the Anales de San Lorenzo Haucalpan (Item 9495) and documents believed related to the Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc (Item 9497). Item 9496 includes an unknown "Mappe hieroglyphique peinte des terrains de Tlaxopan . . . ," reoffered in a later catalog by the same dealer (6th ser., no. 1, Item 354) but not included in the census.

n.d.b Americana. Bulletin du bouquiniste Americain et Colonial, 9th ser., no. 1. Paris, Librarie Emile Dufossé. Sale catalog description (inside title page) of the Techialoyan Codex García Granados (no. 715).

1893a Americana. Bulletin du bouquiniste Americain et Colonial, 10th ser., no. 2. Paris, Librarie Emile Dufossé. Sale catalog description (Item 70117) of the Techialoyan Codex García Granados (no. 715).

1893b Americana. Bulletin du bouquiniste Americain et Colonial, 10th ser., no. 4. Paris, Librarie Emile Dufossé. Sale catalog description (Item 72633bis) of the Techialoyan Codex García Granados (no. 715).

595

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES DURÁN, FRAY DIEGO

1867-80 Historia de las Indias de Nueva España y Islas de Tierra Firme. Mexico. 2 vols. and atlas with 66 pls. First edition of Durán's Historia. Preface by J. F. Ramírez and appendix by Chavero (see Chavero, 1880). Plates are Desportes lithographs (sometimes handcolored) of the Durán illustrations; final 16 plates are of the unrelated Codex Ixtlilxochitl, parts 1 and 2. For second edition see Durán, 1951.

1951 Historia de las Indias de Nueva España y Islas de Tierra Firme. Mexico, Editora Nacional. 2 vols. and atlas with 66 pls. Second edition of Durán, 1867-80, in reduced size, different pagination, and quality of paper (reprinted 1965).

1964 Aztecs: the history of the Indies of New Spain. Translated, with notes, by Doris Heyden and Fernando Horcasitas. Introduction by Ignacio Bernal. New York, Orion Press. xxxii + 381 pp., illus. burg.

Incomplete and abridged free translation of Durán, 1867-80. Introduction by Bernal summarizes major historiographic problems. Illustrations, from various sources, include only a few of those from the Durán history.

1971 Cambios económicos y moneda entre los Aztecas. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, 9: 105-24. Mexico. Includes (pp. 121-24) unsatisfactory redrawing of the BNP copy of the Plan du Tianquiztli with transcript and translation of its Nahuatl glosses. DURBIN, MARSHALL E.

1969 An interpretation of Bishop Diego de Landa's Maya alphabet. Preprinted from Philological and documentary Studies, 2 ( 4 ) : 171-79; Tulane University, Middle American Research Institute, Pub. 12. New Orleans. Linguistic analysis of Maya hieroglyphs in Landa, Relación de las Cosas de Yucatan. D Y C K E R H O F F , URSULA

1970 Die "Crónica Mexicana" des Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc: (Quellenkritische Untersuchungen. Hamburger Reihe zur Kultur-und Sprachwissenschaft, vol. 7.) Hamxvi + 418 pp.

An important study with emphasis on material culture and relationships of the Crónica to other manuscripts of the Crónica X Group. ECHÁNIZ, G U I L L E R M O Μ.

1967 Historia de las Indias de Nueva España e Islas de la Tierra Firme . . . la prepara y da a luz Ángel Ma. Garibay. . . . Mexico, Editorial Porrúa. 2 vols. xlvii + 341 pp., 52 [i.e., 55] pls., 641 pp., 63 pls.

ECHÁNIZ, LIBRERÍA ANTICUARÍA G U I L L E R M O

Edition based on original manuscript in Madrid with the illustrations reproduced by color photography. Includes introduction, vocabulary, glossary, and index by the editor. The order of the three parts of the work is here changed as is the numeration of some of the chapters.

Μ. n.d.a [Reproduction of the lithograph plates from the 1867-80 edition of Fray Diego Durán's Historia de las Indias]. Mexico. 66 pls. [1963?]

DURAND-FOREST, JACQUELINE DE

1962 De la monnaie chez les Aztèques. Cahiers de l'Institut de Science Economique Appliquée [Paris], Humanités, 4. Supplement no. 29, pp. 63-78. Not examined. Includes reproduction of the Plan du Tianquiztli.

596

1954

Códice de Tlachco. 5 pp.

Typescript.

Description and partial palaeography of Códice de Tlachco.

From the publisher's advertisements; handcolored reproduction of the illustrations to Durán's Historia, Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 1, and part of Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2.

n.d.b [Reproduction of the drawings from the Codex Mendoza]. Mexico. [1962?] From the publisher's advertisements; Codex Mendoza.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

n.d.c Pintura del gobernador, alcaldes y regidores de Mexico. Códice en geroglíficos mexicanos y en lenguas Castellana y Azteca. Mexico. [1963?] Codex Osuna; handcolored reproduction after the edition of 1878. Title from bookdealers' catalogs.

n.d.d

Códice Telleriano-Remensis, Pictografías mexicanas del siglo XVI con interpretación en lengua española de la época. Mexico. [1962?]

Codex Telleriano-Remensis; handcolored reproduction after the edition of 1899. Title from bookdealers' catalogs.

1937a Códice Borgia. Manuscrito pictórico mexicano que se conserva en la Biblioteca de la Congregatio Propaganda Fide en Roma. Mexico. 76 pls. Codex Borgia, handcolored reproduction.

1937b Códice Laud. M.S. pictórico mexicano que existe en la Biblioteca Bodleiana, Universidad de Oxford. Mexico. 46 pls. Codex Laud, handcolored reproduction.

1937c Códice Mariano Fernández Echeverría y Veytia. Mexico. 12 leaves with title pages, texts, and captions + 12 leaves with 21 figs. Codex Veytia, handcolored reproduction.

1938a Códice Borbonico. Manuscrito pictórico antiguo mexicano que se conserva en la Biblioteca de la Camara de Diputados de Paris (Palais Bourbon). Mexico. 36 pls. Codex Borbonicus, handcolored reproduction.

1938b Tonalamatl Aubin. Manuscrito pictórico mexicano que se conserva en la Biblioteca Nacional de Paris. Mexico. 20 pls. Tonalamatl Aubin, handcolored reproduction.

1939a Códice Nuttall. Manuscrito pictórico mexicano que actualmente

se exhibe en el Museo Británico. Mexico. 85 (86?) pls. Codex Nuttall, handcolored reproduction.

1939b Códice Troano. M.S. pictórico maya actualmente en la Biblioteca Nacional de Paris. Mexico. 70 pls. Codex Troano (a part of the Codex Madrid), handcolored reproduction.

1939c Códice Vaticano B. M.S. pictórico mexicano no. 3773 de la Biblioteca Vaticana. Mexico. 48 double pls. Codex Vaticanus Β, handcolored reproduction.

1944a Códice Becker o Manuscrito del Cacique. Pictografía ritual prehispánica de la civilización mixteca, que se conserva en el Museo Etnográfico de Viena. Mexico. 16 pls. Codex Becker no. 1, handcolored reproduction.

1944b Cronología mexicana, 1298-1596. Generalmente conocido bajo el título de Tira de Tepechpan. Pictografía mexicana del siglo XVI. Mexico. Screenfold facsimile. Tira de Tepechpan, handcolored facsimile.

1944c Tira de la Peregrinación Mexica. Bibliografía, descripción, interpretación. Mexico. 25 pp., 22 pls. Descriptive commentary in Spanish and English on Códice Boturini with full reproduction. Edition of 1000 copies.

1944d Tira de la Peregrinación Azteca. Pictografía pre-colombina mexicana. Trozo calcado del original actualmente en el Museo Nacional de Mexico. Documentadamente coloreado para facilitar su interpretación. Mexico. Screenfold facsimile. Códice Boturini, handcolored reproduction (the original manuscript has only two colors).

1944e Tira de la Peregrinación Azteca. Pictografía pre-colombina mexicana. Trozo calcado del original actualmente en el Museo Nacional 597

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

de Mexico. Documentadamente coloreado para facilitar su interpretación. Mexico. 22 pls. Códice Boturini, handcolored reproduction. Differs from Echániz, 1944d, in that the plates are gathered in book form rather than reproduced on a long screenfolded strip.

1944f Códice Vindobonensis. Pictografía antigua mexicana. Manuscrito ritual que se conserva actualmente en la Biblioteca Nacional de Viena. Mexico. 65 pls. Codex Vienna, handcolored reproduction.

1945 Códice Féjérváry Mayer. Manuscrito pictórico antiguo mexicano que se conscrva en el Museo de Liverpool. Mexico. 44 pls. Codex Féjérváry-Mayer, handcolored reproduction.

1946a Códice Selden A. Pictografía antigua mexicana actualmente en la Biblioteca Bodleiana de Oxford, Inglaterra (Rollo Selden). Mexico. 12 pls. Selden Roll, handcolored reproduction.

1946b Códice Selden Β. Pictografía prehispánica mexicana. Cultura mixteca. Actualmente en la Biblioteca Bodleiana de Oxford, Inglaterra. Mexico. 20 pls. Codex Selden, handcolored reproduction.

1947a Codice Bodley. Manuscrito pictórico antiguo mexicano de la civilización Mixteca-Zapoteca. Forma parte de la colección Thomas Bodley. Se conserva en la Biblioteca de Oxford, Inglaterra. Mexico. 40 pls. Codex Bodley, handcolored reproduction.

1947b Códice de Dresden. Manuscrito pictórico ritual Maya. Se conserva en la Biblioteca de Dresden, Alemania. Mexico. 74 pls. Codex Dresden, handcolored reproduction.

1947c Libro de la vida que los indios antiguamente hazian y supersticiones y malos ritos que tenían y guarda598

van. Manuscrito pictórico mexicano post-cortesiano conservado en la Biblioteca Nacional de Florencia, Italia. Mexico. 116 pls. Codex Magliabecchiano, handcolored reproduction.

1947d Códice Ramírez. Pictografía histórica mexicana actualmente en el Museo Arqueológico de Mexico. Mexico. 32 pls. Handcolored (!) reproduction of the illustrations in Tovar's Códice Ramírez.

1949

Códice Cortesiano. Manuscrito pictórico maya actualmente en el Museo Arqueológico de Madrid. Mexico. 42 pls.

Codex Cortesianus (part of Codex Madrid), handcolored reproduction. ECHEVERRÍA Y VEYTIA, MARIANO FERNÁNDEZ DE

See Veytia, Mariano Fernández de Echeverría y ECKER, LAWRENCE

1966 Algunas observaciones sobre el calendario Otomi y los nombres otomies de los monarcas nahuas en el Códice de Huichapan. In Summa Anthropologica en homenaje a Roberto J. Weitlaner, pp. 605-12. Mexico, I.N.A.H. Critical observations on Otomi calendrical names and of Aztec chronology in Códice de Huichapan. EDMONSON, MUNRO S.

1971 The Book of the Counsel: The Popol Vuh of the Quiche Maya of Guatemala. (Middle American Research Institute, Pub. 35). New Orleans, Tulane University. xvii + 273 pp. Quiche text and English translation of the Popol Vuh. EDWARDS, E M I L Y

1966

Painted walls of Mexico from prehistoric times until today. Austin and London, University of Texas Press. 306 pp.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Barberini, Latin 241" (Vatican Library). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 94, no. 2. Washington. 14 pp., 4 pls.

Reproduces mural from Cuauhtinchan, Puebla (fig. 40) comparable to painting in the Historia ToltecaChichimeca. EHRLE, FRANZ

1896 Il manoscritto messicano vaticano 3773, riprodotto in fotocromografia a spese di S. E. il duca di Loubat a cura delia Biblioteca Vaticana. Roma, Stablimento Danesi. 16 pp. With "Los Libros de Anahuac," 23 pp., by Francisco del Paso y Troncoso; English, French, or German translation of the latter; and color screenfold facsimile, 96 pp., 2 wooden covers. In box with binder's title: Codice messi­ cano Vaticano no. 3773. Facsimile edition in color of Codex Vaticanus Β with history of the manuscript by Ehrle and description by Paso y Troncoso. For another printing of the latter see Paso y Troncoso, 1897b. For French and Spanish translations of Ehrle's pamphlet see Dorez, 1896, and Haro y Cadena, 1940.

1898 Il manoscritto messicano Borgiano del Museo Etnografico delia S. Congregazione di Propaganda Fide, riprodotto in fotocromografia a spese di S. E. il Duca di Loubat a cura delia Biblioteca Vaticana. Roma, Stablimento Danesi. 12 pp. With color facsimile screen­ fold, 76 pp., 2 unnumbered pages. In box with binder's title: Codice Messicano Borgiano. Facsimile edition in color and history of Codex Borgia.

1900 Il manoscritto messicano vaticano 3738, detto il Codice Rios, ripro­ dotto in fotocromografia a spese di sua eccellenza il duca di Loubat per cura delia Biblioteca Vaticana. Roma, Stablimento Danesi. 39 pp., 97 leaves of facsimiles. Color edition of Codex Ríos with detailed historical introduction and transcript of the Italian text. EMMART, EMILY WAJLCOTT

1935a Concerning the Badianus Manuscript, an Aztec herbal, "Codex

Description of the Libellus de medicinalibus . . . by Martín de la Cruz with reproduction of selected pages. Superseded by Emmart, 1940. See also Emmart, 1935b, 1935c.

1935b An Aztec medical treatise: the Badianus Manuscript. Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine, 3 ( 6 ) : 493-506. Not examined; presumably another version of Emmart, 1935a.

1935c Un tratado azteca de medicina: el manuscrito de Badiano (Codex Barberini, Latín 241). El Siglo Medico, 96: 95-104. Not examined; presumably another version of Emmart, 1935a.

1940 The Badianus Manuscript (Codex Barberini, Latin 241), Vatican Library. An Aztec Herbal of 1552. Introduction, translation, and annotations by Emily Walcott Emmart with a foreword by Henry E. Sigerist. Baltimore, John Hopkins Press. xxiv + 341 pp., colored pls. Facsimile edition in color of the Libellus de medicinalibus . . . by Martín de la Cruz, based on a watercolor copy (now believed to be in the Bliss collection at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., and apparently ex-Gates collection; see Gates, 1940, sec. C, p. 9) with scholarly commentary, English translation, botanical identification of plants and Nahuatl terms, classified indices. ERIKSSON, J. V.

1919 Montezumas Mexiko. Ymer, 39 ( 1 ) : 4-33,9 illus. Stockholm. Illustrations include details from the Plano en Papel de Maguey and the Map attributed to Alonso de Santa Cruz (text in Swedish). ESCALONA R A M O S , ALBERTO

1934

Historia de los Mayas por sus cronicas. (Publicación de la Universisidad Nacional del Sureste). Merida. 18 pp.

Cover dated 1935. Spanish text and interpretation of the chronicle of Maya history from the Book of

599

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Chilam Balam of Mani (Crónica de Mani, from Codex Perez).

nacio Dávila Garibi. Mexico, Editorial Santiago. xii + 532 pp., 34

pls., map.

ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL

1913a Informe del Presidente de la Junta Directiva. (Escuela Internacional de Arqueología e Etnología Americanas. Año escolar de 1911 a 1912). Mexico. 14 pp.

Added illustrations to this edition include three from the Relación de Michoacan (pls. 4-6, one in color) from the copy owned by Gómez de Orozco and the Map of Tzintzuntzan (pl. 10) from Beaumont's Crónica de Michoacan.

Statement (p. 5) that a copy was made of a Mazatec lienzo (Lienzo de San Pedro Ixcatlan) owned by (Mariano) Espinosa of Tuxtepec.

1910 Apuntes históricos de las tribus Chinantecas, Mazatecas y Popolucas. Mexico, Imprenta de Vásquez e Hijos. 146 pp.

1913b Exposición de trabajos en la sala de conferencias. . . . (Anexo al Informe del Presidente de la Junta Directiva de la Escuela Internacional de Arqueología y Etnología Americanas. Año escolar de 1911 a 1912). Mexico. xx pp. Statement (p. xix) that a copy of a Mazatec lienzo (Lienzo de San Pedro Ixcatlan) was exhibited. Title page says 1912; cover dated 1913. ESPEJO, ANTONIETA, AND ROBERT H. BARLOW

1944 El plano mas antiguo de Tlatelolco. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 1, part 4). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 3 (2) 239-43. Mexico. Reproduction of the map in the Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc, with commentary. AND ARTURO MONZÓN

1945 Algunas notas sobre organización social de los Tlatelolca. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 6, part 8). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 4 ( 4 ) : 4 8 - 8 9 , folding table. Mexico. Study of the genealogy and kinship of persons of Tlatelolcan descent, based on Codice Xolotl.

O.F.M. 1945 Crónica de la Provincia Franciscana de los Apostoles San Pedro y San Pablo de Michoacan. Segunda edición. Apuntamientos biobibliográficos por el Dr. Nicolás León. Prólogo y notas de José Ig-

ESPINOSA, FR. ISIDRO FELIX DE,

600

ESPINOSA, MARIANO

Description of the Mazatec "Señorío del Norte" appears to be based in part on Lienzo de San Pedro Ixcatlan. References to a Mazatec "arbol genealógico" and to a "Códice Chinanteco" are to unknown documents not included in the census. For another edition see Espinosa, 1961.

1961 Apuntes históricos de las tribus Chinantecas, Mazatecas y Popolucas. (Papeles de la Chinantla, 3. Museo Nacional de Antropología, Serie Científica, 7). Mexico. 209 pp. Second edition with notes and appendices by Howard F. Cline. For annotation see Espinosa, 1910. See Cline, 1961b, for study of the Mapa de Chinantla and other documents appended to this edition. ESTEVE BARBA, FRANCISCO

1942

Catálogo de la colección de manuscritos Borbon-Lorenzana. Madrid, Cuerpo Facultativo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos. 492 pp., illus.

Catalog description of a copy of the drawings of Gómez de Cervantes' Relación de lo que toca a la grana cochinilla with reproduction of one of the drawings (p. 142, no. 172, pl. 8).

1952 La vida de un subdito de Moctezuma según el Códice Mendoza. Mundo Hispánico, no. 5, pp. . Madrid. Not examined; cited for part 3 of Codex Mendoza. ESTRADA, G E N A R O

1933 Manuscritos sobre Mexico en la Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid. (Sacado del Catálogo de Manu-

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

scritos de América, de Don Julian Paz). (Cuadernos Americanos de la Embajada de Mexico en España ). Μadrid. 277 pp. Extract of the Mexican section of the catalog of manuscripts in the Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid by Paz, 1933 (q.v.). 1937

El arte mexicano en España. (Enciclopedia Ilustrada Mexicana, no. 5 ) . Mexico. 62 pp., illus.

Brief comment on Códice de Santa Cruz Tlamapa with small-scale photoreproduction (p. 53,fig.6 4 ) . EVANS, R. H.

1836

Catalogue of the library of the late Richard Heber, Esq. Part the eleventh. Pall Mall. 189 pp. Item no. 765 (pp. 76-77) is the volume containing the Tovar Historia de la Benida and the Tovar Calendar. EVREINOV, E . V., Y. G . KOSAREV, AND V . A . USTINOV

1961

Primenenie elektronnykh vychisletel'nykh mashin ν issledovanii pis'mennosti drevnikh Maiia. Novosibirsk, Akademiia Nauk. 3 vols. Attempt, utilizing electronic computer, to decipher portions of the Lowland Maya Codices Dresden and Madrid (glyphs are transliterated into colonial Yucatec Maya in a manner strongly reflecting the system of Yuri Knorozov) —judged by most Mayanists to have been essentially a failure. Includes photographs of reproductions of the two screenfolds studied. ΕWING, WILLIAM S.

1953

Guide to the collections in the Wil­ liam L. Clements Library. 2d ed. Ann Arbor, Clements Library. 548 pp. Catalog of manuscripts in the Clements Library, University of Michigan. EXCELSIOR

1937

Excelsior, Año XXI, vol. 4, Magazine dominical, August 15. Mexico. Two photographs of Techialoyan 723, San Francisco Xonacatlan (now in TU/MARI), were published on p. 1.

EXPOSICIÓN

HISTÓRICO-AMEBICANA

1892

Catálogo de los documentos históricos de Indias presentados por la nación Española a la Exposición Histórico-Americana de Madrid. (Vol. Q of the series). Madrid. 134 pp. Exhibit catalog lists various pictorial manuscripts in Spanish institutional and private collections. Includes long description of the Techialoyan Codex of San Simon Calpulalpan (no. 725) (pp. 126-28, no. 830). Item 883 (p. 129), "Un mapa de los alrededores de Tequaltiche en la Nueva España," exhibited by an individual, is otherwise unknown and not included in census. EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE

1867

Notice des documents appartenant à la collection paléographique de Μ. Jean de Tro y Ortolano, . . . présentés à l'Exposition Universelle de 1867. Paris. Not examined; may be relevant to the history of Codex Troano (part of Codex Madrid). FÁBREGA, JOSÉ LINO

1899

Interpretación del Códice Borgiano. Obra postuma. Texto italiano pareado con la traducción castellana. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 5: 1-260. Mexico. First and only edition of the Italian text, with Spanish translation, of a late 18thC (ca. 1792-97) commentary on Codex Borgia by a Jesuit exiled from Mexico, with digressions on Mexican history and calendar. Also lists and describes about 10 Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts known to him personally or through earlier or contemporary publications. The latter are all included in this census. FERNÁNDEZ, JUSTINO

1938

See Toussaint, Gómez de Orozco, and Fernández, 1938.

1939

Códice del Tecpan de Santiago Tlatelolco (1576-1581). Investigaciones Históricas, 1 ( 3 ) : 243-64. Mexico. Description of Códice del Tecpan de Santiago Tlatelolco, with Spanish translation of its Nahuatl text by Hugo Leicht and reproduction of its single drawing. 601

ETHNOHlSTORICAL SOURCES

1956 El atlas de la obra de Bullock. Andes del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, 6 (24): 23-33, 22 figs. Mexico. Reprints the plates from the atlas to Bullock, 1824b. Fig. 19 is the Bullock lithograph of the Plano en Papel de Maguey. FERNÁNDEZ DE CÓRDOBA, JOAQUÍN

1952

Michoacan—la historia y sus instrumentos. Historia Mexicana, 2 ( 1 ) : 135-54. Mexico, El Colegio de Mexico.

Useful guide and bibliography to historical sources relating to Michoacan.

1959 Tesoros bibliográficos de México en los Estados Unidos. Mexico, Editorial Cultura. χ + 151 pp. Although primarily concerned with books, gives useful background information and sources of acquisition of Mexican manuscript collections in selected United States repositories. FERNÁNDEZ DEL CASTILLO, A N T O N I O

1952 Códice de Cuajimalpa. Dirección, introducción, cotejo y notas Antonio Fernández del Castillo. Paleografía, traducción, y dictamen Francisco Rosales. Copia de originales Luis G. Ceballos. Fotografía, Salvador González S. y Miguel Saldaña. (Memoria de la Academia Nacional de Historia y Geografía. Primer Boletín Extraordinario. Año octavo, segunda época). Mexico. 29 pp., 38 pls., frontispiece. Description and photoreproduction of the Techialoyan Codex of San Pedro Cuajimalpa (no. 703) with 1865 commentary and translation.

1925a Fray Diego Durán: aclaraciones históricas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía, ep. 4, 3 ( 3 ) : 223-29, pls. 9-11. Mexico. Important biographical data on Fr. Diego Durán.

1925b See Toro and Fernández del Castillo, 1925. FERNÁNDEZ DE RECAS, GUILLERMO S.

1961 Cacicazgos y nobiliario indígena de la Nueva España. (Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico. Instituto Bibliográfico Mexicano, 5). Mexico. xxvi + 351 pp., illus. Texts of documents, the majority in the Mexican Archivo General de la Nación, Ramos Vínculos, Tierras, and Historia, relating to 35 colonial Indian cacicazgos. Includes (pp. 77-81) the Carlos Mancio description of 1715 of Genealogía de la Familia Cano from AGN-V 110 and reproduction in color of the AGN-T 2692 version of Genealogía de la familia Mendoza Moctezuma and related texts (pp. 269-84, color pls. 2-3). Partial publication of three documents related to the Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de San Juan Teotihuacan from a text in AGN. A late pictorial manuscript published in pls. 19-24 is not included in the pictorials census.

(Vda. de Ferrandis) 1965 Guía del Museo de América. (Dirección General de Bellas Artes, Guías de los Museos de España, 25). Madrid. 170 pp., 40 pls.

FERNÁNDEZ VEGA, PILAR

Includes brief references to Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts exhibited in the museum: Codex Madrid (pp. 44-45), Códice del Museo de America (pp. 45-46), a Testerian manuscript (p. 140), and a falsification (p. 151).

FERNÁNDEZ DEL CASTILLO, FRANCISCO

1907 Concordancia entre los calendarios Nahuatl y Romano. Boletín de la Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística de la República Mexicana, ep. 5, 2: 59-98, 2 pls. Mexico. Includes folding lithographic colored reproduction of Mapa Sigüenza (facing p. 76) and data on the history of that manuscript (p. 74, note 4) given nowhere else.

602

FEWKES, WALTER

1893 A Central American ceremony which suggests the snake dance of the Tusayan villagers. American Anthropologist, o.s., 6 ( 3 ) : 285306, 4 pls. Washington. Includes Nahuatl text and German translation (by E. Seler) as well as a reproduction in color of the accompanying drawing of a passage from the

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Primeros memoriales describing the ceremony that occurs every eight years.

1886

F I S H , C A R L RUSSELL

1911 Guide to the materials for American history in Roman and other Italian archives. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 128. Washington. 289 pp. Standard survey. See also Guzmán, 1964. FLOR Y CANTO

1964

Flor y Canto del arte prehispánico de México. Mexico, Fondo editorial de la plástica mexicana.

Includes good-quality color photoreproductions of selected pages from Codices Borgia, Dresden, Borbonicus, Nuttall, and Vaticanus B; cited in census only for those of Borgia and Nuttall. FORSTEMANN, ERNST

1880 Die Maya Handschrift der Königlichen öffentlichen Bibliothek zu Dresden . . . mit 74 Tafeln in Chromo-Lichtdruck. Leipzig, Verlag der A. Naumann'schen Lichtdruckerei. 18 pp., 74 individually mounted facsimiles. In portfolio. Description, history, bibliography, and first color photographic edition of Codex Dresden. Pagination of pp. 1-2 and 44-45 of the manuscript in this edition was changed in the "second" edition (Forstemann, 1892). See also Förstemann, 1882. Unpublished English translation of accompanying pamphlet in Peabody Museum Library, Cambridge. Partial English translation in Thomas, 1888, pp. 2 6 1 69.

1882 Die Maya Handschrift der Königlichen öffentlichen Bibliothek zu D r e s d e n . . . mit 74 Tafeln in Chromo-Lichtdruck. Leipzig, Verlag von A. Nauman & Schroeder. 18 pp., 74 individually mounted facsimiles. In portfolio. Same as Forstemann, 1880, except for date on title page, change in printer's name in three places (title page, author's acknowledgment, printer's notice), and omission of date in printer's notice on p. 18. In copy examined the plates bear name of printer of 1880 edition and are numbered in same order; portfolio binding bears 1880 date.

Erläuterungen zur Mayahandschrift der Königlichen offentlichen Bibliothek zu Dresden. Dresden, Warnatz & Lehmann, Konigl. Hofbuchhändler. 80 pp.

Partial commentary on Codex Dresden. Unpublished English translation in Peabody Museum Library (miscataloged as by C. P. Bowditch, 110 pp.). See also Förstemann, 1901 and 1906.

1892 Die Maya Handschrift der Königlichen offentlichen Bibliothek zu Dresden . . . zweite Auflage. Mit 74 Tafeln in Chromo-Lichtdruck. Dresden, R. Bertling. 14 pp., 74 individually mounted plates. "Second" edition of Förstemann, 1880. Pamphlet does not repeat content of editions of 1880 and 1882 but continues history of Maya research started in earlier editions, with comment on pagination of the manuscript and additional bibliography. Unpublished English translation in Peabody Museum Library. Pagination of pp. 1-2 and 44-45 of the reproduction varies from that of the earlier editions.

1901 Commentar zur Mayahandschrift der Kõniglichen öffentlichen Bibliothek zu Dresden. Dresden, Verlag von Richard Bertling. 176 pp. Commentary on Codex Dresden. See Förstemann, 1906, for English translation. See also Forstemann, 1886.

1902

Commentar zur Madrider Mayahandschrift (Codex Tro-Cortesianus). Danzig, Verlag von L. Sauniers Buchhandlung. 160 pp.

Commentary on Codex Madrid. Unpublished English translation in Peabody Museum Library. See also Förstemann, 1903b.

1903a Commentar zur Pariser Mayahandschrift (Codex Peresianus). Danzig, Verlag von L. Sauniers Buchhandlung. 32 pp. Commentary on Codex Paris. Unpublished English translation in Peabody Museum Library.

1903b Zur Madrider Mayahandschrift. In Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, pp. 771-90, in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vol. 35. Berlin. Amplification of a portion of his commentary on

603

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Codex Madrid (Fõrstemann, 1902). Unpublished English translation in Peabody Museum Library.

1906

Commentary on the Maya manuscript in the Royal Public Library of Dresden. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 4 ( 2 ) : 49-269. Cambridge.

English translation of Fõrstemann, 1901, revised by the author. FORTIER, ALCEE, AND JOHN ROSE FICKLEN

1907

Central America and Mexico. (Vol. 9 of the History of North America, edited by Francis Newton Thorpe). Philadelphia, printed for subscribers only by George Barrie & Sons. (Edition of the States.) 537 pp.

Small-scale photograph facing p. 64 reproduces the Waldeck copy of Lienzo de Tetlama. Other editions of this work, not examined, may not contain the illustration. FORTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT

1897 Forty-fourth annual report of the Committee of the Public Libraries, Museums, and Art Gallery of the City of Liverpool for the year ending 31st December, 1896. Liverpool. 67 pp. Very general reference to Codex Féjérváry-Mayer (pp. 50-51). A reprint from this report, under a somewhat different title, is cited by Paso y Troncoso (1898b, p. 56) to indicate that the Liverpool museum designates the manuscript as "Codex Mayer"; of no further significance. FOSTER, E L I Z A B E T H ANDROS

1950 Motolinia's History of the Indians of New Spain. (Documents and Narratives concerning the Discovery and Conquest of Latin America, n.s., 4 ) . Berkeley, Cortés Society. χ + 294 pp. English translation of Motolinía's Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España.

New Orleans States, Magazine Section, Sunday, January 24. New Orleans. Ten photographs of Techialoyan 723, San Francisco Xonacatlan (now in TU/MARI), were published on pp. 4-5. FUENTE, JULIO DE LA

1949 Documentos para la etnografía e historia zapotecas. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 3: 175-97. Mexico. Brief mention (p. 176) of Lienzos de San Juan Tabaa nos. 1 and 2 and Códice de San Juan Comaltepec; publication (pp. 185-97) of three documents in Spanish, apparently descriptions of Zapotec cartographic-historical lienzos. FUENTES Y GUZMÁN, FRANCISCO ANTONIO DE

1882-83 Historia de Guatemala ó Recordación Florida escrita en el siglo XVII. Biblioteca de los Americanistas). Madrid. 2 vols. First and incomplete edition of the work; see Fuentes y Guzmán, 1932-33, for complete edition.

1932-33 Recordación Florida: Discurso historial y demostración natural, material, militar y política del Reyno de Guatemala. . . . (Biblioteca "Goathemala" de la Sociedad de Geografía e H i s t o r i a . . . , vols. 6-8). Guatemala. 3 vols. First complete edition of the work. Segunda parte, libro segundo, capítulos 11 and 12 (vol. 2, pp. 107112, of this edition; not in the edition of Madrid, 1882-83) contain an illustrated account of highland Maya (and Pipil?) picture writing, discussed in the regional survey. See Fuentes y Guzmán, 1933, for a reprint of this section.

1933 De los caracteres y modo de escritura de que usaban estos Indios en su gentilidad, en especial el modo de figuras de que se valieron los Pipiles. Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala, 9 ( 3 ) : 364-69. Guatemala. See Fuentes y Guzmán, 1932-33, for comment.

FROST, MEIGS O.

1937 How Tulane's $21.50 equaled J. P. Morgan's $5000. Times-Picayune 604

FUNDACIÓN DE CUACUAUZENTLALPAN, L A

1962 La fundación de Cuacuauzentlal-

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

pan. Tlalocan, Mexico.

4 (1):

64-73.

que du Musée de l'Homme de París. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, n.s., 51: 7-33, 2 pls.

Text of the indicated document in a Spanish translation dated 1930, with index. FUSTER, JUSTO PASTOR

1827-30 Biblioteca Valenciana de los escritores que florecieron hasta nuestros dias. . . . Valencia. 2 vols. Includes early catalog of the Muñoz collection (2: 191-238). Superseded by Catálogo, 1954-56. See Article 28 under Biblioteca del Palacio Nacional and Biblioteca de la Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, for pictorial manuscripts listed herein. GABRIELI,GIUSEPPI

1929 Iconografía botánica. Due codici iconografici di piante miniate, nella Biblioteca Reale di Windsor. Aproposito di Cimelî Lincei. Atti della Reale Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti, 6th ser., vol. 10, fasc. 10, pp. 531-38, 2 figs. Rome. Description of a copy of Martín de la Cruz, Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis, with illustration of a detail (pp. 534-37, fig. 2). GADOW, H A N S

1908 Through southern Mexico, being an account of the travels of a naturalist London and New York, xvi + 527 pp., illus. Brief description of the original and of a copy of Lienzo de Huilotepec, both then located in the village. Brief reference (p. 173) to a similar document "said to be at Juchitan" (Oaxaca). GALARZA, JOAQUÍN

1960 Liste-catalogue des sources pour l'étude de l'ethnologie dans l'ancien Mexique (Mayas exceptes) au Musée de l'Hornme. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, n.s., 49: 69-113. Paris.

Paris. Photoreproduction of and commentary on Codex Santa Anita Zacatlalmanco.

1963 Codex San Andres (Juridiction de Cuautitlan). Manuscrit pictographique du Musée de l'Homme de Paris. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, n.s., 52: 61-90, illus. París. Photoreproduction of and commentary on Codex San Andres.

1964

Codex Procès de Cuautitlan — 8 Avril, 1568. Manuscrit pictographique de la Bibliothèque Nationale de París. Baessler-Archiv, n.s., 12 ( 1 ) : 193-225,10 figs. Berlin.

Detailed commentary on and photoreproduction of Codex Procès de Cuautitlan.

1965 Review of: Códice Manuel de Velasco y Amendaro. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 54 ( 1 ) : 166-67. Paris. Review of edition of Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco by Echániz under an unusual synonym. The reviewer does not give bibliographical description of the edition, not otherwise cited in the present census.

1966

Glyphes et attributs Chrétiens dans les manuscrits pictographiques mexicains du XVIe Siècle: Le Codex Mexicanus 23-24. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 55 ( 1 ) : 7 - 4 2 , 7pls. Paris.

Fully illustrated study of the fusion of Christian and native symbolism in the month calendar at the beginning of Codex Mexicanus (BNP 23-24).

Includes bibliographies for some 65 different pictorial manuscripts (pp. 72-89) and other sources. A useful bibliography of titles actually in the Musée de l'Homme.

1967 Prénoms et noms de lieux exprimés par des glyphes et des attributs Chrétiens dans les manuscrits pictographiques mexicains. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 56 ( 2 ) : 533-83. Paris.

1962 Le Codex Santa Anita Zacatlalmanco. Manuscrit pictographi-

Identification of given Christian personal name and saints' names in rebus glyphs in a variety of manuscripts.

605

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES GALICIA CHIMALPOPOCA, FAUSTINO

1893

Fragmento de los títulos de San Antonio de La Isla. Memoria de la administración pública del estado de Mexico, pp. 567-68. Toluca. Not examined. Incomplete Spanish translation of the Nahuatl text of Techialoyan Codex A. 1947

Izcatqui Ic Xoxolihuia In Tlacallaquilli Nohuian Altepetl. Relación de los tributos que daban todos Iospueblos. (Biblioteca Aportación Histórica). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 29 pp. Nahuatl text and Spanish translation (probably from Galicia Chimalpopoca, Documentos históricos, MS, ΜΝΑ/ΑΗ-CA 254) of the "lista de los pueblos principales que pertenecían antiguamente a Tetzcoco" (an extract from the Anales de Cuauhtitlan). GALINDO Y VILLA, JESÚS

1895

Guía para visitar los salones de Historia de Mexico del Museo Nacional. Mexico, Imprenta del Museo Nacional. vii + 147, 31 pp. Description (pp. 102-03) of Mapa de Tehuantepec. Also includes brief descriptions of eight other pictorial manuscripts and two relación geográfica maps, based largely on those published by Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93. 1904

See García Cubas and Galindo y ViUa, 1904.

1905a Algo sobre los Zapotecos y los edificios de Mitla. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 2, 2: 193260, pls. 4-38. Mexico. Photoreproductions of a page from Códice Dehesa, a detail from Códice Fernández Leal, and the 1892 copies of Genealogía Oaxaqueña and Lienzo de Guevea; mention of Lienzo de Petapa; reprint of the description of Códice Sánchez Solís by Paso y Troncoso, 1886; and reprints of, or extracts from, the descriptions of Codices Baranda, Colombino, Dehesa, Porfirio Díaz, and Genealogía Oaxaqueña by Paso y Troncoso, 1892-93. 1905b Las pinturas y los manuscritos jeroglíficos mexicanos. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 2, 2: 25-56. Mexico. Derivative publication containing general bibliographical notices about Mexican Indian pictorial 606

manuscripts, with sections devoted to the Boturini collection, the publications of Humboldt and Kingsborough, and the Aubin-Goupil collection. 1922

Don Francisco del Paso y Troncoso: su vida y sus obras. Anales del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía, ep. 4, 1: 305-579. Mexico. Includes annotated listing of writings of Paso y Troncoso; many are summarized or quoted at length, with pertinent notes. Also published in Memorias de la Sociedad Científica "Antonio Alzate;' 42: 135-304, 491-670, Mexico, 1923. 1923

Le codex aztèque du Palais Bourbon, d'apres les travaux de Francisco del Paso y Troncoso. Le Echo du Mexique, 3 ( 3 3 ) : 6-11. París. Not examined; probably a summary of Paso y Troncoso's (1898b) commentary on Codex Borbonicus, possibly reprinted from Gahndo y Villa, 1922. 1925

Colección de Mendoza o Códice Mendocino, documento mexicano del siglo XVI que se conserva en la Biblioteca Bodleiana de Oxford, Inglaterra. Facsimile fototípico dispuesto por Don Francisco del Paso y Troncoso. . . . Mexico, Museo Nacional, liv pp., 71 leaves of photoreproductions. B/w photofacsimile edition of Codex Mendoza. Introduction by Gahndo y Villa contains brief commentary and long digression on the viceregency of Don Diego de Mendoza. The plates were printed in Madrid for Paso y Troncoso, who died before the edition could be completed. Some copies are bound with reproduction (3 leaves) of the unrelated Ruy González letter of 24 April, 1553, to Charles V. GALL, FRANCIS

1963

Título del Ajpop Huitzitzil Tzunún. Probanza de méritos de los de León y Cardona. (Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala, Pub. 11, Colección Documentos, 25). Guatemala. 85 pp. Palaeographic transcript and photoreproduction of the Título del Ajpop Huitzitzil Tzunún, with commentary and notes; the Probanza de méritos . . . , the second of the two documents published, is not cited in the census.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

morias de la Sociedad Científica "Antonio Alzate," 45: 309-52. Mexico.

GALLATIN, ALBERT

1845 Notes on the semi-civilized nations of Mexico, Yucatan, and Central America. Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, 1: 1-352. New York and London.

Folding lithographic reproductions of Códice Boturini and Mapa Sigüenza, the latter in color (by the "Talleres Gráficos de la Nación").

Section 4 ("History and chronology," pp. 11674) and Appendix 2 ("Notes on Lord Kingsborough's collection . . . ," pp. 305-52) contain interesting but dated observations on Mexican Indian history and calendar, based in part on the pictorial MSS published by Kingsborough (183148), particularly Codices Boturini, Ríos, and Telleriano-Remensis.

GARCÍA CUBAS, ANTONIO

GAMIO, MANUEL

Poor lithograph of Mapa de Coatlinchan with place glyphs numbered and identified in text.

1917 Investigaciones arqueológicas en México, 1914-1915. 19th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 125-33. Washington. Announces discovery (pp. 130-31) and gives photoreproduction of an old copy on cloth or the Plano en Papel de Maguey (pl. 8; here called Plano de Tenoxtitlan), the original of which is also reproduced (pl. 7). Both reproductions are of poor quality.

1922

[ed.] La población del Valle de Teotihuacan. Mexico, Secretaría de Agricultura y Fomento, Dirección de Antropología. 2 vols, in 3 parts [Tomo 1, vols. 1-2; Tomo 2].

Monumental, landmark study, by various Mexican specialists, of the ancient, colonial, and modern population of the Teotihuacan sub-valley of the Basin of Mexico. Two of the contributions in this important compendium are cited separately: Arreola, 1922, and Ignacio B. del Castillo, 1922. GARCÍA ABRINES,

Luís, AND

DONALD ROBERT-

SON

MS

A transcription of the last pages of the Codex Tudela. n.d., 27 pp.

Palaeography of the final section of Códice del Museo de América. Cited by Robertson, 1959.

1892

Memoria para servir a la carta general del Imperio Mexicano. . . . Mexico, Oficina Tipográfica de la Secretaria de Fomento. 57 pp.

1897 Valle y ciudad de Mexico durante el siglo XVI. 11th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 20814, folding map in colors. Mexico. Presents a map of Mexico City-Tlatelolco, with comments, based on the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico.

1909-10 Informe relativo al plano hecho en papel de maguey, que se conserva en el Museo Nacional de Mexico. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 3, 1: 55-58. Mexico. General comments on the identification of what part of Mexico-Tenochtitlan is represented by the Plano en Papel de Maguey. Published as an appendix to Maudslay, 1909-10.

1912 Estudio comparativo de dos documentos históricos. 17th International Congress of Americanists, 2d sess., pp. 411-26. Mexico. Lithographic reproductions of Códice Boturini and Mapa Sigüenza, the latter in color, with interpretation. AND JESÚS GALINDO Y VILLA

1904

GARCÍA C O N D E , Á N G E L

1926 Aztlan y Tenochtitlan, o sea breve ensayo paleográfico o de estudio de las peregrinaciones "Nahoas" entre estos puntos de los antiguos Mexicanos según los Códices de Botur rini y Sigüenza, arreglado. Me-

See J. F.

1858 Atlas geográfico. . . . Ramírez, 1858.

Mapa jeroglífico de la peregrinación de los Aztecas. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 2, 1 (10-12): 333-41. Mexico.

Report identifying Mapa Sigüenza recovered by the National Museum of Mexico in 1904 as the original and not a copy. GARCÍA GRANADOS, RAFAEL

1937

La Torre de Babel.

In his Filias 607

ETHNOfflSTORICAL SOURCES

y fobias: opúsculos históricos. Mexico, Editorial Polis. pp. 99104. Compares seven highly variant translations of one passage from the Nahuatl text of Codex Aubin.

1939a El Códice Cospi. Andes del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, 1 ( 3 ) : 53-58. Mexico. Description of Codex Cospi with discussion of earlier interpretations and commentaries.

1939b Pre-Hispanic manuscripts of Mexico. In Mexican Art and Life, no. 7 (unpaginated), July. Mexico. Popular account of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts.

1940-41 Observaciones sobre los códices pre-hispánicos de México y reparos que estas sugieren acerca de su clasificación. El México Antiguo, 5:41-47. Mexico. Study of the forms and occurrences of year signs and weapons in the major pictorial manuscripts, particularly in those of the Borgia and Mixtec Groups; considers cultural origin of the latter two groups.

1942 Estudio comparativo de los signos cronográficos en los códices prehispánicos de Mejico. 27th International Congress of Americanists, 1: 419-69, tables. Mexico. Statistical analysis of occurrence of day-sign forms in major pictorial manuscripts to determine stylistic relationships. AND Luis MACGREGOR 1934 Huejotzingo: la ciudad y el convento franciscano. Mexico, Talleres Gráficos de la Nación. 375 pp.

Includes brief descriptions of Matrícula de Huexotzingo, Codex Monteleone, and Códice Chavero; reproduces three pages of the last. GARCÍA GUTIÉRREZ, JESUS

1931 Primer siglo guadalupano: Documentación indígena y española (1531-1648). Mexico. 160 pp. With respect to documents cited in the prose census, does not add to the coverage in Velázquez,

608

1931. Second and revised edition (1945) not examined.

1939 Apuntamientos para una bibliografía crítica de historiadores guadalupanos. Zacatecas. 152 pp. Quotes (p. 137) a brief 18thC reference to the Títulos de Santa Isabel Tola. GARCÍA ICAZBALCETA, JOAQUÍN

1858-66 Colección de documentos para la historia de Mexico. Mexico. 2 vols. Major collection of letters and other documents from the 16thC. Includes, in vol. 1, Motolinía's Historia (see Motolinía, 1858) and, in vol. 2, the Relación by Gabriel de Castañeda.

1881 Don Fray Juan de Zumárraga, primer obispo y arzobispo de Mexico: estudio biográfico y bibliográfico, con un apéndice de documentos inéditos o raros. Mexico. Chapter 22 is an historical examination of the question of the destruction of Indian manuscripts by Zumárraga and other missionaries. Document 63 (65 in the 1947 edition) reproduces the TovarAcosta correspondence and includes a comment on the Tovar-Acosta problem. For another edition see García Icazbalceta, 1947.

1882 Historia de los Mexicanos por sus pinturas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 1: 83-106. Mexico. First edition of the work.

1886

Bibliografía mexicana del siglo XVI. Mexico, Librería de Andrade y Morales. xxix + 419 pp.

Biobibliography of Sahagún on p. 253 ff. has been reprinted various times, as in the author's Obras, vol. 3 (Mexico, 1896), with slight variations. For new edition of the work see García Icazbalceta, 1954.

1886-92 Nueva colección de documentos para la historia de Mexico. Mexico. 5 vols. Vol. 3 (1891) contains the Relación de Texcoco by Pomar, the Breve y sumaria relación by Zorita, and six other texts, five of which are in the native tradition (see Libro de oro y tesoro índico in Article 27B for titles). Vol. 5 (1892) includes extracts in Spanish translation from the Anales de Tecamachalco. See García Icazbalceta, 1941, for reprint of vols. 1-3.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

1941 Nueva colección de documentos para la historia de Mexico. Mexico, Editorial Chávez Hayhoe. 3 vols. Second edition, with different pagination, of vols. 1-3 of García Icazbalceta, 1886-92 (q.v.).

1947 Don Fray Juan de Zumárraga, primer obispo y arzobispo de Mexico. (Colección de Escritores Mexicanos, nos. 41-44). Mexico, Editorial Porrúa 4 vols. New edition of García Icazbalceta, 1881, with added documents, introduction, index, and bibliography of the author.

1954 Bibliografía mexicana del siglo XVI. Catálogo razonado de libros impresos en Mexico de 1539 a 1600 con biografías de autores y otras ilustraciones . . . nueva edición por Agustín Millares Cario. Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Económica. 581 pp. Greatly augmented revision of the first edition (Mexico, 1886). Work of fundamental importance for books printed in Mexico in the 16thC with biographies and bibliographical notices of their authors. Cited in pictorial census for publication of the "Al Lector" section of the Kalendario mexicano, latino y castellano and comment on the Kalendario as a work by Sahagún (pp. 368-69, 380-82).

José 1941 Matlatzincas o Pirindas. (Departamento de Asuntos Indígenas, Biblioteca del Maestro, Series Culturas Precortesianas, 5 ) . Mexico. Ediciones Encuadernables de El Nacional 133 pp., illus.

GARCÍA PAYÓN,

Compact synthesis of late pre-Hispanic culture and history of the Matlatzinca-speaking communities of the Basin of Toluca, derived from ethnohistorical and archaeological sources. [Art. 30.]

1942-43 Interpretación de la vida de los pueblos Matlatzincas. El Mexico Antiguo, 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 73-90 (1942), and 6 ( 4 - 6 ) : 93-119 (1943). Mexico. Summary of aspects of aboriginal Matlatzinca culture (Valle de Toluca), derived from the 17thC dictionary of Fray Diego Basalenque and other ethnohistorical sources. [Art. 30.]

GARDINER, C. HARVEY

1952 Foreign travellers' accounts of Mexico, 1810-1910. Americas, 8 ( 3 ) : 321-51. Washington, Academy of American Franciscan History. Very useful alphabetic listing of 394 principal foreign visitors' descriptions of Mexico during the 100year period indicated. [Art. 30.] GARTBAY, ÁNGEL MARÍA

1940 Poesía indígena de la Altiplanicie. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario, 11). Mexico. Selected poems from Sahagún and the Cantares Mexicanos in Spanish translation. Second edition, 1952; third edition, 1962.

1943 Huehuetlatolli, Documento A. Tlalocan, 1 ( 1 ) : 31-53, and 1 ( 2 ) : 81-107. Sacramento. Nahuad text and two Spanish translations of the Huehuetlatolli: Documento A.

1945a Un cuadro real de la infiltración del Hispanismo en el alma india en el llamado "Códice de Juan Bautista." Filosofía y Letras (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Revista de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras), 9 (18): 213-41. Mexico. Study of the Anales de Juan Bautista, with publication of selected passages in Spanish translation.

1945b Temas guadalupanos: Los anales indígenas; El diario de Juan Bautista; El problema de los cantares. Abside, 9: 35-64, 155-69, 243-59, 381-420. Mexico. Discussion of the nature of Nahuatl historical annals and references therein to the Apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe; description with selected passages in Spanish translation of the Anales de Juan Bautista (pp. 155-69); Nahuatl poetry.

1948 Relación breve de las fiestas de los dioses. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. TMocan, 2 ( 4 ) : 289-320, illus. Azcapotzalco. Spanish translation of the 18-month calendar in the Primeros memoriales with palaeography of the Nahuatl text and copies of the corresponding illustra-

609

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

tions (ff. 250r-254r of the Sahagún Códice Matritense del Real Palacio). 1949

Códice de Metepec, estado de Mexico; paleografía y versión. Mexico. 32 pp., 4 illus. Nahuatl text, Spanish translation, and reproduction of four figured pages of a nontraditional style and non-Techialoyan manuscript, not included in the census. Tide is homonymous with the Techialoyan Codex of Metepec (no. 704), but the two are presumably different manuscripts. 1953-54 Historia de la literatura Nahuatl. (Biblioteca Porrúa, 1, 5). Mexico, Editorial Porrúa. 2 vols. Comprehensive survey of 16thC and later writings in Nahuatl, including some texts in Spanish derived from Nahuatl sources. Gives informed comment on most authors and manuscripts of such texts in the census. 1956

Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España por Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún. (Biblioteca Porrúa, 8-11). Mexico, Editorial Porrúa. 4 vols. Edition of the Spanish text of the Historia general by Sahagún based on the Ramírez Cabañas (1938) edition and in part and imperfectly on a microfilm of the Florentine Codex. Additional material includes Spanish translation of the Nahuad text of book 12, Spanish translation of Sahagún's Cantares a los dioses, and Spanish translation of several sections from the Primeros memoriales and the Codices Matritenses. Material not by Sahagún is Ixtlilxochitl's account of the conquest and a Spanish translation of the latter part of Document 5 of the Unos Annales históricos de la nación mexicana. Second edition, by the same publisher, 1969. "Chicomoztoc Quinehuayan." Tlalocan, 3 ( 4 ) : 365-69. Mexico. Nahuatl text and Spanish translation of a passage from the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. 1957

1958a Magnum opus. Cuadernos Americanos, año 17, no. 2, pp. 127-38. Mexico. Critical review of Schultze Jena's (1957) incomplete German translation of the Cantares mexicanos. 1958b Veinte himnos sacros de los Nahuas. Los recogió de los nativos Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún. . . . (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Historia, 610

Seminario de Cultura Nahuatl, Fuentes indígenas de la cultura Nahuatl, Informantes de Sahagún, 2). Mexico. 277 pp. Publication of the Nahuad text, with Spanish translation and notes, of the 20 Cantares a los dioses based on the Sahagún texts, Primeros memoriales and Florentine Codex. Appendices give poems from several other sources. 1959a Xochimapictli: Colección de poemas nahuas. Mexico, Ediciones culturales mexicanas. 189 pp. Not examined. Second and enlarged edition (Colección Epyolotli, 1, Mexico, 1964, 266 pp.) contains Nahuatl texts and Spanish translations of 45 poems selected from the Cantares mexicanos and Pomar, Romances de los señores. The second edition is a little and popular book (6 x 8 cm.). 1959b Relación de las cosas de Yucatan por el P. Fray Diego de Landa, obispo de esa diocesis . . . octava edición. (Biblioteca Porrúa, 13). Mexico, Editorial Porrúa. xviii + 252 pp. Tenth edition of Landa's Relación. Appendix of 12 documents is the same as in the edition by Pérez Martínez (1938). Reprinted 1966 as "novena editión." 1961

Vida económica de Tenochtitlan, 1. Pochtecayotl (Arte de trafi(Universidad Nacional car ). Autónoma de Mexico, Fuentes indígenas de la cultura Nahuatl, Informantes de Sahagún, 3 ) . Mexico. 183 pp. Nahuatl texts and Spanish translation from Sahagún, Códices Matritenses, equivalent to parts of books 4 and 9 of the Florentine Codex. 1964

Poesía Nahuatl, I. Romances de los Señores de la Nueva España, Manuscrito de Juan Bautista de Pomar, Tezcoco, 1582. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Historia, Seminario de Cultura Nahuatl, Fuentes indígenas de la cultura Nahuatl, 4 ) . Mexico. xlv + 241 pp. Nahautl text and Spanish translation of the Romances de los Señores . . . (see Pomar in census) and Spanish text of Pomar's Relación de Texcoco.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

1965 Teogonia e historia de los Mexicanos. Tres opúsculos del siglo XVI. (Colección "Sepan Cuantos . . . ," no. 37). Mexico, Editorial Porrúa. 159 pp. Publication of the Historia de los mexicanos por sus pinturas, the Histoyre du Mechique (in Spanish translation by Ramón Rosales Munguía) and the Tratado de los dioses y ritos de la gentilidad by Pedro Ponce, with introduction, glossaries, and appendix.

1965-68 Poesía Nahuatl, II [and I I I ] . Cantares mexicanos. . . . Primera [and segunda] parte. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexiico, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Serie de Cultura Nahuatl, Fuentes indígenas de la cultura Nahuatl, 5-6). Mexico. 2 vols. Publication of the Nahuatl text, with Spanish translation, commentary, and notes, of somewhat less than half of the Cantares mexicanos. GATES, WILLIAM E.

MS

Descriptions of the three codices published by the Maya Society, the Meixhueiro [sic], the Ixtlan, and the Abraham Castellanos.

Listed in Gates sale catalog of 1940 (Gates, 1940, sect. F: 10, no. 33). Refers to Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 1, Lienzo Córdova-Castellanos, and Lienzo Meixueiro. Attempts to locate this manuscript at BYU have been unsuccessful.

1909 Codex Perez Maya-Tzental. Redrawn and slightly restored, and with the coloring as it originally stood, so far as possible, given on the basis of a new and minute examination of the codex itself. Mounted in the form of the original. Accompanied by a reproduction of the 1864 photographs; also by the entire text of the glyphs, unemended but with some restorations, printed from type, and arranged in parallel columns for convenience of study and comparison, and with a set of blank

cards, corresponding to the printed text as arranged and numbered. Drawn and edited by William E. Gates. [Point Loma.] Boxed. Contains, between inlaid boards with pockets: loose tide leaf (as above); printed screenfold reproduction of Codex Paris with glyphs set in type (11 leaves); screenfold mounted photographs of the 1864 edition of Codex Paris (11 leaves) with loose title leaf; 10 cards with glyphs set in type in columns; 10 cards with columns left blank; printed sheet with notes on condition of glyphs on each page of the manuscript. See Gates, 1910, for commentary that complements this edition.

1910

Commentary upon the MayaTzental Perez Codex with a concluding note upon the linguistic problem of the Maya glyphs. (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 6, no. 1). Cambridge. 64 pp.

Commentary on Codex Paris; complements the Gates (1909) edition. Also published, with same title, same year (apparendy from the same sheets), by Aryan Theosophical Press, Point Loma, California. Detailed description of physical state of the manuscript.

1911 Madrid Codex photographed for William E. Gates. Point Loma. 112 photographs of Codex Madrid mounted on both sides of a linen strip to form a 56-leaf screenfold facsimile; between boards, inlaid with shell and silver monogram of the name of the recipient of the copy.

1924

The William Gates Collection. New York, American Art Association. [n.d.] Unpaginated. 1,580 entries.

Sale catalog of books, manuscripts, and photocopies, most of which are now in TU/MARI and TU/LAL. Cited for Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc, copy of Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco, Book of Chilam Balam of Teabo, and photocopies listed in institutional checklist, Appendix 1 of this census. "Codice Popoluca," Item 560, not identified and not in census.

1929

Mayance and other manuscripts in the Gates collextion [sic]. Typed MS. 22 pp. (n.d.).

Annotated listing of original manuscripts sold by Gates to Garrett about 1930 and now in Princeton University Library.

611

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1931 The thirteen ahaus in the Kaua manuscript and related katun wheels in the Paris Codex, Landa, Cogolludo and the Chumayel. Maya Society Quarterly, 1 ( 1 ) : 2 20, illus. Baltimore. Includes discussion and reproduction of the Katun Wheel of Mani; Maya text, English translation, and reproduction of the drawings accompanying the katun prophecies in the Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua; and reproduction of the calendar wheel from the Kaua manuscript.

1932

The Dresden Codex reproduced from tracings of the original, colorings finished by hand. (The Maya Society, Pub. 2). Baltimore, The Maya Society at Johns Hopkins University. [8 pp.], 74pls. mounted in 8 parts with separate title pages, and sheet labeled "Dresden sections and tzolkins."

Edition of Codex Dresden in color with glyphs set from type, with introductory pamphlet. In 1949 a number of sets of the unmounted plates were acquired by the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, and distributed at nominal cost to institutions and libraries.

1933 The Madrid Maya Codex. (The Maya Society, Pub. 21). Baltimore. Not examined: 112 photographs of Codex Madrid mounted on both sides of a linen strip to form a 56leaf screenfold facsimile, attached to wooden covers inlaid with shell and silver monogram of the name of the recipient of the copy. Descriptive text mounted on inner side of covers. Except for the descriptive text and Maya Society imprint this edition is probably substantially the same as the Gates (1911) edition.

1935a The Azcapotzalco maguey manuscript in facsimile. (The Maya Society, Pub. 6). Baltimore. [2 pp.], and 4 leaves with photoreproduction of 8 pp. of the manuscript.

William Gates. (The Maya Society, Pub. 7). Baltimore. 13 pp. + 31 pp. of photoreproductions. Description, commentary, and photoreproduction of the Gomesta manuscript, a falsification. With English translation of its Spanish text.

1935c The Maya Calkini chronicle; or, documents concerning the descent of the Ah-Canul, or men of the serpent, their arrival and territory. In facsimile. (The Maya Society, Pub. 8). Baltimore. 7 pp. + pp. 11-40 of facsimiles. Photoreproduction of the Crónica de Calkini with brief introduction by Gates.

1935d The Chilam Balam of Tekax in facsimile. (The Maya Society, Pub. 11). 2 pp. + 24 pp. of facsimiles. Incomplete photoreproduction of the Book of Chilam Balam of Tekax.

1935e The Boturini-Veytia Tarascan calendars in facsimile. (The Maya Society, Pub. 15). Baltimore. 2 leaves + 24 photographs bound to form 12 pp. Photographs of the original of the Calendario Matlatzinca (BNP 381) and the Veytia copy (BNP 249).

1935f A planetary calendar en lengua Nahuatl del año 1639 in facsimile. (The Maya Society, Pub. 17). Baltimore. 2 leaves + 20 photographs. Publication of a document bound with the Calendario Matlatzinca.

1937a The Maya Society and its work. (The Maya Society, Pub. 19). Baltimore. 32 pp.

Photoreproduction of the British Museum fragment of the Techialoyan Codex of San Pablo Huyxoapan (no. 7 1 7 ) , with page order confused.

Includes classified listing of Gates' collection of original linguistic manuscripts and photographic copies. Reprints description of his collection from Gates, 1924. See Article 28 (Appendix 1 and Princeton University Library) in this census for further comment.

1935b The Gomesta manuscript of Maya hieroglyphs and customs. In facsimile. Translated and edited by

1937b Yucatan before and after the conquest by Friar Diego de Landa with other related documents,

612

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

maps, and illustrations translated with notes by William E. Gates. (The Maya Society, Pub. 20). Baltimore. xv + 162 pp., illus. English translation of Landa's Relación de las cosas de Yucatan, with reproduction of most or all of its illustrations. Includes discussion and reproduction of the Genealogical tree of the Xiu family and of the Map of the Province of Mani (both from the Xiu Chronicles).

1939a The de la Cruz-BaJiano Aztec herbal of 1552. Text and figures. (The Maya Society, Pub. 22). Baltimore. 48 pp. Latin text and drawings from a copy of the Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis by Martin de la Cruz. See Gates, 1939b, for other part of this edition.

1939b The de la Cruz-Badiano Aztec herbal of 1552. Translation and commentary. (The Maya Society, Pub. 23). Baltimore. xxxii + 144 pp. Introduction by Gates, English translation, and analytical index to plants named in the herbal, Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis by Martin de la Cruz. See Gates, 1939a, for another part of this work.

1940 The Gates collection of Middle American literature. [Baltimore?, n.d.] Section A, printed, 43 pp.; supplementary list to section A, 7 pp.; folding map; sections B-G, mimeographed, 59, 86, 12, 10, 19, 4 pp. Posthumous catalog of Gates' collection of books, papers, photographic copies of manuscripts, etc. Apparently prepared by Dr. and Mrs. Henry C. McComas (Gates' brother-in-law and sister), of Baltimore, as a sale catalog. Collection acquired by Brigham Young University. See Article 28 (Brigham Young University and Appendix 1) of this census for further comment. Although here cited as 1940, the actual date of issue may be about 1944.

GAVARETTE, JUAN

1873-74 Memorial de Tecpan Atitlan, escrito por Don Francisco Hernández Arana Xahila y continuado por Don Francisco Díaz Xebuta Queh. Boletín de la Sociedad Económica de Guatemala, vol. 3, in nos. 29-43. Guatemala. Not examined. Spanish translation by Gavarette of the French translation by Brasseur de Bourbourg of the Anales d e los Cakchiqueles. See below for other editions. This translation may also have been published in or as volume 1 of the Colección histórica del Museo Nacional (Biblioteca histórica de Centro America?), Guatemala.

1907-08 Memorial de Tecpan Atitlan escrito por Francisco Hernández Arana Xahila y continuado por Francisco Díaz Xebuta Queh. Revista del Archivo y Biblioteca Nacional de Honduras, in vols. 3 and 4. Tegucigalpa. Not examined. Probably same as Gavarette, 1 8 7 3 74.

1928

Historia Patria. Memorial de Tecpam-Atitlan [sic] escrito por Don Francisco [Hernández] Arana Xahila y continuado por Don Francisco Díaz Xebuta Queh, vertido al español por Justo [sic] Gavarette. Folletín del Diario de Centro America. Guatemala. 140 pp.

One of several editions of Gavarette's Spanish translation of Brasseur de Bourbourg's partial French translation of the Anales de los Cakchiqueles ( p p . 1-81) but without preface or introductory comment. Pp. 83-140 are entitled "Cartas de Don Pedro de Alvarado," said to be reprinted from the edition by González de Barcia.

GAYANGOS, PASCUAL DE

Catalogue of the Mayer Museum. London.

1875-93 Catalogue of the manuscripts in the Spanish language in the British Museum. London. 4 vols.

Not examined. Cited by Paso y Troncoso (1898b, p. 56) for reference (part 2, p . 25, no. 181) to Codex Féjérváry-Mayer.

Only Mexican Indian pictorial manuscript entered in this catalog is Codex Kingsborough ( 2 : 3 0 7 09,1877).

GATTY, CHARLES TINDALL

1882

613

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES GEMELLI CARERI, GIO FRANCESCO

1699-1700 Giro del Mondo. Naples. 6 vols. Reproduces, in vol. 6: Mapa Sigüenza, Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 4, six drawings from Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2, and another drawing ("Soldato Mexicano"), possibly from Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2. Numerous other editions, extracts, and translations, including three modern Spanish translations of vol. 6 (Mexico, 1927, 1946, 1955). Some later editions have altered captions for certain of the illustrations from Codex Ixtlilxochitl. GENET, JEAN

1928-29 Relation des choses de Yucatan (Relación de las cosas de Yucatan). Texte espagnol et traduction française en regard. París, Editions Genet. 2 vols. Fourth edition of Landa's Relación with French translation. Incomplete; vol. 3 not published. 1934a Notes sur l'écriture maya-quichee. Revue des Études Mayas-Quichees, 1 ( 1 ) : 1-22. Paris. Quotes many colonial accounts of Maya pictorial manuscripts. Additions to the article are given on pp. 68 and 71-73, vol. 1, no. 2, of the same journal. 1934b Les glyphes symboliques dans I'écriture maya-quichee: le glyphe symbolique de la guerre. Revue des Études Mayas-Quichees, 1 ( 1 ) : 23-32, illus. Paris. Includes reproduction and comment on the drawing in the Anales de los Cakchiqueles, a manuscript cited in the regional survey but not included in the present census. Also translated is a short passage from the Boban Calendar Wheel. 1934c L'écriture maya-quichee et les glyphes phonetiques. Revue des Études Mayas-Quichees, 1 ( 2 ) : 37-63, illus. Paris. Includes (pp. 52-56) attempt to interpret the symbolism of a native drawing given by Fuentes y Guzmán (1932-33, 2: 112) cited in the regional survey but not included in the present census. 1934d Mélanges mayas-quichés (1934). Revue des Études Mayas-Quichees, 1 ( 2 ) : 64-80. Paris. Includes (pp. 67-68) description of the Book of Chilam Balam of Tixcocob. 614

AND PIERRE CHELBATZ

1927

Histoire des peuples MayasQuichés (Mexique, Guatemala, Honduras). Paris, Les Editions Genet. 255 pp. Cited for references (pp. 42, 145,147) to the Books of Chilam Balam of Teabo, Telchac, and Tixcocob. GIBSON, CHARLES

1950

The identity of Diego Muñoz Camargo. Hispanic American Historical Review, 30 ( 2 ) : 195208. Distinguishes the Tlaxcalan historian from other persons of the same or similar names. 1951

See Kubler and Gibson, 1951.

1952

Tlaxcala in the sixteenth century. New Haven, Yale University Press. xvi + 300 pp., illus. Scholarly reconstruction of 16thC Tlaxcala, stressing the socio-political, economic, and religious aspects in the adaptation of this powerful, pre-Hispanically autonomous native province to Spanish colonial rule. Bibliographical appendices include history and review of publications concerning Lienzo de Tlaxcala and annotated listing of other prose and pictorial Tlaxcalan manuscript sources. All relevant pictorial items included in pictorials census except for those listed among "documents now unknown (pp. 269-72). Figures reproduce Códice de Cuetlaxcohuapan, Mapa de San Pedro Tlacotepec, Genealogía de una Familia de Tepeticpac, and Genealogy of Maxixcatzin. Reissued, with second preface, by Stanford University Press, 1967. 1956

Llamamiento general, repartimiento, and the Empire of Acolhuacan. Hispanic American Historical Review, 36 ( 1 ) : 1-27. Study of extent of pre-Conquest and colonial Acolhua jurisdictions, based on a comparison of a large number of sources, mostly lists of Texcocan towns. These include leaf 2 of Mapa Quinatzin, Anales de Cuauhtitlan, Ixtlilxochitl, Motolinía, etc. 1964a The Aztecs under Spanish rule: A history of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519-1810. Stanford, Stanford University Press. xii + 657 pp., illus. Thoroughly documented history of the Indian communities of the Basin of Mexico during the colonial period. A major work. Includes various in-passing observations on some pictorial sources, some of

ANNOTATED REFERENCES which are cited in the pictorials census. PL 8 reproduces one page of Libro de Tributos de San Pablo Teocaltitlan. Chapter 10, "Land" ( p p . 2 5 7 - 9 9 ) , provides an excellent background description of the world in which the painter of the Techialoyan manuscripts lived.

1964b The pre-conquest Tepanec zone and the labor drafts of the sixteenth century. Revista de Historia de América, nos. 57-58, pp. 136-45, 1 map. Mexico. Sources discussed and utilized in mapping the Tepanec zone include Document 6 of Códice Osuna. GILMOR, F R A N C E S

1964

The king danced in the market place. Tucson, University of Arizona. xvi + 271 pp.

Biography of Moctezuma II with extensive utilization of native sources; valuable bibliography. GLASS, JOHN B.

1958a Review of: Fuentes indígenas de Mejico, by Alcina Franch (1955), and Catálogo de los códices indígenas del México antiguo, by León-Portilla and Mateos Higuera (1957). American Antiquity, 23 ( 4 ) : 450. Appraisal and critical review of two important guides to Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts.

1958b The Relación de Michoacan. Hispanic American Historical Review, 38 ( 4 ) : 550-51. Review of the Tudela (1956) edition of the Relación de Michoacan, with criticism of the editor's attribution of its authorship to Fr. Maturino Gilberti.

1960 Review of: Mexican manuscript painting of the early colonial period, by Robertson (1959). American Antiquity, 26 ( 1 ) : 128-29. Appraisal and review of the contents of an important general work on Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico.

1964 Catálogo de la colección de códices. Mexico, Museo Nacional de Antropología. 237 pp., 139 pls., appendices, bibliography. Descriptive, bibliographic, and illustrated catalog

of the pictorial manuscripts in the MNA codex collection, with historical review of earlier catalogs and inventories. GÕTZE, JOHANN CHRISTIAN

1743-44 Die Merckwürdigkeiten der Kòniglichen Bibliothek zu Dresden. 6 parts. prelims., 562 pp., index. Dresden. First published description (part 1, pp. 1-5) of Codex Dresden. G Ó M E Z CANEDO, LINO

1961 Los archivos de la historia de América: Período colonial español. (Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, Pub. 225; Comisión de Historia, no. 87). Mexico. 2 vols. Guide to archives of Europe, Latin America, and the U.SA., with listings of manuscripts relevant to the history of Latin America. GÓMEZ DE CERVANTES, GONZALO

1944

La vida económica y social de Nueva España al finalizar el siglo XVI. (Biblioteca Histórica Mexicana de Obras Inéditas, vol. 19). Mexico, Antigua Librería Robredo. 218 pp., pls.

Publication of a work written in 1599; illustrations at end entered in pictorial census as Gómez de Cervantes, Relación de lo que toca a la grana cochinilla. GÓMEZ DE OROZCO, FEDERICO

1927a Catálogo de la colección de manuscritos relativos a la historia de América formado por Joaquín García Icazbalceta. (Monografías Bibliográficas Mexicanas, vol. 9). Mexico. xiv + 287 pp., illus. Catalog ( p p . 3-87) of the García Icazbalceta collection by its owner and extensive bibliographic notes ( p p . 91-217) by Gómez de Orozco. Plates include reproductions of the relación geográfica maps of Cuzcatlan and Cholula, the Nomina escrita en geroglífico, and a copy of Códice de San Juan Teotihuacan, the latter two not in the García Icazbalceta collection. The collection was purchased by the University of Texas in 1937.

1927b [16th century inventory of the books, papers, and maps of Alonso 615

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

de Santa Cruz]. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 4, 5: 360-65. Mexico. Published from a document in the AGI. The "pergamino de la description [sic] de la ciudad de Mexico" ( p . 361) may conceivably refer to the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico.

1930 Dos escritores indígenas del siglo XVI. Universidad de Mexico, 1 [1930-1931] ( 2 ) : 126-30. Mexico. Treats Fuente owned Puebla

Antonio de Guevara and Agustín de la but cited for the author's statement that he the manuscript identifiable as the Anales de y Tlaxcala, no. 1, part 1.

1933 El Códice de San Antonio Techialoyan: Estudio histórico-paleográfico. Anales del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía, ep. 4, 8: pp. 311-32, illus. (42pls.). Mexico.

reproduce details from an unidentified copy of the Sahagún manuscript Primeros memoriales.

1939b Huehuetlatolli. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 3 (2): 157-66. Mexico. Commentary on the authorship and bibliography of the huehuetlatolli texts collected by Fray Andrés de Olmos. Also published in Divulgación Histórica, 1 ( 1 1 ) : 516-22, Mexico, 1940.

1940 Crónicas de Michoacan. (Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario, 12). Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma. xvi + 211 pp. Selections from various colonial chronicles of Michoacan, including the Relación de Michoacan. Reprinted in same series, 1954.

1941 ¿Quien fue el autor material del Códice Mendocino y quien su interprete? Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 5 ( 1 ) : 43-52. Mexico.

Description and reproduction of Techialoyan Codex of San Antonio Techialoyan (no. 701) with palaeography and translation by Galicia Chimalpopoca and another palaeography by Gómez de Orozco. Description, palaeography, and translation, and reproduction of Techialoyan Codex of Unidentifiable Pueblo (no. 7 0 7 ) . Reproduction of single pages of Techialoyan Codices of San Pedro Cuajimalpa (no. 703), Cempoala (no. 7 0 5 ) , and Ixtapalapa (no. 706) with observations on these and other Techialoyan manuscripts.

Critical study of the authorship and date of Codex Mendoza, with probable identification of the Indian artist and the Spanish annotator. Also published, under same title, in Divulgación Histórica, 3 ( 8 ) : 377-83, Mexico, 1942.

1937 El Códice de Cuetlaxcohuapan. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía, ep. 6, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 107-11. Mexico.

Publication of a manuscript in the Escorial containing a partial copy of the text of Códice del Museo de América.

Brief commentary and description of Códice deCuetlaxcohuapan, with palaeography and translation of its Nahuad text.

1938 See Toussaint, Gómez de Orozco, and Fernández, 1938. 1939a La decoración en los manuscritos hispano - mexicanos primitivos. Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, 1 ( 3 ) : 48-52, 10 pls. Mexico. Discusses European manuscript decoration and illustrated books as models that influenced 16thC Mexican Indian painters and scribes. Pls. 2 and 3

616

1945a Costumbres, fiestas, enterramientos y diversas formas de proceder de los Indios de Nueva España. Tlalocan, 2 ( 1 ) : 37-63. Mexico.

1945b The Pomar relación. Tlalocan, 2 ( 1 ) : 94-95. Mexico. Notes that the "original" manuscript of Pomar's Relación de Texcoco is in the University of Texas; mention of the Chimalpopoca copy as being located in a private collection. Written in response to a query by George Kubler published in Tlalocan, 1 ( 4 ) : 375-76, 1944.

1948

La pintura indo-europea de códices Techialoyan. Anales Instituto de Investigaciones téticas, 4 (16): 57-67, 11 Mexico.

los del Espls.

Speculation on the date, origin, and nature of the Techialoyan codices with catalog and bibliography of codices A through V (nos. 701-720) and mention of several others. Entries for codices Μ (com-

ANNOTATED REFERENCES bined with N ) and V (partially confused with S) are garbled. Plates reproduce pages from four different Techialoyan manuscripts.

1952

Mapa de Xochitepec: Interpretación de Federico Gómez de Orozco. (Colección Amatlacuilotl). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 27 pp.

Description, by Paso y Troncoso, of Mapa de Xochitepec, with transcription of glosses and description of hieroglyphs. Introduction by Gómez de Orozco. Without reproduction. Reissued as Gómez de Orozco, 1955.

gráfica de Don Antonio de León Pinelo. Madrid. 3 vols. A vast expansion of León Pinelo, 1629. Lists some known Mexican pictorial manuscripts such as Durán's history, Codex Kingsborough, and Gómez de Cervantes' Relación de . . . la grana cochinilla ( 2 : 605, 700, 766, 807) as well as at least two now unidentified Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts ( 2 : 601, 604), not included in the census. GONZÁLEZ NAVARRO, M.

1954

1955 Xochitepec, mapa pictográfico: Interpretación de Federico Gómez de Orozco. (Biblioteca de Historiadores Mexicanos). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 27 pp. Reissue of Gómez de Orozco, 1952. G O N Ç A L V E S DE L I M A , O S W A L D O

1956 El maguey y el pulque en los códices mexicanos. Mexico and Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica. 278 pp., illus.

General survey and analysis of the primarily sociopolitical and economic aspects of post-1821 Mexican indigenous communities. [Art. 30.] GONZÁLEZ OBREGÓN, LUIS

1898

Study of the maguey and pulque as a subject matter and as pictorial forms in Mexican pictorial manuscripts, with handlist of sources consulted. GONDRA, ISIDRO R.

1827 See Icaza and Gondra, 1827. 1846 Esplicación de las laminas a la historia antigua de Mexico y a la de su conquista que se han agregado a la traducción mexicana de la de W. H. Prescott (Vol. 3 of W. Η. Prescott, Historia de la Conquista de Mexico. . . . Mex­ ico, Ignacio Cumplido, 1844-46, 3 vols.) Mexico. iv + 154 pp., 71 pls. Includes early description and reproduction of copies of Códice Boturini, Mapa Sigüenza, and Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 4; partial reproduction of Matrícula de Tributos, Genealogie von 33 Personen, Lienzo de Tlaxcala, and Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma. GONZÁLEZ DE BARCIA, ANDRÉS

1737-38 Epítome de la biblioteca oriental, y occidental, náutica, y geo-

Instituciones indígenas en México independiente. In A. Caso, ed., Métodos y resultados de la política indigenista en México, pp. 113-69. Memorias del Instituto Nacional Indigenista, 6. Mexico, D.F.

D. José Fernando Ramírez: Datos bio-bibliográficos. In José Fernando Ramírez, Biblioteca Hispano Americana Septentrional: adiciones y correcciones, pp. v xlvii. Mexico.

Includes description of various manuscripts and copies cited in the pictorial census. GORDON, G. R.

1913 The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel with introduction by G. B. Gordon. (University of Pennsylvania, The Museum, Anthropological Publications, vol. 5 ) . Philadelphia. 11 pp., photograph of cover of MS, and 107 numbered photographs. Photoreproduction of the original manuscript of the Book of Chumayel, with a brief introduction. GRANADOS Y GÁLVEZ, JOSEPH JOAQUÍN

1778

Tardes Americanas. Gobierno gentil y católico. Breve y particular noticia de toda la historia indiana. . . . Mexico, Zúñiga y Ontiveros. 540 pp., 3 pls.

Describes now unknown Testerian manuscript ( p p . 10-12; census no. 821) and unknown Tarascan

617

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES manuscript ( p p . 184-86; not in census). Illustrations nos. 2 and 3 (following p . 56) are of a calendar wheel and an Indian (Nopaltzin), both probably inventions of the author but vaguely inspired by knowledge of the native tradition; neither is included in the census. See note under Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl in prose census (no. 1076) for comment on Otomi poem published on p p . 90-94. GREENLEAF, RICHARD

E.

1961 Zumárraga and the Mexican Inquisition, 1536-1543. (Academy of American Franciscan History, monograph series, vol. 4). Washington. 155 pp., illus. Photoreproductions of the drawings, Idolos del. Templo de Huitzilopochtli (pl. facing p. 52) and Concubines of Martin Xuchimitl (pl. facing p. 108). GRIFFIN, GILLETT

G.

1968 An Otomi catechism at Princeton. Princeton, Princeton University Library. [19] pp. + 52 pp. of photofacsimiles. Photofacsimile edition of the Testerian manuscript (no. 1) of the Princeton University Library. Editor's introduction is very general. GROPP, ARTHUR E.

1932

Rare Americana. (Department of Middle American Research, Tulane University). New Orleans. 26 pp.

Exhibit catalog of books: cited for photoreproduction of a detail from Codex Tulane, not mentioned in the text.

1933 Manuscripts in the Department of Middle American Research. (Preprint from: Studies in Middle America, Department of Middle American Research, Middle American Research Series, Pub. 5, 1934), pp. 217-97, 5 figs. New Orleans. Description of selected manuscripts in the T U / MARI collection, with illustration of pages from three different pictorial and two Testerian manuscripts. GUERRA,

1952 618

FRANCISCO

Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis: El manuscrito pictórico

mexicano-latino de Martín de la Cruz y Juan Badiano de 1552. Estudio, texto, y versión. Mexico, Editorial Vargas Rea y El Diario Español. xi + 258 pp. Reproduction set in type of the text of the de la Cruz MS with Spanish translation. All but a few of the illustrations omitted owing to complex publishing history and change of printers by the editor. Includes introduction, etymological inaex, and bibliography. GUEVARA, FELIPE DE

1788 Comentarios de la pintura, que escribio Don Felipe de Guevara. . . . Madrid. xiv + 254 pp. Reference to Mexican Indian paintings ( p p . 2 3 5 3 7 ) , with paragraph possibly referring to Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Second edition, Barcelona, 1948 (reference on pp. 3 4 2 - 4 3 ) . Guevara died 1563. GURRÍA LACROIX, JORGE

1964

Genealogía de Cuauhtli. Boletín del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, no. 17, plate and caption facing p. 16. Mexico.

Color photoreproduction of the Genealogía de Cuauhtli and notice of its recovery by the Museo Nacional de Antropología.

1966

Códice Entrada de los Españoles en Tlaxcala. (Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Cuadernos, Serie Histórica, no. 14). Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. 28 pp., 31 figs.

Detailed description of Códice de la Conquista with full photoreproduction (including details) of the original and a tracing. Reproduces comparable drawings from other versions of Lienzo de Tlaxcala (Yllañes copy, Chavero edition, Panes copy).

1967

La conquista de Mexico. Artes de Mexico, ep. 2, año 14, no. 92/93, pp. 54-55. Mexico.

Small photo of the partial version or copy of Lienzo de Tlaxcala in the Museo Nacional de Historia, without comment in text. GUTIÉRREZ CABEZÓN, MARIANO

1910 Noticia de los manuscritos escurialenses relativos a la historia y costumbres de los indios americanos. (Supplement to La Ciudad de

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Dios, nos. 81-83). Madrid. pp. Incompletely published.

72

del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico).

Descriptive and selective listing of manuscripts in the Escorial. Cited for descriptions of a text related to Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 ("Calendario de toda la índica gente," pp. 1 1 - 1 3 ) , a copy of the text of Códice del Museo de América ("Costumbres, fiestas. . .," pp. 2 6 - 3 2 ) , and the Relación de Michoacan ( p p . 3 2 - 4 3 ) .

Includes ( p p . 52-53) short descriptions of the Techialoyan Codex of San Miguel Mimiahuapan (census, no. 711) and Lienzo de Ecatepec y Huitziltepec, both then being considered for purchase by the British Museum.

GUZMÁN, EULALIA

1936

Informe rendido a la Secretaria de Educación Pública sobre investigaciones de documentos referentes a la cultura antigua de Mexico existentes en la Biblioteca del Estado de Berlin. MS.

Brief descriptions of Mexican manuscripts in the MS Amer. collection of the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin. Some of the manuscripts described are now lost as a consequence of World W a r II.

1949 El ms. original del Códice de 1576. Tlalocan, 3 ( 1 ) : 87-91. Azcapotzalco. Detailed physical description of Codex Aubin, with observations not published elsewhere.

1958

Relaciones de Hernán Cortés a Carlos V sobre la invasión de Anahuac. Vol. 1, Mexico, Libros Anahuac. cxxviii + 549 pp.

Not examined. Reference Lienzo de Chontalcoatlan.

to

1938 Un manuscrito de la colección Boturini que trata de los antiguos Señores de Teotihuacan. Ethnos, 3 ( 4 - 5 ) : 89-103. Stockholm.

Manuscritos sobre Mexico en archivos de Italia. (Colección de Materiales para la Historiografía de Mexico, 1). Mexico, Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística. 428 pp.

Publication of the Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de San Juan Teotihuacan, with commentary, from a manuscript in the British Museum.

Includes description of the Mezzofanti collection in the Biblioteca Comunales del'Archiginnasio, Bologna, containing notes, correspondence, and partial copies relating to Codices Cospi and Vienna.

1939a Códices jeroglíficos y otras pinturas indígenas mexicanas antiguas, existentes en el Museo Británico. Congrès International des Sciences Anthropologiques et Ethnologiques, 2d sess., pp. 28283. Copenhagen. Brief, annotated listing of pictorial manuscripts in the British Museum, all included in present census.

1939b The art of map making among the ancient Mexicans. Imago Mundi, 3: 1-6, 2 pls. London. Reproduces Lienzo de Metlatoyuca and both maps from Codex Kingsborough; discusses and identifies place glyphs on both manuscripts. Discusses Indian maps mentioned in the letters of Cortés.

1939c Decimo informe. In Informes acerca de su investigación científica sobre la arqueología. (MSS in Biblioteca y Archivo Técnico

1964

( p p . lxxviii-lxxix)

HABERLY,

DAVID

1963 The hieroglyphic catechisms of Mexico. (Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the B.A. degree in romance languages [ Harvard College ] ) . Cambridge. MS. ii + 40 pp., 28 pls. General history of the development of the pictorial catechization of Nahuatl and Otomi Indians; linguistic analysis of the symbols in one of the prayers (the Pater Noster) in the Testerian manuscript in the Peabody Museum Library. Copy of the manuscript in the library. HAGAR, STANSBURY

1911 The four seasons of the Mexican ritual of infancy. American Anthropologist, 13 ( 2 ) : 229-34. Symbolism in parts of Codices Borgia, Vaticanus B, and Féjérváry-Mayer.

619

E T H N O H I S T O R I C A L SOURCES

prólogo del Dr. Alfonso Caso. Traducción del inglés de Javier Romero. Mexico, Editorial Nuevo Mundo.

1912a The Mexican maize season in the Codex Féjérváry-Mayer. American Anthropologist, 14 ( 3 ) : 52529, pl. xxiv. Interpretation of p p . 33 and 34 of Codex FéjérváryMayer.

1912b The celestial plan of Teotihuacan. 17th International Congress of Americanists, 2d sess., pp. 160-72, illus. Mexico. Description, poor photoreproductions, and fanciful interpretation of the Ayer and Saville Maps of Teotihuacan.

1912c Zodiacal symbolism of the Mexican and Maya months and day signs. 17th International Congress of Americanists, 2d sess., pp. 140-59. Mexico. Attempts to relate the zodiac to Central Mexican months, utilizing material from Durán's history; the monthly ceremony drawings from the latter are reproduced (after the 1867-80 edition).

1913 The houses of rain and drought in the Codex Vaticanus 3773. 18th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 137-39,1 pl. London. Attempts to relate the seasons and the zodiac to drawings on pp. 13-16 of Codex Vaticanus B. HAGEN, VICTOR WOLFGANG VON

1944

The Aztec and Maya papermakers. New York, J. J. Augustin. 120 pp., 39 pls.

Also a limited edition (same publisher, 1943) with actual samples of native paper tipped in. These are photographically reproduced in this trade edition. For Spanish translation see Hagen, 1945. Popular study of amatl paper used in the manufacture of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts and as made by contemporary Indians. Cited for reproduction of the Lienzo of the Heye Foundation, two leaves of the Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc, details from Codex Saville and Códice Fernández Leal, and two pages from Matrícula de Tributos (one from the original and one from the edition of 1770). Appendix lists manuscripts (including four Techialoyan codices) analyzed by Schwede (1916) as being of amatl paper.

1945 La fabricación del papel entre los Aztecas y los Mayas. Con una introducción por Dard Hunter y un 620

Spanish translation of von Hagen, 1944. H A M M E R GALLERIES

1941 Art objects and furnishings from the William Randolph Hearst collection. Catalogue raisonné. . . . New York, Hammer Galleries, Inc. 334 pp. Sale catalog listing ( p . 305, nos. 444r-9, 610-8, and 611-206) of the Techialoyan Codex of San Pedro Atlapolco (no. 7 2 6 ) , Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan, and Lienzo of Philadelphia. H A M Y , ERNEST THEODORE

1897

Le Codex Becker No. 1 et le Manuscrit du Cacique récemment publié par M. H. de Saussure. Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, o.s., 1: 171-74. Paris.

Identifies the Manuscrit du Cacique published by Saussure (1891) as Codex Becker no. 1. Reprinted in his Decades Americanae, Mémoires d'archéologie et d'ethnographie américaines, Decades 3/4 (vol. 2 ) , p p . 179-81, Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1899.

1899a Codex Borbonicus. Manuscrit mexicain de Ia Bibliothèque du Palais Bourbon (livre divinatoire et rituel figuré) publié en facsimilé, avec un commentaire explicatif. Paris, Ernest Leroux. 24 pp., 36 pls. Color lithograph, screenfold facsimile edition of Codex Borbonicus, with descriptive commentary.

1899b Codex Telleriano-Remensis. Manuscrit mexicain du Cabinet de Ch. M. Le Tellier, Archevêque de Reims, à la Bibliothèque Nationale (MS Mexicain no. 385). . . . Paris. 47 pp. + 50 leaves of facsimiles. Color lithograph edition of Codex TellerianoRemensis, with introduction and page-by-page commentary and palaeography of the glosses.

1899c La science française au Mexique. In his Decades Americanae, Mém-

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

oires d'archéologie et d'ethnographie américaines, Decades 3/4 (vol. 2), pp. 116-32. Paris, Ernest Leroux. Reprint of his introduction to Aubin, 1885. Reviews French contributions to the study of Mexican antiquities. HANDBOOK OF MIDDLE AMERICAN INDIANS

1960-69 HMAI [Project] Working Papers, nos. 1-80 ("Limited reference circulation; not for publication"). Library of Congress, Reference Department, Hispanic Foundation. Washington, D.C. In connection with the preparation of the Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, which forms vols. 12-15 of this Handbook, two series of papers were issued under the auspices of the late Howard F. Cline, Director of the Hispanic Foundation, to a limited number of cooperating scholars. The Notes (nos. 1-13, 13bis, and 14-39, 1961-68) recorded information on various subjects, most of which has been incorporated in the Guide. Most of the Working Papers are preliminary versions of articles prepared for publication in vols. 12-15. Nos. 1-4 and 8-11 were issued as carbon copies of typed originals. All or most of the rest were printed by a photo-offset process ("multilith"). In 1966 there were 37 names on the mailing list. A complete list of the Working Papers follows. 1. Cline, H. F . A provisional listing of Vargas Rea publications, 1950-55, represented in the collections of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 1960. Typescript. 2. Cline, H. F . A provisional listing of Vargas Rea "Colección Amatlacuilotl: Colección Bilingüe," 1949-52, represented in the Library of Congress collections. 1960. Typescript. 3. Cline, H. F . A provisional listing of the Rudolph R. Schuller manuscript collection in the Library of Congress. Compiled from revised checklists prepared by Stella R. Clemence ( 1 9 4 0 ) . 1960. Typescript. 4. Cline, H. F. A listing of the Maya Society publications (Baltimore), 1931-39. Compiled from Library of Congress printed cards. 1961. Typescript. 5. Gibson, C. Preliminary listing of Mesoamerican prose documents in the native historical tradition. 1961. Superseded by Article 27B. 6. Cline, H. F . A provisional listing of Middle American Indian materials in the Division of Manuscripts, Libraiy of Congress, from the Indian language collection and related materials in the Latin American (miscellaneous) collection. 1961. Devoted primarily to listing and

classification of photographic copies of Middle American Indian manuscripts by William E. Gates. 7. Cline, H. F . A provisional listing of the W. E. Gates manuscripts and related materials in the Garrett collection, Princeton University Library. 1961. Typescript. 8. Cline, H. F. Vargas Rea publications. Provisional listings, III. 1961. Typescript. 9. Cline, H. F. Vargas Rea publications. Provisional listings, IV. 1961. Typescript. 10. Cline, H. F. Vargas Rea publications. Provisional listings, V. 1961. Typescript. 11. Cline, H. F. Vargas Rea publications. Provisional listings, VI. n.d. [1961]. Typescript. 12. Bruman, H. J., edited, with additional notes, by H. F. Cline. A preliminary handlist of Relaciones geográficas, 1579-1585, from Middle America (Relaciones geográficas, I ) . 1962. Superseded by Article 8. 13. Cline, H. F . A corrected alphabetical list of Relaciones, with notes on repositories and "lost" documents (Relaciones geográficas, I I ) . 1962. Superseded by tables in Article 5. 14. Patterson, J. E., edited, with additional materials, by H. F. Cline. Bibliographical notes on printed descriptions of Latin American manuscript and transcript collections in the United States (excluding the Library of Congress and the National Archives). A provisional version. 1962. 15. Cline, H. F. A listing of the 18th century Relaciones geográficas in the Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris, Documents 201 and 202, with an appendix listing places for which relaciones are known, compiled by R. H. Barlow, 1943. (Relaciones geográficas, I I I ) . 1962. Superseded by Article 10. 16. Cline, H. F . A listing of Gates photocopies in the McComas inventory of 1940, and photocopies represented in the collections at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah ( 1 9 6 2 ) . The linguistic documents. The pictorial documents. ( T h e Gates Collections, I I I ) . 1962. 17. Cline, H. F. Colonial Mazatec lienzos and communities, Oaxaca, Mexico. 1962. Published: Cline, 1964, 1966b. 18. Cline, H. F. Listing of drawings noted in Catalogue de dessins (1831) and drawings deposited in Ayer Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago. Part I, Materials related to highland Mexico. (Jean Frederick Waldeck Materials, I ) . 1962. 19. Cline, H. F. Listing of unpublished drawings deposited in Ayer Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago. Ayer MS 1269. Part II, Maya Area Materials. Part III, Materials not from Mesoamerican areas. (Jean Frederic Waldeck Materials, I I ) . 1962. 20. Cline, H. F . A listing of Gates photocopies in the McComas inventory of 1940, and photographs represented in the collections at Brigham

621

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Young University, Provo, Utah ( 1 9 6 2 ) . II, The pictorial documents, revised. ( T h e Gates collections, I V ) . 1962. 21. Cline, H. F . Museo Nacional de Antropología (Mexico). (Mexican native pictorial documents. Institutional collections, I ) . 1962. See discussion in Glass, 1964, p. 31. 22. Glass, J. B. William Bullock and the old collection of pictorial manuscripts in the Mexican National Museum of Anthropology. (Mexican Indian pictorial MSS. Historic collections, I ) . 1962. 23. Cline, H. F. Manuscripts in the Edward E. Ayer collection, Newberry Library, Chicago [NLA]. (Mexican Indian pictorial documents. Institutional collections, I I ) . 1962. 24. Cline, H. F. Brigham Young University. W. E. Gates photocopies. (Mexican Indian pictorial documents. Institutional collections, I I I ) . 1962. 25. Cline, H. F. Archivo General de la Nación: [Ramo] Hospital de Jesús. Códices indígenas del Marquesado del Valle. (Mexican Indian pictorial documents. Institutional collections, I V ) . 1962. Published: Cline, 1963a. 26. Cline, H. F . Archivo General de la Nación (Mexico): Ramo de Tierras. (Mexican Indian pictorial documents. Institutional Collections, V ) . 1962. Published: Cline, 1963b. 27. Cline, H. F. Provisional summary listing of repositories and their holdings. (Mexican Indian pictorial documents. Institutional collections, V I ) . 1962. Superseded by Article 28. 28. Cline, H. F. Native pictorial documents of eastern Oaxaca, Mexico. 1963. Published: Cline: 1966c. 29. Nicolau d'Olwer, L. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún (1499-1590). (Biobibliographies, I ) . Translated from Spanish by H. F. Cline. 1963. Superseded by Article 14A. 30. Alcina Franch, J. Fray Juan de Torquemada (1599?-1624). (Biobibliographies, I I ) . Translated from Spanish by H. F. Cline. 1963. Superseded by Article 16. 31. Cline, H. F. Mexican Indian pictorial documents. Special types. Dubious, forged, and falsified documents. A provisional listing, with notes. 1963. Superseded by Article 26. 32. Glass, J. B. A descriptive provisional catalog of Testerian manuscripts. 1963. Superseded by Article 25. 33. Burrus, E. J. Religious chroniclers and historians. 1963. See no. 48, below, for revision. 34. Burrus, E. J. Religious chroniclers and historians: bibliography. 1964. See no. 49, below, for revision. 35. Cline, H. F . A provisional checklist of maps accompanying the Relaciones geográficas, 15791585, with appendices. (Relaciones geográficas, I V ) . 1963. Superseded by Article 6. 36. Glass, J. B. A listing of European repositories

622

and their holdings. (Mexican Indian pictorial documents. Institutional collections, VII). 1963. Superseded by Article 28. 37. Cline, H. F. Marcos Jiménez de la Espada, Catálogo alfabético de las relaciones. . . . 1881, with added materials. (Relaciones geográficas, V. Classic lists, 1 ) . 1963. 38. Gibson, C. Census of Meso-American prose documents in the native historical tradition. (Native prose sources, I I ) . 1964. Superseded by Article 27B. 39. Cline, H. F. A general survey: the relaciones geográficas of the Spanish Indies, 1577-1586. (Relaciones geográficas, V [bis]). 1964. Published in the Hispanic American Historical Review, 44: 341-74,1964. 40. Gerhard, P. Mexico in 1580. (Relaciones geográficas, V I ) . 1964. 4 1 . Cline, Η. F . A census of principal documents: RG's 1579-1585 of the viceroyalty of New Spain. (Relaciones geográficas, V I l ) . 1964. Superseded by Article 8. 42. Cline, H. F. Guide to ethnohistorical sources, Handbook of Middle American Indians, volumes 9-10 [now 1 2 - 1 5 ] : a progress report. 1964. 43. Glass, J. B. A listing of Mexican repositories and their holdings. (Mexican Indian pictorial documents. Institutional collections, V I I I ) . 1965. Superseded by Article 28. 44. Cline, H. F. A comprehensive, annotated bibliography of works relating to the Relaciones geográficas. (Relaciones geográficas, IX). 1965. Superseded by Article 9. 45. Cline, H. F . A revised census of principal documents: RG's, 1579-1585. Viceroyalty of New Spain. (Relaciones geográficas, X ) . 1965. Superseded by Article 8. 46. Ronan, C. E. Francisco Javier Mariano Clavigero, S.J. (1731-1787). (Biobibliographies, I I I ) . 1965. Superseded by Article 17. 47. Glass, J. B. The pictorial manuscripts from Oaxaca. Preliminary version. (Census of pictorial documents, I ) . 1965. Superseded by Article 22. 48. Burrus, E. J. Religious chroniclers and historians, revised and enlarged. Edited by H. F. Cline. 1965. Superseded by Article 13. 49. Burrus, E. J. A selected, annotated bibliography of religious chroniclers and historians of Middle America. Edited and augmented by H. F. Cline. 1965. Incorporated in the bibliography of Article 13. 50. Robertson, D. A census of maps accompanying the Relaciones geográficas, 1579-1585. (Relaciones geográficas, X I ) . 1965. Superseded by Article 6. 51. Cline, H. F. Ethnohistorical regions of Middle America: a provisional sketch. 1966. Superseded by Article 4. 52. Cline, H. F. Ethnohistorical regions: Mexican

ANNOTATED REFERENCES municipios. 1966. Superseded by appendix to Article 1. 53A and 53B. Glass, J. B. A census of Middle American Indian pictorial documents, items 1 427. 1966. Superseded by Article 23. N O T E : Papers 60 (A,B), 53 (A,B), 54, and 61 (A,B, C) reproduce vols. 1-4, respectively, of Glass' "A survey and census of native Middle American pictorial manuscripts." The latter was accepted as a Ph.D. dissertation by the Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, 1967. 53C. Glass, J. B. A census of Middle American Indian pictorial documents. Supplement No. 1. The bibliography of falsified pictorial documents. 1966. Superseded by references in Article 26. 54. Glass, J. B. A checklist of institutional holdings of Middle American pictorial manuscripts. 1966. Superseded by Article 28. 55. Cline, H. F. Revised and augmented census of the Relaciones geográficas of New Spain, 1579-1585. (Relaciones geográficas, X I I ) . 1966. Superseded by Article 8. 56. Cline, H. F. Introductory notes on territorial divisions of Middle America. (Guide to E H S , Essay 1 ) . 1966. Superseded by Article 1. 57. Gerhard, P. Colonial New Spain, 1519-1786: Historical notes on the evolution of minor political jurisdictions. (Guide to E H S , Essay 2 ) . 1967. Superseded by Article 2. 58A and 58B. Cline, H. F . Viceroyalty to republics: 1786-1952. Historical notes on the evolution of Middle American political units. (Guide to E H S , Essay 3 ) . 1967. Superseded by Article 3. 59. Cline, H. F. Ethnohistorical regions of Middle America. (Guide to EHS, Essay 4 ) . 1966. Superseded by Article 4. 60A and 60B. Glass, J. B. A survey of Middle American pictorial documents, parts 1 and 2. 1967. Superseded by Article 22. 61A, 61B, and 61C. Glass, J. B. A survey and census of native Middle American pictorial manuscripts. Volume 4 : bibliography. 1966. Superseded by Article 32. 62. Cline, H. F. The relaciones geográficas of the Spanish Indies, 1577-1648. (Relaciones geográficas, XIII; Guide to E H S , Essay 5 ) . 1967. Superseded by Article 5. 63. Cline, H. F. Hubert Howe Bancroft ( 1 8 3 2 1918). (Biobibliographies, IV). 1967. Superseded by Article 19. 64. Gibson, C. Prose sources in the native tradition. 1967. Superseded by Article 27A. 65. Cline, H. F. A comprehensive, annotated bibliography. Revised. (Relaciones geográficas, XIV; Guide to EHS, Essay 9 ) . 1967. Superseded by Article 9. 66. Cline, H. F. Francisco del Paso y Troncoso and his "Papeles de Nueva España." 1967. Superseded by Article 2 1 . 67. Robertson, D. The pinturas (mapas) of the

Relaciones geográficas, with a catalog. (Guide to EHS, Essay 6 ) . 1967. Superseded by Article 6. 68. Glass, J. B. A census of Middle American Indian pictorial documents. Index of titles and synonyms. 1967. Superseded by Article 3 1 . 69. Harvey, H. R. Relaciones geográficas: native languages 1579-1586. (Guide to EHS, Essay 7 ) . 1967. Superseded by Article 7. 70. West, R. C. The Relaciones geográficas of Mexico and Central America, 1740-1792. (Guide to E H S , Essay 10). 1967. Superseded by Article 10. 71. Harvey, H. R. Ethnohistory of Guerrero. 1967. Published as Article 26 of volume 11 of this Handbook, 1971. 72. Nicholson, Η. Β. Middle American ethnohis­ tory: an overview. 1968. Superseded by Ar­ ticle 30. 73. Warren, J. B. An introductory survey of Euro­ pean writings on colonial Middle America, 1503-1818. 1968. Superseded by Article 12. 74. Warren, J. B. An introductory survey of European writings on colonial Middle America, 1503-1818. Bibliography. 1968. Super­ seded by references in Article 12. 75. Cline, H. F. Selected nineteenth century Mexican writers on ethnohistory. 1968. Superseded by Article 2 1 . 76. Glass, J. B. The Boturini collection. 1968. Superseded by Article 29. 77. Cline, H. F. Reflections on ethnohistory: volume editor's preface. (Guide to EHS, pref­ ace). 1968. Superseded by introduction to volume 12. 78. Cline, H. F . Selected nineteenth century Mex­ ican writers on ethnohistory (continued). Ap­ pendices. 1968. Superseded by Article 2 1 . 79. Gibson, C. Published collections of docu­ ments relating to Middle American ethnohistory. 1968. Superseded by Article 11. 80. Cline, H. F. Torquemada and his Franciscan predecessors: further notes on sources and usages in the Monarquía indiana. 1969. HARING, CLARENCE H.

1947

The Spanish Empire in America. New York, Oxford University Press. viii + 388 pp.

Fundamental modern synthesis of Spanish New World imperial system. Revised editions, 1952 and 1963. [Art. 30.]

trans. 1940 El manuscrito Mexicano-Vaticano 3773. Divulgación Histórica, 1 (10): 467-70. Mexico.

HARO Y CADENA, JOAQUÍN,

Spanish translation of Dorez, 1896 ( q . v . ) .

623

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES HARVEY, HERBERT R.

1966a The Codex of San Cristobal and Santa Maria: A false Techialoyan. Tlalocan, 5 ( 2 ) : 119-24. Mexico. Comment on a lost pictorial manuscript (the Techialoyan Codex on San Cristobal Tezcalucan and Santa Maria Magdalena Chichicaspa, no. 744) known through a description and translation of 1703 contained in a volume in AGN-T. The author believes this codex not to have been a Techialoyan.

1966b El Lienzo de San Bartolome Coatepec. Boletín del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, no. 25, pp. 1-5, 2 figs. Mexico. Description, commentary, and photoreproduction of Lienzo de San Bartolome Coatepec. HEGER, FRANZ

1908

Die archäologischen und ethnographischen Sammlungen aus Amerika im K. K. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums in Wien. (Festschrift Herausgegcben anläszlich der Tagung des XVI Internationalen Amerikanisten-Kongresses in Wien, 9-14 September 1908). Vienna. 72 pp.

Catalog data on pictorial manuscripts in the Bilimek ( p p . 18-19) and Becker ( p p . 4 0 - 4 2 ) collections, now in Nationalbibliothek and Museum für Völkerkunde, Vienna. HENDRICHS, P. R.

1941 La historia tolteca en los Anales de Cuauhtitlan. Fragmentos tomados de la historia de los reinos de Colhuacan y de Mexico. . . . por el Dr. Walter Lehmann. . . . Mexico, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. 31 pp. Spanish translation of selected passages from Lehmann's (1938) German translation of the Anales de Cuauhtitlan, with notes by Wigberto Jiménez Moreno. HENNING, PABLO

1912

624

El Sr. Pablo Henning, colector de documentos etnográficos, informa sobre su excursión al estado de Oaxaca. Boletín del Museo Nacional ep. 3, 1: 177-79. Mexico.

Statement that Lienzo Antonio de León (Códice Rickards) was offered in sale to the MNA. HERNÁNDEZ, FRANCISCO

1651 Rerum medicarum. Novae Hispaniae thesaurus seu plantarum animalium, mineralium Mexicanorum. . . . Rome. prelims., 950, 90 pp., illus. Severely edited publication of the text and inaccurate copies of the drawings of plants, animals, etc., from Hernández, Historia natural de Nueva España, with added editorial contributions. Also cited as Nova plantarum, animalium . . . , Rome, 1651. Includes Historiae animalium et mineralium Novae Hispaniae. Known copies vary in bibliographical detail; some have title pages dated 1630, 1648, or 1649.

1926

De antiquitatibus Novae Hispaniae. Códice de la Real Academia de la Historia en Madrid. Edición facsimilar. Mexico, Museo Nacional. 169 leaves.

Photofacsimile of the indicated Hernández manuscript, containing copies of the Sahagún Calendar Wheel and the table of day signs in the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco.

1942-46 Historia de las plantas de Nueva España. . . . (Publicado por el Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico). Mexico, Imprenta Universitaria. 3 vols. Spanish translation of part of the text of Hernández, Historia natural de Nueva España, from the edition of 1790 (not cited in present bibliography) with corresponding drawings of plants from Hernández, 1651.

1945 Antigüedades de la Nueva España. Traducción del Latin y notas por Don Joaquín García Pimentel. Obra postuma. Mexico, Editorial Pedro Robredo. 363 pp., 2 pls. Spanish translation of Hernández, De antiquitatibus Novae Hispaniae, from the 1926 edition, with reproduction of the illustrations.

1959-60 Obras completas. Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. 3 vols. Vol. 1 (1960) includes biography and bibliography of Hernández by Somolinos d'Artois. Vols. 2 - 3

ANNOTATED REFERENCES (1959) give Spanish translation of Hernández, Historia natural de Nueva España, from Latin editions of 1651 and 1790 and drawings of plants, animals, birds, minerals, etc., from 1651 edition and some of the drawings from Nierembergii, 1635. Further volumes in preparation. HERNÁNDEZ RODRÍGUEZ, ROSAURA

1952 El valle de Toluca, su historia, época prehispánica y siglo XVI. Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, 74 (1-3): 7-124. Mexico. Useful reference to pre-Hispanic history of areas from which the Techialoyan codices come. Includes a map ( p . 31) of the Tepanec empire in this area based on Techialoyan no. 715, Codex García Granados. Comment on the Calendario Matlatzinca (pp. 4 7 - 6 0 ) .

1966 Los pueblos prehispánicos del valle de Toluca. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, 6: 219-25, 1 map. Mexico. Source for pre-Hispanic history of "Techialoyan Pueblos" of the valley of Toluca partly based on Techialoyan no. 715, Codex García Granados; includes a map of this area showing pueblos in the Tepanec empire from this MS. HERRERA [Y TORDESILLAS], ANTONIO DE

1601-15 Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas i tierra firme del Mar Oceano . . . en quatro decadas [with Descripción de las Indias Occidentales, 1601, and decades 5-8, 1615]. Madrid. Illustrated title pages of the Descripción and the Decada segunda contain details copied from Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts described in the census under Herrera. Numerous later editions, not all of which contain the engraved title pages of this edition. HlERSEMANN, KARL W .

1906

Catalog 321. Bibliotheca latinoamericana. Colección de libros y manuscritos antiguos y raros sobre la América Central y Meridional, Indias Occidentales y Filipinas. Leipzig. 156 pp.

Item 700 ( p . 77) describes the Simeón copy, notes, and translation of Codex Aubin, now in HSA.

1909

Katalog 371.

Americana et His-

panica rariora. A choice collection. . . . Leipzig. 114 pp. Item 21 ( p . 39) includes a manuscript, now in PML, of a Spanish translation of the Popol Vuh, said to be from the Brasseur de Bourbourg collection.

1910

Catálogo 378. Mexico. Historia, geografía, etnografía, lenguas, incluyendo una preciosa colección de documentos raros sobre la historia del emperador Maximilian. Leipzig. 113 pp.

Sale catalog lists a manuscript of the Manual de Ministros de Indios by Jacinto de la Serna and the original of Códice Mariano Jiménez. One page of the latter is reproduced.

1911

Catalogue 397. Spanish manuscripts with a supplement containing incunabula, wood-cut books, and rare impressions of the sixteenth century, formerly the property of... Baron Kaska, etc. Leipzig. 194 pp.

Includes listing of three pictorial manuscripts now in HSA and unlocated manuscripts of the Kalendario mexicano, latino y castellano and the Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma.

1913a Catalogue 417. Bibliotheca Mexicana. . . . Leipzig. ítem 50 ( p . 12 and 1 pl. facing p . 24) is a Testerian manuscript now in HSA.

1913b Catalog 427. An extraordinary collection of original documents relating to the history of Spain and the Latin American . . . selected from the libraries of D. Pedro Felix de Silva, Conde de Cifuentes, and Sir Thomas Phillipps. . . . Leipzig. 80 pp. Description ( p p . 7 6 - 8 0 ) and photoreproduction (facing p . 72) of the Arbol genealógico de los reyes zapotecos.

1914

Privately printed catalogues, N.S. 3. Rare books and manuscripts on Spain and Latin America of exceptional importance and value . . . libraries of Dr. Antonio Peña625

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Walter Lehmann, ed., Festschrift Eduard Seler, pp. 187-204. Stuttgart.

fiel . . . Sir Th. Phillipps, Bart. Leipzig. 46 pp. Sale catalog description and partial reproduction of the Techialoyan Codex of San Nicolas and San Agustín Xocotla (no. 730) ( p p . 10-11, no. 8, pl. facing p. 9 ) .

HORCASITAS, FERNANDO

HIRTZEL, HARRY

1928

Notes sur le classement des manuscrits anciens du Mexique. Bulletin de la Société des Américanistes de Belgique, 1: 66-70. Brussels.

Pictorial manuscripts classified as pre-Conquest, post-Conquest, Aztec, Zapotec, etc. The Borgia Group of manuscripts is called "Xicalanques." HISTORIA

1950

CHICHIMECA

Historia Chichimeca. Manuscrito copiado por F. Galicia Chimalpopoca y traducido al castellano. (Colección Amatlacuilotl). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 53 pp.

Nahuatl text and Spanish translation of the initial portion of the Anales de Cuauhtitlan, with illustrations arbitrarily added by the publisher. HlSTORISCHE HlEROGLYPHEN

1892 Historische Hieroglyphen der Azteken im Jahr 1803 im Königreiche Neu-Spanien gesamlet von Alexander von Humboldt. [Berlin, n.d.] Title page, table of contents, 11 leaves (one folding) of facsimiles. Superb photoreproductions, some in natural of Humboldt Fragments 1-16. Seler, 1893, commentary on this publication. Although cited as 1892, the actual date of publication be 1893.

Study of perspective, ways of depicting forms, etc., in Mesoamerican pictorial manuscript painting.

size, is a here may

1959

Brief, general essay on the variety and nature of written sources from the Valley of Mexico. Cited for photoreproduction of six drawings from the Madrid manuscript of Durán's history.

Ueber mexikanische Reliquien aus der zeit Montezuma's in der Κ. Κ. Ambraser Sammlung. Vienna. 24 pp., 5 pls.

Color reproduction (p. 15 and pl. 2) of the portrait of Axayacatl. HOERSCHELMANN, WERNER VON

1922 626

Flächendarstellungen in altmexikanischen Bilderschriften. In

[Georg Horn] De Originibus Americanis. Libri Quator. Hagae Comitis. 282 pp.

HORNIUS, GEORGIUS

1652

Early reference (pp. 267-76) to pictorial manuscripts in the Vatican Library and in earlier writings. HOTEL DROUOT

1953 Bibliothèque de Feu Μ. Ch. Cha­ denat ancien libraire. . . . Paris. Part 6, April. 49 pp. Sale catalog, Chadenat collection. Nos. 6717-6719 are Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts (copies?), in part from the Aubin and Lucien de Rosny collec­ tions, not included in the census. Present location of these items not determined. HOYO, EUGENIO DEL

1956

HOCHSTETTER, FERDINAND VON

1884

La prosa Nahuatl. In Carmen Cook de Leonard and others, eds., Esplendor del Mexico antiguo, 1: 199-210. Mexico, Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas de Mexico.

Ensayo historiográfico sobre D. Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl. In La historia de Mexico y la Biblioteca "Salvador ligarte," pp. 3961. Monterrey, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey.

Biobibliographical study with commentary on his works. See Hoyo, 1957, for another edition.

1957

Ensayo historiográfico sobre D. Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl. Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 16 ( 4 ) : 33960. Mexico.

Same as Hoyo, 1956.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

tlaoztoc to the king of Spain. Man, vol. 17, art. 101, p. 153, pl. k. London.

HUMBOLDT, ALEXANDER VON

1810 Vues des cordillères et monumens des peuples indigènes de I'Amérique. (Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland, première partie, Relation historique, Atlas pittoresque). Paris, F. Schoell. xvi + 350 pp., 69 pls. Introduction dated 1813. Pioneer work with first partial publication of various Mesoamerican pictorial manuscripts. Colored plates give complete reproduction of Humboldt Fragments 3, 6, and 16, details from Humboldt Fragments 1, 2, 8, 10-14, and selected pages from Codices Borgia, Dresden, Ríos, Telleriano-Remensis, Vaticanus B, and Vienna. Details from Codex Mendoza and the entirety of Mapa Sigüenza are reproduced after earlier editions. Codex Cospi, Lienzo de Tetlama, and Tira de Tepechpan are mentioned but not illustrated. See Humboldt (1814, 1816, 1878) for other editions.

1814

Researches concerning the institutions and monuments of the ancient inhabitants of America with descriptions and views of some of the most striking scenes in the cordilleras. . . . London, Longman, Hurst, Rees [etc.]. . . . 2 vols., 20 pls.

English translation of Humboldt, 1810, but with fewer and altered plates. Illustrated are details or pages from Humboldt Fragment 6, and Codices Borgia, Dresden, Ríos, and Vaticanus B.

1816 Vues des cordillères et monumens des peuples indigènes de I'Amérique . . . avec 19 planches. . . . Paris, Librairie Grecque-LatineAllemande. 2 vols. Another edition of Humboldt, 1810, in reduced format and with fewer and altered plates. Illustrated are details or pages, in color, of Humboldt Fragments 2 and 6, and Codices Borgia, Dresden, Ríos, and Vaticanus B. Same sheets with new title pages also published Paris, N. Maze, n.d. [1824], 2 vols.

1878 Sitios de las cordilleras y monumentos de los pueblos indígenas de América. Madrid. 439 pp., pls. Not examined: probably a Spanish translation of Humboldt, 1810. HUNTER, ANNIE

1917

G.

Memorial of the Indians of Tepe-

Comment on Codex Kingsborough and statement that she is making a copy of the manuscript for Charles Bowditch (now in P M L ) . One page of the copy is reproduced. IBARRA DE ANDA, F.

1937

Un gazapo del Códice Sierra. Investigaciones Lingüísticas, 4 ( 1 2 ) : 106-10. Mexico.

Misleading discussion of a place glyph in Códice Sierra identified therein as Mexico-Tenochtitlan but better interpreted pictorially as that for Tula. IBARRA GRASSO, DICK EDGAR

1953 La escritura indígena andina. (Biblioteca Paceña). [La Paz], Alcaldía Municipal. 318 pp., 24 pls., and 86 pages of unnumbered figs. Study of recent and contemporary pictorial representations of the catechism among Indians of the Andean region of southern Peru and Bolivia, with 110 pages of illustrations. Cited for comparison with Mexican Indian Testerian writing. ICAZA, ISIDRO, AND ISIDRO GONDRA

1827 Colección de las antigüedades mexicanas que existen en el Museo Nacional . . . lithografiadas por Federico Waldeck. Mexico. 12 pls. First book published by the Mexican National Museum; gives lithographs by Waldeck of the Waldeck Judgment Scene and the Genealogía de Zolin. Reprinted, Mexico, 1927. IGUÍNIZ, JUAN BAUTISTA

1918

Calendario mexicano atribuido a Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Boletín de la Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico, 12 ( 5 ) : 189-221, 11 pls. Mexico.

Publication, with photographs of the drawings, of the Kalendario mexicano, latino y castellano. IMBELLONI, J.

1943 La "Essaltatione delle Rose" del Códice Vaticano 3738, el "Nicte Katun" de las fuentes Mayas y el 627

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

"pecado nefando" de la tradición peruana más remota. Anales del Instituto de Etnografía Americana, 4: 163-205, 4 pls. Mendoza, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo [Argentina]. Includes study of the four world ages or suns in Codex Ríos. Reprinted as no. 11 of Religiones de América (Mendoza, 1943, 47 pp.). See Barlow, 1944d, for review. INSTITUTO NACIONAL INDIGENISTA

1954

Métodos y resultados de la política indigenista en México. (Memorias del Instituto Nacional Indigenista, 6). Mexico. 303 pp.

Cited in Article 30 for the Zavala and Miranda article, "Instituciones en la colonia" (pp. 31-94) and the González Navarro article, "Instituciones indígenas en México independiente" (pp. 113-69). [Art. 30.] ISLAS GARCÍA, LUIS

1967 Los murales de la Catedral de Cuernavaca. Afronte de Mexico y Oriente. Mexico. Study of the Techialoyan-style murals of the Franciscans martyred in Japan in the Cathedral of Cuernavaca (ex-convento franciscano), which were discovered during restoration work in 1959. The author attributes to them a Japanese influence.

1843 Orribili crudelta dei conquistatori del Messico . . . pubblicata . . . da Carlos Maria de Bustamante, versione di Felice Scifone. In Francesco Constantino Marmocchi, ed., Raccolta di Viaggi . . . , Prato, 1840-47, 11 [1843]: 275-460. Not examined. Evidently an Italian translation of Ixtlilxochitl, 1829.

1891-92 Obras históricas de Don Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl publicadas y anotadas por Alfredo Chavero. Mexico, Secretaria de Fomento. 2 vols. Publication of the author's Relaciones (vol. 1) and Historia Chichimeca (vol. 2). Includes ( 1 : 24156), under the title "Guerra de Chalco," an historical account attributed to Ixtlilxochitl (see Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl in census). Codex Xolotl is a major source for the Historia Chichimeca (2: 3 5 144) and for parts of the Relaciones. A source similar to Mapa Quinatzin, leaf 2, is described in the Relaciones ( 1 : 173-81). See Ixtlilxochitl, 1952, for reprint of this edition.

1930 Das Buch der Könige von Tescuco. (Alte Reisen und Abenteuer, 24). Leipzig. 158 pp. Not examined. Probably a German translation of part of the author's works.

1938

IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA

1829 Horribles crueldades de los conquistadores de Mexico y de los indios que los auxiliaron Mexico, Alejandro Valdés. xii + 118 pp. A part of the author's Relaciones. Published by Bustamante as a separately paginated supplement to his edition of Sahagún (Bustamante, 1829-30).

1840

Histoire des Chichimèques ou des anciens rois de Tezcuco. (H. Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, relations et mémoires originaux pour servir à I'histoire de la découverte de I'Amérique,vols. 12 and 13). Paris. 2 vols.

Note by Ternaux-Compans ( 1 : 214) refers to the falsified drawing of the conquest of Azcapotzalco, now in the Ayer collection, NLA.

628

Décima tercia relación de la venida de los Españoles y principio de la ley evangélica. Mexico, Editorial Pedro Robredo. 104 pp.

A part of the author's Relaciones; reprinted from Ramírez Cabañas, 1938, 4: 237-336.

1952

Obras históricas . . . publicadas y anotadas por Alfredo Chavero. . . . Mexico, Editora Nacional. 2 vols.

Reprint of Ixtlilxochitl, 1891-92, with added prologue by J. Ignacio Dávila Garibi. This edition reprinted, Mexico, 1965. JAKEMAN, M. WELLS

1952

The historical recollections of Gaspar Antonio Chi, an early sourceaccount of ancient Yucatan. (Brigham Young University Publications in Archaeology and Early History, no. 3). Provo, Utah. 45

pp.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Historical text by Gaspar Antonio Chi extracted from 12 relaciones geográficas of Yucatan, with commentary and English translation. JIMÉNEZ MORENO, WIGBERTO

MS

Somero estudio del Códice de Quiotepec y Ayauhtla: Lienzo histórico-genealógico y topográfico. MS, n.d., 11 pp., with one photograph. Description of Lienzo de Quiotepec y Ayauhtla with palaeography of glosses and translation of glosses in Nahuatl. Copy in MNA codex collection files and in LC/HF. 1938a Fray Bernardino de Sahagún y su obra. Mexico, Editorial Pedro Robredo. 76 pp. Important study of the chronology and interrelationships of the different manuscripts of Sahagún's Historia general. Also printed (with different pagination) in vol. 1 of the 1938 edition of the Sahagún Historia (Ramírez Cabañas, 1938). With unnumbered loose leaf: "Adiciones y erratas importantes." 1938b Fotocopias hechas por orden del Señor del Paso y Troncoso que se conservan en la dirección del Museo Nacional. Appendix III of: Silvio Zavala, Francisco del Paso y Troncoso: su misión en Europa, 1892-1916, pp. 555-99. Mexico. [cover, 1939.] Useful descriptions of photographs of various manuscripts, most from the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, including a few pictorial manuscripts. 1939

La "Colección Troncoso" de fotocopias de manuscritos. Mexico. viii + 45 pp. Reprint of Jiménez Moreno, 1938b, with different pagination and added "advertencia" (pp. v-viii). 1948

Historia antigua de la zona tarasca. El Occidente de Mexico (Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Cuarta reunión de Mesa Redonda), pp. 146-55,1 map. Mexico. Includes original interpretation of Lienzo de Jucutacato with map of some of the localities depicted thereon. Cover dated 1948; title page dated 1947. 1961

Diferente principio del año entre diversos pueblos y sus consecuencias para la cronología prehis-

pánica. El Mexico Antiguo, 9: 137-52. Mexico. Presents evidence for the use of various divergent year counts in Postclassic Mesoamerica (cf. Kirchhoff, 1950, 1956a). Cited in pictorials survey in connection with discussion of pictorial historical manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico. 1966

See Caso and Jiménaz Moreno, 1966.

AND SALVADOR MATEOS HIGUERA

1940

Códice de Yanhuitlan. Edición en facsimile y con un estudio preliminar. Mexico, Museo Nacional. [viii] + 89 pp., 16 figs., 24 pls. Photographic edition of the fragments of Códice de Yanhuitlan in the Academia de Bellas Artes, Puebla (possibly from the Saldana copy), with detailed description and commentary. Also cited for reproduction of Plano de San Andres Sinaxda and Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 5; correlation of Mixtec and Christian calendars. JOHN CARTER BROWN LIBRARY

1942

The John Carter Brown Library, Providence, Rhode Island. Report to the Corporation of Brown University, July 1, 1942. Providence. 52 pp. [annual report for 1941-42]. Accession notice and brief description of the Techialoyan Codex of Santa Maria Tetelpan (no. 713) (pp. 15-19). Idem, July 1, 1947. Providence. 63 pp. [annual report for 1946-47]. Accession notice and brief description (pp. 48-49) of the second Testerian manuscript (Acc. 30257) to be acquired by the library. 1947

Idem, July 1, 1948. Providence. 67 pp. [annual report for 1947-48]. Accession notice and brief description (pp. 20-26) of the volume containing the Historia de la Benida by Tovar and the Tovar Calendar. 1948

Idem, July 1, 1951. Providence. 74 pp. [annual report for 1950-51]. Accession notice and brief description (pp. 6-10) of the Boban Calendar Wheel. 1951

JOHN HOWELL-BOOKS

1961

Catalogue 33. Rare books & manuscripts. English literature. . . . 629

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

San Francisco, John Howell-Books. No pagination. Sale catalog description (Item 14) with photoreproduction of two pages of the Techialoyan Codex of Santa Maria Tepexoyucan (no. 731). JOHNSON, ELIZABETH BISHOP

1933 The map of Tlaxcala. Art and Archaeology, 34 ( 5 ) : 248-49, 276. Description and reproduction (both after Chavero, 1901a) of the falsified pictorial manuscript, Colección Chavero no. 1 (Mapa de Tlaxcallan). JONGHE, EDOUARD DE

1905 Histoyre du Mechique. Manuscrit français inédit du XVIe siècle. Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, n.s., 2 ( 1 ) : 1-41. Paris. Publication, with notes and introduction, of Thevet's French translation of the lost Histoyre du Mechique. See Jonghe, 1961, for Spanish translation of the introduction and text of this article.

1906a Der altmexikanische Kalender. Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, 38: 485512, 4 figs. Berlin. Includes reproductions and comments on: Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 (Valadés version) (pp. 50811, fig. 4), pp. 21-22 of Codex Borbonicus (pp. 491-95, figs. 1-2), and Boban Calendar Wheel (pp. 495-96, fig. 3). Unpublished English translation in PML.

1906b Le calendrier mexicain. Essai de synthèse et de coordination. Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, n.s., 3 ( 2 ) : 197-227. Paris. Includes comment on pp. 21-22 of Codex Borbonicus (pp. 204-07) and on Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 (Valadés and Motolinía versions) (passim). Spanish translation in Memorias de la Sociedad Científica "Antonio Alzate," 25: 197-231, Mexico, 1908.

1906c Thevet, Mexicaniste. 14th International Congress of Americanists, 1: 223-40. Stuttgart. Compares Thevet's Cosmographie Universelle, 1575, Mendieta, Torquemada, and the Histoyre du Mechique.

1961 Histoyre du Mechique. Manuscrit français inédit du XVIe 630

siècle . . . retraducción del francés al castellano. Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 20 ( 2 ) : 183-210. Mexico. Spanish translation (of both introduction and text) of Jonghe, 1905, by Joaquín Meade, with added notes by Wigberto Jiménez Moreno. JOSEPHY, ALVIN M., JR., AND WILLIAM BRANDON

1961 The American Heritage Book of Indians. n.p., American Heritage Publishing Co. 424 pp., illus. Illustrations include color photographs of one page from part 2 of Codex Mendoza and of one of the nine historical scenes in the Crónica de Michoacan by Beaumont from a copy in the New York Public Library. JOURDAIN, AMEDEE

1889

Codex Telleriano-Remensis: traduit de I'espagnol. Archives de la société Américaine de France, n.s., 7: 160-82. Paris.

Incomplete translation of the Spanish text of Codex Telleriano-Remensis into French. JOURDANET, D., AND RÉMI SlMEON

1880

Histoire generale des choses de la Nouvelle Espagne par le R. P. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Paris, G. Masson. lxxix + 898 pp.

French translation of the Spanish text of Sahagún's Historia general (see Florentine Codex in pictorials census) with supplementary material and notes. JUNCKER, CH.

1710

Commentarius de vita, scriptisque ac meritis ilustris viri Jobi Ludolfi. Leipzig and Frankfurt.

Not examined. Brief reference to Codex Vienna (p. 65); quoted in Adelhofer, 1963, p. 15, note 5. JUNTA COLOMBINA

1892 Antigüedades mexicanas. . . . See Chavero, 1892. KELEMEN, PAL

1937 Battlefield of the Gods: Aspects of Mexican history, art and exploration. London, Allen & Unwin. 212 pp., 61 pls.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES Brief reference to the Testerian manuscript in the Museo Nacional de Mexico ( M N A 3 5 - 5 3 ) , with photoreproduction of two of its pages ( p p . 137-39, pl. 3 6 ) .

1943 Medieval American Art. York, Macmillan. 2 vols.

New

Illustrated survey of pre-Columbian art, with section devoted to Mesoamerican pictorial manuscripts. Includes reproduction of a map from Codex Kingsborough (after Léon de Rosny, 1881a) and a page from the Matrícula de Tributos. Second and third printings, 1944, 1946; revised one-volume edition, 1956. KELLEY, DAVID H.

1955 Review of: Interpretación del Códice Gómez de Orozco, by Caso (1954). American Antiquity, 20 ( 4 ) : 401. Review of Caso, 1954, with suggestion for alternative interpretation of one glyph in the Fragmento Gómez de Orozco. KELLY, ISABEL, AND Á N G E L P A L E R M

1952

The Tajin Totonac. Part 1: History, subsistence, shelter, and technology. (Inslitute of Social Anthropology, Pub. 13). Washington, Smithsonian Institution. xiv + 369 pp., illus.

Includes (pp. 264-317) study of the conquests of the native rulers of Tenochtitlan, with maps, based on part 1 of Codex Mendoza and other textual and pictorial sources.

[Edward King] 1831-48 Antiquities of Mexico, comprising facsimiles of ancient Mexican paintings and hieroglyphs . . . the whole illustrated by many valuable inedited manuscripts by Lord Kingsborough. The drawings, on stone, by A. Aglio. London. 9 vols. (1-7,1831; 8-9,1848).

KINGSBOROUGH, LORD

Also issued with title pages for vols. 1-7 dated 1830 on which only Aglio's name and not Kingsborough's appears. Vols. 1-3 contain handcolored (or uncolored) lithographs of copies by Augustine Aglio of 16 pictorial manuscripts. They are first editions for almost all of these documents, but all are best consulted in more recent editions except for details that may have deteriorated on the originals since they were copied by Aglio, 1825-30. See Corona Nuñez, 1964-67, for a new edition of 11 of the

manuscripts reproduced in vols. 1-3. Notes by Kingsborough in vols. 6 and 8 in support of a Hebrew origin of many Middle American culture traits occasionally comment on these pictorial manuscripts but are not considered of much significance. A monumental and historic work, now largely superseded. Parts cited are listed below: Vol. 1: Codices Mendoza, Telleriano-Remensis, Boturini, Bodley, Selden and the Selden Roll. Vol. 2: Codices Ríos, Laud, Cospi, Vienna, and Humboldt Fragments 1 and 2. Vol. 3 : Codices Borgia, Dresden, FéjérváryMayer, and Vaticanus B. Vol. 4 : Reproductions of five drawings from Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2, of Mapa Sigüenza (both after Gemelli Careri), and of Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 4 (variant). Vol. 5: Transcripts of the Spanish texts of Codices Mendoza and Telleriano-Remensis and of the Italian text of Codex Ríos. Sahagún, Historia, book 6. Vol. 6: English translation of the texts of Codices Mendoza, Telleriano-Remensis, and Ríos. Vol. 7: Sahagún, Historia, books 1-12, except chapters 1-40 of book 6. Vol. 8: Veytia, Historia del Origen . . . , preface and book 1, chapters 1-23. Vol. 9: Alvarado Tezozomoc, Crónica Mexicana; Ixtlilxochitl, Historia Chichimeca and Relaciones; Motolinía, Historia.

1964-67 Antigüedades de Mexico. . . . See Corona Nuñez, 1964-67. KlRCHER, A T H A N A S I U S

1652-54 Oedipus Aegyptiacus, hoc est, universalis hieroglyphicae veterum doctrinae, temporum iniuria abolitae, instaurado. Rome. 3 vols. in 4. Discussion ( 3 : 2 8 - 3 6 ) of Mexican hieroglyphic writing illustrated with four engravings from the 1625 edition of Codex Mendoza; reference to Codex Vaticanus B. KIRCHHOFF, PAUL

1940

Los pueblos de la Historia ToltecaChichimeca: sus migraciones y parentesco. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 77-104, 4 maps. Mexico.

Study of migration itineraries of tribes (NonoualcaChichimeca, Tolteca-Chichimeca, etc.) in the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, with comparative references to other sources. For a revision of part of this study see Kirchhoff, 1958.

631

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1950

The Mexican calendar and the founding of Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, ser. 2, 12 ( 4 ) : 126-32.

Discussion of evidence, with special attention to the problem of the date of the founding of Mexico Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco, that as many as 13 distinct year counts "existed in the area from the Mesa Central to Northern Oaxaca" in Postclassic times (cf. Jiménez Moreno, 1961). Cited in pictorials survey in connection with discussion of historical pictorial manuscripts from the Valley o£ Mexico.

1951 El autor de la segunda parte de la Crónica Mexicayotl. In Homenaje al Doctor Alfonso Caso, pp. 225-27, folding table. Mexico. Proposes that Alvarado Tezozomoc was the author of the "first part" (to p . 78 of the 1949 edition) of the Crónica Mexicayotl and that Chimalpahin was the author of the remainder.

1956a Calendarios Tenochca, Tlatelolca, y otros. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, vol. 14, part 1, pp. 257-67. Mexico. Examination of divergent dates given for the same events in certain primary sources to support his controversial hypothesis that not only did various Late Postclassic Central Mexican groups commence their years with different veintenas ("months") but also used different tonalpohualli (260-day divinatory cycle) counts (cf. Kirchhoff, 1950; Jiménez Moreno, 1961). Cited in pictorials survey in connection with discussion of historical pictorial manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico.

1956b Composición étnica y organización política de Chalco según las Relaciones de Chimalpahin. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, vol. 14, part l, pp. 29798. Mexico. Utilizes data provided by Chimalpahin to identify ethnic and political patterns in the Chalco region.

1958

La ruta de los Tolteca-Chichimeca entre Tula y Cholula. Miscelánea Paul Rivet: Octogenario Dicata, 1: 485-94. Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico.

Partial revision and correction of Kirchhoff, 1940 (q.v.).

632

1961 Der Beitrag Chimalpahins zur Geschichte der Tolteken. Veröffentlichungen des Museums für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig, 11: 323-33. Berlin. See annotation under (Kirchhoff, 1964).

1964

the

Spanish

translation

La aportación de Chimalpahin a la Historia Tolteca. Anales de Antropología, 1: 77-90. Mexico.

Spanish translation of Kirchhoff, 1961. Study of dates in Chimalpahin's second Relation and their relationship to those in other sources. KNOROZOV, YURI V.

1963 Lisvmennostb Inaeytsev Maiya. Moscow, Akademii Nauk. 662 pp., illus. Includes complete reproduction of Codices Dresden, Paris, and Madrid, apparently from other editions. See Knorozov, 1967, for partial English translation.

1967

Selected chapters from the writing of the Maya Indians . . . translated by Sophie Coe. (Russian Translation series of the Pcabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 4). Cambridge, Mass. 152 pp.

Partial English translation of Knorozov, 1963. Does not include the reproductions of the three Maya screenfolds in the Russian edition. KOHLER, JOSEPH

1924

El derecho de los aztecas. ico. 129 pp.

Mex-

Legal study of the rules governing Aztec society and state, with an appendix of laws. KOLLAR, ADAM FRANZ

1769 Petri Lambecii Hamburgensis Commentarium de Augustissima Bibliotheca Caesarea Vindobonensis; editio altera lib. II. Vienna. Not examined: comment ( p . 965 ff.) on Codex Vienna with engraving illustrating one page of the manuscript. The comment is quoted and translated by Adelhofer (1963, p p . 3 0 - 3 2 ) . The print appears not to have been reprinted in any modern work. KREICHGAUER,

1915-16

DAMIAN

Die Astronomie des Kodex Nut-

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

tall. Ein Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte Zentralamerikas. Anthropos, 10-11: 1-23. Vienna. Attempts to interpret distances between dates in Codex Nuttall as having astronomical significance. Of dubious validity.

1917

Die Astronomie in der grossen Wiener Handschrift aus Mexiko. Sitzungsberichte d. Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaft in Wein, vol. 182, no. 5. Vienna. 52 pp., illus.

KUBLER, GEORGE

1948

Illustrations include details from Codice Osuna, the drawing from Códice del Tecpan de Santiago Tlatelolco, and the Émeute parmi les indigènes d'lxtac· maxtitlan, as well as others not cited in the census. Also reproduces a number of maps from the relaciones geográficas of 1577-1585.

1949

Attempts to interpret distances between dates in Codex Vienna as having astronomical significance. Of dubious validity.

1917-18 Studien zum aztekischen Codex Borbonicus, besonders über dessen Astronomie. Anthropos, 1213: 497-512. Vienna. Interpretation and discussion of astronomical significance of parts of Codex Borbonicus. Of dubious validity. KRICKEBERG, WALTER

1918-25 Die Totonaken: ein Beitrag zur historischen Ethnographie Mittelamerikas. Baessler-Archiv, o.s., 7 [1918-22]: 1-55; 9 [1925]: 1-75. Berlin. Thorough, well-documented summary of the culture and history of the Totonac-speaking communities of the Sierra de Puebla and Gulf Coast regions. See Krickeberg, 1933, for Spanish translation. [Art. 30.]

1933 Los Totonaca; contribución a la etnografía histórica de la América Central. Traducción del Alemán por Porfirio Aguirre. Mexico, Secretaría de Educación Pública. 241

pp. Spanish translation of Krickeberg, 1918-25. [Art. 30.] KRUSCHE,

ROLF

1966 Die Maya-Handschrift Codex Dresdensis: 24 Tafeln. (InselBücherei Nr. 462). Frankfurt am Main, Insel Verlag. 46 pp., 24 pls. Color photographs of 24 pages of Codex Dresden showing its present (post-World W a r I I ) state, accompanied by popular description of Maya culture and the manuscript.

Mexican architecture of the sixteenth century. New Haven, Yale University Press. 2 vols.

Review of: Codex Hall. . . , by Charles E. Dibble (1947). American Journal of Archaeology, 53: 332-33.

Identifies Codex Hall as a falsification.

1951 Review of: El valle y la ciudad de Mexico en 1550 . . . , by S. Linné (1948). American Antiquity, 16 ( 3 ) : 268. Disputes Linné's dating of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico and reaffirms the dating proposed by Toussaint and others, 1938; indicates the importance of the date of the map.

1961 On the colonial extinction of the motifs of pre-Columbian Art. In Samuel K. Lothrop and others, Essays in pre-Columbian art and archaeology. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press. pp. 1434. Fig. 4 gives a photoreproduction of one page of the Matrícula de Huexotzingo.

1962 The art and architecture of ancient America: The Mexican, Maya, and Andean peoples. (Pelican History of Art). Baltimore, Penguin Books. xxxv + 396 pp., illus. Includes informed generalizations about Valley of Mexico ( p p . 6 1 - 6 3 ) , Mixtec ( p p . 100-103), and Maya ( p p . 206-208) pictorial manuscript painting. —

AND CHARLES GIBSON

1951 The Tovar Calendar: An illustrated Mexican manuscript of ca. 1585. Reproduced with a commentary and handlist of sources on the Mexican 365-day year. (Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of 633

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Arts and Sciences, vol. 11). New Haven. 82 pp., 18 figs., 14 pls.

n.s., vol. 9 (whole series, 34), no. 2, pp. 233-63, illus. Berlin.

Photographic edition of the Tovar Calendar with detailed commentary and comparative study of the central Mexican 18-month festival calendar. Description of the JCBL Tovar Relación del Origen . . . manuscript and important commentary on the relationships among Tovar, Acosta, and Durán. English translation and photofacsimile of the TovarAcosta correspondence. "Handlist" ( p p . 5 5 - 7 6 ) describes sources on the 365-day calendar (including about 30 pictorial manuscripts, all in present census) with bibliographical commentary and survey of data on calendrical correlation. Included among the illustrations are reproductions of the Durán festival calendar drawings, month symbols from Codex Ríos and Serna's Manual de Ministros, one drawing from the Tovar Relación, the Boban Calendar Wheel, and the Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 4 and 5. Extensive bibliography. A major work.

Photoreproduction and commentary, Stammbaum des kõniglichen Geschlechtes von Tetzcoco (see census under Texcoco).

KUTSCHER, GERDT

1948 Le "Memorial Breve" de Chimalpahin, un manuscrit mexicain inédit de la Bibliothèque Nationale, à Paris. 28th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 407-18. Paris. Description and analysis of the contents of Chimalpahin's Memorial Breve, which forms a large part of his second Relation.

1955

[Bibliography of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts]. In C. A. Burland, The Selden Roll. Berlin. pp. 44-51.

Excellent classified bibliography for about Θ9 differ­ ent Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts.

1958a The translation of the "Cantares Mexicanos" by Leonhard Schultze Jena. 32d International Congress of Americanists, pp. 253-58. Copen­ hagen.

1962

Photoreproduction and commentary, Die Flurkarte des Chiquatzin Tecuihtli.

1963a Das Dokument der Familie Mundanegre aus Chichimecapan. (Postkolumbische Bilddokumente aus Mexiko im Berliner Museum für Völkerkunde, 3). BaesslerArchiv, n.s., vol. 10 (whole series, 35), no. 2, pp. 313-17, illus. Berlin. Photoreproduction and commentary, Das Dokument der Familie Mundanegre aus Chichimecapan.

1963b Die Genealogie des Tlatzcantzin. (Postkolumbische Bilddokumente aus Mexiko im Berliner Museum für Võlkerkunde, 4 ) . BaesslerArchiv, n.s., vol. 10 (whole series, 35), no. 2, pp. 319-37, illus. Berlin. Photoreproduction and commentary, Die Genealogie des Tlatzcantzin.

1964

Favorable review of Schultze Jena's partial edition and translation of Nahuatl poems from the Cantares mexicanos, with perceptive comment on the value of Aztec poetical literature.

1958b See Lehmann and Kutscher, 1958. 1961 Ein Stammbaum des kõniglichen Geschlechtes von Tetzcoco. (Postkolumbische Bilddokumente aus Mexiko in Berliner Museum für Võlkerkunde, 1). Baessler-Archiv, 634

Die Flurkarte des Chiquatzin Tecuihtli. (Postkolumbische Bilddokumente aus Mexiko im Berliner Museum für Võlkerkunde, 2). Baessler-Archiv., n.s., vol. 10 (whole series, 35), no. 1, pp. 129-44, illus. Berlin.

Mapa de San Antonio Tepetlan. (Postkolumbische Bilddokumente aus Mexiko im Berliner Museum für Völkerkunde, 5 ) . BaesslerArchiv, n.s., vol. 11 (whole series, 36), no. 2, pp. 277-300, illus. Berlin.

Photoreproduction of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, and Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin, versions of the Mapa de San Antonio Tepetlan, with commentary. L A FARGE, OLIVER

1940

Maya ethnology: The sequence of

ANNOTATED REFEBENCES

cultures. In The Maya and their neighbors, pp. 281-91. New York and London, D. Appleton Century Co. Discussion of post-Contact acculturation in the Maya region; proposes sequential scheme consisting of five major acculturative periods (cf. Beals, 1951). Reprinted, University of Utah Press, 1962. [Art. 30.] LAMBECK, P.

1679

Commentarium de Augustissima Bibliotheca Caesarea Vindobonensis, Liber Octavus. Vienna.

Not examined. Description and engraving ( p . 660) of one page of Codex Vienna. The engraving is reprinted by Adelhofer (1963, fig. 5 ) . LANDA, FRAY DIEGO DE

1900 Relación de las cosas de Yucatan sacada de la que escribió el Padre Fray Diego de Landa, de la Orden de San Francisco. Colección de documentos inéditos . . . de Ultramar, 2nd ser., vol. 13 (Relaciones de Yucatan, vol. 2), pp. 265-411. Madrid. Third and incomplete edition of Landa's Relación. See citations in census (Article 23, no. 184) for other editions. LAS CASAS, FRAY BARTOLOMÉ DE

1909 Apologética historia de las Indias. (Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, vol. 13: Historiadores de Indias, vol. 1). Madrid. vii + 704 pp. First complete edition of the work.

1958 Apologética historia. Estudio crítico preliminar y edición por Juan Pérez de Tudela Bueso. (Biblioteca de Autores Españoles desde la formación del lenguaje hasta nuestros dias, 105, 106. Obras Escogidas de Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas, 3,4). Madrid. Second edition of the work.

1966 Los Indios de Mexico y Nueva España: antología. (Colección

"Sepan Cuantos . . . ," no. 57). Mexico. xxxiv + 225 pp. Publication of those chapters of Las Casas' Apologética historia sumaria that relate to New Spain, with introduction by Edmundo O'Gorman and notes identifying the sources used by Las Casas. These notes are not in the full edition by the same editor (Las Casas, 1967).

1967 Apologética historia sumaria . . . edición preparada por Edmundo O'Gorman. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. Serie de historiadores y cronistas de Indias, 1). Mexico. 2 vols. Third and critical edition of the work. LEAL, LUIS

1953 El Códice Ramírez. Historia Mexicana, 3 ( 1 ) : 11-33. Mexico, El Colegio de Mexico. Critical discussion of Fr. Juan de Tovar as author of the "Códice Ramírez" manuscript of Tovar's Relación del Origen. . . . LEANDER, BIRGITTA

1966a Mestizaje cultural en un códice mexicano. Ethnos, 31: 57-83, 3 pls. Stockholm. Fusion of two cultures seen in Códice Mariano Jiménez; three of its pages are reproduced.

1966b Nueva interpretación del Códice Mariano Jiménez. 36th International Congress of Americanists, 2: 49-58, 2 pls. Seville. Summary commentary on Códice Mariano Jiménez, with two pages reproduced after the only extant edition. The article is a digest of Leander, 1967.

1967

Códice de Otlazpan (acompañado de un facsimile del códice). (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Serie Investigaciones, 13). Mexico. 147 pp. with separate facsimile (title page + 16 pp.).

Detailed commentary on Códice Mariano Jiménez, with color facsimile of the plates and title page of the edition of 1904 (León, n . d . ) . The commentary was issued in mimeograph form as Un códice pictográfico de la Nueva España; reinterpretación (n.p., 1965,254 p p . ) .

635

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES LECLERC, C H .

1867 Bibliotheca Americana. Catalogue raisonné d'une très-precieuse collection de livres anciens et modernes sur I'Amérique et les Philippines. Paris, Maisonneuve. 407 pp. Item 1097 is a manuscript of Olmos' Arte, also listed in LeClerc (1887, no. 3407), and now in the Library of Congress.

Histórica). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 82 pp. [1945 or 1946]. Spanish translation of Lehmann, 1905a; omits the numerous and important footnotes of the original. Other editions, 1948 and 1950, not examined.

1905a Les peintures Mixteco-Zapotèques et quelques documents apparentes. Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, n.s., 2 ( 2 ) : 24180. Paris.

1878 Bibliotheca Americana. Histoire, géographie, voyages, archéologie et linguistique des deux Amériques et des îles Philippines. Paris, Maisonneuve et Cie. xx + 737 pp.

Important survey, description, and bibliographic treatment of 37 pictorial manuscripts from Oaxaca. Cited for all descriptions in present census. For Spanish translation see Lehmann, n.d.

Item 1176 (pp. 305-06) is described as the original manuscript of Jacinto de la Serna's Manual de Ministros de Indios. Reprinted, 1961.

Brief survey of Tarascan pictorial manuscripts. Cites several lost documents not in present census. Unpublished English translation in PML.

1881-87 Bibliotheca Americana. Histoire, géographie, voyages, archéologie et linguistique des deux Amériques. Supplement no. 1 [1881] and Supplement no. 2 [1887]. Paris, Maisonneuve. 102 and 127 pp.

1905c Die fünf im Kindbett gestorbenen Frauen des Westens un die fünt Götter des Südens in der mexikanischen Mythologie. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 37 ( 6 ) : 848-71,19 figs. Berlin.

Items cited in Supplement no. 2 (1887) are three manuscripts from the Pinart collection: no. 3407, Olmos' Arte and Huehuetlatolli (LC); no. 3546, the Ixcuín and Izcuín documents (PUL); and no. 3578, the Ximénez copy of the Popol Vuh (NLA). LEGATI, L O R E N Z O ( C R E M O N E S E )

1677

Museo Cospiano annesso a quello del famoso Vlisse Aldrovandi e donato alla sua patria dall'ilustrissimo Signor Ferdinando Cospi. . . . Bologna, Giacomo Monti. prelims., 532 pp.

Description of Codex Cospi with engravings of several details (pp. 191-92). These two pages and the title page are reproduced in Nowotny, 1968, pp. 9 11. Lehmann (1905a, pp. 255, note 3) also reports editions of 1667 and 1680, not examined. LEHMANN, WALTER

n.d.

636

Pinturas mixteco "zapotecas" y algunos documentos emparentados con ellas. (Biblioteca Aportación

1905b Uber Taraskische Bilderschriften. Globus, 87 (24): 410-13. Brunswick.

Interpretation of Aubin Manuscript no. 20, line drawings of which are reproduced in the figures, detail by detail. Unpublished English translation in PML. See Lehmann, 1966, for Spanish translation.

1906a Einige Fragmente mexikanischer Bilderhandschriften. 14th International Congress of Americanists, part 2, pp. 321-42, 5 pls. Stuttgart. Description and reproduction of three pictorial manuscripts in the DSB, believed lost during World War II: Rechnung über gelieferte Naturalien (under Mizquiahuala in census), Steuerliste von 40 Personen, and Genealogie von 33 Personen. Also, description and reproduction of a copy of the Genealogie des Tlatzcantzin (Genealogie von 50 Personen) from the ΜVBE collection.

1906b Sur la pagination du "Codex Xolotl." Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, n.s., 3: 145-46. Paris. Discovery that leaf 1 of Codex Xolotl actually consists of two leaves pressed together; consequences

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

for number of painted pages in the manuscript. Subject more fully treated by Dibble (1948).

Alemana Alejandro de Humboldt," Folleto no. 2). Mexico. 52 pp.

1906c Die Historia de los Reynos de Colhuacan y de Mexico. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 38: 752-60. Berlin.

Spanish translation of Lehmann, 1922, with added notes and introduction by Wigberto Jiménez Moreno.

1966

Out-of-date commentary on Anales de Cuauhtitlan, superseded by Lehmann, 1938.

1906d Traditions des anciens Mexicains. Texte inédit et original en langue nahuatl avec traduction en latin. Journal de la Société des Américanist es de Paris, n.s., 3 ( 2 ) : 23997. Paris. Nahuatl text and Latin translation of Leyenda de los Soles, with notes. Superseded by his translation into German (Lehmann, 1938).

Spanish translation of Lehmann, 1905c. See Caso, 1966a, for supplementary commentary issued with this translation. AND GERDT KUTSCHER

1958

1908 Der sogenannte Kalender Ixtlilxochitls. Εin Beitrag zur Kenntnis der achtzehn Jahresfeste der Mexikaner. Anthropos, 3: 988-1004. Vienna. Publication of part 3 of Codex Ixtlilxochitl, a vari­ ant text of book 2, chapters 1-19 of the Spanish text of the Historia general by Sahagún.

1922

Ein Tolteken-Klagegesang. In Festschrift Eduard Seler, pp. 281319. Stuttgart.

Text and translation of a poem from the Cantares mexicanos as well as of short passages from Sahagún, the Popul Vuh, and other sources, with a study of the Olmecs, Tortees, and early Chichimecs. See Lehmann, 1941, for Spanish translation.

1938

Die Geschichte der Königreiche von Colhuacan und Mexiko. (Quellenwerke zur alten Geschichte Amerikas aufgezeichnet in den Sprachen der Eingeborenen. Herausgegeben vom Ibero-Amerikanischen Institut, vol. 1). Stuttgart and Berlin. vi + 391 pp., 2 tables.

Nahuatl text and German translation of Anales de Cuauhtitlan and Leyenda de los Soles, with detailed commentary. See Beyer, 1942, for detailed and critical review.

1941 Una elegía Tolteca. (Publicaciones de la Sociedad "Mexico-

Las cinco mujeres del oeste muertas en el parto y los cinco dioses del sur en la mitología mexicana. Traducciones Mesoamericanistas, 1: 147-75, 19 figs. Mexico, Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología.

Das Memorial breve acerca de la Fundación de la Ciudad de Culhuacan. . . . (Ibero-Amerikanischen Bibliothek zu Berlin, Quellenwerke zur alten Geschichte Amerikas . . ., vol. 7). Stuttgart. xxxix + 240 pp.

Biobibliography of Chimalpahin and description of his Diferentes historias originales (the Relaciones); Nahuatl text and German translation of the second, fourth, and parts of the third and fifth relations; chronological tables. AND OTTOKAR S M I T A L

1929 Codex Vindobonensis Mexic, 1. Faksimileausgabe der Mexikanischen Bilderhandschrift der Nationalbibliothek in Wien. Vienna, Kunstanstalt Max Jaffe. Textband, 42 pp. Screenfold facsimiile between boards, 52 pp. on obverse, 13 pp. (i-xiii) and 1 p. with ownership inscription on reverse. Color photofacsimile of Codex Vienna, with pamphlet containing history of the manuscript by Smital and commentary by Lehmann. See Adelhofer, 1963, for reprint of the color facsimile.

1930

Codex Vindobonensis Mexic, 1. Photoreproduction in quarto, with 65 colored, hand-illuminated leaves. Text by Lehmann and Smital. Ed. M. Jaffe. Vienna. (Limited to 10 copies.) 637

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Not examined. Limited edition of Codex Vienna. Cited by Adelhofer (1963, p. 36). LEICHT, HUGO

1938 Índice lingüístico del Códice Cruz (Barberini). Andes del Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional de Mexico, 9 ( 1 - 2 ) : 231-52. Mexico. Annotated index of Nahuatl botanical and other names in the Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis by Martín de la Cruz, based on a photostatic copy of the manuscript. LEJEAL, LEON

1902 Les antiquités mexicaines (Mexique, Yucatan, Amérique-Centrale). (Bibliothèque de Bibliographies Critiques. . . .) Paris, Alphonse Picard et Fils. 78 pp., index. Annotated bibliography of Middle American pictorial manuscripts (pp. 20-30).

1904

Les vicissitudes d'un "lienzo" mexicain. Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, n.s., 1 ( 3 ) : 383. Paris.

Brief report on the recovery of Mapa Sigüenza by the Mexican National Museum in 1904.

1906

Les Memoriales de Fray Toribio "Motolinía." 14th International Congress of Americanists, 1: 193221. Stuttgart.

Compares texts of Motolinía's Historia and Memoriales. See Lejeal, 1907, for edition in Spanish.

1907 Los Memoriales de Fray Toribio "Motolinía." In Luis García Pimentel, ed., Documentos Históricos de Mejico, Apéndice al Tomo I, pp. 13-45. Mexico, Paris, and Madrid. Spanish translation of Lejeal, 1906. LEMOINE V., ERNESTO

1954 Ensayo de división municipal del estado de Oaxaca. Yan, no. 3, pp. 69-74, 1 map. Mexico. Listing and map of the municipalities of the state of Oaxaca by ex-districts, with introductory remarks. District boundaries defined in this article used as

638

basis for regional classification of pictorial manuscripts from Oaxaca.

See Cook de Leonard and Lemoine Villicaña, 1956. 1960 Notas para la historia del Códice Fisher. Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas de Mexico, no. 10, pp. 3-5. Mexico. 1956

Documents of 1867 in the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico, bearing on the history of a Mexican pictorial manuscript—probably Mexican Manuscript no. 2 of the John Rylands Library, Manchester.

1961 Visita, congregación y mapa de Amecameca de 1599. Versión paleográfica, introducción y notas. Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación, 2d ser., 2 ( 1 ) : 5-46, 3 illus. Mexico. Publication and interpretation of Mapa de la visita y congregación de Amecameca and its corresponding congregación text. LENZ, HANS

1949

Las fibras y las plantas del papel indígena mexicano. Cuadernos Americanos, año 8, 45 ( 3 ) : 15769. Mexico.

General description of the subject, identification of paper fiber in most pictorial manuscripts in the MNA codex collection, and microphotographs of amatl and maguey fibers. This is substantially an extract and digest of parts of Lenz, 1950.

1950 El papel indígena mexicano: historia y supervivencia. Mexico, Editorial cultura. 281 pp., 310 figs., maps, colored pls., 11 samples of modern Indian paper. [Copyright, 1948; colophon, 1950.] Detailed and copiously illustrated historical and technical study of ancient and modern Mexican Indian paper making. Identification and microphotographs of the paper fiber of most pictorial manuscripts in MNA codex collection. Illustrations include reproduction of two pages of the Matrícula de Tributos (figs. 46-47), a copy in color of the upper half of Lienzo de Guevea (pl. 3), and Plano de San Joseph, sujeto a Xilotepeque (fig. 148). See also Lenz, 1949,1961.

1961 Mexican Indian paper: Its history and survival. Mexico. 280 pp., illus.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Not examined. English translation of Lenz, 1950. L E Ó N , F R A Y M A R T Í N DE

1611 Camino del cielo en lengua mexicana, con todos los requisitos necesarios para conseguir este fin. Mexico, Diego López Daualos. prelims., 160 numbered leaves. Observations on idolatry and 18-month Mexican Indian festival calendar in Spanish (ff. 95r-100v), related to text of Kalendario Mexicano y Castellano. See Martín de León, 1947, for reprint of section cited.

1947

Calendario de los Indios mexicanos con sus fiestas para los confesores. (Biblioteca Aportación Histórica). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 46 pp.

Incomplete reprint of Martín de León, 1611, ff. 95r100v (q.v.). Not recommended. Another edition, 1951, not examined. LEÓN, NICOLÁS

n.d.

Códice Mariano Jiménez. Nómina de tributos de los pueblos de Otlazpan y Tepexic en geroglífico azteca y lenguas Castellana y Nahuatl, 1549. Mexico. 10 pp., 16 pls. [1904.] Color lithograph edition of Códice Mariano Jiménez, witn incomplete commentary and translation of the Nahuatl text.

1888a Calendario de los Tarascos. Anales del Museo Michoacano, 1: 3 3 42. Morelia. Study of "Calendario de toda la índica gente," a text describing Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2, here misattributed to the Tarascans.

1888b Reyes Tarascos. Andes del Museo Michoacano, 1: 115-78. Morelia. Makes extensive utilization of the Relación de Michoacan, from which a genealogical tree is reproduced. Probably the first reproduction of a drawing from the manuscript.

1888c Codex Plancarte. Anales del Museo Michoacano, 1: 43-61. Morelia. Publication of Codex Plancarte, a nonpictorial Indian text from Michoacan.

1889a El matrimonio entre los pre-Colombianos y sus usos. Anales del Museo cano, 2: 155-65,185-86.

Tarascos actuales MichoaMorelia.

Partially based on the Relación de Michocan, from which two drawings are reproduced.

1889b Studies on the archaeology of Michoacan. Smithsonian Institution, annual report for 1886, part 1, pp. 307-18, 1 pl. Washington. Description, study, and reproduction of a copy of Lienzo de Jucutacato. Revised in León, 1903-04, 1904a.

1890

El pueblo de Vango y el sitio de Zirakuarendo. Anales del Museo Michoacano, 3: 179-80,1 pl. Morelia.

Publication of a map of 1582 from Huango (or Guango), Michoacan, cited in the survey but not included in the census.

1897

Uso de la escritura jeroglífica por los Hia-Hiu en tiempos muy posteriores a la conquista. 11th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 288-90, 4 pls. Mexico.

Concerns Testerian manuscripts; with description and partial reproduction of the Testerian MS of the John Carter Brown Library, no. 3 (census, 826). León, 1900, is a greatly expanded version of this article.

1900 A Mazahua catechism in TesteraAmerind hieroglyphics. American Anthropologist, n.s., 2 ( 4 ) : 722-40,11 pls. General discussion of Testerian MSS and writing with study and reproduction of the Testerian MS of the John Carter Brown Library no. 3 (census, 826). This is an expansion of León, 1897. Published in Spanish, León, 1968.

1903 Los Tarascos. Notas históricas, étnicas y antropológicas. Segunda parte. Etnografía precolombiana. Anales del Museo Nacional de México, ep. 2, 1: 392-502. Mexico. Includes reproduction of some of the drawings from the Relación de Michoacan, some of the historical scenes and the Map of Tzintzuntzan from Beaumont's Crónica de Michoacan, and the calendar wheel from Códice Cuara, all from copies.

639

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1903-04 Los Boletín Mexico, 153-69, 257-73, Mexico.

Tarascos. Primera parte. del Museo Nacional de ep. 2, 1: 113-29, 133-49, 185-201, 217-33, 237-53, 281-97, 305-33, 43 pls.

General study of ethnohistory, discovery and conquest of Michoacan. Includes reproduction of some of the drawings from the Relación de Michoacan, some of the historical scenes from Beaumont's Crónica de Michoacan, Lienzos de Nahuatzen and Jucutacato, and Genealogía de los Caciques de Carapan, all from copies. Brief reference to the Cuara family papers (Códice Cuara). For another edition see León, 1904a. For parts 2 and 3 see León, 1903, 1906c. Parts 4 and 5 are unpublished.

1904a Los Tarascos. Notas históricas, étnicas y antropológicas . . . primera parte. Historia primitiva, descubrimiento y conquista. Mexico, Imprenta del Museo Nacional. 157pp.,43pls. Reprint, with different pagination but with same plate numbers, of León, 1903-04 (q.v.).

1904b Los Matlatzinca. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 2,1 ( 1 ) : 57-82. Mexico. Devoted primarily to publication of Calendario Matlatzinca.

1905a Data about a new kind of hieroglyphic writing in Mexico. 13th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 175-88. Easton, Pennsylvania. General and out-of-date remarks about Zapotec and Mixtec hieroglyphic sources, including pictorial manuscripts. Cited in survey for statement (p. 182) concerning the Belmar collection. Also published in Anales del Museo Nacional (ep. 2, 2 ( 2 ) : 401-11, Mexico, 1905) and in a limited, illustrated, private edition.

1905b Los Popolocas. (Conferencias del Museo Nacional. Sección de Etnología, num. 1). Mexico, Museo Nacional. 28 pp. Brief description (pp. 25-26, 28) of Códice Sierra.

1906a Códice Sierra. Fragmento de una nómina de gastos del pueblo de Santa Catarina Texupan (Mixteca 640

Baja, Estado de Oaxaca) en geroglíficos popoloca y esplicación en lengua Nahuatl. [Mexico]. [6 pp.], 62 pages of colored pls. Color lithographs of Códice Sierra with brief introduction. Same plates also issued, with supplementary material, in León, 1933.

1906b Der Haupttempel Tepari Yacata der vorhispanischen Tarasken wahrend der Epoche de Eroberung. 14th International Congress of Americanists, part 1, pp. 309-19,12 figs. Stuttgart. Fig. 6 reproduces the Map of Tzintzuntzan from Beaumont's Crónica de Michoacan.

1906c Los Tarascos. Notas históricas, étnicas y antropológicas. Tercera parte. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 2,3: 298-479. Mexico. Includes brief description of Códice Cuara; the illustrations for this work, which were to have included an edition of Códice Cuara, were not published.

1907

Bibliografía mexicana del siglo XVIII. Sección primera, cuarta parte, A-Z. (Boletín del Instituto Bibliográfico Mexicano, no. 8). Mexico. 541 pp.

Includes publication (pp. 1-272) of Ordóñez y Aguiar's Historia de la creación del cielo y de la tierra. Facing p. 264 is reproduced a Tzeltal or Tzotzil calendar wheel, cited in the survey but not included in the census.

1927 La Relación de Michuacan: nota bibliográfica y crítica. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Históricos, 1 ( 5 ) : 191-213, 1 pl. Mexico. Description and study of the bibliography, date and authorship of the Relación de Michoacan. Color plate illustrates a page from the copy owned by Gómez de Orozco.

1933 Códice Sierra. Traducción al español de su texto Nahuatl y explicación de sus pinturas jeroglíficas. Mexico, Museo Nacional. 71 pp., 62 pp. of colored pls.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Color lithographs of Códice Sierra, with brief commentary and Spanish translation of its Nahuatl text. Lithographs are the same (and not a reprinting) as those issued by León, 1906a. Includes text and reproduction of the map of the relación geográfica of Texupan. 1968

Un catecismo mazahua (en jeroglífico testeramerindiano). (Biblioteca Enciclopédica del Estado de México, 13). Mexico. 51 pp., illus. Edition of León, 1900, in Spanish rather than in the English translation of the earlier edition; includes reprint of Romero de Terreros, 1942. L E Ó N P I N E L O , A N T O N I O DE

1629

Epítome de la biblioteca oriental i occidental, náutica i geográfica. Madrid, Juan González. prelims., 186, xii pp. "First bibliography of the new world," lists some known pictorial manuscripts such as Durán's history (p. 101) as well as a now unknown or unidentified Mexican pictorial manuscript (p. 76, top), not included in the census. See Millares Carlo, 1958, for another edition and González de Barcia, 1737-38, for revised edition. LEÓN-PORTILLA, MIGUEL

1956

La filosofía nahuatl estudiada en sus fuentes. Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. xv + 344 pp. Includes commentary and translation of numerous Nahuatl ethnohistorical texts. Second (enlarged and revised) edition, Mexico, 1959 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Historia, Pub. 52, xix + 360 pp.). Third edition, 1966 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Serie de Cultura Nahuatl, Monografías, 10). See León-Portilla, 1963, for English translation. 1958

Ritos, sacerdotes y atavios de los dioses. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Historia, Seminario de Cultura Nahuatl, Textos de los informantes de Sahagún, 1). Mexico. 173 pp., 4 pls., figs. Spanish translation, transcript of the Nahuatl text, and reproduction of copies of the corresponding drawings from the Sahagún manuscript, Primeros

memoriales (ff. 254v-273r of Códice Matritense del Real Palacio). 1959

Visión de los vencidos. Relaciones indígenas de la conquista. (Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario, 81). Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma. xxv + 211 pp. Anthology of selections from writings of Indian and Mestizo authors concerning the conquest of Mexico (book 12 of the Florentine Codex, Tezozomoc, Ixtlilxochitl, Muñoz Camargo, etc.). Translations from the Nahuatl are by Ángel María Garibay Κ. This is not a scholarly work and should be used with caution. Also second (1961), third, and fourth (1969) editions in the same series. See León-Portilla, 1962, for English translation. 1961a Los antiquos mexicanos a través de sus crónicas y cantares. Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Económica. 198 pp. Survey of Aztec literature with selections (in Spanish translation) from numerous Nahuatl texts. Reprinted without substantial modification by same publisher in paperback (Colección Popular no. 88, 1968,202 pp.). 1961b Chimalpahin y los orígenes del hombre americano. In Homenaje a Pablo Martínez del Rio, pp. 47582. Mexico, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Nahuatl text and Spanish translation of a passage from Chimalpahin's fourth Relation concerning the arrival of the Teochichimecs by sea in the year A.D. 50, with brief commentary. 1962

The broken spears: The Aztec account of the conquest of Mexico. Boston, Beacon Press. xxxi + 168

pp. English translation of León-Portilla, 1959, by Lysander Kemp. 1963

Aztec thought and culture, a study of the ancient Nahuatl mind. Translated from the Spanish by Jack Emory Davis. Norman, University of Oklahoma. ix + 241 pp. "Not a direct translation of the second edition in Spanish, but rather an adaptation and rewriting of the text" (p. ix). See León-Portilla, 1956, for editions in Spanish. 641

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1967a El proceso de aculturación de los Chichimecas de Xolotl. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, 7: 59-86, 10 figs. Mexico. Makes extensive utilization of Códice Xolotl, Mapas Quinatzin and Tlotzin, and the writings of F . de Alva Ixtlilxochitl; cited for Spanish translation ( p . 72) of one of the Nahuatl texts on Mapa Tlotzin.

1967b Trece poetas del mundo azteca. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Serie de Cultura Nahuatl, Monografías, 11). Mexico. 258 pp., illus. Nahuatl texts and Spanish translations from selected poems from the Cantares mexicanos and Pomar, Romances de los Señores de la Nueva España, with biographies of their authors. One page from Codex Borbonicus is reproduced (facing p . 110) by color photography.

1969

Pre-Columbian literatures of Mexico. Translated from the Spanish by Grace Lobanov and the author. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. xiii + 191 pp.

Popular survey; translated, with revisions, from the author's Las literaturas precolombinas de México, Mexico, 1964 (not examined). AND SALVADOR M A T E O S

1957

HIGUERA

Catálogo de los códices indígenas del México antigua. (Suplemento del Boletín Bibliográfico de la Secretaria de Hacienda, año 3, num.111). Mexico. 53 pp.

Classified listing of 61 Mesoamerican Indian pictorial manuscripts, limited to documents that refer to pre-Columbian events or institutions. Gives culture, location, physical description, content, and selected bibliography for each manuscript. L E Ó N Y G A M A , A N T O N I O DE

1832

Descripción histórica y cronológica de las dos piedras que con ocasión del nuevo empedrado que está formando en la plaza principal de México, se hallaron en ella el año de 1790. . . . Mexico, Alejandro Valdés. viii + 114,148 pp., 5 pls.

Part 1 (with pls. 1-3) first published in Mexico, 1792 (Italian translation, Rome, 1804). A pioneer

642

work on Mexican calendrics. Refers to many documents from the Boturini collection, some of which the author owned or copied. Cited in pictorial census, however, only for references to, or descriptions of: Reçus présentés par le Capitaine Jorge Cerón y Carabajal, Alcalde Mayor de Chalco; Plan de plusiers propriétés (Xochimilco); Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 1 and 4; Historia Tolteca Chichimeca; and Codex Ixtlilxochitl. One of the two unnumbered plates illustrates details from unidentified pictorial source, probably from a manuscript or manuscripts now in BNP (such as BNP 30 or 3 4 ) . See León y Gama, 1886, for further comment.

1886

Fragmentos de la obra de Gama titulada "las dos piedras" etc. con una advertencia y notas por J. Sánchez. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 1, 3: 245-57, 2 pls. Mexico.

The two plates, lithographs by Desportes, reproduce plates originally intended as illustrations for León y Gama, 1832, but omitted from that edition, although there are references in part 2 of that work to them. The plates were probably secured by J. F . Ramírez from Aubin, who may have had them prepared from originals or copies in his possession (now B N P / F M 9 7 ) . They illustrate details from Códice en Cruz, from Codex Cozcatzin, and from unidentified manuscript or manuscripts (probably also from MSS now in B N P ) . LEONARD & Co.

1871 Catalogue of printed books and of manuscripts belonging to Henry Ward Poole. . . . Cambridge, Leonard & Co. 62 pp. Includes sale catalog listing of a probable manuscript of the Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma.

(and the editors of Time-Life Books) 1967 Ancient America (Great ages of man: A history of the world's cultures). New York, Time Incorporated. 192 pp.

LEONARD, JONATHAN NORTON

Includes sections based on Codex Nuttall ( p p . 6 9 7 7 ) , Mendoza part 3 ( p p . 1 5 3 - 5 7 ) , and Magliabecchiano ( p p . 158-61) with illustrations in color. LEWIS, OSCAR

1951 Life in a Mexican village: Tepoztlán restudied. Urbana, University of Illinois Press. xxvii + 512 pp. Important restudy of the Morelos village made

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

famous by Redfield's (1930) classic monograph. [Art. 30.] LlNNÉ, SlGVALD

1942

El mapa más antiguo del Valle de Mexico. 27th International Congress of Americanists, 1: 492-500. Mexico.

General comments on the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico, with reproduction of several details; superseded by his edition and commentary (Linne, 1948).

1948 El Valle y la Ciudad de Mexico en 1550. Relación histórica fundada sobre un mapa geográfico, que se conserva en la biblioteca de la Universidad de Uppsala, Suecia. (Ethnographical Museum of Sweden, n.s., Pub. 9). Stockholm. 220 pp., illus., folding map. Photoreproduction in color of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico with commentary, bibliography, etc. LIPS, EVA, AND HELMUT DECKERT

1962

Maya Handschrift der Sáchsischen Landesbibliothek Dresden: Codex Dresden. Berlin, Akademie Verlag. [Introduction by Lips.] 18 pp., 1 pl., Geschichte und Bibliographie [by Deckert]. 86 pp., 1 pl., 74 separate facsimiles, and "Konkordanztafel," 1 f.

Pamphlet by Lips describes edition; pamphlet by Deckert gives excellent historical and bibliographic study, with bibliography of over 800 tides; the 74 plates are by color photography but differ materially from those published by Forstemann (1880, 1882,1892). LISTA

1881 Lista de los objetos que comprende la Exposición Americanista. Madrid, M. Romero. unpaginated. Catalogs manuscripts exhibited at the fourth International Congress of Americanists, 1881. Includes pictorial manuscripts exhibited by the Museo Arqueológico (Códice Cortesiano, now in Museo de América), the Archivo General de Indias, the Museo de Artillería ( a manuscript now in the Museo del Ejército), the Real Academia de la Historia, the Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid, and by

three individuals: the Duque de Osuna (Códice Osuna), Feliciano Herrero de Tejada (a Techialoyan codex), and Luis María de Tro y Moxó (Códice Troano). LIZANA, FRAY BERNARDO DE

1893 Historia de Yucatan. Devocionario de Ntra. Sra. de Izmal y conquista espiritual. Mexico, Museo Nacional. (22) pp., 2 pls., 127 leaves, 2 pp. of errata. Includes Maya text and Spanish translation of the five Maya prophecies, also found in some of the Books of Chilam Balam. First published, 1633. LIZARDI RAMOS, CÉSAR

1952

Review of: La divination chez les Aztlantes . . ., by Leonard AndréBonnet (1950). Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana, 14 ( 2 ) : 41-43. Mexico.

Highly critical review of Andre-Bonnet ( 1 9 5 0 ) .

1953a Los acompanados del Xiuhmolpilli en el Códice Borbonico. Yan, no. 2, pp. 95-101. Mexico. Technical calendrícal study of pp. 21-22 of Codex Borbonicus. Accompanies articles on the same subject by Caso (1953) and Apenes ( 1 9 5 3 ) .

1953b Como vi el Códice Vindobonensis. Yan, no. 2, pp. 168-69. Mexico. Comment on a visit to Vienna to see Codex Vindobonensis, with criticism of the library's security measures.

1955 Paradero del Códice Fernández Leal. Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana, vol. 17, part l, pp. 234-35. Mexico. Announcement of the present location of Códice Fernández Leal.

1958 Acerca del fraude con el manuscrito pictórico de la cultura maya sobre piel de mamífero. Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana, vol. 19-20, part l, pp. 160-75, 4 figs. Mexico. Demonstrates the falsified nature of the pictorial manuscript sometimes known as Códice [Manuel] Porrúa.

1959

Another Maya falsification. American Antiquity, 25 ( 1 ) : 120-21. 643

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES known as Códice [Manuel] Porrua, a falsification.

1968

versidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Serie de Cultura Nahuatl, Fuentes, 7: Fuentes indígenas de la Cultura Nahuatl, Textos de los Informantes de Sahagún, 4 ) . Mexico. 220 pp.

Falsifican un códice mexicano: el Xolotl. Cuadernos Americanos, 160 ( 5 ) : 131-48. (Sept.-Oct.). 7 figs. Mexico.

Description and reproduction of an old copy of pl. 2 of Codex Xolotl. LONG, RICHARD C. E.

1926

The Zouche codex. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society, 51: 239-58. London.

Pioneer study of the historical nature of the obverse side of Codex Nuttall, with emphasis on the relative sequence of calendrical dates. Advances in the study of Mixtec manuscripts render the work obsolete though no other such study of Codex Nuttall dates has been published.

1942 The payment of tribute in the Codex Mendoza. Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, 1 (10): 41-44. Cambridge, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Study of tribute periodicity (quarterly, half-yearly, yearly) based on data in Codex Mendoza, part 2. LÓPEZ, ATANASIO

1920 La relación de las ceremonias y ritos de la provincia de Michoacan. ¿Hase publicado integramente y se sabe quien fue su autor? Archivo Ibero-Americano, 13: 262-67.

Nahuatl text and Spanish translations from the Sahagún manuscripts, Primeros memoriales, Codices Matritenses, and the Florentine Codex (parts of books 5 and 6 ) . LÓPEZ BELTRÁN, LAURO

1966

Reproduces ( p . 58) a detail from the additional fragments of Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco in the SMGE. LÓPEZ COGOLLUDO, DIEGO

1688

LÓPEZ AUSTIN, ALFREDO

1969 Augurios y abusiones. Introducción, versión, notas y comcntarios de Alfredo López Austin. (Uni644

de

Yucatan.

Madrid.

LÓPEZ DE GÓMARA, FRANCISCO

1826

LÓPEZ, PATRICIO ANTONIO

Second inventory of the Boturini collection, made in 1745.

Historia 760 pp.

Brief description and reproduction ( p p . 132-33) of the Katun Wheel of Mani; abstract ( p p . 1 7 8 82) from the Relación of Gaspar Antonio Chi; Spanish text ( p p . 95-101) of Maya prophecies also known from the Books of Chilam Balam. Other editions are Campeche (2 vols., 1842-45), Merida (2 vols., 1867-68), Campeche ( 3 vols., 1954-55) and Mexico ( 2 vols., 1957).

Not examined. Cited for Relación de Michoacan.

1925 Inventario de los documentos recogidos a Don Lorenzo Boturini por orden del gobierno virreinal. Anales del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía, ep. 4, 3 ( 1 ) : 1-55. Mexico.

La Protohistoria Guadalupana. Mexico, Editorial Jus. 285 pp.

Historia de las conquistas de Hernando Cortés, escrita en español por Francisco López de Gómara, traducida al mexicano y aprobada por verdadera por D. Juan Bautista Muñon Chimalpain Quauhtlehuanitzin, indio mexicano. Mexico, Ontiveros. 2 vols.

A few copies of this work, edited by Bustamante, contain a lithograph reproduction of two calendar wheels, but no copy examined contains them. Possibly the same as the lithograph in Bustamante, 1835-36. LÓPEZ SARRELANGUE, DELFINA E.

1957

Una villa mexicana en el siglo XVIII. Mexico, Imprenta Universitaria. 333 pp.

Very brief reference ( p p . 17-18) to the Títulos de Santa Isabel Tola, with citation of related litigation in the Archivo Municipal de Mexico.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

1963 El Códice Huapeán. Anuario de Historia, 3: 107-11, 2 pls. Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Description of Códice Huapeán (also published in López Sarrelangue, 1965) with partial photoreproduction and line drawings of four details.

1965 La nobleza indígena de Patzcuaro en la época virreinal. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Serie de Historia Novohispana, 20). Mexico. 389 pp., illus. Well-documented study of Tarascan noble families during the colonial period. Includes description ( p p . 98-101, 305-06) and reproduction (folding plate facing p. 98) of Códice Huapeán, color photograph of the Mapa of Tzintzuntzan ( p . 7 1 ) , and details from the historical scenes copied in Beaumont's Crónica de Michoacan ( p p . 38, 5 1 , 151, 159, 171). LORENZANA, FRANCISCO ANTONIO

1770

Historia de Nueva España escrita por su esclarecido conquistador Hernán Cortés, aumentada con otros documentos y notas. Mexico. 400 pp., illus.

Reproduction of Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 5 (pl. 1 ) ; description and reproduction of Matrícula de Tributos ( p p . 171-76; pls. 2 - 3 2 ) . LOTHROP, SAMUEL K.

1926 Pottery of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. (Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. 8). New York. 2 vols. Part 1 ( 1 : 3-86) summarizes most available ethnographic information on Nicaragua-Costa Rica native groups based on 16thC documentation, including those of Mesoamerican affiliation (Nicarao [Nahua], Chorotega [Mangue], etc.). [Art. 30.]

Duc DE [Joseph Florimond] 1896 II manoscritto messicano vaticano 3773. . . . See Ehrle, 1896.

LOUBAT,

1898a II manoscritto messicano Borgia n o . . . . See Ehrle, 1898.

1898b Descripción del Códice Cospiano. . . . See Paso y Troncoso, 1898a. 1899

Codex Telleriano-Remensis. . . . See Hamy, 1899b.

1900

II manoscritto messicano vaticano 3738 See Ehrle, 1900.

1900 Das Tonalamatl der Aubin'schen Sammlung. . . . See Seler, 1900. 1900-01 The Tonalamatl of the Aubin collection See Seler, 1900-01. 1901 Codex Féjérváry-Mayer. Manuscrit mexicain precolombien des Free Public Museums de Liverpool (M 12014) publié en chromophotographie par le Duc de Loubat. Paris, Imprime par Philippe Renouard. 27 pp. With screenfold facsimile, 44 pp., 2 unnumbered pp. Facsimile edition in color of Codex FéjérváryMayer. Accompanying pamphlet by Loubat describes series of editions of Mexican pictorial manuscripts financed by him and gives page concordance of six of these with the editions in Kingsborough, 1831-48. This is the only edition published by Loubat of a Mexican Indian pictorial manuscript in which the introductory pamphlet is written by him.

1904

Codex Magliabecchiano. . . . See Codex Magliabecchiano, 1904.

LOUISIANA HISTORICAL RECORDS SURVEY

1941 An inventory of the collections of the Middle American Research Institute, vol. 4: Maps in the Library of the Middle American Research Institute. Prepared by the Louisiana Historical Records Survey. New Orleans, Middle American Research Institute. vii + 279 pp. Catalog entry for the Spratling copy of Lienzo de Noxtepec ( p . 63, no. 371). LOUKOTKA, CESTMIR

1956

Liberecky Kodek. Ceskoslovenska Ethnografie, 4 ( 1 ) : 68-79, 6 pls. Prague. 645

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Description, identification, and partial reproduction of the falsified Codex of Liberec. English summary ( p . 7 9 ) . See Loukotka, 1957, for Spanish version of the article.

Tiempos, 7, part 5). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 5 ( 2 ) : 188-97,1 pl. Mexico.

1957 El Códice de Liberec. Boletín Bibliográfico de la Secretaria de Hacienda y Crédito Público, no. 120, pp. 7 and 11, 4 figs. Mexico, November 1.

Palaeography and translation of part of the Nahuatl text of Codex Cozcatzin.

Description, identification, and reproduction of four pages of the falsified Codex of Liberec. Apparently a Spanish translation of Loukotka, 1956, but with fewer illustrations. Introductory note by César Lizardi Ramos.

1946b The Titles of Tetzcotzinco (Santa Maria Nativitas). Tlalocan, 2 ( 2 ) : 110-27. Azcapotzalco. Spanish text, Nahuatl text, and English translation of the Titles of Tetcotzinco.

1947

LUNA CÁRDENAS, JUAN

1956

El Códice Mendocino. El Maestro Mexicano, no. 25, p. 30 ff. Mexico, Secretaria de Educación Pública. October.

Not examined: cited for Codex Mendoza. MCAFEE, BYRON

Translation of the Nahuatl text of Codex Aubin for the years 1520-1608, based on the edition of 1893. Illustration and identification of the corresponding drawings in the codex.

1948

1946a The Techialoyan codices: Codex Ε (Codex of Cempoallan, Hidalgo). Tlalocan, 2 ( 2 ) : 141-49. Azcapotzalco. Palaeography and translation of the text of the Techialoyan Codex of Cempoala (no. 7 0 5 ) .

1946b See Barlow and McAfee, 1946. 1948

[Palaeography and translation of the Nahuatl text of the Techia­ loyan Codex F.] Manuscript.

As indicated: cited by Glass (1964, p. 162).

1949

See Barlow and McAfee, 1949.

AND ROBERT H. BARLOW

1945 Anales de la conquista de Tlatelolco en 1473 y en 1521. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 5, part 5). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 4 ( 3 ) : 326-39, 3 figs. Mexico. Palaeography and translation of the Nahuatl text of Anales de Mexico y Tlatelolco (1473, 1521-22) with reproduction of the drawings.

1946a La guerra entre Tlatelolco y Tenochtitlan, según el Códice Cozcatzin. (Tlatelolco a Través de los 646

La segunda parte del Códice Aubin. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 9, part 5). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 6 ( 2 ) : 156-82, 202 figs., 1 pl. Mexico.

Unos anales coloniales de Tlatelolco, 1519-1633. (Tlatelolco a Través de los Tiempos, 10, part 5). Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 7 ( 2 ) : 152-87, 7 pls. Mexico.

Publication of the Nahuatl text of Anales de Tlatelolco y Mexico no. 1, 1519-1633 (AAMC 12), with Spanish translation and notes.

1952

Anales de San Gregorio Acapulco, 1520-1606. Tlalocan, 3 ( 2 ) : 10341, 3 pls. Mexico.

Palaeography and translation of the Nahuatl text of Anales de San Gregorio Acapulco, with photoreproduction of three of its illustrations. MCANDREW, JOHN

1965

The open-air churches of sixteenth century Mexico. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. xxxi + 775 pp., illus.

Illustrations include two versions, with identifying captions, of the Map of Tzintzuntzan from the Crónica de Michoacan by Beaumont. Also reproduces five maps of the relaciones geográficas of 1577-1585. MCBRIDE, GEORGE MCCUTCHEON

1923 The land systems of Mexico. (American Geographical Society,

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Research Series, no. 12). York. xii + 204pp.

New

MADSEN, WILLIAM

1960

Cited in survey of Techialoyan manuscripts for data bearing on reexamination of land titles through the composiciones of the 17th and 18th centuries. MCGEE, W. J., AND CYRUS THOMAS

1905 Prehistoric North America. (Vol. 19 of The history of North America, Francis Newton Thorpe, ed.) Philadelphia, printed for subscribers only by George Barrie & Sons. Edition of the States. 487 pp. Photoreproduction of the document concerning property of Pedronilla Francisca and Costantino de San Felipe (facing p. 108) and the document relating to the descendants of Don Miguel Damian (facing p. 176), both described in the census under XOCHIMILCO.

pp. Modern ethnographic study of the community of San Francisco Tecospa; cited for utilization of the historical text, Fundaciones de los Pueblos de Malacachtepec Momoxco. MAGGS BROS.

1913 A valuable collection of books relating to the British Islands, America . . . (Catalogue no. 316). London, Maggs Bros. 192 pp. Items 1096 and 1097 ( p . 85) are copies of the Historias by Ixtlilxochitl and Muñoz Camargo, respectively, both from the Phillipps collection.

1922

MCPHEETERS, D. W.

1954 An unknown early seventeenthcentury codex of the Crónica Mexicana of Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc. Hispanic American Historical Review, 34: 506-12. Describes the original manuscript from the Boturini collection, with bibliographical commentary.

654 pp. Catalog information on Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts in the Bodleian Library ( p p . 26, 542, 595-96,598). MADIER DE MONTJAU, EDOUARD

1875 Sur quelques manuscrits figuratifs de I'ancien Mexique. Archives de la Soctété Américaine de France, n.s., 1: 227-56, 4 pls. Paris. Poor-quality lithograph, discussion, Nahuatl text, and translation of Manuscrito del Aperreamiento (pp. 230-41, pl. 1 ) ; discussion and color lithographs of two details from Codex Ríos ( p p . 2 4 1 56, pls. 2—3). Same or similar illustrations also appear in J. F. Ramírez, 1847, on which this article is based.

Bibliotheca Americana et Philippina, part 1. Catalogue no. 429. London, Maggs Bros. 575 pp.

Item 1325 is the same as Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, no. 369, a copy of the Techialoyan Codex García Granados. MAKEMSON, MAUD W.

1948

MADAN, FALCONER, AND Η. Η. Ε. CRASTER

1922 A summary catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Li­ brary at Oxford. Vol. 2, part 1. Oxford, The Clarendon Press.

The Virgin's children: Life in an Aztec village today. Austin, University of Texas Press. xv + 248

Christian Maya prophecies from the Tizimin manuscript. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 4 ( 4 ) : 397-405. Santa Fe.

Maya text and English translation of part of the Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin, with discussion of the calendar and its correlation.

1950 The katun calendar of the Book of Tizimin. American Antiquity, 16 ( 2 ) : 166-68. Data bearing on correlation of the Maya Christian calendars.

and

1951 The Book of the Jaguar Priest. A translation of the Book of Tizimin, with commentary. New York, Henry Schumann. xi + 238 pp. English translation of the Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin. See J. E. S. Thompson, 1951, for critical review. MALACACHTEPEC MOMOXCO

1953

Fundaciones de los pueblos de Malacachtepec Momoxco. (Biblioteca de Historiadores Mexi647

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

canos). pp.

Mexico, Vargas Rea.

31

Publication of the text of the indicated text.

1954

Malacachtepec Momoxco. (Biblioteca de Historiadores Mexicanos). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 31

Plates include depiction of spiritual conversion of Mexican Indians during the 16thC. Cited in survey of Testerian manuscripts. MÁRQUEZ, PEDRO JOSÉ

1911

pp. Reprint of Malacachtepec Momoxco, 1953, with change in title page.

Observazione del Padre Márquez sul Calendario del Codice Messicano del Cardinal Rorgia. Archivo de Investigaciones Históricas, año 1, 2 ( 3 ) : 197-205. Madrid.

Not examined; presumably same as Márquez, 1912. MANUSCRITO PICTÓRICO

1957

Manuscrito pictórico de la cultura maya sobre piel de mamífero. Mexico, Librería de Manuel Porrúa. 6 pp., 105 pls.

Not examined. Edition of falsified pictorial manuscript sometimes known as Códice [Manuel] Porrúa. MAPPA REINISCH

n.d.

Mappa Reinisch (collection de M. le Cte. de Charency). Paris, Heliog. Dujardin. Two heliogravure sheets: "recto," 96 X 58 cm.; "verso," 45 X 57 cm.

1912

Unimportant and erroneous early 19thC general description of the Mexican calendar, with observations on Codex Borgia. Translated from an Italian manuscript by Jorge Engerrand. MARQUINA, IGNACIO

1960

Photoreproduction of Mappe Reinisch, issued about 1886. MARGÁIN ARAUJO, CARLOS R.

1943

The painting in Mexico codices. DYN, nos. 4-5, pp. 59-61, illus. Mexico.

Popular account, with generalizations about Maya, Mixtec, and Aztec styles of manuscript painting.

1945

La fiesta azteca de la cosecha Ochpanistli. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1: 157-74, 13 figs. Mexico.

Study of the ceremony for the month Ochpanistli, with particular reference to Codex Borbonicus and with criticism of Paso y Troncoso's (1898b) study thereof. MARIANUS DE ORSCELAR

1625

648

Gloriosus Franciscus Redivivus sive Chronica Observantiae Strictoris. . . . Distincta VI Libris, & 28 figuris . . . ornata. Ingolstadii. prelims., 852 pp., index.

Observaciones del Padre Márquez acerca del calendario del Códice Mexicano del Cardenal Borgia. Anales del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía, ep. 3, vol. 3, appendix, pp. clxiii— clxxiii. Mexico.

El templo mayor de Mexico. Mexico, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. 118 pp., illus.

Illustrations from Mexican pictorial manuscripts include reproduction (foto 2 ) of an old copy on cloth of Plano en Papel de Maguey. MARTÍNEZ, ENRICO

1606

Repertorio de los tiempos e historia natural desta Neuva España. Mexico.

Another edition, Mexico, 1948. Tratado 2, capítulo 10, contains reference to calendar wheels; cited in connection with Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2. MARTÍNEZ HERNÁNDEZ, JUAN

1909

El Chilam Balam de Maní o Códice Perez. Merida, Colegio de San José de Artes y Oficios. 18

pp. Maya text of the Maya chronicle in the Chilam Balam of Mani, with the Spanish translation by Juan Pío Pérez and with introduction and history of the manuscripts.

1926a Crónica de Maní. Boletín de la Universidad Nacional del Sureste,

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

July-December, pp. 160-69. Merida. Spanish translation of the chronicle in the Chilam Balam of Mani, with transcript of the Maya text and introductory commentary.

1926b Crónicas Mayas: Crónica de Yaxkukul. Merida, Tipografía Yucateca. 37 pp. Maya text and Spanish translation of the Crónica de Yaxkukul. Also published in Diario de Yucatan (Merida, May 23-August 1, 1926, irregular pagination) and in Yikal Maya Than (Merida, 1942-43, vols. 3-4, irregular pagination).

1927

Crónicas Mayas. Carlos R. Menéndez, ed. Merida, Compañía Tipográfica Yucateca. 39 pp. [n.d.]

Commentary, Maya texts, and Spanish translation of parallel texts (the "Maya chronicles") in the Books of Chilam Balam of Mani (Codex Pérez), Tizimin, and Chumayel (1st and 3 d ) . Description and reproduction (after López Cogolludo) of the Katun Wheel of Mani. Another edition, 1940.

1940

Crónicas Mayas. 2d ed. Merida, Tipografía Yucateca. 37 pp. (published and bound with Daniel G. Brinton, Los Libros de Chitan Balam . . . . Merida, 1940, 27 pp.).

See first edition, Martínez Hernández, 1927, for annotation.

MARTÍNEZ PAREDES, DOMINGO

1958 Rueda calendárica maya de 23 dientes (Códice Porrúa, figura 25). Mexico. 29 pp., 3 figs. Calendrical interpretation and commentary on part of the falsified pictorial manuscript, Códice Porrúa, without recognition of its fraudulent nature. MARTÍNEZ RÍOS, JORGE

1961 Bibliografía antropológica y sociológica del estado de Oaxaca. (Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales de la Universidad Nacional). Mexico. 154 pp. Listing and classified bibliography ( p p . 135-40) of pictorial manuscripts from Oaxaca. MASON, JOHN ALDEN

1943 The ancient civilizations of Middle America. University Museum Bulletin, 10 (1-2): 1-64. Philadelphia. Lienzo of Philadelphia, photographically duced, fig. 15. MATEOS HIGUERA, SALVADOR

MS

See Barlow and Mateos Higuera, MS.

1940

See Jiménez Moreno and Mateos Higuera, 1940.

1942

Cien códices del Museo Nacional de Mexico y descripción e interpretación del Códice de Yanhuitlan. 27th International Congress of Americanists. 1: 546-49. Mexico.

MARTÍNEZ MARÍN, CARLOS

1961 Códice Laud. Introducción, selección y notas. (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Serie Investigaciones, 5 ) . Mexico. 83 pp., 47 pls. B/w photographic edition of Codex Laud, with historical introduction and comments on the Borgia Group of manuscripts. Reprints short articles and short descriptions by Alcina Franch ( 1 9 5 5 ) , Burland (1947c, 1948), Lehmann ( 1 9 0 5 a ) , Paso y Troncoso ( 1 8 9 8 b ) , and Toscano ( 1 9 4 4 ) , some in Spanish translation.

1963 El Códice no. 2 de Cuauhtinchan. Boletín del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, no. 13, pp. 1-3, 1 folding pl. Mexico. Poor photographic color reproduction of Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no. 2, with description and general remarks about its history, bibliography, and relationships.

repro-

Lists titles of 100 pictorial manuscripts in the ΜΝΑ, catalogued as of 1939. The reference in the title to Códice de Yanhuitlan is to a separate publication, Jiménez Moreno and Mateos Higuera, 1940.

1944a Códice-Mapa de Popotla. Tlalocan, 1 ( 3 ) : 235-37. Sacramento. Description of Mapa de Popotla, without illustrations.

1944b Códice de Contlantzinco. Tlalocan, 1 ( 3 ) : 238-40. Sacramento. Unillustrated description of Pintura de Condantzinco.

649

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1944c Códice de Santo Tomas Xochtlan. Tlalocan, 1 ( 3 ) : 241-42. Sacramento. Brief unillustrated description of Pintura de Santo Tomas Xochtlan.

1944d Códice de Nexmoyotla, Ateno, Zoyatitlan y Hueytetla. Tlalocan, 1 ( 4 ) : 352-53. Sacramento. Brief unillustrated manuscript.

description of the

indicated

1944e Códice Sigüenza. Tlalocan, ( 4 ) : 356-58. Sacramento.

1

Brief description and bibliography, without illustrations, of Mapa Sigüenza.

1944f Códice de la Familia Cuara. Tlalocan, 1 ( 4 ) : 354-56. Sacramento. Unillustrated description of Códice de la Familia Cuara. Substantially the same description, with a full reproduction of the manuscript, appears in Mateos Higuera, 1948b.

1944-49 Colección de estudios sumarios de los códices pictóricos indígenas. Tlalocan, 1: 235-42, 352-58; 2: 3 5 36, 175-79, 255-57, 374-75; 3: 2228. Sacramento, Azcapotzalco, and Mexico. Separately titled descriptions of 15 different pictorial manuscripts; contents listed and cited separately in the census and in this bibliography.

1945

Brief, popular, and generalized account of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts.

1947a Mapa de Cuauhtinchan, no. 3. Tlalocan, 2 ( 3 ) : 255-56. Azcapotzalco. Brief, unillustrated, description of Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no. 3.

1947b Mapa de Cuauhtinchan, no. 4. Tlalocan, 2 ( 3 ) : 256-57. Azcapotzalco. Brief, unillustrated, description of Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no. 4.

1948a Códice de Arantza. Tlalocan, 2 ( 4 ) : 374-75. Azcapotzalco. Brief, unillustrated, description of Códice de Arantza.

1948b La pictografía tarasca. El Occídante de Mexico (Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Cuarta Reunión de Mesa Redonda), pp. 160-74, pls. 38-48. Mexico. [Title page dated 1947; cover dated 1948.] Descriptions of seven pictorial manuscripts from Michoacan: Lienzo de Jucutacato, Lienzo de Puacuaro, Lienzo de Nahuatzen, Lienzo de Sevina, Códice de la Familia Cuara, Códice de Carapan no. 1, and Códice de Carapan no. 2. The 22 pages of Códice de la Familia Cuara are reproduced from a copy.

Códice de Coatlinchan, Texcoco. Tlalocan, 2 ( 1 ) : 35-36. Mexico.

1949a Códice de la conquista. Tlalocan, 3 ( 1 ) : 22-24. Azcapotzalco.

Brief, unillustrated, description of Mapa de Coatlinchan.

Brief, unillustrated, description of Códice de la conquista, described in census following Lienzo de Tlaxcala.

1946a Lienzo de Cuauhtinchan no. 1. Tlalocan, 2 ( 2 ) : 175-77. Azcapotzalco.

1949b Códice Pitzahua. Tlalocan, ( 1 ) : 24-26. Azcapotzalco.

3

Brief description, without illustration, of Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no. 1.

Brief, unillustrated, description of Genealogía de Pitzahua.

1946b Lienzo de Cuauhtinchan no. 2. Tlalocan, 2 ( 2 ) : 177-79. Azcapotzalco.

1949c Códice Caltecpaneca. Tlalocan, 3 ( 1 ) : 26-28. Azcapotzalco.

Brief, unillustrated, description of Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no. 2.

1946c Los códices. In Jorge A. Vivó, ed., Mexico prehispánico, pp. 38593. Mexico. 650

Brief, unillustrated, description of Fragmento Caltecpaneca.

1949d Códice Valeriano. El México Antiguo, 7: 315-21, 1 pl. Mexico. Description, commentary, Códice Valeriano.

photoreproduction

of

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

1953 Toponimia jeroglífica del Distrito Federal y del Estado de Mexico: ensayo etimológico-jeroglífico. Memoria del Congreso Científico Mexicano, 12: 214-34, 2 maps. Mexico, U.N.A.M. Place glyphs for municipalities in the state and Federal District of Mexico.

1957 See León-Portilla and Mateos Higuera, 1957. 1966 Índice anotado de códices pictográficos mesoamericanos. Boletín Bibliográfico de la Secretaria de Hacienda y Crédito Público, ep. 2, año 12, no. 354, 1 November, supplement. 15 pp. Alphabetical listing, by title, of 98 pictorial manuscripts with standard data (except bibliography) through Cuauhtlantzinco. All items included in present census except nos. 10 and 85 (unpublished MSS in A G N - T ) ; no. 5 (unpublished MS in local archive); and no. 36 (unintelligible entry). No. 97 ("Códice Cuautlalpan, etc.") is entered in the present census under TEPOTZOTLAN (census, 3 2 2 ) . See falsifications catalog for no. 77 (Códice de San Bernardino Contla). Continued publication of this work will form a valuable contribution. MAUDSLAY, ALFRED PERCIVAL

1908-16 The true history of the conquest of New Spain by Bernal Díaz del Castillo, one of its conquerors, from the only extant copy made of the original manuscript, edited and published by Genaro García. London, Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 5 vols. Unabridged English translation of the Díaz del Castillo history. Vol. 3 ( 1 9 1 0 ) , a box, has pamphlet by Maudslay ("Plan of Maguey Fiber") commenting on the Plano en Papel de Maguey (with description by Adela Breton and identification of hieroglyphs by E. Seler) and other loose maps. Among the maps are: excellent large-scale retouched photograph and a color lithograph copy by Breton of the Plano en Papel de Maguey (in 4 sections) and a color lithograph copy by Breton of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico (in 2 sections).

1909-10 Plano hecho en papel de maguey que se conserva en el Museo Nacional de México. Anales del

Museo Nacional, ep. 3, 1: 49-54, 1 pl. Mexico. General comments on the identification of what part of Mexico-Tenochtitlan is represented on the Plano en Papel de Maguey, which is reproduced in a poor photograph. For appendix to this article see García Cubas, 1909-10. MAYER, BRANTZ

1844

Mexico as it was and as it is. New York, London, and Paris. xii + 390 pp.

Brief reference to, and illustration of several details from, the Manuscrito del Aperreamiento ( p p . 99-100) and an account of the identification of Aubin Manuscript no. 20 with a stone monument buried in Mexico City, with a reproduction of the central detail of the manuscript ( p p . 123-24). Also other editions, including one in Spanish (Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1953). MAZA, FRANCISCO DE LA

1945

Fray Diego Valadés, escritor y grabador franciscano del siglo XVI. Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, 4 (13): 15-44, 4 figs., 29 pls. Mexico.

Reprints the plates in Valadés, 1579; pl. 18 is the Valadés version of Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2.

1959

La ciudad de Cholula y sus iglesias. (Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estudios y Fuentes del Arte en Mexico, 9). Mexico, Imprenta Universitaria. 159 pp., 92 pls., figs.

Brief description of Códice de Cholula ( p p . 4 2 4 4 ) , reproduction of the relación geográfica map of Cholula ( p p . 41-42, pl. 5 ) , and reproduction of Mapa de Santa Isabel Iztazoatlan Atlimeian ( p . 7 4 ) , not included in present census. MAZARÍ, MANUEL

1926a Códice Mauricio de la Arena. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 4, 4: 273-78, 2 pls. Mexico. Description and photoreproduction of the six MNA fragments of Códices de Tlaquiltenango. Same as Mazari, 1926b.

1926b Códice Mauricio de la Arena. Memorias de la Sociedad Cien651

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

tífica "Antonio Alzate," 46: 22735, pl. 25. Mexico. Same as Mazarí, 1926a ( q . v . ) .

1926c Relación de los antiguos planos y pinturas de los pueblos de la jurisdicción del actual estado de Morelos existentes en el Archivo General y Público de la Nación. Memorias de la Sociedad Científica "Antonio Alzate;' 46: 309-51. Mexico. Description of 71 maps and other pictorial documents in AGN-T, mostly from Morelos. Two of them are in the census: HUITZILA: Pintura de las Tierras de Quahunacazco ( p p . 315-20, no. 12) and the 1686 copy of Mapa de Santa Cruz Xoxocotlan ( p p . 348-49, no. 6 8 ) . MAZIHCATZIN, NICOLÁS FAUSTINO

1927

Descripción del Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Históricos, vol. 1, appendix, pp. 59-90. Mexico.

Photographic illustration (fig. 9) of a small detail from one of the Lienzos de Tuxpan. MEDIZ BOLIO, ANTONIO

1930

Libro de Chilam Balam de Chumayel. Traducción del idioma maya al castellano. (Ediciones del "Repertorio Americano.") San José, Lehmann. 124 + xli pp.

Spanish translation of the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. Appendix includes ( p p . xxxiii-xli) translation of the chronicle from the Book of Chilam Balam of Mani with the Maya text (after Stephens, 1843).

1935

Síntesis mística de la historia Maya. (Interpretaciones de textos indígenas). Mexico, Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores. 19 pp., 2 folding pls.

Maya text of the second chronicle of Maya history in the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel ( p p . 7 7 - 7 8 ) , with Spanish translation and commentary.

Descripción del Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Mexico, Vargas Rea.

1941 Libro de Chilam Balam de Chumayel. Prólogo y traducción del idioma maya al castellano. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario, 21). Mexico. xii + 195 pp.

Not examined: presumably a reprint of Mazihcatzin, 1927.

Text after Mediz Bolio, 1930, but without appendices and notes. Reprinted 1952.

MEADE, JOAQUÍN

MELGAREJO VIVANCO, JOSÉ LUIS

Detailed description of Lienzo de Tlaxcala, written about 1787, from BNP 213. Foreword by Gómez de Orozco. For other editions see Cahuantzi, 1939, pp. 3 - 2 1 , and Mazihcatzin, 1957.

1957

1942

La Huasteca: época antigua. Mexico, Editorial Cossío. 378 pp.

Well-illustrated archaeological-ethnohistorical survey of the Huaxtec-speaking region of northeast Mesoamerica. [Art. 30.]

1950

Fray Andrés de Olmos. Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 9 ( 4 ) : 374-461. Mexico.

Collects the known data for biobibliography of a prominent 16thC Franciscan. MEDELLÍN ZENIL, ALFONSO

1957 La deidad Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl en el centro de Veracruz. La Palabra y el Hombre, no. 2, pp. 4549,9 figs. Jalapa. 652

1949

Historia de Veracruz: Época prehispánica. Tomo 1. Jalapa. 518 pp.

General remarks on pictorial manuscripts from Veracruz ( p p . 286-88) and reproduction of a copy of Mapa de Chiconquiaco (facing p. 2 8 6 ) .

1953 Códices veracruzanos. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, vol. 13, nos. 2-3 ("Huastecos, Totonacos y sus vecinos"), pp. 333-35. Mexico. Summary listing of 16 pictorial manuscripts from Veracruz; all are listed in present census except for unpublished items in AGN-T. See regional survey under state of Veracruz for further comment. MELGAR Y SERRANO, JOSÉ Μ.

1873 Juicio sobre lo que sirvio de base a

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

las primeras teogonias. Traducción del manuscrito mayo perteneciente al señor Miro . . . . Veracruz. 16 pp., illus. Not examined. Reportedly reproduces one page of Codex Cortesianus (a part of Codex Madrid) republished from a reproduction in the Ilustración de Madrid, no. 29, 15 March 1871.

1875

Manuscrito mexicano publicado en Veracruz el año de 1875 por José Ma. Melgar y Serrano.

B/w lithograph facsimile of Códice Dehesa printed on one side of a long strip of paper. Omits the glosses and the calendrical table. W e have not compared a copy of this rare publication with the edition of 1892 or with photographs of the original manuscript. MEMORIA

1893 Memoria de la administración pública del estado de Mexico. Cuatrienio de 1889 a 1893. Presentada a la XV Legislatura por el Gobernador Constitucional General José Vicente Villada. Toluca. First edition of Olaguibel, 1894, appeared in this work, pp. 395-545. Appendix ( p p . 5 6 7 - 6 8 ) , "Fragmento de los títulos de San Antonio la Isla," is Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca's 1856 Spanish translation of Techialoyan 701, San Antonio Techialoyan, ff. 8 bottom (signatures) to end of MS (also published in Olaguibel, 1894). This book, like Basurto, 1901, and Sánchez Colín, is indispensable for any study of "Techialoyan Pueblos" in the state of Mexico. MENA, RAMÓN

1911a Códice "Misantla" publicado e interpretado. Memorias de la Sociedad Científica "Antonio Alzate;' 30 (10-12): 389-95, pls. 810. Mexico. Description and brief commentary of Lienzo de Misantla, with poor photoreproduction of either the original or a copy.

1911b Códice "Tonayan." Memorias de la Sociedad Científica "Antonio Alzate;' 30 (10-12): 397-402, pl. 11,2 figs. Mexico. Photoreproduction of the 1852 copy of Mapa de Tonayan, with description and incomplete commentary.

1913 Nuevo códice tarasco. Pictografía de Arantza. Boletín de la Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística de la República Mexicana, ep. 5, 6: 341-43. Mexico. Brief, unillustrated, Arantza.

1914

description

of

Códice

de

Códice Tepetlan. Memorias de la Sociedad Científica "Antonio Alzate," 32 (9-10): 435-41, pl. 17. Mexico.

Photoreproduction of the 1881 copy of Mapa de San Antonio Tepetlan, with description and study.

1918-19 La colección arqueológica de Boturini. Ejemplares desconocidos existentes en la Biblioteca Nacional. Boletín de la Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico, 12(3): 85-104; 12 ( 4 ) : 151-57; 12 ( 5 ) : 223-36, 6 pls. Mexico. See second edition (Mena, 1923) for annotation.

1923 La colección arqueológica de Boturini. Ejemplares desconocidos existentes en la Biblioteca Nacional. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 4, 2 ( 1 ) : 35-70, 6 pls. Mexico. Reprint of Mena, 1918-19. Descriptive catalog of 31 pictorial manuscripts in the BNMex numbered 1-32 (nos. 1 and 12 refer to the same manuscript) with one further manuscript noted as no. 33 in a postscript. Nos. 14 and 16 are the Techialoyan Codices of Ixtapalapa (no. 706) and San Pablo Huyxoapan (no. 7 3 5 ) . Nos. 18, 30, and 33 are either lost or not relevant to the census and are not included in the census. The collection was transferred to the MNA in 1919. See institutional checklist (Article 28) under MNA codex collection for further information. MÉNDEZ PLANCARTE, ALFONSO

1942 Poetas Novohispanos. Primer siglo (1521-1621). ( Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario, 33). Mexico. li + 167 pp. Cited for publication of three of the Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl ("un rato cantar quiero . . ."; "Tiene el florido verano . . ."; and "A los muros de Zamora . . . " ) . Includes commentary and bibliography.

653

ETHNOmSTORICAL SOURCES

tín de la Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística de la República Mexicana, ep. 2 , 1 : 896-904,1 pl. Mexico.

MENDIETA, FRAY GERÓNIMO

1870 Historia eclesiástica indiana: obra escrita a fines del siglo XVI. Mexico. xlv + 790 pp. Introduction by García Icazbalceta includes description of the Motolinía Memoriales manuscript cited in connection with Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2. Mendieta's text refers to the Motolinía version of Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2, contains a text similar to that in Codex Mendoza, part 1, and has a biographical notice of Fray Jacobo de Testera bearing on the origin of the Testerian manuscripts. Second edition, Mexico, 1945, 4 vols.

General discussion of Central Mexican Indian picture writing and detailed interpretation of a page in Codex Ríos depicting the death of Alvarado. Expands upon a comparable discussion in J. F . Ramírez, 1847. MENDOZA,

1877

MENDIETA Y NÚÑEZ, LUCIO

1949 Los zapotecos. Monografía histórica, etnográfica y económica. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales). Mexico, Imprenta Universitaria. lvi + 603

pp. Folding color reproductions of copies by J. S. León of Lienzo de Guevea (facing p. 38) and Códice Baranda (facing p . 6 2 ) .

1961 El derecho precolonial. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales). Mexico. 165 pp. Second (revised) edition. Summary of pre-Columbian Mexican law, illustrated with drawings from part 2 of Codex Mendoza and other pictorial manuscripts. First edition, 1937. MENDIZÁBAL, MIGUEL OTHÓN DE

1926 "El Lienzo de Jucutacato": Su verdadera significación. (Monografías del Museo Nacional). Mexico, 41 pp., 4 pls. Description, interpretation, and reproduction in color of copy of Lienzo de Jucutacato. See Mendizábal, 1946, for another edition.

1946

El Lienzo de Jucutacato: Su verdadera significación. In his Obras completas, 3: 89-116. Mexico.

Reprint of Mendizábal, 1926. Includes separate folding reproduction of Códice Boturini, different from small detail given in earlier edition and only mentioned in passing in text. MENDOZA, EUFEMIO

1869 654

De la escritura mexicana.

Bole-

GUMESINDO

Complemento al erudito artículo del Señor Orozco y Berra. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 1: 217-25. Mexico.

Linguistic analysis of a Christian prayer in Nahuatl depicted on the Testerian manuscript of the British Museum; comparison with Sanscrit. Published with Orozco y Berra, 1877. AND JESÚS SÁNCHEZ

1882

Catálogo de las colecciones histórica y arqueológica del Museo Nacional de México. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 1, 2: 445-86. Mexico.

"Pinturas" ( p p . 4 6 7 - 7 1 ) include various pictorial manuscripts, not all of which can be identified. See Glass, 1964, pp. 22-23, for discussion of this source. There is another edition, in reduced format, of 1882 (63 p p . ) . See also Blake, 1884, 1891. MENGIN, ERNST

1937-38 See Preuss and Mengin, 193738. 1939-40 Unos annales históricos de la nación mexicana. Die Manuscrits Mexicains Nr. 22 und 22bis der Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris. Teil 1, Die Handschrift nebst Ubersetzung. Teil 2, Der Kommentar. Baessler Archiv, 22 (2-3): 67-168; 23 ( 4 ) : 115-39, folding table. Berlin. Nahuatl text, German translation, commentary, and reproduction of drawings—Unos annales históricos de la nación mexicana—based on B N P / F M MSS 22 and 22bis.

1942 Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. Liber in lingua nahuatl manuscriptus picturisque ornatus, ut

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

est conservatus in Bibliotheca Nationis Gallicae Parisiensi sub numeris xlvi-lviii bis. (Corpus Codicum Americanorum Medii Aevi, vol. 1). Copenhagen, Einar Munksgaard. [39 pp.] and 104 pp. of facsimiles. Photofacsimile edition of the Historia ToltecaChichimeca with multilingual introduction.

1945 "Unos annales históricos de la nación mexicana." Manuscrit Mexicain Nr. 22 . . . (Corpus Codicum Americanorum Medii Aevi, vol. 2). Copenhagen, Einar Munksgaard. [xxv] pp. and 102 pp. of facsimiles. Photoreproduction of the Unos annales históricos de la nación mexicana from both BNP/FM MSS 22 and 22 bis. Introduction in four languages.

1949-52 Diferentes historias originales de los reynos de Culhuacan, y Mexico, y de otras provincias. El autor de ellas dicho Don Domingo Chimalpahin. Manuscrit Mexicain Nr. 74 . . . (Corpus Codicum Americanorum Medii Aevi, vol. 3). Copenhagen. 3 vols. Photofacsimile edition of Chimalpahin's eight Relaciones with introduction by Mengin in English, French, German, and Spanish.

1950 Diferentes historias originales de los reynos de Culhuacan, y Mexico, y de otras provincias el autor de ellas dicho Don Domingo Chimalpain. . . . (Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Völkerkunde in Hamburg, 22). Hamburg. 47

pp. Nahuatl text and German translation of Chimalpahin's fifth Relation, with notes and brief introduction.

1952a Commentaire du Codex Mexicanus No. 23-24 de Ia Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 41: 387-498, with separate reproduc-

tion of the codex in an album of 102 pls. Paris. Photoreproduction of Codex Mexicanus (BNP 2 3 24), with commentary.

1952b Memorial de Tecpan-Atitlan (Sololá). Historia del antiguo reino del Cakchiquel dicho de Guatemala . . . (Corpus Codicum Americanorum Medii Aevi, vol. 4 ) . Copenhagen, Einar Munksgaard. 47 pp. and 96 pp. of facsimiles. Photographic edition of the Anales de los Cakchiqueles. F. 25r (p. 49) of the manuscript has a drawing cited in the regional survey but not included in the census.

1958a Codex Moguntiacus. Eine neu aufgefundene mexikanische Bilderhandschrift in Mainz. Miscelánea Paul Rivet Octogenaria Dicata, 1: 585-91, 2 pls. Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. Description and identification of a falsified pictorial manuscript, Codex Moguntiacus, with photoreproduction of selected pages.

1958b El "Codex Moguntiacus." Un supuesto manuscrito pictográfico mexicano original nuevamente hallado en la ciudad de Maguncia, en Alemania. 32d International Congress of Americanists, pp. 45557. Copenhagen. Substantially the same as Mengin, 1958a, but without the illustrations. MERCATI, MICHELE

1589 De gli obelischi di Roma.

Rome.

Not examined. Early reference to two Mexican pictorial manuscripts in the Vatican library: Codices Ríos and Vaticanus B. A quotation is given in Ehrle, 1900, p. 10, note 2. MlGUELEZ, P.

1917-25 Catálogo de los códices españoles de la Biblioteca de El Escorial: Relaciones históricas. Madrid. 2 vols. Includes descriptions of the Relación de Michoacan (with two illustrations in color), a copy of the text of Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 ("Calendario de

655

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES toda la índica gente"), and a copy of the text of Códice del Museo de América ("Costumbres, fiestas . . . " ) .

MIRANDA RIVERA, PORFIRIO

1958

MILES, S. W.

1957

The sixteenth-century PokomMaya: A documentary analysis of social structure and archaeological setting. (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s., vol. 57, part 4, pp. 731-81, 4 figs.) Philadelphia.

Reconstruction of the Conquest period culture of the Pokom-speaking communities of Highland Guatemala, especially religious, calendric, sociopolitical, and kinship aspects, derived from colonial missionary-compiled vocabularies and other primary documentary sources. Includes reproduction (fig. 4) of the Map from a Kekchi suit of 1611, after Sapper, 1897. MILLARES CARLO, AUGUSTÍN

1958 El epítome de Pinelo, primera bibliografía del Nuevo Mundo. Washington, Panamerican Union. xlii and facsimile of the edition of 1629. Facsimile reproduction of León Pinelo, 1629, with scholarly introduction.

1959

Repertorio bibliográfico de los archivos mexicanos y de los europeos y norteamericanos de interés para la historia de Mexico. (Instituto Bibliográfico Mexicano, vol. 1). Mexico, Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico. xxiv + 366 pp.

Comprehensive guide to catalogs of numerous archives, libraries, and other collections. MlRABAL LAUSAN, JOAQUÍN

1937

Mapas, codices y planos existentes en el Departamento de Cartografía de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, hasta el 31 de Agosto de 1937. Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, 47: 129-231. Mexico.

Catalog entry ( p . 167) for the Plano ideográfico del Señorío de Huastepec.

656

Quipus y jeroglíficos. Zeitschrift für Ethnologic, 38 ( 1 ) : 118-32, illus. Brunswick.

Includes reproduction of contemporary South American Indian pictorial representation of a Christian prayer; cited in survey of Testerian manuscripts. MIRROR OF THE INDIAN

1958

The mirror of the Indian: An exhibition of books and other source materials . . . with an address, The American Indian . . . by Edmund S. Morgan. Providence, John Carter Brown Library. 57 pp., 5 pls.

PI. 1 reproduces one page from Tovar's Relación del Origen . . . , described on pp. 23-24. The Boban Calendar Wheel and the Techialoyan Codex of Santa Maria Tetelpan (no. 713) are described on pp. 2 4 - 2 5 . MIYAR, CARLOS ALONSO

1928

La pirámide de "Tepalcayo." Memorias de la Sociedad Científica "Antonio Álzate," 49: 201-07, pls. 57-65. Mexico.

Small-scale photoreproduction of the MNA copy of Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no. 2 (pl. 5 7 ) , with brief mention of the document and a long quotation from the description by Paso y Troncoso ( 1 8 9 2 - 9 3 ) . MOLINS FÁBREGA, N .

1956a El Códice Mendocino y la economía de Tenochtitlan. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, vol. 14, part l, pp. 303-35. Mexico. Study of the regional distribution and value of the tribute in part 2 of Codex Mendoza. See Molins Fábrega, 1956b, for another edition.

1956b El Códice Mendocino y la economía de Tenochtitlan. (Biblioteca Mínima Mexicana, vol. 30). Preface by Barbro Dahlgren. Mexico, Libro-Mex. 90 pp. Slight revision of Molins Fábrega, 1956a, with added prologue and index. MONROY,

1946

SALAZAR

Museo Puebla.

Regional 41 pp.

de

Oaxaca.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES Museum guide; refers ( p . 31) to exhibit of a "códice de Coixtlahuaca" (Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 1 ) , with slight description. Also published in English translation by David López Castillo as Regional Museum of Oaxaca (Puebla, 1950, 53 pp.; reference on p. 4 1 ) . MONROY SEVILLA, SALVADOR

1964

Códice de San Nicolas Totolapan. Departamento de Asuntos Agrarios y Colonización. Museo Agrario. Mexico.

Poor photographic edition of Techialoyan 732, Coyoacan (San Nicolas Totolapan), including Rosales copies and accompanying documents. MOREL-FATIO, ALFRED

1892

Bibliothèque Nationale. Departement des Manuscrits. Catalogue des manuscrits espagnols et des manuscrits portugais. Paris, Imprimerie Nationale. xxvii + 422

pp. Catalog references for a manuscript of Olmos' Arte and a copy of Chimalpahin's Historia de la conquista de Mexico. MORENO, JUAN JOSÉ

1766

Fragmentos de la vida y virtudes del V. Illmo. y Rmo. Sr. D. Vasco de Quiroga primer obispo de la santa iglesia Cathedral de Michoacan. . . . Mexico, Colegio de S. Ildefonso. prelims., 202, 29 pp.

Cited for utilization of the Anales de Tarecuato. Another edition, Mexico, 1939.

1939 Vida de Don Vasco de Quiroga primer obispo de Michoacan (Conforme a la edición de 1766). Morelia, en la Casa de Agustín Martínez Mier. 168, 28, 2 pp. Another edition of Moreno, 1766. MORENO, ROBERTO

1966

Guía de las obras en lenguas indígenas existentes en la Biblioteca Nacional. Boletín de la Biblioteca Nacional, 17 ( 1 - 2 ) : 21-210. Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico.

Catalog of manuscripts and books in native languages in the BNMex. Includes reproductions ( p .

71) of Genealogía de D. Felipe Ixtlilxochitl and of selected pages of Kalendario mexicano, latino y castellano and Códice de Santa Maria Asuncion. Item 10 is Techialoyan 735, San Pablo Huyxoapan. MORLEY, SYLVANUS GRISWOLD

1911 The historical value of the Books of Chilan Balam. Archaeological Institute of America, American Journal of Archaeology, 2d ser., 15: 195-214. Discussion of Maya history as contained in the Maya chronicles in the Books of Chilam Balam. Superseded by Barrera Vásquez and Morley, 1949, and other more recent surveys. Also published as Papers of the School of American Archaeology, no. 19, Archaeological Institute of America, 1911.

1920

The inscriptions at Copan. (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 219). Washington. xii + 643 pp., illus.

Appendix on the correlation of the Maya and Christian calendars includes discussion of dates in the Books of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, Mani, and Tizimin; facsimile of the Chronicle of Oxkutzcab from the Xiu Chronicles (with transcript and translation by W. E. Gates); commentary on the Katun Wheel of Mani (with reproduction after López Cogolludo); discussion of the Genealogical Tree of the Xiu Family.

1946 The ancient Maya. Stanford, Stanford University Press. xxxii + 520 pp., illus. Includes discussion and reproduction of the calendar wheel from the Landa manuscript, the Map of the Province of Mani (from the Crónica de Mani), and the Genealogical Tree of the Xiu Family. Second edition, 1947; revised edition, 1956. AND RALPH L. ROYS

1941 The Xiu Chronicle. (Part 1: The history of the Xiu, by S. G. Morley. Part 2: The Xiu Chronicle, by R. L. Roys). Carnegie Institution of Washington, Division of Historical Research. Manuscript in Peabody Museum Library, Cambridge. Part 1, by Morley, treats history of the Xiu. Part 2, by Roys, includes selected transcripts and full English translation of the chronicles. Cited for study of the Mani Land Treaty of 1557; the Map of the Province of Mani, the Katun Wheel of Mani, and

657

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

the Genealogical Tree of the Xiu Family. A part of Roys's commentary is published in Roys, 1943. MOTOLINIA (FRAY TORIBIO DE BENAVENTE)

1848

See Kingsborough, 1831-48.

1858 Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España. In Joaquín García Icazbalceta, ed., Colección de documentos para la historia de Mexico, 1: 1-249. Mexico. One of a number of editions of the work. This volume includes a biobibliography by J. F. Ramírez (see Ramírez, 1957, for reprint).

1869 Ritos antiguos, sacrificios, e idolatrías de los indios de la Nueva España y de su conversión a la fe, y quienes fueron los que primero la predicaron. . . . Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, 53: 295-574. Madrid. Second edition of Motolinía's Historia de los Indios, based on the Escorial manuscript but poorly edited by modern standards.

1903 Memoriales de Fray Toribio de Motolinía, manuscrito de la colección del Señor Don Joaquín García Icazbalceta. (Documentos históricos de Mejico, edited by Luis García Pimental, vol. 1). Mexico, París, and Madrid. viii + 364 pp., l pl. First and only edition of the work, containing the inserted "Calendario de toda la índica gente" (pp. 48-53), with a color lithograph of the Motolinía Calendar Wheel, both described in the census under Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2.

1914 Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España. . . . Barcelona, Herederos de Juan Gil. xliv + 282 pp. With biobibliographical introduction by Fr. Daniel Sánchez García.

1941 Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España. Mexico, Editorial Chávez Hayhoe. xlviii + 320 pp. Reprint of the edition of 1914, including the introduction by Sánchez García.

1950 658

See Foster, 1950.

1951 See Steck, 1951. 1956a Historia de la Indios de la Nueva España. Mexico, Editora Naci onal. Reprint of Motolinía, 1914.

1956b Relaciones de la Nueva España. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario, 72). Mexico. lvii + 207pp. Selections from Motolinía's Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España, with introduction by Nicolau d'Olwer. Reissued in same series, 1964.

1969

Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España . . . estudio crítico, apéndices, notas e índice de Edmundo O'Gorman. (Colección "Sepan Cuantos," no. 129). Mexico. xlii + 256 pp.

Based on the Escorial and "Ciudad de Mexico" manuscripts.

Μοxό, BENITO MARÍA DE 1828 Entretenimientos de un prisionero en las provincias del Rio de La Plata: por el Barón de Juras Reales siendo fiscal de S. M. en el Reino de Chile. Barcelona, en la imprenta de José Torner. 2 vols. viii, 334 and 3 9 1 + 16 pp. Pubhshed pseudonymously as by Barón de Juras Reales; text in part similar to Μοχό, 1837. Plate facing 1:158 reproduces drawing of Tlaloc (miscaptioned "Ídolo Huitzilopochtli") from Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2; describes unknown Tarascan lienzo ( l : 243-57). See Μοχό, 1837, for reprint of parts cited.

1837

Cartas mejicanas escritas por D. Benito María de Μοxό en 1805. Genova, Tipografía Pellas. 338 pp., illus.

Reproduces two drawings from Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2 (pls. facing pp. 70 and 108); describes unknown Testerian manuscript (p. 75); describes unknown Tarascan lienzo (pp. 282-90). See Μοχό, 1839, for another edition. Italian edition (n.d.), not examined. See Μοχό, 1888, for partial reprint.

1839 Cartas mejicanas escritas por D. Benito María de Μοxό, año de

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

1805. (Segunda edición, correjida y enmendada). Genova, Tipografía de Luis Pellas. viii + 415pp.,illus. See Moxó, 1837, for annotation. References cited in this edition are plates facing pp. 86, 132, 92-93, and 349-59.

1888

l'histoire . . . , vol. 98 (vol. 2 for 1843), pp. 129-204; vol. 99 (vol. 3 for 1843), pp. 129-97. Paris. Paraphrastic French translation of the Historia de Tlaxcala.

1870

Disertación sobre una antigua pintura de los indios tarascos. Anales del Museo Michoacano, 1: 105-14. Morelia.

Describes unknown Tarascan lienzo cited in the survey but not included in the census. Reprinted from Moxó, 1837, or 1839. MULLER, E. FLORENCIA JACOBS

1958 El Códice de Cualac. (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Dirección de Monumentos Pre-Hispánicos, Informes, 8). Mexico. 31 pp., four separate folding facsimiles. Reproduction of tracings of Códice de Cualac, with description and commentary. MUNBY, ALAN NOEL LATIMER

1951-60 Phillipps Studies. Cambridge, University Press. 5 vols. Detailed studies of the formation, dispersal, and catalogs of the collection of manuscripts and books formed by Sir Thomas Phillipps. Cited in Article 28, appendix 2.

1967 Portrait of an obsession. The life of Sir Thomas Phillipps, the world's greatest book collector, adapted by Nicolas Barker from the five volumes of Phillipps Studies. London, Constable. xvii + 278pp. Slight condensation, with omission of technical details and reference apparatus, of Munby, 1951-60. A fascinating work.

Fragmentos de historia mexicana pertenecientes en gran parte a la provincia de Tlaxcala descubierto en otro tiempo por el caballero Boturini. . . . Tlaxcala, Gobierno del Estado. 240 pp.

Published without attribution of authorship. Includes the author's Historia natural.

1871 Fragmentos de la historia de Tlaxcala. Mexico. (68? pp.) Not examined; publication not completed. Also issued, also incomplete, in an official journal of the Federal District of Mexico.

1892

Historia de Tlaxcala. Publicada y anotada por Alfredo Chavero. Mexico, Secretaria de Fomento. 278, vi pp.

Basic edition with notes by Chavero and Ramírez but lacks the author's Historia natural. Reprinted, Mexico, 1966.

1947a Historia de Tlaxcala. Mexico, Ateneo Nacional de Ciencias y Artes de Mexico. 343 pp. Modified republication of the 1892 edition, with some added editorial comment by Andrés Angulo and others. Retains the J. F. Ramírez notes.

1947b Historia de Tlaxcala. Edición cotejada por el historiador Lauro Rossell. . . sexta edición. Mexico. 376, vi pp. (Cover dated 1948.) Based on the 1892 edition as well as on a copy of a manuscript, with added introduction by Andrés Angulo and appendices by others. Includes the author's Historia Natural. Added illustrations include a poor reproduction of the Manta de Salamanca (after Peñafiel, 1909).

M U Ñ O Z CAMARGO, D I E G O

1843 Histoire de la République de Tlaxcallan traduite de I'espagnol sur le manuscrit inédit de la bibliothèque de M. Ternaux-Compans. Nouvelles annales des voyages de la géographie et de

M U S E O DE ARTILLERÍA

1856

Catálogo de los objetos que contiene el Real Museo Militar a cargo del cuerpo de artillería. Madrid, Imprenta de Tejado. 391 pp. 659

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Description (pp. 324-26, no. 3138) of Códice de Santa Cruz Tlamapa no. 1, with translation of its Nahuatl text.

1937

NAVARRETE, CARLOS

1966 The Chiapanec: history and culture. (Brigham Young University, New World Archaeological Foundation, Papers, 21, Pub. 16). Provo, Utah. 111 pp. Includes, in addition to summary of available archaeological evidence, reconstruction of Contact Chiapanec culture from various primary colonial documentary sources. [Art. 30.] NESSEL, D.

1690

Breviarum et supplementum commentarium Lambecianorum, . . . Catologi Bibliothecae Caesareae Manuscriptorum pars VII, quae complecitur Codices Mst. linguarum orientalium, mexicanos. Vienna.

Not examined. Brief reference (p. 163) to Codex Vienna (quoted and translated by Adelhofer, 1963, p. 32) and engraving of one page of the manuscript originally published by Lambeck (1679). N E W YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY

n.d.

New York's richest treasure. (Flier soliciting gifts to the library; one folded sheet). (New York, 1963?).

Small color photoreproductíon of f. 11r of Techialoyan 708, Santa Maria Ocelotepec, is no. 6.

1901 Manuscript collections in the New York Public Library. Bulletin of the New York Public Library, 5 ( 7 ) : 306-36. New York. List of manuscripts includes Middle American items in part from the collection purchased by James Lenox from Obadiah Rich about 1848 (see Rich, n.d.). For supplement to this list, see New York Public Library, 1915.

Report of the New York Public Library for the year 1936. Bulletin of the New York Public Library, 41 (3, March): 155-278.

Description and accession notice (pp. 179-80) of Techialoyan Codex of Santa Maria Ocelotepec (census, no. 708).

1967

Dictionary catalog of the manuscript division. The New York Public Library, Research Libraries. Boston, G. K. Hall & Co. 2 vols.

Photoreproductíon of the division's card catalog without editing or annotation. NICHOLSON, HENRY B.

1960a The Mixteca-Puebla concept in Mesoamerican archaeology: A reexamination. 5th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, pp. 612-17. Philadelphia. Cited in survey of pictorial manuscripts of the Borgia Group in connection with terminological aspects of their provenience.

1960b Preliminary checklist of Mesoamerican pictorial documents in the native tradition ("codices"). Washington, Hispanic Foundation. 15 pp. Multilithed. Limited circulation. Lists over 300 manuscripts by culture areas and content-types. This listing and its revision (Nicholson, 1961b) were prepared as working papers for the census of pictorial manuscripts in this volume of the Handbook.

1960-70 Ethnohistory: Mesoamerica. Handbook of Latin American Studies, 22: 31-42; 23: 57-70; 24: 56-66; 25: 50-61; 27: 75-96; 29: 156-99; 32: 60-103. Gainesville, University of Florida Press.

1915 The manuscript division in the New York Public Library. Bulletin of the New York Public Library, 19 ( 2 ) : 135-65. New York.

Important and continuing annotated bibliography of Middle American ethnohistory. Subject first distinguished from history or archaeology with vol. 22 (1960) and now published every otheT year. Vol. 32 (1970) includes titles not cited in the present bibliography.

List of manuscripts (pp. 149-62) includes some items from the Rich collection omitted from New York Public Library, 1901.

1961a The use of the term "Mixtec" in Mesoamerican archaeology.

660

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

American Antiquity, 26 ( 3 ) : 43133.

de Cultura Nahuatl, 6: 135-48, 15 figs. Mexico.

Cited in survey of pictorial manuscripts of the Borgia Group for terminological aspects of their provenience.

Includes reproductions of two fragments of the Papers of Itzcuintepec (figs. 1 4 - 1 5 ) .

1961b Rough draft: preliminary checklist of Mesoamerican pictorial manuscripts in the native tradition ("codices"). Processed. 7 + 24 pp. Revision of Nicholson, 1960b; alphabetical listing of 411 pictorial manuscripts and selected relación geográfica maps, classified as to culture area and content-type.

1962 The Mesoamerican pictorial manuscripts: Research, past and present. 34th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 199-215. Vienna. Historically oriented survey of indicated topic under such headings as terminology, origins, spatial distribution, writing systems, content, history of research, present status of knowledge.

1966a Another place-glyph with representations of mushrooms. Tlalocan, 5 ( 2 ) : 109-11, 1 fig. Mexico. Reproduces and calls attention to a place glyph in the Testamento de Don Antonio Totoquihuaztli.

1966b A note on Comentarios al Códice Borgia. Tlalocan, 5 ( 2 ) : 125-32. Mexico. Review of the Spanish translation of Seler's (1963) commentary on Codex Borgia; includes brief appraisal of the researches of Eduard Seler into the manuscripts of the Borgia Group.

1966c The problem of the provenience of the members of the "Codex Borgia Group": A summary. In Summa Anthropologica en Homenaje a Roberto J. Weitlaner, pp. 145-58. Mexico, I.N.A.H. Discussion of alternative provenience possibilities for the pictorial manuscripts of the Borgia Group, with emphasis on Puebla-Tlaxcala or the Mixtec region as the most likely possibilities for some of the manuscripts.

1966d The significance of the "looped cord" year symbol in pre-hispanic Mexico: An hypothesis. Estudios

1967 A "Royal Headband" of the Tlaxcalteca. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 21: 71-106. Mexico. Defines, with extensive documentation, a trait of costume considered diagnostic of Tlaxcalan provenience in Mexican pictorial manuscripts. Lists 34 pictorial manuscripts of probable Tlaxcalan origin.

1968

Review of: Interpretación del Códice Colombino, by Alfonso Caso, and Las glosas del Códice Colombino by Μ. Ε. Smith (1966). Anales de Antropología, 5: 28091. Mexico.

Interesting comments on the relationship between Codices Colombino and Becker no. 1 and on interpretation of glyphs in these manuscripts. NICOLAU D'OLWER,

1952

LUIS

Fray Bernardino de Sahagún (1499-1590). (Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, Comisión de Historia, Pub. 142). Mexico. 229 pp.

Biography of Sahagún, several of whose manuscripts are entered in the pictorial census. NlEREMBERGn, lOANNIS EUSEBH

1635 Historia naturae, maxime peregrinae. Antwerp. 502 pp., illus. Illustrations include copies, which preserve traits of native style and iconography of the originals, of some of the drawings of plants and animals from Hernández, Historia natural de Nueva España, a work described in pictorial census. NOGUERA, EDUARDO

1933a Bibliografía de los códices precolombinos y documentos indígenas posteriores a la conquista. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 4, 8: 583-602. Mexico. Extensive and classified bibliography of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts and selected prose sources. For another edition, see Noguera, 193738. Also published separately (Mexico, Secretaria de Educación Pública, Publicaciones del Museo Nacional, 1933, 23 pp. and table). Table in all

661

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

editions lists pictorial manuscripts in the MNA collection after the unpublished catalog of 1930 (see Glass, 1964, p. 27, for comment on this table).

1933b Códice Barberini, no. 241. Boletín del Museo Nacionai de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía, ep. 5, 2: 132. 1 pl. Mexico. Announces discovery of the Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis by Martín de la Cruz and of the acquisition of photostats by the museum.

1937-38 Bibliografía de los códices precolombinos y documentos indígenas posteriores a la conquista. Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala, 14 ( 2 ) : 230-40; 14 ( 3 ) : 341-51. Guatemala. Reprint of Noguera, 1933a, with minor addition. NORDENSKIÕLD, NlLS ADOLF ERIK

1889

Facsimile-atlas till kartografiens äldsta historia innehallande afbildningar af de vigtigaste kartor, tryckta före ar 1600. Stockholm.

Not examined. Said to reproduce lithograph line drawing of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico, same as that reproduced by Dahlgren, 1889. Also an edition in English (London or Stockholm, 1889; reprinted, New York, 1961). NOTICIAS RELATIVAS

1944 Noticias relativas al pueblo de Tepetlaoxtoc. . . . (Biblioteca Aportación Histórica). Mexico, Editor Vargas Rea. 59 pp. Includes defective and incomplete transcript of the text of Codex Kingsborough. NOWOTNY, KARL ANTON

1948a Die Ergänzung der zerstörten Stellen im Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus 1. Phaidros (Zeitschrift fiir die Freunde des Buches und der schönen Kunste), Jahrgang 2, Folge 2, pp. 145-54, 2 pls., 2 figs. Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek. Not examined. See Nowotny, 1956b, for article that may be a translation of this work.

662

1948b Erlauterungen zum Codex Vindobonensis (vorderseite). Archiv für Völkerkunde, 3: 156-200. Vienna. Detailed description, analysis, indices, and commentary on the obverse side of Codex Vienna.

1955 Der Inhalt der Bilderhandschriften der Codex Borgia-Gruppe. 4th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (1952), 2: 351-52. Vienna. Brief abstract of Nowotny, 1961b.

1956a Die Chronik der Histoyre du Mechique. Die Wiener Schule der Võlkerkunde: The Vienna School of Ethnology. Festschrift anlässlich des 25-jährigen Bestandes des Institutes für Võlkerkunde der Universität Wien (1929-1954), pp. 477-91. Vienna. Commentary on the chronology of the Histoyre du Mechique.

1956b Restauración de las partes destruidas en el Códice Vindobonensis. Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas de Mexico, 1 ( 1 ) : 1-8, figs. Mexico. Reconstruction of some effaced symbols in Codex Vienna. Believed to be a translation of Nowotny, 1948a.

1957 Der Codex Becker II. Archiv fiir Võlkerkunde, 12: 172-81, 4 figs. Vienna. Commentary and line drawing of Codex Becker no. 2. This material also appears in Nowotny, 1961a.

1958

Die Bilderfolge des Codex Vindobonensis und verwandter Handschriften. Archiv für Võlkerkunde, 13: 210-21. Vienna.

Comparison of certain ritual sequences of symbols in Codex Vienna with Aubin Manuscript no. 20 and other manuscripts (Codex Porfirio Díaz, Lienzo Antonio de León, Selden Roll, and Fragmento Gómez de Orozco).

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

1959 Die Hieroglyphen des Codex Mendoza. Der Bau einer mittelamerikanischen Wortschrift. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fiir Võlkerkunde in Hamburg, 25: 97113. Hamburg. (Amerikanisten Miszellen: Festband Franz Termer).

Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. 20 pp., illus. Spanish translation of Nowotny, 1961a, but without the color facsimiles. As in the original edition, Codex Becker no. 2 is fully reproduced in linedrawings in the text.

1968

Technical analysis of all place glyphs in Codex Mendoza.

1960

Mexikanische Kostbarkeiten aus Kunstkammern der Renaissance in Museum für Völkerkunde Wien und in der Nationalbibliothek Wien. Vienna. 80 pp., 26 pls.

Includes discussion of history of Codex Vienna.

1961a Codices Becker I/II. Museum für Völkerkunde Wien Inv. Nr. 60306 und 60307. Kommentar und Beschreibung. (Codices Selecti, vol. 4). Graz, Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt. 28 columns, 4 figs., with separate facsimiles of the two manuscripts (16 pp., 4 pp.).

Photographic color facsimile of Codex Cospi, omitting one leaf (two blank pages). Pamphlet gives brief history and description, analysis of colors, and summary of content with an abstract (pp. 3031) in English. The title page and pp. 191-92 of Legati, 1677, are reproduced in facsimile. Also published with additional imprint, 'Distributed . . . Phaidon Press Ltd., London . . . [and] Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., New York." AND ROBERT STREBINGER

1958

Photographic color facsimiles of Codices Becker nos. 1 and 2, with commentary. For Spanish translation see Nowotny, 1964.

1961b Tlacuilolli. Die mexikanischen Bilderhandschriften. Stil und Inhalt mit einem Katalog der CodexBorgia-Gruppe. (Ibero-Amerikanische Bibliothek, Monumenta Americana, 3 ) . Berlin. 286 pp., 67 pls., figs., diagrams. Extensively illustrated analytical study of the content of the pictorial manuscripts of the Borgia Group and early Central Mexican ritual-calendrical manuscripts including ritual scenes in Codices Bodley, Nuttall, and Vienna; some treatment of comparable content in the Maya screenfolds. Gives topical indices and diagrams for all calendrically structured aspects of content of these manuscripts. A major work.

1964

Códices Becker I/II. Museo de Etnología de Viena . . . comentario, descripción. . . . Mexico,

Codex Cospi. Calendario messicano 4093. Biblioteca Universitaria Bologna. Einleitung und summary. (Codices Selecti. . . , vol. 18). Graz, Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt. 31 pp. and separate screenfold facsimile, 19 leaves (including 2 covers). Boxed.

Der Codex Becker I scrit du Cacique). Beschreibung und tische Untersuchung stoffe. Archiv für 13: 222-26. Vienna.

(Le ManuTechnische mikroanalyder FarbVõlkerkunde,

Physical description and chemical analysis of the pigments of Codex Becker no. 1. Same material appears in Nowotny, 1961a. NUEVOS DATOS

1952

Nuevos datos sobre el catálogo histórico de Boturini. Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación, 23: 15-58. Mexico.

Includes Boturini collection inventory of 1823 and list of documents missing from the collection in 1823, both by Ignacio de Cubas. NUEVOS DOCUMENTOS

1946

Nuevos documentos relativos a los bienes de Hernán Cortés. (Archivo General de la Nación. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico.) Mexico, Imprenta Universitaria. xiii + 270 pp. 663

ETHNOHSTORICAL SOURCES

Publication (pp. 185-203) of the text and figures of the Padrón de los Mayeques de Acapixtla with photoreproduction of two of its pages. NÚÑEZ DE LA VEGA, FRANCISCO

1702

Constituciones diocesanas obispado de Chiapa. Rome.

del

published and consequently of very limited distribution. Sheets are unlabeled; title is taken from announcements of the University of California, 1906-11.

1888

Includes description and material from a manuscript, possibly the Probanza de Votan.

1932

Calendar and nagualism of the Tzeltals. Maya Society Quarterly, 1 ( 2 ) : 56-64. Baltimore.

Extract in English translation from Núñez de la Vega, 1702. NÚÑEZ Y DOMÍNGUEZ, JOSÉ DE J.

1947a La misión del historiador José de J. Núñez y Domínguez en archivos de Europa (1937-1939). Advertencia de Alfonso García Ruiz. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 2: 321-71. Mexico. Descriptive listing of Mexican manuscripts in BNP/ FM photographed for the MNA. Manuscripts BNP/FM 387-401 are briefly described and 402427 are listed by title. For a summary of this listing see Carrera Stampa, 1949a, pp. 81-106.

1947b Las colecciones de documentos mexicanos antiguos de la Biblioteca Nacional de Paris. 27th International Congress of Americanists, 2:627-36. Mexico. General account of manuscripts in the AubinGoupil collection of the BNP and listing, by title, of BNP/FM manuscripts 402-427, cataloged or accessioned subsequent to the catalog by Omont (1899). Also lists various Middle American Indian manuscripts in the Fonds Americains of the BNP. NUTTALL, Z E L I A

n.d.

[Facsimile of a Map of the City and Valley of Mexico, by Alonzo de Santa Cruz, Cosmographer of Philip II of Spain]. 7 sheets without captions or imprints.

Magnificent-quality and approximately natural-size photofacsimile in color of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico in six overlapping sheets (omitting decorative borders) and one reduced b/w reproduction on one sheet. Printed for commentary and edition planned by Nuttall but never

664

Standard or head-dress? An historical essay on a relic of ancient Mexico. (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, 1 ( 1 ) : 5-52, 3 pls.). Cambridge.

Description and color reproduction of the Portrait of Axayacad (pp. 10-22, pl. 2, fig. 7) and brief reference to Mapa catastral de Tepoztlan, Panhuacan, Ayapango, y Tlanahuac, with reproduction of a small detail in color (p. 17, note 2, pl. 2, fig. 11). A German translation of this article appeared in Abhandlungen und Berichte des Κ. Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden, Dresden, 1888.

1901 Chalchihuitl in ancient Mexico. American Anthropologist, n.s., 3 ( 2 ) : 227-38. Study of the distribution of jadeite in Mexico and its use as tribute, based on either Codex Mendoza, part 2, or Matrícula de Tributos; with maps.

1902

Codex Nuttall. Facsimile of an ancient Mexican codex belonging to Lord Zouche of Harynworth, England. Cambridge, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Pamphlet containing introduction by Zelia Nuttall, 35 pp. Screenfold facsimile between parchment covered boards, 44 pp. on one side (paginated 1-43) and 42 pp. on reverse (paginated 44-84).

Color lithograph facsimile edition of Codex Nuttall based on an artist's copy with historical and descriptive commentary. This edition places 2 pp. of the reverse of the manuscript on the obverse side of the facsimile and omits all blank pages.

1903 The Book of Life of the ancient mexicans containing an account of their rites and superstitions . . . part 1. Berkeley, University of California. xix + 79 leaves of reproductions [unnumbered leaf and leaves 3-80].

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Color lithograph edition of Codex Magliabecchiano, with introduction by Zelia Nuttall. Part 2, to have contained the commentary, not published. Edition omits preliminary leaves, repetitious drawings, and one text not considered fit for publication. Foliation of the reproduction gives both that of this edition (ff. 3-80) and that of the original manuscript (ff. 3-92).

1911a L'évêque Zumárraga et les idoles principales du grand temple de Mexico. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, n.s., 8: 153-71, 1 fig. Paris. Poor photoreproduction of the drawing, ídolos del Templo de Huitzilopochtli, and discussion of the process of which it forms a part. See also Nuttall, 1911b.

1911b El Obispo Zumárraga y los principales ídolos del Templo Mayor de Mexico. Memorias de la Sociedad Científica "Antonio Alzate," 30 ( 3 - 6 ) : 121-34,1 pl. Mexico. Slightly abridged or condensed version of Nuttall, 1911a.

1912

La Crónica o Historia de las Indias por Cervantes de Salazar. Boletín de la Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística de la República Mexicana, ep. 5, 5 ( 7 ) : 367-76. Mexico.

Spanish translation of Nuttall, 1913.

1913 Certain manuscripts relating to the history of Mexico, and the missing text of the Magliabecchi Ms., in the National Library, Madrid. 18th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 449-54. London. Description of the manuscript of the Crónica de Nueva España by Cervantes de Salazar. Notes relationship between the text of the Crónica and Codices Ixtlilxochitl, part 1, Magliabecchiano, and Veytia. See Nuttall, 1912, for Spanish translation.

1921 Francisco Cervantes de Salazar, biographical notes. Journal de la Socíeté des Américanistes de Paris, n.s., vol. 13, part 1, pp. 59-90. Paris.

Includes data on the Cervantes de Salazar Crónica bearing on the possible history of pictorial manuscripts of the Magliabecchiano Group. For Spanish translation see Nuttall, 1926.

1926

Francisco Cervantes noticia biográfica. Museo Nacional de Historia y Etnografía, 279-306. Mexico.

de Salazar, Anales del Arqueología, ep. 4, 4 ( 3 ) :

Spanish translation of Nuttall, 1921. O B E R , FREDERICK A.

1883 Young folks' history of Mexico. Boston, Estes and Lauriat. 534

pp. Reproduces (p. 139) line drawing of the falsified pictorial manuscript, "Conquest of Azcapotzalco," presumably from the manuscript now in the Ayer collection, without reference in the text. Revised and enlarged editions, 1895 and 1899. Also published as Popular history of Mexico, Boston, n.d. (1894). OLAGUÍBEL, MANUEL DE

1894

Onomatología del estado de Mexico, comprendiendo cuatro idiomas: mexicano, otomi, mazahua y tarasco. Toluca. 210 pp.

First published in Memoria (1893). Appendices include (pp. 175-76) Chimalpopoca's incomplete Spanish translation of Techialoyan 701, San Antonio Techialoyan. See Memoria, 1893, and Olaguíbel, 1957.

1957

Onomatologia del Estado de Mexico. Toluca, Mexico, Gobierno del Estado de Mexico, Dirección de Turismo. 144 pp.

Third edition of the work but with names arranged alphabetically by Districts and without appendices. See also Memoria, 1893, and Olaguíbel, 1894.

1966

See Robelo, Olaguíbel, and Peñafiel, 1966.

OLIGER, LIVARIO

1942

Breve compendio de los ritos idolátricos de Nueva España auctore Bernardino de Sahagún, O.F.M. Pio V Dicatum. Rome. vii + 78 pp., 1pl.

Full Spanish text of Sahagún's Breve compendio with biobibliographical introduction in Latin by the

665

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

editor. Also published in Antonianum, 17 ( 1 ) : 3-38, and 17 ( 2 ) : 133-74, Rome, 1942. OLIVERA, MERCEDES, AND CAYETANO REYES

1969

Los Choloques y los Cholultecas. Apuntes sobre las relaciones étnicas en Cholula hasta el siglo XVI. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, ep. 7, 1: 247-74, 4 figs. Mexico.

Sources utilized include Códice de Cholula, with sketch of central portion of obverse and photo of copy of obverse (ΜΝΑ 35-57). Useful map of localities dependent on Cholula in the 16thC. OLMOS, FRAY ANDRÉS DE

1875 Grammaire de ou Mexicaine . Rémi Siméon. Nationale. xv

la langue Nahuatl . . publiée . . . par Paris, Imprimerie + 273 pp.

A part of the huehuetlatolli texts collected by Olmos are published (in Nahuatl and Spanish) on pp. 231-64 together with a French translation by the editor. The Mexican edition of 1885 does not contain this section. OMONT, HENRI

1899 Catalogue des manuscrits mexicains de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Paris, Emile Bouillon. 64 pp. Catalog of the Fonds Mexicains of the BNP, manuscripts 1-401. Reprinted from Revue des Bibliothèques, vols. 8 and 9, Paris, 1898-99. Some copies of reprint have revised preface (with two footnotes on p. 2 and other changes).

1912 Bibliothèque Nationale. Nouvelles acquisitions du Departement des Manuscrits pendant les années 1891-1910. Paris, Leroux. cxxxix + 300 pp. Manuscrits Espagnols nos. 505-579 of the BNP are cataloged on pp. lxxxiv-xcvi.

1925 Catalogue des manuscrits américains de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Paris. 25 pp. Reprinted from Revue des Bibliothèques (nos. 1-6, 1925). Catalog of the Fonds Americains of the BNP. ORDÓÑEZ Y AGUIAR, RAMÓN DE

n.d. 666

Historia de la creación del cielo y

de la tierra. . . . viii •+120 pp.

[Mexico, n.d.].

Cover includes words "obra trunca." Incomplete edition, truncated in part 1, chapter 9. Has preface by Nicolás León lacking in edition of 1907 (q.v.).

1907 Historia de la creación del cielo y de la tierra. In Nicolás León, ed., Bibliografía Mexicana del Siglo XVIII, sección primera, cuarta parte (Boletín del Instituto Bibliográfico Mexicano, 8), pp. 1-272. Mexico. Part 1 includes a transcript of Ximénez' translation of the Popol Vuh, with fanciful notes and commentary. Part 2 (incompletely published) is based on the Probanza de Votan. This edition (facing p. 264) includes a Tzental or Tzeltal calendar wheel without pictorial symbols (not in census). OROZCO, ENRIQUE

1892 Fragmentos de un manuscrito inédito existente en Cuauhtinchan (E. de Puebla). Sociedad Científica "Antonio Alzate," Revista Científica y Bibliográfica, 5 ( 3 4 ) : 27-37. Mexico. [1891-92.] Description and publication of extracts from Libro de los guardianes de Cuauhtinchan; brief reference to Mapas de Cuauhtinchan nos. 1-3. OROZCO, W I S T A N O L U I S

1895 Legislación y jurisprudencia sobre terrenos baldíos. Mexico, Imprenta de El Tiempo. 2 vols. Study of land in the public domain (realengo) from 1895 back to the 16thC. Useful for the study of Techialoyan manuscripts. OROZCO Y BERRA, M A N U E L

1867

Memoria para el plano de la ciudad de Mexico formada de orden del Ministerio de Fomento. Mexico, Imprenta de Santiago White. viii + 231 pp.

Describes (pp. 1-2) the Plano en Papel de Maguey and a copy on cloth, with missing portions restored or copied before the deterioration of the original.

1871 Materiales para una cartografía mexicana. (Edición de la Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística).

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Mexico, Imprenta del Gobierno. xii + 337 pp. General discussion of Indian hieroglyphic maps, (pp. 1-7); catalog, with occasional annotation, of maps, some of which are in the native tradition. Most of collection described now in "Mapoteca Orozco y Berra" of DGMH. Items 24, 29, and 30 of this catalog are unidentified and not included in the census. Doctrinas en geroglíficos. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1,1: 202-16, 2 figs. Mexico. General discussion of Testerian manuscripts; description and partial reproduction of the Testerian manuscript now in the British Museum and of one in his own collection; description of three examples owned by García Icazbalceta. 1877

1877-82 Códice Mendocino. Ensayo de descifración geroglífica. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 1, 1: 120-86, 242-70, 289-339, 1 pl. (1877); 2: 47-82, 127-30, 205-32, 4 pls. (1882); 16 colored pls. as supplement. Mexico. Partial edition and commentary on Codex Mendoza, incomplete presumably owing to death of author in 1881. Gives Spanish text of entire codex and 16 lithographs (pls. 12-16 issued with vol. 3 of the Anales, 1886, but usually bound with plates issued earlier) of part 1 of the codex, all after the edition by Kingsborough (1831-48). Commentary extends only through first four pages of drawings in part 1 of the codex. Contains long digressions on hieroglyphic writing (2: 67-70, treats personal name glyphs in Mapa Sigüenza, for instance), the calendar, problems relating to Aztlan and the Aztec migrations (with discussion of Mapa Sigüenza and Codex Boturini), the founding of Tenochtitlan, etc. Some of this material also appears in his Historia antigua . . . (1880). 1878

Ojeada sobre cronología mexicana. In Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc and Juan de Tovar, Crónica mexicana . . . y . . . Códice Ramírez. . . , pp. 151-222. Mexico. Brief commentary on Alvarado Tezozomoc's Crónica mexicana and Tovar's Relación del Origen (Códice Ramírez) with outdated comparative study of chronology of the rulers of Tenochtitlan based on various written and pictorial sources. Reprinted in Tovar, 1944. Includes section by Chavero on the relationships among Acosta, Durán, Tovar, and Tezozomoc (see Crónica X in census), also printed with additional material in Chavero, 1903a.

1880

Historia antigua y de la conquista de México. Mexico. 4 vols. and atlas with 18 pls. and 1 map. Comprehensive survey of ancient Mexican culture and history, now very much out of date. Cited in pictorials census for commentaries on Codex Boturini and Mapa Sigüenza, observations on Mapa Tlotzin, a note on Aubin manuscript no. 20, and reproduction of the month symbols from the Boban Calendar Wheel. Includes extensive utilization of Codex Mendoza and other prose and pictorial manuscript and published sources then available. A long section on hieroglyphic writing is illustrated by numerous illustrations in the atlas. See Orozco y Berra, 1960, for new edition. Another edition appeared in 1954. 1897 El tonalamatl. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 4: 3044, 20 pls. Mexico. Some copies of this volume have title pages with 1887 date. Article is general commentary on the Central Mexican tonalamatl and is a reprint of chapter 2, volume 2, of Orozco y Berra, 1880. Added plates in this reprint are the Desportes lithographs (see Aubin, n.d.g) of the Tonalamatl Aubin. Tlacopan y Texcoco. Divulgación Histórica, 4 (10): 507-10. Mexico. (Whole volume dated 1942-43.) Reprinted from his Historia antigua (1880, 1960), vol. 2, book 5, cap. II; cited for publication of towns lists from the memorial of Hernando Pimentel and the Anales de Cuauhtitlan. 1943

1960

Historia antigua y de la conquista de Mexico. (Biblioteca Porrúa, vols. 17-20). Mexico, Editorial Porrua. 4 vols. Third edition, with different pagination, of Orozco y Berra, 1880. Added material includes preface by Ángel María Garibay, biobibliography of the author by Miguel León-Portilla, and bibliography of works cited by the author. The reprint of the atlas, in vol. 3, is incomplete. ORTEGA MARTÍNEZ, ALFONSO

1948

Relación y bibliografía de los códices prehispanicos de Mexico. 28th International Congress of Americanists, p. 563. Paris. Seven-line abstract of a bibliography of preHispanic Mexican pictorial manuscripts. PADDOCK, JOHN

1959

Editor's note.

Boletín de Estudios 667

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Oaxaquenos, no. 13, pp. 1-3. Oaxaca and Mexico. Very brief description of Lienzo de San Miguel Tiltepec and statement concerning photographs taken in 1955. 1966

Ancient Oaxaca: Discoveries in Mexican archeology and history. Stanford, Stanford University Press. 416 pp., illus. Includes four contributions, cited separately in present bibliography: Caso, 1966b; Cline, 1966b; Robertson, 1966; and Wicke, 1966. P A L E R M , ÁNGEL

1952

See Kelly and Palerm, 1952.

1955

See Wolf and Palerm, 1955.

PALEOGRAFÍA

1951

Paleografía del Códice Mendocino. (Colección Amatlacuilotl). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 2 vols. 75, 81pp. Incomplete transcript of the text of Codex Mendoza. Not recommended. Paleografía. Archivos Nahuas, vol. 1, fasc. 2, pp. 303-23. Jalapa, Veracruz. Nahuatl text with Spanish translation (by Mariano Jacobo Rojas) of chapters 4-5 of the Anónimo Mexicano and parallel passages of the Historia y Fundación de la Ciudad de Tlaxcala y sus cuatro cabeceras. Citation taken from Xerox copy of pp. 303-23 supplied by the Library of Congress; Archivos Nahuas has not otherwise been consulted in the compilation of the present bibliography. 1958

PALOMERA, ESTEBAN J.

1962

Fray Diego Valadés, O.F.M., evangelizador humanista de la Nueva España: su obra. Mexico, Editorial Jus. xvi + 325 pp., illus. Reproduction (fig. 28) of the Valadés Calendar Wheel (after Valadés, 1579), described in the census under Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2. 1963

668

Fray Diego Valadés, O.F.M., evangelizador humanista de la Nueva España: el hombre y su época. Mexico, Editorial Jus. xiv + 230 pp., illus.

Reproduction (fig. 14) of the Valadés Calendar Wheel (after Valadés, 1579), described in the census under Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2. PANIAGUA JAEN, SALVADOR 1943 Códices Matlatzincas. Boletín de la Biblioteca del Η. Congreso de la Unión, año 1, no. 1, pp. 22-26, 2 illus. Mexico. Describes three Techialoyan codices (nos. 739741) in a Mexican village and reproduces two pages photographically. Mentions a map of 1639. PAPILLON, JUAN BAUTISTA

1766

Traite historique de la gravure en bois. Paris. 3 vols. Not examined. Cited by Paso y Troncoso (1898b, p. 354) for erroneous statement ( 1 : 364) that Codex Mendoza was in the Bibliothèque du Roi, Paris. PARKE-BERNET

1953

The John B. Stetson collection Three parts, sales nos. 1414, 1417, and 1429. New York, ParkeBernet Galleries, Inc. 3 vols. Stetson sale catalogs. Part 1, no. 241, is an unlocated copy of Durán's history. Part 3, no. 305, is a copy of the Veytia history now in Yale University Library. Both from Phillipps and Kingsborough collections. 1957

Autograph letters, documents, and manuscripts of historic, literary, and musical interest. An important Aztec manuscript. . . . Sale no. 1787. New York, Parke-Bernet Galleries, Inc. Sale catalog description and photoreproduction (pp. 5-6, frontispiece, no. 18) of four pages of the Techialoyan Codex of San Miguel Tepexoxouhcan and San Miguel Quaxochco (no. 721). 1963

Manuscripts and letters. . . . Sale no. 2190. New York, Parke-Bernet Galleries, Inc. 109 pp.

Sale catalog description and photoreproduction (pp. 55, 57, no. 134) of the falsified pictorial manuscript known as Mapa de Tlaxcallan or Colección Chavero no. 1. Withdrawn from sale by owner, the Hearst Corporation. 1967

American autographs and manuscripts . . . public auction, May 19 . . . (sale no. 2574). . . . New

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

York, Parke-Bernet Galleries, Inc. 37 pp. Brief description (Item 117, p . 29) of the original and a modern copy of Lienzo de Totomixtlahuaca with reference to accompanying documentary material (the unpublished commentary by Barlow). A detail of the original is reproduced in the frontispiece of the catalog.

1969 Bibliotheca Phillippica. Catalogue of the celebrated collection of manuscripts formed by Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bt. (17921872). New series, fifth part. . . . New York, Parke-Bernet Galleries, Inc. 164 pp. (Sale no. 2920.) Testerian manuscript of the Bullock collection (census, 814) described and two of its pages reproduced, pp. 142-43, no. 1129.

Ross 1960 Mexican pictorial manuscripts in the Brooklyn Museum. Typescript. 5 pp.

PARMENTER,

Description of the Brooklyn Museum collection.

1961a 20th century adventures of a 16th century sheet: The literature of the Mixtec lienzo in the Royal Ontario Museum. Boletín de Estudious Oaxaquenos, no. 20. Oaxaca and Mexico. 13 pp. Detailed study of the history of Lienzo Antonio de León and review of the literature concerning it, with original contributions as to interpretation and provenience.

1961b Memorandum on the Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca. Typescript. 6 pp. History of the original and of the León copy of Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 1.

1961c Memorandum on nos. 260 and 261 missing from the Gates-Garrett collection in the Princeton Library. Typescript. 4 pp. History of the León copies of Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca no. 1 and Lienzo Meixueiro.

1961d Memorandum on no. 262 in the Gates-Garrett collection in Princeton Library. Typescript. 5 pp. History of the León copy of Lienzo Córdova-Castellanos.

1966

Break-through on the "Lienzo de Filadelfia." Expedition, 8 ( 2 ) : 14-22, 9 figs. Philadelphia, The University Museum.

Reviews the commentary by Caso (1964b) on the Lienzo of Philadelphia with corrections of typographical errors in that study, additional observations, and good photoreproduction. Comparative reference to Lienzo Córdova-Castellanos with reproduction of its central details. PASO Y TRONCOSO, FRANCISCO DEL

n.d.a Carta latina a Felipe II, Rey de España, por el indio mexicano don Pablo Nazareo y su esposa doña María, hija de don Juan Axayaca, en Mexico a 17 de marzo de 1566, en la que explican sus genealogías, las posesiones de sus mayores y piden mercedes. Photofacsimile on 6 sheets. Publication of the Latin letter of Pablo Nazareo.

n.d.b Memorial de los pueblos sujetos al señorío de Tlacupan y de los que tributaban a Mexico, Tezcuco y Tlacupan. Photofacsimile on 2 sheets. Publication of the document indicated.

1882

Ensayo sobre los símbolos cronográficos de los Mexicanos. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 1, 2: 323402. Mexico.

Study of certain aspects of Mexican calendar system with interpretive observations on various ritualcalendrical manuscripts and other sources. Cited for description of the Valadés version of Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 ( p p . 3 7 9 - 8 1 ) .

1886

Códice indiano del Sr. Sánchez Solís. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 3: 121-23. Mexico.

Brief description of Codex Sánchez Solís. Reprinted in Galindo y Villa, 1905a, pp. 224-27, and in Peñafiel, 1890, chap. 16.

1887

Testamento de Don Francisco Verdugo Quetzalmamalictzin. In Fortino Hipólito Vera, Tesoro Guadalupano . . . , Amecameca, vol. 1, second pagination, pp. 1-11. 669

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Publication of a document related to the Tratado del principiado y nobleza del pueblo de San Juan Teotihuacan. Calendario de los Tarascos. Anales del Museo Michoacano, 1: 8596. Morelia. Study of Tarascan month names in the Relación de Michoacan. Reprinted, Paso y Troncoso, lS97a. Corrects N. León's (1888a) misattribution of the "Calendario de toda la índica gente," a text related to Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2, to the Tarascans. 1888

1890

Invención de la Santa Cruz por Santa Elena. Coloquio escrito en mexicano por el Br. D. Manuel de los Santos y Salazar. Lo tradujo libremente al castellano F. P. T. Mexico, Museo Nacional. viii + 51 pp. Translator's introduction (pp. ii—iii) cited for bibliographical data about the Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 3. 1892-93 Catálogo de la sección de Mexico. Exposición Histórico-Americana de Madrid. Madrid. 2 vols. 436,419 pp. Includes brief descriptions of approximately 49 pictorial manuscripts of which copies were exhibited at the Madrid exposition. All descriptions cited in present census. For comment on this source see Glass, 1964, pp. 22-25. 1896

Études sur le codex mexicain du P. Sahagún conservé à la Bibliothèque Mediceo-Laurenziana de Florence. Rivista delle Biblioteche e degli Archivi, anno 7, 7 (9-12): 171-74. Florence. [n.d.] Describes the manuscript of the Florentine Codex. For Spanish translation see Paso y Troncoso, 1926. 1897a Calendario de los Tarascos. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 1, 4: 5763. Mexico. Reprint of Paso y Troncoso, 1888. 1897b Los libros de Anahuac. 11th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 78-87. Mexico. Description of Codex Vaticanus B. Another and possibly revised edition of this study accompanies the 1896 edition of Codex Vaticanus Β (Ehrle, 1896) with English, French, or German trans­ lations. 670

1897c Publicaciones del Museo Nacional de Mexico. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 4: 26072. Mexico. Includes bibliographic comment on the manu­ scripts used for the editions of the Manual de Minis­ tros de Indios (Serna, 1892a) and the Veytia Calendar Wheels (Veytia, 1907). 1897d Lista de los pueblos principales que pertenecían antiguamente a Tetzcoco. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 4: 48-56. Mexico. Nahuad text and Spanish translation of an extract from the Anales de Cuauhtitlan from the Orozco y Berra copy of AAMC 4; commentary on similar document in Motolinía's Memoriales. 1898a Descripción del Códice Cospiano, manuscrito pictórico de los antiguos Nauas que se conserva en la Biblioteca de la Universidad de Bolonia, reproducido en fotocromografía a expensas de S. E. el Duque de Loubat. Rome, Estab31 pp., with lecimiento Danesi. color screenfold facsimile, 38 pp., 2 covers. In box with binder's title: Codice Messicano di Bologna. Facsimile edition in color and description of Codex Cospi. Facsimile includes blank pp. 14-20 and 3238. 1898b Descripción, historia y exposición del códice pictórico de los antiguos Nauas que se conserva en la Biblioteca de la Cámara de Diputados de París. Florence, Tipografía de Salvador Landi. xlviii + 368 pp. Detailed and major commentary on Codex Borbonicus, with comparative observations on other pictorial manuscripts, some cited by unusual synonyms invented by the author. Also contains historical and interpretive notices for Codices Cospi, FéjérváryMayer, and Laud of the Borgia Group, Codices Telleriano-Remensis and Ríos of the Huitzilopochtli Group, the Boban Calendar Wheel, and Codex Magliabechiano (called Códice Nuttall in this publication). 1902

Histoire mexicaine de Cristóbal del Castillo. 12th International

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Congress of Americanists, pp. 189210. Paris. Commentary on the historical writings of Cristóbal del Castillo, published in 1908 by Paso y Troncoso. 1903

Leyenda de los Soles continuada con otras leyendas y noticias. Relación anónima escrita en lengua mexicana el año 1558. (Biblioteca Nauatl, 5 ( 1 ) : 1-40). Florence. Nahuatl text and literal Spanish translation of the Leyenda de los Soles. 1905-06 Papeles de la Nueva España publicados de orden y con fondos del gobierno mexicano. Segunda serie, geografía y estadística. Madrid. 6 vols. (Vols. 1, 3-7; vol. 2 not published.) Publication of texts and maps of the relaciones geográficas; cited for comment (5: 233, note 1) on the Tira de Tepechpan and for laws (6: 223-24) in the relación of Teotihuacan comparable to a source described in the prose census (no. 1046). 1905-07 Fray Bernardino de Sahagún: Historia de las cosas de Nueva España. Madrid, Hauser y Menet. 4 vols. Edition of Sahagún's Historia general: only vols. 5 8 were published. Vol. 5 (undated and lacking title page and covers) contains 158 numbered color lithographs, printed in Italy, of the drawings in the Florentine Codex, based on copies by Genaro López. Vol. 6, part 1, was not published. Vol. 6, part 2 (1905, 215 pp.), contains photofacsimile of the Primeros memoriales and the Memoriales con escolios (the latter not treated in pictorial census). Vol. 6, part 3 (undated and lacking title page and covers), consists of 27 numbered color lithographs, as above, of the drawings in the Primeros memoriales. They are usually found bound with vol. 5. Vol. 7 (1906, iv + 448 pp., 1 color lithograph) contains photofacsimile of Códice Matritense del Real Palacio except for that part given in vol. 6, part 2. Vol. 8 (1907, lacking plate captions and pagination) contains photofacsimile of Códice Matritense de la Real Academia de la Historia, except for that part given in vol. 6, part 2. Distribution of this work was extremely limited until the 1920s. The history of the edition is given in Zavala, 1938. 1908

Fragmentos de la obra general sobre Historia de los Mexicanos

escrita en lengua Nauatl por Cristóbal del Castillo (Biblioteca Nauatl, 5 ( 2 ) : 41-107). Florence. Nahuatl text and Spanish translation of the writings of Cristóbal del Castillo, based on copies in the BNP. 1912

Codice Kingsborough. Memorial de los Indios de Tepetlaoztoc al monarca español contra los encomenderos del p u e b l o . . . . Primera parte. . . . Madrid, Hauser y Menet. 2 title pages, frontispiece with portrait of Lord Kingsborough, and 72 leaves of reproductions.

Photoreproduction of Codex Kingsborough. Perhaps only 20 of the 420 copies of the edition are complete, most of the rest lacking 16 leaves (32 pp.) or more of the reproduction. Part 2 of this edition, which was to have the commentary, was not published. Distribution of the edition was very limited until the 1920s. 1913

Escritura pictórica. Códice Kingsborough, lo que nos enseña. 18th International Congress of Americanists, part 2, pp. 455-60, 1 pl. London. General description of the content of Codex Kingsborough, with reproduction of one of the two maps in the manuscript. Reprinted (without the illustration) in Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 3, 4: 483-88, Mexico, 1913, and in Galindo y Villa, 1922, pp. 408-12. 1914-36 See Cervantes 1914-36. 1925

de

Salazar,

See Galindo y Villa, 1925.

1926

Estudio sobre el Códice Mexicano del P. Sahagún conservado en la Biblioteca Mediceo-Laurenziana de Florencia. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 4, 4: 316-20. Mexico. Spanish translation of Paso y Troncoso, 189Θ. 1939-42 Epistolario de Nueva España, 1505-1818. (Biblioteca Historica Mexicana de Obras Inéditas, segunda serie). Mexico. 16 vols. 671

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES One of the principal printed collections of letters and other documents dealing with a large variety of subjects; several items are cited in the prose census. PATTERSON, JERRY E.

1957

Spanish and Spanish American manuscripts in the Yale University Library. Yale University Library Gazette, 31 ( 3 ) : 110-33. New Haven.

Catalog description ( p . 125) of a copy of the Veytia history from the Phillipps collection containing copies of Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 1-7, now in Yale University Library. PAULINUS DE SANCTO BARTHOLOMAEO

1805 Vitae synopsis Stephani Borgiae, S. R. E. Cardinalis. Rome.

Catalog of manuscripts in the Clements Library, University of Michigan. See also Ewing, 1953. PEÑAFIEL,

Atlas illustrates 462 place glyphs, most of which are from Codex Mendoza. Text provides etymology of place names and analysis of the forms of the glyphs.

1887

Not examined. Cited by Lehmann (1905a, p. 251) and Ehrle (1898) for reference (cap. 7 or part 2, p. 43) to Codex Borgia and the Fábrega commentary thereon. PAZ, JULIAN

1933 Catálogo de manuscritos de América existentes en la Biblioteca Nacional. Madrid. 724 pp.

1889

MUSEUM

1898 Thirty-first report of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1896-1897. Cambridge. 16 pp. Accession notice (p. 6 ) for the Techialoyan Codex of San Antonio Huixquilucan (no. 7 2 4 ) .

1963 Catalogue of the library of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. Boston, G. K. Hall & Co. Authors: 26 vols. Subjects: 27 vols. Catalog of an important collection of books and pamphlets; includes author and subject index of periodical articles. A supplement is in preparation. PECKHAM, HOWARD H.

1942

672

Guide to the manuscript collections in the William L. Clements Library. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. xvi + 403 pp.

Gramática de la lengua zapoteca por un autor anónimo. Mexico, Secretaria de Fomento. lvii + 148 pp., bibliography.

Cited for reference ( p . xvi) to two copies of Códice Sánchez Solís.

Catalog of manuscripts in the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. PEABODY

ANTONIO

1885 Nombres geográficos de Mexico. Catálogo alfabético de los nombres de lugar pertenecientes al idioma "Nahuatl." Estudio jeroglífico de la Matrícula de Tributos del Códice Mendocino. Mexico, Secretaría de Fomento. 260 pp., [4 pp.], and atlas with 39 color pls.

Mapas de Acolhuacan. Mapas Tlotzin, Quinatzin, y de Tepechpan iluminados en vista de los originales existentes en la colección de Mr. Aubin y cotejados en Paris por el Dr. Antonio Peñafiel en 1889. (Portfolio containing title page and 3 handcolored lithographs.)

Handcolored copies of the Desportes lithographs of Mapas Tlotzin, Quinatzin, and Tira de Tepechpan. Copy in Peabody Museum, Cambridge.

1890

Monumentos del arte mexicano antiguo. Ornamentación, mitología, tributos y monumentos. Berlin, A. Asher. 1 vol. of text in 3 languages (Spanish, iv + 130 pp.; French, iv + 108 pp.; English, iv + 108 pp.), atlas, 2 vols. with 317 pls.

Includes: inaccurate color lithographs of the Matrícula de Tributos (chaps. 13-15, pls. 2 2 8 - 4 5 ) ; the old copy of Matrícula de Tributos (pls. 2 4 6 - 5 9 ) ; and, of Códice Sánchez Solís (chap. 16, pls. 2 6 0 8 8 ) . Small-scale reproduction of a copy of Lienzo de Yolotepec (pl. 3 1 7 ) . Edition of the 1743 inventory of the Boturini collection (chap. 1 2 ) . Details of other manuscripts reproduced in this work are not cited in the census.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

que existe en la Biblioteca Nacional. (Colección de documentos para la historia mexicana, part 2). Mexico. xiii + 136 pp.

1895 Códice Fernández Leal. Mexico, Secretaria de Fomento. 8 pp., 23 pls. Description and handcolored photographic edition of Códice Fernández Leal. Some copies of the edition are not colored. The continuous tira format of the original is here divided arbitrarily into pages. Includes reproduction of one fragment now lost from the original manuscript.

1897a Descifración y comparación de jeroglíficos de las antiguas razas de Mexico. 11th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 9699. Mexico. Unimportant review of status of investigations into hieroglyphic manuscripts; cited for statement about a copy of Lienzo de Zacatepec then in the Museo Nacional de Mexico.

1897b Manuscrito americano numero 4 de la Biblioteca Real de Berlin, copiado en Febrero de 1890. (Colección de documentos para la historia mexicana, part 1). Mexico. ν + 74 pp. Uncritical edition of the Berlin copy of the Títulos de Santa Isabel Tola, with colored lithographs of the drawings, transcript of Nahuatl texts, and text of the 1701 description. Preliminary comments about American manuscripts then in the DSB.

1897c Nomenclatura geográfica de Mexico. Etimologías de los nombres de lugar correspondientes a los principales idiomas que se hablan en la república. Mexico, Secretaría de Fomento. 2 parts, vii + 224, 336 pp., and atlas (dated 1895) with 109 pls. Atlas illustrates 1,295 place glyphs and variants from about 25 different Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts. Text gives sources for all illustrations. A basic reference work.

1897-1903 Colección para la historia ico, Secretaría parts, separately

de documentos mexicana. Mexde Fomento. 6 paginated.

All parts of the compilation are listed separately in the present bibliography (Peñafiel, 1897b, etc.)

1899

Cantares en idioma mexicano impresos según el manuscrito original

Defective palaeography of the Nahuatl text of "Cantares mexicanos" from the volume of that name in BNMex with introductory description of the manuscript.

1900

Códice Mixteco: Lienzo de Zacatepec. Mexico, Secretaria de Fomento. 14 pp., 26 pls.

Photoreproduction (with 25 details and 1 complete view) and description of Lienzo de Zacatepec no. 1 and comparison with the unpublished Lienzo de Zacatepec no. 2.

1901 Huehuetlatolli. Traducción de las antiguas conversaciones o pláticas por Fray Juan de Torquemada y el Dr. Alonso de Zurita, [and] Plano de la ciudad y valle de Mexico, hacia 1555 por Alonso de Santa Cruz, cosmógrafo del Rey de España. (Colección de documentos para la historia mexicana, part 3). Mexico. 75 pp. and folding lithograph. Defective Nahuatl text of the huehuetlatolli compiled by Fray Juan Bautista ca. 1599 ( p p . 1-42) and partial Spanish version ( p p . 4 2 - 4 9 ) ; the source of these texts is not indicated. Also, reprint of comparable texts in Spanish from publications by Torquemada and Zurita; b / w lithograph of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico without reference in text.

1902

Códice Aubin. Manuscrito azteca de la Biblioteca Real de Berlin, anales en mexicano y geroglíficos desde la salida de las tribus de Aztlan hasta la muerte de Cuauhtemoc. (Colección de documentos para la historia mexicana, part 4). Mexico. 99 pp.

Color lithograph edition of the incomplete Berlin copy of Codex Aubin (to the year 1523) with the Nahuatl text set in type. Preface by Aubin. Translation of the Nahuatl by Bernardino de Jesus Quiroz.

1903a Anales de Tecamachalco, Crónica local y colonial en idioma Nahuatl, 1398 y 1590. (Colección de docu-

673

ETHNOHESTORICAL SOURCES

mentos para la historia mexicana, part 5). Mexico. 101 pp. Publication of a copy of the Nahuatl text of Anales de Tecamachalco, with incomplete interlinear translation.

1903b Documento de Texcoco. Lamentaciones de Nezahualcoyotl, Rey de Texcoco . . . Xochicalco, estudio topográfico. . . . (Colección de documentos para la historia mexicana, part 6). Mexico. 43, 29 pp., 2 pls. Colonial documents, 1551-1764, relating to Texcoco with two coats of arms, one in native style (pp. 1-21, 2 pls.); poem by Nezahualcoyotl in Spanish and Otomi (pp. 23-43). Topographic and other observations on the archaeological site of Xochicalco, Mor. (separate pagination of 29 pp.).

Manta de Salamanca (pp. 16-20, pl. 25), plate showing Genealogía de una Familia de Tepeticpac ("Genealogía de Xicotencatl," pl. 4), and detail from Mapa de San Pedro Tlacotepec (pl. 27).

1910

Some of the plates reproduce various pictorial manuscripts including the architectural drawing from the Primeros memoriales, with explanatory caption (pl. 1), the temple at Texcoco from Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2 (pl. 2), a restored copy of Aubin Manuscript no. 20 (pl. 103), and the Boban Calendar Wheel (pl. 110).

1914

1903c Indumentaria antigua, vestidos guerreros y civiles de los Mexicanos. Mexico, Secretaría de Fomento. 136 pp., 198 pls. Plates include numerous details from various Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts, some reproduced for the first time; some are cited in the census.

1904

Cantares en idioma Mexicano. Reproducción facsimilaria del manuscrito original existente en la Biblioteca Nacional. Mexico, Secretaría de Fomento. 27 pp. + 85 leaves of facsimiles.

Photoreproduction of Cantares mexicanos with bibliographical introduction by the editor.

Destrucción del Templo Mayor de Mexico antiguo y los monumentos encontrados en la ciudad, en las excavaciones de 1897 y 1902. Mexico, Secretaria de Fomento. iv + 61 pp., 118 pls.

Ciudades coloniales y capitales de la República Mexicana: Las cinco ciudades coloniales de Puebla. Cholula, Huexotzingo, Tepeaca, Atlixco y Tehuacan. Mexico, Secretaría de Fomento. 138 pp., 71 pls.

Includes: description, reproduction, and study of place glyphs of Lienzo Córdova-Castellanos (pp. 29-34, pls. 24-32), reference to Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco (pp. 9-10), and reproduction of a copy of Genealogía de Cuauhquechollan-Macuilxochitepec (p. 86, pl. 2). Also reproduces various colonial coats of arms, some with elements in the native pictorial tradition.

1966

See Robelo, Olaguíbel, and Peñafiel, 1966.

PERET, BENJAMIN

1907 El Códice mixteco precortesiano Javier Córdova y un antiguo plano de San Andres Cholula. Revista Histórica Mexicana, 1 ( 2 ) : 75-80. Mexico.

1955 Livre de Chilam Balam de Chumayel: traduit de l'espagnol . . . avec 12 illustrations hors-texte et tous les dessins du manuscrit original. Paris, Denoël. 230 pp.

Not examined. Believed to be reprinted, with illustrations apparently not in this edition, in Peñafiel, 1914. Cited for Lienzo Córdova-Castellanos. The Plano de San Andres Cholula is not in the native tradition.

Not examined: French edition of the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. PÉREZ, FRANCISCO

Ciudades coloniales y capitales de la República Mexicana: Estado de Tlaxcala. Mexico, Secretaría de Fomento. 216 pp., 47 pls.

Catecismo de la doctrina cristiana en lengua Otomi . . . [and] Manual Otomítica para los principiantes. . . . . Mexico. 5 leaves, 17 pp., 43 pp., 1 leaf.

Cited for illustration of details from Lienzo de Tlaxcala (pp. 15-16, 36, pls. 18-22), publication of

Pérez is associated with the history of several Testerian manuscripts.

1909

674

1834

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

PÉREZ, JOSÉ

1859a Note sur un ancien manuscrit americain inédit. Revue Orientale et Americaine, 1: 35-39, 1 pl. Paris. Description of Codex Paris with reproduction of one of its pages; comparison with Codex Dresden. See also J. Pérez, 1859b.

1859b Note sur un manuscrit Yucatèque inédit. Archives de la Société Américaine de France, l : 29-32. Paris. Copy examined incomplete; apparently another edition of J. Pérez, 1859a ( q . v . ) , without the illustration. The article is dated October, 1858. PÉREZ BUSTAMANTE, CIRIACO

1928

Don Antonio de Mendoza, primer virrey de la Nueva España, 15351550. (Anales de la Universidad de Santiago, vol. 3). Santiago. 230 pp., illus.

Photographic plates include: four pages of the Testerian manuscript of the Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid, six pages of Códice Osuna, and four maps of the relaciones geográficas of 1577-1585.

lar pagination). Translation without notes and introduction reprinted in Yáñez, 1939.

1938

Seventh edition of Landa's Relación. Appendix ( p p . 259-376) contains 12 supplementary documents, most of which are of 16thC date. PHILLIPPS, SIR THOMAS

1837-71 Catalogus librorum manuscriptorum in Bibliotheca D. Thomae Phillipps, Bart. Typis MedioMontanis. 436 pp. Incomplete catalog of the Phillipps collection through no. 23837. Known copies vary in bibliographical detail; title page dated 1837 but text includes additions through 1871. Reprint, 1969, not examined. All items cited subsequently listed in Parke-Bernet, 1969; Sotheby Co., 1936a, 1946; or in Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1919a, 1913. PHILLIPS, HENRY, JR.

1884

PÉREZ GARCÍA, ROSENDO

1956

La Sierra Juarez. Apuntes sobre arqueología, orografía, hidrografía, historia . . . de los pueblos del distrito de Ixtlan de Juarez. Mexico. 2 vols. 381, 350 pp., illus.

Cited for descriptions and poor reproductions of Lienzo de San Miguel Tiltepec and Lienzo de Yolox and references to Códice de Santa Catarina Ixtepeji, Lienzo de Santiago Comaltepec, and Lienzo de Yahuiche, all from eastern or northern Oaxaca. PÉREZ MARTÍNEZ, HÉCTOR

n.d.

Cuauhtemoc: Vida y muerte de una cultura. Mexico, Editorial Leyenda. 322 pp. [1945?]

Includes discussion of the authenticity of the cédula of 1523 associated with the Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma.

1936

Historia y crónica de Chac-XulubChen. Mexico, Secretaria de Educación Pública. 62 pp.

Spanish translation of the Crónica de Chac-XulubChen with notes and introduction. Also published in Yikal Maya Than (Merida, 1943, vol. 4, irregu-

Relación de las cosas de Yucatan por el Fray Diego de Landa Obispo de esa diócesis. . . . Séptima edición. . . . Mexico, Pedro Robredo. 411 pp.

Notes upon the Codex Ramírez with a translation of the same. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 21: 616-51. Philadelphia.

English translation, with notes, of the Historia de los Mexicanos por sus pinturas.

1891 Le Codex Poinsett. L'Anthropologie, 2: 201-02. París. States that the Mexican pictorial manuscripts collected by Poinsett went to the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia in 1877. See Phillips, 1892, for further data.

1892

On the Codex Poinsett. 8th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 656-57. Paris.

States that the Mexican pictorial manuscripts collected by Poinsett were retrieved from the Academy of Natural Sciences by the American Philosophical Society in 1880. The manuscripts in question are two leaves of the Matrícula de Tributos and the Poinsett Fragments 1 and 2, all now in the Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico. PICART, B E R N A R D

1733-37 The ceremonies and religious customs of the various nations of 675

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

the known world together with historical annotations . . . translated into English London. 6 vols. Includes reproduction, with brief explanation, of Veytia Calendar wheel no. 4 (vol. 3, facing p. 159), probably after Gemelli Careri (1699-1700, or some other edition). French edition not examined. PIGNORIA,

LORENZO

1615, 1626

See Cartari, 1615, 1626.

PILLING, JAMES CONSTANTINE

1885 Proof-sheets of a bibliography of the languages of the North American Indians. (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Miscellaneous Publications, no. 2). Washington, Government Printing Office. xl + 1135 pp. Formidable annotated bibliography, Mexican Indian languages.

including

1895 The writings of Padre Andrés de Olmos in the languages of Mexico. American Anthropologist, o.s., 8 ( 1 ) : 43-60.

POHORILLES, NOAH ELIESER

1913 Das Popol Vuh die mythische Geschichte des Kiče-Volkes von Guatemala nach dem originalTexte iibersetzt und bearbeitet. (Gesellschaft für vergleichende Mythen Forschung, Mythologische Bibliothek, vol. 6, part 1). Leip­ zig. xvi + 123 pp. German translation of the Popol Vuh. Part 2 of this edition is Wolfgang Schultz, Einleitung in das Popol Vuh (Leipzig, 1913,116 p p . ) . POMAR, JUAN BAUTISTA

1891 Relación de Tezcoco. In Joaquín García Icazbalceta, ed., Nueva colección de documentos para la historia de Mexico, 3: 1-69. Mex­ ico. Text has parallels with Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2. Reprinted, with different pagination, Mexico, 1941. For another edition see Pomar, 1964.

1964

Particular attention is given to the manuscripts of Olmos' Arte de la lengua mexicana and the huehuetlatolli texts sometimes found with it. PINART, ALPHONSE

1882

Découvertes de manuscrits aztèques et mayas. Revue d'Ethnographie, 1: 161-62. Paris.

Describes six now unknown manuscripts, four of which are Mexican Indian pictorials; not included in census. P I N T U R A DEL GOBERNADOR

1878 Pintura del gobernador, alcaldes y regidores de Mexico. Códice en geroglíficos mexicanos y en lenguas castellana y azteca, existente en la Biblioteca del Excmo. Señor Duque de Osuna. Madrid, Imprenta de Manuel G. Hernández. 10 pp., 80 pls. Handcolored lithograph edition of Códice Osuna with anonymous introduction. Reprinted in b / w in Chávez Orozco, 1947.

676

Relación de Juan Bautista Pomar. In Ángel María Garibay K., Poesia Nahuatl, I: Romances de los Señores de la Nueva España . . . (Fuentes indígenas de la cultura Nahuatl), pp. 149-228. Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico.

Another edition of Pomar's Relación de Texcoco; see Pomar, 1891 for annotation. "Corrections" in the text of this edition detract seriously from its usefulness. POMPA Y POMPA, ANTONIO

1938 Album del IV centenario guadalupano. Mexico, Insigne y Nacional Basílica de Santa Maria de Guadalupe. 239 pp. Cited for reproduction of single pages from Códice Gómez de Orozco, Anales de Juan Bautista, and Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1. The first two of these reproductions are also given in Cuevas, 1930. PONCE, PEDRO

1892

Breve relación de los dioses y ritos de la gentilidad. (Mexico, Imprenta del Museo Nacional, 1892).

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

civilización de los antiguos Mejicanos . . . traducida por José María González de la Vega y anotada por D. Lucas Alamán. Mexico, V. G. Torres. 2 vols.

Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 6: 3-11. Mexico (1900). Provides brief but useful notes on aboriginal religious-ritual-magical beliefs and practices and their survival into colonial times. Probably composed in 1597. Printed with own title page dated 1892 and issued with the first installment of vol. 6 of the Anales ( 1 8 9 8 ) ; whole volume title page is dated 1900. Reprinted in Tratado de las Idolatrías . . ., Ediciones Fuente Cultural, "vol. X," Mexico, 1953, p p . 369-380. PRÄKOLUMBISCHE KUNST

1958 Präkolumbische Kunst aus Mexiko und Mittelamerika. Haus der Kunst München. October-December. (Munich). 156 pp., 104 pls. Exhibit catalog includes descriptions ( p . 93, nos. 745-47) of three Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts from the Stendahl collection now in the collections of the University of Texas. PREM, HANNS J.

1969

Die Mapa Monclova—eine unveröffentliche Kopie des Codex Boturini. Tribus: Veröffentlichungen des Linden Museums, no. 18, pp. 135-38, 1 fig. Stuttgart, LindenMuseum fiir Völkerkunde.

Spanish translation of Prescott, 1843. Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts reproduced in plates of this edition include: In vol. 1: details from the Títulos de Santa Isabel Tola ( 2 pls. labeled "Reyes Aztecas" ) and a copy of the Aubin Manuscript no. 20 (labeled "Relieves en la piedra de los gladiadores" ). In vol. 2: three details from Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma ( 3 pls., "Tezozomoc," "Quaquapitzahuac," and "Netzahualcoyotl" ); a copy of Plano en Papel de Maguey ("Plano de la Ciudad de Mexico"); and two scenes from a copy of Lienzo de Tlaxcala ( 2 pls., "Cortés toma posesión de la ciudad de Mexico" and "Ataque al templo m a y o r " ) . Reprint edition of Buenos Aires, 1944, does not give all of these illustrations.

1844-46 Historia de la conquista de Mexico . . . traducida al español por Joaquín Navarro. Mexico, Ignacio Cimplido. 3 vols. Vol. 2 contains notes by J. F . Ramírez. See Gondra, 1846, for comment on illustrations in vol. 3. PREUSS, KONRAD THEODOR

1936

Publication, with commentary, of Mapa Monclova, a falsified version of Codex Boturini. PRESCOTT, WILLIAM H.

1843 History of the conquest of Mexico, with a preliminary view of the ancient Mexican civilization, and the life of the conqueror, Hernando Cortés. London, Richard Bentley. 3 vols. Classic—somewhat romanticized but basically very well-documented for its period—account of the conquest of Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco, which includes a compact synthesis of Contact Central Mexican native culture and a summary of the subsequent career of Cortés. First edition. Preferred text is the "new and revised edition, with the author's latest corrections and additions. Edited by John Foster Kirk" (Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co., 3 vols., 1874).

1844

Historia de la conquista de Méjico con un bosquejo preliminar de la

Der Ursprungsort Chicomoztoc nach der mexikanischen Bilderhandschrift Historia ToltecaChichimeca. Baessler Archiv, 19: 97-101,1 fig. Berlin.

Cited for Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca.

1937

Die Menschenopfer in der mexikanisches Bilderhandschrift Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. Studi e Materiali di Stori degli Religioni, 13: 127-58. Bologna.

Not examined: cited for Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca.

1938 Das Tolteken Problem (Mexiko) nach einer alter Bilderhandschrift und den Auschauungen heutiger mexikanischer Indianer (abgekiirzt). Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, 69: 446-451. Berlin. Cited for Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca.

1948

Der mythische und geschichtliche Aufbau der Mexikanischen Bilder677

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

handschrift "Historia ToltecaChichimeca." 26th International Congress of Americanists, 1: 23342. Madrid. Cited for Historia

Tolteca-Chichimeca.

AND ERNST MENGIN

1937-38 Die mexikanische Bilderhandschrift Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. Teil I, Die Bilderhandschrift nebst Ubersetzung (Baessler Archiv, Beiheft 9, 105 pp., 25 pls., Berlin, 1937); Teil II, Der Kommentar (Baessler Archiv, vol. 21, parts 1-2, pp. 1-66, Berlin, 1938).

PURCHAS, SAMUEL

1625 Purchas His Pilgrimes. In five books. . . . London, Printed for William Stansby by Henrie Fetherstone. 4 vols. A fifth volume (London, 1626) not examined. Copies may vary in bibliographical detail. Vol. 3, pp. 1065-1117, gives history and first edition of Codex Mendoza (engravings of the drawings, incomplete and inaccurate in detail) with English translation of the text by Michael Locke made for Sir Walter Raleigh. Another edition, Glasgow, 1905-07, 20 vols., not examined. PUTTICK AND S I M P S O N

1854

Part 1 (1937) gives Nahuatl text, parallel German translation, and reproduction of the drawings (most by line copies) of the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. Part 2 (1938) contains the editors' commentary. PROCESOS DE INDIOS

1912 Procesos de indios idólatras y hechiceros. (Publicaciones del Archivo General de la Nación, 3). Mexico. viii + 267 pp.

Item 686 is the Italian translation of the Florentine Codex now in HSA.

1888

Includes publication of the inquisition texts related to the drawings: Ídolos del Templo de Huitzilopochtli (pp. 115-40) and Joyas de Martín Ocelotl ( p p . 1 7 - 5 1 ) . Does not reproduce the drawings. PROSKOURIAKOFF,

TATIANA

1952 The survival of the Maya tun count in colonial times. Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, 4 (112): 211-19. Cambridge, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Transcript and analysis of two calendrical tables, one from Codex Pérez and the other from the Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua. See also Schulz, 1944. PRUNEDA, ALFONSO

1953 El manuscrito Badiano, su cuarto centenario. Boletín Indigenista, 13: 146-57. Mexico. Long and uncritical review of Emmart's (1940) edition of the Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis by Martín de la Cruz, with digest of its contents. Text in English and Spanish.

678

Catalogue of a very extensive and extremely rare and interesting Library, comprising . . . also, a few most important manuscripts (some of which are from Lord Kingsborough's Library) . . . Wednesday May 24th, 1854, and four following days. London, Puttick and Simpson. 106 pp.

Catalogue of a collection of valuable books and manuscripts, English and foreign, relating to South America and the American colonies generally, many from the library of the late Señor Don José Ramírez. . . . (London), Puttick and Simpson. 39 pp.

Sale catalog description (no. 364) of a manuscript of one of Ixtlilxochitl's works, evidently same as Quaritch, 1885, no. 29112. QUALLI, A M A T L

1950

Qualli Amatl. Chicome Calli. Conquista de Tlaltilolco. Anónimo Nahuatl traducido al Castellano por Porfirio Aguirre. (Colección Amatlacuilotl). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 42 pp.

Spanish translation and palaeography of the Nahuatl text of Anales de Mexico y Tlatelolco (1473, 1521-22), apparently from the copy in Galicia Chimalpopoca, Documentos Históricos, MS, ff. 4 9 51. Does not reproduce the drawing from that copy.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

QUARITCH, BERNARD

1880 A rough list of rare works relating to North and South America, chiefly from the library of the late Señor Don José Fernando Ramírez . . . n o . 46. London. July 26. 76

pp.

Sale catalog descriptions include following manuscripts, mostly copies, re-listed from Bibliotheca Mexicana ( 1 8 8 0 ) : 33, Beaumont, Crónica de Michoacan; 136, Olmos, Huehuetlatolli; 143-144, Ixtlilxochitl, various relaciones and Castañeda, Relación; 176, Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco; and 195, Muñoz Camargo, Historia. A few of them are relisted in Quaritch, 1885.

1885 Catalogue (no. 363) of the history, geography, and of the philology of America, Australasia . . . II, History, ethnology, and philology of America. London. Sale catalog descriptions of items also listed in Pinart sale (Catalogue, 1883) are: 29040, Techialoyan Codex of Cempoala; 29041, Boban Calendar Wheel; and 29042-29044, probable falsifications. Previously listed in Quaritch, 1880, are: 29105, Olmos, Huehuetlatolli; 29111-29112, Ixtlilxochitl, various relaciones and Castañeda, Relación; and 29045, Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco. This catalog was reprinted as part 12 of Quaritch's General Catalogue (see Quaritch, 1886).

1886 Voyages and travels. Americana and Orientalia. Catalogue of books on the history, geography and of the philology of America . . . (June, 1885, to October, 1886). (Part 12 of Quaritch's General Catalogue.) London. pp. 2747-3162, index, lxii pp., entries numbered 28041-31851. Includes reprint, without alteration in pagination or numeration of the entries, of Quaritch, 1885 ( q . v . ) .

1890

Mexican picture-chronicle of Cempoallan and other states of the Empire of Aculhuacan. Written on 16 leaves (31 pp.) of paper manufactured from the maguey-fibre; about 1530. London, Bernard Quaritch. 6 pp., 31 pls.

"Quaritch's illustrations," nos. 139-169. Edition in color of the Techialoyan Codex of Cempoala (no. 705).

1895

Bibliotheca Hispana. A catalogue (no. 148) of books in Castilian, Catalan, Portugese . . . (Barnard Quaritch, General Catalogue, Supp. VII). London. 250 pp.

Item 1949 is a probable falsification from the Pinart collection (previously listed in Catalogue, 1883, no. 721, part, and in Quaritch, 1885, no. 29044). No. 2043 is Ixtlilxochitl, various relaciones and Castañeda, Relación (from the Ramírez collection, previously listed in Quaritch, 1885, no. 29111).

1899

A catalogue [no. 188] of geography, voyages, travels, history of America, Africa. . . . London, May, 192 pp.

Manuscripts listed include Ixtlilxochitl's Relaciones (no. 897) and other items (not cited) from the J. F. Ramírez collection. QUINTANA, JOSÉ MIGUEL

1960

Las artes gráficas en Puebla. Mexico, Antigua Librería Robredo. 166 pp., illus.

"Codices" ( p p . 8-10) includes statement about four pictorial manuscripts in José Manso collection in 1848 (now in Academia de Bellas Artes and Casa del Alfeñique, P u e b l a ) ; poor photograph of the original of Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no. 2 (pl. 1 ) ; photoreproduction of a colonial m a p of 1602 from Huexotzingo with minor native elements, not included in census. RACKNITZ, BARON JOSEPH FRIEDRICH VON

1796

Darstellung und Geschichte des Geschmacks der vorzüglichsten Volker. Leipzig. 4 vols. and atlas.

Not examined: described by Coe ( 1 9 6 3 ) , who reprints its pl. 34 illustrating an hypothetical room decorated in Mexican style with details taken from Codex Dresden; constitutes earliest reproduction of any part of that manuscript. RADA Y DELGADO, JUAN DE DIOS DE LA

1881 See Léon de Rosny, 1881b. AND JERÓNIMO LÓPEZ DE AYALA Y DEL HIERRO, VIZCONDE DE PALAZUELOS

1892

Codice Maya denominado cortesiano que se conserva en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid). Reproducción fotocromolitográfica.... Madrid. 679

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

lioteca Imperial de Paris. Manuscript in Bibliothèque Nationale de París (Fonds Mexicains, 427). 38 leaves.

Color lithograph facsimile edition of Codex Cortesianus (a part of Codex Madrid) consisting of 42 unnumbered pages of reproductions so mounted as to form a 21-leaf screenfold with a 2-leaf printed announcement. RADIN, PAUL

1920

The sources and authenticity of the history of the ancient mexicans. (University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, 17 ( 1 ) : 1-150, 17 pls.). Berkeley.

Appraisal of various pictorial and written sources for Central Mexican history. Out of date but still of some use. Full reproductions, after earlier p u b lications, are given of Códice Boturini, Mapa Sigüenza, Mapa Tlotzin, and Mapa Quinatzin, leaves 1 and 2. Partial translations of texts or digests of earlier commentaries are given for Codices Boturini, Mendoza (part 2 ) , Ramírez ( T o v a r ) , TellerianoRemensis, Xolotl, and Mapas Quinatzin and Tlotzin. Other pictorial sources are treated in less detail.

Description, occasionally with considerable detail, of BNP 385-394 (old nos. 1-11). Later additions, in other hands, give catalog entries for B N P / F M , old nos. 12-15. The description of Codex Paris ( B N P 386) is quoted in Zimmermann, 1954; part of the introduction is quoted in Núñez y Domínguez, 1947a, pp. 3 6 9 - 7 1 . Another manuscript of this work is in MNA/AH.

1858

RAMÍREZ, FÉLIX C.

1956 Ireti Khatape. Esayo de una interpretación de la "Relación de Michoacan." Personajes y dioceses michoacanos. Mexico. 114

pp. Not examined; effort to identify copyists' and other errors in the Relación de Michoacan.

Two large plates, with same titles: no. 1 presents lithograph reproduction and commentary for Mapa Sigüenza; no. 2, same for Códice Boturini.

1862

RAMÍREZ, JOSÉ FERNANDO

1847 Proceso de residencia contra Pedro de Alvarado. Ilustrado con estampas sacadas de los antiguos códices mexicanos. . . . Mexico. xxiii + 302 pp., 4 pls. Description, inaccurate color lithograph, Nahuatl text and translation of the Manuscrito del Apperreamiento ( p p . 290-99, pl. 4 ) . Discussion and color lithographs of two details from Codex Ríos ( p p . 278-87, pls. 3 - 4 ) . See Madier de Montjau, 1875, for derivative publication.

1854

Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva. Diccionario Universal de Historia y de Geografía, 4: 855-66. Mexico.

Still one of the best biobibliographical accounts.

1855 680

Noticia de los manuscritos mexicanos que se conservan en la Bib-

Cuadro histórico-geroglífico de la peregrinación de las tribus aztecas que poblaron el Valle de Mexico, num. 1 [and num. 2]. Acompañado de algunas esplicaciones para su inteligencia por José Fernando Ramírez, conservador del Museo Nacional. In Antonio García y Cubas, Atlas Geográfico, Estadístico e Histórico de la República Mexicana. Mexico, Imprenta de José Mariano Fernández de Lara. Not paginated.

Noticia de las obras manuscritas de D. Diego de Panes. Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, ep. 1, 8 ( 9 ) : 401-04. Mexico.

Describes manuscript of Teatro de la Nueva Espana by Panes, cited in census for containing partial copies of Lienzo de Tlaxcala; publication of an inventory of 1827 listing the Panes manuscripts as well as a possible copy of Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Reprinted in Gómez de Orozco, 1927a, p p . 259-67.

1885

Códices mexicanos de Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, 6: 85-124. Madrid.

Describes the Sahagún MSS, Manuscrito de Tolosa and Códice Matritense de la Academia de la Historia, with review of history of MSS of Sahagún's Historia general. Written in 1867. See Ramírez, 1903, for another edition.

1898

Biblioteca

Hispano-Americana

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Septentrional: adiciones y correcciones. Mexico. xlvii + 662 pp. Supplement to Beristáin y Souza, 1883-97. Contains numerous biobibligraphical accounts with descriptions of manuscripts in the author's and other collections. Includes ( p p . v-xlvii) biobibliography of Ramírez by Luis González Obregón.

1903 Códices mexicanos de Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 2, 1 ( 1 ) : 1-34. Mexico. Another edition of Ramírez, 1885, with variants and apparently incomplete.

1905

Calendario Matlatzinca. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 2,2:377-86. Mexico.

Early publication of Calendario Matlatzinca, based on a copy, and now superseded by other studies.

Exposition of the content of Códice Boturini. Same as Ramirez, 1953, but different from Ramírez, 1858.

1953 Tira de la peregrinación: interpretación. (Biblioteca de Historiadores Mexicanos). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 37 pp. Same as Ramírez, 1952, with different cover and title page.

1956 Copia heliografía de la Tira de la Peregrinación, interpretada por José Fernando Ramírez. Mexico, Vargas Rea. 37 pp. and screenfold facsimile. Not examined. Probably same as Ramírez, 1952, 1953, with added reproduction of Códice Boturini.

1957

1945a Peregrinación mexicana, primera parte. Obras inéditas. (Biblioteca Aportación Histórica). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 64 [65] pp. Comparison of events in Aztec history in Códice Boturini with various other manuscripts.

1945b Anónimo de 1570 y Códices Telleriano y Vaticano comparados. Segunda parte de Peregrinación mexicana. Obras inéditas. (Biblioteca Aportación Histórica). Mexico, Vargas Rea. pp. 67-105. Paginated in continuation of Ramírez, 1945a. Comparison of events in Aztec history in Codices Telleriano-Remensis, Ríos ("Vaticano"), and Anales de Cuauhtitlan ("Anónimo de 1570").

1948 Anales antiguos de Mexico y sus contornos, compilados por. J. Fernando Ramírez. (Biblioteca Aportación Histórica). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 4 vols., continuously paginated, 124 pp. Four parts cited separately in this bibliography: Anales Mexicanos no. 1, no. 2, no. 3, no. 4 (1948) (q.v.).

1952

Códice Boturini. Interpretación por José Fernando Ramírez. Obras inéditas. (Biblioteca de Historiadores Mexicanos). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 37 pp.

Fray Toribio de Motolinía y otros estudios. Edición, prólogo y notas de Antonio Castro Leal. Segunda edición, corregida y aumentada. (Colección de Escritores Mexicanos, vol. 4). Mexico, Porrúa. xix + 313 pp.

Includes biography of Motolinía (reprinted from García Icazbalceta, 1858-66, 1: xlv-cliii) and a biobibliographical notice of Chimalpahin (pp. 2 7 9 95) (reprinted from the Diccionario Universal de Historia y Geografía, 1853-56); the latter was not included in the first edition of this work. RAMÍREZ, R. R.

1874 Xolotl, fundador de la monarquía colhua. In Eduardo L. Gallo, ed., Hombres ilustres mexicanos: biografías de los personajes notables desde antes de la conquista hasta nuestros dias, 2: 47-65, 4 pls. Mexico, I. Cumplido. Plates reproduce line drawings from four pages of the Techialoyan Codex of San Salvador Tizayuca (census, no. 7 2 8 ) , with minimal comment in text or captions. Two are reprinted by Chavero (n.d., pp. 6 4 7 - 4 8 ) . RAMÍREZ CABAÑAS, JOAQUÍN

1938

Historia general de las Nueva España por el M. Bernardino de Sahagún. Editorial Pedro Robredo.

cosas de R. P. Fr. Mexico, 5 vols.

Spanish text of the Historia general by Sahagún based on books 1-11 of the Paries MS of the Manu-

681

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES scrito de Tolosa, the Paso y Troncoso copy of books 1-6 of the Florentine Codex, and on prior editions. Important biobibliographical introduction by Jiménez Moreno also published separately (Jiménez Moreno, 1938a). Additional material includes variants in the revised book 12 from Bustamante ( 1 8 4 0 ) , a Spanish translation of Seler's (1927) German translation of the Nahuatl text of book 12, the relation by Ixtlilxochitl concerning the Spanish conquest (from Ixtlilxochitl, 1829), and a Spanish translation of Seler's (1904i) German translation of Cantares a los dioses. RAMÍREZ FLORES, JOSE

1959 Tierras de Chiquilistlan en la provincia de Avalos según mapa del siglo XVI. (Colección Siglo XVI, no. 5). Mexico. 8 pp., 1 folding pl. Study and reproduction of an 1884 copy of Mapa de Chiquilistlan. RAMÍREZ LAVOIGNET, DAVID

1953 Notas históricas de Misantla. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 13 ( 2 - 3 ) : 315-31. Mexico. Includes brief comment on Lienzo de Misantla.

1959

Misantla. (Colección Suma Veracruzana: Serie Historiografía). Mexico, Editorial Citlaltepetl. xv + 268 pp.

History of the Misantla-Tonayan region of Veracruz, with extensive utilization of the relación geográfica map and lienzo of Misantla; references to Mapa de Chiconquiaco and Lienzo de Coacoatzintla. Bibliography lists unpublished Veracruz pictorial MSS in the AGN, not included in the census.

1962

Relación de Misantla por Diego Pérez de Artiaga, 1579. (Universidad Veracruzana: Cuadernos de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, 8). Jalapa. 191 pp.

Publication and detailed study of the relación geográfica of Misantla, Veracruz, with inferior reproduction of the map; extensive utilization of Lienzo de Misantla. References to other pictorial MSS from Veracruz. Bibliography cites unpublished pictorial MSS from Veracruz in the AGN, not included in the census. RAMUSIO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA

1556 682

Terzo volume delle navigationi et

viaggi nel quale si contegno le n a u i g a t i o n i . . . . Venice. Cited in survey of pictorial manuscripts for first edition of the account of the Anonymous Conqueror, partial reproduction of drawings from Fernández de Oviedo's general history, and for reproduction of a version of the Nuremberg map of the City and Valley of Mexico. Second edition, 1565. RAUH, JAMES HULSE

1970 Analysis of pp. 91-124 of Códice del Museo or Tudela. Escritura Maya: Boletín informativo, año 4, no. 1 (10), pp. 3-14. Mexico, Seminario internacional para el estudio de la escritura maya. Tabulates calendrical information in the last part of Códice del Museo de América; comparison with data in the Maya screenfolds. RAYNAUD, GEORGES

1925 Les dieux, les héros et les hommes de l'ancien Guatemala d'après le livre du conseil. (Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études, Sciences Religieuses, 41). Paris, Ernest Leroux. xxxix + 156 pp. French translation of the Popol Vuh with introduction, notes, and selected vocabulary. For Spanish translation of this edition see Raynaud, 1927.

1927

Los dioses, los héroes y los hombres de Guatemala antigua [1] o el libro del consejo Popol Vuh de los indios Quichés. Traducción de la versión francesa . .. por . . . Miguel Ángel Asturias y J. M. González de Mendoza. Paris, Editorial ParisAmerica. xlviii + 147 pp.

Spanish translation of Raynaud, 1925. Reprinted, Guatemala (1927?, 1937?). For another edition of this translation see Raynaud, 1939.

1928 Anales de los Xahil de los Indios Cakchiqueles Paris. Not examined. See Raynaud, 1937, for comment on second edition.

1937 Anales de los Xahil de los Indios Cakchiqueles. Traducción de la versión francesa inédita del Profesor Georges Raynaud . . . por . . . Miguel Ángel Asturias y J. M.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

González de Mendoza. 2d ed., rev. (Los Dioses, Los Héroes y los Hombres de Guatemala antigua, 2). Guatemala. 71 pp. Second and revised edition of the Spanish translation of Raynaud's incomplete French translation of the Anales de los Cakchiqueles. See Raynaud, 1946, for third edition.

1939

El libro del consejo. Traducción y notas de Georges Raynaud, J. M. González de Mendoza y Miguel Ángel Asturias. Prólogo de Francisco Monterde. (Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario, 1). Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma. xiii + 222 pp.

Reprint of Raynaud, 1927, but without his introduction. Second and third editions in 1950 and 1964 (with different pagination).

1946 Anales de los Xahil. Traducción y notas de Georges Raynaud, Miguel Ángel Asturias y J. M. González de Mendoza. Prólogo de Francisco Monterde. (Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario, 61). Mexico, Ediciones de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma. xxii + 211 pp. Third edition of the Spanish translation of Raynaud's unpublished French translation of the Anales de los Cakchiqueles, reprinted from the second edition (Raynaud, 1937) with new revisions for this edition by González de Mendoza and added preface by Monterde. REA, FRAY ALONSO DE LA

1643 Croníca de la orden de N. Seráfico P. S. San Francisco. Provincia de San Pedro y San Pablo de Mechoacan en la Nueva España. Año de 1639. Mexico. Brief reference (lib. 1, cap. 5) to the existence of Lienzo de Jucutacato in the pueblo of Cucutacato [sic]. Other editions: Mexico, 1882, and Queretaro, 1945. RECINOS, ADRIÁN

1947

Popol Vuh. Las antiguas historias del Quiche. Traducidas del texto original, con una introduc-

ción y notas. (Biblioteca Americana, Serie de Literatura Indígena). Mexico and Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica.

296 pp. Spanish translation of the Popol Vuh after the NLA manuscript. Long and detailed introduction discusses history and bibliography of the manuscript and its editions. Second edition in same series, 1953. Reprinted in same publisher's Colección Popular, 11 (Mexico, 1960). See Recinos, 1950b, for English translation.

1950a Memorial de Sololá. Anales de los Cakchiqueles. Traducción directa del original, introducción y notas . . . [and] Título de los Señores de Totonicapan. Traducción del original quiché por el P. Dionisio José Chonay: introducción y notas . . . (Biblioteca Americana, Serie de Literatura Indígena). Mexico and Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica. 303 pp. Incomplete Spanish translation of the Anales de los Cakchiqueles and edition of the 1834 translation of the Títulos de los Señores de Totonicapan. Appendix 1 is the text of the Papel del Origen de los Señores; appendix 2 is a list of "Obras escritas en las lenguas Cakchiquel, Quiche y Zutuhil, o acerca de ellas." The English translation (Recinos, 1953) does not include the appendices.

1950b Popol Vuh. The sacred book of the ancient Quiché Maya. English version by Delia Goetz and Sylvanus G. Morley. (The Civilization of the American Indian Series, vol. 29). Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. xix + 267 p. English translation of Recinos, 1947, with slight changes or corrections in the introduction and bibliography. Appendix, added to this edition, is an English translation of the Papel del Origen de los Señores.

1953 The Annals of the Cakchiquels translated from the Cakchiquel Maya . . . [and] Title of the Lords of Totonicapán translated from the Quiché text into Spanish by 683

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Dionisio José Chonay. (The Civilization of the American Indian Series, vol. 37). Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. ix + 217 pp. Abridged English translation by Delia Goetz of Recinos, 1950a, with the appendices of the Spanish edition omitted. Second printing, 1967.

1954 The Book of the People. Popol Vuh, the national book of the ancient Quiché Maya. English version by Delia Goetz and Sylvanus G. Morley from the Spanish translation by Adrián Recinos. Pronouncing dictionary by Lucille Kaufman Weil. Illustrations by Everett Gee Jackson. Los Angeles, Limited Editions Club. 251 pp. Another edition of Recinos, 1950b.

1957

Crónicas indígenas de Guatemala. Edición, traducción y notas. Guatemala, Editorial Universitaria. 186 pp.

Publication of five documents: Historia Quiche de don Juan de Torres (with Quiche text), Títulos de la Casa Ixquín Nehaib (Spanish only), Título real de Don Francisco Izquín Nehaib (with Quiche text), Historia de los Xpantzay (with Cakchiquel text), and Título de los Indios de Santa Clara la Laguna (with Quiche text). REDFIELD, ROBERT

1930

Tepoztlan: A Mexican village. A study of folk life. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. ix + 247 pp.

Influential sociologic-ethnographic study of a picturesque Morelos community (originally Nahuaspeaking, with partial linguistic survival), which displayed a complex blend of aboriginal and European cultural patterns. [Art. 30.]

1941 Folk culture of Yucatan. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. 416 pp., pls. Description and analysis of four modern Yucatecan communities within the conceptual framework of a "folk-urban" socio-cultural continuum. [Art. 30.] REED, H. S.

1938 Ixtlilxochitl II and Cempoallan: A 684

preliminary study of a Mexican picture-chronicle. Hispanic American Historical Review, 18 ( 1 ) : 66-75,2 figs. Incomplete commentary on the Techialoyan Codex of Cempoala (no. 705) with reproduction of two pages (after Quaritch, 1890). Misidentifies the Cempoala in question. REINA, Β.

1924-27 Algunas observaciones acerca del Códice Vaticano 3738 o Códice Ríos. El Mexico Antiguo, 2: 21219. Mexico. Comparative analysis of the relationship between Codices Telleriano-Remensis and Ríos. REKO, BLAS PABLO

1945

Mitobotánica zapoteca. baya. 154 pp.

Tacu-

Includes ( p p . 143-54) study of Zapotec place names on Lienzo de Guevea. RELACIÓN

1952

Relación de los caciques y principales del pueblo de Atitlan, 1o de febrero del año 1571. Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala, 26 ( 3 - 4 ) : 435-38. Guatemala.

First edition of the document in Spanish. RELACIÓN DE MICHOACÁN

1869

Relación de las ceremonias y ritos, población y gobierno de los indios de la provincia de Mechuacan . . . sacada del códice original por Florencia Janer. Colección de documentos inéditos para la historta de España, 53: 5-295. Madrid.

First edition of the Relación de Michoacán without commentary and without the illustrations. Also issued separately with substituted title page dated 1875.

1903

Relación de las ceremonias y ritos y población y gobernación de los indios de la provincia de Mechuacan. . . . Morelia, Tip. Alfonso Aragón. 301 pp., illus.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Second edition of the Relación de Michoacán. Includes poor reproduction of the drawings from a copy of the Library of Congress copy. Foreword (pp. 5-6) by Manuel Martínez Solorzano. Paper cover dated 1904.

1956

See Tudela, 1956.

RELACIONES DE YUCATÁN

1898-1900 Relaciones de Yucatan. (Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y organización de las antiguas posesiones españoles de ultramar, vols. 11 and 13). Madrid. 2 vols. Publication of the relaciones geográficas of 157981 from the Peninsula of Yucatan and other documents. The former are cited in the prose census as containing material by Gaspar Antonio Chi. Vol. 2 includes third and incomplete edition of Landa's Relación de las cosas de Yucatan. RENDÓN, SILVIA

1947

See Berlin and Rendon, 1947.

1948

See Barrera Vásquez and Rendon, 1948.

1949 La cuarta relación de don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 3: 199218. Mexico. Nahuatl text and Spanish translation of Chimalpahin's fourth Relation.

1952

Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc. Paleografía, traducción, y noticia introductoria. Philological and Documentary Studies, 2 ( 2 ) : 13-40, 4 pls. New Orleans, Tulane University, Middle American Research Institute.

Commentary and photographic edition, Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc, with palaeography and translation of its Nahuatl text.

1965 Relaciones originales de Chalco Amaquemecan escritas por Don Francisco de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Cuauhtlehuanitzin. . . . . Mexico and Buenos Aires,

Fondo

de

Cultura

Económica.

365 pp. Spanish translation of part of the second and all of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh Relations of Chimalpahin, with commentary, chronological tables, glossary, and index. RENOUARD, AUGUSTIN

1819 Catalogue de la bibliothèque d'un amateur, avec notes bibliographiques, critiques et litteraires. Paris. 4 vols. Catalog of the Renouard library. The volume containing Codex Kingsborough and the Gómez de Cervantes manuscript is listed in 4: 191. REVILLE, ALBERT

1898 Antiquités mexicaines: les aventures d'une collection. Revue des Bibliothèques, 8 ( 3 - 5 ) : 122-27. Paris. General history of the Aubin-Goupil collection and of its accession by the BNP. Reprinted from Temps, Paris, April 13, 1898. Also published in Boban, 1899, pp. xi-xviii. REYES G., LUIS

1971 Un nuevo manuscrito de Chimalpahin. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, ep. 7, 2: 333-48. Mexico. Gives Nahuatl text, Spanish translation, and photofacsimile of four pages of the original manuscript of the Anales Tepanecas. Shows that the document is a part of Chimalpahin's Journal. REYES VALERIO, CONSTANTINO

1967

Una pintura indígena en Cuauhtinchan. Boletín del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 29: 1-6,4 figs. Mexico.

Reproduces an Indian colonial mural painting in Cuauhtinchan, Puebla, comparable to drawings in the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. RICARD, ROBERT

1933a Remarques bibliographiques sur les ouvrages de Fr. Toribio Motolinia. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, n.s., 25: 139-51. Paris. 685

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Discusses relationship between Motolinía's Historia and Memoriales and problems of identification of Motolinía manuscript cited by Zorita, Las Casas, etc. Cites further bibliography bearing on the subject.

Río, ANTONIO DEL, AND PAUL FELIX CABRERA

1822

1933b La "conquête spirituelle" du Mexique. (Université de Paris, Travaux et Mémoires de l'Institut d'Ethnologie, 20). Paris. Classic account of the Spanish proselytization effort in colonial New Spain. Spanish translation, Mexico, Editorial Jus, Editorial Polis, 1947. English translation, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1966. [Art. 30.] R I C H , OBADIAH

n.d.

Catalogue of a collection of manuscripts principally in Spanish, relating to America, in the possession of O. Rich, no. 12, Red Lion Square, London. London, William Bowden. 44 pp.

Collection sold in whole or in part to James Lenox about 1848 and now in NYPL.

1827

Manuscripts and printed books in possession of Obadiah Rich, Esq. 20th U.S. Congress, 1st Sess., House of Representatives, House Reports, no. 37 (December 27). Washington. 24 pp.

Lists (p. 2) a manuscript copy of Sahagún's Manuscrito de Tolosa. RICKARDS, CONSTANTINE GEORGE

1913 Notes on the Codex Rickards. Journal de la Société des Améncanistes de Paris, n.s., 10: 47-57, 3 pls., 13 figs. Paris. Description and partial reproduction of Lienzo Antonio de León.

RICO GONZÁLEZ, VÍCTOR 1949 Historiadores mexicanos del siglo XVIII. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Historia, primera serie, no. 12). Mexico. 218 pp. Biobibliographical studies of Clavigero, Veytia, Cavo, and Alegre (cited only for Veytia).

686

Description of the ruins of an ancient city, discovered near Palenque, in the kingdom of Guatemala, in Spanish America. Translated from the original manuscript report of Captain Antonio del Río followed by Teatro Crítico or, a critical investigation and research into the history of the Americans by Doctor Paul Felix Cabrera of the City of Guatemala. London, Henry Berthoud. xiii + 128 pp., pls.

The work by Cabrera (p. 30 ff.) includes commentary on the Probanza de Votan.

RIVA PALACIO, VICENTE n.d. El Vireinato. Historia de la dominación española en Mexico desde 1521 a 1808. (Vol. 2 of his Mexico a Través de los Siglos, 5 vols.) Mexico and Barcelona. 930 pp. Illustrations cited are: reduced reproduction of a tracing of Códice de Tecomaxdahuaca (p. 77), reproduction of the copy of the Tributes of Tzintzuntzan and Tlalpujave in Crónica de Michoacan (p. 75), colored lithograph of a copy of the AGN-T 1586 version of Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma (pp. 110-14 and colored pl. facing p. 113), detail from Codex Ríos (p. 269), and some of the historical scenes from Crónica de Michoacan (pp. 27-33, 297-98). Published about 1889; there are numerous editions of this work. RIVERA, AGUSTÍN

1892

Entretenimientos de un enfermo: descripción de una manta de Tlaxcala. Lagos, Ausencio López Arce. 34 pp.

Description and study of the Manta de Salamanca. Copy of the work examined (Yale University Library ) is not illustrated. RIVET, PAUL

1932 Découverte d'un codex mixtèque. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, n.s., 24: 208. Paris. Very brief description and notice of the discovery of Codex Tulane and of its acquisition by TU/ MARI, taken from a Mexican newspaper.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES ROBELO, CECILIO Α., MANUEL DE OLAGUÍBEL, AND ANTONIO PEÑAFIEL

1966

Nombres geográficos indígenas del Estado de Mexico, estudio crítico etimológico. Textos revisados y anotados por el Dr. Ángel María Garibay K. Edición y prólogo de Mario Colín. (Biblioteca Enciclopédica del Estado de Mexico, 6 ) . Mexico.

Useful for linguistic study of place names but does not locate them geographically (cited in survey of Techialoyan manuscripts). ROBERTSON, DONALD

See García Abrines and Robertson, MS. 1954 A note on the last pages of Codex Mexicanus. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 43: 219-21. Paris. MS

Commentary on the final, tonalamatl, section of Codex Mexicanus (BNP 23-24), with special reference to erasures, glosses, illegible symbols, and layout.

1959

Mexican manuscript painting of the early colonial period: The metropolitan schools. New Haven, Yale University Press. xix + 234 pp., 88 pls.

A major study of the more important pictorial manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico, particularly for stylistic analysis, the definition of schools, and for both general and specific observations. Cited in the census for specific treatment of over 25 manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico and an important study of the Mixtec screenfold, Codex Nuttall. The 88 plates are of exceptional quality. Two reviews of this work are cited in the present bibliography: Caso, 1962, and Glass, 1960.

1960 The Techialoyan codex of Tepotzotlan: Codex X (Rylands Mexican MS I ) . Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 43 ( 1 ) : 109-30, 1 pl. Manchester. Establishes relationship among the three parts of the Techialoyan Codex of Tepotzotlan (nos. 714, 718, and 722) with palaeography and English translation by Byron McAfee and reproduction of one page of the third fragment (no. 722). Some general observations on Techialoyan manuscripts.

1963 The style of the Borgia Group of Mexican pre-Conquest manuscripts. 20th International Congress of the History of Art, vol. 3 (Studies in Western Art: Latin American Art and the Baroque Period in Europe), pp. 148-64, 8 figs. Princeton. Places the origin of Codices Borgia and Vaticanus Β in the Mixtec region; general consideration of the style of some of the manuscripts of the Borgia Group.

1964

Los manuscritos religiosos mix­ tecos. 35th International Con­ gress of Americanists, 1: 425-35, 7 pls. Mexico.

Spanish translation of Robertson, 1966, with fewer and slightly different illustrations.

1966 The Mixtee religious manuscripts. In John Paddock, ed., Ancient Oaxaca: Discoveries in Mexican archaeology and history, pp. 298312, 7 figs., pls. 5-12. Stanford, Stanford University Press. Compares the style of certain Mixtee historical screenfolds with that of the manuscripts of the Borgia Group; concludes that some of the latter are Mixtee. For Spanish translation, with fewer illustrations, see Robertson, 1964. Excellent photo­ graphs of Codex Nuttall in both b/w and color.

1968 Paste-over illustrations in the Du­ rán Codex of Madrid. Tlalocan, 5 ( 4 ) : 340-48. Mexico. Indicates that the calendrical illustrations in Durán's Historia de las Indias derive from an earlier cannibalized manuscript and were re-used in the Madrid codex.

1971 Commentary [on papers of Alfredo López Austin and Η. Β. Nicholson for session on pre-Hispanic History]. In Investigaciones contemporáneas sobre historia de México: memorias de la tercera reunión de historiadores mexicanos y norteamericanos, Oaxtepec, Μorelos (November 4-7, 1969), pp. 91-95. Mexico, 687

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

and from German by Marina Corby"]. London, Thames and Hudson. 517 pp., illus.

UNAM, El Colegio de Mexico, University of Texas at Austin. Indicates the colonial content in Sahagún's works and the usefulness of Techialoyan codices as historical sources. Other articles in this recently published volume have not been cited in the Handbook. ROBERTSON, WILLIAM

1777 The history of America. 2 vols.

London.

First edition. General and unimportant comments on Mexican manuscript paintings and reference to Codex Vienna, with lithograph of one of its pages ( 2 : 286-90, 480-83, pl. facing p. 4 8 2 ) . Some later editions are based on this edition and not on the revised edition of 1778 ( q . v . ) .

1778 The history of America. London. 2 vols.

2d ed.

Revised edition of Robertson, 1777. Added material in this edition is a description of Codex Borbonicus when it was still in the Escorial, communicated to the author by Waddilove ( 2 : 4 7 7 - 7 8 ) . References cited in first edition are in 2: 286-90, 474-77, pl. facing p. 482, of this edition. ROBREDO, ANTIGUA LIBRERÍA

1942

Catálogo de libros de ocasión, no. 5. Mexico, Antigua Librería Robredo de José Porrúa e Hijos. 73

pp. Detailed description ( p p . 2 4 - 3 1 , no. 3224) of a manuscript of Motolinía's Historia de los indios de la Nueva España, now (1969) in a private collection in Mexico. ROCAMORA, JOSÉ MARÍA

1882 Catálogo abreviado de los manuscritos de la Biblioteca del Excmo. Señor Duque de Osuna e Infantado hecho por el conservador de ella. Madrid, Imprenta de Fortanet. 138 pp. Códice Osuna ( p . 44, no. 176), catalog entry. RODRÍGUEZ, A N T O N I O

1957

Un códice mexicano en Praga. Revista Impacto, pp. 26-29 (June 19). Mexico.

Not examined. Concerns the Codex of Liberec, a falsification.

1969 A history of Mexican mural painting ["Translation from Spanish 688

Translated from the German edition of 1967. Reproduces (pl. 45) in color a section of the Techialoyan-style frescoes of the Cathedral of Cuerna-

vaca. RODRÍGUEZ MARÍN, FRANCISCO, ed.

1916-25 Guía histórico-descriptiva de los archivos, bibliotecas y museos arqueológicos de España. Madrid. Tip. de Archivos. 2 vols. 827,148 pp., illus. Catalog entry for the Pintura de los Tributos de Coyoacan ( 1 : 2 6 5 ) . Accession dates for Codices Troano and Cortesiano (the parts of Codex Madrid) by the Museo Arqueológico Nacional ( 2 : 200). RÖCK, FRITZ

1935 Ein altmexikanisches Bilderbuch. Frohes Schaffen, 12: 193-204. Vienna and Leipzig. Not examined: cited for Codex Vienna.

1936 Chiffrierkunst und Astronomie in der grossen Wiener Bilderhandschrift aus Mexiko. Sitzungsberichte der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, Jahrgang 193536, pp. 8-10 (in Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, vol. 66). Vienna. Not examined: cited for Codex Vienna.

1937 Getarnte Himmelskunde in altmexikanischen Bilderhandschriften. Forschungen und Fortschritte, 13 (30): 356-57. Berlin. Not examined: cited for Codex Vienna.

1941 Zwei Darstellungen des Monats und des Jahresbaumes in der grossen mexikanischen Wiener Handschrift, dem Codex Kreichgauer. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 51: 42950, pl. 23. Vienna. Not examined: cited for Codex Vienna.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES ROJAS GONZÁLEZ, FRANCISCO

1940

Los Tarascos en la época precolonial. In Lucio Mendieta y Núñez, ed., Los Tarascos, monografía histórica, etnográfica y económica (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales), pp. 3-52. Mexico, Imprenta Universitaria.

Poor color reproduction of a copy of Lienzo de Jucutacato, with brief discussion of its bibliography and variant interpretations (pl. facing p . 16, p p . 17-19). ROMERO, JOSÉ GUADALUPE, AND J. N. DE PEREDA

1860

Biografía del Exmo. Sr. D. José Ma. Justo G. de la Cortina, Conde de la Cortina. Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, ep. 1, 8: 249-66. Mexico.

Includes brief description ( p . 262) of an illustrated manuscript of Pedro Ponce's Breve relación de los dioses y ritos de la gentilidad.

ROSA, M. G. ( GONZALEZ?) DE LA

1907

Codex Popoloca. Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, n.s., 4: 282-83. Paris.

Announces the Códice Sierra.

Ν.

León

(1906a)

edition

of

ROSA Y SALDÍVAR, VICENTE DE LA

1946

Un inventario de los documentos de la colección Boturini. Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 5 ( 3 ) : 257-301. Mexico.

Publication of the 1791 inventory of the Boturini collection based on a manuscript in the British Museum. See Rosa y Saldívar, 1947, for another edition.

1947 Juicio que sobre los papeles escritos en ydioma mexicano que se hallan en el museo del caballero Boturini. . . . Documentos inéditos para la historia de España, 5: 93-143. Madrid. Publication of the 1791 inventory of the Boturini collection based on the copy in vol. 1 of the CMNE in RAH.

R O M E R O DE TERREROS, M A N U E L

1942

Un catecismo testeriano. Divulgación Histórica, 4: 61-62, 1 pl. Mexico.

ROSADO ESCALANTE, JOSÉ Ε., AND FAVILA ΟΝΊΊVEROS,

1938

Description of a Testerian manuscript in the author's collection, with reduction of two of its pages (census, 8 3 4 ) . Reprinted in N. León, 1968, pp. 47-51. ROQUET, SALVADOR

1938

El convento de Actopam, hoy Museo Colonial. Reseña históricodescriptiva con diez fotograbados y un códice. Mexico, Tip. "E1 Faro." 13 pp., illus. Text in English and Spanish.

Folding reproduction of Mapa de Actopan y sus alrededores (following p . 13), not mentioned in text. ROSA, AUGUSTINO DE LA

1887

Dissertatio histórico-theológica de apparitione Β. Μ. V. de Guada­ lupe. Guadalajara. 300 pp.

Cited for publication of two passages from Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 1, 1519-1739.

eds.

Relación de las cosas de Yucatan sacada de lo que escribió el Padre Fray Diego de Landa. . . . Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Ε. G. Triay e Hijos. xxi + 297 pp.

Sixth edition of Landa's Relación. Includes ( p p . ix-xxi) a ''Nota sobre la vida y la obra de Fray Diego de Landa" by Alfredo Barrera Vásquez. Appendix contains 10 relaciones geográficas of 157981 from Yucatan. ROSADO OJEDA, VLADIMIRO

1945

Estudio del Códice Mixteco PostCortesiano num. 36. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1: 147-55, 1 pl. Mexico.

Photoreproduction and commentary, Códice Mixteco Post-Cortesiano No. 36. ROSAS HERRERA,

1946 Verba

GREGORIO

sociorum

domini

Petri 689

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Tlacauepantzi. Tlalocan, 2 ( 2 ) : 150-62, table. Azcapotzalco. Publication of the Latin text of the Verba sociorum by Pedro Tlacauepantzi, with Spanish translation. ROSNY, LEON DE

1856

Collection d'anciennes peintures mexicaines. Paris, Maisonneuve et Cie.

Not examined. Cited by Rosny (1860, p . 19, note 4) as containing a (partial?) publication of Codex Paris. See Rosny, 1864, for possible second edition or another installment.

1860

Les écritures figuratives et hiéroglyphiques des differents peuples anciens et modernes. Paris, Maisonneuve. viii + 75 pp., 10 pls.

Includes a very general discussion of Mexican and Mayan picture writing; Codices Mendoza and Dresden are illustrated ( p p . 14-21, pls. 4 - 5 ) . Revised edition, Rosny, 1870.

1863 Note sur une peinture hiéroglyphique américaine relative aux Chichimèques et à la cour de Tezcuco. Annuaire du Comité d'archéologie américaine, 1: 115-21,1 pl., 5 illus. París. Not examined. Cited for Mapa Quinatzin, leaves 1 and 2. Possible reprint in Rosny, 1904, p p . 1 9 3 202, contains only very general remarks on the content and interpretation of the manuscript.

1864

Collection d'anciennes peintures mexicaines (hiéroglyphes mexicains), publié avec des notices descriptives. Paris.

Not examined. Possibly a second edition of Rosny, 1856.

1865 Découverte. . . . 1865.

See Anonymous,

1869 Archives paléographiques de l'Orient et de l'Amérique publiées avec des notices historiques et philologiques, tome premier. Paris. Maisonneuve et Cie. 240 pp., illus. Copies vary in bibliographical detail and completeness; plates are irregularly numbered, with unnumbered plates and missing numbers. Also cited as 1870-73, probably after dates on covers of installments. Includes: "Explicación del Codex Telleriano-Remensis" ( p p . 190-232, pls. 24r-97), an

690

edition of that manuscript with drawings of its illustrated pages believed to be based on the edition by Kingsborough ( 1 8 3 1 - 4 8 ) , with transcript of its text; and "Manuscrit Yucatèque no. 2 de la Bibliothèque Nationale" (pls. 1 1 7 - 3 2 ) , an incomplete reproduction of Codex Paris.

1870

Les écritures figuratives et hiéroglyphiques des differents peuples anciens et modernes. Seconde edition augmentée de planches nouvelles Paris, Maisonneuve. viii + 76 pp., 12 pls.

Section devoted to Mexican and Mayan picture writing substantially the same as first edition (Rosny, 1860).

1875 Déchiffrements mayas. 1st International Congress of Americanists, 2: 80-85. Nancy and Paris. Includes ( p . 82) an account of his discovery of Codex Paris.

1876a Essai sur le déchiffrement de l'écriture hiératique de l'Amérique Centrale. (Publié par la Société Américaine de France). Paris, Maisonneuve et Cie. vi + 60 pp., 19 pls. General work on Maya hieroglyphic writing and manuscripts. Cited in pictorials census for account of "discovery" of Codex Paris; plates include reproductions of single pages of Codex Paris, Codex Cortesianus (from the Palacios photographs), Codex Rorbonicus, Codex Troano, and Tonalamad Aubin. The printing of this edition was probably not completed until about 1882. See Rosny, 1876b and 1881b, for other editions.

1876b Essai sur le déchiffrement de l'écriture hiératique Maya. Archives de la Société Américaine de France, 2d ser., 2: 5-108, 129-208, 225-79, 10 pls., figs. París. Incomplete edition of Rosny, 1876a, with variations in text and with fewer plates. The printing of this volume was probably not completed before late 1882.

1881a Les documents écrits de l'antiquité américaine. Compte-rendu d'une mission scientifique en Espagne et en Portugal (1880). Mémoires de la Société d'Ethnographie, n.s., 1 ( 3 ) : 57-100,12 pls. Paris.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Brief mention, with color lithograph, of a copy, then in the Museo de Artillería, of one of the maps from Codex Kingsborough. Tells of seeing Codex Cortesianus in Madrid and gives photographs of three of its pages and one of Codex Troano; observes that they are part of the same manuscript (Codex Madrid). Separate has 1882 title page. Reprinted, without the lithograph of the Codex Kingsborough map, in Rosny, 1904, pp. 15-74.

1881b Ensayo sobre la interpretación de la escritura hierática de la América Central. . . traducción anotada y precedida de un prólogo por D. Juan de Dios de la Rada y Delgado. Madrid, Imprenta y Fundición de Manuel Tello. xxi + 118 pp., 20 pls. Editor's foreword dated 1884. Spanish translation of Rosny, 1876a, with revisions by the author and additions by the editor. The latter adds important data on the history of Codex Madrid. Plates include reproduction of two pages (in color) of Codex Paris, two of Codex Cortesianus (in color), two of Codex Troano, one from Codex Borbonicus, and one from Tonalamatl Aubin (in color). Added to this edition by the editor (pp. 69-114, pl. 19) is the first complete Spanish edition of Landa's Relación de las cosas de Yucatan (with all of the drawings except the two maps) and a photoreproduction of Códice de Santa Cruz Tlamapa no. 1, with description and translation of its Nahuatl text (pp. 115-16, pl. 20).

1883

Codex Cortesianus. Manuscrit hiératique des anciens Indiens de l'Amérique Centrale conservé au Musée Archéologique de Madrid photographié et publié pour la première foiS avec une introduction et un vocabulaire de l'écriture hiératique Yucatèque. . . . Paris. Maisonneuve et Cie. 49 pp., 42 pls., xxxi pp.

24 pls., pp. 53-94, 4 pls. [colophon dated 1888]. Codex Paris: edition in color. Color plates reprinted in Anders, 1968.

1888

Same as Rosny, 1887, except that the 24 pls. containing the reproduction of Codex Paris are in b/w rather than in color.

1904

Codex Peresianus. Manuscrit hiératique des anciens Indiens de l'Amérique Centrale conservé à la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris. Publié en couleurs avec une introduction. . . . Paris, au Bureau de la Société Américaine.... 49 pp.,

L'Amérique Pre-Colombienne. Études d'histoire de linguistique & de paléographie sur les anciens temps du Nouveau Monde. Paris, Leroux and Champion. xiv + 376 pp., 12 pls.

Selected collection of author's writings; some are abridged or otherwise altered. Includes republication, with variations of Rosny, 1863 and 1881a. ROSNY, LUCIEN DE

1875

Le cabinet d'un antiquaire américaniste. Archives de la Société Américaine de France, n.s., 1: 21525. Paris.

Description of archaeological collection of Edouard Pingret, including two Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts. The first, (pp. 223-24) is the second fragment of the Techialoyan Codex of Tepotzotlan (no. 714); the second (pp. 224-25) is a falsification (no. 934). See Antiquités Aztèques (1909) for sale catalog listing of these same manuscripts.

1877

First edition, in b/w, of Codex Cortesianus, a part of Codex Madrid.

1887

Codex Peresianus. Manuscrit hiératique des anciens Indiens de l'Amérique Centrale conservé à la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris avec une introduction . . . seconde édition imprimée en noir. Paris, au Bureau de la Société Américaine. . . . 49 pp., 24 pls., pp. 5 3 94, 4 pls.

Notes sur l'iconographie de Tancien Mexique. Revue Orientale et Américaine, n.s., vol. 1 (vol. 15 of the complete series; also issued as Mémoires de la Société d'Ethnographie, n.s., vol. 1), pp. 343-65, pls. 11-12. Paris.

Includes, on pl. 12, line drawing of a god from p. 30 of Codex Borbonicus. ROYS, RALPH L.

1931

The ethno-botany of the Maya. 691

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

(Tulane University, Middle American Research Series, Pub. 2). New Orleans. xxiv + 359 pp.

ogy and History, 10 (49): 87-106. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Maya texts and English translations of medicinal plant remedies from the Books of Chilam Balam of Kaua and Nah and other Yucatecan manuscripts.

Detailed description and outline of the contents of the volume of copies of Chilam Balam texts known as Codex Pérez. For Spanish translation see Roys, 1950.

1933 The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 438). Washington. 229 pp., illus. Maya text, English translation, and commentary, The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, with reproduction of its drawings. Appendix D ( p p . 1 8 2 87) discusses prophecies in various Books of Chilam Balam. See Barrera Vásquez, 1934, for critical review.

1939 The Titles of Ebtun. (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 505). Washington. xvii + 472 pp., illus. Maya and Spanish text of the Titles of Ebtun, with English translation, commentary, and notes. Includes reproduction of a copy of the Map of the Province of Sotuta and publication of the Maya text, with English translation, of the related "Documentos de tierras de Sotuta," from Codex Pérez.

1941 See Morley and Roys, 1941. 1943 The Indian background of colonial Yucatan. (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 548). Washington. vii + 244 pp., illus. The standard account of Yucatecan Maya culture at the time of the Conquest, based on nearly all available primary documentary sources. Part 2, the Cacique system in Yucatan, is based in part on the probanzas in the Xiu Chronicles. Appendix contains study of the Mani Land Treaty of 1557 with photoreproductions and outline drawings of the Map of the Province of Mani from the Crónica de Mani and the Xiu Chronicles.

1946 The Book of Chilam Balam of Ixil. Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, 3 (75): 90103. Cambridge, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Detailed description and outline of the contents of the Book of Chilam Balam of Ixil.

1948

See Scholes and Roys, 1948.

1949a Guide to the Codex Pérez. Contributions to American Anthropol692

1949b The prophecies for the Maya tuns or years in the Books of Chilam Balam of Tizimin and Mani. Contributions to American Anthropology and History, 10 (51): 153-86. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Maya text and English translation of a text occurring in parallel versions in the Books of Chilam Balam of Mani (in the Codex Pérez) and Tizimin. With commentary and reproduction of the corresponding drawings in Codex Pérez.

1950

Guía para el Códice Pérez: traducción de Gustavo Vega Ibarra. Merida, Liga de Acción Social. 14

pp. Not examined. Spanish translation of Roys, 1949a, with additional notes by Ermilio Solís Alcalá.

1954 The Maya katun prophecies of the Books of Chilam, Series I. Contributions to American Anthropology and History, 12 (57): 1-60. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington. English translation, with commentary, of a reconstructed text occurring in parallel versions in the Books of Chilam Balam of Tizimin, Chumayel, and Kaua, and in Codex Pérez.

1957 The political geography of the Yucatan Maya. (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 613). Washington. iv + 187 pp., maps. Utilizes the Map of the Province of Mani and the Map of the Province of Sotuta for the preparation of modern maps of these ancient Maya provinces; brief treatment of the Genealogical Tree of the Xiu Family with table of persons thereon.

1962

Literary sources for the history of Mayapan. In Mayapan, Yucatan, Mexico (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 619), pp. 25-86. Washington.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES Survey and interpretation of European and native sources for the native history of Yucatan. Presents revised correlation of dates in the Maya Chronicles contained in the Books of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, Mani, and Tizimin. Issued in mimeograph form in 1949.

1965 Ritual of the Bacabs. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. xxix + 1 9 3 pp. Annotated partial translation and transcript of the Maya text of the Ritual of the Bacabs, with appendices and reproduction of two pages. Includes interpretation ( p . xi) and reproduction of a drawing (facing p. 66) from the Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua. RUBIN DE LA BORBOLLA, DANIEL F.

1942

Spoils of precolumbian conquest. The Masterkey, 16 ( 6 ) : 215-17.

Notice of return of the Poinsett fragments of the Matrícula de Tributos to Mexico and brief description of Codex Mendoza.

1953 Mexico: monumentos históricos y arqueológicos. Libro primero. (Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, Comisión de Historia, Pub. 43). Mexico. xi + 106 pp., 232 pls. Cited for photograph (pl. 223) of one page of Codex Colombino. AND WILLIAM SPRATLING

1964

Escultura precolombina de Guerrero. (Museo de Ciencias y Arte, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. Dirección General de Difusión Cultural). Mexico. 139

pp. Statement (p. 35) that Lienzo de Noxtepec was discovered by Spratling and copied by him and Miguel Covarrubias in 1927. RUBIO MANÉ, JORGE IGNACIO

1955 Introducción al estudio de los virreyes de Nueva España 1535-1746. [Vol. 1 of 4.] (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Historia, 32). Mexico, Ediciones Selectas. Convenient historical compendium for reigns of the viceroys Mendoza and Velasco (cited in survey of Techialoyan manuscripts).

1956

El cronista Maya Gaspar Antonio Chi, 1531-1610. Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 15 ( 1 ) : 102-08. Mexico.

Biobibliographical account, with equal emphasis on the history of the Otzmal massacre of 1536.

RUIZ DE ALARCÓN, HERNANDO 1892 Tratado de las supersticiones y costumbres gentílicas que hoy viven entre los indios naturales de esta Nueva España. . . . Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 6 [1900]: 123-223. Mexico. Important treatise, written in 1629, describing the survival into the early 17thC of various religiousritual-magical beliefs and practices, principally in the region of Morelos and northeastern Guerrero. Particularly important for its inclusion of a number of Nahuatl magical conjurations. Reprinted in Tratado de las Idolatrías . . . , Ediciones Fuente Cultural, "vol. XX," Mexico, 1953, pp. 17-180. [Art. 30.] Ruz LHUILLIER, ALBERTO

1944

La escritura indígena: Códice Baranda. El Reproductor Campechano, 1 ( 1 ) : 114-28.

Not examined. Cited for Códice Baranda.

1958-59 Comentarios sobre un falso códice maya. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Anthropológicos, 15: 71-88, 10 figs. Mexico. Demonstrates falsity of the "Manuscrito pictórico . . ." published by Porrúa ("Códice Porrúa"). SAN ANTONIO, FRAY JUAN DE

1732-33 Bibliotheca universa cana. Madrid. 2 vols.

francis-

Not examined. Said to report ( 1 : 214) existence of the Sahagún Manuscrito de Tolosa in Tolosa. SÁNCHEZ COLÍN, SALVADOR

1951 El Estado de Mexico, su historia, su ambiente, sus recursos. Tomo 1, primera edición. Mexico. Most useful compendium of knowledge on the area of many "Techialoyan Pueblos." Maps of great value. SÁNCHEZ DE AGUILAR, PEDRO

1639

Informe contra idolorum cultores 693

E T H N O H I S T O R I C A L SOURCES

del obispado de Yucatan. Madrid, Viuda de Juan Gonçález. Essay on surviving indigenous religious-ritual-magical concepts and practices in 17thC Yucatan. Title taken from reprint edition (with added Spanish translations of Latin texts not translated in the original edition) in Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 6 [1900]: 13-122, Mexico, 1892. Reprinted in Tratado de las Idolatrías . . . , Ediciones Fuente Cultural, "vol. XX," Mexico, 1953, pp. 181-336. [Art. 30.] SANDOVAL, F E R N A N D O B.

1945 La relación de la conquista de Mexico en la Historia de Fray Diego Durán. In Ramón Iglesia, ed., Estudios de Historiografía de la Nueva España, pp. 49-90. Mexico, El Colegio de Mexico. Examines sources and relationships of Durán's Historia; reprints the Tovar-Acosta correspondence (from García Icazbalceta, 1881), bearing on the Tovar, Relación del Origen. SANTA C R U Z , ALONSO DE

1918 Islario general de todas las islas del mundo . . . con un prólogo de D. Antonio Blazquez [y Delgado Aguilera]. (Publicaciones de la Real Sociedad Geográfica). Madrid, Imp. del Patronato de Huerfanos. 559 pp. + index, and atlas with 120 pls. [1920?].

Early 18thC historical treatise based on Torquemada, Vetancurt, and other published sources; part of the text shows some resemblance to the Anónimo mexicano. SAPPER, KARL

1897

Description and reproduction of the map from a Kekchi suit of 1611 and German translation of the text of the Libro antiguo de Carcha. English translation, MS, in PML.

1901 Ein Bildkatechismus der Mazahua in Mexiko. Globus, 80: 125-26, 1 fig. Brunswick. General comment on Testerian manuscripts with special reference to N. León, 1900.

1903 Mittelamerikanische Waffen in modernen Gebrauche. Globus, 83 ( 4 ) : 53-63. Brunswick. Reproduces detail (pl. II, fig. 1) from the Techialoyan Codex of San Martin Ocoyacac (no. 7 3 3 ) .

1906 Título del barrio de Santa Ana, agosto 14 de 1565. 14th International Congress of Americanists, 2: 373-81. Stuttgart. Pokonchi text with Spanish translation by V. A. Narciso. SATTERTHWAITE, LINTON

1965

Another edition or reprint of Santa Cruz, 1918-19 (q.v.). References are pl. 116 and pp. 523-538.

1918-19 Islario general de todas las islas del m u n d o . . . . Boletín de la Real Sociedad Geográfica, vols. 60-61, irregular pagination, 120 pls. Madrid. Edition of the BNMA manuscript of the Islario. Contains reproduction (pl. 116) of a partial copy of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico (corresponding text in 6 1 : 6 9 5 - 7 1 0 ) . See Santa Cruz, 1918, for another edition or reprint. SANTOS Y SALAZAR, MANUEL DE LOS

1856

694

Cómputo cronológico de los indios mexicanos. Documentos para la historia de Mexico, 3d ser., vol. 1, part 3, pp. 227-43. Mexico.

Ein altindianischer Landstreit in Guatemala. Globus, 72: 94-97, 1 pl. Brunswick.

Calendrics of the Maya lowlands. Handbook of Middle American Indians, 3: 603-31. Austin.

Review of the Maya calendar, astronomy, and correlation problem with some treatment of texts in the Maya screenfolds. SAUER, CARL O.

1948

Colima of New Spain in the sixteenth century. (Ibero-Americana, 29). Berkeley, University of California Press. vii + 104 pp.

Useful summary of Conquest period and early colonial native culture and ethnogeography of the "Greater Colima" region of West Mexico based on relevant primary documentary sources. [Art. 30.] SAUSSURE, H E N R I DE

1891 Antiquités mexicaines. 8 pp., 16 pls.

Geneva.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Ximénez.... Vienna. xvi + 215 pp.

Description, history, and color lithographs of a copy of Codex Becker no. 1 under the name of Le Manuscrit du Cacique. Cover title dated 1892. SAVILLE, Μ. Η.

1901 Mexican codices: A list of recent reproductions. American Anthro­ pologist, n.s., 3 ( 3 ) : 532-41. Editions of Middle American pictorial manuscripts appearing between 1885 and 1901, listed with brief introductory comment.

First edition of the Popol Vuh. Spanish translation by Ximénez (pp. 4-137) with his "Escolios a las historias . . ." (pp. 139-215). The latter includes bk. 1, chaps. 27-36, of Ximénez' Historia. Complete reprint, with same tide, San Salvador, 1926 (Ediciones de la Biblioteca Nacional, xvi + 135 pp.). SCHMIDT, W.

1906

SCHELLHAS, P A U L

1892 Die Gõttergestalten der MayaHandschriften. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 24: 101-21. Berlin. Important pioneer study of the deity representations in the three surviving Lowland Maya screenfolds (Dresden, Paris, Madrid). [Art. 30.]

1897 Die Gõttergestalten der Mayahandschriften: ein mythologisches Kulturbild aus dem alten Amerika. Dresden, Richard Bertling. 34 pp., illus. Expanded version of Schellhas, 1892, introducing an influential alphabetical classification system for the deity representations in the three surviving Lowland Maya screenfolds. [Art. 30.]

1904a Die Göttergestalten der Mayahandschriften. (Zweite, umgearbeitete Auflage). Berlin, A. Asher. 42 pp., illus. Revised, expanded version of Schellhas, 1897. [Art. 30.]

1904b Representation of deities of the Maya manuscripts. (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 4 ( 1 ) : 1-47). Cambridge. English translation of Schellhas, 1940a. [Art. 30.] SCHERZER, C A R L

1857 Las historias del origen de los indios de esta provincia de Guatemala traducidas en la lengua Quiche al Castellano para más comodidad de los ministros del S. Evangelio por el R. P. F. Francisco

Fray Bernardino de Sahagún O. Fr. M. "Un breve conpendio de los ritos ydolátricos que los yndios desta nueva España usaran en el tiempo de su infidelidad." Anthropos, 1: 302-17. Salzburg.

Partial publication of the indicated work by Sahagún. SCHMIEDER, OSCAR

1930 The settlements of the Tzapotec and Mije Indians. (University of California Publications in Geography, vol. 4). Berkeley. 184 pp., illus. Cited for: reproduction of a detail from Lienzo de San Juan Chicomesuchil, a reference to Mapa de San Juan Chicomesuchil, translation of the text and reproduction of a tracing of Códice de Tecomaxtlahuaca, a sketch of Humboldt Fragment 2, and commentary and partial reproduction of the Techialoyan Codex of San Pedro Cuajimalpa (no. 703). SCHOLES, FRANCE V., AND ELEANOR B. ADAMS

1957

Información sobre los tributos que los indios pagaban a Moctezuma, año de 1554. (Documentos para la historia del Mexico colonial, 4 ) . Mexico, José Porrúa e Hijos. 237

pp. Publication of a text in the AGI based on a lost manuscript closely related to the Matrícula de Tributos and Codex Mendoza, part 2. AND RALPH L. ROYS

1948 The Maya Chontal Indians of Acalan-Tixchel: A contribution to the history and ethnography of the Yucatan peninsula. (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 560). Washington. x + 560 pp. 695

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES Thorough, well-documented study of the late preHispanic and early colonial ethnohistory of the Chontal or Putun-speaking area of Tabasco and southern Campeche. Includes publication of the Chontal text from the Paxbolon-Maldonado Papers; discussion and reproduction of a copy of the relación geográfica Map of the Province of Tabasco ( p . 16 and facing plate) with a comment on circular Maya maps. SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY R.

1851-57 Historical and statistical information respecting the history, condition and prospects of the Indian tribes of the United States: collected and prepared under the direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.... Philadelphia. 6 vols. Pls. 1 and 2 of vol. 1 reproduce Códice Boturini; of interest only for the history of editions of the manuscript. Another edition, 1860.

1957 Alt-Aztekische Gesänge nach einer in der Biblioteca Nacional von Mexiko aufbewahrten Handschrift. (Ibero-Amerikanische Bibliothek, Quellenwerke zur alten Geschichte Amerikas . . . , vol. 6). Stuttgart.

xiv + 428 pp.

Incomplete publication of Cantares mexicanos (Nahuatl text and German translation). See Garibay, 1958a, for review. SCHULZ, R. P. C.

1944 Los sistemas cronológicos de los libros del Chilam Balam. El Mexico Antiguo, 6 ( 7 - 8 ) : 239-60. Mexico. Calendars and chronological tables in the Books of Chilam Balam, especially Codex Pérez. SCHWEDE, RUDOLF

1912 SCHULLER, RUDOLF

1913 Acerca del "Yslario General" de Alonso de Santa Cruz. 18th International Congress of Americanists, 2: 415-32. London. Identifies the author of the BNMA Islario (which contains a copy of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico) as Santa Cruz and not García Céspedes; establishes date of the Islario manuscript.

1919-20 Der Verfasser des Codex Magliabecchi. Anthropos, 14-15: 1137-38. Vienna. Discussion and rejection of Cervantes de Salazar as author of the text in Codex Magliabecchiano. Arguments depend on his belief that the codex was prepared before 1547. SCHULTZE JENA, LEONHARD

1944 Popol Vuh. Das heilige Buch der Quiché-Indianer von Guatemala nach einer wiedergefundenen alten Handschrift neu übersetzt und erläutert. (Ibero-Amerikanische Institut, Quellenwerke zur alten Geschichte Amerikas . . . , vol. 2 ) . Stuttgart and Berlin. xx + 314 pp. Quiche text of the Popol Vuh after the NLA manuscript, with German translation.

696

Uber das Papier der Maya-Codices u. einiger altmexikanischer Bilderhandschriften. Dresden. 50 pp., 10 figs.

Detailed report on chemical and physical examination of the paper and sizing of the three Maya screenfolds (Codices Dresden, Madrid, and Paris) and of the Humboldt Fragments 2, 7, and 10.

1916

Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Geschichte des altmexikanischen Papiers. Jahresbericht der Vereinigung fiir angewandte Botanik, 13: 35-55. Berlin.

Botanical identification of the paper fiber of four Techialoyan manuscripts, the 16 Humboldt Fragments, and of certain other manuscripts in the BNP and NLA. SELER, EDUARD

1890

Das Tonalamatl der Aubin'schen Sammlung und die verwandten Kalenderbucher. 7th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 521-735. Berlin.

General study of the Central Mexican 260-day calendrical manuscripts, with special reference to Tonalamatl Aubin; largely superseded by Seler, 1900-01. Unpublished English translation in Peabody Museum Library, Cambridge.

1893 Die mexikanischen Bilderhandschriften Alexander von Hum-

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

boldt's in der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin. Berlin. 136 pp., figs. Commentaries on Humboldt Fragments 1-16, reproduced in a separate atlas (Historische Hieroglyphen . . . , 1892). See Seler, 1904f, for English translation and Seler, 1902e, for revised edition.

1895 Wandmalereien von Mitla: eine mexikanische Bilderschrift in Fresko. Berlin, A. Asher. 58 pp., 13 pls., 55 figs. Publication of the archaeological murals at Mitla, Oaxaca, with commentary and comparison with Codex Borgia. For English translation see Seler, 1904g.

1899a Die bildlichen Darstellungen des mexikanischen Jahresfeste. Veröffentlichungen aus dem Museum für Völkerkunde, 6 ( 2 - 4 ) : 58-66, 21 figs. Berlin. Comparative study of pictorial representations of the 18 monthly ceremonies, with emphasis on Codices Magliabecchiano, Ríos, Telleriano-Remensis, and Ixtlilxochitl, part 1. The relevant drawings from the last are reproduced, as are the month glyphs from Codex Ríos.

1899b Die achtzehn Jahresfeste der Mexikaner. Veröffentlichungen aus dem Museum für Völkerkunde, 6 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67-209, illus. Berlin. Gives Nahuatl text and German translation of the first five of the 18 monthly ceremonies from the Primeros memoriales (cap. 1, par. 2a) and from the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco. Comparative observations on other manuscripts having similar content. The full 18 texts of the Primeros memoriales are given and translated in Seler, 1927, pp. 54-248.

1900 Das Tonalamatl der Aubin'schen Sammlung. Eine altmexikanische Bilderhandschrift der Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris (Manuscrits mexicains Nr. 18-19) Auf kosten seiner excellenz des Herzogs von Loubat herausgegeben. Berlin. 145 pp., with screenfold facsimile of 19 leaves. Facsimile edition in color of Tonalamatl Aubin with commentary. Includes comparative observations on 260-day calendrical manuscripts in the Borgia Group and from Central Mexico. For English edition see Seler, 1900-01.

1900-01 The Tonalamatl of the Aubin collection. An old Mexican picture manuscript in the Paris National Library (Manuscrits mexicains no, 18-19). Published at the expense of his excellency the Duke of Loubat. Berlin and London. 146 pp., with screenfold facsimile of 19 leaves. English translation of Seler, 1900, with the same facsimile.

1901a Codex Féjérváry-Mayer. Eine altmexikanische Bilderhandschrift der Free Public Museums in Liverpool (12014/M) auf kosten seiner excellenz des Herzogs von Loubat herausgegeben. Berlin. vi + 230 pp., 219 figs., 20 pls. Major commentary on Codex Féjérváry-Mayer, with reproduction of annotated line drawings of each page of the manuscript. See Seler, 1901-02, for English edition.

1901b Pinturas jeroglíficas. Colección Chavero. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie . . . , Jahrgang 1901, p. 266. In Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vol. 33. Berlin. Identifies the two manuscripts published as Colección Chavero no. 1 and no. 2 by Chavero (1901a) as falsifications.

1901-02 Codex Féjérváry-Mayer. An old Mexican picture manuscript in the Liverpool Free Public Museums (12014/M). Published at the expense of his excellency the Duke of Loubat. Berlin and London. vi + 228 pp., 219 figs., 20 pls. English translation of Seler, 1901a, with same figures and plates.

1902a Codex Vaticanus Nr. 3773 (Codex Vaticanus B). Eine altmexikanische Bilderschrift der Vatikanischen Bibliothek . . . auf kosten seiner excellenz des herzogs von Loubat. . . . Berlin. 2 vols., con697

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

tinuously paginated: vi + 356 pp., 48 pls., 585 figs. Major commentary on Codex Vaticanus Β with com­ parative discussions of other pictorial manuscripts from Central Mexico and of the Borgia Group. Annotated line drawings reproduce all pages of the manuscript. For edition in English see Seler, 190203. 1902b Der Codex Borgia und die verwandten aztekischen Bilderschriften. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 1: 133-44. Berlin. Definition of the Borgia Group of manuscripts with tabulation of their parallel sections. Reprinted from Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologic, Jahrgang 1887, pp. 105-14, in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vol. 19,1887. 1902c Eine Liste der mexikanischen Monatsfeste. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 1: 145-51. Berlin. Identification of gods depicted with 18-month calendars in Codices Ixtlilxochitl, part 1, Ríos, and Telleriano-Remensis. Reprinted from Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie . . . , 1887, pp. 172-76, in Zeitschrift für Ethnologic, vol. 19,1887. 1902d Die Columbus-Festschriften der Königl. Bibliothek in Berlin und der mexikanischen Regierung. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 1: 152-61. Berlin. Brief comment on the 1892 publication of Humboldt Fragments 1-16 and of his commentary thereon; comment on the pictorial manuscripts published in Chavero, 1892. Reprinted from Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, 1893. 1902e Die mexikanischen Bilderhand schriften Alexander von Humboldt's in der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 1: 162300, 303 figs. Berlin. Description and commentary, Humboldt Fragments 1-16. Revised edition of Seler, 1893. See Seler, 1904f, for English translation of the earlier edition. The revised edition does not contain reproductions of all of the fragments. 1902f Der Codex Borgia. 698

In his Ge-

sammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 1: 301-40, 47 figs. Berlin. Summary description and interpretation of Codex Borgia, superseded by Seler, 1904-09. Reprinted with revisions and additions from Globus, vol. 74, 1898. 1902g Codex Cospi, die mexikanische Bilderhandschrift von Bologna. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . . , 1 : 3 4 1 - 5 1 , 17 figs. Berlin. Brief commentary on Codex Cospi. Reprinted from Globus, vol. 77,1900. 1902h Die mexikanischen Gemälde von Cuauhtlantzinco. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 1: 35254. Berlin. Review of Starr, 1898, with some interpretive remarks on Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco. Reprinted from Globus, vol. 75,1899. 1902i Der Charakter der aztekischen und der Maya Handschriften. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 1: 407-16, figs. 1-79. Berlin. Discusses rebus character of Central Mexican picture writing and nature of Maya hieroglyphic writing. Reprinted from Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vol. 20, 1888. French translation in Revue d'Ethnologie, vol. 8, 1889. 1902j Die Tageszeichen der aztekischen und der Mayahandschriften und ihre Gottheiten. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen. . ., 1: 417503, figs. 80-876. Berlin. Detailed study of day signs in Central Mexican, Borgia Group, and Maya pictorial manuscripts. Reprinted, with revisions, from Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie . . . in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vol. 20, 1888, French translation in Revue d'Ethnologie, vol. 8, 1889. 1902k Das Tonalamatl der alten Mexikaner. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 1: 600-17,10 figs. Berlin. Study of the structure of the 260-day divinatory cycle as presented in Borgia Group and major Central Mexican pictorial manuscripts. Reprinted from Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie . . . in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vol. 30,1898.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

19021 Die Venusperiode in den Bilderschriften der Codex Borgia-Gruppe. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 1: 618-67, 77 figs. Berlin. Interpretation of particular passages of Codices Borgia, Cospi, Féjérváry-Mayer, and Vaticanus Β as representing a Venus cycle. Reprinted from Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie . . . in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vol. 30, 1898. For English translation see Seler, 1904h.

1902-03 Codex Vaticanus No. 3773 (Codex Vaticanus Β). An old Mexi­ can pictorial manuscript in the Vatican Library, published at the expense of his excellency the Duke of Loubat. Berlin and London. 2 vols., consecutively paginated: 352 pp., 585 figs., 48 pls. English edition of Seler, 1902a, with same plates and figures.

1902-23 Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur amerikanischen Sprach-und Alterthumskunde. Berlin. 5 vols. Incomplete collection of the author's works. Most are reprints, with some revisions, of articles and short monographs that originally appeared in Ger­ man journals. Titles cited are listed separately in present bibliography. Reprinted, without change, in Seler, 1960-61. For partial English translation see Seler, 1939. Unpublished Spanish translation in Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico. See Anders, 1967c for index volume.

1903 Las excavaciones en el sitio del Templo Mayor de Mexico. Anal· es del Museo Nacional, ep. 1, 7: 235-60. Mexico. Partial Spanish translation of Seler, 1904d; reference to Primeros memoriales on pp. 237-38, pl. 1.

1904a Der altmexikanische Federschmuck des Wiener Hofmuseums. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 2: 397-419, 20 figs. Berlin. Includes reproduction and interpretation of the Portrait of Axayacatl. Revised reprint from Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie . . . in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vols. 21 (1889) and 25 (1893). For English translation of the original see Seler, 1904e.

1904b Ein Kapitel aus den in aztekischer Sprache geschriebenen ungedruckten Materialen zu dem Geschichtswerke des P. Sahagún. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 2: 420-508, 47 figs. Berlin. Gives Nahuatl text, German translation, and copies of the drawings from the Primeros memoriales, cap. 1, par. 5, "Atavios de los Dioses" (Códice Matritense del Real Palacio, ff. 261-267). Also gives selected Nahuatl texts and German translations from book 1 of the Florentine Codex. With commentary. Reprinted from Veröffentlichungen aus dem Königlicnen Museum für Völkerkunde, vol. 1, part 4, 1890. French translation in Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, n.s., vols. 5 (1908) and 6 (1909). See also Seler, 1927, pp. 33-53.

1904c Altmexikanischer Schmuck und soziale und militärische Rangabzeichen. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 2: 509-619, 183 figs. Berlin. Gives Nahuatl text, German translation, and copies of most of the drawings from the Primeros memoríales, cap. 3, pars. 5-6, and cap. 4, pars. 8a-b (Códice Matritense de la Real Academia, ff. 55v56r, 68r-v, 72r-80r), and text and translation from selected nonpictorial parts of the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco. Commentary includes comparative study of illustrations from Codex Mendoza, Codex Magliabecchiano, and other pictorial manuscripts. Reprinted from Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie . . . in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vols. 21 (1889) and 23 (1891).

1904d Die Ausgrabungen am Orte des Haupttempels in Mexico. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 2: 767-904, 111 figs. Berlin. Includes (pp. 771-72, fig. 1) Nahuad text, German translation, and copy of the drawing from the Primeros memoriales, cap. 1, par. 7 (Códice Matritense del Real Palacio, ff. 268v-269r). Reprinted from Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, vol. 31, 1901. For partial Spanish translation see Seler, 1903.

1904e Ancient Mexican feather ornaments. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 28, pp. 59-74, illus. Washington. English translation of the original edition of Seler, 1904a.

1904f The Mexican picture writings of Alexander von Humboldt. Bu699

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

reau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 28, pp. 123-229, 20 pls., figs. Washington. Description and commentary, Humboldt Fragments 1-16, illustrated with copies, apparently by Karl von den Steinen. English translation of Seler, 1893. See Seler, 1902e, for revised edition in German.

1904g Wall paintings of Mitla. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 28, pp. 243-324, pls. 22-39, figs. 54-82. Washington. English translation of Seler, 1895.

1904h Venus period in the picture writing of the Borgian Codex Group. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 28, pp. 353-91, figs. 92102. Washington. English translation of the original edition of Seler, 19021.

1904i Die religiosen Gesänge der alten Mexikaner. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 2: 959-1107, 10 figs. Berlin. Nahuatl text and German translation of the 20 Cantares a los Dioses based on the Sahagún manuscripts, Primeros memoriales and Florentine Codex, with reproduction of the accompanying drawings in the Florentine Codex. Translated into Spanish in Ramírez Cabañas, 1938, 5: 6-192.

1904j Ueber die Worte Anauac und Nahuatl. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 2: 49-77, 9 figs. Berlin. Cited for reference (p. 49, note 5) to the Techialoyan Codex of San Martin Ocoyacac (census, 7 3 3 ) . Reprinted from 10th International Congress oj Americanists, p p . 211-44, Stockholm, 1897.

1904-09 Codex Borgia. Eine altmexikanische Bilderschrift der Bibliothek der Congregatio de Propaganda Fide. Berlin. 3 vols. 353, 310, 155 pp., 586, 304, 5 figs., 76 pls. Major commentary on Codex Borgia, including commentaries on relevant parts of other manuscripts of comparable content or iconography, particularly those of the Borgia and Huitzilopochtli Groups and Codices Borbonicus, Magliabecchiano, Nuttall, and Porfirio Díaz, etc. Annotated line drawings are

700

given for all pages of Codex Borgia. For Spanish translation see Seler, 1963.

1908a Die alten Bewohner der Landschaft Michuacan. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . ., 3: 33156, 57 figs. Berlin. Includes: commentary and partial reproduction of the illustrations in the Relación de Michoacan and of the nine historical scenes in Beaumont's Crónica de Michoacan; interpretation of Lienzo de Jucutacato; and reproduction of two different versions of the Map of Tzintzuntzan in the Crónica de Michoacan. Not previously published.

1908b Das Dorfbuch von Santiago Guevea. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . , 3: 157-93, 29 figs. Berlin. Description, interpretation, and reproduction of copies A and Β of Lienzo de Guevea. Brief ref­ erence to the existence of Lienzo de Huilotepec and Lienzo de Santa Maria Chimalapa. Reprinted from Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vol. 38, 1906.

1908c Die Korrekturen der Jahreslänge und der Länge der Venusperiode in den mexikanischen Bilderschiften. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . . , 3: 197-220, 15 figs. Berlin. Intervals between dates in certain parts of Codex Nuttall interpreted as having astronomical significance; of dubious validity. Reprinted from Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vol. 35,1903.

1913 Das Manuscrit Mexicain Nr. 22 der Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Jahrgang 1913, part 2, pp. 1029-50, 5 figs. Berlin. Extended description of the Unos Annates históricos de la nación Mexicana, with commentary and comparisons with other documents.

1915 Aus dem Berichte über die achtzehnte Tagung des Internationalen Amerikanistenkongresses in London. . . . In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . . , 5: 152-67, 19 figs. Berlin. Includes detailed and illustrated study of particular aspects of Codex Kingsborough, especially personal

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

name hieroglyphs. Reprinted from Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vol. 44, 1912. Spanish translation without illustrations in Boletín del Museo Nacional, ep. 3, vol. 2, nos. 10-12, Mexico, 1913. 1923

Die Tierbilder in den mexikanischen und den Maya-Handschriften. In his Gesammelte Abhandlungen . . . , 4: 453-758, 1005 figs. Berlin. Detailed study of animals depicted in Middle American pictorial manuscripts and their symbolism. Reprinted from Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vols. 41 (1909) and 42 (1910). 1927

Einige Kapitel aus dem Geschichtswerke des Fray Bernardino de Sahagún aus den Aztekischen übersetzt. Stuttgart, Strecker and Schroeder. xvi + 574 pp. Nahuatl text and German translation of selected parts of the Primeros memoriales, the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco, and the Florentine Codex as well as part of the seventh Relation of Chimalpahin. Copies of the related drawings from the Primeros memoriales are reproduced, as are some from the Florentine Codex. 1939

Gesammelte Abhandlungen. . . . Unpublished English translation of German papers in the above work made under the supervision of Charles P. Bowditch . . . J. Eric S. Thompson and Francis B. Richardson, eds. Cambridge, Carnegie Institution of Washington. 4 vols., irregular pagination. Mimeographed.

English translation of selected articles in German in Seler, 1902-23, from the manuscript translations in the Peabody Museum Library, Cambridge. 1960-61 Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Amerikanischen Sprach-und Altertumskunde. Graz, Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt. 5 vols. Reprint, without changes, of Seler, 1902-23; see Anders, 1967c, for index volume. 1963

Comentarios al Códice Borgia. Mexico and Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica. 3 vols. 267 pp., 586 figs.; 280 pp., 304

figs.; 76 pls. with 76 pp. of color facsimiles. Spanish translation of Seler, 1904-09. Added to this edition is a color photoreproduction of Codex Borgia either in a screenfold facsimile mounted between boards or in book form with the 76 annotated line drawings of all pages of the manuscript either in a separate portfolio or interleaved with the plates. The addendum in vol. 3 of the original edition (on Códice Porfirio Díaz) is incorporated into the text of this edition and the index is different. SELER-SACHS, CAECILIE

1900

Auf alten Wegen in Mexiko und Guatemala. Berlin, Dietrich Reimer. 362 pp. Brief description of Lienzo de Huilotepec and reference (pp. 90-91) to the acquisition of a lienzo by her and her husband (Eduard Seler) from Coixtlahuaca (probably Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca, no. 2). Second revised edition, Stuttgart, 1925 (references on pp. 76-77). SENTENACH, NARCISO

1900

Catecismos de la doctrina cristiana en jeroglíficos para la enseñanza de los indios americanos. Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, ep. 3, 4: 599-609, 1 pl. Madrid. Description and study of the Testerian manuscript of the Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid with photoreproduction of two of its pages; brief description of the Testerian manuscript in the Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid. SERNA, JACINTO DE LA

1892a Manual de ministros de indios para el conocimiento de sus idolatrías, y extirpación de ellas. (Mexico, Imprenta del Museo Nacional, 1892). Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, 6: 2 6 1 480, illus. Mexico (1900). Edition of text and lithographic reproductions of illustrations in Serna's Manual de ministros. Printed with own title page dated 1892 in volume of Anales bearing dates 1898-1900 (whole volume title page is dated 1900). Reprinted in Tratado de las idolatrías . . . , Mexico, 2 vols., 1953 (not examined ). 1892b Manual de ministros de indios. . . . Colección de Documentos inéditos para la historia de España, 104: 1272. Madrid. 701

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Edition of the text of the Manual de ministros . . . by Serna, without the illustrations. SIMÉON, R É M I

1880 See Jourdanet and Siméon, 1880. 1884 Les annales mexicaines de Chimalpahin. Archives de la Société Américaine de France, n.s., 3: 114. Paris. Description and commentary, Chimalpahin's sixth and seventh Relations; superseded by Siméon, 1889a.

1885 Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine. . . . Paris, Imprimerie Nationale. lxxv + 710 pp. Cited in Article 30. Reprinted, Graz (Austria), Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt, 1963, with added preface by Jacqueline de Durand-Forest. [Art. 30.1

1886 Chrestomathie nahuatl. Archives de la Société Américaine de France, n.s., 4: 79-93. Paris. Selected passages in Nahuatl from Chimalpahin's sixth and seventh Relations.

1888 Rapport sur quatre manuscrits mexicains. Archives de la Société Américaine de France, n.s., 6: 8591,1 pl. Paris. Description of four manuscripts: the Anales de San Lorenzo Haucalpan and three apparently related documents, possibly related to the Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtemoc. See also Anonymous, 1888.

1889a Annales de Domingo Francisco de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, sixième et septième Relations (1258-1612). . . . (Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine, vol. 12). Paris, Maisonneuve. xliv + 353 pp. Nahuatl text of Chimalpahin's sixth and seventh Relations, with French translation, notes, and introduction by Siméon.

1889b Notice sur un manuscrit mexicain de 1576. Archives de la Société Américaine de France, n.s., 7: 3035. Paris. General comments on Codex Aubin based in part on a copy owned by Chialiva.

702

SIMONS, BENTE BITTMAN

1962 The Codex of Cholula: A preliminary study. (A thesis presented to the Graduate Council of the Centro de Estudios Universitarios of Mexico City College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts). Mexico. vi + 212 pp., 7 figs., bibliography, indexes. Manuscript. Detailed study of the palaeography and translation of the Nahuatl text of the obverse of Códice de Cholula, based on one of its two copies (MNA 3557). Extensive bibliography. Copy in Hispanic Foundation, Library of Congress. See Simons, 1967, for publication based on this thesis.

1963 Hieroglyphica Mexicana: A manuscript in the Royal Library at Copenhagen. Tlalocan, 4 ( 2 ) : 16972. Mexico. History of the Ludolph copy of a detail of Codex Vienna, now in the National Museum, Copenhagen, first published by Worm in 1655.

1967

History of the Codices of Cholula (Mexico). New World Antiquity, 14 ( 5 - 6 ) : 42-66.

History of Códice de Cholula and of its two old copies.

1967-68 The Codex of Cholula: A preliminary study. Parts I and II. Tlalocan, 5 ( 3 - 4 ) : 267-88, 289339, folding map, folding plate. Mexico. Palaeography, English translation, and commentary on the Nahuatl text on one of the copies (MNA 35-57) of Códice de Cholula with photoreproduction. Condensed from Simons, 1962.

1968

Los Mapas de Cuauhtinchan y la Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Serie Investigaciones, 15). Mexico. 96 pp., 9 pls., 6 figs.

Detailed commentary on Mapas de Cuauhtinchan nos. 1-4, with photoreproduction of copies of nos. 1 and 2 and of the originals of nos. 3 and 4.

1969 The Map of Tepecoacuilco: A pictorial manuscript from the State

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

of Guerrero, Mexico. Etnografiska Museet, Gõteborg, Årstryck 1967-1968, pp. 63-82, 3 figs. Goteborg.

SMITH, MARY ELIZABETH

MS

Photoreproduction, commentary, and text and translation of glosses on Mapa de Tepecuacuilco. SIMPSON, LESLEY BIRD

1934

Codex Sánchez Solís: A manuscript from the northern Oaxacasouthern Puebla region. Typescript. 20 pp., map, 6 figs. (to be published in proceedings of 37th International Congress of Americanists).

Studies in the administration of the Indians in New Spain. Parts 1 and 2. (Ibero Americana, 7 ) . Berkeley. 129 pp., illus.

Study of glosses in Códice Sánchez Solís leading to identification of two persons of the Tilantongo dynasty also shown in other Mixtec manuscripts and of two place glyphs.

Publication of civil congregation texts and five maps, the latter not included in the census but cited as late examples of 16thC Mexican cartography.

1963 The Codex Colombino: A document of the south coast of Oaxaca. Tlalocan, 4 ( 3 ) : 276-88. Mexico.

SMAILUS, OITWIN

1969 The Maya-Chontal language of Acalan: Linguistic analysis of a document from the years 1610/12. Escritura Maya Boletín Informativo, año 3, no. 3 (no. 9 ) , pp. 124. Mexico, Seminario de Estudios de la Escritura Maya, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. Extracts from an unpublished dissertation. Concerns the Chontal text of the Paxbolon-Maldonado Papers. SMISOR, GEORGE T.

1943a A Ms. of Ramón de Ordóñez y Aguiar. Tlalocan, 1 ( 1 ) : 71-73. Sacramento. Describes the Bancroft Library manuscript of Ordóñez y Aguiar, Historia de la creación del cielo y de la tierra, a work based, in part, on the Popol Vuh and the Probanza de Votan.

1943b See Barlow and Smisor, 1943a. 1943c See Barlow and Smisor, 1943b. SMITH, BRADLEY

1968

Mexico: A history in art. New York, Harper and Row. 296 pp., illus.

Also a Mexican edition in Spanish. Numerous photoreproductions in color from Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts include a detail from Códice Moctezuma ( p . 166), and the Map of Tzintzuntzan in the Crónica de Michoacan ( p . 191); details of the Cuernavaca cathedral murals ( p p . 186-87; Techialoyan catalog, no. 7 4 5 ) .

Important study of Mixtec glosses on Codex Colombino and on Lienzo de San Pedro Jicayan. Partially superseded by her more detailed study in Caso and Smith, 1966.

1966a Mixtee place signs: A study of the Lienzos of Zacatepec and Jicayan. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University. Not examined: Lienzos de Zacatepec nos. 1 and 2, Lienzo de San Pedro Jicayan, and perhaps other Mixtee pictorial manuscripts. To be published by the University of Oklahoma Press.

1966b See Caso and Smith, 1966. SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE AMIGOS DEL ARTE

1930 Aportación al estudio de la cultura española en las Indias. Exposición. Catálogo general ilustrado. Madrid. 103 pp., 63 pls. Photoreproductions of two pages of the Testerian manuscript in the BNMA (no. 266, pl. 39, u p p e r ) , of one of the drawings in the Durán manuscript (no. 295, pl. 39, lower), and of the drawing of Huitzilopochtli and one of the festival scenes in Codex Veytia (no. 348, pl. 5 8 ) . Describes ( p p . 23 and 100, no. 275) an illustrated manuscript by Pedro Ponce (Relación de los reyes, dioses y ritos.. . , 1597). SODI PALLARES, ERNESTO

1958

Manuscrito pictórico de la cultura maya sobre piel de mamífero. Dictamen sobre la pieza número dos. Antigüedad minima: 400 años. Mexico. 54 pp., illus. 703

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES Report on physical characteristics, chemical analysis, and X-ray diffraction of the leather, and analysis of ink of glyphs of a falsified Maya manuscript published by Manuel Porrúa ("Códice Porrúa"). Does not report on carbon-14 analysis. SOLC, VACLAV

1956 The Jablonec Codex. A letter from V. Šolc of the National Museum, Prague. New World Antiquity, 3 ( 6 ) : 87-88. London. Brief description of the falsified Codex of Liberec and reference to the commentary by Loukotka (1956). SOLÍS ALCALÁ, ERMILIO

1949 Códice Pérez. Traducción libre del maya al castellano. Merida, Ediciones de la Liga de Acción Social. xv + 371 pp. Maya text, Spanish translation, and reproduction of the drawings from Codex Pérez. Preliminary notice by Antonio Mediz Bolio. S O M O L I N O S D'ARDOIS, G E R M A N

1954

Sobre la iconografía botánica original de las obras de Hernández y su sustitución en las ediciones europeas. Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia "Natural, 15 ( 1 - 4 ) : 73-86, 10 pls. Mexico.

Comparative study of the drawings from Hernández, Historia natural de Nueva España, showing that copyists for the 1651 edition rendered them in renaissance style, destroying native iconographic and stylistic traits preserved in the copies published by Nierembergii ( 1 6 3 5 ) .

1957 Bibliografía del Dr. Francisco Hernández, humanista del siglo XVI. Inter-American Review of Bibliography (Revista Interamericana de Bibliografía), 7 ( 1 ) : 1-76. Washington. Describes editions of Hernández, Historia natural de Nueva España. Revision of this bibliography appears in Hernández, 1959-60, 1: 392 ff. SORENSON, JOHN L.

MS

704

Circumstances of Gates' acquisition and publishing of the Gomesta Manuscript. Typescript in Peabody Museum Library, Cambridge. n.d., 8 leaves.

Quotes unpublished defense of the authenticity the Gomesta Manuscript (a falsification) by W. Gates and gives extracts from letter from Gates A. M. Tozzer and from T. A. Willard to Gates the same subject. Mention of Miguel Saad.

of E. to on

1957 A bibliography for Yucatecan medicinal plant studies by William Gates. Tlalocan, 3 ( 4 ) : 334-43. Mexico. Annotated list of books and manuscripts containing Yucatecan medicinal plant remedies. Cited in census under "Medical texts" (Yucatan). SOTHEBY AND C o .

1935 Bibliotheca Phillippica. Catalogue of a further portion of the classical, historical . . . 24th of June. . . . London, Sotheby & Co. 101pp. Item 300 ( p . 64) is a partial copy of the Matrícula de Huexotzingo.

1936a Bibliotheca Phillippica. Catalogue of a further portion of the classical, historical, topographical . . . and other manuscripts. . . . London. 91 pp. One of the Phillipps sale catalogs. Items cited are no. 18, a manuscript of Motolinía's Historia; and no. 307, which includes a fragmentary copy of Sahagún's Manuscrito de Tolosa, now in NYPL.

1936b Catalog of valuable printed books and manuscripts, autograph letters & historical documents, oriental manuscripts and miniatures, etc. Days of sale . . . November 9th and . . . November 10th.. . . London. Lots 238-240 and 242-243 of this catalog are, respectively, two Testerian manuscripts in the Princeton University Library, a Testerian manuscript in the Cleveland Public Library, a copy of Codex Aubin in the Princeton University Library, the "Legal document in hieroglyphics" now in a private collection, and the Tributes of Tzintzuntzan and Tlalpujava in the Princeton University Library.

1939

Catalogue of the important collection of antiquities the property of William Randolph Hearst, Esq., comprising prehistoric Babylonian

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

. . . antiquities . . . July 11th and July 12th. London. 63 pp. Catalog description ( p . 62, no. 399) of Mapa de Ecatepec y Huitziltepec.

1946

Bibliotheca Phillippica. Catalogue of a further portion of the renowned library formed by the late Sir Thomas Phillipps. . . . London, Sotheby and Co. 33 pp.

Gives sale catalog description of the Tovar MS, Relación del Origen . . . , now in JCBL, and photoreproduction of one of its pages ( p . 17, no. 66, pl. 6 ) .

1948 Harmsworth Trust Library, the fifteenth portion. Catalogue of the highly important collection of Americana, first section—manuscripts. 24th of May and following day. London. 91 pp. Items cited are three manuscripts, formerly in the Phillipps collection: 4688, a copy of Ixtlilxochitl's Historia; 4857, a copy of Beaumont's Crónica de Michoacan; and 4858, a copy of the Relación de Michoacan. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE

1913 Bibliotheca Phillippica. Catalogue of a further portion of the classical, historical . . . and other manuscripts. . . . London, Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge. 220 pp. One of the many Phillipps sale catalogs. Items 176, 269, 270, and 272 are manuscripts of Olmos, Muñoz Camargo, Ixtlilxochitl, and Chimalpahin.

1919a Bibliotheca Phillippica. Catalogue of a further portion of the classical, historical . . . and other manuscripts. . . . London. 179 pp. One of the Phillipps sale catalogs. Cited copies from the Kingsborough collection are: 322, Ixtlilxochitl's Historia; 330, Durán's Historia; 338, the Costumbres de Nueva España; 345, Beaumont's Crónica de Michoacan; 346, the Relación de Michoacan; 348, various copies now in the Clements Library, Michigan; 357, the Matrícula de Huexotzingo; 369, the Techialoyan Codex García Granados; 376, Veytia's Historia; 387, Zorita's Breve y sumaria relación; 393, Sahagún's Manuscrito de Tolosa; 397, Alvarado Tezozomoc's Crónica; and 399, Ixtlilxochid's Relaciones. Also from the Kingsborough collection: 370, a manuscript of Motolinía's Historia;

392, an Italian translation of bks. 1-5 of Sahagún's Florentine Codex. From the Fischer collection: 178, the Mexican Manuscript no. 2; 489, which includes a copy of the Manuscrito del Appereamiento. Items 349-353 (see also nos. 304-305 in Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1913) are possible Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts, not cited in the census.

1919b Catalogue of important illuminated & other manuscripts and valuable printed books Wednesday, 17th of December, 1919, and two following days. . . . (London). 120 pp. Brief sale catalog description ( p . 92, no. 602) of the Techialoyan Codex of Santa Maria Ocelotepec (no. 7 0 8 ) . SOUSTELLE, JACQUES

1935-36 Une "Pierre de Rosette" des hieroglyphes Mayas. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, n.s., 27 ( 1 ) : 258 (1935), and 28 ( 1 ) : 260 (1936). Paris. Announcement of the discovery of the Gomesta Manuscript by Gates, followed by notice of Blom's (1935b) analysis that demonstrated it to be a falsification.

1936-39 Notas sobre un documento Otomi de la Biblioteca Nacional de Paris. El Mexico Antiguo, 4: 13-20, illus. Mexico. Description of B N P / F M manuscript 76, a Testerian manuscript, with linguistic commentary and translation of one of its prayers.

1937

La Famille Otomi-Pame du Mexique Central. (Université de Paris, Travaux et Mémoires de l'Institut d'Ethnologie, vol. 26). Paris, Institut d'Ethnologie. xvi

+ 571 pp.

Description and study of the calendrical pages of Códice de Huichapan ( p p . 213-14, 5 2 1 - 2 8 ) , study of Otomi month names in Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 1 ( p p . 5 2 4 - 2 5 ) ; comment on Calendario Matlatzinca ( p p . 5 2 8 - 3 0 ) ; and brief description of the Testerian manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale, B N P / F M 76 ( p . 2 1 5 ) .

1955 La vie quotidienne des Aztèques à la veille de la conquête espagnole. Paris, Librairie Hachette. 705

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Well-illustrated, popular summary of late preHispanic and Contact Central Mexican culture and history. Spanish translation: Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 1956; English translation: Widenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1961; Macmillan, New York, 1962; Stanford University Press, 1970 (paper). [Art 30.] SPINDEN, ELLEN S.

1933 The place of Tajin in Totonac archaeology. American Anthropologist, 35 ( 2 ) : 225-70. Menasha. Brief reference to Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no. 2, with reproduction of small detail. SPINDEN, HERBERT J.

1913 The picture writing of the Aztecs. American Museum Journal, 13: 31-37, illus. New York, American Museum of Natural History. Popular description of Central Mexican Indian hieroglyphic rebus writing. Photoreproduction (facing p. 33) of the genealogical sheet from the fragments of Codices de Tlaquiltenango in the American Museum of Natural History.

1928 Ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central America. (American Museum of Natural History, Handbook Series no. 3). New York. 270 pp. 3d, rev. edition. PL 47b reproduces the genealogical sheet from the fragments of Códices de Tlaquiltenango in the American Museum of Natural History. Numerous other editions and printings of this book.

1935 Indian manuscripts of southern Mexico. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1933, pp. 429-51, 14 figs., 3 pls. Washington. Study of the historical nature of the Mixtec screenfolds (Codices Bodley, Nuttall, Selden, and Vienna) and their internal chronology. Special consideration of passages in Codex Selden.

1940 Diffusion of Maya astronomy. In The Maya and their Neighbors, pp. 162-201, 10 figs. New York, London. Controversial consideration of astronomical significance of dates in five Mixtec manuscripts: Codices Vienna and Nuttall, Selden Roll, and Lienzos of Yolotepec and Antonio de León.

706

SPINETO, MARQUIS

1829

Lectures on the elements of hieroglyphics and Egyptian antiquities. London. xx + 493 pp.

Illustrates details from Codex Mendoza (after Purchas) with uninformed remarks and mistaken belief that the original was in the Escorial or in the Library of the King of France (pp. 240-18, table 8, figs. 1-2). SPORES, RONALD

1964 The genealogy of Tlazultepec: A sixteenth century Mixtee manuscript. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 20 ( 1 ) : 15-31, illus. Albuquerque. Study of the Genealogy of Tlazultepec, with reproduction of a copy.

1967 The Mixtee kings and their people. (The Civilization of the American Indian Series, 85). Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. xvii + 269 pp., illus., figs., maps. Well-documented synthesis of the culture and history of the Mixtec-speaking area of northwestern Oaxaca during the late pre-Hispanic and early colonial periods. [Art. 30.] SPRANZ, BODO

1964

Gottergestalten in den Mexikanischen Bilderhandschriften der Codex Borgia-Gruppe: eine ikonographische Untersuchung. (Acta Humboldtiana, Series Geographica et Ethnographica, Nr. 4). Wiesbaden. 435 pp., 2 charts, 32 drawings, 1791 figs.

Detailed analysis of elements of costume of gods depicted in the five screenfolds of the Borgia Group. Important study of iconographic identification. STACY-JUDD, ROBERT B.

1940 A Maya manuscript (Codex Merida) translated with notes and introduction. Foreword by T. A. Willard. With complete facsimile. Los Angeles, Philosophical Research Society. 66 pp., 12 pls. Publication of the falsified pictorial manuscript, Codex Merida.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES STECK, FRANCIS BORGIA

STARGARDT, J. A.

1911 Bibliotheca Mexicana. Sammlung des Baron Kaska, I. Mexikanische u. Spanische Handschriften. . . . Berlin. 54 pp. Includes sale catalog descriptions of three pictorial manuscripts now in the Hispanic Society of America, N.Y., and an unidentified copy of Kalendario mexicano, latino y castellano. STARR, FREDERICK

MS

Notebook no. 34. Mexico, February, 1901. MS in the Aycr Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago.

Description of Mapa de Huilotepec, its colors, and the circumstances under which it was seen by Starr ( p p . 4 7 - 5 0 ) ; brief reference to Mapa de Ixhuatan.

n.d.

English translation of Motolinía's Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España, with biobibliographical introduction and bibliography. Includes comment ( p p . 54-56) on the "Calendario de toda la índica gente" in the Memoriales manuscript of Motolinía and reproduction (facing p . 56) of the Motolinía Calendar Wheel, both described in the census under Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2. STEININGER, G. RUSSELL, and PAUL VAN DE VELDE

1935

Mexican literary curiosities.

Not examined. Includes photoreproductions Mapa de Huautla and de Huilotepec.

of

1898 The Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco or Códice Campos. (The University of Chicago, Department of Anthropology, Bulletin 3). Chicago, University of Chicago Press. 38 pp., 43 illus. Description and photoreproduction of 43 of the 44 scenes of the original of Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco, with transcript and English translation of the Campos Spanish translation of its Nahuatl text.

1900 Notes upon the ethnography of southern Mexico [part 1]: author's edition. (Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, 8: 102-98, Davenport, Iowa, 18991900 [1901].) Davenport, Putnam Memorial Fund. 98 pp. Brief reference ( p . 77) to Mapa de Huauhtla.

1908 In Indian Mexico: A narrative of travel and labor. Chicago, Forbes and Co. xi + 425 pp. Very brief descriptions of Mapa de Huautla ( p p . ix, 236) and Mapa de Huilotepec ( p p . 3 3 0 - 3 1 ) .

1936

1951 Motolinía's History of the Indians of New Spain. (Academy of American Franciscan History, Documentary Series, vol. 1). Washington. xvii + 358 pp., illus.

[Sale]. See Chicago Book and Art Auctions, Inc., 1936.

Three dollars a year, being the story of San Pablo Cuatro Venados, a typical Zapotecan Indian village that hangs on a slope of the sierras in southwestern Mexico. New York, The Diamond Press. 117 pp., illus.

Description and photoreproduction of Mapa de San Pablo Cuatro Venados, with English translation of its text ( p p . 24-27, 100-103). Includes reproduction of a map from Cuilapam, not included in census. Republished by Blaine Ethridge Books, Detroit, 1971. STEPHENS, JOHN L.

1843 Incidents of travel in Yucatan. New York. 2 vols. Well-illustrated (engravings from drawings of Frederick Catherwood) account of travels in Yucatan, with emphasis on visits to major Maya ruins, which was quite influential—along with his earlier (1841) account of travels in the same area and Guatemala and Chiapas—in bringing ancient Maya civilization to greater public attention in the United States and Europe. Includes description of the original of the Katun Wheel of Mani ( 2 : 2 6 0 - 6 2 ) ; description and reproduction of a copy of the Map of the Province of Mani and partial publication of the Mani Land Treaty of 1557 ( 2 : 263-73, plate facing p . 2 6 5 ) ; Maya text and Spanish translation of the chronicle in the Book of Chilam Balam of Mani ( 2 : 278-80, 4 6 5 - 6 9 ) . Numerous other editions. STOLL, OTTO

1906

Título del barrio de Santa Ana, agosto 14 de 1565. 14th Interna707

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

tional Congress of Americanists, 2: 383-97. Stuttgart. Pokonchi text with German translation. STROUT, CLEVY LLOYD

1962 A catalog of the Hispanic documents in the Thomas Gilcrease Institute. Tulsa, The Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art. iii + 155 pp. Does not include the Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts that are in the Institute. STUIVER, MINZE, EDWARD S. DEEVEY, JR., AND IRVING ROUSE

1963 Yale natural radiocarbon measurements, VIII. Radiocarbon (published annually by the American Journal of Science), 5: 31241. New Haven. With reference to the falsified Códice Manuel Porrúa (census, no. 935), the authors report that it is "unlikely that this document is a preconquest survival" and give its radiocarbon date as 30 ± 80 years (p. 332, no. Y-l149). SYDOW, ECKART V.

1941 Studien zur Form und FormGeschichte der mexikanischen Bilderschriften. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 72 ( 4 - 6 ) : 197-234, 18 figs. Berlin. Broad investigation of style, representations of various forms, composition, landscape, etc., in preconquest and colonial pictorial manuscripts; provenience of Mixtec and Borgia Groups. TAMAYO, JORGE L.

1949

Geografía general de Mexico. Mexico, Talleres Gráficos de la Nación. 2 vols.

Brief description and poor photographs ( 1 : 46-55) of copies of Mapa de Cuauhtinchan no. 1, Mapa de Tonayan (Plano de San Juan Chapultepec), and relación geográfica maps of Teozacoalco and Amoltepec. AND RAMÓN ALCORTA G.

1941 Catálogo de la exposición de cartografía mexicana. (Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, Pub. 59). Mexico. 160

pp.

708

Exhibit catalog with brief descriptions (pp. 13-23) of copies of Mapas de Cuahtinchan nos. 1 and 2, Mapa de Coatlinchan, Lienzo de Jucutacato, the 1718 copy of Mapa de Santa Cruz Xoxocotlan, Plano de San Juan Chapultepec (Mapa de Tonayan), Plano ideográfico del Señorío de Huaxtepec, and copies of seven maps of the relaciones geográficas. TAYLOR, COLEY

1956 The Codex Tetlapalco (or "Saville"). In Donald Demarest and Coley Taylor, The Dark Virgin: The book of our Lady of Guadalupe, a documentary anthology, pp. 175-78. Freeport, Maine, and New York, Coley Taylor, Inc. General observations on Codex Saville, published as a preface to the study by Cuevas (1956), reprinted in this volume. Second and third printings, 1959 and 1962.

ed. Heritage of conquest: The ethnology of Middle America. Glencoe, Illinois, Free Press.

TAX, SOL,

1952

Volume containing various papers on Middle American ethnography-ethnology resulting from a 1949 New York symposium attended by leading specialists. [Art. 30.] TELETOR, CELSO NARCISO

1946

Memorial de Tecpán Atitlán (ultima parte). Primera versión del Cakchiquel al Castellano. Guatemala. 116 pp.

Spanish translation of the previously untranslated part of the Anales de los Cakchiqueles. TELLO, FRAY ANTONIO

1891 Libro segundo de la Crónica Miscelánea en que se trata de la conquista espiritual y temporal de la Santa Provincia de Xalisco en el Nuevo Reino de la Galicia y Nueva Vizcaya y descubrimiento del Nuevo México. Guadalajara. xxiv + 886, xxvii pp. Cited for utilization of the lost Relación by Francisco Pantecatl. TENTORI, TXJLLIO

1961 La pittura precolombiana.

(Le

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Relations de divers voyages curieux, qui n'ont point este' publié'es. . . . Nouvelle edition, part 4, separate pagination, title page + pp. 1-58 (p. 58 mistakenly numbered 85). Paris, Thomas Moette.

Grandi Civilita' Pittoriche). Milan, Societa' Editrice Libraria. xxx + 285 pp., illus. Very general, superficial, and abundantly illustrated treatment of Central Mexican ( p p . 126-53) and Maya ( p p . 194-205) Indian pictorial manuscripts, with occasional errors of fact. TERNAUX-COMPANS, H.

MS

[Description of Waldeck's pictorial manuscript collection]. Undated manuscript in Newberry Library, Chicago, Ayer collection no. 880.

Comments on original pictorial manuscripts in the Waldeck collection. All manuscripts described now in BNP or in NLA. Probably written about 1840 or before.

1837-41 Voyages, relations et mémoires originaux pour servir à l'histoire de la découverte de l'Amérique. París, Arthus Bertrand. 20 vols. Early publication of basic texts in French translation, superseded by more recent editions. Middle American items cited include the 13th Relation by Ixtlilxochitl (in vol. 8, 1838), Zorita's Breve y sumaria relación (vol. 11, 1840), and Ixtlilxochitrs Historia Chichimeca (vols. 12-13, 1840). Vols. 10 (1838) and 16 (1840) are collections of shorter items. Two parts of the Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl are given in vols. 8 ( p p . 299-309) and 12 ( p p . 368-73). TEZOZOMOC, HERNANDO ALVARADO

See Alvarado Tezozomoc, Hernando. THEVENOT, MELCHISEDEC

1672

Histoire de l'empire mexicain, representée par figures. . . . In his Relations de divers voyages curieux, qui n'ont point este' publié'es. . . . . Part 4, separate pagination, title page + pp. 1-58. Paris, André Cramoisy.

Second edition of Codex Mendoza, based on Purchas, 1625. Pp. 1-45 give 63 numbered engravings of the drawings, without glosses, and with French translation ("Histoire du Mexique par figures . . .") of the text ( p p . 4 7 - 5 8 ) . Page 46 is blank. See also Thevenot, 1696.

1696 Histoire de l'empire mexicain, representée par figures. . . . In his

Third edition of Codex Mendoza; varies in details from Thevenot, 1672. Because one page is repeated, there are 46 rather than 45 pages of figures; order of plates is different and some figures are omitted. Copies of the two editions (1672, 1696) may also vary in other respects. THEVET ANGOUMOYSIN, ANDRE

1584

Portraits et vies des hommes illustrés. Paris. prelims., 664 numbered leaves, index.

Portrait of Moctezuma on f. 644r embodies details copied from Codex Mendoza as does that of the Inca Atahualpa on f. 641r. THOMAS, CYRUS

1884

Notes on certain Maya and Mexican manuscripts. Bureau of American Ethnology, third annual report, 1881-1882, pp. 3-65, illus. Washington.

Calendrical observations on various pictorial manuscripts but cited only for explanation and color reproduction of pl. 1 of Codex Féjéváry-Mayer ( p p . 31-36, pl. III, fig. 6 ) , compared with a similar representation in Codex Madrid.

1888 Aids to the study of the Maya codices. Bureau of American Ethnology, sixth annual report, 1884-1885, pp. 253-371, illus. Washington. Primarily concerned with numerals in Codex Dresden and Maya hieroglyphic writing in Codices Dresden and Madrid but cited only for English translation ( p p . 261-69) of most of Forstemann, 1880. THOMPSON, J. ERIC S.

1934

Sky bearers, colors, and directions in Maya and Mexican religion. Contributions to American Archaeology, 2 (10): 209-42, 5 pls. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 436.

Indicated subject in the Maya screenfolds and in other Mayan and Central Mexican sources, includ-

709

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

ing Codices Borgia, Cospi, Féjérváry-Mayer, and Vaticanus B. Explores possibility of a lunar count in section 4 (pp. 21-31) of Codex Cospi and in sections 3, 4, and 16 (pp. 5-22, 43) of Codex Féjérváry-Mayer.

1951 Review of: The Book of the Jaguar Priest, by Maud W. Makemson (1951). American Anthropologist, 53 ( 4 ) : 546-47.

1941a The missing illustrations of the Pomar relación. Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, 1 ( 4 ) : 15-21, 4 figs. Cambridge, Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Critical review of an English translation of the Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin.

Study of the drawings in Codex Ixtlilxochitl, part 2, and its copy, Codex Veytia, here identified as copies of illustrations in the Relación de Texcoco by Pomar. Includes reproduction of the drawings of Tlaloc, the Texcoco temple, and Huitzilopochtli from Codex Veytia.

Survey of Landa's alphabet of Maya hieroglyphic writing, of Central Mexican pictographic, ideographic, rebus, and Testerian writing, and of the current status of the decipherment of Maya hieroglyphic writing.

1941b The prototype of the Mexican codices Telleriano-Remensis and Vaticanus A. Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, 1 ( 6 ) : 24-26. Cambridge, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Comparative analysis of iconographic details in Codices Telleriano-Remensis and Ríos indicates that they are copies of a common prototype.

1948 An archaeological reconnaissance in the Cotzumalhuapa region, Escuintla, Guatemala. Contributions to American Anthropology and History, 9 (44): 1-94. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 574. Includes discussion of pre-Hispanic linguistic distributions in Highland-Coastal Guatemala and summary of "Pipil" (Nahua-speakers) culture based on primary documentary sources. [Art. 30.]

1950

Maya hieroglyphic writing: Introduction. (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 589). Washington. xvi + 347 pp., illus.

A basic work in Maya epigraphy. Includes (pp. 23-26) brief descriptions of Codices Dresden, Paris, and Madrid. Appendix 1 (pp. 297-302) treats divinatory almanacs in the Books of Chilam Balam, particularly those in the Mani (in Codex Pérez) and Kaua. Extensive bibliography. Second edition, Norman, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, 1960.

710

1959

1965

Systems of hieroglyphic writing in Middle America and methods of deciphering them. American Antiquity, 24 ( 4 ) : 349-64, 1 fig.

Maya hieroglyphic writing. Handbook of Middle American Indians, 3: 632-58,15 figs. Austin.

Review of subject matter includes illustrated comment on the Maya screenfold pictorial manuscripts.

1966

Merchant gods of Middle America. In Summa Anthropologica en Homenaje a Roberto J. Weitlaner, pp. 159-72, 2 figs. Mexico, I.N.A.H.

Identification of certain gods in Codices Borgia, Féjérváry-Mayer, and Laud. THOMPSON, RAYMOND H.

1949 A preliminary study of the Testerian catechism in the Library of the Peabody Museum, Harvard. Typescript in the Peabody Museum Library, Cambridge. 26 pp. Line-by-line and picture-by-picture translation of the Testerian manuscript in the Peabody Museum Library. THORNDIKE, L.

1929-30 Vatican Latin mss. of the history of science and medicine. Isis, vol. 13. Not examined. Said to report discovery of the Martin de la Cruz manuscript, Libellus de medicinalibus.... TÍTULOS

1876 Títulos de la casa de Ixcuín-Niharb [sic], Señora del territorio de Otzoyá. Guatemala. ii + 13 pp.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES First edition of the Spanish translation of the Títulos de la Casa Ixcuín Nehaib, Señora del territorio de Otzoyá. Copy examined lacked title page; as given above, the title is from heading on page i. Said to have been published as a supplement ("folletín") to nos. 34-36 of vol. 4 of the (Boletín de?) La Sociedad Económica. See Títulos, 1941, for reprint.

1941 Títulos de la casa Ixcuín-Nihaib, Señora del territorio de Otzoyá. Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala, 17 ( 3 ) : 244-52. Guatemala. Reprint of Títulos, 1876. TÍTULOS PRINCIPALES

1915 Títulos principales del nombre y ejidos del barrio de la Magdalena Mixiuca antes barrio y hermita de Lloalatzinco Anepantla. Mexico, Moderna Librería Religiosa de José L. Vallejo. 60 pp. Includes description (given three times: p p . 8-13, 24-29, 43-47) of 1712 of the lost pictorial Codex of La Magdalena Mixiuca. TOMPKINS, JOHN BARR

1942

Codex Fernández Leal. Pacific Art Review, 2 (1 and 2 ) : 39-59,12 pls. San Francisco, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum.

AND F. FERNÁNDEZ DEL CASTILLO

1925 Códice del Archivo de los Duques de Monteleone y Marqueses del Valle. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 4, 3 ( 1 ) : 58-64, 2 pls. Mexico. Partial transcript of the text of Codex Monteleone with photoreproduction of two of its paintings. TORQUEMADA, FRAY JUAN DE

1615 Ia [IIa, IIIa] parte de los veynte y un libros rituales i monarchia indiana. . . . Seville. 3 vols. Very rare first edition; superseded by Torquemada, 1723. Examples in the U.S.A. are reportedly located in John Carter Brown Library and Pomona College Library.

1723 Primera [segunda, tercera] parte de los veinte i un libros rituales i monarchia indiana. . . . Madrid. 3 vols. Corrected and revised edition. Contains much general and specific information and utilization of Mexican Indian manuscripts.

1943-44 Monarquía indiana. Mexico, Chávez Hayhoe. 3 vols. Facsimile reprint of Torquemada, 1723.

1964

Photographs and unacceptable interpretation of Códice Fernández Leal. See Barlow, 1944e, for critical review. TORO, ALFONSO

1923 Importancia etnográfica y lingüística de las obras del Padre Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Anales del Museo Nacional, ep. 4, 2 ( 1 ) : 1-18. Mexico. Cited for publication of two illustrated pages of Kalendario mexicano, latino y castellano ( p . 5 ) .

1928 Importancia etnográfica y lingüística de las obras del Padre Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. 20th International Congress of Americanists, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 263-77, illus. Rio de Janeiro. Another edition of Toro, 1923.

Monarquía indiana. Selección, introducción y notas. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario, 84). Mexico. xliii + 172 pp.

Selections from Torquemada, edited with an introduction by Miguel León-Portilla.

1969

Monarquía indiana. Introducción por Miguel León-Portilla. (Biblioteca Porrúa, vols. 41-43). Mexico. 3 vols.

Facsimile of the edition of 1723. TORRE REVELLO, JOSÉ

1933 El caballero Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci y el manuscrito del tomo primero de su inédita Historia General de la America Septentrional. Boletín del Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, año 11711

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

12, 16 (55-57): 93-142. Buenos Aires. Detailed biobibliographical study of Boturini, with emphasis on the period after his return to Spain in 1744; little treatment of his collection. The Historia mentioned in the title has since been published (Boturini, 1948). An abridged reprint of this article appears in Documentos, 1936, pp. 5-45. TORRE V., ADELA, AND FERNANDO B. SANDOVAL 1967 Códice de Tepexic de la Seda. In Silvio Zavala, Los esclavos indios en Nueva España, pp. 351-54, folding plate facing p. 6. Mexico, El Colegio Nacional. Description of the Painted tribute record of Tepexic de la Seda, with brief commentary and photoreproduction. TORRES LANZAS, PEDRO

1900

Relación descriptiva de los mapas, planos, &, de Mexico y Floridas existentes en el Archivo General do Indias. Seville. 2 vols. Catalog of pictorial documents, primarily from Mexico, in the AGI. See institutional checklist under AGI for pictorial manuscripts in this catalog entered in the census. TOSCANO, SALVADOR

1943

Los códices tlapanecas de Azoyu. Cuadernos Americanos, año 2,10 ( 4 ) : 127-36, 4 pls. Mexico. Description and preliminary study of Códices de Azoyu nos. 1 and 2. Photoreproduction of three pages of no. 1 and of two pages of no. 2. Brief description of Lienzo de Tlapa. 1944

Arte precolombino de México y de la América central. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas). Mexico. 556 pp., illus. Study and selected illustrations (pp. 348-85) of about 20 early Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts by a prominent Mexican art historian, with bibliography. Manuscripts discussed include Maya, Mixtec, early Aztec, and those of the Borgia Group. Second edition, Mexico, 1951. 1948

712

Anales de Tlatelolco. Cuadernos Americanos, año 7, 39 (3): 211-13. Mexico.

Popular but useful description of the five component documents of the Unos Annales históricos de la nación Mexicana. Substantially the same notice is printed on the dust jacket of the flaps of the edition of that manuscript by Berlin and Barlow (1948). TOUSSAINT, M A N U E L

1936

La pintura en Mexico durante el siglo XVI. (Enciclopedia ilustrada Mexicana). Mexico, Imprenta Mundial. 61 pp., 51 figs. Includes discussion of Mexican Indian colonial pictorial manuscripts; figures include reproduction of a tracing of Códice de Cuedaxcohuapan. 1937

La Relación de Michoacan: su importancia artística. Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, 1 ( 1 ) : 3-14,5 pls. Mexico. Appreciation of the style of the illustrations in the Relación de Michoacan, five of which are reproduced (one in color) from the copy owned by Gómez de Orozco. 1938

El Plano de la Ciudad de Mexico atribuido a Alonso de Santa Cruz, 2d Congreso Internacional de Historia de América, 3: 570-80, 1 pl. Buenos Aires, Academia Nacional de la Historia. Short study of the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico, with identification of buildings shown on the map and inferior and incomplete reproduction of a copy of the map. Superseded by Toussaint and others, 1938. 1948

Arte colonial en Mexico. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas). Mexico, Imprenta Universitaria. xxxi + 499 pp., illus. "Codices post-hispánicos," pp. 37-42. A copy of Códice de Cuetlaxcohuapan is reproduced in fig. 40. Another edition, 1962 (?), not examined. 1965

Pintura colonial en Mexico. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas). Mexico, Imprenta Universitaria. xvi + 307 pp., illus.

"Códices post-hispánicos," pp. 28-33. A copy of Códice de Cuedaxcohuapan is reproduced in pl. 22. Pre-Conquest painting is discussed on pp. 1-9,

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Brief mention of newly uncovered Techialoyanstyle murals of Cuernavaca Cathedral in note by Xavier Moyssén, p. 250, note 9, with two reproductions, pls. 51-52. FEDERICO GÓMEZ DE OROZCO, AND JUSTINO FERNÁNDEZ

1938 Planos de la ciudad de Mexico, siglos XVI y XVII. Estudio histórico, urbanístico y bibliográfico. (Congreso Internacional de Planificación y de la Habitación, 16). Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas. 200 pp., 28 figs. Commentaries and various reproductions of four maps including the Plano en Papel de Maguey and the Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico. TOVAR, JUAN DE

1860 Historia de los Yndios Mexicanos. Cura et impensis Dni. Thomae Phillipps, Bart. Typis MedioMontanis, Jacobus Rogers Impressit. 12 pp. Not examined. Rare, inaccurate, and very incomplete publication of the Tovar Relación del Origen . . . from the manuscript now in JCBL. Includes the Tovar-Acosta correspondence.

1878

See Alvarado Tezozomoc and Tovar, 1878.

1944

Códice Ramírez: manuscrito del siglo XVI intitulado: Relación del origen de los indios que habitan esta Nueva España, según sus historias. Examen de la obra, con un anexo de cronología mexicana por el Lic. Manuel Orozco y Berra. Mexico, Editorial Leyenda. 294 pp., 32 pls.

Reprinted, with different pagination and added index, from Alvarado Tezozomoc and Tovar, 1878. Has preface by J. F. Ramírez, text and drawings of the Tovar manuscript in the MNA/AH, and commentary by Orozco y Berra with included remarks by Chavero. TOWNER, LAWRENCE W.

1970 An uncommon collection of uncommon collections: The Newberry Library. Chicago, A New-

berry Library Associates Publication. Unpaged. Reproduces ff. 10v and l l r of Techialoyan Codex of Zempoala (E, catalog 705). TOZZER, ALFRED MARSTON

1911 The value of ancient Mexican manuscripts in the study of the general development of writing. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, n.s., 21: 80-101, 7 pls., 16 figs. Worcester. Very general study of Mexican picture, rebus, ideographic, and Testerian writing. Reproduction (p. 7) reproduces two pages of the Testerian manuscript in the Peabody Museum Library, Cambridge. Reprinted, with different pagination (Worcester, American Antiquarian Society, 1911, 24 pp., 7 pls.). For abridged reprint (without pls. 6-7) see Tozzer, 1912.

1912 The value of ancient Mexican manuscripts in the study of the general development of writing. Smithsonian Institution, annual report for 1911, pp. 493-506, 5 pls., 16 figs. Washington. Abridged reprint of Tozzer, 1911.

1913 A Spanish manuscript letter on the Lacandones in the Archives of the Indies in Seville. 18th International Congress of Americanists, 2: 497-509. English translation (preceded by a brief introduction) of the text of a 1695 letter of Fray Antonio Margil and two other Franciscan missionaries to the President of the Audiencia of Guatemala which includes valuable ethnographic notes on the Choispeaking "Lacandones" of the Villa de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores (Kakbalam), Chiapas. [Art. 30.]

1917 The Chilam Balam books and the possibility of their translation. 19th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 178-86. Washington. General and dated discussion of the Books of Chilam Balam, largely superseded in Tozzer, 1921.

1919 A Mexican catechism in Testerian hieroglyphs in Peabody Museum of Harvard University. [Boston], 713

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Massachusetts Historical Society. [Limited edition, distributed by the museum, consisting of positive photostats reproducing a 5-page typescript by Tozzer and the 50 pages and both sides of the front and rear covers of the Testerian manuscript in the Peabody Museum.] Description and outline of contents of the Peabody Museum Testerian manuscript, photostats of its entirety, and general bibliography of the subject.

1921 A Maya grammar with bibliography and appraisement of the works noted. (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 9). Cambridge. xvi + 301 pp. Gives descriptions and bibliographies of numerous written Maya manuscript sources, including the Books of Chilam Balam; comprehensive annotated bibliography.

1941 Landa's Relación de las cosas de Yucatan: A translation. (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 18). Cambridge. xiii + 394 pp., illus. English translation of Landa's Relación, with some illustrations omitted and with extensive commentary in notes. Comment on the Genealogical Tree of the Xiu Family (pp. 29-30, note 159). Reprinted, 1968.

1944 El valor de los manuscritos antiguos en el estudio del desarrollo de la escritura. . . . (Biblioteca Aportación Histórica). Mexico, Vargas Rea. 45 pp. Translation of Tozzer, 1911 or 1912, without the illustrations or footnotes. AND GLOVER M. A L L E N

1910 Animal figures in the Maya codices. (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 4, no. 3 ) . Cambridge. pp. 273-372,39 pls. 714

Zoological identification and ethnological discussion of pictorial representations of reptiles, birds, mammals, etc. in the three Maya screenfolds. TRIMBORN, H E R M A N N

1959

Das Alte Amerika. (Grosee Kulturen der Fruhzeit, neue folge). Stuttgart, Kilpper. 270 pp., 112 pls., maps.

Photoreproduction of three pages of Códice del Museo de América (pls. 2, bottom, and 3). TUDELA DE LA ORDEN, JOSÉ

1948a El códice mexicano postcortesiano del Museo de América de Madrid. 28th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 549-56. Paris. Summary description and announcement of the discovery of Códice del Museo de América.

1948b Nueve recuadros del Lienzo de Tlaxcala en España. 28th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 557-58. Paris. Notice of the discovery of Códice de Comillas, a falsified partial version of Lienzo de Tlaxcala.

1949 Algo más sobre el "Códice de Comillas." Revista de Indias, 9 (35): 113-16. Madrid. Not examined. Concerns Códice de Comillas, a falsified partial version of Lienzo de Tlaxcala.

1954

Los manuscritos de América en las bibliotecas de España. Madrid, Ediciones Cultura Hispánica. 586 pp.

Guide to manuscripts in various public libraries in Spain.

1956

Relación de las ceremonias y ritos y población y gobierno de los indios de la provincia de Michoacan (1541). Reproducción facsímil del Ms. ç. IV. 5. de El Escorial. Madrid, Aguilar. xxxiii + 296 pp.

Photographic edition of the Relación de Michoacan (handcolored or uncolored) with transcript of text and extensive footnotes and indexes. Introduction and commentary by Tudela, study by Kirchhoff, Tarascan words by Corona Núñez.

1960 Las primeras figuras de indios pintadas por Españoles. In Home-

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

naje a Rafael García Granados, pp. 319-29, illus. Mexico, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Publication and description of the drawings on the first pages of Códice del Museo de América. TWENTY CENTURIES

1940 Twenty centuries of Mexican art (Veinte siglos de arte mexicano). New York, The Museum of Modern Art in collaboration with the Mexican Government. Printed in Mexico. 198 pp. Title and text in English and Spanish. Color plate D is a color photoreproduction of one page of the Matrícula de Tributos, equivalent of f. 29 of Codex Mendoza. UNTERKIRCHER, F R A N Z

1957-59 Inventar der illuminierten Handschriften, Inkunabeln und Friihdrucke der Õsterreichischen Nationalbibliothek. (Museion: Verõffentlichungen der Õsterreichischen Nationalbibliothek, neue folge, zweite reihe, vol. 2). Vienna. 2 vols. "Mexikanische Handschriften,, (2: 126) lists 12 Mexican pictorial manuscripts in the Austrian National Library; the Islario general by Alonso de Santa Cruz is listed 1: 107 (Cod. 5542). VAILLANT, GEORGE C.

MSa

Native Mexican manuscripts from Tlaquiltenango, Morelos. Typescript, 10 pp., in American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Description of the fragments of Codices de Tlaquiltenango in the American Museum of Natural History. Bound with 33 photographs of the manuscripts.

MSb

Notes on a Map of Chichimec History. Typescript, 5 pp., in American Museum of Natural History, New York.

light on the age-old struggle for property. Natural History, 43 ( 1 ) : 38-46. New York. Superficial description and photoreproduction (entirety and details) of Lienzo Chalchihuitzin Vásquez.

1940 A sacred almanac of the Aztecs (Tonalamatl of the Codex Borbonicus). New York, American Museum of Natural History. [4 pp.], 18 pls. Photoreproduction of pp. 3-20 of Codex Borbonicus, with introduction and explanatory captions. The plates were printed about 1899 but issued here for the first time.

1941 Aztecs of Mexico: Origin, rise, and fall of the Aztec nation. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Doran & Co. xxii + 340 pp. Popular summary of Central Mexican archaeology and ethnohistory. Pl. 44 is a photoreproduction of Lienzo Chalchihuitzin Vásquez. Also in other editions including Pelican Books, 1950, and revised edition by Suzannah B. Vaillant, 1962. VALADES, DIDACUS

1579 Rhetorica Christiana.

Perugia.

Illustrations include a version of Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2. VALENTINI, PHILIP J. J.

1880 The Landa alphabet: A Spanish fabrication. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, April 28, no. 75, pp. 59-91. Detailed and critical evaluation of the usefulness of the Maya hieroglyphic "alphabet" in Landa's Relación de las cosas de Yucatan. Also published separately, Worcester, 1880, 35 pp.

1893 Collection of Mexican maguey paintings. Science, o.s., 22 (557): 185. Unimportant summarizing review of Historische Hieroglyphen . . ., 1892, and Seler, 1893.

Description and preliminary interpretation of the Map of Chichimec History.

1895 Humboldt's Aztec painting. The Cosmopolitan, 18 ( 3 ) : 331-39, illus.

1939 The twilight of Aztec civilization —an ancient tapestry sheds new

General discussion of the Humboldt Fragments based on Historische Hieroglyphen . . ., 1892, and Seler, 1893.

715

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

Mexico, Imprenta Universitaria, xxi + 161 pp., 83 pls.

VÁSQUEZ, GENARO V.

1931 Para la historia del terruño. ico. 73 pp.

Mex-

Description and partial transcription (pp. 17-38) of "Documentos inéditos sobre limites entre los pueblos de San Juan Chapultepec y San Martín Mexicapan, 1523" (Eastern Oaxaca) from AGN-T 236 with photoreproduction (p. 22bis) of related 17thC(?) map from same source. Map mentioned in survey but not included in census. VELASCO, JOSÉ M.

1903 Informe de los trabajos ejecutados por el que suscribe, en el Museo Nacional, en el año de 1902, como dibujante del expresado establecimiento. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Mexico, ep. 1, pp. 39-40. Mexico. Reports having made copies of two Mapas de Cuauhtinchan in 1901-02. Dimensions given correspond to Mapas de Cuauhtinchan nos. 1 and 2; these copies are now unknown. As the original of no. 1 was taken to France in 1893, it is possible that the copies were taken from the 1892 copies made for the Exposición Histórico-Americana de Madrid. VELÁZQUEZ, PRIMO FELICIANO

1922

Códice Chimalpopoca. Memorias de la Sociedad Científica "Antonio Alzate" 40 ( 2 - 6 ) : 179-218. Mexico.

Commentary on the three parts of Códice Chimalpopoca and on his translation, published in 1945.

1931 La aparición de Santa María de Guadalupe. Mexico. xvi + 449 pp. Chapter 4 (pp. 60-92) describes Indian documents which mention the apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe, including: Anales de Mexico y sus alrededores no. 2, Anales de Juan Bautista, Anales de Puebla y Tlaxcala no. 1, part 1 (twice, as nos. 7 and 11), the Annals described by Bartolache, Códice Gómez de Orozco, and the Anales de Tlaxcala, 1519-1720.

1945 Codice Chimalpopoca. Anales de Cuauhtitlan y Leyenda de los Soles. Traducción directa del náhuatl. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. Instituto de Historia, primera serie, no. 1). 716

Spanish translation and photoreproduction (from the Codice Chimalpopoca MS) of the Anales de Cuauhtitlan and the Leyenda de los Soles, with introduction, notes, and indices. VELÁZQUEZ CHÁVEZ, AGUSTÍN

1939 Tres siglos de pintura colonial mexicana. Mexico, Editorial Polis. 368 pp., illus. Pls. 1-8 are of Mexican Indian pictorial manuscripts. Cited in census for reproduction of details from the MNA 35-45/48 version of Lienzo de Tlaxcala (pl. 5), the AGN-T 1586 version of Genealogía de la Familia Mendoza Moctezuma (pl. 7), and one scene in color from an unidentified version of the Durán manuscript (color pl. 1). VELÁZQUEZ GALLARDO, PABLO

1952

Título de tierras de Cherán Hatzicurin. Tlalocan, 3 ( 3 ) : 238-45. Mexico.

Tarascan text and Spanish translation of the indicated text. VERA, FORTINO H I P Ó L I T O

1887-89 Tesoro guadalupano. Noticia de los libros, documentos, inscripciones &c. que tratan, mencionan ó aluden a la aparición y devoción de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe. Amecameca, Imprenta del Colegio Católico. 2 vols. Quotes ( 1 : 27-30) Bartolache's (1790) description of the "Annals described by Bartolache." See also Paso y Troncoso, 1887. VETANCURT, FRAY AGUSTÍN DE

1697 Chrónica de la provincia del Santo Evangelio de Mexico. Quarta parte del Teatro mexicano de los sucesos religiosos. Mexico. See Vetancurt, 1871, for annotation.

1871 Crónica de la provincia del Santo Evangelio de Mexico. Cuarta parte del Teatro mexicano de los sucesos religiosos. (Biblioteca Histórica de la Iberia, vol. 9). Mexico, Imprenta de I. Escalante y Cia.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Another edition of Vetancurt, 1697; his description of Cuernavaca and the Franciscan convent there does not mention the Techialoyan-style murals of the Japanese martyrs, although other decorations are described in detail (pp. 182-86). Also published as vol. 3 (1961) of Vetancurt, Teatro mexicano . . . (Colección Chimalistac . . ., vols. 8-11), Madrid, José Porrúa Turanzas, 1960-61, 4 vols. VEYTIA, MARIANO FERNÁNDEZ DE ECHEVERRÍA Y

1826

Tezcoco en los últimos tiempos de sus antiguos reyes . . . publícalos . . . Carlos María de Bustamante. Mexico. 276 pp. Additions by editor include the lamentations, a poem, and the historical account from the Cantares de Nezahualcoyotl. 1836

Historia antigua de Méjico. La publica con varias notas y un apéndice el C. F. Ortega. Mexico, Juan Ojeda. 3 vols. xxxix + 320 pp., 1 pl.; 336 pp.; 433 pp., 7 pls. First edition of the incomplete history of ancient Mexico by Veytia, continued to the Conquest by the editor. The seven plates are of Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 1-7, referred to in chaps. 5-9 of vol. 1. See Veytia, 1944, for another edition. 1848

Historia del origen de las gentes que poblaron la América Septentrional. . . . In Kingsborough, Antiquities of Mexico, 8: 159-217. London. Publication of book 1, chaps. 1-23 of Veytia's Historia, without the illustrations. Includes one of the two known prefaces to the work, both omitted from the editions of 1836 and 1944. Cited for Veytia's statement (p. 163) that he saw the spot in 1758 where Códice de Huamantla had been collected by Boturini. 1907

Los calendarios mexicanos. Introducción por Genaro García. Mexico, Museo Nacional. xi + 62pp., 8 pls. Edition of chaps. 1-11 of Veytia's Historia (see Veytia, 1836, 1944), with colored lithographs by Genaro López of Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 1-7 from a manuscript now in the MNA and the Boban Calendar Wheel from the Doutrelaine (1867) reproduction. 1944

Historia antigua de Mexico. Mex-

ico, Editorial Leyenda. 2 vols. xxiii + 403, 367 pp., 29 pls. Second edition of Veytia, 1836, with reproduction of Veytia Calendar Wheels nos. 1-7. Added material to this edition consists of an index and the texts of the monthly ceremonies and the plates (vol. 1, pl. 8; vol. 2, pp. 339-46, pls. 10-29) from Codex Veytia. VIGIL, JOSÉ MARÍA

Cantares mexicanos. Revista Nacional de Letras y Ciencias, 1: 361-70. Mexico. Reports location of the BNMex manuscript, Cantares mexicanos, with discussion and selections in Spanish translation. Reprinted in Peñafiel, 1903b, pp. iv-xii; 1904, pp. 11-22. 1889

[Informe al Congreso]. 11th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 297-99. Mexico. Includes text of one of the poems from Cantares mexicanos, with Spanish translation by Mariano Sánchez Santos. Also reports the location of the manuscript of the Cantares, given in more detail by Vigil, 1889. 1897

ViLLACORTA C , J. ANTONIO 1934a Memorial de Tecpan - Atitlan (Anales de los Cakchiqueles) por Francisco Hernández Arana Xajila y Francisco Diaz Gebuta Quej. Texto y traducción revisados con notas y estudios sobre lingüística guatemalteca. (Colección "Villacorta" de Historia antigua de Guatemala, 4 ) . Guatemala. 383 pp. Title page and colophon dated 1936. Transcript of the text of the Anales de los Cakchiqueles, with incomplete Spanish translation (pp. 181-334), commentary, notes, and glossary. The work includes a long dissertation on Guatemalan Indian linguistics, with bibliography of manuscript sources and a commentary on Indian texts utilized by Fuentes y Guzmán (pp. 133-45). 1934b Paginas de la historia precolombina de Guatemala. Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia, 11 ( 1 ) : 66-69,2 figs. Guatemala. Unacceptable comments on Códice Porfirio Díaz, based on Chavero, 1892, as recording a war expedition from the Copan-Quirigua region through Guatemala, toward Chiapas, Tehuantepec, and Oaxaca and extending over seven centuries. 717

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

1962

En el IV centenario del poema Popol-Vuh de Diego Reinoso, Popol-Vinac, hijo de Lahuh-Noh. Guatemala. 2 vols.

Volume 1, Crestomatía Quiché: texto Quiché del P. Fray Francisco Ximénez, contains the Quiche text of the Popol Vuh, with an interlinear Spanish translation. AND FLAVIO RODAS Ν .

1927

Manuscrito de Chichicastenango (Popol Buj). Estudios sobre las antiguas tradiciones del pueblo Quiche. Texto indígena fonetizado y traducido al castellano. . . . Guatemala. xvi + 416 pp.

Quiche text and Spanish translation of the Popol Vuh (pp. 162-403). AND CARLOS A. VILLACORTA

1930

Códices mayas reproducidos y desarrollados. Guatemala, Tipografía Nacional. 450 pp. [1933].

Complete reproduction of Codices Dresden, Paris, and Madrid in line drawings by Carlos Villacorta based on other editions. Explanatory diagrams by J. A. Villacorta facing each reproduced page form a running commentary. Includes outlines of contents of each manuscript. Reprinted from Villacorta and Villacorta, 1930-33.

1930-33 Códices mayas. Andes de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala, vol. 6, no. 3, through vol. 9, no. 4, various paginations. Guatemala.

Cited for description (p. 73) of the Book of Chilam Balam of Tusik. VIÑAZA, C O N D E DE LA

1892 Bibliografía española de lenguas indígenas de América. Madrid. xxv + 427 pp. Important bibliography of books and manuscripts. VINDEL, PEDRO

1910

Bibliografía gráfica. Reproducción en facsímil de portadas, retratos, colofones y otras curiosidades útiles a los bibliófilos, que se hallan en obras únicas y libros preciosos ó raros. Madrid. 2 vols.

Reproduction (2: 344, no. 900) of the illustrated title page of a manuscript (now in HSA) of Motolinía's Historia de los indios de la Nueva España. VISINO, TITO

1864 Torn leaves from the chronicle of the ancient nations of America, photographed from the original drawings of Don Tito Visino, consul of his majesty the King of Bavaria for the Island of Cuba, by Leopold F. Manley. London, Trübner & Co. 11 pp., 3 pp., 83 mounted photographs.

Reprinted as Villacorta and Villacorta, 1930 (q.v.).

Calendar wheels reproduced in pls. 35-37 are perhaps inspired by Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 4 and those published by Clavigero (see Veytia Calendar Wheels in census). The drawing in pl. 49 (fig. 74), said to be from a manuscript in the Peñasco collection, is not entered in the census.

VILLAGRA, AGUSTÍN

VIvó, JORGE Α., ed.

1933 El Lienzo de Zacatepec. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía, ep. 5, 2: 105-06. Mexico. Notes discovery of Lienzo de Zacatepec no. 1 in the Secretaría de Fomento and its transfer to the Museo Nacional, Mexico. VILLA ROJAS, ALFONSO

1945 The Maya of East Central Quintana Roo. (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 559). Washington. xii + 182 pp. 718

1946

Mexico prehispánico. Culturas, deidades, monumentos. Antología de Esta Semana This Week, 19351946. Mexico, Editorial Emma Hurtado. xv + 911 pp.

Collection of 104 articles on Mexican anthropology by different authors. Pl. 53 is a b/w photoreproduction of one page of the obverse of Códice de Azoyu, no. 1.

Voss, A. 1884 La collection Uhde. Revue d'Ethnographie, 3: 88. Paris.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

States that the Royal Museum (Berlin) purchased all of the Uhde collection some time before, except for a stone sculpture. VOZ GUADALUPANA, L A

1944

La Voz Guadalupana, año 11, no. 5, September. Mexico.

Techialoyan 710, Santa Maria Calacohuayan, f. 3v (bottom cut off), reproduced on p. 2. WAGNER, HENRY R.

1944 The rise of Fernando Cortés. (The Cortés Society, Documents and narratives concerning the discovery and conquest of Latin America, n.s., no. 3). Berkeley. xxxvi + 564 pp.

of the Matrícula de Huexotzinco. The Americas, 27 ( 3 ) : 252-70. Analysis of population census data in the Matrícula de Huexotzingo. WARREN, J. BENEDICT

1971 Fray Jerónimo de Alcalá: Author of the Relación de Michoacan? The Americas, 27 ( 3 ) : 307-26. Detailed investigation of the authorship of the Relación de Michoacan. WASSEN, S. HENRY

1942

A forged Maya codex on parchment: A warning. Ethnologiska Studier, nos. 12-13, pp. 293-304, 8 figs. Goteborg.

Reproduction of the Manuscrito del Aperreamiento after J. F. Ramírez (1847) and criticism of his interpretation (pp. 77-78, pl. 4); other references and illustrations not cited.

Description and partial reproduction of a falsified pictorial manuscript in the Etnografiska Museet, Goteborg, Sweden.

WALDECK, J. F.

WATERMAN, T. T.

MS

Catalogue de dessins. Manuscript in Newberry Library, Chicago, Ayer collection no. 1260.

Includes descriptions of original and copied pictorial manuscripts in his collection, written about 1830-31. Now in the BNP are nos. 79-83 (copy of Codex Boturini), 118-19 (one leaf of Codex Xolotl), 126 (leaves 9-20 of Tonalamad Aubin), and 127 (Tira de Tepechpan). All other items now in NLA. See also Ternaux-Compans, MS. WARBURTON, WILLIAM

1738-41 The divine legation of Moses demonstrated. London. 2 vols. Brief reference to Codex Mendoza and engraving of one of its pages after Purchas, 1625 (2: 69-70, pl. facing p. 67). See also Warburton, 1744.

1744

Essai sur les hiéroglyphes des Egyptiens traduit de l'Anglois. Paris. 3 vols.

Not examined. Cited by Ehrle (1900, p. 17) and Paso y Troncoso (1898b, pp. 334, 354) as partial translation of Warburton, 1738-41, by Marcos Antonio Leonard des Malpeines (or Malespeines) with added notes by translator. Engraving of a page of Codex Mendoza with mistaken rumor of its being in the Bibliothèque du Roi, Paris ( 1 : 18); reference ( 1 : 16) to the manuscript described by Acosta in the Vatican (Codex Ríos). WARREN, DAVID

1971 Some demographic considerations

1916

The delineation of day-signs in the Aztec manuscripts. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, 11 ( 6 ) : 297-398. Berkeley.

Day-sign forms in the major pictorial manuscripts from the Valley of Mexico, Western Oaxaca, and in those of the Borgia Group.

1931 Aztec rituals. In A. L. Kroeber and Τ. Τ. Waterman, eds., Source Book in Anthropology, pp. 437-40. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co. Rev. ed. English translation of selected pages from the Span­ ish text of Codex Magliabecchiano. WAUCHOPE, ROBERT

1946 Illustrated guide to the museum gallery of the Middle American Re­ search Institute. (Tulane Univer­ sity, Middle American Research Institute, Miscellaneous series, no. 3). New Orleans. 40 pp. Small-scale photoreproduction of both sides of Tira de Tributos (p. 30), without comment.

1957 The following item recently dis­ appeared. . . . (Tulane University, Middle American Research Insti719

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES

tute). New Orleans. lar.

en Homenaje a Roberto J. Weitlaner, pp. 139-44, 4 figs. Mexico, I.N.A.H.

1-leaf circu-

Notice of loss of Testerian manuscript from TU/ MARI, with brief description and photograph giving two of its pages.

Technical analysis of the cloth of Lienzo de Santo Tomas Ocotepec.

WEIDITZ, CRISTOPH

WEST, ROBERT C , AND JOHN P. AUGELLI

1927 Das Trachtenbuch des Cristoph Weiditz von seinen Reisen nach Spanien (1529) und den Niederlanden (1531/32). Berlin and Leipzig. Not examined. Cited in survey of pictorial manuscripts for drawings of Mexican Indians transported to Spain in 1529. WEITLANER, ROBERTO J.

1939 Beitrag zur Sprache der Ocuilteca von San Juan Acingo. El Mexico Antiguo, 4 (9-12): 297-328. Mexico. Linguistic map (facing p. 328) covers the area of the "Techialoyan Pueblos" west of the Valley of Mexico; occupied by many of the Otomi-speaking pueblos which are the loci of Techialoyan codices. AND CARLO ANTONIO CASTRO G.

1953 El Lienzo de Tlacoatzintepec. Yan, 2, pp. 108-13, illus. Mexico. Includes description and study of Lienzo de Tlacoatzintepec, with reproduction of a copy of the 1892 copy and comparison with the original. See also Weitlaner and Castro, 1954.

1954

Mayultianguis y Tlacoatzintepec. (Papeles de la Chinantla, vol. 1, Museo Nacional de Antropología, Serie Científica, no. 3). Mexico. 272 pp.

Includes (pp. 188-99, figs. 42-49) material published by the same authors (1953), with some variations. WEITLANER DE JOHNSON, IRMGARD

1959 Hilado y tejido. In Carmen Cook de Leonard, ed., Esplendor del Mexico Antiquo, 1: 439-78. Mexico, Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas de Mexico. Fig. 38 illustrates a painted piece of bark paper from an archaeological discovery in Coahuila.

1966 Análisis textil del Lienzo de Ocotepec. In Summa Anthropologica 720

1966

Middle America: Its lands and peoples. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall. 482 pp.

Drawing of cochineal harvest on p. 285 cited in pictorial census but not separately included therein. WHITE, LESLIE Α., AND IGNACIO BERNAL, eds.

1960 Correspondencia de Adolfo F. Bandelier. (Serie Historia, 4). Mexico, Instituto Nacional de An­ tropología e Historia. 322 pp. Letters from Bandelier to García Icazbalceta frequently mention native Mexican sources. Comments on the problem of Tovar's Códice Ramírez (pp. 213-21); references (pp. 236-40) to Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco, Mapa de Chalchihuapan, and Mapa de San Jeronimo Tecuanipan (the last not in census). WHORF, B. L.

1929

The reign of Huemac translated from the Aztec text of the "Annals of Quauhtitlan." American Anthropologist, 31 ( 4 ) : 667-84.

Nahuatl text and English translation of part of the Anales de Cuauhtitlan.

1930 An Aztec account of the period of Toltec decline. 23d International Congress of Americanists, pp. 12229. New York. Nahuatl text and English translation, with commentary, of one page of the Historia ToltecaChichimeca (Boban, 1891, pl. 55, right). WICKE, CHARLES R.

1966 Tomb 30 at Yagul and the Zaachila tombs. In John Paddock, ed., Ancient Oaxaca: discoveries in Mexican archeology and history, 336-44, 11 figs., pls. Stanford, Stanford University Press. Fig. 11 reproduces p. 75 of Codex Nuttall, with interpretive caption by Alfonso Caso; this figure does not appear in the original edition of this article published in 1964.

ANNOTATED REFERENCES WIESER, FRANZ R. VON

1908

Die Karten von Amerika in dem Islario General des Alonso de Santa Cruz, cosmografo mayor des Kaisers Karl V. mit dem Spanischen Original Texte und einer kritischen Einleitung. (Festgabe des K. u. K. Oberstkämmer-Amtes für den XVI Internat. Amerikanisten-Kongresses). Innsbruck. xix + 59 pp., 15 pls.

The Santa Cruz Map of the City and Valley of Mexico is reproduced in pl. 11 after the copy in the Vienna manuscript of the Islario; related text on pp. 44-50. WlLKEN, F R I E D R I C H

1828 Geschichte der Kõniglichen Bibliothek zu Berlin. Berlin, Duncker and Humblot. xiii + 242 pp. Records gift of Mexican Indian manuscripts (MSS Amer. 1-2; Humboldt Fragments 1-16) to the library by Baron von Humboldt in 1806 ( p p . 155-56, 234). WILLARD, THEODORE A.

1933 The Codex Perez: An ancient Mayan hieroglyphic book. A photographic facsimile reproduced from the original in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Glendale, California, Arthur H. Clark. 10 pp., with folded facsimile, 22

pp. B/w facsimile in screenfold format of Codex Paris said by editor to be by a photographic process. Very general introduction. WILSON, ROBERT ANDERSON

1859 A new history of the conquest of Mexico in which Las Casas' denunciations of the popular historians of that war are fully vindicated. Philadelphia, James Cullen & Son. 539 pp. The Maya archaeological remains are Phoenecian; the Mexican pictorial manuscripts are Spanish fabrications and impostures, etc. Sceptical observations on Codex Telleriano-Remensis (for which it has needlessly been cited in such bibliographies as Noguera, 1933a, and Alcina Franch, 1955), on Codex Ríos, and on Fray Pedro de los Ríos. Reproduces a

detail from Códice Boturini ( p . 101) with sarcastic commentary. Of no current value. WINSOR, JUSTIN

1889 Bibliographical notes on the picture-writing of the Nahuas and Mayas. In his Narrative and critical history of America, 1: 197207. Boston and New York. Reviews most 19thC publications on the subject. W O L F , ERIC R.

1959

Sons of the shaking earth. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, viii + 303 pp., illus.

Broad, compact synthesis of Mexican and Guatemalan culture and history from earliest times to the present, with emphasis on the Indian sociocultural tradition. [Art. 30.] AND ÁNGEL PALERM

1955 Irrigation in the Old Acolhua domain, Mexico. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 11 ( 3 ) : 26581. Santa Fe. Extensive utilization of the Titles of Tetzcotzinco. WORM, OLAUS

1655

Museum Wormianum seu Historia Rerum Rariorum . . . quae Hafniae Danorum in aedibus Authoris servantur. Amsterdam.

Not examined. Reference ( p p . 383-84) to Codex Vienna and publication of a detail by Ludolph. Reference and figure reprinted in Adelhofer, 1963, p. 15, note 5, fig. 3 ) . WROTH,

LAWRENCE

1945 Some reflections on the book arts in early Mexico. Cambridge, Harvard College Library. Pl. 5 reproduces one page of the Techialoyan Codex of Santa Maria Tetelpan (catalog, 7 1 3 ) .

1949

In retrospect, 1923-1949: An exhibition commemorating twentysix years of service. . . . Providence, John Carter Brown Library. vi + 40 pp., 16 pls.

PL 8 reproduces one page of the JCBL manuscript of Tovar's Relación del Origen . . ., described on p. 17. Techialoyan Codex of Santa Maria Tetelpan (no. 713) is described on pp. 15-16.

721

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES XIMÉNEZ, FRAY FRANCISCO

1929-31 Historia de la provincia de San Vicente de Chiapa y Guatemala de la Orden de Predicadores. (Biblioteca "Goathemala" de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia, vols. 1-3). Guatemala. 3 vols. Book 1, chaps. 2-21 ( 1 : 6-53), are a Spanish translation of the Popol Vuh.

1964 Escolios a las historias del origen de los indios. Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala, 37: 242-79. Guatemala. Reprinted from Scherzer, 1857; cited in connection with the Popol Vuh. XIU CHRONICLES

1919 Xiu Chronicles, 1608-1815. [Boston], Massachusetts Historical Society. Approximately 167 photostats. Photostatic edition of the Xiu Chronicles (see, in pictorial census: Map of the Province of Mani and Genealogical Tree of the Xiu Family) in an edition of 20 copies, distributed by Peabody Museum, Cambridge. YÁÑEZ, AGUSTÍN

1939 Crónicas de la conquista de Mexico. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma, Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario, 2 ) . Mexico. ν + 214 pp. Includes (pp. 191-215) Spanish translation of Crónica de Chac-Xuluh-Chen reprinted from Pérez Martínez, 1936. Second and third editions in same series, 1950 and 1963.

1942

Mitos indígenas. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma, Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario, 31). Mexico. xxiv + 201 pp., illus.

Spanish translation (by F. del Paso y Troncoso) of the Leyenda de los Soles (pp. 1-36); excerpts from Tovar, Códice Ramírez (pp. 37-100); and text of the calendrical section of Durán, Historia (pp. 103200). Reprinted in same series, 1956 and 1964. ZANTWIJK, RUDOLF A. M. VAN

1957 Aztec hymns as the expression of the Mexican philosophy of life. In722

ternational Archives of Ethnography, vol. 48, part 1, pp. 67-118. Leiden. Includes the Nahuatl text and English translation of four poems from Cantares a los dioses compiled by Sahagún and six from Cantares mexicanos.

1967 La organización de once guarniciones aztecas: una nueva interpretación de los folios 17v y 18r del Códice Mendocino. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 56 ( 1 ) : 149-58,2 pls., 2 maps. Paris. New interpretation of two pages of part 2 of Codex Mendoza.

1969 La estructura gubernamental del estado de Tlacupan (1430-1520). Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, 8: 123-55. Mexico. History of the Indian state of Tlacopan; 10 maps cover much of the area which is the provenience of the Techialoyan codies (Article 24). Has not been cited in Article 23 or 27B for treatment of various pictorial and prose sources. ZARCO CUEVAS, P. FR. JULIAN

1924-29 Catálogo de los manuscritos castellanos de la Real Biblioteca de El Escorial. Madrid. 3 vols. Includes descriptions of the Relación de Michoacan, a copy of the text of Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2 ("Calendario de toda la índica gente . . ."), and a copy of the text of Códice del Museo de América ("Costumbres, fiestas . . . " ) . ZAVALA, SILVIO A.

1935 La ecomienda indiana. (Junta para ampliación de estudios e investigaciones científicas, Centro de Estudios Históricos, Sección hispanoamericana, 2 ) . Madrid. Significant study bearing on land tenure in the 16thC, putative date of the Techialoyan codices (cited in survey of Techialoyan MSS).

1938 Francisco del Paso y Troncoso: su misión en Europa, 1892-1916. (Publicaciones del Museo Nacional). Mexico. xx + 644 pp. [1939]. Bibliographical study, correspondence, and catalog of the Paso y Troncoso collection, most of which is

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

now in MNA/AH. See Jiménez Moreno, 1938b, for comment on Appendix 3 of this work. Catálogo de los Fondos del Centro de Documentación del Museo Nacional de Historia, en el Castillo de Chapultepec. Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, 10 ( 4 ) : 459-95. Mexico. Catalog of the "Benjamin Franklin" series of microfilm copies of Mexican Indian texts, pictorial manuscripts, and related works.

series Β [Völkerkunde, Kulturgeschichte und Sprachen], vol. 34). Hamburg. 174 pp.

1951

Comprehensive numerical-alphabetical classification system for hieroglyphs (main signs and affixes) in the three surviving Lowland Maya screenfolds (Dresden, Paris, Madrid), with detailed specification of their occurrences. A major research tool for all students of Lowland Maya hieroglyphic writing. [Art. 30.] 1960

1952 Nuño de Guzmán y la esclavitud de los indios. Historia Mexicana, 1 ( 3 ) : 410-28. Mexico, El Colegio de Mexico. Illustrated with a detail from Codex Monteleone. 1967

Los esclavos indios en Nueva España. Mexico, El Colegio Nacional. xii + 460 pp. Colophon and cover dated 1968. Illustrations in" clude a detail from Codex Monteleone (previously published in Zavala, 1952) and the relación geográfica map of San Miguel y San Felipe de los Chichimecas. Appendix 1 concerns the "Códice de Tepexic de la Seda" and is cited separately in this bibliography (see Torre and Sandoval, 1967). AND JOSÉ MIRANDA

1954

Instituciones indígenas en la colonia. In A. Caso, ed., Métodos y resultados de la política indigenista en México, pp. 31-94. Memorias del Instituto Nacional Indigenista, 6. Mexico. Concise synthesis primarily of economic and cultural aspects of Mexican Indian communities during the colonial period. [Art. 30.] ZIMMERMANN, GÜNTER 1954 Notas para la historia de los manuscritos mayas. Yan, no. 3, pp. 6264. Mexico. History of Codex Paris and quotation from the J. F. Ramírez (1855) description; comment on the 1867 photographs of Codex Cortesianus (a part of Codex Madrid) in ΒNP/FM manuscript 395. 1956

Die Hieroglyphen der MayaHandschriften. (Universität Hamburg, Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiet der Auslandskunde, vol. 62;

Das Geschichtswerk des Domingo de Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin. . . . (Beiträge zur mittelamerikanischen Võlkerkunde, 5 ) . Hamburgischen Museums füi Võlkerkunde und Vorgeschichte. 77 pp.

Detailed study of the sources of Chimalpahin's historical writings, with comparisons with other texts— Tezozomoc, Cristóbal del Castillo, Codex Aubin, etc. Selected passages from several Relations are given in Nahuatl, with German translation. 1963-65 Die Relationen Chimalpahin's zur Geschichte Mexiko's. Teil 1: Die Zeit bis zur Conquista, 1521. Teil 2: Das Jahrhundert nach der Conquista (1522-1615). (Universität Hamburg, Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiet der Auslandskunde, vols. 68-69, series B, vols. 38-39). Hamburg. 2 vols. xv + 193 pp.; v + 207 pp. Critical transcript of the Nahuatl text of Chimalpahin's Journal (BNP 220) and of all but the first of the eight Relaciones (BNP 74); parts of the latter are "arranged in chronological sequence. The appendix to part 2 gives the Nahuatl text of the Fragment de l'Histoire des anciens Mexicains (BNP 85) and the Fragment d'un Histoire du Mexique en langue Nahuatl (BNP 217). Part 3, in preparation, will provide translation into German or Spanish. See also Zimmermann, 1966. 1966

Chimalpahin y la iglesia de San Anton Abad en Mexico. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Traducciones Mesoamericanistas, 1: 11-26. Mexico. Spanish translation of Zimmermann, 1963-65, part 1, pp. vii-xv.

723

ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES ZOEGA, GIORGIO

1797

De Origine et usu obeliscorum. Rome. [1800].

Not examined. Cited by Chavero (1903a, p. 6) and Paso y Troncoso (1898b, p. 354) for brief reference to Codex Ríos, Codex Borgia, and the Fábrega commentary on the latter (pp. 530-31). ZORITA, ALONSO DE

1840 Rapport sur les differentes classes de chefs de la Nouvelle Espagne. . . . (H. Ternaux-Compans, ed., Voyages, relations et mémoires originaux pour servir à l'histoire de la découverte de l'Amérique . . . , vol. 11). Paris. xvi + 418 pp. French translation of the Breve y sumaria relación by Zorita.

1864

Breve y sumaria relación de los señores, y maneras y diferencias que había de ellos en la Nueva España. . . . Colección de documentos inéditos . . . del Real Archivo de Indias, 2:1-126. Madrid.

Edition based on the manuscript in the Muñoz collection.

1891 Breve y sumaría relación de los señores. . . . In Joaquín García Icazbalceta, ed., Nueva colección de documentos para la historia de Mexico, 3: 71-227. Mexico. Standard edition (reprinted, 1941) with introduction by García Icazbalceta.

1909 Historia de la Nueva España, tomo primero. (Colección de libros y documentos referentes a la historia de América, vol. 9). Madrid. cx + 534 pp. Cited for brief reference to the Motolinía Memoriales manuscript containing Veytia Calendar Wheel no. 2.

724

1941 Breve y sumaria relación de los señores. . . . In Joaquín García Icazbalceta, ed., Nueva colección de documentos para la historia de Mexico, 3: 65-205. Mexico, Ch-vez Hayhoe. Reprint, with different pagination, of Zorita, 1891.

1942 Breve y sumaria relación de los señores de la Nueva España. Prólogo y notas de Joaquín Ramírez Cabañas. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Biblioteca del Estudiante Universitario, 32). Mexico. Based on the edition of 1891. Reissued in the same series, 1963.

1963 Life and labor in ancient Mexico. The Brief and Summary Relation of the Lords of New Spain. . . . Translated and with an introduction by Benjamin Keen. New Brunswick, N. J., Rutgers University Press. 328 pp. English translation of the Breve y sumaria relación with long biobibliographical introduction by the editor, notes, appendix and index. ZULAICA GAEATE, ROMÁN

1939

Los Franciscanos y la imprenta en Mexico en el siglo XVI. Mexico, Editorial Pedro Robredo. 373 pp.

Includes (plate facing p. 16) photograph of one page of the Testerian manuscript in the Gómez de Orozco collection (now in ΜΝA/AH).

José GUADALUPE 1957 Las artes populares en Jalisco. Guadalajara, Jalisco, Ediciones Centro Bohemio. 79 pp., pls.

ZUNO,

The Techialoyan Codex of Santa Cecilia Acatitlan (no. 709) is reproduced on two unnumbered plates.