Grammar through tests and texts: collection of tests and texts 9786010431393

Table of contents :
LBC 81.2 Англ-923
Printed in the printing office of the «Kazakh university» publishing house.

Citation preview

AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

GRAMMAR THROUGH TESTS AND TEXTS Collection of tests and texts

Аlmaty «Qazaq University» 2017

1

UDC 811.111 (075) LBC 81.2 Англ-923 G 71 Recommended for publication by the decision of the Academic Council of the Faculty of Philology and World Languages, Editorial and Publishing Council of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (Protocol №3 dated 07.12.2017) Reviewers: Candidate of philological sciences, Associate professor A.A. Muldagalieva

G 71

Grammar through tests and texts: collection of tests and texts / Е.I. Lugovskaya, D.М. Makhmetova, B.N. Bekmasheva, Z.S. Nesipbaeva. – Almaty: Qazaq University, 2017. – 226 p. ISBN 978-601-04-3139-3 The manual was created for the students of the university learning the English language. It can be used for the English learners of Pre-Intermediate level. Our manual consists of 2 units. The first unit (Grammar in Tests) contains the tests and is intended for written work, but the second unit (Situational Grammar) consists of a great number of dialogues and texts and is devoted to the development of oral speech. The manual allows the students to work in class as well as individually. Developing this manual the authors tried to reach the following goals: the first one is to develop the profound understanding of general grammar, the second one is to enrich vocabulary, the third one is to develop the skills to translate given dialogues and texts and to speak English correctly. Published in authorial release.

UDC 811.111 (075) LBC 81.2 Англ-923 © Lugovskaya Е.I., Makhmetova D.М., Bekmasheva B.N., Nesipbaeva Z.S., 2017 © Al-Farabi KazNU, 2017

ISBN 978-601-04-3139-3

2

INTRODUCTION The manual was created for all the students of the university learning English language and it is based on the pedagogical principle: “simple – to- complex”. It can be used for the English learners of Pre-Intermediate level. Our manual consists of 2 units. The first unit (Grammar in Tests) contains the tests and is intended for written work, but the second unit (Situational Grammar) consists of a great number of dialogues and texts and is devoted to the development of oral speech. This manual is designed for students who are both beginners and for those who continue to learn English and want to improve their knowledge. At the end of the manual the authors included very helpful information. This information comprises very detailed Grammar References and the list of irregular verbs. The answer sheet is given for those students who will work individually. The main advantage of this manual is that it allows the students to work in class as well as individually thanks to the answer sheet given at the end of it. Developing this manual the authors tried to reach the following goals: the first one is to develop the profound understanding of general grammar, the second one is to enrich vocabulary, the third one is to develop the skills to translate given dialogues and texts and to speak English correctly.

3

PART 1

GRAMMAR IN TESTS Test 1. Articles (definite or indefinite) Write a, an or the where necessary (GR 2): 1. Homo sapiens is … most intelligent species on the planet. A. a B. the C. an D. – 2. I met … very interesting woman today. A. a B. the C. an D. – 3. Did you fill up the car with … petrol yesterday. A. a B. the C. an D. – 4. The dog is barking at … Moon again. A. a B. the C. an D. – 5. Have a look at … refrigerator. I think there is some milk left. A. a B. the C. an D. – 4

6. That is … interesting bird – … bird with blue tail feathers. A. a B. the C. an, the D. – 7. Wow! You have got a lot of … DVDs. A. a B. the C. an D. – 8. Is that really …camel I can see over there? A. a B. the C. an D. – 9. Jack is … optician. A. an B. the C. a D. – 10. Have you got … garage at your house? A. a B. the C. an D. – 11. Sorry, I have forgotten … CD you wanted. A. a B. the C. an D. – . 12. Go to bed. I have got … new story to read to you. A. a 5

B. the C. an D. – 13. Oh, no! I have got … oil on my favourite shirt. A. a B. the C. an D. – . 14. How much is … green dress in the window? A. a B. the C. an D. – 15. Peter, there is … email for you. A. an B. the C. a D. – 16. Which is it? A squid or … octopus? A. a B. the C. an D. – .

Test 2. Articles (definite or zero article) Use the or do not use any article at all. (GR 2) Choose the corresponding option A or B. 1. Jane and her husband were amazed to see … A. the Pacific Ocean B. Pacific Ocean 6

2. Jeff wants to climb … A. the Mount Everest B. Mount Everest 3. Do you enjoy listening to … A. music B. the music 4. I spent my childhood in … A. the Belgium B. Belgium 5. We are going skiing in … A. Alps B. the Alps 6. My doctor says …is bad for you. A. salt B. the salt 7. Can you pass me …, please? A. salt B. the salt 8. My colleague speaks … . A. the French B. French 9. … was a lecturer at London University. A. The Dr. Smith B. Dr. Smith 10. Tom van Vuren comes from … . A. Netherlands B. the Netherlands 11. I have always loved … . A. Italian B. the Italian 7

12. Have you ever been to … . A. Lake Ontario B. the Lake Ontario 13. We are staying at …. A. Sharaton Hotel. B. the Sharaton Hotel. 14. Marina comes from … , doesn’t she? A. Spain B. the Spain 15. … is a difficult language to learn. A. Chinese B. the Chinese 16. … is an amazing building. A. Taj Mahal B. the Taj Mahal

Test 3. Use the correct word order with adjectives. (GR 29) Circle the correct option: A or B. 1. I bought … music box. A. a lovely Italian B. an Italian lovely 2. Pal has got … car. A. a black huge sports B. a huge black sports

3. That’s the … you have said. A. stupid third thing B. third stupid thing 8

4. My boss lives in … house. A. an old stone B. a stone old 5. That was … curry. A. a spicy excellent B. an excellent spicy 6. Could you pass me … ruler? A. the metal long B. the long metal 7. The room looks … . A. light sunny B. light and sunny 8. We need … dictionary. A. a good French B. a French good 9. Smuff is … rabbit. A. an adorable little Dutch B. a Dutch little adorable 10. We had … . A. a lovely long holiday B. a long lovely holiday 11. There was … man in the canteen. A. a thin tall blue – eyed B. a tall thin blue – eyed 12. Sha had … shorts on. A. blue lycra cycling B. lycra blue cycling 13. We have never tasted … chips. A. hot delicious Belgian B. delicious hot Belgian 9

14. The ballet dancers had… shoes. A. pink silk ballet B. silk pink ballet 15. We went to the cinema to see … yesterday. A. a French scary film B. a scary French film 16. … ducks were on the pond. A. Tiny seven yellow B. Seven yellow tiny

Test 4. Use the correct word order with adverbs. (GR 30) Circle the correct option: A or B. 1. I … liked heights. A. have never B. never have 2. He … to ring me. A. often forgets B. forgets often 3. She didn’t like … . A. much the film B. the film much 4. The report is … . A. completely finished B. finished completely 5. I speak … . A. foreign languages badly B. badly foreign languages 10

6. Did you … ? A. see Martina yesterday B. yesterday see Martina 7. I feel … . A. very sad B. sad very 8. We … . A. always have lived here B. have always lived here 9. They make … . A. wonderful sandwiches here. B. here wonderful sandwiches 10. Have you … ? A. always studied at this school B. studied always at this school 11. I’ll … . A. probably see you on Sunday B. see you probably on Sunday 12. I have … where to go. A. already decided B. decided already 13. Fiona doesn’t have a sense of humour. She … . A. laughs never B. never laughs 14. No one enjoyed … . A. the play much B. much the play

11

15. How long have you …? A. lived here B. here lived 16. Let’s … . A. tomorrow go out B. go out tomorrow

Test 5. Comparative and superlative adjectives. (GR 3) Complete the sentences. Use the best option: A or B. 1. That is the … shark I have ever seen. A. bigger B. biggest 2. Are oysters … than mussels? A. more tasty B. tastier 3. Skiing is … exciting sport in the world. A. the most B. a most 4. That is the best painting …the world. A. of B. in 5. You are the … person I have ever known. A. funnier B. funniest 6. Is Ancient Greek more difficult … Latin? A. than B. as 12

7. Which is … , Africa or Asia. A. hotter B. the hottest 8. A cat can jump … than a dog. A. higher B. more high 9. Michel is … person to ask about. A. best B. the best 10. She was much … than I thought . A. the cleverest B. cleverer 11. Who is … ? Kate or Judith? A. fitter B. more fitter 12. My train arrives … than yours. A. later B. latest 13. My friend Peter is … than other boys in our class. A. intelligent B. more intelligent 14. The blue whale is … animal. A. the biggest B. bigger 15. Which skyscraper is… in the world. A. the highest B. higher 16. Today is … day of the year. A. hotter B. the hottest 13

Test 6. Comparative and superlative adverbs. (GR 3) Complete the sentences. Use the best option: A or B. 1. Tom drives … than anyone I knew. A. faster B. fastest 2. Richard is clever, but Bob works … of all the students. A. harder B. hardest 3. They all dance well, but Hellen danced … of all. A. most elegantly B. more elegantly 4. Mary drives … than Andrea. A. worst B. worse 5. You get high marks … than I do. A. more often B. most often 6. Could you come … than ten? It’s rather late. A. earliest B. earlier 7. Can cats catch rats … than they can catch mice? A. most easily B. more easily 8. Of all the birds in the world which bird sings … ? A. good B. best 9. Do other animals wake up … than birds or are birds the first to wake up? 14

A. earlier B. more early 10. Can bats see … than men? A. more clearly B. clearly 11. Why have apes developed … other animals? A. more quickly than B. quicklier than 12. I’d like to move … to my family. A. more near B. nearer 13. Nine o’clock? You get up … I do. A. late than B. later than 14. Matthew works harder … his supervisor does. A. than B. – 15. We would all like to see you … . A. more often B. oftener 16. She can speak German … than they can. A. most faster B. faster

Test 7. The Degrees of Comparison of adjectives and adverbs (GR 3). Change the adjectives (adverbs) in brackets using the necessary ones in the corresponding degree of comparison. 15

1. She has (much) free time than I have. A. better B. more C. the most 2. The weather is (bad) today than it was yesterday. A. better B. worse C. the best 3. He is (good) of my friends. A. the least B. less C. the best 4. Those do (little) who speak most. A. better B. least C. the most 5. It’s difficult to say which season of the year is (good). A. better B. more C. the best 6. This test-paper is (bad) in the group. A. the most B. less C. the worst 7. Moscow is (many) than 800 years old. A. the least B. more C. the best 8. He spends (little) time on English than other students do. A. the least B. less C. the best 16

9. I like summer (well) of all. A. worst B. worse C. best 10. She has (little) free time than I have. A. better B. the least C. less 11. Is the weather (good) today than it was yesterday? A. better B. least C. the most 12. Some people say that winter is the (bad) season of the year. A. the most B. less C. the worst 13. (Well) late than never. A. better B. worse C. the best 14. He plays tennis (well) of all. A. worse B. worst C. best 15. Today we have (little) free time than yesterday. A. the most B. less C. the worst 16. There are (many) than 150 Institutes in Almaty. A. the least B. more C. the best 17

Test 8. Present Participle or Past Participle. (GR 22, 23) Complete the sentences. Use the best option: A or B. 1. She finds exercise extremely … . A. tired B. tiring 2. It can be very … , trying to learn a language. A. frustrated B. frustrating 3. It is very … when the computer doesn’t work properly. A. irritated B. irritating 4. We were all … to hear about the news. A. shocked B. shocking 5. Are you … that you didn’t pass the examination? A. disappointed B. disappointing 6. Stop being so … ! That is the third time I have heard this story. A. bored B. boring 7. I was … to learn about the history of this castle. A. fascinating B. fascinated 8. No one seems … in this very difficult experiment. A. interesting B. interested 18

9. I am sure the dog is … . He never wags his tail. A. depressed B. depressing 10. What is wrong? Are you … with me? A. annoying B. annoyed 11. My friends are not … , because the film is not funny. A. amused B. amusing 12. These instructions are very … . I don’t understand them. A. confusing B. confused 13. You are … when you are in a bad mood. A. frightening B. frightened 14. Jill was very … about falling asleep in class. A. embarrassed B. embarrassing 15. I worked hard yesterday. When I got home I was …. A. exhausting B. exhausted 16. Lying on the beach is very … A. relaxed B. relaxing

Test 9. Uncountable nouns. (GR 1) Complete the sentences. Use the best option: A or B. 19

1. Experts predict a rise in the price of … . A. petrol B. petrols 2. Did you hear … noise? A. – B. a 3. Rice … good for our health. A. is B. are 4. John has too much … to do at home. A. work B. works 5. Can we get …piece of advice here? A. a B. an 6. The spaghetti you’ve cooked … delicious! A. taste B. tastes 7. He uses the London tube every day so he spends a lot on …. A. travel B. travels 8. We have got … good news for you. A. – B. a 9. You can’t use … money to buy happiness. A. – B. the 10. Please be quiet! You are making too much … . A. a noise B. noise. 20

11. Patrick has got …blond hair and blue eyes. A. a B. – 12. Milk … healthier than cream. A. is B. are 13. Three … , please. A. coffee B. coffees 14. I need … so I am looking for a job. A. moneys B. money 15. This job advert says you need … experience. A. – B. an 16. Where can I get … about the city? A. information B. informations

Test 10. Quantifiers: some, any, much and many. (GR 5) Complete the sentences. 1. How … years’ experience do you have? A. many B. much 2. Jim has got … photos to show . A. any B. some 21

3. I don’t think there is … coffee. A. any B. some 4. John doesn’t have … trouble making friends. A. many B. much 5. I don’t know …French. A. many B. much 6. We don’t eat … sweets and fatty products. A. many B. much 7. Have we got … milk left? A. any B. some 8. Look! Here is … information about the city. A. any B. some 9. How … time have we got? A. many B. much 10. There aren’t … apples. A. any B. some 11. The shop doesn’t have … bananas. A. any B. some 12. We haven’t got … time. A. much B. many 22

13. Would you like …bread? A. any B. some 14. How … times have you been to Egypt? A. much B. many 15. George doesn’t like to eat … vegetables. A. much B. many 16. Peter’s friend has bought … CDs. A. some B. any

Test 11. Quantifiers: some, any, much and many. (GR 5) Complete the negative sentences and the questions. Circle the correct option: A or B. 1. Can I have … apple juice? A. some B. any 2. I have … advice for you, Mr. Smith. A. any B. some 3. Do you play … sports? A. any B. much 4. Sam doesn’t want … milk. He wants water. A. any B. some 23

5. How …legs has a millipede got? A. many B. much 6. He didn’t get … correct answers. All the questions were too hard. A. any B. some 7. There isn’t … butter left. A. much B. many 8. We didn’t see … pollution in this region. A. many B. much 9. Clara has got … very interesting books. A. much B. some 10. Have you got … stamp? A. any B. some 11. There aren’t … wolves and tigers in the United Kingdom. . A. any B. some 12. There aren’t … cars on the road today. A. much B. many 13. William needs … advice. Can you help him? A. any B. some 14. How … petrol is there in the car? A. much B. many 24

15. There isn’t … time, so hurry up. A. some B. any 16. You didn’t buy … clothes today, did you? A. some B. any

Test 12. Derivatives from some, any, no (something, anybody, nowhere, everything, etc). (GR 5) Circle the correct option: A or B. 1. Listen carefully! I am going to tell you … important. A. something B. anything 2. I don’t know … here. A. anybody B. nobody 3. Everything … perfect. A. is B. are 4. Are you sure you have looked for it … ? A. somewhere B. everywhere 5. … wants to help me. A. Anybody B. Nobody 6. There isn’t … wrong. A. something B. anything 25

7. She doesn’t like … who laughs at her. A. anybody B. somebody 8. Did you say … to Jenny? A. anything B. nothing 9. We didn’t go … last weekend. A. somewhere B. anywhere. 10. Everybody … very cheerful today. A. looks B. look 11. Peter can see … through the window. A. anybody B. somebody 12. There is not …to have a good meal in this town. A. anywhere B. somewhere 13. I looked … for my wallet but I couldn’t find it. A. everywhere B. nowhere 14. There is … at the door. Could you see who it is? A. somebody B. nobody 15. Has … heard of this modern poet? A. nobody B. anybody 16. – «Where are you going»? – «… . I am staying here». 26

A. nowhere B. somewhere Test 13. Derivatives from some, any, no. (something, anybody, nowhere, everything, etc). (GR 5) Choose the necessary word for the next sentences. 1. Please, wait for him. He has … to tell you. A. some B. anything C. something D. nothing 2. She is ill. She will go … with us. A. somewhere B. anywhere C. no D. nowhere 3. They didn’t speak to … on this question. A. any B. anybody C. somebody D. nobody 4. Have you … relatives in Almaty? A. some B. anything C. something D. any 5. He has … important in this report. You must read it. A. some B. anything C. something D. nothing 27

6. Will you go … tonight? A. somewhere B. anywhere C. anything D. nowhere 7. We didn’t meet … in the street. A. any B. anybody C. somebody D. nobody 8. Can you give me … magazines? A. some B. any C. something D. nothing 9. He knows … about it. Ask him, please. A. some B. something C. anything D. nothing 10. We didn’t meet … in the street. A. anybody B. any C. somebody D. nobody 11. I have many friends. … of them must come here tonight. A. some B. any C. somebody D. nothing 12. Can you give me … newspaper to read? A. some 28

B. any C. anything D. nothing 13. Is there … interesting in this article? A. some B. anything C. something D. any 14. I have … friends in Moscow. A. some B. anything C. something D. any 15. Let’s go … in the evening. A. somewhere B. anywhere C. anything D. no 16. … wants to see you. He is waiting for you in the hall. A. something B. anything C. somebody D. nothing

Test 14. Both, all, each, every, either, neither. (GR 31) Circle the correct option: A or B. 1. … the main actors was very good. A. neither of B. neither 29

2. I have met Steve twice. … time he has been quite rude to me. A. every B. each 3. Each … bought a dictionary and a grammar book. A. student B. students 4. …Jupiter and Mars are planets. A. All B. Both 5. Kate doesn’t like …of the books we gave her. A. either B. neither 6. Dogs, cats, rabbits – Jim loves … of them. A. all B. both 7. Some people can’t eat nuts and some can’t eat wheat … . A. neither B. either 8. I have seen this film at least two times. I like it more and more every … . A. time B. times 9. … parking space in our town was full so we went home. A. Every B. Each 10. Both of the … got ten out of ten in their tests. A. children B. child 11. There were about fifty people at the party and they were … dancing. 30

A. both B. all 12. … of Beethoven’s last seven symphonies is a masterpiece. A. Each B. Every 13. … of my kids go to the same school. Theo is in Class 3 and George is in Class 2. A. Both. B. Each. 14. My husband likes peaches and I like apricots. But … of us likes plums. A. either B. neither 15. Shiela read two books by Martin Amis, but she didn’t enjoy … of them. A. either B. neither 16. Mary had two bridesmaids at the wedding. … girl carried a bouquet of roses. A. Each B. Every

Test 15. Possessives. (GR 1) Circle the best option: A or B. 1. This is my …wife. A. brother’s B. brother C. brothers’ 31

2. Isn’t that …mother? A. Sylvia and Sandra B. Sylvia C. Sylvia’s 3. What is the … name? A. baby B. baby’s C. babies 4. Buster is … dog. A. Steve and Linda B. Steve’s and Linda’s C. Steve and Linda’s 5. My … fees are extremely high. A. accountant’s B. accountant C. accountants 6. The government should listen to the … problems. A. people B. peoples C. people’s 7. The … needs to be mended. A. roof of the house B. houses’s roof C. house roof 8. Frances writes … books. A. children’s. B. childrens. C. children 9. I love the … passion for good food. A. Italians 32

B. Italians’ C. Italian’s 10. … clothes are on the second floor. A. Ladies’ B. Lady’s C. Lady 11. The newspaper has a section called … . A. Womens’ Pages B. Women Pages C. Women’s Pages 12. There is something wrong with … . A. the rabbit’s ear. B. the rabbits’ ear. C. the ear of the rabbit 13. … daughter has been working in Canada for a year. A. Charles and Janet’s B. Charles’s and Janet C. Charles’s and Janet’s 14. Don’t put your fingers in … . It will bite you. A. the cage of the monkeys B. the monkey’s cage C. the monkeys’ cage 15. I will never put it on! It is … jacket! A. the girl’s jacket B. the girls jacket C. the girls’ jacket 16. What was … we watched last night? A. the films’ name B. the name of the film C. the film’s name 33

Test 16. Prepositions of time at, on, in. (GR 24) Complete the sentences. 1. They paid us … the last week of the month. A. – B. on C. at 2. I am seeing the doctor … Friday morning. A. in B. on C. at 3. Jake woke up … night. He had a very bad dream. A. at B. on C. in 4. Fenelon Castle was built … the fourteenth century. A. in B. on C. at 5.What are you doing … the lunch time? A. in B. on C. at 6. It is very nice here … the autumn and spring. A. in B. on C. at 7.Come and see me …. half past five. A. in B. on C. at 34

8. Let’s meet up .. Easter. A. in B. on C. at 9. Nick often works … night A. in B. on C. at 10. Where will you be … New Year’s Eve? A. in B. on C. at 11. I am going on holiday … the first of July. A. on B. in C. at 12. My appointment is … 10.20 tomorrow. A. in B. on C. at 13. Are you going to church … Easter? A. in B. on C. at 14. Are you free … the 11 -th of November? A. in B. on C. at 15. Paddy’s sister was born …1977. A. in B. on C. at 35

16. I have my meals three times … a day. A. – B. on C. at

Test 17. Prepositions of place at, on, in. (GR 24) Complete the sentences. 1. I’ll meet you … the town hall at 8.00 a.m. A. in B. on C. at 2. Catherina is … the United States at the moment. A. in B. on C. at 3. What is that black thing … the ceiling? A. in B. on C. at 4. «I can see Tom … the garden but where is George?» «He is … the cinema.» A. in, at B. on, in C. at, at 5. Have you read the article … page 55. A. in B. on C. at 36

6. Get the 9.15 train … Paddington and change … Oxford. A. at, in B. at, on C. from, at 7. Can you call back later? Michael is not … the desk right now. A. in B. on C. at 8. Cool! I have just found $ 25 … the pocket of my jeans. A. in B. on C. at 9. The ancient town of Luxor is … the Nile. A. in B. on C. at 10. He went there … bus. A. in B. by C. at 11. There is a great new restaurant … the Festival Hall. A. in B. on C. at 12. Guess who I met … the platform? A. in B. on C. at 13. Turn right … the traffic light. A. in B. on C. at 37

14. She has lived … the village for about twenty years. A. in B. on C. at 15. Help! There is a spider … the wall! A. in B. on C. at 16. Kenya is … the equator, isn’t it? A. in B. on C. at

Test 18. Prepositions. (GR 24) Finish the dialogues choosing the suitable prepositions if necessary. 1. – What do you usually do … your day off? A. in B. at C. on 2. – I play … basketball with my friends. A. in B. – C. on 3. – Oh, I usually go … the gym. A. of B. to C. at 38

4. – I go there … the morning and train myself. – You are really in a good shape. A. in B. at C. on 5. – What time do you get up … the morning? A. on B. at C. in 6. – I always get up … six o’clock and run for an hour. – What about you? A. in B. at about C. on 7. – Well, I usually wake up … seven and watch TV in bed until ten o’clock. A. in B. at C. on 8. – Oh, really ? When do you leave … work? – At twelve o’clock. I work in the afternoon, so I come … home very late. A. at, in B. to, at C. for, – 9. – When do you leave … the University? A. to B. for C. with 10. – … seven o’clock. I live far from the University. A. in B. at C. on 39

11. – Do you drive there? – No, I get to the University … bus. A. on. B. with C. by. 12. – What do you usually do after classes? – I meet friends and we go to the gym and play … tennis. Sometimes we go roller-skating. A. in B. – C. to 13. – What do you do … Sunday? – Nothing special. I sleep until noon. A. in B. at C. on 14. – Really? I always get … very early at about five o’clock and usually run for about two hours. – You are kidding. A. up B. off C. to 15. – After that I come … home and eat a very big breakfast. – What about you? A. with B. to C. – 16. – Oh, I just watch TV or listen … the tapes all day long. I guess I am a real coach potato. A. in B. at C. to 40

Test 19. Choose the necessary word in the following special questions. (GR 26) 1. – … do you leave for the University? – I leave for the University at eight o’clock. A. where B. when C. what D. why 2. – … foreign languages are you learning? – I am learning English. A. how B. where C. what D. why 3. – … does the academic year last? – It lasts ten months. A. how long B. how much C. when D. what 4. – … often do you go to the cinema? – Once a month. A. who B. where C. what D. how 5. – … text-book is there on the table? – There is my text-book on the table. A. whose B. whom C. what D. which 41

6. – … helps you to do your homework? – My friend does. A what. B. who C. why D. how 7. – … do you come home after classes? – At five o’clock. A. where B. how C. when D. why 8. – … does she get to the University? – She gets there by tram. A. how B. how long C. what D. which 9. – … book are you reading? – I am reading an interesting book. A. how B. where C. what D. why 10. – … does you friend get home? – He gets home by bus. A. how B. where C. why D. what 11. – … do the exams take place? – They take place in January and in June. A. what B. where C. when D. whom 42

12. – … is your University? – Our University is in Timeryazyev Street. A. how B. where C. what D. how 13. – … do you study? – I study at the University. A. when B. what C. where D. how 14. – … are your lessons over? – At three o’clock. A. when B. how C. how many D. why 15. – … subjects do you study during the first year? – We study Literature, English, Mathematics and others. A. who B. why C. what D. when 16. – … does it take you to get to the University? – It takes me twenty minutes to get there. A. how long B. how C. what D. which

43

Test 20 Present Indefinite or Present Continuous? (GR 6, 9) Construction «to be going to»? (GR 32) Choose the corresponding English translation. 1.Они сейчас играют волейбол на спортивной площадке. A. They usually play volley-ball on the sports ground. B. They are playing volley-ball on the sports ground now. 2. Этот мальчик часто играет сo своей сестрой? A. Is this boy playing with his sister? B. Does this boy often play with his sister? 3. Делая зарядку, мой друг открывает окно. A. When doing his morning exercises my friend opens the window. B. My friend opens the window and then he does his morning exercises. 4. Я собираюсь поговорить с деканом. A. I’m going to the dean. B. I’m going to speak to the dean. 5. Мои родители всегда читают газеты. A. My parents are reading newspapers. B. My parents always read newspapers. 6. Он сейчас читает этот журнал? A. Does he read this magazine? B. Is he reading this magazine now? 7. Читая много каждый день, моя сестра заучивает много новых слов. A. Reading much every day my sister learns a lot of new words. B. My sister reads much every day so she learns a lot of new words. 44

8. Мы сoбираемся прочитать эту книгу. A. We are reading this book. B. We are going to read this book. 9. Мы сдаем экзамены два раза в год. A. We are taking our examination now. B. We take our examinations twice a year. 10. Он сейчас переводит текст? A. Is he translating the text now? B. Does he translate the text? 11. Выполняя уроки, Аня слушает записи. A. When preparing for her lessons Ann listens to the tape. B. Ann listens to the tape and then she prepares for her lessons. 12. Я собираюсь остаться дома. A. I am going home. B. I am going to stay at home. 13. Дети обычно выполняют домашнее задание после школы. A. Children are doing their homework after school. B. Children usually do their homework after school. 14. Джон выполняет сейчас домашнее задание? A. Is John doing his homework now? B. Does John do his homework? 15. Завтракая , мой брат просматривает газеты. A. My brother has breakfast and then he looks through newspapers. B. While having breakfast my brother looks through newspapers. 16. Они собираются поговорить с ним. A. They are talking to him. B. They are going to talk to him. 45

Test 21. Present Indefinite or Present Continuous? (GR 6,9) Choose the correct auxiliary verbs. 1. – Where is Nick? – He … making a report. A. is B. do C. does D. am 2. … you often read English newspapers? A. does B. is C. are D. do 3. They … going to talk to him. A. are B. is C. am D. does 4. Where … your friend study? A. do B. are C. does D. is 5. How long … every lesson last? A. are B. is C. am D. does 6. They … listening to the lecture now. A. is B. do 46

C. are D. does 7. … you usually have dinner at home? A. does B. is C. are D. do 8. He … going to translate this text. A. is B. do C. are D. am 9. I … going to the shop. Come with me. A. are B. is C. am D. does 10. ….you always go to the shop after work? A. do B. are C. does D. am 11. She … not know French. A. do B. are C. does D. am 12. He … going to paint a picture. A. are B. is C. am D. does 47

13. My mother ... going to send for a doctor. A. is B. do C. are D. does 14. Where … the doctor live? A. am B. does C. are D. does 15. What are you doing? – I … watching TV. A. is B. does C. do D. am 16. … you watch TV every evening? A are. B. do C. is D. does

Test 22. Past Indefinite or Past Continuous? (GR 7,10) Fill in the blanks with the verbs. 1. She … in the sports club all day long yesterday. A. trained B. was training 2. She … in the sports club two days ago. A. trained B. was training 48

3. The boys … football from 5 till 7 o’clock the day before yesterday. A. were not playing B. did not play 4. The boys …football last week. A. were not playing B. did not play 5. Last Sunday we went to the country and … in the river. A. were bathing B. bathed 6. We … in the river when it started raining. A. were bathing B. had 7. The friends … all day long. A. were not talking B. did not talk. 8. The friends … because they had no time. A. were not talking B. did not talk. 9. We … a good rest all month long. A. were having. B. had 10. We … a good time last summer. A. were having. B. had 11. They … an English film yesterday. A. were not showing B. didn’t show 49

12. They … an English film at this time yesterday. A. were not showing B. didn’t show 13. My friends … to the theatre a week ago. A. went B. were going 14. My friends … to the theatre when I met them. A. were going B. went 15. He … at her at that moment. A. was not looking B. didn’t look 16. He … at her and left the room. A. was not looking B. didn’t look

Test 23. Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Present Continuous or Past Continuous? (GR 6, 7, 9, 10) Choose the suitable form of the verb-predicate for the following sentences. 1. Мой сын ходит в школу каждый день. A. goes B. go C. is going 2. Посмотри! Мой сын идет домой. A. came B. was coming C. is coming 50

3. В это время вчера я шел домой. A. was going B. went C. am going 4. Вчера я ходил в кино. A. was going B. go C. went 5. Поздней осенью часто идут дожди. A. rain B. rains C. is raining 6. Вчера был дождь. A. rained B. rains C. was raining 7. Вчера целый день шел дождь. A. rained B. rains C. was raining 8. Не выходите на улицу. Идет сильный дождь. A. is raining B. will rain C. was raining 9. Они сейчас обсуждают новый фильм. A. discuss B. were discussing C. are discussing 10. Этот фильм они вчера обсудили. A. discussed B. discusses C. are discussing 51

11. Они обсуждали этот фильм целую неделю. A. discusses B. were discussing C. are discussing 12. Они обычно обсуждают каждый новый фильм. A. discuss B. were discussing C. are discussing 13. Посмотри в окно! Снег идет. A. is snowing B. snows C. snowed 14. Вчера весь вечер шел снег. A. is snowing B. snows C. was snowing 15.В январе часто идет снег. A. is snowing B. snows C. snowed 16. Вчера шел снег. A. is snowing B. snows C. snowed

Test 24. Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Past Indefinite or Past Continuous? (GR 6, 7, 9, 10) Choose the necessary auxiliary verbs for the next sentences. 52

1. When I went out, the sun … shining. A. do B. were C. was 2. We … having supper, join us! A. is B. are C. was 3. Where … you spend last week-end? A. do B. did C. were 4. The friends … talking for a long time yesterday. A. was B. did C. were 5. When … spring usually begin? A. does B. were C. was 6. I don’t know where he … skiing now. A. was B. is C. are 7. Who … playing the piano when we came into the hall? A. was B. did C. are 8. … you like to visit art exhibitions? A. do B. did C. were 53

9. Look! They … playing tennis. A. does B. are C. was 10. When … you go to ski last time? A. do B. did C. are 11. Where … you going last night when I saw you? A. is B. did C. were 12. It … not raining when we left the house. A. did B. are C. was 13. What season ….you like best? A. do B. did C. were 14. Who … playing the piano the whole evening yesterday? A. was B. did C. does 15. The sun … not shine brightly in winter. A. was B. is C. does 16. Don’t speak so loudly! My son … preparing for his lessons. A. is B. was C. am 54

Test 25. Modal Verbs. (GR 19) Chose the suitable modal verbs for the following sentences. 1. Ему нужно повторить слова к диктанту. A. may B. must C. can 2. Он умеет говорить по французски. A. can B. may C. must 3. Можно мне идти домой? A. must B. may C. can 4. Вам не нужно оставаться, если у вас нет времени. A. can’t B. needn’t D. may not 5. Я могу играть в шахматы. A. may B. must C. can 6. Уже поздно. Нам нужно идти. A. can B. may C. must 7. Можно задать вам вопрос? A. must B. need C. can 55

8. Вам не нужно приходить сюда завтра. A. can’t B. needn’t D. mustn’t 9. Мне нужно вставать рано каждый день. A. may B. must C. can 10. Можно мне открыть окно? A. can B. may C. must 11. Можешь ты помочь мне в работе? A. must B. may C. can 12. Я не умею играть на пианино. A. can’t B. needn’t D. mustn’t 13. Можно мне взять ваш словарь? A. must B. may C. can 14. Ты умеешь плавать? A. can B. may C. must 15. Вы должны выполнить его просьбу. A. can B. may C. must 56

цев.

16. Моя дочь не умеет ходить, потому что ей только 8 месяA. can’t B. needn’t C. mustn’t

Test 26. Modal verbs and their equivalents. (GR 19) Choose the most suitable translation for the verbs with the modal meaning. 1. I must get up early A. должен буду B. нужно C. умею D. придется 2. I shall be able to meet you tomorrow. A. разрешат B. нужно C. умею D. cмогу 3. I shall have to go there myself. A. разрешат B. нужно C. умею D. придется 4. Mary was ill but she will be allowed to go out in two days. A. разрешат B. нужно C. умею D. придется 57

5. You must be more attentive at the lessons. A. можно B. нужно C. умею D. пришлось 6. They had to do this work in a very short time. A. можно B. нужно C. смогли D. пришлось 7. May I open the window? A. можно B. смогли C. умею D. пришлось 8. They were able to perform a new play. A. можно B. нужно C. умею D. смогли 9. He must work hard. A. можно B. должен C. умею D. смогу 10. I had to take a taxi because I was late. A. пришлось B. должен C. умею D. смогу 11. May I open the door? A. можно 58

B. должен C. умею D. пришлось 12. I shall be able to come back by the 8 o’clock train. A. можно B. должен C. умею D. смогу 13. Can she swim? A. разрешат B. смогла C. умеет D. придется 14. He will have to translate this article tomorrow. A. разрешат B. могу C. умею D. придется 15. He will be allowed to play hockey again. A. разрешат B. смогла C. умеет D. придется 16. I could go to the country last Sunday. A. разрешат B. смогла C. придется D. могу Test 27. Present Perfect. (GR 11) Choose the correct translation. 59

1. The students have written a dictation. A. Студенты пишут диктант. B. Студенты написали диктант. C. Студенты писали диктант. 2. She has learnt the story by heart. A. Она учила рассказ наизусть. B. Она учит рассказ наизусть. C. Она выучила рассказ наизусть. 3. He has brought me a book. A. Он принес мне книгу. B. Он несет мне книгу. C. Он приносил мне книгу. 4. The performance has begun. A. Представление начинается. B. Представление начиналось. C. Представление началось. 5. I have met my sister. A. Я встречаю свою сестру. B. Я встречал свою сестру. C. Я встретил свою сестру. 6. She has bought new shoes. A. Она купила новые туфли. B. Она покупала новые туфли. C. Она покупает новые туфли. 7. We have translated this text. A. Мы переводили этот текст. B. Мы переводим этот текст. C. Мы перевели этот текст. 8. The city has made a great impression on me. A. Город производил на меня огромное впечатление. B. Город произвел на меня огромное впечатление. C. Город производит на меня огромное впечатление. 60

9. I have read an interesting story. A. Я читаю интересный рассказ. B. Я читал интересный рассказ. C. Я прочитал интересный рассказ. 10. She has come to see me. A. Она приходит навестить меня. B. Она пришла навестить меня. C. Она приходила навестить меня. 11. They have passed their English examination. A. Они сдают экзамен по английскому языку. B. Они сдали экзамен по английскому языку. C. Они сдавали экзамен по английскому языку. 12. We have met him at the dean’s office. A. Они встретили его в деканате. B. Они встречали его в деканате. C. Они встречают его в деканате. 13. He has done his work. A. Он выполнял свою работу. B. Он выполняет свою работу. C. Он выполнил свою работу. 14. The students have made the experiment. A. Студенты выполняют эксперимеет. B. Студенты выполнили эксперимеет. C. Студенты выполняли эксперимеет. 15. She has shown him the way to the station. A. Она показала ему дорогу на вокзал. B. Она показывала ему дорогу на вокзал. C. Она показывает ему дорогу на вокзал. 16. The children have had their breakfast. A. Дети завтракают. 61

B. Дети завтракали. C. Дети позавтракали. Test 28. Present Perfect. (GR 11 ) Choose the necessary form of the verb. 1. I have already … a letter. A. write B. wrote. C. written. 2. We have never … such a wonderful collection of pictures. A. saw B. seen C. seeing 3. My friend has … for Moscow lately. A. leaves B. left C. leaving 4. He has … three reports this month. A. made B. makes C. making 5. We have already… our work. A. do B. did C. done 6. My mother has … a parcel. A. gets B. got C. getting 62

7. Mary has .. the children to their grandparents. A. takes B. took C. taken 8. I have … to my native town recently. A. been B. was C. were. 9. I have just … a postcard. A. send B. sends C. sent 10. She has … me about this lecture. A. told B. tells C. telling 11. I haven’t … him this textbook. A. given B. gave C. giving 12. We have … to this exhibition today. A. were B. been C. being 13. This meeting has just …. A. begins B. begun C. beginning 14. They have … back today. A. comes B. came C. come 63

15. Peter has … all lectures this month. A. attends B. attending C. attended 16. I have … his name. A. forgotten B. forgers C. forgot

Test 29. Present Perfect or Past Indefinite? (GR 11, 7 ) Fill in the blanks with the correct verb form. 1. They … to London two years ago. A. went B. have gone 2. Is she still in the city? – No, she … already … away. A. went B. has ... gone 3. He … this book last week. A. has bought B. bought 4. I … just … a new textbook. Here it is. A. left B. have ... left 5. She … school last year. A. has finished B. finished 64

6. The students … this experiment today. A. have finished B. finished 7. He … an interesting article two days ago. A. read B. has read 8. I … this book this weekend. A. read B. have read 9. I … this play yesterday. A. saw B. have seen 10. We … any interesting film today. A. didn’t see B. haven’t seen 11. Her father … London ten years ago. A. left B. has left 12. Where is the teacher? – He … just… . A. left B. has ... left 13. My friend … the exhibition recently. A. visited B. has visited 14. We … this museum yesterday. A. visited B. has visited 15. I … him in the reading-room today. A. have met B. met 65

16. They … their parents at the station in October 2011. A. have met B. met Test 30. Past Indefinite or Past Perfect? (GR 7, 12) Fill in the blanks with the correct verb form. 1. On my way home I remembered that I … the book in the tram. A. left B. had left 2. I … her the flowers that I had bought for her. A. had given B. gave 3. After he had got their telegram he … to meet them. A. went B. had gone. 4. We … the experiment by 6 o’clock. A. finished B. had finished 5. The rain … before we arrived home. A. began B. had begun 6. My brother … to Moscow after he had passed his examinations. A. went B. had gone 7. The train had left when we … to the station. A. came B. had come 66

8. By Saturday I … all the necessary material. A. found B. had found 9. He thanked me for what I … for him. A. had done B. did 10. After they had had dinner they … for a walk. A. went B. had gone 11. It had stopped raining by the time we … . A. had started off B. started off 12. I … my examination by that time. A. had passed B. passed 13. The telegram arrived five minutes after you … the house. A. left B. had left 14. Before she … the University she had worked at the office. A. entered B. had entered 15. By the end of the year he … to read and to write in English. A. learned B. had learned 16. They had had their breakfast before I… . A. had come B. came 67

Test 31. Past Simple, Past Continuous, Present Perfect or Past Perfect? (GR 7, 10, 11, 12) Choose the necessary adverbial modifier of time. 1. We took our examinations in literature … . A. on Monday B. by Monday 2. She has lived in Almaty … . A. in 1999 B. since 1999 3. The students were listening to the lecturer … . A. when we came B. before we came 4. I had had my breakfast … . A. by that time B. at that time 5. We returned to the town … . A. on the 1-st of May B. by the 1-sy of May 6. I haven’t seen my friend … . A. since a week B. for a week 7. Peter was watching TV … . A. when we called him B. before we called him 8. We had passed our examinations … . A. by the end of the month B. a month ago 68

9. The conference took place … . A. on Monday B. by Monday 10. He has missed the seminar … . A. last week B. this week 11. The children were sleeping ... . A. by that time B. at that time 12. We had translated the article ... . A. by 5 o’clock B. at 5 o’clock 13. I have come back from Moscow … . A. this month B. last month 14. She had written the report … . A. at 6 o clock B. by 6 o clock 15. We were having dinner … . A. when he rang us up B. before he rang us up 16. They saw this film … . A. in 2008 B. since 2008

Test 32. The Active Voice. Use of tenses (Simple, Continuous, Perfect). Revision. 69

1. Они переводят статьи на каждом уроке. A. translate B. are translating C. translated D. have translated 2. Когда мы пришли, она переводила статью. A. translated B. had translated C. was translating D. has translated 3. Мы уже перевели эту статью. A. have … translated B. translated C. had translated D. translate 4. Она переведет эту статью к шести часам. A. shall have translated B. will have translated C. will translate D. will be translating 5. Они обсуждают каждый новый фильм. A. discuss B. are discussing C. discussed D. have discussed 6. Они обсуждали каждый новый фильм, когда мы пришли. A. discussed B. had discussed C. were discussing D. have discussed 7. Мы уже обсудили этот вопрос. A. discussed 70

B. were discussing C. had discussed D. have … discussed 8. Мы обсудим этот вопрос к понедельнику. A. will have discussed B. have discussed C. shall discuss D. shall be discussing 9. На прошлой неделе мы писали сочинение. A. wrote B. were writing C. have written D. had written 10. Он только что написал сочинение. A. was writing B. has … written C. had written D. wrote 11. Я буду писать сочинение завтра с 10 до 12 часов. A. write B. shall write C. shall have written D. shall be writing 12. Они напишут сочинение к 2 часам. A. will write B. will be writing C. will have written D. shall have written 13. Мы читаем сейчас интересную статью. A. read B. have read C. is reading D. are reading 71

14. Мы читаем английские тексты на каждом уроке. A. have read B. read C. reads D. are reading 15. Мы прочитали много книг в этом году. A. were reading B. read C. had read D. have read 16. Я прочитаю этот роман к концу недели. A. will read B. shall read C. shall be reading D. shall have read

Test 33. The Sequence of Tenses. (GR 13) Choose one correct Russian sentence to a corresponding English one taking into consideration the rule of the Sequence of Tenses. 1. He asked me when I had arrived. A. Он спросил меня, когда я приеду. B. Он спросил меня, когда я приезжаю. C. Он спросил меня, когда я приехал. 2. She said she knew nothing about it. A. Она сказала, что ничего не знает об этом. B. Она сказала, что ничего не знала об этом. C. Она сказала, что ничего не узнает об этом. 3. I was sure that you would meet them. A. Я был уверен, что вы встретили их. 72

B. Я был уверен, что вы встретите их. C. Я был уверен, что вы встречаете их. 4. They thought she was studying at the institute. A. Они думали, что она училась в институте. B. Они думали, что она будет учиться в институте.. C. Они думали, что она учится в институте. 5. He said that she had gone to the cinema. A. Он сказал, что она идет в кино. B. Он сказал, что она ушла в кино. C. Он сказал, что она пойдет в кино. 6. He asked me what book I wanted to read. A.Он спросил меня, какую книгу я хочу прочитать. B. Он спросил меня, какую книгу я хотел прочитать. C. Он спросил меня, какую книгу я буду прочитать. 7. They thought the performance would be successful. A. Они думали, что спектакль имеет успех. B. Они думали, что спектакль имел успех. С. Они думали, что спектакль будет иметь успех. 8. I knew he was working at this book. A. Я знал, что он работал над этой книгой. B. Я знал, что он работет над этой книгой. C. Я знал, что он будет работать над этой книгой. 9. I hoped that you had arrived. A. Я надеялся, что вы приедете. B. Я надеялся, что вы приехали. C. Я надеялся, что вы приезжаете. 10. I felt that she was not glad to see me. A. Я чувствовал, что она не рада видеть меня. B. Я чувствовал, что она была не рада видеть меня. C. Я чувствовал, что она не будет рада видеть меня. 73

11. He asked me what she was doing there. A. Он спросил меня, что она там делает. B. Он спросил меня, что она там делала. C. Он.спросил меня, что она там будет делать. 12. We didn’t know where they would meet. A. Мы не знали, где они встретились. B. Мы не знали, где они встречаются. C. Мы не знали, где они встретятся. 13. We knew that he had made his report. A. Мы знали, что он делает доклад. B. Мы знали, что он cделал доклад. C. Мы знали, что он будет делать доклад. 14. I thought that they lived near the station. A. Я думал, что они живут около вокзала. B. Я думал, что они будут жить около вокзала. C. Я думал, что они жили около вокзала. 15. We understood he would take part at the concert. A. Мы поняли, что он принял участие в концерте. B. Мы поняли, что он примет участие в концерте. C. Мы поняли, что он принимает участие в концерте. 16. He said that my friends were waiting for me. A. Он сказал, что мои друзья ждут меня. B. Он сказал, что мои друзья ждали меня. C. Он сказал, что мои друзья будут меня. Test 34. The Passive Voice (Simple, Continuous, Perfect Tenses)(GR 14) Choose the necessary auxiliary verb. 1. The house … built in 2005. A. will be 74

B. is C. was 2. Her new book … translated into a number of foreign languages next year. A. was B. are C. will be 3. My piano … being repaired at the moment. A. was B. is C. will be 4. The letter … been stamped yet. A. wasn’t B. hasn’t C. won’t 5. This performance … usually watched by millions of people every week. A. is B. are C. will be 6. I … asked my name last meeting. A. wasn’t B. isn’t C. will not be 7. The work … completed in two days from now. A. was B. were C. will be 8. Applicants … often asked a lot of questions at the interview. A. will be B. are C. was 75

9. I … paid for the work. A. wasn’t B. weren’t C. aren’t 10. He … introduced to her mother last week. A. shall be B. is C. was 11. These television sets … made by a Japanese firm. A. has been B. are C. was 12. My house …being watched by them. A. is B. were C. have been 13. The rubbish … thrown away on Sunday. A. are B. were C. was 14. The passage … be read three times . A. were B. will C. are 15. This room … been used for ages. A. hasn’t B. weren’t C. shan’t 16. The children … brought up in Italy many years ago. A. was B. were C. are 76

Test 35. Construction there is, there are or it is, they are (Present, Past, Future) (GR 17) Choose the necessary variant. 1. … … a funny smell here. … … turpentine? A. It will be, it is B. It is, there is C. There is, is it 2. … … all sorts of stories about Robin Hood, but … … not known exactly who he was or what he did. A. It was, it is B. There are, there are C. There are , it is 3. As he had very bad sight … … difficult for him to recognize people. A. it was B. there is C. it will be 4. – «Can I have a Telegraph , please?», said the customer. – «I am afraid … … not any left,» said the newsagent. A. there are B. there is C. it will be 5. … … not necessary to carry your passport everywhere with you. A. It is B. They are C. There will be 6. – … … a garage behind the hotel? – Yes, but … … rather full. I don’t think … … room for your car. 77

A. It wasn’t, it is, there will be B. Is there, it is, there will be C There is, it will be, there will be 7. One night … … a heavy fall of snow which blocked all the roads. Luckily … … plenty of food in the house. A. there was, there were B. there were, there were C. there was, there was 8. … … a hotel in the village, so we decided to stay there. A. There will be B. There are C. There was 9. … … five flats in the building – one flat on each floor. A. There are B. There were C. There aren’t 10. – … … a pity you haven’t another bedroom. – Yes, but … … a big loft, which I’m thinking of turning into a bedroom. A. There was, there is B. It is, there is C. It was, there was 11. … … all sorts of legends about these caves. … … said that smugglers hid their goods here. A. It was, it was B. There are, it is C. It was, it is 12. Tell me something about King Lear. – … … the story of a king who divided his kingdom between his daughters. – … … foolish to give away your property like that. 78

A. It is, it is B. They were, it is C. There is, it is 13. Has Tom any more children? – Yes, … … a daughter, Ann. – Oh, yes, … … Ann who opened the door yesterday, … …? A. there are, it was , wasn’t it B. there was, she was, was she C. there is, it was, wasn’t it 14. He thought… … better to say nothing about the change of the plan. A. it were B. it was C. there are 15. We have done all we can. … … nothing to do but wait. A. There is B. There isn’t C. There wasn’t 16. Just cross out that word and go on. ... ... not necessary to begin again.(or … … no need to begin again.) A. It was, there was B. It is, there is C. There are, there is

Test 36. Infinitive, Gerund or Participles. (GR 20-23) Choose the necessary form of the verb. 1. Would you mind … me how … the lift. A. show, to work B. to show, working C. showing, to work 79

2. Most students like … games but hate … lessons. A. play, doing B. playing, do C. playing, doing 3. I couldn’t help … what you said. A. to overhear B. overhearing C. overhear 4. He surprised us all by … away without … «Good-bye» A. go, saying B. going, saying C. going, to say 5. He wore dark glasses … … recognized. A. to avoid being B. to avoid to be C. avoiding being 6. I tried … him …with your proposal. A. to persuade, to agree B. to persuade, agree C. persuade, agreeing

7. Would you mind … the window? I hate … in the draught. A. shut, sit B. shutting, to sit C. shutting, sitting 8. I advise you … …for a flat at once. A. to starting to looking B. to start looking C. to start to look 9. The instructor is coming … us how … the aqualung. A. to show, to use 80

B. to show, using C. showing, to use 10. He heard the clock … six and knew that it was time for him … up. A. striking (strike), get B. strike (strike), get C. striking (strike), to get 11. – Did you advise him … to the police? – No, I didn’t like … any advice on such a difficult matter. A. going, giving B. to go, to give C. to go, giving 12. He wanted … my chameleon on a tartan rug and … it … the colour. A. to put, to watch, change (changing) B. to put, to watch, to change (changing) C. put, watch, change (changing) 13. – The fire seems … out. – It can’t be quite out. I can hear the wood … . A. being, crackling B. to be, to crackle C. to be, crackling 14. I am not used … on the left. A. to drive B. to driving C. drive 15. It is pleasant … by the fire at night and … the wind … outside. A. to sit, (to) hear, howling C. to sit, hear, howling B. sit, to hear, to howl 81

16. Ask him … in. Don’t keep him … at the door. A. come, stand B. to come, standing C. to come, to stand

Test 37. Complex Object and Complex Subject. (GR 27, 28) Choose the necessary form of the verb. 1. They expected us … at seven o’clock p.m. A. to arrive B. arrive C. arrived 2. She wants her friend … somewhere to live. A. finding B. to find C. found 3. No one expected him … . A. won B. to win C. win 4. I’d like you … if you can. A. to help B. helping C. have helped 5. Do you want me … the lunch? A. cooking B. cooked C. to cook 6. He made me … my opinion. A. to change 82

B. change C. changing 7. I saw them … slowly along the street. A. walking B. walk C. having walked 8. We watched them … in the hall. A. dance B. to dance C. dancing 9. The teacher saw the students … experiments. A. make B. making C. made 10. She heard her name … loudly. A. mentioned B. to mention C. mention 11. When we returned home we … him fallen asleep. A. found B. to find C. having found 12. You seem … tired. A. were B. be C. to be 13. I happen … his telephone number. A. knew B. know C. to know 83

14. His invention is considered … of great importance. A. to have B. to have been C. had 15. Bernard Shaw is known … a very witty man. A. to have been B. to be C. was 16. This team is likely … a prize. A. won B. win C. to win

84

PART 2

SITUATIONAL GRAMMAR Test 1. (GR 16) The Present Simple Tense of to be. It is the Drama Club , but not everyone has arrived yet. Complete the dialogue using Present Tense of to be. Some forms are positive, some are negative, some are full forms and some are short forms. Jane: … we all here now? Mark: Where … Tom? He … here. Helen: Oh, he …very well. He … in bed. Lynn: Oh dear! Poor Tom. And Sarah …here. Sarah: Oh yes! I … here. Jane: Oh, there you …, over in the corner. Sorry, Sarah. Mark: Angela … late. Oh, … she ill too? Lynn;. Peter and Sue …here. Jane:. Yes, they …. They … in the kitchen. Angela: Hello, everybody. … I late? Jane: Yes, you … . Angela: Oh, I … sorry. Jane: Tell Peter and Sue to come, Mark. Peter: It is all right. Here we …. Jane: Good. Now we … ready to start. Test 2. The Present Simple Tense of to be and to have. (GR 16, 18) Mr. and Mrs. Johnson went to sell their house. Say things about the house using a form of to be and to have. 85

Examples: 1. House – 200 years old The house is 200 years old. 2. All rooms – central heating All the rooms have central heating. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

garden – lovely views to the North and East – beautiful house – six bedrooms rooms – large downstairs rooms – carpet sitting room – lovely old fireplace kitchen – plenty of cupboards garage – big enough for three cars

Test 3. The Present Simple Tense (positive statements). (GR 6) Complete this newspaper story about Lord Stanebury. Put in the correct Present Simple form of these verbs: to go(x3), to have(x3), to live(x2), to get, to meet, to owe, to play, to read, to spend, to talk. LORD STANEBURY TELLS EVERYTHING. From the interview taken by our reporter Tim Bannet and only in the Daily Talk. Lord Stanebury is twenty – eight years old. He … in Belgravia in London’s West End. He is very rich and he … the company Office Blocks International. Every morning the young Lord … breakfast in bed and … newspapers. He … up at seven and usually … for a walk in Hyde Park. He … lunch at his club. He sometimes … the director of OBI, and they … about the company plans. In the afternoon Lord Stanebury and his friends sometimes … golf. Then they … a few drinks. Sometimes he and his girl – friend … for a drive in his sports car. 86

After dinner Lord Stanebury … to a night club or a casino with one of his girl – friends. In winter the young Lord Stanebury … in Monte Carlo. And he… his summer holidays in the West Indies. Activity: Write the story of a typical day in your life. Test 4. This paragraph is from a book about British towns. It is about a town called Milchester. Complete the paragraph by putting in the Present Simple Tense the forms of to be, to have, to bring, to live and to work. (GR 6) Milchester … a lovely old town on the river Swenley. The famous castle … lots of tourists to the town. The old streets near the castle … many interesting little shops and there … a very good museum. The town also … a theatre and a cinema. 27,000 people … in this town, and quite a lot of them … at a new computer factory. Other industries … paper-making and chocolate making. Activity: Write a short story of a town that you know well. Test 5. The Present Simple Tense (questions). (GR 6) Tim Bennet is interviewing Brenda Badd. Brenda writes love stories, and millions of people read her books. Complete Tim’s questions by putting in the missing words. Tim: Brenda, where … you … your ideas for all your stories? Brenda:. Where do I get my ideas? That is hard to say. They just come to me. Tim:. … it … you a long time to write a book? Brenda: No, it doesn’t take a long time. I write one in about two weeks. Tim: Really? That’s very quick. …you … every day? 87

Brenda: Yes, I write every day. Tim: And where … you …? Brenda: Oh, I work here in the sitting room. Tim: … you … your stories? Brenda: No, I don’t. My secretary types them. Tim: …your husband …your stories? Brenda: No, he doesn’t. He hates them. Tim: … your husband …, Brenda? Brenda: No, he doesn’t work. He hasn’t got a job. My stories bring us lots of money, you know. Tim: Why … so many people … your books, Brenda? Brenda: I think they read them because I tell interesting stories. Everybody likes good stories, you know. Activity. Take the role of a famous person who you know about. Your partner interviews you and asks about his daily life. Test 6. Complete the conversation with these words: a, an, am, are, do, from, is. A. Hi! I … Jack. What … your name? B. I … Marie. A. And what … your last name? B. My last name … Dupont. A. Are you … the United States? B. No, I am … Canada. A. Oh! What city … you from? B. I … from Montreal. A. Really ? What do you … ? B. I am …journalist. What about you? A. I am … engineer. Test 7. Present Continuous or Present Simple? (GR 9, 6) Complete the postcard using the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 88

Greeting from Wales! Ben and I (to have) a good time. We are at the North Wales Activity Centre. People (to come) here every summer to learn more about their hobbies and interests. I (to do) photography and (to play) tennis this week, and Ben (to learn) about computers. We (to get) up at half past seven every morning and (to do) lessons from nine to half past twelve. We (to have) lunch at one o’clock and then there are more lessons. So it’s a hard work. But I (to like) it here. We (to have) a super time. It’s half past seven in the evening now and we (to sit) out on the grass in front of the Centre. The weather is fine. See you soon. Love, Kate. Activity: say what you do every day on holidays and what you are doing at the moment. Test 8. Present Continuous or Present Simple? (GR 9, 6) Write out this paragraph again. Give the right form of the verbs in brackets. I carried my bags into the hall. «What you (to do)?» my landlady asked. «I (to leave)», Mrs. Lynch, I answered. Why you (to leave)? She asked. «You have been here only a week». «A week is too long, Mrs. Lynch, I said.» There are too many rules in this house. My friends never (to come) to visit me. Dinner is always at seven o’clock, so I frequently (to go) to bed hungry. You don’t like noise, so I rarely (to listen) to the radio. The heating (not to work), so I always (to feel) cold. This is a terrible place for a man like me. Goodbye, Mrs.Lynch. 89

Test 9. The Past Simple Tense of to be. (GR 7) Helen and David are talking about a barbeque (at a barbeque people cook meat over a fire. They cook and eat meat outside). Complete the dialogue. Use was, wasn’t, were, weren’t. Helen: I know, there … a barbeque at the college last Saturday. Were you there? David: Yes, I … . Where … you? Helen: I … here on Saturday. I … in London. David: That’s a pity. It … a very good barbeque. The food … great. Helen: What … the weather like here? David: Oh, we … very lucky with the weather. It … nice and warm. Helen: … there a lot of people there? David: Yes, lots. Lynn … there. She … very well. Helen: What about Mark and Jane? David: Oh, they … still on holiday last Saturday, so they … at the barbeque. But all the others … there. Activity: One student imagines that he/she was in a certain place yesterday evening, e.g. at a concert, in a plane. Ask questions to find out were the person was, e.g.: Were you in hospital? Were you at a disco? Test 10. The Past Simple Tense of to be and to have. (GR 7 ) A number of people saw a monster in the sea on the south coast of England. One of them was Henry. He is talking to reporters about it. Put in was, wasn’t, were, had or didn’t have. Reporter: What happened? Where … you and where … the monster? 90

Henry: I … here on the beach. I saw the monster in the water. Then it swam out to the sea. It … a great shock. It … very nice I can tell you. Reporter: What … the monster like? Henry: It … a very large animal. It … a large body, but it … a small head. Its eyes … blue and round. It … teeth, but they … very big. It … any ears. Reporter: Did you take a photo of it? Henry: I … my camera with me. And it all happened in a moment. Test 11. The Past Simple Tense (positive statements). (GR 7 ) Find the correct action for each person. Examples: Copernicus studied the planets. Shakespeare wrote plays. People

Actions

Copernicus Shakespeare Picasso Billie-Jean-King Neil Armstrong Marco Polo Martin Luther King Christian Dior Columbus Edison Elvis Presley Agatha Christie

going to the Moon inventing the electric light making clothes painting pictures playing tennis singing songs writing detective stories sailing to America studying the planets traveling to China working for Black people’s rights writing plays

Test 12. (GR 7) The Past Simple Tense (questions). Melinda Burns is a famous film star. Two weeks ago she suddenly disappeared, and no one knew where she was. The police 91

looked everywhere for her. Yesterday she arrived home, and now she is speaking to reporters for the first time. Read what the reporters think and ask their questions. Examples: (She went somewhere. Where?) Where did you go? (Perhaps someone kidnapped her.) Did anyone kidnap you? 1. (She disappeared. Why? ) 2. (Perhaps she left the country.) 3. (She travelled. How?) 4. (Perhaps her friends hid her.) 5. (She did something at that time. What?) 6. (Perhaps she read the stories about her in the newspapers.) 7. (She came home. Why?) 8. (Perhaps her husband found her.) Activity: You work for a magazine called »Holidays». You are interviewing people. Ask your partner about his(her) last holiday. Find out all the details. Test 13. The Present Perfect Tense. (GR 11) A month ago the members of the Parkway Sports and Social Club decided to clean and decorate their club. The club hasn’t got much money, so the members have done the work in their spare time. They have just finished this work. Say what they have done. Examples: (The windows needed painting.) Sue and Peter have painted the windows. (The members decided to plant a tree.) Jane has planted a tree. 92

Actions

Names

1. (The fence needed repairing.) 2. (The club room needed decorating.) 3. (They decided to buy some new curtains.) 4. (The cups needed polishing.) 5. The minibus needed servicing.) 6. (They decided to lay a new carpet in the bar.) 7. (The kitchen needed cleaning out.) 8. (He decided to put up some more shelves.)

Bob Philip and Mark Angela David Martin Paul and Sarah Mike and Helen Tom

Test 14. Present Perfect or Past Simple? (GR 7, 11) Complete this conversation by putting the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Tense or the Past Simple Tense. Rachel: Hello, Bob. Bob: Hello. I (not to see) you for a long time. Rachel: I (to see) you in town two or three weeks ago, but you (not to see) me. I (to be) in the bus. Bob: Well, how are things? Are you still living over the shop? Rachel: No, I (to move) now. I (to find) a super flat just before I went on holidays. I (to be) there for three months. Bob: … you (to pass) your driving test yet? Rachel: Yes, I (to have). I (to pass) it in October. I (not to buy) a car yet, though. But what about you, Bob? … anything exciting (to happen) to you lately? Bob: No, not really. My mother (not to be) very well for a few months now. Rachel: Oh, dear. I’m sorry to hear that. Bob: And my brother is out of work. Rachel: … he (to leave) school in the summer, then ? Bob: Yes, he (not to do) very well in the exams and he (not find) a job yet. Rachel: Are you still working at the Scotts? 93

Bob: Yes, they … just (to give) me a rise. Rachel: Well, it’ s a piece of good news. Test 15. The Past Perfect Tense. (GR 12) Decide the order in which these things happened. Then write two sentences using after and the Past Perfect Tense. Examples: The prisoner ran across the yard. He jumped out of the window. He climbed over the wall. After the prisoner had jumped out of the window he ran across the yard. After he had run across the yard he climbed over the wall. 1. The bank clerk gave it to me. She looked at my cheque. She counted out the money. 2. The tourists got out of the coach. They got back in the coach. They took photos. 3. The reporter wrote a report about the accident. She interviewed the people there. She went to the scene of the accident. 4. The mechanic put a new tire on. He put the wheel back on. He took the wheel off the car. Activity: Write a paragraph describing how you carried out a job such as wrapping a parcel and posting it. (You can use these words: parcel paper, wrap, stick, tape, tie, string, post office, assistant, weigh, pay, stamp). Try to think of a job you have done recently. 94

Test 16. The Past Continuous Tense. (GR 10) Mr. Pratt has a lot of dreams. He is telling a psychiatrist about them. How does Mr. Pratt describe his dreams? Look at the psychiatrist’s notes and make up the sentences. Examples: drives car – wheel comes off I was driving a car when a wheel came off. Queen comes in – eat breakfast The Queen came in when we were eating breakfast. walks across the bridge – meets tiger: roof falls in – watch television climbs stairs – see ghost looks into mirror – it breaks lie on beach – elephant comes out of sea digs garden – finds a box with coins Test 17. Past Continuous or Past Simple? (GR 7, 10) Complete this text by putting the verbs in brackets into the the Past Continuous Tense or the Past Simple Tense. Last week I (to go) to the theatre. I (to have) a very good seat. The play (to be) very interesting, but I didn’t enjoy it. A young man and a young woman (to sit) behind me. They (to talk) loudly. I got very angry because I couldn’t hear the actors. I (to turn) around. I (look) at the man and the woman angrily. They (not pay) any attention. In the end, I couldn’t bear it. I (to turn) round again. «I can’t hear a word! Stop talking!» I (to say) angrily. «It’s none of your business», the young man (to say) rudely. «This is a private conversation!» 95

Test 18. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense. (GR 33) Twelve students live in a big old house. Today they are all helping to clean it and tidy it up. Read the conversation and say how long they have been doing their jobs. Use a phrase with for or since. Example: Gary has been throwing away rubbish for an hour and a half. Adam: What are you doing, Gary? Gary: I am throwing away rubbish. I started at half past ten, and it’s twelve o’clock now, look. Melanie: I am washing up. I have been doing it since half past eleven. Adam: Sadie and I are tiding up. We started at half past ten. Lisa: Has anyone seen a bucket? I have been looking for one since ten to twelve. Gary: I think Alison and Jason have a bucket. They are working in the garden. They have been there since nine o’clock. Lisa: What is Don doing? Adam: He is cleaning the stairs. He has been doing that since Melanie started washing up. Emma: And I am repairing this toaster. I started at eleven o’clock, buy it still doesn’t work. Adam: Trevor’s mending the door bell. He began the job at about twenty to twelve. Melanie: Daniel and Rebecca are brushing carpets. They started at ten. Gary: Let’s all go out and have some lunch soon. Adam: Good idea. Activity: Find out who in your group has been living in the same house or flat the longest. 96

Test 19. Talking about the past. (Revision) Use any of these tenses : the Past Simple Tense, the Past Continuous Tense, the Past Perfect Tense, the Past Perfect Continuous Tense, the Present Perfect Tense or the Present Perfect Continuous Tense. A lawyer has made some notes about a traffic accident. Complete them by putting each verb in brackets into the correct past or perfect tense. (Sometimes here is more than one correct answer). Traffic accident: Mr. Kieth Johnson, 44 Grange Rd., Milchester. 1. The accident (to happen) at 10.47 p.m. on October, 23rd at the corner of Compton St. and Brooks Rd., Milchester. 2. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson (to be) on their way home. Mr. Johnson (to drive). 3. The couple (to visit) friends. They (to drink), but Mr. Johnson (to have) only one small whiskey. He (to finish) drinking at 10,15 p.m. 4. It (not to rain) at the time, but it (to rain) shortly before, and the road (to be) wet. 5. At 10.47 p.m. Mr. Richard Hunter (to cycle) north along Brooks Rd. He (to have) his lights on. 6. Mr. Johnson (not to stop) at the «Stop» sign. As he (to turn) into Brooks Rd., he (to hit) Mr. Hunter and (to knock) him off his bike. 7. Mr. Hunter (not to be) badly hurt, but his bike (to be) damaged. Mr. Johnson (to stop) and (to report) about the accident. 8. Mr. Johnson (to drive) for twenty years now. He … never (to have) an accident before. Test 20. Mrs. Vincent is a hundred years old. She is talking to a reporter. 97

Complete their conversation by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. You can use the Past Simple, the Present Perfect, the Present Perfect Continuous Tense or used to. (Sometimes there is more than one correct answer.) (GR 7, 11, 33, 34) Reporter: How long…you (to live) in this house, Mrs. Vincent? Mrs. Vincent: I (to live) here for seventy – five years now. Reporter: And how long is it since your husband (to die)? Mrs. Vincent: Oh, he (to be ) dead for forty years. Yes, he (to die) a long time ago. I (to be) alone since then. It (to be) a long time. Reporter: And where …you (to live) before you (to come) here. Mrs. Vincent: Well, before we (to get) married I (to live) with my parents in William Street. They (to knock) the house down now. I (only to live) in two houses all my life. Reporter: I expect you (to see) a lot of changes in all that time. Mrs. Vincent: Oh, yes. Milchester (to be ) very quiet in my young days. And it (not to be) as big as it is today. We (to go) for picnics to Long Hills.Now they (to build) houses there. Reporter: … you (to enjoy) life in those days? Mrs. Vincent: Oh, yes. We (to have) a wonderful time. People (to be) much friendlier in those days. We (to do) things together. Test 21. Future Simple. Will, shall and to be going to. (GR 8, 32) Graham and his family are going to move from London to Alaska. Janet is asking Graham about the move. Put in will , won’t, shall, shan’t or a form of to be going to. (Sometimes there is more than one correct answer.) Janet: Someone told me you and your family … go to live in Alaska. Is it true? Graham: Yes, it is. I … work for a building company. Janet: That … be interesting. 98

Graham: I hope so. It … be something different. It … certainly be much colder than London. Janet: When … you … leave? Graham: On the tenth of the next month. We … be there in three weeks. Janet: Oh, so it … be long from now. Jerry and I … be sad to see you go away. Graham: Oh, we ... be back some time. We … be there for ever. And you can always come to Alaska and see us. Janet: Well, that isn’t a bad idea. We … visit my sister in Vancouver next summer. Graham: Oh, that’s great. We … see you next summer then. Test 22. To be going to. (GR 32) The pupils in class 6 F at Parkside School are all seventeen or eighteen years old. Most of them are going to leave school soon. Read the information about them and then say what they are going to do. Choose the correct phrase from the box below. Example: Andrew is interested in machines. Andrew is going to study engineering. 1. Michelle and Kevin are interested in computers. 2. Sharon has already learnt to drive. 3. Simon is good at numbers. 4. Nick and Julie want to get away for a while. 5. Adrian’s parents have their own company. 6. Tina would like to work with people. (to become a taxi driver, to hitch – hike round the world, to work for the family business, to do electronics, to train to be a social worker, to take a course in banking) 99

Test 23. The Present Continuous Tense with a future meaning; to be to. These newspaper headlines are all about things in the future. Write the headlines as full sentences using the Present Continuous Tense or to be to. Sometimes you also need to put in the, a or some. (GR 9, 19) Examples: GAS PRICES GOING UP IN NOVEMBER Gas prices are going up in November. NEW LONDON CONFERENCE CENTRE TO OPEN SOON A new London conference centre is to open soon. 1. WORLD LEADERS TO MEET NEXT MONTH 2. DOCK SRTIKE STARTING TOMORROW 3. PRIME MINISTER TO VISIT GREECE IN AUGUST 4. QUEEN LEAVING FOR AUSTRALIA TOMORROW 5. CHINESE TOURISTS ARRIVING IN BRITAIN NEXT SATURDAY 6. SHOE FACTORY GOING TO CLOSE 7. EUROPEAN GAMES TO TAKE PLACE NEXT YEAR 8. THREE NEW PLAYERS JOINING LIVERPOOL Test 24. (GR 8, 9, 12) Future Simple, Future Continuous or Future Perfect? Will, will be + Ving form and will have + Ved form. Madame Zaza is a fortune teller. She is telling Julie what her life will be like. Complete the sentences using will, will be or will have and the necessary form of the verb in brackets. 1. You (to be) on holiday soon. In two weeks from now you (to lie) on a beach. 2. You (to have) a good life, and you (to live) a long life. 3. Your personality is changing all the time. In ten years time you (to change) completely. 100

4. At some time in your life you (to have) a bad accident, but you (not to die). 5. You (to marry) when you are twenty – three. 6. In twenty years from now you (to live) on the other side of the world. By that time you (to leave) your husband. 7. You (to be) rich. When you are thirty – five, you (already make) a lot of money. 8. At this time of your life you (to work) very hard. Your life (to be) very exiting. Test 25. To be, to have and to do used as auxiliary verbs. (Revision) A reporter has written a newspaper article about a boy who writes computer games programmes. Put in is, are, was, has, have, had, do, does or did. Sometimes you need a negative form with not. Computer Wonder-Boy. Mr. and Mrs. Stokes … sitting in the garden of their Bristol home when I arrived to interview them and their fourteen – year – old son Carl. But Carl … working upstairs. «He … often leave his room», his mother explained. At the moment Carl … working on a programme for a new computer game. Computers … become his whole life. This year Carl … earned over 25,000 pounds writing programmes. A lot of other people … trying to do the same nowadays, but not many of them … done it as well as Carl. «When … he buy a computer?» I wondered . «We bought it for him eighteen months ago for his birthday,» said Mr. Stokes. «We … know what we … doing. Our son … changed. Eighteen months ago he … seen any computer. Now he … talk about anything else. And we … understand a thing about computers.» «And … you think it is good for him?» was my next question. «No, we … .We worry about 101

him,» said Mrs. Stokes. «He … have any other interests now. And he … done any work for his school exams. It’s often quite a job to make him go to school at all.» Carl’s parents … understand computers, but Carl certainly … . «I love computers», he said. «I soon get tired of playing games, though. I like writing programmes much better. I’ve got three computers now. I bought two more. I …earn much at first, but now I … . My parents make me put most of my money in the bank.» Test 26. The verb to have. It’s lunch time. Mike is sitting in the canteen. Paul has just joined him. Complete the conversation using the form of the verb to have, e.g. had, are having etc ., in one of the Tenses – Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite. You may need to use negative or question forms. (Revision) Paul: Hello, Mike. … you … a nice time in France? Mike: Hello, Paul. Yes, we did, thanks. We … very good weather, but we still … a good time. Paul: … you already … your lunch? Mike: Yes, it was early today. And I only … a sandwich. Paul: You can … one of my sausages if you like. Mike: No, thanks. I … only … light lunches this week. I’m trying to lose weight. Paul: You haven’t got anything to worry about. Mike: You are going camping in Wales next week, aren’t you? Paul: That’s right. Mike: I hope you … nice weather. Paul: So do I. Do you know Mark and Jane are in Benidorm at the moment? We … a postcard from them on Friday. They say they … a marvelous time. Mike: I took some photos in France. You can … a look at them some time if you like. 102

Paul: OK. Mike: Come round at our house tonight, and we can … a talk. Test 27. An Exciting Trip. Complete the letter using the verbs: to receive, to be (x2), to visit, to buy, to go in the Present Perfect Tense. (GR 11) I … just …a letter from my brother, Tim. He is in Australia. He … … there for six months. Tim is an engineer. He is working for a big firm and he … already … a great number of different places in Australia. He .. just … an Australian car and … … to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia. He will soon visit Darwin. From there, he will fly to Perth. My brother … never … abroad before, so he finds this trip very exciting. Test 28. Can, could and must. (GR 19) Complete the story using the above mentioned modal verbs. Aesop and the Traveller. Aesop was a very clever man who lived many hundreds of years ago in Greece. He wrote a lot of fine stories. He was well – known as a man who was fond of jokes. One day as he was enjoying a walk, he met a traveller who greeted him and said: «Kind man, … you tell me how soon I shall get to the town?» «Go,» Aesop answered. «I know I … go,» protested a traveller. «But I would like you to tell me how soon I shall get to the town?» «Go», Aesop said again angrily. «This man … be mad,» the traveller said and went on. After he had gone some distance, Aesop cried to him: «You will get to the town in two hours.» The traveller turned round in astonishment. «Why didn’t you tell me that before?» «I didn’t know how fast you … walk,» answered Aesop. 103

Test 29. Must, needn’t and mustn’t. (GR 19) Helen isn’t very well today. She is in bed. She has been sick, and she has a temperature. The doctor has come to see her. Complete the doctor’s words using the above mentioned modal verbs. Doctor: Well, I’m going to give you some medicine. You … take it four times a day before meals. And go on taking it even if you feel better. You … stop taking it until you’ve finished the bottle. You … drink all of it. Now you …stay in bed today. It’s the best place for you at the moment. You can get up tomorrow if you like. You … stay in bed all the time when you start to feel better. But you … go outside this week. It’s too cold. And you really … do any work at all. You need absolute rest. You … just relax for a few days. You can eat a little if you like but you … if you don’t want to. But don’t forget to keep drinking. You … drink as much water as you can. You’ll probably be all right next week, so you … call me again unless you feel worse. But I’m sure the worst is over. Test 30. To be allowed to and to have to. (GR 19) Complete this article about learning to drive in Britain. Put in a positive or a negative form of the above mentioned verbs. In Britain you … drive a car when you are seventeen. You … get a special two – year driving licence before you can start. When you are learning, someone with a full licence always … be in the car with you because you … take the car on the road alone. You … go to a driving school – a friend can teach you. The person with you … take money for the lessons unless he’s got a teacher’s licence. 104

Before you … have a full licence, you … take a driving test. You can take a test in your own car, but it … be fit for the road. In the test you … drive round for about half an hour and then answer a few questions. If you don’t pass the test, you … take it again a few weeks later if you want to. In 2009 a woman passed her fortieth test after 212 driving lessons! When you have passed your test, you … take it again, and you … go on driving as long as you like, provided you are fit. Britain’s oldest driver was a Norfolk man who drove in 1999 at the age of 100 years old. Before 1904 everyone … drive, even children. Then from 1904 motorists … have a licence. But they … take a test until 1935. In the early days of motoring, before 1878, cars … go faster than four miles an hour, and someone … walk in front of the car with a red flag. Activity: Write a few sentences about learning to drive in your country. Test 31. Make the correct choice of the tense forms. (Revision) The Ghost of Glenn Avenue. 1. This is a part of a radio – programme called «Radio Investigator», a programme that investigates strange things. Narrotor: Glenn Avenue is the street in the town of Waring, Essex. A number of people who live in Glenn Avenue say that they (1. have seen, 2. sees, 3. see ) and heard and even felt a ghost this week. Mr. Frand who (4. live, 5. lives) at number 8, begins the story. 2. Mr. Frand: Last Monday evening I (1. was going, 2. goes) to bed at about 11 o’clock when I (3. hear, 4.heard) the window open behind me. Before I could turn around, someone (5. had turned, 6. was turning, 7. turns) the light off, I was trying to find the switch when I suddenly (8. was feeling, 9. felt) a hand. It wasn’t a human hand! I can tell you that! I shouted and found the switch again, but 105

when I turned the light on, the room (10. am, 11. was, 12. is) empty. Nobody could have come in and gone out of the window so fast. 3. Narrator: Mrs. Betty Smiles tells her story. Mrs.Smiles: I (1. am living,2. lives, 3. lived) at number 28 now. I was lying in bed at about 10.30 on Monday evening. My husband (4. does, 5. was doing, 6. did) some work downstairs. Suddenly I heard a noise at the window, I always sleep with it open. Then I (7. saw, 8. see) two eyes in the darkness. I heard a strange laugh. I screamed. My husband ran into the room but the thing was gone by then. I (9. hears, 10. hear, 11. have heard) never … or seen anything like it before! (Becoming hysterical) it wasn’t a human, I tell you. 4. Narrator: I (1. have spoken, 2. speaks, 3.was speaking) to a number of people of Glenn Avenue with similar stories. I am sure they are not lying. I could understand it, then a few hours ago I (4. was getting, 5. got, 6. have got) a phonecall from Warning Town Zoo. I (7. go, 8. went, 9. was going) and spoke to one of the officials, Mr. Harry Ford. 5. Mr. Ford: Eustace is one of the cleverest chimpanzees. They are very intelligent animals, you know. Eustace here can open the windows from the outside and turn lights on and off and do all sorts of things. He’s very fast, too. 6. Narrator: (1. Has … escaped, 2. was escaping) Eustace ever …, Mr. Ford? Mr. Ford: Yes, he has. That’s why we asked you to come here. He (3. has escaped, 4. escaped) on Monday evening. We’d like to speak about this event in this programme publicly. Test 32 (a). Complete the story 1) putting in the missing verb forms, 2) choosing the right word from the brackets. (Revision) The Last of the Mohicans (after F. Cooper). 106

1. On that day two men …sitting on the bank of a small (1. house, 2. river, 3. room). The sun was not so hot and the air had (4. became, 5. become, 6.blew) much colder. 2. One of the men had the (1. red, 2. broken, 3. colourless) skin of an Indian, the (4. another, 5. two, 6. other) man, though sunburnt, had the (7. black, 8.dark, 9. fair,) skin of a European. 3. The Indian (was, had, is) … sitting on the end of a (1. fallen, 2. tall, 3. growing) tree. His body was paint (4.-ing, 5.-ed, 6.-less) white and black. 4. On (1.her, 2.this, 3.his) head there (4. were, 5.was) an eagle’s plume, the mark of an Indian (6.chief, 7.chiefs). 5. A short military rifle of the kind, the white men (1. gives, 2. gave, 3.was giving, 4. given) to friendly Indians, (5. lay, 6. stand, 7. sits) near him. 6. The Indian was in middle age, but (1. very, 2. rather, 3. looked) a strong and healthy man. The white man’s (1. dress, 2. body, 3. hands) though also strong, was very thin. 7. He (1. wear, 2. wore, 3. have, 4. was, 5. were) a dark green hunting shirt and a summer (6. cup, 7. cap, 8. glasses) made of skin. 8. The eyes of a white hunter (1. was, 2. were, 3. is) small and quick, all the time moving while he (4. speak, 5. have been speaking, 6. spoke, 7. was speaking). 9. (1. As, 2.Though, 3.But) his (4. face, 5. eyes, 6. hands) was kind and open. 10. He spoke (1. many, 2. one, 3. two) of the languages, which was (4. understand, 5. eyes, 6. understanding, 7. known) to all the Indians that (8. had, 9. were) lived in the country between the Hudson and Potomac rivers. 107

Test 32 (b). Give «Yes», or »no» answers. /see Text 32(a)/ 1. Is there the description of weather in the text? 2. Are the men described in the text of the same age? 3. Is the age of the white man mentioned in the text? 4. Are both men strong? 5. Do the events described in the text take place in winter? 6. Is the house of the Indian described in the text? 7. Did the white man speak to the Indian in the native language? Test 33. Reporting in the Past Tense. (GR 13) Stanley Arnold, the multi – millionaire businessman and head of Arnold Motors, has just died. He wasn’t a very popular man. Below are some examples of what the press said about him during his lifetime. Write down what they said. Example: «Arnold is not a very nice person.» – Today Magazine. Today Magazine said that Arnold was not a very nice person. 1. «Arnold Motors has never paid any income tax.» – News Extra 2. «Arnold spends the money of his company at a Las Vegas casino.» – Newsday Magazine 3. «When he dies, he will probably leave more than $ 500 million.» – International News 4. «Stanley Arnold never speaks to his children.» – Modern World. 5. «He is planning to leave his money to a dogs’ house.» – the Daily Free Press 6. «Arnold has friends in the Mafia.» – World Magazine 7. «No one will be sorry when he’s gone.» – Daily Talk 108

Test 34. Reporting Questions in the Past. (GR 13) Tina has left school but she hasn’t got a job yet. Yesterday she had an interview for a job at a pet shop. A man and a woman interviewed her. The next day Tina told her friend Sharon what they had asked her. Give Tina’s words. Examples: How old are you? – They asked me how old I was. Have you had a job before? – They asked me if/ whether I’d had a job before. 1. Have you got a car? 2. Can you drive? 3. Where did you go to school? 4. What exams did you take? 5. What do you know about animals? 6. Do you like animals? 7. Do you want to get the job? 8. Are you willing to work on Saturdays? Test 35. Negative or Positive Question tags? All the pupils who left the Parkside School twenty years ago are having a reunion. They are meeting to talk about the old days when they were younger. Put in the missing question tags. (GR 26) Roger: Hello. You are Windy, … ? Wendy: Yes, I am. I remember you, too. You’re Roger Cowley. Roger: That’s right. We were in the same class, … ? But it’s easy to forget people, … ? 109

Wendy: I think I remember most of the people here. Jessica Squires is over there. She reads the news on Television North – West, … ? Roger: Yes, she does. She is on television quite often. She’s done well, … ? Wendy: We had a lot of fun at school, … ? Roger: Er, yes. Don’t turn round, but Melone’s looking this way. Wendy: Mike Melone? Roger: Yes, you can remember him, … ? Wendy: Oh, yes. Roger: I hated him. Oh, no! He’s coming over here. Wendy: Well, it is a reunion. We should be friendly, … ? Mike: Hello, Roger. Nice to see you again. Roger: Nice to see you too, Mike. Mike: This reunion was a good idea, … ? Roger: Yes, it was. I’m enjoying it. Mike, do you remember Wendy? Mike: Yes, she’s my wife. Roger: Oh! Test 36. Peter, Sue and Bob are football fans. They are talking about the World Cup. Complete their conversation by putting in the question tags. (GR 26) Peter: Did you see Holland and Mexico on TV last night? Bob: Yes, I did. It was a great game, … ? Holland were marvelous. Sue: They won’t find it so easy against Poland, … ? Bob: No, they won’t. Poland have got a good team, … ? Peter: Lobak looks good, … ? The Austrians couldn’t stop him, …? Bob: It’ll be an interesting game, … ? 110

Sue: England haven’t been very good, … ? Bob: Luck hasn’t been on our side, … ? Peter: I think so. Test 37. The Passive: The Past Simple Tense. (GR 14) Complete this short article about the ship «Mary Rose». Put the verbs into the correct Past Simple form. Some forms are active and some forms are passive. The warship Mary Rose (to build) in the years 1509 – 1510. In 1544 England (to start) a war against France, and in 1545 French ships (to send) across the Channel towards England. Some English ships (to go) out from Portsmouth to meet them. One of these ships (to be) the Mary Rose. It was carrying 91 guns and 700 men – twice as many as it was possible. It (to go) quickly to the bottom of the sea even before it (to attack) by the French. About 650 men died. This terrible accident (to see) by the king of England himself. The next month an attempt (to make) to raise the Mary Rose, but it (to fail). The ship (to forget) for hundreds of years. In the 1970s new plans (to make) to raise the ship. Thousands of objects (to bring up) from the ship by divers. Then, on the 1-st of October, 1982, the ship (to lift) out of the sea. Many people (to see) the raising of the ship on television. Finally the Mary Rose (to take) into Portsmouth dock 437 years after she (to sink).

Activity: Use these notes to write a paragraph about a ship called the «Gutty Sark». Famous sailing ship – built in the 1860s – brought tea from China – later wool from Australia – owned by many different people – finally brought into dry dock in London in 1954 – made into a museum. 111

Text 38. Put the verbs in the Present Simple, the Past Simple, the Past Continuous or the Future Simple Tense. (GR 6, 7, 8, 10) The Rich Lady and the Poor Beggar. A wealthy lady (to live) in a hotel in New York that overlooked the Park. One day as she (to look) out of the window she (to see) a very poor man dressed in rags. He (to sit) on a wooden seat and (to look) up at the windows of the hotel. He (to look) up the next day and the next, and the next, and every day he (to look) up at the windows of the hotel. At last while she (to drive) her car, she (to tell) the chauffeur to stop by the seat where the man (to sit). She (to get) out and (to speak) to him and (to ask) him why he (to look) at the window. «Lady,» he (to say) «I (to sit) on this seat every day and I (to sleep) on this seat every night and all the time I (to think) that someday I (to sleep) in that hotel.» The Lady (to say), «I (to make) your dream come true; tonight you (to sleep) in the best room of the hotel.» The next morning she (to sit) and (to have) breakfast. Then suddenly she (to see) the man and (to call) him to come to her table. She (to say), «How did you sleep?» «Lady,» he (to say) «my seat in the park was better.» «Surely not,» (to say) the lady. «Yes,» he (to say) «you see, I (to sleep) on the seat every night; but every night I (to dream) about a soft warm bed in the hotel. But all last night while I (to sleep), I (to dream) about my cold hard seat. So I (to go) back to my seat in the park tonight.» Text 39. Put the verbs in the Past Simple, the Past Continuous, the Past Perfect or the Future Simple Tense. (GR 7, 8, 10, 12) 112

Poor Old Gentleman. An old gentleman (to walk) slowly along a street one day when he (to see) a little boy who (to try) to reach a door-bell which (to be) too high for him. He was a kind-hearted old man. He (to stop) and (to say), «I (to ring) the bell for you» and then he (to ring) the bell so hard that it (can) be heard all over the house. The little boy (to look) up at him and (to say), «Now we (to run) away. Come on.», and before the old gentleman (to understand) what was happening, the naughty boy (to run) round the corner of the street, leaving the man to explain to the angry owner of the house why he (ring) the bell. Text 40. Put in the, a, an, or nothing. (GR 2) The Duke and the Farmer ….. Duke of …Wellington owned … large estate in Berkshire. Berkshire is …very beautiful part of England. … Duke wanted to buy the farm surrounded by … fields. …. Duke wanted to buy this farm and add it to his estate. He said to his agent, «Go and see … Farmer Jackson. Try to buy his farm for me.» Some weeks later … agent came to see …Duke. «I have bought …. farm for you,» he said. «How much did you pay?» asked …Duke. «I got it for $ 3.000,» said … agent, «and it was … great bargain. … farm is worth $ 4.000.» «Then why could you get it for $3.000?» asked …Duke. «Because Farmer Jackson is in difficulties and needed money immediately,» said …. agent. «Go at once to Farmer Jackson,» said ..Duke, «and give him … other $ 1.000. I don’t want any bargain that was gained because … man was in difficulties.» 113

Text 41. Put in an appropriate pronoun: personal, possessive or demonstrative. (GR 41) The Joke. Sir William Thompson was very deaf, but …. didn’t like people to know …. One evening … had invited … friends to dinner. While …. were sitting at the table one of the guests told a funny story. Everyone laughed, and Sir William who had laughed as loud as anyone, said, «… was a very funny joke, but … know a funnier one. Would … like to hear … ?» …all said … would, so Sir William began ….. story. When …. finished … everyone laughed louder than ever and Sir William smiled happily. But … didn’t know the reason for … laughter. ... told the very same story that …. friend had just told. Test 42. Put in must, mustn’t or needn’t. (GR 19) The Party Henry: We are having a party at our house tomorrow, Mary. It begins at four o’clock. Will you come? Mary: Thank you very much. I would like to come but we have classes in the afternoon. … I come at four o’clock? Henry: Oh, no, you …. come at four, but you ….. be too late or all the best cakes may be gone. Mary: But I … go home to put on another frock. Henry: Oh, no. You …. do that. You will be late if you do it. The frock you are wearing is very nice. Mary: Oh, yes, I … change my frock, but you …. worry. I shan’t be too late. I will be there at half-past four. 114

Text 43. Put the verbs in the Present Simple, the Present Perfect, the Past Simple or the Future Simple Tense. (GR 6, 7, 8, 11) The King and the Peasant In the old days of Henry the Fourth, the French King, a peasant once (to ride) from his village to Paris. He almost (to come) to the gates of the town when he (to meet) a gentleman on a horse-back. It (to be) the King. But the peasant (not to know) about it. «Where … you ( to come) from, my friend? … you (to have) business in Paris?» (to ask) the King. «Yes,» (answer) the peasant, «and I … also (to come) to see our King. I … never (to see) him yet.» The King ( to smile) and (to say) «You … (see) me today.» «Yes, but I … (not to know) how to distinguish him among so many people.» «If you ( to see) a gentleman riding along the street of the town and everybody standing with their hats off, you (may) (to be) sure that the gentleman (to be) the King.» Then the peasant (to ride) along the streets beside the King and when he (to see) the people looking at them from every window and the men in the street taking their hats off, he (to look) at the King in astonishment and at last he (to say), «Sir, either you (to be) the King or I (to be).»

115

116

1 b a a a b a b b a a a a c

a a a a c b b a b

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Test 6 Test 7 Test 8 Test 9 Test 10 Test 11 Test 12 Test 13

Test 14 Test 15 Test 16 Test 17 Test 18 Test 19 Test 20 Test 21 Test 22

b c b a b c b d a

2 a b a a b b b b b b b a d

a b a b b a a a a

3 d a a b a a c b a a a a b

b c a a a d b c b

4 b b a a b b b a a b a b d

a a c b c a b d b

5 b b b a b a c a a b a b c a c a c b b b c a

6 c a b a a b c b b a a b b b a c c b c a d a

7 d b b a a b b b a a a a b a a c a c a b a b

8 a b a b a b b b a b b a a b b c b b c b c a

9 a b a a b a c a a b b b b a a b b b a a a b

10 a b a a b a c b b a a a a b c a a c c a c b

11 b a a a a a a a b a a b a

1. ANSWERS TO THE TASKS OF PART 1. «GRAMMAR IN TESTS».

a a c b b b b b a

12 a a a a a b c a a a b a b a a c c c c b a a

13 d b b b b b a a b b b a b b b b a a a a d a

14 b a a a a a c a b b a a a a a a b c c b b a

15 a a b a a a b b a b b b a a b a b c a b d b

16 c b b b b b b b a a b a c

117

a c b b

b c a b a a c c cc a

Test 23 Test 24 Test 25 Test 26

Test 27 Test 28 Test 29 Test 30 Test 31 Test 32 Test 33 Test 34 Test 35 Test 36 Test 37

c b b b b c a cc cb

c b a d

a b b a a a b ba bb

a b b d

c a b b a b c B ab a

c c b a

c c b b a a b aa cc

b a c b a b a a b c a ab ab

a b c d c c a a a d c cc aa

c a c a b a b b a a b ac bc

a a b d c c a a a b b aa ab

c b b b b a b a b a a cb ca

a b b a b a a b b d a bb ba

b c c a a b b a a c c aa ac

a c a d c b b b a d b cc cc

a a b c b c a a b b a bb bb

c a a d a c a b a d b aa a a

b c c a c a b b a d a b bb c

C a a B

2. ANSWERS TO THE TASKS OF PART 2. «SITUATIONAL GRAMMAR». Test 1. Jane: Are we all here now? Mark. Where is Tom? He isn’t here. Helen. Oh, he is very well. He is in bed. Lynn. Oh dear! Poor Tom. And Sarah is here. Sarah. Oh yes! I am here. Jane. Oh, there you are, over in the corner. Sorry, Sarah. Mark. Angela is late. Oh, is she ill too? Lynn. Peter and Sue are here. Jane. Yes, they are. They are in the kitchen. Angela. Hell, everybody. Am I late? Jane. Yes, you are. Angela. Oh, I am sorry. Jane. Tell Peter and Sue to come, Mark. Peter. It is all right. Here we are. Jane. Good. Now we are ready to start. Test 2. The garden is lovely. The views to the North and east are beautiful. The house has six bedrooms. The rooms are large. The downstairs rooms have carpets. The sitting room have a lovely old fireplace. The kitchen has plenty of cupboards. The garage is big enough for three cars. Test 3. LORD STANEBURY TELLS EVERYTHING. Lord Stanebury is twenty – eight years old. He is in Belgravia in London’s West End. He is very rich and he owns the company Office Blocks International. Every morning the young Lord has 118

breakfast in bed and reads newspapers. He gets up at seven and usually goes for a walk in Hyde Park. He has lunch at his club. He sometimes meets the director of OBI, and they talk about the company plans. In the afternoon Lord Stanebury and his friends sometimes play golf. Then they have a few drinks. Sometimes he and his girl-friend go for a drive in his sports car. After dinner Lord Stanebury goes to a night club or a casino with one of his girl – friends. In winter the young Lord Stanebury lives in Monte Carlo. And he spends his summer holidays in the West Indies. Test 4. Milchester is a lovely old town on the river Swenley. The famous castle brings lots of tourists to the town. The old streets near the castle have many interesting little shops and there is a very good museum. The town also has a theatre and a cinema. 27,000 people live in this town, and quite a lot of them work at a new computer factory. Other industries are paper-making and chocolate. Test 5. Tim: Brenda, where do you get your ideas for all your stories? Brenda: Where do I get my ideas? That is hard to say. They just come to me. Tim; Does it take you a long time to write a book? Brenda: No, it doesn’t take me a long time. I write one in about two weeks. Tim: Really? That’s very quick. Do you write every day? Brenda: Yes, I write every day. Tim: And where do you work? Brenda: Oh, I work here in the sitting room. Tim: Do you type your stories? Brenda: No, I don’t. My secretary types them. Tim: Does your husband like your stories? 119

Brenda: No, he doesn’t. He hates them. Tim: Does your husband work, Brenda? Brenda: No, he doesn’t work. He hasn’t got a job. My stories bring us lots of money, you know. Tim: Why do so many people read your books, Brenda? Brenda: I think they read them because I tell interesting stories. Everybody likes good stories, you know. Test 6. A. Hi! I am Jack. What is your name? B. I am Marie. A. And what is your last name? B. My last name is Dupont. A. Are you from the United States? B. No, I am from Canada. A. Oh! What city are you from? B. I am from Montreal. A. Really ? What do you do? B. I am a journalist. What about you? A. I am an engineer. Test 7. Greeting from Wales! Ben and I are having a good time. We are at the North Wales Activity Centre. People come here every summer to learn more about their hobbies and interests. I am doing photography and playing tennis this week, and Ben is learning about computers. We get up at half past seven every morning and do lessons from nine to half past twelve. We have lunch at one o’clock and then there are more lessons. So it’s a hard work. But I like it here. We are having a super time. It’s half past seven in the evening now and we are sitting out on the grass in front of the Centre. The weather is fine. See you soon. Love, Kate. 120

Test 8. I carried my bags into the hall. «What are you doing?» my landlady asked. «I am leaving», Mrs. Lynch, I answered. «Why are you leaving»? She asked. «You have been here only a week». «A week is too long, Mrs. Lynch, I said. »There are too many rules in this house. My friends never come to visit me. Dinner is always at seven o’clock, so I frequently go to bed hungry. You don’t like noise, so I rarely listen to the radio. The heating does not work, so I always feel cold. This is a terrible place for a man like me. Goodbye, Mrs. Lynch. Test 9. Helen: I know, there was a barbeque at the college last Saturday. Were you there? David: Yes, I was. Where were you? Helen: I wasn’t here on Saturday. I was in London. David: That’s a pity. It was a very good barbeque. The food was great. Helen: What was the weather like here? David: Oh, we were very lucky with the weather. It was nice and warm. Helen: Were there a lot of people there? David: Yes, lots. Lynn wasn’t there. She wasn’t very well. Helen: What about Mark and Jane? David: Oh, they were still on holiday last Saturday, so they weren’t at the barbeque. But all the others were there. Test 10. Reporter: What happened? Where were you and where was the monster? Henry: I was here on the beach. I saw the monster in the water. Then it swam out to the sea. It was a great shock. It wasn’t very nice I can tell you. Reporter: What was the monster like? 121

Henry: It was a very large animal. It had a large body, but it had a small head. Its eyes were blue and round. It had teeth, but they weren’t very big. It didn’t have any ears. Reporter: Did you take a photo of it? Henry: I didn’t have my camera with me. And it all happened in a moment. Test 11. Picasso painted pictures. Billie-Jean-King played tennis. Neil Armstrong went to the Moon. Marco Polo travelled to China. Martin Luther King worked for Black people’s rights. Christian Dior made clothes. Columbus sailed to America studying the planets. Edison invented the electric light. Elvis Presley sang songs. Agatha Christie wrote detective stories. Copernicus studied the planets. Shakespeare wrote plays. Test 12. 1. Why did you disappear? 2. Did you leave the country? 3. How did you travel? 4. Did your friends hide you? 5. What did you do at that time? 6. Did you read the stories about you in the newspapers? 7. Why did you come home? 8. Did your husband find you? Test 13. 1. Bob has repaired the fence. 2. Philip and Mark have decorated the club room. 3. Angela has bought some new curtains. 122

4. David has polished the cups. 5. Martin has serviced the minibus. 6. Paul and Sarah have laid a new carpet in the bar. 7. Mike and Helen have cleaned out the kitchen. 8. Tom has put up some more shelves. Test 14. Rachel: Hello, Bob. Bob: Hello. I haven’t seen you for a long time. Rachel: I saw you in town two or three weeks ago, but you didn’t see me. I was in the bus. Bob: Well, how are things? Are you still living over the shop? Rachel: No, I am not. I have moved now. I found a super flat just before I went on holidays. I have been there for three months. Bob: Have you passed your driving test yet? Rachel: Yes, I have. I passed it in October. I haven’t bought a car yet, though. But what about you, Bob? Has anything exciting happened to you lately? Bob: No, not really. My mother hasn’t been very well for a few months now. Rachel: Oh, dear. I’m sorry to hear that. Bob: And my brother is out of work. Rachel: Did he leave school in the summer, then? Bob: Yes, he didn’t do very well in the exams and he hasn’t found a job yet. Rachel: Are you still working at the Scotts? Bob: Yes, they have just given me a pay rise. Rachel: Well, it’s a piece of good news. Test 15. 1. After the bank clerk had looked at my cheque, she counted the money. After she had counted the money, she gave it to me. 2. After the tourists had got out of the coach, they took photos. After they had taken photos, they got back into the coach. 123

3. After the reporter had gone to the scene of the accident, she interviewed the people there. After she had interviewed the people there, she wrote a report about the accident. 4. After the mechanic had taken the wheel off the car, he put a new tyre on. After he had put a new tyre on, he put the wheel back on. Test 16. I was walking across the bridge when I met a tiger. The roof fell in when we were watching television. I was climbing the stairs when I saw a ghost. I was looking into the mirror when it broke. We were lying on the beach when an elephant came out of the sea. I was digging the garden when I found a box with coins. Test 17. Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting, but I didn’t enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry because I couldn’t hear the actors. I turned around. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They didn’t pay any attention. In the end, I couldn’t bear it. I turned round again. «I can’t hear a word! Stop talking!» I said angrily. «It’s none of your business,» the young man said rudely. «This is a private conversation!» Test 18. Melanie has been washing up for half an hour. Adam and Sadie have been tiding up for an hour and a half. Lisa has been looking for a bucket for ten minutes. . Alison and Jason have been working in the garden for three hours. Don has been cleaning the stairs for half an hour. Emma has been repairing the toaster for an hour. 124

Trevor has been mending the door bell for twenty minutes. Daniel and Rebecca have been brushing carpets for two hours. Test 19. 1. The accident happened at 10.47 p.m. on October, 23rd at the corner of Compton St. and Brooks Rd., Milchester. 2. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson were on their way home. Mr. Johnson was driving. 3. The couple had been visiting friends. They had been drinking, but Mr. Johnson had had only one small whiskey. He finished drinking at 10.15 p.m. 4. It was not raining at the time, but it had been raining shortly before, and the road was wet. 5. At 10.47 p.m. Mr. Richard Hunter was cycling north along Brooks Rd. He had his lights on. 6. Mr. Johnson did not stop at the «Stop» sign. As he was turning into Brooks Rd., he hit Mr. Hunter and knocked him off his bike. 7. Mr. Hunter was not badly hurt, but his bike was damaged. Mr. Johnson stopped and reported about the accident. 8. Mr. Johnson has been driving for twenty years now. He has never had an accident before. Test 20. Reporter: How long have you been living / have you lived in this house, Mrs. Vincent? Mrs. Vincent: I have been living / have lived here for seventy – five years now. Reporter: And how long is it since your husband died? Mrs. Vincent: Oh, he has been dead for forty years. Yes, he died a long time ago. I have been alone since then. It has been a long time. Reporter: And where did you live / did you use to live before you came here. Mrs. Vincent: Well, before we got married I lived / used to live with my parents in William Street. They have knocked the house down now. I have only lived in two houses all my life. 125

Reporter: I expect you have seen a lot of changes in all that time. Mrs. Vincent: Oh, yes. Milchester was / used to be very quiet in my young days. And it wasn’t / didn’t use to be as big as it is today. We used to go for picnics to Long Hills. Now they have built houses there. Reporter: Did you enjoy / Did you use to enjoy life in those days? Mrs. Vincent: Oh, yes. We had / used to have a wonderful time. People were / used to be much friendlier in those days. We did / used to do things together. Test 21. Janet: Someone told me you and your family are going to live in Alaska. Is it true? Graham: Yes, it is. I am going to work for a building company. Janet: That will be interesting. Graham: I hope so. It will be something different. It will certainly be much colder than London. Janet: When are you going to leave? Graham: On the tenth of the next month. We will be / shall be there in three weeks. Janet: Oh, so it won’t be long from now. Jerry and I will be sad to see you go away. Graham: Oh, we will be / shall be back some time. We won’t be / shan’t be /aren’t going to be there for ever. And you can always come to Alaska and see us. Janet: Well, that isn’t a bad idea. We are going to visit my sister in Vancouver next summer. Graham: Oh, that’s great. We will see / shall see you next summer then. Test 22. 1. Michelle and Kevin are going to do electronics. 2. Sharon is going to become a taxi driver. 3. Simon is going to take a course in banking. 126

4. Nick and Julie are going to hitch – hike round the world. 5. Adrian’s parents is going to work for the family business. 6. Tina is going to train to be a social worker. Test 23. 1. World leaders are to meet next month. 2. A dock strike is starting tomorrow. 3. The Prime Minister is to visit Greece in August. 4. The Queen is leaving for Australia tomorrow. 5. Some Chinese tourists are arriving in Britain next Saturday. 6. A shoe factory is going to close. 7. The European Games are to take place next year. 8. Three new players are joining Liverpool. Test 24. 1. You will be on holiday soon. In two weeks from now you will be lying on a beach. 2. You will have a good life, and you will live a long life. 3. Your personality is changing all the time. In ten years time you will have changed completely. 4. At some time in your life you will have a bad accident, but you will not die. 5. You will marry when you are twenty – three. 6. In twenty years from now you will be living on the other side of the world. By that time you will have left your husband. 7. You will be rich. When you are thirty – five, you will already have made a lot of money. 8. At this time of your life you will be working very hard. Your life will be very exiting. Test 25. Computer Wonder-Boy. Mr. and Mrs. Stokes were sitting in the garden of their Bristol home when I arrived to interview them and their fourteen – year – 127

old son Carl. But Carl was working upstairs. «He doesn’t often leave his room», his mother explained. At the moment Carl is working on a programme for a new computer game. Computers have become his whole life. This year Carl has earned over 25,000 pounds writing programmes. A lot of other people are trying to do the same nowadays, but not many of them have done it as well as Carl. «When did he buy a computer?» I wondered. «We bought it for him eighteen months ago for his birthday», said Mr. Stokes. «We didn’t know what we were doing. Our son has changed. Eighteen months ago he hadn’t seen any computer. Now he doesn’t talk about anything else. And we don’t understand a thing about computers.». «And do you think it is good for him?» was my next question. «No, we don’t. We worry about him,» said Mrs. Stokes. «He doesn’t have any other interests now. And he hasn’t done any work for his school exams. It’s often quite a job to make him go to school at all.» Carl’s parents don’t understand computers, but Carl certainly does. «I love computers», he said. «I soon get tired of playing games, though. I like writing programmes much better. I’ve got three computers now. I bought two more. I didn’t earn much at first, but now I do. My parents make me put most of my money in the bank». Test 26. Paul: Hello, Mike did you have nice time in France? Mike: Hello, Paul. Yes, we did, thanks. We didn’t have very good weather, but we still had a good time. Paul: Have you already had your lunch? Mike: Yes, it was early today. And I only had a sandwich. Paul: You can have one of my sausages if you like. Mike: No, thanks. I am only having light lunches this week. I’m trying to lose weight. Paul: You haven’t got anything to worry about. Mike: You are going camping in Wales next week, aren’t you? 128

Paul: That’s right. Mike: I hope you will have nice weather. Paul: So do I. Do you know Mark and Jane are in Benidorm at the moment? We had a postcard from them on Friday. They say they are having a marvelous time. Mike: I took some photos in France. You can have a look at them some time if you like. Paul: OK. Mike: Come round to our house tonight, and we can have a talk. Test 27. An Exciting Trip. I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim. He is in Australia. He has been there for six months. Tim is an engineer. He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia. He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia. He will soon visit Darwin. From there, he will fly to Perth. My brother has never been abroad before, so he finds this trip very exciting. Test 28. Aesop and the Traveller. Aesop was a very clever man who lived many hundreds of years ago in Greece. He wrote a lot of fine stories. He was well – known as a man who was fond of jokes. One day as he was enjoying a walk, he met a traveller who greeted him and said: «Kind man, can you tell me how soon I shall get to the town?» «Go,» Aesop answered. «I know I must go,» protested a traveller. «But I would like you to tell me how soon I shall get to the town?» «Go», Aesop said again angrily. «This man must be mad,» the traveller said and went on. After he had gone some distance, Aesop cried to him: «You will get to the town in two hours.» The traveller turned round in astonishment. «Why didn’t you tell me that before?» «I didn’t know how fast you could walk,» answered Aesop. 129

Test 29. Doctor: Well, I’m going to give you some medicine. You must take it four times a day before meals. And go on taking it even if you feel better. You mustn’t stop taking it until you’ve finished the bottle. You must drink all of it. Now you must stay in bed today. It’s the best place for you at the moment. You can get up tomorrow if you like. You needn’t stay in bed all the time when you start to feel better. But you mustn’t go outside this week. It’s too cold. And you really mustn’t do any work at all. You need absolute rest. You must just relax for a few days. You can eat a little if you like but you needn’t if you don’t want to. But don’t forget to keep drinking. You must drink as much water as you can. You’ll probably be all right next week, so you needn’t call me again unless you feel worse. But I’m sure the worst is over. Test 30. In Britain you are allowed to drive a car when you are seventeen. You have to get a special two – year driving licence before you can start. When you are learning, someone with a full licence always has to be in the car with you because you are not allowed to take the car on the road alone. You don’t have to go to a driving school – a friend can teach you. The person with you isn’t allowed to take money for the lessons unless he’s got a teacher’s licence. Before you are allowed to have a full licence, you have to take a driving test. You can take a test in your own car, but it has to be fit for the road. In the test you have to drive round for about half an hour and then answer a few questions. If you don’t pass the test, you are allowed to take it again a few weeks later if you want to. In 2009 a woman passed her fortieth test after 212 driving lessons! When you have passed your test, you don’t have to take it again, and you are allowed to go on driving as long as you like, provided you are fit. Britain’s oldest driver was a Norfolk man who drove in 1999 at the age of 100 years old. 130

Before 1904 everyone was allowed to drive, even children. Then from 1904 motorists had to have a licence. But they didn’t have to take a test until 1935. In the early days of motoring, before 1878, cars weren’t allowed to go faster than four miles an hour, and someone had to walk in front of the car with a red flag. Test 31. 1)1.have seen, 5.lives 2) 1.was going, 4.heard, 5.had turned, 9.felt, 11.was. 3) 1.am living, 5. was doing, 7.saw, 11.have heard. 4) 1.have spoken, 5.got, 8. went. 5) 6). 1.Has … escaped, 4.escaped. Test 32 (a). The Last of the Mohicans (after F. Cooper). 1. On that day two men were sitting on the bank of a small river. The sun was not so hot and the air had become much colder. 2. One of the men had the red skin of an Indian, the other man, though sunburnt, had the fair skin of a European. 3. The Indian was sitting on the end of a fallen tree. His body was painted white and black. 4. On his head there was an eagle’s plume, the mark of an Indian chief. 5. A short military rifle of the kind, the white men gave to friendly Indians, lay near him. 131

6. The Indian was in middle age, but looked a strong and healthy man. The white man’s body though also strong, was very thin. 7. He wore a dark green hunting shirt and a summer cap made of skin. 8. The eyes of a white hunter were small and quick, all the time moving while he was speaking. 9. But his face was kind and open. 10. He spoke one of the languages, which was known to all the Indians that had lived in the country between the Hudson and Potomac rivers. Test 32 (b). 1. Yes, there is. 2. No, they are not. 3. No, it isn’t. 4. Yes, they are. 5. No, they don’t. 6. No, it isn’t. 7. Yes, he did. Test 33. 1. News Extra said (that) Arnold Motors had never paid any income tax. 2. Newsday Magazine said (that) Arnold spent the money of his company at a Las Vegas casino. 3. International News said (that) when he died, he would probably leave more than $ 500 million. 4. Modern World said (that) Stanley Arnold never spoke to his children. 5. The Daily Free Press said (that) he was planning to leave his money to a dogs’ house. 132

6. World Magazine said (that) Arnold had friends in the Mafia. 7. Daily Talk said (that) no one would be sorry when he’d gone. Test 34. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

They asked me if / whether I had got a car. They asked me if / whether I could drive. They asked me where I had gone to school. They asked me what exams I had taken. They asked me what I knew about animals. They asked me if / whether I liked animals. They asked me if / whether I wanted to get the job. They asked me if / whether I was willing to work on Saturdays.

Test 35. Roger: Hello. You are Windy, aren’t you? Wendy: Yes, I am. I remember you, too. You’re Roger Cowley. Roger: That’s right. We were in the same class, weren’t we? But it’s easy to forget people, isn’t it? Wendy: I think I remember most of the people here. Jessica Squires is over there. She reads the news on Television North – West, doesn’t she? Roger: Yes, she does. She is on television quite often. She’s done well, hasn’t she? Wendy: We had a lot of fun at school, didn’t we? Roger: Er, yes. Don’t turn round, but Melone’s looking this way. Wendy: Mike Melone? Roger: Yes, you can remember him, can’t you? Wendy: Oh, yes. Roger: I hated him. Oh, no! He’s coming over here. Wendy: Well, it is a reunion. We should be friendly, shouldn’t we? Mike: Hello, Roger. Nice to see you again. Roger: Nice to see you too, Mike. Mike: This reunion was a good idea, wasn’t it? 133

Roger: Yes, it was. I’m enjoying it. Mike, do you remember Wendy? Mike: Yes, she’s my wife. Roger: Oh! Test 36. Peter: Did you see Holland and Mexico on TV last night? Bob: Yes, I did. It was a great game, wasn’t it? Holland were marvelous. Sue: They won’t find it so easy against Poland, will they? Bob: No, they won’t. Poland have got a good team, haven’t they? Peter: Lobak looks good, doesn’t he? The Austrians couldn’t stop him, could they? Bob: It’ll be an interesting game, won’t it? Sue: England haven’t been very good, have they? Bob: Luck hasn’t been on our side, has it? Peter: I think so. Test 37. The warship Mary Rose was build in the years 1509 – 1510. In 1544 England started a war against France, and in 1545 French ships were sent across the Channel towards England. Some English ships went out from Portsmouth to meet them. One of these ships was the Mary Rose. It was carrying 91 guns and 700 men – twice as many as it was possible. It went quickly to the bottom of the sea even before it was attacked by the French. About 650 men died. This terrible accident was seen by the King of England himself. The next month an attempt was made to raise the Mary Rose, but it failed. The ship was forgotten for hundreds of years. In the 1970s new plans were made to raise the ship. Thousands of objects were brought from the ship by divers. Then, on the 1-st of October, 1982, the ship was lifted out of the sea. Many people saw the raising of the ship on television. Finally the Mary Rose was taken into Portsmouth dock 437 years after she had sunk. 134

Text 38. The Rich Lady and the Poor Beggar. A wealthy lady lived in a hotel in New York that overlooked the Park. One day as she was looking out of the window she saw a very poor man dressed in rags. He was sitting on a wooden seat and looking up at the windows of the hotel. He looked up the next day and the next, and the next, and every day he looked up at the windows of the hotel. At last while she was driving her car, she told the chauffeur to stop by the seat where the man was sitting. She got out and spoke to him and asked him why he was looking at the window. «Lady,» he said, «I sit on this seat every day and I sleep on this seat every night and all the time I think that someday I will sleep in that hotel.» The Lady said, «I will make your dream come true; tonight you will sleep in the best room of the hotel.» The next morning she was sitting and having breakfast. Then suddenly she saw the man and called him to come to her table. She said, «How did you sleep?» «Lady,» he said, «my seat in the park was better.» «Surely not,» said the lady. «Yes,» he said, «you see, I slept on the seat every night; but every night I was dreaming about a soft warm bed in the hotel. But all last night while I was sleeping I was dreaming about my cold hard seat. So I will go back to my seat in the park tonight.» Text 39. Poor Old Gentleman. An old gentleman was walking slowly along a street one day when he saw a little boy who was trying to reach a door-bell which was too high for him. He was a kind-hearted old man. He stopped 135

and said, «I will ring the bell for you» and then he rang the bell so hard that it could be heard all over the house. The little boy looked up at him and said, «Now we will run away. Come on.», and before the old gentleman understood what was happening, the naughty boy ran round the corner of the street, leaving the man to explain to the angry owner of the house why he had rung the bell. Text 40. The Duke and the Farmer. The Duke of Wellington owned a large estate in Berkshire. Berkshire is a very beautiful part of England. The Duke wanted to buy the farm surrounded by fields. The Duke wanted to buy this farm and add it to his estate. He said to his agent, «Go and see Farmer Jackson. Try to buy his farm for me.» Some weeks later the agent came to see the Duke. «I have bought the farm for you», he said. «How much did you pay?» asked the Duke. «I got it for $ 3.000,» said the agent, «and it was a great bargain. The farm is worth $ 4.000.» «Then why could you get it for $ 3.000?» asked the Duke. «Because Farmer Jackson is in difficulties and needed money immediately», said the agent. «Go at once to Farmer Jackson’, said the Duke, «and give him the other $ 1.000. I don’t want any bargain that was gained because a man was in difficulties». Text 41. The Joke Sir William Thompson was very deaf, but he didn’t like people to know it. One evening he had invited his friends to dinner. While they were sitting at the table one of the guests told a funny story. Everyone laughed, and Sir William who had laughed as loud as 136

anyone, said, This was a very funny joke, but I know a funnier one. Would you like to hear it?» They all said they would, so Sir William began his story. When he finished it everyone laughed louder than ever and Sir William smiled happily. But he didn’t know the reason for their laughter. He told the very same story that his friend had just told. Test 42. Put must, mustn’t or needn’t. The Party Henry: We are having a party at our house tomorrow, Mary. It begins at four o’clock. Will you come ? Mary: Thank you very much. I would like to come but we have classes in the afternoon. Must I come at four o’clock ? Henry: Oh, no, you needn’t come at four, but you mustn’t be too late or all the best cakes may be gone. Mary: But I must go home to put on another frock. Henry: Oh, no, You needn’t do that. You will be late if you do it. The frock you are wearing is very nice. Mary: Oh, yes, I must change my frock, but you needn’t worry. I shan’t be too late. I will be there at half-past four. Text 43. The King and the Peasant In the old days of Henry the Fourth, the French King, a peasant once rode from his village to Paris. He almost came to the gates of the town when he met a gentleman on a horse-back. It was the King. But the peasant (not to know) about it. «Where did you come from, my friend? Do you have business in Paris?» asked the King. «Yes», answered the peasant, «and I have also come to see our King. I have never seen him yet.» The King smiled and said, «You will see me today.» ‘Yes, but I don’t 137

know how to distinguish him among so many people.» «If you see a gentleman riding along the street of the town and everybody standing with their hats off, you may be sure that the gentleman is the King.» Then the peasant rode along the streets beside the King and when he saw the people looking at them from every window and the men in the street taking their hats off, he looked at the King in astonishment and at last he said, «Sir, either you are the King or I am.»

138

GRAMMAR REFERENCES Существительное (The Noun) (GR 1) Существительные в английском языке, как и в русском языке, обозначают предметы и вещества (a table – стол; a house – дом; water – вода), живые существа (a girl – девочка; a cat – кошка), явления и отвлеченные понятия (rain – дождь; peace – мир; beauty – красота; work – работа; darkness – темнота). Существительные в английском языке имеют ряд свойств, которые отличают их от существительных в русском языке. Основные из них следующие: 1. Перед существительными обычно ставятся особые служебные слова – артикли a, an, the: I am a student. Open the door, please.

Я студент. Откройте дверь, пожалуйста.

2. Большинство существительных не изменяются по падежам, и только одушевленные существительные имеют два падежа: общий (a boy, boys) и притяжательный (boy's, boys'): What is the boy's name? Where are the girls' hats?

Как зовут мальчика? Где шляпы девочек?

3. Существительные могут употребляться в качестве беспредложного определения к другим существительным. В этом случае они часто соответствуют по значению прилагательным в русском языке: You must wear your school uniform. Вы должны носить школьную форму. Which do you like best: winter or summer sports? Какие виды спорта вы любите больше: зимние или летние? 139

Множественное число имен существительных (Plural of Nouns) Множественное число имен существительных в английском языке образуется путем прибавления окончания -s, например: а реn [ə 'реn] ручка a desk [ə 'desk] парта a boy [ə 'bɔi] мальчик

pens [penz] ручки desks [desks] парты boys [bɔiz] мальчики

Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -s, -ch, -х, -sh, -ss, -о, во множественном числе принимают окончание -es, например: а bush [ə 'bu∫l куст a glass [ə 'glα:s] стакан a dress [ə 'dres] платье a box [ə 'bɔks] коробка a match [ə 'mæt∫] матч a hero [ə 'hiərou] герой

bushes ['bu∫iz] кусты glasses ['glα:siz] стаканы dresses ['dresiz] платья boxes ['bɔksiz] коробки matches ['mæt∫iz] матчи heroes ['hiərouz] герои

Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -f, -fe, обычно меняют во множественном числе -f, -fe на -v и принимают окончание -es, например: a knife [ə 'naif] нож a wolf [ə 'wulf] волк

knives [naivz] ножи wolves [wulvz] волки

Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -у с предшествующей согласной, меняют во множественном числе букву у на i и принимают окончание -es, например: a factory [ə'fæktər i] завод; фабрика factories ['fæktər iz] заводы; фабрики Некоторые существительные образуют множественное число путем изменения корневой гласной буквы, не принимая никаких окончаний, например: 140

a man [ə'mæn] мужчина a woman [ə'wumən] женщина a tooth [ə'tu: θ] зуб a foot [ə'fut] ступня, нога

men [men] мужчины women ['wi mi n] женщины teeth [ti: θ] зубы feet [fi:t] ступни, ноги

Некоторые существительные в английском языке употребляются только в единственном числе, например: advice [əd'va is] совет, советы

permission [pə'mi∫ən] разрешение information [i nfə 'mei∫ən] progress ['prougres] успех, сведения успехи iron ['aiən] железо water ['wɔtə] вода money ['m∧ni] деньги weather ['weðə] погода news [nju:z] новость, новости work [wə: k] работа Падежи имен существительных

Существительные в английском языке имеют только два падежа: общий падеж (the Common Case) и притяжательный падеж (the Possessive Case). Притяжательный падеж выражает принадлежность и таким образом соответствует в русском языке родительному падежу. В форме притяжательного падежа употребляются в основном существительные, обозначающие одушевленные предметы. Притяжательный падеж существительных в единственном числе образуется прибавлением апострофа и буквы s (-'s) к форме существительного в общем падеже. Окончание -'s произносится [s] после глухих согласных, [z] после звонких согласных и гласных и [Iz] после шипящих и свистящих, т.е. так же, как и окончание -s при образовании множественного числа существительных.

141

Единственное число Общий падеж aunt – тётя dog – собака father – отец James [dʒei mz] Джеймс George [dʒɔ:dʒ] Джорж

Притяжательный падеж aunt's house – дом тети dog's name – кличка собаки father's book – книга отца James’s friend ['dʒei mzIz ] друг Джеймсa George's son ['dʒɔ:dʒiz ] сын Джорджа

Притяжательный падеж существительных во множественном числе, оканчивающихся на -(e)s, образуется путем добавления только апострофа -'. Множественное число Притяжательный падеж Общий падеж horses ['hɔ:siz] лошади horses' races ['hɔ:siz 'reisiz] скачки лошадей dogs [dɔgz] собаки dogs' masters [dɔgz' 'mα:stəz] хозяева собак Существительные, не имеющие окончания -(e)s во множественном числе, образуют притяжательный падеж множественного числа так же, как существительные в единственном числе – путем прибавления окончания -s', например: children's literature ['t∫ildrənz 'litərit∫ə] детская литература. Артикль (The Article) (GR 2) В английском языке существует два артикля: неопределенный а (аn) и определенный the. Неопределенный артикль а (аn) произошел от числительного one – «один» и поэтому употребляется только с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе. 142

Неопределенный артикль имеет две формы: 1) а, стоящую перед существительными, начинающимися с согласного звука или имеющими впереди себя определение, начинающееся с согласного звука, например: a book [ə'buk] книга, a big apple [ə big 'æpl] большое яблоко; 2) an, стоящую перед существительными, начинающимися с гласного звука или имеющими впереди себя определение, начинающееся с гласного звука, например: an egg [ən 'еg] яйцо, an old man [ən 'ould 'mæn] старик. Неопределенный артикль на русский язык не переводится и передает лишь указание на принадлежность предмета к какомулибо классу однородных предметов. Например: a book значит какая-то, одна из, любая, какая-нибудь книга. Если мы говорим Give me a book ['gIv mi: ə 'buk], то мы хотим подчеркнуть, что нам нужна книга, а не тетрадь, ручка, карандаш и т. д. Определенный артикль происходит от указательного местоимения this [ðis] «этот» и имеет одну форму the, которая произносится [ðə] перед существительными, начинающимися с согласного звука, например: the room [ðə 'rum] (эта) комната, the big apple [ðə 'big 'æр1] (это) большое яблоко, и [ði:] перед существительными, начинающимися с гласного звука, или перед определением, начинающимся с гласного звука, например: the evening [ði:'i:vniŋ] (этот) вечер, the old house [ði:'ould 'haus] (этот) старый дом. Определенный артикль может употребляться как с исчисляемыми, так и с неисчисляемыми существительными в единственном и множественном числе. Определенный артикль употребляется, когда нужно выделить какой-либо предмет, лицо или явление из класса ему подобных, например: Give me the book ['giv mi: ðə 'buk]. Дайте мне эту книгу (ту, которая лежит на столе). Употребление неопределенного артикля Неопределенный артикль употребляется: 1) с существительным – именным членом составного сказуемого: Mike is a student.

Миша студент. 143

2) с существительным-подлежащим после оборота there is (there was, there will be): There's a good library in our school. В нашей школе есть хорошая библиотека. 3) с дополнением после глагола have: У меня есть сестра.

I have a sister.

Употребление определенного артикля с исчисляемыми существительными Определенный артикль употребляется, когда собеседникам (или пишущему и читателю) известно из окружающей обстановки (ситуации), предшествующего опыта или словесного окружения (контекста), о каком или каких именно предметах (лицах, явлениях) идет речь. 1. Определенный артикль обычно употребляется, когда перед существительным стоит: а) порядковое числительное: Gagarin was the first man to fly into space. Гагарин был первым человеком, который полетел в космос. б) прилагательное в превосходной степени: This is the shortest way to the town. Это кратчайший путь к городу. Jack is the best runner in our school. Джек – лучший бегун в нашей школе. в) одно из прилагательных – following, last, next, same: Copy the following sentences. Спишите следующие предложения. 144

You've made the same mistake. Вы сделали ту же самую ошибку. The next stop is ours. Следующая остановка наша. Примечание: Существительные с прилагательными next и last употребляются без артикля в сочетаниях next door (рядом), next week (на будущей неделе), next month, next summer, next year, next Sunday (в будущее воскресенье), next time (в следующий раз), last week (на прошлой неделе), last month, last year, last Saturday и т. п.: Tom lives next door to me. Том живет рядом со мной. I'll be on duty next week. Я буду дежурить на следующей неделе. I was there last night. Я был там вчера. 2. Определенный артикль употребляется, когда за существительным следует определение: Неге is the book I bought yesterday. Вот книга, которую я вчера купил. Can you show me the way to the station? Вы можете мне показать дорогу на станцию? The trees planted by us have taken root. Деревья, посаженные нами, прижились. This is the house where I was born. Вот дом, где я родился. 3. Определенный артикль употребляется в тех случаях, когда из предшествующего контекста ясно, о каком предмете 145

(лице, явлении) или каких предметах (лицах, явлениях) идет речь: We've received a letter from an English schoolgirl. The girl writes in the letter that she wants to correspond with Russian schoolchildren. Petrov mis-spelt a word in his sentence. Who has noticed the mistake? В данных примерах из первых предложений ясно, о каких именно предметах (лицах, явлениях) идет речь (the letter, the girl, the mistake). 4. Определенный артикль употребляется с существительными, обозначающими предметы, единственные в своем роде: the sun, the moon, the earth, the ground, the world, the sky, the air и некоторые другие: Our scientists were the first to photograph the far side of the Moon. Наши ученые были первыми, кто сфотографировал обратную сторону Луны. Our sportsmaen are among the best in the world. Наши спортсмены одни из лучших в мире. 5. Определенный артикль может употребляться с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе, не выделяя предмет из ряда ему подобных, а обозначая весь класс однородных предметов: The rose is a beautiful flower. Роза – красивый цветок. The dog is the friend of man. Собака – друг человека. Отсутствие артиклей перед исчисляемыми существительными 146

Артикли не употребляются с исчисляемыми существительными в следующих случаях: если существительное является обращением: Дети, тише.

Children, be quiet!

перед словами Father, Mother в высказываниях членов семьи: Ann, hasn't Father come yet?

Аня, папа еще не пришел?

3) перед названиями дней недели, месяцев и времен года: Весна наконец пришла. Июль – летний месяц.

Spring has come at last! July is a summer month.

We do not go to school on Sunday. Мы не ходим в школу в воскресенье. 4) перед существительными breakfast, dinner, lunch, supper: Я завтракаю в семь часов. Вы останетесь обедать?

I have breakfast at seven. Will you stay to dinner?

Употребление артиклей с неисчисляемыми существительными Неисчисляемые существительные (отвлеченные и вещественные) употребляются, как правило, без артиклей: Я люблю музыку.

I like music.

Mathematics and physics are my favourite subjects. Математика и физика – мои любимые предметы. Give me a glass of water, please Дайте мне стакан воды, пожалуйста.. Мы боремся за мир.

We struggle for peace. 147

Если отвлечённые и вещественные существительные имеют при себе ограничительные определения или уточняются ситуацией, они употребляются с определённым артиклем: Pass me the bread, please.

Передайте мне хлеб, пожалуйста.

Артикли с именами собственными Имена собственные употребляются, как правило, без артиклей: Zaure, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Australia, Gogol Street: Astana is the capital of Kazakhstan. Астана – столица Казахстана. I live in Gogol Street.

Я живу на улице Гоголя.

С определённым артиклем употребляются следующие имена собственные: названия морей, океанов, рек, каналов, проливов, горных цепей, пустынь, групп островов: the Caspian Sea, the Pacific Ocean, the Ili, the Lena, the Beringov Channel, the Zaili Alatau, the Karakum: Almaty is situated in the vicinity of the Zaili Alatau. Алматы расположен в предгорьях Заилийского Ала-Тау. Названия сторон света: the North, the South, the West, the East: They live somewhere in the North. Они живут где-то на севере. Фамилии во мнoжественном числе для обозначения всей (всех членов) семьи: Next year the Askarovs will go to Siberia. В следующем году Аскаровы поедут в Сибирь. 148

Перед названиями ряда стран и территорий: The USA, the United Kingdom, the Caucasus, the Ukraine, the Crimea Прилагательное (The Adjective) (GR 3) В английском языке, как и в русском, прилагательные обозначают признаки, качества или свойства предметов. По значению прилагательные делятся на две группы: качественные и относительные. Качественные прилагательные обозначают признаки и качества предметов, следовательно, имеют степени сравнения. Степени сравнения имён прилагательных и наречеий Односложные и двусложные прилагательные образуют степени сравнения путём прибавления суффиксов: -er в сравнительной степени, -est в превосходной степени. Положительная степень short – корткий

Сравнительная степень shorter – короче

big – большой

bigger – больше

long – длинный

longer – длиньше

easy – лёгкий

easier – легче

Превосходная степень shortest – самый короткий biggest – самый большой longest – самый длинный easiest – самый лёгкий

При образовании простых форм сравнительной и превосходной степеней необходимо соблюдать следующие правила: 1) удваивать в написании конечную согласную в сравнительной и превосходной степенях односложных прилагательных, оканчивающихся на одну согласную с предшествующим кратким гласным звуком: 149

hot – hotter – hottest big – bigger – biggest 2) изменять букву у на i в сравнительной и превосходной степенях прилагательных, оканчивающихся на -у с предшествующей согласной: lazy – lazier – laziest happy – happier – happiest 3) опускать немое e в сравнительной и превосходной степенях: large – larger – largest simple – simpler – simplest Прилагательные в превосходной времени всегда употребляются с артиклам – the. Некоторые прилагательные (наречия) образуют формы степеней сравнения от других корней: good хороший, well хорошо better ['betə] лучше, best [best] самый лучший, наилучший, лучше всего bad плохой , badly плохо worse[wə:s] хуже, worst [wə:st] самый худший, наихудший, хуже всего many много, much много more[ mɔ:] больше, most[mou:st] наибольший, больше всего little маленький, мало less [les] меньше, least [li:st] наименьший, меньше всего Прилагательные, состоящие более чем из двух слогов, образуют степени сравнения путем постановки перед ними слов mоге [mɔ:] (в сравнительной степени) и most [moust] (в превос ходной степени). 150

Положительная степень interesting интересный beautiful красивый

Сравнительная степень

Превосходная степень

more interesting более интересный more beautiful более красивый

most interesting самый интересный most beautiful самый красивый

Русскому обороту «такой же ... как» соответствует английский оборот as ... as, обороту «не такой ... как» – оборот not so ... as, оборотам «более ... чем», «менее .. чем» – конструкция с than: This flower is as beautiful as that one. Этот цветок такой же красивый, как и тот. (Слово one заменяет слово «цветок».) This story is not so interesting as that one. Этот рассказ не такой интересный, как тот (рассказ). This exercise is easier than that one. Это упражнение легче, чем то (упражнение). Относительные прилагательные обозначают признаки и качества предметов через отношение к другим предметам, например: golden hair золотистые волосы, political economy политическая экономия. В значении относительных прилагательных в английском языке выступают существительные-определители: a school library a gold watch the autumn sky a London street

школьная библиотека золотые часы осеннее небо лондонская улица

Числительные (Numerals) (GR 4) В английском языке, как и в русском, различаются количественные числительные (Cardinal Numerals) и порядковые (Ordinal Numerals). 151

Количественные числительные обозначают число предметов и отвечают на вопрос: How many? (Сколько?) – I have two pens and three pencils. Порядковые числительные обозначают порядок при счете и отвечают на вопрос: Which? (Который по порядку?) The school year begins on the first of September. July the twenty-second is my mother's birthday. Образование количественных и порядковых числительных 1. Присоединяя суффикс -teen к соответствующим простым числительным, можно образовать числительные от 13 (thirteen) до 19 (nineteen): four + teen = fourteen six + teen = sixteen seven + teen = seventeen Примечание: Числительные thirteen и fifteen имеют изменения в основе (сравните: three, five). 2. Суффикс -ty, присоединяясь к простым числительным, образует десятки: от 20 (twenty) до 90 (ninety): seven + ty = seventy six + ty = sixty nine + ty = ninety Примечание: Числительные twenty, thirty и fifty имеют изменения в основе (сравните: two, three, five), а в числительном forty выпадает буква u. 152

В составных числительных единицы непосредственно присоединяются к десяткам и пишутся через дефис, а между десятками и сотнями стоит союз and: thirty-seven, eight hundred and fifty-four. Перед числительными hundred, thousand, million ставится неопределенный артикль а или числительное one; a (one) hundred, a (one) thousand, a (one) million. 5. Числительные hundred, thousand и million не принимают окончания -s, когда перед ними стоят числительные two, three, four и т. д.: two hundred, three thousand, four million. Hundred, thousand и million могут, однако, принимать окончание -s, когда они выражают неопределенное количество сотен, тысяч, миллионов. В этом случае они превращаются в существительные и после них употребляется существительное с предлогом of: Hundreds of students were present at the meeting. Сотни студентов присутствовали на собрании. Thousands of people met the Russian President. Тысячи людей встречали президента России. 6. Все порядковые числительные получают артикль – the: the first, the sixteenth. Порядковые числительные, кроме first, second, third, образуются от соответствующих количественных числительных путем прибавления суффикса -th или -eth. Суффикс -eth прибавляется к числительным, оканчивающимся на -ty, причем буква у при этом заменяется на i: thirty – thirtieth, sixty – sixtieth, etc. В остальных случаях прибавляется суффикс -th: six – sixth, seven – seventh, hundred – hundredth, etc. Составные порядковые числительные образуются от соответствующих количественных числительных путем замены последнего количественного числительного порядковым: twentyone – twenty-first, thirty-seven – thirty-seventh. 153

Числительные (Numerals) Количественные (Cardinal Numerals) 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty 21 twenty-one 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 one hundred 101 one hundred and one 110. one hundred and ten 1,000 one thousand 1,000,000 one million

Порядковые (Ordinal Numerals) the first the second the third the fourth the fifth the sixth the seventh the eighth the ninth the tenth the eleventh the twelfth the thirteenth the fourteenth the fifteenth the sixteenth the seventeenth the eighteenth the nineteenth the twentieth the twenty-first the thirtieth the fortieth the fiftieth the sixtieth the seventieth the eightieth the ninetieth the hundredth the one hundred and first the one hundred and tenth the thousandth the millionth

Местоимение (The Pronoun) (GR 5) В английском языке местоимения по своему значению делятся на 9 групп. Каждая группа местоимений имеет свои осо154

бенности, как по значению, так и по синтаксическим и морфологическим функциям. Ниже будут рассматриваться лишь те группы местоимений, которые встречаются в данном учебнике. Личные местоимения (Personal Pronouns) Единственное число Множественное число 1-е лицо I [ai] я we [wi:] мы 2-е лицо you [ju:] ты you [ju:] вы 3-е лицо he [hi:] он they [ðei] они she [∫i:] она it [it] он, она, оно (о неодушевленных предметах и животных) 1. Личное местоимение I всегда пишется с заглавной буквы. В современном английском языке имеется только одно личное местоимение для 2-го лица единственного и множественного числа – you, которое пишется с маленькой буквы. На русский язык you переводится «вы» и «ты» в зависимости от контекста. Личные местоимения имеют только два падежа: именительный и объектный. Объектный падеж личных местоимений переводится на русский язык одним из косвенных падежей. Именительный падеж I you he she it we you they

Объектный падеж me [mi:] you [ju:] him [hi m] her [hə:] its [its] us [∧s] you [ju:] them [ðem]

155

Притяжательные местоимения (Possessive Pronouns) Притяжательные местоимения выражают принадлежность. Каждое личное местоимение имеет соответствующее притяжательное местоимение. Существуют две формы притяжательных местоимений: первая форма (Conjoint form), определяющая существительное, и вторая форма (Absolute form), заменяющая существительное. Притяжательные местоимения первой формы Единственное число Множественное число 1-е лицо my [mai] мой our [аuə] наш 2-е лицо your [jɔ:] твой your [jɔ:] ваш 3-е лицо his [hiz] его their [ðεə] их her [hə:] ее its [its] его, ее (для неодушевленных предметов) Притяжательные местоимения второй формы Единственное число 1-е лицо mine [mai n] 2-е лицо yours [jɔ:z] 3-е лицо his [hiz] hers [hə:z] its [its]

Множественное число ours [auəz] yours [jɔ:z] theirs [ðεəz]

Притяжательное местоимение первой формы в предложении имеет функцию прилагательного – определения к существительному: Please give me my pen. Пожалуйста, дайте мне мою ручку. His story is too long. Его рассказ слишком длинен. 156

Don't take this chair, its leg is broken. He берите этот стул, его ножка сломана. I have not seen their wall newspaper. Я не видел их стенной газеты. Притяжательные местоимения второй формы в предложении заменяют существительные в функции подлежащего, части составного сказуемого и дополнения: My room is large, yours is larger and hers is the largest. Моя комната большая, ваша – больше, а ее – самая большая. Whose school did he visit? He visited ours. Какую школу он посещал? Он посещал нашу. Whose book is it? It is mine. Чья это книга? Моя. Возвратные и усилительные местоимения (Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns) Возвратные местоимения образуются путем прибавления окончания -self к личным или притяжательным местоимениям единственного числа и окончания -selves к личным или притяжательным местоимениям множественного числа. Возвратным местоимениям в русском языке соответствует частица –ся (-сь) в возврат-ных глаголах и местоимение себя, себе. Единственное число 1-е лицо myself [mai'self] 2-е лицо yourself [jɔ:'self] 3-е лицо himself [him'self] herself [hə:'self] itself [it'self]

Множественное число ourselves [auə'selvz] yourselves [jɔ:'selvz] themselves [ðem'selvz]

157

Я оделся.

I dressed myself. He washes himself with cold water. Он умывается холодной водой.

Она сказала себе.

She said to herself. I myself saw the man. Я сам видел этого человека.

Местоимения many, much, (a) few, (a) little В английском языке существует группа неопределенных местоимений: many, much, few, a few, little, a little. Неопределенные местоимения many (много, многие), few (мало), a few (немного, немногие, несколько), much (много), little (мало), a little (немного, немножко), выражающие неопределенное количество, различаются в своем употреблении. Местоимения many, few, a few определяют или заменяют исчисляемые существительные во множественном числе. Эти местоимения отвечают на вопрос: How many? (Сколько?) She bought many pencils for her son. Она купила много карандашей сыну. Few students were in the room. В комнате было мало студентов. I saw a few buses in the village. В поселке я увидел несколько автобусов. Местоимения much, little, a little определяют или заменяют неисчисляемые существительные (имеющие только единственное число). Эти местоимения отвечают на вопрос: How much? (Сколько?) I don't like to eat much bread. Я не люблю есть много хлеба. 158

My brother puts little sugar in his tea. Мой брат кладет мало сахара в чай. Pass me a little fish, please. Передайте мне, пожалуйста, немного рыбы. Слова much, little, a little могут относиться не только к существительным, но также к глаголу, причастию и прилагательному и в этом случае имеют значение наречий. Ann writes not so much. Аня пишет не очень много. He looked a little tired. Он выглядел немного усталым. Слова a few, a little имеют положительное значение, обозначая наличие небольшого количества, в то время как few и little подчеркивают недостаточность количества, т.е. имеют отрицательное значение. The student has few English books. У этого студента мало английских книг. This student has a few English books. У этого студента есть несколько английских книг. Неопределенные местоимения (Indefinite Pronouns) Неопределенные местоимения some, any обозначают неопределенное количество какого-либо вещества или предметов Они обычно являются определениями перед существительным (артикль в этом лучае уже не употребляется) и переводятся на русский язык – несколькоб, какой-нибудь. Местоимение some употребляется в утвердительных предложениях: 159

Give me some book to read. – Дайте мне почитать какую-нибудь книгу. There are some English books on the shelf. – На полке лежит несколько английских книг. There is some bread on the plate. – На тарелке лежит хлеб. Give me some paper. – Дайте мне бумаги. Местоимение any употребляется в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях: Are there any English books in your library? – Есть ли какие-нибудь иностранные книги в вашей библиотеке? Is there any chalk in the box? – В коробке есть мел? There is not any table in the room. – В комнате нет стола. В отрицательных предложениях может употребляется отрицательное местоимение no или not any: There is no lamp on the table. There is not any lamp on the table. Оба предложениея переводятся следующим образом: На столе нет (никакой) лампы. Местоимения some, any, no помимо самостоятельного употребления могут сочетаться со словами body, one, thing, where (как и местоимение every). Эти производные местоимения употребляются по тем же правилам, что и some, any, no. Somebody someone something somewhere

– anybody – anyone – any thing – anywhere

– not anybody (nobody) – no one – not anything (nothing) – not anywhere (nowhere) 160

I want to tell you something. I do not want to tell you anything. He told me nothing. Do you want to tell me anything? Местоимение any может употребляться в утвердительном предложении со значением «любой, всякий»; соответственно меняется значение и его производных. You may take any book you like. – Ты можешь взять любую книгу, какую захочешь. Anybody can show you the way there. – Кто угодно (любой) может показать тебе туда дорогу. I am ready to go anywhere. – Я готов ехать куда угодно. You may come at any time. – Вы можете прийти в любое время. Местоимения somebody, anybody, nobody не употребляются с предлогом of (из). В этом случае заменителями служат some, any, one, none: some of the, any of you, one of us, none of us: Which of you likes to play chess? – None of us does. Глагол (The Verb) Времена группы Indefinite (Indefinite (Simple) Tenses) (GR 6) Все времена группы Indefinite употребляются для выражения факта совершения действия, а также для выражения обычных, регулярно повторяющихся действий в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем. Настоящее неопределенное время (The Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense) 161

Настоящее неопределенное время (Present Indefinite (Simple)) образуется от основной формы глагола (инфинитива спрягаемого глагола без частицы to) для всех лиц, кроме 3-го лица единственного числа. Для образования 3-го лица единственного числа к основной форме глагола прибавляется окончание -(e)s. Ниже приводим спряжение глагола write в утвердительной форме: I write. You write. He (she, it) writes.

We write. You write. They write.

Окончание -s произносится как звук [s] после глухих согласных и как звук [z] после звонких согласных и гласных: Не works. [hi: 'wə:ks] Не sees. [hi: 'si:z] He learns. [hi: 'lə:nz] Порядок слов в утвердительном предложении Подлежащее I

Сказуемое speak

Остальная часть предложения English every day.

Вопросительная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола do (does – в 3-м лице единственного числа), который ставится перед подлежащим, за ним следует подлежащее и спрягаемый глагол в основной форме. Если в предложении имеется вопросительное слово, то оно ставится в самом начале предложения. Порядок слов в вопросительном предложении Вопросительное Вспомогательный Подлежащее Смысловой слово глагол глагол Where

does do

she you

162

live work

Остальная часть предложения in summer? in the morning?

Отрицательная форма образуется из утвердительной путем постановки вспомогательного глагола do (does) и отрицания not перед спрягаемым глаголом в основной форме, например: Не does not go to school on Sundays. Он не ходит в школу по воскресеньям. Порядок слов в отрицательном предложении подлежащее We

Сказуемое вспомогаотрицание тельный глагол do not

Остальная часть смысловой предложения глагол go to the cinema every day.

Примечание: Present Indefinite (Simple) употребляется также для выражения будущего действия в придаточных обстоятельственных предложениях времени и условия: If you study English hard, you will learn it. Если вы будете заниматься английским языком упорно, вы выучите его. When we go to the theatre, I shall meet you at the bus stop. Когда мы пойдем в театр, я встречу тебя у автобусной остановки. Прошедшее неопределенное время (The Past Indefinite (Simple)Tense) (GR 7) В английском языке все глаголы в зависимости от способа образования времени Past Indefinite (Simple) делятся на две группы: правильные глаголы и неправильные. Формы Past Indefinite (Simple) глаголов, которые образуются не по правилу, приводятся в таблице неправильных глаголовь. Все правильные глаголы образуют Past Indefinite (Simple) путем добавления 163

окончания -ed к основной форме спрягаемого глагола. Это окончание произносится как звук [d], если оно следует за звонким согласным и гласным, как [t], если оно следует за глухим согласным, и как [id], если основа спрягаемого глагола оканчивается на звуки [t] и [d]: ask live count decide

[α:sk] [liv] [kaunt] [di'said]

asked lived counted decided

[α:skt] [livd] ['kauntid] [di'saidid]

Глаголы в Past Indefinite (Simple) ни по лицам, ни по числам не изменяются. Отрицательная и вопросительная формы в Past Indefinite (Simple) строятся по тому же принципу, что и в Present Indefinite (Simple). Однако надо помнить, что вспомогательный глагол в Past Indefinite (Simple) имеет форму did, например: Did Ann go to the park yesterday? Аня ходила в парк вчера? We did not see the film yesterday. Мы не видели этот фильм вчера. Рекомендуем запомнить наиболее распространенные обстоятельства времени, употребляемые с глаголами в Past Simple (Indefinite): yesterday at that time the day before yesterday last week (month, year) two days ago

вчера в то время позавчера на прошлой неделе (в прошлом месяце, году) два дня тому назад

Глагол to be имеет формы прошедшего времени was – для ед. ч., и were – для мн. ч. 164

We were in Paris last year. Were you in Pris last year? We weren’t in Paris last year. Глагол to have имеет одну форму прошедшего времени had. They had a good knowledge of English. Had they (Did they have) a good knowledge of English? They hadn’t (didn’t have) a good knowledge of English. Будущее неопределенное время (The Future Simple (Indefinite)Tense) (GR 8) Будущее неопределенное время (Future Simple (Indefinite)) образуется из вспомогательных глаголов shall и will и основной формы спрягаемого глагола. Вспомогательный глагол shall употребляется в 1-м лице единственного и множественного числа, а в остальных лицах употребляется will: I shall write. You will write. He (she, it) will write.

We shall write. You will write. They will write.

Вопросительная форма строится путем постановки вспомогательного глагола shall или will перед подлежащим, например: Will you go to the cinema tomorrow? Ты пойдешь в кино завтра? Отрицательная форма образуется путем постановки отрицания not после вспомогательного глагола shall или will, например: I shall not gо to the cinema tomorrow. Я не пойду в кино завтра.

165

Времена группы Continuous (Progressive) (Continuous (Progressive)Tenses) Настоящее продолженное время (The Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense) (GR 9) Present Continuous (Progressive) образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в настоящем времени (am, is, are) и причастия настоящего времени смыслового глагола: I am reading. Не is reading. We are reading. Вопросительная форма образуется путем постановки вспомогательного глагола to be (am, is, are) перед подлежащим, например: Am I reading? Is he reading? Are they reading? Отрицательная форма образуется путем постановки отрицания not после вспомогательного глагола, например: I am not reading. Не is not reading. We are not reading. Present Continuous (Progressive) употребляется для выражения действия, происходящего в данный момент настоящего времени: I am speaking now. The boy is running.

Я разговариваю сейчас. Мальчик бежит.

They are doing their laboratory work. Они делают лабораторную работу. 166

Прошедшее длительное время (The Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense) (GR 10) Past Continuous (Progressive) образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в прошедшем времени (was, were) в сочетании с причастием настоящего времени смыслового глагола: I was speaking.

They were speaking.

Вопросительная форма образуется путем постановки вспомогательного глагола to be (was, were) перед подлежащим, например: Was I speaking? Were they speaking? Отрицательная форма образуется путем постановки отрицания not после вспомогательного глагола, например: I was not speaking. They were not speaking. Past Continuous (Progressive) употребляется: 1) когда точно указано время (или отрезок времени) совершения действия в прошлом: I was writing a letter at 8 o'clock yesterday. Я писал письмо в 8 часов вчера вечером. 2) когда совершено два действия в прошлом и одно из них имеет продолженную форму (Past Continuous (Progressive)), а другое – законченную форму (Past Simple (Indefinite)): Pete was going to school when he met his friend. Петя шел в школу, когда он встретил своего друга. 167

(Петя шел в школу до встречи с другом и после, поэтому это действие pассматривается как длительное и выражается глаголом в Past Continuous (Progressive)) She was reading when her mother entered the room. Она читала, когда вошла мама. (Она читала до прихода мамы в течение какого-то времени, поэтому это действие рассматривается как длительное и выражается глаголом в Past Continuous (Progressive). Времена группы Perfect (Perfect Tenses) Настоящее совершенное время (The Present Perfect Tense) (GR 11) Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в настоящем времени (have, has) и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола: I (we, you, they) have worked. He (she, it) has worked. Вопросительная форма образуется путем постановки вспомогательного глагола to have перед подлежащим, например: Have I worked? Has he worked? Отрицательная форма образуется путем постановки отрицания not после вспомогательного глагола, например: I have not worked. Не has not worked. Present Perfect употребляется для выражения закончившегося действия, когда время совершения его указывается неопреде168

ленно, а результат действия налицо в настоящий момент. (В тех случаях, когда время совершения действия в прошлом указывается определенно, употребляется Past Indefinite (Simple). Present Perfect чаще всего переводится на русский язык глаголами совершенного вида в прошедшем времени: I have written a letter. Я написал письмо. (Письмо написано, но не сказано, когда оно написано, поэтому употребляем Present Perfect.) Мы купили телевизор. We have bought a TV set. (Телевизор куплен. Он в комнате. Нас интересует результат в настоящем, а время совершения действия не указано.) Pete has broken his pencil. Петя сломал карандаш. (Результат действия налицо: карандаш сломан и им писать нельзя. Время совершения действия не указано.) Present Perfect часто употребляется с наречиями неопределенного времени, которые ставятся между вспомогательным глаголом и причастием прошедшего времени спрягаемого глагола: Ann has just come in. Аня только что вошла. We have already seen this film. Мы уже видели (посмотрели) этот фильм. Наиболее часто употребляемые наречия неопределенного времени: ever never

[ 'evə] когда-либо ['nevə] никогда 169

just already (not) yet

[dʒ∧st] только что [ɔ:l'redi] уже [(nɔt) jet] еще (не)

Прошедшее совершенное время (The Past Perfect Tense) (GR 12) Past Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времени (had) и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола: I had worked. Не had worked. Вопросительная форма образуется путем постановки вспомогательного глагола to have (had) перед подлежащим, например: Had I worked? Had he worked? Отрицательная форма образуется путем постановки отрицания not после вспомогательного глагола, например: I had not worked. Не had not worked. Past Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, совершенного к какому-то моменту в прошлом. Этот момент может быть обозначен либо точным указанием времени, либо другим действием в прошлом: Не had written his work by 2 o'clock. Он написал свою работу к двум часам. We had finished our laboratory work before the bell rang. 170

Мы закончили нашу лабораторную работу до того, как прозвенел звонок. Часто Past Perfect употребляется в придаточных долнительных предложениях, когда мы хотим подчеркнуть предшествование одного действия другому: She said (that) she had read this article. Она сказала, что читала эту статью. (Сначала она прочитала статью, а потом об этом сказала.) Future Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, совершенного к какому-то моменту в будущем. Этот момент может быть обозначен либо точным указанием времени, либо другим действием в будущем: I shall be back by 6 o’clock, and I hope you will have had a good sleep by that time. Правила согласования времен (The Sequence of Tenses) (GR 13) В английском языке существует правило согласования (последовательности) времен в сложноподчиненных предложениях с придаточными дополнительными. Если в главном предложении глагол стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, то в придаточном дополнительном предложении глагол может стоять в любом времени, требуемом по смыслу, и в этом случае правило согласования времен не действует: Не says that Ann takes English lessons. Он говорит, что Аня берет уроки английского языка. Не says that they were good friends for many years. Он говорит, что они были хорошими друзьями в течение многих лет. 171

Не says that they will go to Riga in summer. Он говорит, что они поедут в Ригу летом. Правило согласования времен действует лишь в том случае, если в главном предложении глагол стоит в Past Simple (Indefinite) или Past Continuous (Progressive). В этом случае в придаточном предложении употребляется: для выражения одновременного действия Past Simple (Indefinite) или Past Continuous (Progressive): He said that Ann took English lessons. Он сказал, что Аня берет уроки английского языка. 2) для выражения действия, предшествующего действию главного предложения – Past Perfect: Не said that they had been good friends for many years. Он сказал, что они были (когда-то раньше) хорошими друзьями в течение многих лет. 3) для выражения будущего действия употребляется особое время, которое называется Future (Simple)-in-the-Past (будущее в прошедшем): Не said that they would go to Riga in summer. Он сказал, что они поедут в Ригу летом. Не said that we should learn English. – Он сказал, что мы будем изучать английский язык. Примечание: Future Simple (Indefinite)-in-the-Past образует утвердительную, вопросительную и отрицательную формы таким же образом, как и Future Simple (Indefinite). Разница заключается лишь в том, что в Future Simple (Indefinite)-in-the-Past вместо глаголов shall и will соответственно употребляются should и would. На русский язык предложения в Future Simple (Indefinite)-in-the-Past переводятся будущим временем. Помните, что Future Simple (Indefinite)-in-the-Past употребляется только в придаточных дополнительных предложениях: She knew that I should attend these lectures. Она знала, что я буду посещать эти лекции. 172

She knew that you would attend these lectures. Она знала, что вы будете посещать эти лекции. Правила перевода прямой речи в косвенную. I. При переводе утвердительных предложений из прямой речи в косвенную производятся следующие изменения в предложении: 1. Глагол to say как сказуемое главного предложения при наличии косвенного дополнения заменяется глаголом to tell, а предлог to опускается. 2. Вводится союз that. 3. Личные местоимения в общем и косвенном падежах заменяются по смыслу. 4. Наречия и обстоятельства времени заменяются в косвенной речи слудующим образом: Now Yesterday Today Tomorrow Ago Here

– then – the day before yesterday – that day – the next day – before – there

5. Если глагол – сказуемое главного предложения стоит в Past Indefinite, то дополнительное придаточное предложение строится на основе правила согласования времён. He said to me, «I shall take my examination tomorrow.. He told me that he would take his examination the next day. He said, «I have not prepared my homework.» He said that he had not prepared his homework.» II. При переводе в косвенную речь вопросительных предложений: 1. Глагол to say заменяется глаголом to ask (в соответствующем времени). 173

2. Придаточное предложение имеет прямой порядок слов (порядок слов утвердительного предложениия) и строится на основе правила согласования времён, если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в Past Indefinite (Simple). 3. Придаточное предложение вводится союзом if или whether (если вопрос общий): He asked me, «Can you speak English fluently?» He asked me if Icould speak English fluently?» III. Повелительное предложение в косвенной речи водится словами to ask просить, to order велеть, приказывать и т.д. Глагол в повелительном наклонении заменяется инфинитивом гдагола (в отрицательной форме с отрицанием not): He said to me, «Read the text, please.» He asked me to read the text. My brother said, «Don’t go home now.» My brother told me not to go home then. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice) (GR 14) В английском языке существует два залога глагола: действительный (the Active Voice) и страдательный (the Passive Voice). В том случае, когда подлежащее является действующим лицом, мы имеем дело с действительным залогом, например: I read a newspaper every day. Я читаю газету каждый день. (Подлежащее I является действующим лицом, и поэтому мы говорим, что данное предложение стоит в действительном залоге.) Если же подлежащее не является действующим лицом, а действие направлено на подлежащее, то в этом случае мы имеем дело с предложением в страдательном залоге, например: 174

The book was written by my friend. Книга была написана моим другом. (Здесь действие направлено на подлежащее the book.) Страдательный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе в сочетании с Past Participle (причастием прошедшего времени) смыслового глагола. Формула образования страдательного залога: to be (в соответствующем времени, лице и числе) Например: The house was built last month. The teacher was sent for.

Past Participle + смыслового глагола

Дом был построен в прошлом месяце. За учителем послали.

Как видно из вышеприведенных примеров, глагол в страдательном залоге в английском языке можно переводить на русский язык следующими тремя способами: сочетанием глагола «быть» с краткой формой страдательного причастия – в этом сочетании глагол to be в настоящем времени на русский язык не переводится; глаголом, оканчивающимся на -ся (-сь); глаголом в действительном залоге в 3-м лице множественного числа в составе неопределенно-личного предложения. Страдательный залог употребляется: 1) когда нам неизвестно лицо, совершающее действие, или по каким-то причинам мы не хотим упоминать его: A lot of books are published in our country every year. Очень много книг ежегодно издается в нашей стране. 2) когда предмет действия представляет для нас больший интерес, чем действующее лицо: 175

The picture was bought yesterday. Картина была куплена вчера. Повелительное наклонение (The Imperative Mood) (GR 15) Повелительное наклонение выражает просьбу или приказание говорящего. В повелительном наклонении различаются утвердительная и отрицательная формы. Утвердительная форма глагола образуется из инфинитива без частицы to: Читай! Читайте! Пиши! Пишите! Смотри! Смотрите на доску!

Read! Write! Look at the blackboard!

Отрицательная форма глагола в повелительном наклонении образуется путем постановки вспомогательного глагола do, слитого в одно слово с отрицательной частицей not – don't: Не пишите сейчас! Не опаздывайте! Не разговаривайте!

Don't write now! Don't be late! Don't talk!

Для выражения просьб или приказаний, обращенных к 3-му лицу, употребляется сочетание глагола let с личным местоимением в форме объектного падежа (или существительным в форме общего падежа) и инфинитива без частицы to. Эти сочетания переводятся на русский язык при помощи слов «пусть», «пускай», «давай», «дайте» с местоимением (существительным) и глаголом: Let him translate! Дай (-те) ему перевести!

Пусть он переводит!

Let them translate! Дай (-те) им перевести!

Пусть они переводят! 176

Сочетание глагола let с личным местоимением 1-го лица множественного числа в форме объектного падежа и инфинитива без частицы to выражает побуждение к совместному действию: Let us go! Пойдем (пойдемте)! (Давай (-те) пойдем!) Let us talk! Поговорим! (Давай (-те) поговорим!) Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи do not (don't): Don't let him do it! Don't let them go there!

Пусть он этого не делает! Пусть они не ходят туда!

Глагол to be (GR 16) Формы глагола to be в настоящем времени (Present Indefinite (Simple)) Утвердительная форма I am Не (she, it) is We (you, they) are

Вопроси тельная форма Am I? Is he? Are we?

Отрицательная Форма

Вопросительно-отри цательная форма

I am not He is not We are not

Am I not? Is he not? Are we not?

Глагол to be употребляется в качестве смыслового глагола, глагола-связки в составном именном сказуемом и вспомогательного глагола. 1) В роли смыслового глагола to be соответствует в русском языке глаголам «быть», «находиться». В этом случае в настоящем времени to be на русский язык часто не переводится, например: Ann is at school.

Аня … в школе.

2) В роли глагола-связки в составном именном сказуемом to be соответствует в русском языке глаголам «быть», «являть177

ся», «состоять», «заключаться». В настоящем времени связка на русский язык тоже часто не переводится: I am a student.

Я … студент. (Я являюсь студентом.)

3) В роли вспомогательного глагола to be употребляется для образования всех времен группы Continuous и страдательного залога (Passive Voice). В этом случае to be не имеет самостоятельного значения, а выполняет лишь различные грамматические функции, являясь показателем времени, лица, числа, залога и т. д. Само же действие выражается смысловыми глаголами: Не is sitting at the table now. Он сидит за столом сейчас. The house was built last month. Дом был построен в прошлом месяце. Оборот there is (there are) (GR 17) В сочетании с вводным словом there глагол to be в личной форме образует оборот there is (there are) со значением «есть», «имеется», «находится». Глагол to be в этом обороте может стоять в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени (Present, Past, Future Simple (Indefinite)) и согласуется с последующим существительным. На русский язык предложения с оборотом there is (there are) рекомендуется переводить начиная с обстоятельства места: There is a bus in the street. На улице (есть, находится, стоит) автобус. There is a book on the table. На столе … книга. 178

There are two pens on the desk. На парте … две ручки. There is a man there. Там … человек. В вопросительной форме глагол to be ставится перед вводным словом there: Is there a pencil in your bag? В твоем портфеле есть карандаш? Are there any cars in the street? На улице стоят машины? Для образования отрицательной формы отрицание nо ставится после оборота there is (there are): There is no book on the table. На столе нет книги. There are no buses in the street. На улице нет автобусов. Однако в кратких отрицательных ответах используется отрицание not: Is there a clock on the table? На столе есть часы? No, there is not.

Нет.

Are there any exercise-books in your bag? Есть ли у вас в портфеле тетради? No, there are not. Нет. 179

Глагол to have (GR 18) Формы глагола to have в настоящем времени (Present Simple (Indefinite)) Утвердительная форма I (you, we, they) have He (she, it) has

Вопросительная форма Have I? Has he?

Отрицательная форма I have not He has not

Вопросительноотрицательная форма Have I not? Has he not?

Примечание: В отрицательной форме глагол to have может принимать отрицание nо. Например: I have no books. У меня нет (никаких) книг. Но: I haven't the book. У меня нет этой книги. Глагол to have употребляется в качестве смыслового, вспомогательного и модального глагола (заменитель глагола must – должен). 1) В роли смыслового глагола to have соответствует в русском языке глаголам «иметь», «обладать», например: I have a book. She has a watch.

У меня есть книга. (Я имею книгу.) У нее есть часы. (Она имеет часы.)

2) В роли вспомогательного глагола to have употребляется для образования времен группы Perfect в сочетании с причастием прошедшего времени (Participle II). Глагол to have в этом случае самостоятельного значения не имеет, а выполняет лишь различные грамматические функции, являясь показателем времени, лица, числа и т.д. Само же действие выражается смысловым глаголом, в сочетании с которым он употребляется, например: I have read this book. Не has bought a watch.

Я прочел эту книгу. Он купил часы.

3) В роли модального глагола to have употребляется с частицей to как заменитель глагола must, например: You will have to come here again. Вам придется снова прийти сюда. 180

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты (Modal Verbs and their equivalents) (GR 19) В английском языке имеется группа глаголов, которые называются модальными или недостаточными. В эту группу входят глаголы: can – могу, умею may – могу, мне позволено, разрешено must – должен Недостаточными они называются потому, что имеют только некоторые личные формы и совсем не имеют неличных форм (инфинитива, причастий и герундия), а поэтому не имеют никаких сложных глагольных форм. Ни один из этих глаголов не имеет окончания -s в 3-м лице единственного числа настоящего времени (Present Indefinite). Самостоятельно эти глаголы не употребляются. За ними всегда следует другой глагол в инфинитиве без частицы to: I can … speak English. Я умею говорить по-английски. You may … sit down. Вы можете сесть (я вам разрешаю). Глагол саn Глагол саn имеет две формы: 1) форму настоящего времени: I can, he саn; 2) форму прошедшего времени: I could, he could. Для выражения будущего времени или каких-либо других временных форм глагол саn не употребляется, а употребляется выражение to be able to: Не will be able to read English books in a month. Он сможет читать английские книги через месяц. 181

Глагол can выражает физическую или умственную способность совершения действия, а также умение совершить какоелибо действие She can run quickly. Не can skate. Can you play tennis? Yes, I саn. No, I can’t (cannot).

Она может быстро бегать. Он умеет кататься на коньках. Вы умеете играть в теннис? Да. Нет.

Глагол may Глагол may имеет также две формы: 1) форму настоящего времени: I may, he may; 2) форму прошедшего времени: I might, he might. Для выражения будущего времени или каких-либо других временных форм глагол may не употребляется, а употребляется выражение to be allowed to: Ann will be allowed to pass her exam in chemistry. Ане будет разрешено сдать экзамен по химии. Глагол may имеет значение возможности совершения действия в зависимости от разрешения или вероятности его совершения: May I take the book? Yes, you may. No, you can't. It may snow today.

Можно мне взять книгу? Да, можете (я разрешаю). Нет, нельзя. Возможно, сегодня будет снег.

Глагол must Глагол must имеет только одну форму – настоящего времени: I must, he must. 182

We must do our lessons every day. Мы должны делать уроки ежедневно. Must he go there? Yes, he must. No, he needn't.

Должен он пойти туда? Да. Нет.

Для выражения прошедшего или будущего времени употребляется его заменитель – глагол to have to, а вопросительная и отрицательная формы данного сочетания образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в соответствующем времени: She had to do this work. Она должна была (ей пришлось) сделать эту работу. (Did she have to do this work?) (She didn’t have to do this work.) Не will have to read this English book. Он должен будет (ему придется) читать эту английскую книгу. Для выражения соглашения, договоренности, какого-то плана употребляется заменитель модального глагола must – глагол to be to (в Present Indefinite (Simple) или в Past Indefinite (Simple)). They are to go to Italy for the honeymoon. We were to meet here the next morning. Инфинитив (The Infinitive) (GR 20) Как в русском, так и в английском языке инфинитив имеет свойства глагола и существительного. Инфинитив обычно употребляется с частицей to. Черты существительного: 1) Инфинитив может быть подлежащим в предложении: 183

То study well is your duty. Учиться хорошо – ваша обязанность. То speak English is not difficult. Говорить по-английски нетрудно. 2) Инфинитив может быть прямым дополнением: Our students like to read. Наши студенты любят читать. My sister asked me to go there with her. Моя сестра попросила меня пойти туда с ней. 3) Инфинитив может быть именной частью составного сказуемого: Your task is to study well. Ваша задача – учиться хорошо. Характеристики глагола: 1) За инфинитивом может следовать прямое дополнение: Не likes to read English books. – Он любит читать английские книги. 2) Инфинитив может определяться наречием: They were surprised to see me so early. – Они удивились, увидев меня так рано. 3) Инфинитив может быть частью составного глагольного сказуемого: Не must do his homework this evening. – Он должен делать домашнее задание вечером. Ann began to read English books. Аня начала читать английские книги. Кроме того, инфинитив имеет еще и другие синтаксические функции. 184

1) Инфинитив может быть определением, заменяющим целое придаточное определительное предложение. My friend has brought me an interest ing book to read. Мой друг принес мне интересную книгу, которую я могу почитать. 2) Инфинитив может быть обстоятельством цели, заменяющим обстоятельственное предложение цели: Не gave me his реп to write a letter to Mike. Он дал мне ручку, чтобы я написал письмо Мише. 3) Инфинитив может входить в состав сложного дополнения: I want you to come early today. Я хочу, чтобы ты пришла рано сегодня. Герундий (The Gerund) (GR 21) В английском языке есть неличная форма глагола, оканчивающаяся на -ing, которой нет ни в русском языке, ни в казахском. Эта ing-форма называется the Gerund (герундий). Герундию присущи характеристики как глагола, так и существительного. Характеристики существительного: 1. Герундий употребляется в роли подлежащего или дополнения: Reading is useful. Чтение полезно. I like reading. Я люблю читать. 2. Герундий может иметь при себе определение, выраженное притяжательным местоимением или существительным: We were pleased with Alec's coming. Мы были довольны, что пришел Алик (приходом Алика). 185

3. В роли определения или обстоятельства герундий всегда употребляется с предлогом: I don't like his way of doing it. Мне не нравится, как он это делает. Характеристики глагола: 1. Герундий определяется наречием: I like your speaking English so fast. Мне нравится, что вы так быстро говорите по-английски. 2. Герундий может иметь при себе прямое дополнение: She likes reading French books. Она любит читать французские книги (книги на французском языке). Как видно из предыдущих примеров, герундий переводится на русский язык существительным, глаголом в неопределенной форме или придаточным предложением. Причастие настоящего времени (Present Participle, или Participle I) (GR 22) Present Participle может быть образовано от любого глагола (кроме модальных и вспомогательных глаголов shall и will) путем прибавления окончания -ing, соответствующего русским окончаниям -ащ(-ящ)ий(ся), -ущ(-ющ)ий(ся): standing – стоящий turning – поворачивающийся burning – горящий Если глагол оканчивается на непроизносимое -е, то при образовании Present Participle – е – опускается: 186

smile – smiling write – writing Если глагол состоит из одного слога, то при образовании Present Participle удваивается конечная согласная: sit – sitting run – running swim – swimming Present Participle участвует в образовании времен группы Continuous в сочетании с личными формами вспомогательного глагола to be: They are drawing now.

Они чертят сейчас.

В предложении Present Participle может выступать в функции: 1) определения к существительному: I like to see smiling faces. Я люблю видеть улыбающиеся лица. 2) обособленного определения, заменяющего придаточное определительное предложение: The boy sitting at the table is her brother. Мальчик, сидящий за столом, ее брат. (The boy who is sitting at the table is her brother.) (Мальчик, который сидит за столом ее брат.) 3) обстоятельства (в этих случаях английское причастие настоящего времени переводится русским деепричастием): She went out smiling.

Она вышла улыбаясь. 187

Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle, или Participle II) (GR 23) Форма Past Participle правильных глаголов образуется путем прибавления суффикса -ed к основной форме глагола, например: decide – решать

decided – решённый

Форма Past Participle неправильных глаголов образуется особыми способами (см. таблицу неправильных глаголов), например: write – писать

written – написанный

Формы Past Participle наиболее употребительных глаголов нужно выучить. Past Participle участвует в образовании времен группы Perfect, страдательного залога: I have just got tickets to the cinema. Я только что купил билеты в кино. This article was written by my friend. Эта статья была написана моим другом. В предложении Past Participle может выступать в функции: 1) определения к существительному: The broken cup was on the floor. Разбитая чашка лежала на полу. 2) обособленного определения, заменяющего придаточное определительное предложение: Here is the letter received from Nick. Вот письмо, полученное от Коли. 188

(Неге is the letter which I received from Nick yesterday.) (Вот письмо, которое я получил от Коли вчера.) Предлоги (Prepositions) (GR 24) Ввиду того, что в английском языке почти отсутствуют падежи, предлоги показывают не только отношения между существительными и другими частями речи, но и выполняют функцию падежных окончаний. Запомните значения основных предлогов английского языка: 1) Предлог of выполняет функцию русского родительного падежа: London is the capital of Great Britain. Лондон – столица Великобритании. 2) Предлог to выполняет функцию дательного падежа при выражении отношения глагола к дополнению: I gave the pen to my brother. Я отдал ручку брату. 3) Предлог about соответствует форме предложного падежа: Не told me about that party. Он рассказал мне о том вечере. 4) Предлоги by, with выполняют функцию творительного падежа. By обозначает одушевленного деятеля, with – орудие действия: We write with a pen. Мы пишем ручкой. 'Poltava' was written by Pushkin. «Полтава» была написана Пушкиным. 189

Помните, что один и тот же предлог может переводиться на русский язык по-разному. Например: in She was in the street. We shall meet in a month. The work was done in May.

Она была на улице. Мы встретимся через месяц. Работа была сделана в мае.

at She was at the lesson.

Она была на уроке.

I worked at my homework. Я работал над моим домашним заданием. The teacher was at his desk when I came in. Учитель был за своим столом, когда я вошел. At 7 o'clock we shall go to Sochi. В семь часов мы поедем в Сочи. to Не goes to school in the morning.

Он ходит в школу утром.

"Come to the blackboard!" he said. «Подойди к доске!» – сказал он. Today we shall go to the meeting. Сегодня мы пойдем на собрание. Запомните значения следующих предлогов: on – на in – внутри above – над near – около, возле under – под to – указывает движение к предмету into – внутрь before – перед, до out of – изнутри in front of – перед behind – сзади from – указывает движение от below – ниже предмета или с поверхности чего-либо 190

Предлоги времени at, on and in. At 4 o’clock At breakfast At night At Christmas At the weekend At that time

on Friday on Tuesday morning on May 21-st on the next day

in the morning in June in summer in 1985

Предлоги не используются в следующих словосочетаниях: Is there a meeting next week? I’ll see you this weekend. They went there last year. Предлоги места at и in. Simon was at the bus stop. (место нахождения) We live at 25 Boltom Road. (дом или адрес) We were at the theatre. (здание, где что-то происходит) We stopped at the village near Coventry. (город или деревня во время путешествия) The Jamesons live at Oxford. (город или деревня, at употребляется редко) 1. Susan was in the garden. (территория) 2. We live in Bolton Road. (улица или дорога) 3. It was dark in the theatre. (внутри здания) 4. There were two shops in the village. (деревня) 5. The Jamesons live in Oxford. (город) 6. They are on holiday in Spain. (страна) Порядок слов в английском предложении (Word Order) (GR 25) В английском языке существует твердый порядок слов в предложении. Это объясняется тем, что в языке имеется очень 191

небольшое количество грамматических окончаний и словообразовательных суффиксов и функция слова в предложении определяется его местом в предложении. Необходимо запомнить следующий порядок слов для утвердительного предложения: на первом месте стоит подлежащее (с определяющими его словами), за ним следует сказуемое, за сказуемым – остальная часть предложения. Подлежащее Kate

Сказуемое reads

Остальная часть предложения English books.

В вопросительном предложении обратный порядок слов: сказуемое или часть сказуемого стоит перед подлежащим. Специальный вопрос начинается с вопросительного слова, а общий вопрос – со сказуемого или части сказуемого. Вопросительное слово When

Вспомогательный глагол Подлежащее

Смысловой глагол

do

you

speak

Остальная часть предложения English?

Where

do

you

learn

your English?

What

did

your friend

do

yesterday?

will

you

do

tomorrow?

Если глагол-сказуемое предложения стоит в одном из сложных времен действительного или страдательного залога, то при образовании вопросительной формы первый вспомогательный глагол занимает место перед подлежащим, например: John has read this book. Has John read this book? Отрицание not обычно ставится между вспомогательным и основным глаголом или после первого вспомогательного глагола в сложных глагольных формах, например: I do not speak French. Я не говорю по-французски. 192

They have not seen the film yet. Они еще не видели этот фильм. Прямое дополнение обычно стоит за сказуемым или за косвенным дополнением, например: Take the book, please. Возьмите книгу, пожалуйста. Ann told me an interesting story. Аня рассказала мне интересную историю (рассказ). Определение чаще всего занимает место перед определяемым словом. Обстоятельства могут следовать за дополнениями или стоять в начале предложения, например: We shall play tennis tomorrow. Мы будем играть в теннис завтра. In the morning we shall go to the park. Утром мы пойдем в парк. Вопросительные предложения (Interrogative Sentences) (GR 26) Наиболее распространенными типами вопросов в английском языке являются общие и специальные вопросы. Общие вопросы (General Questions) Общими вопросами называются вопросы, цель которых – получить от собеседника подтверждение или отрицание высказанной в вопросе мысли. Эти вопросы требуют утвердительного или отрицательного ответа (например: yes или nо). 193

Общие вопросы, как правило, не содержат вопросительного слова. Они произносятся с повышающейся к концу предложения интонацией: Are you a nurse? – Yes, I am. Have you seen the film? – No, I haven't. Разделительные вопросы («Tail» Questions) Особой разновидностью общих вопросов являются разделительные вопросы («Tail» Questions), которые состоят из двух частей. Первая – повествовательное предложение в утвердительной или отрицательной форме, вторая – краткий общий вопрос, состоящий из подлежащего-местоимения и вспомогательного, или модального глагола, или глаголов to be, to have в зависимости от сказуемого первой части. Если первая часть утвердительная (когда ожидается ответ yes), то вторая – отрицательная; если первая часть отрицательная (когда ожидается ответ nо), то вторая не содержит отрицания. Первая часть разделительного вопроса произносится с понижающейся интонацией, вторая часть – с повышающейся. Подобные вопросы соответствуют в русском языке вопросам с вводными словами: «Не так ли?», «Не правда ли?», «Правда?». Разделительные вопросы весьма употребительны в разговорной речи: She is here, isn't she? Она здесь, не так ли? She isn't here, is she? Ее здесь нет, правда? You will come, won't you? Ты придешь, не правда ли? Jim doesn't play tennis, does he? You don't have to go there now, do you? Bob spoke English very well, didn't he? Your brother can repair radio sets, can't he? You have such a book, haven't you? На разделительные вопросы обычно даются ответы с краткими утвердительными или отрицательными фразами: 194

Today is Monday, isn't it? – Yes, it is. You don't like coffee, do you? – No, I don't Специальные вопросы (Special Questions) Специальными вопросами называются такие вопросы, целью которых является не простое подтверждение или отрицание мысли, высказанной в вопросе, а получение какой-либо дополнительной информации: What's your name? – My name is Pete. Where are you going? – To the park. Специальный вопрос ставится к какому-либо одному члену предложения. Он обязательно начинается с вопросительного слова, которое указывает, к какому именно члену предложения относится вопрос. Специальный вопрос произносится с понижающейся интонацией. Вопросительные слова, которые употребляются в специальных вопросах: who [hu:] кто? whom [hu:m] кого? кому? whose [hu:z] чей? what [wɔt] что? какой? which [wit∫] который? when [wen] когда? where [wεə] куда? где? why [wai] почему? how [hau] как? how many ['hau 'meni] сколько? how much ['hau 'mΛt∫] сколько? Альтернативные вопросы (Alternative Questions) Альтернативные (выборочные) вопросы состоят из двух частей, соединенных союзом or. Эти вопросы по форме совпа195

дают с общими, но предусматривают выбор между двумя возможностями и требуют таких же ответов, как и специальные вопросы. Первая часть таких вопросов произносится с повышающейся интонацией, вторая – с понижающейся: Is this Ann or Kate? – Kate. Do you like tea or coffee? – Tea. Is this your book or mine? – It's yours. Will you go to the theatre or to the cinema? – To the theatre. Сложное дополнение (The Complex Object) (GR 27) В английском языке существуют так называемые синтаксические комплексы, т.е. сочетания двух или нескольких слов, представляющие собой единое синтаксическое целое (один член предложения). Наиболее распространенным синтаксическим комплексом является сложное дополнение (the Complex Object). Каждый синтаксический комплекс состоит из именной части (существительного или местоимения) и глагольной части (инфинитива, герундия или причастия) и может быть развернут в целое придаточное предложение, где именная часть комплекса будет подлежащим, а глагольная – сказуемым. Сложное дополнение может состоять из прямого дополнения и инфинитива: I want you to visit me in the evening. Я хочу, чтобы вы навестили меня вечером. Pete wants me to write the letter. Петя хочет, чтобы я написал это письмо. После глаголов see, hear, watch, make, feel, let в сложном дополнении инфинитив употребляется без частицы to: 196

I saw him come into the house. Я видел, что он вошел в дом. Не heard me open the door. Он слышал, что я открыла дверь. Сложное дополнение может также состоять из прямого дополнения и причастия: I heard her singing an English song. Я слышал, как она пела английскую песню. Не watched them playing in the garden. Он наблюдал за тем, как они играли в саду. Разница между ними заключается в следующем. Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом обозначает однократное действие: I heard her say these words. Я слышал, что она сказала эти слова. We saw her run into the house. Мы видели, что она вбежала в дом. Сложное дополнение с причастием настоящего времени подчеркивает процесс протекания действия: I saw her crossing the street. Я видел, как она переходила улицу. I watched the children playing with a ball. Я наблюдал за тем, как дети играли в мяч. Сложное дополнение не имеет точного соответствия в русском языке и переводится на русский язык дополнительным придаточным предложением с союзами что, чтобы (если в сложное дополнение входит инфинитив) и как (если в сложное дополнение входит причастие настоящего времени). 197

Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) (GR 28) Неопределнно-личные предложения в русском языке, такие как говорят, что; считают, что и т.д., выражаются а английском языке соответствующими оборотами It is said that …, it is considered that … . Сложноподчинённое предложение с неопределённо-личным оборотом типа It is said, it seems имеет свой особый эквивалент – субъектный инфинитивный оборот (The Subjective Infinitive Construction). Cубъектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное подлежащее – Complex Object) состоит из: существительного (в общем падеже) или местоимения (в именительном падеже – I, you, he , she и т.д.) и инфинитива, стоящего после сказуемого. It is known that he writes poems. He is known to write poems. (Оба предложения переводятся одинакого). Известно, что он пишет стихи.) It was reported that the delegation had arrived on Sunday. The delegation was reported to have arrived on Sunday. (Оба предложения переводятся одинакого). Сообщили, что делегация прибыла в воскресенье). Оборот переводится на русский язык как сложно-подчиненным предложнием, так и простым, употребляя неопределенноличный оборот как вводное предложение: This scientist is known to speak many foreign languages. ( Этот ученый, как известно, говорит на многих иностранных языках. Известно, что этот ученый говорит на многих иностранных языках.) Cубъектный инфинитивный оборот употребляется после следующих глаголов в действительном залоге: to seem – казаться, to appear – казаться, по-видимому, to prove – оказывается, to happen – случаться, to turn out – оказывается. Cубъектный инфинитивный оборот употребляется после следующих глаголов в страдательном залоге: to think (to believe) – полагать, считать, to suppose – предполагать, to consider – считать, to know – знать (известно), to mean – иметь в виду, to expect 198

– ожидать, to say – говорить, to report – сообщать, to find – обнаруживать. А также субъектный инфинитивный оборот может употребляется после сказуемого, выраженного прилагательным: to be likely – по-видимому, to be sure – непременно, to be certain – несомненно. Существует также субъектный причастный оборот (сложное подлежащее – Complex Object), который состоит из: существительного (в общем падеже) или местоимения (в именительном падеже – I, you , he , she и т.д.) и причаститя I, стоящего после сказуемого. He was heard locking the door. _ – Слышно было, как он запирал дверь. (переводится придаточным предложением со сказуемым, выраженным глаголом несовершенного вида). Порядок прилагательных в предложениях (Word-order with adjectives) (GR 29) Трудно точно установить правильный порядок слов, в котором английские прилагательные должны следовать друг за другом, из-за большого количества исключений. Однако существуют некоторые установленные правила, которые помогут в правильном выборе. Обычно не должно быть более трех прилагательных в предложении. Ставьте прилагательнгое, выражающее ваше мнение перед другими прилагательными. John is handsome, slim and fair-haired. What an adorable little child! Ставьте прилагательные, выражающие размер, длину и высоту перед прилагательными, обозначающими цвет и материал, из которого сделан данный предмет. That’s a small Dutch rabbit. It’s a long silk scarf. 199

Ставьте прилагательные, обозначающие цвет, материал, производство и цель, для которой используется данный предмет в следующем порядке. These are green English glass drinking cups. Bill is a brown shepherd dog. Ставьте числа и такие слова, как first, second, last и т.д. перед прилагательными. That’s the last boring party I’m going to. Three ripe tomatoes. 5) Ставьте прилагательные после глаголов appear, be, become, feel, get, look, seem, sound, smell and taste, а перед последним прилагательным ставьте слово and. It tastes nice and spicy. You look tired and unhappy. Порядок слов в предложениях с наречиями (Word-order with adverbs) (GR 30) Наречия, обозначающие частоту выполнения действия и несомненность. Ставьте наречия, обозначающие частоту выполнения действия, такие, как always, never, often, sometimes, и наречия, выражающие несомненность, такие как certainly, definitely, probably перед большинством глаголов. We never go sailing. I often go running. He definitely likes pizza. Ставьте наречия, обозначающие частоту выполнения действия и наречи, выражающие несомненность перед вспомогатель200

ными глаголами, такими, как can, do, have, must, will после глагола be. I can often beat him. She has probably been there before. В вопросительных предложениях ставьте наречия, обозначающие частоту выполнения действия, и такие как still и ever после вспомогательного глагова и подлежащего. Do you often go out? Does he still love me? Have you ever seen him? Наречия, обзначающие образ действия, место, количество и время Ставьте наречия образа действия, такие как badly, well; места, такие, как here, there; обозначающие качество, такие как a bit, a lot, much и наречия обозначающие время, такие как, today, yesterday в конец предложения. Никогда не ставьте эти наречия между глаголом и дополнением. You speak English well. They sell stamps here. We liked the restaurant a lot. He is leaving the house today. Наречия, стоящие перед прилагатльными и причастиями прошедшего времени. Ставьте наречия, перед прилагатльными и причастиями прошедшего времени (но не после). The book is nearly written. You look extremely tired. 201

Both, all; each, every; either, neither (GR 31) Употребляйте слово both, когда вы говорите о двух предметах. Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Afreica. Both my children like fish. Употребляйте слово all с существительными во множественном числе или с местоимениями, когда вы говорите о трех или более предметах All my friends are wonderful. All living things need oxygen. You are all crazy. Употребляйте слово each, когда вы говорите о двух или более предметах. Слово each употребляется перед существительныи в единственном числе. Each time I have seen him, he has been very kind to me. (I have seen him at least twice). Peter has decided to go running each day for a week. Употребляйте слово every, когда вы говорите о трёх или более предметах. Слово every употребляется перед существительныи в единственном числе. Every letter you write is beautiful. Paola wins the competition every year. Примечание: Можно часто употреблять слова each и every с одинаковым значением. Но чтоб быть более точным, при употреблении each и every необходимо помнить, что each употребляется, когда вы говорите о предметах порознь, и every – когда вы говорите о предметах как о группе. I love you more each day (every day). 202

Употребляйте слово either в отрицательных предложениях. Оно обозначает как одну вещь, так и другую. Gemma didn’t like either of the dresses I bought. (She didn’t like the black dress. She didn’t like the white dress.) Употребляйте слово neither в утвердительных предложениях. Оно обозначает ни одну из перечисленных вещей. Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday. Употребляйте слово both of, each of, either of, neither of, когда существительное стоит вомножественном числе или перед местоимением. Which do you prefer? I like both of them. There were two small dogs. Each of the dogs was wearing a red collar. Оборот to be going to для выражения намерения в будущем времени. (GR 32) 1. В английском языке существует несколько форм для выражения действия или состояния в будущем времени. Одной из таких форм является оборот to be going to, который выражает намерение лица, обозначенного подлежащим, совершить действие в близжайшем будущем времени. I am going to write to my sister tomorrow. – Завтра я напишу (собираюсь написать) своей сестре. (Я принял решение сделать это завтра.) He is going to be a teacher. – Он будет преподавателем. (Он учится, чтобы стать преподавателем.) 203

Оборот to be going to может сочетаться с любым глаголом, за исключением глвголов to come, to go и некоторых других глаголов движения. В этих случаях форма Present Continuous выражает намерение подлежащего совершить действие в близжайшем будущем. Where are you going tomorrow? – We are going to the park. (Куда вы идете? – Мы идем в парк.) When is he coming? – He is coming tomorrow. (Когда он приезжает(приедет) Он приезжает (приедет) завтра. 2. Оборот to be going to употребляется также для выражения уверенности говорящего в том, что дйствие обязятельно произойдет в близжайшем будущем. He is going to be a good engineer. – Он станет хорошим инженером. Как оборот to be going to, так и форма Present Continuous, когда она служит для обозначения действия в близжайшем будущем, могут употребляться со следующими обстоятельствами времени: tonight (this evening) – сегодня вечером, tomorrow – завтра, the day after tomorrow – послезавтра, in two (three, four) days – через два (три, четыре) дня, in a week – через неделю , in a month – через месяц, in a year – через год, next week – на будущей неделе, next month – в следующем месяце, next year – в следующем году. Are you coming tomorrow evening? – I think I am. (Вы придёте завтра вечером? –Думаю, что приду.) Настоящее совершенное продолженное время (Present Perfect Continuous Tense) (GR 33) Настоящее совершенное продолженное время (Present Perfect Continuous Tense) образуется при помощи вспомогательного 204

глагола to have (has) в настоящем времени +been + причастия настоящего времени смыслового глагола. I have been reading. Не has been reading. Вопросительная форма образуется путем постановки вспомогательного глагола to have (has) перед подлежащим, например: Have I been reading? Has he been reading? Отрицательная форма образуется путем постановки отрицания not после вспомогательного глагола, например: I have not been reading. Не has not been reading. Present Perfect Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое либо закончено, либо нет на данный момент времени: We have been painting the flat. That’s why it smells. We still have three rooms to paint. Anna’s hands are dirty because she has been mending her bike. Предложения в Present Perfect Continuous отвечают на вопрос How long? и употребляются со словами since и for: – How long have you been waiting? Have you been queuеing for a long time? – Yes, I have been waiting since 2 o’clock. Сочетание used to для выражения повторяющихся действий в прошлом (GR 34) Мы употребляем сочетание used to для выражения повторяющихся действий в прошлом в течение месяцев или лет, и противопоставляем его настоящему. 205

When I was young I used to run three miles a day. I don’t do that now. – В молодости я пробегал 3 километра в день. Сейчас я не делаю этого. People used to think that the earth was not round. – Раньше люди думали, чтот земля не круглая. Вопросительные и отрицательные предложения с сочетанием used to строятся следующим образом: did +use to. Sue didn’t use to like black coffee. Paul didn’t use to smoke a pipe. Did Ann use to cycle to school? Did your uncle use to live in Ireland? Мы не употребляем сочетание use to для выражения повторяющихся действий в настоящем. Здесь употребляется Present Indefinite (Simple).

206

ТАБЛИЦЫ ВРЕМЕН АНГЛИЙСКОГО ГЛАГОЛА Действительный залог Время Present (настоящее) Форма Indefinite I write letters (Simple) every day.(He (неопреде- writes) ленная) Continuous I am writing a (продолжен letter now. ная)

Past (прошедшее)

Future (будущее)

I wrote a letter I shall (will) yesterday. write a letter tomorrow. I shall (will) be writing a letter at 5 o’clock the next day I shall (will) have written a letter by 7 o’clock tomorrow I had been writ- I shall (will) ing a letter for have been two hours when writing a letter they came for two hours when they come

I should (would) be writing a letter at 5 o’clockthe next day I should (would) have written a letter by 7 o’clock the next day I should (would) have been writing a letter for two hours when they came

Время Present (настоящее)

Past (прошедшее)

Future (будущее)

I am taken to school every day.

I was taken to school yesterday.

I shall be taken to school tomorrow.

I am being taken to school now.

I was being taken to school at 4 o’clock yesterday I had been taken to school by 5 o’clock yesterday

Future – in – the – Past (будущее в прошедшем) (He said that) the letter would be written the next day -----

Perfect I have already (совершен- written a letter ная)

Perfect I have been Continuous writing a letter (совершен- since morning ная продолженная)

I was writing a letter at 4 o’clock yesterday I had written a letter by 5 o’clock yesterday

Future – in – the – Past (будущее в прошедшем) I should (would) write a letter the next day.

Страдательный залог

Форма Indefinite (Simple) (неопределенная) Continuous (продолженная) Perfect (совершенная)

I have been reading a report since morning

207

-------

I shall have been taken to school by 7 o’clock tomorrow

(He said that) the letter would have been written by 5 o’clock the next day

IRREGULAR VERBS TABLE Список неправильных глаголов Base form

Past simple

Перевод

Past participle A

arise

arose

awake

awakened awoke

возникать, появляться, подниматься

arisen /

awakened awoken

/

будить, проснуться

B be

was, were

been

быть

bear

bore

born / borne

родить

beat

beat

beaten / beat

бить

become

became

become

становиться, делаться

begin

began

begun

начинать

bend

bent

bent

сгибать, гнуть

bet

bet / betted

bet / betted

держать пари

bind

bound

bound

связать

bite

bit

bitten

кусать

bleed

bled

bled

кровоточить

blow

blew

blown

дуть

break

broke

broken

ломать

breed

bred

bred

выращивать, воспитывать

bring

brought

brought

приносить

208

/

broadcast broadcasted

/

распространять, разбрасывать

broadcast

broadcast broadcasted

burn

burned / burnt

burned / burnt

гореть, жечь

burst

burst

burst

взрываться, прорываться

bust

busted / bust

busted / bust

разжаловать

buy

bought

bought

покупать

C can

could

–

мочь, уметь

cast

cast

cast

бросить, кинуть, вышвырнуть

catch

caught

caught

ловить, хватать, успеть

choose

chose

chosen

выбирать

cling

clung

clung

цепляться, льнуть

clothe

clothed / clad

clothed / clad

одевать (кого-либо)

come

came

come

приходить

cost

cost

cost

стоить, обходиться (в какую-либо сумму)

creep

crept

сrept

ползать

cut

cut

cut

резать, разрезать

D deal

dealt

dealt

иметь дело

dig

dug

dug

копать

dive

dove / dived

dived

нырять, погружаться

do

did

done

делать, выполнять

209

draw

drew

drawn

рисовать, чертить

dream

dreamed/dreamt

dreamed/dreamt

грезить, мечтать

drink

drank

drunk

пить

drive

drove

driven

управлять (авто)

dwell

dwelt dwelled

/

dwelt dwelled

/

обитать, находиться

E eat

ate

eaten

есть, кушать

F fall

fell

fallen

падать

feed

fed

fed

кормить

feel

felt

felt

чувствовать

fight

fought

fought

драться, сражаться, бороться

find

found

found

находить

fit

fit

fit

подходить по размеру

fly

flew

flown

летать

forbid

forbade

forbidden

запрещать

forecast

forecast

forecast

предсказывать, предвосхищать

foresee

foresaw

foreseen

предвидеть

foretell

foretold

foretold

предсказывать, прогнозировать

forget

forgot

forgotten

забывать

forgive

forgave

forgiven

прощать

freeze

froze

frozen

замерзать

210

G get

got

gotten / got

получать, достигать

give

gave

given

давать

go

went

gone

идти, ехать

grow

grew

grown

расти

H hang

hung / hanged

hung / hanged

вешать, развешивать

have, has

had

had

иметь

hear

heard

heard

слышать

hide

hid

hidden

прятаться, скрываться

hit

hit

hit

ударять, поражать

hold

held

held

держать, удерживать, фиксировать

hurt

hurt

hurt

ранить, причинить боль

I inlay

inlaid

input

input inputted

interweave

interwove

вкладывать, вставлять, выстилать

inlaid /

input inputted

/

interwoven

входить воткать

K keep

kept

kept

держать, хранить

kneel

knelt / kneeled

knelt / kneeled

становиться на колени

211

knit

knitted / knit

knitted / knit

вязать

know

knew

known

знать, иметь представление (о чем-либо)

L lay

laid

laid

класть, положить

lead

led

led

вести, руководить, управлять

lean

leaned / leant

leaned / leant

опираться, прислоняться

leap

leaped / leapt

leaped / leapt

прыгать, скакать

learn

learnt / learned

learnt / learned

учить

leave

left

left

покидать, оставлять

lend

lent

lent

одалживать, давать взаймы

let

let

let

позволять, предполагать

lie

lay

lain

лежать

light

lit / lighted

lit / lighted

освещать, зажигаться, загораться

lose

lost

lost

терять

M make

made

made

делать, производить, создавать

may

might

–

мочь, иметь возможность

mean

meant

meant

значить, иметь ввиду

meet

met

met

встречать

212

miscast

miscast

miscast

неправильно распределять роли

misdeal

misdealt

misdealt

поступать неправильно

misdo

misdid

misdone

делать что-либо неправильно или небрежно

misgive

misgave

misgiven

внушать недоверия, опасения

mishear

misheard

misheard

ослышаться

mishit

mishit

mishit

промахнуться

mislay

mislaid

mislaid

класть не на место

mislead

misled

misled

ввести в заблуждение

misread

misread

misread

неправильно истолковывать

misspell

misspelled misspelt

misspend

misspent

misspent

неразумно, зря тратить

mistake

mistook

mistaken

ошибаться

misunderstand

misunderstood

misunderstood

неправильно понимать

/

misspelled misspelt

/

писать с ошибками

O offset

offset

offset

возмещать, вознаграждать, компенсировать

outbid

outbid

outbid

перебивать цену

outdo

outdid

outdone

превосходить

213

outfight

outfought

outfought

побеждать в бою

outgrow

outgrew

outgrown

вырастать из

output

output outputted

outrun

outran

outrun

перегонять, опережать

outsell

outsold

outsold

продавать лучше или дороже

outshine

outshone

outshone

затмевать

overcome

overcame

overcome

компенсировать

overdo

overdid

overdone

пережари(ва)ть

overdraw

overdrew

overdrawn

превышать

overeat

overate

overeaten

объедаться

overfly

overflew

overflown

перелетать

overhang

overhung

overhung

нависать

overhear

overheard

overheard

подслуш(ив)ать

overlay

overlaid

overlaid

покры(ва)ть

overpay

overpaid

overpaid

переплачивать

override

overrode

overridden

отменять, аннулировать

overrun

overran

overrun

oversee

oversaw

overseen

надзирать за

overshoot

overshot

overshot

расстрелять

oversleep

overslept

overslept

проспать, заспаться

overtake

overtook

overtaken

догонять

overthrow

overthrew

overthrown

свергать

/

output outputted

214

/

выходить

переливаться через край

P partake

partook

partaken

принимать участие

pay

paid

paid

платить

plead

pleaded / pled

pleaded / pled

обращаться к суду

prepay

prepaid

prepaid

платить вперед

prove

proved

proven proved

put

put

put

/

доказывать класть, ставить, размещать

Q quit

quit / quitted

quit / quitted

выходить, покидать, оставлять

R read

read

read

читать

rebind

rebound

rebound

перевязывать

rebuild

rebuilt

rebuilt

перестроить

recast

recast

recast

изменять, перестраивать

redo

redid

redone

делать вновь, переделывать

rehear

reheard

reheard

слушать вторично

remake

remade

remade

переделывать

repay

repaid

repaid

отдавать долг

rerun

reran

rerun

выполнять повторно

resell

resold

resold

перепродавать

reset

reset

reset

возвращать

215

resit

resat

resat

пересиживать

retake

retook

retaken

забирать

retell

retold

retold

пересказывать

rewrite

rewrote

rewritten

перезаписать

rid

rid

rid

избавлять

ride

rode

ridden

ездить верхом

ring

rang

rung

звонить

rise

rose

risen

подняться

run

ran

run

бегать

S saw

sawed

sawed / sawn

пилить

say

said

said

сказать, заявить

see

saw

seen

видеть

seek

sought

sought

искать

sell

sold

sold

продавать

send

sent

sent

посылать

set

set

set

сажать, ставить, устанавливать, садиться (о солнце)

sew

sewed

sewn / sewed

шить

shake

shook

shaken

трясти

shave

shaved

shaved shaven

shine

shined / shone

shined / shone

светить, сиять, озарять

shoot

shot

shot

стрелять, давать побеги

216

/

бриться

shown / showed

показывать

shrunk

сокращаться, сжиматься

shut

shut

закрывать, запирать, затворять

sing

sang

sung

петь

sink

sank / sunk

sunk

тонуть, погружаться (под воду)

sit

sat

sat

сидеть

sleep

slept

slept

спать

slide

slid

slid

скользить

smell

smelled / smelt

smelled / smelt

пахнуть, нюхать

sow

sowed

sown / sowed

сеять

speak

spoke

spoken

говорить

speed

sped / speeded

sped / speeded

ускорять, спешить

spell

spelled / spelt

spelled / spelt

писать или читать по буквам

spend

spent

spent

тратить, расходовать

spill

spilled / spilt

spilled / spilt

проливать, разливать

spin

spun

spun

прясть

spit

spit / spat

spit / spat

плевать

split

split

split

расщеплять

spoil

spoiled / spoilt

spoiled / spoilt

портить

spread

spread

spread

распространять(ся), простирать(ся)

spring

sprang sprung

sprung

отскочить, прыгать, скакать, возникать

show

showed

shrink

shrank shrunk

shut

/

/

217

stand

stood

stood

стоять

steal

stole

stolen

воровать, красть

stick

stuck

stuck

уколоть, приклеить

sting

stung

stung

жалить

stink

stunk / stank

stunk

вонять

strew

strewed

strewn strewed

stride

strode

stridden

шагать, наносить удар

strike

struck

struck

ударить, бить, бастовать

string

strung

strung

нанизать, натянуть

swear

swore

sworn

клясться, присягать

sweep

swept

swept

мести, подметать, сметать

swell

swelled

swollen swelled

swim

swam

swum

плавать, плыть

swing

swung

swung

качать, раскачивать, вертеть

/

/

усеять, устлать

разбухать

T take

took

taken

брать, взять

teach

taught

taught

учить, обучать

tear

tore

torn

рвать

tell

told

told

рассказать

think

thought

thought

думать

throw

threw

thrown

кидать, бросать

218

U undergo

underwent

undergone

испытывать, переносить

underlie

underlay

underlain

лежать в основе

underpay

underpaid

underpaid

оплачивать слишком низко

undersell

undersold

undersold

продавать дешевле

understand

understood

understood

понимать, постигать

undertake

undertook

undertaken

предпринять

underwrite

underwrote

underwritten

подписываться

undo

undid

undone

уничтожать сделанное

unfreeze

unfroze

unfrozen

размораживать

unsay

unsaid

unsaid

брать назад свои слова

unwind

unwound

unwound

развертывать

uphold

upheld

upheld

поддерживать

upset

upset

upset

опрокинуться

W wake

woke / waked

woken / waked

просыпаться

waylay

waylaid

waylaid

подстерегать

wear

wore

worn

носить (одежду), снашиваться

weave

wove / weaved

woven weaved

wed

wed / wedded

wed / wedded

219

/

ткать жениться, выдавать замуж

weep

wept

wept

плакать, рыдать

wet

wet / wetted

wet / wetted

мочить, увлажнять

win

won

won

победить, выиграть

wind

wound

wound

заводить (механизм)

withdraw

withdrew

withdrawn

взять назад, отозвать

withhold

withheld

withheld

воздерживаться, отказывать

withstand

withstood

withstood

противостоять

write

wrote

written

писать

220

LIST OF REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A practical English grammar. Exercises 2. A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet. Essential grammar in use. Raymond Murphy. Second Edition. Grammar spectrum 1. Ken Peterson. Grammar spectrum 2. Mark Harrison. Grammar spectrum 3. Norman Coe. Живая грамматика англ. языка. К. Экерсли, М. Макколей. – Эксмо, 2008. 7. Татьяна Камянова. 2000 тестовых заданий по английской грамматики. – М.: ООО «Дом Славянской Книги», 2008. 8. Kenna Bourke Grammar, Pre-intermediate. – Oxford University Press, 2006.

221

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 3 PART 1. GRAMMAR IN TESTS ........................................................... 4 Test 1. Articles (definite or indefinite)....................................................... 4 Test 2. Articles (definite or zero article) .................................................... 6 Test 3. Word-order with adjectives ............................................................ 8 Test 4. Word-order with adverbs .............................................................. 10 Test 5. Comparative and superlative adjectives ......................................... 12 Test 6. Comparative and superlative adverbs............................................. 14 Test 7. Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs....................... 15 Test 8. Present Participle or Past Participle................................................ 18 Test 9. Uncountable nouns......................................................................... 19 Test 10. Quantifiers: «some», «any», «much» and «many» ...................... 21 Test 11. Quantifiers: «some», «any», «much» and «many» ...................... 23 Test 12. Derivatives from «some», «any», «no» (something, anybody, nowhere,everything) ............................................... 25 Test 13. Derivatives from «some», «any», «no»........................................ 27 Test 14. «Both», «all», «each», «every», «either», «neither» .................... 29 Test 15. Possessives .................................................................................. 31 Test 16. Prepositions of time ..................................................................... 34 Test 17. Prepositions of place .................................................................... 36 Test 18. Prepositions (if necessary) ........................................................... 38 Test 19. Special questions .......................................................................... 41 Test 20. Present Simple, Present Continuous. Construction «to be going to» ......................................................................................... 44 Test 21. Present Simple, Present Continuous ............................................. 46 Test 22. Past Simple, Past Continuous ...................................................... 48 Test 23. Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Continuous, Past Continuous ........................................................................................ 50 Test 24. Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple, Past Continuous ......................................................................................... 52 Test 25. Modal Verbs................................................................................. 55 Test 26. Modal verbs and their equivalents................................................ 57 Test 27. Present Perfect ............................................................................. 59 Test 28. Present Perfect ............................................................................. 62 Test 29. Present Perfect, Past Simple ......................................................... 64 Test 30. Past Simple, Past Perfect .............................................................. 66 Test 31. Past Simple, Past Continuous, Present Perfect, Past Perfect ........ 68 Test 32. Active Voice (revision) ................................................................ 69 Test 33. Sequence of Tenses ...................................................................... 72 Test 34. Passive Voice (Simple Tenses) ................................................... 74

222

Test 35. Construction there is, there are or it is, they are (Present, Past, Future) ................................................................................ 77 Test 36. Infinitive, Gerund, Participles ...................................................... 79 Test 37. Complex Object and Complex Subject ........................................ 82 PART 2. SITUATIONAL GRAMMAR ................................................. 85 Task 1. Present Simple of »to be» ............................................................. 85 Task 2. Present Simple of «to be» and «to have» ..................................... 85 Task 3. Present Simple (positive statements) ............................................ 86 Task 4. Present Simple .............................................................................. 87 Task 5. Present Simple (questions) ............................................................ 87 Task 6. Complete the conversation ............................................................ 88 Task 7. Present Continuous or Present Simple .......................................... 88 Task 8. Present Continuous or Present Simple .......................................... 89 Task 9. Past Simple of «to be»................................................................... 90 Task 10. Past Simple of «to be» and «to have» ......................................... 90 Task 11. Past Simple (positive statements) ................................................ 91 Task 12. Past Simple (questions) ............................................................... 91 Task 13. Present Perfect ............................................................................ 92 Task 14. Present Perfect or Past Simple .................................................... 93 Task 15. Past Perfect.................................................................................. 94 Task 16. Past Continuous........................................................................... 95 Task 17. Past Continuous or Past Simple................................................... 95 Task 18. Present Perfect Continuous ........................................................ 96 Task 19. Talking about the past (revision) ................................................. 97 Task 20. Past Simple, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous or «used to» ............................................................................ 97 Task 21. Future Simple; «Will», «shall» and «to be going to» .................. 98 Task 22. «To be going to» ........................................................................ 99 Task 23. The Present Continuous Tense with a future meaning; «to be to» ................................................................................................... 100 Task 24. Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect; «Will», «will be»+Ving form and «will have» + Ved form ....................... 100 Task 25. «To be», «to have» and «to do» used as auxiliary verbs (revision) .......................................................................................... 101 Task 26. The verb «to have» ...................................................................... 102 Taskt 27. Present Perfect Tense ................................................................. 103 Task 28. «Can», «could» and «must» ........................................................ 103 Task 29. «Must», «needn’t» and «mustn’t» ............................................... 104 Task 30. «To be allowed to» and «to have to»........................................... 104 Task 31. Make the correct choice of the tense forms (revision) ................ 105 Task 32 (a). Complete the story ................................................................. 106 Task 32 (b). Give «Yes», »No» answers.................................................... 108 Task 33. Reporting in the Past Tense ......................................................... 108 Task 34. Reporting Questions .................................................................... 109 Task 35. Negative, Positive Question tags ................................................. 109

223

Task 36. Question tags ............................................................................... 110 Task 37. Passive: Past Simple ................................................................... 111 Task 38. Present Simple, Past Simple, Past Continuous or Future Simple ........................................................................................ 112 Task 39. Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Future Simple ..... 112 Task 40. Articles (definite, indefinite, zero article) ................................... 113 Task 41. Pronouns: personal, possessive, demonstrative ........................... 114 Task 42. Use «must», «mustn’t», «needn’t» .............................................. 114 Task 43. Present Simple, Past Simple or Future Simple, Present Perfect .......................................................................................... 115 GRAMMAR REFERENCES .................................................................... 139 1. Существительное (The Noun)(GR 1) .................................................. 139 2. Артикль (The Article) (GR 2) ............................................................... 142 3. Прилагательное (The Adjective) (GR 3) .............................................. 149 4. Числительные (Numerals) (GR 4) ........................................................ 151 5. Местоимение (The Pronoun) (GR 5) .................................................... 154 6. Времена группы Indefinite (Indefinite (Simple) Tenses) (GR 6) ......... 161 7. Прошедшее неопределенное время (The Past Indefinite (Simple Tense) (GR 7) ............................................................................... 163 8. Будущее неопределенное время (The Future Simple (Indefinite) Tense) (GR 8) ............................................................................................ 165 9.Настоящее продолженное время (The Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense) (GR 9) ...................................................................... 166 10. Прошедшее длительное время (The Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense) (GR10) ..................................................................... 167 11. Настоящее совершенное время (The Present Perfect Tense) (GR 11) ...................................................................................................... 168 12. Прошедшее совершенное время (The Past Perfect Tense) (GR 12) ...................................................................................................... 170 13. Правила согласования времен (The Sequence of Tenses) (GR 13) ...................................................................................................... 171 14. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice) (GR 14) .......................... 174 15. Повелительное наклонение (The Imperative Mood) (GR 15)........... 176 16. Глагол to be (GR 16)........................................................................... 177 17. Оборот there is (there are) (GR 17) ..................................................... 178 18. Глагол to have (GR 18) ....................................................................... 180 19. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты (Modal Verbs and their equivalents) (GR 19) ......................................................................... 181 20. Инфинитив (The Infinitive) (GR 20) .................................................. 183 21. Герундий (The Gerund) (GR 21) ........................................................ 185 22. Причастие настоящего времени (Present Participle, или Participle I) (GR 22) ........................................................................... 186 23. Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle, или Participle II) (GR 23) .......................................................................... 188 24. Предлоги (Prepositions) (GR 24)........................................................ 189

224

25. Порядок слов в английском предложении (Word Order) (GR 25) ...................................................................................................... 191 26. Вопросительные предложения (Interrogative Sentences) (GR 26) ...................................................................................................... 193 27. Сложное дополнение (The Complex Object) (GR 27) ...................... 196 28. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) (GR 28) ........................... 198 29. Порядок прилагательных в предложениях с (Word-order with adjectives) (GR 29) .................................................................................... 199 30. Порядок слов в предложениях с наречиями (Word-order with adverbs) (GR 30) .......................................................... 200 31. Both, all; each, every; either, neither. (GR 31) .................................... 202 32. Оборот to be going to для выражения намерения в будущем времени. (GR 32) ................................................................... 203 33. Настоящее совершенное продолженное время (Present Perfect Continuous Tense) (GR 33) ............................................. 204 34. Сочетание used to для выражения повторяющихся действий в прошлом (GR 34) .................................................................. 205 35. Таблица времен английского глагола ............................................. 207 36. Irregular Verbs Table ........................................................................... 208 LIST OF REFERENCES ........................................................................... 221

225

Еducational issue

Lugovskaya Еvgeniya Ivanovna Makhmetova Djamilya Мuratovna Bekmasheva Botagoz Nigmetovna Nesipbaeva Zauregul Sagymbekovna GRAMMAR THROUGH TESTS AND TEXTS Collection of tests and texts

Typesetting and cover design G. Кaliyeva IB №11647

Signed for publishing 29.12.2017. Format 60x84 1/16. Offset paper. Digital printing. Volume 14,12 printer’s sheet. 60 copies. Order №134. Publishing house «Qazaq university» Al-Farabi Kazakh National University KazNU, 71 Al-Farabi, 050040, Almaty Printed in the printing office of the «Kazakh University» publishing house.

4