Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms (Nordic Institute of Asian Studies) [1 ed.] 0700706208, 9780700706204

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GLOSSARY OF CHINESE ISLAMIC TERMS

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A Jianplng wang

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GLOSSARY OF CHINESE ISLAMIC TERMS Jianping Wang The most comprehensive glossary to date of

Hui Muslim terms and the first to fully

match the Chinese tetm (Stated in

_Chinese script and pinyin) to its Arabic or Persian counterpart (stated in Arabic

script with Latin transcription).

Chinese calligraphy by Professor Zhang Zong, specialist on Buddhist culture at the 106016۷۲۵ 01 ١7010

1] ,‫عاتكمصح‬‎ ‫)طتصعدع‬

\cademy of Social Sciences. in Beijing. Atabic callietaphv by Abdullah Yu Guangzeng, Hajji and Imam at Dongsi

Mosque in Beijing.

GLOSSARY OF CHINESE ISLAMIC TERMS

NORDIC INSTITUTE OF ASIAN STUDIES Other books on Islam published by Curzon Press Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan Shaheen Sardar Ali and Javaid Rehman Survival and Profit in Rural Java

The Case of an East Javanese Village Sven Cederroth

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The Veiling Issue, Official Secularism and Popular Islam in Modern Turkey Elisabeth Ozdalga Managing Marital Disputes in Malaysia Islamic Mediators and Conflict Resolution in the Syariah Courts Sharifah Zaleha Syed Hassan and Sven Cederroth

GLOSSARY OF CHINESE ISLAMIC TERMS Jianping Wang

CURZON

First published in 2001 by Curzon Press Richmond, Surrey on behalf of the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS)

Typeset by NIAS Publishing Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd., Guildford and King’s Lynn

© Jianping Wang 2001

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Wang, Jianping A glossary of Chinese Islamic terms 1. Islam - Terminology 2. Chinese language - Dictionaries Arabic 3. Arabic language - Dictionaries - Chinese I. Title 297’ .014

ISBN 0-7007-0620-8

Contents Preface ... vii Acknowledgements ... xiii Note on Transcription ... xiv Islam in China: an Introduction ... xv Glossary ... 1 Select Bibliography of Chinese Sources ... 139 Chinese Index ... 153 ' Arabic Index ... 177

MAPS

1

3

Location of places mentioned in the glossary ... xvili Distribution of Muslims in China (as a percentage of total population) ... xx Distribution of Muslims in China (by population) ... xxi

+ ‎‫ حماومن‬ee ‘ea

res

|

Preface With more than twenty million Muslims, China has more Muslims than most Islamic countries. As will be seen in the Introduction that follows, China’s Muslims are not a homogeneous group, nor do they share a common history. Over half of them are Hui Muslims, a people found throughout the country but mainly in western China (Ningxia province in particular). The Hui are descended from Islamic merchants, craftsmen, scholars and soldiers who came to China between the 7th and 13th centuries but whose descendents largely absorbed the culture of their new home. The Hui have thus been called Chinese Muslims though in fact not only Chinese but also Tibetan, Sanya, Thai, Yi and

Bai Muslims (among others) are found under the Hui name. It is from among the Hui that this glossary draws mosts of its Islamic terms. However, terms used by China’s other Muslim peoples — the Turkic Uighurs, Kazakhs, Salar, Kirgiz, Uzbeks and Tatars, the Iranian Tajiks and the Mongolian Dongxiang and Baoan — are also documented. In recent years there has been increased academic interest in Islam’s long history in China and its intricate interaction with Chinese culture and society. A number of books on the subject have appeared, especially in Chinese, English, Arabic and Japanese — but also in French, German and Russian among others —as the importance of the study of Islam and its adherents in China has become recognized. Nowadays, among the growing band of scholars working in this field can be found those from the fields of history, sinology and Islamic studies in particular but also from such other fields as anthropology. These researchers come not only from China but also,from other parts of the world. This glossary of Islamic terms used by Muslims in China has been prepared with the purpose of promoting the study of Islam and Muslims in China from a cross-disciplinary approach. In so doing, it looks to provide scholars and specialists in this field with a reliable reference tool so that they can more easily access, read and understand the various religious and scholarly works from Chinese sources. Considering the huge quantity of imperial archives, chronicle recordings, local gazeteers and private publications available in the Chinese historical sources, it is perhaps surprising how little material there is surviving about vil

Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms

Islam and Muslims in imperial China. There was some transcription of Islamic names, terms, etc. in the historical records but these are very scattered in the

biographical notes of the imperial chronicles. Principally, they comprise the names of the Muslims who served in the imperial administration; official titles, etc., relating to the Muslim enclaves authorized in the early period of the Yuan Dynasty, especially in the coastal regions; and a few basic Muslim terms and other information about Islam and its origins. In short, there was scant

Chinese knowledge of Islam and Muslims. In this period the Muslims settling in China brought with them many works written in Persian and Arabic on mathematics, geography, astrology, architecture, geometry, medicine, etc. Un-

fortunately, few of these have survived to the present day. What has survived, however, is quite a number of Arabic tombstone inscriptions. It was not until the early Ming period, when the imperial court established an agency dedicated to the translation of foreign languages, that systematic attempts were made to record Islamic terms. This agency included a department of Muslim peoples (the Hui Hui), which edited a shorter Chinese—Persian dictionary with a considerable vocabulary organized in eighteen categories. This dictionary was not for popular use; rather, its use was limited to assisting

official communication in foreign affairs at home and imperial missions abroad. The later Ming period saw the founding in China of the madrasa system. This was heavily influenced by Confucian educational thinking. Consequently, there was a shift by Hui Muslim scholars and the religious students to transcribe Islamic terms in Chinese. However, the use of Chinese transliteration in their religious works was not standard and only hand-written. Examples can be found today in hand-copied textbooks and the notebooks of religious students. From the late Ming to late Qing periods, dozens of religious works and discourses were published by various Hui scholars and clerics aiming to defend Islam or — by explaining Islam to imperial officials and the Han gentry — to minimize the conflict between Muslim communities and the imperial authorities. By this stage, the systematic transcription of Islamic terms into Chinese occurred on a large scale for religious works while pamphlets on religious practice had become bilingual. In 1880, Sun Shouchang, a Han gentleman serving in the imperial administration in Eastern Turkestan (Xinjiang) edited a Chinese—Uighur dictionary. As before, this dictionary was not for popular use; it was only for the use of imperial officials to control the Uighur tribes in Xinjiang. The establishment of the Republic of China brought great changes, particu‘larly after Dr Sun Zhongshan, the first president, recognized the Muslims as one of China’s five nationalities and put their rights on an equal footing with all other Chinese. In the 1920s and 1930s, many periodicals published by Hui Vill

Preface

circulated among the Hui communities as well as among non-Muslims. In their articles on Islam and the customs of the Hui, close attention to the standard-

ized Chinese transliteration of Islamic terms was paid for the first time. With the growth of a countrywide religious discourse and socio-cultural links between the scattered Hui communities, these standardized transcriptions became more 7 widely accepted and in more common use among China’s various Muslim communities. However, the research into Islam and Muslim peoples in China that had accelerated in the republican period was greatly hindered in the thirty years that followed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. This was due to political turmoil as well as the repressive religious policy carried out by extreme leftists in the period. Due to strict government censorship, little was published on the subject. This affected not only religious discourses usually written by the clerics but also academic research papers prepared by non-Muslim scholars. In the repeated anti-religious campaigns launched by the Chinese Communist Party during that period, normal religious practices — even the everyday customs that had been practised by the Muslims in China for the last twelve centuries — were not allowed. This hostility reached its height during the Cultural Revolution. The period is remembered as a dark time when all religious works and any sign of religious activities were cruelly suppressed without hesitatation by the authorities. Mosques and other religious buildings were closed and either demolished or converted to other purposes; clerics were sent to labour camps as punishment for their religious role; many religious persons were jailed for their beliefs while others were condemned as counter-revolutionaries and executed. In 1975, in the tragic suppression of a Muslim movement at Shadian village in southern Yunnan, more than a thousand Hui Muslims were killed by government artillery fire and more than four thousand maimed. Not until the early 1980s did the Communist Party adopt a more pragmatic political line. An early fruit of the more liberal government attitude was a new glossary of Islamic terms used by ‘Hui Muslims in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Edited by two Hui scholars, Prof. Yu Zhengui and Mr Su Dunli (both of them researchers at the Ningxia Academy of Social Sciences), this was presented in 1981 to the first symposium of studies of Islam in Northwestern China. The glossary covers hundreds of Chinese transliterations of Arabic and Persian words which the Hui in Ningxia used or still use in their religious and daily life. The editors put these terms into several categories including ritual, doctrine, Islamic law, religious education,

sects and Sufi

orders, daily life, etc. Although Hui Muslim communities are scattered all

Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms

over China, a loose network binds them together (and indeed links them to Muslim communities outside China). As such, a common Hui terminology has been developing over the decades. In any case, Ningxia is the region where Hui Muslims are most concentrated in China and it has a significant linguistic influence over other Hui areas in the country. As such, generally the terminology found in the glossary can be considered as the one that most Hui use in their daily and religious life, and the study is very helpful to Chinese researchers studying the Hui. Certainly, it contains more Arabic and Persian words (particularly in the field of religious and social life) than are found in the lists compiled by Western missionaries (discussed below). To date, then, it has been regarded as the most comprehensive glossary to which researchers can refer. In 1989 Qinghai People Publication House in Xining reprinted Ma Zhu’s Islamic work Guild of Islam (Qingzhen zhinan, c.1683—1710). In an appendix to this edition, the editors Guo Jing, Sun Tao and Ma Zhong included a long list of Islamic terms commonly used by Muslims in China. This list contains some words not found in the terminology presented by Yu Zhengui and Su Dunli. In their attempt to propagate the Christian faith amongst Muslims in China, missionaries from Western countries collected a few hundred words. Most of them were Chinese transliterations of Arabic names and places plus sinicized Islamic terms. This was the origin of the first glossary of Chinese Islamic terms to appear in English. A century ago, The Chinese Recorder, a periodical printed by the Missionary Church in Shanghai, published a brief list of Islamic terms that Chinese Muslim scholars and clerics used in their books and pamphlets. In 1919 in Shanghai Mr Isaac Mason, an American missionary who devoted much of his time to working among the Hui, prepared a ‘List of Chinese—Muslim Terms’, issued by the Committee on Work for Moslems of the China Continuation Committee. This list was a revision to the first glossary compiled twenty-seven years earlier. Both lists were bilingual, in English and Chinese. Ten years later Mr Mason again revised his list and enriched the terminologies which he had gathered before. The new version was published by the Society of Friends of the Moslems in China. As a consequence of his efforts, Mr Mason’s terminological lists played a key role in helping Western Christian missionaries read the literature of Hui scholars. By these means were the study of Islam in China promoted in Western countries. In 1991 Dru Gladney, an American anthropologist studying Hui and Uighur ethno-religious groups, compiled a selected glossary of Hui Chinese Islamic terms which he attached to his book, Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in

Preface

the People’s Republic. This glossary is largely based on the terms collected by Yu Zhengui and Su Dunli in the early 1980s. Because Gladney’s glossary transcribes the Hui terms in pinyin and adds to each an English explanation, his work has provided a more convenient tool to Western scholars working in this field than hitherto available. However, neither the Semitic transcription for these Islamic terms is given nor is the related Arabic or Persian equivalent stated. It is not surprising, then, that many misspellings have occurred when Chinese transliterations have been used for Islamic terms in academic research papers, as Professor Aubin has commented in her general survey of Western studies of Islam and Muslims in China. Such frequent misspelling of Islamic terms in Chinese sources has hampered the communication of research results in this field. I myself, have now been labouring for more than a decade to complete this glossary of mainly Arabic and Persian terms used by Muslims in China in their religious and daily life. There are three main differences between my work and that done by others in the past. First, all sinicized terms are omitted in my glossary that have entered Chinese Islam from (among others) Chinese Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism; only words originating from the main

Islamic languages are included. Readers wishing to consult these sinicized terms should refer to Dru Gladney’s above-mentioned glossary. Second, in this glossary, terms are written both in Chinese and pinyin, and a link is made to the relevant Arabic or Persian term (this written both in Arabic script and transliterated in Latin script). It is intended that this detailed interlinking of traditions be very helpful to scholars working in a cross-disciplinary situation, enabling them to read and understand Islamic terms from Chinese sources and spell them correctly in their academic work. Third, the terms included in my glossary come from a broader range of Chinese sources: religious works written through the ages by Muslim scholars and clerics in China; information on ethnic groups (including Muslims) recorded in various local gazetteers and archives; current newspapers; books; and periodicals. The result is that there are more terms found in this glossary than in any other glossary, both inside and outside China. When preparing this glossary, the initial work involved consulting sources, taking notes and thereafter preparing data cards. But a lot of time was spent referring to dictionaries, especially in the difficult job of reconciling the Chinese terms to the Arabic or Persian original. Initially, here I mainly referred to the Hans Wehr Arabic-English Dictionary which was the only one available to me at the time in China. Later on, during my studies in Sweden, I was able to refer to other Arabic—English dictionaries as well. As for the Persian terms, Haim’s Shorter Persian-English Dictionary was my main tool at hand. xi

Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms

Generally, the definitions found in these dictionaries have needed to be supplemented by additional information that better conveys the richness and variation in meaning of these terms in Chinese Muslim usage. Of course, a glossary such as this can never be complete or satisfactory to everyone. Not only may some errors have crept into the text but also — more importantly — the glossary does not cover all the terms that China’s various Muslim peoples use in their religious and every-day lives. The majority of terms are of Hui origin but again I should stress that the Hui are not a homogeneous people. Some communities in the coastal areas are quite sinicized and here people would know perhaps only a few of the Islamic terms found in the glossary whereas other communities have largely retained the pure Islamic tradition and use a large proportion of these Arabic and Persian terms. (Of course, the classrooms of big madrasas, where Muslim teachers and students often use Arabic in conversation and instruction, are where these terms will be most familiar.) While most terms have been taken from Hui sources, the increasing links between the different communities can mean that the same term is also used by some or all of China’s other Muslim peoples. Nonetheless, I have been able to record only a fraction of the rich vocabulary of the Turkic Muslims of northwestern China. In other cases, terms have been collected (for instance, a

few dozen terms of Persian origin collected during fieldwork in rural Yunnan) but correlating them to their correct original term is still to be done. As such, this book is now finalized but the task of correcting, enriching and augmenting the glossary shall continue. The intention is that scholars will be able to access this ongoing work at the Website of the Nordic Institute of Asian

Studies, specifically at http://eurasia.nias.ku.dk/IslaminChina/. Meantime, I trust that this work proves useful for the further study of Islam and Muslims in China by scholars of history, Islamic studies, sociology,

ethnology, phonetics, philology, philosophy and cultural anthropology, among others.

11

Acknowledgements The many people to whom I owe deep gratitude for completion of the work on this glossary include Imam Yu Guangzeng of Dongsi Mosque in Beijing; Prof. Lin Song at the Central University of Nationalities, Beijing; Prof. Wang Junrong at the Institute of World Religions, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Beijing; Jiang Xiaohui at the Institute of Information and Documents, CASS, Beijing; my colleague Mr Mehdi Sefidgar at the Department of the History of Religion, University of Lund; and Dr Jens @stergaard Petersen of the Department of Asian Studies, University of Copenhagen. Thanks are also due to Dr Peter Bryder and Dr Michael Cheney at the University of Lund for their substantial aid in getting this glossary onto computer. Prof. Jan Hjarpe, one of my supervisors for my doctoral programme at the University of Lund, kindly assisted the checking of the Arabic and Persian terms for this glossary. At the crucial stage of revising and expanding the manuscript of this glossary, the Nordisk Forskerutdanningsakademi (NorFa) and Nordic Institute of Asian

Studies (NIAS) generously supported my work. Special thanks are also due to my colleagues at the Theological Institute, University of Lund, and my colleagues at NIAS. Their understanding and kindness greatly encouraged me. Mr Gerald Jackson, editor in chief of NIAS’s publication programme, together with his staff gave invaluable assistance in reworking the manuscript into its current form and seeing the book through to publication. Indeed, without his help reworking the content and structure of the text, as well as preparing maps and indicies, this glossary would never have become a book. Here he was assisted by Ms Lene Jakobsen; Dr Donald Wagner and others from the University of Copenhagen and the Danish Royal Library, as well as Dr Knut Vik¢r of the University of Bergen, to whom I am most grateful. With so many people contributing to this project, there is always a danger that someone has not been thanked. If so, I trust that they accept my sincere apologies. Ultimately, however, it is 1 alone who bears full responsibility for any mistakes and omissions in this glossary. The glossary is dedicated to the thousand innocent Hui villagers of Shadian village in southern Yunnan, killed in 1975 during their struggle for religious Xiil

Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms

freedom and the right to live as Hui Muslims. At the time, I was a youth undergoing a period of re-education in a place very close to Shadian and thus witnessed some of the events. The tragic deaths of the Hui at Shadian — as well as the vast loss of lives, both Muslim and non-Muslim, in countless earlier

religious and ethnic confrontations in China in the me to study China’s Hui Muslims, particularly in that in some way these labours will help bridge Muslims and non-Muslims in my country, and help and communicate with each other. .

last two centuries — drove Yunnan. | sincerely hope the differences between them to better understand

Jianping Wang Beijing

Note on Transcription For the uniform style and standard of this glossary I use the pinyin system to transcribe the Chinese forms of Islamic terms. For the Semitic transcription I use a variant of the Library of Congress system, which is widely used in the English-language scholarly literature. Xiv

Islam in China: an Introduction In studies of regional Islam in the world, Islam in China is perhaps one of the most difficult subjects. There are three reasons. First, China’s Muslim communities are widely scattered and hence so diverse that any generalization easily causes errors. Second, the Chinese Muslims are a mix of different races, languages, customs and cultures. Moreover, these different sub-groups are intersected even further by factionalism (e.g. between competing Sufi orders). Third, Islam in China has always existed in interaction with other Chinese religions and cultures, resulting in a synthesis between Islamic and Chinese elements,

the extent of which varies from community to community.

History. The first bearers of Islam to China were not missionary workers but merchants and businessmen who came to China by the Silk Road on land and Spice Route by sea, profit-minded, earnest for the wealth of the Far East, and curious about its civilization. Official contacts between the Arab Caliphate and Chinese Empire began in 651 when the third Caliph Uthman sent an ambassador to Chang’an (modern Xi’an), the Tang capital. Another large wave of Muslim immigrants were warriors who came to China in 755 not to conquer new land for Islam but as mercenaries employed by a kafir (infidel) country to quell a rebellion. Afterwards they were settled on the land in the region around Xi’an. In its earliest period, Islam in China was confined to small exotic enclaves (e.g. in Fujian) that exercised little influence over the Chinese people. But, while Muslims lived apart and kept their own customs, way of life and administrative system, increasingly they did make their mark. For instance, Muslims monopolized China’s maritime trade and many Arab and Persian merchants were very successful in business, accumulating great wealth. This caused animosity among the Chinese. In a great rebellion in 878, revolting peasants besieged Canton, killing maybe 120,000 Muslims, Christians and Jews. However, for

much of this period, relations between Muslims and Chinese were peaceful. But over the generations these Muslim communities became gradually sinicized. Had it not been for the Mongols, the Muslims — like China’s Jews and early Christians (especially the Nestorians) — would perhaps have vanished XV

Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms

with few traces in the history. When the Mongols conquered the Middie Kingdom, they brought many Muslims in their troops from Central Asia and Persia. The Muslims were very important allies and assisted the Mongols in controlling and administering this huge empire. The large new Muslim groups became an elite class in the Chinese society. Not a few Muslims were appointed by the Mongols to high government posts. Muslim scientists also made valuable contributions to Chinese culture on astronomy, mathematics, geometry, architecture, medical science, handicrafts and weaponry. The time of Yuan rule (1271-1368) was also the period when Muslims spread to all parts of China. The situation was different in Chinese Turkestan, where the growth of Islam followed another course. In the 10th century, an Uighur king of the Qara Khan dynasty under the influence of a Sufi shaykh from Central Asia was converted to Islam along with all his subjects, about 200,000 Uighurs. He and his sons then launched a jihad to conquer the neighbouring Uighur kingdoms, which were Buddhist, Manichaeist and shamanist. However, the Islamization of this region was a slow and erratic process, affected by repeated invasion by various northern nomadic peoples. It was thus not until to the beginning of the 17th century, that Hami, the last Buddhist kingdom in the region, was forcibly converted to Islam. Meantime, in Inner China, at first the privileged position of Muslims continued under the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) but their position was radically changed by an imperial edict prohibiting their social and administrative exclusiveness. Thus began a rapid acculturation and assimilation of Muslims into Chinese culture out of which process was fashioned a new people, the Hui. (At first the term ‘Hui’ or “Huihui’ referred to all Muslims in China. Only in the 1950s were the Huis defined as being Chinese Muslims speaking the Chinese language, and distinct from the Turkic and other Muslim peoples.) During the Ming period, many Muslims devoted themselves to learning Chinese literature and taking part in the imperial examinations. By these means they melted into the ranks of the Chinese literati and became officials of the civil and military

services in the empire. َ The Qing dynasty (1644-1911) saw a drastic decline in the position of China’s Muslims. The autonomous tendencies of the Hui was diametrically opposed to the totalitarian feudalism of the Manchus, who also preferred the Confucianist literati over the Muslims in the service of their new empire. At the same time, the conquest of Eastern Turkestan was completed. In a situation where all dissent was ruthlessly punished, the last century and a half of Manchu rule was characterized by repeated Muslim rebellions (especially by Hui and Uighurs) and their suppression. XVi

۱

Islam in China: an Introduction

When the Republic of China (1911-49) was founded, the Hui were one of

five nationalities receiving equal recognition. Their changed socio-economic, political and cultural position, plus strengthened contacts with other parts of the Islamic world, led to an awakening national consciousness among China’s Muslim peoples. New-style Islamic schools were established in many Muslim communities, a national network of Islamic associations was established, and a full translation of the Quran from Arabic into Chinese was completed. In the 1940s, however, with the Republic weakened by corruption, factionalism, war

and economic disaster, the Muslim peoples of Xinjiang revolted and declared an independent ‘Eastern Turkestan Republic’ in the region. This Soviet-backed regime voluntarily merged with the new People’s Republic of China in 1949. The Communist victory in 1949 saw an initial improvement in the position of most Muslims due to the improved position of the poor and the cautious religious policy followed by the Communist Party. Their religious rights were protected by the law; mosques and madrasas were allowed to keep their religious function; and many Akhonds were absorbed into the new administration. Local autonomy was granted to Muslims in some areas (most significant being the establishment of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) but ultimately, like the Manchus, the new Communist regime could not tolerate an independent national minority. Also, as time passed, China’s Muslims became affected by a political climate that was increasing hostile to all religions. With the religious reforms of 1958, the hostels of the Sufi orders were closed and their shrines demolished. Many mosques and madrasas were closed or converted to other uses, while Akhonds were persecuted, sent to labour camps,

etc. In some areas, beards and the wearing of head-covers were forbidden. The situation worsened dramatically during the Cultural Revolution (1966— 76), during which almost all religious activities were banned. Pious Muslims were charged as counter-revolutionaries and imprisoned, while many people were executed. The attack on Islam’s material culture in China was especially violent. Before 1958, there were about 33,000 mosques in northwestern China. Only about 1,000 mosques in Xinjiang survived the Cultural Revolution; the rest and all mosques in Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Shaanxi were demolished or converted. Chinese Islam responded by going underground and, in some cases, with the formation of secret (often anti-communist) organizations. The climax came in 1975 with the so-called Shadian massacre when Chinese army troops using modern weapons thoroughly destroyed several Hui villages in southern Yunnan, killing 1,000 Muslims and maiming about 4,400 others.

Following the fall of the Gang of Four, the Party softened the application of its religious policy (though no substantial changes have been made to the ۷11

Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms

Heilongjiang Karamay

٠ Turpan *Kashghar

2

hae

1 3

Xinjiang (E. Turkestan)

on

5 Qinghai if

\

Xizang (Tibet)

Yunnan

Key 1 2 3 4 5

Shadian

Yecheng Yarkand Muyu Khotan Cele

500 km 500 Miles

Map 1: Location of places mentioned in the glossary.

policy as such). Muslims enjoy freedom of religious practice but are supervised carefully. Mosques may be built but these are under government control. Islam is free to develop but restrictions remain in place over the activities of madrasas, religious ceremonies, religious organizations, etc. Certainly, the government is wary of any nascent nationalism and has not hesitated to quell separatist movements ae the Uighurs and Kirghiz in recent years.

Muslim Peoples and Their Distribution. The 1990 Chinese census states the Muslim population in China to around 18 millions, a figure that is clearly underestimated, because in 1992 the official publication People’s Daily stated that in northwestern China alone there were 16 million Muslims or more. This region is home to 80 per cent of China’s Muslims (most being found in the ۷1

Islam in China: an Introduction ——_—_—___,Oororo

ere

!‫يي‬‎

‫ص‬777

Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region). The remaining 20 per cent of Muslims are dispersed across 80 per cent of China’s 2,000 counties. The ethnic distribution is also uneven (see Maps 2 and 3). The Hui are scattered all over the country (though concentrated in the Northwest). The other nine Muslim nationalities dwell almost exclusively in the Northwest, particularly in Xinjiang. Population growth of China’s Muslim nationalities during the 982-90 0

“Nationality 2 1990 Census 1982 Census Growth Rate Wie a ‫ا‬‎ Rhos ae Uighur

7,214,431

5,962,814

20.99 %

Kazakh

LAT 718

908,414

22.38 %

Dongxiang

313.872

219,397

33.81 %

Kirghiz

141,549

113,999

24.17 %

Salar

87,697

69,102

26.91 %

Tajik

33,538

26,503

26.54 %

Uzbek

14,502

12,453

16.45 %

Bonan

125212

9,027

35.28 %

Tatar

4,873

4,127

18.08 %

Total

17,597,370

14,612,858

20.42 %

Source: Major Data of 1990 Census (3); Population of China’s Ethnic Nationalities, Beijing Review, Vol. 33, No. 52, Dec. 24-30, 1990, p. 30.

The ten recognized Muslim peoples are quite different to varying degrees in their communal life and customs. The Hui speak and write in Chinese and in physical appearance tend to be similar to the majority people where they live (usually Han Chinese). The bigger Hui communities in areas like Ningxia where there is a high concentration of Hui residents tend to have a pure Islamic character but in small communities (particularly those mixed with other peoples and isolated from the other Hui settlements) acculturation or semiassimilation is common. The Uighurs, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Salars, Tatars and Uzbeks are the Turkic peoples speaking Eastern Turkic languages. Because they are closely related to the other Turkic peoples of Central Asia, their lives and customs resemble those of other Indo-Aryan Muslim peoples (though Xix

Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms

Heilongjiang

Xinjiang )6656(

GS

:

Xizang (Tibet)

nl

Hubei 一

Sichuan

ar Se ‎‫ ی‬Guizhou

Key

H

lunan

:

3

oe

Jiangsu

aie

hanghai

—

(Jiangx, Fujian

less than 1%

FI 1% 2%

3+10% Ea 11-20% ea

more than 20%

500 km © Nordic Institute of

500 Miles

Asian Studies 2001

Map 2: Distribution of Muslims in China (as a percentage of total population). Based on 1990 census data (see Map 3 for source details). NB: No data available for Hong Kong, Macao or Taiwan.

This map gives an indication of the uneven distribution of Muslims in China but appearances can be deceiving (e.g. the large number of Muslims in Yunnan is not apparent). Read this map in conjunction with Map 3 opposite.

with the admixture of Mongol and other elements in the case of the Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Salars and Uzbeks). The Islam practiced by these peoples is generally of a syncretic nature. The nomadic peoples like the Kazakhs and Kirghiz have retained some elements of their original shamanism, star-worship, totem rituals,

etc. Even among sedentary peoples like the Uighurs, Uzbeks and Tatars, certain pre-Islamic religious features can still be observed in some communities. XX

Islam in China: an Introduction a

Xinjiang (9.2 m)

Xizang (Tibet)

Key less than 51,000

[J 51-0000 E

101-250,000

558 251-0 7

501,000-1 million

Be

more than1 million

Note: Population totals for Hebei and Shandong are in fact a few hundred below 500,000.

© Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 2001

Map 3: Distribution of Muslims in China (by population). Based on 1990 census data taken from Zhongguo minzu renkou ziliao (1990 nian renkou pucha suju) (Materials of nationality population in China (Data of 1990 population census)], edited by the Population Statistics Department of the National Bureau of Statistics and the Economics Department of the China Committee of Nationality Affairs, Beijing: China Statistics Publishing House, 1994, pp. 6-37. NB: No data available for Hong Kong, — Macao or Taiwan.

The Tajiks are an Iranian people, speak a Persian language, and most follow the Ismai‘li path of Shi‘a Islam. The Dongxiang and Bonan are basically Mongols who converted to Islam during the time of the Yuan and Qing dynasties respectively. They speak Mongolian dialects, wear Mongolian dress and largely retain Mongolian traditions and customs. The overall effect, then, is of Chinese

Islam being a cultural and religious mosaic. XXi

Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms

More Information. There has been quite a growth in recent years in published descriptions of Islam and Muslims in China. Misconceptions and overgeneralizations are still a feature of at least some of the literature, however. A

lengthier introduction to this subject can be found at the aforementioned NIAS Website (http://eurasia.nias.ku.dk/IslaminChina/).

11

Glossary

١

a

Fi

teh aerated Te

Afurong 阿 夫 ae

Abu 阿布

‫بآ‬‎ ab

father, ancestor. [A]

Abu-daisi

父亲 , 爸爸

۱/۵۸۲

‫تسدبآ‬‎ abdast

ablution, or the minor ritual of ablution (washing of hands, feet and face).

Term widely used by both Hui and Turkic Muslims even today. [P — from ab

(water) and dast (present tense of ‘wash’)] 小 净 , (8/4 , 4 Variants: Abudaisi 阿 不 代 思 , Abudaizi fal 7 2

Abudu ۳

‫دبع‬‎ ‘abd

servant, slave, serf, bondsman, man, human being. Chinese Muslims use the term to refer to themselves as ‘servants of Allah’. [A]

仆人 ,奴隶 ,人 ,奴仆 ,真主 的 仆人 ,家 奴 Variants: Erbude 尔 布 得 , Erbudu 二 补 堵

Abutabo 阿 卜 塔 伯 ‫باتفآ‬‎ aftab the sun, aday. [P] ‫ هو‬Adat

日 ,太阳

see Adate‫‏‬

Adate 阿达 特 ‫ةداع‬‎ 2 habit, custom, usage, practice. In Sunni Islam, adat is in opposition to Shari‘a law (see Hudude

anla). However,

some

Muslim

scholars in China have

argued that customary practices for such as prayer and religious services were an important part of the practice of Shari‘a law by the Hui Muslims. See also

Wuerfu. [A]

“习惯 , 习惯 法

Aerkani deni 阿尔 卡 尼 -的 尼 ‫نيدلا‬‎ ‫’ ناكرا‬arkan al-din supports, cornerstones of the faith. Used to refer to the five pillars of Islam: pilgrimage (Haji), the prayer ritual (saliangte), fasting during Ramadan (sewamu), the profession of faith (shahade) and alms-giving (zhakate). See

also Lukun hamusi. [A]

Aershi [51

”柱石 【宗教 信仰 的 (

‫شرع‬‎

throne, the world created by Allah. Esp. used as the throne of Allah; highest in Heaven. In Isma‘ilism, equiv. to galam (‘pen’, see Gelan) or rational know-

ledge. [A]

۱۳۲ ۲ 2 26 J

Afurong

254:

‫نويفا‬‎ afyiin, ‫نویپآ‬‎ ‫هم‬

opium. Term used by a Muslim scholar from Yunnan in the 17th century to denounce opium addiction among some Hui. [A, P]

Variant: Afurong I]318

‫فرك‬‎

Ageli 阿

Ageli

格力

阿 格力 ‫لقع‬‎ ‫"هوا‬

reason, understanding, comprehension, insight, rationality, intelligence, good-

mindedness, consideration, thoughtfulness. [A] Variant: Ageli 阿 格里 Aheilaiti

阿 黑 来提

智力 , HEHE,

-DHRJL

‫ةرخالا‬‎ al-akhira

the hereafter, world to come, the afterlife in Paradise. In contrast with this

world, dunya. [A]

Jatt,

0

Variants: Aheileti 阿 黑 勒 提 , Aheireti Aheng ۲

Ahong ۲12

阿 黑 热 提 , Aheiruoti ۳ RAZ

var. of Ahong [i] 3]

‫دنوخآ‬‎ akhund, ‫دناوحخا‬‎ akhwand

teacher (in Quranic school or madrasa), preacher, tutor, theological scholar, cleric, imam of the mosque; general title for a Muslim cleric, also for those in

China taking during among

who complete their madrasa education to college level but without a formal position at the mosque as a cleric. The word was introduced the Yuan dynasty and became more common after the 17th century Muslim communities in much of China to refer to the imam and other

clerics (but, for E Turkestan, see below). Among the Akhonds in China there

is an ascending hierarchy: first graduate of a mosque madrasa, then graduate of an Islamic university (usually the madrasa attached to a central mosque), then mosque attendant (carrying out duties such as cleaning, heating water for ritual ablutions, slaughtering animals and announcing the prayer time), then teacher of a madrasa at primary and middle levels, then the leader of the service who also delivers the sermon on Fridays, then imam and finally an interpreter of Islamic law who is regarded as Mufti or Grand Akhond and also teaches at a big, central madrasa or Islamic.university with many students (khalifas) studying under him. However there are also some wandering Akhonds who travel between villages and perform religious services. Having no permanent positions as clerics, they are called ‘itinerant Akhonds’ by Muslims (in Chinese, sanban ahong). However, in E Turkestan the term refers to those who

(by virtue of being madrasa graduates and therefore regarded as having religious knowledge) are qualified to lead the ritual service. Here, the positionis equal or higher to that of a mullah. See also Er ahong, Hapizi, Kaixue ahong, Maoliang, Muzhafeier, Muajin, Wushituo, Wusitazhu and Zhangxue

ahong. [P,T]

教师 , Bal) , ۱۳ ,SE ) 18 2‫ب‬‎ (

Variants: Aheng fl # , Ahun 4

Ahun 阿 浑 var. of Ahong [i] 5

Aihailuoti 艾 海罗 体 Aibi 埃 毕 ‫بيغ‬‎ ghaib absence, hidden, concealed, invisible, divine secret, future, unpredictable.

See also Ayibo. [A]

未 来 , 不 可预见 , 隐藏

Aibu wenmu 艾 补温 母

ails ‫بألا‬‎ 31-36 wal-’umm

father and mother, parents. [A]

Aidebu 2515

父母

‫بدا‬‎ adab

good manners, decency, propriety, refinement, belles-lettres. [A] Variant: Aidebu 艾 德 布

文明

, |

Aierbaier 艾 耳 摆 尔 ‫أربع‬‎ ?arba' four.[A]

[JU , #

Aierlafu

‎‫ج‬72 8

‫ الاعراف‬al-’a‘raf

high rank, high position; high place, crest, ramparts; the title of the 7th sura of the Quran. [A] 高 位 [《 古 兰 经》第 七 章 章 名 ]

Aierma X75 87 blind. [A]

‫ىمعأ‬‎ a‘ma

fe

Aiermu ۴

“iim

knowledge, learning, science. Some scholars compare this scientific or book

knowledge to intuitive or gnostic-type knowledge (ma’ rifa). In China, traditional theology means Quranic interpretation and kalam (kalamu), the discourse of Islamic doctrine; it also refers to scholarly knowledge of Shari‘a interpretation.

See also Yirimu. [A] Variant: Erlin

Aierzui XFS

”传统 神学 , 宗 规 法 , 知识 ,学问

尔林

‫آرض‬‎ ’ard

soil, ground, earth, field, farmland. [A] Variant: Aierzui 爱耳 嘴

HH, 21 , 田

Aihade 艾 哈 德 ‫أحد‬‎ "292, ‫دحالا‬‎ al-’ahad one, somebody, someone, anyone; the One (Allah) . [A]

Variant: Aihadi FEMS ‫[ع‬‎

Aihailuoti 艾 海 罗体 ‫الأخوات‬‎ al-’akhawat young sisters, sisterhood. [A] Variant: Aihaiwati 1171320

妹

一

Aihaiwati 艾 海 控 体

Aihaiwati 艾 海 挖体 var. of Aihailuoti 艾海 罗体 Aihakamu 2۶۱۵

‫ماکحا‬‎ ’ahkam

statutes, regulations, rules, provisions (set to control human behaviour). See

also Faerde. [A]

类 别 5 人们 行为 的 ]

Aihalun sunnaiti 艾 哈 伦 - 2 ‫ةنسلا‬‎ ‫ لها‬ahl al-sunna the Sunni, those who adhere to the Sunna, mainstream Islam. Among the Hui communities, the term also refers to the Qadim group (Gedimu) in contrast to Sufi orders and suborders in China (even though these, too, are Sunni).

Term is also used in E Turkestan by some Uighur Muslims to refer to those following the path of the Wahhabi movement and upholding traditional values sanctioned in the Quran and Sunna. [A]

Aihebaer 艾 赫巴尔

MEK

,正统 派

‫آخبار‬‎ ’akhbar

news, tidings, messages, information, notes, annals. In Hadith, it has the sense of

‘report’. For Shia, stories from the Hadith. [A]

Aihebali 艾 赫

#&3t ( fa ۲

‫الا‬‎

J

巴里 ‫الأخبارى‬‎ al-’akhbari

those Shi ite traditionalists who hold to the Hadith and are opposed to theological speculation and extrapolation. Compare with the ahl al-Hadith (Aihelu

hadisi) among the Sunni. [A]

“什 叶 圣 训 派 “承认 什 叶 派 圣训 的人

Aihelu hadisi ۸ - ۱۵۲ ‫تیدحلا‬‎ ‫ لها‬ahl al-hadith those Sunni traditionalists who support and defend the Hadith and Sunna and are opposed to theological speculation. Compare with the Akhbari (Aihebali) among the Shi’a. [A] 进 尼 圣 训 派 【 拥护 和 捍卫 逊 奈 的 人 ]

Aihelu jitabu Ci - 基 塔 布 ‫باتکلا‬‎ ‫ لها‬ahl al-kitab ‘People of the Book’, adherents of a revealed religion, esp. Christians and Jews but there were others (Sabians and sometimes Zoroastrians). Some Chinese

Muslim scholars regarded the Confucians, too, as ‘People of the Book’ in their

religious discourse. [A] 有 经 的人 【主要 Variant: Aihelu-ketabu % ii@ - 7 Aihelu-ketabu

艾 赫 鲁 - 克塔 布

指 基 督 徒和 犹太 教徒 ]

var. of Aihelu jitabu jh

- 基塔 布

Aihelu zanmai 艾 赫 鲁 - #35 各 JI ‫لها‬‎ ahl al-dimma ‘People of (the Agreement of) Protection’, free non-Muslims living in Muslim countries who enjoyed security and freedom of worship provided the poll tax

(jieqiya) was paid. [A]

非 穆斯林 居民 【[ 哈里 法 国内 纳税 的 J 4

Aimin 艾 fe

Aihu Sf

‫خآ‬‎ ’akh

younger brother, brother. [A]

8

Aihu-laikaibi 艾 胡 - OK ‫خالا الكبير‬‎ al-’akh al-kabir older brother, brother. [A] Jt, 兄弟 Ailayisi

艾 拉 依 斯 ‫هئارا‬‎ ira’ah

certificate, diploma; signed order issued by the ishan. [P] Ailaifu SKF

依禅 颁发 的凭据

‫فلا‬‎ 16

thousand. [A]

۳

Ailema fenlajisi % #34 - 粉 拉 吉 斯 ‫سجا‬‎ ‫‘ املع ارف‬alma farajas an outer cloak worn out of doors on ceremonial occasions by clerics. [T]

礼袍 Aimamo

艾 玛 默 ‫ةمامع‬‎ ‘imama

turban. Headdress worn in Muslim societies and by some other peoples in Asia. Note that in China few Hui Muslims wear the turban (only clerics and pious Muslims). See also Desitale. [A] ‫از‬‎ , 缠 头

Aimanaiti 216

‫ةنامآ‬‎ ’amana

reliability, trustworthiness, loyalty, faithfulness, fidelity, honesty, good faith. Hui Muslims in some areas of China use the term to mean ‘debt’, something owed to God that only can be paid by performance of religious services. [A]

功课 【应 履行

的] , 债务

Aimier muaimininai

艾 米尔 - 穆 艾 米 尼 疙 ‫ زا وملانينم‬amir al-mu’minin‫‏‬

commander of the faithful, honorific title of the Caliph (Halifa). [A]‫‏‬

信徒 的 君主 【统治 者 ] , 尊号 【哈里法 的 (‫‏‬ Aimier musilin

‫رک‬‎ -穆斯林

ruler of the Muslims. [A]

Aimin 19

#4

‫نيملسملا‬‎ ‫ ريمأ‬amiral-muslimin ( 3 AKH) ) , 统治 者

-ri ’amin

reliable, trustworthy, loyal, upright, honest, faithful. Title for an organizational

official in a position of trust (e.g. treasurer of a guild). Al-Amin was the title said to have been given by his community to the young Muhammad, indicating the respect in which he was held. Among the Muslim communities in China, this

title was given to those who were honest and faithful. [A] 5

”忠实 人 , 老实 人

Aimusaer 艾

姆萨尔

Aimusaer SCuP 76 ‫راصما‬‎ amsar cities or settlements built or inhabited by Muslims. [A]

城市 〔 穆斯林 建立 的 J Ainai 5075 I,me.[A]

‫انأ‬‎ ’ana 我

Aisele % £28) var. of Aiseri

艾色日

Aiseri ‫ال‬‎6 ۲ ‫ آثر‬athar impression,

effect, sign, mark,

weather. [A] ”表情 , 迹象 Variant: Aisele :‫زل‬‎‫قلقا‬ Aiyamu tasalike

trace, vestige, influence,

state, condition,

, 状况 , 天 和气

艾 雅 姆- 塔什 里 克

‫التشريق‬

‫مايا‬‎ ayyam al-tashriq

old name of the three days following Erde guerbangni (10th of Dhu al-Hijja)

during the Hajj festival. [A]

三 天

节日 〔 伊 教历 十 三月 十 日 以后的 ]

Aizhani 艾 杞尼 var. of Azang 阿 藏 Aizheli

艾 哲 理 ‫زجع‬‎

‘ajz

weakness, incapacity, disability, failure, impotence, old age, limitation (to life). [A] 1

Ajida 阿 基 达 ‫ةدبقع‬‎ 2 article of faith, tenet, doctrine, dogma, creed, faith, belief. [A]

教义 基础 ,教条 Ake tawulin i] std Sk

‫تاغليق‬‎ 31 aqataghliq

White Mountain group (or White Cap group), a Sufi suborder in E Turkestan, rivals of the “Black Mountain’ or ‘Black Cap’ group (Kala tawulin). Founded by Muhammad Yusuf, it was distinguished by its silent dhikr chanting, and as such was identified with the Khafiyya (a suborder of the Naqshbandiyya) in NW China; the group, however, did not call themselves Khafiyya. The Aga Taghliq was led by Khoja Apaqa and his descendants in a revolt against the Qing Empire in the Kashghar region that lasted for almost two centuries (18th to 19th centuries). In the 19th century, the group fragmented into different Ishan groups (e.g., the Misikeye and Yinaikeye) and.today the Aga Taghlig itself no

longer exists. See also Yichan pai. [T] ۰ ۳۱۱۱۱۷۲ , AWE YE

学 Akhond, akhund

see Ahong

Amu 阿木

Alabo 阿拉 伯 ‫ىيرع‬‎ 7 Arabia, Arab, Arabic; (in Chinese Muslim usage) the centre of the Islamic world. Usually refers to the Arabian Peninsula. [A]

BayALAARay , ۲ ATS ,， 阿 拉伯 人 Alaji 阿喇 吉 var. of Halaji ‫خال‬‎FF Alaqi

阿 刺 乞 var. of Halaji ۲۵۲

Alan 阿兰

(1) ‫ىلع‬‎ ‘ulan

(2) ‫ءايلع‬‎ ‘alya’

(1) exaltedness, augustness, sublimity, tolerance, broad-mindedness. [A]

胸怀

,气度

(2) tallness, lofty height, heavens. [A]

Alewaha [i] SLM

上 面 的 , 宇宙, 天空，

世界

‫حاورا‬‎ arwah

breath of life, soul, spirit, life in the next world. [A]

后世

Alin ۶ ‫ملاع‬‎ ‘alim expert, religious scholar, learned man, savant, imam, (loosely) jurist. Also an

honorific title used to greet such a person. [A]

有 知识 者 ,۳۳2 ,科学 家

“ Allah see Anla, also Huda ۶ Alms see Suodege 学 Alms-giving

Amani

see Zhakate

阿曼 里 var. of Ermaili (2) 2522

Amen 阿门

[

‫نيمآ‬‎ amin

“Amen”, “yes”, the response after a prayer (meaning “Lord, accept our prayer’) or recitation of the Quran in religious services. It is particularly recited after having chanted the Ist swra in the Quran (Fatiha, ‘The Opening’). [A]

真诚 ,是 , 答 词 〔 诵 毕《古兰经 》 首 章 后 , 意 为 SEM! 答应 我 们的 BRIA” ] ,祈求 , 答 允 ,请 接受 我 们 的 禄祥 Variants: Amin 阿 敏 , Aminai [2 Amin

阿敏 Aminai

Amu 阿木

阿 米奈 var. of Amen 阿门

var. of Wuma

‫كي‬‎‫زل‬

Anfei #% JE

Anfei 按 肥 ‫فنآ‬‎ ‫هم‬ nose.[A,P]

‫ظ‬‎ , 8+

学 Angel see Mailaike

Anla #47

‫هللا‬‎ allah

_

God, Allah, the Lord of Truth, Lord in the Highest. [A]

H+

, 32 , 神

Variant: Anlahu #4i,-%

Anlahu 7 ۴ var. of Anla 安 拉

Anlahu akebaer 27

- 阿 克 巴 尔 ‫ربكا‬‎ ‫ هللا‬allahu akbar

“God is greatest’. The verse is the most commonly used by Muslims in China in prayer, religious services and call to prayer but also in daily life. [A]

BGK, BEBK Variant: Anlahu aikebaier 安 拉 平 - X 1 Anlahu taaliang 2617۴ - 特 阿 两 .Js ‫هللا‬‎ allahu ta‘ala “God, He is high”. A cry often used by Muslims in the prayer and chanted by the

imam before he delivers a sermon in a religious service. [A] Ansabu

安 萨 布

5

‫حابشا‬‎ ashbah

shapes, phantoms, ghosts, spirits, figures, spectres, idols. [A] Ansaer

1۴ !

۸

, 偶像

安 萨 尔 ‫راصنا‬‎ ansar

adherents, followers, partisans, friends, patrons; ‘The Helpers’, title given to

the Medinese who followed Muhammad. [A]

33

Variant: Anshaer 安 沙尔

Anseliangmu alaikong 安色 俩 目 - 阿 来 空 ‫لع‬

>水 Jal-salimu ‘alaykum‫‏‬

“peace be with you” (the Muslim salutation). A greeting between Muslims‫‏‬ when they meet, and a farewell wish when they depart. [A]‫‏‬

0671۲ , 822 , 安宁 , APE Anshaer

安 沙 尔 var. of Ansaer

Antai 按 台 ‫تنآ‬‎ ’anta you. [A] 你 Variant: Antai ZK

安 萨 尔

Asimaer 阿

Anwa ‎‫اه‬

‫عنوة‬

۵

斯玛尔

1

force, compulsion, violence, the use of force to conquer infidel lands. See also jihad (jiehade) [A]

武力 征服

Aolade 奥 拉 德 >，，wird specified time of day or night devoted to private worship (in addition to the five prescribed prayer times), a section of the Quran recited on this occasion; the verses selected from the Quran used and chanted during prayer (or recited after prayer) among some Sufi groups in China. [A]

祈祷 词 ,赞 念 ,赞颂 ,HEA 学 Apizi 阿 皮 孜 Uighar var. of Hapizi ۱۵۲ “+ Aqa Taghliq see Ake tawulin

Aqimu 阿 奇目 var. of Hajimu M4 ‫عاق‬‎ ¢ Arabia see Alabo 阿拉 伯

Ashula 阿 术 拉

‫ءاروشاعلا‬‎ 2-8

Memorial service on the 10th of Muharram. Commemorates the ascension of Adam, Noah, Abraham and Moses. Among Shi’ites, it commemorates the assassination of Husain. Among Sunni Muslims in China, the celebration of Ashura is mostly to commemorate the aforementioned prophets with remembrance of Husain’s death a minor feature. Bean porridge is cooked in the mosque and served in a communal meal (recalling from the Chinese Muslim myth how, after the Flood receded, Noah gave porridge to the starving people). In China, the day is also regarded by Hui Muslims as a day for being saved from catastrophe or from sinful behaviour. In the Ikhwan (Brotherhood) group, pea believers invite the clerics home for dinner on this occasion. [A]

导 救 之 日,侯 赛 因 遇 难 日 , 杂 豆 器 〔 阿 舒 拉 节 号 的 ‫ل‬‎ Pe

5 Ashula 阿舒 拉 ,

Asilan ۲1]

ri bE

A

۲3۱

1A 108)

۶ ‫نالسرآ‬‎ arslan

lion, brave warrior. In China, an honorific title bestowed on some Turkic tribal

chiefs after their conversion to Islam. [T] Variant: Axilan

0,

阿 悉 烂

Asimaer 阿 斯玛 尔 law! asman heaven, the celestial orb, sky. [P]

Variants: Asimani

Ke

阿 斯 玛 尼 , Asimani BiERRE 9

BBCAY A, 勇士

Asimani fi] $7 $4 [9 , BalRE

Asimani

Ataishi

阿 斯 玛 尼 ‫و‬‎ BLEUE

var. of Asimaer 阿 斯 玛 尔

阿 太 施 ‫شتآ‬‎ atash

fire, gunfire, flame. Term long used in daily life among the Hui communities that goes back to their Centrai Asian origins in the Mongol Empire. [P] 6

Axilan [i]Z6

var. of Asilan [nf|i =

Aye Pil var. of Ayete

Ayete

阿叶特

阿 叶 特 ‫ةيآ‬‎ aya

sign, token, Quranic verse, miracle, wonder. Refers esp. to Allah’s sign and

miracle. [A]

۳, ۲ , (HEA)

Variants: Ayeti

阿 耶提

，Aye

Ayibo ۳10

‫بيغ‬‎ ghaib

Ax

۲

absence, concealment, invisibility, the absence of the last Imam in Shi’ism. See

also Aibi and Yisina Ashila. [A]

[ade , AZ4E

۳۲۱۲۴۳۲ —th SB [

Azan 阿 赞 var. of Azang 阿 藏

Azang 阿 藏 ‫ناذآ‬‎ "adhan announcement, call to prayer, the verse chanted by the muezzin (muajin). See

also Bangke and Yizhang. [A]

a FE , OU FE , ‫اه‬‎ , 宣 礼 ， 唤 礼

Variants: Aizhani 艾 札 尼 , Azan [al ۴

Azha ‎۳[‫ا‬ ‫ حاضر‬ridah now, at present; (in Xinjiang Uighur usage) an honorific title given to some distinguished religious people and Sufi shaykhs, meaning ‘your majesty’, ‘lord’,

‘master’. [A,P]

现在 ,当前

Azhabu 阿 札 布 ‫باذع‬‎ ‘adhab pain, torment, suffering, agony, torture, punishment. Refers to Allah’s punish-

ment of the unfaithful. [A]

Baba 巴巴

过错，

惩罚

LL papa

elder, father, an old man with high reputation for religious knowledge and morality, hajji, religious person. Popular as a surname among some Sufi preachers and shaykhs. Honorific title given by Chinese Muslims to imams, religious scholars, etc. and one that is commonly used by Muslims in China. [P]

长 者 [德高望重 的 人] , 哈吉 , 宗教人士 10

Bailatiye 3 227 ) 2/78 A 14 2 15 A) Babu 075

‫باب‬‎ bab

1

door, gate, entrance, exit. In Shi’ism, title of a person claiming to be the way to special knowledge (e.g. Door to the Hidden Imam). Esp. among the Muslims of NW China, also an honorific title given by non-Sufi Muslims to one who has undertaken the Sufi initiation ceremony and therefore becomes the member of a Sufi suborder. Also an epithet given in China to a person (often female) practising witchcraft or superstition, and accused by traditional Muslims as being kafir (Kafeir), an infidel. [A]

‫ ل‬,进门 者5 未 加 入 门 宣 的 穆斯林 称 人 了 门 宣 的 穆斯林 是 巴 布 者]， 神‫‏‬ ,1 ,2۳۶ fa hyA‫‏‬ Variant: Bobi 波 比‫‏‬

Bade ۳۵1۶ var. of Bodan ۴

Baierdi ۳

=

bait

bed, bedroom, dwelling, home. [A]

Baierxi 5 7118

床

,卧室

‫ثعب‬‎ ba'th

resurrection, life after death. Refers particularly to the coming of the Day of Judgement when all the dead return to life. [A]

Baihaer ۱۷8۲ sea. [A]

唤醒

, 死 后复生

‫رحب‬‎ bahr

۶

Baiheilai ۴۱۴7

‫لیخب‬‎ bakhil

niggardy, stingy, greedy. [A]

fia, IMU

Variants: Baiheili 拜 黑里,Baiheili

HEH, Baiheili 摆 黑里

Bailati 摆 拉 提 ‫ةءارب‬‎ 8 being free; disavowal, withdrawal, naivete, innocence. [A]

赦免

,无 罪

Bailati ye 白 拉 提 夜 〔 教 历8 A 14 26 15 A) ‫ةءاربلا‬‎ ‫ ةليل‬lailat al-bara’a ‘Night of Foregiveness’, also called by Chinese Muslims ‘the Night of Chanting’. The night of the 15th of Sha‘ban in which Muslims chant the Quran in order to be free of guilt committed during the previous year. Religious observances are also held in the belief that destinies for the coming year are fixed that night. For Chinese Muslims, this is the second-most important night after Gaideerjie. Believers perform tatawww’ (tetuanwoer, the voluntary service) and recite the prayers for purification. Pious Muslims spend the previous day fasting. During the period from the Ist to 15th of Sha‘ban, in the Qadim group and among some Sufi orders, believers invite imams and poor relatives home to

11

Bailaidi 摆 来地

pray, reciting taub, the verses of repentance in the Quran, and lastly honouring them with a dinner. [A, C — from Arabic bara’a (being free of guilt) and Chinese

ye (night)]

念 夜 ,赦免 之夜

Bailaidi 摆 来 地 ‫ةدلب‬‎ 8 town. [A]. Jak , 城镇

Baileketi 5 [70512

‫ةکرب‬‎ baraka

blessing, benediction, happiness, luck, good omen. Esp. refers to the blessing

of God. [A]

吉祥

Variant: Bairekati

Bailiang 517.

,吉利 , 沾 光 ,福气

拜 热 卡提

‫ءلالب‬‎ bala’

trial, affliction, distress, misfortune, scourge, plague, tribulation, God’s punish-

ment. Used by Chinese Muslims to describe as catastrophic the period of the Cultural Revolution or in earlier periods of anti-Muslim repression by the

imperial dynasties. See also Balekan. [A]

浩劫

,大 灾难 ,折磨

学 Bairam

see Erde feiteer and Erde guerbangni

Bairekati

拜 热 卡提 var. of Baileketi ۳ ‫قر‬‎542

Baiyiti anlahe 白 依 提- 安 拉 合 . | ‫تيب‬‎ bait allah the house of God, the Kaaba. Also Used by Some Chinese Muslims when referring to the biggest mosque in a large Muslim community as symbolizing the House of Allah. [A] HA , 天 房

Balan =

‫ناراب‬‎ baran

rain, raining. [P]

fi

Bale hudaya 巴 勒- 01160۳7۰

bl ‫راب‬‎ bar khudaya

“O God, greatness”. Words chanted by Turkic and Hui Muslims in NW China.

‎]‫ رص‬BAWET | Balekan 019112 ‫ىكلب‬‎ balki

disaster, suffering, Calamity. Used by some Huis to describe such political turmoil in the People’s Republic of China as the Cultural Revolution. See also Bailiang. [P] 3

Bande (1) #78

20 banda

۱

humble title used by Muslims to refer to themselves when speaking to other Muslim friends. In the creed of Islam, all people are God’s servants. See also

Bande (2). ]۳[( 6

12

Bazha 巴 KL

Bande (2) 板 得 ‫هدنب‬‎ banda servant, slave, bondsman, domestic. See also er

(1). [P]

仆人 FEF ) 117 Banduo {x4 var. of Bangbuda 邦 卜达 Bangbuda 邦 卜 达 ‫دادماب‬‎ 0 morning prayers, morning, daybreak. Term is widely used by Muslims in

China. See also Saliangte subuhe. [P] ‫ريا‬‎ Variants: Bangbudade #5414744 , Bangda #84 , Banduo 2 Bangda 邦 答 var. of Bangbuda 邦 卜达

Bangke 邦 克 GL bang the call to prayer by the muezzin (muajin). Term is widely used by Muslims

in China. See also Aizhani. [P] Bangke lou 邦 克 楼

‘#4ia], 唤 礼

GL bang

minaret, tower. Term is widely used by Muslims in China. See also Mainale and Milaluo.

[P, C — from Persian bang (call to prayer) and Chinese Jou

(building, home). [P,C] Baoli 保 里 urine. [A]

** Bao’an

52

, 尖塔

‫لوبلا‬‎ al-baul 8

(Bonan in their own language)

A Mongol (or Turkic-Mongol) people living mainly in SW Gansu province, descendants of Mongol and Central Asian border troops of the Yuan dynasty who converted to Islam in the Qing period. They speak a Mongolian dialect, wear Mongolian dress and retain some Mongolian traditions and customs. In 1990 they numbered about 12,200 people. ，

Batile 巴提和勒 ‫لطب‬‎ bul nullity, uselessness, futility (in Islamic law). [A]

Variant: Batuile

Bazha HfL

ZR ۷ (AE)

巴 推勒

‫رازاب‬‎

market, fair. Commonly used by Turkic and Hui Muslims in NW China. [P]

赶集 ,市场 Variant: Bazhaer 巴 札 尔

Beggar

学 Beggar see Diwani Bidaa [tix bal ‫عدب‬‎ bid‘ new, original, reform. Term used in the negative sense to describe the act of

deviating from traditional practice. Compare Houdusi. [A]

8۲

Bidaaiti 比 达艾 提 ‫ةعدب‬‎ 2 strictly speaking means ‘innovation’ (as opposed to Sunna) but usually taken to mean ‘heresy’. [A] 新生 , 独创 , 异端 Variant: Bideerti 比 得 尔 提

Bideerti

比 得 尔 提 var. of Bidaaiti

比 达艾 提

Bieageli 别 阿 格力 ‫لقع‬‎ ‫ ىب‬biaql foolish, imprudent, lacking in wisdom, naive, inexperienced. [A, P— from Persian bi (no, without) and Arabic aq/ (wisdom, intelligence)] ۳2۸۱۲۵ , 2

‫‏‬reabnaeiB ‫ ار‬7 ‫و‬ ‫ييغمبر‬ 7 prophet, the Prophet Muhammad. Term used by migrating Central Asian Muslims during the Yuan dynasty and recorded in the imperial chronicle. See

also Laisuli and Naibi. [P] ”先知 , 2

Bie hali

别 哈里

03‫احبب‬‎ bi hal

faint, listless, in bad health, unlucky; bad luck. See also Bienaisuibu, Masumin

and Shumi, also Hali. [A, P — from Persian bi (no, without) and Arabic hal

(condition)]

۲

Bie hanli ‫را‬‎

‫ظحلا‬

‫ ءوس‬si’ al-hazz

bad luck, misfortune. [C, A]

不 幸运

Biemaer 别 马尔 jlo bimar sick, ill. Term is commonly used in daily life by Muslims in China. [P]

Variants: Biemale ‫زا‬‎ 44) , Biemari SKA Biemale ‫زنا‬‎ ‫ زركر‬var. of Biemaer 别 Biemari ‎‫زا‬

马尔

۳ var. of Biemaer 别 马尔

Biemaruo ۲

var. of Biemaer

别 马尔 14

, Biemaruo 别麻 若

Bonan

Bienaisuibu ‎‫ لا‬7118615 =W222 binasib no share of profits; unlucky, no chance. Term is commonly used in daily life by Muslims in China. See also Bie hali, Masumin and Shumi. [A, P — from

Persian bi (no, without) and Arabic nasib (share, luck, chance)]

Bintu mali 225 - 马 利

没有 福 份

‫ام‬‎ ‫ تيب‬bait mali

finance house, banking house, state property, state coffers. [A]

国家 金库 , 官 产 Bisi miliang ENKI

‫مسی‬‎ bism allah

“in the name of God”, a verse frequently used by Muslims in China both in

prayer and as an expression of gratitude. See also Taisimi. [A] m, 奉 安 拉 之 命, ۶ ‫رقن‬‎ EREN) , 2۶1 ۲ ۸2 ۲ RA, Variants: Bisi minliang [CF] {i , Bisi ming le 必 思命 了

以 安拉 之 sia)

Bisi minliang ‫اان‬‎ [۱۳/۵ var. of Bisi miliang 毕 斯米 俩 Bisi ming le 4 ag Svar. of Bisi miliang 毕 斯米 俩

Bixishite [CS ‫ره‬‎

‫ تشهب‬bihisht

Paradise, heaven. [P]

K# , 天 园

Biyili ‎‫از‬ well. [A]

‫بنر‬ ۶ Ff, KF

学 Black Mountain group

see Kala tawulin

Bobi 波 比 var. of Babu ‫ات‬‎ Bodan 波 丹 ‫داب‬‎

0

wind, air. Used by the Hui for ‘fart’. Term still used by rural Muslims in W

China. [P]

۷۲

Variant: Bade

巴得

Bogeyaoyu 6 bean, beans. [P]

Bona 12621

‫القاب‬‎ bagila, ‫هلقاب‬‎ baqilah 9 , 尼子

‫هاني‬‎ panah

protection, shade, shelter, refuge, asylum. Used by Hui Muslims when referring to God’s protection, being saved by Allah. [P] 真主 拯救 的 ‫ هو‬Bonan

see Bao’an‫‏‬ 15

Bosai Yk ۴

Bosai 波 赛 var. of Posai %3E Bozi 拨 子

‫جرب‬‎ bur

tower, castle. Towers established during the Yuan dynasty by the Mongols in the vicinity of their imperial capital, Khanbaliq (now Beijing). Muslim soldiers were stationed at these towers. The name became attached to several villages

that are now suburbs of Beijing. [A]

塔楼 , 哨所

«+ Brotherhood, Sufi see Sufi (sub)orders

Buerde 布尔 德 ‫ةدرب‬‎ burda garment, the Prophet Muhammad’s outer garment. Title of a book by Egyptian poet, Busir’s al-Burda al-Nabi, used as a textbook in madrasas. Chinese Muslim scholars added commentaries to this and retitled it Mukhmus (quintuplet). Its text is chanted in the religious rituals of Sufis in many (sub)orders in China. See also Mohanmaisi. [A] ‫رج‬‎ A=

Bugaier < 7K

‫لقب‬‎ baql

herbs, plants, greens, tree roots worshipped as gods by people; graveyard in Medina before the rise of the Wahhabiyya movement (which abolished and regarded as heresy the earlier practice of visiting the graveyard to remember the dead). [A]

树 根 〈 受 人 崇拜 )， 盘路 地 ( 瓦 哈比 派 兴起 前 麦地 那 人的 墓地 (

Bukelaitai 布客 莱 合 ‫ةرکب‬‎ bukra early morning, dawn, morning. [A]

Buwei 1

早 , 早晨

‫یوب‬‎ bavi

female disciple in the Ishan group, female Sufi whose position is equivalent to Khalifa in the order and known as the religious leader among the women; she is well versed in the chanting of Quranic verses. [Ui— from bibi (lady), an

honorific title among the Uighur]

女 信 士 〔 伊 禅 派中 (

学 Calendar, Chinese Although a lunar-based calendar, in effect the Chinese year is solar, beginning in January—February each year and about 365 days long. Due to the influence of Persian culture, the Arabic transcription has no article ai. In order, months

are: (1) Shaiheilulai aihadi (shahr al-’ahad), (2) Shaiheilulai yusiruoni (shahr al-’ithnani), (3) Shaiheilun selasuoni (shahr al-thalatha), (4) Shaiheilulai aierbaier (shahr al-rabi‘a), (5) Shaiheilulai hamuse (shahr al-khamsa), (6) 16

Chaxiliye # 4

۲

Shaiheilun xitaiti (shahr al-sitta), (7) Shaiheilun sebuer (shahr al-sab‘a), (8) Shaiheilun semaniye (shahr al-thamaniya), (9) Shaiheilun tisier (shahr altis‘a), (10) Shaiheilun ershilai (shahr al-‘ashara), (11) Shaiheilai anhadai ershilai (shahr al-’ahad ‘ashara) and (12) Shaiheilun yusiruo ershilai (shahr al-’ithnani ‘ashara).

«+ Calendar, Islamic This is a lunar calendar whose months do not coincide with the solar calendar, meaning that the Islamic year is little more than 354 days long. As such, in a

period of 36 years, Ramadan (for instance) moves around the entire solar year, sometimes occurring in spring, sometimes in summer, etc. In order, months are: (1) Muhalan (Muharram), (2) Saifaer (Safar), (3) Laibier nile anpulu (Rabi' alawwali), (4) Laibier nile ahelu (Rabi‘ al-’akhira), (5) Zhumada le wula (Jumada al-’ula), (6) Zhumada le ahelai (Jumada al-’akhira), (7) Laizhebu (Rajab), (8) Shaibo and Shaierbang (Sha‘ban), (9) Lamadan (Ramadan), (10) Shanwalu (Shawwal), (11) Zhule gaierde (Dhu al-ga‘da) and (12) Zhule xizhe (Dhu al-hijja).

学 Caliph see Halifa 学 Call to prayer see Bangke

Cang malihuaer

藏 马 利花 儿

‫ینعم‬‎ ma‘ni

meaning, sense, spirit, reality; (in Chinese Muslim usage) play hide-and-seek, play a trick, (in Beijing dialect) play a game. Term is used by the Hui to name the children’s game of hide-and-seek. Also ma’ni is commonly used by the Hui in N China to mean ‘play a trick’, ‘cunning’. [C,P — from Chinese cang (to hide) and Persian ma’ni (play atrick, playa game)] jee JL , 捉迷藏

Variant: Maoni 4a jin

Chao hanzhi 朝罕 志

‫جح‬‎ Allies

&

Hajj (Haji), pilgrimage to Mecca. [A, C — from Chinese chao (take pilgrimage) and Arabic hanzhi (corruption of Hijaz, the Arabian peninsula)] 4]

Chaxiliye 270 Mf

‫جاهلية‬‎

state of ignorance, pre-Islamic paganism, pre-Islamic times. Term also refers to the degeneration arising when a community strays from Islamic practices

(see also Taatile). [A] Variant: Jiaxiliye

贾 希

”蒙昧 时 期 , 前 伊斯兰 教 时期 里叶

Chedizi

彻底 子

Chedizi 彻底 子 jg ‫ددع‬‎ ‘adad chihar four. See also Numeral. [P] Variant: Chehale 1011۵

Chehale 10012

[J

8) var. of Chedizi

彻底子

Chele shanbai 彻 勒闪和白 44% ‫راهج‬‎ chihari Shanbah Wednesday. [P] 星期 三 Cheximu 彻西 姆

>

chashm ٠

eye. [P]

眼睛

学 China

see Chini, also Daer haerbu (dar al-harb)

党 Chinese

Pi

see Hui (Muslims), Dajiale and Dushiman (non-Muslim)

Chini ۲ ‫نيصلا‬‎ al-sin China. Term used by Chinese Muslims to emphasize their identity as a people originating from outside China. [A] 中

Variant: Suini BR 8 党 Christians

see Naisala

学 Chistiyya see Qiesidiye

Chuan naipaisi ‫(لا‬‎

‫ سفن‬nafs

a ritual for redeeming the sins of the deceased at their funeral service. The participants kneel down in a circle and a plate with a copy of the Quran is passed from one participant to the other. While reciting the du‘a’ (duayi, a prayer of forgiveness for the sins of the deceased) the dutiful son kisses the Quran followed by the Akhond and then the other mourners. This custom is practised by Hui Muslims in some parts of China. See also Feidiye. [A, C from Chinese chuan (to pass) and Arabic nafs (soul, life, spirit, mind, etc.)]

蔡 亡 人转 经 学 Cleric see Ahong (akhond), Maoliang (maula) and Yimamu (imam)

+ Communists

see People’s Republic of China

学 Companions (of Muhammad)

学 Cultural Revolution

see Sahabai

see People’s Republic of China 18

Dashiman &

2

Dadan 大 担 ‫نداد‬‎ dadan admission. At wedding ceremonies, the word 3 assent given by the father of

the bride to the bridegroom’s marriage request. [P]

”承认

Daer haerbu 达尔 - 17/1515 ۰ ‫برحلا‬‎ ‫ راد‬dar al-harb the area inhabited by non-Muslims, war zone, enemy territory. Some Muslim scholars in their discourse used this term to refer to their own country of residence (China) or other lands where the authorities discriminated against

Muslims. [A]

非 穆 斯林 居 住 区

Daer yisilamu 达尔 - 伊 斯 拉 姆 ‫مالسإلا‬‎ ‫ راد‬daral-islam area inhabited by Muslims. Term is ae used by some Chinese Muslim scholars to refer to the Islamic world outside China, or areas with a Muslim majority

within China. [A]

穆斯林 居住 区

Daheli 达 赫里 ‫ی‬‎ 0: dahri someone taken up by materialism, and hence regarded as non-Muslim. [A]

Wy jo 3 ۷ 2 ۲ 2121219۲۵۵ J Daisiteer

代 斯

特尔 var. of Desitale 744iHy

Dajiale ‎‫ خر‬J) ote dajjal anti-Christ. Term used by Chinese Muslims referring to Chinese who do not follow the monotheism of Abraham. [A] fv 7E Variant: Dazhali ‫رخ‬‎‫دار‬

Dalasu 打 拉 苏 ‫ساورد‬‎ 5 mastiff, watchdog, henchman, manservant, hired thug. Term also refers to those

who do the legwork for such people. [A]

Daore [7

狗 腿 子 , 听 差 ,跑腿

‫رود‬‎ dawr

the tone of the recital of mystical verses; the chanting style used by Sufis. [P]

诵经 的 念调 Dashiman “42

2.225!

danishmand

the learned, wise; scholar, scientist. In the early period of Islamic history of

China, the Muslims gave this title to their clerics and religious scholars. The Yuan also used this term to refer to those who worked as clerics and religious scholars in the mosque and were exempted from taxes and labour services. [P]

学 者 , BR , bz Variants: Dashima

K 4 4 , Dashiman 4&4 & , Dashiman 1222 19

Dataiermu 7] 2۴ 7K 8

Dataiermu {J 487K ۱ var. of Teyalin 特亚 林 Dawaer iKPL7K

‫راود‬‎ dawar

rapidly or constantly turning, whirling, circling; a ritual circuit around the Kaaba during the Hajj. See also Maitafu and Tawafu. [A]

旋 绕 〔 围 克 尔 白, BLAS

۳۳02۸ ]

Dawaniye 达 瓦尼 耶 2，)J| al-Darwaniya One of four tariga (Sufi suborders) in E Turkestan characterized by recital from mystical texts on Friday evenings through to Saturday mornings. Also called the wandering dervishes (Hailandaer). [P,T] ۳ ۲ 学 Day of Judgement

Dayi Aft

see Yaomu dini, also Yaomu heisabu

‫عاد‬‎ da‘in

۱

propagandist, missionary worker. One who is sent out to spread their faith to other Muslim communities, a practice only found in China among the Ismai‘li Tajiks and certain Sufi suborders in NW China. [A] 传教 师

Dayier 打 依 尔 ‫دائر‬‎ da’ir turning, revolving, spinning, circulating; a ritual of the Jahriyya order which is practised after the evening prayer, whereby members of the order sit in a circle and recite the Arabic and Persian mystical text, Makhmus. Some other Sufi orders in China also practise this da’ir ritual. [A]

FTAR{NSK, FRIARREI C Pra ERIE RAL SE J + Days of week In China, the Islamic week begins on Yekeshanbai (Yakshanbah, Sunday),

the subsequent days entitled Dushanbai (Dushanbah, Monday), Xieshanbai (Sah shanbah, Tuesday), Chele shanbai (Chihari shanbah, Wednesday), Pan shanbai (Panji shanbah, Thursday), Zhuma or Jiemaia (Jum‘a, Friday) and Shanbai (Ruzi shanbah, Saturday). Note that the Islamic day runs from sunset to sunset, meaning that Thursday evening is part of the Islamic sabbath (Jum‘a)

and hence a popular time for religious gatherings.

Dazhali AFL) Deni

的尼

var. of Dajiale i& filth

‫نید‬‎ din

religion, creed, faith, belief. Term esp. refers to Islam. [A]

AR , 信仰 , 教 门 Variant: Dingni

丁尼 20

Diewu 3۶ ‫رج‬‎

Deni alabo 的 尼 - 阿拉伯

‫برعلا‬‎ ‫ نيد‬din al-‘arab

religion of the Arabs. Term used by clerics in religious pamphlets to attack Chinese practices and unIslamic behaviour among Muslims. [A]

阿拉 伯人 的 宗教

¢ Dervish

see Dieliweishi

Desitale 得 斯 塔 勒 ‫راتسد‬‎ dastar turban, fine Muslim cloth wrapped around the turban, the long turban worn by clerics during religious services; also a symbol of the Islamic faith in the folklore of the Hui Muslims comparable to the symbol of the dragon for Chinese culture. See also Aimamo. [A] 4834p , 2 ‫الب‬‎1p Variants: Desitari 得 斯 塔 日 ,Daisiteer (CHT RPK , Taisitaer 太 斯 塔尔

Dewan 的 万 ‫ناويد‬‎ diwan bureau, secretariat, council; tax-collecting agency. [A]

۴

Deye 的 叶 Gs diya blood money, ransom, indemnity for bodily injury. [A]

赎 血 金 ,赎金 【交付 杀人 的 ] 学 Dhikr

see Jikeer

‫ه‬٠‎ Dhimma

see Qimei

Dieliweishi iA ARE ‫شیورد‬‎ darwish dervish, poor, religious mendicant; a title for the chief of the Qadriyya order in China. The Chronicle of the Yuan dynasty mentions that dervishes served in the imperial court and worked in local administration. See also Fajier. [P]

贫穷 者 ,修士 , 昔 行 僧 ，苏 非 Dierhan 第 尔 洗

‫مهرد‬‎ dirham

money, silver coin in old Arabia. Even today, Chinese Muslims in many areas

use this term to refer to money. [A] Variant: Derehanmu 德 热 汗目

Diewu ‎‫اعد‬

钱财 , 二

阿拉伯 银 币

‫ دیو‬wid

devil, demon, monster, ghost. Term used by Chinese Muslims for those Chinese 21

Diexiao & ۲

who have embraced evil and are hostile to Islam and Muslims. Compare

Dushiman. [P] ۶ Variant: Diewu

i 4

Diexiao 1&7 var. of Taiersa Kintk

Digeer 底 格 尔 ‫رکید‬‎ digar afternoon prayer. See also Ersule and Saliangte asier. [P]

7 fj#L

Variant: Digele Jets#))

Digeerhua 底 格 尔花 ‫رگید‬‎ digar other, another, again, four o’clock. Because the plant Mirabilis jalap blooms about the time of the afternoon prayer, Chinese Muslims have given its flower this name.

[C, P — from Persian digar (afternoon prayer) and Chinese hua

(flower)] ‎‫ کر‬21

۲ ۳۹۱۲۵ ALES A)FP

[

Digele 底 格 勒 var. of Digeer 底格 尔 Diluhan 低 鲁 军 ‫حور‬‎ ruh low spirit, low soul; (in Chinese Muslim usage) decadent people. [A, Chinese di (low, indecent) and Arabic ruh (spirit, soul)]

Variant: Diluohan 低 罗 军 Diwani 迪 万 尼

#iUREA

C— from AS A

‫ناود‬‎ ， ‫ ىناود‬diwana, diwani

religious beggar in E Turkestan who, as a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, was entitled to ask for food or money from fellow Muslims. Before soliciting a donation from someone, he would first pray then produce a certificate verified with the stamp of his religious leader that identified him as a bona fide beggar. Many such beggars did not need to beg and could in fact be rich. Some even rented their certificates out to truly poor Muslims to use for begging. [Ui]

ARAL ZG

Dingni J Jé var. of Deni WIE Dong Naifusi 211738]

‫"سفن‬‎ 15

soul, spirit, mind, inclination, being angry, to lose one’s temper. [A, C — from Chinese dong (move, raise) and Arabic nafs (nature, desire, temper)] ۲

学 Dongxian (Santa in their own language) A Mongol (or Turkic-Mongol) people living in Gansu province (esp. W of Linxia). Of disputed origin, descendents either of Mongol border troops from 22

Dunya

顿亚

the 13th century who converted to Islam in the 16th or Muslim troops brought back to China in the early Yuan period. They speak a Mongolian dialect, wear Mongolian dress and retain some Mongolian traditions and customs. Many Dongxian are Sufis belonging to the Kubulinye tariga. In 1990 their population was about 375,000. Du

墙

3°

du

Two. See also Numeral. [P]

34

Dua 都 阿

da‘a

‫اعد‬‎ ‫ىعد‬

‫وعد‬

to call, summon, appeal to someone for something, or do something, invite, urge to invoke, to wish well, bless, invoke a blessing, pray. Often the word is

combined with the Chinese name for a ritual performance with some social function in daily life. Examples are for a cleric (esp. imam) to bless food by puffing or spitting on it, the food then being brought to the sick person as a kind of medicine; to put salt or sugar into water for the sick person to drink while the cleric is chanting; or write a du’a’ (duayi) in Arabic on paper which is then burnt, the patient then drinking salty or sugared water or tea mixed with the ashes. The du’a’ is composed either of verses selected from the Quran or

of copies taken from Arabic (Egyptian) texts. [A] Variants: Duer 都

尔,Nian dua

۶

念 都 阿 , Zuo dua 做 都 阿

Duayi 都阿 依 ‫ءاعد‬‎ 7 call, invocation of God, prayer, request, plea, good wish, curse, words of prayer. Also for ritual services, the paper or piece of cloth on which prayers are written. See also Dua. [A] 祈祷 ,祷告 , 念 咒 ,祈祷 经 文

Variant: Duwa 都 哇 Duer 都 尔

var. of Dua 都 阿

Duhetaier ۲ 2 2۸ ۰. 之 。dukhtar girl, daughter, virgin. [P] 小 姑娘 Dumizi

堵 米 子

‫ود‬‎ ‫ هرامش‬shamari di

two, the second. [P]

Dunuya

‫تو‬‎

55

杜 奴 牙 var. of Dunya 顿 亚

Dunya 顿 亚

已 >dunya

world, earth, this world, life in this world, earthly things. As opposed to alakhira (Aheilaiti, the world to come, the hereafter). [A] 今世 ,现世 , 尘世

Variant: Dunuya ۳

7 23

Duosidani 多 斯 达 尼

Duosidani 多 斯 达尼 ‫ناتسود‬‎ diistan friends. brothers, the plural form of dust (duosidi). [P]

朋友们

Variant: Duositani 多 斯 塔 尼 Duosidi

多 斯 弟 ‫تسود‬‎

dist

friend, brother, kinsman, a Muslim salute; a term commonly used by Muslims

in China to greet other Muslims whom they do not know but regard warmly because of shared faith and traditions; members of the Sufi orders in Central

Asia use this term to greet each other. [P] Variant: Duositi 多斯 提 Duositani

多 斯 塔尼 var. of Duosidani

朋友 , 兄弟

多 斯 达尼

Duositi 多 斯 提 var. of Duosidi 多 斯 弟

Duozaihai 2209

‫خرود‬‎ dauzakh

Hell, evil company,

affliction, trouble, hellfire. See also Nale, Nuoer

Zhehannamu. [P]

地 狱 , Jc7ik

Variants: Duozehe

条 则 核 ,Duozihai EF yy

Duozehe 东 则 核 var. of Duozaihai Duozihai ۳1

Dushanbai

and

4

7

var. of Duozaihai 多 灾 海

杜 闪 自 ‫هنشود‬‎ dishanbah

Monday. [P] 星 期 一

Dushiman ۳) ۶

‫نامش‬‎ ‫ د‬dushman， ‫نمش‬‎ ‫د‬

0

enemy, infidel. Term used by Muslims for those non-Muslims in China hostile

towards Islam and Muslims. Compare Diewu. [P]

Variants: Dushiman #2 Duwa 10

仇人 , 仇敌,

异 教徒

, Dushiman ۳۳۰&

var. of Duayi 都 阿 依

Duwahana 2 ‫راه‬‎ ‫ ءاعد ةناخ‬du‘a’ khana ۱ Sufi house of prayer in E Turkestan. [A, P — from Arabic du‘a’ (prayer) and Persian khana (room in house)] #1## 2

学 Eastern Turkestan (Sharqi Turkistan among the Uighurs) Region in W China roughly coterminous with Xinjiang, and in fact the name given by many Uighurs (esp. emigres supporting separatist movements) for the 24

Erde aideha 75 @ -

۵

Autonomous Region. Also known as Chinese Turkestan. The term was coined both to distinguish between those parts of Central Asia conquered by the Qing and those by the Russians, also to imply their inherent indivisibility. However, in this Glossary, the term has no such political overtones and is used simply to refer to the Muslim lands of W China (not just Xinjiang).

Ehelawading #477 AL [ var. of Saihalaiwailedingye #208 3€ 5} ty IRAE

Emaini 俄 买 尼 = ‫ةمينغ‬‎ 8 spoils, booty, loot, esp. trophies captured in warfare against infidels. [A]

战利品 Enyaer 恩 亚尔

‫عيار‬‎ ‘iyar

standard, measure; sign on the clothes of an infidel during times of discrimination against non-Muslims in the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. [A]

特殊 标记 【 AGE ARAREY J Er ahong — 1715

۰. ‫بتكم‬‎ 25,51 akhund maktab

religious teacher at the primary level of the madrasa school, religious teacher of a madrasa, likewise at a Quran school; junior cleric, person invited by the community to teach Islam among the children. See also Ahong. [C, P — from

Chinese er (second) and Persian Akhond (teacher, preacher)] Erama 和尔阿 玛

blind. [A]

小 学阿 饥

| a‘ma

BA, ft

Erbu 26 < , 尔 布 ‫ببع‬‎ 0 fault, defect, blemish, flaw, shortcoming, imperfection, trouble, mishap. [A]

缺陷

,毛病 , 短处

Erbude 和尔

布得 ,Erbudu

二 补 堵 var. of Abudu 阿布 杜

Erde 尔 德 ”= 0 feast, festival, holiday. Term mainly refers to the ‘Id al-adha (or ‘Id al-qurban) and ‘Id al-fitr (see Erde aideha and Erde feiteer) but sometimes also includes the celebration of Muhammad’s birthday and the commemoration of his death

(see Maolide naibi). [A]

Erde aideha 58 - [1518

231

‫ديع الاضحى‬‎ "10 al-adha

the ‘feast of ۳ (or Greater Bairam among Turkic Muslims) on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijja. In most Islamic lands, this is the most important feast but, 25

Erde feiteer 尔 德 - 6

among the Hui,‘Id al-fitr (Erde feiteer) is more celebrated. See also Erde

guerbangni. [A]

‫در‬‎

AK Fb

Erde feiteer 尔 德- 364۴2 ۰‫رطفلا‬‎ ‫‘ ديع‬id al-fitr ‘the feast of breaking the fast’ at the end of Ramadan (or Lesser Bairam among Turkic Muslims). Biggest festival among Muslim communities in N China (not so in SW China — see Maolide naibi). [A] 7۳۶

Erde guerbangni 7/5 - ۳۱ ‫نابرقلا‬‎ ‫‘ ديع‬id al-qurban more commonly used name in China for ‘Id al-adha (Erde aideha). Qurban has the specialist ritual sense of sacrifice, hence Chinese Muslims regard this

festival as the day for slaughtering livestock. It also is the day of loyalty and filial piety, which was explained in the religious discourse of Chinese Muslim scholars as comparable to the great virtues in Confucianism. See also Rouzi.

]۵[ 322 [۲ , Bae Erde kabier 尔 德 - 卡 比尔

‫ريبكلا‬‎ aod! al-‘id al-kabir

‘the greatest feast’. Alternative name for ‘Id al-adha (Erde aideha). [A]

KTH Erde Mubareke 尔 德 - 穆 巴 热 克 ‫دبع مبارك‬‎ ‘id mubarak “Happy Holiday!” A greeting exchanged by Muslims on Islamic holidays. [A]

节日 愉快 Erde suoyier 尔 德- 索 伊 尔 ‫ريغصلا‬‎ ‫ ديعلا‬21-10 al-saghir ‘the lesser feast’. Alternative name for ‘Id al-fitr (see Erde feiteer). [A]

小

节日

Ererli 52/53 barley. [A,P]

‫‏‬ubagrE 7157

‫ریعش‬‎ ‘ir 2

‫“ عقاب‬1‫و‬3

(divine) punishment, the end. [A]

Kit

Ergebai 尔格 拜 43 ‘aqibat end, outcome, result, consequence, effect.[A]

Erhemaige 1571221

JG 52, Fi

‫احمق‬‎ "ahmaq

dumb, stupid, silly, foolish; naive, fool, simpleton. Used to refer to children

who are naughty and foolish. [A]

70201 , 484% 26

Ershelai

Erlaifei 257636

‫فلا‬‎ alifa

2 ‫ع‬3‎

se

to be accustomed, to grow tame; the fast before ‘Id al-qurban (Erde guerbangni) or other Islamic holidays, practised by some pious Chinese Muslims.

[A]

im ۲ ۳ ‫کر‬‎ ‫ رکزن‬7 0 ( , 贯 练,习惯

Erlesuoti kahai 21538/۲۳۵ - KA

‫داك‬‎ ‫‘ ةضرع‬ardat gah

place of judgement at the Day of Judgement (see also Maogeifu); battlefield, open place. [A, P — from Arabic ardat (display, exhibition) and Persian gah

(place, location)]

Erliangmai

末日 清算 场地

2

‘alam

sign, token, mark, badge, characteristic; omen, harbinger. [A]

标记 ,征兆 , 迹象

, 预兆

Erlin 尔 林 var. of Aiermu

艾 尔 姆

Ermaili (1) 尔 埋里 ‫رمع‬‎ ۲ life, duration of life, life span; for Hui in some Sufi orders, anniversary of the death of their shaykh. Many Muslims dislike using this word, thinking it has too strong a Chinese cultural flavour linked to the birthday party celebration among the Han. They prefer to use the Arabic term ‘amal — see Ermaili (2) below — for commemorating the birth and death of their founder, chief or

shaykh. [A]

教主 逝世 纪念 目

Ermaili (2) 尔 麦 力 ‫لمع‬‎ ‘amal charitable work, good deed; doing, acting, work, achievement, practice, activity, deeds pleasing to God. Among Sufis in China ‘amal refers to a donation made to the founder or chief of the order; also a feast, or donation for a memorial service, commemorating the birth or death of the shaykh or founder. A few

Sufi suborders use another Arabic term, ‘umr, for such religious activity — see Ermaili (1) above. [A]

行为 ,举动 , 施 济 , 宴请 宗教 人员 ,宗教 Variants: Amanli 阿曼 Ermoli

里,Ermaili

功课 , 宗教 善行

尔 麦 里,Ermoli 尔 默 礼

尔 默 礼 var. of Ermaili (2) 222

[

Ershayi 尔 沙 义 lis ‘isha’ evening (night) prayer. See also Saliangte asha. [A]

Ershelai 21236 ‎‫ها‬ Sarid

‫رشع‬‎ ‘ashar 2

宵礼

Ershelai miyeti 1

3€ -

۴

Ershelai miyeti 耳 舍 来 -

‫‘ ةرشع فالآ‬ashara alaf, Gb‫‘ ةرشع ‏‬ashara mi’a‫‏‬ thousand; the Chinese transliteration (in a Yunnan gazetteer of information‫‏‬ from a Hui Muslim cleric) seems to be mistaken as it means ten thousand but‫‏‬

should in fact refer to one thousand. [A]

Ershigei ۳24

万 [于 ]‫‏‬

‫قشع‬‎ ‘ishq

love, passion, ardor; used by Muslims in China to refer to somebody who is

supercilious, arrogant, haughty. [A] Ersu gun 7121

65

‫ةاصع‬‎ ‘asah

staff, rod, stick used by the Akhond

when delivering a sermon

from the

minbar (minbaier, pulpit, platform) at Friday prayers. [A, C — from Arabic ‘sah (stick, rod) and Chinese gun (stick, rod)] ##L, YEA

Ersule 2112

‫رصع‬‎ ‘asr

afternoon prayer. See also Digeer and Saliangte asier. [A] Ersuokaili

耳 梭凯 里 =

soldier [A,P]

[Ai#L

‘askar

۶,

Ertidi 尔 梯 德 ‫ددیا‬‎ 0 the angel who records the bad deeds of all people. See also Katibin. [A]

天 使 上 司 记录 人 的 恶 的,又 名 卡提 宾 ]

Erwamile 75 PLA)

‫لماوع‬‎ ‘awamil

factors, words governing others in syntax (gram.); title of the Arabic grammar textbook taught in madrasas. [A] 变化 因素 , 变 格 变 位

Eryuni ۰۵ ‫نیع‬‎ ‘ain eye. [Al 目 , 眼睛

Erzabu 尔 杂 布 ‫باذع‬‎ 0 punishment, pain, torment, martyrdom. Refers to the punishment resulting from sin, and the punishment coming from God. [A] #& Fi] , 磨难 , “EK

Erzhayibu

‎‫ال‬

‫ عجانب‬bi’aja‘

remarkable things, curiosities, oddities, unheard-of things, wondrous things

miracles; also (in Muslims usage) ignorance. [A] 28

少见 多 怪 , 奇迹

۳

Faerde jifaya 法 尔 德 - 基 法 雅

Erzilayile 尔 孜 拉 伊勒 ‫لینارزجح‬‎ 11 the angel of death, Azrael. [A]

天 使 [ 司 摄取 生命 的 ,又

名 麦 赖库力 毛 提 ] ,死神

Esili ‫ران‬‎[577 ‫ لسغ‬ghusl washing, ablution, the major ritual ablution (i.e., washing of the whole body),

also of acorpse. [A]

3

Variants: Esili JEMTF) , Ousili Ka] ‫رز‬‎ , Wusile S874), Wusili 乌 斯 力 ， Wusuli 乌 苏里

Esuo 恶 索 ‫و‬‎ wasakh dirt, filth, pitOr, ‫ی‬‎ garbage. [A]

Fadihai (#7

7

‫ةحتافلا‬‎ al-fatiha

beginning, opening; name of the Ist sura of the Quran and most frequently recited by Chinese Muslims in their religious services and daily life. [A]

《古兰经 》首 章 ，开端 章 Variant: Fatiha 法 提 哈

Fadima jiri 法 蒂 玛

忌日 [ 教

历9 月 14

日] ‫ةمطاف‬‎

‫ موي‬yaum Fatima

commemoration by Chinese Muslims of the death of fatima, on the 14th of Ramadan. This festival has a long history for Muslims in China. Females attend a service in the mosque. They also donate money or food for a feast that night to which clerics are invited. In Hui communities, the story of Fatima is narrated by a cleric or female Akhond. Some communities also celebrate this festival at Maulud al-Nabi (Maolide naibi). [A,C] Aq , 圣姑 节

Variant: Fatuma jie JAA ES ۲

Faerde 法 和 尔德 ‫ضرف‬‎ fard command, injunction, order, decree, ordinance; esp. regulations laid down in the Quran (see Lukun hamusi) and in particular the daily prayers sanctioned

by Shari‘a law. [A]

+i] , 主 命

Variant: Faleide 法

德雷

Faerde eryin 法 尔 德 -尔 因

‫ضرف عین‬‎ fard ‘ain

individual duty; duty which is fulfilled individually. [A]

Faerde jifaya 法 尔 德 - 基 法 雅

ASK SF

‫ةيافک‬‎ ‫ ضرف‬fard kifaya

collective duty, supplementary duty, funeral ritual according to sharia law. [A]

补充 义务 , 辅功, 2

, FRAO AYFEL

Variant: Faleize qifaye 法 雷 则 = 章法 耶 29

Faermayi 法 尔 马 义

Faermayi 法 尔马 义 ‫ینامرف‬‎ farma’i please; a polite invitation or request. [P]

if

Faerxi 法 尔 西 ‫ةيسراف‬‎ farisiyya, 4. 加 | al-farisiyya Persia, the Persians, Persian. Hence madrasa students studying Persian are called ‘guo al-fars’ [C, P — from Chinese guo (go through, study) and Persian

al-fars (Persian language)]

Fageiri 1226

波斯

,波斯 人 ,波斯 语

‫فقبر‬‎ faqir

poor, needy, poverty-stricken, impoverished; poor man, mendicant dervish,

Sufi mendicant. See also Dieliweishi. [A]

Fajier 法 基 尔 ‫رحف‬‎ fajr dawn, daybreak, the prayer at dawn. [A] Variant: Fazhili (۶ AW

Fajihe ۱۶2

贫困

fel

‫هبقف‬‎ faqih

legalist, jurisprudent (and theologian ), expert in figh (feigehai). [A]

Faleide }£7§ ( var. of Faerde (۶

Faleize qifaye 法 雷 则 -章法 耶 var. of Faerde jifaya 法 尔德 - 基 法 雅 Fali 法 力 ‫لاف‬‎ 1 token of faith, sign taken as a good omen, superstition, optimistic. When some Muslims meet trouble, they consult the Quran, and read an omen from the first

characters they encounter. Traditional Muslims denounce this practice as kafir

(kafeier), seeing it as a denial of Islamic faith. [A]

73K , 乐观

Faliduo (۶74 44.5 farida religious duty, those prayers (saliangte) obligatory under Islamic law (the five daily prayers, plus those pertaining to the various Islamic festivals). See also Gulebu falayiduo, Wazhibu and Yibadade. [A, P]

主 命 拜 , 天 命 拜, 主 命 的 Variant: Farizuo 法 日 作

Fana 法 那 :La fana’ vanishing, annihilation, extinction, non-being, non-existence; in Sufism the stage in the mystical experience which an advanced Sufi can reach through 30

Feidiye 费 递也

ritual practice and meditation, whereby the mystic’s imperfections and earthly

ties are annihilated or extinguished. [A]

}HX

Farizuo 法 日作 var. of Faliduo ۶۴ * Fasting see Sewamu

Fatiha 法 提 哈 var. of Fadihai 法 蒂 海

Fatuma jie 法 图 玛 节 var. of Fadima jiri 法 蒂 玛 鼠 日 Fatuwa 法 图 瓦 var. of Feitewu 菲特 伍 学 上 aftwa see Feitewu

Faxige 法 西 格

‫و فاسق‬‎

godless, sinful; a person not meeting the Islamic legal requirement of righteousness; to blaspheme, profane. See also Kafeier. [A]

A@4EAY , 2۳ A

Fayidai 法 伊代 ‫ةدئاف‬‎ 2 utility, benefit, advantage, gain, profit, interest, moral. [A]

好 处 ,利益 , 帮助

,获得

Variant: Fayide

法 义得

Fayizu RACH

‫ضيف‬‎ faid

flood, inundation, deluge, emanation, revelation, abundant flow of ideas. [A]

启示 Fazhili

法 只 力 var. of Fajier 法 基 尔

Fei 15 ‫یف‬‎ fi (in Egyptian Arabic usage) with regard, with reference to; (in Chinese Muslim

usage) having. [A]

有 【埃及 方言 ]

Feidiye 费 递也 ‫ةيدف‬‎

2

ransom, redemption (by a donation or ritual act) from failure to perform certain religious duties. Term is mainly used by Muslims in NW China (versus isqat in SW China). Also refers to a ritual in funeral services in which mourners gather round the coffin and pass around a copy of the Quran or money covered by a handkerchief. As they pass this round, they kiss it and chant verses from the Quran. The number of times the Quran or money is passed round depends 31

Feierge 3۶ 7K

upon the perception of to what extent the deceased failed in their religious duties when alive. After the service, the money donated by the family of the deceased is distributed among the mourners and the local poor, except for ten per cent donated to a mosque charitable foundation (waqf). See also Chuan

naipaisi and Wogefu. [A] 施舍 【为 死者 赎罪 ] Variants: Feidiye 费 递 业 ，Feitele #45 #), Feitiye 非提 耶 Feierge 352515 . ‫ةقرف‬‎ firqa sect, division, group (among Muslims); faction. [A]

JK, AUK

Feigehai 281 . ‫هقفلا‬‎ al-figh jurisprudence in Islarn, figh. See also Wusule feigehai. [A]

Feigeiyire 4224 C74.

218 , 法 学

‫فقبر‬‎ faqir

poor; poor man, or self-given humble title. See also Fageiri. [A]

贫穷 的, 穷人 Feihamen 肥 哈 门 . coal. [A] #,

Feikeer 1812525.

3 fahm 1۷

‫فكر‬‎ fikr

thinking, meditation, contemplation. [A] Feimi

肥米

mouth. [A]

冥想

0 fam

[1 , ۶

Feina feilasuo 362 - 3۴17۲۰ ۰ ‫ةسارف‬‎ ‫ ءانف‬fana’ al-firdsa non-existence; (among Sufis) a miracle-worker; intuitive knowledge of human

nature; honorific title given to high ranking Sufis in _—

称呼 [对 行踪 超人 的 古 太 布 的 ]

[A]

Feitele 费 特 勒 var. of Feidiye 费 递 也and Suodege feitele 25 135 - FRR

Feitewu 7۳۶/1

‫ىوتف‬‎ ۵

formal legal judgement or opinion in Islamic law given by a prominent cleric (of mufti status) on matters important to the Muslim community; in China

usually at a crucial time (e.g. during a period of severe repression or rebellion).

[A]

判断 ,宗教 权威 的 意见 ，口 唤

Variant: Fatuwa

法 图 瓦 32

Fuergangni 福 尔 刚 尼

Feitinai 424273

‫ةنتف‬‎ fitna

riot, discord, dissension, contradiction, trouble, civil war; differences of opinion over Islamic interpretation among clerics. [A] 灾难, 是非, 矛盾 Variant: Feitinai # #2 77

Feitiye 非 提 耶 var. of Feidiye 费递 也

Feituer 费 图尔 ‫روطف‬‎ ۲ breakfast taken in the evening during Ramadan. Esp. in SW China, this meal is eaten communally by adults (even all members in some case) at the local mosque. Many pious Muslims also contribute money and food to the meal.

[A]

۳751 , 早饭

Fenerji 粉儿吉 ‫یجرف‬‎ farji a kind of green garment, worn by the Akhonds and the khalifas at madrasa graduation ceremonies in Sufi orders and the traditional Sunni Qadim group

in NW and SW China. [P] 大 衣 , 5۳10 , ۲ Variant: Fenerzhi #3 JL. A

Fenlaji 7 ۲۲ ‫هحارف‬‎ farajah an outer cloak or mantle of special type worn by clerics or the pious Muslim.

[T]

110 ,长袍

Fentuiaiti (۸۴/۶/۶ silver. [A]

i235 fidda

4

“+ Festivals see Ashula (Ashura), Bailati ye (laila al-bara’a), Erde feiteer (‘Id

al-fitr), Erde guerbangni (‘Id al-adha), Fadima jiri (yaum Fatima), Gaideerjie (laila al-qadr) and Maolide naibi (maulid al-nabiy). “+ Figh see Feigehai, also Wusule feigehai (usul al Figh) + Fitna see Feitinai

Fuergangni 福 尔 刚 尼 ‫ناقرفلا‬‎ al-furgan ‘The Proof’, title of the 25th sura of the Quran; frequently used in religious discourse to refer to the Quran itself. In the religious discourse of Muslim scholars in China, there are four holy books in Judaism, Christianity and

Islam with this title. [A] Variants: Fuergeni

«fr“2)

府尔 哥尼 ,Puergan 普尔 干 33

Fuergeni 府 尔 哥 尼

Fuergeni 府 尔 哥 尼 var. of Fuergangni 福 尔 刚 尼 Fulua 弗 鲁 阿 ‫عرف‬‎ far’ branch, section; the division of the subjects of figh, the science of interpreting and explaining Shari‘a law. [A] ۶

Fulua feigehai 2015۳ - 1616۴

‫هقفلا‬‎ ‫ عورف‬furi' al-fiqh

applied ethics, consisting in the systematic elaboration of canonical law in Islam; method of the interpretation of Shari‘a law. [A]

法 学 分 支 , 法 律 方法 Furuomani RAVE

‫نامرف‬‎ firman

destiny, submitting, controlled; fate, lot or luck by which people are brought together. [P] ”缘分

Gadelinye 11517015

‫ةيردقلا‬‎ al-Qadriya

the Qadriyya group, one of the four main Sufi orders in China whose name derives from the Arabic gadar (fate, destiny, might and power) or from the name of its founder, Abd al-Qadir. It is said that Abdu al-Din Allah from Mecca

introduced its doctrine to China in the 17th century. The order believes and emphasizes predestination, destiny or divine destiny in its religious practices. In its development it has absorbed some Taoist and Buddhist elements into its Sufi doctrine, which accords greater importance to meditation, breathing exercises, silent dhikr and visiting gubba (tombs of saints) than to the Hajj. Qadriyya’s clerics lead a celibate life and spend long periods in prayer and wandering in mountain and forest nature while they meditate or cultivate their spirituality. The Qadriyya have 6 sub-orders and are found among the Hui of W China. Statistics from 1983 put them as having about 100,000 members in total. [A]

MAPK EBUR , HUAEUR , 1HAUR

Gadewa 26

3403 qadwa

model for imitation, good example, pattern, trodden path; symbol of the prayer hall. In earlier times, the gadwa of the mosque from the Buddhist temple. In modern times, many mosques crescent symbols for the gadwa. However, the old and historical

have the old fashioned gadwa. [A]

Gadui 2511

on the ceiling copied forms in China use mosques still

大 殿 顶 子 ,标志 ,方向 , 朝向

‫ضاق‬‎ qidin， ‫ىضاق‬‎ qadi

judge at the mosque, religious judge, magistrate, gadi, justice. Position included within a department of judges established by the Yuan dynasty in both 34

Gailanmu 改 兰 木

central and local administration for legal and civil regulation of the Muslim

community, a function suviving in Xinjiang until 1949. Nowadays, the Akhond who handles disputes in the community has a semi-function of gadi. See also

Hadi, Houkong and Mufuti. Compare Hajimu. [A]

法 官, 教 法 官

Variants: Gazhui "2 #E , Gazhui " #£ , Kadi Fill , Kaduo £28 , Kazi £% , (among the Uighurs) Qazi

Gaibule 盖 布 勒 ‫لوبق‬‎ qabil consent, as approval, admission, acceptance, reception, welcome; parental consent to marriage; at wedding ceremonies in NW China, the word of assent to

the marriage given by the bridegroom’s father. See also Dadan. [A]

‫‏‬reediaG 79122

人允 婚

‫تلقن قدر‬

to assign, determine, preordain; divine decree; predestination, fate, destiny;

noble, mighty. [A]

fie, HIE , 定然 , EF, 高贵

Variants: Gaidaer 盖达 和尔 , Gedeer

Gaideerjie mfS/K 7

格 得 尔 ,Gedele

,大能 格 得 勒 , Kadaer ۳

‫ةليل القدر‬‎ lailat al-qadr

‘Night of Power’, the night in which the Quran was revealed, celebrated during the night of the 26th to 27th of Ramadan. Chinese Muslims regard this night as the most important night in the year. In many communities, the celebrations are esp. large with a huge feast prepared, few Muslims sleeping at all that night. There is much chanting of Quranic verses. [A]

(3 , 坐 夜 ,二 八 节 , 高 贵 之夜 ,前 定之 夜 Variants: Gaideer wanxi 盖 德 尔 晚多 , Gaideer ye 盖 德 尔 夜 Gaideer wanxi

盖 德 尔 蜀 多 var. of Gaideerjie

盖 德 尔节

Gaideer ye 盖 德 尔夜 var. of Gaideerjie 盖 德 尔节

Gaidemu shelifu fet -

AK

‫بفيرش‬‎

‘the noble footprint’ of Muhammad Jerusalem. [A]

先知 的 足迹

Gaimaier 改 买 尔 ‫رمق‬‎ qamar moon. [A]

月 ,月 亮

Gailan 盖 兰 var. of Gelan 28

Gailanmu

改 兰 木 var. of Gelan

‫ مدق‬qadam sharif

at the Dome of the Rock Mosque in

&= 35

Galebu ۱5 i #7

Galebu 817

‫بلق‬‎ qalb

heart; (in usage of Muslims in NW China) body, corpse. [P]

Gana 132

“身体 ,

尸体

3&3 qganah

ditch, canal. [A]

۴

Gan halamu ۳۱۵ ۲

al haram

forbidden, unlawful, offence; to do something illegal, unIslamic. [A, C — from the Chinese gan (to do) and Arabic haram (prohibited, sin, unlawful)]

做 非法 事 Gaomani 高 马尼

‫ناموق‬‎ qauman

nations, peoples; (in Chinese Muslim usage) Islamic believers. [P — from

Persian plural form of gaum (Muslims)]

教 民, 教 众

Variant: Gaomani fra PRIE Gaomu 高 目

‫موق‬‎ qaum

(1) fellow tribesmen, kinsfolk, kin, tribe, race, people, nation; (in Hui Muslim

usage) people who share the same faith as Muslims; a word used by the imam to refer to believers; (2) Muslims or the Hui; (3) followers of Sufi orders in Central Asia greet each other with the term. [A]

(1) 民族, 人民 ,群众 (2) 教民 Gashabu 13 25 flesh, meat. [P]

‫تشروك‬‎ gosht FAA

Gazhui ۱۸ , "SE var. of Gadui 72.52, 学 Gazi see Gadui

Geamaiti ۸۶ [i] & HE var. of Geiyamaiti 2۵۱۲ HE ۱ Gebulai 格 卜 来 413 qibla direction in which Muslims face praying (toward the Kaaba); indication of the direction of Mecca found in a prayer niche or recess, mihrab (mihalabi), in a mosque. The qibla is a stone or wooden board in which are carved Quranic verses using Arabic calligraphy and painted in golden or red colours. For Chinese Muslims the qibia is a sacred object in their mosque which often they refer to as the mihrab. [A] ‫از‬‎ , 正 向 , 寺 里 的 壁 盒,礼拜 朝向

Variants: Gebulai 格

布来 ,Geibulai 给 布来 30

Geiyamaiti 4 ۱۳ 2 2

Gedeer 格 得 尔 var. of Gaideer 盖 得 尔 Gedele

格 得 勒 var. of Gaideer

Gedimu 格 底 木

盖得 尔

‫ميدق‬‎ gadim

old, ancient, old tradition; (in Chinese Muslim usage) those Hui who follow

the old tradition (not the younger Sufism and Wahhabiyya). Both historically and today, the Qadim have been the majority group among the Hui (in 1983 more than 4 million members throughout China in a Hui population of little more than 7 million). Emphasizing similarities between Islam and Confucianism, the Qadim use Confucian terminology to explain Islamic doctrine. In the early history of Islam in China, the Qadim evolved by absorbing Shi‘a Islam within the Sunni mainstream; Sufism was tolerated. They adopted the tenets of the Hanafi school of law and developed a clerically-based organization (comprising imam, khutba [hutubai] and muezzin) centred on the local Muslim community.

From about the mid-Ming period, a distinctly Chinese madrasa educational system developed among the Qadim. Here religious texts in the original Arabic or Persian were augmented by commentaries and explanatory texts written in Chinese (Han ketabu). Such an accommodating approach to Chinese culture (and

even other religious traditions found in China) has been a feature of the Qadim throughout their history, but also criticized for being taatile and prompting the

growth of reformist movements like the Ikhwan. [A]

Geerdai

十 老 , 陈旧 , BU

格 尔代 ‫ةدعاق‬‎ 021

method, model, manner, mode, formula, rule, foundation, basis, support, ground

work. [A]

Geibulai

办法

给 布 来 var. of Gebulai 1۶

Geiyasi 给 亚 斯 ‫سايق‬‎ 5 measure, measuring, rule, comparism, analogy, example, paradigm, logical conclusion, syllogism, hypothesis. One of the sources of Islamic law (Wusule feigehai), giyas is the principle by which the laws implicit in the Quran and Sunna

are applied to situations not covered by these two sources. [A] Variant: Geyasi 格亚 斯

Geiyamaiti ۸۱۳221۶

354۶ , 推理

‫ةماض‬‎ qiyama

upheaval, standing, resurrection, revival at the last day, the day of final judgement, the world to come. See also Yaomu baierxi. [A]

人 的 复活

,站起 , 清算 日 , 后世

Variants: Geamaiti ۸۵ [i]#242,

Geyamaiti #4.۲ 37

Gelaibu 格 来 补

Gelaibu ۸6767۳ heart. [A]

‫بلق‬‎ qalb

‫هام‬‎

Gelan 2 = 3 qalam pen, calligraphic style, script; a special pen made of bamboo for copying and writing the Quran and religious books by clerics and madrasa students in China. See also Aershi.[A] 笔

Variants: Gailan 2۶ ~~ , Gailanmu 改 兰 木

Gelandai #4 =f} var. of Hailandaer 海兰 达尔

Gelande 革 烂 得

015 qalandar

a dervish type that disregards appearance and flouts public opinion. Term derives from the name of the Qalandars who wandered and lived in many parts of China from the 17th to the early 20th centuries. They were denounced by traditional Muslims as heretics, and persecuted and banned in Yunnan in the

early 18th century. See also Hailandaer. [A] Gemisi

苏 非游 方行士

隔 米 斯 ‫صیق‬‎ qamis

shirt, dress, gown, covering, case, wrap, cover, envelope; shroud for male

corpse. See also Yihelamu. [A] Variant: Gemisu

衬衣 , 2۳۱۲ , BAP RK

格 密 素

Gensuo 根 索 ‫صصق‬‎ 5 narrative, tale, story. Esp. refers to the stories in the Quran and of the prophets — the Prophet Muhammad, his family members, his successors and Companions.

[A]

故事

Geyamaiti

格 亚买提 var. of Geamaiti

格 阿 麦提

Geyasi 格 亚斯 var. of Geiyasi 给 亚 斯 Gongbei 拱北

‫ةبق‬‎ qubba

dome, domed shrine, memorial shrine, cupolaed structure. Term is used (even

by the traditional Sunni Qadim group) to refer to the tombs of Sufis (esp. Sufi saints but also other prominent religious figures) in China. Often such qubba are the centre for the religious activities of a Sufi order. Muslims in China visit the tombs at certain times to chant the Quranic verses in memory of these holy men. In NW China, the Turkic Muslims use mazar (mazha) instead to refer

to a tomb or shrine, esp. those of Sufi saints, holy men and martyrs who have died fighting against infidels. [A] 332 , 坟 , 圆 顶建筑 38

Guo haile ‫رز‬‎ } i

Guer bang 古尔邦

‫نابرقلا‬‎ ‫ ديع‬10 al-qurban.

alternative name for ‘Id al-adha (‘Id al-kabir or Greater Bairam). The name has

the sense of bringing closer to God by way of sacrifice. The Turkic Muslims regard al-qurban as the biggest Islamic holiday for celebration. The most Hui Muslims regard it the second most important holiday; the Hui in SW China treat it as the third most important holiday, next to maulud al-nabi and ‘id al-fitr. See

Erde guerbangni. [A,P]

Guixi 1765

324677 , 忠孝 节

‫همق‬‎ qima

minced meat; mutton or beef cut into small pieces. Term is still used by Muslims

in W China. [P, 了T] 牛 羊肉 〔 切 碎 的 ]

Gulan 古 兰

‫نآرق‬‎ Qur’an

Quran, holy book of Islam; (in Chinese Muslim usage) a divine text revealed

by Allah through His messenger Muhammad. [A]

«7“2),

«al =X)

Gulebu falayiduo 4 #)7f - 发 拉 依 多 ‫ضتارف‬‎ ‫ ةبرق‬qurba fara’id religious duty, obligatory prayer pleasing God. See also Faliduo, Saliangte,

Wazhibu and Yibadade.

17

Gulebu naiwafeili 古 勒布- ‫[راع‬‎22 ‫ ةبرق لفن‬qurba nafl supererogatory performance (of prayer, charity, good deeds, etc.) pleasing to God. See also Taihanzhu, Tetuanwoer and Xunnaiti. [A] 自己 功 行

Guliya aierlabi 古里 亚 - 艾耳 拉比

‫برعلا‬‎ ‫ ةيرق‬qaryat al-‘arab

village, village of the Bedouins, or Arabs. [A]

村 【阿拉伯

(

Variant: Guliya aierluobi 古里 亚 - 艾耳 罗 比

Gunaha 古 那 哈 ‫دانك‬‎ gunah guilt, sin, the action of breaking Shari‘a law. [P]

2۴

Seat , 罪行

Variants: Gunahai Taonahai 讨 纳 海

Guo haile 13*8

5 违背 教 律 的] 古 纳 海 ,Gunahai 262

, Gunahe

固 纳 核 ,

‫رخ‬‎ khair

good, benefit, interests, advantage; welfare, charity; dinner in honour of clerics

and poor relatives given by a Sufi follower. Term is equivalent to niya and amal (see Ju niyeti and Ermaili )2((۰ [A, C - from Chinese ‫عالم‬‎ (do, undergo) and Arabic khair (good deed, charity, etc.)] 好 的 ,善良 的 , 施 济 38

Gutubu 4 ‫لع‬‎

Gutubu 古 土 布 ‫بطق‬‎ qutb axis, axle, pole, pivot, leader, authority; leading personality in the Sufi orders and their suborders; mystical person with extraordinary powers (a highest-ranked Sufi saint or wali, the ‘friend of Allah’). This title was used among Muslims to refer to certain prominent Sufis in China — esp. the ra’s (reyisi) — and followers of the Jahriyya group honour their chief with this term. In Shi‘a Islam, this is the title of the representative in this world of the Hidden Imam. See also Woli.

[A]

车轴 ,要 人 , 苏 非 派 教主 ,非凡 人 物 〔【具 有 神秘色彩 的 ]，真 人

Guwaxi ‫کا‬‎

‫ هاوک‬guwah

evidence, witness, testimony. Term is commonly used by Muslims in W China.

[P]

iE A , Fuk

Habibu

‎‫م‬5755

=. » habib

beloved, sweetheart, lover, darling, dear one, friend. See also Maihabubu.

[Ale ‎‫ساب‬

ADA

Habusi 哈 布 斯 ‫سبح‬‎ ۵ religious bequest; legal creation of a pious foundation or endowment that is granted and unalienable in perpetuity, and the yield of which is devoted to pious purposes; (popularly) the endowment itself. Also known as wagqf (Wogefu).

[A]

财产 的 类 别 , 不 动产

Hadasi "GiABR ‫ثدح‬‎ hadath evil symptom, misdeed, misfortune, ritual impurity (according to Islamic Law); excrement, feces. Term is used by Chinese Muslims to refer to pork or other food considered unclean and thus prohibited by Islamic law. [A]

猪肉 , SEE, ۳۷۳۲ CD , (1 Variant: Haidaisi 2 A ٠ Hadd (hudud)

see Hade

Hade 哈 德 ‫دح‬‎ 0 legal punishment of criminal behaviour. See also Hudude and i

[A]

犯罪 行为 Variant: Hade 哈 的

Hadi 哈 迪 ‫یداه‬‎ hadi leader, guide, chief of the mosque in the time of the Yuan dynasty and the early Ming dynasty. Some Chinese Muslim scholars translate the term as gadi

(gadui, religious judge). [A]

主持 者 【元 时 清真 寺 的 ， 71 [77۲۶ 由所 ] 40

Hailiangsu } (5 Hh

Hadidi ۱8/6 1۳08. ]۵[

‫دیدح‬‎

0

8

Hadisi ۱۵۲

‫تیدح‬‎ hadith

speech, narrative, prophetic tradition; Hadith, the narrative relating to the deeds and utterances of the Prophet and his Companions; title of a textbook taught at Chinese madrasas.[A] 言语 , 圣 训 ‫ ه‬Hadith

see Hadisi‫‏‬

Hageigaiti 82۵ mit

‫ةقيقح‬‎ 8

truth, reality, fact; the true state of affairs, the facts; true nature, real meaning,

true sense. See also Tuolegeti. [A] Variant: Hageigeti

“实在 的 , 真实 的

哈给 格提

Haidaisi 孩代 思 var. ofHadasi 哈达 斯 Haidingye ۲1111 ‫ةيده‬‎ ۵ gift, present, donation, offering, sacrifice, reward, remuneration, pay; gift given to a cleric brought in to perform religious services. Donations by believers to the head of the Jahriyya order are regarded as especially good

deeds. [A]

Wan , 施 济 物 ，报本

Variant: Haitiye j 42 98

Haifute

海 夫 特 var. of Xinmizi

Hailandaer 海兰 达尔

新 米子

‫ردنلك‬‎ Kalandar

the wandering dervishes in E Turkestan who, according to local gazetteers, flourished there between the 18th and early 20th centuries. See also Dawaniye and

Gelande. [P] 游 方 信 士 ，托 钵 僧 Variants: Gelandai 格 兰 贷 ，Gelande 革 烂 得

Hailiangli 海 俩 丽 (1)

halila (2) ‫لئالح‬‎ hala’il

(1) wife, wife by marriage; (2) wives. [A]

3 ۳ , ۸۷۶2۳ Variant: Haliangli

۴

Hailiangsu 海 俩苏 ©jal khalasa unmixed; to be pure, done, finished, cleared up; to settle a contract or debt. [A]

清澈 ,结束 ,完结 41

Hailifu 海里 府

Hailifan 海里 凡 var. of Halifa 哈里 发 Hailifu 海里 府 ‫فیرخلا‬‎ al-kharif autumn, fall. [A]

秋 ,秋天

Hailige 海 利格 ‫ةقلخ‬‎ ۵ the creation, nature, creatures, the universe created by God. [A]

Hailili 海 力 立

‫لیلح‬‎ halil

husband. [A]

5

Haimale jf 4

donkey. [A]

创造

‫رامح‬‎ himar

‫قرت‬‎

Variant: Heimari © fk A

Haimuli 2

var. of Hamuer 哈 姆尔

Haimuse 26

five. [A]

2

‫سمخ‬‎

5

ff

Haina 海 纳 =< be =hinna’ the shrub henna (Lawsonia inermis), used for dyeing the hands, feet, nails, etc.; one of the life customs of the Muslim communities in imperial China, and even today; an ancient term from Sino—Persian commercial trade. [P]

凤 仙 花 ,

指甲 花

Haishite 海 什 特 var. of Kaomizi 考 米 子 Haitenai 海特 乃 ‫نتذ‬‎ 8 to circumcise, perform the ritual of circumcision. According to hadith, boys ought to be circumcised before they are 12 years old. See also Heitina and Zuo sunnaite. [A]

‫ان‬‎

Variant; Hetenai 1312 74

Haitie AK var. of Haitimu 21 8 Haitimu % #2 A ‫خ‬:‎ khatm basic Islamic knowledge. Title of a textbook taught at the primary level of the madrasa in China, comprising 18 chapters and verses or more selected from the Quran. The text is also used for the pore ain religious services. [A] 《古兰经 选 》 集 [ 经 堂 教育 初级 课本 ] , 学识 浅薄 的 Variant: Haitie 2 42

Hakim

Haitiye #4246

var. of Haidingye if

Haituibu 5115

var. of Heituibu

۲

黑 推 布

Haji CD 哈 吉 ‫جاح‬‎ hail pilgrim, hajji, honorific title of one who has performed the pilgrimage to Mecca. (A Hajj still enjoys great respect among Chinese Muslims.) [A]

WS

,2

(BAM 0 ]

Variant: Hajie 哈 解

Haji (2) 哈 吉

‫جح‬‎ haij

pilgrimage, the Hajj (official Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca). See also Chao

hanzhi. Compare Wumula. [A] #20 , 巡游麦 加的 仪式 Variants: Hazhi 哈 只 , Hazhi 哈 志 , Hanji 罕 吉 Hajier

哈 吉尔

“>>J| al-hajar

the Black Stone (of the Kaaba). [A] 玄 石 【 克 和 尔 白的 [

Hajimu 哈 基 姆

‫اح‬‎ hakim

judge working in the state or canonical law (no great times); local administrator in E. Turkestan during the

(gadui). [A]

administration and dealing with issues of secular distinction being made between the two in earlier appointed among the Uighur by the Qing Empire period of the 1808-196 centuries. Compare gadi

法 官 ,地 方 行政 官

Variant: Agimu 阿 奇 目

Hajie 哈 解 var. of Haji )1( 哈 吉 “+ Hajj see Haji (2)

“ Hajji see Haji (1) Hakemaiti "ff152212

‫حكمة‬‎ hikmat

wisdom, philosophy, rationale, underlying reason, sagacity; subtle, secret. [A]

哲理 , 奥妙 Hakeyeti "452642 ‫ةياعح‬‎ hikayat story, tale, narrative, account. [A] 故事 , 传说 学 Hakim

see Hajimu 43

Halaji ۱۵ ۷ ۲ Halaji 哈喇 吉

‫قرع‬‎

0

sweat, perspiration; arrack, a strong colourless liquor made from raisins turning

milky white when diluted with water; (in Yunnan usage, according to imperial

chronicles and local histories) white spirit, liquor. [A,P,T]

Variants: Alaji BalWl , Alagi Halali

(۳, S874

۱2

哈 拉 里 var. of Haliangli 哈 俩力

Halameiyin

哈 拉 梅因

‫الحرمان‬‎ al-haraman

the two Holy Places, Mecca and Medina. [A] Halamu ۱۵

两 圣 城 , 2211111122 HAN

‫مارح‬‎ haram

forbidden, prohibited, unlawful; taboo, offense, sin; hatred. ‫و‬‎ drinking alcohol and gambling. [A]

are rape,

非法 的 ., 违法的 ,禁止 的, 令 人 厌恶 的 Variants: Halamu 哈 拉 姆 ，Halamnu 哈 拉 目

Halazhi

哈拉志

‫حارخ‬‎ kharaj

tax, land tax paid by free non-Muslims (under Islamic Law). See also Aihelu

zanmai and Jieqiya. Compare Oushile. [A]

mi ( HP AEA)

学 Halepa see Halifa

Hali "377

习

hala,

‫لاح‬‎ hal

personal status, position, situation, health; (for Hui Muslims) luck. See also

Bie hali. [A]

Haliangli ۲۶/۲

42,

1),

8,

5

‫لالح‬‎ halal

allowed, permitted, lawful, legal, legitimate, ee

sion, wife. [A] 合法的 ,正当 的 ,Em

ge allowable; lawful posses-

, 30 ,,‫عد‬‎ 32

۳

Variant: Halali 哈 拉里

Haliangli 哈 俩 里 var. of Hailiangli 海 俩丽

Halifa 哈里 发 ‫ةفيلح‬‎ Khalifa vicar, deputy, successor, caliph, student. Meaning varies widely depending on context and user, but the major meanings are: (1) religious student at a madrasa (most common usage of term in China). In NW China the term manla is more commonly used; (2) title of those who have graduated after ten years of madrasa education at one of the central mosques (like Kashghar or Yarkand) 44

Hanafi (School of law)

ad ‎‫ا‬

a

and have passed the final examination, thus being awarded their certificate; (3) caliph, a successor of the Prophet Muhammad (Halifa laisuli anla). Hence,

in the Khafiyya order, the term denotes the successor (layibu) specially groomed by the head of the order; (4) some Sufi orders and suborders in China use

khalifa as the title of the person who, as representative of the master of the (sub)order, is responsible for leading a local community; (5) among the Uighurs of E Turkestan, the halepa, a representative of the ishan empowered (by the authority of a certificate issued by that ishan) to lead in religious affairs generally and esp. in interpretation of Islamic law, propagation of the faith, waqf management and even initiation of murids (mulide, disciples). [A, P]

ARR, , 代理 人 , 经 学 院 学 生 Variant: Hailifan

海里 几

Halifa laisuli anla 哈里 发 - 莱

苏里= 安 拉

‫هللا‬

‫ ةفيلخ لوسر‬khalifat rasil allah‫‏‬

caliph, the representative of the Messenger of God. Esp. refers to the four‫‏‬ Caliphs in early Islamic history. [A] “哈里 发 , 安 拉 使 者的 代理 人‫‏‬ Halige 哈里 格 JL khaliq creative; creator, Maker. One of the attributive names of Allah. [A]

创造 者

Halilu 哈里 鲁 ‫لیلخ‬‎ 1 (true) friend, a trusted person. [A]

”朋友

Haliwa 哈里 瓦 var. of Haluwa 哈 鲁 瓦 Halizhao 哈里 党 ‫جحلخ‬‎ khalij bay, gulf, canal, largeriver. [A]

湾 ,江

Haluwa "a AL ‫ىولح‬‎ halwa candy, confection, sweetmeats. Term refers to certain special sweets or candies

prepared by the Hui in NW China. [A, P]

糕点

,糖果 , 甜点 心

Variant: Haliwa 哈里 瓦 Hamuer 哈

姆尔 >

wine.[A,P]

i

khamr

Variant: Haimuli % 7K “+ Hanafi (School of law)

one of the four major schools (maizihaibu) of Sunni law, followed by almost all Sunni Muslims in China. See also Yisitihesang.

45

Hange 罕 格

Hange 24%

‫حق‬‎ haqq

truth, rightness, duty, obligation; Lord of Truth, Allah, God; a term of affirma-

tion. [A]

真 的 ,真理 ,义务

,责任 ，真 主

Variant: Hangei 罕给 Hange tealiang 罕 格 - 特 阿 两 es ‫قد‬‎ 209 6 “[The] True (God), He is high!” This eesis often used in prayer by Muslims, and chanted by clerics before their sermon in religious services. [A]

真实 的 主呀 Hangei 罕 给 var. of Hange 罕 格 Hangesiti

罕 格

斯担 ‫تسا‬‎

‫قح‬

haqq’ast

really, truly, just, right, rightly. [P]

FLAY , 实实在在 的

Hanji 罕 吉 var. of Haji (2) 哈 吉 Han ketabu 7175‫(ال‬‎

‫ باتک‬kitab

(in Chinese Muslim usage) Islamic books written in or translated into Chinese,

often using Confucian, Buddhist and Taoist terminology to explain Islamic doctrine. They first appear in Hui Muslim communities in the late 16th century and flourished in the 17th—19th centuries. Study of these texts is a key aspect of the theology of the Xidaotang (an offshoot of the Khafiyya) whereas other groups only accept the authority of texts in the original Arabic or Persian for madrasa education and doctrinal studies. [A, C — from Chinese Han (Chinese)

and Arabic kitab (book)]

汉文经书

Hanli 罕 里 上~ hazz 幸运 good fortune, good luck, pleasure. [A] Hannika 罕 尼 卡

‫هاقناخ‬‎ khanagah

monastery, home of dervishes, place for Sufi es practices in E Turkestan. [A, P] 道 堂,修道 场所

Hanyi 罕 乙 ۳ hayy city quarter or block, town. [A] Hanyi qingzhen si = Gjf AF

services and mystical

城区 ‫دحسم‬‎ ‫ ییح‬hayy masjid

great mosque to which some small mosques are affiliated and at which prayers on Friday and Islamic holidays are held. The big mosque plays a 46

Hata 哈 ye

central role in areas having a large Muslim Community belonging to the Ikhwan group or a Sufi order. [A, C — from Arabic hayy (town, block) and Chinese gingzhen si (mosque)]

城区 清真 寺

Hanyi zhemati 汉 依 哲 玛 提 2 hayy jam ‘tyat big mosque, the town mosque to which Muslims from small communities nearby go to prayers on Fridays and Islamic holidays. See also Hanyi qingzhen si.

[A]

5۴

Hanzhi benlaxie 罕 指 奔 拉 协 ‫هللا‬‎ ‫ برح‬hizb allah ‘Party of God’, name appropriated by many movements worldwide (e.g. in Lebanon). Name of an organization founded by Hui Muslims in Shadian (S Yunnan) and active in the 1960s and ’70s. Also name of a separatist move-

ment among Uighurs in Xinjiang established during the last decade through a network of mosques and madrasas.[A] 真主 党 ，安拉和党

Hapizi ۱۶ 21

‫ظفاح‬‎ 7

keeper, guardian custodian, caretaker; one who knows the Quran by heart (see also Hari); in E Turkestan, the disciple leading the murids (mulide, believers or novices who recite the verses in Sufi ritual) in their chanting and dhikr. Also referred to as a ‘music teacher’, a role usually taken by men but sometimes by

women (see also Buwei). [A, P]

诵 经 师 【 仪式 中 ]

Variants: (among the Uighurs) Apizi 阿 皮 孜 and Khapiz ۷۵ 224

Hari 哈日

‫یراق‬‎ ‫وقت‬

in E Turkestan, one who is able to recite the entire Quran (or sections of it) by

heart. [Ui] 背诵 《古兰经 》者 【全 部 或 部 分 ] Variant: (among the Uighurs) Kali 喀 里 Hasaide "9

3278

‫دسح‬‎

0

envy, to be jealous of (something). [A]

Hasu ۱۵ 7

嫉妒

‫صاخ‬‎ khass

attached to; of a fine quality, special, strongly or notably pure. Term refers to those who have cultivated themselves in good behaviour and upheld religious

traditions. [A] Hata ۱۵1

‫ل‬‎ [2Ac ) 1573 2744353 , 8 ۳

1

(bs khata’

mistake, error or wrong-doing in the interpretation of Islamic theology. Term used by the Muslim scholars in their religious discourse to denounce those

学 上 的错误 教义

misinterpreting Islamic theology. [A]

47

Hatibu ۲۵ 1

Hatibu "44 ۳ var. of Heituibu Hatige ۱۵۳۸۸۶

黑推 布

‫ةکنه‬‎ hutka

dishonoring, disgracing; degradation, debasement. Term used by Muslims in

NW China to refer to naughty children. [A]

Hatimu ۱۵1۲

‫متاخ‬‎ khatam

the seal of the Prophet Muhammad. [A] Variant: Hating (۲ Hating 哈 听 var. of Hatimu

Hawade

1

封印 , 穆罕默德

哈提木

哈 瓦 德 var. of Hawandai 哈 万 代

Hawandai 哈 万 代 ‫دنواخ‬‎ khawand, ‫ىدنو‬‎ ‫ اخ‬khawanda (1) believers belonging to the same mosque or community; sponsor of religious education; someone giving material or financial support to a madrasa student for a year or longer; (2) owner, master, superior, lord; protection, favour, kind-

ness; respectful greeting from an imam to a believer. [P]

)1( ASFA , HEE ; )2( 东道 主，主 人 , 教 民 Variants: Hawade

Haxier

哈

瓦 德 ,Hawande

哈 万

德,Hawande 哈 完 得

哈 希 尔 ‫رشح‬‎ 8

to gather; congregation at the Day of Judgement. [A]

Jatt, 44

Hayewani 哈 耶 瓦 尼 var. of Heerwani 赫 尔瓦 尼 Hazhi ۱۵ ۱ , Hazhi

哈 志 var. of Haji )2(

Hazilate

‫ةرضح‬‎ hadra

哈 效 拉 特

۰

present; (in Sufi orders or suborders in NW China) an honorific title for a

Saint, sage or pious person, head of order. [A,P] ti) Ht Variant: Hezuleti 44H

圣

徒, 贤人, 阁下

Heerbati 赫 尔 巴 提 ‫نابره‬‎ harban runaway, fugitive, refugee; (in Chinese Muslim usage) prostitute. [A] Heerwanii ji 7K BLE, ‫ناوبح‬‎ hayawan animal, beast, living creature. [A] 野兽 Variant: Hayewani 哈 耶蛙 尼 48

,动物 , 畜生

“妓女

Helulu #4 而

Heibier 黑 比 尔 ‫ربح‬‎ hibr ink. [A] 47k Heiliangfu 黑 俩 夫

‫فالخ‬‎ khilaf

difference, disparity, distinguishing feature; contrast, contradiction, conflict,

disagreement, dissimilarity, divergence, gossip which causes dissension; person who enjoys sowing dissension among others. See also Yibulisi. [A]

与 事实 不 符 , 朵 话 【 易 若是 非 的 ], 区 别 , AR, Heimari

#

TS

KA var. of Haimale (5 5

Heitina BAS ‫ةنتخ‬‎ khatna, ‫نتخ‬‎ khatn, ‫ناتخ‬‎ khitan, ‫ةناتخ‬‎ khitana practice, act or ritual of circumcision. See also Haitenai.[A,P] “割礼

Heituibu 黑 推 布 “~ 上 > khatib preacher, speaker, Khatib, lecturer, orator; one of the clerics performing religious

functions in the mosque. Second highest in religious affairs, deputy to the

imam. [A]

二 掌 教 , 念 呼 图 白 的人

Variants: Hatibu "ff / , Haituibu Heiyanaiti

海 推布

黑牙奉 提 ‫ةناخخ‬‎ 6

faithlessness, falseness, disloyalty, treachery, betrayal, treason, deception, fooling, breach of faith, cunning. [A] 7288) , 奸诈 的

Hekun 赫 昆 var. of Houkong 候 和孔 Helesu ‎‫ رز‬it) ١

‫صرح‬‎

hirs

greed, desire, covetousness, avidity; avaricious, rapacious; somebody who overindulges in food and drink, or in material desires. [A]

RE (KBE), RK 党 Hell see Nale

Heliang hesi 770179717

‫صالح‬‎ JL khalin khalas

free of debt, clear, paid off (debt), pure, exempt, empty, free. See also Hailiangsu

[A]

۱

۱

۲ 3, AiR

Variant: Heliang suo 25

Heliang suo #i 7125 var. of Heliang hesi ۲

Helulu #1 vinegar. [A]

|S khall ia 49

Henmaiti 恨 买提

Henmaiti 恨 买 担 4.» himma endeavour, ambition, zeal, eagerness. [A]

决心

, 热心

Variant: Xinmai 欣 买

Henzaier 1587

‫خنزير‬‎ khanzir

swine, pig, hog. Chinese Muslims also use this word to describe someone stupid or foolish, also to refer to Chinese non-Muslims and non-believers generally.

[A] ۸۴۰2۶۷۲ , ۳1۳۵ Variants: Henzele 48 Wi) , Henzeri JR KA Henzele 7۳ Wk)

Henzeri 狠

var. of Henzaier 4

S275

贼日 var. of Henzaier JR 527

Hezaer 赫 札 尔 “> hadhdhara to warn, caution. [A]

警告

+ Hezhou Name of Linxia before the Muslim insurrections of the 1860s.

Hezhuo 71

‫هجاوخ‬‎ khawaja

lord, master, ruler, elder, rich man or merchant, learned person; honorific title

among some Turkic Muslims in China; in E Turkestan, title used by those claiming to be descendants of the Prophet Muhammad. There are two kinds of Khawaja: the khawaja sayyid ata (who can verify his descent from the Prophet) and the khawaja jubari (who cannot but whose claims for descent are supported by legend and reputation). In E Turkestan, due to the lingering influence of Persian Shi‘ism, descent is often traced back to Ali and Fatima (and as such to the Prophet himself). During the rule of the Qing dynasty, khawaja (in

Uighur, khoja) led several big rebellions against Chinese rule in E Turkestan, esp. those by the Aga Taghliq (White Mountain group) and Qara Taghlig (Black

Mountain group). See also Huazhe, Saiyide and Xielifu. [P] Variants: Huazhe 46 ff , Huojia # jill , Huozhe {k

75

, (among the Uighurs)

Khoja

Hezuleti

4-44 #4

党 Hijra

see Xijila

var. of Hazilate 哈 效拉 特

学 Honorific titles see Aimier muaimininai, Aimin, Alin, Asilan, Azha, Baba, Babu, Buwei, Feina feilasuo, Haji, Hazilate, Hezhuo, Huazhe, Maoliang, Mufuti, Shaihai, Shaihai al- Islam, Shaykh, Woli and Xielifu

50

Huda tealiang 胡 达 - 特 阿 两

Houdusi )755[

‫ةثادح‬‎ 2

newness, novelty; of a recent nature; reforms. [A]

#147 , 新兴

Houkong 候 孔 ”AS> hukm judgement, decision made by cleric on interpretation of Islamic law or other legal matter; sentence, jurisdiction, power, authority, decree, command, rule of

life, reason. Term often used by clerics and pious Muslims. See also Houkong

maisayili. [A]

法 制 , 戒律 , FT, 终结 , 教 法 , 教法 问题 【伊斯兰 ]

Variants: Hekun 赫

昆 ,Houkun 候 昆

Houkong maisayili 候 孔- 25۶11

‫لئاسم‬‎ ‫ مکح‬hukm masa’il

command or judging of questions, esp. a judgement made by cleric on a religious question or interpretation of Islamic law applicable in the case of a dispute within a Muslim community. See also Feitewu. [A] ۴

Houkun 候 昆 var. of Houkong ‫کات‬‎ Huan suoliangti 唤 索 俩 提 de salat prayer, call to prayer; to announce the time of prayer, call to prayer. In some rural areas, instead of calling people to prayer, the muezzin strikes a bell to remind the faithful to come to prayer. See also Bangke and Muajin. [A, C — from Chinese huan (to wake up) and Arabic salat (prayer)]

Huazhe 4£ jf var. of Hezhuo

Huazhe 华 者

IBF

, 唤 做 礼拜

和卓

‫جاوخ‬‎ khawaj

officer, shaykh; an honorific title; someone

who claims descent from the

Prophet Muhammad. See also Hezhuo. ]2[

*# , 7044, EA

Huda 12

‫ادخ‬‎ ۵

God, Allah, Lord, Master. Term commonly used by Turkic Muslims and some Hui in NW China. Hui elsewhere in China use Allah (Anla) or zhenzhu (‘Lord

of Truth’). [P] 真主 , 主 Variants: Huda ۱۴۸ , Huda

呼大

Huda tealiang 胡 达 - 特 阿 两 ‫ىللاعت‬‎ ‫ ادخ‬khuda ta‘ala “God, He is high!” phrase used by Muslims, recited by the imam when quoting Quranic verses during religious services. [A, P — from Persian khuda

(God) and Arabic ta’ala (the highesb] 51

至 高 无上 的 主 !

Hudaya ۱

Hudaya [11۲ ‫ایاد‬‎ khudaya “My Lord, my God”. A call during prayer. [P] 学 Hudud (hadd)

真主 呀 !

see Hade

Hudude anla 胡 杜 德- 安 拉 ‫هللا‬‎ ‫ دودح‬hudid al-’allah the bounds or restrictions that God has placed on man’s freedom of action; the

part of Shari‘a law concerning the penal code or criminal law. In contrast to ada (adate), customary law. [A] 安 拉 的 法 度 Huer 呼 尔 ‫ةيروح‬‎ ۵

houri, virgin from Paradise, nymph. [A] Hufeiye

虎 非 耶

56

‫ىفخ‬‎ khufi

hidden, secret, concealed; silence or low tone of the dhkir (jikeer) chanting.

[A]

隐藏 的,低 的 ，低 念

Hufeiye pai 虎 非 耶 派 ‫ةيفخلا‬‎ al-khafiya the Khafiyya group, a branch of the Naqshbandiyya and one of the four main Sufi orders in China. The order evolved in the 17th—18th centuries under the influence of a number of Chinese hajji who not only went to Mecca but also studied in places like Yemen and Bukhara. Its ritual is characterized by reciting of the dhikr in a low tone or silently. Over time, about 21 suborders have developed out of the Khafiyya, among them influential menhuan like the Huasi, Bijiachang, Mufuti, Beizhuang, Humen, Xianmen and Hongmen. All of these suborders centre their religious practice and ritual service on the gubba (tomb). Their clerics are divided into three classes: murshid, khalifa and murid. Found mainly among the Hui of NW China, in 1983 the Khafiyya had about half a million members. Although predominantly Hui, the Khafiyya have also been identified with Turkic Ishan groups like the Aga Taghliq. Historically the two groups have interacted — indeed, to such an extent that it is not always clear to whom a historical record is referring — but today a clear distinction can be made between them (see Ake tawulin and Yichan pai.) [A, © — from Arabic khafiya (hidden, secret) and Chinese pai (sect, faction)] SEES ] = Hufutan

虎夫 坦

‫نتنخ‬‎ khuftan

the night prayer, salat al-‘isha (Saliangte asha). [P] Variants: Hufutan 胡 夫 坦 ,Huofutan tk ‫عت‬‎ 52

‫اب‬‎

Hushinu

4 AY i

‫ه‬٠‎ Hui (or Huihui) / (in past popular usage) Han Chinese Muslims ( but strongly rejected by the Hui who declare their Arabian, Persian and Central Asian origins); national designa-

tion given to those Muslims in China not belonging to one of the PRC’s Muslim national minorities (the Uighurs, Tajiks, etc.), meaning that, although culturally and linguistically most Hui seem to be Han Chinese, a few share the culture and language of other minorities (Tibetans, Tais, etc.) among whom they live. Numbering 8.6 million in the 1990 census, the Hui are found in all parts of China but they are esp. to be found in Linxia and Ningxia, an autonomous prefecture and region respectively in NW China, as well as in Xinjiang, Qinghai, in Henan, Shandong and Hebei provinces in N China, and Yunnan province in SW China.

Huke ۲۴۶ ‫كوخ‬‎ khik pig, fatty.[P] 1 Hulier 户 力 尔 ‫علخ‬‎ khul‘, ‫ةعلخ‬‎ khul‘a divorce initiated by a wife or at her wish. [A, P]

2345

(BH)

Variant: Hulier 虎 力 儿 Humusi 胡 姆 斯 ‫سمخ‬‎ khums one-fifth tax (on mining of ore); in Shi‘a Islam it is the payment to the Hidden

Imam. [A]

伍 一税

Hunaile ‎‫ خز‬۳

‫ هنر‬hunar

skill, art, ability. [P]

”技术 , 本 领

Variant: Hunaile ‫زرق‬‎ ‫لذ‬ Huofutan 327

var. of Hufutan

虎夫 坦

Huojia # ill var. of Hezhuo ۴ Huoshinuti

伙 世努 提 var. of Hushinude ii]KR74

Huozhe 伙 者 var. of Hezhuo

۴

Hushi luti 呼什 路 提 ‫ضار‬‎ ‫ شوخ‬khush radin pleased, glad. [P]

喜欢 ,满意

Hushinu 21 Wl ‫نتسا‬‎ ‫ اوخ‬khwastan, ‫تساوخ‬‎ khwast to desire, wish, demand, require, need, petition, beg or pray (for forgiveness), will, want, intend, request, desire, ask. Term used by Chinese Muslims when ask53

‫‏‬edunihsuH ‫ زا‬4‫ ع‬#& 97

ing for forgiveness from others for their personal wrong-doing (often a deathbed request). [P] 许诺 , 谅解 , 宽恕

Hushinude 112264۶

‫یدونشوخ‬‎

khiishnidi

content, pleased, happy, affirmation, permission; to ask for or grant forgiveness,

to show pleasure for the other person’s speech and manner; pleasant. See also

Hushinu. [P]

满意 ,喜欢 , 希望 被 宽容

,肯定 ,认可

Variants: Hushinuti ۳ tt 24 #2 , Hushunude

Hutubai "FAIA

44s

虎 书 奴

得 ,Huoshinuti (k {33HE

khutba

public address, speech, oration, sermon, Muslim Friday sermon, khutba, lecture,

discourse delivered in Arabic by the head cleric. [A] Variants: Hutubai 虎 图白 , Hutubai ۱۳۴

演讲 , HHA,

1

٠ Ijma‘ see Yijimaer 学 Ikhwan

** Imam

see Yihewani

see Yimamu

* al-‘Inaqiya see Misikeye

党 Infidel see Dushiman 学 Ishan see Yichan and Yichan pai 学 Ishan Kalan

see Yinaikeye

学 Ishaqiyya see Yisihakeye

学 Islam see Yisilan “* Ismai‘li Shi‘a see Yisimayileye

学 "Isnad see Yisinade 学 Isqat see Yisigatui ‫ و‬Jahriyya see Zhehelinye‫‏‬

学 Jarub kesh Uighar var. of Jialifu kaxi 加 里 甫 =- 凯 西

54

宗教 演讲

Jienabai

‫ه‬١‎ Jews

5 0

see Yehude

Jiabuer 25 ۱2۸5 ‫ربج‬‎ jabr predestined, inescapable, decreed by fate. [A]

Jiabuli WAH

KE,

天 命

‫ليئربج‬‎ ,1۵0721 ‫ ليربج‬Jibril

the angel Gabriel. See also Zhebolayile. [A]

天 使 , 哲 布 勒伊 来

Jialifu kaxi J) AF - 217 gas ‫بوراج‬‎ jariib kash in E Turkestan, person who does odd jobs such as cleaning in the mosque or mazar (saint’s tomb). See also Muzhafeier. [Ui,P]

打扫 清洁 卫生 者 【清真 地，麻 扎 ] Variant: (among the Uighurs) Jarub kesh

Jiamier 加 米尔 ‫عماج‬‎ jami' gathering, mosque. In some areas, Muslims use the term to refer to the biggest mosque there. See also Hanyi qinqzhen si, Maisezhidi and Zhamier qingzhensi. [A] 55 Jiamile 页 米 勒 ‫لیمج‬‎ jamal beautiful, graceful, lovely; word often used to describe a beautiful woman or girl. [A]

美丽 的

Jianziban RAK ‫بدح‬‎ jadhb firm, solid; captivated; union with Allah; state of ecstasy in the ritual of Sufi orders in NW China. [A] “与 主合 一

Jiaxiliye 贾 希 里时 var. of Chaxiliye 7 47 HLM

Jiehade AG78 ‫داهج‬‎ jihad holy war, fight, battle; war launched by Muslims against injustice or infidels and (in imperial China) against state repression and corrupt administration; striving (also against one’s own sinfulness). Some Sufi groups in China stress the central importance of jihad. [A] 圣战

Variant: Jihade 吉 哈 德

Jiemaia #4]

var. of Zhuma 主 麻

Jienabai 杰 那 拜 ‫ةبانح‬‎ 2 major ritual impurity according to Islamic Law. [A] 55

۲

Jieqiya AFF

WM

Jieqiya AFF

‫ةيزج‬‎ jizya

tax, poll tax on free non-Muslims under Muslim rule. See also Aihelu zanmal

and Halazhi. Compare Oushile. [A]

Jiesedi J} JR ‫دسح‬‎ body. [A] 4 , ‫هد‬‎

#۵

40

‫ه‬٠‎ Jihad see Jiehade

Jihade E'S

var. of Jiehade 杰 哈 德

Jikeer

‫رکذ‬‎ dhikr

27/6

remembrance, memory, glory, renown, praise, mention, narrative; litany in praise of God, chanted repeatedly in Sufi rituals. In the Khafiyya order, this comprises reciting Allah’s beautiful names and the first part of the shahad (“there is no god but God”); in the Jahriyya order, it comprises Allah’s beautiful names, Allah’s name, the full shahad and the doctrinal formula. The Jahriyya

chant the dhikr out loud, the Ake tawulin silently, and the Khafiyya in a low tone. Among some Ishan groups in E Turkestan, the ritual of dhikr is accompanied by music and dance or a sama performance. [A]

WHE], HE), He

(۹: ‫الالزلل‬‎ , 《古兰经

Variants: Jikele Bil ‫زن‬‎#3] , Qikeer

》 别名 , 苏 非 教 团诵 经

齐 克和 尔

Jikele Bll 5¢#) var. of Jikeer 即 克 尔 Jingni

Jinhadai

精 尼 var. of Zhenni 镇 尼

金 哈代 var. of Shahade

沙 哈德

Ju niyeti 举 尼 耶提 >

sahih

well, sound, right, correct, proper, true, truthful, reliable, credible. [A]

正当 的 , 正确 的 Saibaibu 塞 白 布 ‫ببس‬‎ sabab means for obtaining something, reason, cause, motive， luck. Term sometimes refers to sickness. [A] Variant: Saibaibu 赛 拜 布

enone 机 会 ,媒介 , 7۵3۲ , 12

Saibilin liangli 赛比 林 俩里 “沁| ‫ليبس‬‎ ‫ ىف‬fisabil allah “in the cause of God”; on behalf of God ahd his religion; a phrase used by Muslims in their vows. [A] 真主 的道路 ,主 道

Saidegai feituer #£

Saifaer 361/1

(ii - 费

图尔 var. of Suodege feitele 索 得 格 - FeRP

‫رفص‬‎ safar

2nd month of the Islamic calendar, ‘the month which is void’. [A]

教 历二 月

Saihalaiwailedingye 2۴18762۳28 1118 ‫ةيدرو‬‎ ‫ رهسلا‬al-Suhrawardiya a Sufi order which spread from Central Asia into E Turkestan in the 18th century. It takes its name from that of its founder, Abu Najib al-Suhrawardi (1097-1168), a Persian Sufi who established himself in Baghdad. The order

existed in NW China until the 1950s and may indeed survive in E Turkestan to this day, hidden within the overall identity of the Ishan groups. Though never large throughout its history, the Suhrawardiya did have an impact on the doctrine and mystical development of other Sufi (sub)orders in the region. [A] :

7711 BLT ACA Variant: Ehelawading 217BL J

Saihuer 2511/5

‫روحس‬‎ sahiir

last meal before daybreak during the month of Ramadan. See also Misihalati.

[A]

[771 ۲ 57۲۱ 71116 BIZ AY I 94

Saiyide 赛 义 德

Sailaifeiye 3۴76361

‫ةيفلسلا‬‎ al-Salafiya

the Salafiyya, those who uphold the ancient tradition or source of Islam; a

modern Islamic group that separated from the Ikhwani movement in China in 1937 under the influence of returned hajjis who had been in contact with the original Salafiyya movement in Arabia. In its doctrine, the Salafiyya only accept the authority of the first three generations of Islamic leadership (Muhammad, his Companions and their immediate disciples). Members of the group are identified by their characteristics of raising their hands three times over the head in prayer and wearing their hair longer than is usual in Chinese society. The movement has been growing rapidly in China since the 1980s. [A]

3۳2۴1۳۷,

三 抬 教 【 中 国 伊 斯 兰 教派 之 一 (

Sailaiji 367677

‫جلخ‬‎ thalj

snow. [A] 5 Variant: Sailaizhi #3 A Sailate 25۳71۴6

‫طارص‬‎ sirat

way, path, road; a narrow bridge over Hell (Sirat al-Jahim), over which good

people may pass and enter the Paradise; those who fail fall into Hell. [A]

道路 , 火 狱 上 的 天 桥 , ۴ Variants: Suilati giao 绥 拉 提 桥 , Suilatui 碎 拉

Sailejin 264

推,Suilatui

随拉 推

‫كرش‬‎ shirk

polytheism, idolatry; icon; appellation given by Chinese Muslims to the statue

of Buddha. [A]

”佛像 , 偶像

Variant: Shierke |

5%

Sailiangmu 赛俩 目 ‫مالس‬‎ salam peace, safety, security, well-being; word of greeting, salutation. [A]

2۳ , VE , BAL , APE Variant: Selan

Saiwabu 26

‫اق‬‎

‫باوث‬‎ thawab

reward, merit, credit (arising: from a pious deed), requital, thanks given for

help received. When the Muslims in some areas:of China hear this word, they

reply with “amin”. [A]

IRA, dk, Bb ) - 1‫[ع‬‎ ۴3۴ ]

谢谢 ,赏赐

Variants: Saiwabu 2 i, ٠١ , Saiwabu

Saiyide # 27%

塞 哇 布 ,Sewabu £4, fu7p

‫دس‬‎ 0

master, gentleman, sir, lord, chief; title of Muhammad’s

95

direct descendants.

Sajiade 萨页 德

Some Chinese Muslims who claim descent from the Prophet Muhammad affix this title before their Chinese names in writings and publications. See also

Hezhuo. [A]

先生 , 首领

Sajiade ۶ ii

VIN,

7

‫ةداحس‬‎ 48

prayer rug, mat, carpet laid on the floor of the prayer hall. [A]

礼拜 时用 的 地 毯 Sakaliba ۶

A

‫ةبلاقس‬‎ ,53031168 ‫ ءارقش‬shaqra’

European slaves levied into the Muslim army (cf. janissaries); slaves with fair complexion and light skin; blond, fair-haired. [A]

欧洲 奴隶 【在 穆斯林 军队 中 服役 的 ‫ل‬‎ ۶ Salafiyya see Sailaifeiye

党 Salars A Turkic people found esp. in Xunhua (E Qinghai) and close neighbours of the Hui in Gansu province. They numbered about 88,000 people in the 1990 census. Originally from Samarkand, the Salars settled among and intermarried with Hui and Mongols but retained their Turkic language. See also Turkic peoples. Salege 11 theft. [A]

۵

‫ةقرس‬‎

8

, ۳

Salike ‎‫ عع‬75#, ‫سارق‬ ‫د‬ thief, evil man. [A,P] JK, 恶人

Saliangte ۴

‫ةالص‬‎ 121

the Islamic prayer and its accompanying ritual ‫ی‬‎ by practising Muslims five times a day), worship; to perform the salat. See also Faliduo, Gulebu falayiduo, Wazhibu and Yibadade. [A] 礼拜 , 定时 祷告 , 宣 礼 词

Variant: Suoliangte

۴

Saliangte aliang maiyite 萨 俩特 - 阿 俩 -= 埋 依 特 ‎‫ميت‬ ‫ صلاة‬talas ala‘ tiam prayer for the deceased by relatives, friends and kinsmen. [A]

为 死者 的 礼拜 Saliangte asha f(y 45 - 阿 沙 ‫ءاشعلا‬‎ ‫ ةالص‬salat al-‘isha’ the night prayer. Also known as Hufutan. [A] #34L 96

Sayaer

萨

亚尔 |

Saliangte asier B*(4% - 阿 斯尔 ‫رصعلا‬‎ ‫ ةالص‬salat al-‘asr the afternoon prayer. See 0 Digeer and Ersule. [A]

Saliangte fajier 6°(44% - JAAR

۸۱,

‫رجفلا‬‎ ‫ ةالص‬salat al-fajr

the morning prayer. See also Fajier and Saliangte subuhe. [A]

Saliangte hajie 6° (4%- 哈 杰

‫ةالص‬‎ salat hajj

prayer for granting some wish. [A 和 实现

Saliangte jienazai ۴/۳۸ - ۸۳7۵4۶

prayer at a funeral service. [A]

某 种 愿望 的礼拜

‫ةزانجلا‬‎ ‫ ةالص‬salat al-jinaza

“丧礼

Saliangte leile 萨 俩 特 - 75 ‫لر‬‎ LJ ‫ةالص‬‎ salat laila prayer in the deep of the night. See also Taihanzu. [A]

Saliangte maigelibu ۴۸۶ - 221 8417 萨 俩 特 - 苏布 萨 俩特 - 3۳۲

aliangte fajier. [A]

‫ةعمجلا‬‎ Sle

the prayer at the Friday congregation. [A]

Saliangte zuheer ۶۲۶۶ -

the midday prayer. Also ۳

‫گان‬‎

‫بصلا‬‎ ‫ ةالص‬salat al-subh

the morning prayer (at dawn). i also

Saliangte zhuma

深夜 礼拜

‫ةالص المغرب‬‎ salat al-maghrib

the evening or sunset prayer. See also Shamu. [A]

Saliangte subuhe

4

18797571

早晨 礼拜

salat al-jum‘a

星期 五中 午 的 礼拜

‫رهظلا‬‎ ‫ ةالص‬salat al-zuhr

as Pieshen. [A]

‫تاب‬‎

‫ بم‬Sanban ahong see Ahong‫‏‬

Saoda 扫 达

‫دوس‬‎ 0

benefit, profit, advantage, interest, money earned through commercial activity.

[P]

钱 [赚

Saogan 1132

的] 5 ‫دنگوس‬‎ 84

oath; to vent one’s feelings. [P]

K#, RA. 25

Variant: Saogande 扫 于 得 Saoma 扫 马 var. of Shaomaer ۳ Saxibu

萨 希 布 var. of Sahabai ۳۲۵ A

Sayaer 萨 亚 尔 ‫ةرايس‬‎ sayyara automobile, car. [A]

汽车 97

Sayi B® K

Sayi ۶۸

‫لئاس‬‎ sa

beggar (in usage of Muslims in NW China, esp. a Muslim beggar); petitioner,

questioner. See also Diwani. [A]

Sayilai 11-7

穆斯林

乞讨 者

Slo sa’ir

going, walking; wanderer, beggar (esp. one who wanders around). See also

Hailandaer. [A]

“行动 的, 转动 的, ‫رو‬‎

,流动 的 乞丐

Variant; Sayire 撒 义 热

Sazhi 萨 文 ‫ةعحس‬‎ saj‘a a passage of rhymed prose. [A]

Sebili 6484

有 韵脚 的 散文

‫لیبس‬‎ 071

road, way.[A,P]

路

Sebuer 色 补 耳 4... sab‘a seven. [A]

+, 6

Sehabi 色 哈 比 ‫ةباحس‬‎ 2 cloud. [A]

zw

Sehewati fh LZ ‫سخاوة‬‎ sakhawat generosity; to be generous, open-handed. [A]

“慷慨 大 方

Selasai 色拉 塞 ‫هتالت‬‎ thalatha three. [A] =, 2

Selan 色 兰 var. of Sailiangmu 26 ۲ Seliangmaiti 6) ۲

‫ةمالس‬‎ salama

soundness, well-being, welfare, safety, security; smooth, success, progress;

goodbye. [A] Seluo (8 dew. ]۵[

安宁

,和平

jb tall #% , #7K

Semaniai

‎‫را‬

eight. [A]

/\, ‫لا‬‎

‫ تمانة‬ayinamaht

Semayu 色 吗 十 ‫ءامس‬‎ 8

sky.[A]

天

98

Shaihai al-Islam Sip۲۴ - 伊斯兰

Seteha 色 特 哈 ‫حطس‬‎ sath (flat) roof, terrace.[A] 楼 Sewabu

色 瓦 布 var. of Saiwabu

Sewamu

色

瓦 木 (1) ‫موص‬‎ saum

塞 瓦布 (2) ‫موصلا‬‎ al-saum

(1) fasting, abstinence. See also Luoze. 7

(2) fasting during the month of Ramadan. [A] 党 Shadhiliyya

6571

see Shazilinye

Shaerbaiti 7) ۰۳۱1

4.4 sha‘biya

people, tribe, folk. [A]

RK, Av

Shahade 沙 哈 德 ‫شهادة‬‎ 2 testimony, witness, evidence, statement, identification, the profession of faith (“There is no god but God and Muhammad is the Messenger of God”). The shahad is recited by a pupil beginning his study at the primary level of the madrasa and by a non-Muslim when converting to Islam. See also Kelimai

Shehade. [A] 作证 , 见证 , (Fibs , ۱۱۴ 5 , ۱۲ Variants: Jinhadai 金哈 代 , Shehadai 8 ۲ Shaibo fifi var. of Shaierbang {ii 7K $5 Shaierbang ‎‫ تزا‬7K #5

‫نابعش‬‎ sha‘ban

8th month of the 522 calendar, ‘the month of division’. [A]

八 月 [伊斯兰 教 教 历] Variant: Shaibo 7 Shaihai 7 ‫خيش‬‎ shaykh old man, head of a family or tribe, honorific title of a religious or tribal leader; spiritual guide, prefect of the dervishes, preacher, teacher; master of a Sufi suborder in China. In E Turkestan shaykh is the guardian and manager of mazar’s wagqf foundation. In the Qadriyya and some other (sub)orders, “shaykh’ is used by members to greet the master. Alternative name in E Turkestan is ishan

(yichan). [A]

长 者 ,老者

,长 老, 门 宦 , AE, 德高望重 的 教民

Variants: Xiehai 谢 海 ，Xiehe UAiy

Shaihai al-Islam 1017 - 0102 ۰‫مالسالا‬‎ ‫ خيش‬Shaykh al-islam Shaykh ul-Islam, honorific title that could be given to a humble (and virtuous)

986

Shaiheilai anhadai ershilai 晒 黑 来 - RIA ۶ - 耳 使 来 learned scholar but tended to be bestowed on more eminent people, hence (1) honorific title granted to a religious scholar and Sufi saint by the Fatamids; (2)

religious head of the Muslim community in Quanzhou (Zaton) and other parts of China in the period of the 13th to 16th centuries (the 14th-century Moroccan traveller, Ibn Battuta, reported that every big city in China had such a position); (3) (esp. in medieval Egypt) title of the Grand Mufti, the spiritual head of Islam; later on increasingly it came to refer exclusively to the Mufti of Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire; (4) title assumed by the Khafiyya master, Mufuti, founder of the menhuan of the same name (see Hufeiye pai); (5) title given by Sadra in modern-day Iran to a high-rank religious judge. [A]

伊斯兰长 老，教 长 Variant: Shesilianxia #5; 7 38

Shaiheilai anhadai ershilai 晒 黑 来 - ZMH - 6 ‎‫ عشرة‬ss Yl ‫رهش‬‎ shahr al-’ahad ‘ashara 11th month of the Chinese lunar calendar. See also Calendar, Chinese. [A]

十一月

Shaiheilulai aierbaier 果 黑路 来 - 艾 耳 摆 耳

‫رهش الاربعة‬‎ shahral-arba'a

4th month of the Chinese lunar calendar. See also Calendar, Chinese. [A] 四 月

Shaiheilulai aihadi 晒 黑 露来- ۳۵1

‫رهش الأحد‬‎ shahr al-’ahad

Ist month of the Chinese lunar calendar. See also Calendar, Chinese. [A]

۳ ‫و‬1 ‫ل‬ Shaiheilulai hamuse 晒 黑路 来- 哈 木 色

‫رهش الخمسة‬‎ shahr al-khamsa

5th month of the Chinese lunar calendar. See also Calendar, Chinese. [A] 5 ‫را‬‎

Shaiheilulai yusiruoni

晒 黑 露来- EAE

‫نانثألا‬‎ ‫ رهش‬shahr al-’ithnani

2nd month of the Chinese lunar calendar. See also'Calendar, Chinese. [A] —

Shaiheilun ershilai URC - 耳 使 来 ‫ةرشعلا‬‎ ven shahr al-‘ashara 10th month of the Chinese lunar calendar. See also Calendar, Chinese. [A] 十 月

Shaiheilun sebuer ۱۱۳2۵ - 62701282

God! ‫رهش‬‎ shahr al-sab‘a

7th month of the Chinese lunar calendar. See also Calendar, Chinese. [A] + A

Shaiheilun selasuoni ‫!ا‬‎ 446 - ‫م‬611۴

‫ رهش ةثالثلا‬shahr al-thalatha

3rd month of the Chinese lunar calendar. See also Calendar, Chinese. [A] 三 月

Shaiheilun semaniye ۱۲۲8 - ‫مث‬‎‫كر‬Jet ‫ةينامثلا‬‎ ‫ رهش‬shahr al-thamaniya 8th month of the Chinese lunar calendar. See also Calendar, Chinese. [A] /\ ‫لت‬‎ 100

Shanwalu WAS

Shaiheilun tisier ۱۳۱۶۵ - BAA

‫ةعستلا‬‎ ‫ رهش‬shahr al-tis‘a

9th month of the Chinese lunar calendar. See also Calendar, Chinese. [A] JL A

Shaiheilun xitaiti 晒 黑 仑- ۲ 8/۴

‫ةتسلا‬‎ ‫ رهش‬shahr al-sitta

6th month of the Chinese lunar calendar. See also Calendar, Chinese. [A] 六 月

Shaiheilun yusiruo ershilai {244 - ‫دع‬‎EUG - 耳使 莱 ‎‫ عشرة‬CSN ‎‫ شهر‬Shahr al-’ithna ‘ashara 12th month of the Chinese lunar calendar. See also Calendar, Chinese. [A]

TARA Shaimusi 上 晒 木 思

sun. [A]

‫سمش‬‎ shams

日 ,太阳

Shaitani 171۲ var. of Sadan 撒旦 Shaituani ffi] JE var. of Sadan

1

Shaiyituonai 晒 衣 陀 帮 var. of Sadan 4A.

Shala ‎‫« رز‬Lu salla turban, head-dress worn by Ishan Sufis in E Turkestan. [Ui]

#54

Shalia 沙里 阿 ‫ةعیرشلا‬‎ al-shari‘a Shari‘a, the revealed or canonical law of Islam, Muslim law. [A]

伊斯兰教 法 , 穆斯林 法 ，教 规 Variants: Shaliya 沙里 亚, Sheleer 舍 勒 尔 Shamu 沙 目

‫ماش‬‎ sham

evening, the sunset prayer, the evening prayer. See also Saliangte maigelibu.

[P]

‫اب‬‎

Variant: Shamu 沙 姆 Shanbai|JA

Saturday. [P]

‎‫ روزشنبه‬1021 shanbah

星期 六

Variant: Shanbai (۶

Shanke |[35 ‫كش‬‎ shakk doubt, uncertainty, suspicion. [A] Shanwalu 闪 瓦 鲁

“怀疑

‫و‬‎ shawwal

10th month of the Islamic calendar, ‘the month of hunting’. [A] 101

教 历十 月

©

Shaomaer #4 JR ZK

Shaomaer

稍 麻 尔 ‫ةعموص‬‎ ۵۵

monk’s cell, tower-like hermitage, minaret; small mosque, mosque used as a private place for meditation among Sufis in NW China. [A]

MBIEbs , BASF Variant: Saoma #44

Shareben W744. moustache. [A]

‫براش‬‎ sharib 嘴唇上 的 胡子

学 Shari‘a law see Shalia «+ Sharqi Turkistan

Shaxide 沙希 德

see Eastern Turkestan

‫شاهد‬‎ shahid

witness, notary public, go-between, matchmaker. [A]

证 人 ,媒人

Shayier 沙 伊 尔 ‫رعاش‬‎ sha‘ir poet. [A]

FA

学 Shaykh

see Shaihai

Shayu 7 iy tea.[A]

‫ىاش‬‎ shay

2

Shazilinye 725KH6 ‫ةلذاشلا‬‎ al-Shadhiltya the Shadhiliyya, a Sufi order which took its name from that of its 13th-century founder and achieved popularity in North Africa, Arabia, Syria and Central Asia. Its doctrine had an impact on the mystical development of the Jahriyya, Khafiyya and Qadriyya orders in China but it is not clear when this order actually arrived in China. One mosque monument records that Abdullah Ibn Sha‘aban,

a Shadhiliyya shaykh from Mecca came to China in 1886 to perform missionary work among the Hui but died in Guangzhuo in 1889. In 1894, various Sufis left their (sub)orders and formed a Shadhiliyya group in Qinghai. Here it survived among the Hui until 1950 and to this day appears to survive hidden within the overall identity of the Ishan groups in E Turkestan. [A] 沙 效 林 耶 派

Variant: Shazilinye 沙子 林 耶

Shebai 25

‫ببس‬‎ sabab

means of subsistence, livelihood; estates in wagf endowment or foundation.

See also Habusi and Mali anla. [A]

it , 102

房屋 等 不 动产

Shierke

Shefaa 舍 法 阿 ‫ةعافش‬‎ 0

۳۵

8

mediation, intercession, advocacy; redeeming action; idea in popular Islam that, on the Day of Judgement, Muhammad will intercede with God on behalf

of sinners. [A]

说 情 ,搭救

Variant: Shefaerti 22 7K HE

Shefaerti #34 /K4

var. of Shefaa 473% fr]

Shehadai 4!{0 var. of Shahade ۴ 党 Sheikh

see Shaihai

Shelan 2۸ ۶

‫مرش‬‎ sharm

shame, modesty. [P]

Sheleer 4 #8

#1

var. of Shalia 沙里 阿

Shelierti HIM

‫ةعرش‬‎ shir‘a

divine law, religion; in Sufism, the initial stage of observance of the law that

leads on to tariga (toulegeti). [A] Shemizi 4+

‫شش‬‎

shash

six. See also Numeral. [P] Shesilianxia 88822

教 法, A

275, [if

var. of Shaihai al-Islam ‫ات‬‎ ۶ - 伊斯兰

Shetani 21 ۳۲ var. of Sadan 撒旦

学 Shetou 社 头 var. of Meitawanli Shexide 27178

没 塔 完里

‫ديهش‬‎ shahid

martyr, one killed in battle with infidels and in defence of the faith. [A]

Ga

WAS , Mt

Variant: Shexide

44

党 Shi‘a Islam Although formally few Shi‘a Muslims are found in China - the Tajik Isma‘ilis (Yisimayileye) and Uighur Twelve Imams Shi‘a (Yisina Ashila) of greatest note — many scholars argue that Shi‘a Islam has had a deep influence on Chinese Islam. See also Gedimu and Shiye.

Shierke 什 尔克 var. of Sailejin 34) & 103

—

Shitayi

使它以

Shitayi 使 它以 ‫ءاتشلا‬‎ al-shita’ WwWinter. [A]

冬

,冬天

Shiye {fit

‫ةعيش‬‎ 2

the Shi‘ites. [A]

۳۲۷۲۲ , 什 叶派

Shubuhati 舒 布哈 提 ‫شبهة‬‎ shubha obscurity, vagueness, suspicion, unlucky. [A]

Shubuhaiti 8۳۳

暖 昧 的 ,可疑 的 , AA AIAN

‫تخبلا‬‎ S takabbur, ‫رباکت‬‎ takabur pride, haughtiness, arrogance, presumption. [A]

Tekebier 特 Telasayang

克比尔 var. of Takebier

骄傲 目大

塔 克 比尔 和

特 拉 搬 扬 var. of Taiersa 太 而 撒

Telaweiha 特 拉 威 哈 ‫حيو‬‎ ‫ ةالص ارتلا‬salat al-tarawth, ‫ةحيورت‬‎ 8 ‘the prayer of pauses’, extra prayers undertaken during the nights of Ramadan, usually after the meal of breaking the fast (feituer). [A] [HJ]1332 , ۴ Variant: Tereweiha 特 热威 哈

Tesibiha 特

斯 比哈 var. of Taisibiha 台思 比哈

Tetuanwoer 特

团涛 尔

‫عوطت‬‎ tatawwu‘

voluntary service, service as an unsalaried trainee, voluntary prayer, service after the evening prayer. See also Gulebu naiwafeili, Taihanzhu and Xunnaiti.

[A]

717۴, 157 113

Teyalin

特亚林

Teyalin 特 亚 林

‫تبمم‬‎ tayammum

perform ablutions with sand or earth when water is not available. [A]

Lg, AG

ft

Variants: Teyanmen

特 严 门 ,Dataiermu 打 泰

尔目 , Taiyamen LI J

Teyanmen 特 严 门 va of Teyalin 特亚 林

Tiaole 4] var. of Ture 吐 热 Tisier 梯 思 耳 ‫ةعست‬‎ ۵ nine. [A] JL, A

Tuamu +f) Tuanamu

var. of Tuanamu 团 阿 目

团阿 目

‫اعط‬‎ ta‘am

food, meal, diet. [A]

食物

Variants: Taamu ‫اخ‬‎ fr] A , Tuamu

‫كح‬‎fa] 2

Tuanwafu [4] ۱7 var. of Tawafu 34 Tuanyare

BLK

团 牙 热 ‫ةرناط‬‎ ta’ira

airplane, aircraft.[A]

{KAHL

Tuanyibai ۲6۳

‫بط‬‎ tayyib

good, pleasant, gay. [A] 好 , 美好 的 Variant: Tuanyibu 团 依 布 Tulaimisu

免 来 米数

apprentice. [A] Tuobude

拖

‫تلميذ‬‎ tilmidh

5 布得

‫توبات‬‎ tab

box, case, chest, coffer, coffin, casket, sarcophagus, bier; long wooden box

used by Muslims in China to bear the corpse during the funeral service until

its burial. [A] 23۳۱۳2] , 棺架 , ۱2۵ , ۲ 2 Variants: Tabu xiazi $$ ۲ , Tabuti 塔布 提

TR

Tuohaleti 脱 哈 勒 担 ‫ةراهط‬‎ tahara circumcision, cleanliness. [A]

割 包皮 ,纯洁

Tuohaliti i" AGE ‫ةرهط‬‎ tuhra purity, cleanness, the ritual of circumcision. See also Haitenai. [A]

清河 , 割礼 ,纯 消 114

Uighurs

Tuolegeti (S42

‫ةقيرط‬‎ tariqa

way, manner, mode, means, method, procedure, system, creed, faith, religion; (1) (in Sufi theology) the intermediate stage leading from initial observance of the law (shelierti) to realization of the truth (hagiqa — see Hageigaiti, also Fana); (2) (in Sufism) religious brotherhood, dervish order — see also Sufi (sub)order.

[A]

二 阶段 的 功 修 ) , 苏 非 教团 , 教义 ,方法

道路 , 1836 (第

Variants: Tuoligeti

脱 力 格 提 , Talika 塔 里 卡

Tuoliangge 脱 俩个 , Tuoliangge

脱 俩 各 var. of Talage 塔拉 格

Tuore 托 热 var. of Ture 吐 热

Tuozhi 拖 只

‫حات‬‎ ‫اه‬

crown, cap, the peculiar hat or cap worn by the various orders of dervishes; a book of collected hadith studied by khalifas (Halifa) in the madrasas. [P]

۵

Tuozhi 拖 只 ‫ةقاط‬‎ ۵ skullcap, cap. [A] 8

Ture ft#

‫هروت‬‎ tirah

a Turkic or Tartar prince, children of the Khojas (descendants of the Prophet Muhammad) in E Turkestan. [T] 和 卓 后 裔 , ۲۳ ۳ HF

Variants: Tiaole &#)) , Tuore 托 热 学 Turkic peoples The Uighurs, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Salars, Tartars and Uzbeks, speaking Eastern Turkic languages. Because of their close relationship with other Turkic peoples in Central Asia, their lifestyles and customs appear more like other Indo-Aryan Muslim peoples. However, Mongol influences are found among the Kazakhs, Kirghiz and Uzbeks. The Islam practiced by these peoples is not pure but rather a mosaic. Nomadic peoples like the Kazakhs and Kirghiz have retained some earlier religious phenomena, e.g., Shamanism, star-worship, totem rituals, etc. Even among the sedentary peoples like the Uighurs, Uzbeks and Tartars, in some communities can be found religious influences from the pre-Islamic period (Buddhist elements, for instance).

Tuyili 2 rain. [Al 十

‫رطم‬‎ ۲

学 Uighurs A sedentary Turkic people found esp. in the oasis settlements of S Xinjiang 115

Ulama

and numbering more than 7.2 million people in the 1990 census. Most Uighurs are orthodox Sunni Muslims but significant numbers belong to the region’s various Ishan groups. See also Turkic peoples. ¢¢ Ulama

see Wulaima

‎‫ وه‬Umma

see Wuma

学 Uzbeks A sedentary Turkic people found in W and S Xinjiang, where they live in close proximity and culturally have much in common with the Uighurs. They numbered about 14,500 people in the 1990 census. See also Turkic peoples. Waerzi 瓦尔 效 var. of Woerzi

Wagefu 227

卧 尔效

var. of Wogefu 沃格 夫

Wahabi ‎‫قالط‬

‫ الوهابية‬ayibahhaW-la

to give, to dedicate; Wahabiism, a religious movement in Saudi Arabia in the 19th and 20th centuries; name given by Uighur Muslims and the Chinese in E Turkestan to the Ikhwan group (Yihewani), a group of Sunni Muslims wanting to follow the principles of the Quran and distance themselves from the Chinese authorities. This group has grown into a large national movement in recent years. See also Aihalun sunnaiti. [A] ۲

Wahayi 1218 —

var. ofWohayi

党 Wahhabi

66 Wahabi

Waifati 外 法 提

۷۵ of Wofati 沃法 提

Wailaide 外 莱 德 child, son, 90۷۰ [A] Waili 外 力 Waizhihai

face.[A]

SL

‫دلو‬‎ 0 7

.‫دس‬‎ of Woli KH 外 支孩

‫هحو‬‎ wajh

[ff , fix

Wajibu 瓦 吉 布 var. ofWazhibu Wakefu ۱۲

瓦志 布

var. of Wogefu 沃格 夫 116

White Mountain group:

Walaxi, tanlaxi, binliangxi

瓦 拉 西 ，坦 拉 西 ，两两 西 ‫ « هللاات » هللاب‬Ul, wa-llahi, ta-lahi, bi-llahi “‫‏‬

“By God!”, vow calling on the name of God, commonly chanted by Muslims‫‏‬

in NW China. [A]

SER, HBA‫‏‬

Wali ELF!) var. of Woli 沃 力 Wanerzu

弯 尔 祖 var. of Woerzi 卧尔 效

Wanmizi 3K ‫هنددع‬‎ ‘adad nah nine. See also Numeral. [P] ‫اب‬‎ Variant; Nu 4 党 Waqf see Wogefu

Waxide 217615

‫ةدحو‬‎ ۵

oneness, singleness, unity, oneness of God. [A]

Wazhibu

‎‫رز‬

独一

‫ واجب‬bijaw

obligatory, imperative, incumbent, necessary; duty; mandatory prayers regulated by Islamic law. See also Faliduo, Gulebu falayiduo, Saliangte and Yibadade.

[A]

SAR, 职责

Variants: Wajibu Buti 17, Wazhibu

瓦志 小

Wazhibu naimazi Pum - (1/711 34s ‫بجاو‬‎ wajib namaz mandatory prayer regulated by Islamic law. [A, P — from Arabic wajib (imperative, necessity) and Persian namaz (prayer)] “当然拜

Weigier 4237/5

‫ریزو‬‎ wazir

minister, vizier, premier. [A]

Weiteer 2152/1

3249 , Kf

‫رتو‬‎

uneven, odd number, the prayer suceeding the evening prayer (because three prostrations are performed, Chinese Muslims name it ‘the uneven prayer’. [A]

奇数 拜 Variant: Weitele ۱

Weitele +i)

#)

var. of Weiteer 维特 尔

Wen maiti 文麦 提 var. ofWuma 335 学 White Mountain group see Ake tawulin and Misikeye 117

Woerzi Fh 7K %&

Woerzi ۳۳۸۶۶

‫ظعو‬‎ wa‘z

sermon, admonition, warning; speech delivered by a cleric at the Friday noon prayer and on certain other special religious occasions. [A]

讲演

，讲 道 ，宣 讲 教义

Variants: Waerzi 瓦尔 效 ,， Wanerzu

弯 尔 祖 ，Woerzu

沃 尔祖

Wofati 沃法 提 36%, wafah demise, death, death certificate; (usually) the death of a famous or high-ranking person. [A] 逝世

Variant: Waifati 外法 提

‫‏‬ufegoW 75107:

‫ و قف‬۶۵

pious foundation; sacred property owned by the mosque, the proceeds of which are used for religious purposes (religious education and mosque maintenance

etc.). See also Habusi, Mali anla and Shebai. [A] Variants: Wagefu L4H, Wakefu otk Wohan

臣罕

宗教 基金 , 教 产

wahm

self-delusion, illusion, belief, guess, imagination, surmise, expectation, thinking.

[A]

۷2 22 , 48, 2748,

248

Wohayi 沃 哈义 ‫یحر‬‎ wahy inspiration, revelation, esp. by God as transmitted by the Prophet Muhammad.

[A]

Aa, Ra, Jaa

Variant: Wahayi 121 — Woli

沃力

‫یلو‬‎ wali, ‫لاو‬‎ walin

ruler, governor, administrative officer, near, close; helper, supporter, sponsor,

friend, associate, protector, legal guardian, tutor; a man close to God, holy man, saint, master; honorific title in Islam given to the leader of a group or madhhab (school of law), to a famous religious scholar, to a martyr dying in holy war or in some other way for their religion, or to holy man or saint in Sufism (often the head of an order). The tomb of a wali is usually venerated by believers. There are several ranks among walis, the highest among whom is the qutb (gutubu), regarded by Chinese Sufis as the pole or axis of Islam. The rank of a wali is considered higher than that of a murshid (muleshide) or maula

(maoliang). [A] 真主 的 友人 , 对 主 接近 者 , 门 宣教 主, 圣 神 性 的人, 苏 非 品级 很 高 的人,统治 者 ,总督 Variants: Wali 瓦 利,Waili 外 力 ，Woli 卧 里 118

徒 ,主人 ，

Wula

© ft

Wosifu 卧 斯夫 =22, wasf characteristic, quality, property, description, intention, design, peculiarity, mind.

[A]

‎‫اه‬7 ۷:۲,

Wozu 1211

BT

‫ةوزغ‬‎ ghazwa

incursion, invasion, attack, conquest. [A]

”侵袭

Wuazi 伍 阿 效 ‫ةظعو‬‎ 8 warning, sermon delivered by a cleric to the Friday congregation and services on Islamic holidays. Among the Hui Muslims, usually comprises citations from the Quran in Arabic with comments and explanations in Chinese. [A]

Wubalii SBA

‫ربع‬‎ ‘ibar

grief, tears, explanation; poor, pitiful. [A] Variant: Wubali ‫ظ‬‎ ۳ 8

Wudu Stt

可怜 ,贫困

‫وضو‬‎

purity, clarity, cleanliness; the minor ritual ablution before prayer, namely to wash one’s face, hands and feet. See also Abudaisi. [A] ۳ , 清美 Variant: Wuduyi Ft ©

Wuerfeitai 211۴۳ ۶ ‫ةفرغ‬‎ ghurfa room. [A]

”房屋

Wuerfu 马尔 夫 ‫فرع‬‎ “urf custom, usage, practice, convention; local custom that might exist alongside Islamic laws (see also Adate); short-term fasting on the eve of such Islamic festivals as ‘Id al-qurban (Erde guerbangni) and ‘Id al-fitr (Erde feiteer). [A]

习惯 法 Wugubate ‎‫ بررك‬FFE

‎‫عقوبة‬

85

punishment, penalty according to Shari‘a. See also Hade. [A]

惩罚 【 教 法 规定 的 ‫ل‬‎ Wuhutu ۶ ۲ ‫آخت‬‎ ’ukht older sister, sister. [A] 4H , 姊妹

Wula 217

‫ءالواه‬‎ 1

‘those’. Appellation given to the Ishan group by Sunni Muslims in E Turkestan.

[A] GERI CHMEIR SRE CHALE 011‫ل‬‎ ( 09

Wulate 乌拉 特

Wulate 马 拉 特 se ghulah adherent of an extreme sect; extremist, radical, fanatic. [A]

极端 信仰 的代表 Wulaima 乌 来 玛 ‫ءاملع‬‎ ‘ulama’ religious scholars, learned men, knowledgeable clerics (often custodians of

orthodoxy). See also Alin. [A] “宗教

学者 , 科学 家

Variants: Wuliema 马列 玛 , Oulaimayi

欧 莱 玛仪

Wuliema 乌 列 玛 var. of Wulaima 马 来 玛

Wulunzu 11-1611 paddy rice. [A]

Wuma {35

‫زرآ‬‎ ’aruzz 4,4

4%! umma

nation, people, Muslim community; the mass of ordinary believers who do not

have any profound religious knowledge and practice. Term emphasizes the brotherhood of Muslims in China with those elsewhere in the Islamic world. [A]

12 19۳۳۸۲ ۶ 民族 , BAU. AR, ER. , 信徒 Variants: Wumai 414 , Amu 阿木 ,Wen maiti 文麦 提

Wumi & > ‫ىما‬‎ ummi illiterate, uneducated. [A]

Wumula

MB

乌 姆拉 ‫ةرمع‬‎ ‘umra

pilgrimage to Mecca; the so-called ‘minor Hajj’ which, unlike the Hajj proper, can be performed at any time and involves less ceremonial (however, it does not count towards fulfilment of the duty to perform the Hajj). [A] ‫رز‬‎

Variant: Wumure 马姆 热 Wushier 马 什尔 var. of Oushile Kx{t #4) Wushituo ‎‫لدرك‬

‫ اسطى‬atsu"

master, foreman, teacher, Akhond, cleric; (in common usage of Hui Muslims

in SW China) learned cleric or religious teacher at college level of a madrasa.

See also Kaixue ahong and Zhangxue ahong. [A,P] Variant: Wusituotai 2 ti G, Wusuo 212 Wusile

3 i) , Wusili ‫کر‬‎ ‫ رز‬var. of Esili Za] H 120

“2, 老师 , ۳2

Xielifu 谢里夫 ，

Wusitazhu 召

斯它 助 ‫خاتسا‬‎ ustadh

master, madrasa teacher, professor of Islamic theological institute, Akhond.

See also Wushituo. [A] 师傅 , 老师 ,ba] , 教授 Variant: Wusitazi 召 斯它孜

Wusituode GHii

sk.)

master, teacher, workman. [A]

Wusituotai

0 师傅, 先生

& ti G var. of Wushituo

Wusu 屋 苏

乌 士 脱

| 7‫و‬2‎

sorrowful, solicitous, anxious, melancholy, sad, worried, depressed. [P]

TR

Variant: Wusu §& op

Wusule feigehai % 7.9) - 16167

‫هقفلا‬‎

‫ جا لوصأ‬al-figh

the four foundations of Islamic jurisprudence, figh: Quran, Sunna, giyas (analogy) and ijma‘ (consensus); hence source of the jurisprudence of the four main Sunni law schools, including the Hanafi madhhab (maizihaibu). [A]

Wusuli ‎‫ كك‬2

var. of Esili JE A] [

Wusuo 212 var. of Wushituo ‫كر‬‎‫دعا‬

Wuzhile 3%

‫ةرحآ‬‎ ujra

hire, rent, price, fee, wage, payment, honorarium; cleric’s fee for ritual performance (esp. Quranic recitation) paid by the believer’s family. [A]

Ko,

LE CAAA ]

Wuzuni 五祖 尼 ear.[A]

8 , ‫ع‬8‎

Xiawulu

23%

Rel "udhn ‫راولش‬‎ 7

,

(in usage of Hui in Gator Yunnan) trousers. [P]

裤子

党 Xianglao see Meitawanli

Xiehai 谢 海 , Xiehe iii var. of Shaihai {fi} Xielifu 谢里夫 ‫فيرش‬‎ sharif noble, highborn, honorific title of Sara lea of Muhammad; intendent of Mecca and Medina. [A] “高贵 者 , 285 121

the super-

Xiemaer dai # BK AK ۶

Xiemaer dai 1۱۳۵2۹۲۶

‫هد‬‎ ‫ هرامش‬shamari dah

ten. See also Numeral. [P]

Xiemizi 212632

十

‫هس‬‎ sah

three. See also Numeral. [P]

=

Xieshanbai 和 斜内 白 ‫هنش‬‎ ‫ هس‬sah shanbah Tuesday. [P] 星期 二 Variant: Xieshanbai #}|N 1

Xifate 西法 特 var. of Suifati HIEFL

Xijiabu #57

‫باجح‬‎ hijab

cover, woman’s veil, curtain; headdress for Muslim woman. See also Lubang.

[Al

#4, Aah

Xijiazi 2 512% ‫راححلا‬‎ al-hijaz Hejaz, Hijaz, region in West Arabia on the Red Sea coast; (for Chinese Muslims) the Arabia peninsula. See also Alabo. [A] 汉 志 , 汉 志 国 , 阿拉 伯

Xijila 布吉 拉 ‫رجه‬‎ hijra departure, emigration, exit; the Hejira, the emigration of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in AD 622, which became year 1 of the Muslim

lunar calendar. [A]

迁移 , 出 走 , 教 历 起 年

Xila 西 拉 ‫ةريسلا‬‎ al-sira biography, esp. that of the Prophet Muhammad; a handbook widespread among

Muslims in NW China. [A]

444 f€id

Xile PU) ‫رخ‬‎ khair good, charity, generous. [A]

70

Xilexila Pom AHL

۴

‫ةلسلس‬‎ 8

chain, series; in Sufism, the chain of spiritual authorities or leaders back to the

founder (or other great spiritual figure of the past) upon which depends the legitimacy and authority of the tariga or its present shaykh; also the genealogy of the leadership of a Sufi suborder. See also discussion of menhuan under Sufi (sub)orders, as well as under Leadership and succession. [A]

道 谱 , 道统

学 Xinjiang Autonomomous Region in W China, roughly coterminous with Eastern Turkestan. 122

Xunnaiti HA # ۰

«* Xin jiao see New Teaching Xinmai ۳۱

var. of Henmaiti ! 42

Xinmaiti 00

‫ةممش‬‎ shima

nature, temper, disposition, habit, custom, practice, character, strong will,

sl] , 抱负 , 毅力

ambition. [A]

Variant: Xinmaiti 3232+

Xinmizi

新 米子

一 aa hafta

seven. See also Numeral. [P]

七

Variant: Haifute 海夫 特 学 Xin xing, Xinxin jiao, Xinxin pai see New Teaching

Xitaitai PAG six. fA)

‫تس‬‎ sitta

‫را‬‎

Xiyele 布 叶 勒 六 > 8 stratagem, manouver, trick, device, expedient, legal strategem, permitted in

canonical law. [A]

Jit, 计谋

【法 律 允 许 ]

Xizibu 布 效 布 “一> hizb paragraph; a 60th part of the Quran; in Sufism, also a prayer of particular

efficacy. [A]

Rie,

(H=A)

Xunfu 117۶

‫فنص‬‎

sinf

kind, sort, category, class. [A] Xunnai #78

AMNATAS-

种类, 类别

42. sunna

customary practice, action, norm, usage sanctioned by tradition, behaviour

approved by the Prophet Muhammad. See also Xunnaiti and Xunnaiti nabi

below. [A]

行为 ,道路

Xunnaiti #7842

4. sunna

(originally) customary practice; the specific actions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad which became one of the four sources of law (Wusule feigehai); the way of the good Muslim, following the example of the Prophet Muhammad; prayer additional to the day’s mandatory prayers, usually individual rather than communal. Among Chinese Muslims, the latter meaning is predominant. See also Aerkani deni, Gulebu naiwafeili, Taihanzhu and Tetuanwoer. [A |

圣 行 拜,礼拜 [五 时 拜 前 后的

礼拜 ,一般 是 单 人 礼 ], 行为 ,道路 123

Xunnaiti nabi

逊 奈 提- 纳 比

Xunnaiti nabi 742 AE I ‫ةنس‬‎ sunnat al-nabiy the specific actions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. [A]

Ya lanbi ۱۳۶۶6

a

#26A a 17

‫ییراپ‬‎ ya rabbi

“oh, my Lord!” lament or expression of sadness and anxiousness used in

prayers. [A] 我 的 养育 者 呀 ! Variant: Ya lanbi 亚 兰比 Yaomu baierxi

KA - ۳۱26۲۷۲

‫ثعبلا‬‎

‫ موي‬yaum al-ba‘th

‘Day of Resurrection’, the time of the Last Judgment. [A]

Yaomu dini

KA - 底 尼 ‫نیدلا‬‎

‫ موي‬yaum al-din

‘Day of Faith’, the Day of the Last Judgment. [A]

Yaomu geiyamaiti

复生 日

最后

审判 日

KA - 给 亚 麦 担 ‫ةمايقلا‬‎ ‫ موي‬yaum al-giyama

‘Day of Resurrection’, Day of the Last ۳۳۷

Yaomu haxier KH - 5 ‘Day of Gathering’, the Last Daye [A]

[A]

复活 日

‫وي‬‎ yaum al-hashr 日 ,复活 有目

Yaomu heisabu KE - 黑 撒 布 ‫باسحلا‬‎ ‫ موي‬yaum al-hisab ‘Day of Reckoning’, the Day of Judgment. [A] 最 后 清算 日 Yari 7H

‫راي‬‎ yar

friend, companion, partner. [P]

Yede 115 hand. [A]

,

8

‫دي‬‎ yad =

Variants: Yede 9S , Yudi

Yegeini

伙伴

耶给尼

雨 底

‫نيقي‬‎ yaqin

certainty, certitude, conviction; conception, opinion. [A]

Yehude ۲۳۸۴۸۶ the Jews. [A]

‫البهودى‬‎ al-yahiid 犹太 教徒

Yehude 1۳۳8

‫یدوهب‬‎ 3

Jew, Jewish. [A]

犹太 人

Yeke 1-775 ‫كي‬‎ yak one. See also Numeral. [P]

Variant: Yemizi

—

叶咪 子 124

EU, WS

Yibadade F# RKB

Yekeshanbai ۲۲۶۵

‫هبنشکی‬‎ yakshanbah_

Sunday, the first day of the Islamic week. [P] Variant: Yekeshanbai 叶 克 闪 拜

Yekulu 也 苦 鲁

历礼拜 二

‫يأكل‬‎ ya’kulu

he eats (up), he consumes. [A] Variant: Yekulu 耶苦 重 Yeluhan

‫رب‬‎ 星期 日 , 教

也 和鲁 罕

۶

‫حوري‬‎ yarihu

he leaves, goes, sets out, goes away. [A]

xe , ۳

Variant: Yeruha 耶如 哈

Yemizi KF

Yemizi

var. of Yeke I 5,

叶 米 子 ‫هد‬‎ dah

ten. See also Numeral. [P]

”十

Yeruha 耶 如哈 var. of Yeluhan 也 和鲁 军 Yetimu

耶提目

orphan. [A]

ary yatim

MUL , 721972 JL

Variant: Yetimu 815155 2

Yetie 也 贴 var. of Ningmietie 宁 世 贴

Yiatidale 伊 阿 提 达 勒 ‫لادتعا‬‎ 2 straightness, erectness (after the prostration in the prayer). See also Lukua. [A]

站 起, 直 起身 Yiatikade 伊 阿提 卡 德 ‫داقتعا‬‎ 0 belief, faith, trust, conviction; the empirical understanding of the Islamic faith.

[A]

信仰 的 内 心 领 司 4

Yibadade 伊 巴 达 德 ”|>Le ‘ibadat acts of devotion, religious observances required of the faithful (e.g. prayer). Distinct from mu‘amalat (muamailiangte), social obligations required by Islamic law. In a non-Islamic country such as China, Muslim scholars hold that ‘ibadat is the minimum aspect of Shari‘a law that should be observed, given that it is usually impossible to implement Quranic punishments (hudud, hudude anla) because they conflict with the state’s secular laws. See also Faliduo, Gulebu falayiduo, Saliangte and Wazhibu. [A]

义务 【宗教 信仰

的], 教 法组 成 部 分 125

Yibulisi 伊 不 里斯

Yibulisi 伊 不 里斯 ‫سیلبا‬‎ iblis devil, Satan; person who sows discord, incites one against another; also (in

Muslim usage) an evil-minded person. See also Heiliangfu. [A, Hebrew]

BE , BARRE , 拨弄 是 非者 Variants: Yibulisi

Yichan 依 祥

依 不 力 思 , Yibulisi

依 不 利斯

‫ايشان‬‎ ishan

master, teacher, guide; honorific title given to the leader of a Sufi suborder in

E Turkestan and elsewhere in Central Asia; a Sufi Shaykh. In the Sufi doctrine found in E Turkestan, the ishan has a divine nature, acting as an intermediary betweeen Muslims and Allah. An ishan has absolute power in his group, and can nominate his khaiifa and hafiz as well as initiating maulid and buwi into the suborder. Usually, an ishan will have inherited his position from within his family and pass it on to his descendants. Normally, he will be able to trace his silsila back to Ali and Fatima (hence to Muhammad) and as such is regarded as being descendant of the Prophet. Usually, ishans centre their suborder and its ritual practices on a khanaqah (hannika) or a mazar (mazha). [P — from the Persian ishan (they)] 主人 ,指导 ,导师 ,教主

Yichan pai 依 祥 派 ‫ناشيا‬‎ ishan generic name given to various groups of Sufi suborders in E Turkestan. Ishan groups originated from Central Asia in the 16th century, being brought to E Turkestan by Makhdum al-Azam, a Sufi master from Bukhara (foremost in the

fifth generation of the Naqshbandi silsila. In the 17th century Ishan groups were formed into 4 suluks: Inaqiya (Ishan Kalan), Ishaqiya, Darwaniya and Miskiya. The four suluks developed into two rival groups, the Qara Taghliq (Black Mountain) and Aqa Taghliq (White Mountain) groups headed by Mukhdum alAzam’s children. In their development, they encountered and absorbed elements

from the doctrines of the Khafiyya, Jahriyya, Suhrawardiyya and others. In turn the two groups influenced the development of Khafiyya and Jahriyya among the Hui communities of NW China. Out of the fragmentation of the Qara Taghliq and Aqa Taghlig in the 19th century arose the fragmentation of Ishan groups again. Coexisting with the Ishan in E Turkestan in earlier times were other Sufi (sub)orders like the Suhrawardiya, Shadhiliya, Qalandars (Kalandar) and Chistiya. After the founding of the People’s Republic and subsequent suppression of religious activity, many of these minor (sub)orders took shelter under the umbrella of the more numerous and powerful Ishan groups, which today are mainly found in 5 Xinjiang, esp. in Muyu, Yecheng, Khotan, Yarkand, Cele, Kashghar and Kuche. Recent conservative figures state

126

Yihewani 4K # BL JB

their membership to be 600,000. [C, P — from the Persian /shan (they) and Chin-

ese pai (sect group)] Yideamu {} 2

DAFA

۲ 2: ALS AL E 2۳ ER HE PY) )

‫ماغدا‬‎ “idgham

coalescence; assimilation of two consonants and joining them by tashdid; a method of teaching Arabic grammar in Chinese madrasas; title of a textbook used in Chinese madrasas.[A] 生字 法

Yigamai

2

‫ةماقا‬‎ *iqama

second call to prayer at the mosque, indicating the imminent beginning of the celebration, convocation (of a meeting); the words used to call people to prayer. See also Muajin. [A] 宣 礼词

Yigelaer 06

‫اقرار‬‎ 'iqrir

(delivery of a) confirmation; affirmation, assurance, confession of faith. [A]

表白 , 信仰 的 表白 Yihelamu app fiz26 ‫مارحا‬‎ *ihram state of ritual consecration and purification of the hajji; pilgrimage garments worn by a hajji (one of which may be later used as their shroud — see Gemisi

and Kafan). [A]

BLA AY AAR , 2671 ۲ 130 (

Variant: Yihailamu 依 海 拉 木 Yihesang ft

2

‫ناسحا‬‎ ’ihsan

morality; virtue, performance of good deeds, beneficence, charity, alms-giving.

[A]

美德 ,行善 事 , 道德

Yihetilafu maizhaxibu 伊 赫 提 拉 弗 - 买 扎硕 布 ‫بحاذملا‬

‫فالتخا‬

ikhtilaf al-madhahib‫‏‬

difference; the differences within and between the four schools of law (maizi-‫‏‬

haibu) on points offigh. [A]

各 法 学 派 学 说 中 的 差异‫‏‬

Yihetilati ۵ ‫لامتحا‬‎ ihtimal’ (in Chinese Muslim usage) expectation, inprobable; consider to probability, tention, wishes. [P A]

Yihewani (Ki

UE

心愿

‫ناوخا‬‎ ۵

brotherhood, association, the Muslim brotherhood.

Influenced by Wahhabi

ideals in the Arabian peninsula, returning Hui reformers introduced the ideas of the Ikhwani movement among Muslims in China at the end of the 19th century. The new arrival became known as the ‘new teachings’ (xin jiao), “new new 127

Yijimaer 以 吉 马 尔

teachings’ (xinxin jiao) or ‘new new sect’ (xinxin pai) — see New Teaching. Ikhwan doctrine emphasizes observance of ‘true Islam’ (based on the Quran and Hadith) and purging of customs or habits not in accordance with Shari‘a law. It also opposes of China’s Sufi orders and suborders, calling for the destruction of all gubba (tombs). In 1937, a split in the movement led to the formation of the breakaway Salafiyya group. Today, the Ikhwan is found mainly among the Hui in NW China, 1983 statistics giving its size as more than one million members. [A]

Yijimaer 以 吉 马 尔

JU,

新 新 派 ， 兄弟 会 运动

‫ةهلتزسق الأجماع‬‎

assembly, collection, unanimity, agreement in religious teaching; consensus (of a local group of jurisprudents on a legal question), unanimous resolution of the Muslim community. One of the four main sources of figh (see Wusule

feigehai). [A]

众 议 ,一 致 ,决议

Variant: Yizhimaer

伊 制马 尔

Yilihaermu 4K BIA ZK AR dream. [A]

做梦,梦

Yiliangxi 义 两 西

hulm, ۳

| al-hulm 2

‫ىهالا‬‎ ilahi

“My God!” an exclamation in prayer, an expression of sadness and anxiousness. [A] FRAY UF !

Yimamu 伊

玛目 ‫ماما‬‎ ’imam

prayer leader, leader of Muslim community, religious chief, leader, imam. [A]

BA, 4011۴ ۸, Bk , ۶ Variants: Yimamu 4K RAC , Yimian #2 2

Yimani

依 玛 尼 ‫نامیا‬‎"ee

faith, belief. [A] Variants: Yimani

Yeti, 意志 & [ 对 伊斯兰

教的坚定 1

伊 麻 尼 , Yimani 伊玛 尼

Yimian 益 绵 var. of Yimamu 伊 玛 目

Yinaikeye {J 5296

‫ةيقنعلا‬‎ al-‘Inaqiya, epee‫ناسا‬‎ Ishan Kalan

a Sufi suborder in E Turkestan ‫وا‬‎

by the night time ritual services

and silent dhikr of its members. The Inaqiya (or Ishan Kalan) is one of the

Ishan groups that merged with, then fragmented from the White Mountain group (Ake tawulin) in the 19th century. [P, T]

伊 禅 卡 即 派 ，依 乃 克 耶 派 128

Yisigatui

#7

iB -

党 Yinchuan ‫با‬‎ Name since 1949 of former Ningxia and today administrative centre of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Yin sha anla 5072151

‫هللا‬‎ ‫ نا ءاش‬in sha’a allah

“God willing”, expression of hope. [A]

11156 215 , 如 主人允许

Variant: Yin sha anla hu 印 沙 安 拉 胡

Yinshani 印沙 尼 ‫ناسنا‬‎ 0 man, human being. [A] 人 ,人 类

Yinzhile 5/528)

‫ليجنا‬‎ injil

The Gospel, a proto-Gospel in accordance with Islam but which in corrupt form developed into the Christian Gospel, hence (in Chinese Muslim usage)

Bible. [A] 福音 书 , 圣经 [基督教 ], 福音 Yinzhimadi

印 只 吗 地 .‫دامحنا‬‎ injimad

frost, freezing, icy. [A]

Yirimu 伊 日 目

霜 ,۲

ale ‘ilm

knowledge esp. of the Quran and Islam generally, also (in China) of Arabic. See also Aiermu. [A] 知识

Yirouzhi —4~

var. of Yizhazi )31 2%

Yiruolu Ae

‫لاورس‬‎ sirwal

trousers, pants. [A]

۶ ,裤子

Yishaer 伊 沙尔 ‫اشارة‬‎ 8 sign, indication; signal, gesture, token. [A]

Yisibaxi NBER

标志 , 标记

‫راوس‬‎ ‫ بسا‬asb savar

cavalryman, cavalry, irregular troops, the Muslim troops who served in the Mongol conquest of China and subsequently under the Yuan dynasty (13th—

14th centuries). [P]

“骑士 , 非 正规 军 , BME

(RHF I

Yisigatui 伊 斯嘎 退 ‫طاقسا‬‎ 54 overthrow, shooting down, miscarriage, abortion, deduction, subtraction, rebate,

ransom; redemption (from failiure to perform certain religious duties) by means of a material donation or a ritual act; term used in SW China (compare use of feidiye in NW China) to refer to the ritual circulation of money wrapped in a 129

Yisihakeye ( 3 ‫اخ‬‎52 5

handkerchief among the mourners at a funeral service to redeem the sins committed by the deceased. This practice is esp. performed by members of the Qadim and the Ikhwan groups. [A]

转 经 钱 , HS OMT TAIN RAE , 按 教 法规定 应 由 其 子女 或 亲属 依照 拜 数 , 将 其相应 份额 的 遗产 作 伊 斯 嘎 退 布施 给 穷人 以 作 癌 赎 ‫ل‬‎ Variants: Yisijiatui 伊 司夏

推 ,Yisike 以斯 科

Yisihakeye 019۲۸۵ 5298 i Sb! al-Ishaqiya one of the four tariga (Sufi suborders) in E Turkestan characterized by their daytime ritual services and high vocal dhikr. Also calied the ‘Black Mountain

group’. [P,T]

1118118 seHBR ,۷

Yisijiatui 伊 司夏 推 var. of Yisigatui 伊斯 嘎 退 ，

Yisike 以斯 科 yar. of Yisigatui 伊斯 嘎退

Yisilafeile FH

69

‫لیفارسا‬‎ "Tsratl

the angel who will sound the trumpet on the Day of Resurrection. [A]

天 使 〔 司 末日 时 吹 号 角 的 ‫ل‬‎ Yisilan 011۷۲

‫مالسإلا‬‎ al-’islam

Islam; (in Hui Muslim usage) religion of trueness and piety; in earlier times,

also called ‘religion of the Hui’. [A]

伊斯兰 教 , 回教

,清真 教

Variant: Yixilan 移 习 览

Yisimayileye 伊 斯 玛 仪 勒耶 ‫الاسماعبلية‬‎ 21-1902 0 the Isma‘ilis, major branch Shi‘ism, or the Seven Imams Shi‘a. Isma‘ilism is

the faith of part Tajik people in E Turkestan. See also Yisina Ashila. [A]

伊 斯 玛 仪 派 , FSB

IK

Yisimu zati 0110۲۲۱ - 杂 提

‫تاذلا‬‎

‫ مسا‬ism al-dhat

name of the essence, Allah’s name. [A]

本名 【即 真 主的]

Yisina Ashila 依 斯 那 -= 1/1326 ۰‫رشع‬‎ LeylalIthna'ashara Twelve Imams Shi‘a, the Shi‘ism of a group of Uighur Muslims in Kashghar,

E Turkestan. See also Yisimayileye. [A]

{tye , 十 三伊 玛 目 派

Yisinade 伊斯 纳 德 >Ll *isnad the (uninterrupted) chain of authorities on which a hadith is based. See also Musanaifu. Compare Maitenai. [A] 圣 训 传授 人名 单 130

Yizhaer 伊 扎尔 ，

Yisitihalai 伊 斯提哈 莱 ۰‫لحتسا‬‎ istihall to regard something as permissible, or lawful; to think that one may do something; the prayer performed in advance of an important decision being made by the community. [A] 礼拜 【作出 重要 决定 前 的 ( Yisitihesang 伊 斯 提 赫 桑 ‫ناسحتسا‬‎ istihsan approval, consent; application of discretion in a legal decision; esp. to the Hanafi School, an additional source of law (Wusule feigehai). [A]

Yisitisika 0۲۲

赞同

۴

‫استسقاء‬‎ istisqa’

prayer for rain (often combined with fasting) in times of drought. [A]

为

求 雨 举行 的 礼拜 , EF SRE AY ia

Yisitisilahe (Hy #2 Hytirah ‫حالصتسا‬‎ istislah make suitable, taking into account the public good, a principle (esp. liked by the Maliki School) narrower in scope than Yisitihesang; (in Chinese Muslim usage) reinterpretation of a hadith for the public interest or to benefit the

community. [A] “为 社会 的 利益 变更 圣 训 经 文 Yixilan 移 习 览 var. of Yisilan 伊斯兰 Yizan 伊 赞 var. of Yizhang 依 章

Yizede, tealiang 依 则得 - 特 阿两 ‫ییاعت‬‎ ‫ لجا‬ajall ta‘ala “The most glorious, praised Lord”, the greatest, supreme God; a cry in prayer.

[A,P]

至 尊 的 安 拉 , 清高 的 真主

Yizhabu 7777 ‫باحیا‬‎ 6 obligation, liability, commitment, affirmation, confirmation, offer of contract, assertion, consent; certificate of marriage, verses from the Quran on marriage

written in Arabic calligraphy and copied on to a piece of cloth or paper for use

as the certificate of marriage. [A]

征婚 经

文,答应 ,同意 ,证 书

Variant: Yizhabu ۲

Yizhabu 义 札 布 var. of Yizhabu

‫ات‬‎

Yizhaer (AFL 75 ‫رازا‬‎ izar loin-cloth, wrap, garment covering the hajji from waist to heels. See also

Yihelamu. [A] 3

th 131

Yizhang 依 章

Yizhang 63۶

‫ناذیا‬‎ idhan

declaration, proclamation, verses of call to prayer recited by the muezzin. See

also Azang and Muajin. [A]

‫شال‬‎ , 宣 礼 词

Variant: Yizan {FF

Yizhazi 2,۶۲

‫ةزاجإلا‬‎ al-’ijaza

permission, leave, present, licence, completion of a verse; certificate of marriage issued by the cleric at the wedding ceremony; (in Sufi orders), conferment of the leadership succession by the master (often on his deathbed) on to his successor (layibu), in so doing keeping unbroken the line of authority (xilexila); legal opinion upholding the legitimacy of such a succession; (in the Khafiyya order) also a certificate granted to khalifas that gives them the right to teach Islamic doctrine. [A]

允许 , AR, AE Variants: Yizhazi

) 811804 BLE),

结婚 证 词

伊 扎 效 ,Yirouzhi 一若 艺

Yizhimaer 伊 制 马尔 var. of Yijimaer 以 吉 马 尔 党 Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty (1271-1368) Period of spectacular growth of Islam in Central Asia (incl. E Turkestan) and its spreading to all parts of China (notably NW China and Yunnan), initially because Muslim troops from Persia and Central Asia were an important component of the Mongol forces that conquered Song China and thereafter because Muslims were one of the elite groups used by the Yuan to run their huge empire. Probably, the later years of the Yuan saw the arrival of Sufism in E Turkestan (which during this period became part of China).

Yubunu 玉 补 努 ‎‫وه‬ ۱

‫نبا‬‎ ibn

Yubunu laiyubuni 玉 补 努 - 来 玉 补 尼 ‫نبال‬‎ ‫ نبا‬ibn li-ibn grandson. [A]

1

7,۴

Yudi MY) var. of Yede 也 德

Yunlujia maitebuzhi {inJil - 卖 特 布上只 ‫خوبطم‬‎ ‫’ زرأ‬aruzz matbikh

rice, rice pudding. [A]

2

Yunluzu laigushili ۱5 husked rice, rice. [A]

‫غ‬2‎

- 来 故 施 里 ‫لصق‬‎ ‫ زرآ‬222 qasal

132

Zhamier qingzhensi

札米 尔 清 真 寺

Yusinuoni 1 | ‫اثنان‬‎ ithnan two. See also numeral. [A] —, mi ‫ هو‬Zakat

see Zhakate‫‏‬

Zaihabu 宰 哈 布 ‫بهذ‬‎ dhahab gold, gold coin. [A]

4

,黄金

Variant: Zehai ۴

Zaiyuti 7۳ 11 oil. [A]

‫تیز‬‎ zait

۶

Zaozhe 早 哲 var. of Raozhi 56 2 Zaozheti 4742 var. of Raozhetu 564+. Zehai 则 海 var. of Zaihabu ۲ Zekati 则 卡提 var. of Zhakate 札卡 特

Zemani 则 马 尼

kzaman

time, period. [A]

时间 ‫لبج‬‎ jabal

Zhaibaili #AH mountain. [A]

Zhakate

‫الل‬‎

札 卡 特 ‫ةاكز‬‎ zakah

deni); obligatory alms-giving, one of the five pillars of Islam (see Aerkani cash; and goods of 2.5% follows: as paid purity, justness, honesty. Alms are as such property for amounts various and 5-1096 of agricultural production, Suodege camels, oxen and sheep and mining of ore (see Humusi). Compare

(voluntary alms-giving). [A] Variant: Zekati 则卡 提

天 课, 课 税 ，

Zhakate feiteer 扎 卡特 - 36727

‫رطفلا‬‎ ‫ ةاكز‬zakah al-fitr

n. [A] obligatory donation of foodstuffs required at the end of Ramada

7۳۲5 hit ‫ج‬‎ Zhamier qingzhensi tL Kin AF

‫عم‬‎ ‫ دجسم اج‬masjid jami'

Fridays; famous great central mosque where the public prayer is performed on

mosque. See also Jiamier. [A,C]

AK4LFESF , 7 133

(5

۴

Zhan bairekati 粘 拜

热卡提

Zhan bairekati 粘 拜 热 卡担 闪

baraka

to paste a very small piece of kiswa (kaisewa) from the Kaaba on the spot between the eyebrows of the deceased as a means to bring happiness or good luck (a practice performed by some Muslims in China). [A, C — from Chinese zhan (stick to, paste to) and Arabic baraka (God’s blessing)]

Ai

/) ERA ۱25۷۲

Zhandaiti 7 grandmother. [A]

) ‫عا‬‎

‫ةدح‬‎

ADE ]

8

祖母

Zhandu 占 堵 ‫دج‬‎ jadd grandfather, ancestor. [A]

祖 ,祖先

Zhangxue ahong ‫كك‬‎‫[ ع‬1[5]

‫ دنوخآ ةسردم‬akhund madrasa

religious leader, religious teacher at college level of the madrasa education system, theological scholar. See also Ahong. [C, P — from Chinese zhangxue (in charge of a school) and Persian akhund (teacher, clergyman, preacher) |

教 长 ，开 学 阿 包 Zhannai [78/1 janna ‘The Garden’, the most common name for Paradise; (in Chinese Muslim usage)

Heaven, the Heavenly Garden. [A]

72:۳8 , Kit

Variant: Zhannaiti 占 力 提

Zhan zhenazi ‫انت‬‎21/511

‫ زانج‬junaz

funeral rites, funeral procession in which people pray for the deceased. [A, C — from Chinese zhan (stand, perform) and Arabic junaz (prayer, religious service for a deceased person before burial)] YT ‫رقت‬‎ ‫ نا‬EAE AL

Zhaweiya

扎 维 亚 ‫ةيوار‬‎ ۵

۱

small mosque, prayer room, a small cupolaed mosque erected over the tomb of a Muslim saint, with teaching facilities and hospice attached to it, and usually belonging to a specific religious order. See also Libate. [A] ۳ 15۴

Zhaxier $778

‫رهاظ‬‎ zahir

that which is external, on the surface or obvious regarding meanings of the Quran and Hadith; (in Isma‘ili theology), the apparent sense as opposed to the

hidden sense. [A]

字义上 的解释

Zhayi 扎 依 ‫یاج‬‎ jayi place, seat, room, ground; mattress, the stock-skin or leather which is laid on the floor of the prayer hall; Islamic group or subsect, Sufi suborder in NW

China. [P]

供 即 拜 用 的 宁 牲 皮 【 铺 在 礼拜 典地 板 上 3] ,教派 134

Zhemali # 33 ۲

Zhayizi 扎 伊 效 ‫جاتئز‬‎

2

i

permitted, lawful, legal (deeds, works) in Shari‘a law. See also Haliangli and

Xile, also Mubaha. [A] AAT EB SE ASR AL

教 法准 允 的 行为

Zhebolayile # (HHA

‫لیئربج‬‎ 1

Gabriel, one of the greatest Islamic angels, the channel by which the Quran was revealed by God to Muhammad; also an angel looking to avert disaster.

See also Jiabuli. [A]

”天 使 【 司 启示 和 降临 灾难 的 ‫ل‬‎

Zhehannamu 哲 罕 那 木 ‫منهج‬‎ jahannam Gehenna, one of the seven ranks of Hell; term commonly used to refer to Hell asawhole. [A]

火狱

Zhehelinye 2719:1715

‫ةيرهجلا‬‎ al-Jahriya

the Jahriyya group, a branch of the Naqshbandiyya and one of the four main Sufi orders in China. Founded by a Chinese hajji after his return from Mecca and Yemen in the 18th century and looking to reform certain Sufi practices like the excessive veneration of Islamic saints popular at the time, in its early days the order was called the ‘new teachings’ (xin jiao). The followers of this order recite the dhikr loudly, hence they are sometimes known as the voiceraising group’ (from the Arabic word jahar, to say, express something aloud and publically), as well as shaking the head and moving the body in religious services. The group is characterized by its coherent order structure and by its members’ veneration of the chief of their order, their visiting the qubba (tombs)

of earlier masters instead of performing the Hajj, their chanting dhikr in da’ ir (dayier) circles and wearing of the hexagonal cap. Its doctrines were a significant influence on the Ishan group (see Yichan pai). The Jahriyya has five suborders and is found among the Hui in most parts of China. Statistics from 1983 give

them about 300,000 members. [A]

7 ahAKEBUK , iad UK ， 新 教 ,新派

Zhemaerti 哲 麻尔 提 ‫ةعمج‬‎ 3084

assembly, conference, small party, company, committee, congregation; a Muslim community centred on a mosque, a Muslim neighbourhood, or enclave surrounded by a majority of non-Muslims. [A] 集体 , 教 坊 ; 寺 坊

Zhemali 哲 玛 丽 ‫لامج‬‎ jamal

See beauty, beautiful; a word used to refer to the beauty of a Muslim woman.

also Jiamile. [A] 美丽 , ۲ Variant: Zhemali 7 FF

135

Zhenabaiti

者 那摆 体

Zhenabaiti 者 那 摆 体 ‫ةبانج‬‎ ۵ dirty; major ritual impurity (according to Islamic Law); impurity after sexual intercourse. [A]

Zhenaze

同房 后 的 污 体

者 那 则 ‫ةزانج‬‎ jinaza, +> janaza

bier, funeral procession; to prepare the deceased for burial (i.e. wash corpse, shave body hair, wrap in shroud, perform prayer, chant the Quranic verses, etc.); conduct the funeral service. [A]

BAL [ 为 亡者 洗身刮毛， 行 站 礼,念经 和祷告

Variant: Zhenazi

哲 那孜

Zhenni 镇 尼 ‫نج‬‎ jinn intelligent (often invisible) beings, either harmful or helpful, who can effect the lives of mortals; (in the usage of some Chinese Muslims) ‫مسي‬‎ ghost.

See also Paili. [A] ”精灵 Variant: Jingni 精 尼

Zhongbai 中 摆 ‫ةبح‬‎ jubba, ‫بابلج‬‎ jilbab a long outer garment, open in front, with wide sleeves; garment, dress, gown, a long white robe especially worn by the Ikhwan group in China during the

prayer service. [A]

H#h, 白 大 袍 ,长 衫 【礼拜 用的 ]

Variants: Zhongbai fu 衷 白 服 , Zhunbai 准 白 ,Zhunbai 准 拜 Zhuhu ۳ ‫ىدوهج‬‎ juhudi a Jew, es enemy; hatred, rivalry; (in usage of Muslims in NW China) ‘hatred’ used in a negative sense. See also next entry and Yehude. [P, T]

犹太 教 , 仙人 对 头 Variants: Zhuhude 朱平 德 ,Zhuhuti

主 胡 提 , Shuhu RA

Zhuhude 朱 呼 得 ‫دوهجح‬‎ juhid Jew, Jews; (according to a Mongol chronicle) those who throw away the sinew when they slaughter cattle for consumption. See also previous entry and

Yehude. [PT]

挑 筋 教人,犹太 人

Variant: Zhuhuti

朱胡 提

Zhule gaierde [Wij 2215

‫خدعقلا‬‎ ‫ لطق وذ‬3-83

11th month of the Islamic calendar, ‘the month of rest’. [A]

Zhule xizhe 11917577

教

历十 一 月

‫ةجحلا‬‎ ‫ وذ‬dhi al-hijja

12th month of the Islamic calendar, ‘the month of pilgrimage’ (to Mecca). [A]

anit —FA

136

Zuo sunnaite ) 10 Ze FF

Zhulusi 朱 鲁 斯 ‫سولج‬‎ juliis sitting, sitting down in prayer. See also Lukua. [A]

礼拜 时的 跪 坐

Zhuma 3 ‫ةعمج‬‎ jum‘a Friday, the day of gathering; the congregational prayer on Friday. [A]

RRL, 3:18۲1 ۰ 星期 五 礼拜 Variant: Jiemaia 22 br]

Zhumada le ahelai 主马 达 - (۳1787761

‫ةرخالا‬‎ ‫ یدامج‬jumada al-’akhira

6th month in the Islamic calendar, ‘the second month of dryness’. [A] 教 历六 月

Zhumada le wula 主 马 达 - WAHL

‫یلوالا‬‎ ‫ ىدامج‬jumada al-’ula

5th month in the Islamic calendar, ‘the first month of dryness’. [A]

教 历 五月

Zhuma mietie 主 麻 世 贴 ‫جمعة‬‎ 45 niyat jum‘a alms are collected, usually by the Muzhafeier, from the faithful on Friday in some areas for upkeep of their mosque. Some communities in China have the practice of distributing food after prayer and eating together. Those alms are

esp. for this purpose. [A] Zhunbai 准 白

,Zhunbai 准 拜 var. of Zhongbai

Zhusier 柱 思 耳 = bridge, dam. [A]

布施 物 〔 在 星期五 收, ‫ايل‬‎ 15 ASES BX} 中摆

jisr

桥

Zhuzi 2726 juz part, portion, division, a 30th part of the Quran. Compare Xizibu. In Chinese Muslim usage, the entire Quran is divided into 30 volumes, each madrasa student (khalifa) then chanting one volume in a massed chanting of the Quran

during religious services. [A]

共 三 十册 ) 《古兰经 》的 册 [全书

i a Zuhele 祖 核 勒 ”KE zuhr zuheer. [A] Saliangte and Pieshen also See prayer. the midday

‫اب‬‎

Zuo dua 做 都 阿 var. of Dua 都 阿 Zuo sunnaite )

25۶

‫نتخ‬‎ khatana, ‫ةنس‬‎ 8

to circumcise, perform the circumcision, perform the “Sunnat”. See also Haitenai, Sunnate kaerdan. [A/T, C — from Chinese zuo (to perform, to under-

go) and Turkish or Arabic sunnat (circumcision, good deed approved by the Prophet Muhammad)]

Yew , 行 割 137

礼 , 割损

‫‪Dette‬‬ ‫هوم تاج اوز‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪gi.‬‬

‫وقته ‪‎‬بصل ‪5‬‬

‫ال‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫تال‪‎‬‬

‫تاه‪viel ‎‬‬

‫‪۰‬ب‬

‫ان دی‬

‫‪۱‬‬

‫‪.yrw‬‏‬

‫او‬

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‫ل‬

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Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms

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Select Bibliography of Chinese Sources

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151

Chinese Index Note: Sorting of entries is firstly by the initial Chinese syllable and then alphabetically.

۶ Uighur terms In addition to the Chinese Islamic terms indexed below, the following Uighur terms are also found in the Glossary.

Khapiz 哈 菲 效 — see Hapizi "9 & fX

Apizi Bal #< — see Hapizi ۵ 3 ۲

Khoja — see Hezhuo 5 Qazi — see Gadui 72 5, Jarub kesh — see Jialifu kaxi 加 里 十 - 凯 西 Supi 苏 皮 — see Sufei HAF Kali ‎‫ — عا‬see Hari 哈日

Halepa — see Halifa 哈里 发

Alaqi I 2

۴ ۸

Abu 阿布 …1 Abu-daisi Abudaisi

— see Halaji 哈喇 吉

Alan [a] == 7

Alewaha ba]ij

阿 下 代思 1

Alin Ba

阿 不 代 思 ۱see Abu-daisi

7

7

Amanli [i] & 814— see Ermaili (2) 尔 麦力 Amen 阿门 ...7 Amin [a] — see Amen 阿门 Aminai i]KZ - see Amen 阿门

Abudaizi 阿布 代 效 J By ۳۵ Abudu 阿布 杜 .… 1 Abutabo [i] ‫ا‬‎34/8... 1

Adate 阿达 特 .… 1

Amu [i] - see Wuma ‫طب‬‎

Aerkani deni 阿尔 卡 尼 =- We... 1 Aershi 阿尔 世 .… 1 Afurong fA... 1

Agimu ۲[ 25۲ — see Hajimu 哈 基 姆

Afurong [i324 - see Afurong BRA

Ashula ۳۲. 9 Ashula [i] ‫زنط‬‎ — see Ashula 阿 术 拉 Ashula ri bilfiz A - see Ashula 阿 术 拉

Ageli 阿 格力 2

Asilan 阿 白兰 ... 9

Ageli fali #2 — see Ageli 阿 Aheilaiti

Aheileti

格力

阿 黑来 提 ... 2

阿 黑勒 提

see

Asimaer Asimani

阿 斯 玛尔 .… 9 阿 斯 玛 尼 1 see Asimaer

Asimani

阿 思 麻 尼 |阿 斯 玛 尔

Ataishi 阿太 施 .… 10

Aheilaiti Aheireti 阿 黑 热 提 Aheiruoti 阿 黑 若 提 ” 阿 黑 来提

Axilan bil7% — see Asilan balJi == Aye [iit — see Ayete ۶ Ayete 阿 叶 特 .… 10 Ayeti 阿耶提 - see Ayete 阿叶 特

Aheng 阿 衡- see Ahong 110 Ahong [i] 5[ ... 2

Ahun 阿 浑 see Ahong ۳ 3]

Ajida 阿 基 达 ... 6

Ayibo 阿 伊 伯 … 10

Ake tawulin Alabo

Azan 阿 赞 -see Azang 阿 藏 Azang Bal jt... 10

阿 克 塔 乌 林 .… 6 7

Azha 阿 札… 10

Alaji 阿 喇吉 — see Halaji 哈喇 吉 153

Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms

Azhabu

阿 札 布 .… 10

Aizhani 艾 札尼 - see Azang 阿 藏 Aizheli

© Ai 112 RE

€ An 按 安

Aibi 埃 毕 ... 3

Aibu wenmu 艾 补 温 母 .… 3 Aidebu 爱 德 布 .… 3 Aidebu 艾 德 布 - see Aidebu 爱 德 布 Aierbaier 艾 耳 摆 尔 .… 3 Aierlafu 3 2 AR... 3 Aierma 3 75 fk ... 3 Aiermu 307Ka8 ... 3 Aierzui 艾 耳 嘴 ... 3 Aierzui 爱 耳 跨 — see Aierzui 艾耳 嘴 Aihade 艾 哈 德 ... 3 Aihadi 15۶1۵۳: — see Aihade 艾 哈 德 Aihakamu 11۵1 ... 4 Aihalun sunnaiti 艾 哈 伦 - 121 ... 4 Aihailuoti 艾海 罗体 .… 3 Aihaiwati 艾 海 控 体 — see Aihailuoti 艾 海罗 体 Aihebaer 艾 赫 巴尔 ...4 Aihebali 3 jy FA... 4 Aihelu hadisi 艾 赫 鲁 - 06 FEHR... 4 Aihelu jitabu 艾 赫 鲁 - ‫و‬‎ ... 4 Aihelu-ketabu % ii - 克 塔 布 — see Aihelu jitabu 艾 赫 鲁 - 基 塔 布 Aihelu zanmai 艾 赫 鲁 - ۶۶3 ... 4 Aihu 艾 胡 ... 5 Aihu-laikaibi

艾 胡 -

艾 哲 理 ... 6

Anfei 按 肥 ... 8 Anla 安 拉 ... 8 Anlahu 107‫لع‬‎— see Anla 447

Anlahu akebaer 安 拉 平 - 阿 克 巴 尔 . ۵ Anlahu aikebaier 安 拉 平 - 艾 克 拜 尔see Anlahu akebaer 安 拉乎 -阿 克 巴 尔 Anlahu taaliang 2017۴ - 4۴۳ ... 8 Ansabu 2۳۳ ... 8 Ansaer 257K ... 8 Anseliangmu alaikong & 01 A 阿 来 空 8 Anshaer 安 沙 尔 — see Ansaer 安 萨 尔 Antai

按 台 ... 8

Antai 安 太 -see Antai 按台 Anwa &f, ... 9

© Ao A

Aolade 3178 ...9 © Ba ۳ Baba. .‫اس‬‎

0

Babu ۳۲ ... 11 Bade 巴 得 -see Bodan 波 丹 Balan j= ... 12 Bale hudaya ۳۵, ‫ور‬‎- 胡 达 亚 ... 12 Balekan 巴 勒 坎 ... 12 ‫‏‬elitaB ‫ م‬2# ‫ رك‬... 31 Batuile © 1۴ — see Batile F HEih Bazha EAL ... 13

来 凯 比 ... 5

Ailayisi 艾 拉 依 斯 .… ‫ك‬5‎ Ailaifu 26۳7... 5 Ailema fenlajisi ‫زن‬‎ ‫اب زر‬- ۳7 (۲... 5 Aimamo 5 Aimanaiti 2 ۳26 ... 5

Bazhaer E\FL7K - see Bazha EAL

Aimier muaimininai

© Bai ۴

‎‫ل‬122 - FEXOK IETS 5 Aimier musilin 3K7K - 穆斯林… 5 Aimin 艾 敏 ... 5 Aimusaer 1/۰... 6 Ainai £74 ... 6 Aisele & ‫م‬‎i) — see Aiseri 艾 色 日 Aiseri