Global threats of terrorism [учебно-методическое пособие]

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ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ КАЗЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ МОСКОВСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ МВД РОССИИ ИМЕНИ В.Я.КИКОТЯ КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ

И.А.ГОРШЕНЕВА В.Н. КУЛИКОВ

GLOBAL THREATS OF TERRORISM

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

Москва 2019

Пояснительная записка

Данное учебное пособие составлено Заслуженным работником Высшей школы РФ, к.ю.н., профессором И.А.Горшеневой и старшим преподавателем кафедры иностранных языков В.Н.Куликовым. Настоящее учебное пособие “Global Threats of Terrorism” является комплексным

и

коммуникативно-ориентированным,

что

способствует

развитию у обучающихся умений и навыков во всех видах речевой деятельности. Цель

пособия

коммуникативной межкультурного

–

поэтапное

компетенции взаимодействия

как и

формирование инструмента

иноязычной осуществления

взаимопонимания

в

ходе

профессионального и делового общения. Пособие состоит из 3 Units, организованных по темам, раскрывающим различные аспекты и проблемы мирового терроризма. В пособие включен аутентичный текстовый материал, который служит содержательной основой для чтения, осмысления и обсуждения. Все тексты отражают актуальные проблемы современного общества в рамках предложенной тематики. Разделы (Units) снабжены комплексом предтекстовых и послетекстовых упражнений, ориентированных на развитие навыков аналитической работы с общественнополитическими текстами и их критического осмысления, дискурс-анализа, расширение словарного запаса обучающихся, совершенствование умений ведения дискуссии, поиска информации в сети Интернет, а также на формирование навыков подготовки устных презентаций. Пособие призвано совершенствовать технологии скоростных видов чтения (просмотрового и выборочного), навыков аудирования новостных СМИ и, в целом, развития дискурсивной компетенции. Пособие может быть использовано как на аудиторных занятиях, так и в ходе самостоятельной работы.

UNIT I.

WHAT IS TERRORISM?

Warm-up Activities

1. Look at the pictures. How can you comment on them? 2. Think of as many words as possible related to the accidents shown in the pictures. 3. What is terrorism? Give your own definition.

Pre-text activity

1. What do you think of when you hear the word 'terrorism'? 2. What associations do you have? 3. Why do people resort to terrorism? 4. Who can become a terrorist? 5. What are the chief characteristics of terrorism?

READING TASK: You are going to read an article about terrorism. Scan the text and be ready to explain the origin of this notion and its main features.

Terrorism is the use or threat of violence that is limited in its physical destructiveness but high in psychological impact because it creates fear and shock. Terrorism's effectiveness is political rather than military. The terrorist act is meant to communicate a message to a watching audience. Assassinations of prominent figures in society or attacks on civilians chosen at random from a targeted group are typical of terrorism. Bombings are the most common form.

Conventionally the term applies to the acts of revolutionaries or nationalists

who challenge governments, while "terror" refers to government actions to crush resistance. In practice, the distinction between terrorism and terror is not always clear. Extremists of the right as well as the left and governments as well as underground organizations use terrorism. Often part of extended conflicts, it can also be the exclusive resort of groups too weak or secretive to mount an open assault. Terrorism alone, however, is unlikely to topple any government.

The term originated as a description of the Reign of Terror (1793-1794) during the French revolution. In the late 19th century terrorism was turned against the state, for example, in the actions of Russian revolutionaries, European anarchists, and Irish nationalists. After world War I terrorism in Europe merited discussion in the League of Nations. Terrorism also figured in the Indian independence movement, although Gandhi discouraged its use.

In the 1950s and 1960s terrorism was associated with insurgencies in European colonies. Yet as independence movements succeeded, terrorism escalated. Seizing hostages in order to make demands on governments also became characteristic of terrorism. Kidnappings of diplomats, business executives, and other symbols of foreign influence were earned out by Latin American revolutionary groups. Hijacking of civilian aircraft was linked to the Arab-Israeli conflict and Palestinian nationalism.

In the 1970s terrorism became a domestic problem for Italy, Spain, Great Britain, and Northern Ireland. The Iranian revolution reinforced the anti-American and anti-Western dimension of terrorism, as was demonstrated by the seizure of American diplomats in 1979, followed by the bombing of the U.S. Marine barracks (1983) and kidnappings of foreigners by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon. Peru and India, too, were troubled by terrorism in the 1980s and 1990s, midair bombings of international airline flights, notably of a U.S. commercial flight over Lockerbie, Scotland, in 1988, heightened public concern.

After 1968 numerous treaties and conventions under the auspices of the United Nations and other international organizations were aimed at preventing terrorism, especially attacks on civil aviation and on diplomats. Cooperation among nations developed slowly. Some states took unilateral action, such as retaliation or military intervention to rescue hostages. In 1968 the United States conducted a retaliatory bombing raid against Libya, a nation accused of sponsoring terrorism. Israeli policy, too, calls for military retaliation against terrorism. Throughout history, terrorism has claimed millions of innocent lives and disrupted societies all over the world.

But what exactly is terrorism? Despite controversy over which incidents can truly be called acts of terrorism, the term can be defined as the use or threat of violence to achieve a specific goal. Terrorism generally can be divided into two categories: state terrorism, or terrorism from above, in which governments lash out against their own people, and terrorism from below, in which groups or individuals try to disrupt the civil order to further their own agendas. Governments resort to terror to prevent other parties or popular movements from taking control, while groups or individuals use terrorism for various reasons, such as to fight against unpopular governments, to send a political message, or to further a criminal enterprise.

Support and protection of one's religion has also been a strong motivation for terrorism throughout history. While state terrorists have used the full force of a government's police and military against their enemies, individuals and groups have resorted to strategies such as kidnappings, hijackings and bombings. Terrorists have used these guerrilla-style tactics with the intention of striking fear into thousands of people, while hoping that the media will bring their message to the world's attention. Individual terrorists come from a wide range of social, political and cultural backgrounds. Many are young, passionate and revengeful, and most

importantly, are willing to die for their cause. Fuelled by their hatred and fanaticism, terrorism has become a horrifyingly common occurrence in today's world.

Exercise 1. Pronounce the words correctly. If it is necessary, consult the dictionary: insurgency, guerrilla-style, to heighten public concern, under the auspices of, retaliation, open assault, Lebanon, India, Peru, pro-Iranian, revengeful, to seize hostages, occurrence.

Exercise 2. Look at the words/phrases in bold in the text and try to explain them: threat of violence, assassination, attacks on civilians, at random, to challenge governments, to crush resistance, to topple governments, kidnapping, hijacking, to be aimed at, to rescue hostages, to lash out, fuelled, fanaticism, midair bombings

Exercise 3. Match the words in column A to the relevant phrases in column B.

A

B

1. hijacking

a. an attempt to take control a country by force

2. bombing

b. a person, not part of a regular military force, who engages in warfare

3. kidnapping

c. to murder an important person, especially for political reasons

4. insurgency

d. to take control of a vehicle (a plane) in order to demand smth. from government

5. assassination

e. the act of attacking a building or an area in

order to take control of it 6. assault

f. an occasion when a bomb is dropped or left somewhere

7. guerilla

g. to take a person away illegally and keep him (her) as a prisoner

Exercise 4. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets.

Terrorism

works

by

acting

directly

on

the

public

through

1)……………..(intimidate).Terrorists use different methods to terrorize people such as kidnapping, setting off bombs, hijacking and 2)…………….(assassinate). Most terrorist groups have a small number of members. Unlike ordinary 3)……………….(crime), their goals are not to acquire money or some other form of personal gain. Terrorists attack people who oppose their cause or objects that symbolize such 4)……………..(oppose). Terrorist acts are committed for a 5)……………….(various) of reasons. Some terrorist groups support a particular political philosophy. Other organizations represent ethnic groups seeking 6)…………………(liberate) from 7)……………………(govern) in power. Terrorist dictators employ 8)……………………….(violate) to frighten or eliminate their 9)……………………..(oppose). Terrorists believe the threat or use of

violence

is

the

best

way

to

create

fear,

gain

publicity

and

10)………………………….(notorious), and increase support for their causes.

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English: 1. В Испании арестованы несколько человек, оказывавших поддержку террористам. 2. Американские спецслужбы получили сведения, что террорист-смертник

готовится к теракту против США на Ближнем Востоке. 3. Сейчас в мире насчитывается около 500 групп и организаций, использующих в своей деятельности террор, на всех континентах, за исключением

Австралии

и

Антарктиды.

В

настоящее

время

в

террористических актах ежегодно гибнет свыше 5 тысяч человек. 4.

90% терактов составляют взрывы бомб, обстрелы и вооруженные

нападения.

5. Международные радикальные террористические организации

широко используют неправительственные организации как для сбора средств, так и для обеспечения своей деятельности. 6.

Правительство США принимает меры по замораживанию банковских

счетов террористов, пресечению сбора средств и вербовки террористов. 7. Полиция получила право закрывать выезд из городов в случае терактов с применением химического или биологического оружия. 8.

Министр

здравоохранения

предосторожности

на

случай

заявил:

«Следует

распространения

принять смертельно

все

меры

опасных

инфекций». 9. Профессор Майкл Лэнгман сказал, что если террористы применят химическое или биологическое оружие начнётся паника. Exercise 6. Give proper words to the following definitions:

1. a strong or powerful influence or effect caused or produced by an idea, invention, event etc. 2. a murder (of a ruler, politician, or other important person) 3. of great importance, fame, etc. 4. a person, not of the armed forces 5. to make or become more serious by stages 6. something bad done to someone who has done something bad to you 7. to demand

Follow-up Activities

1. In pairs ask and answer questions based on the text of Unit I. 2. Read the text of Unit I again and answer the following questions or do the task:

a) looking into the text b) without looking into the text

1. What is the difference between the words "terror" and "terrorism"? 2. What are the origins of the term? 3. Tell about different periods in the record of terrorism. 4. How can you define a mastermind of terrorism? 5. What can help people be immune to terrorism? 6. What does the term “global terrorism” imply for? 7. Can you recall any explosions of terrorism? 8. Can you recall any examples of acts of terrorism? 9. What do you think can be done to eliminate terrorism?

Read the newspaper article and discuss it with your partner.

Domodedovo airport hit by deadly bombing

Suspected suicide attack kills at least 35 at Moscow's main airport, after security agencies reportedly received a warning

-Luke Harding and Tom Parfitt in Moscow,

Guardian.co.uk, Monday 24

January 2011

At least 35 people were killed and 130 injured in a suspected suicide bombing

today at Moscow's biggest airport, Domodedovo, Russian officials said. A spokeswoman for the healthcare ministry said a further 20 people injured in the bombing were in a critical condition in hospital. Sources said three men were suspected of plotting the explosion, which had the power of 7kg of TNT. The attack is the most deadly in Russia since last March when two female suicide bombers from Russia's Mulsim-majority Dagestan region set off explosives on the subway system, killing 40 people. It was Moscow's worst attack for six years. Russian investigators said today's explosion took place in the lounge area next to the international departure zone and close to the Asia cafe. Another source said "dozens" had been injured. A traveller identified as Viktor told the Russkaya Sluzhba Novostei radio station that he heard the bang from outside the airport, where he was waiting for a car. "There was an explosion, a bang. Then I saw a policeman covered in fragments of flesh and all bloody. He was shouting, 'I've survived! I've survived!'" Mark Green, a British Airways passenger who had just arrived at the airport, told the BBC he heard the explosion as he was leaving the terminal. "Literally, it shook you," he said. "As we were putting the bags in the car a lot of alarms ... were going off and people started flowing out of the terminal, some of whom were covered in blood. One gentleman had a pair of jeans on that was ripped and his thigh from his groin to his knee was covered in blood." The airport is used by numerous international carriers including BA and BMI, which flies four times daily between London and Moscow. Domodedovo is connected to the centre of the capital by a high-speed train and is the airport of choice for Moscow's large expatriate population. In a Twitter message, the Russian president, Dmitry Medvedev, vowed to track down and punish those responsible. "Security will be strengthened at large transport hubs," he wrote. "We mourn the victims of the terrorist attack at Domodedovo airport. The organizers will be tracked down and punished." Witnesses said there was heavy smoke over the airport and the entry from the arrivals zone had been closed. "There is the smell of smoke at that section. No

announcements have been made yet through loudspeakers," passengers reported via Twitter. Others Twitters users, citing emergency staff at the scene, said up to 70 people may have been killed. Investigators said they believed the explosion was caused a suicide bomber. "The preliminary reports suggest that the explosive device was activated at the international arrivals section by a suicide bomber," one source said. Several international planes were diverted to Sheremetyevo airport, with Domodedovo temporarily closed to incoming planes. Russia's security agencies received a warning ahead of today's blast of a possible attack on a Moscow airport, news agencies reported. "We received information that in one of Moscow's airports a terrorist attack could possibly take place," – a source told RIA Novosti. The source said police had been searching for three suspects. The suicide bomber appears to have entered the building unchallenged, taken the lift up to the second floor and then blown himself up. Two others monitored the explosion and then left, the official suggested. Russian opposition bloggers demanded to know why security measures had not been enhanced at airports in response to the tipoff. Oleg Kozlovsky, an opposition activist, tweeted: "If the FSB [Russian's domestic anti-terrorism agency] knew about the warning a week ago, why didn't they check passengers arriving at airports?" Another source told Interfax: "According to intelligence, three men may have been involved in organising the explosion, men who have been living in the region of the capital for some time. They have been put on the wanted list." He said the three suspects were believed to be militants from Russia's North Caucasus. They allegedly had connections to a woman who blew herself up in Moscow on 31 December and another who was later arrested in Volgograd. "It can't be ruled out that one of the three blew himself up at Domodedovo," the source said. A team of investigators began sifting through video footage from security cameras at Domodedovo and requested a list of mobile phone users in this area. CCTV cameras are installed both inside the airport and in the surrounding area.

Security has been stepped up across Moscow, with police put on high alert at all transport hubs. The attack is likely to be blamed on Islamist radicals, and is another grim sign that terrorism has returned to the Russian capital. The Kremlin has repeatedly insisted the situation in Russia's North Caucasus has stabilised after two brutal federal wars against Chechen rebels in 1994– 1996 and 1999–2005. The airport bombing and last year's metro attack on the metro suggest this claim is a fairytale. Across its mountainous southern frontier the Russian state is fighting a group of determined and well-organised insurgents who want to establish a pan-Islamic caliphate. The republics of Ingushetia, Chechnya, and Dagestan – where the insurgents operate – are gripped by civil war, with daily attacks on police and local security forces. The Kremlin has responded to this threat to its integrity with characteristic brutality. It has launched a series of special operations. Last year its special forces killed Said Buryatsky, a senior rebel and Russian-born Islamist convert, in a village in Ingushetia. Another insurgent leader, Egyptian-born Saif Islam, was killed in Dagestan. These killings may have prompted the two women to set off to Moscow last spring on a revenge suicide mission. In 2008 Doku Umarov, Chechnya's most senior surviving rebel leader, promised to take his violent campaign to Russia's towns and cities. He indicated he had reconstituted the suicide brigades used to devastating effect during the second Chechen war – which saw the bombing of the Moscow metro in 2004, as well as the hijacking of a Moscow theatre and the siege of Beslan, a school in south Ossetia in which 300 people, mainly children, died. It appears that the rebels have again demonstrated a capacity to strike deep into the heart of the Russian state.

1. Find and read more information about terrorism in Russia and continue the timeline with other facts. 2. Compare the results of your findings with your partner’s.

Timeline: terrorism in Russia

Nearly 300 people have been killed in suspected Chechen attacks in Russia over the past year. Here is a chronology of the most significant strikes since Russian forces were sent back into the republic in 1999.

August 31, 1999 A bomb explodes in an underground shopping centre just outside the Kremlin walls, injuring 20. Officials call it an act of terrorism but do not link it specifically to Chechen militants.

September 1999 In a devastating series of attacks, bombs destroy apartment blocks in the Russian towns of Moscow, Buynaksk and Volgodonsk, killing more than 200 people. Moscow blames the Chechens, who in turn accuse Russia's secret services. In response to the attacks, then-prime minister Vladimir Putin sends Russian troops back into Chechnya for the first time since 1997.

August 8, 2000 A bomb explodes in a busy Moscow underpass, killing eight people and injuring 50. October 23, 2002 Around 50 Chechen rebels seize a Moscow theatre and hold about 800 people hostage in a three-day siege. Most of the rebels and around 120 hostages are killed when Russian forces use gas to storm the building.

December 27, 2002 A suicide lorry-bomb attack destroys the Grozny headquarters of Chechnya's Moscow-backed government, killing 72 people.

May 12, 2003 Sixty people are killed in a suicide bombing on a government compound in northern Chechnya. Two days later, a woman blows herself up at a religious ceremony in the republic, killing 18 people.

June 5, 2003 A female suicide attacker detonates a bomb near a bus carrying soldiers and civilians to a military airfield in Mozdok, a major staging point for Russian troops in Chechnya, killing at least 16 people . July 5, 2003 Two women suicide bombers kill 14 people when they blow themselves up at an open-air rock festival at Moscow's Tushino airfield. Sixty people are injured, and a 15th victim dies later.

August 1, 2003 Fifty people, including Russian soldiers wounded in Chechnya, are killed in a truck-bomb attack on a military hospital in Mozdok, North Ossetia.

December 5, 2003 Forty-four people are killed when a suicide bomber attacks a train in southern Russia.

December 9, 2003 A suicide bombing in central Moscow kills at least five people.

UNIT II.

TYPES OF TERRORISM

Warm-up Activities

1. Look at the pictures. What can you say about them? 2. Do you think terrorism is completely random, or there is a purpose to this type of violence? 3. What means do the terrorists use in their attacks? Do they have a goal?

READING TASK: You are going to read a newspaper article about types of terrorism. What are the different types characterized by? What are the reasons of terrorist activity according to the article?

Terrorism has been around for as long as people can remember, but for the past ten years there's been a dramatic rise in activity. Terrorists use murder, kidnapping, hijacking, and bombings to pursue a political agenda. Terrorism happens all over the world, in every way, shape and form. There are many types of terrorism and terrorists with many different purposes. The primary reason for terrorist actions is to force a change in their nation's government. If terrorists are not satisfied with their government's political positions, they may end up taking the matters into their own hands. Another reason for terrorist acts is because of hate towards a race, nationality, or religion. In recent years, terrorism seems to be at a new high and attacks are more violent than in the past. Many groups operate within a single nation or region. Others have branches and operations in many countries. Because terrorists generally cannot match the strength of conventional military forces, they often rely on guerrilla warfare.

New groups are sprouting all over the place and terrorism being so secretive and having no forewarning, governments from all over the world have form alliances to combat terrorism and terror cells in hope of thwarting any further threats. As a civilized society we cannot resort to terrorism. Everyone has a responsibility to take action. Everyone in the world needs to unite to combat terrorism. Researchers in the United States began to distinguish different types of terrorism in the 1970s, following a decade in which both domestic and international groups flourished. By that point, modern groups had began to use techniques such as hijacking, bombing, diplomatic kidnapping and assassination to assert their demands and, for the first time, they appeared as real threats to Western democracies, in the view of politicians, law makers, law enforcement and researchers. They began to distinguish different types of terrorism as part of the larger effort to understand how to counter and deter it.

Bioterrorism

Bioterrorism refers to the intentional release of toxic biological agents to harm and terrorize civilians, in the name of a political or other cause. The U.S. Center for Disease Control has classified the viruses, bacteria and toxins that could be used in an attack. Category A Biological Diseases are those most likely to do the most damage. They include: Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin) The Plague (Yersinia pestis) Smallpox (Variola major) Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Hemorrahagic fever, due to Ebola Virus or Marburg Virus

Cyberterrorism

Cyberterrorists use information technology to attack civilians and draw attention to their cause. This may mean that they use information technology, such as computer systems or telecommunications, as a tool to orchestrate a traditional attack. More often, cyberterrorism refers to an attack on information technology itself in a way that would radically disrupt networked services. For example, cyberterrorists could disable networked emergency systems or hack into networks housing critical financial information. There is wide disagreement over the extent of the existing threat by cyberterrorists.

Ecoterrorism

Ecoterrorism is a recently coined term describing violence in the interests of environmentalism. In general, environmental extremists sabotage property to inflict economic damage on industries or actors they see as harming animals or the natural environment. These have included fur companies, logging companies and animal research laboratories, for example.

Nuclear terrorism

"Nuclear terrorism" refers to a number of different ways nuclear materials might be exploited as a terrorist tactic. These include attacking nuclear facilities, purchasing nuclear weapons, or building nuclear weapons or otherwise finding ways to disperse radioactive materials.

Narcoterrorism

Narcoterrorism has had several meanings since its coining in 1983. It once denoted violence used by drug traffickers to influence governments or prevent

government efforts to stop the drug trade. In the last several years, narcoterrorism has been used to indicate situations in which terrorist groups use drug trafficking to fund their other operations.

Nationalist terrorism

Nationalist terrorists seek to form a separate state for their own national group, often by drawing attention to a fight for "national liberation" that they think the world has ignored. This sort of terrorism has been among the most successful at winning international sympathy and concessions. Experts say that nationalist terror groups have tended to calibrate their use of violence, using enough to rivet world attention but not so much that they alienate supporters abroad or members of their base community. Nationalist terrorism can be difficult to define, since many groups accused of the practice insist that they are not terrorists but freedom fighters. What are some examples of nationalist terrorist groups? Nationalist terrorist groups include the Irish Republican Army and the Palestine Liberation Organization. Other prominent examples are the Basque Fatherland and Liberty, which seeks to create a Basque homeland separate from Spain, and the Kurdistan Workers' Party, which seeks to create a Kurdish state independent from Turkey.

Religious terrorism

Religious terrorists seek to use violence to further what they see as divinely commanded purposes, often targeting broad categories of foes in an attempt to bring about sweeping changes. Religious terrorists come from many major faiths, as well as from small cults. This type of terrorism is growing swiftly, notes Bruce Hoffman of the RAND think tank; in 1995 (the most recent year for which such statistics were available), nearly half of the 56 known, active international terrorist groups were religiously motivated.

Because religious terrorists are concerned not with rallying a constituency of fellow nationalists or ideologues but with pursuing their own vision of the divine will, they lack one of the major constraints that historically has limited the scope of terror attacks, experts say. As Hoffman puts it, the most extreme religious terrorists can sanction "almost limitless violence against a virtually openended category of targets: that is, anyone who is not a member of the terrorists' religion or religious sect". What are some examples of religious terrorist groups? Examples include Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network, the Palestinian Sunni Muslim organization Hamas, the Lebanese Shiite group Hezbollah, the radical Jewish groups affiliated with the late Rabbi Meir Kahane, the Israeli extremists Baruch Goldstein (who machine-gunned Muslim worshipers in a Hebron mosque in 1994) and Yigal Amir (who assassinated then Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995), some American white-supremacist militias, and the Aum Shinrikyo doomsday cult in Japan.

Exercise 1. Consult a dictionary, define the following words and try to explain the difference: Rebels, insurgents, separatists, guerrillas, insurrectionists, freedom fighters, fundamentalists... are these all terrorists?

Exercise 2. Pronounce the words correctly. If it is necessary consult the dictionary: Thwarting, to resort to, to deter, anthrax, botulism, plague, smallpox, to orchestrate, bioterrorism, cyberterrorism, to sabotage, narcoterrorism, traffickers, to alienate, Palestine, Basque, Kurdistan, Turkey, Muslim, Lebanese.

Exercise 3. Fill in the correct words from the list below. Use the words only once.

To combat, to attack, to take the matters, to influence, to rivet, to hack into, rise, to resort, nuclear, to be at

1………………………..a new high 2………………………..facilities 3………………………..networks 4………………………..terrorism 5………………………..into one’s own hands 6………………………..in activity 7………………………..to terrorism 8………………………..world attention 9………………………..governments 10………………………nuclear facilities

Exercise 4. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets.

The essence of terrorism is 1)……………….. (violent) with the aim of 2)……………(intimidate). Those who commit 3)…………….. (terror) acts are different political and social organizations and just citizens who want to gain some goal. The object of 4)………… (violent) is usually the power of the certain 5)……………..(government) workers as the 6)…………………(personify) of the whole

governmental

8)………………….

power (personify)

or

7)……………….(peace) of

the

whole

society

citizens

as

including

9)……………(foreign). The aim of such violence is to achieve the desired goal that is usually one of points in revolutions, 10)……………….(stabilize) of society, war breaking with foreign countries, getting independence, political changes, etc.

Exercise 5. Fill in the missing words which best fit each sentence. Use only ONE WORD in each gap. aircraft hijackings, released, hostages, suicide bombers, hijacked, demand, targets, threatened, imprisoned, attack

Terrorism

can

involve

a

variety

of

different

kinds

of

attacks,

1)………………..targets and weapons. Increasingly, the most common terrorist incidents involve the use of bombs on airplanes, trucks, cars, or ships or 2)……………………..suicide bombers. And the perpetrators and targets have become more diverse. Terrorists began to use 3)…………………………aircraft hijackings in the 1970s to project their message. For example, in December 1973, Arab

terrorists

killed

thirty-two

people

in

Rome’s

airport

during

4)………………..an attack on a U.S. aircraft. 5)………………..Hostages were taken in support of the hijackers’ 6)………………demand for the release of 7)…………………imprisoned Palestinians. In 1976, a French plane with mostly Israeli passengers was 8)………………..hijacked by a Middle Eastern organization and flown to Uganda, where the hijackers 9)………………threatened to kill the hostages unless Arab prisoners in Israel were 10)………………released.

Exercise 6. Explain the difference between the following pair of words: to

abduct – to kidnap

Exercise 7. Look through the text and find out other types of terrorism.

A gunshot, an explosion, and screaming heard. That is what is generally thought of when one hears the word "Terrorism". In most cases it is true, but there

are many other types of terrorism. Most terrorist incidents in different countries have been bombing attacks, involving explosive devices, tear gas and pipe bombs. People often generalize terrorism however; there are three main types of terrorism that is becoming more and more prevalent in today’s world: international, domestic, and political terrorism. With terrorist threats on the rise, the nation is well aware of the possibility of yet another terrorist attack. Some forms of terrorism take place in our own neighborhood, or place of work. Terrorists do not have to be from a foreign country, the majority of terrorism that takes place in our country are from people that do not fit the terrorist profile. From internet hacking, to car bombing, terrorism is a constant threat today. The most recognized type of terrorism is international terrorism. International terrorism takes place all over the world however, the terrorism going on in the Middle East, and Gaza Strip has been a raging war for decades. Another form of terrorism that is often overlooked is domestic terrorism. Acts of domestic terrorism can include car bombing, internet hacking, and gang-related crimes. The mob is a prime example of domestic terrorism that can take place. The mob was running companies and government branches, through the dirty funds, and drug money. Internet hacking is a very dangerous form of terrorism. Hackers can be committing grand theft, and fraud while being 500 miles away from the desired location. Hacking is the hardest form of terrorism to track simply due to today’s technology. Internet terrorism can be committed internationally, and domestically. From credit card numbers, to bank access codes, makes internet terrorism one of the most important types of terrorism to be aware of today. From something as simple as a car bomb, to internet related crimes, domestic terrorism is the broadest form of terrorism, and takes place more often.

Writing Project

Look at the Array of Terrorism and write a short article about one of the terrorist incidents which happened in the world. Array of Terrorism

ATTACKS………………Suicide bombing Kidnapping Hostage-taking Drive-by shooting Targeted assassination Air piracy

TARGETS…………… Public gatherings Oil tankers Journalists Immigrants Food suppliers Human rights workers Tourists Embassies

WEAPONS………………………… AK 47 Sarin gas Car bomb Shoulder-fired missile Dirty bomb Anthrax Airplane as missile

GOALS………………Political independence Revenge Free prisoners Вoost followers’ morale Weaken government Publicize demands

GROUPS……………… Nationalists Neo-Nazis Official state agency Proxy for state Secret state agency Religious militants Left-wing militants Right-wing militants

INFRASTRUCTURE…………… Training camps Safe houses

Money laundering Weapons suppliers

Exercise 9. Render the text into English using the key vocabulary: Самый страшный акт терроризма на американской земле был совершен 11 сентября 2001 года, когда группы из четырёх-пяти террористов захватили четыре авиалайнера, отправившихся из аэропортов на восточном побережье Америки. Пользуясь ножами, 19 воздушных пиратов превратили самолёты в

огромные заполненные топливом ракеты. Убийцы направили два самолёта на Нью-йоркский Центр международной торговли, а третий самолёт – на Пентагон в Вашингтоне. Команды и пассажиры героически боролись с захватчиками на борту четвёртого самолёта, предназначавшегося для поражения другой цели в Вашингтоне. Самолёт потерпел крушение в Пенсильвании, при этом все пассажиры на его борту погибли. Действия пиратов внутри самолёта были жестокими и продуманными. Но это было только начало ужаса. Вместе с сотнями пассажиров, погибших на борту самолётов, более 4800 людей погибли в огне и руинах Центра международной торговли. Многие погибли сразу же после столкновения самолётов с двумя зданиями ЦМТ. Некоторые, спасаясь от огня, прыгали из окон небоскрёбов. Сильное пламя расплавило конструкции зданий, выдержавших непосредственный удар самолётов: менее чем через два часа после первого взрыва оба здания рухнули, похоронив под своими руинами тысячи людей. Ответственность за ужасные события, произошедшие 11 сентября, лежит на террористической сети «АльКаида», возглавляемой Усамой бин Ладеном.

Follow-up Activities

1. Study the material of Unit II again and fill in the table. Discuss the issue with a partner.

Types Terrorism

of Features

Weapons

Targets

Read the following headlines and decide what form of terrorism each headline describes, then choose one of the headlines and talk about it as if you were a witness.

1. An explosion caused a Russian train crash. 2. Pakistan suicide bomber kills dozens at volleyball. 3. Freed hostage Peter Moore expected back in UK today. 4. Iraqi governor seriously injured in double suicide attack. 5. Two bomb blasts hit Pakistan.

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UNIT III.

COUNTER TERRORISM

Warm-up Activities

1. Look at the pictures. How can you comment on them? 2. How can people stop terrorism? 3. What do you know about the war on terrorism?

On a piece of paper briefly answer the following questions:

1. When did the war on terrorism start? 2. Who started the war? 3. What would you like to know more about?

READING TASK: You are going to read a newspaper article about counter terrorism. Define the major characteristics of the current international terrorist threats.

The current international terrorist threat is quite different from the terrorist threats people faced in the past. Contemporary terrorist groups claim a religious justification for their actions and have a wide-ranging religious and political agenda; they are no longer concerned with a single issue. Many seek mass civilian casualties

and are prepared to use unconventional techniques (including chemical or radiological weapons); they conduct attacks without warning; they actively seek to recruit new members all over the world. All too often we are reminded that terrorism continues to inflict pain and suffering on people’s lives. Almost no week goes by without an act of terrorism taking place somewhere in the world, indiscriminately affecting innocent people who just happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. Countering this scourge is in the interest of all nations and governments. Counter-terrorism (also spelled counterterrorism) is the practices, tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, militaries, police departments and corporations adopt in response to terrorist threats and/or acts, both real and imputed. Counter-terrorism is a massive global industry which takes place at various levels, ranging from local police investigation of terrorist acts to the invasion of Afghanistan to oust the Taliban and hunt down al-Qaeda leaders. If the terrorism is part of a broader insurgency, counter-terrorism may also form a part of a counter-insurgency doctrine, but political, economic, and other measures may focus more on the insurgency than the specific acts of terror. Foreign internal defense (FID) is a term used by several countries for programs either to suppress insurgency, or reduce the conditions under which insurgency could develop. According to the statistics of the Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) Terrorism Knowledge Base the world’s total death toll from international terrorism over the last 39 years (1968– 2006) has been 10,037 deaths, i.e. 257 per year. While terrorist attack has thus been one of the least likely ways of losing one’s life, almost everywhere, almost all the time, there is of course more to it than this. The distinction is mainly one of timing, prevention seeking to address the motives of potential terrorists in order to avoid the hatching of plans of terrorist attacks; active defense seeking to prevent the actual launch of such attacks; and passive defense aiming to minimize the consequences.

Exercise 1. Pronounce the words correctly. If it is necessary consult the dictionary: Agenda, indiscriminately, scourge, imputed, oust, doctrine, launch, the hatching of plans.

Exercise 2. Make collocations by matching the words from columns A and B and use them in the situations of your own: A

B

ambush

profile

assassinate

victim/target

carry out

attack/assassination/ NBC warfare

combat

hostages for ransom

commit

for ransom/ prominent personnel

destructive

terrorism

draw/attract/hold

public attention

finance

capability

give in to

travellers

hamper

victims

hold

terrorist groups

incendiary

terrorist demands

intended

arson

intimidate

devices

kidnap

security forces

terrorist

people

Exercise 3. Choose the right equivalent:

1. CONTEMPORARY LIFE a. modern life b. ancient life c. city life

2. SOVEREIGN NATIONS a. rich nations b. democratic nations c. independent nations 3. TECHNICAL ADVANCES a. technical problems b. technical tools c. technical progress

4. TARGETS a. markets b. objectives c. trends

5. MISCONCEPTIONS a. drawbacks b. misunderstandings c. ideas.

6. A CELL a. an organization unit b. a famous person c. a kind of alcohol

7. TO SUSTAIN OPERATIONS a. to spoil operations b. to break operations c. to continue operations

8. AN ASSASSIN a. a kind of murderer b. a kind of politician c. a kind of religious leader

Exercise 4. Render the text into English. ЕВРОПОСТАН? Именно горечь выразил В. Путин, когда в своем заявлении, сделанном сразу же после взрывов в лондонском метро, упомянул и о двойных стандартах Запада в отношении террористов. Напомним, что сразу же после лондонских взрывов было созвано срочное заседание Совета Безопасности ООН. Страны "большой восьмерки" выступили с совместным заявлением, осуждающим взрывы. Ничего подобного не было сделано после того, как террористы

убивали российских детей и захватывали российских заложников. Нас оставляли наедине с бедой. Извлекут ли британские политики урок из теперь

уже

собственной

трагедии?

Или

же,

пытаясь

перевести

террористические стрелки на другие направления, будут, как и раньше, создавать

для

сообщников

бандитов

"режим

наибольшего

благоприятствования"? Ведь именно в Англии находятся штаб-квартиры, информационные и идеологические центры радикальных исламистских организаций. Именно Лондон дает убежище и трибуну политикам радикально исламистского толка. В Лондоне открыто идет сбор средств на теракты в Чечне. Похоже, что до последнего времени британское руководство считало, что террористы будут придерживаться известного принципа "воров в законе": на своей улице не грабить и не убивать. Лондонский теракт показал, что крепости по имени Англия не существует. Для террора нет отдельных направлений - американского. Русского, испанского или французского. Направление одно - европейская, христианская цивилизация. Наш образ жизни. Наша культура. Предостерегая политиков от соблазна договориться, лондонская "Таймс" напомнила прошлогоднюю историю, когда голландский кинорежиссер Тео Ван Гог был расстрелян убийцей - исламистом. Перед гибелью он тоже пытался вести дискуссию с убийцей: "Мы же можем поговорить, ну давайте попробуем поговорить". А что, если Запад и дальше будет бормотать "давайте поговорим", а исподтишка кивать головой в сторону России? Тогда в скором времени на карте мира появится не только "Лондонистан", в котором исламские эмиссары чувствуют себя как дома, но и новый континент по имени "Европостан".

Follow-up Activities

Classroom discussion. 1. Share what you know about the war on terrorism with a partner and then in a group. 2. Prepare a presentation on a counter-terrorism activity in a definite country. Read the following texts and find the difference between active and passive defense.

Counterterrorism and active defense Active defense against terrorism presupposes that terrorists can be identified in advance, and that they may be captured or killed prior to the terrorist act. In some cases this is reasonably simple, as when they reside in training camps, such as was the case with Al Qaeda in Afghanistan. Quite a strong case can even be made for the legality of such action as “anticipatory self-defense,” as it may be the only way for a state to defend itself and its citizens against an attack such as 9/11. If a state has already suffered an attack originating from a certain location, it is plausible that another attack may follow, and the state at risk is clearly entitled to take steps to prevent it, if needs be by means of military attack. In the main, terrorists do not congregate to form suitable targets for military attacks, and this makes matters a lot more complicated. It may, of course, be possible to identify and track down individual terrorists or terrorist leaders in order to apprehend or kill them, but it is usually difficult to pin-point their location sufficiently accurately to launch “surgical attacks,” even though some such attacks have been successful in the past. It may also be possible to intercept terrorists on their way to the target or during the planning phase, but prior to the actual launching of their attack. However, this presupposes accurate and reliable knowledge of their itineraries, which is usually impossible to acquire, especially with regard to “sleepers,” i.e. prospective terrorists infiltrated into a country long before the planned attack, and who have, in the

meantime, usually led quite normal and inconspicuous lives. To deal with such adversaries may call for very protracted surveillance, mainly in the form of secret agents who have either been infiltrated into a terrorist organisation or have been “turned.” In all other cases active defense becomes almost impossible as neither the origin of the attack nor the intended targets are known. In some cases the entry of terrorists into the defended territory may be Preventable. This is the rationale for the protective fences around US embassies the world over, and of Israel’s establishment of roadblocks at entry point from the occupied territories into Israel, as well as its erection of the protective fence, which, in some places, is actually a wall. Unless the identity of the would-be terrorist attackers is known in advance, however, such measures inevitably restrict the freedom of movement of the innocent many as well as the guilty few. This is likely to cause resentment, which may increase the support for terrorism among the civilian population. The final set of steps that might be taken is to intercept the attack after it has been launched. In the case of the 9/11 attacks the hijacked aircraft might have been shot down in flight, thereby preventing them from reaching their intended targets. To do so, unless absolutely certain, would be tantamount to killing hundreds or innocent passengers. While all of the above measures would surely be possible, we are left with the problem of the completely unexpected. Just as few had expected an attack such as 9/11, it is entirely conceivable that terrorists may come up with an idea so diabolical that nobody else has envisioned it, and for which no active counters have therefore been planned.

Passive defense against terrorism

Passive or defensive defense measures may be subdivided into generic and specific measures, the former referring to general protection against terrorism as such, and the latter to defense against concrete expected attacks. The main problem with the former is that it is impossible to defend everything all the time. Modern

societies are inherently vulnerable to all kinds of hazards such as a breakdown of their power supply or their local transport system. Each and every one of these facilities could be reasonably well protected for some of the time, but it is clearly impossible to defend all of them all the time. To this might be added the impossibility of guarding against “cyber-terrorism,” e.g. in the form of “hacker” attacks on the world-wide web which is, by its very nature, non-territorial and thus not suitable for any “point defense.” Taking into account that terrorists are rationally and strategically calculating opponents, it would need to take into account that the better protected the country would be against one kind of threat, the more likely it would become that the terrorists would attack something else or somewhere else – the perennial “weakest link” problem. Whereas the public might certainly help in spotting would-be terrorists on the receipt of clear “tactical” warning, specifying the when, where and what to look for, public surveillance is close to useless without such specifics, because it entails the risk of flooding the warning system with warnings which it is unable to follow up. One might even fear that citizens would be particularly on the lookout for people resembling “the usual suspects,” which may lead to xenophobia and thereby further alienate exposed minorities who may thus be inadvertently pushed in the direction of support for, or even participation in, terrorism. Calls for “vigilance” in a generic sense (as implied by the “colour coding system” of the US Department of Homeland Security) may further cause either panic or apathy. In any case they are unlikely to do much good, as merely being warned of a growing risk provides absolutely no clues as to how to respond. The main function may thus be to shift responsibility from the authorities to ordinary citizens. This does not mean that nothing can be done to protect the potential victims of terrorist attacks. Even in the absence of knowledge about the form, location, timing or trajectory of a terrorist attack, it is fairly predictable what the consequences may be in terms of human injuries or material damage. Buildings may be blown up or set on fire, infrastructure destroyed, toxins released into the air, or water, etc—all of which

would call for treatment of victims, evacuation of localities, the extinction of fires, the reconstruction of infrastructure, etc. As these are more or less the same kind of consequences as might result from “ordinary emergencies” they would call for the same kinds of remedies, and most countries have plentiful experience to draw upon. Thus, whatever contingency pans and preparations are put in storage for terrorist events which may never occur would therefore be available for use in other circumstances. More direct protection against more specific terrorist threats is also conceivable, and in many cases the unintended side-effects may be negligible or even positive. It is beyond the scope of this report to enumerate the “low-cost and moderate inconvenience” steps which might be taken, but there are surely a wealth of them. According to the aforementioned “weakest link” logic, however, there can be no certainty that the overall number of attacks or victims will decline, as terrorists may simply adapt by switching to other forms of attack. However, it is not unreasonable to hope that the more such steps are taken, the less likely terrorist attacks will become or the smaller their consequences – which certainly seems a good enough reason to implement them.

Read the resolution of the United Nations Global Counter – Terrorism Strategy. What other strategies should be adopted to stop terrorism? Discuss them in groups.

"The passing of the resolution on the United Nations Global CounterTerrorism Strategy with its annexed Plan of Action by 192 Member States represents a common testament that we, the United Nations, will face terrorism head on and that terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes, must be condemned and shall not be tolerated.” Sheikha Haya Rashed Al Khalifa, President of the 61st session of the General Assembly Launching the UN Global CounterTerrorism Strategy on 19 September 2006

United Nations General Assembly Adopts Global Counter Terrorism Strategy Over the last 20–30 years the UN has approved 13 Conventions which attempt to eliminate terrorist activity, culminating in 2006 in a broad Global CounterTerrorism Strategy. The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy was adopted by Member States on 8 September 2006. The strategy, in the form of a resolution and an annexed Plan of action, is a unique global instrument that will enhance national, regional and international efforts to counter terrorism. This is the first time that all Member States have agreed to a common strategic approach to fight terrorism, not only sending a clear message that terrorism is unacceptable in all its forms and manifestation but also resolving to take practical steps individually and collectively to prevent and combat it. Those practical steps include a wide array of measures ranging from strengthening state capacity to counter terrorist threats to better coordinating United Nations system’s counterterrorism activities. The Strategy forms a basis for a concrete plan of action: to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism; to prevent and combat terrorism; to take measures to build state capacity to fight terrorism; to strengthen the role of the United Nations in combating terrorism; and to ensure the respect of human rights while countering terrorism. The adoption of the strategy fulfils the commitment made by world leaders at the 2005 September Summit and builds on many of the elements proposed by the Secretary-General in his 2 May 2006 report, entitled Uniting against Terrorism: Recommendations for a Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.

Exercise 1. Pronounce the words correctly. If it is necessary consult the dictionary:

Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Catholicism, Sikh, prophet, Abrahamic, jihad, inextricable, perfected, tenets, to advocate, lethal, Jesus

of Nazareth

Exercise 2. Fill in the correct words from the list below to form a collocation. Use each word only once.

To justify, to convert, special, severe, lethal, to inflict, enlightened, the last, monotheistic, Buddhist

1………………………………..monks 2………………………………...torture 3………………………………..life 4………………………………..religion 5………………………………...covenant 6………………………………...prophet 7………………………………..gas 8………………………………..Catholicism 9 ……………………………. .violence 10………………………………pain

Exercise 3. Translate into English. Религиозные террористы используют насилие в целях, которые, по их мнению, определены Господом. При этом объекты их нападений размыты и географически, и этнически, и социально. Таким образом они хотят добиться немедленных и кардинальных перемен, часто на глобальном уровне. Религиозные террористы принадлежат не только к небольшим культам, но и к распространенным религиозным конфессиям. Этот тип терроризма развивается гораздо динамичнее остальных. Так, на середину 90-х годов из 56 известных террористических организаций почти половина заявляла о религиозных мотивах. Поскольку "религиозники" не

озабочены восстановлением прав на какой-то определенной территории или реализацией каких-либо политических принципов, масштаб их нападений часто гораздо больше, чем у "националистов" или идеологических экстремистов. Их враги – все, кто не является членом их религиозной секты или конфессии. В эту категорию террористов входит и "Аль-Каида" Усамы бен Ладена, и группировка суннитских мусульман "Хамас", и ливанская шиитская группа "Хезболла", и радикальные еврейские организации покойного рабби Меера Кахана, некоторые американские ку-клус-клановские "народные дружины", и японский культ "Аум Сенрике". Exercise 4. Fill in the missing words which best fit each sentence. Use only ONE WORD in each gap. murder, Protestants, intolerance, Allah, rewarded, religious, Muslims, belief, suicide bombers, the Holy Land

Unfortunately, (1)………. terrorism has been a reality throughout many parts of the world. Catholics and (2)………have killed each other in Northern Ireland. Israeli Jews and Palestinian Muslims continue to kill each other in (3)……... Orthodox Serbian Christians have fought Catholic Croatians and Bosnian Muslims in Yugoslavia. Hindu Sikhs have fought with (4)…….. in India. Muslim extremists have killed in the name of (5)……… in Africa and the Middle East. In short, religion can be used to justify (6)…….. and murder. Religious terrorists, such as Muslim (7)……., believe that they are dying for God and will be rewarded by him. They believe in what they are doing and that it is right. However, believing something does not make it so. In other words, (8)……. does not create reality. No matter how sincere the suicide bombers’ belief (the subjective factor of the moral act) that they will be (9)…….. by God, their sincerity does not make the act of killing innocent human beings (the objective factor of the moral act) morally right. In fact, it is (10)……..!

SUMMING UP

Study the following vocabulary related to terrorism. Memorize the word combinations and phrases. Make up your own sentences, using as many of them as possible. Prepare a 3-minute talk on the problem. Global/international terrorism – международный терроризм To be immune to terrorism – быть защищенным от терроризма To be involved in terrorism – принимать участие в террористической деятельности То combat terrorism – вести борьбу с терроризмом То come to grips with terrorism – серьезно взяться за терроризм То be accessory to terrorism – быть соучастником политики терроризма/акта терроризма То condemn terrorism – осуждать терроризм То соре with terrorism – справиться с терроризмом То crackdown on terrorism – принимать крутые меры против терроризма То curb terrorism – обуздать/сдержать терроризм То defeat terrorism – победить терроризм То deal with terrorism – бороться с терроризмом То discuss terrorism – обсуждать проблему терроризма To eliminate terrorism – ликвидировать терроризм То incite to end terrorism – поощрять, подстрекать к терроризму То fight terrorism – вести борьбу против терроризма То fuel terrorism – разжигать терроризм То give up terrorism – отказаться от политики терроризма То practice terrorism – заниматься терроризмом То reduce terrorism – сократить масштабы терроризма То reject terrorism – отвергать терроризм

То renounce terrorism – отказаться от политики терроризма То resist terrorism – противостоять актам терроризма То strike back against terrorism – нанести ответный удар по терроризму То support terrorism – поддерживать терроризм То uproot terrorism – искоренять терроризм Act of terrorism – акт терроризма Condemnation of terrorism – осуждение терроризма Terrorism increases – количество актов терроризма увеличивается Cooperation against terrorism – сотрудничество в борьбе против терроризма Explosion of terrorism – взрыв/вспышка терроризма Mastermind of terrorism – организатор актов терроризма Involvement in terrorism – участие в терроризме Record of terrorism – история терроризма Resort to terrorism – обращение к терроризму Surge of terrorism – волна терроризма To hold hostages – держать заложников To release hostages – освобождать заложников To seize hostages – захватывать заложников Freeing of hostages – освобождение заложников Plight of hostages – судьба/положение заложников Hostages taking – захват заложников To take smb. hostage – взять кого-либо в заложники To detonate a bomb, to set off a bomb – взорвать бомбу To plant a bomb – подложить бомбу A bomb blows up, goes off, explodes – бомба взрывается Bomb explosion – взрыв бомбы Hijacking – захват самолета To make a hijack attempt – предпринять попытку захвата самолета

Assignments

After visiting several of the websites, complete one or more of the following activities on the study of terrorism.

1) Hug a Hero. Write a "thank you story or poem" that speaks to a particular hero you've read about (such as a volunteer worker, police officer, firefighter, or medical worker) or one that you invent from a combination of many people who participated in the World Trade Center Recovery.

2) Create a Comparison. People have compared the World Trade Center and Pentagon tragedies to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Others have compared the attacks to other historical events. Create your own comparisons. Create a Venn Diagram showing your comparison.

3) Build a Memory Book. Create a scrapbook or collage that traces the events of a terrorist attack. Write about what each item means to you.

4) Write a Word Poem. Using a word such as liberty, freedom, or peace, create a word poem that expresses your feelings about terrorism.

5) Create a Symbol. People are donating blood, wearing ribbons, lighting candles, and planting trees to show their global support for peace. Invent your own symbol. What does it mean? How would you share it with others?

6) Explain the Terror. Many people, particularly children, are fearful of terrorism. Create a picture book that would explain terrorism to younger children.

7) Teach Tolerance. Terrorists are often a radical group within a larger political or religious organization. Our world is a diverse place. Brainstorm ways to support

those people who might be discriminated against as a result of a focus on a particular group. For example, many people are targeting all Arabs for crimes of a few terrorists. How can we prevent this?

8) Address the Issues. What are the key issues regarding the problem of global terrorism? Select an issue and debate a specific issue.

9) Create a Combat Terrorism Poster. Use the websites on this page to learn more about terrorism. Create a poster showing ways to combat terrorism.

10) The Face of Terrorism. Terrorism can take many forms. Create a list of the many forms of terrorism and learn more about this issue. Create a web page to share with other students that will help people become more informed about this type of terrorism and what people can do about it.

11) Consider a New Type of War. Many people are talking about terrorism being a "new kind of war." Do you agree or disagree? How is terrorism like and unlike the wars we've fought in the past? Email a class in another country that has experience with terrorism such as a class in the Middle East, South America, or Africa. Use epals to find a class.

12) Discuss the Making of a Terrorist. Explore the people involved with terrorist activities. Write about the characteristics of the people who participate in terrorism. Create a profile of a person who might particulate in this type of activity. Discuss these profiles and their implications.

13) Debate Rights versus Protection. As terrorism becomes an increasing threat, people are discussing the issue of "rights versus protection." In other words, many government agencies are talking about limiting public information access, increasing security, and other actions that might reduce civil liberties. Do you agree

or disagrees with these limitations? Debate a particular issue such as the right to information about troop movements.

14) Visualize Terrorism. Using software such as 'Inspiration,' construct a concept map that shows the terms and relationships that are encompassed by terrorism. Think in terms of all kinds/forms of terrorism. Expand your web to include all the terms, phrases, and concepts that you see are involved. Can you convert your graphic to a large poster for public display?

Check if you can: a) Use in your speech the topical vocabulary. b) Give definitions of terror, terrorism, guerilla, martyr. c) Speak about different periods in the history of terrorism.

Answer the questions and share your opinion with a partner: 1) What can help people be immune to terrorism? 2) What can be done to eliminate terrorism?

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