Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age 9781803271668, 9781803271675, 1803271663

Table of contents :
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents Page
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Colt Hoare’s illustration of the multiperforated cup and associated artefacts from Wilsford G36f/ Lake (WILT/65). From Colt Hoare, 1812, Pt1, Plate XXX..
Figure 1.2 Greenwell’s illustration of the Miniature Food Vessel from Hepple (NLAND/9). From Greenwell, 1877, 91, Fig. 79.
Figure 1.3 Abercromby’s photographic illustration of cups. From Abercomby, 1912, Vol.II, Plate LXXXIII.
Figure 2.1 Distribution map – all cups. QGIS (2021) UK Cup distribution.
Figure 2.2 Distribution map of Group 1 (Miniature) cups. Red = Beaker, Blue = Food Vessel, Yellow = Collared Urn, Green = Cordoned and other urn types. QGIS (2021) UK Cup distribution.
Figure 2.3 Examples of Group 1 cups from the four regions. Scale 1:3.
Figure 2.5 Examples of Group 2 cups from the four regions. Scale 1:3.
Figure 2.6 Distribution map of Group 3 vessels. QGIS (2021) UK Cup distribution.
Figure 2.7 Examples of Group 3 cups from the four regions. Scale 1:3.
Figure 2.8 Distribution map of Group 4 exotic cups. Red = Fenestrated Cups, Blue = Grape Cups, Yellow = Aldbourne Cups, Green = Trunconic Cups, Orange = Straight Walled Tubs, Pink – others. QGIS (2021) UK Cup distribution.
Figure 2.9 Examples of Group 4 cups from the four regions. The paucity of exotic forms outside southern England can be noted. Scale 1:3.
Figure 2.10 Double ‘cups’ from Dorset and Wiltshire. Scale 1:3.
Figure 2.11 Schematic base forms
Figure 2.12 Schematic representations of the motifs encountered on cup bases.
Figure 2.13 Percentage of perforated cups per group by region. Group 2 and Group 4 cups appear to be the most frequently perforated though the trend in Wales appears somewhat different to the rest of Britain.
Figure 3.1 Mortimer’s plan of the adult grave at Garton Slack Barrow 40 with the cup in the mouth of the skeleton. The final position of the cup may be due to revisiting of the grave and the manipulation of the body once in a skeletal state. From Mortimer
Figure 3.2 Experimental fenestrated cup used as a lamp (Photograph Claire Copper)
Figure 6.1 All cup-associated radiocarbon dates (unmodelled).
Figure 6.2 The currency of cups (refined date list) (Aoverall=78.4)
Figure 6.3 Cup dates modelled by groups (Aoverall=76.3).
Figure 6.4 Cup Group boundaries (Aoverall=76.3).
List of Tables
Table 2.1 cup groups.
Table 2.2 Total number of perforated vessels by group. The percentages refer to percentages of the group: e.g. 11.1% of Scottish Group 1 cups are perforated.
Table 3.1 The range of inclusions found in funerary cups. Southern England has a greater variety of fabric recipes whilst N England and Scotland have similar ranges of inclusions. Wales has not been included as it has not been possible to examine the majo
Table 6.1 Copper alloy metalwork associated with cups.
Table 6.2 Bone artefacts associated with cups.
Table 6.3 Lithic artefacts associated with cups.
Table 6.4 All radiocarbon dates for cups. All bone is human unless otherwise stated. Those highlighted entries have been rejected for reasons stated in the text and are not used in any of the models. B = miniature Beaker. CU -= miniature Collared Urn. CdU
Table 6.5 Date boundaries and spans for cup groups
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Chapter 1
A Potted History of Cups
Cups and antiquarians
Abercromby and after
Building up a Corpus
More recent work
Summary
Chapter 2
Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs
Creating a more simplified typology
Group 1: miniature forms of other vessels (Figure 2.2 & 2.3)
Group 2: biconical vessels (Figures 2.4 & 2.5)
Group 3: simple forms (Figures 2.6 & 2.7)
Group 4: exotic forms (Figures 2.8 & 2.9)
Lids
Bases (figure 2.11)
Surface treatments and decoration
Burnishing and slips
Impressed and incised techniques
Plastic features and decoration
Motifs
Base Decoration (Figure 2.12)
Inlays
Perforations
Summary
Chapter 3
Observations on the Technology and Use of Bronze Age Ceramic Cups
Introduction
Fabrics
Local clays
Non-local clays
Types and range of inclusions
Forming techniques
Firing
Firing damage
Use
Summary
Chapter 4
The Archaeological Contexts of Cups
Introduction
Early Neolithic barrows and cairns
Round barrows, cairns and ring-ditches
Flat graves
Cists
Circles of stone, timber and pits
Middens/domestic contexts
Unusual contexts
Summary
Chapter 5
Cups and Human Remains
Introduction
Cremated remains
Inhumations
Cups without human remains
Summary
Chapter 6
Associations and Chronology
Other ceramics (appendix 2)
Other associations
Copper alloy metalwork (appendix 3; table 6.1)
Goldwork
Beads and Baubles
Bone (Table 6.2)
Other Associations
Absolute chronology
Modelling cup dates
Summary
Chapter 7
Cups: An Overview
Typology
Origins
Function
Technology
Decoration
Context and associations
Corpus
Museum Abbreviations Used in the Corpus
Bedfordshire
Berkshire
Buckinghamshire
Cambridgeshire
Cheshire
Cornwall
Devon
Dorset
Essex
Gloucestershire
Greater London
Hampshire
Hertfordshire
Isle Of Wight
Jersey
Kent
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
Norfolk
Northamptonshire
Nottinghamshire
Oxfordshire
Somerset
Staffordshire
Suffolk
Sussex
Warwickshire
Wiltshire
Worcestershire
Unprovenanced
County Durham
Cumbria
Derbyshire
Greater Manchester
Lancashire
Northumberland
East Yorkshire
North Yorkshire
South Yorkshire
West Yorkshire
Unprovenanced Cups
Clwyd
Dyfed
Glamorgan
Gwynedd
Powys
Aberdeenshire
Angus
Argyll & Bute
Ayrshire South
Dumfries & Galloway
Dunbartonshire East
East Lothian
Edinburgh
Fife
Highland
Lanarkshire North
Lanarkshire South
Midlothian
Moray
Orkney
Perth & Kinross
Scottish Borders
Unprovenanced Scotland
Bibliography
Appendix 1
Cup-Associated Burials
Appendix 2
The Association of Cups With Other Ceramics
Appendix 3
Cups and Associated Artefacts

Citation preview

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

Claire Copper

Alex Gibson

Deborah Hallam

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

Claire Copper Alex Gibson Deborah Hallam

Archaeopress Archaeology

Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-80327-166-8 ISBN 978-1-80327-167-5 (e-Pdf) © Claire Copper, Alex Gibson, Deborah Hallam and Archaeopress 2022

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com

This work is dedicated to Dr Ian Longworth to acknowledge his contribution to the study of Neolithic and Bronze Age ceramics and in gratitude for his customary generosity in allowing access to his research.

Contents List of Figures����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� v List of Tables������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ vi Acknowledgements������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ vii Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ix Chapter 1: A Potted History of Cups�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Cups and antiquarians ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Abercromby and after�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Building up a Corpus�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 More recent work������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9 Chapter 2: Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs���������������������������������������������11 Creating a more simplified typology��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Group 1: miniature forms of other vessels (Figure 2.2 & 2.3)���������������������������������������������������������12 Group 2: biconical vessels (Figures 2.4 & 2.5)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 Group 3: simple forms (Figures 2.6 & 2.7)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 Group 4: exotic forms (Figures 2.8 & 2.9)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 Lids�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 Bases (figure 2.11)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 Surface treatments and decoration����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 Burnishing and slips������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26 Impressed and incised techniques������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26 Plastic features and decoration�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28 Motifs�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 Base Decoration (Figure 2.12)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30 Inlays��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31 Perforations��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32 Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������34 Chapter 3: Observations on the Technology and Use of Bronze Age Ceramic Cups���������������36 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36 Fabrics������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36 Local clays�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36 Non-local clays���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37 Types and range of inclusions�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38 Forming techniques�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42 Firing��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42 Firing damage ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43 Use������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45 Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48

i

Chapter 4: The Archaeological Contexts of Cups��������������������������������������������������������������� 50 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������50 Early Neolithic barrows and cairns�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������50 Round barrows, cairns and ring-ditches��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������51 Flat graves�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������53 Cists����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54 Circles of stone, timber and pits����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54 Middens/domestic contexts����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������55 Unusual contexts�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������56 Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������56 Chapter 5: Cups and Human Remains��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 57 Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57 Cremated remains����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57 Inhumations�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������60 Cups without human remains�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������62 Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������63 Chapter 6: Associations and Chronology��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 65 Other ceramics (appendix 2)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������65 Other associations���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������70 Copper alloy metalwork (appendix 3; table 6.1)�������������������������������������������������������������������������70 Goldwork�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������74 Beads and Baubles����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������75 Bone (Table 6.2)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������80 Other Associations���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������86 Absolute chronology�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������88 Modelling cup dates������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������93 Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������95 Chapter 7: Cups: An Overview��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 98 Typology��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������98 Origins�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������98 Function��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������99 Technology��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������101 Decoration���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������102 Context and associations��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������104 Corpus�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 107 Museum Abbreviations Used in the Corpus������������������������������������������������������������������������������107 Bedfordshire�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������109 Berkshire�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������109 Buckinghamshire���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������111 Cambridgeshire������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������112 Cheshire�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������117 Cornwall������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������121 Devon�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������123 Dorset�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������124 Essex�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������129 ii

Gloucestershire������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������130 Greater London������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������130 Hampshire���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������130 Hertfordshire����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������132 Isle Of Wight�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������133 Jersey�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������133 Kent��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������133 Leicestershire���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������137 Lincolnshire������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������138 Norfolk���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������146 Northamptonshire�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������150 Nottinghamshire����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������151 Oxfordshire�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������152 Somerset������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������154 Staffordshire�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������158 Suffolk����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������159 Sussex����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������161 Warwickshire����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������164 Wiltshire������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������164 Worcestershire�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������184 Unprovenanced������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������185 County Durham������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������186 Cumbria�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������186 Derbyshire���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������189 Greater Manchester�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������194 Lancashire���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������196 Northumberland����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������198 East Yorkshire ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������202 North Yorkshire�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������208 South Yorkshire�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������231 West Yorkshire�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������232 Unprovenanced Cups �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������235 Clwyd�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������239 Dyfed������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������240 Glamorgan���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������247 Gwynedd������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������249 Powys�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������253 Aberdeenshire��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������255 Angus�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������257 Argyll & Bute����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������259 Ayrshire South��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������261 Dumfries & Galloway���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������262 Dunbartonshire East����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������266 East Lothian������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������266 Edinburgh���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������269 Fife����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������269 Highland������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������273 iii

Lanarkshire North�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������275 Lanarkshire South��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������275 Midlothian��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������277 Moray�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������277 Orkney���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������277 Perth & Kinross������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������278 Scottish Borders�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������279 Unprovenanced Scotland�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������280 Bibliography���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 282 Appendix 1: Cup-Associated Burials�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 304 Appendix 2: The Association of Cups With Other Ceramics�������������������������������������������� 314 Appendix 3: Cups and Associated Artefacts��������������������������������������������������������������������� 321

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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Colt Hoare’s illustration of the multiperforated cup and associated artefacts from Wilsford G36f/ Lake (WILT/65). From Colt Hoare, 1812, Pt1, Plate XXX..�������2 Figure 1.2 Greenwell’s illustration of the Miniature Food Vessel from Hepple (NLAND/9). From Greenwell, 1877, 91, Fig. 79. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 Figure 1.3 Abercromby’s photographic illustration of cups. From Abercomby, 1912, Vol.II, Plate LXXXIII.���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Figure 2.1 Distribution map – all cups. QGIS (2021) UK Cup distribution.��������������������������������11 Figure 2.2 Distribution map of Group 1 (Miniature) cups. Red = Beaker, Blue = Food Vessel, Yellow = Collared Urn, Green = Cordoned and other urn types. QGIS (2021) UK Cup distribution.��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 Figure 2.3 Examples of Group 1 cups from the four regions.������������������������������������������������������13 Figure 2.4 Distribution of Group 2 biconical vessels. QGIS (2021) UK Cup distribution.���������15 Figure 2.5 Examples of Group 2 cups from the four regions.������������������������������������������������������15 Figure 2.6 Distribution map of Group 3 vessels. QGIS (2021) UK Cup distribution.�����������������16 Figure 2.7 Examples of Group 3 cups from the four regions.������������������������������������������������������17 Figure 2.8 Distribution map of Group 4 exotic cups. Red = Fenestrated Cups, Blue = Grape Cups, Yellow = Aldbourne Cups, Green = Trunconic Cups, Orange = Straight Walled Tubs, Pink – others. QGIS (2021) UK Cup distribution.���������������������������������18 Figure 2.9 Examples of Group 4 cups from the four regions. The paucity of exotic forms outside southern England can be noted.���������������������������������������������������������������������19 Figure 2.10 Double ‘cups’ from Dorset and Wiltshire.��������������������������������������������������������������������21 Figure 2.11 Schematic base forms�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 Figure 2.12 Schematic representations of the motifs encountered on cup bases.��������������������30 Figure 2.13 Percentage of perforated cups per group by region. Group 2 and Group 4 cups appear to be the most frequently perforated though the trend in Wales appears somewhat different to the rest of Britain.�������������������������������������������������������������������33 Figure 3.1 Mortimer’s plan of the adult grave at Garton Slack Barrow 40 with the cup in the mouth of the skeleton. The final position of the cup may be due to revisiting of the grave and the manipulation of the body once in a skeletal state. From Mortimer 1905.��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46 Figure 3.2 Experimental Fenestrated Cup used as a lamp (Photograph Claire Copper)���������47 Figure 6.1 All cup-associated radiocarbon dates (unmodelled).�������������������������������������������������91 Figure 6.2 The currency of cups (refined date list) (Aoverall=78.4)������������������������������������������������93 Figure 6.3 Cup dates modelled by groups (Aoverall=76.3).���������������������������������������������������������������94 Figure 6.4 Cup Group boundaries (Aoverall=76.3).�����������������������������������������������������������������������������95

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List of Tables Table 2.1 cup groups������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 Table 2.2 Total number of perforated vessels by group. The percentages refer to percentages of the group: e.g. 11.1% of Scottish Group 1 cups are perforated.����32 Table 3.1 The range of inclusions found in funerary cups. Southern England has a greater variety of fabric recipes whilst N England and Scotland have similar ranges of inclusions. Wales has not been included as it has not been possible to examine the majority of Welsh cups at first hand.��������������������������������������������������������������������39 Table 6.1 Copper alloy metalwork associated with cups.�����������������������������������������������������������70 Table 6.2 Bone artefacts associated with cups.����������������������������������������������������������������������������80 Table 6.3 Lithic artefacts associated with cups.���������������������������������������������������������������������������83 Table 6.4 All radiocarbon dates for cups. All bone is human unless otherwise stated. Those highlighted entries have been rejected for reasons stated in the text and are not used in any of the models. B = miniature Beaker. CU -= miniature Collared Urn. CdU = miniature Cordoned Urn. FV = miniature Food Vessel. Trv = miniature Trevisker Urn. Dates calibrated using Oxcal 4.4.3 (Bronk Ramsey 2021 using atmospheric data from Reimer et al. 2020).��������������������������������������������90 Table 6.5 Date boundaries and spans for cup groups�����������������������������������������������������������������95

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Acknowledgements AG would like to thank the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland for a travel grant towards the costs involved in visiting the Scottish museums to examine the cups at first hand. Thanks are due to all the curators of the various museum locations mentioned in the corpus. Especial thanks are due to Alison Sheridan of NMS where by far the majority of Scottish cups are housed and to Adam Gwilt and Mary Davis at NMGW, Cardiff for their help, advice and permission to sample some of the pots. CC would like to thank the following people. My husband, Dr Mike Copper for all his help and advice and never-ending patience. The supervisor of my MPhil project, Dr Alex Gibson, for introducing me to the fascinating world of funerary cups and his support and guidance throughout this project. Curators and staff at the following museums: Neil Wilkin, Dan O’Flyn and Marianne Eve at the British Museum, Anthony Lee at the Collection Museum, Lincoln, Paul Robinson at Northampton Museum, Wendy Scott and staff at Leicester County Museums Service, Rose Nicholson at Scunthorpe Museum, Craig Sherwood at Warrington Museum, Thomas Cadbury at the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter, Lisa Brown at the Wiltshire Heritage Museum, Devizes, Alan West and Tim Pestell at Norwich Castle Museum, Sylvia Cox at West Stow Museum, Joan Lyall at Ipswich Museum, Liz Piecksma at Bedford Museum, Emma O’Connor at Lewes Museum, Katy Bell at Portsmouth Museum, Gail Boyle at Bristol Museum, Linda Wilson at the Bristol University Speleological Society Museum, Bristol, Graham Mullan at the Bristol University Speleological Society Museum, Bristol, Imogen Gunn at the Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology, Cambridge, Alison Roberts at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Marina de Alarćon at the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, Madeline Ding at the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, Valerie Goodrich at Salisbury Museum, Pernille Richards at Maidstone Museum, Staff and volunteers at the Hengistbury Head Visitor Centre, Bournemouth, Staff and volunteers at Dorchester Museum, Staff and volunteers at the West Berkshire Museums service, Newbury, Craig Bowen at Canterbury Museum for supplying images of the vessel from Luddington/ Luddenham Woods, Kent. I also gratefully acknowledge the receipt of generous research funds from the Faculty of Life Sciences at the University of Bradford without which many of these visits would not have been possible. DH would like to thanks Alex Gibson for his academic support, generosity and patience, Janet Fletcher for her moral support, Terry Manby for sharing his encyclopaedic knowledge of local prehistoric material, Northern Archaeological Associates Senior Project Officer Greg Speed for the Mitchell Laithes information, Archaeological Services WYAS Project Officer Jane Richardson for allowing access to the Stanbury assemblage and sharing the report, Keith Boughey for the Harden Moor report, David Johnson for his attempts to find the Malham Sheriff Hill Cup and Tom Lord for access to the Hellifield assemblage. In addition, I would like to thank the following Curators. Adam Parker, York Museums Trust; Tim Padley, Tullie House Museum, Carlisle; Peter Robinson, Doncaster Museum; Paula Gentil, Hull and East Riding Museums; Stephen Bull, Preston Museum of Lancashire Life; Bryan Sitch, The Manchester Museum; Andrew Parkin, Tyne and Wear Museums; Gill Varndell and Neil Wilkin, The British Museum; Martin Wills, Craven Museum; Richard McFarlane, Bankfield Museum, Halifax; Helen Harman and Lucy Creighton, Sheffield Museums; Chris Yeates, Huddersfield Tolson Museum; Katherine Baxter, Leeds Museums Discovery Centre; Gavin Edwards, Bradford Museums; Sabine Skae, Dock Museum Barrow in Furness; Kate Devlin, Alnwick Castle; Susan vii

Lord, Bury Museum; Ros Westwood, Buxton Museum; Rachel Jackson, Clitheroe Castle Museum; Spencer Bailey, Derby Museum; Erin Beeston, Bolton Museum; Emma Heslewood, Preston Harris Museum; Karen Snowden, Jennifer Dunne, Julie Baxter, Scarborough Museums Trust; ECM Heritage Consulting, Whitby Museum; Vinai Solanki, Darwen Library; Debbie Allen, Dales Countryside Museum; Alison Sheridan, Trevor Cowie, National Museums Scotland. Finally, grateful acknowledgement is given to the Prehistoric Society, Yorkshire Ladies Council for Education and the Andy Jagger Fund, University of Bradford, for funding bursaries towards travel expenses.

viii

Introduction The aim of this study is to present a usable corpus of a remarkable and fascinating class of Bronze Age pottery that has received much attention since the C18th to the present day but about which opinions differ and around which myths have been constructed and perpetuated. Bronze Age Cups, mostly from funerary contexts, encompass a great variety of forms and styles. They are known by a number of different names, mostly relating to imagined or hypothetical but unproven function, and they show a significant range of form and decoration. Their manufacture can vary considerably from exquisitely made in fine fabrics, with highly and carefully executed decoration including coloured inlays to rough, coarsely made vessels, carelessly decorated or undecorated altogether. They can be deposited complete or in a fragmentary state, not just broken, but incomplete with pieces actually missing. They are found with cremations and inhumations, with adults and children, with discrete and multiple burials. They may be associated with larger vessels or occur on their own and can also be found amongst the comparatively rare domestic assemblages of the Early Bronze Age. Corpora have gone out of fashion in recent years but those of us who work with Bronze Age ceramics still find Clarke’s Beakers (1970) and Longworth’s Collared Urns (1984) invaluable tools despite the new discoveries that have since come to light. Their value is in the data that they present, the illustrations that they provide and the references that they contain. Indeed, both corpora were used to present alternative chrono-typological hypotheses shortly after their publication. Clarke’s complex Beaker types and groups along with his multiple invasion theory were questioned by Lanting and van der Waals who published their more regional Step scheme in 1972. Longworth’s Primary and Secondary Series Collared Urns were remodelled into an Early, Middle and Late scheme by Burgess in 1986. Neither alternative scheme could have been easily formulated without the data that the original corpora contained. Perhaps the current unpopularity of corpora is due to the fact that they are becoming increasingly difficult to compile given the heightened excavation activity in developer-funded archaeology and the fact that many discoveries may lie hidden in the ‘grey literature’ rather than in mainstream publications. Local government cuts in the ‘Age of Austerity’ have made some museums difficult to visit, especially as some are now having to levy access charges on independent, and often self-funded, researchers. Corpora were never regarded as complete datasets given that new discoveries were and are continually being made. The late Colin Burgess told one of us (AG in 1981) ‘Don’t worry! Like all corpora yours will be out of date the day it is published.’ This is depressingly true but should not deter us from the attempt and this corpus is presented with this acknowledgement and in the face of some of the access issues mentioned above. The literature is full of many generalised statements regarding cups. They acted as chafing vessels bringing kindling to the pyre. They are associated with cremations. They are associated with children. They were used for burning incense or mind-altering substances. The second aim of the present writers was to question and examine these interpretations and largely unsubstantiated statements. They stem from antiquarian conjecture in answer to what is probably the most frequently asked question in archaeology: “what was it for?” From ix

Stonehenge to cups or cup-marked stones the question remains the same and the answers are often challenging, however when dealing with the prehistoric past, the question should probably never be posed. We can rarely answer it and although we may have clues, they are just that: clues upon which is based much interpretation and, indeed, groundless speculation. Classes of artefact as varied as cups may have served a variety of roles and indeed it may have been the ‘meaning’ behind their deposition that was their purpose. Cups, as the name suggests, are diminutive vessels but, for the sake of compiling this corpus, it was decided to keep a slightly flexible approach to the sizes of the pots depending on their form and context. Generally a height of up to 100mm was chosen as the cut off point for inclusion in this study but this has not been applied rigorously and other slightly larger vessels have been included if they appeared, for example, to have recognised cup forms. In adopting this approach, it has been shown that whilst much smaller versions of Beakers, Collared Urns and Food Vessels exist there is also a distinct group of vessels that are clearly not just miniature versions of larger forms. Despite their distinctiveness, they are closely related to the larger vessels in terms of decorative motifs and techniques as well as elements of form. The basis of this study was an unpublished corpus of vessels compiled by Dr Ian Longworth and housed at the British Museum. After his retirement and with his customary generosity, access to this corpus was granted to one of us (AG) and this work is consequently dedicated to Dr Longworth in recognition of his help and support. The corpus was up-dated by the present writers and two MPhil theses resulted from this (Hallam 2015; Copper 2017). Both studies involved tracking down the cups to the relevant museum and, where possible, visiting the museums to examine the cups at first hand. Not all cups were seen. Some could not be traced or found, and some museum collections could not be accessed or were subject to time restrictions. Where seen, the cups were drawn at 1:1. The Scottish and Welsh corpora were augmented by AG and again relevant museum visits were made to examine and draw the object though only the NMGW in Cardiff was accessed for the Welsh material. The majority of cups in the Welsh corpus have been redrawn (by AG) from published sources. The corpus was constructed in four sections: Southern England comprising England south of (and excluding) the counties of South Yorkshire, Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Derbyshire (CC), Northern England from and including these aforementioned counties to the Scottish border (DH), Wales (AG) and Scotland (AG). In this study, Chapter 1 provides a brief history of the study of cups from antiquarian beginnings to the present. Chapter 2 examines the variety of forms and decoration and provides the simplified typology used in the study. Chapter 3 considers the ceramic technology of the cups including damage through use. Chapters 4, 5 and 6 examine the archaeological contexts of the cups, their human and artefactual associations and chronology. The discussion and conclusion are presented in Chapter 7. The corpus and bibliography conclude the volume.

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Chapter 1

A Potted History of Cups ‘The strange notion suggested by the late Mr John Fenton in his account of this curious discovery can scarcely be accepted. He observes that these little vessels “may have appertained to inhabitants of diminutive stature that existed among the Celtic tribes at a prehistoric period” and he added that vestiges of such a supposed race of pygmies have occurred likewise in Wiltshire, with very small bronze weapons and stone celts’ (Stanley & Way 1868, 217-293). Cups and antiquarians In the 18th and 19th centuries antiquarians noted that as well as vessels that would become known as Beakers, Food Vessels and Collared Urns accompanying some “Ancient British” burials, there were occasionally other ‘urns’ that were distinctive in terms of their diminutive size and often highly intricate decoration. Amongst these early investigators was Sir Richard Colt Hoare who, assisted by William Cunnington, was responsible for opening up numerous barrows across Wiltshire. Their findings were published in volumes I and II of ‘Ancient Wiltshire’ and included detailed woodcut illustrations of many grave groups including several of these small cups (Figure 1.1). Wessex especially seemed to provide a rich source of a number of particularly elaborate examples. Colt Hoare chose to call these small vessels ‘Incense cups’ or ‘thuribula’ on account of the fact that a number of them appeared to be perforated as if for the purpose of burning some kind of aromatic substance (Colt Hoare 1812, 25). The acquisition of Bronze Age ceramics for personal collections became a popular past-time and there was much debate as to the roles that the cups may have served within the funerary context. One theory, postulated by Jewitt (1870), was that the cups may have functioned as containers for the remains of infants, possibly on account of their small size. The association of cups with Collared Urns strengthened this notion with the presumed mother buried alongside her infant in the accompanying urn. This mother/child hypothesis has persisted in the archaeological literature. Jewitt even went so far as to suggest that infanticide may have taken place in order for the child to accompany the mother to the afterlife. In 1923, Mann further suggested that the perforations through the walls of a number of the vessels enabled the souls of the infants to communicate with those of the mothers (Mann 1923, 101). Somewhat earlier, James Dobie (1839, cited by his son, John Dobie 1878, 685) suggested that the cups may have been used as specialist containers and conjectured that ‘the small urns were perhaps for receiving the ashes of the brain and heart, while those of the body were lodged in the larger vessel’ (i.e. the cinerary urn). Dobie was, no doubt, drawing inspiration from the canopic jars of ancient Egypt but, unless burnt separately, he does not explain how the ashes of these organs might have survived the cremation process in a state that might be distinguishable from the other calcined remains and pyre detritus. Ferguson (1895, 297) was one of the first to suggest that the cups may have functioned as chafing vessels, namely receptacles used for bringing lit tinder and kindling to the pyre, as part of the funerary rituals involved in the process of human cremation. 1

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

Figure 1.1 Colt Hoare’s illustration of the multiperforated cup and associated artefacts from Wilsford G36f/ Lake (WILT/65). From Colt Hoare, 1812, Pt1, Plate XXX..

2

A Potted History of Cups It is worth noting that all of these interpretations were based on conjecture and hypothesis without any basis in observable fact although Colt Hoare did notice instances of blackening inside some cups. But this phenomenon was rare and could easily result from firing or burial conditions rather than from primary use. Classifying the cups also became a preoccupation with the early archaeologists. Thurnam presented a typology consisting of three main types (I-III) based principally on form but he noted that there were ‘numerous sub-forms and six well-marked varieties’ (labelled α – ζ 1871, 359). He noted simple cups (I), contracted cups (II) and expanded cups (III) and the six other distinctive types ( α – ζ), comprised nodulated (Grape Cups), compressed, handled, basket, slashed and strainer cups, thereby already exemplifying the highly diverse nature of these vessels. Thurnam also drew attention to the fact that that some types were restricted to certain areas, such as Grape Cups and Aldbourne Cups in Wessex, whilst other very similar, almost identical, cups were far more geographically dispersed. He was also unconvinced by the idea that the perforations, so often found on the side of cups, served as suspension holes and remarked ‘it has generally been maintained that these holes were intended for suspension of the vessel, though we are not told what kind of suspension could have been affected by perforations confined to one side’. He did, however, agree with the suggestions that cups may well have had some specialist function within funerary rites such as chafers or incense burners (1871, 372). Greenwell, another prolific excavator and collector, also used the term ‘Incense Cup’ and noted many other key features of these vessels (Figure 1.2). In particular he commented on certain aspects of their manufacture and, whilst acknowledging fabric variation, concluded that they tended to be in a finer, better quality fabric than the ‘Cinerary Urns’ and he noted how their colour may vary according to firing conditions (Greenwell 1877, 78). A great observer of artefacts, Greenwell also noted that, in comparison to the larger vessels, cups are more frequently decorated on the base and he goes on to discuss at length the proposed functions of cups stating that ‘none (of the explanations) can be regarded as altogether satisfactory’ (1877, 81 our brackets) though he does incline towards the chafer hypothesis. In 1886, Anderson discussed the Scottish cups and preferred to abandon the loaded ‘Incense Cup’ term in favour of ‘cup-shaped vessels’ or ‘cup-shaped urns’ (1886, 43). He noted the presence of a milk molar in the Biconical Cup from Wester Bucklyvie (FIFE/12) and concluded that the cup contained the cremated remains of an infant whilst the larger associated urn probably contained the ashes of the ‘mother’ (Anderson 1886, 45). In terms of use he concludes that ‘this small variety of cup-shaped urn differs from those larger urns with which it is associated only in respect of the smallness of its size’ (1986, 46) and goes on to state that ‘where the contents of the smaller vessel have been determined they have been found to be the cremated bones of an infant’ (1886, 47). This, as well as the observations of Greenwell, probably gave rise to the oftquoted cup-child associations but it must be remembered, of course, that in the 19th Century few cremated remains were examined in detail and such palaeoanthropological studies were very much ad hoc and in their infancy. We now know that the cup-infant association is not so simplistic and that child burials, whether by cremation or inhumation, are also associated with full-sized Beakers (Clarke 1970), Food Vessels (Wilkin 2013) and Collared Urns (Longworth 1984).

3

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

Figure 1.2 Greenwell’s illustration of the Miniature Food Vessel from Hepple (NLAND/9). From Greenwell, 1877, 91, Fig. 79.

Mortimer, a contemporary and one-time rival of Greenwell, drew heavily on the information contained in Greenwell’s Introduction in British Barrows, and reiterated Greenwell’s observation that few of the cups were found with inhumations. Mortimer also suggested that some may have been burnt with the body on the funeral pyre (contra Greenwell 1877, 80 - who knew of only one instance) as they showed ‘traces of intense heat, in fact, almost vitrified’ (1905, lxi). He favoured the theory that the cups may have been used to carry kindling material to the funerary pyre, with the perforations acting as a means of supplying oxygen to the burning embers contained within the pot, although he acknowledged that this was irrelevant to those examples associated with inhumations (Mortimer 1905, lix-lxii).

4

A Potted History of Cups Abercromby and after Abercromby (1907) discussed the relative chronology of Bronze Age sepulchral pottery and, in his corpus of Bronze Age pottery (1912), he used photographs to illustrate his corpus and to convey the vast and remarkable range of the different ceramics in currency during the period (Figure 1.3). In doing so, he also demonstrated, for the first time, the variable condition of many of the individual pots, including the funerary cups. Abercromby may well have been the first to use the word ‘pygmy’ in relation to the cups though, as the quotation at the head of this chapter demonstrates, Fenton had already suggested that they may have been used by an ancient ‘pygmy race’ (1860, 33). Though Fenton was amongst the first to recognise the miniature nature of some “Ancient British” grave goods (pestle macehead beads, axes, halberd pendants), needless to say, his explanation for the observed phenomena was not well received and in Abercromby’s case, the term was used purely to refer to their diminutive size (from the Greek pygmaios meaning dwarf - just as we have pygmy shrews and pygmy hippopotami). Abercomby saw this term as purely descriptive and used it in preference to the over-interpretative label ‘Incense Cup’ which, he thought, had ‘nothing to recommend it’ (1912, vol II, 24). Abercromby also attempted a classification which he used in his regional discussions. He devised seven separate categories of cup as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Expanded or Pedestal cups Grape or Nodulated or Mammillar cups With perforated walls Biconical with everted lip Straight-sided, vertical or inclined Biconical Miscellaneous forms.

Figure 1.3 Abercromby’s photographic illustration of cups. From Abercomby, 1912, Vol.II, Plate LXXXIII.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Type 7 basically encompassed fragmentary vessels and all those that did not appear to fit into his previous types. As well as considering regional variations, Abercromby also noted that the pots could be found with either cremation burials or inhumations, as well as adults and children. Subsequent studies relating to funerary cups changed focus slightly, most notably with Piggott’s seminal article on the Wessex culture in 1938 in which he attempted to seek continental origins for what he saw as ‘exotic’ vessels (i.e. funerary cups). Although he drew certain parallels between the distinctive Aldbourne Cups and ceramics of the French Chassey II culture based largely upon the use of ostensibly similar decorative techniques and motifs, Piggott recognised that there were major problems with a chronological framework that could link the funerary cups from Britain with what he saw as potentially continentally inspired sources. Gerloff (1975, 231) would later conclude that certain types of cup, particularly the fenestrated examples were a ‘peculiarly British’ phenomenon. In 1951, Scott noted a particular concentration of cups in the south-west of Scotland, across the Biggar Gap to around the Tay Valley and possibly linking metalworking areas. Further evidence of contacts between different regions, connecting certain coastal sites and along some river valleys, was further demonstrated by Morrison (1968, 87 & 95). Scott also drew attention to the sharing of specific decorative elements, such as cruciform motifs, on the bases of some funerary cups from south-west Scotland and Ireland, such as the vessels from Dalry (D&G/8), Coulter (LANS/6), Drung (Co. Donegal) and Knockboy (Co. Antrim) (Kavanagh 1977, Nos.13 and 4). The first post-Abercromby corpus of funerary cups from Wales was published by Savory in 1958, who came up with his own simplified typology based on the Welsh examples. This consisted of six groupings; A. B. C. D. E. F.

Bipartite cups (such as that from Breach Farm, Glamorgan, GLAM/4) Open work cups (i.e. Fenestrated Cups such as the example from Bryn Seiont, GWYN/3) Globular or bipartite cups with foot-rings (Talbenny, Pembrokeshire, DYFED/16) Debased bipartite types (Cwm Cadlan, Penderyn, Brecknock, GLAM/1) Trunconic and globular cups (Ynys Hir, Llanfihangel Nant Bran, Becknock, POWYS/5) Unclassifiable – mainly vessels reported but lost.

Savory (1958, 99) explored continental parallels for the cups and, following Scott (1951) compared the cruciform motifs decorating the base of some cups to those found on sheet gold discs from burials such as that at Mere in Wiltshire suggesting that these may have related to ‘the sun symbolism of central and northern Europe’. He also argued that the paired perforations found on many cups could have had a ritual function more akin to ‘oculi’ linked with religious cults in the Mediterranean (Savory 1958, 90) as they appeared to have no other practical purpose. Longworth appears to have been the first to fully abandon the terms ‘Incense Cups’ and ‘Pygmy Cups’ preferring, in 1961, to label them ‘Accessory Vessels’ (Longworth 1961, 276) and this term is still widely in use. The term is not favoured here, however, as larger vessels may also act as accessory vessels as, for example, in the case of double Food Vessel or urn burials. It may also 6

A Potted History of Cups be argued that Beakers, Collared Urns and Food Vessels themselves are ‘accessory vessels’ in that they are ‘accessory’ to the burials. For this reason, we prefer the simple term ‘Cup’ as it at once denotes size yet has no functional connotations. Building up a Corpus In 1967, Longworth focussed on a particular type of funerary cup namely vessels that had a low squat form, wide flat bases and straight to convex sides which converged to closed mouths which he termed ‘Contracted Mouth Accessory Cups’ (Longworth 1967, 111). He believed that this group had a distribution focussing predominantly on north and west Yorkshire, extending in to parts of Lancashire, and often located along river valleys. Importantly, he hinted at a possible connection with earlier Beaker practices and commented on some shared decorative features, such as the use of zoning and geometric patterns. He also highlighted the link by the presence of some inhumation burials associated with cups, such as the burial at Barnham (SUFF/2) (Edwardson 1958, 186-190, Longworth 1967, 111-122). Clarke, in his corpus of Beaker pottery, also noted the use of certain Beaker motifs on some funerary cups, although could find ‘no real coherence of form or decoration, except in a few cases, (notably the) Aldbourne cups (1970, 272 our brackets). Kavanagh’s 1977 study was the first of its kind to analyse the context of Irish cups at a national level. Whilst she found similar types of cups to those in Britain, almost all of the Irish examples were associated with cremated human remains and only one example of an Irish funerary cup, that from Drung (Co Donegal) was found with an inhumation. Ó Donnabháin and Brindley’s study of the human remains associated with Irish cups would demonstrate that as well as single individuals, there were instances of adults and children found together (1990, 23). In Ireland the most common forms found were biconical forms and they were restricted mainly to the north-east of Ireland (Kavanagh 1977, 64). Five examples of Fenestrated Cups were also recorded, three of which had unusual triangular perforations. These rare and unusual cups have long been recognised as a feature of the assemblage from southern England in particular. Longworth (1983) however, felt they had a more widespread distribution, noting examples from Scotland, Wales and Ireland. He grouped Fenestrated Cups according to the shape of the ‘cut-outs’, and offering the following classification: A. B. C. D. E.

cups with triangular and/or lozenge shaped perforations. cups with broad rectangular perforations. cups with broad oval perforations cups with round perforations greater than 10mm in diameter and cups with narrow vertical perforations.

The distribution maps suggested that ‘A’ type Fenestrated Cups had a distribution ‘peripheral to the Irish Sea’. Longworth (1984) went on to published his own typology for funerary cups, based upon those associated with Collared Urns. His corpus of Collared Urns also provided outline illustrations of associated cups with details of their context and artefactual associations, however his

7

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age typology, in keeping with previous attempts, contained many types (once again illustrating the diversity of the tradition) and comprised twelve separate categories; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Grape cups Perforated wall cups Miniature Irish bowls Collared cups Contracted mouth cups Cylindrical cups Trunco-conic cups Tub-shaped vessels Bowl-shaped vessels Bipartite vessels and Thumb cups Miscellaneous and fragmentary

More recent work Allen and Hopkins’ regional study of cups in Lincolnshire (2000) again highlighted the link between funerary cups, cremations and Food Vessels and they largely followed Longworth’s typology. They noted the burnt interiors of some Lincolnshire cups suggesting that they were used as lamps or for burning ‘some other substances’ (2000, 307). Following the work of Sherratt (1991, 62), when discussing Fenestrated and Grape Cups, they suggested that they may have been used not for burning ‘incense’ but for ‘drug-like substances’ that may have played a part in rituals associated with the funeral. Needless to say, there is as yet no direct evidence for this practice. The multiple pot burial at Sudbrook was interpreted as a drinking set, again for funeral-related commensality rituals. The use of grog as an opening agent in many of the vessels may have linked them to the past and provided a means of ensuring continuity in potting practice and social cohesion though they admit that the use of grog is not exclusive and other inclusions are found in the fabrics of some. They suggest that the origins of the Lincolnshire cups could lie in the domestic organic record such as basketry, but again there is no direct evidence for this hypothesis. Gibson’s article (2004a) on Scottish cups was amongst the first to discuss a number of different aspects of the cups rather than just burial associations. He suggested (2004a, 271) that certain terms used as labels for the cups were inappropriate, for example, the term ‘accessory’ was often incorrectly used as ‘not all vessels act in an accessory (i.e. extra or additional) capacity’, neither was ‘miniature’ appropriate as not all cups ‘manifest themselves in larger forms’. Two important observations were made in this article, the first of which was the fact that some cups have ‘careless’ or ‘sloppy’ decoration and the second was that a number exhibit signs of firing damage including catastrophic spalling (Gibson and Woods 1997, 156). Some are clearly firing ‘wasters’ yet were still deemed suitable for a burial context, suggesting perhaps that it was the role that the vessels played within the funerary ritual that was the key to understanding their purpose or meaning (Gibson 2004a: 283-284). Residue analysis carried out at the University of Bradford on a sample of 25 funerary cups proved inconclusive as to their use and contents (Gibson and Stern 2006)

8

A Potted History of Cups Infra-red analysis of the vessel from Breach Farm (GLAM/4) by Davis (2006) suggested that some vessels may well have been deliberately coloured when originally made. Traces of red and white inlay, as well as a deliberately blackened surface, were noted on the Breach Farm cup and such uses of colour are becoming increasingly recognised on other examples (Gibson 2004a, 281; Copper 2017, 55). Over-enthusiastic restoration in the past may also have disguised the fact that some cups may have been incomplete or highly fragmentary when deposited (Gibson 2004a, 284; Hallam 2015, 106-9; Copper 2017, 175). Indeed, reassessment of the cup from the grave assemblage associated with the burial at Clandon (DORS/6) (Needham and Woodward 2008) has suggested that there may have been a ‘misinterpretation on the part of the restorer’. This error was first noticed in 1985 (Clarke, Cowie and Foxon 1985, 275) when the Clandon funerary cup was studied as part of the Symbols of Power exhibition at National Museums Scotland. Unfortunately, ceramics were beyond the remit of the recent extensive Leverhulme project on Early Bronze Age grave goods, although it was acknowledged that ‘detailed study of this body of data in the future could be very illuminating’ (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 558). Jones (2013) also eschews the Incense Cup and Accessory Vessel labels but offers instead the term ‘Miniature Cup’ which he sees as being neutral and without bias of interpretation. We would argue that the word ‘miniature’ is unnecessary as the majority of these vessels are not smaller variants of larger vessels. The epithet might only be relevant to miniature Beakers, Urns and Food Vessels (our Group 1 – see Chapter 2) and, of course, such vessels comprise a minority of the corpus. Jones, relying on a small and regionally selective data-set, also sees these vessels as being hastily made ‘witnessed by the fact that many of the perforations were made in wet clay’ (2013, 368). In fact, nearly all the perforations have been made in wet clay as has the decoration. Decorating or piercing after the pots had reached the leather hard stage would almost certainly have resulted in damage: holes would have to be drilled and few if any demonstrate this phenomenon. Impressed decoration has to be done whilst the clay is wet otherwise impressions would be impossible to execute. The pots are indeed small and often pinched but what Jones forgets is that it usually takes much longer to decorate a pot than to form it and Grape Cups in particular are time-consuming items involving a great deal of effort in their manufacture. His claim that their small size references other ceramic traditions can only really be applied to our Group 1 vessels though the geometric decoration and decorative techniques employed on cups are comparable to those found on other Bronze Age ceramics. Summary Bronze Age funerary cups of various types have captured the interest (and imagination) of researchers since the birth of modern archaeology. As was usual in the days of the antiquarians, much of the discussion of these vessels was little more than conjecture even attributing them to a diminutive race. The majority of serious research, largely inaugurated by Colt Hoare and especially Greenwell, whose understanding of artefacts, particularly ceramics, was far ahead of his time, focused on their associations in the burial record. It was obvious from the days of Mortimer that not all were associated with cremations but that cups could also be associated with inhumation burials. Nor were they restricted to the burials of children, but that they accompanied burials of all ages. These pertinent early observations have often been overlooked by more recent authors and will be explored in subsequent chapters. 9

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Studies since Abercromby have tended to concentrate on typology as was the current custom but each proposed typological scheme was complex and served only to highlight the great variation in form and decoration encountered amongst the cups rather than adding to our understanding of date and significance. National corpora have only been published for Wales, Ireland and Scotland but are now out of date whilst other studies are regional and therefore limited in scope. Nevertheless, their usefulness in compiling the present corpus is readily acknowledged. Later studies have tended towards interpreting the functions of these vessels but focus on their use in pyro-ritual sepulchral activity has persisted with scant attention paid to other contexts. From chafers, to incense burners, to braziers for drug inhalation, these interpretations reflect their times and none can be supported by any evidence other than analogy and conjecture. As we hope to demonstrate later, there need be no catch-all interpretation for such a diverse range of ceramics.

10

Chapter 2

Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs Creating a more simplified typology Numerous authors (Inter alia Thurnam 1871; Abercromby 1912; Longworth 1984; Gibson 2004a) have attempted to classify the cups, with Ian Longworth’s 1984 attempt resulting in some 12 separate categories (See Chapter 1 above). Gibson (2004a) argued for a simpler approach when studying the Scottish examples and honed it down to some eight categories, whilst Anna Brindley (2007, 235) simply divided Irish funerary cups into two: miniature forms of other vessels and other ‘custom-made’ pots.

Figure 2.1 Distribution map – all cups. QGIS (2021) UK Cup distribution.

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In this volume a new simplified typology, to a degree inspired by Brindley (2007) and based on Copper (2017, 20-39), with just four groups, is proposed based upon the wide range of funerary cups found throughout Britain (Figure 2.1). As with any modern observational typology imposed on prehistoric arts and technologies, there is some acknowledged merging between the types and some cups are difficult to assign to a group with certainty. For example, biconical vessels with poorly defined shoulders may resemble globular bowls, or bipartite Food Vessels particularly if undecorated or if having a more upright upper half, and Group 4 perforated wall cups are also often of biconical form. Globular bowls may resemble Food Vessel bowls, especially if decorated, and some biconical pots may be simple pinched pots, especially if they have thickened, rounded bases. This clearly demonstrates the pots’ variety, individuality and stylistic relationships and a degree of subjectivity is involved

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

Scotland (n=111) Wales (n=68) North (n=246) South (n=344) GB

Group 1 24.3% 44.1% 30.5% 38.7% 34.2%

Group 2 25.2% 14.7% 14.2% 7.3% 13.1%

Group 3 37.8% 23.5% 40.7% 27.6% 32.8%

Group 4 5.4% 7.4% 12.2% 18.3% 13.5%

(unclassified) 7.3% 10.3% 2.4% 8.1% 6.4%

Table 2.1 cup groups.

in the allocation of a cup to a particular group. The need for a typology may be questioned for just as there is great diversity amongst the Food Vessel class, so there is amongst cups and, given the bowl and vase forms, they clearly have a strong relationship with the larger vessels. Here the typology is only used for descriptive reasons. The interpretations of the present authors may well differ from those of various other readers but we consider that the variety within the cup corpus need cause no concern as it is also encountered amongst the larger sepulchral vessels of the Bronze Age where distinct traditions often merge. These proposed simplified categories are presented below (Table 2.1). The distribution of cups shows that they are widespread over Britain. Concentrations in Yorkshire, the South Pennines, East Anglia and Wessex clearly reflect the biases of antiquarian funerary archaeology and their absence from much of Scotland demonstrates an avoidance of the inhospitable Grampian massif. Group 1: miniature forms of other vessels (Figure 2.2 & 2.3)

Figure 2.2 Distribution map of Group 1 (Miniature) cups. Red = Beaker, Blue = Food Vessel, Yellow = Collared Urn, Green = Cordoned and other urn types. QGIS (2021) UK Cup distribution.

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This group, comprising around 34% of the total assemblage consists of small or miniaturised versions of Beakers, Food Vessels, Collared and Cordoned Urns. For the purposes of this corpus these cups are generally smaller than 100mm in height. Once again, this observation reinforces the close relationship between the cups and the larger forms. Rather than classes apart,

Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs

SOUTHERN ENGLAND

WALES

NORF/10 Witton

BEDF/2 Kempston

LINC/11 Gox Hill

DEVO/2 Upton Pyne

CLWYD/5 Llanferres

GWYN/13 Llanidan

100mm

NORTHERN ENGLAND

SCOTLAND

NLAND/18 Plenmeller Common

HIGH/1 Balblair

YKE/1 Binnington

ANG/2 Carmylie

NLAND/10 Holystone Common

SCOB/4 Green Knowe

DER/8 Matlock Bridge

FIFE/15 Westood

Figure 2.3 Examples of Group 1 cups from the four regions.

13

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age they all form part of a general Early Bronze Age ceramic repertoire albeit within some strict traditional rules. Miniature Beakers are rare but widespread over Britain. Six were recorded from southern England including the unusual Beaker/Food Vessel hybrid from Heath (BEDF/1), the Beaker bowl from Doves Corner (KENT/14), the pair of miniature Beakers from Witton (NORF/9 and 10), the latter unusually decorated with whipped cord, and the very degenerate vessel from Chalvington (SUSS/2). Six miniature Beakers from Scotland, include the two from Biggar Common (LANS/1 and 3), but in Northern England there are only two examples, one from Plenmeller Common (NLAND/18) and the rather dubious and degenerate example from Ewanrigg (CUM/5). There are none from Wales. Miniature Collared Urns concentrate in southern and eastern Britain and 42 particularly small examples are found within the English corpus, such as that from Roxby (LINC/22, 57mm in height), Brodsworth (YKS/3), near Bridlington (YKE/3) and Hackness (YKN/45). The total is less in Scotland and Wales with only one example in each country, namely from Green Knowe (SCOB/4) and Llanidan (GWYN/13) respectively. Miniature Cordoned or Biconical Urns are even less common and some may be confused with Food Vessels. There are some ten in southern England such as those from Boscawen-un (CORN/1), Upton Pyne 248b (DEVO/2), Whiteheath (KENT/4) and from Wilsford (WILT/63). There is only one example from northern England, that from Matlock Bridge (DER/8) and one from Scotland (Westwood, FIFE/15). True miniature Food Vessels feature nationally and constitute the dominant miniature form but are more frequently found in the North and West in keeping with the major distribution of the larger vessels. This dominance further strengthens and illustrates the strong relationship between cups and Food Vessels. The corpus might be considerably increased were globular bowls to be included as miniature Food Vessels. Examples of this tradition are represented amongst the 63 miniature Food Vessels in Northern England by the Food Vessel cups from Hutton Buscel (YKN/51), near Pickering (YKN/68) and Youlgreave (DER/27). Further north in Northumberland, a highly decorated miniature Yorkshire Vase cup from Newton Well House Farm (NLAND/14) displays all the traits of the larger Yorkshire Vase tradition. Also notable are the two lidded Food Vessels from Ganton/Brough III (YKN/37 and 38). In the south of the country, at least 33 examples are known and those such as Glaston Sand Pit, (LEIC/6) and Cart Low, Throwley (STAF/3) can be cited as examples. In Scotland, some 21 cups can be identified as miniature Food Vessels, usually bipartite vases such as those from Palmerston and Loanhead of Daviot (D&G/14 and ABER/9) though miniature Yorkshire Vases (Hill of Kier, ABER/8 and Carmyllie, ANG/2) and bowls (Cairnie Hill, ANG/1) are also encountered. In Wales, 28 of the 68 vessels can be identified as miniature Food Vessels and although both bipartite vases (Llanbleithian, GLAM/3) and bowls (Talsarn, DYFED/17) are represented, true Yorkshire vases are absent. Group 2: biconical vessels (Figures 2.4 & 2.5) Group 2 Biconical Cups have a fairly even national distribution reflecting that of cups generally (Figure 2.1 and 2.4).

14

Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs SOUTHERN ENGLAND

CHES/8 Betchton

WALES

NORTHERN ENGLAND

GLAM/4 Breach Farm

DER/10 Stanton Moor

100mm

SCOTLAND

ABER/12 Tarland

Figure 2.5 Examples of Group 2 cups from the four regions.

Often referred to as ‘contracted mouth cups’ (Thurnam 1871, Longworth 1984), these usually fine-made vessels tend to have a distinctive form mirrored along the carination of the pot. Vessels generally consist of two roughly equal halves with the upper portion inclined inwards creating a closed vessel form and the lower half decreasing in diameter towards the base. The base and rim diameters need not be exactly the same, but they are always similar. The shoulder is often acute but rounded forms also exist. These latter variants can be difficult to distinguish from globular bowls (Group 3) and, where forms overlap, the presence of zoned decoration, perforations and fine, thin fabrics are used to distinguish between the two: two-zoned decoration, perforations and fine fabrics are typical of Group 2. The decoration is often laid out in such a way as to emphasise the two parts of the vessel, often with an undecorated band at the shoulder. The rims are usually simple and unelaborated though some may be lightly moulded or bevelled.

Figure 2.4 Distribution of Group 2 biconical vessels. QGIS (2021) UK Cup distribution.

15

Classic Group 2 vessels are readily identifiable yet are surprisingly rare accounting for only 13% of the national corpus. Like miniature Food Vessels, they are more common in the North and West accounting for

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age only 7% of the southern corpus. Some cups have a well-defined shoulder and can be highly decorated (Bolton GRM/2). In Scotland, 29 cups (26%) can be identified as biconicals though in some cases the shoulders are quite weak. There are particularly fine examples from South Ronaldsay (ORK/2) and Bennachie Hill (ABER/2). In Wales 12 vessels (c.17%) belong to Group 2 and, as in Scotland, the definition of the shoulder can vary from accentuated to slack but fine examples from Talsarn (DYFED/20) and Breach Farm (GLAM/4) can be cited.

Group 3: simple forms (Figures 2.6 & 2.7) There are a number of vessels nationally that have a much more rudimentary shape, tend to be more poorly made and are Figure 2.6 Distribution map of Group 3 vessels. QGIS (2021) UK frequently left undecorated. Cup distribution. These range from small simple thumb pots, such as that from Lenton, Lincolnshire (LINC/15), Goodmanham (YKE/20) and Skilmafilly (ABER/11), wide dish-shaped or bowl forms such as Amesbury/Grateley, Wiltshire (WILT/13), Ford Etal Moor (NLAND/7) and Bankfield Farm (D&G/1) and tall, narrow, crucible-like forms, such as that from Ardnave, Islay (A&B/1). Some open-mouthed cups can be likened to simple vase Food Vessels but these latter pots tend to have elaborated rims whilst those of the Group 3 vessels are invariably simple. Many globular bowls have zoned decoration and may strongly resemble bowl Food Vessels or poorly made Biconical Cups. Examples may be seen in the twisted-cord decorated cup from Doddington (NLAND/4), the bowl from Dalby Warren (YKN/26), and the decorated but heavy bowls from Gilchorn Farm (ANG/5) and Whitford (CLWYD/6). These cups once again exemplify the overlaps between the groups. Fabrics within this group tend to be very variable, often of poor quality and thickly fashioned.

16

Figure 2.7 Examples of Group 3 cups from the four regions.

Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs

17

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Group 4: exotic forms (Figures 2.8 & 2.9) Cups within this group include similar forms to those found within Groups 2 and 3 yet have further enhancement which may include the use of a specific decorative technique. Of particular note within this group are those more often known as Grape Cups, Fenestrated Cups and Aldbourne Cups. 1 – Aldbourne cups These vessels have a distinct splayed form with a ‘footed‘ base and intricate geometric patterns, often involving pointillé, both internally and externally. The motifs are often enhanced with a white paste or inlay (Gibson and Woods 1997, 81-82). They have a distinct distribution focussed mainly in Wessex though the fine incision and pin-prick decoration can be found on other types of cup elsewhere in Britain. Examples Figure 2.8 Distribution map of Group 4 exotic cups. Red = include the two from a burial at Fenestrated Cups, Blue = Grape Cups, Yellow = Aldbourne Cups, the eponymous site of Aldbourne Green = Trunconic Cups, Orange = Straight Walled Tubs, Pink – in Wiltshire (WILT/5 and 6) one others. QGIS (2021) UK Cup distribution. of which had a lid. The cup from Moralee Farm (NLAND/13) may possibly be a northern expression of the Aldbourne style with its triangular incised decoration combined with pointillé and a deep internal bevel. 2 – Grape cups This group comprises vessels where small round pellets of clay have been added to the outer body of the pot, producing a knobbly surface (very) loosely resembling a bunch of grapes (Gibson and Woods 1997: 175). Very rare examples, such as that from Upton Lovell G2e (WILT/60) have the pellets not applied or raised but inserted into the wall of the pot in a rivet-like manner (Colt Hoare 1812: 99). Grape Cups have a very restricted distribution and are absent from northern England, Wales and Scotland.

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SOUTHERN ENGLAND SOUTHERN SOUTHERN ENGLAND SOUTHERN ENGLAND SOUTHERN ENGLAND ENGLAND SOUTHERN SOUTHERN ENGLAND ENGLAND DORS/11 Wimbourne St Giles DORS/11 G8 DORS/11 Wimbourne St Giles DORS/11 Wimbourne G8 St Giles DORS/11 Wimbourne G8 St Giles Wimbourne DORS/11 G8 St Giles G8 St Giles DORS/11 Wimbourne Wimbourne G8 St Giles G8 WILT/10 Amesbury G19 WILT/10 WILT/10G19 Amesbury WILT/10G19 Amesbury WILT/10G19 Amesbury Amesbury WILT/10G19 WILT/10G19 Amesbury Amesbury G19 BERK/6 Great Shefford BERK/6 BERK/6 Great Shefford BERK/6 Great Shefford BERK/6 Great Shefford Great Shefford BERK/6 BERK/6 Great Shefford Great Shefford DORS/12 Wimbourne St Giles DORS/12 G10 DORS/12 Wimbourne St Giles DORS/12 Wimbourne St Giles G10 DORS/12 Wimbourne G10 St Giles Wimbourne DORS/12 G10 St Giles G10St Giles DORS/12 Wimbourne Wimbourne G10St Giles DEVO/1 G10 Broad Down Farway DEVO/1 Broad DEVO/1 Down Farway Broad DEVO/1 Down Farway Broad DEVO/1 Down Farway BroadDEVO/1 Down Farway BroadDEVO/1 Down Farway Broad Down Farway

WALES

NORTHERN SCOTLAND ENGLAND WALES NORTHERN SCOTLAND WALES NORTHERN SCOTLAND ENGLAND WALES NORTHERN SCOTLAND ENGLAND Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs WALES NORTHERN SCOTLAND ENGLAND ENGLAND WALES NORTHERN SCOTLAND WALES NORTHERN SCOTLAND ENGLAND ENGLAND NLAND/13 Moralee Farm NLAND/13 NLAND/13 Moralee Farm NLAND/13 Moralee Farm NLAND/13 Moralee Farm Moralee Farm NLAND/13 NLAND/13 Moralee Farm Moralee Farm

GWYN/3 Bryn Seiont GWYN/3 GWYN/3 Bryn Seiont GWYN/3 Bryn Seiont GWYN/3 Bryn Seiont Bryn Seiont GWYN/3 GWYN/3 Bryn Seiont Bryn Seiont

POWYS/4 Llanfihangel POWYS/4 Cwm-du POWYS/4 Llanfihangel POWYS/4 Llanfihangel Cwm-du POWYS/4 Llanfihangel Cwm-du Llanfihangel POWYS/4 Cwm-du Cwm-du POWYS/4 Llanfihangel Llanfihangel Cwm-du Cwm-du

YKN/85 Slingsby CXLVIII YKN/85 YKN/85 Slingsby CXLVIII YKN/85 Slingsby CXLVIII YKN/85 Slingsby CXLVIII Slingsby CXLVIII YKN/85 YKN/85 Slingsby CXLVIII Slingsby CXLVIII YKN/39 Goathland Moor YKN/39 YKN/39Moor Goathland YKN/39Moor Goathland YKN/39Moor Goathland Goathland YKN/39Moor YKN/39Moor Goathland Goathland Moor 100mm

SCOT/4 Tayside? SCOT/4 SCOT/4 Tayside? SCOT/4 Tayside? SCOT/4 Tayside? Tayside? SCOT/4 SCOT/4 Tayside? Tayside? ABER/3 Bennachie Hill ABER/3 ABER/3 Hill Bennachie ABER/3 Hill Bennachie ABER/3 Hill Bennachie Bennachie ABER/3 Hill ABER/3 Bennachie Hill Bennachie Hill ELOTH/6 Kirkpark ELOTH/6 ELOTH/6 Kirkpark ELOTH/6 Kirkpark ELOTH/6 Kirkpark Kirkpark ELOTH/6 ELOTH/6 Kirkpark Kirkpark

100mm HAMP/6 100mm Portsdown b 100mm HAMP/6 100mm HAMP/6 Portsdown b Figure 2.9 Examples of Group 4 cups from the four regions. The paucity of exotic forms outside 100mm HAMP/6 b Portsdown southern England can be noted. HAMP/6 b 100mm Portsdown Portsdown HAMP/6 b HAMP/6 b 19 Portsdown Portsdown b

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age 3 – Fenestrated cups These consist of cups which have had pieces of clay cut away from the vessel wall to create ‘windows’. The fenestrations vary from narrow slits (Lancing - SUSS/9) to large circular holes (Wylye 2 - WILT/85) to triangular or lozenge shapes (Glendon - NORH/2; Stanton Moor DER/14 and 15; Bryn Seiont - GWYN/3; Whinnie Liggate – D&G/18). Fenestrated Cups with narrow rectangular cut-outs seem to have a distribution which is focussed along the southeast coast but also extends northwards and westwards to include two examples on the northeastern coast at Scalby Comboots (YKN/78) and West Ayton Moor (YKN/96) and in western Britain at Meini Gwyr Llandysilio (DYFED/13) which cup has been compared to the sarsen circle at Stonehenge. The form of Fenestrated Cups is very often biconical and so they would appear to be more elaborate forms of Group 2 vessels. Straight walled forms (as at West Ayton Moor above) are also found (Shrewton 5c, WILT/48). It may also be noteworthy that as yet only one example of a Fenestrated Cup has been found with the additional element of the small perforations so common on Group 2 Biconical Cups (DER/15), perhaps suggesting that fenestrations may be a specific functional or decorative element. 4 – Trunconic cups In this group, the wall of the pot is straight or slightly convex, but narrows towards the rim. The lower part, below the very low shoulder or collar constitutes little more than the distinctive narrow base. They resemble the collars of Collared Urns. Examples such as Wimbourne St Giles G10 (DORS/12), and Bennachie Hill (ABER/3) demonstrate the type superbly. In northern England, examples can be found at Three Howes (YKN/92), Pickering (YKN/69), Slingsby (YKN/85) and Belsay Castle (NLAND/1). It is possible that the rather misshapen cups from Broxa B4 (YKN/21) and Danby Rigg (YKN/28) may also belong to this type. They appear to have a northern distribution although there are also some similar cups in Wessex. 5 – Straight walled tubs These comprise small, tub-shaped pots where the walls are low and vertical leading to a flat base and often an elaborated rim above. The base and rim diameters are virtually the same. The walls can be perforated and some may have a slight raised cordon midway up the wall. They are rare in the corpus but quite distinctive and may often be decorated with twisted cord. Only one such cup has been found in both Scotland and Wales. The Scottish example, from Kirkpark, Musselborough (ELOTH/6), is typical of the group with vertical walls, decorated with twisted cord hurdling, and with a slightly thickened rim. The Welsh cup, from Llanfihangel Cwm-du (POWYS/4) is also decorated with twisted cord, has perforated walls with a slight raised cordon and a flat-topped elaborated rim. There are nine such cups from northern and eight from southern England. In the North, an undecorated example, again with modified rim comes from Goodmanham Enthorpe II (YKE/16) and the cup from North Newbald (YKE/26) is decorated with twisted cord and has a flat-topped dramatically in-turned rim. A possible oval variant comes from Garrowby Wold C43 (YKE/10) It is described as ‘rectangular’ by Mortimer (1905, 148, fig.395), and decorated with rows of vertical fingernail impressions. From southern England, the cup from Colliford reservoir (CORN/2) is cord decorated with a very slight mid-

20

Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs

DORS/1 Bincombe 27

WILT/57 Stonehenge

DORS/18 Dorchester

WILT/66 Wilsford G50

100mm Figure 2.10 Double ‘cups’ from Dorset and Wiltshire.

wall shoulder. The cup from Broad Down (DEVO/1) also has a pair of perforations and is decorated with incised herringbone. 6 – Double-ended cups These are rare and unusual vessels which appear to be two cups placed on top of each other base to base such as that from Southwick Hill/Portsdown b (HAMP/6), Little Gaverigan (CORN/4) and Winterbourne Stoke G65 (WILT/83). They are very rare and restricted to the South-West in their distribution. Related to these are a small but distinct type of cup that are probably not really cups at all (Figure 2.10). These are thick discs of clay with depressed, concave faces, waisted profiles and perforated lugs within the waists: they resemble pulley wheels in shape. They have been found at Dorchester (DORS/18), Bincombe 27 (DORS/1), Stonehenge Aubrey Hole 29 (WILT/57) and, less convincingly at Wilsford G50 (WILT/66) and possibly at the Ness of Brodgar (ORK/1). The Dorchester cup is effectively a stray find though it does come from the area of the Flagstones enclosure. It’s completeness, however, suggests that it was recovered from a protected context. The Bincombe 27 cup was recovered from a crouched inhumation burial below a round barrow suggesting, though not unequivocally, a Beaker or post-Beaker date. The Stonehenge example was recovered from a cremation deposit from Aubrey Hole 29 and, given the recent dates for the cremation burials from Stonehenge, might suggest an early 3rd millennium date (Willis et al. 2016) however the cremation has not been dated and, in the same article, the end of use of Stonehenge as a cemetery is given as the 22nd C cal BC. Beakers and Bronze Age pottery have been found elsewhere in the monument (Cleal 1995). The broadly similar but much cruder vessel from Wilsford G50 was found with an inhumation and a rich assemblage of Wessex-type artefacts including amber, gold and faience. The possible Orcadian example was recovered from the recent excavations at the Ness of Brodgar (Card et al. 2020) and remains, as yet, unpublished. It has only been seen by one of us (CC) but came from the midden overlying the settlement and is associated with Grooved Ware. It is only represented by a few fragments, and is undecorated however the form and proportions bear a close resemblance to the examples from Bincombe 27 and Stonehenge. The Stonehenge example has been discussed (inter alia) by Cleal (1995, 360-1) who suggested that the objects were too shallow to have served as containers. Cleal also suggested that they may have been suspended and that substances may have burned gently in the concave faces. Certainly, they are shallow but that does not preclude their being containers, albeit temporary.

21

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age They are included here as cups and though this might find criticism from the readership, equal criticism would doubtless have been levelled should they have been omitted. Cleal, following an unpublished note by Isobel Smith, claims Woodlands-style Grooved Ware affinities for these enigmatic objects, especially in the incised ribs that run round the vessels and the perforated lugs that bridge the ridges. Cleal also likens the incised internal chevron decoration on the Dorchester example to internally decorated Grooved Ware bowls from Durrington Walls and Grimes Graves. The filled triangle motifs, notched cordons and lugs are, however also found on types of Early Bronze Age pottery from Beakers through Collared Urns to Food Vessels (including other cups) and are not exclusive to Grooved Ware ceramics. Analogy is also drawn to sherds from Grooved Ware contexts at Barrow Hills, Radley, though there are no particularly convincing sherds published in the later report (Barclay and Halpin 1999). Piggott (1938), on the other hand, was convinced that the Stonehenge and Dorchester cups belonged to the Wessex Culture and he discussed them in connection with Breton vase supports and Aldbourne Cups. Although our chronology has advanced significantly since 1938, nevertheless the burial evidence associated with DORS/1 and the possible WILT/66 support an Early Bronze Age chronology. 7 – other exotic cups Within Group 4 are four vessels which Hallam (2015: 80) also singles out as ‘oval’ cups, including that from Malham Sheriff Hill (YKN/62) and a cup from Lockton (YKN/31). The intentional oval design of these cups may be a regional preference as they are not distorted from burial or from reconstruction. Only one oval cup is recorded from southern England, that from Guiting Power (GLOC/1) and the form has not been noted in Scotland or Wales. Also belonging to Group 4 are Perforated-base Cups which, as the name suggests, comprise those vessels with multiple perforations in the base, such as Wilsford G36 (WILT/65), reminiscent of a colander. In northern England, only the Straight-walled Tub from Danby Stone Rook Hill (YKN/25) might fit this type as it has a single perforation on the incomplete base. Like the Double-ended Cups, Perforated-base Cups are extremely rare and are absent from Scotland and Wales. Another peculiar vessel that must be added to this category is the ‘nest’ of three conjoined Group 1 cups from East Kent Access Road (KENT/12). This peculiar vessel comprises three miniature bipartite Food Vessels joined in a trefoil pattern and is comparable with a pair of conjoined Yorkshire Vase Food Vessels found during drainage operations at Aqualate Mere in Staffordshire (Vine 1982, 154 and 354). Many more of these exotic types of funerary cups are found in the south than in the north of Britain, particularly the region of Wessex, and are associated with both cremation and inhumation burials. For the purposes of discussion within the text these are the categories which will be referred to throughout and which have been used for the purposes of any subsequent analysis or comparison of data.

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Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs Lids Lidded vessels form a small grouping comprising three examples from southern England, five examples from the North and one from Scotland. The lid from Whiteheath (KENT/4) is an uneven disc of clay with an internal chamfered edge whilst that from Stratford-sub-Castle (WILT/58) was conical in profile with incised decoration comprising a central cross and chevrons round the edge. The lid from Aldbourne IV (WILT/6) is well known and matches the Aldbourne cup in terms of incised and pointillé decoration. It is shaped like a Greek pyxis in that it has concave, walls giving to a domed top. The form matches the Group 4 Trunconic Cup from Belsay Castle (NLAND/1) though lacks the dimple in the top of the dome. Two of the northern lidded cups were found in the same burial at Ganton (YKN/37 and 38) where an adult male and an adolescent female had been interred together. Both lids have pointillé decoration, one is fragmentary, and the other rises to a narrow, raised knob similar to the Aldbourne example above. Three other lids from Goodmanham (YKE/15), Aldro 116 (YKN/6) and Riggs Barrow 17 (YKN/75) share what seems to be a common design. The only lid outside England comes from Knocknerrennie Knowe, Genoch (AYRS/1) and this was a simple flat disc of fired clay illustrated by Anderson (1886, fig.44). Of the nine lids recorded, six were associated with miniature Food Vessels, two with Group 2 cups and one with a Group 4 exotic (WILT/6). Bases (figure 2.11) Base forms can often be inaccurately described in the literature and in particular, some authors confuse dished and omphalos bases. For this reason, Figure 2.11 illustrates the terminology used here. In keeping with Bronze Age pottery, cup bases are generally flat but there are examples of roundbased pots, foot-rings and even omphalos and pedestalled bases. Foot-ring bases are generally

Figure 2.11 Schematic base forms

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age simple and the foot-rings are moulded rather than applied. That on the Group 4 Trunconic Cup from Bennachie Hill (ABER/3) is typical and even has a slight finger groove within the circuit of the foot-ring resulting from the raising. That from the Hill of Keir (ABER/8) is rather more elaborate and seems to have been raised from an otherwise round-based pot. The miniature Yorkshire Vase Food Vessel from Carmyllie (ANG/2) has a pronounced foot-ring and sunken base resembling the dimpled base of a wine bottle. The small foot-ring base on the Group 3 bowl from Cairngill (D&G/4) is almost a cross between a foot-ring base and an omphalos base (see below) and has been created by forming a small round pedestal on the base and then depressing the outer surface within the central area. The base of the bowl from Palmerston (D&G/13) appears to have a double concentric foot-ring, the inner and outer separated by a small rounded concavity, possibly finger-formed like ABER/3 above. An elaborate foot-ring on the vessel from Llywel (POWYS/6) has a twisted cord line accentuating the inner wall of the foot-ring. The foot-ring base on the finely decorated bowl from Kirkpark (ELOTH/5) has been formed by a convex base. This may have been a deliberate feature or may have been formed by sagging had the pot been placed upside down to dry. Foot-ring bases on northern English cups are generally plain and uncomplicated however on two cups from Slingsby there has been an intentional elaboration of this feature. An undecorated cup (YKN/83) has a double foot-ring caused by grooving the base, perhaps with a finger. The second cup (YKN/85), a Group 4 Trunconic Cup, has a simple foot-ring but this appears mirrored on the interior by an unusual internal ridge. This cup is decorated with nine bands of twisted cord and has 27 perforations in nine vertical sets of three. The distinctive Aldbourne Cups from Wiltshire all have very similar bases, which take the form of distinctive pedestals. These may be marked out by having different motifs to the rest of the decorative scheme, as seen on the vessel from Camerton, Somerset (SOME/2). Round based pots are unusual but not unknown in a Bronze Age context. The stone bowl from Ford (A&B/4) is rounded and is, as a result, unstable as are the bowls from Carlochan (D&G/5), Coulter (LANS/5) and the Group 2/3 hybrid from New Abbey (D&G/11). Other round based pots from Scotland are Group 3 crucibles (ELOTH/3 and 9, EDIN/1, FIFE/1). The round based pot from Towyn (CLWYD/7) is decorated all over, including the base, with deep circular stabs. Also included here are examples of very small thumb pots such as that from Lenton, Lincolnshire (LINC/15). The vessel from Lambourn I (BERK/4) has a base which tapers to a distinct point and combined with four equally spaced perforations may well have been designed to be suspended when in use as perhaps was the cup from Wimbourne St Giles G10 (DORS/12). This particular pot not only has equally spaced perforations through the distinctive dropped collar but also has clear evidence of sooting, from use, all around the rounded base. Round bases are present on several thick, heavy cups in northern England. Examples include unperforated bowl-type cups such as NLAND/7 from Ford Etal Moor, NLAND/15 from Old Bewick and YKN/87 from Southern Black Howe. All three of these cups are undecorated, heavily spalled, and heat-affected. Another small, round-based asymmetrical cup from Stanton Moor (DER/17) also lacks both decoration and perforations. Two Group 2 cups from Allerston Warren (YKN/11) and near Pickering (YKN/73) also have gently rounded bases with smoothed external surfaces. The lack of any surface features or decoration on these cups adds to the tactile nature of the vessels. 24

Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs Omphalos bases are better known amongst later prehistoric ceramics and metal bowls as well as in vessels from later periods such as paterae but they are also found on Early Bronze Age pottery though usually on smaller vessels such as cups. An omphalos is a distinctive formal characteristic and is usually formed by creating a round-based pot then using the thumb to impress a dimple in the base. The pressure of the thumb may or may not result in a slight internal boss and this would very much depend on the thickness of the base. Omphalos bases are not to be confused with dished bases that rise internally, perhaps resulting from the sagging of the base were the pot to have been placed upside down to dry. In Scotland, omphalos bases are found on only five vessels, from Nith Lodge Farm (AYRE/2), South Ronaldsay (ORK/2), Dunbar (ELOTH/1), unprovenanced (SCOT/2) and on the otherwise poorly made vessel from Cairnderry (D&G/3). The omphalos has resulted in an internal boss on the highly decorated miniature bowl Food Vessel from Talbenny (DYFED/16) which has been made in a thin, fine fabric. A crucible from Llanbabo (CLWYD/7) tapers to a very narrow conical base which has a small deep omphalos impressed into the rounded point. It is barely stable. There are only 12 cups in the Northern England assemblage which have omphalos bases and they are mainly restricted to Group 2 Biconical Cups. Two from a cremation cemetery at Old Parks, Kirkoswald both have small omphalos bases yet the cups are quite different. CUM/11 is small with a very heavy base which has an omphalos whereas CUM/12 is both larger and highly decorated. Omphalos bases are also found on the Biconical Cups from Bolton Haulgh Hall (GRM/2) and Waddington (LANCS/8) and it may be significant that these two cups are some of the largest in the northern assemblage. Although three examples of large Group 2 cups with omphalos bases are not enough to evidence a pattern, they are all from the northwest and two (CUM/12 and GRM/2) were associated with prestige grave goods. Pedestal bases are extremely rare in northern England, nevertheless, there is one possible example recorded on a thick, heavy cup decorated with twisted cord from Skipton (YKN/81), however the base on this asymmetric cup is incomplete. Surface treatments and decoration The surface treatments employed on cups range from roughly smoothed to highly polished/ burnished surfaces and occasionally with the use of coloured pastes or inlays to further enhance the decoration. Fewer cups within the Group 3 category are decorated and when they are it is generally quite restricted, such as on the vessels from Fotheringhay (NORH/1) or Kemple Bank (ELOTH/2). Cups within the Group 4 category incorporate the greatest range of surface treatments and use more techniques in combination. In particular the extravagant cup from Hengistbury Head (HAMP/2) features not only large rectangular fenestrations, but also lines of fine twisted cord and delicate incised patterns. Not only do patterns and motifs vary widely on cups but, in keeping with Bronze Age pottery generally, techniques are also varied resulting in highly individual examples. However, there are also some cups which are intriguingly very similar suggesting that they may have been copied, may have originated from a single craftsperson, or have been manufactured within severely restricted traditional grammars or conventions.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Burnishing and slips Burnishing, whereby the surface of the pot is rubbed and compressed using a small pebble or some similar smooth, hard tool to create a shiny surface (Gibson and Woods 1997, 113-114) is quite rare but was recorded on all the Aldbourne Cups and one small Group 4 Trunconic Cup from Wilton/Grafton (WILT/70). Burnishing was also noted on two Scottish cups from Knockerrennie Knowe (AYRS/1) and Crawford (LANS/7) and at Llanblethian, Breach Farm (GLAM/4) in Wales. The Wilton/Grafton and Knockerrennie Knowe vessels were made from a bright orange-red fabric to which the burnishing had given a copper-like sheen to the surface and this may have been a deliberate attempt to create a metallic-like finish. Slips are known to have been applied to Beaker pottery and Late Neolithic Grooved Ware in order to create specific finishes, although their use has only rarely been identified on cups. Nevertheless, the oval cup from Sherriff Hill, Malham (YKN/62) reputedly had a thick bluegrey and red paste on the external surface (Raistrick and Holmes 1962) but as the cup could not be located, this cannot be confirmed. The Scottish cups from Gilchorn Farm (ANG/6) and Westwood (FIFE/13), both Group 2 cups, bore possible traces of a cream-coloured slip contrasting with the darker underlying clay. A cup from Milton Lilbourne 4 (WILT/42) was found to be covered in a chalky substance which also may be a deliberately applied slip although further inspection would be needed to confirm this. Impressed and incised techniques The most common impressed technique on cups is twisted cord with 25% of decorated vessels from southern England and 21% in northern England, having this as the only method used. The technique is more rarely used in the North and West with only 9% of Scottish and 8.8% of Welsh cups being decorated with twisted cord. The technique is common on Early Bronze Age pottery particularly All Over Cord Beakers, Collared Urns and Food Vessels (Clarke 1970; Longworth 1984; Gibson and Woods 1997, 133-134; Wilkin 2013, 98). In contrast, the use of plaited cord is rare. Although it is relatively more common on Trevisker Ware from the SouthWest (Gibson and Woods 1997, 134) and some Beaker pottery, such as some of the vessels associated with the Amesbury Archer (Fitzpatrick 2011, 50), plaited cord was recorded on only one cup from southern England, the unusual triple miniature Food Vessel from East Kent Access Road (KENT/12). In northern England, it was used to decorate the lid and body of the cup from Goodmanham (YKE/15) and it has been noted on a single small Group 3 pot from Kentraw (A&B/5). It is altogether absent in Wales. Whipped cord is also rare on cups and is almost totally restricted to Group 1 vessels yet again illustrating the clear link between the large Food Vessels and the miniatures. There are eight instances of the use of whipped cord in southern England (2%), five in northern England (2%), two in Wales (2.9%) and four in Scotland (3.6%). Miniature Collared Urns and Food Vessels are the predominant types on which this technique is used but it also notably appears on a miniature Beaker from Witton (NORF/10). This is a rare occurrence of the use of whipped cord on Beakers generally. Whipped cord is also found, albeit rarely, on the Group 1 cup from Mepal (CAMB/6) and the Group 2 biconical from Balnakettle (ABER/1). It is absent from Group 3 and 4 vessels.

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Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs Incision was recorded on at least 106 vessels from England, including the vessel from Stanton Harcourt (OXOF/8) with its intricately decorated base. Several large cups from north-western England are also decorated with incised lines with examples from Bolton Breightmet (GRM/1), Haulgh Hall (GRM/2), Clifton on Irwell (GRM/3), and Skirwith Moor (CUM/16) The motifs on these cups differ but the common occurrence of the incised technique in this area may be enough to identify a regional preference. In Scotland, incision is found on over half of the cups (53%) from crudely (D&G/3) to intricately (ELOTH/5) executed designs. In Wales, 45.5% of cups are decorated with incision including two intricate and almost identical vessels from Dyfed, one from Fan Barrow, Talsarn (DYFED/17) and the other unprovenanced (DYFED/25). Wider incised lines or grooves are rare only being noted on the cup from Sutton Veny 4a (WILT/59, Johnston 1978, 72-72) and the large cup from Bleasdale (LANCS/2) which has deeply grooved encircling lines. In Wales, the lower portion of a cup from Llandegai (GWYN/8) has broad well-defined grooves and in Scotland the fine Group 2 cup from Knockerrennie Knowe (AYRS/1) may be considered to be grooved though it is no intended pun to suggest that there is a fine line between grooving and incision and the broad grooving technique is rare indeed. Stabbed, ‘pin-prick’ or pointillé decoration is most often used in combination with another technique such as incision. Pointillé is a new development in the decoration of insular Neolithic and Bronze Age ceramics and is mainly used as a panel infill, such as on the Group 4 Aldbourne Cups. The cup from Moralee Farm in Northumberland (NLAND/13) appears to reference the Aldbourne tradition with its circular dots within pendant chevrons, unusual internal ledge and slightly splayed sides (Cowen 1966, 228). Cowen also describes the cup as having had a white inlay but this is no longer visible. The technique is also found in Scotland and Wales where, of course, Aldbourne Cups are absent. In Wales, it is combined with incision on the Group 4 Fenestrated Cup from Bryn Seiont (GWYN/3) and the small open Group 3 cup from Penmon (GWYN/15). Both the Group 4 Fenestrated Cups from Scotland (D&G/18, SCOT/4) combine pointillé and incision and it is used to infill incised panels at Balloch Hill (A&B/2) and to decorate the collar of the Group 1 miniature Collared Urn from Green Knowe (SCOB/4). Interestingly, there is a group of pointillédecorated vessels from Lanarkshire where the pin-pricks are used to infill parallel incised lines (LANS/5 and 7), to act as a fringe to incised lines (LANS/6) and to fill triangular (LANS/4) and polygonal base (LANS/7) panels. Akin to pointillé are small, deep circular stabs that appear from the outside to be perforations but which do not completely pierce the cups’ fabric. Examples of these are found in all areas and on cups of all types. They occur on the Group 1 miniature Collared Urn from Bagmoor Farm (LINC/1), the miniature Food Vessel from Lenton (LINC/14), the miniature Food Vessels from Garton Slack (YKE/11) and Roose (CUM/14) and on the round-based cup from Carlochan (D&G/5) where they complement the linear incised decoration. Group 2 cups from Wilsford G40 (WILT/69), Ffostill (POWYS/2) are also decorated with these stabs. Examples of stabbed Group 3 vessels can be found at High Wycombe (BUCK/1) and Guiting Power (GLOC/1) and on Group 4 cups they have also been used to decorate the double cup from Southwick Hill (HAMP/6) and on the Fenestrated Cup from Great Shefford (BERK/6). In the case of cups from Aberwhiler (CLWYD/1), Towyn (CLWYD/7) and Llanfair-is-Gaer (GWYN/10) however, the stabs are multiple and deep and in the case of Towyn they cover the entire surface of the pot 27

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age including the rounded base. The base of Llanfair-is-Gaer is also covered in deep stabs filling the quadrants formed by a central cross. Stab and drag, whereby a sharp implement was pressed into the clay and then dragged along and out (Gibson and Woods 1997: 253-254) is found on very few cups, for example Lenton, (LINC/14). It is also used as part of the decorative scheme on one of the two cups found at Aldbourne IV (WILT/6). It is absent on cups from Scotland and Wales and unconvincing in northern England (but see Garton Slack, YKE/12). Fingernail and comb impressions are also relatively rare. Only six cups from northern England utilise fingernail impression as decoration on the cup body and these tend to be simple open Group 1 or 3 forms such as the cups from Lilburn Hill (NLAND/11), Acklam Wold (YKN/1) and an unprovenanced cup from Yorkshire (LP/17). In Wales it is only found on a small open Group 3 cup from Tir-Mynach (DYFED/21) and in Scotland the technique is absent apart from on the inside of a Group 2 vessel from Balnakettle (ABER/1) where they almost certainly result from forming the vessel rather than as an attempt at internal decoration. One of the rare examples of the use of comb is on the vessel from Tyning’s Farm F2813 (SOME/5). This vessel was one of a group of three found together and it was the only one made out of a rich orange-red clay, impressed with comb, with the impressions enhanced further with white inlay hinting at links to the Beaker tradition, yet the vessel was of miniature Food Vessel form. Comb impressions have also been found on the cups from Doll Tor (DER/5) and the basal cruciform motif on the miniature Yorkshire Vase from Newton Well House (NLAND/14). Only two vessels carry this technique in Scotland. The miniature Food Vessel from Kirkpark (ELOTH/4) has coarse combed lines on the upper part and a miniature Beaker from Biggar Common (LANS/3) is, perhaps unsurprisingly, also decorated in this technique. Comb-decorated cups are absent in Wales. Plastic features and decoration The best-known applied decoration found on cups are, of course, the pellets of clay found on the Group 4 Grape Cups of southern England and as mentioned above, these pellets may occasionally be ‘rivetted’ into the body fabric which is an incredibly time-consuming process. Despite being well-known and oft-illustrated, these cups are rare. Additional plastic (applied or raised) embellishments to cups such as lugs and handles are more likely to feature on Group 1 miniature form vessels, particularly Yorkshire Vase Food Vessels. Lugs are a distinctive feature of full-sized Yorkshire Vases and occur along with shoulder grooves and handles (Wilkin 2013, 44) and these are evident in the miniature Yorkshire Vases from South Charlton (NLAND/21), Hepple (NLAND/9) and Newton Well House Farm (NLAND/14), all of which have small perforated lugs. A further two rather crudely made cups from North Yorkshire Ampleforth (YKN/13) and Hanging Grimston (YKN/44) have rudimentary perforated handles which appear to have been applied. There are no instances of applied decoration on Welsh cups and in Scotland, only the perforated lugs on the Group 1 miniature Food Vessels from Carmyllie (ANG/2) and Gairneybank (P&K/2) and the unperforated lugs on a similar vessel from Hill of Keir (ABER/8) can be deemed to represent plastic decoration though probably raised rather than applied. 28

Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs Another noteworthy example of plastic decoration can be found in the unusual cup from Black Burgh, Sussex (SUSS/1) which appears to incorporate an eyebrow motif, similar to that found on the Folkton Drums (Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 115-116). Motifs As with other Bronze Age ceramics, cups are decorated using a range of repetitive geometric motifs which vary from simple lines in a variety of techniques such as the single line of fingernail impressions used on the small thumb pot from Boscombe Down, Wiltshire (WILT/24) to highly complex panels, including the use of decoration on the base as at Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire (OXFO/8). Simple motifs such as herringbone or cross-hatching can be combined with other decorative elements such as horizontal or vertical zones, metopic panels and triangles to produce a great variety of individual decorative schemes to the extent that few pots find exact parallels. This has also been noted in the other Bronze Age ceramic traditions as a glance through the corpora of Beakers (Clarke 1970) and Collared Urns (Longworth 1984) will demonstrate. Having said that there are some pots which are very similar such as the three vessels from Betchton (CHES/8), Beedon (BERK/1) and Bennachie Hill (ABER/2). Whilst the distance between the findspots may suggest that the similarity of the above three vessels is fortuitous, resulting from traditions of form and decorative grammars, the similarity of some other cups not only in form but also in decorative schemes would suggest that some cups may have been deliberately copied or even have been made by the same potter as is almost certainly the case with the vessel from Talsarn and an unprovenanced cup from Dyfed (DYFED/17 & 25) which are almost identical not only in form but also in the unusual arrangement of their decorative schemes, including internal and base decoration. Group 2 cups often incorporate complex geometric patterns although some of these cups shun decoration with the emphasis being more on surface finish such as at Amesbury G61a (WILT/13). The archaeological convention has, for many years, been to draw vessels as if complete and to ‘put their best side forward’. In so doing, interesting observations can often be missed. Examples of this are areas where decorative schemes can be seen to break down. This has also been noted on larger vessels (Gibson 2002, pl.10) and, given that decoration was executed when the clay was still wet, such ‘errors’ could easily have been rectified. Three cups from Scotland illustrate this perfectly. A Group 2 vessel from Ross-shire (HIGH/4) is decorated on the lower portion with an incised star pattern but one of the points degenerates into parallel lines. The otherwise extremely well-made Group 2 vessel from South Ronaldsay (ORK/2) is decorated with a series of filled triangles also forming a star shape but two points of the star are very poorly spaced. The third vessel, an unprovenanced Group 2 cup, probably from Scotland (SCOT/2), also has a very irregular star pattern on the lower half. On an unusual footed vessel from near Pickering, (YKN/65) the vertical impressed twisted cord lines suddenly become diagonal and on the large Biconical Cup from Old Parks (CUM/12), the highly decorated nature of the exterior hides the fact that the motif symmetry breaks down.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

Figure 2.12 Schematic representations of the motifs encountered on cup bases.

No attempt has been made to rectify these irregularities which could have been done easily by re-smoothing the still-soft clay. It appears that this (to our eyes) imperfect decoration was deemed unimportant to the finish of the vessel. Such decorative irregularities are not unusual. Base Decoration (Figure 2.12) Despite Greenwell’s observation that cups are more frequently decorated on the base than other funerary vessels, only 73 cups that have been seen by the present writers have base decoration. This amounts to only some 9.5% of the total. Only around 8% of cups from southern England and 7% from the North have decorated bases and this rises to 13.5% in Scotland and 27% in Wales. The most common basal decoration was the use of encircling lines, such as Skirwith Moor (CUM/16), Tyning’s Farm North F2182 (SOME/4) and Llandysiliogogo (DYFED/4) (Figure 2.12). Vessels which have more complex decoration on the vessel wall also tend to have more complex basal designs. Highly unusual cruciform or calyx motifs were found on Group 2 biconical 30

Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs vessels such as those from Winwick, Southworth Hall Farm a (CHES/10), Manley, Glead Hill Cobb (CHES/15), Stathern, Leicester (LEIC/3), and Stanton Moor (DER/22). Basal decoration is not restricted to Group 2 vessels however. The miniature Group 1 Food Vessel from Newton Well House Farm has a cruciform basal motif and in Wales ten Group 1, five Group 2, one Group 3 and two Group 4 vessels have decorated bases ranging from encircling lines to panel and cruciform-based designs. In Scotland only Group 4 vessels are devoid of decorated bases whilst 12 are found within Group 2 vessels and one each in Groups 1 and 3. Decorated bases are found on 17 cups from northern England. Incised lines and pointillé are seen on the base of a miniature Food Vessel cup from near Pickering (YKN/68) whereas incised lines have been used to create a somewhat haphazard geometric motif on the base of a simple Group 3 open cup from Bolton Breightmet (GRM/1). The badly distorted Group 4 Trunconic Cup from Pule Hill (YKW/5) has the base decorated with an incised 10-pointed star which is a highly unusual and complex motif. Impressed twisted cord makes a rare appearance on only two cup bases. The base of the Riggs lidded miniature Food Vessel (YKN/75) is flat but decorated with a twisted cord ‘tree-like’ design and an unprovenanced Group 2 cup (LP/15) has a similar, but slightly more complex basal motif. No real pattern can be determined from the basal motifs of the northern England cups other than to say where they do occur, the motif is usually either simple or less well-executed than the decoration found on the visible external surface of the cup. The range of base decoration is illustrated schematically on Figure 2.12. Simple fringes are common (Figure 2.12 motif sets 1 and 2) and these can be incorporated into more complex designs (e.g. sets 5 – 7). The most common way of decorating the base is by quadrant filling the circle (sets 7 and 8): set 8 has the quadrants defined by a central cross. Crosses can be simple (set 5) or more complex (sets 6 and 8) and can be open or filled. Three bases in set 6 have short parallel lines forming a cross design with an open centre. These are all from Dyfed in southwest Wales (DYFED/14, 17 & 25) and may represent a truly local motif. Open and filled chequered motifs (set 4) are mainly found in the North and West of Britain (Scotland, Cumbria, Dyfed) but instances are too few to suggest a meaningful distribution. Elaborate “star-like” motifs (set 10) are rare indeed and appear to be an English phenomenon although the “star” motifs on the underside (not the base) of the cups from Dunbar (ELOTH/1) or South Ronaldsay (ORK/2) may well be related motifs. Concentric and roughly concentric impressions, including triangular impressions, more typically utilised to create false relief, seem to be peculiar to Wessex (set 9). Inlays It is now becoming evident that many cups, now browned by age and burial, may have been brightly coloured when originally made. In a recent analysis of the Llanblethian Breach Farm vessel (GLAM/4) Davis (2006) demonstrated how this cup had had its surface deliberately blackened before the incised motifs were enhanced by the use of a red and white inlay. Other examples of the use of inlay have been detected macroscopically by the present authors with some 33 vessels from southern England having traces of coloured inlays. The incision and pointillé decoration on the Group 4 Aldbourne Cups are invariably enhanced by the use of white inlay.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age The Group 2 cup from Winwick (CHES/10) has a distinctive biconical profile with a carination around the midpoint combining encircling lines of incised decoration with short diagonal lines and infill. It has a flat base decorated with a cruciform motif and the decoration here is further enhanced by the use of white and, possibly red, inlay. The second Group 2 cup from Winwick (CHES/11) has the same type of profile with a slightly concave base which also has traces of red and white inlay within the incised lines. The Group 2 Biconical cup from Stathern (LEIC/3) would also seem to incorporate the use of coloured inlay with zones of incised decoration, again separated at the point of the carination. Combinations of red and white inlay have also been used at Broad Down (DEVO/1), not only on alternate panels but also on alternate incisions. In northern England traces of a red and white inlay is evident on a Trunconic Cup from Clifton on Irwell (GRM/3), and traces of a white inlay can be seen in the decoration on the cup from Old Parks, Kirkoswald (CUM/12). In Scotland, white inlay has been found at Knockneen (D&G/8), Cauldchapel (LANS/4), Esperton Quarry (MLOTH/1) as well as on the domestic cup from Kilellan Farm (A&B/6). Traces of red inlay have only been recognised on one vessel, a heavily spalled vessel from Crailing Hall (SCOB/3). The use of white inlay is a recognised feature of Beaker pottery and Clarke (1970, 11) found that bone as well as crushed chalk, had been used to create the inlay pastes. Davis (2006, 32) has recently identified the red colouring on the Broad Down cup (DEVO/1) as haematite similar to that used on that from Breach Farm (GLAM/4). Some 42 instances of the use of inlay have been noted in the corpus but the total of inlaid cups was almost certainly much larger. Of those so far identified, 22 (52%) are Group 2 Biconical Cups with a further nine (21%) belonging to the exotic Group 4 vessels. The fine fabric and intricate decoration of many Group 2 cups has already been mentioned so the abundant use of inlay on these vessels further enhances the visual effect that these cups must have presented. Perforations Perforations have long been seen as one of the key characteristics of cups, however, analysis demonstrates that this is clearly not the case. Only around 22% of all cups exhibit this feature, 14% in southern England, 23.6% in northern England, 36% in Scotland and 35.3% in Wales. When analysed in relation to cup groups the situation becomes more intriguing. Generally, Group 2 and Group 4 cups are most commonly perforated in all regions (Table 2.2: Figure 2.13) but generally fewer than 50% of the cups in each group are perforated. Perforations, as a specific feature would, therefore, seem to be associated with all vessel groups but represent the

Scotland (n=111) Wales (n=68) North (n=246) South (n=344) GB

Group 1 24.3% 44.1% 30.5% 38.7% 34.2%

Group 2 25.2% 14.7% 14.2% 7.3% 13.1%

Group 3 37.8% 23.5% 40.7% 27.6% 32.8%

Group 4 5.4% 7.4% 12.2% 18.3% 13.5%

(unclassified) 7.3% 10.3% 2.4% 8.1% 6.4%

Table 2.2 Total number of perforated vessels by group. The percentages refer to percentages of the group: e.g. 11.1% of Scottish Group 1 cups are perforated.

32

Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs

Figure 2.13 Percentage of perforated cups per group by region. Group 2 and Group 4 cups appear to be the most frequently perforated though the trend in Wales appears somewhat different to the rest of Britain.

minority of vessels in each group contrary to the common assumption. The exception would be Group 2 cups of which just over half have been perforated. They are clearly an integral part of the design of the vessels but their function remains obscure: few, if any, show wear patterns consistent with suspension. Although the number of perforations on vessels varies, they are generally found in pairs, often located close together, and pierced directly through the wall of the pot usually at the prefiring stage. The diameters of perforations also vary although they are consistent on each individual vessel indicating that they were made at the same time and using the same tool as might be expected. They are generally made by piercing the wall of the pot from the outside to the inside often with evidence of ‘tracking’ or ‘craters’ of clay around each perforation on the inside of the vessel demonstrating that they were made when the clay was still wet and plastic and therefore formed an integral and original part of the design of the pot. Some pots have multiple perforations, for example, the vessel from Slingsby Barrow CXLVIII (YKN/85) which has nine sets of three perforations, totalling 27 in all and the Grape Cup from Upton Lovell G2a (WILT/60) which has perforations between each nodule. Single perforations and perforations on fenestrated vessels are almost unknown with a rare example from Stanton Moor 61 (DER/15) (Vine 1982, 364 No.617) though this vessel could not be located as part of the present study. It may be that perforations were deemed unnecessary on fenestrated vessels. Whilst the placement of the perforations can vary, the most common position is at the carination or midpoint in the height of the vessel wall. It is rare to find them near the rim or towards the base although the example from Worcester Beacon (WORC/1) has evidence of two possible pairs just below the rim and Aldbourne cups tend to have a pair of perforations located in the ‘footed’ base of the pot. This is also the case in the Group 4 Trunconic Cup from Bennachie Hill (ABER/3) where the perforations are below the deep collar. At Letterstone II (DYFED/2) there are pits at the shoulder of the Group 2 vessel but the surviving perforation is in the base angle. Occasionally the perforations are ‘offset’ from each other, as in the two pairs found on the vessel from Winterbourne Stoke G65 (WILT/83). Some vessels have multiple 33

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age perforations through the base or a central plate such as the examples from Wilsford G36f (WILT/65), and Little Gaverigan (CORN/4), although this is highly unusual. It may be of note that the example from Little Gaverigan was described as being badly heat affected along this central plate, which may suggest it had been used for burning, a point which will be discussed below in the context of possible functions for these pots. Summary The intention of this chapter was to illustrate the variety of cups that can be found over Britain. This is demonstrated by the complexity of previous attempts at classification and the simplified scheme presented here attempts to provide a more basic and accessible typology whilst acknowledging grey areas between the types and the striking individuality of some examples. This individuality can be expressed not only in highly accomplished vessels but also in some very poorly made examples and, as with the larger Bronze Age funerary vessels, it is obvious that quality was not always a criterion on which depositional choices were made. This can also be detected when considering decoration. Some cups are highly and carefully decorated whilst in other cases the decoration is minimal, absent, or careless. This has also been noted in contemporary Beakers, Food Vessels and Collared Urns so once again the link between the smaller and larger vessels is reinforced. Correcting decorative ‘errors’ should have been an easy process but the potters concerned chose not to do this suggesting that it was unimportant. It is tempting to draw analogy with Islamic art where mistakes are often incorporated into the design because only God can create the perfect. Were similar beliefs current in the Bronze Age? It is perhaps unlikely, and certainly unprovable, but it suggests rather that the act of decorating the vessel was in some cases important but that the degree of finesse was not. Similarly, the discussions of surface treatments and motifs have also been kept to a minimum firstly because readers will be aware of their basic types and combined complexity from other Bronze Age ceramic types and there are few decorative schemes amongst the cups that cannot be found in other Bronze Age traditions. What sets cups apart is the selection of form, size and motifs that often combine to make aesthetically pleasing artefacts. Some of the more unusual forms of decoration have been highlighted. Already both regional and widespread forms and trends can be identified. The presence of Aldbourne Cups in Wessex for example is well known, but the use of the pointillé decoration that characterises them can be seen to be more widespread geographically and more encompassing in terms of the groups of cups on which it is utilised. Group 1 cups are the only group that can be termed ‘miniature’ with any degree of accuracy as they represent miniature forms of larger vessels and again there seems to be considerable regionality here with Food Vessel forms, not surprisingly, being far more common in the North and West. Group 2 vessels also have a northern and western bias. The numbers of southern English and Welsh Group 2 cups are very similar despite the far larger numbers of cups in general in southern England. Group 2 cups are more numerous in Scotland than in southern England and the north of England has almost as many as the rest of the country combined.

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Cup Forms, Fabrics, Surface Treatments and Motifs These cups represent a diverse and often imaginative type of sepulchral vessel. Whilst they have clear links with the larger vessels, there are forms that are cup-specific in all regions and each group demonstrates a diversity and individualism within the constraints of tradition. When compared to the cups in the Irish corpus (Kavanagh 1977) we see similar trends but with expected regional differences. Irish Group 1 cups only comprise miniature Food Vessels of peculiarly Irish or Hiberno-Scottish affinity. Miniature Beakers or Collared Urns are not represented, though one round-based pot from near Dublin would appear to have a Middle Neolithic Impressed Ware form (Kavanagh 1977, No.26). Unfortunately, there are no details of the discovery or original context of this cup. Group 2 cups are less common in Ireland and whilst incised linear and geometric patterns are present, the majority are undecorated. Group 3 cups, as in Britain, demonstrate a range of basic vessel forms and fabrics including very thickwalled pinched pots (Kavanagh 1977, Nos.31, 68). Group 4 cups are rare and chiefly consist of Fenestrated Cups though there is a Trunconic Cup with foot-ring base from Kilmuckridge, Co Wexford (No.53) which bears comparison with that from Bennachie Hill (ABER/3) even to the pendant triangle decoration.

35

Chapter 3

Observations on the Technology and Use of Bronze Age Ceramic Cups Introduction Other than commenting on fabric, the technology of cups is an aspect to which little past attention has been paid (Gibson 2004a: 283). In addition, most published pottery reports and catalogues have failed to record the extent to which vessels were damaged and fragmentary pots are often misleadingly illustrated as complete either as reconstructions or with their ‘best side forward’ (cf. inter alia Abercromby 1912, Annable and Simpson 1964). Future recording of damage and levels of fragmentation may prove crucial to our understanding of the life histories and roles of these vessels, as evidenced by recent work on the biographies of other Early Bronze Age grave goods (notably Woodward and Hunter 2015) however time constraints did not permit a detailed study of this aspect here. Fabrics Vessel fabrics vary considerably from extremely fine and well-fired (e.g. Stathern - LEIC/3, and Gilchorn Farm - ANG/5) to extremely coarse and crumbly/poorly fired (Mortlake - GLON/1, Radcliffe Ees - GRM/5, Cairngill - D&G/4). Identifying clay sources in lowland Britain can be somewhat problematic due to the varied nature of the geology, consisting as it does of ‘common sedimentary rocks and deposits, and a general absence of mineralogically discrete outcrops’ (Hamilton 2002: 39). However, in the southwest of England the restricted location of gabbro and serpentine, and the presence of easily identifiable rocks, such as granites, sandstones and greenstones has facilitated the sourcing of some local clays. Local clays Macroscopic analysis of fabrics would appear to confirm the use of locally-occurring clays. For example, variation in the colour of the fabric of the vessel may largely be dependent upon natural minerals within the clay (varying according to the local geology) and the nature of the firing and given the weight of the raw material it would be reasonable to expect that prehistoric potters would have made use of the nearest possible source of suitable clay. Little work has been done on cups in the way of thin section analysis, largely due to the effect that destructive analytical techniques would have on small vessels and also due to the fact that many have been reconstructed, but that which has been undertaken has confirmed the use of local sources; for example, the thin section analysis of Cossington (LEIC/2) (Allen 2008: 28) and the potential use of shell at Gox Hill (LINC/11) sited on the Upper Cretaceous Chalk (Swinnerton and Kent 1976, 67-70). Allen and Hopkins (2000: 309), in their study of cups from Lincolnshire, noted that ‘the fabric types of these cups, being quartz, shell and grog, fit well into the expected tempering types for the Early Bronze Age in the region’.

36

Observations on the Technology and Use of Bronze Age Ceramic Cups Non-local clays The use of non-local clays is also often difficult to determine without petrographic analysis but there are some instances where non-local clays may have been used, suggesting either that vessels were made in a different locale to where they were deposited or that clay was transported as a raw material. The vessel found at Upton Pyne 248b (DEVO/2), for example, a small Trevisker-style urn analysed by Peacock as part of a study into the petrology of Cornish Bronze Age pottery, was found to compare well ‘with a large group of vessels thought to have been made of clay obtained from deposits overlying the gabbro on Lizard Head’ in Cornwall some 140km away (Peacock 1969: 68). The vessel contained fragments of feldspar, amphibole and serpentine. Close comparison of the Miniature Urn (DEVO/2) and the cup from Upton Pyne (DEVO/3) suggests that they are probably made from the same fabric incorporating distinctive feldspar crystals and therefore either that the clay has been brought from the Lizard or that the pots were made closer to the clay source and subsequently moved through human agency. This is supported by recent work by Quinnell, who, in a major review of Trevisker pottery, has argued that ‘petrographic studies have demonstrated complex movements of clays and ceramics’ from the South-West, with Trevisker style material made from Cornish clay being found as far away as Monkton in Kent (Gibson et al. 1997; Quinnell 2012: 164). Another possible example of such a movement can be seen at Tyning’s Farm in Somerset. Three vessels (SOME/3 – 5) were found together but SOME/5 stood out as being markedly different from the others. It is made of a vivid orange-red fabric which is unlike the fabrics of the associated vessels. The vessel is also notable for the use of fine tooth-comb decoration enhanced with white inlay. Toothed comb is a common and well-known Beaker decorative technique but it is rarely found on cups whilst the use of inlay is being increasingly recorded on both types of pot suggesting a possible link between the two (See above Chapter 2). The same could be argued for the Aldbourne Cups, most of which are made of a dark chocolatebrown clay and are very well fired. The Wilton/Grafton cup (WILT/70) is another example which stands out noticeably from other local cups. It is a small, heavily collared vessel with a bright orange-red fabric that may also have been burnished or slipped, again possibly referencing Beakers. It is interesting that Clarke (1970:86) states that one of the ‘most characteristic features’ about the Beakers in the Wessex/Middle Rhine group is the extremely fine, bright sealing-wax-red finish and this was ‘probably achieved by wet burnishing and careful selection of clay and firing technique’ (Clarke 1970: 86). This creation of a specific effect, appearing to mimic copper, may have been a deliberate attempt to reference connections with developing local metalworking communities as demonstrated in the case of the later prehistoric haematite coated bowls (Harding 1974, 148-52). Close examination of the fabrics of a number of Fenestrated Cups, including those from Wilsford G8 (WILT/68), Clayton Hill (SUSS/3) and Luddington (KENT/7) suggests that they too may also have been moved or traded from their original place of manufacture. A Fenestrated Cup from Stanton Moor (DER/14) may also be non-local as the smooth well-fired pale orangeyellow clay matrix differs considerably in appearance to the non-Fenestrated Cups from this area, all of which are typically red-brown in colour.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Types and range of inclusions If a vessel is to survive the firing process it is extremely important to ensure that the clay is prepared properly. In open firing, temperatures can rise and fall rapidly and uncontrollably (Gibson 2011, fig.19; Gibson and Woods 1997, figs 6 and 7) which can cause problems with the escape of water (as steam) from the clay. To counter this, non-clay materials, commonly known as ‘inclusions’, ‘opening agents’ or, particularly in America, ‘temper’, are usually added to the clay matrix before the vessel is formed (Gibson and Woods 1997, 213). These deliberately added materials combine with the naturally occurring inclusions in the clay and aid the initial drying process as well as enabling water to escape from the fabric during the water-smoking and ceramic change stages of the firing (Gibson and Woods 1997: 214). If escape routes for steam are not provided in the clay, then spalling may result (see below). Analysis of the types of inclusions found within the vessel fabrics may not only enable the identification of potential clay sources but can also provide information about the choice of opening agents and how they were selected and employed by the potters. Of course, most clays, especially secondary clays preferred for the manufacture of prehistoric ceramics, contain natural inclusions derived from the local geology and glacial movement and normally comprise sand, quartz and organics (often microscopic) which have a similar effect to tempers during drying and firing. The naturally occurring inclusions are usually worn and rounded by abrasion and, when they can be identified within vessel fabrics (for example, those found at Cossington - LEIC/2) (Allen 2008: 28) and Oversley Farm (CHES/1-7) (Garner 2007: 40-62) they can be useful in determining clay sources. As a general rule deliberately added inclusions, other than sand, are usually angular in shape having been crushed before being added to the clay. The predominant type of deliberately added materials identified within vessel fabrics in this study were grog and crushed stone, as either the sole inclusion or in combination with others (including sand, chalk, flint, shell and, in rare cases, bone (Bennachie Hill - ABER/2). Table 3.1 illustrates the range of inclusions encountered in cups of all types. There appears to be a more varied series of fabric recipes in southern England perhaps reflecting the generally softer geology. Sand was a common opening material and may have been naturally occurring in many clays. Mixtures of sand, chalk, limestone, flint (sometimes the sole inclusion) were also noted. Chalk and flint are completely absent in Scotland despite both the presence and utilisation of flint in the country. Allen and Hopkins provided a detailed analysis of fabrics in their discussion of the Lincolnshire cups, noting that quartz, shell and grog, fit well into the expected regional tempering types (Allen and Hopkins 2000: 309). Grog (crushed fragments of pottery) is commonly used in Bronze Age pottery and constitutes a significant proportion of the opening agents found within this assemblage (Table 3.1). Hamilton (2002: 46) describes grog as being very effective as an opening agent as ‘it has similar properties to the clay matrix with which it is mixed and is stable both during and post firing’. It is also easily crushed and is a very practical and dry medium as it comprises pottery that has already gone through the ceramic change (reducing risk from spalling). It also gives the pottery a smooth and slightly ‘soapy’ finish and texture.

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Observations on the Technology and Use of Bronze Age Ceramic Cups Inclusions Sand Sand & grog Sand & chalk Sand & flint Sand, flint & chalk Sand, chalk & grog Sand, grog & flint Sand, mica, flint & grog Sand, grog & mica Sand, grog, flint & chalk Sand & shell Sand, shell & mica Sand, shell & grog Sand & stone Grog Grog & stone Grog, sand & stone Grog & chalk Grog & flint Grog & bone Flint Flint & chalk Flint, chalk & grog Flint &stone Chalk Shell Stone Stone & grog Organic Unknown

S England 64 (18%) 30 (9%) 18 (5%) 15 (4% 1 11 (3%) 4 (1%) 3 (1%) 3 (1%) 2 1 1 1

N England 36 (15%)

34 (15%) 22 (9%) 20 (8%) 24 (10%)

22 (6%)

6 (2%) 14 (4%)

Scotland 10 (9%) 2 (2%)

1 6 (5%) 18 (16%) 3 (3%) 1

1

9 (2%) 2 3 (1%)

1 (1%) 16 (7%)

1 2 2 1 146 (41%)

45 (19%)

1 30 (27%)

3 (1%) 39 (16%)

6 (5%) 28 (25%)

Table 3.1 The range of inclusions found in funerary cups. Southern England has a greater variety of fabric recipes whilst N England and Scotland have similar ranges of inclusions. Wales has not been included as it has not been possible to examine the majority of Welsh cups at first hand.

In Scotland, grog is found in all cup groups but proportionately slightly less in Group 1 pots (11%) and rising to 50% in Group 4 (though only six vessels are represented). In Groups 2 and 3, grog is encountered in 24% and 22% of vessels respectively. Crushed stone appears to have been the opening agent of choice in Scotland and is found in all groups apart from Group 4 exotics (Group 1 = 41%, Group 2 = 28%, Group 3 = 39%). In northern England grog is present in Groups 1 (27%), 2 (37%) and 3 (24%) and is far less well represented in Group 4 exotics (only 1 vessel). The high number of Group 1 cups with grog is representative of the Yorkshire preference for miniature Food Vessel cups, many of which present some of the finest fabrics in the northern English cup assemblage. The Group 2 cups 39

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age with grog are most numerous in all regions of Yorkshire, but much less so in other areas. Group 3 cups with grog are present in all areas apart from Northumberland where stone and sand are more common as inclusions. In almost all cases, grog is usually combined with other materials in the northern English cups. In southern England, a far greater range of inclusions appears to have been utilised and, of course, calcareous inclusions very much represent the local geology (Table 3.1). There also appear to be far more combinations of inclusions again probably geologically influenced. The use of grog is much less common in the South. Only 6% of vessels have grog as the only opening agent and this rises to about 30% of vessels when combined with other materials. The use of grog is more common in Group 1 vessels (37% of all grog-filled vessels), particularly miniature Collared Urns and reflects the fabrics of the larger vessels, particularly in the South (Longworth 1984). Grog is used in Group 2, 3 and 4 vessels in more or less equal numbers (respectively 19%, 19% and 22% of all grog-filled vessels). Sand seems to be the inclusion of choice (unless naturally occurring) in the majority of southern cups (Table 3.1). Ethnographic studies suggest there may have been other reasons for the use of grog. Hamilton (2002: 46) notes that it may be incorporated into pottery because the donor sherds/pots had a ‘special status’ and conversely, in other cases, it may have been avoided due to taboos in place on ‘incorporating ‘old pots’ into new vessels’. Sterner (1989: 458) notes how, amongst the Sirak Bulahay, Northern Cameroon, when an ancestor pot (i.e. a pot which is thought to contain the souls of the dead) is damaged, part of the rim may be broken off and used as grog in a new vessel and the remaining vessel reused in a different context. Whilst there may have been some instances of deliberate, ‘ritual’, selection of grog at play, the practicalities of this excellent opening agent should not be under-estimated. One of the vessels from Upper Hare Park (CAMB/13) is extremely unusual in that grog seems to have been added more for aesthetic rather than practical reasons. It is noticeably different from the other pots from this area as the clay is a very pale cream/white colour and contains large amounts of red and dark grey grog fragments (up to 5mm across) creating a speckled effect to the surface of the vessel. This intentional ‘inclusion visibility’ has already been noted with regard to quartz in Middle Neolithic ceramics (Gibson 1995). A recently excavated vessel from Chilcompton (SOME/8) was also found to contain ‘grog in grog’ when examined under thin section (Jodie Lewis pers. comm) a phenomenon also noted on a Bronze Age pot from Skendleby, Lincolnshire (Gibson and Woods 1997, fig.130). Although not common, some vessels have evidence of organic inclusions. However, it is difficult to say whether this material has been added deliberately. The use of organic material is often evidenced by the presence of small voids left where fragments have burned out during firing (Rye 1981: 34). Such voids have been identified on some vessels, most noticeably on a vessel from Kempston (BEDF/2). Petrographic analysis of a vessel from Winwick (CHES/12) also revealed frequent irregular voids, which were identified as resulting from the burning out of organic matter (Day 1980, 27). This was the only vessel from this site which had been tempered in this way. The vessel was undecorated, and its form was different to the other two cups found at the site. It had also been subjected to intense reheating/refiring. Organics are present in a Group 1 cup from Acklam Wold (YKN/2) which combines a Food Vessel shape with twisted cord decoration. In Scotland, organic inclusions have only been noted in six vessels, three each 40

Observations on the Technology and Use of Bronze Age Ceramic Cups from Groups 2 and 3. The Group 2 cup from Tarland (ABER/12) is finely made and decorated. Two very similar Group 3 vessels from Cairnderry and Cairngill (D&G/3 and 4) are also unusual in having an omphalos and small foot-ring base respectively. Seed impressions were noted on the surfaces of the Group 2 vessels from Brackmont Mill (FIFE/3) and Knockneen (D&G/8) but these appear to have been accidentally included during manufacture as the main opening agents are crushed stone and grog respectively. Quartz is an abundant mineral over most of Britain but is actually not ideal as an opening agent because of its high coefficient of thermal expansion (Gibson and Woods 1997: 83) with the potential of causing stress within the fabric of the pot during firing though this will largely depend on the firing temperature achieved. Gibson (1995: 29) has suggested its use may have had some other significance, possibly symbolic and Hamilton (2002: 40) also comments that ‘the incorporation of quartz in pottery may have been within the framework of these ritual associations’. Clear quartz crystals were identified in the vessel from Upton Pyne (DEVO/3) and a Trevisker-style urn also containing quartz was found at Upton Pyne 248b (DEVO/2). Quartz has been recognised in several non-domestic contexts in Cornwall, including Treligga and Davidstow Moor (Jones 2005). The use of quartz in northern cups is most frequently found along the North Yorkshire coast and the Vale of Pickering with three vessels found at Hutton Buscel (YKN/51, 53 and 54), two from Whitby (YKN/98 and 99) and two from the Scarborough area (YKN/79 and 80). Ten unprovenanced cups also include quartz inclusions in the fabric but little more can be said about these vessels other than that they tend to be the smallest and most simple Group 3 types in the assemblage. Beyond this area, only four cups have quartz present in small amounts. These are Doncaster (YKS/4), Sheffield Crookes (YKS/5) and two of the four Todmorden cups from the Blackheath circle (YKW/8 and 9). Despite its availability, the use of quartz is rare in Scotland though it is often a component of sand which occurs frequently and some quartzite sandstone may lie unidentified in those cups with stone inclusions. Quartz sand was certainly used at Moor of Blairgowrie (P&K/4) and is clearly visible in the surfaces of the vessel. Chalk and limestone are also somewhat unsuitable for use as opening agents as changes in their chemical composition take place during firing converting calcareous inclusions to lime which, when cooled, gradually expands as it absorbs ambient moisture resulting in ‘lime blowing’ that can cause the fabric to fail (Gibson and Woods 1997, 203-4). Rye (1981, 107) notes that ‘in minor cases, a large grain in the wall causes a piece to spall off, leaving a cone-shaped crater with a whitish grain at its apex’. Despite this danger, calcareous inclusions were used in Neolithic and Bronze Age pottery and appear to have had little detrimental effect on the fabric suggesting that the pottery was fired at a low temperature (below 750OC). A small number of vessels in southern England were found to have some chalk within the clay matrix, most likely naturallyoccurring given their geographical location. Chalk has been used in several cups from East and North Yorkshire where they reflect the underlying geology. Vessels from Goodmanham Wold (YKE/16 and 22), Cowlam (YKE/7) and Etton (YKE/8) all incorporate chalk in their clays resulting in a soft and tactile fabric. This is also exemplified by the small Hutton Cranswick cup (YKE/25) which is soft and powdery and extremely smooth to the touch. Probably for

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age geological reasons, calcareous inclusions appear not to have been employed in Scottish or Welsh cups. Bone inclusions have been identified in a few vessels. This phenomenon is rare indeed but is worthy of comment. It appears to be absent in southern England but it has been noted in a vessel from Ford Etal Moor (NLAND/7) and possibly at Southern Black Howe (YKN/87) though in this case it could be residual cremated remains adhering to the interior of the base of the pot. In the Etal Moor cup, the bone is particularly noticeable in the rim area. It has also been noted in the Group 2 vessel from Bennachie Hill (ABER/2). These numbers are too few to suggest in themselves that this is a northern phenomenon. Bone is an unusual opening agent though it is easily crushed, especially if calcined, and the vessels’ mortuary context raises the question of whether or not this may be human bone. The same question arises when considering the crushed bone inlay recorded on funerary Beakers (Clarke 1970, 11). Unfortunately, it is at present impossible to detect the difference human and animal bone when it is in such a calcined and crushed state but it raises further interesting questions regarding the possible symbolism of some inclusion choices. Forming techniques Often described as “hand-made”, Bronze Age pottery in Britain is more correctly “hand-built”, that is to say formed by hand without the use of the potters’ wheel (wheel-thrown pots can also be legitimately described as hand-made). Pots can be modelled in the palm of the hand or have coils, rings or straps of clay added to achieve height and/or changes of direction. The methods have been discussed elsewhere and need no further repetition here (Gibson and Woods 1997: Gibson 2011). Determining the forming techniques used in the manufacture of cups is often difficult due to the amount of reconstruction that has been undertaken but it is safe to say that most of the cups can be moulded in the palm of the hand though exotic forms such as Aldbourne Cups would need more elaborate techniques. Multiple fingernail impressions on the inside lower surface of the elaborately decorated vessel from Balnakettle (ABER/1) and the cup from Moor of Blairgowrie (P&K/4) may very well result from pinching the pot in the palm of the hand. The curvature of the impressions suggests the thumbnail of a right-handed potter. Miniature Beakers were probably coil-built (although sinuous profiles can also be made by pinching and moulding in the hand) and possible coiling breaks can also be detected in the cups from Law Hill (P&K/3) and Coulter (LANS/6). The elaborate Group 2 cup from Wester Bucklyvie (FIFE/12) also exhibits a coil break below the rim but it is unknown whether this suggests that the whole vessel was coil-built or whether it represents the finishing of the rim by the addition of extra clay. Traces of coils have also been noted near the rim on a cup from Talsarn (DYFED/20) but again this may represent finishing. Firing British Bronze Age pottery is open fired (Gibson and Woods 1997: 49) and the atmosphere in such fires can change frequently and dramatically. As a result, the surfaces of vessels sometimes have ‘fire clouds’ (deposits of sooty carbon) or are otherwise uneven in colour (Gibson and 42

Observations on the Technology and Use of Bronze Age Ceramic Cups Woods 1997: 52) representing fluctuating oxygen levels within the fire. Examples can be seen on WILT/85, LEIC/1, and the finely incised vessel from Kirkpark (ELOTH/5). Other vessels have a distinctive black or dark coloured core visible in cross-section that results from a relatively short firing time (Gibson and Woods 1997: 56) (e.g. SOME/1) while others were fired more thoroughly (LEIC/5). Some vessels would seem to have been deliberately blackened (Breach Farm – GLAM/4, Mepal/ Fortrey Hall Farm - CAMB/6) possibly as a result of reduction (the deliberate exclusion of oxygen) (Gibson and Woods 1997: 235) or, perhaps more likely, the addition of carbon since reduction in a bonfire is difficult to achieve. Firing damage Rapid rises or falls in temperature during firing may cause distinctive patterns of breakage, such as dunting cracks (cracks extending from the rim down the wall of the vessel). Fire crazing, a distinctive pattern of cracks such as that seen on the vessel from Wilsford/Lake 38 (WILT/64), may also occur. At least 186 vessels (17 Scotland, 3 Wales, 88 N England and 78 S England) display distinctive signs of damage though the total may be much greater given the degree of restoration that has taken place on some vessels and the failure of many reporters to recognise or comment on firing damage. It was felt important to attempt to identify different types of damage as this could possibly provide evidence for the function of these vessels and help to separate between damage on vessels resulting from use and those caused by firing. For the purposes of analyses the dominant type of damage was recorded although it is acknowledged that some vessels undoubtably have evidence of different types. This is shown in the example from Wilsford/ Lake 38 (WILT/64) which has not only minor cracking all over the body of the vessel, but also fire clouds, both indicative of poor and/or open firing. Independent experiments by two of us (AG and CC) involving the reheating or refiring of vessels failed to replicate any of the damage previously noted on prehistoric examples and only changes in fabric colour were noted (apart from 1 spalled vessel used for cooking by CC – see below). This strongly suggests that the firing damage noted on the prehistoric examples resulted from the primary firing and not secondary use. More experimental work is needed on post-firing damage. Firing pots that had not been allowed to dry thoroughly often results in distinctive cracks around the base, usually the thickest part of the pot and therefore the most difficult part to dry. These cracks tend to extend upwards from the base angle and this pattern, has been noted on at least one example from Durrington G65c (WILT/33). The most frequently encountered form of damage is spalling. Firing spalls are generally caused during the initial firing of the vessel when, due to the fineness of the clay or to too rapid a firing, either the remnant water of plasticity or, more probably, the water of chemical composition turning to steam during firing, cannot escape and consequently ‘blows’ its way out of the fabric (Gibson 2004a, 283: Rye 1981, 114). Spalls take the form of craters left on the wall of the vessel where irregular discs of clay of varying sizes have been forced away. Sometimes the resultant crater is so large that it penetrates the wall of the pot and the vessel is then classified as a ‘catastrophic waster’ and the pot is rendered useless as a container (Gibson 43

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age 2004a, 282-3). Spalls are usually a result of the initial firing but can also be caused by use, for example cooking over an open fire, but more experimentation is needed here. The occurrence of firing wasters with regard to Scotland has already been discussed elsewhere (Gibson 2004a) suffice to say that some 17 Scottish cups have evidence for spalling. Some instances exhibit quite slight damage (such as Dighty Water - ANG/3 and Hill of Culsh - ABER/7) but others are catastrophic wasters as defined above. Examples of these include the cups from Kirkburn (D&G/7), Coulter (LANS/6). Crailing Hall (SCOB/3) and the unprovenanced SCOT/2. Spalling can be found in northern England on cups from Bleasdale (LANCS/2), Hellifield (YKN/47), Stanbury (YKW/7), and an unprovenanced vessel (LP/7). Catastrophic wasters can be found at Calais Wold (YKE/5), Kirkby Stephen (CUM/10) and Suffield (YKN/90). Such damage is, however, comparatively rare in southern England with Winwick Southworth Hall Farm a (CHES/10) being one of the few examples, though the degree of reconstruction of some cups may mask the evidence. Although there are examples of distorted vessels, firing wasters and vessels which have spalled, very few, if any, of the vessels from the South could be classified as ‘catastrophic wasters’ with the cups from Lambourn I (BERK/3) and an unprovenanced cup from Wiltshire (WILT/86) being notable exceptions. It is noticeable, however, that there appears to be a direct correlation between Group 2 cups and spalling. Gibson (2004a, 282-3) noted that ten of the examples of catastrophic wasters from Scotland were biconical or globular forms and 85% of cups with spalling were biconical. In England 62% (37 out of 60) of spalled pots were also biconicals. Whether this is related to the form of this particular type of vessel, fabric, surface treatment, or indeed firing conditions is yet to be determined, however, it may be noteworthy that 94% of Group 2 vessels that exhibit firing damage are associated with cremation burials. Other instances of firing damage include bloating and sintering. Bloating occurs when firing has been too rapid and too hot. The surfaces of the fabric have started to vitrify (melt) and combustion gases within the clay matrix have been unable to escape (Gibson and Woods 1997, 111). Opening agents normally facilitate the escape of such gases and so it is rarely noted on Bronze Age pottery. Bloating presents itself as a swelling on the surface of the pot which, when cut, exhibits a smooth, porous, pumice-like structure resulting from the small bubbles of trapped gases. The cup from from Charnham Lane (BERK/2) is a good example of this as is the bloated rim of the cup from Brackmont Mill (FIFE/4). In northern England, the Group 1 (miniature Collared Urn) cup from Holystone Common, (NLAND/10) is bloated and distorted and has been heated almost to the point of vitrification. Sintering is related to bloating and represents the stage in firing when the edges of the clay particles start to soften, melt and stick together (Gibson and Woods 1997, 241). It presents itself as hard, slightly glassy surfaces and, when combined with bloating, it is the sintered surfaces that are responsible for trapping the gas. In this context it is worth discussing the grave groups from the Fan Barrow at Talsarn, Dyfed, The Group 1 cup DYFED/17 was associated with a tripartite Cordoned Urn and a cremation deposit representing an adult of indeterminate sex. The urn is sintered and misshapen being slightly flattened. A second Group 1 cup, DYFED/19, was associated with a tripartite Collared 44

Observations on the Technology and Use of Bronze Age Ceramic Cups Urn and a cremation deposit representing a mature adult, possibly female. Once again, the urn is sintered, has signs of bloating on the rim, and is flattened and misshapen. The cup too is sintered and spalled but, in this case, the spalled sherd was also included in the pit and could be matched to the cup. The Group 2 cup from the same site (DYFED/20) is also sintered and was associated with the cremated remains of a mature adult, possibly female (Schlee et al. 2013). The misshapen urns have either been fired on their sides or have fallen over in the fire, their fabrics have started to melt in the intense heat and, being unable to support their own weight, have started to flatten. It is most unlikely that these urns could ever have been used in any context other than to accompany the burial. The cups show similar damage but, being smaller, have not lost their shape. The recovery and retention of the spalled sherd from DYFED/19 suggests that the pot was fired not too long before its burial and it is possible that these vessels had been fired on the funeral pyre which is likely to have reached a higher temperature than normally achieved or necessary in an open pot firing (Gibson 2013b). It would be dangerous to extrapolate this conclusion to all fire-damaged cups but it remains a possibility that should be considered. Use ‘What were they for?’ This is a question that is often asked in relation to the more unusual categories of prehistoric sites and artefacts. Some of the supposed uses of cups have already been outlined in Chapter 1 above and have advanced little from early antiquarian conjecture. We can discount Fenton’s suggestion that they may have been used by an ancient ‘pigmy race’ (1860, 33) and similarly, Dobie’s suggestion that they may have operated in a way similar to Egyptian canopic jars for the containment of the ashes of vital organs (James Dobie 1839, cited by his son, John Dobie 1878, 685) can probably be also discounted for lack of evidence not least because such organs would be unlikely to leave much ash. Others have argued that cups may have functioned as chafing vessels to carry embers to the funerary pyre (see for example Greenwell 1877: 81). However, the significant number of cups associated with inhumation burials (see below Chapter 5) would seem to call this interpretation into question, as would the lack of evidence for burning or carbon staining inside many cups. That small vessels have been found in domestic contexts attests that cups circulated in the Bronze Age domestic repertoire. The four cups from Kilellan Farm (A&B/6-9) (Ritchie 2005) were all found in domestic midden material and, though fragmentary, appear to be indistinguishable from Group 1 vessels. The Group 3 crucible-type vessel from Ardnave (A&B/1) was recovered from the floor of a Bronze Age house. Despite the presence of urn burials in the area, one of the cups from Brackmont Mill (FIFE/2) was associated with carbonised seeds and may also be from a midden deposit. That some (unperforated) cups may have been receptacles for drink might be suggested by the cup from Garton Slack 40 (YKE/11) where the cup was found in the mouth of the skeleton (Figure 3.1). The grave had been revisited and the bones (and by implication the artefacts) had suffered post-mortem manipulation so the cup, if originally present in the grave, was almost certainly not in its original position. Nevertheless, the final position of the cup may hint at its original function if not the macabre sense of humour of the post-mortem manipulators!

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age These contexts do not, of course, suggest that all cups need have been selected from the domestic repertoire, the Group 2 and Group 4 cups in particular would not appear to be overtly domestic, but nevertheless, like the larger vessels, there appears to be a funerary/domestic overlap. It is possible that this was not a uniquely Bronze Age phenomenon, however, and the small burnt cup, identified by Sheridan (2017) as in the Carinated Bowl tradition from a cremation deposit at Forteviot might be cited. But there may be a problem here. Whilst radiocarbon dating places this cremation cemetery in the Middle to Late Neolithic, this precise deposit was not dated. The findspot is in the interior of a small single-entranced henge and it is possible that it may have been a satellite burial to the Bronze Age dagger-associated cist burial also found within the henge. The rounded base of this pot need not be a Neolithic trait as the round-based Group 3 cup from Westwood (FIFE/14) demonstrates. Residue analysis on a small number of vessels was undertaken in 2005 but with rather limited results (Gibson and Stern 2006). Twenty-nine samples from vessels distributed over the whole of Britain were chosen for analysis. Only 12 of the samples produced results but in such small amounts that they may have resulted from contamination from handling, from plastic containers or indeed from surrounding soils. Four examples had significant amounts of C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids but the precise sources of these lipids could not be determined and they could still represent contamination from the burial environment. Vessels from Whitford (CLWYD/6) and soil samples from around and within the Group 4 Fenestrated Cup from Dowsby (LINC/10) contained wax esters, possibly plant-derived. Figure 3.1 Mortimer’s plan of the adult grave at Garton Slack Barrow 40 with the cup in the mouth of the skeleton. The final position of the cup may be due to revisiting of the grave and the manipulation of the body once in a skeletal state. From Mortimer 1905.

These results prompted participation in an experimental pig cremation at the Archaeolink near Inverurie (inf Alison Sheridan). Two replica Group 2 cups (made by AG) were submitted for firing in the pyre. Before firing, one was treated with beeswax by Dr Sheridan and the other left untreated. Both vessels fired perfectly and were returned (to AG). The example with beeswax was correctly identified through GC-MS by Dr Ben Stern. Both vessels were also examined for porcine adipose fats derived from the pig but, surprisingly, both proved negative. These results were disappointing and whilst the wax esters in the Lincolnshire cup might be seen as deriving from the combustion of plant-based material and therefore support the 46

Observations on the Technology and Use of Bronze Age Ceramic Cups incense cup or chafing vessel hypotheses, they may equally derive from organic associations in the burial environment. Incense burners and chafing vessels remain possibilities but are largely unprovable. The lack of burning inside many cups may argue against both hypotheses but conversely the heat generated by these activities may have had little effect on the vessels’ surfaces, particularly if they were only used once. The cups associated with inhumations are unlikely to have served as chafing vessels. The perforations found on many cups have often been interpreted as suspension holes but again not without criticism. Those with only two closely spaced holes would have hung at such an angle that their contents would have been largely spilled. Furthermore, examination of the Scottish corpus has produced very little evidence for wear around these holes as might have been expected from suspension cords. All perforations found in the northern and southern English cups are also in an ‘unworn’ state and may often be found in unusual places (rim, base) or unevenly distributed across the pot. That said, the vessel from Wimbourne St Giles G10, (DORS/12) has four equally spaced perforations along the carination of the vessel, which display some evidence of thread-wear and there is also evidence of sooting on its underside suggesting that it may have been suspended over a small fire to heat the pot and its contents. Clearly the pot could not have been heated to the extent that the cords would burn but this does seem to be one of the few cases where suspension and the heating of the contents can be demonstrated. Similar features may also be discerned on the vessel from Lambourn I, (BERK/3). Perforations, of course, may also be for the slow draining of vessels allowing them to dispense libations, or, in the case of close-set pairs for inhaling or drinking gaseous or liquid contents. Once again this is speculative and might be less likely for the multi-perforate pots. But perforations tend to be so uniform and prevalent that it is difficult not to consider them

Figure 3.2 Experimental Fenestrated Cup used as a lamp (Photograph Claire Copper)

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age as having a practical function. Internal striations suggesting the frequent cleaning out of cups also appear to be absent. The only damage recognised was firing damage. Experimental work (by CC) on replica Fenestrated Cups, however, has shown that they can act spectacularly as lights sending rays of light out from the fenestrations (Figure 3.2). This could be a deliberate attempt to incorporate aspects of solar symbolism into the cups at a time when there was increasing interest in solar alignments and represented also by the possibly solarlinked radiating designs on other media. As mentioned in Chapter 1 above, Greenwell (1877) outlined the suggestions for the functions of these vessels concluding that none were entirely satisfactory and this remains the case. Cups do not constitute a single class of pottery. They are united only by their size, usually sepulchral contexts and sometimes their links to larger Bronze Age forms. If there is no single type of cup, then there need be no single function and the absence of use-wear suggests they may only have been little used if at all. It has been suggested elsewhere that some may have been fired on the pyre and as such made specifically for the funeral ritual (Gibson 2004a). Their ‘use’ may therefore be their ‘meaning’ that is their meaning to those who deposited them in the grave. We shall return to this later. Summary Like most Neolithic and Bronze Age ceramics, cups seem to have been made, in the main, from locally sourced clays deliberately mixed with a restricted range of opening agents to help ensure the survival of the pot during the rigours of open firing. These inclusions would be available locally but, in the case of stone, might have involved considerable effort in their preparation. There are exceptions to this general rule. Finds of Trevisker style urns at sites such as Winterslow (WILT/73) and further along the south coast in Kent at Monkton where the Trevisker Urn was confirmed as being of gabbroic clay from the Lizard peninsula (Gibson et al. 1997) demonstrate that at least some pots were being imported as finished items from the South-west during this period. Pots and clays can both be transported from their places of origin, but the majority of analyses and observations suggest that they are in the minority or did not move far. Cups are fairly simple hand-built vessels, occasionally employing coiling or related techniques to build or finish the pot. The post-excavation reconstruction of many vessels limits the information that can be gleaned but comparisons with other Bronze Age ceramic traditions demonstrates a shared technology. Some are fine, well made and intricately decorated (including colour) demonstrating a high level of technical competence, others are more poorly made and fired, with rudimentary decoration, representing the other end of the spectrum. It is not expected that ancient potters would know about the dangers inherent in the ‘ceramic change’ stage of firing or of the water of chemical composition present in kaolin molecules but they would have known through practice and received wisdom that opening agents were important to the successful firing of pottery and they may well have had mythologies to explain this. Traditional potters in Romania described the pots as ‘singing’ when slight ‘tinkling’ noises can be heard emanating from the kiln. These are in fact small ‘explosions’ and represent the

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Observations on the Technology and Use of Bronze Age Ceramic Cups water of chemical composition escaping as steam when the pots reach the point of ceramic change. Similar non-scientific explanations may have circulated amongst prehistoric potters. Nevertheless, firing damage can be recognised in many contexts, both funerary and domestic, but is generally rare suggesting that wasters may have been discarded or that the skill, and so the success rate, of these ancient potters was high: they knew how to successfully manage the transformative processes involving clay and fire. If this is so, then the amount of firing damage observed on cups is unusual and noteworthy. Few, if any, cups exhibit macroscopic signs of usewear. Experiments have demonstrated that spalling can also result from cooking on an open fire but the diminutive size of cups suggests that this may not be a real consideration here. Even were they to contain burning materials, this is unlikely to generate sufficient heat to spall the external surfaces. The sintered, bloated and distorted grave groups from Fan Barrow (DYFED/17 – 20) and the recovery of a large external spall from one of the cups (DYFED/20) makes firing on the pyre a very real possibility. Instances of firing damage, may result from the higher temperatures and rapid temperature rises achieved in pyres, some of the vessels may not have been completely dry and they may have been made specifically for the funeral ritual. The observations at Fan must not be extrapolated to all funerary cups however, this would be dangerous and over-simplistic, and it does not explain the spalled vessel from Kentraw (A&B/5) which was associated with an inhumation. ‘What were they used for?’ This must remain an unanswered and unanswerable question. Their uses may have been many and varied and there can be no overall explanation. Some may have been removed from a domestic context whilst others may have been made specifically for the burial. Some may have held chafing materials, others, particularly those associated with inhumations, may have held organic offerings. The cup found in the mouth of the adult male from Garton Slack 40 (YKE/11), although representing post mortem manipulation of the skeleton, may hint at liquid contents but this cannot be applied to fenestrated or perforated examples. In short, their importance in graves may be derived from what they represented to the burial party rather than their functionality and the search for single functional explanations is deemed fruitless and should be abandoned.

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Chapter 4

The Archaeological Contexts of Cups Introduction This chapter will consider the types of general context within which funerary cups are found. As we have seen, previous studies of cups have focussed primarily around typological and small-scale regional studies however compilation of the contextual data from all currently excavated examples has, for the first time, enabled the formulation of a general overview of the type and nature of contexts and deposits in which cups are found. Analysis of these data clearly demonstrates the strong association of cups with funerary contexts although the data may be extremely biased by the established archaeological focus on Bronze Age funerary monuments as opposed to the much rarer and more elusive domestic sites. With this in mind cups from sites such as Kilellan Farm are key. It must also be a distinct probability that cups existed in other media. Scottish stone cups have been included in this corpus but recently the mineralised remains of a possible wooden cup have been found at Petersfield (Needham and Anelay 2021, 366-7). The cup lacks its rim so may be the lower part of a larger vessel but nevertheless it is a remarkable survival and reminds us of the importance of the organic artefact record. Whilst most cups are found in round barrows or cairns with human remains, other types of monumental associations have also been identified and these are also discussed below. It is also acknowledged that some cups may have been misidentified in the past, particularly given the fragmentary nature of some, for example Oversley Farm (CHES/1-8) again leading to a probable bias within the dataset. Early Neolithic barrows and cairns Wilkin (2016: 261-319) has recently discussed finds of Beaker pottery from a range of different earlier Scottish Neolithic monuments, including chambered cairns and long mounds. Whilst cup associations with such monuments are very rare, a small undecorated tub-shaped cup (WILT/34) had been placed into one of the ditches flanking the long barrow at Easton Down. This Group 3 simple vessel was found associated with a fragment of cattle bone and compares to the small dish found at Cairn 2, Biggar Common although this particular object was scattered throughout the fill of a Beaker grave and covering mound (Johnston 1997: 212). At the site of Unival, North Uist on the Western Isles, a small late Neolithic Grooved Ware cup was found possibly as part of a later cist (Scott 1948). An interesting sandstone cup, globular in form and with vertical fluting, was found at the chambered tomb of West Yarrows (HIGH/2). The exact context is difficult to determine but it was claimed to have been found with a stone ball (a class of artefact with which the cup shares technological similarities) and a perforated axe-hammer (Anderson 1868), the latter in particular suggesting Bronze Age re-use of the cairn. The cup from Cairnderry (D&G/3), was not from the chambered tomb itself but rather from a pit outside the entrance to the southern chamber (Cummings and Fowler 2007). It demonstrates 50

The Archaeological Contexts of Cups continued or renewed interest in the Neolithic monument and was associated with a battle axe, a Collared Urn and the cremated remains of an adult male. Round barrows, cairns and ring-ditches The predominant association is for cups to be found with burials within round mounds, twothirds of which are associated with primary burials either of calcined human remains or, more rarely, inhumations. Recent studies of round barrows have demonstrated the complex biographies that some may have had (see for example, Garwood 2007, Garrow et al. 2014) and this is particularly evident at the site of Southworth Hall Farm (also known as Winwick), Cheshire (Freke and Holgate 1980: 9-30). The earliest activity here seems to have been associated with an inhumation in a coffin covered by a mound which was subsequently levelled. A second phase of activity was associated with the deposition of at least nine cremation burials, three of which were directly associated with Group 2 Biconical Cups. Burial B consisted of a pit lined with cremated bone into which a small cup (CHES/10) had been deposited, alongside part of a bone handle, possibly from a knife. A second cup (CHES/11) had been placed so that it lay directly on top of a (previously deposited) Collared Urn within a pit. Both vessels contained token cremated human remains; the cup associated with Burial D, the Collared Urn with Burial H. Both vessels had been decorated in a similar fashion leading the excavators to suggest that they (or the individuals contained within them) may have been related in some way (Freke and Holgate 1980: 21). The third cup (CHES/12), poorly made, undecorated, tempered with organic matter and bearing evidence of having been re-fired, was found alongside a deposit consisting of a few small fragments of calcined long bone and cranial vault, noted as Burial K (Rubin in Freke and Holgate 1980: 19). Four cups were recorded from the ring cairn at Todmorden Blackheath (Lawson Russell 1906). The central area of the ring cairn was found to contain at least 14 cremation deposits, six or seven of which were contained within Collared Urns, although much of the material was scattered and fragmentary and associated with extensive spreads of charcoal. One Collared Urn contained a bronze knife-dagger, a bronze awl, a bone pin, clay beads and a cup (YKW/8) (Lawson Russell 1906: 309-311). A second Collared Urn contained the calcined remains of an adult female, a cup (YKW/10) and fragments of a bone pin, a composite necklace consisting of one globular/biconical jet bead and five amber beads, of which at least one was fusiform. Two other cups (YKW/9 &11) were also recovered, one of which was from the central area (Lawson Russell 1906). Despite the common occurrence of cairns across upland northern England, only 26 round cairns are known to have produced cups. At Ingleby Greenhow an incised miniature Food Vessel (YKN/56) was found in a cairn as a secondary deposit with a cremation whereas the Loose Howe cup (YKN/61) was found in a kerbed cairn along with a cremation deposit, a part of a bronze dagger, part of a bronze pin, a stone battle axe and a small piece of flint (Elgee and Elgee 1949, 87). A multi-phased ring cairn on Harden Moor in the uplands of West Yorkshire comprised an almost complete ring of timber stake-holes in its earliest phase. The timbers were then 51

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age subsequently destroyed by burning prior to the construction of the ring cairn. Excavation by various individuals over several years has produced evidence for eight cremation burials with seven of these accompanied by Collared Urns. Burial 6 contained the cremated remains possibly of an adult male, a Group 1 miniature Collared Urn (YKW/2) and a full-sized Collared Urn (Boughey 2010). In Scotland, 26 vessels are recorded as coming from a cairn, barrow or mound. Only the cup from Ratho (EDIN/3) appears to have been recovered from a ring-ditch. It was associated with a Cordoned Urn and the cremated remains of a mature male. Interestingly the cup was only represented by vitrified fragments which appeared to have been deliberately and carefully placed (Smith 1995). Cups from Whitestones (D&G/19) and Park of Tongland (D&G/15) were respectively found in an enclosed cremation cemetery within a ring cairn. The former was associated with the cremation deposit of an adult female and the latter of an adult of indeterminate sex. The much-denuded round cairn at Fan, near Talsarn, Dyfed sealed a cremation cemetery on the site of earlier and middle Neolithic activity. The sequence of burials is difficult to determine in the absence of vertical stratigraphy but the fact that the five radiocarbon dates from the cremation deposits are statistically indistinguishable, suggests that they were deposited within a short period of time, probably in the century either side of 2000 BC (Schlee et al. 2013). This may be supported by the fact that cremation 7 and cremation 5 (both possibly the cremated remains of mature females) shared non metric traits though this does not mean that they were necessarily related (inf Malin Holst, contra Schlee 2013). All five cremation deposits were associated with ceramics, two with cups, one with a Collared Urn and two with both cup and Collared Urn and most had been subjected to considerable heat causing the vessels to bloat, sinter and spall. This again suggests a common technology probably in the pot firing or (less likely) in a secondary pyro-ritual activity: They may well have been fired in the pyre. The unusual Cup 1 (DYFED/17) from cremation 21 bears a strong similarity to an unprovenanced cup, possibly from the same county (DYFED/25) suggesting the works of an individual potter. The central pit of the Breach Farm round barrow was covered by a large rounded clay dome before being covered by the barrow. As well as the cup (GLAM/4), the pit contained the cremated remains of three individuals, a copper alloy axe and a range of flint artefacts. At Carneddau Cairn II, the cup (POWYS/1) was found inside a Collared Urn that contained a cremation deposit representing an adult (probably male). This had been inserted into a roughly circular pit dug into the subsoil below the cairn (Gibson 1993). Cups are also on occasion recorded as being deposited within the mound make-up such as at Colliford (CORN/2) or on the old land surface beneath round barrows as at Buckskin (HAMP/1). The Group 3 vessel from Therfield Heath, Royston (HERT/2) was also found within the mound of a round barrow (Fox 1923: 36) and at Frampton a series of small vessels (DORS/7, 8 & 9) were found nested together within the mound (Forde-Johnson 1958: 116). The cup from Palmerston (D&G/12) was also from the mound material and associated with the cremated remains of an adult male. At Welsh St Donats (GLAM/11) the cup was not associated with a burial but was found in a fragmentary state below the kerb of the barrow and can be considered to predate the construction of the cairn.

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The Archaeological Contexts of Cups At Hutton Buscel a small incised Group 3 vessel (YKN/52) was found associated with a cremation deposit, two bronze shank fragments, a jet pendant and three jet beads. Two miniature Food Vessels (CUM/14 & 15) from Roose in Cumbria were found with a single cremation deposit under a cairn (Anon, 1846) and at Stanton Moor the cremation deposit of an adult male was accompanied by a Biconical Cup (DER/10), along with a Collared Urn and clay plug or ear stud (Vine, 1982: 230). One of the smallest cups from northern England is represented by a Group 3 simple thumb-pot (YKE/20) from the mound material at the Goodmanham round barrow (Greenwell’s Jarrett VI) where it was associated with infant bones (Greenwell 1877:319). From the same region, the Group 4 Straight Walled Cup from Goodmanham Barrow II (YKE/15) was found with the cremation deposit of an adult female placed in an oval grave on the old ground surface below the barrow. This cup is finely decorated with plaited cord lines and dogtooth impressions which may have been intended to imitate the stitching on leather (Kinnes and Longworth 1985, No 98). Flat graves Although there are instances of graves being ploughed up from flattened mounds, nevertheless, the presence of graves without any covering barrow or cairn can also be documented. These are normally recorded as pits or cists, the latter more common in upland Britain. In Scotland, flat graves, whether pits or cists, constitute the largest single context for cups accounting for 42% of finds where contextual details are available. No flat graves are specifically mentioned in Wales though there are instances where a mound is not specifically recorded. The calcined remains of two individuals were found within a small Group 1 Miniature Collared Urn which had been placed in a pit at Gox Hill (LINC/11). Detailed analysis suggested that these remains may have been those of a neonate and juvenile (Rose Nicholson pers. comm.). Six cups in England are recorded as having been found in flat graves with inhumation burials. One of these was the isolated grave of an adolescent female at Southwick Hill/Portdown who was inhumed with two cups, a Group 1 Miniature Food Vessel (HAMP/5) and a Group 4 Double Ended cup (HAMP/6), both of which had been placed near to the head of the individual (Rudkin 1989: 6). Two other possible examples can be found at Pule Hill (YKW/5) and Clifton on Irwell (GRM/3) although the associations are not confirmed. At Kirkburn, near Lockerbie a small roughly hemispherical and undecorated Group 3 Cup (D&G/7) was found with a deposit of ‘greasy carbonaceous’ cremated bone and a layer of ‘black and splintered stones’ (Cormack 1963). Like the area below the Fan barrow, this flat cemetery had been the site of earlier activity dating from the early Neolithic through to Grooved Ware, Beaker and Collared Urn. Some features may well have been domestic in origin. Both cists and pits were present as well as linear trenches interpreted as representing Neolithic shelters. It is interesting that the round-based cup, from a pit, has firing spalls on the outer surface. Another possible waster from Little Glengyre (D&G/9) was recovered from a stone-lined pit associated with a Collared Urn, and a cremation deposit representing a child. The famous Group 4 Fenestrated Cup from Whinnie Liggate (D&G/18) would also appear to have been recovered from a flat grave-pit.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age An unusual rock-cut pit was found during recent commercial excavations at the Mitchell Laithes Water Treatment works in Dewsbury and contained a Biconical Cup (YKW/4) associated with an adult female cremation, a pig radius and a burnt flint (Speed 2013). Cists Cist burials seem to be a specifically northern or upland phenomenon being largely confined to Scotland, Northumberland and Derbyshire, with occasional single outliers such as at Bolton Haulgh Hall, Lancashire (Dawes 1853: 130-132) and Saintoft, Yorkshire associated with a cremation (Bateman 1861: 206). They appear c. 2450 BC soon after the introduction of Beaker pottery into Scotland with one of the earliest recorded Chalcolithic cist burials being that at Dornoch Nursery, Highland, dated to 2460-2200 cal BC (GrA-26515 3850 ±40BP. Ashmore 1998. Sheridan 2007c: 109) however the rough cist at Liffs Low, Derbyshire with its distinctive Middle Neolithic artefacts and radiocarbon dates suggest a possible Chalcolithic revival of a Middle Neolithic practice (Loveday and Barclay 2010. Gibson 2019). At Balblair, Beauly, a very small Beaker (HIGH/1) was found accompanying a larger Beaker within an unusually small stone cist. Both pots were described as sharing a number of decorative features and, despite no human remains being found, it was suggested that they may have accompanied the burial of a female and infant, (Hanley and Sheridan 1994) but this is highly interpretative and was based only on the association of small and large Beakers being found with adult and child burials elsewhere (Clarke 1970: 265, Hanley and Sheridan 1994: 138). As will be seen in the next chapter, large and small vessel associations are not restricted to adult and child burials. At Kentraw, Islay (A&B/5) a cist was found in a natural hillock (Ritchie 1987). It had a pebble floor and contained a bipartite vase Food Vessel and simple Group 3 Cup. The decayed remains of between four and six adults were found in the cist probably representing sequential deposition. Circles of stone, timber and pits Stone Circles At Doll Tor stone circle in Derbyshire, three funerary cups, two Group 1 Miniature Food Vessels and a Group 3 Cup were deposited. DER/6 was found badly cracked and spalled and in a scatter of cremated human bones. A second fragmentary cup (DER/5) was found inverted at the edge of the stone circle associated with fragments of bronze, burnt bone and three flint scrapers. The third (DER/4) lay just to the east of the circle and was under a flat stone associated with the remains of a child (Marsden 1977, 87: Vine 1982, 237-8). At Loanhead of Daviot, a recumbent stone circle, the internal cairn 8 was found to cover a stone cist within which was a very small cup (ABER/9) placed upright with calcined bone piled around it (Kilbride-Jones 1935; 185-186). Two cups were found at the stone circle at Nith Lodge Farm, New Cumnock (AYRE/2 & 3). The first was found with a cremation deposit in a pit near the centre of the monument and the second was at the foot of standing stone 11, also associated with a cremation deposit. 54

The Archaeological Contexts of Cups Timber Circles The timber circle at Bleasdale is an unusual site that would appear to have had an extended history of use. A timber-walled circular enclosure was set around a smaller circle of freestanding posts situated in the eastern half of the site. This smaller circle was set within a ringditch (possibly later) and subsequently covered by a mound. The central grave of this mound contained two Collared Urns, a Group 2 Cup (LANCS/2) and a cremation deposit. At Charnham Lane, Hungerford, a probable timber circle had been set around a central hearth. Fragments of an Aldbourne Cup (BERK/2) were recovered from pit 5007 in the south-eastern part of the outer circle and represent the only ceramic finds from the site (Ford 1991). The deposition of these fragments, in the absence of material from the other postholes, may have a solar implication. Whilst no human remains were found, one interpretation is that this central area represented the remains of a funerary pyre with the body having been deposited elsewhere (Ford 1991, 179), a practice noted in other Early Bronze Age contexts (McKinley 2013: 153) though if this was the case, the complete absence of calcined bone is puzzling. Pit Circles At Westwood, Newport (FIFE/13-16) the vessels were from a sand pit with no mention of a barrow or cairn but the six urns and cups formed a circle around a central urn (Jervise 1866). If the accompanying plan is accurate, then one assumes that the position of the central Collared Urn was known when the circle was laid out. This suggests that the central urn was marked in some way or, perhaps more likely, that the depositions followed in quick succession. Aubrey Hole 29 at Stonehenge was found to contain an unusual Group 4 vessel (WILT/57) along with a number of flint rough-outs, charred antler, animal bone and teeth, iron pyrites and calcined human bone (Hawley 1923: 17). Clearly a secondary deposit, the unusual doubleended cup was recorded as being blackened on one of the surfaces as ‘if some greasy matter had been burned upon it’ (Hawley 1923: 17). This is interesting given the association with burnt bone and other material. Middens/domestic contexts Excavated Early Bronze Age domestic sites are rare, nevertheless fragments of a number of small cups have been recovered from houses and midden deposits. Fragments of six cups were retrieved from a midden at Oversley Farm (CHES/2-7) and sherds of a seventh cup (CHES/1) were found sealed beneath a hearth alongside a quern fragment and piece of cup-marked stone (Garner 2007: 53-76). At Brackmont Mill (FIFE/2) a simple cup was recorded as being associated not with a burial but with carbonised seeds (Mears 1937) and at Ardnave, Islay (A&B/1) a tall, narrow crucible-like vessel was recovered from the floor of a Bronze Age house (Ritchie and Welfare 1983). Also on Islay, small cups were recovered from the Bronze Age midden at Kilellan Farm (A&B/6-9) (Ritchie 2005). These are decorated vessels and indistinguishable from cups found in sepulchral contexts. More recently fragments of a cup have been retrieved from midden deposits overlying the late Neolithic Grooved Ware settlement at the Ness of Brodgar, Orkney (ORK/1). 55

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age These cups are important as indicating that not all need have been made specifically for the burial or for rituals surrounding the burial, but that decorated vessels also circulated in the domestic sphere. This is in keeping with the larger ‘sepulchral’ vessels such as Beakers, Food Vessels and Collared Urns all of which have also been recovered from domestic contexts. It is worth commenting, however, that though domestic cups are few and fragmentary no perforated examples have yet been recognised. Unusual contexts Other unusual locations for cups include a very small Group 3 vessel (ELOTH/9) found with the remains of four Collared Urns on a rock ledge at Traprain Law, Preston Kirk. The Collared Urn association seems secure but given the later archaeology of Traprain Law, this small crucibleshaped pot was tested for metal residues at the NMS but with inconclusive results (inf Fraser Hunter). A cord-decorated Group 3 vessel (WORC/1) was found in a crevice on top of Worcester Beacon (Allies 1850: 67-8) and at Aysgill Crake Close a Group 2 Biconical Cup (YKN/16) was found contained within a larger vessel of unknown type in a cist burial close to a waterfall (Manby 2000: 14). These must be regarded as ‘special’ locations perhaps having a ritual or mythological significance that now escapes us. They are certainly deliberate depositions rather than casual losses. Summary Cups are found in a variety of monuments dating from the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age and in the case of the Neolithic cairns and barrows, they are from secondary contexts indicating re-use or renewed activity at the sites. In terms of the other sepulchro-ritual monuments of the Early Bronze Age, the contexts in which cups are found correlate to those associated with larger sepulchral ceramics. Cups are represented in all monument types with their conspicuous absence from henge monuments though examples have been found at the related sites of timber and stone circles. Cups do not appear to favour any particular type of Bronze Age funerary monument and though the majority come from round barrows or cairns, this doubtless reflects the common nature of the monument type. Cups may be found in other cairn variants, such as ring cairns or enclosed cremation cemeteries that are far more common in upland Britain. Flat graves, both pits and cists, are also represented and indeed form the most common context for cups in Scotland. The presence of cups (especially decorated examples) in middens shows that ornate cups were also circulating in the domestic sphere and it is possible that some cups (especially Groups 1-3) were removed from settlements for deposition in sepulchro-ritual contexts however we have too few contemporary settlements to make this statement more than a suggestion and we have already made a case above for some cups having been made specifically for burial. Once again, we should best avoid searching for single explanations and accept that several scenarios may have been at play.

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Chapter 5

Cups and Human Remains Introduction Past studies have tended to focus on the link between funerary cups and calcined human remains and the cup-cremation association is a generalisation that has been perpetuated as a given. Now, however, analysis of all the contexts in which the cups are deposited shows that this is not exclusively the case. Of course, contextual data are lacking for a number of sites due to the date and circumstances of their discovery, and antiquarian references to ‘empty’ graves, especially in acid and neutral soils, may well represent decayed inhumations. Equally, discoveries being recorded as associated with an ‘urn’ may also represent cremations even though the bones are not specifically mentioned. Even today the identification of fragmentary calcined human remains is fraught with difficulties and these difficulties are compounded as we go back in time when cremations were considered to have little archaeological value and were thus often paid scant attention by antiquarians. The early identification of infants/neonates in particular demands a questioning approach as the theory that the cups were associated with children, may well have influenced the interpretation of the remains, especially if it was a token cremation deposit that was encountered. Whilst most cups are indeed associated with cremation burials this also very much reflects the change in the principal burial rite of the Early Bronze Age after c. 2000 BC: cremation became predominant so the association of cups with cremation deposits is hardly unexpected. Crucially however, and as with Food Vessels, to which cups are closely related, some are found deposited with inhumations, whilst others are recorded as not necessarily directly associated with any human remains. Others may have been in close proximity to other mortuary/ritual contexts, such as the ditches of barrows, for example (as discussed above). This section will focus on a discussion of the nature and types of human material associated with funerary cups. This is based on published reports and no original assessment of the remains have been attempted here although a recent reassessment of Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age burials has usefully been undertaken for Wales (Tellier 2018). Details of associated burials are given in Appendix I. Cremated remains Cremation ‘burials’ generally, but especially those of the Early Bronze Age, can be hugely variable in nature, not only in terms of the amount of actual calcined bone retained but also in whether or not other material from the funeral pyre is incorporated (McKinley 1997). Furthermore, retention of very small fragments indicates that in some cases retrieval of cremated human remains was a very careful and inevitably time-consuming process (Brück 2014: 127). In other instances, only token amounts, sometimes no more than a few grammes, of calcined bone are deposited. This variability also applies to those cremated remains associated with cups. For example, at Trelowthas Manor Farm four Group 1 Miniature Collared Urns (CORN/11-14) were placed inverted in the corner of a slate cist. The cist itself contained a spread of calcined 57

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age human bone covered by white quartz pebbles whilst the small urns were recorded as containing only a token amount of bone material (Nowakowski 1995: 210). The pit at Amesbury G61a however, was found to contain some 2700g of calcined human bone, probably representing the complete body of a mature adult, and it had possibly been deposited in an organic container associated with a small Group 2 biconical vessel (WILT/13) (Keepax 1984: 85). This variety in retention of body parts suggests that corporeal integrity was not always of prime concern, it may well have been the case that some elements were retained by mourners, buried elsewhere or curated as ‘ancestral relics’ (Wells 1986,110: Brück 2006, 81: Booth and Brück 2020). Evidence of post-mortem sorting is also indicated by the occasional selection and formal arrangement of body parts. When the Collared Urn at Hermitage Farm was examined it was found to contain a complex series of deposits. The first of these was a layer of pure charcoal on which calcined fragments of human skull and vertebrae had been placed, followed by a more mixed horizon of charcoal, ash and pieces of long bone. Two small vessels, one Group 1 and the other Group 4, (CAMB/22 & 23) had then been placed upright within the Collared Urn (Evans and Hodder 2006: 43-46). The placement of multiple vessels was also noted at Snail Down III where two small vessels, one Group 1 the other Group 4 (WILT/53 and 55) were deposited either side of a Collared Urn which contained the calcined skull and long bone fragments of a young child (Bunting et al. 2005: 148). The most common association for a cup is burial alongside the remains of a single individual, such as at Milton Lilbourne, Barrow 4 (WILT/42) where the calcined remains of a single mature adult male had been placed in a monoxylous coffin with a Group 2 Biconical Cup (Ashbee 1986). Of the 344 cups recorded in the Southern English corpus, 132 (38%) are associated with cremations 100 of which are recorded with adults and one with an adolescent. Of these burials, only 16 (5%) have been sexed with a more or less equal split of seven females and nine males. Only 15 cups (4%) have been recorded as associated with children or possible children of which only two are specifically identified as infants and three are recorded as neonates or foetal remains. Adults greatly out-number sub-adults so the myth regarding the association of cups with children can be dispelled. There are also instances of multiple cremations. The remains of two adults were associated with BERK/3 from Lambourn and a female and child deposit was recorded at Bridgham (NORF/3). The deposits of an adult male and female were recorded at Southwick Hill (HAMP/7) and at Guiting Power (GLOC/1) and Gox Hill (LINC/11) females were associated with a neonate and a foetus respectively. At the latter site the foetus may have been in utero (inf held at Scunthorpe Museum). At Olchon Court Cairn (HERF/1) the cremated remains represented an adult male, an adult female, 2 children and a foetus. (Bloxam 2013, 64). This is strongly suggestive of a family group but of course the relationships between the individuals cannot yet be determined and we must avoid drawing subjective conclusions. Of the 247 cups from northern England, 117 (47%) are recorded as being associated with cremated remains. Of these, the vast majority (90) are unsexed and unaged. Of the remainder, 22 adults (including three males and nine females), five adolescents and eight children are recorded. A female and child deposit was recorded at Coniston Banniside Moor (CUM/3), at

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Cups and Human Remains Huggate C94 (YKE/23) and at Thornton in Craven (YKN/93) the remains of an unsexed adult and child were deposited. Mixed male or adolescent remains were recorded at Stanton Moor 21 (DER/17) and Stanbury (YKW/7). At the site of Beacon Hill, near Cleethorpes (LINC/5-9), it appears that there may have been a specific focus on the burial of the cremated remains of children. Some of the Group 1 cups containing the human remains, all children, had also been placed within a large Collared Urn (Sheppard 1935,130-131) perhaps indicating some link between these particular individuals. In Wales, 33 (49%) cups have recorded burial associations and all are represented by cremated remains. In addition, a further nine cremation deposits may be inferred from cups associated with Collared or Cordoned Urns. Sixteen cremation deposits are recorded as representing the remains of adults of which four have been identified as male and two as female. There are three adolescents. Eleven cups are associated with children of which those from Llandyssul (DYFED/6) and Bedd Branwen (GWYN/7) are specifically recorded as accompanying the remains of an infant. At the latter site, the infant was only represented by the ear bones. Multiple cremations are rare. The Group 3 cup from Holt (CLWYD/3) was associated a cremation deposit representing an adult and child, a Group 1 miniature Food Vessel from Llanbleithian (GLAM/3) was associated with an adult and two children and an adult was associated with infant ear bones at Bedd Branwen as mentioned above. The remains associated with the Group 1 miniature Food Vessel from Llanferres (CLWYD/5) represented a female and child and at Fan Barrow, Talsarn (DYFED/18) the remains represented a female and an adolescent. An adult, a child and an infant were represented by the remains associated with the Group 3 Cup from Brenig 44 (CLWYD/2) and two adults (one unsexed) and an adolescent were represented at Breach Farm, Llanblethian (GLAM/4). Of the 111 cups from Scotland, some 56 cups (51%) are recorded associated with cremation deposits of which over half (32) are only recorded as unidentified cremated remains. Nineteen cups are associated with adults of which four are male and five are female again representing a fairly even split. Ten children are recorded of which two are specifically infants. Adult and child associations are recorded at four sites. The first, associated with a Group 3 vessel from Skilmafilly (ABER/11) and the others are associated with Group 2 Biconical Cups at Balloch Hill (A&B/2), Kingskettle (FIFE/9) and Wester Bucklyvie (FIFE/12). Whilst there are a large number of cremation deposits that have gone unrecorded or have even been discarded, it is obvious that a complete cross-section of the population seems to be represented. There appears to be no bias towards age or sex. Cremation deposits, as with those of the Early Bronze Age without cup associations vary considerably in the quantity of bone that is represented and, consequently, the completeness of the deposit. Some of this might be attributed to the efficiency of the cremation process but there is also evidence for bone selection such as the infant ear-bones found in North Wales with or without cup associations. Corporeal integrity does not seem to have been important and some deposits of cremated bone can only be regarded as ‘token’. This is not peculiar to cup burials but is common in all Early Bronze Age graves and cups, therefore, conform to contemporary practices and do not appear to have their own peculiar variation(s) of the rite.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Inhumations In Southern England, a significant proportion of funerary cups (35) accompany inhumations but, as is the case with cremation burials, the data are relatively sparse. Nine are referred to simply as inhumations, and twelve are identified only as adult. Of those that have more detailed analyses, four are recorded as adult male, eight as adult female and there are six children of which two are specifically referred to as infants and one as a foetus (WILT/88). The foetus from Porton Down (WILT/88) was associated with only the fragmentary remains of a female. Three of these inhumation burials included two vessels; Preshute/Manton G1a (WILT/39 & 40), Southwick Hill/Portsdown (HAMP/5 & 6) and at Winterbourne St Martin (DORS/19 – 20) an adult male was associated with the remains of three infants. There was only one recorded instance of a Group 2 Biconical Cup found with an inhumation at Sutton Veny 4a (WILT/59). Single inhumations are, however, more usual. The burial at Sutton Veny of an adult male, crouched on his right side and aligned E/W, appears to be a rare example of an individual buried within a wooden coffin associated with a cup (WILT/59) and the remains of a wooden bier, presumably to carry the coffin, was found at the base of the grave-pit. The body was not fully articulated leading the excavators to suggest that there may have been some post-mortem dismemberment prior to burial (Johnston 1978: 33-36) or some post-burial manipulation of the remains. At Eastling Down a young child, around five years old, was laid in a crouched position on its right side aligned NW/SE with a small Group 1 Miniature Food Vessel (KENT/16). However, at Preshute/Manton G1a the body of an elderly woman, laid on her left side and aligned on a NW/SE axis, was found with a Group 4 Grape Cup (WILT/39). This had been placed behind her neck with a second cup (WILT/40) at a slightly higher level in the grave fill probably suggesting revisiting. Not only was the double cup association unusual at this site, including a rare Grape Cup, but also the range and quality of the other associated grave goods which included three bronze awls, a clay stud, a bronze knife with amber pommel, a disc of amber framed with gold, a bronze and gold miniature halberd pendant, fossil encrinites and other items. The careful consideration of the layout of the body may reflect earlier Beaker practices of sexspecific body alignments (Clarke 1970, 455: Tuckwell 1975: Shepherd 2012). Whilst inhumations with cups from southern England are generally aligned NW/SE (Copper 2017, 127), in the Chalcolithic it was more usual for Beaker burials, at least in southern Britain, to be on a N/S axis with males on their left, and females on their right (Shepherd 2012, 274). It is interesting to note that the individual from Sutton Veny was aligned E/W, a position more often noted in the North and northern links are also reflected in the Food Vessel decoration on the cup and the larger Food Vessel that also accompanied the burial. In northern England, there are 23 recorded instances of definite inhumations with cups, many of which are found in the barrows of East and North Yorkshire, suggesting that it may have been a stronger burial practice in this area. Adult associations are represented by two males and three females. There are six children of whom one is recorded as an infant and a further twelve cups are recorded as being associated with inhumations without any indication as to age or sex. Of the adults, the Group 1 lidded miniature Food Vessels from Ganton (YKN/37 and 38) were accompanied by the crouched inhumations of a male and female. The Garton Slack barrow 40 was found to contain the crouched inhumation of a young adult, aligned N-S, and 60

Cups and Human Remains a Group 1 miniature Food Vessel (YKE/11) had been placed in the mouth as if touching the palate. The lower jaw had been removed and the displaced mandible was found placed on the chest, teeth downwards indicating post mortem manipulation of the skeleton and probably the reopening of the grave. Also associated were two yellow quartz pebbles, the scapula of a pig, a black flint knife, a small disc of baked clay, and two lumps of yellow ochre. Beside the skull there were portions of two boars’ tusks. The cup held some fragments of small animal bone and near to the cup there was a portion of the skull and two teeth from the lower jaw of a pig. In comparison to other northern English cup-associated inhumations, this was an elaborately furnished burial. At Garton Slack barrow C41, a Group 1 Miniature Food Vessel (YKE/12) accompanied the secondary deposit of a contracted adult female placed on an E-W alignment, along with a larger handled Food Vessel (Manby 2004: 223) and at barrow C62, the burial of a child, aged five to seven years, was associated with a Group 3 cup (YKE/13) which had been placed inside the base of a full-sized Food Vessel. The burial was crouched with the head aligned to the NNE, within an oval grave that held multiple inhumations. The burial of a probable female at Garton Slack barrow C67 was found to be associated with a Group 1 miniature Food Vessel (YKE/14) and a larger Vase Food Vessel and at Goodmanham 111 a crouched child inhumation was found with YKE/21 placed behind the head (Kinnes and Longworth 1985, No.111). Outliers to these groups are the Crake Low barrow inhumation where a plain Group 3 vessel (DER/26) was found with a burial of unknown sex, and at Galley Low barrow, where an inhumation at the centre of the barrow was found associated with a cup (DER/1), a vessel which closely resembles a leather bucket in both colour and shape (Vine 1982, 185). The Bolton Haulgh Hall cup (GRM/2) was found in a cist under a round cairn, inverted near the head of a crouched inhumation which was also associated with a riveted bronze knife. Where the context is reported or known, only three Scottish cups (A&B/4, HIGH/1, P&K/2, are associated with inhumations. The Group 3 vessel from Kentraw (A&B/5) was from a cist with multiple sequential inhumations one of which was an adult female, and the unusual Group 1 Miniature Food Vessel from Gairneybank (P&K/2) was with an adult, the associated copper alloy knife-dagger suggesting a male. Regarding the miniature Beaker from Balblair (HIGH/1), only phosphate analysis of the ‘empty’ cist provided the evidence for an inhumation. The Group 1 Miniature Food Vessel from Craigdhu (FIFE/7) was associated with an urned cremation but within a cist containing an inhumation and it is probably safe to assume that the cremation is secondary. There are no instances of cup-inhumation associations recorded for Wales. When the types of cup associated with inhumation are examined, interesting patterns emerge. Of the 62 cups concerned, one is of unknown form but 31 (50%) belong to Group 1 and 14 (22.5%) each to Groups 3 and 4. Only two cups (3.2%) belong to Group 2. Of the Group 4 vessels, five are Grape Cups, four are Trunconic Cups, two are Double Cups and there is one instance each of Fenestrated Cups, Oval Cups and the ‘nest’ of miniature Food Vessels (KENT/12). Of the Group 1 Cups, the overwhelming majority (25) are miniature Food Vessels compared to 61

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age only four miniature Collared Urns and two miniature Beakers. The true number of miniature Food Vessels may actually be greater given the relationship between Group 1 and some Group 3 vessels already discussed in Chapter 2. The association of four miniature Collared Urns with inhumations is noteworthy given the more usual association of cremation with the larger vessels. The predominance of miniature Food Vessels may not be particularly surprising given that Food Vessels appear at the time that Beaker inhumations are giving way to cremation as the predominant funerary rite and both inhumations and cremations are associated with Food Vessel pottery. This further strengthens the close relationship between cups and Food Vessels already identified. In terms of geography, concentrations of cup-associated inhumations can be found in Wiltshire (17) and in East and North Yorkshire (nine and eight respectively). Cups without human remains Some 14% of cups from southern England have not been found in association with any human remains, although this could reflect soil conditions in different regions. However, some cups appear to have contained plant remains and it is possible that there may be a regional dimension to this practice. Cambridgeshire, for example has at least three cups (CAMB/4, 20 & 21) which could fit into this category. The cup from Mitchell Laithes (YKW/4) was also associated with carbonised bulbs of onion couch grass (Speed 2013) though the reasons for the association can only be surmised. The vessel from Muttlow Hill/Fleam Dyke (CAMB/4) is recorded as containing plant remains having been found in a barrow, whilst the cup from Chippenham Barrow 2 (CAMB/20) was found in a pit with the mouth of the vessel facing a second adjacent pit which did contain a cremation. Barrow 3 at Chippenham was found to have had a small (empty) Collared Urn (CAMB/21) placed within the final capping to the mound. The small Group 2 biconical vessel form Colliford Reservoir (CORN/2) was found inverted in the turf stack of a barrow, CORN/3 was found upright in a pit near the entrance of a platform barrow and the (empty) Group 4 vessel from Crig-a-Mennis (CORN/6) was found next to a causeway under a barrow. It was suggested that this may have contained a food offering (Christie 1960: 80-89). At Hutton Buscel Barrow 2, a Group 1 Miniature Food Vessel (YKN/53) was found alone in the barrow mound however, a second cup (YKN/54) from the same barrow was subsequently later found during fieldwalking over the eroded barrow surface. YKN/53 is not the only cup to have been found in isolation as the Group 1 Miniature Food Vessel and lid from Riggs 17 (YKN/75) was also found alone on the periphery of the mound and may have served a different purpose to the one associated with the human remains. This idea is made more compelling by another Miniature Food Vessel with a lid from Aldro 116 (YKN/6) which was found placed in a similar position to the Riggs Cup, as if the intention was to deliberately avoid any burials. At Huggate Wold Barrow 250, a Group 1 Miniature Food Vessel (YKE/24) was found just 0.3m from the barrow surface where it may have been the result of a single depositional event. In Wales, only the cup from Welsh St Donats (GLAM/11) can certainly be demonstrated not to have been associated with a burial but was recorded as having been found in a fragmentary state below the kerb of the barrow and can thus be considered to predate the construction of the cairn. It may however be derived from a burial context disturbed by the cairn builders.

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Cups and Human Remains In Scotland, where context details are available, cups not associated with human remains are rare with exception of those cups recovered from domestic contexts that have already been discussed. At the flat cemetery at Kirkpark, the Group 1 Miniature Food Vessel (ELOTH/8) despite being described as from a grave “which bore all the usual characteristics” was not associated with any human remains but was found upright and empty (Lowe and Anderson 1894, 64). Summary As mentioned above, anthropological data for the majority of burials associated with cups are sparse and reassessment (and dating) of surviving remains may prove to be a fruitful study as has been demonstrated in Wales (Tellier 2018). Nevertheless, there is a certain consistency to the data. Human remains associated with cups do not seem to follow any particular pattern. There appears to be no strict rules regarding the sex or age of the individual buried with a cup and indeed, although uncommon, mixed groupings also occur. Males and females seem more or less equally represented and complete, fragmentary and multiple burials occur as is common in the post-Fission Horizon burial record after c.2000BC (Gibson 2016; 2019). Neonate and foetal remains, both cremated and inhumed, are exclusively associated with females except at Olchon Court Cairn (HERF/1) where an adult male, adult female, two children and one neonate are represented. This may appear to be a ‘family group’ but this has not been proven and rests on the assumption that Bronze Age ‘families’ had a similar make-up to our own. A death in childbirth may be represented at Gox Hill (LINC/11) where the foetus was probably in utero and females with neonates (GLOC/1) may represent deaths following traumatic births. Adult and child associations are more difficult to explain as it is unlikely that a parent and child would die at the same time unless by disease, fatal accident or violence. If the two individuals were, in fact, related (and this is by no means proven) then curation of remains prior to deposition may be in evidence (Booth and Brück 2020) most likely in the case of a child pre-deceasing the parent. Other scenarios can be envisaged such as infanticide on the death of the parent especially in times of crisis or if there was no-one else to look after the child: a practice known from ethnography but difficult to prove in the archaeological record (Kelly 2007, 205-59). It is clear, whether cremated or inhumed, the oft-quoted cup/child association has been over-exaggerated and child burials are comparatively rare. Child burials, represent some of the few inhumations during the currency of Grooved Ware (Healy 2012) and complete, partial and disarticulated remains, are also associated with Beakers, Food Vessels and Collared Urns. Their association with Cups is, therefore, to be expected and in keeping with contemporary burial modes and cannot be regarded as extraordinary. Ethnographic studies reveal the complex nature of the relationship between children/infants and status with regard to funerary customs (see for example Ucko 1969: 270-271, Petersen 2013: 245). Given that few cremations seem to approach the quantities of bone expected from a single, never mind a multiple, cremation, it may be that in some cases it was curated bone that was being cremated rather than individuals and the mixing of bones may have been as much accidental as by design (Booth and Brück 2020). Bronze Age attitudes to death and burial, however, were almost certainly much different to our own (Gibson 2016) and the variety of burial practices encountered must warn against casual unquantified observations becoming first hypotheses and then truths. Cremated bone is also notoriously difficult to analyse given 63

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age the distorted and fragmentary nature of the bone resulting from the cremation process. Archaeo-osteology is a developing science and is certainly far more refined now than it was when many of these cups were found. The multiple cremations in particular would almost certainly reward future study (Tellier 2018).

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Chapter 6

Associations and Chronology ‘The opening of a barrow seems to have been something of a social occasion, being in many cases attended by the local gentry and their ladies who picknicked by the side and had the various trinkets recovered from the barrows brought to them for their examination. Quite often finds, particularly beads, appear to have been given to the ladies as keepsakes’ (Simpson 1975: 15) Funerary cups are associated with a wide range of other artefactual material both ceramic (Appendix 2) and of other materials including bone, stone and metal (Appendix 3). This chapter will list and examine these items and their chronology and attempt to evaluate the extent to which artefactual associations can improve our understanding of cup deposition. Other ceramics (appendix 2) Beakers Beakers were introduced to Britain between 2460-2330 cal BC and disappeared from the burial record around 1805-1650 cal BC (Jay et al. 2019, 78) though there are slight regional differences in date. Beaker associations with cups are rare with only three certain and two dubious examples recorded. Nevertheless Group 1 miniature Beakers clearly demonstrate that cups and Beakers overlap. The Group 3 cup from Bowthorpe (NORF/1) was associated with only a sherd of Beaker perhaps suggesting residuality or re-use of the grave. Despite there being Group 1 miniature Beakers in Scotland, few cups of any type were associated with full-sized Beakers. Only 1 association is certain with the vessel from Balblair, Beauly (HIGH/1) being associated in a cist with a decayed inhumation and a larger but similar vessel. Both Beakers are typologically late. A cup from Merton (SCOB/5) was recorded as being found with a Beaker and a Food Vessel and a lost vessel from Garberstrypes, Dunottar (ABER/4) was found with a Beaker and a deposit of cremated bone but the details of both finds are sketchy and strict association is unlikely. The cup from Low Torrs (D&G/10) was found with Beaker sherds but was from the Glen Luce middens which have produced large quantities of Neolithic and Bronze Age ceramics but from largely unstratified midden contexts. Collared and cordoned urns Collared Urns date to c.2140 – 1500 BC (Law 2008, 46) and although early and late variants have been identified (Longworth 1984; Burgess 1986) there is considerable chronological overlap between the styles. They also constitute the most frequent ceramic type associated with cups but the association is not as common as frequently envisaged. In Southern England, only 46 cups are associated with Collared Urns with another six possible associations and three instances of fragmentary urns. These total only about 16% of the Southern English corpus. This rises to 22% in Northern England, 25% in Scotland and some 33% in Wales (including possible associations). Even when the associated vessels are simply described as ‘urns’ (which in the antiquarian literature can mean any other type of Bronze Age vessel) the numbers do 65

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age not change greatly with only nine (including fragments) extra instances in Scotland (raising the total to 33%) and seven (including possible associations) in Wales (44%). The situation is slightly different for northern England where there are 14 ‘urns’ (including fragments) associated with cups (28%). Many of these are unidentifiable sherds or vessels which have not been described by the excavator and have since been lost. Consequently, and in all areas, far fewer than half of the cups are associated with Collared Urns and this dispels the long-held myth that cups act as accessory vessels to other ceramics, especially urns. All types of cup are associated with Collared Urns and the form of the vessel and the quality of decoration also seem to have little correlation, although Hallam (2015: 154) found that northern English cups with early Collared Urns tended to be ‘slightly more ornate and skilfully made’. This would particularly apply to the large grooved or incised Bleasdale cup (LANCS/2) and a smaller Biconical Cup from Chapel-en-le-Frith (DER/2) which has incised and pointillé decoration. Analysis of the southern English, Scottish and Welsh assemblages suggests that associations are generally more varied. There may be some correlation in decoration, however and, for example, the Group 1 miniature Food Vessel with a Collared Urn at Caythorpe (LINC/24) has a similar decorative scheme as the larger vessel but, in contrast to the urn, it employs incision rather than whipped cord (Longworth 1984: 224). This ‘paired’ decoration was also noted at Winwick Burial D (CHES/11) where both the Group 2 Biconical Cup and the Collared Urn have stabbed decoration along the rim and incised herringbone motifs on the walls. The decoration on the cup and the urn were so similar that the excavator suggested that there must have been some ‘direct relationship between the two burials’ (Freke and Holgate 1980, 14). Although the two cups from Hermitage Farm (CAMB/22 and 23) were different in terms of form and decoration, the fact that the smaller vessels had been carefully placed within the larger vessel suggests that they too may have been linked in some way (Evans and Hodder 2006: 42). Cups found associated with urns also vary greatly in their degree of elaboration, for example the Group 4 Grape Cup found with the Collared Urn at Wilsford G7 (WILT/67) is one of the most intricately decorated vessels within the assemblage and the associated Collared Urn also demonstrates a high level of craftsmanship and expertise. Other cups, such as that found with the urn at Blore (STAF/2), are simpler in form and have little or no decoration. The urnassociated cups from Fan Barrow Dyfed, do not really match the Collared Urns in terms of form or decoration, but they seem to share the firing technology in that urns 1 and 2 are bloated and sintered to the point of being misshapen and the Group 2 Biconical Cup (DYFED/19), associated with Urn 2, is a catastrophic firing waster (Gibson 2013b). It suggests that the larger and smaller vessels all suffered from an excess of temperature and consequently they may have been fired together. There are four instances of Welsh cups being associated with two Collared Urns. The Group 3 vessel from Brenig 44 (CLWYD/2), the Group 1 miniature Bowl Food Vessel from Talbenny (DYFED/16), the undecorated Group 2 cup from Bedd Branwen L (GWYN/7) and the elaborately stabbed Group 2 vessel from Llanfair-is-Gaer (GWYN/10). In Northern England, there are nine such instances of cups associated with more than one Collared Urn. Three of the cups are undecorated firing wasters (Barnside YKS/2, Ford Etal Moor NLAND/7 and Western Howes Central YKN/97) and all, apart from Ford Etal Moor, are Group 2 biconicals. The Biconical Cup 66

Associations and Chronology from Stanbury (YKW/7) is unusual in being associated with three Collared Urns. No regional bias can be discerned from this practice in Northern England as such associations are widely dispersed. There are two instances in both Scotland and Wales of cups being associated with Cordoned Urns. These comprise the intricately decorated round-based Group 3 cup from Carlochan (D&G/5) and the fragmentary Group 3 bowl from Ratho (EDIN/3). The Group 1 cup from Westwood on Tay (FIFE/15) is itself a miniature Cordoned Urn but was associated with a Collared Urn. The Group 1 miniature Food Vessel from Fan Barrow Talsarn (DYFED/17) was associated with Urn 1, a firing waster as mentioned above, and which is also of Cordoned type though its relationship with tripartite Collared Urns cannot be denied (Gibson 2013b). The fragmentary Group 4 Fenestrated Cup from Ystrad Hynod (POWYS/8) was associated with two Cordoned Urns. Though generally slightly later than Collared Urns, possibly lasting as late as 1400 BC, there is considerable chronological overlap between the two related types (Sheridan 2004a and b). In Northern England two cups were associated with Cordoned Urns and in both cases the cups were found contained inside the urn. The Stanton Moor cup (DER/14) is a fenestrated and incised Biconical Cup, and the cup from Haydon Bridge (NLAND/8) is decorated with small random circular impressions of the type made by using the end of a tube, possibly of thin metal. There is one miniature Cordoned Urn cup from Way Hagg Barrow (YKN/95) which is decorated with twisted cord and comb impressions. As the barrow had been previously disturbed, the excavator was unable to find any evidence of any associated larger vessel (Tissiman 1850). True Cordoned Urns are rare in Southern England where they tend to be represented by Biconical Urns and there are two instances of cup-Biconical Urn associations. At Ringwould in Kent, the Biconical Urn was associated with two cups, a Group 1 miniature urn (KENT/8) and a Group 4 Fenestrated Cup (KENT/10). At Blackdown in Somerset, the urn was associated with a Group 3 vessel (SOME/1). Food vessels Food Vessels date to c.2200/2100 – c.1800 cal BC (Wilkin 2013, 40) and cups associated with Food Vessels are more common in Northern Britain as might be expected given Food Vessels’ northern and western distributional bias. In northern England ten cup and Food Vessel associations have been found including two from Garton Slack (YKE/13 and 14) where they were found with inhumation burials. A thick, heavy cup from near Pickering (YKN/72) was associated with a Food Vessel as was the lower portion of a small undecorated cup from Irton Moor (YKN/57). Two highly decorated miniature Yorkshire Vase cups have been found in association with Food Vessels at Youlgreave (DER/27) and Newton (NLAND/14). In southern England Food Vessel/cup associations are extremely rare. There are only two examples recorded one of which was associated with the burial of an adult male at Sutton Veny (WILT/59) and the other with the inhumation of a child at Cossington (LEIC/2).

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Handled vessels are uncommon in the northern assemblage however one such Food Vesselassociated cup is recorded from Darley Dale (DER/3) and at Garton Slack, a handled Food Vessel was found in association with a thick-walled cup (YKE/12) which displays the same incised stab decoration as the larger vessel. Along with the other Garton Slack cups, (YKE/13 and14) these vessels were found in association with an inhumation burial and together may demonstrate a localised preference for the Food Vessel tradition and inhumation as the preferred burial mode. There is one further Food Vessel-cup association at Bradford Chellow Heights (YKW/1). This small Group 3 simple cup is decorated with incised herringbone and was found with part of a Food Vessel and three other cinerary urns. In Scotland, there are 24 Group 1 miniature Food Vessels but only three instance of a possible cup-Food Vessel association. The unusual Group 3 vessel decorated with plaited cord impressions from Kentraw (A&B/5) comes from a cist at the centre of which was a bipartite vase Food Vessel. The cup was at the SW end of the cist and as multiple sequential inhumations were present, therefore the exact association of the two vessels cannot be determined. The cup from the child’s grave at Doune (P&K/1) was associated with only a fragment of Food Vessel and the diminutive cup from Greenhill, Balmerino (FIFE/8) may possibly have been associated with a Food Vessel though the identification is uncertain. There are, however, two certain and three possible instances of cups being associated with Food Vessel Urns. The Group 1 miniature Food Vessel from Buckhaven Links (FIFE/5) was associated with a Food Vessel Urn and cremated remains as was possibly the miniature Food Vessel from Craigdhu (FIFE/7) as the cup was said to have been a copy of the ‘urn’ in which it was found. The Group 3 bowl from Straiton Quarry (FIFE/10) was associated with a Food Vessel Urn and cremated remains as well as animal bone. The Group 1 miniature Food Vessel from Lesmurdie Elgin (MOR/1) was also associated with a Food Vessel Urn and a cremation deposit. The undecoratedbiconical cup from Shaw Cairn (GRM/6) was also associated with a male cremation, a fragmentary dagger pommel and a Food Vessel Urn. There is only one cup-Food Vessel association in Wales at Ysceifiog (GWYN/16) but details of the find are scant and the cup could not be located. Other cups There are up to 17 examples where more than one cup has been found within a single context in Southern England though not all associations are necessarily secure. At Manton/Preshute G1a a Group 4 Grape Cup (WILT/39) was found just behind the head, with another Group 3 tubshaped vessel (WILT/40) located behind the body. The second cup is recorded as being found partially within grave backfill as opposed to being laid out next to the body like the first vessel, suggesting that it may have been deposited later (Cunnington 1907a: 39). At Tyning’s Farm, three very different vessels representing two Group 1 miniature Food Vessels and one Group 3 tub-shaped vessel (SOME/3-5) were placed together in a pit with pyre debris, cremated human bone (possibly representing the remains of three individuals) and three bone pins (Taylor 1951: 129). The two vessels found at Aldbourne IVc were both Group 4 Aldbourne Cups (WILT/5 and 6), although Greenwell, the original excavator, commented that ‘when discovered the two vessels were found broken into numerous pieces and compacted into a shapeless mass’ and there was some doubt cast as to whether the third object found ever acted as a lid (Greenwell 68

Associations and Chronology 1890: 50). X-radiography carried out at the British Museum has now confirmed that the three objects were reconstructed correctly in the past as two cups, one of which had a lid (C. Copper). At other sites fragments of small vessels have been found with cups, as at Aldbourne XI (WILT/3) and Snail Down G6 (WILT/50). Original records also note additional vessels associated with the cups from Stratford sub Castle (WILT/58), Bulford 72e (WILT/28), Wilsford G50 (WILT/66) and Alton Parva/Figheldean (WILT/8). Unfortunately, these are all now lost. At Lambourn II one vessel (BERK/4) was recorded as being found with the bone deposit whilst a second vessel (BERK/5) was found on the old land surface (Greenwell 1890: 61). Northern England has produced a possible 12 instances of more than one cup being associated with the burial. At Stanton Moor two small but highly decorated Biconical Cups were found with a cremation deposit and a single burnt flint (DER/11 and 12). In Yorkshire, at Danby Stone Rook Hill, a crude undecorated Group 1 miniature Food Vessel (YKN/24) was found with a Group 3 simple cup (YKN/25) decorated with lines of twisted cord. Both cups were found in a round cairn, in association with a Collared Urn and a cremation deposit. Two Group 1 miniature Food Vessels (YKN/37 and 38) with lids were found associated with a crouched double inhumation of an adult male and an adolescent female, placed in a hollow within a round barrow covering multiple burials at Ganton in North Yorkshire. A boars’ tusk was found near the shoulder of the male along with a small quartz pebble. A cremation deposit of an adult female at Slingsby was also associated with two cups, (YKN/84 and 85). YKN/84 is a biconical vessel decorated on the upper parts with twisted cord triangles but YKN/85 is very different in that it has a contracted mouth and a convex body with a small footring base. Externally the cup is decorated with twisted cord horizontal lines and has 27 perforations in nine sets of three. For this reason, this cup is classed as a Group 4 vessel. Found at the furthest western point of Barrow in Furness, two miniature Food Vessels from Roose (CUM/14 and 15) were found with a cremation deposit placed under a cairn. CUM/15 is a tripartite cup with a simple decorative motif comprising an incised zig-zag line around the rim exterior whereas CUM/14 is much more elaborate and is decorated on the upper portion with three bands of dots which do not entirely penetrate the cup wall. One further example of two associated cups has been reported from Southern Black Howe (YKN/88) but the second cup is both lost and unpublished. In Scotland, there are only four certain and one possible instances of multiple cup finds. At Gilchorn Farm (ANG/4 and 5) a fine Group 2 Biconical Cup was apparently associated with a Group 3 vessel though the latter was only recovered from the farm’s midden having been thrown on the fire by the superstitious farmer’s wife. The finds details for Kirkpark, Musselborough are sketchy but it appears that two Group 2 vessels (ELOTH/5 and 7) came from the same cist as a Group 3 straight-walled vessel (ELOTH/5) also associated with a small Collared Urn. The largest cup (ELOTH/5) is extremely finely decorated. The undecorated Group 2 cup from Barnfauld (SCOB/1) was associated with a ‘larger’ urn and a second cup was found ‘nearby’. There are no details for the second cup and the association is uncertain. In Wales the unusual round-based pot with multiple circular stabbed decoration from Towyn (CLWYD/7) was recorded as being found with “several” other cups, each inverted over the mouth of an urn containing cremated remains (Anwyl 1909). The association of the two cups 69

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age from Llandysiliogogo (DYFED/4 and 5) is uncertain but the cups are so similar in both form and decoration (both external and internal) that they were almost certainly made by the same potter. DYFED/9 from Llanychaer is recorded as being found with a larger urn and two other cups but gain the association is uncertain and three possible cups were found at Llandrindod Wells (POWYS/3) but were considered modern by Savory (1958, E7). At Flagstaff Quarry in Anglesey, two cups were found together placed mouth to mouth in a grave and on top of a deposit of cremated bone. Bucket urns There is only one instance of a Cup being associated with a Bucket Urn, that from Balloch Hill (A&B/2). This is a fine Group 2 vessel associated with the cremated remains possibly of an adult and child, the Bucket Urn and a copper alloy awl. Although Bucket Urns remain in use much later than other Early Bronze Age ceramics, there is a considerable chronological overlap between the types. Other associations The association of other artefacts with cups are quite rare. Only around a quarter (23.8%) of Southern English cups have non-ceramic artefactual associations, a fifth of Welsh cups (20.6%), a quarter of Northern English cups (25.6%) and fewer than a fifth of Scottish cups (18%). These figures are remarkably similar in the proportions of cups within the local corpora and suggest that in the majority of burials, ceramics comprised the principal required grave good (although organic grave goods must not be discounted). When cup Groups are considered, again the distribution of aceramic associations is quite uniform: 14% of Group 1 cups, 36.7% of Group 2, 24.2% of Group 3 and 29.5% of Group 4. Group 4 cups tend to have the richest grave groups (Appendix 3) in terms of the variety of metalwork, goldwork and exotic substances such as amber, however many come from the rich Wessex burials that have long been seen as outshining the rest of Britain in terms of their perceived opulence. In the following section, associations are divided into materials and then artefact types. Copper alloy metalwork (appendix 3; table 6.1) Copper Alloy S o ut h e rn N o r t h e r n Scotland Associations England England Knife dagger 20 7 1 Axes Awl 38 3 3 Chisel Ring-headed pins 1 1 Bulb-headed pins 1 Ear rings 1 Rings 1 -

Wales 3 1 1 1 -

Table 6.1 Copper alloy metalwork associated with cups.

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Total 31 1 45 1 2 1 1 1

Associations and Chronology Daggers and knives The earliest examples of daggers and knives are made of copper, with a basic triangular shape and a tang, and are associated with the northern European spread of Bell Beakers (Gerloff 1975: 27). As metalworking techniques become more established other variants developed and, with the increased use of radiocarbon dating, chronologies became refined (Needham and Bray 2015). In southern England, 15 cups have been found with daggers and five found with knife-daggers, principally of Needham’s Series 5 (Camerton-Snowshill) and Series 7 dating to approximately 1750/1700-1500 BC. The burials at Norton Bavant Borrow Pit (WILT/43) and Manton/Preshute G1a (WILT/39 and 40) were unusual as both individuals were found with a dagger (Series 5) and knife-dagger (Series 7) placed behind the head. Smaller, butt-riveted blades tend to be found in association with awls, as at Manton/Preshute G1a (WILT/39 and 40) and Upton Lovell G2e (WILT/60), both of which were found with elaborated (Group 4) forms of cup. These associations suggest dates relating to the later part of the Early Bronze Age. Group 2 Biconical Cups are found with Series 4 and 5 daggers and there is only one example of a Group 3 simple form being found with a dagger - Norton Bavant Borrow Pit (WILT/43). Recent evidence suggests that the hilts of some daggers were probably deliberately removed, especially in later examples, with the sheaths left intact. Much of the damage occurs around the hilt, perhaps as a result of this removal (Needham and Bray 2015, 39-40). The deliberate bending of blades has also been recorded on all types, although it is less common on the later examples (ibid 40). At Haulgh Hall in Bolton, a flat riveted bronze blade with a bent tip was found in association with a large, highly decorative Biconical Cup (GRM/2) and crouched inhumation. The blade has been identified as an Arreton type and dates to Needham’s (1996) Period 3 (1950-1700 cal. BC) and as such, it is the earliest metal object so far associated with a northern English cup. A slightly later Period 4 ogival dagger was found with an undecorated firing waster cup from Darwen (LANCS/4) and at Loose Howe, a dagger blade with the tip missing was found along with a sherd of a small Biconical Cup (YKN/61), part of a bronze pin and a stone battle axe. The dagger and pin may have been intentionally broken and it is also possible that this behaviour was also extended to the cup. At Sheffield Crookes (YKS/5) a thin tanged bronze knife or razor, described by Longworth (1984, 265) as burnt and twisted, was associated with an undecorated, perforated Biconical Cup and two Collared Urns. The assemblage also produced an Early Neolithic leaf-shaped arrowhead, which may have been included as a novelty item. Other knife-dagger and cup contexts in northern England have been found at Todmorden ring cairn (YKW/8), Astley Hall Farm (LANCS/1), Calais Wold (YKE/4), Hutton Buscel (YKN/52) and possibly at Doll Tor (DER/5) where a few small pieces of bronze from an unidentifiable artefact were found. In Scotland only the unusual Group 1 miniature Food Vessel from Gairneybank (P&K/1) has so far been found in association with a copper alloy blade. The knife-dagger is badly damaged but the flat blade section suggests a Series 2 knife dating to between 2200/2150 – 1950/1900 BC and as such it represents an earlier form than those found further south. 71

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age In Wales there are three recorded knife associations with cups. The first is the antiquarian find of a bronze knife associated with the Group 4 Fenestrated Cup from Meini Gwyr, (DYFED/12) and the second is that from Breach Farm (GLAM/4) though the knife was too poorly preserved to recover. A possible Series 4 rivetted knife was associated with the Group 1 miniature Food Vessel from Sutton 268’, Llandow (GLAM/5). Awls Awls have a long history of use and are found throughout the whole of the Early Bronze Age. Thomas developed a classification of awls, separating them out into three basic groups, with the third group being noted for ‘exceptional’ length (Thomas 2005, 220-222). Awls are also one of the more common types of artefact found with cups (representing 32% of all associated artefacts), including with the remarkable triple miniature Food Vessel from East Kent Access Road (KENT/12). At some sites, awls are found in pairs (e.g. Aldbourne IVc (WILT/5 and 6), Bulford 72e (WILT/28) and Amesbury G19 (WILT/9 and WILT/10)). At Manton/Preshute G1a (WILT/39 and 40) three awls of different sizes were deposited together. This can be paralleled at Langton 2, Burial 2, East Yorkshire (Kinnes and Longworth 1985: 32) associated with the inhumation of an adult woman with an unusual composite necklace. Indeed, awls seem to have a particular association with composite necklaces, a fact that was recently highlighted by Woodward and Hunter who commented that the occurrences were especially common in Wessex where there was ‘a central relationship between necklaces, awls and accessory cups’ (2015: 533). In the southern assemblage, at least eleven cups were deposited with both composite necklaces and awls. Despite the ubiquitous nature of awls in southern England they are surprisingly uncommon in northern English cup graves. Only three instances can be counted, those being at Aldro (YKN/8), Todmorden (YKW/8) and Staxton Beacon (YKN/89). A link between the deposition of awls with composite necklaces is evident at Todmorden where another cup in a separate context (YKW/10) was found with a jet and amber necklace. At Staxton Beacon on the Yorkshire Wolds, a Group 1 miniature Food Vessel (YKN/89) was found with an awl and a jet ring and accompanied an inhumation burial whereas at Aldro 113 the Group 3 cup (YKN/8) and awl were associated with a cremation with the awl being placed on top of the calcined bone. In Scotland, the Group 2 cup from Balloch Hill (A&B/2) was associated with an awl as were the cups from Marchhouse, Muirkirk (AYRE/1) (also associated with a bone pin) and Knockerrennie Knowe (AYRS/1). All 3 vessels are perforated Group 2 Biconicals and this raises the question as to whether the awls were used in the manufacture of the pots, particularly for fine incision and perforation. In Wales, the Group 2 cup from Bedd Branwen burial L (GWYN/7) was associated with a small fragment of bronze awl representing the part where it changed from square to round section. Axes and chisels Copper alloy axes and chisels are only encountered in the rich grave from Breach Farm (GLAM/4) which also produced a probable knife and another unidentified copper alloy object, 72

Associations and Chronology possibly an awl. The knife and chisel were too badly decayed to be recovered but the latter was recognised by traces of a square tang and expanded blade (Grimes 1938, 113). The axe is flanged with an expanded blade typical of Stage VI metalwork and dated to 1900-1700 BC (Burgess 2001). Ring-headed pins Only one example of this type of artefact has been found with a cup, and this is associated with the now lost vessel from Snail Down XIX/ Collingbourne Kingston G4 (WILT/31). It was very carefully manufactured and is unusual in being made from bronze when most are made of bone, and in having a double-ringed head with interlocking rings It is described as ‘very worn’ (Woodward and Hunter 2015: 179). A very similar example from Estavayer-le-Lac, Lake Neuchatel, Switzerland is illustrated by Gerloff (1975: plate 57, R3). Whatever its purpose, the Snail Down pin seems to have been a treasured item, as Colt Hoare (1812:185), who led the excavation, describes it as having been ‘secured in a sheath of wood lined with cloth’ (Woodward and Hunter 2015: 179). Bulb-headed pins These are widely regarded as dress pins and are generally made of bronze. Gerloff (1975: plate 62) found distributions in Wessex and East Yorkshire, although the ones from East Yorkshire are mostly made from bone. Only two examples are known to have been found with cups, Camerton (SOME/2) and Wimbourne St Giles G33a (DORS/13), and both pins are perforated, the Camerton (SOME/2) example at the base of the neck, Wimbourne St Giles G33a (DORS/13) through the head. These are both examples of hollow casting; a technique which came into use during the latter part of the Early Bronze Age. Needham (2000: 178) and Coles and Taylor (1971: 9) suggest that the Camerton (SOME/2) pin may be a continental import. Both items are described as ‘worn’ (Woodward and Hunter 2015: 178). Ear- or tress-rings Now usually interpreted as tress-rings, earlier reports refer to ‘ear-rings’ of gold or copper alloy. Such artefacts have only been found at Stanbury (YKW/7) associated with the cremated remains of a young male. In addition to the cup, other associations included a bone belt hook, three Collared Urns, a stone battle-axe, and a pin. The tress-rings are fragmentary and appear to have been burnt but sufficient survived to identify them as of ‘basket’ type. Two radiocarbon dates were obtained for the Stanbury assemblage which result in a weighted mean of 1960– 1780 cal. BC (2σ) (Richardson and Vyner 2011). Copper rings The inhumation of child at Barrow Hills, Radley, was accompanied by a small Beaker (OXFO/1) and three copper rings, all slightly different in form. One is a penannular wire ring, the second is of coiled wire and the third is of sheet metal. They were found near the arm and shoulder areas of the skeleton (Barclay and Halpin 1999, 55-57).

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Goldwork Sheet gold metalwork Examples of sheet gold metalworking in the form of discs, plaques or more complex items are known from a small number of sites associated with cups, mainly within Wessex. This tradition was introduced around 2450/2400 BC and lasted until around 1500 BC (Needham 2015, 255). Sheet gold was first used in Britain to create discs and basket ornaments, possibly items of personal adornment/jewellery, before later being employed to embellish studs on wristguards (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 256). One of its main uses was as a cover/enhancement for other objects, such as shale buttons, with the patterns/designs used often being very similar to those found on the bases of certain ceramics, including Beakers, Food Vessels and Cups. The four sheet gold discs found associated with the unusual double-ended cup from Wilsford G50 (WILT/66) were found to be two pairs, one pair slightly smaller than the other. It was recently suggested that they may originally have acted as button covers (Woodward and Hunter 2015: 212). Two burials with cups are also associated with sheet gold plaques. The example from Upton Lovell G2e (WILT/60) is intricately decorated with geometric patterns and is classed as ‘very worn’ (Needham et al. 2015, 221). Although found with a cremation burial the grave goods had not been placed on the pyre with the body. A sheet gold plaque was also found at the Clandon Barrow and, although not directly associated with the cup (DORS/6), it seems to have been part of the same series of events which led to its deposition. It was found intact on top of a cairn of flints above the cup and alongside a bronze dagger and fragments of an amber cup (Needham and Woodward 2008, 17). Complex gold objects (including composite objects) More complex gold ornaments have been found at some sites and include items such as miniature halberd pendants found at Wilsford G8 (WILT/68), Manton/Preshute G1a (WILT/39 and 40) and Hengistbury Head (HAMP/2), which are thought to have been based on the ‘metalshafted and metal-bound halberds of the northern Aunjetitz zone in Germany and Poland’ (Piggott 1938, 84-5; Woodward and Hunter 2015, 232) and may indicate contact with this area. Other composite artefacts include gold-bound amber discs such as the two discs from Wilsford G8 (WILT/68) and one from Manton/Preshute G1a (WILT/39 and 40), all associated with Group 4 exotic cups. At Wilsford G8 (WILT/68) the small, flat bone disc was found encased in gold. Although the bone was identified as mammalian in origin it was not possible to determine if it was human (Woodward and Hunter 2015,194). A small trepanned cranial disc was found accompanying Burial 2 at Snail Down II (Thomas 2005, 26 (Burial 1 at the same site was associated with WILT/50 and WILT/52)) clearly indicating that such material could be curated during this period. A spherical gold-covered shale/jet object, possibly a pendant, was found associated with a Grape Cup at Wilsford G7 (WILT/67) and a curved gold annular pendant was found as part of the grave package at Wilsford G8 (WILT/68) in association with a Fenestrated Cup. Gold covered buttons were recovered from three sites (Upton Lovell G2e (WILT/60), Wilsford G8 (WILT/68) and Southwick Hill/Portsdown (HAMP/7) all of which were associated with Group 4 cups. 74

Associations and Chronology Several cylindrical beads made of perforated gold sheet were found at Upton Lovell G2e (WILT/60) along with four other gold items which may have functioned as decorative pieces forming parts of a composite artefact. Taylor (2005, 322) comments that when found they were actually separate and could possibly have been cap-ends for wooden rods or shafts as in the Bush Barrow mace-head. A jet-like mace-head recovered from the Clandon barrow (DORS/6) was probably made from Kimmeridge shale and has a central perforation for hafting and five circular slots into which studs were placed (Needham and Woodward 2008: 23). These studs appear to have been decorated with sheet gold covers, although only two now survive. Another embellished macehead of this type comes from Bush Barrow. Very few perforated mace-heads of this type have been found in Southern Britain, and it seems that the likely source of the jet would have been Whitby, demonstrating the links which must have existed between Wessex and the Yorkshire coast (Needham and Woodward 2008, 25). There is a possible fragment of another jet macehead from Barnby Howes West, North Yorkshire and a similar one from Pelynt, Cornwall (Needham and Woodward 2008, 25-28). ‘Precious’ cups There are currently nine known examples of handled vessels made of shale, amber or gold in the British Isles. They are thought to be related to the handled ceramic vessels found in continental Europe and are termed ‘precious’ as they are usually made out of exotic or unusual materials. Needham et al. (2006, 63) note that their distribution is related to ‘slotted’ (‘fenestrated’) cups. This is particularly evident at Clandon, where the sherds of a Group 4 Fenestrated Cup (DORS/6) were scattered in fragments below a flint mound on top of which were deposited an amber cup, bronze dagger, mace-head and gold plaque. It is believed that the amber cup was also fragmentary when deposited, possibly as ‘part of a deliberate act of destruction’ (Needham and Woodward 2008, 31). There are no reliable radiocarbon dates available for this site and dating, largely by artefactual association, is likely to be between 1950 - 1500 BC (Needham and Woodward 2008, 7 Figure 3.30). The only context to contain a cup and item of goldwork in northern England was found at Carrier’s Croft, Pendleton in Lancashire where an unknown cup type (LANCS/7) was found with a clipped and rolled piece of goldwork, a Collared Urn inverted over the cremated remains of a child, five sherds of re-fired Beaker, a lozenge-shaped bone button and four quartz crystals (Barrowclough 2008:117). Initially thought to be a hair trinket, the goldwork could equally be a snipped and rolled fragment of a lunula as the gold is scored along one edge in the manner of the motifs shown on some of Taylor’s (1970) Unaccomplished Lunulae types and may again indicate long distance contacts. Beads and Baubles This section deals with different materials which can together be combined to create prestigious artefacts particularly for personal adornment. Jet (and jet-like substances), amber, faience, bone and stone might all be represented and it is considered more pertinent to discuss them as artefact types rather than subdividing their materials. Some combinations have already been discussed above in terms of gold and jet and it is acknowledged that the distinction is 75

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age somewhat arbitrary. Nevertheless, it seems preferable to discuss, for example a necklace, as a unit rather than split the whole into its constituent materials. Necklaces For ease of discussion necklaces have been divided into three types, following Sheridan et al. (2015), namely Simple, Spacer and Composite. Simple necklaces are those judged to have been made from one type of material, such as that from Aldbourne I (WILT/1) consisting of six amber beads. Spacer necklaces employ spacer beads to facilitate the separation of multiple strings of beads and Composite necklaces involve the use of multiple materials and/or re-used artefacts such as V-perforated buttons. In southern England 46 cups are associated with necklaces, possibly two in Scotland and one each in Wales and northern England. There are at least 18 composite necklaces, and amber spacer plate necklaces known. Where several beads are found together it can be difficult to differentiate individual necklaces as evidence of threading or thread rarely survives. There are also issues in ascertaining the level of fragmentation of some necklaces and how to interpret this phenomenon; it was not unknown, for example, for onlookers to be offered beads as souvenirs during antiquarian excavations of graves and barrows. There may also have been some reuse of individual beads in antiquity, an issue which will be discussed in more detail below. Simple necklaces and pendants At least 17 simple necklaces or pendants have been found in burials with cups in Southern England. Most of these are in the form of globular or fusiform beads fashioned from amber, although other materials, such as clay or bone, were also used. Some pestle-shaped pendants are known, such as those found at Wilsford G8 (WILT/68) and Wilsford G50 (WILT/66). Other more unusual forms include the shield-shaped pendants from Wilsford G7 (WILT/67) and Wilsford G8 (WILT/68) and the double-bladed miniature axe also from Wilsford G7 (WILT/67). These could have functioned either as single pendants or have been used as parts of composite necklaces. The necklace from Aldbourne I (WILT/1) was found to incorporate amber beads, two of which seem to have been made from an older single broken fusiform bead (Sheridan et al. 2015, 401). A perforated bone point was also found, and it may be that this also formed part of the original item. It was also suggested that some of the beads from the necklace found at Winterbourne Stoke G14a and b (WILT/79 and 80) may have derived from an amber spacerplate necklace. Unfortunately, no record was made regarding the placement of these items in relation to the individual burials, although it was clear that they had been worn as several bore traces of wear (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 195). In northern England, the Group 2 Biconical Cup (YKN/52) from Hutton Buscel was accompanied by a V-perforated jet pendant, two barrel-form jet beads, one longitudinal jet bead and two bronze shank fragments. A jet ring was found with the Staxton Beacon cup (YKN/89) however it is unclear whether this was for suspension around the neck or whether it might have performed another function. At Newton in Northumberland, a cist burial was found to contain a Group 1 miniature Yorkshire Vase (NLAND/14), a full-size Food Vessel, a jet or shale fusiform

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Associations and Chronology bead and a single flint. The bead was drilled and had a flattened facet on one side but again, it is unclear if this was intentional or from wear (Gates 1981). In Scotland, one of the cups from Stranraer (D&G/16) was said to be associated with ten lignite beads which may represent a necklace or bracelet. It was found in one of ‘a number of clay urns about the size of coffee cups and having the herringbone design marked on them near the rim on the outside’ (Wilson 1878). The cups were inverted on a slate-like slab and one contained the beads. The form of the beads is not described. Black oblong beads are recorded from early excavations at Gilchorn Farm (ANG/6) as well as small beads of ‘silver’. The larger beads may well be of jet or a jet-like substance, the smaller ‘silver’ beads are more puzzling. A fossil encrinite had been used to form a bead associated with the Group 2 cup from Brackmont Mill (FIFE/3) and had doubtless formed a pendant. In Wales, the Ynys Hir cairn on Mynydd Epynt (POWYS/5) produced a cup associated with a flint knife and two fusiform beads: one of anthracite and the other of pottery. These are the only beads recorded with cups in Wales and may have formed part of a necklace or pendant. Composite necklaces (including the use of faience) The earliest radiocarbon dated example of a composite necklace (1880-1680 cal BC, Lewis and Mullin 2012, 201) is from Chilcompton b (SOME/8) and was found with a Group 2 Biconical Cup. There are currently 82 known examples of composite necklaces in England including the necklace recently excavated at the Whitehorse Hill cist (Jones 2016). The main distribution is in Wessex, with other examples from East Yorkshire, the Peak District, Sussex, the southwest of England, the Upper Thames Valley, Bedfordshire, Leicestershire, East Anglia, Tara (eastern Ireland) and Exloo in the Netherlands (Woodward and Hunter 2015: 486) and it has been suggested that they became fashionable in Wessex and were subsequently copied elsewhere (Sheridan et al. 2015, 456). Analysis of the burial associations demonstrates that four confirmed examples are found with females and two with males, ranging in date from 1890-1430 cal BC (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 466). At least 18 composite necklaces have been found with cups in southern Britain (representing 19% of cups found with artefacts). As Sheridan et al. (2015, 455) have recently pointed out, these necklaces often include materials such as jet, amber or stalactites that are ‘unusual and exotic’ and ‘sourced from faraway places’. Jet and amber are noted for their electrostatic properties, fossils may have been chosen because of their resemblance to certain creatures, and faience, one of the key components in many of these necklaces, may have been especially selected because of its association with the transformation of natural materials (Sheridan et al. 2015, 455). Faience beads have been found as part of composite necklaces (for example at Amesbury G61a WILT/14, Chilcompton SOME/7 and 8, Winterbourne Stoke G68 WILT/84, Upton Pyne DEVO/3, Priddy SOME/9 and Aldbourne IVc WILT/5&6) and there is also evidence to suggest that some may incorporate beads derived from older ornaments such as spacer plate necklaces (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 488). The only instance in northern England of a composite necklace found with a cup is that from Todmorden ring cairn. A Biconical Cup (YKW/10) was found to be associated with an amber and jet necklace, a bone pin, and two Collared Urns. Although most of the necklace is now 77

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age lost and only one jet and one amber bead remain, the original excavator observed that the jet beads had ‘holes very wide in proportion to the size of beads, but not so with the amber beads’ (Lawson Russell 1906:319). It is possible that the jet beads had been re-bored or were re-used and worn from suspension. Other beads found at the Todmorden ring cairn were made from grooved bone and ceramic and were associated with a Group 2 cup (YKW/8). At Old Parks cremation cemetery, a highly decorated Group 2 cup with an omphalos base (CUM/12) was found to contain 12 cannel coal beads which may have acted as a jet substitute. A possible quoit-shaped faience bead is reputed to have been found with the Fenestrated Cup from Clayton Hill (SUSS/3), three segmented beads and one oblate bead are associated with another Fenestrated Cup from Ringwould (KENT/10) and a star-shaped and quoit-shaped bead were found with four miniature urns at Trelowthas Manor Farm (CORN/11-14). A cup from Stoneyburn Farm, Crawford (LANS/7) was associated with the cremated remains of a female, a hammerstone and four faience beads consisting of one quoit-shaped bead and three segmented beads. All had been burnt. Another possible faience bead was found with the pair of cups from Gilchorn Farm (ANG/4 and 5) said to be of ‘whitish glass’ (Hutcheson 1891). The cups were associated with a Collared Urn and cremated remains representing a young adult. Both star-shaped and quoit-shaped beads are relatively rare, with only 59 examples known so far (Sheridan and Shortland 2004, 270-272). It is now thought that faience may have begun to be used in Britain from around the 19th century BC, continuing in use until around the mid-5th century BC (ibid, 265). Spacer plate necklaces Sheridan et al. (2015, 344) argue that spacer plate necklaces originated as skeuomorphs of lunulae, not only by copying their overall crescentic shape but also some of the decorative elements. In Northern England, spacer plate necklaces are made mainly of jet, whereas in the south they tend to be of amber. Two notable sites have produced amber spacer plate necklaces, Upton Lovell G2e (WILT/60) and Wimbourne St Giles G8 (DORS/11). It may be that the pieces found at Wilsford G50 (WILT/66), with a Group 4 vessel of unusual form, represent the remnants of a further necklace. When examined recently it was found that most of the spacer plates belonging to this item were worn and that due to the range and wear of different beads ‘several different necklaces, from two or more different graves or barrows’ may be represented (Sheridan et al. 2015: 367, 369). Equally, the spacer plate necklace from Upton Lovell G2e (WILT/60) had plates which ‘had experienced thread-wear whilst employed in their damaged state. In other words, the broken plates had been re-used after the original perforated margins had been damaged’ (Sheridan et al. 2015, 372.) This evidence, along with ancient breaks detected on 13% of squashed globular beads suggests that the necklace elements may have been in circulation for a considerable time before they were deposited in the grave. Recent research by Woodward and Hunter (2015, 466) suggests that spacer plate necklaces have an overall chronology of 2190-1780 cal BC. The example from Upton Lovell G2e is associated with a Grape Cup (WILT/60) likely to be later in date (probably at the end of the cup tradition 78

Associations and Chronology – see below) and Wimbourne St Giles G8 (DORS/11) is a cup which appears to be an attempt to copy an Aldbourne cup (also probably later in date). Jet V-bored buttons Shepherd (2009) produced a corpus of almost 400 jet buttons and created a typology based upon their form. He divided them into nine different types, which he proposed could be more broadly grouped into conical or concave-conical forms. Types 3a and b, 4 and 9 are found predominantly in Yorkshire and Wessex (with type 3b being particular to Wessex). Types 1, 5, 6a and b and 8 are found mainly Yorkshire and Northern Britain, with Type 2 having a broader distribution. There are two Type 2 buttons from Wessex associated with cups (Aldbourne IVc WILT/5 and 6 and Wilsford G50a WILT/66), with further clusters in Yorkshire and Derbyshire. The earliest examples are larger and found in Yorkshire and are manufactured from jet, probably obtained locally from Whitby. Later examples tend to be smaller and are found in Wessex, making use of local materials (such as Kimmeridge Shale), probably in imitation of jet. Bone examples, such as that from Bromham G2e (WILT/27), are known, although they are rare. More recently a conical amber button was found with an unusual triple miniature Food Vessel (KENT/12) associated with the crouched inhumation of a female (Andrews et al. 2015, 50-51). Thread wear analysis (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 153) indicates these items were probably used as buttons, often enhanced by polish and occasionally by incised decoration, sewn onto garments, and were ‘valued as dress accessories with long life spans’ (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 155). Shepherd also suggested that they may have functioned either as fasteners for pouches or clothing or as part of necklaces, noting that where v-bored buttons are found with spacer plate necklaces they are invariably of the smaller Type 2 (Shepherd 2009, 340, 346-347). Most of the Type 2 and 8 buttons are associated with female burials. The bone button from Park of Tongland (D&G/15) is considered below. Labrets/studs This type of artefact seems to be associated with Collared Urn burials, having a distribution focussed mainly on East Anglia and adjacent areas and with outliers in Wiltshire, Dorset, along the Pennines and across Yorkshire (Sheridan et al. 2016, 124). Most known examples are from funerary contexts and, where sex has been determined, there appears to be a female bias. However, caution is needed as the sex of only six out of thirty-six burial associations has been positively identified as female (Sheridan et al. 2016, 130-137). Cremated bone found with a pair of pottery studs at Brenig 44, Clwyd associated with a small Group 3 cup (CLWYD/2), gave a C14 date of 2030-1750 cal BC (Sheridan et al. 2016: 182) and the wooden studs from the Whitehorse Hill cist were dated to 2210-1980 cal BC. Other dates cluster around 1900-1600 cal BC, and it is evident that there is a long history of use for these artefacts (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 465). They were almost certainly body ornaments for which there are various modern and ethnographic examples (Sheridan et al. 2016, 127). To date, there are only four examples of studs being associated with cups. These are from Brenig 44 (CLWYD/2) already mentioned above, Manton/Preshute G1a (WILT/39 and 40), Gawsworth 79

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age (CHES/13), and Stanton Moor (DER/10) although it is possible that this may partially be due to differential preservation/survival of organic materials. All these examples were made of ceramic and in this context the wooden examples from Whitehorse Hill, where preservation conditions were unusual, should serve to remind us that the practice of piercing was probably far more common than the few finds suggest (Sheridan et al. 2016, 117-145). Bone (Table 6.2) Cup Association Dagger Pommels Belt Hooks Pins Buttons Toggles Beads Beaver Incisors Hammer

Southern England 3 2 5 1 2 1

Northern England 1 1 10 1 2 -

Scotland

Wales

Total

2 1 1 -

1 1 1

4 3 18 3 4 1 2 1

Table 6.2 Bone artefacts associated with cups.

Dagger pommels Few pommels have been found with cups. The one from Manton/Preshute G1a (WILT/39 and 40) was complete, as was the example from Winterbourne Stoke G9 (WILT/78), whereas that from Winwick a (CHES/10) seems to have been deliberately broken, with only half of the original found with the burial. Other examples also seem to have been deliberately broken prior to deposition, for example that found at Merddyn Gwyn, Pentraeth, Anglesey (Lynch 1970, fig 52). Pommels are mostly made of ‘bone-like material’ with a number identified as ‘cetacean’ (Woodward et al. 2015, 48). O’Connor (Woodward et al. 2015, 53) suggests that whilst red deer antlers would have been in plentiful supply there seems to have been a ‘preferential selection of cetacean bone’ perhaps as an especially exotic material. Some pommels, typically Group 5 types, are further enhanced by the addition of either sheet gold or gold pins, and seem to be objects requiring considerable skill and expertise to manufacture. The Manton/Preshute G1a pommel (WILT/39 and 40) is made of amber and classed as a Group 3 pommel (Woodward et al. 2015, 45-6). Needham suggests that this group spans Period 3 and 4 of his metalwork phases. Almost all the pommels found show signs of ancient damage with some, including that from Manton/Preshute G1a (WILT/39 and 40), having been reworked or reused. Pommels have also been found as single items unattached to a dagger. They are generally associated with male burials, although care needs to be taken with this association as it is not certain how far this is based upon modern osteological analysis. There is only one pommel recorded as being associated with a northern English cup, namely the Group 2 cup from Shaw Cairn (GRM/6). This was also associated with the cremated remains of a male and a radiocarbon date of 3625±35 BP (c.2050-1890 cal BC SUERC-30670) (inf A 80

Associations and Chronology Sheridan). There are no pommels recorded in association with Scottish or Welsh cups despite pommels and cups being recovered from different burials at sites such as Bedd Branwen on Anglesey (Lynch 1971; 1991, 159-169). Belt hooks Only two examples of belt hooks have been found with cups – Norton Bavant Borrow Pit (WILT/43) and Stanbury (YKW/6). The latest research indicates that they had a currency starting around 1930 cal BC and lasting until 1620 cal BC, with a wide geographic distribution (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 464). Most of the extant belt hooks are made from bone, apart from one bronze example found at Wilsford G23 and one of gold from Bush Barrow. They are mostly associated with male burials (Sheridan 2007 b, 112). The Norton Bavant Borrow Pit (WILT/43) belt hook was apparently damaged prior to deposition. At Stanbury, in addition to the cup (YKW/7), the bone belt hook was found with the cremation deposit of a young male, three Collared Urns, a stone battle-axe, a pin and a pair of copper alloy earrings. Two radiocarbon dates were obtained for the Stanbury assemblage which result in a weighted mean of 1960–1780 cal BC (95.4% probability) (Richardson and Vyner 2011). Other examples are generally classed as worn, and similarities between them has led to the suggestion that they may have been manufactured by one individual or craft workshop. Furthermore, some may have been made from human femurs (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 56-8). Dates of associated material ‘place the graves containing belt hooks firmly within the mature Early Bronze Age period’, a conclusion confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Norton Bavant, Fan Foel, Stanbury and Bargrennan Farm (Richardson and Vyner 2011; Sheridan 2007 b: 114). Pins Bone points or pins are found in a number of Early Bronze Age burials, often with younger individuals. They appear to be primarily associated with female cremations, although some have been found with male burials and with inhumations (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 97). They are most commonly associated with Collared Urns although a number have been found with cups, for example at Stanton Harcourt (OXFO/8), Aldbourne I (WILT/1), Betchton (CHES/8), Gopher Wood (WILT/36) and Great Shefford (BERK/6). At Tyning’s Farm (SOME/35) three bone pins/points were found together. Analysis of the methods of manufacture and types of bone used led Woodward and Hunter (2015, 102) to conclude that ‘the material selected for the manufacture of bone points was highly standardised, and this standardisation occurred throughout the country’. Placement of the pins in relation to the body also led them to suggest that there may have been a change in how the pins were used, from employment as tools during the Beaker period, when they are found near the pelvis, to personal ornaments or dress fastenings in the Early Bronze Age when they are found near the head or shoulder of the deceased. However, when found with cremations they may also have been used as fasteners for organic containers holding the calcined bone. There are 10 instances of bone pins associated with cups in northern England. Four bone pins were associated with the cup from Western Howes Central (YKN/97), and the Aldro cup (YKN/9) was found with two bone pins, a cremation deposit, an oak receptacle and lid, and 81

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age three burnt flint chips. At the Todmorden ring cairn, two out of the four cups recovered from the cairn (YKW/8 and10) were associated with bone pins. The Group 3 cup from Ford Etal Moor (NLAND/7) is a firing waster and was found with a burnt bone pin and the Group 1 miniature Collared Urn from Holystone Common (NLAND/10), which appears to have been re-fired, was found with a cremation deposit of an adolescent, a Collared Urn, a bone pin and two flints. Overall, the association of bone pins with cups from northern England is with Group 2 cups accounting for 7 out of the 10 instances. These include Saintoft (YKN/77), Stanbury (YKW/7) and Guisborough (YKN/43). Probably the most unusual association is that of a Group 4 cup from 6m N of Pickering (YKN/69) which was found with a pin made from ivory (Smith 1994:121). Bone pins are associated with two cups in Scotland, The Group 2 Cup from Marchhouse (AYRE/1) and the Group 3 cup from Brackmont Mill (FIFE/1) associated with two pins. The smaller of the two pins was made from a bird femur and the larger is a ‘skewer’ pin of a type with both Grooved Ware and Early Bronze Age associations. The Marchhouse grave contained a Collared Urn and a copper alloy awl as well as the pin which was also of skewer type. There is only one instance of a cup being associated with a bone pin in Wales, the Group 1 miniature Food Vessel from Moel Fammau, Llanferes (CLWYD/5). The pin is more strictly speaking a needle with a well-formed eye in one end. Buttons Bone buttons are rare associations with cups but a flat polygonal button was found with the Collared Urn and Group 3 cup from Park of Tongland (D&G/15). Similar ‘discs’ have been recorded with other Collared Urns in Scotland (McLellan 1992, 319.). In northern England, there is only one instance of a cup-bone button association and that is at Carrier’s Croft, Pendleton where a lozenge-shaped button was found with a cup of unknown type (LANCS/7) and the cremation deposit of a young child. In southern England, the V-perforated bone button from Bromham G2e (WILT/26) has already been mentioned above. In addition, a possible bone button in the form of a bone disc with a single near central perforation was recovered from Grave 919 at Radley and was associated with a Group 1 miniature Beaker (OXFO/1). Toggles Toggles are small lengths of circular-sectioned bone with a loop, hole or groove midway along their length. The toggle fragment from Mains of Carnousie was associated with a Collared Urn and a finely decorated Group 2 cup (ABER/10) showing traces of firing damage. The toggle has a thickened centre, central perforation then narrows slightly before ending in a collar. A very similar toggle was associated with a Collared Urn and three bone pin fragments at Ewanrigg in Cumbria (Bewley et al. 1992). In Wales, a ‘pin’ associated with the two cups from Flagstaff Quarry (GWYN/14 and 15) is now lost but the description of a hole midway along the length of the shaft is more in keeping with a toggle than a pin (Lynch 1991, 193). Toggles have also been found in Beaker graves such as that from Barnack in Cambridgeshire (Donaldson 1977) and in Food Vessel graves in Yorkshire including the tripartite vase from Rudston 138 and the Yorkshire Vase from Garton Slack C62 also associated with a Group 3 cup 82

Associations and Chronology (YKE/13) (Simpson 1968). A bone toggle was found with a large intricately decorated Group 2 cup at Waddington Pinder Hill (LANCS/8) along with an inverted Collared Urn, a cremation deposit and two flint tools whilst a segmented toggle was found at Western Howes Central (YKN/97) where it was associated with cremation deposit, 4 bone pins and a granite battle-axe. Beads These are rare partly due to preservation conditions as well as their chances of survival in pyroritual environments, nevertheless an elongated bead was found with the Group 1 miniature Food Vessel from Sutton 268’ (GLAM/5) which was also associated with a rivetted knife-dagger. The bead is simple and tubular. Beaver teeth Beaver teeth have been found in sepulchral contexts since the Middle Neolithic (Kinnes 1979). They have been identified in a number of Early Bronze Age graves and it is possible that they may have attracted attention due, in part, to their distinctive colour and tend to be found associated with other unusual items, such as pieces of stalactite or fossil shells (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 146). Beaver incisors were found at two sites associated with cups, Amesbury G61a (WILT/14) and Winterbourne Stoke G8 (WILT/76). The incisor associated with WILT/14 was found against the side of the vessel with beads and cowrie shells nearby (Ashbee 1984:73) and it is possible that these and the ones from Winterbourne Stoke G8 originally formed part of composite necklaces. Hammers See below, stone and flint. Stone and Flint (Table 6.3) Cup Association Whetstones Battle Axe/Axe Hammer Hammerstone Arrow Smoothers Flint Arrowheads Flint Scraper Flint Knife

Southern England 5 1

Northern England 1 4

1 2 4 8

Scotland

Wales

Total

1

-

6 6

-

1 -

1

2 1

1 5 3

2 -

1 1 -

4 12 11

Table 6.3 Lithic artefacts associated with cups.

Whetstones Whetstones are found at five sites associated with cups, Harlyn III (CORN/9), Norton Bavant Borrow Pit (WILT/43), Winterbourne Stoke G8 (WILT/76) (which has an awl and 83

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age two whetstones), Stanton Harcourt (OXFO/8) and Camerton (SOME/2), all associated with Camerton-Snowshill daggers. They are generally made from fine-grained sedimentary rock ideal for use in sharpening metal tools (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 76 and 82). The examples from Norton Bavant Borrow Pit, Camerton and Stanton Harcourt are all perforated, presumably for suspension as they show evidence of thread-wear. In northern England, a whetstone was found with the Middleton and Smerrill cup (DER/9), some animal teeth, flint and a bronze pin placed on top of a Collared Urn. Evidence of use is found on all examples and has been described as ‘marked and extensive’ (Woodward and Hunter 2015, 79). The two examples from Winterbourne Stoke G8 (WILT/76), neither of which are perforated, are made of different materials and are of slightly different shapes, and it is of note that these were the only examples found with awls. Battle axes There is only one southern example of a stone battle axe found with a cup, at Avebury G23c (WILT/17). Roe (1966: 224) argued that it belonged to the Wessex I phase (as defined by Piggott 1938) due to its association with a Grape Cup and its typologically early form. There are four stone battle-axes associated with cups in northern England at Loose Howe (YKN/61), Western Howes Central (YKN/97), Doncaster (YKS/4) and Stanbury (YKW/7) where they have been deposited with other personal or martial artefacts. Three of the battle-axes are made of stone, however the implement from Western Howes Central was made of granite which does not occur locally. A battle axe was also recovered from Cairnderry and was associated with a Collared Urn and a Group 2 cup (D&G/3). The battle axe was made of granodiorite, had a slightly expanded blade and a squared off butt and is of Roe’s (1979) intermediate type. It can be dated to c. 1850-1650 cal BC (3450±40 BP – GrA-26605. Sheridan 2007d). Hammers Two objects described as ‘hammers’ (one of red deer antler the other of stone) were found sideby-side with the cremated remains of an adult male at Lambourn (BERK/4 and 5) (Greenwell 1890: 60). They had not been affected by heat and so were clearly not involved in the cremation process itself. An unelaborate sandstone hammerstone was recovered from Stoneyburn Farm associated with the cremated remains of a female, a Group 2 cup (LANS/7) and four faience beads. It was associated with a radiocarbon date of 3450±50 BP (1890-1622 cal BC (95.4%) GU3260). Arrowshaft smoothers Two arrowshaft smoothers, sandstone rectangles each with a worn central groove were recovered from richly furnished cremation at Breach Farm (GLAM/4) the arrowheads from which will be discussed below.

84

Associations and Chronology Flint arrowheads Cup-arrowhead associations are comparatively rare. There are only two examples of cups associated with barbed and tanged arrowheads in southern England, one of which was the burial with a Grape Cup at Alton Parva/Figheldean (WILT/8) which produced two barbed and tanged arrowheads and was also associated with a flat rivetted knife-dagger and a male inhumation. The other example, with a Group 2 vessel from Eddisbury/Manley (CHES/15) produced two or three arrowheads with a scraper, fragments of a flint knife and a copper alloy awl. There is only one cup–arrowhead association from northern England found at Sheffield Crookes where an undecorated Group 2 cup (YKS/5) was found with a cremation deposit, two Collared Urns, a tanged bronze knife-razor and a leaf-shaped arrowhead typical of the Early Neolithic. The arrowhead had been placed with the cup and knife-razor inside a Collared Urn with the other Collared Urn acting as a cover. One interpretation of this must be that the arrowhead had been included as a novelty item as curation for over one and a half millennia seems unlikely. There are no cup – arrowhead associations from Scotland and the only example from Wales is the Group 2 vessel from Breach Farm (GLAM/4) mentioned above. Thirteen barbed and tanged arrowheads, two of Green Low and 11 of Conygar type, were associated with three bifacial triangular points, three bifacial oval implements, one scraper and one plano-convex knife. Green Low type arrowheads have generally Beaker associations whilst the Conygar type are almost exclusively Food Vessel associated (Green 1980). Scrapers As with other flint implements, scrapers are rarely associated with cups and there are only four instances in southern England. At Old Hunstanton a scraper was associated with a Group 2 vessel (NORF/12), a Collared Urn and the cremated remains of a young female. At Olchon Court, a Group 3 vessel (HERF/1) was associated with a multiple cremation, a scraper and a plano-convex knife. At Dedham, a Group 3 cup (ESSE/1) was associated with a scraper and fire-reddened pebbles and at Eddisbury/Manley, Glead Hill Cobb the Group 2 cup (CHES/15) as associated with a scraper, arrowheads and a knife as already mentioned. There are five flint scraper-cup associations from northern England and these are Doll Tor cups (DER/4 and 5), Stanton Moor (DER/17), Three Howes Central (YKN/91) and Thornton in Craven (YKN/93). There is no pattern to the type of cup deposited with the flintwork as the Doll Tor cup DER/4 is a Group 1 miniature Food Vessel, the Stanton Moor Cup belongs to Group 2, Three Howes Central and Doll Tor (DER/5) are Group 3 cups and the biconical Thornton in Craven cup, with its base diameter of 147mm, represents the widest cup in the northern England assemblage. In Scotland, scrapers were found with the Group 2 cup at Low Glengyre (D&G/9) and with the group 1 miniature Food Vessel at Whitestanes Moor (D&G/19) with a cremation deposit possibly representing a young female. In Wales, the only scraper association was at Breach Farm (GLAM/4) already mentioned above. 85

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Flint knives Flint knives were found in some of the assemblages already discussed at Cossington (LEIC/2), Eddisbury/Manley, Glead Hill Cobb (CHES/15) and Gawsworth (CHES/13), and scrapers at Old Hunstanton (NORF/14), Olchon Court (HERF/1), Dedham (ESSE/1) and Eddisbury/Manley, Glead Hill Cobb (CHES/15). Plano-convex knives (associated closely with Food Vessels – Clark 1932: 158-62) were found at Olchon Court Cairn (HERF/1) and Cossington (LEIC/2), whilst a fabricator was found at Stanton Harcourt (OXFO/8) with a ‘package’ of other items including a bronze dagger, bronze awl, one bone pin and the head of a second, an amber bead, a fossil sponge bead, a stone whetstone and a scrap of animal horn. Three flint knives have been found in northern England with the cups from Stanton Moor (DER/17), Garton Slack (YKE/11) and Acklam Wold (YKN/2). The Stanton Moor knife was accompanied the cremation deposit of a young male with a Collared Urn, a scraper and flakes. At Garton Slack, the flint knife formed part of a larger package of grave goods, namely a Group 1 miniature Food Vessel cup, an adult inhumation, a small ceramic disc with two perforations, the scapula of a pig, two yellow quartz pebbles, two lumps of yellow ochre and portions of two boars’ tusks. A small black flint knife was found at Acklam Wold where it was associated with an inhumation and a Group 1 Miniature Food Vessel (YKN/2). There are no flint knives recorded Cups in Scotland and only one instance in Wales, associated with the Group 3 cup from Ynys Hir (POWYS/5) also associated with anthracite beads and a cremation deposit representing a young person. Other Associations Tuyères Items specifically associated with the metalworking process are very rare, although a possible tuyère was found associated with a cup at Gawsworth (CHES/13). This may be paralleled by an object described as a ‘connecting rod’ for use in association with a composite tuyère found at Ewanrigg in Cumbria, also in association with a cup of unusual form (CUM/5) (Bewley et al. 1992: 346). Stone bowls The stone bowl from Cossington is the only currently-known example found alongside a burial with a cup (LEIC/2). Very few parallels exist, although the split flint nodules, possibly serving as cups or small bowls, from the ‘Shaman’ burial at Upton Lovell G2a (Piggott 1962: 93) and the marcasite cup from Simondston Cairn in the Vale of Glamorgan (Fox 1959: 82, plate 26) may provide suitable analogies. The Cossington stone bowl was found to have been carved from a piece of local sandstone and is decorated with small V-shaped incisions similar to the decoration on the enlarged Food Vessel with which it was found (Thomas 2008: 29). The cup is similar in its size and crudeness to many of the chalk ‘cups’ which are, of course usually found in Neolithic and Bronze Age contexts (Gibson 2008a, 85-88.)

86

Associations and Chronology In this context attention should be drawn to the decorated sandstone cup from West Yarrows (HIGH/2). Although from a chambered tomb, the stratigraphy of the find is uncertain and mention of a perforated axe-hammer in closed proximity to the cup may suggest secondary insertion. Other stone associations include the quern fragments and the cup-marked stone sealed beneath a hearth associated with sherds of a cup from Oversley Farm (CHES/1). Leather and fabric The Whitehorse Hill cist, its contents preserved in the peat, has conclusively demonstrated that fragile organic materials were also deposited in Bronze Age graves (Jones 2016). There are hints from the burials associated with cups that this was a widespread practice. In the Cumbrian uplands at Coniston Banniside Moor, an undecorated Group 3 cup (CUM/3) was found in a Collared Urn along with the cremated remains of a two to three year-old child, the skull, probably of a female and a fragment of woollen material. Fragments of skin or leather were associated with a Group 1 miniature Food Vessel and a cremation deposit possibly representing a young female at Whitestanes Moor (D&G/19). A flint scraper, perhaps for leatherworking, was also associated. Some fabric, possibly wool, was also associated with the small Group 3 cup from Ynys Hir (POWYS/5) also associated with two fusiform beads and a flint knife. All from upland areas with anaerobic preservation conditions, these organic finds hint at the lost elements of Bronze Age burials. The only record of any organics from southern England is of ‘hair’, possibly from eyebrows, recorded at Winterslow Hutchin’s Bell Barrow (WILT/73). Fossils In southern England fossils often appear to be perforated and utilized as beads incorporated into composite necklaces. At Manton/Preshute G1a (WILT/39 and 40) a fossil encrinite bead, was associated with a Group 4 Grape Cup and a fossil crinoid and cowrie shells were recorded at Amesbury G61a (WILT/14). A fossilized sponge bead was associated with a Fenestrated Cup at Stanton Harcourt (OXFO/8). Other examples include a fossil encrinite bead and a fossil bivalve at Aldbourne IVc (WILT/5 and 6), two cylindrical beads from fossil encrinites Wilsford G7 (WILT/67), three fossil encrinoid stems at Avebury G55 (WILT/20), ‘fossils’ recorded at Bulford 72e (WILT/8) and a fossil rhynocella (scallop) and stalactite fragment from Winterbourne Stoke G8 (WILT/76). There may also have been fossil encrinites at Upton Pyne (DEVO/3), again probably with a composite necklace. Most recently at least one fossil crinoid bead has been noted at Chilcompton b (SOME/8). Other than the encrinite bead associated with FIFE/3, the only record of a fossil association in Scotland is from Hill of Keir (ABER/8). The small Group 1 miniature Food Vessel is recorded as having been found with a fossil ammonite but as the vessel was a stray find, the association cannot be regarded as secure.

87

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Absolute chronology Introduction Radiocarbon dates associated with cups are comparatively few and many are of dubious quality. This is doubtless due to their frequent, but not exclusive, association with cremated remains which were often regarded as of little value by antiquarians, in the days before forensic anthropology, and may therefore have been discarded. Furthermore, it must also be considered that some cremation deposits may have become compromised during their longterm curation through various means such as mixing, mis-labelling and separation from their associated artefacts. Additionally, many cups were excavated and published long before the comparatively recent development of techniques that have enabled the dating of calcined bone (Lanting and Brindley 1998). Many cups have been dated from charcoal, sometimes unidentified bulk samples, sometimes oak, and so may suffer from the old wood effect producing radiocarbon date ranges that are older than the event that they are intended to date. In the case of bulk samples, some charcoal may be intrusive and neither associated with the cup nor the burial. Some excellent quality dates do, however, exist particularly in Scotland where some older finds have been dated comparatively recently largely thanks to the National Museums of Scotland Dating Cremated Bone Project. As Sheridan has observed for Scottish Beaker dates, the total corpus of dates for cups comprises “the good, the bad and the ugly” (Sheridan 2007c). The Corpus (Table 6.4) There are 72 radiocarbon dates associated with cups (Table 6.4), 47 from associated human bone, 24 derived from charcoal and one derived from animal bone (Bos molar – OxA-3761: Easton Down WILT/34). The dates were calibrated using OxCal 4.4 (Bronk-Ramsey 2021) using INTCAL20 (Reimer et al. 2020). When all are plotted (Figure 6.1) they cluster between 2500-1500 cal BC in keeping with the datable artefact associations. All date ranges quoted in the tables and in the subsequent text are at 95.4% probability unless otherwise stated. There are however dates that appear to lie outside of the general distribution. HAR-5259 was derived from charcoal and calibrates to 2877-2472 cal BC. It was associated with a miniature Beaker bowl (Highfield Lane, CHES/9) and the date is clearly too early for this type of pottery (Parker Pearson et al. 2109) and it has been left out of subsequent models. HAR-9143, associated with a Group 1 miniature Collared Urn from Field Farm (BERK/7) was also derived from charcoal but calibrates to 1259 – 912 cal BC and is clearly too late for this style of pottery (c.2140 – 1500 BC: Law 2008, 46). The dates from Eastling Down (KENT/16) (Beta-130971 and Beta-141268) are also problematical. It is uncertain with which date the miniature Food Vessel is associated. In terms of date, Beta-141268 (1957-1628 cal BC) would appear to be the more accurate but the cup was deemed to have been associated with the lower, and thus earlier burial, which, despite its stratigraphy, returned a date range of 1518 – 1235 cal BC (Beta-130971). This lies beyond the end of Food Vessel currency (c.1905-1740 cal BC. Wilkin 2013, 40). The danger here is reinterpreting the stratigraphy to choose the date that fits so both have been excluded from subsequent models. HAR-8370 from Buckskin (HAMP/1) was from the postring of the barrow and not directly associated with the cup and so this date has also been excluded. OxA-1875 from Radley Barrow Hills (OXFO/2) dates to 2862-2211 cal BC. It was associated with a Group 88

Associations and Chronology

A&B/2

Balloch Hill

2

HAR-1902

3360

70

Charcoal

Calibrated Range BC (95%) 1878 – 1498

ABER/1

Balnakettle

2

GrA-19984

3530

50

Crem bone

2019 – 1698

Corpus No. A&B/4

Site Name

Kentraw

Group

3

Lab No

GU-2189

Date BP

±

3510

50

Material

Bone

2020 – 1691

ABER/10

Mains of Carnousie

2

GrA-19049

3520

45

Crem bone

2008 – 1697

ANG/4

Fordhouse

3

SUERC-2721

3510

35

Crem bone

1935 – 1742

BERK/2

Charnham Lane

4

BM-2737

3360

40

Charcoal

1744 – 1533

ANG/5 & 6 BERK/7

Gilchorn Farm a & b Field Farm

2 1 CU

GrA-23999 HAR-9143

3465 2890

40 60

Crem bone Charcoal

1891 – 1641 1259 – 912

CAMB/23

Hermitage Farm

1 CU

BM-2497

3360

50

Charcoal

1862 – 1510

CAMB/23

Hermitage Farm

1 CU

OxA-8791

3420

45

Bone

1881 – 1612

CHES/1

Oversley Farm

Frags

Beta-133367

3650

50

Charcoal

2120 – 1959

CHES/9

Highfield Lane East

HAR-5259

4090

80

Charcoal

2877 – 2472

CHES/11 CLWYD/2 CLWYD/2 CORN/10

Winwick b Brenig 44 Brenig 44

2

1B 3 3

Treligga

1 Trv

CORN/2

Colliford

1 FV

CORN/6

Crig a Mennis

CORN/3 CUM/5

D&G/15

Davidstow Moor Ewanrigg

Park of Tongland

1 CU 2

1B 3

D&G/3

Cairnderry

2

DEVO/3

Upton Pyne

1Trv

DEVO/1

Broad Down/Farway 21

4

HAR-5258 HAR-503

GrA-22970 HAR-810

3390 3230 3550 3380

70 70 50 80

Crem bone Charcoal

Crem bone Charcoal

1881 – 1514 1686 – 1311 2027 – 1746 1886 – 1501

HAR-2991

3580

80

Charcoal

2192 – 1696

NPL-193

3515

90

Charcoal

2133 – 1614

HAR 6635

HAR-5959 GU-2379

3580 3640 3480

70 90 50

Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal

2136 – 1744 2285 – 1750 1935 – 1638

GrA-26605

3450

40

Crem bone

1881 – 1634

SUERC-39125

3220

30

Bone

1533 – 1427

Wk-20899

3523

34

Crem bone

1944 – 1747

DYFED/10

Fan Barrow Cup 4

2

SUERC-40799

3630

35

Crem bone

2133 – 1892

DYFED/17

Fan Barrow Cup 1

1 FV

SUERC-40800

3505

35

Crem bone

1930 – 1701

DYFED/19

Fan Barrow Cup 3

1 FV

SUERC-40798

3575

35

Crem bone

2030 – 1776

DYFED/18

Fan Barrow Cup 2

FIFE/10

Straiton Quarry

FIFE/7

Craigdhu

GLAM/4

Breach Farm

GLAM/4 GRM/4

GLOC/1 GRM/6

GWYN/7 GWYN/7 HAMP/1

HAMP/6 KENT/12 KENT/16

1 FV

3620

35

Crem bone

2131 – 1887

SUERC-2015

3570

40

Crem bone

2030 – 1773

1 FV

GrA-23991

3600

40

Crem bone

2128 – 1781

2

GrA-19964

3520

60

Bone

2026 – 1688

Breach Farm

2

GrA-20601

3530

60

Bone

2030 – 1691

Irwell

3

SUERC-4455

3495

40

Bone

1931 – 1693

Guiting Power Shaw Cairn

Bedd Branwen Bedd Branwen

3

SUERC-40802

3 2 3 3

Buckskin

Frags

Eastling Down (lower)

1 FV

Portsdown/Southwick Hill East Kent Access Road

4 4

RCD-726

SUERC-30670 BM-453

GrA-19657 HAR-8370 BM-1119

SUERC-40721 Beta-130971

89

3560 3625 3324 3600

60 35 80 60

3590

100

3505

35

3009 3140

57 60

Charcoal Crem bone Charcoal

Crem bone Charcoal Bone Bone Bone

2125 – 1740 2131 – 1890 1872 – 1439 2138 – 1771

2276 – 1641 1412 – 1056 1930 – 1701 1518 – 1235

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

KENT/16

Eastling Down (upper burial)

1 FV

Beta-141268

3490

60

Bone

Calibrated Range BC (95%) 1957 – 1628

LANCS/1

Astley Hall Farm

1 CU

SUERC-4452

3390

40

Bone

1869 – 1542

LANCS/2

Bleasdale

2

SUERC C-7286

3615

35

Charcoal

2128 – 1886

LANCS/4

Darwen

3

SUERC-4464

3480

35

Bone

1896 – 1690

LANS/7

Stoneyburn Farm

3

GU-3260

3450

50

Charcoal

1890 – 1622

LINC/28

Stainsby

4

GrA-28610

3345

35

Crem bone

1738 – 1532

LINC/28

Stainsby

4

GrA-28609

3330

35

Crem bone

1731 – 1515

LINC/28

Stainsby

4

GrA-28607

3305

35

Crem bone

1681 – 1501

MOR/1

Lesmurdie

1 FV

GrA-24854

3410

45

Crem bone

1879 – 1545

NLAND/14

Newton

1 FV

GU-1340

3635

120

Charcoal

2433 – 1645

OXFO/1

Barrow Hills Radley a

1B

OxA-1874

3930

80

Bone

2662 – 2145

OXFO/2

Barrow Hills Radley b

1 CU

OxA-1875

3990

80

Bone

2862 – 2211

OXFO/5

1 CdU

OxA-1872

3450

80

Bone

1954 – 1536

P&K/1

Barrow 12 Barrow Hills,Radley Doune

1 FV

SUERC-2869

3400

35

Bone

1872 – 1547

P&K/2

Gairneybank Farm

1 FV

GU-1118

3470

80

Bone

2019 – 1544

SOME/7

Chilcompton a

1 CU

SUERC-19889

3465

30

Bone

1884 – 1691

SOME/8

Chilcompton b

2

SUERC-19895

3445

30

Bone

1880 – 1640

WILT/13

Amesbury G61a

2

GrA-24835

3365

40

Crem bone

1746 – 1532

WILT/13

Amesbury G61a

2

HAR-6225

3550

80

Charcoal

2136 – 1645

WILT/34

Easton Down

3

OxA-3761

3860

60

Bos molar

2473 – 2142

WILT/42

Milton Lilbourne

1 FV

HAR-6456

3420

80

Charcoal

1925 – 1518

WILT/43

Norton Bavant

3

BM-2909

3410

35

Bone

1874 – 1615

WILT/91

Amesbury Solstice Park

3

GrA-22371

3240

40

Crem bone

1612 – 1428

WORC/2

Holt

Garton Slack 40

1 FV

2

BIRM 726

3540

130

Charcoal

2276 – 1533

YKN/89

Staxton Beacon

1 FV

GU-19931

3635

30

Bone

2132 – 1900

YKW/2

Harden Moor

1 CU

BM-2576

3570

50

Charcoal

2113 – 1751

YKW/4

Mitchell Laithes

2

SUERC-21258

3515

30

Crem bone

1928 – 1747

YKW/7

Stanbury

2

SUERC-16360

3555

35

Bone

2021 – 1770

YKW/7

Stanbury

2

OxA-18361

3554

31

Bone

2015 – 1773

Corpus No.

POWYS/1

YKE/11

Site Name

Carneddau

Group

3

Lab No

CAR-1286

OxA-V-2197-51

Date BP

±

3430

3699

70

50

Material

Charcoal

Bone

1919 – 1536

2276 – 1945

Table 6.4 All radiocarbon dates for cups. All bone is human unless otherwise stated. Those highlighted entries have been rejected for reasons stated in the text and are not used in any of the models. B = miniature Beaker. CU -= miniature Collared Urn. CdU = miniature Cordoned Urn. FV = miniature Food Vessel. Trv = miniature Trevisker Urn. Dates calibrated using Oxcal 4.4.3 (Bronk Ramsey 2021 using atmospheric data from Reimer et al. 2020).

90

Associations and Chronology

Figure 6.1 All cup-associated radiocarbon dates (unmodelled).

91

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age 1 miniature Collared Urn and consequently the date is too early and has been removed from subsequent models. Two early dates also need to be mentioned. OxA-1874 (Radley Barrow Hills OXFO/1) was derived from associated human bone and dates to 2662-2154 cal BC and when modelled to 2345-2042 cal BC. The cup is a Group 1 miniature Beaker and was associated with an early low carinated Beaker so the modelled date is consistent with this type of pottery (Needham 2005: Jay et al. 2019). OxA-3761 from the Bos molar from the grave in the ditch of the Easton Down Long Barrow (WILT/34) calibrates to 2473-2142 cal BC and again appears too old although this Group 3 simple cup may compare to some simple Beaker ‘dishes’ similar to that found with (but in a disturbed context) the Group 1 miniature Beakers at Biggar Common (LANS/1-3). Clarke (1970) relates these ‘dishes’ to his AOC group of Beakers which are potentially early but which also persist for a considerable time in the Beaker repertoire. A similar dish was found with some comb-decorated Beaker in a hearth context below the Cop Round Barrow, Bledlow (Gibson 1982, 350). They may also be found, albeit rarely, with Collared Urns (DORS/8, D&G/1) and a similar simply decorated dish from Guiting Power (GLOC/1) has a date of 2125 – 1740 (RCD-726) more in keeping with general cup chronology. As the inclusion of the Easton Down date created poor agreement in the models, and given the possibility that the Bos molar may be residual, it has not been included in the models presented here. Equally, the date of 1412-1056 cal BC (BM-1119) associated with the group 4 cup from Portsdown/Southwick Hill (HAMP/6) gives poor agreement and appears too late and has also been excluded from the models. There are also old radiocarbon dates and dates with margins of error that are unacceptable to modern standards. Sheridan (2007a) following Ashmore (1998) has already drawn attention to the inaccuracy of old radiocarbon dates recommending that their margins of error should be increased. Modern AMS dating is now expected to return margins of error well under 60 years and for this reason, dates with margins of error of 80 or above have been excluded from subsequent models. These dates are mainly from charcoal but also include dates from bone from Barrow Hills, Radley (OXFO/1 – OxA-1874 already discussed, OXFO/5 – HAR-6225) and Gairneybank Farm (P&K/2 – GU-1118). In addition, the charcoal date from Amesbury G61a (WILT/13 – HAR-6225) has been superseded by that from the associated cremation deposit (GrA-24835). The charcoal derived dates from Bedd Branwen (GWYN/7 – BM-453) and Brenig 44 (CLWYD/2 – HAR-503) have similarly been superseded by GrA-19657 and GrA-22970 respectively. Eight cups have more than one radiocarbon date. Of these, Bedd Branwen (GWYN/7), Eastling Down (KENT/16), Brenig 44 (CLWYD/2) and Amesbury G61 (WILT/13) have already been discussed above and one of each pair of dates has been excluded for the reasons already given. Of the others, the miniature Collared Urn from Hermitage Farm (CAMB/23), the Group 2 cup from Breach Farm (GLAM/4), the Group 4 perforated base cup from Stainsby (LINC/28) and the group 3 cup from Stanbury (YKW/7) have had their dates combined to give a weighted mean.

92

Associations and Chronology Modelling cup dates All dates When the problem dates described above are excluded, the model sees cups starting to appear in graves between 2073 – 1964 cal BC and ending between 1606 – 1458 cal BC (Figure 6.2) and the overall agreement of the model is good (Aoverall=77.2). This model suggests that cups were in use for some 350-550 years. Using dates that have only been obtained from the associated bone and cremated bone, the model has only slightly better agreement (Aoverall=77.5) and the beginning and end dates for cup deposition differ only slightly starting at 2086 – 1951 cal BC and ending 1606 – 1441 cal BC. In subsequent analyses, all dates will be used with the exception of the problem dates highlighted in Table 6.4.

Figure 6.2 The currency of cups (refined date list) (Aoverall=78.4)

93

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age The chronology of the groups The cup groups devised here were designed for descriptive purposes only and were never intended to be chronologically significant. Nevertheless, there was a hint in the distribution that suggested that Group 1 vessels may have started earlier (as might be expected with the Beaker associations) and that the exotic Group 4 vessels may have been a later development in keeping with their appearance in rich Bronze Age Wessex Graves. The cups were, therefore, modelled by groups (Figure 6.3) and the model had good overall agreement (Aoverall=76.3). There does seem to be a sequence from Group 1 through to Group 4 although there is clearly a great

Figure 6.3 Cup dates modelled by groups (Aoverall=76.3).

94

Associations and Chronology

Figure 6.4 Cup Group boundaries (Aoverall=76.3).

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

Start (cal BC 95%) 2219 - 1968 2096 – 1888 2079 – 1822 2380 – 1751

End (cal BC 95%) 1608 – 1355 1864 – 1524 1737 – 1449 1726 – 1075

Span (years) 378 – 658 37 – 428 95 – 484 123 – 378

Table 6.5 Date boundaries and spans for cup groups

deal of overlap and, of course, the date ranges may be influenced by the paucity of dates within each group (especially Group 4). When the group boundaries are viewed (Figure 6.4, Table 6.5) the sequence is more apparent as is the relative restricted and short chronology for Group 2 Biconical Cups. Modelling of the dates for Group 1 miniature Collared Urns and Food Vessels to investigate an internal sequence failed to find agreement. There were hints in the data that cups in the North of Britain may have started to appear in graves before those in the South and a model was constructed to test this hypothesis but this also failed to find agreement. Indeed, all models constructed to investigate a regional primacy failed. Summary The relationships between the deceased and the artefacts placed within the grave may be extremely complex (Brück 2004; Fowler 2013). The range of artefacts placed with burials associated with cups has been shown to be very diverse, ranging from items which could be classed as objects of personal adornment, such as necklaces and studs, to those which may be judged as slightly more quotidian, such as bone and flint tools. Grave assemblages made up of diverse artefact types may result from a range of different actions and may represent not only personal identity but also the rites associated with treatment of the dead. Fowler (2015, 105) has recently pointed out that residues left by such activities may be ‘telescoped’ into the archaeological record, leaving us to attempt to recreate the various processes which may have led to any particular assemblage and Brück (2004, 9) also argues that ‘we need to be rather more subtle in our reading of the messages that artefacts give out’. People’s identities are bound up not only with immediate relatives but with other people around them within their 95

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age community and also as part of extended networks. Although Ucko (1969) highlighted some of the dangers in using ethnographic parallels when interpreting grave assemblages, pointing out the highly varied and complex nature of rituals associated with mourning and the burial of the dead, there is no doubt that they provide some insight into the enormous range of practices and beliefs associated with mortuary rites. Items of jewellery are particularly problematic in this respect as demonstrated by the quote at the beginning of this chapter. Identifying female graves simply by the presence of jewellery, as was commonly done in the C19th, does not just reek of sexist stereotyping but can lead to data misinterpretation. Oestigaard (2013: 505/6), for example, records how in Nepalese society status for women is achieved through marriage and if a woman’s husband predeceases her, then she is regarded as having been disobedient to him in some way. She is stigmatized and forced to give up all the items which were given to her by him, including any items of jewellery. These are placed on the pyre with her husband’s body as a means of signifying the end of her former social position. Clearly, we cannot translate this directly to Bronze Age Britain but it serves as an illustration of the complexities of human rituals. Many items and artefacts may be old, used and even broken at the time of deposition which may have a chronological implication, but also serves to demonstrate the extended currency of artefacts within prehistory. The modification of beads in composite necklaces, for example, may illustrate the ‘value’ of the artefact stemming from the material from which it was made, or the human-associated history or indeed ‘magic’ with which it was endowed. The combination of these considerations may import a biography or specialness to the artefact but we must also not forget human fickleness. When discussing a fine composite necklace with a Maasai herdsman in 2008 one of us (AG) noted a lion’s tooth taking a prominent position. Was it the first lion kill? A right of passage? No. He found it. The ring-pull from a soft-drinks can was also included amongst the ‘beads’ and this was ‘for fun’. We must be careful not to overinterpret these recycled objects. Furthermore, the artefacts found in graves were placed there by third parties and may not, in all cases, have belonged to the deceased. In such cases, the grave goods may say more about these third parties than the person buried. As by no means all people in the Bronze Age warranted formal burial as we know it, those placed in a hole in the ground, whether inhumed or cremated, articulated or disarticulated, complete of fragmentary, multiple or individual may have themselves been special, even dedicatory (Gibson 2016) and the artefacts with which they were associated may also have played a special part in this group activity of structured deposition. This is not to dismiss the presence of richly-furnished individuals (Bush Barrow for example) but to advocate an open mind against the over-simplistic interpretation of grave goods. A conclusion that can be drawn from the analysis of burial ritual and associations is that cups are sepulchral ceramics in their own right and need not be accessory to other larger ceramic traditions. Furthermore, they appear to be associated with both sexes and all age groups. The range of artefacts with which they are associated is exactly comparable to those associated with Food Vessels and Collared Urns so that cups play an integral part in the suite of sepulchral artefacts. There are hints too of organic associations suggesting that some graves may have

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Associations and Chronology been more richly furnished than they appear some 4000 years later: the Whitehorse Hill cist being an excellent and salutary example (Jones 2016). With regard to the absolute chronology, whilst it is fully acknowledged that absolute dates for cups are few given their frequent occurrence in graves and their national distribution, some trends can still be identified. The dates for cups can be clearly established and agree with those derived from the associated artefacts. They seem to have been in use for under 500 years and can be assigned a rounded date range of 2000-1500 cal BC in all regions. The Groups used here were not intended to be chronologically significant, rather they were employed as descriptive shorthands, but nevertheless they do seem to have a chronological significance with a sequence starting from Group 1 to Group 4 though with considerable overlap in their periods of currency. The primacy of miniature Beakers, Food Vessels and Urns agrees with the observations of Brindley (2007) for the Irish material although this study involved far fewer dates than available to the present writers. There does seem to be a development within the British corpus with Group 2 biconicals appearing shortly after the initial miniaturisation of Group 1 vessels though the latter continued in use. The fine geometric and zoned decoration on the finer Group 2 cups may well derive directly from Beakers and Food Vessels. Interestingly, this group appears to have been the shortest lived of the four with a date span of 37 – 329 years. The exotic Group 4 vessels may represent the developmental apotheosis of Cups and many utilise Group 2 biconical forms but this observation must remain tentative pending more dates from different regions of Britain: their lateness in the radiocarbon sequence may be influenced by the fact that all dates are from Southern England. All types of cup seem to have been in contemporary use throughout Britain.

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Chapter 7

Cups: An Overview Over 770 small Bronze Age ceramic vessels have been recovered from funerary, ritual and domestic contexts in Britain. They are the survivors. While some have doubtless been discovered, discarded and discounted, others remain to be found not just in the ground but, perhaps, still languishing in private collections as, for example was the cup from Chollerford (NLAND/3) that was believed to be a Roman vessel due to the proximity of its findspot to Hadrian’s Wall. On the other hand the stone examples from Scotland and the potential wooden example from Petersfield testify that funerary cups may well have existed in other media. They are distributed widely over Britain, although their paucity in the West Midlands is interesting and may be the result of a number of factors such as urbanisation, intensive agriculture or even afforestation and perhaps exacerbated by the lack of an antiquarian tradition in the Midlands generally. Some may have been deliberately or accidentally destroyed after being unearthed and the fate of one of the cups from Gilchorn (ANG/6) is a salutary reminder of country superstitions lasting into the C20th. The cup had been thrown into the fire by the farmer’s wife lest she be visited by the creature to which it originally belonged. Typology Typologies for cups have identified numerous types and complex relationships between them (Thurnam 1871; Greenwell 1877; Abercromby 1912; Longworth 1984; Gibson 2004). They have illustrated the great variety of the forms in which cups occur and there has clearly been considerable license exercised in their manufacture although still remaining within the constraints of Bronze Age ceramic traditions. Many are miniature forms of larger ceramic types such as Beakers, Food Vessels and Collared Urns whilst others seem more idiosyncratic in their form. Group 2 Biconical cups are often in a fine fabric with carefully executed decoration whilst Group 3 simple pinched pots tend to be more poorly made, in coarser fabrics and with ‘careless’ or poorly executed decoration if they are decorated at all. Many Group 4 exotic cups seem to be elaborated versions of Biconical Cups with a number of Fenestrated Cups and Grape Cups having a basic biconical form. Whilst Beaker influence can be detected in the geometric decoration, the use of repetitive motifs, coloured inlays and the occasional use of toothed comb decoration, many more cups seem to be more closely allied to Food Vessels and Collared Urns with their use of impressed decoration and herringbone and triangular motifs. Miniature Food Vessels and Collared Urns predominate over miniature Beakers and some Group 3 bowls may fairly be regarded as degenerate or poorly made miniature bowl Food Vessels. Origins Cups, of course, are not restricted to Bronze Age contexts. Cup-sized vessels have been recognised in the earliest Carinated Bowl assemblages of the Neolithic and their size must surely be indicative of function: small drinking or serving vessels. They are present in Middle Neolithic Impressed Ware assemblages and the small, sometimes highly decorated Grooved Ware cups of the later Neolithic are well known. Some of the small disc cups such as those 98

Cups: An Overview from Bincombe 27 (DORS/1), Dorchester (DORS/18), and Stonehenge (WILT/57) have been discussed above as showing possible Grooved Ware influence and the Stonehenge cup may well be from a later Neolithic context as it comes from the undated Aubrey Hole 29. A possible undecorated example comes from the Grooved Ware midden overlying the settlement at Ness of Brodgar (ORK/1). This said, the decorative schemes involved are also found on Early Bronze Age ceramics and the Bincombe example may well be from a Beaker or later burial. A similar cup from Wilsford G50 (WILT/66) is clearly from a Wessex period grave. Despite this, Grooved Ware influence cannot really be detected on the Bronze Age cups. Small Beaker vessels and dishes occur in both graves and domestic assemblages (Clarke 1970; Gibson 2011, 91-2) and Beaker influence on cups has been discussed above (Chapter 2). Cups of all types however have a greater affinity with Food Vessels and Collared Urns, ceramics which have their forms, decorative motifs and techniques firmly rooted in the Impressed Ware of the British Neolithic. Our current chronologies demonstrate that continuity of tradition can be discounted therefore they seem to represent a re-invention of tradition coincident with the demise of Beakers after Needham’s (2005) Fission Horizon c. 2200 BC (Gibson 2015; 2019, 206-10). The majority of cups also conform to this observed phenomenon as might be expected given their general Food Vessel affinity. Function Previous studies, although useful, have often been conducted at only very small or regional scale (Allen and Hopkins 2000, Jones 2013) and have been concerned with the functions of these small, instantly recognisable vessels. We would argue that small size and perforations does not necessarily “preclude their practical use” (contra Jones 2013: 368). Some hypotheses may seem fanciful, others have persisted in the archaeological literature but few, if any, of these can be demonstrated to be supported by irrefutable archaeological evidence. Notably amongst these is the use of cups as chafing vessels for bringing embers to the pyre or as incense cups for the combustion of aromatic materials or even mind-altering hallucinogens. This study has shown that these persisting interpretations are purely speculative and there are currently no supporting archaeological data to confirm them. The limited residue analyses that have been undertaken have been inconclusive in elucidating the contents of these pots. It is true that some cups had almost certainly ‘passed through the pyre’ but this is often in common with other grave goods associated with cremations and does not prove that the pots were instrumental in setting the flame. In the case of the chafer hypothesis, this clearly ignores the large number of cups that were associated with inhumations. The suggestion that they may have been used use as incense burners has, as Greenwell noted over 100 years ago, little to recommend it and no data to support it. The search for an all-encompassing functional explanation is doubtless a fruitless one (Chapter 3 above). The presence of cups in some Bronze Age middens such as those found in Islay at Kilellan Farm and Kentraw demonstrates that they were present in the domestic sphere as were Food Vessels and various urn forms. Some cups may therefore have originally had roles within a settlement context, perhaps for serving, for drinking, for storing small items or quantities and they may subsequently have been extracted from the settlement realm for placement with the dead. As such their ‘role’ in the funerary rituals involved in both inhumation and cremation may have been purely dedicatory. Their presence as offerings in graves is in no 99

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age way different to the roles of the larger vessels save that they cannot act as containers for a complete cremation burial in the same way as Collared or Food Vessel Urns. But their common occurrence as the only ceramic grave good in many Bronze Age graves across Britain dispels the myth that they were purely ‘accessory vessels’: they were clearly symbolic grave goods in their own right and they must be regarded as equals to the larger pots, not subsidiary. Perforations are often regarded as one of the distinguishing features of cups and although they occur in many cups, this study has clearly demonstrated that they are by no means universal (Chapters 2 and 3). Indeed, perforated cups are in the minority and only around a quarter of cups are perforated and although they are more common in the Group 2 and Group 4 cups instances still only rise to c.50%. These perforations, often in pairs, occasionally in much larger numbers, render the cups impractical for holding liquids and the general lack of wear within and around the edges of the perforations would seem to argue against the oft-quoted suspension hypothesis. Yet where they do occur, they are clearly integral to the design of the pots. They are often found at specific and recurring points on the body of a vessel (shoulders in the case of Group 2 cups) and have been made whilst the clay was still wet and so were intentional and planned as part of the overall design scheme. It is of note that perforations are almost never found on Fenestrated Cups (only one recorded example apparently exists) although unfortunately this has not been confirmed as the cup in question was not available for study. It may well be that they were unnecessary on this particular type of cup, the fenestrations replacing the purpose of the perforations, whatever that may have been. Intentional but unused, functionless? Perhaps their function is negative, created to render the cups unusable. It may be that the perforations served some symbolic rather than practical function, perhaps acting as oculi as has previously been proposed (Savory 1941: 90). Just as many Bronze Age grave goods seem to have been old and broken, some deliberately, so the cups may have been created with these deliberate ‘faults’, an element which will be discussed below with regard to decoration and patterns found on funerary cups. Domestic forms may have been chosen to fulfill a sepulchral role whilst others may have been made specifically for the funeral ritual. First-hand examination of many of the cups has demonstrated the wide range in their condition. Systematic recording of the nature of the damage to and condition of the cups from southern Britain shows that vessels range from those which were deposited “as new”, for example the vessel from Broad Down Farway (DEVO/1), hastily finished (Durrington G65c-WILT/33), well-worn (Winwick Southworth Hall Farm – CHES/12) to the occasional single sherd (Wallmead/Timsbury – SOME/6). As some of the larger pots are damaged and incomplete when deposited, so other cups, perhaps unperforated, may similarly have been rendered useless prior to their deposition. A systematic analysis of the completeness of Bronze Age sepulchral ceramics is greatly overdue. If this hypothesis has any validity, then the perforated examples may have been deliberately created imperfect and thus designed at the outset for a sepulchral role. With this in mind, it is worth noting that it is the Group 2 Biconical Cups that are the most frequently perforated and the least likely to be found on domestic sites.

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Cups: An Overview The exotic Group 4 cups have not been found in domestic contexts and, by any stretch of the imagination, cannot be regarded as simple containers. Fenestrated Cups and Multiperforated Cups, for example, appear to be special forms and it is possible that they may be referencing emergent metalworking traditions. Metal was a precious commodity and metalwork was commonly recycled but the cutting of panels from the vessel wall seems more of a metalworking tradition than a ceramic one and it is a technique that has not appeared before in the 2000 years of ceramic traditions in Britain. The technique is innovative. It has also been demonstrated that some Group 4 Grape Cups have the pellets ‘rivetted’ to the pots surface. The bowl-shaped vessels have had holes pierced through the wall, then ‘plugs’ of clay inserted through the holes, smoothed on the inside and rounded externally. Again, this is a metalworking technique, found, for example, on halberds and daggers, and has no ceramic parallels or antecedents in the previous two millennia of insular ceramic technology. Even the pellets occasionally found on some styles of Grooved Ware have either been raised or applied to the vessels’ surfaces and not inserted through their walls. We would not consider Grape Cups as in any way reflecting Grooved Ware influence. These manufacturing processes are extremely time-consuming and it must be remembered that decorating a vessel can take longer than the forming process. Some exotic Group 4 cups can actually be comparatively poorly formed such as the somewhat lopsided Whinnie Liggate Fenestrated Cup (D&G/18) and their ‘specialness’ must lie in their unusual nature and innovative, if derivative, ceramic technology. Technology Much of the ceramic technology employed in the manufacture of cups is relatively simple (Chapter 3). Most can be formed by pinching a ball of clay between thumb and fingers whilst being supported in the palm of the other hand. Rounded breaks show that some were constructed using coils, rings or straps of clay in keeping with other British Neolithic and Bronze Age ceramics. Fire clouds and oxidised surfaces attest to open firing. The black core of many fabrics, observable in fragmentary vessels, may indicate a short economic firing, once again with a long tradition. Clays are tempered with a range of opening materials from grog to sand and crushed stone. These are usually locally available and reflective of local geologies. The observation of crushed bone at Bennachie (ABER/2), and possibly at Etal Moor, Ford (NLAND/7) and the use of quartz crystals in fabrics may hint at rituals involved in the manufacturing process just as quartz seems to have been deliberately visible within Impressed Ware ceramics. It is dangerous to read too much into this observation until the origins of the bone can be determined as it may simply have been utilised as an easily crushable, readily available and perfectly suitable material. Technologically, and with the exception of the innovations observed in some of the Group 4 exotic cups mentioned above, the processes utilised in the manufacture of cups is again in keeping with that of the larger vessels. A number of cups have certainly been identified as having heat-related damage such as spalling, bloating and sintering (Chapter 3) and it has been suggested elsewhere (Gibson 2004) that some cups may have been fired on the funeral pyre which would have reached temperatures in excess of those normally required in pot-firings (generally c.700-800OC.). Others show evidence of refiring or burning and again are deemed to have ‘passed through the pyre’. Usually the spalling, sintering and bloating noted on cups appears to result from the initial firing process but more experimental work needs to be done regarding post-firing damage (especially spalling) caused by processes such as cooking or even frosting. The occurrence of a ceramic 101

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age spall being included in the grave at Fan Barrow (DYFED/19), however, suggests that at least some of the damage occurred only shortly before the deposition of the vessel and that, in this case, all sherds were collected for burial. Fan is an unusual case but the presence of firing damage is an important observation and is worthy of greater investigation as it implies that the completeness of a vessel may not have been necessary for the cup to have fulfilled its role in the ritual. As mentioned above, just as many Bronze Age grave goods have been shown to have been old, damaged or incomplete then so with ceramics both large and small. Many cups are incomplete, heavily restored or are represented by only a few sherds. This pattern is paralleled in other contexts with increasing evidence for the formal deposition of pottery sherds in pits and the arrangement of broken pieces of pottery around high status items such as the incomplete rusticated Beakers and gold bracelets from Lockington (Hughes 2000; Woodward 2002,1041-42). Recently, at Petersfield, Hampshire, Collared Urn sherds have been used to encase a second vessel (Needham and Anelay 2021). Chapman and Gaydarska’s detailed study of fragmentation provides other examples including ceramic figurines which, though deliberately broken, had breaks that had been repeatedly painted over or burnt (Chapman and Gaydarska 2007: 180). Grinsell (1960: 476-477) notes several reasons why items may be deliberately broken prior to deposition, including avoidance of contamination and releasing the spirit of the dead. Why this was only required in some but not all circumstances again draws attention to the complexities of Bronze Age depositional rituals and, perhaps, the nature of the individuals with whom the cups were buried. Decoration The decorative techniques and motifs found on cups are also widely paralleled in other Bronze Age ceramics (Chapter 2). Incision, impression and limited plastic decoration are all employed to create a variety of motifs from encircling lines to herring bone and geometric panels. Whipped cord, twisted cord and, to a lesser extent, toothed comb, firmly root cups in the Bronze Age ceramic tradition and fingernail impressions, rare on Collared Urns and Food Vessels, may derive from rusticated domestic wares associated with later Beakers. There is increasing evidence for the use of different coloured inlays, often on the same vessel such as Broad Down, Farway (DEVO/1) and for deliberate surface colouration such as surface blackening at Breach Farm (GLAM/4). This appears to mark a comparatively recent innovation or development in ceramic decoration, and may ultimately derive from techniques used in the manufacture of Beakers. Pointillé decoration is also quite rare, other than on the Group 4 Aldbourne Cups, but it occurs on cups rather more than it does on Food Vessels and urns. Pointillé is new to the British ceramic decorative repertoire and it may be influenced by metalworking techniques as small punch marks were employed in the decoration of basket tress-rings and some lunulae (Taylor 1970; 1980). Traces of an organic material from the central grave below Barrow 1 at Radley (Barclay and Halpin 1999, 141-8) was also decorated with dots within line-defined panels. Associated with the cremated remains of an adult male, bone tweezers, a bone ring-headed pin and a bronze knife-dagger, the material remains to be identified and has been likened to bitumen though it is possible that it may have been of leather. The excavators suggest that the fragments represent the remains of a sheath or even a small pouch and draw analogy for the decoration with Aldbourne Cups (Barclay and Halpin 1999, 145). It is tempting to think that it 102

Cups: An Overview might represent an organic cup. It is clear that pointillé represents a cross-over of decorative techniques between different media, alongside fenestration and some pellets on Grape cups. The link between cups and metalwork is not only confined to southern England however, as demonstrated by the Haydon Bridge Cup (NLAND/8) which has a decorative motif that may have been created by pushing the end of a rolled tube of metal into the clay fabric. Support for this idea can be found in the rolled cylindrical piece of goldwork found with the Carrier’s Croft Cup at Pendleton (LANCS/7). Apparently careless or ‘spoilt’ decoration, first recognised by AG on Beakers (Gibson 2011) and some Scottish cups, now seems to be a recognised feature across and beyond the cup assemblage. Not all of this appears to be down to careless errors on the part of the potter. Some funerary cups, such as the intricately decorated vessel from Broad Down Farway (DEVO/1), appear to incorporate deliberate errors as part of the overall design scheme, perhaps in a ploy to draw in or capture the viewer (Gell 1998, 71) or purposely avoid a ‘perfect’ piece. (see for example the Beakers from Monkton-Minster and Manston in Kent (Gibson 2011, Pls9-10 and 14). In the Islamic world, “artists will often break a pattern, deliberately interrupting the order and logic of a design” with “deliberate errors seen as evidence of humility and deference to the absolute perfection of Allah alone” (Cohen 2013). This concept is not restricted to Islamic art, with references to deliberate flaws in construction in China and Japan (including the use of ‘Kintsugi’ repair techniques), and amongst Navajo rug weavers to be found in the literature (see for example Juniper 2003). If one looks carefully at the way in which the pattern has been executed this is more a deliberate choice than an accident or carelessness, particularly when one considers that such mistakes are fairly easily and quickly remedied. Comparison of the vessels in relation to their form and decoration indicates that a number may have been the work of one individual or a small group of people (craftworkshop/specialists) working together in one location. Some of the Group 4 Fenestrated Cups in southern England, for example, appear not only to have been made from the same type of clay employing similar decorative techniques but also to share a similar distribution along the south-east coast of Britain (see figure 2.1). The Hengistbury Head cup (HAMP/2) may also be part of this group as it bears several features in common with these vessels, however, as its current location is unknown it was not available for first-hand examination. Also of relevance here is the group of pots known more commonly as Aldbourne Cups and found principally in Wessex (discussed in Chapter Three). These all share very similar dimensions, thicknesses, fabric types, surface treatment and proportions. It was argued in Chapter Three that the vessel from Camerton (SOME/2) is likely to be part of this group given the number of traits it shares with those from Wiltshire, particularly WILT/34. The two cups from south-western Wales (DYFED/17, 25) are so similar in form and decoration, including base decoration, that they are almost certainly by the same hand and this may possibly be extended to DYFED/15. The two associated cups from Llandysiliogogo (DYFED/4 & 5) are also almost certainly the work of the same potter. Grape Cups may also fit into this pattern, again being largely restricted to Wiltshire with only two outliers from Priddy (SOME/9) and Twywell (NORH/3). These latter two however, appear more like copies made by a different individual who was trying to emulate the form. The limited currency of Grape Cups, Aldbourne Cups and Fenestrated cups suggested by the available 103

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age radiocarbon dates (Chapter 6) adds weight to the idea that they may have been produced by single workshops or may simply imply that these elaborated forms had only limited appeal. It is interesting that certain ‘outliers’ of all these forms exist, and it may be that these reference trading networks active during this period. Context and associations That cups are associated with cremations is one myth that has been quoted in, and thus maintained by, the archaeological literature. Many are not. Of the 770 cups recorded, only c.44% have been recorded as being associated with cremation deposits although this rises to almost 50% in Wales and Scotland where cremation burials predominate in the Bronze Age (Chapter 5). Of course, this cannot be regarded as a definitive figure as the circumstances of many finds are unrecorded, nevertheless, it represents a surprising minority and a circumstance that has been paid scant attention by some researchers. If cups were principally intended as funerary furniture then we might expect the remainder to have been associated with inhumations but this is not the case. Some 8% of cups can be certainly associated with inhumations and ‘empty graves’ may well account for many more especially in upland areas and regions with acidic soils. This may be the reason for a far lower proportion of inhumations in Scotland and Wales (respectively 2.7% and 0%). However, there are also many instances where cups are not directly associated with human remains (Chapter 5), such as within or below the mounds of barrows such as Welsh St Donats (GLAM/11) and next to the causeway across the ditch at Crig-a Mennis (CORN/6) once again highlighting their potential role within a ritual context. That cups are associated with children is yet another perpetuated myth. Children are, of course, represented in the burial record but there are only 56 recorded instances of cups being directly associated with children either in their own right or as part of multiple deposits. Cremated remains account for 44 of those instances. The remains of children, complete or partial, therefore account for only 7.2% of cup-associated burials (Chapter 5). Once again, the figure is not definitive for reasons already stated but even if the true figure were to be doubled or even tripled, the trend is obvious. Small does not equate to child. Nor does it equate to female since male and female burials seem more or less equally represented. Individuals of all ages, including some mixed deposits are found with all cup-associated burials, including in Ireland, where five out 18 examples were associated with children, including one example at Ballyveelish with one male, one female and three children (Ó Donnabháin and Brindley 1990, 23). As well as records of disarticulated bodies associated with cups, such as at Sutton Veny (WILT/59) (Johnston 1978), there are also examples of ‘token’ deposits (e.g. Trelowthas Manor Farm (CORN/11-14), females with neonates (e.g. Gox Hill, LINC/11) and possible family groups (e.g. Olchon Court Cairn – Bloxam 2013). Detailed analysis of the human remains (Chapter 5) shows no clear correlation with sex, age or number of individuals buried. The existence of ‘token’ deposits may suggest that fragmentation of the body and fragmentation of the vessel were somehow linked and that bodily integrity of the dead may not have been a prime concern during this period (see for example Brück 2004, 2006). The current evidence suggests that there may be something significant or different about the individuals who were buried with the cups. As there is no apparent pattern in respect of age or 104

Cups: An Overview sex the variation implies that some other factor may have determined who was buried with a cup. One possible suggestion could be to do with the nature of death suffered, which meant that different people may have warranted different post-mortem treatment or funerary rites. Ucko (1969: 270) points out that ‘burial customs in society after society reflect different categories of people, categories which are sometimes defined on purely social grounds and sometimes on physical characteristics which may, of course, also have an associated social definition’ and Weiss-Krejci (2013: 281-303) has commented that there are numerous ethnographic examples of people who have suffered unusual deaths which warrant special treatment. 50% of cups have no recorded associated burial. Again, chance and poorly recorded finds mean that this figure cannot be definitive and may be exaggerated but nevertheless, the number is significant. It suggests that many cups, being found in pits without any trace of a burial, may have been ritually deposited in their own right. As fragments of Neolithic and Bronze Age pottery are often found in pit deposits then so may cups. The reasons for this practise of structured deposition remain clouded by the remote past, but may have something to do with earth rituals, perhaps returning spent pottery fragments, used lithics and unquantifiable organics to the earth from whence they derive in order to ensure and maintain the earth’s productivity. Speculation of course, but related practices have many historic and ethnographic parallels from Iron Age and Romano-British well deposits to Greek fishermen pouring olive oil and wine into the sea and to our own harvest festivals. Accompanying the dead may be only one of many reasons for depositing ceramics large or small, complete or fragmentary. The frequent association of cups with Collared Urns is well known, and has earned cups the inaccurate title of ‘accessory vessels’ (Chapter 6). But the association is not as common as generally believed. Fewer than a third of the recorded cups (30%) were associated with Collared Urns including uncertain associations (Southern England – 16%, Northern England – 28%, Wales – 44% and Scotland – 33%). It is true that Collared Urns represent the most frequent ceramic association, but actual numbers are still comparatively small. Only some 5% of cups are associated with other cups and even fewer (2%) are associated with Food Vessels and of those the majority are in Scotland and Northern England as might be expected. Other ceramic associations with cups, including Beaker associations, are too few to be regarded as other than extraordinary. Over 60% of cups represent the sole ceramic presence therefore it is only the minority of cups that can be described as ‘accessory vessels’. It is thus a term that undermines the importance of the cup and is best avoided. Other associations can be rich and varied, especially in the gold-associated graves of Wessex. Tools, weaponry, items of personal adornment can all be associated with cups as demonstrated in Chapter 6 above. Even unusual items that may have mythologies and/or magical properties such as fossils can be associated with these vessels. Once again, it suggests that cups are important in their own right forming as important part of the rituals of deposition as do larger ceramics and associations. In Wessex the strong link between funerary cups, awls and composite necklaces (also noted in Woodward and Hunter 2015) suggests some cups could have formed part of the ‘ritual paraphernalia’ of some Early Bronze Age graves/specialists, as shown, for example in the marcasite cups associated with the ‘Shaman’ burial from Upton Lovell G2a (Piggott 1962). It is notable that Group 4 exotics are more commonly represented in the rich Wessex graves and the metalwork echoes in their technology and decoration may well reflect cross-media referencing in the ripening Bronze Age. These elaborate Group 4 vessels 105

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age may well have been custom-made (Brindley 2007, 231) purposely to reflect personal links with specific regions (Jones 2013) or highlight individual roles within a social context, such as those found within the burial assemblages at Preshute/Manton G1a (WILT/39) and Hengistbury Head (HAMP/2), both of which contain unusual halberd pendants. These are viewed as miniaturised versions of halberds from the northern Aunjetitz region of Germany and Poland (Needham in Woodward and Hunter 2015: 232).

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Corpus Museum Abbreviations Used in the Corpus England ALCM ASH BM BRD BTM BUR BVC BXM CLC CVN DBY DM DON DRF DWL ED GNMH HERM HDT LCM LDS MAN MFSC PMLL PRH SCB SFM TDM THM WBY WFD YMT

Alnwick Castle Museum Ashmolean Museum British Museum Bradford Museums Bolton Museum Bury Museum Belvoir Castle Buxton Museum Clitheroe Castle Museum Craven Museum Derby Museum Dockland Museum Doncaster Museum Driffield Museum Darwen Library National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh Great North Museum Hancock Hull and East Riding Museums Huddersfield Tolson Museum Lancaster Museum Leeds Museums Manchester Museum Malham Field Studies Centre Preston Museum of Lancashire Life Preston Harris Museum Scarborough Museums Trust Sheffield Museums Trust Todmorden Library Tullie House Museum Whitby Pannett Park Museum Wakefield Museum York Museums Trust

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Scotland CMA&A DCM Hunterian KAGM Marischal MIL NMS RHMGA Stewartry

Cambridge Museum of Archaeology & Anthropology, Cambridge Dunrobin Castle Museum Hunterian Museum & Art Gallery, University of Glasgow Kelvingrove Art Gallery & Museum, Glasgow. Marischal College Museum, Aberdeen (now King’s Museum) Museum of Islay Life, Port Charlotte, Islay National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh Rozelle House Museum & Gallery, Ayr Stewartry Museum, Kirkcudbright

Wales Bangor BM Brecon Car Chester Gwynedd NMGW Oxford Swansea Welshpool

Museum of the University Bangor. British Museum Brecon Museum and Art Gallery Carmarthen Museum Grosvenor Museum Chester Gwynedd Museum and Art Gallery, Bangor National Museums and Galleries of Wales Pitt Rivers Museum Museum of the Royal Institution of South Wales. Powysland Museum, Welshpool

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Corpus Bedfordshire

BEDF/1: Heath Unknown. Grid Ref: SP920270. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-125mm; BD-82mm; H-115mm. Context and associations: Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Sand inclusions. References: Dyer 1964, 73.

After Dyer 1964 BEDF/2: Kempston Bedford Museum. Grid Ref: TL020470. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-98mm; BD-60mm; H-92mm. Context and associations: Notes: Whipped cord decoration. Sand inclusions. References: Unpublished.

BEDF/3: Leighton Buzzard Bedford Museum. Grid Ref: SP928942.Type: Group 4, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-91mm; BD-65mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised and stabbed decoration. Sand, flint and grog inclusions. References: Dyer 1964, 28-29.

Berkshire BERK/1: Beedon BM 52 4-21 1. Grid Ref: SU478781. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-64mm; BD40mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: With a cremation under a round barrow. Notes: Firing spall to base. Incised decoration. Flint and grog inclusions. References: Long 1850, 65-67.

109

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age BERK/2: Charnham Lane Newbury Museum. Grid Ref: SU334692. Type: Group 4 (Aldbourne cup). Dimensions: (Approximate) RD-115mm; BD-70mm; H-59mm. Context and associations: In a pit [5007] forming part of a timber circle. Notes: Incised and pointillé decoration, possible decorated base. Refired/ distorted vessel. Flint and sand inclusions. References: Ford 2007, 179-181. BERK/3: Lambourn I BM 62 7-7 8 Grid Ref: SU356825. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-74mm; BD-28mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: With 2 primary cremations under a barrow with bronze knife and bronze awl. Notes: Incised decoration, traces of ?yellow inlay. Sand, flint and grog inclusions. References: Smith 1921, 49, 59, Case 1956-7, 15-31. BERK/4: Lambourn IIa BM 62 7-7 8 Grid Ref: SU357825. Type: Group 2, 6 perforations in pairs just below rim. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD- n/a; H-39mm. Context and associations: Primary cremation adult male with bronze razor/knife, stone battle axe and antler hammer. Notes: Incised decoration. References: Greenwell 1890, 61; Piggott 1938, 102; Case 1956-7,55; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 129. BERK/5: Lambourn IIb BM 79 12-9 1796 Grid Ref: SU357825. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-58mm; BD30mm; H-47mm. Context and associations: Found on OLS 1.2m from BERK/4. Notes: Small internal spall inside. Comb decorated. Sand and chalk inclusions. References: Greenwell 1890, 61; Piggott 1938, 102; Case 1956-7, 55; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 129.

110

Corpus

BERK/6: Great Shefford BM 89 2-4 2 Grid Ref: SU374743. Type: Group 4 (Fenestrated cup). Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-61mm; H-49mm. Context and associations: Cremation in a round barrow with a perforated bone pin and perforated clay sphere. Notes: Twisted cord, stabbed and fenestrated decoration. Decorated base. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Adams 1871, 129-131.

BERK/7: Field Farm a Unknown Grid Ref: SU674705. Type: Group 1 (miniature Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-125mm; BD-70mm; H-130mm. Context and associations: With a cremation and BERK/8 in a Collared urn. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Grog, sand and mica inclusions. References: Butterworth and Lobb 1992: 5-63. BERK/8: Field Farm b Unknown Grid Ref: SU674705. Type:. Dimensions: (Approximate- base sherd only) BD-55mm, RD-?; H-60mm min. Context and associations: See BERK/7. Notes: Undecorated. Grog, sand and mica inclusions. References: Butterworth and Lobb 1992, 5-63.

Buckinghamshire BUCK/1: High Wycombe BM 89 7-17 2 Grid Ref: SU884913. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-93mm; BD-80mm; H- 43mm. Context and associations: Cremation in pit, 2 Collared urns (one inverted over cup). Notes: Stabbed decoration. Sand inclusions. References: Head 1955, 56-7.

111

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age BUCK/2: Tyringham Aylesbury Museum 3/54 Grid Ref: SP736112. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-105mm; BD-45mm; H-75mm. Context and associations: Found with a larger urn. Notes: Incised herringbone decoration. References: Longworth 1984, 153, No.60.

Cambridgeshire CAMB/1: Wilbraham/Fleam Dyke Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1986-0901/1883.178 Grid Ref: TL546588. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-38mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Abercromby 1912, figure 279. CAMB/2: Midsummer a Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1986-0901/1883.178 Grid Ref: TL455590. Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-51mm; H-50mm. Type: Group 3. Context and associations: Found in a gravel pit possibly associated with CAMB/3. Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Fox 1923, 38. CAMB/3: Midsummer b Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1883.177. Grid Ref: TL455590. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: Context and associations: Found in a gravel pit. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Fox 1923, 38. CAMB/4: Muttlow Hill/Fleam Dyke Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1948.352, MAA 1986.1.05) Grid Ref: TL546543. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-92mm; BD-65mm; H-77mm. Context and associations: Found in a barrow containing plant material. Notes: Short line of fingernail impressions, followed by short line of twisted cord then series of small stabs. Sand and chalk inclusions. References: Neville 1852, 227.

112

Corpus CAMB/5: Melbourn 24 Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1948.3.4 MAA 1987.01.23 Grid Ref: TL441808. Type: Group 4, 7 perforations. Dimensions: RD-80mm; BD-60mm; H- 36mm. Context and associations: Found inverted, possibly with two other vessels. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Sand, chalk and grog inclusions. References: Neville 1852, 23. CAMB/6: Mepal/Fortrey Hall Farm Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1932.125 D105 MAA 1987.01.21 Grid Ref: TL447883. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel bowl), 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-56mm; H-60mm. Context and associations: Found in a hole from a tree root. Notes: Large firing spall on one side. Whipped cord decoration in herringbone pattern. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Tebutt 1933, 54-5. CAMB/7: Mepal Fen 27 Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1883.180 MAA 1987.01.21 Grid Ref: TL441808. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD- 72mm, BD40mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Cremation in round barrow with an urn. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Sand and chalk inclusions. References: Longworth 1984, 156, No. 93.

CAMB/8: Five Hills Field, Royston/ Melbourn a Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1948.345 Grid Ref: TL341402. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD- 95mm; BD95mm; H-116mm. Context and associations: Round barrow with an urn. Notes: Whipped cord and small stabs as decoration. Sand and chalk inclusions. References: Stevenson 1985, 10.

113

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age CAMB/9: Five Hills Field, Royston, Melbourn b Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1948.346 Grid Ref: TL341402. Type: Group 3? Dimensions: RD-73mm; BD50mm; H-77mm. Context and associations. Notes: Undecorated. Sand and chalk inclusions. References: Stevenson 1985, 10. CAMB/10: Upper Hare Park, Swaffham Bulbeck a Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1887.19.1 Grid Ref: TL582593. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD- 77mm; BD50mm; H-62mm. Context and associations: Found in a round barrow. Notes: Undecorated. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Fox 1923, 327. CAMB/11: Upper Hare Park, Swaffham Bulbeck b Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1887.19.2 Grid Ref: TL582593. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-92mm; BD40mm; H-77mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Unpublished.

CAMB/12: Upper Hare Park, Swaffham Bulbeck c Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1887.19.3 Grid Ref: TL582593. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-105mm; BD-65mm; H-95mm. Context and associations: In a round barrow with burnt bone. Notes: Twisted cord and whipped cord decoration. Sand inclusions. References: Fox 1923, 327.

CAMB/13: Upper Hare Park, Swaffham Bulbeck d Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1887.19.4 Grid Ref: TL582593. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-104mm; BD50mm; H-105mm. Context and associations: Notes: Red and grey grog fragments (up to 5mm) in fabric creating speckled effect. References: Fox 1923, 327.

114

Corpus CAMB/14: Upper Hare Park, Swaffham Bulbeck e Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1919.62.2 Grid Ref: TL582593. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-110mm; BD-90mm; H-89mm. Context and associations: Barrow 38? Notes: Sand inclusions. References: Abercromby 1912, figure 276. CAMB/15: Upper Hare Park, Swaffham Bulbeck f Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1919.62.3 Grid Ref: TL582593. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-83mm; BD63mm; H-77mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Unpublished. CAMB/16: Upper Hare Park, Swaffham Bulbeck g Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography z14984 Grid Ref: TL582593. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-113mm; BD65mm; H-67mm. Context and associations: Barrow 42. Notes: Undecorated. Has single lug. References: Manby 2004, 228-9. CAMB/17: Little Dowham, Ely a Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 30.392 Grid Ref: TL520830. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD48mm; H-72mm. Context and associations: Cremation? Notes: Fingernail impressions. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Unpublished. CAMB/18: Little Downham, Ely b Location: Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 30.391 Grid Ref: TL520830. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-110mm; BD-80mm; H-115mm Context and associations: In a pit with CAMB/19, one above the other. Notes: Fine toothed comb impressions on collar. References: Lethbridge 1930, 162-164; Longworth 1984, 154 No. 72. After Longworth 1984

115

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age CAMB/19: Little Downham, Ely c Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 30.390 Grid Ref: TL520830. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-95mm; BD-80mm; H-110mm. Context and associations: Upright in a pit with CAMB/18 and some fragments of cremated bone. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Lethbridge 1930, 162-164. CAMB/20: Chippenham Barrow 2 Unknown Grid Ref: TL684669. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-125mm; BD-80mm; H-104mm. Context and associations: In a bowl barrow in a pit with the mouth facing a cremation deposit. Notes: Incised decoration on rim. References: Leaf 1936, 134-155. CAMB/21: Chippenham Barrow 3 Unknown Grid Ref: TL684669. Type: Group 1 Miniature Collared Urn). Dimensions: Context and associations: In the final capping of a barrow. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Leaf 1936, 29-68.

CAMB/22: Hermitage Farm 1 Unknown Grid Ref: TL404749. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-64mm; BD73mm; H-118mm. Context and associations: Associated with the cremation of an adult male in an urn with CAMB/23, in a barrow. Notes: Fingernail impressions from forming process. References: Evans and Hodder 2006, 43-49.

After Evans and Hodder 2006 CAMB/23: Hermitage Farm 2 Unknown Grid Ref: TL404749. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-188mm; BD-70mm; H-165mm. Context and associations: Associated with the cremation of an adult male in an urn with CAMB/22 in a barrow. Notes: Stabbed decoration. References: Evans and Hodder 2006, 43-49.

116

Corpus CAMB/24: Manea Unknown Grid Ref: TL470900. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. References: Unpublished. CAMB/25: King’s Dyke, Whittlesey Unknown Grid Ref: TL242981. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Food Vessel bowl). Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: Stabbed decoration. References: Gibson 1979, 14. CAMB/26: Chatteris Unknown Grid Ref: TL432833. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Unpublished.

Cheshire CHES/1: Oversley Farm a Unknown Grid Ref: SJ847842. Type: unknown. Dimensions: Sherd only. Context and associations: Found beneath a hearth with a quern fragment and piece of cup-marked stone. Notes: n/a. References: Garner 2007, 53-76. CHES/2: Oversley Farm b Unknown Grid Ref: SJ847842. Type: unknown. Dimensions: Sherd only. Context and associations: Midden deposit. Notes: n/a. References: Garner 2007, 53-76. CHES/3: Oversley Farm c Unknown Grid Ref: SJ847842. Type: unknown. Dimensions: Sherd only. Context and associations: Midden deposit. Notes: n/a. References: Garner 2007, 53-76.

117

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age CHES/4: Oversley Farm d Unknown Grid Ref: SJ847842. Type: unknown. Dimensions: Sherd only. Context and associations: Midden deposit. Notes: n/a. References: Garner 2007, 53-76. CHES/5: Oversley Farm e Unknown Grid Ref: SJ847842. Type: unknown. Dimensions: Sherd only. Context and associations: Midden deposit. Notes: n/a. References: Garner 2007, 53-76. CHES/6: Oversley Farm f Unknown Grid Ref: SJ847842. Type: unknown. Dimensions: Sherd only. Context and associations: Midden deposit. Notes: n/a. References: Garner 2007, 53-76. CHES/7: Oversley Farm g Unknown Grid Ref: SJ847842. Type: unknown. Dimensions: Sherd only. Context and associations: Midden deposit. Notes: n/a. References: Garner 2007, 53-76.

CHES/8: Betchton Chester Museum, CHEGH 1930.391 Grid Ref: SJ790570. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-46mm; BD-65mm; H- 43mm. Context and associations: In an urn with cremated bone and a perforated bone pin. Notes: Incised decoration and decorated base. References: Newstead 1928, 40-44; Longworth 1984, 160-1 No. 132.

After Longworth 1984

118

Corpus CHES/9: Highfield Lane ? Warrington Museum Grid Ref: SJ614933. Type: Group 1 (Beaker bowl). Dimensions: RD-128mm; BD-60mm; H-80mm. Context and associations: In a Pit [40] below a round barrow. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Freke and Holgate 1990, 16.

CHES/10: Winwick/ Southworth Hall Farm a Warrington Museum Grid Ref: SJ619936. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-92mm; BD-42mm; H-78mm. Context and associations: Associated with a secondary cremation with bone pommel. Notes: Incised decoration and decorated base. Evidence of white inlay. Firing spalls. Sand, grog and flint inclusions. References: Freke and Holgate 1990, 9-30.

CHES/11: Winwick/ Southworth Hall Farm b Warrington Museum Grid Ref: SJ619936. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD70mm; BD- 50mm; H-66mm. Context and associations: Inserted into the top of a Collared urn (with similar decoration) associated with a cremation. Notes: Incised decoration with traces of white inlay. Decorated base. Grog and ?chalk inclusions. References: Freke and Holgate 1990, 9-30.

CHES/12: Winwick/ Southworth Hall Farm c Warrington Museum Grid Ref: SJ619936. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-63mm; BD43mm; H-44mm. Context and associations: Found in mound makeup with a few fragments of cremated bone. Notes: Undecorated and possibly re-fired. Tempered with plant material. References: Freke and Holgate 1990, 9-30.

119

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

CHES/13: Gawsworth Unknown Grid Ref: SJ914695. Type: Group 1 (Beaker). Dimensions: RD130mm; BD-100mm; H-130mm. Context and associations: Associated with a secondary burial with an urn inverted over cremation. Associated with a possible clay tuyere and flint knife. Notes: Undecorated. References: Rowley 1977, 1-34.

After Rowley 1977 CHES/14: Stockport Stockport Museum Grid Ref: SJ900910. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Food Vessel bowl). Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: Incised decoration. References: Unpublished. CHES/15: Manley, Glead Hill Cobb/ Eddisbury Chester Museum Grid Ref: SJ553693. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-23mm; BD70mm; H-80mm (partial cup). Context and associations: found in a round barrow and possibly associated with an urn, barbed and tanged arrowheads, a flint scraper, flint knife and bronze awl. Notes: Incised decoration and decorated base. References: Newstead 1939, 45-48.

Drawing reconstruction based on photographic image

CHES/16: Stretton Warrington Museum Grid Ref: 615825. Type: Group 1 (miniature Urn). Dimensions: RD-95mm; BD-80mm; H-90mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. References: Shone 1911, 67, figure 31.

120

Corpus Cornwall CORN/1: Boscawen-un, St Buryan Penzance Museum Grid Ref: SW411273. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-44mm; BD-39mm; H-60mm. Context and associations: Inverted associated with calcined human bone. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Patchett 1944, 33, figure 7 (10).

After Patchett 1944

CORN/2: Colliford Reservoir Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro Grid Ref: SX176710. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-60mm; H-38mm. Context and associations: Inverted in a barrow. Notes: Twisted cord decoration, some horse-shoe motifs. Possible firing damage. Grog inclusions. References: Griffith et al. 1984, 79-81.

After Humphreys

in Griffiths et al. 1984

CORN/3: Davidstow Moor Site V (2) Unknown Grid Ref: SW886465. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Collared Urn). Dimensions: Context and associations: In a pit near the entrance to a platform barrow. Notes: n/a. References: Christie 1988, 27-171, figure 46a. CORN/4: Little Gaverigan, Unknown Grid Ref: SW925591. Type: Group 4. Dimensions: RD-75mm; BD-75mm; H-51mm. Context and associations: Notes: Multiple perforations through mid-plate. References: Nowakowski and Johns 2014, 72-74.

After Scott in Nowakowski and Johns 2014

CORN/5: Creen, Unknown Grid Ref: SW924591. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: possibly a later vessel. References: Patchett 1944, 43.

121

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age CORN/6: Crig-a-Mennis Unknown Grid Ref: SW757528. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-89mm; BD-55mm; H-63mm. Context and associations: Found next to a causeway under a barrow. Notes: Undecorated. References: Christie 1960, 80-89, figure 4. CORN/7: Denzell Down Unknown Grid Ref: SW899678. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Food Vessel-handled cup). Dimensions: RD-100mm; BD-44mm; H-80mm (approx.). Context and associations: Notes: Twisted cord and incised lozenges with pointille infill decoration. References: Patchett 1944, 27. After Patchett 1944 CORN/8: Escalls, Sennen Truro Museum Grid Ref: SW362272. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-63mm; BD-60mm; H-80mm. Context and associations: Urn inverted in a cist in a barrow. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Sand, shell and mica inclusions. References: Patchett 1944, 33. After Patchett 1944

CORN/9: Harlyn Bay III Truro Museum

Grid Ref: SW876754. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-?; BD-?, H-37mm. Context and associations: In an urn with flat stone as lid and adult cremation with awl, dagger, schist hone and spindle whorl? Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Patchett 1944, 30-31.

CORN/10: Treligga V Unknown Grid Ref: SX043851. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-75mm. Context and associations: In a rock–cut pit with fragments of bone. Notes: n/a. References: Patchett 1944, 30, Christie 1985, 23-123, figure 54; Jones 2005, 77-79. After Patchett 1944

122

Corpus CORN/11: Trelowthas Farm 1 Unknown Grid Ref: SW886465. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: Context and associations: In a cist with small amount of cremated bone with 3 other small urns (CORN/12-14) and star-shaped and quoit-shaped faience beads. Notes: n/a. References: Nowakowski 1995, 206-211. CORN/12: Trelowthas Farm 2 Unknown Grid Ref: SW886465. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: Context and associations: In a cist with small amount of cremated bone with 3 other small urns (CORN/11,13,14) and star-shaped and quoit-shaped faience beads. Notes: n/a. References: Nowakowski 1995, 206-211. CORN/13: Trelowthas Farm 3 Unknown Grid Ref: SW886465. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: Context and associations: In a cist with small amount of cremated bone with 3 other small urns (CORN/11,13,14) and star-shaped and quoit-shaped faience beads. Notes: n/a. References: Nowakowski 1995, 206-211. CORN/14: Trelowthas Farm 4 Unknown Grid Ref: SW886465. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: Context and associations: In a cist with small amount of cremated bone with 3 other small urns (CORN/11,13,14) and star-shaped and quoit-shaped faience beads. Notes: n/a. References: Nowakowski 1995, 206-211.

Devon DEVO/1: Broad Down/Farway, Honiton Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter. Grid Ref: SY174944. Type: Group 4 (straight walled), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-74mm; BD-74mm; H-34mm. Context and associations: With a cremation. Notes: Incised decoration and decorated base. Red and white inlay. Grog and sand inclusions. References: Kirwan 1868: 290-311, Jones and Quinnell 2008, 27-58.

123

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

DEVO/2: Upton Pyne 248b Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter 38 1969.3 Grid Ref: SX914989. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-83mm; BD-68mm; H-117mm. Context and associations: Inverted under barrow with token remains of a child. Notes: Fine twisted cord decoration. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Pollard and Russell 1969, 60.

DEVO/3: Upton Pyne Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter Grid Ref: SX912993. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-63mm; BD-42mm; H-38mm. Context and associations: Barrow with cremation, awl, dagger, 50 shale disc beads red clay bead 3 decorated shale beads (composite necklace). Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Decorated base. Quartz and grog inclusions. References: Kirwan 1868, 157.

Dorset DORS/1: Bincombe 27 Unknown Grid Ref: SY675858. Type: Group 4. Dimensions: RD-69mm; BD-N/A; H-29mm. Context and associations: Round barrow with lightly flexed inhumation. Notes: Twisted cord. Central cruciform motif. References: Grinsell 1982, 34. DORS/2: Milbourne St Andrews/Deveril Down BM 92, 9-1, 243 Grid Ref: SY830973. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-20mm; BD-40mm; H-53mm. Context and associations: Notes: Sand inclusions. References: Abercromby 1912, fig 241.

124

Based on image from museum archive

Corpus

DORS/3: Weymouth BM 85 7-12 2 Grid Ref: SY709847. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-72mm; BD-70mm; H-46mm. Context and associations: Notes: Stab and drag and twisted cord decoration. Decorated base. Sand and flint inclusions. References: Abercromby 1912, figure 231.

DORS/4: Winton BM 1940 7-1 738 Grid Ref: SZ089935. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-88mm; BD-44mm; H-77mm. Context and associations: Notes: Sand inclusions. References: Unpublished. DORS/5: Burleston 3a Dorset County Museum 1885.16.40 Grid Ref: SY770450. Type: Group 4 (Fenestrated). Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD50mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Bowl barrow. Notes: Fenestrated and twisted cord decoration. Fire cloud on one side. Sand, grog and chalk inclusions. References: Thurnam 1871, 368. DORS/6: Clandon (Winterbourne St Martin/ Martinstown) Dorset County Museum 1884:9.39 Grid Ref: SY656890. Type: Group 4 (Fenestrated). Dimensions: RD-62mm; BD-62mm; H-49mm. Context and associations: Shale cup, sheet gold lozenge, shale/gold mace-head, bronze dagger in a barrow. Notes: Stabbed, grooved and fenestrated vessel. Sand, grog and chalk inclusions. References: Drew and Piggott 1936, 18-25; Piggott 1938, 102; Needham and Woodward 2008, 1-53.

125

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age DORS/7: Frampton 4a Dorset County Museum 1937.82.1 Grid Ref: SY63594. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-93mm; BD-65mm; H-85mm. Context and associations: Found with DORS/9 and DORS/10 nested in a pit in the same barrow as DORS/8. Notes: Twisted cord and ?fingernail impressions. Sand and chalk inclusions. References: FordeJohnston 1958, 111-132. DORS/8: Frampton 4b Dorset County Museum 1937.82.6 Grid Ref: SY635948. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-66mm; BD-49mm; H-37mm. Context and associations: Found in a larger urn in the same barrow as DORS/9 and DORS/10. Notes: Undecorated. Sand, grog and flint inclusions. References: Forde-Johnston 1958, 111-132. DORS/9: Frampton 4c Dorset County Museum 1937.82.2 Grid Ref: SY635948. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-49mm; H-70mm. Context and associations: Found with DORS/8 and DORS/10 nested in a pit in the same barrow as DORS/8. Notes: Decorated with fine incised lines. Sand and flint inclusions. References: Forde-Johnston 1958, 111-132. DORS/10: Frampton 4d Dorset County Museum 1937.82.3 Grid Ref: SY635948. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-25mm; BD-11mm; H-15mm. Context and associations: Found with DORS/8 and DORS/9 nested in a pit in the same barrow as DORS/8. Notes: Undecorated. Sand and flint inclusions. References: Forde-Johnston 1958, 111132. DORS/11: Wimbourne St Giles G8 (Oakley Down/Woodyates 8) Devizes Museum 1089 Grid Ref: SY019171. Type: Group: 4, 2 perforations (Aldbourne-type cup). Dimensions: RD-100mm; BD-50mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Twin disc barrow with primary cremation and amber, shale and faience beads, bronze awl. Notes: Incised and pointille decoration. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 433; Piggott 1938, 102.

126

Corpus

DORS/12: Wimbourne St Giles G10 (Oakley Down/Woodyates) Devizes Museum 168 Grid Ref: SY017172. Type: Group 4 (trunconic), 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD-46mm; BD-27mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Primary cremation in bowl barrow. Notes: Twisted cord and triangular impressions (creating false relief effect). Sand inclusions. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 442.

DORS/13: Wimbourne St Giles G33a (Oakley Down/Woodyates) Devizes Museum 174 Grid Ref: SY019164. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel bowl). Dimensions: RD-71mm; BD-45mm; H-57mm. Context and associations: Primary cremation in a pit in a bell barrow. Notes: Fine twisted cord and stabbed decoration. Fine sand inclusions. Inlay? References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 437. DORS/14: Moreton House a Dorset County Museum 1903.3.1 Grid Ref: SY803893. Type: Group 4 (possible Aldbourne cup). Dimensions: Adjoining base sherds only. Context and associations: Notes: Incised and pointille decoration. White inlay. Fine sand inclusions. References: Unpublished. DORS/15: Moreton House b Dorset County Museum 1903.3.1 Grid Ref: SY803893. Type: Dimensions: Sherds only. Context and associations: Notes: Incised decoration. White inlay. References: Unpublished. DORS/16: Culliford Tree (Whitcombe) Dorset County Museum 1885.16.40 Grid Ref: SY699854. Type: Group 4 (straight walled), 2 perforations? Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-?; H-46mm. Context and associations: Possibly 3 inhumations, amber beads with gold covers (account unclear). Notes: Incised decoration. Possible decorated base. Red inlay. Fine sand inclusions. References: Warne 1866, 418.

127

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age DORS/17: Bincombe Down Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography Grid Ref: SY685846. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-46mm; BD-38mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Round barrow with cremation in an urn. Notes: Fine twisted cord. Sand inclusions. References: Babbington 1854, 141-144. DORS/18: Dorchester Unknown Grid Ref: SY703901. Type: Group 4. Dimensions (conjectural): RD-74mm; BD-N/A; H-35mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised decoration. References: Piggott 1938, 76-77.

After Piggott 1938

DORS/19: Winterbourne St Martin 1a Unknown Grid Ref: SY650890. Type: Group 3. Dimensions (conjectural): RD-90mm; BD-50mm; H-83mm. Context and associations: Found with a handled Food Vessel (DORS/20) in a pit with a male inhumation and three infants. Notes: Undecorated. References: Gray and Prideaux 1905, 6-39. DORS/20: Winterbourne St Martin 1b Unknown Grid Ref: SY650890. Type: Group 1. Dimensions (conjectural): RD- 190mm; BD-115mm; H-120mm. Context and associations: Found with DORS/19 in a pit with a male inhumation and three infants. Notes: n/a. References: Gray and Prideaux 1905, 6-39. DORS/21: Winterbourne St Martin 1c Dorset County Museum 1907.3.2.7 Grid Ref: SY650890. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: sherds only-RD-70mm; BD-?; H-27mm min. Context and associations: Secondary deposit in same barrow as DORS/19 and DORS/20 associated with a dagger. Notes: Twisted cord and impressed triangle decoration. References: Gray and Prideaux 1905, 6-39.

128

Corpus DORS/22: Steeple Dorset County Museum 1892.31.3 Grid Ref: SY921810. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-52mm; BD-45mm; H-32mm. Context and associations: Notes: Stabbed decoration. References: Unpublished. DORS/23: Bagber, Milton Abbas Dorset County Museum- unlocated. Grid Ref: SY790990. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Unpublished.

Essex ESSE/1: Dedham Unknown Grid Ref: TM005320. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-100mm; BD-88mm; H-83mm. Context and associations: Ditch of a round barrow with a scraper and burnt material. Notes: Undecorated. Crushed white stone (?flint) inclusions. References: Unpublished.

ESSE/2: Alphamstone Colchester Museum 1040:05 Grid Ref: TL879354. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-55mm; H-110mm. Context and associations: Flat grave. Notes: Incised lozenges and stabbed decoration. References: Longworth 1984, 198 No. 576.

After Longworth 1984 ESSE/3: Wethersfield Colchester Museum 122.29 Grid Ref: TL710310. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-120mm; BD-55mm; H-70mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. References: Unpublished.

129

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Gloucestershire GLOC/1: Guiting Power Guiting Power Amenity Trust Grid Ref: SP095246. Type: Group 3 (oval shape). Dimensions: RD95x50mm; BD-80x32mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Cremation of mature adult female and foetus. Notes: Stabbed decoration. Decorated base. Finely crushed limestone inclusions. References: Marshall 2004, 49.

After Marshall 2004

Greater London GLON/1: Mortlake BM 1909 5-18 15) Grid Ref: TQ200750. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-87mm; BD-60mm; H-73mm. Context and associations: Notes: Stabbed decoration. Sand inclusions. References: Unpublished.

Hampshire HAMP/1: Buckskin Unknown Grid Ref: SU604511. Type: Dimensions: Sherds only. Context and associations: Found on the OLS possibly with a Collared urn and charcoal. Notes: Grog and flint inclusions. References: Allen et al. 1995, 157-189.

HAMP/2: Hengistbury Head Unlocated Grid Ref: SZ166910. Type: Group 4 (Fenestrated vessel). Dimensions: RD-71mm; BD-81mm; H-66mm. Context and associations: Primary cremation associated with a Collared urn in a round barrow with 3 amber beads, 2 gold button covers and an amber and gold miniature halberd pendant. Notes: Twisted cord, incised and fenestrated decoration. Slight omphalos to base. References: Piggott 1938, 103; Cunliffe 1978, 22; Longworth 1984, 183 No. 375.

130

After Longworth 1984

Corpus HAMP/3: Hengistbury Head 117 Unlocated Grid Ref: SZ173905. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Cunliffe 1978, 58.

After Cunliffe 1978

HAMP/4: Hengistbury Head 118 Unlocated Grid Ref: SZ173905. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Cunliffe 1978, 58. After Cunliffe 1978 HAMP/5: Southwick Hill Crossroads/Portsdown a Portsmouth Museum Grid Ref: SU649065. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-115mm; BD-?; H-105mm. Context and associations: Semiflexed female inhumation with HAMP/6. Notes: Undecorated but has a pair of lugs. Grog and flint inclusions. References: Rudkin and Denston 1989, 5-12. HAMP/6: Southwick Hill Crossroads/Portsdown b Portsmouth Museum Grid Ref: SU649065. Type: Group 4. Dimensions: RD-62mm; BD-50mm min; H-61mm. Context and associations: Semi-flexed female inhumation with HAMP/5. Notes: Unusual ‘double-ended’ vessel with twisted cord and stabbed decoration. Flint and grog inclusions. References: Rudkin and Denston 1989, 5-12. HAMP/7: Southwick Hill Crossroads/Portsdown Portsmouth Museum PORMG 1948/196/7 Grid Ref: SU648065. Type: Group 4 (Fenestrated vessel). Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-95mm; H-56mm. Context and associations: Cremation of male and female in a pit with amber beads, shale disc beads and a gold covered shale button. Notes: Twisted cord, stabbed and fenestrated decoration. Flint and grog inclusions. References: Corney et al. 1967, 1-22.

131

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age HAMP/8: Bournemouth/ St Catherine’s Hill Unknown Grid Ref: SZ143959. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-?; BD-42mm; H-20mm survives. Context and associations: Associated with cremation of a youth with an inverted urn. Notes: n/a. References: Longworth 1984: 184 no 388; Hedges and Aitken 1975, 39-42.

After Hedges and Aitken 1975

HAMP/9: Bournemouth Wick Unknown Grid Ref: SZ155921. Type: Group 1 Dimensions: Context and associations: Flat grave associated with minute fragments of bone. Notes: Stabbed decoration. References: Calkin 1964, 9. After Longworth 1984

HAMP/10: Brown Candover Horsham Museum

Grid Ref: SU576391. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Wenbolt 1931, 249. HAMP/11: Petersfield Heath Unknown Grid Ref: Type: Group 2 (?). Dimensions: Context and associations:Found alongside a Collared urn in Barrow 19. Notes: Fragments only. Decorated with twisted cord and small stabs, possibly bird bone impressions. References: Woodward et al. in Needham and Anelay 2022.

Hertfordshire HERT/1: Royston Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 48.354, MAA 1989.03.01 Grid Ref: TL376404. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-52mm; BD-48mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Grog, sand and chalk inclusions. References: Unpublished.

132

Corpus HERT/2: Therfield Heath/Royston Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1921.110, MAA 1992.04.29 Grid Ref: TL332400. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-77mm; BD-60mm; H-56mm. Context and associations: Mound of a round barrow. Notes: Undecorated. Sand, flint and chalk inclusions. References: Fox 1923, 36.

Isle Of Wight IOWI/1: Isle of Wight BM 1887 7-11 11 Grid Ref: SZ435807. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-100mm; BD-36mm; H-93mm. Context and associations: Notes: Surface smoothed and slight internal rim bevel. Sand inclusions. References: Unpublished.

Jersey JERS/1: Monte Ube BM Grid Ref: JERS677475. Type: Group 4 (Grape cup?). Dimensions: RD-?; BD-?; H-40mm? (conjectural). Context and associations: Secondary context in a chambered tomb. Notes: Decorated with applied pellets. References: Piggott 1938, 73.

Kent KENT/1: Frith Maidstone Museum 25.1920 Grid Ref: TR341417. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-90mm; BD-52mm; H-63mm. Context and associations: Notes: Flint inclusions. References: Jessup 1930, 98, figure 4.

133

After Piggott 1938

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age KENT/2: Lord of the Manor Quex Park Museum, Birchington Grid Ref: TR355654. Type: Group 4 (Fenestrated vessel). Dimensions: RD51; BD-77mm; H-39mm. Context and associations: Primary cremation with bronze awl and other bronze fragments. Notes: Twisted cord and fenestrated decoration. Fine sand inclusions. References: Perkins and MacPherson-Grant 1980.

After Perkins and MacphersonGrant 1980

KENT/3: Lord of the Manor/Area 9 Unknown Grid Ref: TR320652. Type: Group 4. Dimensions: Base sherd only (perforated). Context and associations: Fill [3132] of recut to a ring ditch. Notes: n/a. References: Gibson in Bennett et al. 2008, 27,figure 1/33.

Gibson in Bennett et al. 2008

KENT/4: Whiteheath Maidstone Museum 35.1975 Grid Ref: TQ820546. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-50mm; H-75mm. Context and associations: Notes: 4 perforated lugs and lid. Fingernail impressions. Fine sand inclusions. Poorly fired. References: Kelly 1976, 232-233, figure 2.3; Grove 1952, 160-166.

KENT/5: Beechbrook Wood a Unknown Grid Ref: TQ984453. Type: Group 1 (Beaker). Dimensions: RD-75mm; BD-50mm; H-75mm. Context and associations: Pit in a ring ditch. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Booth et al. 2011, 121-122 (P1). After Booth et al. 2011 KENT/6: Beechbrook Wood b Unknown Grid Ref: TQ984453. Type: Group 1 (Beaker). Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-50mm; H-80mm. Context and associations: Pit in a ring ditch. Notes: Encircling lines of twisted cord. References: Booth et al. 2011, 121-122 (P2). After Booth et al. 2011

134

Corpus KENT/7: Luddington/Luddenham Woods Canterbury Museum Grid Ref: TR200568. Type: Group 4 (Fenestrated cup). Dimensions RD-56mm; BD-55mm; H-55mm reconstructedsherd only. Context and associations: Notes: Twisted cord and fenestrated decoration. References: Jessup 1936, 243-244; Ashbee and Dunning 1961, 50, note 3. KENT/8: Ringwould c Unknown Grid Ref: TR368467. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-?; BD-?; H-90mm. Context and associations: In the same barrow as KENT/9, associated with a cremation in a pit in a barrow with 3 segmented and 1 oblate faience beads. Placed in an urn on top of KENT/10. Notes: Twisted cord and fingernail impressed decoration. References: Woodruff 1874, 54, Plate II figure 3; Jessup 1930, 243-244; Smith 1961, 101-102; Ashbee and Dunning 1961, 50. KENT/9: Ringwould d Maidstone Museum Grid Ref: TR368467. Type: Group 1 (Biconical urn). Dimensions; RD-?; BD-?; H-63mm. Context and associations: Associated with bones of a young person/ infant, in same barrow as KENT/8, KENT/10 and KENT/11. Plugged with lump of clay. Notes: n/a. References: Woodruff 1874, 54; Smith 1961, 101-102. KENT/10: Ringwould b Maidstone Museum Grid Ref: TR368467. Type: Group 4 (Fenestrated cup). Dimensions: RD- 53mm; BD-70mm; H-56mm. Context and associations: In an urn inverted over a cremation with same barrow as KENT/8. Notes: Twisted ford and fenestrated decoration. Slight omphalos to base. References: Woodruff 1874, 54, Plate II figure 3; Jessup 1930, 243-244; Smith 1961, 101-102; Ashbee and Dunning 1961, 50; Longworth 1983, figure 24

KENT/11: Ringwould a Maidstone Museum Grid Ref: TR368467. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-102mm; BD-57mm; H- 92mm. Context and associations: Notes: Thick twisted cord. References: Unpublished.

135

After Longworth 1983

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age KENT/12: East Kent Access Road Unknown Grid Ref: TR317656. Type: Group 4 (elaborated Food Vessel). Dimensions RD-?; BD-?; H-45mm. Context and associations: Female crouched inhumation with amber V-perforated button and copper alloy awl. SUERC 40721 3505 ±35BP. Notes: Fine twisted cord and plaited cord. Fine sand, grog and flint inclusions. References: Andrews et al. 2015, 50-51.

KENT/13: Broadstairs Unknown Grid Ref: TR395675. Type: Group 1 (Tripartite urn). Dimensions RD-56mm; BD44mm; H-70mm. Context and associations: Crouched inhumation in a possible flat grave. Notes: Undecorated. References: Longworth 1984, 216 No. 93. After Longworth 1984 KENT/14: Doves Corner Unknown Grid Ref: TR305514. Type: Group 1 (Beaker bowl). Dimensions RD-170mm; BD-78mm; H- 97mm. Context and associations: Pit. Notes: Fingernail and comb impressions. Grog, burnt flint and shell inclusions. References: Gibson in Bennett et al. 2014, 85. KENT/15: Tilmanstone Unknown Grid Ref: TR303522. Type: Group 4 (Fenestrated cup). Dimensions: RD-61mm; BD-66mm; H-56mm. Context and associations: Inhumation in a round barrow. Notes: Twisted cord and fenestrated decoration. References: Jessup 1930, 122; Ashbee and Dunning 1960, 50, 74.

KENT/16: Eastling Down Unknown Grid Ref: TR298466. Type: Group 1 Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-105mm; BD-65mm; H- 80mm. Context and associations: Child inhumation with later insertion of a neonate. Notes: Undecorated. References: Bennett et al. 2014, 13-85. After Bennett et al. 2014

136

Corpus Leicestershire

LEIC/1: Mount Sorrel Leicester Museum Grid Ref: SK577149. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-112mm; BD-78mm; H-70mm. Context and associations: Reputedly found on Mount Sorrel. Notes: Twisted cord and stabbed decoration. Fine sand and grog inclusions. References: Powell 1950, 76, 80; Vine 1982, 210

LEIC/2: Cossington Leicester Museum Grid Ref: SK605128. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-85mm; BD-48mm; H-64mm. Context and associations: Primary inhumation in a round barrow with a Food Vessel, urn, plano-convex flint knife, flint spearhead, broken flint knife and stone bowl. Notes: Random stabbed decoration. 6 pierced lugs. Blackening to base and possible thread-wear to lugs. Fine sand inclusions. References: Vine 1982, 174-5; Thomas 2008, 28-29.

LEIC/3: Stathern Lincoln Museum EBP 38 Grid Ref: SK770310. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD66mm; BD-63mm; H-65mm. Context and associations: Found when digging for ironstone, with a bronze object. Notes: Incised decoration. Cruciform motif to base. White inlay. Fire cloud to exterior. Fine sand and grog inclusions. References: Phillips 1933, 13; Vine 1982, 238-239.

137

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age LEIC/4: Blaby/Glen Parva Leicester Museum Grid Ref: SP570960. Type: Group 3, 2 perforations. Dimensions; RD48mm; BD-35mm; H-47mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised decoration. Firing spalls. Grog inclusions. References: Powell 1950, 76.80; Vine 1982,186. LEIC/5: Unprovenanced Leicester Museum Grid Ref: n/a. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-26mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised decoration. Possible red inlay. Grog and chalk inclusions. References: Vine 1982, 364.

LEIC/6: Glaston Sand Pit Unknown Grid Ref: SK895004. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD103mm; BD-45mm; H-77mm. Context and associations: Notes: Stabbed and incised decoration. References: Powell 1950, 73, Figure 5; Vine 1982, 185. After Vine 1982

Lincolnshire LINC/1: Bagmoor Farm Scunthorpe Museum Grid Ref: SE903162. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-95mm; BD-37mm; H-87mm. Context and associations: Found when ironstone quarrying. Notes: Twisted cord and stabbed decoration. Coarse sand inclusions. References: Dudley 1949, 6-7.

138

Corpus

LINC/2: Grantham/Belton Lane Lincoln Museum EBP 133 Grid Ref: TF1175303. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-94mm; BD60mm; H-94mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Grog inclusions. References: Unpublished. After Allen and Hopkins 2000 LINC/3: Salmonby 54.67 Lincoln Museum 54.67 Grid Ref: SK923343. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-80mm; BD-55mm; H-63mm. Context and associations: Cremation of young adult in a pit with 2 pots, a Collared urn and a dagger. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Fine sand and chalk inclusions. References: Phillips, Field and Taylor 1990, 5-11. After Allen and Hopkins 2000 LINC/4: Salmonby 654 Lincoln Museum 6.54 Grid Ref: TF320730. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Food Vessel Bowl), 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-65mm; H-51mm. Context and associations: Cremation in a pit. Notes: Incised and stabbed decoration. ?yellow inlay. Fine sand inclusions and slight omphalos to base. References: Phillips, Field and Taylor 1990, 5-11. After Allen and Hopkins 2000

LINC/5: Beacon Hill a/ Cleethorpes Cleethorpes Museum Grid Ref: TA299081. Type: Group 1 (Collared urn). Dimensions: RD-115mm; BD-85mm; H-115mm. Context and associations: Child cremation in a barrow. Notes: Undecorated. References: Sheppard 1935, 129-132; Hawkes and Dudley 1946, 6-7; Longworth 1984, 207 No. 680 a After Longworth 1984

139

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

LINC/6: Beacon Hill b/ Cleethorpes Cleethorpes Museum Grid Ref: TA299081. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-120mm; BD-75mm; H-80mm. Context and associations: Child cremation in a barrow, urn 679 contained 4 miniature vessels (LINC/7, LINC/5, LINC/ 8 and LINC/9). Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Sheppard 1935, 129-132; Hawkes and Dudley 1946, 6-7; Longworth 1984, 206 No. 680 b.

After Longworth 1984

LINC/7: Beacon Hill c /Cleethorpes Cleethorpes Museum Grid Ref: TA299081. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-90mm; BD-50mm; H-90mm. Context and associations: Child cremation in a barrow, urn 679 contained 4 miniature vessels (LINC/6, LINC/5, LINC/ 8 and LINC/9). Notes: Comb decoration. References: Sheppard 1935, 129-132; Hawkes and Dudley 1946, 6-7; Longworth 1984, 206 No. 681 f. After Longworth 1984 LINC/8: Beacon Hill d/Cleethorpes Cleethorpes Museum) Grid Ref: TA299081. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-95mm; BD55mm; H-100mm. Context and associations: Child cremation in a barrow, urn 679 contained 4 miniature vessels (LINC/6, LINC/5, LINC/ 7 and LINC/9). Notes: Undecorated. References: Sheppard 1935, 129132; Hawkes and Dudley 1946, 6-7; Longworth 1984, 206 No. 682 d. After Longworth 1984

LINC/9: Beacon Hill e/ Cleethorpes Cleethorpes Museum Grid Ref: TA299081. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-140mm; BD75mm. Context and associations: (See above) this vessel was found to one side of the large urn that contained several vessels. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Sheppard 1935, 129-132; Hawkes and Dudley 1946, 6-7; Longworth 1984, 206 No. 682 c.

After Longworth 1984

140

Corpus LINC/10: Dowsby Lincoln Museum Grid Ref: TF117303. Type: Group 4 (Fenestrated vessel). Dimensions: RD-94mm; BD-78mm; H-60mm. Context and associations: Barrow. Notes: Random comb impressions and fenestrated decoration. Firing spalls to base. Grog and limestone inclusions. References: Allen and Hopkins 2000, 315.

After Allen and Hopkins 2000

LINC/11: Gox Hill Scunthorpe Museum Grid Ref: SE903162. Type: Group 1 (Collared urn). Dimensions: RD94mm; BD-67mm; H-108mm. Context and associations: cremation of female and neonate. Notes: Twisted cord and ?fingernail impressions. Firing spall. Grog and limestone inclusions. References: Allen 2003. After Allen 2003 LINC/12: Broughton BM 66 12-3, 17 Grid Ref: SE990069. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-95mm; BD85mm; H-115mm. Context and associations: With urn and a cremation in a bowl barrow. Notes: Comb decoration. References: Trollope 1851, 347; Phillips 1933, 133-134; Longworth 1984, 206 No. 674. After Longworth 1984

LINC/13: Kirton in Lindsey Scunthorpe Museum 1048 Grid Ref: SK927982. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-74mm; BD60mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Inside an urn in a barrow associated with a cremation, possibly with 2 other small collared vessels. Notes: Undecorated smoothed surface. Some spalling and possible attempt at perforation. Grog inclusions. References: Phillips 1933, 134; Baker 1954, 152; Allen 1988 No. 265; Longworth 1984, 212; Allen and Hopkins 2000, 316 No. 744.

141

After Allen and Hopkins 2000

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

LINC/14: Lenton a Lincoln Museum EBP 132 Grid Ref: TF020300. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD90mm; BD-45mm; H-65mm. Context and associations: Notes: Stabbed and stab and drag decoration. Grog inclusions. References: Phillips 1933, 136; Allen 1988, No. 272, Allen and Hopkins 2000, 315. After Allen and Hopkins 2000

LINC/15: Lenton b Lincoln Museum EBP 132a Grid Ref: TF020300. Type: Group 3. Dimensions; RD-30mm; BD-n/a; H-34mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Phillips 1933, 136; Allen 1988, No. 272; Allen and Hopkins 2000, 317.

After Allen and Hopkins 2000

LINC/16: Burton Waters Unknown Grid Ref: SK933736. Type: Group 2? Dimensions: Sherd only. Context and associations: Found in a test pit. Notes: Twisted cord. Limestone inclusions. References: Allen and Hopkins 2000, 316.

After Allen and Hopkins 2000

LINC/17: Normanton a Lincoln Museum EBP 22 Grid Ref: SK940460. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-55mm; H-70mm. Context and associations: Found in ironstone workings with another vessel and possibly fragments of human bone. Notes: Undecorated. Fine sand inclusions. References: Allen 1988, 304; Allen and Hopkins 2000, 316. After Allen and Hopkins 2000

142

Corpus

LINC/18: Normanton b Lincoln Museum EBP 24 Grid Ref: SK940460. Type: Group 1 (Collared urn). Dimensions: RD-95mm; BD-60mm; H-120mm. Context and associations: Notes: Fingernail impressions. Grog and sand inclusions. References: Longworth 1984, 225 No. 897. Scale 1:4

After Longworth 1984

LINC/19: Ponton a Lincoln Museum EBP 150 Grid Ref: SK920320. Type: Group 3, 6 perforations. Dimensions: RD-76mm; BD-55mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Notes: Fingernail marks possibly from forming. Grog inclusions. References: Allen and Hopkins 2000, 316.

After Allen and Hopkins 2000

LINC/20: Ponton b Lincoln Museum EBP 151 Grid Ref: SK920320. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-94mm; BD-49mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Grog inclusions. References: Allen and Hopkins 2000, 316.

After Allen and Hopkins 2000

LINC/21: Roxby/Risby Warren a Lincoln Museum EBP 151 Grid Ref: SK920170. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-38mm; H-57mm. Context and associations: Found during ironstone workings with an urn. Notes: Undecorated. Blackening to one side. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Longworth 1984, 213 No. 755, Allen and Hopkins 2000, 315.

After Allen and Hopkins 2000

LINC/22: Roxby/Risby Warren b Scunthorpe Museum RW AA MC1 RWAA 96 (AIC 1)) Grid Ref: SK920170. Type: Group 3? Dimensions: Sherd only- conjecturalRD-66mm; BD-60mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: Notes: Comb decoration. Grog and chalk inclusions. References: Allen and Hopkins 2000, 315.

143

After Allen and Hopkins 2000

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

LINC/23: Caythorpe a Grantham Museum? Grid Ref: SK938476. Type: Group 4 (straight walled). Dimensions: RD-66mm; BD-63mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised decoration. Decorated base. Fine sand and grog inclusions. References: Phillips 1933: 135, Allen and Hopkins 2000, 315.

After Allen and Hopkins 2000

LINC/24: Caythorpe b Unknown

Grid Ref: SK938476. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-115mm; BD-?; H-120mm. Context and associations: In a flat grave with an urn. both vessels stopped with clay. Notes: Incised decoration. References: Phillips 1933, 135; Longworth 1984, 224 No. 886.

LINC/25: Normanton Lincoln Museum Grid Ref: SK940460. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-140mm; BD-90mm; H-110mm.Context and associations: Found in ironstone workings. Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Allen 1988, No. 304; Allen and Hopkins 2000, 316. Scale 1:4

After Allen and Hopkins 2000 LINC/26: Wilsford Lincoln Museum 25.73 Grid Ref: SK923343. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-85mm; BD-35mm; H-78mm. Context and associations: Notes: Whipped cord maggot decoration. Fingernail impressions on rim. Firing cloud. Grog inclusions. References: Allen and Hopkins 2000, 315-316.

After Allen and Hopkins 2000

144

Corpus

LINC/27: Winteringham Scunthorpe Museum AIC 2, SCUNM 1954 002, WGmbg 1 (AIC2)) Grid Ref: TF000420. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-72mm; BD-50mm; H-63mm. Context and associations: Notes: Whipped cord impressions. Footed base. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Allen and Hopkins 2000, 316. After Allen and Hopkins 2000 LINC/28: Stainsby Unknown Grid Ref: SE920220. Type: Group 4 (perforated base). Dimensions: Sherd only. Context and associations: Notes: Possible incised decoration. Perforated base. References: Sheridan 2008, 59.

Sheridan 2008

LINC/29: Sudbrook a Lincoln Museum EBP 140 Grid Ref: TF337712. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-41mm; BD-30mm; H-71mm. Context and associations: In a sand pit with five other Collared vessels arranged around two central urns. (see also LINC/30 and LINC/31). Notes: Undecorated. References: Baker 1954, 159; Allen 1988, 272; Allen and Hopkins 2000, 315. LINC/30: Sudbrook b Lincoln Museum EBP 141 51.96 Grid Ref: SK970450. Type: Group 1 (Collared urn). Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-30mm; H-67mm. Context and associations: In a sand pit with five other Collared vessels arranged around two central urns. Possibly part of deposit associated with LINC/29 and LINC/31. Notes: Comb impressions. Grog inclusions. References: Longworth 1984, 223 No. 879.

After Longworth 1984

LINC/31: Sudbrook c Lincoln Museum EBP 142 Grid Ref: SK970450. Type: Group 1 (Collared urn). Dimensions: RD85mm; BD-60; H-85mm. Context and associations: In a sand pit with five other Collared vessels arranged around two central urns (see also LINC/29 and LINC/30). Notes: Surface smoothed. Grog inclusions. References: Phillips 1933, 135; Longworth 1984, 223 No. 880. After Longworth 1984

145

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

LINC/32: Sudbrook d Lincoln Museum Grid Ref: SK970450. Type: Group 1 (Collared urn). Dimensions: RD90mm; BD-70mm; H-110mm. Context and associations: Found with larger urn which contained a cremation. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Phillips 1933, 135; Longworth 1984, 223 No.873.

After Longworth 1984

LINC/33: Sudbrook e Lincoln Museum

Grid Ref: SK970450. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-125mm; BD-70mm; H-145mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. References: Phillips 1933, 135; Longworth 1984, 223 No. 881.

Norfolk NORF/1: Bowthorpe a Norwich Castle Museum NWHCM L 1983.12.A) Grid Ref: TG172098. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-50mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: In a grave possibly with an inhumation and a Beaker sherd. Notes: Undecorated. References: Lawson 1986, 20-49.

NORF/2: Bowthorpe b Norwich Castle Museum L 1983.12) Grid Ref: TG172098. Type: Group 1 (Collared urn). Dimensions: RD-95mm; BD-60mm; H-115mm. Context and associations: in a Pit [48] with another Collared Urn. Notes: Whipped cord decoration and grog inclusions. References: Lawson 1986, 20-49.

146

Corpus

NORF/3: Bridgeham Norwich Castle Museum 1977: 28- Lost Grid Ref: TL975870. Type: Group 1 (Collared urn). Dimensions: RD95mm; BD-80mm; H-110mm. Context and associations: Associated with the cremation of an adult female and neonate with bronze awl. Notes: Undecorated. Grog inclusions. References: Lawson 1986, 38-40.

After Lawson 1986

NORF/4: Buxton Common Unknown Grid Ref: TG251251. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: In a barrow associated with a cremation and inverted urn. Notes: n/a. References: Crowe 1800, 404-405.

From Crowe 1800

NORF/5: Catton Park, Norwich Norwich Castle Museum 50.947- Lost Grid Ref: TG230120. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-36mm; BD-52mm; H-32mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised and pointille decoration. References: Unpublished.

After Gibson nd

NORF/6: Keswick Norwich Castle Museum 1827.228 A Grid Ref: TG212042. Type: Group 1 (Collared urn). Dimensions: RD-62mm; BD-45mm; H-66mm. Context and associations: Secondary cremation in a bowl barrow. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Sand, grog and angular flint inclusions. References: Longworth 1984, 230 No. 980. After Longworth 1984 NORF/7: Borrow Pit a Norwich Castle Museum 2007:295 A- Lost Grid Ref: TG232087. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Unpublished.

147

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age NORF/8: Borrow Pit b Norwich Castle Museum 1977:124.77A- Lost Grid Ref: TG232087. Type: Group 5. Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Unpublished.

NORF/9: Witton a Norwich Castle Museum 1977:124.77A- Lost Grid Ref: TG327324. Type: Group 1 (Beaker). Dimensions: RD-90mm; BD38mm; H- 75mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated with fine flint inclusions. References: Lawson 1983, 16. After Lawson 1983 NORF/10: Witton b Unknown Grid Ref: TG327324. Type: Group 1 (Beaker). Dimensions: RD-88mm; BD-48mm; H-92mm. Context and associations: Notes: Fingernail and whipped cord impressions. References: Lawson 1983, 16. After Lawson 1983

NORF/11: Witton Heath Wood b Norwich Castle Museum L 1967.1.1, 1986.74(2) A Grid Ref: TG313301. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-85mm; BD-52mm; H- 90mm. Context and associations: In the side of a secondary ditch to a barrow. Notes: Possibly refired and ?vitrified sherds after breakage. Horizontal and vertical slashes. Fine sand inclusions. References: Lawson 1983, 27.

After Lawson 1983

NORF/12: Old Hunstanton King’s Lynn Museum Grid Ref: TF680401. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel bowl). Dimensions: RD60mm; BD-54mm; H-51mm. Context and associations: Associated with the cremated remains of a young female with an urn and flint scraper. Notes: Twisted cord and ?incised decoration. Fine sand and shell inclusions. References: Longworth 1984, 228 No. 947, Lawson 1986, 108-110.

148

After Longworth 1984

Corpus NORF/13: Overa Heath Norwich Castle Museum NWHCM 1932.43 Grid Ref: TL987882. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-58mm; BD-55mm; H-33mm. Context and associations: Notes: Small stabs and fingernail impressions. Sand inclusions. References: Unpublished. NORF/14: Quidenham Norwich Castle Museum NWHCM 1932.43 A Grid Ref: TL987882. Type: Dimensions: sherds only. Context and associations: Possibly from a hearth. Notes: n/a. References: Lawson 1981, 40. NORF/15: Sweet Briar Road Norwich Castle Museum L1983.13 A-Lost Grid Ref: TG206103. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-100mm; BD-80mm; H-70mm. Context and associations: In a ring ditch associated with a cremation. Notes: Undecorated. Frequent flint inclusions. References: Bown 1986, 59-64, figure 58.4. After Bown 1986

NORF/16: Wereham Unknown

Grid Ref: TF680001. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Fox 1923, 38. NORF/17: Chalk Farm West Stow, Bury St Edmunds BSEMS 1977.767 Grid Ref: TL759910. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-112mm; BD-50mm; H-73mm. Context and associations: Notes: Grog, chalk and flint inclusions. References: Unpublished.

149

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Northamptonshire NORH/1: Fotheringhay Northampton Museum D44/1954-5 Grid Ref: SP708938. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-32mm; H-66mm. Context and associations: Notes: Possible firing spall. Twisted cord decoration. Fine sand inclusions. References: Unpublished. NORH/2: Glendon Northampton Museum D47/1954-5 Grid Ref: SP840810. Type: Group 4 (fenestrated vessel). Dimensions: RD-44mm; BD-51mm; H-63mm. Context and associations: Notes: Fenestrated and incised lines for decoration. Sand, chalk and grog inclusions. References: Longworth 1983, 72. NORH/3: Twywell Northampton Museum ZL4 Grid Ref: SP730580. Type: Group 4 (Grape cup). Dimensions: RD-75mm; BD-40mm; H-57mm. Context and associations: Notes: Applied nodules for decoration. Sand inclusions. References: Piggott 1938, 73.

NORH/4: Hunsbury D51 Northampton Museum D51/1954-5 Grid Ref: SP730580. Type: Group 4 (straight walled). Dimensions: RD-66mm; BD55mm; H-44mm. Context and associations: associated with ironstone workings. Notes: Stabbed decoration and incised lines. Decorated base. References: Unpublished.

NORH/5: Rothwell Woods Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography 1918.206, MAA 1991.02.20 Grid Ref: SP950783. Type: Group 1 (handled Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD120mm; BD-67mm; H-104mm. Context and associations: Notes: stabbed decoration. Sand inclusions. References: Manby 2004, 228. Scale 1:4

150

Corpus NORH/6: Kettering Unknown. Grid Ref: SP920890. Type: Group 3? Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-30mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Allen 1988, 450, figure 260. After Allen 1988

Nottinghamshire NOTT/1: Attenborough Gravel Pits Nottingham University Museum Grid Ref: SK5116340. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-102mm; BD-69mm; H-68mm. Context and associations: Found during gravel digging. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Allen 1988, 405. After Allen 1988

NOTT/2: Belvoir a Unknown

Grid Ref: SK8133 . Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Allen 1988, 331 NOTT/3: Belvoir b Unknown. Grid Ref: SK8133. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Allen 1988, 331. NOTT/4: Sutton in Ashfield University of Leicester Archaeological Services. Grid Ref: SK5072 6086. Type: Group 4. Dimensions: Context and Associations: With cremation burial within Collared Urn. Notes: Filled Triangles on upper part, lower part undecorated. References: Information from N Cooper, ULAS. This recent find has not been included in the statistical analyses in this volume. NOTT/5: Sutton in Ashfield University of Leicester Archaeological Services. Grid Ref: SK5072 6086. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Food Vessel?). Dimensions: Context and Associations: With cremation burial within Collared Urn. Notes: References: Information from N Cooper, ULAS. This recent find has not been included in the statistical analyses in this volume.

151

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age NOTT/6: Sutton in Ashfield University of Leicester Archaeological Services. Grid Ref: SK5072 6086. Type: Group 4?. Dimensions: Context and Associations: With cremation burial within Collared Urn. Notes: References: Information from N Cooper, ULAS. This recent find has not been included in the statistical analyses in this volume.

Oxfordshire OXFO/1: Barrow Hills, Radley a Unknown. Grid Ref: SU512980. Type: Group 1 (Beaker). Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-42mm; H-98mm. Context and associations: Flat grave, child inhumation with 3 copper rings and a bone disc. Notes: Twisted cord decoration? References: Barclay and Halpin 1999, 57(P24).

After Barclay and Halpin 1999

OXFO/2: Barrow Hills, Radley b Unknown. Grid Ref: SU519984. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-100mm; BD-70mm; H-120mm. Context and associations: Secondary burial [Pit D] with pyre debris. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Barclay and Halpin 1999, 163 (P79).

After Barclay and Halpin 1999 OXFO/3: Barrow Hills, Radley c Unknown. Grid Ref: SU519984. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-150mm; BD-80mm; H-95mm. Context and associations: On its side with secondary burial [Pit A] with charcoal. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Grog inclusions. References: Barclay and Halpin 1999, 163 (P78). After Barclay and Halpin 1999

152

Corpus OXFO/4: Barrow Hills, Radley d Unknown Grid Ref: SU513980. Type: Group 1 (urn). Dimensions: Fragments only- RD-115mm; BD-85mm; H-120mm. Context and associations: Secondary burial in outer ditch to Barrow 12 with cremation. Notes: Fingernail impressions, applied boss. Flint inclusions. References: Barclay and Halpin 1999, 103, 112 (P53). After Barclay and Halpin 1999

OXFO/5: Barrow Hills, Radley e Unknown Grid Ref: SU513980. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-45mm; H-80mm. Context and associations: Secondary burial in outer ditch to Barrow 12 with cremation. Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Barclay and Halpin 1999, 103, 112 (P54).

After Barclay and Halpin 1999 OXFO/6: Eynsham City Farm (Hanborough) Ashmolean Museum 1957 54-56 Grid Ref: SP421082. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-105mm; BD-54mm; H-95mm. Context and associations: In a pit under the bank of a ring ditch with a second urn. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Grog inclusions. References: Longworth 1984, 262 No. 1368 After Longworth 1984

OXFO/7: Stanton Harcourt/Vicarage Field Location: Ashmolean Museum 1955.51a Grid Ref: SP410051. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel?). Dimensions: RD-77mm; BD-38mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Central burial of ring ditch associated with cremated human bone. Notes: Twisted cord and incised decoration. Sand inclusions. References: Case 1982, 106-108.

153

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age OXFO/8: Stanton Harcourt Ashmolean Museum 1940.175 Grid Ref: SP411045. Type: Group 4 (Fenestrated vessel). Dimensions: RD-53mm; BD-66mm; H-56mm. Context and associations: Associated with a cremation in a bowl barrow with a bronze dagger, flint fabricator, bronze awl, bone pin and head of a second, amber bead, jet bead, fossil sponge bead (composite necklace), stone whetstone, horn fragment. Notes: Firing spall and internal cracking. Fenestrated and incised decoration. Decorated base. Grog inclusions and ?chalk or burnt bone. References: Harden and Treweeks 1940, 161-162. OXFO/9: North Stoke Ashmolean Museum 1951.461 Grid Ref: SU611856. Type: Group 1 (Collared urn). Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-30mm; H-80mm. Context and associations: Found in a pit [2] with cremation. Notes: Incised decoration? Grog, sand and quartz inclusions. References: Case 1951, 82; Case 1982, 70. After Case 1982 OXFO/10: Near Abingdon BM Grid Ref: SU504977. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-90mm; BD 60mm-; H-93mm. Context and associations: Found ‘near a skeleton’. Notes: Twisted cord and fingernail impressions. References: Longworth 1984, 261 No. 1353. After Longworth 1984

Somerset SOME/1: Blackdown Bristol University Speleological Society Museum Grid Ref: ST484572. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-34mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: In a possible bell barrow (Tyning’s Farm North) with cremated bone inside an urn with fragments of chert, a flint chip and horse tooth. Notes: Undecorated. Sand and grog inclusions. Fire cloud? References: Read 1923, 71.

154

Corpus SOME/2: Camerton/Timsbury Bristol Museum F883, E177 9 Grid Ref: ST685578. Type: Group 4 (Aldbourne cup), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-112mm; BD-82mm; H-53mm (conjectural). Context and associations: In a bell barrow (G1) with a whetstone, bulbheaded pin and dagger. Notes: Incised and pointille decoration. Base decoration. White inlay. References: Piggott 1938, 103; Gerloff 1975, 104. SOME/3: Tyning’s Farm North a Bristol University Speleological Society Museum F2811 Grid Ref: ST465563. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-67mm; BD-45mm; H-38mm. Context and associations: Found with two other vessels (SOME/4 and SOME/5) in a pit, under barrow T10 associated with cremated human bone, three bone pins, bone hook, clay bead and flint. Notes: Incised decoration. Sand inclusions. References: Taylor 1951, 111-173.

SOME/4: Tyning’s Farm North b Bristol University Speleological Society Museum F2812 Grid Ref: ST465563. Type: Group 4 (straight walled), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-55mm; H-25mm. Context and associations: Found with two other vessels (SOME/3 and SOME/5) in a pit, under barrow T10 associated with cremated human bone, three bone pins, bone hook, clay bead and flint. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Decorated base. Sand inclusions. References: Taylor 1951, 111-173.

SOME/5: Tyning’s Farm North c Bristol University Speleological Society Museum F2813 Grid Ref: ST465563. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-75mm; BD-50mm; H-46mm. Context and associations: Found with two other vessels (SOME/3 and SOME/4) in a pit, under barrow T10 associated with cremated human bone, three bone pins, bone hook, clay bead and flint. Notes: ?pointille/comb decoration. Decorated base. White inlay. Fine sand inclusions. References: Taylor 1951, 111-173.

155

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age SOME/6: Wallmead/Timsbury/Camerton Bristol Museum F4298 Grid Ref: ST685578. Type: Group 4 (Aldbourne cup). Dimensions: Sherd only. Context and associations: Disturbed primary interment. Notes: Incised and pointille decoration. Grog inclusions. References: Gerloff 1975, 168. SOME/7: Chilcompton a Unknown Grid Ref: ST630512. Type: Group 1 (Collared urn). Dimensions: Context and associations: Found with fragments of an urn under one of mounds of conjoined disc barrow. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Lewis and Mullin 2012, 200-204. SOME/8: Chilcompton b Unknown Grid Ref: ST630512. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: Context and associations: Found with cremated remains of an adult female associated with faience beads, fossil crinoid beads and an amber bead under a barrow. Notes: Incised decoration. References: Lewis and Mullin 2012, 200-204. SOME/9: Priddy Location: Bristol Museum F1315 Grid Ref: ST539520 Type: Group 4 (Grape cup). Dimensions: RD-72mm; BD-30mm; H-45mm (conjectural). Context and associations: Associated with ‘burnt bones’ and amber beads, possible faience bead, bronze knife and bronze razor. Notes: Applied nodules and twisted cord decoration. References: Scarth 1859, 148-149; Piggott 1938, 27, 103; Abercromby 1912, 219.

SOME/10: Wallmead/Timsbury a Bristol Museum F4301 Grid Ref: ST685578. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-101mm; BD-66mm; H- 114mm. Context and associations: Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Fine sand and chalk inclusions. References: Unpublished.

156

Corpus

SOME/11: Wallmead/Timsbury b Bristol Museum F4302 Grid Ref: ST685578. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-98mm; BD83mm-; H-108mm. Context and associations: Notes: 2 pierced lugs. Fine sand and chalk inclusions. References: Unpublished.

SOME/12: Wallmead/Timsbury c Bristol Museum F4303 Grid Ref: ST685578. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-95mm; BD70mm-; H-77mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Unpublished. SOME/13: Castle of Comfort/East Harptree ?Taunton Museum Grid Ref: ST542531. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Abercromby 1912, figure 233. SOME/14: Fairfield/Lansdowne Bath Scientific and Literary Museum. Grid Ref: ST725687. Type: Group 4 (straight walled). Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: Decorated base. References: Unpublished. Image based on sketch by Alex Gibson.

After Gibson nd

SOME/15: Northay/Combe St Nicholas Unknown. Grid Ref: ST281115. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: In an urn with ashes and bone and a knifedagger. Notes: n/a. References: Gerloff 1975, 79.

157

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Staffordshire STAF/1: Cart Low, Throwley Sheffield City Museum J93.878 Grid Ref: SK104510. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD86mm; BD-28mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: With calcined human bone and a bronze awl, quartz pebbles, two fragments of flint and the shoulder bone of a large animal. Notes: Incised decoration. Decorated base. References: Bateman 1861, 130; Vine 1982, 247 No. 616.

STAF/2: Blore with Swinscoe Sheffield City Museum J93.882, number 107 Grid Ref: SK134491. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-50mm; H- 60mm. Context and associations: Associated with a cremation in the corner of a cist under a round barrow. Notes: Undecorated. Flint inclusions. References: Bateman 1861, 142; Vine 1982, 166 No. 629. STAF/3: Penkhull Hanley Museum, Stoke on Trent Grid Ref: SJ870440. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD75mm; BD-51mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised and stabbed decoration. References: Vine 1982, 240.

After Vine 1982

STAF/4: Wardlow Pasture Unknown Grid Ref: SK085472. Type: Dimensions: Sherd only. Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Pape 1928, 154-155; Vine 1982, 251.

158

Corpus Suffolk SUFF/1: Ampton, Seven Hills BM 1879 1209.1902 Grid Ref: TL863737. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-48mm; BD-45mm; H-52mm approx. (sherds only). Context and associations: Cremation burial 4 under a round barrow with an urn. Notes: Undecorated. Fine sand inclusions. References: Fox 1923, 325; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 140. SUFF/2: Barnham West Stow Museum, Bury St Edmunds BSEMS 1977.769 Grid Ref: TL 868791. Type: Group 4 (trunconic); Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-91mm; H- 54mm. Context and associations: With the contracted inhumation of a female under a bowl barrow. Notes: Firing spall? Twisted cord decoration. Grog inclusions? References: Edwardson 1958, 186-190; Longworth 1967, 111-122. SUFF/3: Creeting St Mary Ipswich Museum 1929.178 Grid Ref: TM077569. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-77mm; BD-70mm; H-70mm approx. Context and associations: Associated with a cremation. Notes: Undecorated. References: Smedley and Owles 1962, 189. SUFF/4: Kentford Bury St Edmunds Museum F33 Grid Ref: TL710660. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-120mm; BD-?; H-88mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. References: Smedley and Owles 1962, 189. SUFF/5: Darmsden Ipswich Museum 1946.206 Grid Ref: TM009520. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-76mm; BD-48mm; H-38mm. Context and associations: Notes: Fingernail impressed decoration. References: Smedley and Owles 1962, 189.

159

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age SUFF/6: Iken Ipswich Museum 1940.153 Grid Ref: TM405548. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-120 x 90mm; BD76mm; H-76mm. Context and associations: Notes: Chalk, grog and flint inclusions. References: Unpublished.

SUFF/7: Mildenhall/West Row a Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography Grid Ref: TL650770. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-90mm; BD54mm; H-88mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Unpublished.

SUFF/8: Mildenhall/West Row b Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography, MAA 1987-07-29 Grid Ref: TL650770. Type: Group 4 (straight walled?). Dimensions: RD73mm; BD-64mm; H-49mm. Context and associations: Found during road works, possibly with an urn. Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Unpublished.

SUFF/9: Brightwell Heath Unknown Grid Ref: TM249446. Type: Group 1 (Collared urn). Dimensions: RD82mm; BD-65mm; H-85mm. Context and associations: Found in a secondary context in a round barrow, upright in a pit. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Smedley and Owles 1962, 185; Longworth 1984, 268 No. 1434.

Scale 1:4

After Longworth 1984

SUFF/10: Icklingham Private Collection

Grid Ref: TL759760. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-95mm; BD-60mm; H-95mm. Context and associations: Found in a pit next to an urn which had been inverted over a cremation, in a round barrow. Notes: Undecorated. References: Longworth 1984, 269 No. 1454.

160

Corpus SUFF/11: Barton Mills West Stow Museum, Bury St Edmunds BSEMS 1977.772 Grid Ref: TL 709721. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-108mm; BD-53mm; H-92mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Sand, grog, chalk and flint inclusions. References: Unpublished. SUFF/12: Bawdsey BM56 6-27 3 Grid Ref: TM340390. Type: Group 1 (Collared urn). Dimensions: RD-90mm; BD-50mm; H-95mm. Context and associations: Notes: Twisted cord and fingernail impressions. References: Smedley and Owles 1962, 191; Longworth 1984, 267 No. 1430. SUFF/13: Wangford Quarry Cotswold Archaeology Grid Ref: TM700750. Type: Group 1 (miniature Beaker) Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-45; H-c.70mm: Context and Associations: Grave. Notes: Decorated with rows of small rectangular impressions. References: Information from J. Meredith, Cotswold Archaeology. This recent find has not been included in the statistical analyses in this volume. SUFF/14: Wangford Quarry Cotswold Archaeology Grid Ref: TM700750. Type: Group 1 (miniature Beaker) Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-50; H-50mm: Context and Associations: Pit. Notes: Undecorated. References: Information from J. Meredith, Cotswold Archaeology. This recent find has not been included in the statistical analyses in this volume.

Sussex SUSS/1: Blackburgh/Devil’s Dyke Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum Grid Ref: TQ262102. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-76mm; BD-51mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Associated with the contracted inhumation of a woman with shale disc beads, a bronze awl and bronze dagger. Notes: Applied ‘eyebrow’ motif. References: Fox 1876, 280-287.

161

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age SUSS/2: Chalvington BM 1935 6-7 1 Grid Ref: TQ518089. Type: Group 1 (Beaker) Dimensions: RD-58mm; BD-34mm; H-74mm. Context and associations: Found in a sand pit. Notes: Fingertip impression, whipped cord maggots? And incised decoration. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Musson 1954, 109 No. 110. SUSS/3: Clayton Hill Lewes Castle Museum Grid Ref: TQ304134. Type: Group 4 (Fenestrated vessel). Dimensions: RD56mm; BD-57mm; H-61mm. Context and associations: Found in a round barrow with an urn and quoit shaped faience bead. Notes: Fenestrated and twisted cord decoration. Fine sand, grog and flint inclusions. References: Horsefield 1824, 43-44; Thurnam 1871, 368; Curwen 1954, 157, 161. SUSS/4: South Malling/Cliff Hill BM 1853 4-12 52 Grid Ref: TQ 421110. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-84mm; BD-57mm; H-61mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Abercromby 1912, figure 257; Musson 1954, 109 No. 170. SUSS/5: Plumpton Plain BM 1853 4-12 52 Grid Ref: TQ350120. Type: Group 2 ?. Dimensions: RD-77mm; BD-45mm; H-72mm (approx.- sherd only). Context and associations: Notes: 95% reconstructed. Incised decoration. Fine sand inclusions. References: Buchez and Henton 2012, 92, figure 124. SUSS/6: Alfriston a BM39 10-29 1459 Grid Ref: TQ519030. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-90mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Grog and flint inclusions. References: Horsefield 1824, 22; Abercromby 1912, figure 252; Musson 1954, 109 No. 160.

162

Corpus SUSS/7: Alfriston b BM 1853 6-8 3 Grid Ref: TQ519030. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-90mm; BD-61mm; H-103mm. Context and associations: Found in a bowl barrow, associated with an urn. Notes: Undecorated. Sand and chalk inclusions. References: Ade 1849, 270-27.

SUSS/8: Lancing a BM 85 7-12 5 Grid Ref: TQ184050. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-61mm; BD-36mm; H-43mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Sand and chalk inclusions. References: Musson 1954, 109 No. 120.

SUSS/9: Lancing b BM 85 7-12 3 Grid Ref: TQ184050. Type: Group 4 (fenestrated vessel). Dimensions: RD-38mm; BD-61mm; H-43mm. Context and associations: Notes: Fenestrated decoration. Sand and flint inclusions. References: Abercromby 1912, figure 223; Curwen 1954, 157; Musson 1954, 109 No.141. SUSS/10: Lancing c BM 85 7-12 4 Grid Ref: TQ184050. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel) Dimensions: RD-74mm; BD30mm; H-53mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Sand and flint inclusions. References: Musson 1954, 109 No. 121. SUSS/11: Parham Downs Alnwick Castle Museum ACAT4 Grid Ref: TQ046146. Type: Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-?; H-45mm (approx.) Context and associations: Found with an urn and a large number of pebbles and a (jet?) bead. Notes: n/a. References: Bruce 1880, 8.

163

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Warwickshire WARW/1: Brandon and Thetford Unknown Grid Ref: SP402761. Type: Dimensions: RD-110mm; BD-60mm; H-75mm. Context and associations: Round barrow. Notes: n/a. References: Allen 1988, 302.

Wiltshire WILT/1: Aldbourne 1, Barrow G1/276 BM 79 12-9 1806 Grid Ref: SU249773. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-38mm; BD-45mm; H-43mm. Context and associations: Adult cremation with 6 amber beads, a perforated bone pin and a flint flake, in the central grave of a bell barrow. Notes: Undecorated with some external sooting. Grog inclusions. References: Greenwell 1890, 47; Piggott 1938, 103 No. 31; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 126 No. 276.1. WILT/2: Aldbourne N5 Ashmolean Museum 1955.129 Grid Ref: SU265756. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-61mm; BD-35mm; H-25mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Unpublished. WILT/3: Aldbourne XIa Barrow G12/285 BM 79 12-9 1880 Grid Ref: SU243765. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-58mm; BD44mm; H-58mm. Context and associations: adult cremation (burial 1) in central grave of a round barrow. Found with jet/shale beads, 10 bone beads, a shell bead and sherds of another cup (WILT/4). Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Chalk inclusions. References: Greenwell 1890, 56-57; Piggott 1938, 103; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 128.

164

Corpus WILT/4: Aldbourne XIb, Barrow G12/285 Location: BM 79 12-9 1881 Grid Ref: SU243765. Type: Dimensions: sherds only. Context and associations: found with WILT/3, adult cremation (burial 1) in central grave of a round barrow. Found with jet/shale beads, 10 bone beads and a shell bead. Notes: Incised decoration and possible inlay. Grog inclusions. References: Greenwell 1890, 56-57; Piggott 1938, 103; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 128.

WILT/5: Aldbourne IVa, Barrow G6/280 BM 79 12-9 1818 (a and b) Grid Ref: SU247771. Type: Group 4 (Aldbourne cup), 2 perforations and lid. Dimensions: RD-101mm; BD-72mm; H-51mm. Context and associations: found with WILT/6 (a second Aldbourne cup), adult cremation (burial 1) in central grave of a round barrow, with haematite pebble, fossil bivalve, fossil crinoid bead, jet/shale ring, jet/shale pendant, shale button, shale bead, three faience beads, two amber beads, flint flake and ?2 bronze awls and fragments of bronze. Notes: Incised and pointillé decoration. Decorated base. White inlay. Grog inclusions. References: Greenwell 1890,1-72; Piggott 1938, 74; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 126-127.

WILT/6: Aldbourne IVb, Barrow G6/280 BM 79 12-9 1819 Grid Ref: SU247771. Type: Group 4 (Aldbourne cup), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-100mm; BD-75mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Found with WILT/5, adult cremation (burial 1) in central grave of a round barrow, with haematite pebble, fossil bivalve, fossil crinoid bead, jet/ shale ring, jet/shale pendant, shale button, shale bead, three faience beads, two amber beads, flint flake and ?2 bronze awls and fragments of bronze. Notes: Stabbed, pointillé and stab and drag decoration. Decorated base. Grog inclusions. References: Greenwell 1890,1-72; Piggott 1938, 74; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 126-127.

165

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age WILT/7: Alton Parva 26/Figheldean BM1902 6-16 16 Grid Ref: SU15204653. Type: Group 4 (Grape cup). Dimensions: RD-80mm; BD65mm; H- 43mm. Context and associations: With an inhumation burial with dagger and two barbed and tanged arrowheads, and possibly a second vessel. Notes: Applied pellet decoration. Grog inclusions. References: Hawley 1910, 615-628; Piggott 1938, 105; Abercromby 1912, figure 218.

WILT/8: Amesbury G19a Devizes Museum 162, DZSWS: STHEAD 123 Grid Ref: SU12974140. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-90mm; BD-78mm; H-40mm. Context and associations; “In a deep hole with a large quantity of burnt bones” and with WILT/9 and two bronze awls. Notes: Whipped cord and stabbed decoration. Decorated base. Grog, flint and chalk inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 199; Annable and Simpson 1964, 59.

WILT/9: Amesbury G19b Devizes Museum 163, DZSWS: STHEAD 123a Grid Ref: SU12974140. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-66mm; BD-36mm; H-30mm. Context and associations: “In a deep hole with a large quantity of burnt bones” with WILT/8 and two bronze awls. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. sparse flint inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 199; Annable and Simpson 1964, 59.

WILT/10: Amesbury G19c (Barrow G19a) Devizes Museum 167, DZSWS: STHEAD 119 Grid Ref: SU12904140. Type: Group 4 (Grape cup), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD67mm; BD-45mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: With a primary cremation in a bowl barrow. Notes: Applied pellets and incised decoration. Decorated base. Grog and flint inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 199; Abercromby 1912, 221; Piggott 1938, 104; Annable and Simpson 1964, 59.

WILT/11: Amesbury/Solstice Park b Unknown Grid Ref: SU174415. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn). Dimensions: Context and associations: In a shallow pit in a ring ditch. Notes: Undecorated. Grog, sand and flint inclusions. References: Valentin 2016, 20, vessel 12.

166

Corpus WILT/12: Amesbury/Grateley Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum Grid Ref: SU174415. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-100mm; H-53mm. Context and associations: Notes: Rounded base, surface smoothed. Grain impressions. References: Unpublished. WILT/13: Amesbury G61a Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum 1987.80 Grid Ref: SU17514233. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-34mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Cremation in a pit under around barrow with beaver incisor, bronze awl, bronze fragment, two amber beads, fossil crinoid, two segmented faience beads, two cowrie shells, a steatite bead and two flint flakes. Notes: Surface smoothed. Sand inclusions. References: Ashbee 1984, 39-92. WILT/14: Avebury/All Cannings/ Beckhampton (Barrow 65-7a) BM 73 12-19 10 Grid Ref: SU9456715. Type: Group 4 (Aldbourne cup), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-104mm; BD-70mm; H-47mm. Context and associations: Primary cremation. Notes: Incised and pointillé decoration. Sparse flint inclusions. References: Thurnam 1871, 363; Piggott 1938, 75.

WILT/15: Avebury/All Cannings/ Beckhampton (Barrow 65-7b) BM 73 12-19 9 Grid Ref: SU9456715. Type: Group 4 (Aldbourne cup). Dimensions: RD-100mm; BD-66mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: primary cremation with bronze awl. Notes: Incised and pointillé decoration. Decorated base. Grog inclusions. References: Thurnam 1871, 363; Piggott 1938, 75.

167

After Gibson nd

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age WILT/16: Avebury a (Barrow G23c) Devizes Museum 291-291a DSWSW:X23 Grid Ref: SU 94506715. Type: Group 4 (Grape cup), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-44mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: recorded found with seven inhumations and a stone battle axe. Notes: Applied pellets and incised decoration. Sand inclusions. References: Mereweather 1851, 44; Abercromby 1912, figure 220; Piggott 1938, 104; Annable and Simpson 1964, 49. WILT/17: Avebury b (Barrow G25) Devizes Museum 289 Grid Ref: SU945671. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-80mm-; BD-51mm; H-80mm. Context and associations: secondary inhumation in a bowl barrow. Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 60. After Annable and Simpson 1964

WILT/18: Avebury c (Barrow G29) Devizes Museum 171 Grid Ref: SU11526858. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-98mm; BD55mm; H- 56mm. Context and associations: recorded found with seven inhumations and a stone battle axe. Notes: Undecorated. Sand and chalk inclusions. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 59.

After Annable and Simpson 1964

WILT/19: Avebury c (Barrow G55) Devizes Museum DZSWS:1965.14.294 Grid Ref: SU11676880. Type: Group 4 (trunconic). Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD84mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: primary cremation in a bell barrow with a bronze awl with wooden handle, horn pendant, chalk bead three fossil encrinites beads and fragments of bone. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Grog inclusions. References: Smith 1965, 24-47.

WILT/20: Beckhampton Devizes Museum 176 Grid Ref: SU091689. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-124mm; BD88mm; H-88mm. Context and associations: Notes: Sand and flint inclusions. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 66.

After Annable and Simpson 1964

168

Corpus

WILT/21: Bishop’s Cannings/Roughridge Hill (Barrow G62a) BM 73 12-19 8 Grid Ref: SU06016605. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-88mm; BD-50mm; H-43mm. Context and associations: Primary cremation with a perforated bone bead and pig mandible. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Decorated base. Sand inclusions. References: Thurnam 1860, 323; Thurnam 1871, 360; Abercromby 1912, figure 256.

WILT/22: Boreham/East Kennet Devizes Museum 158 DZSWS: 2004.311 Grid Ref: ST89274400. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-45mm; H-39mm. Context and associations: Notes: Stabbed decoration. Sand inclusions. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 58. WILT/23: Boscombe Down a Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum 30/28 Grid Ref: SU174407. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-34mm; BD-n/a; H-21mm. Context and associations: Cremation under a round barrow with an urn and WILT/24. Notes: Surface smoothed. Sand inclusions. References: Shortt 1939, 462-465. WILT/24: Boscombe Down b Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum 30/38 Grid Ref: SU174407. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-27mm; H-28mm. Context and associations: Cremation under a round barrow with an urn and WILT/23. Notes: Fingernail impressions. Sand inclusions. References: Shortt 1939, 462-465. WILT/25: Boyton/Tytherington/Corton Down Devizes Museum 179 DZSWS: STHEAD 32 Grid Ref: ST952396. Type: Group 2? Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-70mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Primary cremation. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Sand, flint and grog inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 103; Abercromby 1912, 251; Annable and Simpson 1964, 59.

169

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age WILT/26: G2a Devizes Museum 482 Grid Ref: SU00016462. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: rim sherd only. Context and associations: Primary cremation under a bowl barrow with a V-perforated bone button. Notes: Incised decoration. References: Cunnington 1907b: 442-443, Annable and Simpson 1964, 61.

WILT/27: Bromham G2b Devizes Museum 1102 DZSWS:X97 Grid Ref: SU00016462. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-120mm; BD95mm; H-95mm. Context and associations: Secondary cremation under a bowl barrow. Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Cunnington 1907b, 442-443; Annable and Simpson 1964, 65.

WILT/28: Bulford Barrow 72e BM 1102 DZSWS:X97 Grid Ref: SU168434. Type: Group 4 (fenestrated vessel). Dimensions: RD-83mm; BD-41mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Primary cremation with an urn and another cup (lost). Notes: Incised and fenestrated decoration. Decorated base. Flint and grog inclusions. References: Anon 1849, 319; Stanley 1867, 24; Thurnam 1871, 366; Abercromby 1912, figure 226; Longworth 1983, 78-9.

WILT/29: Charnage Furze, Kingston Deverill Devizes Museum DZSWS: STHEAD 285 Grid Ref: ST84653431. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-75mm; BD-56mm; H- 83mm. Context and associations: Inhumation in a bowl barrow. Notes: 4 lugs. Twisted cord inverted horse-shoe decoration. Sand inclusions. Heavily sooted on one side. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 45; Annable and Simpson 1964, 66. WILT/30: Collingbourne Ducis (Barrow 181) Devizes Museum 181 Grid Ref: SU22055202. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-?; BD-?; H-10mm. Context and associations:. Notes: n/a. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 66.

170

Corpus WILT/31: Collingbourne Ducis/Snail Down XIX (Barrow G4) Devizes Museum 181 Grid Ref: SU220520. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: cremation in a wooden coffin with a dagger and ring-headed pin. Notes: n/a. References: Colt Hoare 1810: 185; Piggott 1938: 105; Annable and Simpson 1964, 193-194. WILT/32: Durrington Barrow G36 Devizes Museum Grid Ref: SU12454393. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-42mm H-74mm. Context and associations: Secondary cremation with an urn in a bowl barrow. Notes: Undecorated. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 168; Annable and Simpson 1964, 58. WILT/33: Durrington Barrow G65c Devizes Museum 166 DZSWS: STHEAD 92 Grid Ref: SU15134317. Type: Group 4 (Aldbourne cup), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-75x115mm; BD-70x 60mm; H-48mm (severely distorted). Context and associations: Primary cremation in a bowl barrow. Notes: Incised and pointillé decoration. Possible decorated base? Severely distorted by heat. Flint and chalk inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 174; Piggott 1938, 105; Annable and Simpson 1964, 61. WILT/34: Easton Down Unknown Grid Ref: SU064661. Type: Group 3. (simple dish). Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-55mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Secondary fill of flanking ditch to a long barrow. Notes: Undecorated fragments only. Grog and flint inclusions. References: Whittle et al. 1993, 197-239. WILT/35: Ford Unknown Grid Ref: SU15723291. Type: Group 3 (small dish). Dimensions: RD-102mm; BD-95mm; H-90mm. Context and associations: In a pit with black ash and burnt bone. Notes: Undecorated. Fine sand inclusions. References: Shone 1937, 406-411.

171

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age WILT/36: Gopher Wood Unknown Grid Ref: SU13996392. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: In a disc/bell barrow with an awl and bone pin, possibly in an urn. Notes: n/a. References: Unpublished. WILT/37: Idmiston Unknown Grid Ref: SU22003670. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: Associated with a primary cremation in a twin disc barrow with a bronze awl and amber beads. Notes: Undecorated. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 216. WILT/38: Jenner’s Fir, Upavon Devizes Museum DZSWS 1965.1 Grid Ref: SU175546. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-110mm; BD-58mm; H-72mm. Context and associations: In a pit possibly marked by a stake. Notes: Undecorated. Sand, chalk and grog inclusions. References: Bowen and Fowler 1965, 127-129. WILT/39: Preshute/Manton Barrow a (Barrow G1a) Devizes Museum 248 DZSWS.1953.70 Grid Ref: SU16496912. Type: Group 4 (Grape cup) with line of perforations in between upper row of pellets. Dimensions: RD-48mm; BD-57mm; H-53mm. Context and associations: Associated with primary crouched inhumation of elderly female with WILT/40, a ceramic ear stud, bronze knife dagger with amber pommel, spherical shale bead/steatite ring, amber disc framed with gold, miniature halberd pendant, biconical shale and gold bead, three bronze awls, ribbed shale bead, necklace of 150 shale disc beads, fossil encrinites and amber beads. Notes: Applied pellet decoration. Fine sand inclusions. References: Cunnington 1907, 1-20; Piggott 1938, 105; Annable and Simpson 1964, 249.

172

Corpus WILT/40: Preshute/Manton Barrow b (Barrow G1a) Devizes Museum 249 DZSWS.1953.69 Grid Ref: SU16496912. Type: Group 4 (straight walled?) Dimensions: RD-89mm; BD-69mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Associated with primary crouched inhumation of elderly female with WILT/40, a ceramic ear stud, bronze knife dagger with amber pommel, spherical shale bead/steatite ring, amber disc framed with gold, miniature halberd pendant, biconical shale and gold bead, three bronze awls, ribbed shale bead, necklace of 150 shale disc beads, fossil encrinites and amber beads. Notes: Pointille decoration with traces of red and white inlay. Fine sand and flint inclusions. References: Cunnington 1907, 1-20; Piggott 1938, 105; Annable and Simpson 1964, 249. WILT/41: Mere, Charnage Down Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum 181 Grid Ref: ST84353455. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-55mm; H-41mm. Context and associations: From a barrow. Notes: Incised decoration. Fine flint inclusions. References: Piggott et al. 1947, 24. WILT/42: Milton Lilbourne Devizes Museum DZSWS.1960.9.3 Grid Ref: SU19935790. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-88mm; BD-50mm; H-64mm. Context and associations: with a primary cremation in a tree trunk coffin in a bell barrow. Notes: Incised decoration. Fine sand inclusions. References: Ashbee 1986, 56. WILT/43: Norton Bavant Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum Grid Ref: ST905428. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-79mm; BD-48mm; H-38mm. Context and associations: With the primary inhumation of an adult male, associated with a bronze dagger, bronze knife dagger, whetstone, bone needle and bone belt hook, in a barrow. Notes: Undecorated. Grog, sand and flint inclusions. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 65; Butterworth 1992, 12.

WILT/44: Ogbourne St Andrew Barrow G6 Devizes Museum Grid Ref: SU16517252. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-72mm; BD-54mm; H- 74mm. Context and associations: With the inhumation of an adult male. Notes: Undecorated. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 67. After Annable and Simpson 1964

173

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age WILT/45: Ogbourne St Andrew Barrow G8a Devizes Museum Grid Ref: SU16357307. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-88mm; BD-50mm; H- 85mm. Context and associations: From a saucer barrow. Notes: Undecorated. Sand, grog and chalk inclusions. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 66. After Annable and Simpson 1964 WILT/46: Preshute/Temple Down Devizes Museum Grid Ref: SU136729. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-96mm; BD-75mm; H80mm. Context and associations: With a cremation. Notes: Undecorated. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 64. After Annable and Simpson 1964

WILT/47: Rockley Devizes Museum 157 DZSWS.2004.226.1

Grid Ref: SU15007374. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-33mm; BD-23mm; H-25mm. Context and associations: Found in a barrow with a bronze awl and an urn. Notes: Stabbed decoration. Sand inclusions. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 58. WILT/48: Shrewton 5c Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum 98/1960 Grid Ref: SU08654479. Type: Group 4 (fenestrated vessel). Dimensions: RD-67mm; BD-54mm; H-38mm. Context and associations: Found with a primary adult male cremation in a cist in a bell barrow. Notes: Fenestrated and twisted cord decoration. Flint inclusions. References: Green and Rollo-Smith 1954, 296. WILT/49: Shrewton 23 Unknown Grid Ref: SU09144428. Dimensions: Type: Group 1. Context and associations: Found with a primary adult cremation in a post-hole under a barrow. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Deposited in fragments. References: Green and Rollo-Smith 1954, 296.

174

Corpus WILT/50: Snail Down (Collingbourne Ducis/Collingbourne Kingston) Barrow II/G6 Devizes Museum 260 DZSWS: STHEAD 104 Grid Ref: SU21555194. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-36mm; BD-30mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Associated with a primary female cremation with a bronze awl and WILT/54 in a saucer barrow. Notes: Comb decoration. Firing cloud. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 182-182; Abercromby 1912, figure 242; Annable and Simpson 1964, 63; Thomas 2005, 166 vessel D4. WILT/51: Snail Down (Collingbourne Ducis/Collingbourne Kingston) Barrow XIV Devizes Museum DZSW 1960.10.418 Grid Ref: SU21705209. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: Base sherd only. Context and associations: In a round barrow. Notes: Stabbed decoration. Grog, sand and chalk inclusions. References: Thomas 2005, 170 vessel C93.

WILT/52: Snail Down (Collingbourne Ducis/Collingbourne Kingston) Barrow II/G6 Devizes Museum 259 Grid Ref: SU21555194. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-109mm; BD62mm; H-108mm. Context and associations: Inverted in a pit. Notes: Undecorated. Grog and flint inclusions. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 62 No. 492; Thomas 2005, 170 vessel D3.

WILT/53: Snail Down (Collingbourne Ducis/Collingbourne Kingston) Barrow III/G8

After Thomas 2005

Unknown Grid Ref: SU21685205. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-87mm; BD-54mm; H-89mm. Context and associations: With a secondary cremation with a Collared urn and WILT/55, under the berm of a bell barrow. Notes: Comb decoration to collar. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 63, No. 505; Thomas 2005, 170, vessel D12.

After Thomas 2005

WILT/54: Snail Down (Collingbourne Ducis/Collingbourne Kingston) Barrow II/G6 Devizes Museum DZSWS 1955.213 Grid Ref: SU21555194. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: 2 conjoining rim sherds. Context and associations: Associated with the cremated remains of an adult female with a bronze awl and WILT/50 in a pit under as saucer barrow. Notes: ? Fingernail impressions along rim. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 182-182; Thomas 2005, 166 vessel D5

175

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age WILT/55: Snail Down (Collingbourne Ducis/Collingbourne Kingston) Barrow III/G8 Devizes Museum DZSWS 1955.213 Grid Ref: SU21685205. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-87mm; BD-73mm; H-104mm. Context and associations: Found with a secondary cremation and a Collared urn and WILT/53, under the berm of a bell barrow. Notes: Undecorated. Flint inclusions. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 63; Thomas 2005, 170 vessel D13. After Thomas 2005 WILT/56: Snail Down (Collingbourne Ducis/Collingbourne Kingston) Barrow XVII Devizes Museum DZSWS1960.10 Grid Ref: SU21675210. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-101mm; BD-72mm; H-123mm (2 large sherds only). Context and associations: Associated nested together with a secondary deposit at the edge of a bowl barrow. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 65; Thomas 2005, 170 vessel D22. After Thomas 2005

WILT/57: Stonehenge Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum Grid Ref: SU12244218. Type: Group 4 (double-ended vessel). Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-n/a; H-20mm. Context and associations: Associated with a cremation in Aubrey Hole 29 at Stonehenge. Notes: Twisted cord and incised decoration. Blackened on one surface and twisted cord markings on one surface. References: Hawley 1923, 17; Piggott 1938, 77; Gardiner 1995, 360-361.

WILT/58: Stratford-sub-Castle/Little Durnford BM 1895.0723.12 Grid Ref: SU142324. Type: Group 1 (lidded Food Vessel?). Dimensions: RD-110mm; BD-42mm; H-79mm approx. Context and associations: With a primary cremation in a bowl barrow. Notes: Incised and pointillé decoration with traces of white inlay. Severely distorted vessel, possibly fired when clay still wet. References: Gerloff 1975, plate 58.

176

After Gardiner 1995

Corpus WILT/59: Sutton Veny 4a Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum Grid Ref: ST913415. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-60x55mm; BD64mm; H-48mm approx. Context and associations: Associated with a primary crouched inhumation of an adult male with a large Food Vessel and a bronze knife in a wooden coffin under a barrow. Notes: Incised and stabbed decoration. Flint inclusions. References: Johnston 1978, 72-73; Longworth 1984, No. 1707.

WILT/60: Upton Lovell G2e Devizes Museum DZSWS: HEAD 61 Grid Ref: ST94444013. Type: Group 4 (Grape cup) with multiple perforations. Dimensions: RD-52mm; BD-60mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Associated with a secondary cremation in a barrow. Notes: Applied pellets and twisted cord. Possible red and white inlay. Sand, chalk and grog inclusions. References: Piggott 1938, 106; Annabele and Simpson 1964, 48. WILT/61: Warminster G6 Devizes Museum 160 DZSWS: STHEAD 202 Grid Ref: ST90314718. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-90x78mm; BD-37mm; H-91mm. Context and associations: Secondary insertion in a long barrow. Notes: Undecorated. Sand and flint inclusions. References: Annable and Simpson 1964, 66. After Annable and Simpson 1964 WILT/62: West Overton G2 Devizes Museum 231 DZSWS: STHEAD 297 Grid Ref: SU11936808. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-82mm; BD-35mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Primary cremation in a bell barrow. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Traces of red and white inlay. Decorated base. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 90; Abercromby 1912, figure 230; Annable and Simpson 1964, 59.

177

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age WILT/63: Wilsford, near Lake Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum 179 Grid Ref: SU118398. Type: Group 1 (2 perforated lugs). Dimensions: RD66x60mm; BD-70mm; H-84mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised decoration. Slashed cordon and rim. Flint and chalk inclusions. References: unpublished.

WILT/64: Wilsford/Lake 38 Devizes Museum DZSWS 1964.8.75 Grid Ref: SU13213866. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-69mm; BD-54mm; H-105mm. Context and associations: Found in a pit in a barrow. Notes: Undecorated. Sand and flint inclusions. Crazed surface and fire clouds. References: Grimes 1964, 105-106.

WILT/65: Wilsford G36f Devizes Museum 170 DZSWS: STHEAD 172 Grid Ref: SU10764022. Type: Group 4, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-76mm; BD-62mm; H- 29mm. Context and associations: Possibly associated with a primary adult cremation in a bowl barrow. Notes: 23 perforations to the base. Fine sand and flint inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 209; Abercromby 1912, figure 239; Annable and Simpson 1964, 59; Grimes 1964, 90-91. WILT/66: Wilsford G50 BM 1875 7-23 13 Grid Ref: SU11074007. Type: Group 4. Dimensions: RD-51mm; BD-52mm; H-34 (survives)mm. Context and associations: Associated with a primary inhumation with amber beads and spacer plate, 4 gold discs, a bronze awl and faience beads. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Sand, grog and flint inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 212; Goddard 1908, 582-586; Piggott 1938, 105 No. 67; Grinsell 1957, 198.

178

Corpus WILT/67: Wilsford G7 Devizes Museum DZSWS: STHEAD 236- currently on loan at Stonehenge visitor centre Grid Ref: SU11794124. Type: Group 4 (Grape cup). Dimensions: RD-?; BD-?; H-56mm (estimated as on display). Context and associations: Associated with a primary inhumation in a bell barrow with a shale bead, miniature double axe shale pendant, conical amber pendant with v-perforations, shield-shaped amber pendant, 2 perforated fossil encrinites stems, gold spherical cover, spherical shale bead with gold cover, spherical amber bead and a Collared urn. Notes: Twisted cord and applied pellet decoration. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 202; Abercromby 1912, figure 1a; Piggott 1938, 52-105; Annable and Simpson 1964, 44; Longworth 1984, 289 no. 1716. WILT/68: Wilsford G8 Devizes Museum 1059-67 DZSWS: STHEAD 127 Grid Ref: SU11814133. Type: Group 4 (Fenestrated cup). Dimensions: RD-58mm; BD-91mm; H-43mm. Context and associations: Associated with a primary cremation in a bell barrow with a miniature amber and copper halberd pendant, a shale button with gold cover, a bone and gold pendant, four miniature amber pestle mace-head pendants, one amber pendant, two gold-bound amber discs, three flat amber pendants, one bronze pendant with sheet gold. Notes: Twisted cord and fenestrated decoration. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 201-202; Abercromby 1912, figure 222; Piggott 1938, 105; Annable and Simpson 1964, 46.

WILT/69: Wilsford G40 Devizes Museum 161 DZSWS X117 Grid Ref: SU10824020. Type: Group 2?, 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD-73mm; BD-66mm; H-67mm. Context and associations: Found in a bowl barrow associated with a human radius. Notes: Small stabs/pointillé decoration and white inlay. Decorated base. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Cunnington 1926, 182-184; Annable and Simpson 1964, 59.

WILT/70: Wilton/Grafton Ashmolean Museum 1955.127 Grid Ref: SU26045806. Type: Group 4 (trunconic?), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD50mm; BD-30mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Associated with a cremation (possibly of a child) next to an urn. Notes: Stabbed decoration. Sand and ?flint chip inclusions. References: Passmore 1906, 308.

179

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age WILT/71: Winterbourne Dauntsey Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum 180/39 Grid Ref: SU16803495. Type: Group 3, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-56mm; BD28mm; H-54mm. Context and associations: Found by workmen in a trench. Notes: Sand and flint inclusions. References: Stone 1942, 234

WILT/72: Winterbourne Monkton Devizes Museum 1978.44.15 Grid Ref: SU116727. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-96mm; BD-63mm; H-99mm. Context and associations: Museum reports vessel being found with a burial on Monkton Down. Notes: Sand and chalk inclusions. References: Unpublished. WILT/73: Winterslow (Hutchin’s Bell Barrow, Winterslow Hut) On loan to Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum from Ashmolean Museum Grid Ref: SU22953530. Type: Group 3. Dimensions:. Context and associations: Associated with a secondary cremation next to an inverted Trevisker style urn, inside an urn with a bronze awl and razor, a large conical amber bead, at least four other amber beads, including some conical v-perforated beads, a flat amber button and hair, possibly from eyebrows. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Thurnam 1871, 361; Stevens and Stone 1938, 174-178. WILT/74: Winterslow 512/Cholderton Ashmolean Museum ANNC 512 Grid Ref: SU22883496. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel bowl), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-49mm; BD-42mm; H-49mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised decoration and white inlay. Sand inclusions. References: Thurnam 1871, 361. WILT/75: Winterslow 513/Cholderton Ashmolean Museum ANNC 513 Grid Ref: SU22883496. Type: Group 1, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-63mm; BD-34mm; H-44mm. Context and associations: Notes: Stabbed and incised decoration with white inlay. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 209-12.

180

Corpus WILT/76: Winterbourne Stoke G8 Devizes Museum 1029-34 DZSWS: STHEAD 187 Grid Ref: SU10274184. Type: Group 4 (Grape cup/Fenestrated Cup). Dimensions: RD28mm; BD-44mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Associated with a primary inhumation in a bowl barrow with possibly a second cup (both near the head), two whetstones, a bronze awl, a flat pebble, a fossil rhynocella, a stalactite fragment, a beaver incisor and two bone beads. Notes: Fenestrated, pelleted and twisted cord decoration, distorted and damaged with reddening and blackening to interior. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 124, Abercromby 1912, figure 12; Piggott 1938, 106; Annable and Simpson 1964, 52. WILT/77: Winterbourne Stoke G9 Devizes Museum 256 DZSWS: STHEAD 334 Grid Ref: SU10304188. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD- H-50mm (reconstructed from fragments). Context and associations: Associated with an inhumation in a wooden coffin with shale and amber beads and a bronze knife and bronze awl. Notes: Stabbed decoration with white inlay. Some blackening to interior. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 124; Annable and Simpson 1964, 60. WILT/78: Winterbourne Stoke G16a Devizes Museum 164 DZSWS: STHEAD 79a Grid Ref: SU10064171. Type: Group 4, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-108mm; BD-45mm; H-46mm. Context and associations: Associated with a primary cremation in a bowl barrow with a curved bone pin. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Sand and ?flint inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 121; Annable and Simpson 1964, 61. WILT/79: Winterbourne Stoke G14a Devizes Museum 252 DZSWS: STHEAD 48 Grid Ref: SU10124179. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-87mm; BD-45mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Associated with a primary cremation in a disc barrow with amber beads. Notes: Undecorated. Sand inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 121; Annable and Simpson 1964, 61.

181

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age WILT/80: Winterbourne Stoke G14b Devizes Museum 253 DZSWS: STHEAD 49 Grid Ref: SU10124179. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-75mm; BD-45mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Associated with a primary cremation and amber beads. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Blackening and cracking to base. Sand inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 123; Annable and Simpson 1964, 51. WILT/81: Winterbourne Stoke G58a Devizes Museum 165 DZSWS: STHEAD 82 Grid Ref: SU8294237. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-75mm; BD-46mm; H-60mm. Context and associations: Associated with a primary cremation in a bowl barrow with a bone pin. Notes: Undecorated. Sand and chalk inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 115; Annable and Simpson 1964, 60. WILT/82: Winterbourne Stoke G64b Devizes Museum 173 DZSWS: STHEAD 69a Grid Ref: SU7674197. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-85mm; BD-?35mm; H-19mm (min). Context and associations: Associated with a primary cremation in a bowl barrow. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Substantial firing spall to base and break to rim. Sand, grog and chalk inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 115; Annable and Simpson 1964, 60. WILT/83: Winterbourne Stoke G65 Devizes Museum 254 DZSWS: STHEAD 71 Grid Ref: SU7714201. Type: Group 4, 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-50mm; H-47mm. Context and associations: Associated with a cremation. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Sand and ?flint inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 114, Abercromby 1912, figure 245; Piggott 1938, 75-77; Annable and Simpson 1964, 59. WILT/84: Winterbourne Stoke G68 Devizes Museum 255 DZSWS: STHEAD 70b Grid Ref: SU7814192. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-80mm; BD-40mm; H-34mm. Context and associations: Associated with a primary cremation in a disc barrow with amber and faience beads and shale rings and beads. Notes: Comb decoration. Firing cloud to base and burnt out grain impressions. Sand and ?flint inclusions. References: Colt Hoare 1810, 114-115; Abercromby 1912, figure 238; Piggott 1938, 106; Annable and Simpson 1964, 60.

182

Corpus WILT/85: Wylye Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum 239/39 Grid Ref: SU008377. Type: Group 4 (fenestrated vessel). Dimensions: RD-89mm; BD-38mm; H-43mm. Context and associations: Associated with a primary cremation in a bowl barrow on a layer of wood ash and fragments of burnt bone. Notes: Incised and fenestrated decoration with white inlay. Decorated base. Sand and ?flint chips. References: Passmore 1942, 117-118.

WILT/86: Wiltshire Unprovenanced Devizes Museum 172 DZSWS: STHEAD 247 Grid Ref: n/a. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-69mm; BD-31mm; H-57mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised decoration with white inlay. Sand inclusions. References: Abercromby 1912, figure 244; Annable and Simpson 1964, 58 WILT/87: Wilsford G16 Devizes Museum? Grid Ref: SU11414148. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: Associated with a primary cremation under a bowl barrow with a composite necklace (shale and amber beads). Notes: n/a. References: Colt Hoare 1812, 200; Annable and Simpson 1964, 52; Woodward and Hunter 2015, 412 WILT/88: Porton Down a Unknown Grid Ref: SU21453640. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-110mm; BD-?; H-90mm. Context and associations: Associated with the inhumation of a neonate. Notes: Twisted cord and comb decoration. References: Andrews and Thompson 2016, 39-79. WILT/89: Porton Down b Unknown Grid Ref: SU21453640. Type: Group 1 (Miniature Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-120mm; BD-?; H-90mm. Context and associations: Associated with an infant inhumation. Notes: Comb decoration. References: Andrews and Thompson 2016, 39-79.

183

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age WILT/90: Liddington Unknown Grid Ref: SU22917855. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: n/a. References: Alex Gibson pers. comm. WILT/91 Amesbury/Solstice Park b Unknown Grid Ref: SU 174415. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: sherds only. Context and associations: In a shallow pit in a ring ditch. Notes: Undecorated. Grog and sand inclusions. References: Valentin 2016, 20 (vessel 5).

Worcestershire WORC/1: Worcester Beacon, Great Malvern BM 1928 12-16 21 Grid Ref: SO768452. Type: Group 3, 3 perforations survive (evidence of possible 4th). Dimensions: RD-75mm; BD-41mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: Associated with an adult cremation. Notes: Twisted cord and stabbed decoration. Sand and grog inclusions. References: Allen 1850, 67-68. WORC/2: Holt Unknown Grid Ref: SO824623. Type: Group 3,2 perforations (post firing). Dimensions: Context and associations: Found in a secondary pit in a ring ditch with cremated human bone and a bronze bead. Notes: Incised decoration. Grog, ‘white grits’ and micaceous particles. References: Hunt et al. 1986, 7-46.

184

After Hunt et al. 1986

Corpus Unprovenanced UNPROV/1: Unprovenanced A BM 73 6-2 Grid Ref: n/a. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-68mm; BD-?; H-49mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. Large firing spall, blackening and minor cracks to base. References: Unpublished. UNPROV/2: Unprovenanced B BM 56 7-1 5018 Grid Ref: n/a. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-35mm; BD-28mm; H-32mm. Context and associations: Notes: Stabbed decoration. Areas of blackening and cracks with damage to rim. References: Unpublished.

185

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age County Durham COD/1: Stonebridge Burial 2 BM WG 2413. NGR: NZ 258 414. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-64mm; BD-30m; H-64mm. Context and associations: With a cremation deposit. Notes: Undecorated. References: Kinnes & Longworth 1985,133, UN6 1:3.

Cumbria CUM/1: Aglionby Waterloo Hill THM CALMG 1927.31. NGR: NY 446 563. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-68mm; BD-33mm; H-68mm. Context and associations: Cremation cemetery. Notes: Asymmetric restored biconical, incised. References: Hodgson 1956, 6-17. CUM/2: Broomrigg C THM CALMG 1951.81.3. NGR: NY 549 461. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-36mm; H-69mm. Context and associations: Cremation cemetery, cremation of probable adult. Notes: Undecorated. References: Hodgson & Harper 1950, 30-42. CUM/3: Coniston Banniside Moor Not located. NGR: Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-64mm; H-41mm; BD-c.18mm. Context and associations: Cremation cemetery, cup in a Collared Urn which contained 2 small teeth, some bone of a 2-3 year old, and the skull of a (?) female and a fragment of woollen material (lost). Notes: Undecorated. References: Collingwood 1910, 342-353.

186

Corpus CUM/4: Dean Not located. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: From a cremation cemetery containing 12+ Urns in individual cists. Notes: Decorated with 2 bands of incised herringbone. References: Dickinson 1878, 345; Hood 2005, 1-10. CUM/5: Ewanrigg THM: CALMG 1987.30.4. NGR: NY 035 353. Type: Group 1 (Beaker ?). Dimensions: BD-50mm; H-70mm. Context and associations: Cremation cemetery, Collared Urn and a ‘connecting rod’ or tuyere, and a burnt flint fragment. Notes: Upper neck and rim absent, undecorated. References: Bewley et al. 1992, 325-354. After Bewley et al. (1992) CUM/6: Garlands THM CALMG 1977.25.17. NGR: NY 435 534. Type: Group 2 ?, 2 perforations. Dimensions: sherd, RDc.70mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised. References: Unpublished, CUM/7: Garlands THM CALMG 1999.823. NGR: NY 435 534. Type: Group 3, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-40mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Cremation cemetery. Notes: Undecorated. References: Hodgson 1956, 6-12. CUM/8: Garlands THM CALMG 1999.824 NGR: NY 435 534. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-85mm; BD-39mm; H-68mm. Context and associations: Cremation cemetery Notes: Impressed dots. References: Hodgson 1956, 6-12. CUM/9: Garlands THM CALMG 1977.25.23, NGR: NY 435 534. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: Sherd only. Context and associations: Cremation cemetery. Notes: Incomplete firing waster. References: Hodgson 1956, 6-12.

187

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

CUM/10: Kirby Stephen BM 1879,1209.1351. NGR: NY 776 044. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 1 perforation. Dimensions: RD-64mm; BD-45; H-43mm. Context and associations: Cairn with a child cremation deposit, one piece of burnt bone pierced with 2 holes. Notes: 50% of cup absent. Pointillé. Base cross hatched with fine twisted cord lattice. References: Kinnes & Longworth 1985, 97, No.169.

CUM/11: Old Parks, Kirkoswald THM CALMG 1949.109.3. NGR: NY 547 414. Type: Group 2 ? Dimensions: RD-36mm; BD-16mm; H-44mm. Context and associations: Cremation cemetery. Notes: Irregular mouth diameter, omphalos base, twisted cord and fingernail. References: Ferguson 1895, 389-399. CUM/12: Old Parks, Kirkoswald THM CALMG 1919.109.2. NGR: NY 547 414. Type: Group 2, 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD-68mm; BD-12mm; H-70mm. Context and associations: Cremation cemetery, 12 cannel coal beads. Notes: Omphalos base, incised and pointillé. References: Ferguson 1895: 389-399. CUM/13: Old Penrith ED NMS: X.ED1. NGR: NY 493 389. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-45mm; H-60. Context and associations: Notes: Incised. References: Smith 1871, 189-207. CUM/14: Roose, Dove Cote Fields DM BAWMS.07906. NGR: SD 223 693. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-56mm; BD-35mm; H-64mm. Context and associations: Cairn with a cremation deposit and one other cup (CUM/15). Notes: Circular stab and twisted cord impressions. References: Anon 1846, 68.

188

Corpus CUM/15: Roose, Dove Cote Fields DM BAWMS.07907. NGR: SD 223 693. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-58mm; BD50mm; H-56mm. Context and associations: Cairn with a cremation deposit and one other cup (CUM/14). Notes: Incised. References: Anon 1846, 68.

CUM/16: Skirwith Moor THM CALMG 1926.27.434. NGR: NY 629 329. Type: Group 2, 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD59mm; BD-50mm; H-80mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised. References: Unpublished.

Derbyshire DER/1: Brassington, Galley Low SFM J.93.880. NGR: SK 218 564. Type: Group 3, 3 perforations. Dimensions: RD-80mm; BD-72mm; H-78mm. Context and associations: Round barrow containing an inhumation. Notes: ‘Leathery’ in appearance, undecorated. References: Bateman 1848, 39; Vine 1982, 185. DER/2: Chapel en le Frith, Green Low Plantation BXM DER SM9178. NGR: SK 084 829. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-63mm; BD-83mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Cairn with a cremation deposit, a Collared Urn and two flints. Notes: Cup heavily restored, incised, pointillé. References: Marsden 1977, 27a; Vine 1982, 188; Longworth 1984, 173, No.265.

189

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age DER/3: Darley Dale, Stancliffe Hall Lost. NGR: SK 267 639. Type: Group 1 (handled Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD76mm; H-44mm. Context and Associations: Found with a Food Vessel. Notes: Incised, strap handle. References: Jewitt 1864, 201. DER/4: Doll Tor, Deposit F SFM 1981.1245. NGR: SK 238 628. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD55mm; H-80mm. Context and associations: East of the stone circle, eastern end of a flat stone, with child remains, part of a Food Vessel and a flint scraper. Notes: Undecorated. References: Vine 1982, 238, No.581 DER/5: Doll Tor, Deposit E SFM 1981.1244. NGR: SK 238 628. TYPE: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-100mm; BD-52mm; H-90mm. Context and associations: Inverted at the west edge of a stone circle, east of a large flat stone, with 3 flint scrapers and small fragments of bronze and a few bones. Notes: 50% of cup absent, comb impressed. References: Vine 1982, 238, No.589. DER/6: Doll Tor, Deposit D SFM 1981.1243. NGR: SK 238 628. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-85mm; BD62mm; H-85mm. Context and associations: Within a stone circle, possibly found with 2 other cups, found at the foot of stone 5 with a few bones. Notes: Undecorated. References: Vine 1982, 352, No. 525. DER/7: Holmesfield Totley Moor, Brown Edge Circle SFM J 1966.254. NGR: SK 295 793. Type: Group 3, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-66mm; BD-55mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Ring cairn, adult female cremation deposit, an inverted Collared Urn, a burnt flake and a limpet shell. Notes: Irregular circular stabs. References: Marsden 1977, 106; Longworth 1984, 174, No.278.

190

After Jewitt (1864)

Corpus DER/8: Matlock Bridge (Nr.) SFM J 93.831 NGR: SK 297 601. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-78mm; BD64mm; H-94mm. Context and associations: Cist with a cremation deposit and a large Food Vessel. Notes: Incised. References: Bateman 1861, 244; Abercromby 1912, fig. 266. DER/9: Middleton and Smerrill, Larks Low Barrow SFM J 93.881. NGR: SK 200 626. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-80mm; H-47mm. Context and associations: Bowl barrow with a whetstone, flint, bronze pin, animal teeth and a Collared Urn. Notes: Undecorated. References: Howarth 1899, 152; Vine 1982, 199. DER/10: Stanton Moor, T13 SFM 1979.985. NGR: SK 243 629. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD64mm; BD-55mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Barrow with an adult cremation deposit, a Collared Urn and clay plug. Notes: Incised herringbone, impressed dots. References: Heathcote 1936, 21-42; Vine 1982, 230; Longworth 1984, 178, No.320. DER/11: Stanton Moor 61, Deposit D SFM 1981.1223. NGR: SK 249 636. Type: Group 2, 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-25mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Ring cairn with a cremation deposit, a Collared Urn, a Cup (DER/12) and a burnt flint. Notes: Incised. References: Vine 1982, 234; Longworth 1984, 179, No.337. DER/12: Stanton Moor 61, Deposit D SFM 1981.1221. NGR: SK 249 636. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-40mm; BD48mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Ring cairn with a cremation deposit, a Collared Urn, a Cup (DER/11) and a burnt flint. Notes: Twisted cord, circular stabs. References: Vine 1982, 234; Longworth 1984,179, No.337.

191

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age DER/13: Stanton Moor 36 SFM 1979.1088. NGR: SK 249 636. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-49mm; BD-24mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Barrow with a cremation deposit. Notes: undecorated, asymmetric. References: Vine 1982, No.634. DER/14: Stanton Moor Quarry A1, 1899 SFM 1981.1210. NGR: SK 249 637. Type: Group 4 Fenestrated. Dimensions: RD-54mm; BD-45mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: Cremation deposit and Cordoned Urn. Notes: Incised. References: Vine, 1982, No. 236/ DER/15: Stanton Moor ASH: 1927-2676. NGR: SK 245 367. Type: Group 4, Fenestrated, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD70mm; H-61mm; BD-76mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised, pointillé. References: Vine 1982, 234, No.617. After Vine (1982) DER/16: Stanton Moor BVC: A18. NGR: SK 245 63. Type: Group 4. Dimensions: Notes: Not seen References: Unpublished. DER/17: Stanton Moor Barrow 21, Deposit B SFM 1981.1226. NGR: SK 247 631. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-rounded; H-45mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, a cremation deposit of a young male, Collared Urn and flint knife, scraper and flakes. Notes: Asymmetric, undecorated. References: Vine 1982, 232; Longworth 1984, 179, No.329. DER/18: Stanton Moor SFM 1981.1211. NGR: SK 247 631. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-72mm; H-24mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. References: Unpublished.

192

Corpus DER/19: Stanton Moor 1799 SFM J 93.884. NGR: SK 247 631. Type: Group 4 (trunconic). Dimensions: RD-43mm; BD-80mm; H-34mm. Context and associations: Barrow with a cremation deposit and a Collared Urn. Notes: Omphalos base, incised. References: Bateman 1848, 23; Howarth 1899, 153; Vine 1982, 235. DER/20: Stanton Moor 8, Deposit A SFM J 1979.980. NGR: SK 247 631. Type: Group 3, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-40mm; BD-46mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Barrow with a cremation deposit, bronze fragments, and a pin. Notes: Undecorated. References: Vine 1982, 229, No.631. DER/21: Stanton Moor 2, Deposit C SFM 1979.904. NGR: SK 247 631. Type: Group 3, 1 perforation. Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-45mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Within a stone circle with a cremation deposit and two flints. Notes: Undecorated. References: Vine 1982, 227, No.630. DER/22: Stanton Moor 1C, New Park Quarry DBY 1926 - 35/3. NGR: SK 247 631. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD35mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Cairn with a cremation deposit. Cup inside a Collared or Cordoned Urn. Cup DER/23 close by with another Urn and cup DER/24 between Urns. Notes: Incised and pointillé. References: Longworth 1967, 111-122; Vine 1982, 226, No. 614; Longworth 1984, 176, No.299. DER/23: Stanton Moor 1C, New Park Quarry DBY 1926 -35/4. NGR: SK 247 631. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-rounded; H-42mm. Context and associations: Cairn with a cremation deposit. See entry DER/22. Notes: Undecorated, firing waster. References: Longworth 1967, 111-122; Vine 1982, 226, No. 632; Longworth 1984, 176, No.299.

193

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age DER/24: Stanton Moor 1C, New Park Quarry DBY 1926 -35/5. NGR: SK 247 631. Type: Group 2, 5 perforations. Dimensions: RD-48mm; BD60mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Cairn with a cremation deposit. See entry DER/23. Notes: Fingernail impressed. References: Vine 1982, 226, No.622. DER/25: Stone Low, Baslow Moor SFM J93.893 NGR: SK 289 716. Type: Group 3, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-46mm; BD28mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Barrow, cremation deposit, two Urns and flints. Notes: Undecorated. References: Bateman 1848, 27. DER/26: Tissington, Crake Low Barrow SFM J 1957.113. NGR: SK 172 534. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-40mm; H-70mm. Context and associations: Barrow with an inhumation burial. Notes: Undecorated. References: Bateman 1861, 37; Vine 1982, 176 No.627. DER/27: Youlgreave, Harthill Moor SFM J93.818A. NGR: SK 221 625. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-96mm; BD-44mm; H-74mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cup with a small Food Vessel and secondary cremation deposits near centre of barrow. Notes: 50% absent, incised. References: Bateman 1848, 71-3; Howarth 1899, 120-4; Marsden 1977, 43; Vine 1982, 191, No.600.

Greater Manchester GRM/1: Bolton Breightmet Hill BTM BOLMG 1955.1.A. NGR: SD 746 097. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-44mm; BD-35mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Found during commercial earthmoving operations. Notes: Impressed twisted cord, incised, base also decorated. References: Unpublished.

194

Corpus GRM/2: Bolton Haulgh Hall BTM Loan Object: 267. NGR: SD 723 088. Type: Group 2, 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD25mm; H-81mm. Context and associations: cist in a round cairn, cup inverted near the head of a crouched inhumation, also a riveted bronze knife. Notes: Twisted or plaited cord, incised undecorated omphalos base. References: Dawes, 1853, 130-2, fig.1. GRM/3: Clifton on Irwell BM 1870, 0705.1. NGR: SD 786 027. Type: Group 4 (trunconic), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-15mm; H-54mm. Context and associations: Flat grave with a few bones. Notes: Incised, and plaited cord impressed. References: Longworth 1967, 111-122, A3 GRM/4: Irwell Whitelow Hill, Burial L BUR BUYGM.1972.21. NGR: SD 804 162. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-52mm; BD-48mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Cremation cemetery, one cremation deposit, a Collared Urn and a broken flint blade. 3495±40 BP (SUERC-4455), bone. Notes: Undecorated. References: Longworth 1984, 201, No.612. GRM/5: Radcliffe Ees MAN 22825, NGR: SD 796 072. Type: Group 2? Dimensions: RD-76mm; BD-60mm; H-35mm (estimated). Context and associations: ‘Probably from a disc barrow’ (museum note). Notes: Only 45% of vessel present as 3 very friable sherds, twisted cord or herringbone impressions: References: Unpublished.

GRM/6: Shaw Cairn NGR: SJ 9867 8724. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-50mm; H-63mm. Context and associations: Food Vessel Urn with a male cremation and dagger pommel. 3625±35 (SUERC-30670), cremated bone. Notes: Fragmentary and undecorated. References: Inf Alison Sheridan. After Sheridan (2021)

195

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Lancashire LANCS/1: Astley Hall Farm, Chorley. Not Located. NGR: SD 574 184. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn). Dimensions: sherds only. Context and associations: From a penannular ditched enclosure, remains of a child around 7 years, a wooden bowl, and a bronze dagger. 3390±40 BP (SUERC-4452), bone. Notes: Twisted cord. References: Barrowclough 2008, 108. LANCS/2: Bleasdale Circle PRH A115. NGR: SD 577 460. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-48; H-70mm. Context and associations: Round barrow with a post circle, within a penannular wood-lined ditch, within a palisaded enclosure, primary pit at the centre of mound, cremation deposit and 2 Collared Urns, 1 inverted and containing the cup. 3615±35 BP (SUERC C-7286), charcoal. Notes: Incised. References: Varley 1938, 154-171; Longworth 1984, 217, No.803. LANCS/3: Darwen, Whitehall over Darwen DWL NGR: SD 696 208. Type: Group 4 (straight walled). Dimensions: RD40mm; BD-70mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Round barrow which contained a cremation cemetery, cremation deposit and cup inside a Collared Urn. Notes: Undecorated firing waster. References: Longworth 1984, 218, No.821. LANCS/4: Darwen, Whitehall over Darwen DWL NGR: SD 696 208. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-67mm; BD-64mm; H-43mm.Context and associations: Round barrow cremation cemetery, a Collared Urn and a bronze ogival dagger. 3480±35 BP (SUERC-4464), bone. Notes: Undecorated firing waster. References: Longworth 1984, 218, No.817.

196

Corpus LANCS/5: Lancaster LCM NGR: SD 4866 6121. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD40mm; H-66mm. Context and associations: From a flat cremation cemetery. Notes: Incised decoration, base decorated with incised chevrons (Cup unseen). References: Harker 1865, 159-161; Longworth 1967, 111-122, A4.

After Harker 1865

LANCS/6: Lancaster LCM NGR: Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-61mm; H-48mm; Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated, possible omphalos base. References: Unpublished. LANCS/7: Carrier’s Croft, Pendleton PMLL NGR: SD 7562 3962. Type: unknown. Dimensions: Sherds. Context and associations: Found with 3 Collared Urns in a flat grave, with 5 sherds of re-fired Beaker, a lozenge-shaped bone button, 4 quartz crystals and a snipped piece of goldwork. Notes: References: Barrowclough 2008, 117-119. LANCS/8: Waddington Pinder Hill CLC Temp 2006: 1548. NGR: SD 727 436. Type: Group 4 (trunconic), 3 perforations. Dimensions: RD-87mm; BD-19mm; H-70mm. Context and associations: Round barrow with a cremation deposit, an inverted Collared Urn, a bone toggle and two flint tools. Notes: Impressed plaited cord, incised, omphalos base. References: Raistrick, 1931, 248-252; Longworth 1967, 111-122; Longworth 1984, 220, No.845. LANCS/9: Bolton-le-Sands Dig Ventures Collection NGR: SD 485 684. Type: Group 1. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD80mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Round barrow with a cremation deposit and a Collared Urn. Notes: Incised. References: Copper 2018.

197

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age Northumberland NLAND/1: Belsay Castle, Near GNMH 1914.1. NGR: NZ 084 785. Type: Group 4 (trunconic), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-74mm; BD-20mm; H-60mm. Context and associations: Found with sherds of a large Cinerary Urn. Notes: Omphalos base, large area of upper body/rim absent, pointillé, incised and twisted cord. References: Anon 1914, 152. NLAND/2: Birtley, near. Robin Hood’s Well Lost. NGR: NY 870 780. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: Notes: Described as ‘resembling a salt-cellar’. Isolated find. References: Hall 1887, 260. NLAND/3: Chollerford Private collection of Mr. J. Errington. NGR: NY 940 690. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-35mm; BD-45mm; H-24mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised lattice, possible faint fingerprint or textile impression on base. No associated finds. References: Hallam 2017, 233-238. NLAND/4: Doddington BM 1937, 12-13.1. NGR: NT 990 320. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-60mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Notes: Twisted cord, found with a barbed and tanged arrowhead. References: Green 1971, 237-241. NLAND/5: Ford BM 1879, 1209.1741. NGR: NT 93 39. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD: 69, BD: 50, H: 52.Context and associations: Unlocated barrow, cremation deposit, may have been with NLAND/6. Notes: Twisted cord, single fingernail impression (unintentional?) References: Greenwell 1877, 408, footnote; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 135, No. UN 20 1:3.

198

Corpus NLAND/6: Ford BM 1879, 1209.1742. NGR: NT 93 39. Type: Group 3, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD40mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Unlocated barrow, cremation deposit, may have been with NLAND/5. Notes: Undecorated. References: Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 135, No.UN 20 1:4. NLAND/7: Ford Etal Moor BM 1879, 1209.1384. NGR: NT 927 397. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-62mm; BD-45mm; H-43mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, in the primary pit, stone cover, 3 Collared Urns including one which contained the cremation deposit, the cup and a small bronze fragment. The end of a burnt bone pin also present. Notes: Undecorated firing waster, possible bone in fabric near rim. References: Longworth 1984, 235, No.1047; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 100, No.184. NLAND/8: Haydon Bridge, Nr. GNMH 1921.4. NGR: NY 847 761. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-38mm; BD48mm; H-43mm. Context and associations: Flat grave (?), cremation deposit, cup inside a Cordoned Urn with a small Collared Urn. Notes: Irregular circular impressions. References: Cowen 166, 228-232; Longworth 1984, 236, No.1053. NLAND/9: Hepple 1 BM: 1879,1209.1454. NGR: NT 982 005. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-68mm; BD-42mm; H-44mm. Context and associations: Notes: Whipped cord on external rim bevel, twisted cord, 2 of 4 horizontally perforated lugs remaining. References: Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 136, No.UN28.1. NLAND/10: Holystone Common, Alwinton CCV BM 1879, 1209.1445. NGR: NT 952 019. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-55; H-85mm. Context and associations: Barrow, adolescent cremation deposit, Collared Urn, 2 flints and a bone pin. Notes: Cup sintered, possibly re-fired or vitrified, twisted cord, incised. References: Greenwell 1877, 427-8; Longworth 1984, 234, No.1035; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 104, No.205.

199

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age NLAND/11: Lilburn Hill GNMH 1889 22/2. NGR: NU 013 256. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-54; H-60mm. Context and associations: Stone cist, cremation deposit, one Collared Urn sherd. Notes: Fingernail impressed. References: Hardy 1889, 351; Gibson 1978, 97; Longworth 1984, 237, No.1059. NLAND/12: Lucker, Rayheugh Farm ALCM ACAT:2. NGR: NU 136 274. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD42mm; BD-25mm. H-55mm. Context and associations: No context detail, found with a larger unknown vessel and fragments of others, now lost. Notes: Birdbone impressions. References: Way 1880,7, plate IX.

NLAND/13: Moralee Farm, Haydon Bridge GNMH 1923.5. NGR: NY 847 761. Type: Group 4 (Aldbourne Cup?). Dimensions: RD-68mm; BD-46mm; H-66mm. Context and associations: Found by a workman. Notes: Internal collar, incised, pointillé. References: Cowen 1966, 228-232; Gibson 1978, 97.

NLAND/14: Newton Well House Farm GNMH 1980.2. NGR: NZ 040 667. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD30mm; H-61mm. Context and associations: Cist, one Food Vessel, a jet or shale fusiform bead and one flint. 3635± 120 BP (GU-1340), charcoal. Notes: Twisted cord, impressed triangles and dots, base decorated with a comb impressed cruciform motif. References: Gates 1981, 45-50. NLAND/15: Old Bewick (Moor) BM 1879, 1209.1749. NGR: NU 06 21. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-98mm; BD-40mm; H-73mm. Context and associations: Uncertain context, under a projecting stone. Notes: Undecorated. References: Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 137, No.UN 34:1.

200

Corpus NLAND/16: Ord, Murton Not Located NGR: NT 960 480. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-57mm; BD-40mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Low cairn or barrow, 1 Food vessel, 1 Collared Urn. Notes: Undecorated. References: Johnston 1831, 53. NLAND/17: Pitland Hills Barrow 2 Not Located NGR: NY 887 793. Type: Group 3 sherd, lower half only. Dimensions: D-76mm; H-38mm. Context and associations: Barrow, a cremation deposit, and a Collared Urn. Notes: Undecorated, described as vertical, rounded off at the base. References: Hall 1887, 258-261.

NLAND/18: Plenmeller Common GNMH. NGR: NY 789 570. Type: Group 1 (Beaker). Dimensions: BD-70mm. Context and associations: Notes: Lower portion only, all over cord. References: Tait 1965, corpus No. 87.

After Tait, 1965

NLAND/19: Rosedean (Roseden Edge) BM WG2287a. NGR: NU 021 216. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-73mm; BD-40mm; H-68mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised. References: Abercromby 1912, No. 286; Kinnes and Longworth 1985,138, No.UN 39.2. NLAND/20: Rothbury District GNMH 1935.32. NGR: NU 05 01. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn), 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-40mm; H-60mm. Context and associations: Museum note: Cup found with two Cinerary Urns, probably found with other cups now in Alnwick Castle. Notes: Distorted firing waster, twisted cord. References: Newbigin 1935, 32-33.

201

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age NLAND/21: South Charlton ALCM ACAT: 1040/7/1. NGR: NU 156 202. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-30mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: In a pit which contained a small cist (8 inches (c.23cm) square) which held the cup and some bone. Notes: 2 possibly 3 perforated lugs, fine twisted cord, incised. References: Hodgson 1917, 125-132. NLAND/22: Unprovenanced ALCM ACAT 3. NGR: Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-81mm; BD-48mm; H-75mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. References: Way 1880, 8, plate X2.

East Yorkshire YKE/1: Binnington (Puckering) BM 1879, 1209.336. NGR: TA 01 76. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-75mm; BD35mm; H-56mm. Context and associations: Round barrow. Notes: 4 or 5 perforated lugs, twisted cord impressed. References: Greenwell 1877, 179180; Abercromby 1912, No. 282; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 43, No.31.2. YKE/2: Bishop Burton 262, Littlewood VII Burial 1 BM 1879, 1209.1630. NGR: SE 95 37. Type: Group 2, 6 perforations. Dimensions: RD-48mm; BD-52mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit. Notes: Incised, twisted cord. References: Greenwell 1890, 36, fig.11; Abercromby 1912, No. 308; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 123, No.262.1. YKE/3: Bridlington, Nr. HERM KINCM 1942.667. NGR: TA 18 66. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-64mm; BD-53mm; H-75mm. Context and associations: Within a larger Urn (now lost), cremation deposit of a child. Notes: Fine twisted cord, whipped cord maggots. References: Longworth 1984, 205, No.668.

202

Corpus YKE/4: Calais Wold Barrow C70, Group VIII HERM KINCM 1942.606. NGR: SE 828 562. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-51mm; BD-55mm; H-34mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, urn of unknown type, cremation deposit and a bronze knife blade. Notes: Twisted cord. References: Mortimer 1905, 169, fig. 429. YKE/5: Calais Wold Barrow 15, Group XIII HERM KINCM 1942.605. NGR: SE 828 562. Type: Group 2, 9 perforations. Dimensions: RD-40mm; BD-40mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, Cinerary Urn, cremation deposit and a flint. Notes: Distorted firing waster, twisted cord. References: Mortimer 1905, 167, fig. 421. YKE/6: Cottam B BM 1983, 0601.3. NGR: SE 99 64. Type: Dimensions: 20mm sherd. Context and associations: In mound material of a square ditched barrow. Notes: Incised. References: Stead 1979,19. YKE/7: Cowlam VII BM 1879, 1209.546. NGR: SE 97 67. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-110mm; BD-66mm; H-71mm. Context and associations: Round barrow containing multiple co-mingled inhumations and ceramic traditions. Notes: Comb impressed. References: Greenwell 1877, 219; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 57, No.35. YKE/8: Etton Paulinus IX BM 1879, 1209.1150. NGR: SE 99 44. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD50mm; H-54mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit of an adult female and a burnt flint flake. Notes: Twisted cord. References: Greenwell 1877, 282, fig.128; Abercromby 1912, No.313; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 80, No.76.1.

203

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age YKE/9: Faxfleet HERM KINCM 1968.35. NGR: SE 86 24. Type: Sherd only. Dimensions: Context and associations: Chance find on a riverbank. Notes: Twisted cord. References: Unpublished. YKE/10: Garrowby Wold HERM: 395, NGR: SE 82 56. Type: Group 4 oblong cup. Dimensions: sherd only. Context and associations: Round barrow, containing inhumation and cremations, multiple potsherds, and cultural material. Notes: Fingernail and cord impressed. References: Mortimer 1905, 148, fig.395. YKE/11: Garton Slack 40 HERM KINCM 1942.608. NGR: SE 962 580. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-32mm; H-73mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, disturbed adult inhumation, black flint knife, small disc of clay with 2 perforations, scapula of a pig, 2 yellow quartz pebbles, 2 lumps of yellow ochre and portions of 2 boars’ tusks. 3699±50 BP (Ox-A-V-2197-51), bone. Notes: Impressed dots which do not completely penetrate through the vessel wall. References: Mortimer 1905, 229, fig. 40; Abercromby 1912, fig.298. YKE/12: Garton Slack C41 HERM KINCM 1942.488. NGR: SE 97 57. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-82mm; BD-80mm; H-62mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, secondary inhumation of a female, Food Vessel with handle. Notes: Stab impressed. References: Mortimer 1905, 259, fig. 725; Abercromby 1912, fig. 61; Manby 2004, 223. YKE/13: Garton Slack C62 HERM KINCM 1942.607. NGR: SE 97 57. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-30mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, inhumation of a child, cup found in a Food Vessel, 2 small articles of bone. Notes: Undecorated. References: Mortimer 1905, 213.

204

Corpus YKE/14: Garton Slack C67 HERM KINCM 1942.487. NGR: SE 97 57. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD80mm; BD-60mm; H-75mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, inhumation of a probable female and a Food Vessel. Notes: Reconstructed, twisted cord, pointillé, whipped cord maggots. References: Mortimer 1905, 243, fig. 611.

YKE/15: Goodmanham II BM 1879, 1209. 1197. NGR: SE 91 46. Type: Group 4 (straight walled), 1 peroration through lid top. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-85mm; H-56mm, lid D-55mm; H-20mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit of an adult female. Notes: Conical lid, cup and lid chain-plaited cord, dogtooth impressed. References: Greenwell 1877, 305, fig. 132; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 84, No.98.1.

YKE/16: Goodmanham Enthorpe II (Lund) BM 1879, 1209.1159. NGR: SE 91 45. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-46mm; BD-62mm; H-31mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, one Collared Urn and one piece of cremated bone. Notes: Either fingernail or twisted cord on rim top. References: Greenwell 1877, 288-90; Abercromby 1912, No.105c; Longworth 1984 208, No.693; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 81, No.84.2. YKE/17: Goodmanham Enthorpe IX BM 1879, 1209.1170. NGR: SE 91 45. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-63mm; BD-46mm; H-38mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, adult cremation deposit, one piece of calcined flint. Notes: twisted cord. References: Greenwell 1877, 294, fig.131; Abercromby 1912, fig.106d; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 82, No.89.1.

205

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age YKE/18: Goodmanham Enthorpe IX BM 1879, 1209.1171. NGR: SE 91 45. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 1 perforation. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-54mm; H-60mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, adult cremation deposit. Notes: twisted cord, mouth distorted. References: Greenwell 1877, fig. 62; Abercromby 1912, fig. 106c; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 82, No.89.3. YKE/19: Goodmanham Enthorpe IX BM 1879, 1209.1169. NGR: SE 91 45. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-68mm; BD55mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, adult? cremation deposit possibly female. Notes: Incised, impressed dots. References: Greenwell 1877, 294-300; Abercromby 1912, fig. 106b; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 82, No. 89.2. YKE/20: Goodmanham Jarrett BM 1879, 1209.1208. NGR: SE 91 46. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-25mm; BD-20mm; H-25mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, infant bones in mound material. Notes: Undecorated. References: Greenwell 1877, 317, fig. 135; Abercromby 1912, fig. 135; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 86, No.107.2. YKE/21: Goodmanham Paulinus II BM 1879, 1209.1210. NGR: SE 91 46. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-90mm; BD50mm; H-58mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, crouched inhumation of a child. Notes: Pointillé or tiny stab impressions. References: Greenwell 1877, 319-20; Abercromby 1912, fig. 55; Kinnes and Longworth, 1985, 86, No.111.3. YKE/22: Goodmanham Wold I BM 1879, 1209.1987. NGR: SE 91 45. Type: Group 3, one perforation or possible void. Dimensions: RD-47mm; BD-40mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit. Notes: Undecorated. References: Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 144, No. 93.1.

206

Corpus YKE/23: Huggate Blanch C94, Group XV HERM KINCM 1942.610. NGR: SE 872 577. Type: Group 3 Dimensions: RD-79mm; BD-41mm; H-48mm (varying). Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposits of an adult female and a child, one Collared Urn. Cup inside the Urn. Notes: Random pointillé. References: Mortimer 1905, 324; Longworth 1984, 209, No.708. YKE/24: Huggate Wold 250 HERM KINCM 1942.609. NGR: SE 872 577. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-52mm; BD-40mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Round barrow. Notes: twisted cord, oblique stabs, possible whipped cord. References: Mortimer 1905, 316, fig. 940. YKE/25: Hutton Cranswick YMT YORYM: 1947.1064. NGR: TA 024 523. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-35mm; BD-30mm; H-43mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, Collared Urn, another Cup (lost) and a perforated wolf ’s tooth. Notes: 50% reconstructed, undecorated, very smooth and chalky. References: Abercromby 1912, fig. 142; Longworth 1984, 209, No.713. YKE/26: North Newbald BM 1883, 0401.7. NGR: SE 912 367. Type: Group 4 (straight walled), 5 perforations. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-85mm; H-38. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit and another Cup (YKE/27). Notes: Twisted cord. References: Thomas 1878, 321-325.

207

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age YKE/27: North Newbald BM 1883, 0401.8. NGR: SE 912 367. Type: Group 4 (straight walled), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-62mm; BD-78mm; H-25mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit and another Cup (YKE/26). Notes: firing waster, fingernail impressed, incised. References: Thomas 1878, 321-325. YKE/28: Wetwang Slack, Barrow B Grave 5 DRF. NGR: SE 95 59. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-50mm; H-40mm. Notes: Triangular chip impressions, a secondary insertion into a round barrow, associated with a child inhumation. References: Manby 1979, 33-36.

After Manby in Dent, 1979

North Yorkshire YKN/1: Acklam Wold 202 HERM KINCM 1942.604. NGR: SE 796 623. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-50mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, adult cremation deposit, one Collared Urn. Notes: Twisted cord and fingernail impressed. References: Mortimer 1905, 85, fig. 194; Longworth 1984, 238, No.1072. YKN/2: Acklam Wold 205 HERM KINCM 1942.420. NGR: SE 796 623. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), perforated lugs. Dimensions: RD-75mm; BD-52mm; H-75mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, inhumation, small black flint knife. Notes: Cup has 4 perforated lugs, twisted cord impressed. References: Mortimer 1905, 87, fig. 201.

208

Corpus YKN/3: Acklam Wold 123 HERM KINCM 1942.418. NGR: SE 796 623. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-90mm; BD-52mm; H-78mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, crouched inhumation of an adult male, 4 jet buttons, one barbed and tanged arrowhead. Notes: Asymmetric Cup, undecorated. References: Mortimer 1905, 85, fig. 186. YKN/4: Aldro Barrow 48 HERM KINCM:1942.603. NGR: SE 80 62. Type: Group 3 Dimensions: RD-80mm; BD-44mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, pit at centre, cremated remains of an adult, cup inverted on bones. Notes: twisted cord, fabric partly vitrified. References: Mortimer 1905, 81, fig. 179. YKN/5: Aldro Barrow 109 HERM KINCM: 2011.152.2. NGR: SE 80 62. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-80mm; BD-30mm; H-70mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit of a ‘strong adult’, some cremated animal bone. Notes: Undecorated. References: Mortimer 1905, 58, fig.110.

209

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

YKN/6: Aldro Barrow 116 HERM: KINCM 1942.411. NGR: SE 798 630. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel) and Lid. Dimensions: RD-100mm; BD-40mm; H-76mm. Context and associations: Deposit at the edge of a round barrow which contained inhumations. Notes: Lid has 4? perforations, cup has stops and grooves incised lines and herringbone. References: Mortimer 1905, 55, fig. 105.

YKN/7: Aldro C79, Birdsall HERM KINCM 1942.601. NGR: SE 801 629. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-54mm; BD-40mm; H-44mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit, one Collared Urn. Notes: Asymmetrical Cup, pinprick or toothed comb impressed. References: Mortimer 1905, 75, fig. 163; Longworth 1984, 239, No.1086. YKN/8: Aldro 113, Birdsall HERM KINCM 1942.602. NGR: SE 801 629. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-40mm; H-43mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit and a bronze awl. Notes: Some reconstruction, fingernail impressed. References: Mortimer 1905, 76, fig.166. YKN/9: Aldro C75, Birdsall HERM KINCM 1942.600. NGR: SE 801 629. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-58mm; BD62mm; H-46mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit, an oak receptacle and lid, 2 bone pins, 3 burnt flint chips. Notes: Asymmetric upper, twisted cord impressed. References: Mortimer 1905, 75, fig.161.

210

Corpus YKN/10: Allerston Warren SFM J93.887. NGR: SE 879 844. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-50mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit, one Collared Urn. Notes: Foot-ring base, small omphalos, undecorated. References: Bateman 1861, 233-4; Howarth 1899, 101; Abercromby 1912, fig.137a; Elgee 1930, 84; Longworth 1984, 238, No.1078. YKN/11: Allerston Warren SFM J.93. 896. NGR: SE 879 844. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-46mm; BDrounded; H-38mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit and cup under a large flat stone. Notes: smoothed external surface, undecorated. References: Bateman 1861, 236; Abercromby 1912, fig.293. YKN/12: Ampleforth Sproxton, Proctor 2 YMT YORYM: 1947.1061. NGR: SE 5897 7965. Type: Group 4 (straight walled). Dimensions: RD-58mm; BD-58mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Possible round barrow, may have been found with YKN/13. Notes: Cup is broken in 2, undecorated. References: Smith 1994, 97. YKN/13: Ampleforth Sproxton, Proctor 2 YMT YORYM: 1947.1062. NGR: SE 5897 7965. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforated lugs/handles. Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-40mm; H-53mm. Context and associations: Possible round barrow, may have been found with YKN/12. Notes: Undecorated. References: Smith 1994, 97. YKN/14: Ampleforth Barrow 3 YMT YORYM: 1973.84. NGR: SE 5955 7979. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-24mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, in the plough soil, one Collared Urn and a little burnt bone. Notes: Incised or twisted cord, one fingernail impression on interior. References: Smith 1994, 100.

211

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age YKN/15: Ampleforth Barrow 4 (Oswaldkirk) YMT YORYM: 1973.85. NGR: SE 5956 7977. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-78mm; BD-44mm; H-72mm. Context and associations: Round barrow ploughed flat, in the plough soil, inverted over 3 milk teeth and traces of charcoal. Notes: Twisted cord impressed. References: Wilmott 1938, 318-9; Smith 1994, 102. YKN/16: Aysgill, Crake Close YMT YORYM: 1953.11. NGR: SD 864 883. Type: Group 2, 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD-62mm; BD-45mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Possibly from a stone lined cist, found inside a larger vessel now lost, cremation deposit and a sliced ironstone pebble, cist located close to a waterfall. Notes: Incised. References: Manby 2000, 14. YKN/17: Bickley YTM YORYM: 1947.1054. NGR: SE 914 922. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50-65mm; BD-25mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Notes: Distorted Cup, twisted cord impressed. References: Unpublished YKN/18: Bickley YTM YORYM: 1947.1055. NGR: SE 914 922. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-58mm; BD-55mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Notes: Twisted cord impressed. References: Unpublished. YKN/19: Blansby Park, Pickering YTM YORYM: 1947.1094 Type: Group 3. Dimensions: Only base portion extant. Not seen. Context and Associations: Collared Urn. Notes: Impressed dots? References: Unpublished.

212

Corpus YKN/20: Brompton (Hutton Buscel) BM 1879, 1209.1312. NGR: SE 937 891. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-90mm; BD60mm; H-85mm. Context and associations: Round kerbed cairn, cremation deposit, one Collared Urn, 4 plain Bronze Age sherds. Notes: 2 perforated lugs, undecorated. References: Greenwell 1877, fig. 147; Abercromby 1912, fig. 486; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 94, No. 154.4. YKN/21: Broxa B4 YMT YORYM: 2012.744.44. NGR: SE 9434 9262. Type: Group 4 (trunconic). Dimensions: RD-34mm; BD-68mm; H-38mm. Context and associations: Intrusive deposit in a flattopped cairn. Notes: Flanged convex base, undecorated. References: Smith 1994, 148. YKN/22: Cawthorne, Milners Hill Top YMT YORYM: 1947.1030. NGR: SE 783 894. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD80mm; BD-50mm; H-78mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised, birdbone, whipped cord maggots or soft fingernail. References: Unpublished. YKN/23: Cawthorne Stackyard YMT YORYM: 1947: 1947.1170. NGR: SE 783 894. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-28mm; H-63mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised, soft fingernail? References: Unpublished.

213

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age

YKN/24: Danby, Stone Rook Hill BM 1876, 0410.37. NGR: NZ 6825 0334. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD51mm; H-64mm. Context and associations: Round cairn, cremation deposit, one Collared Urn and Cup YKN/25. Notes: Undecorated apart from incised lines on the base which may be recent. References: Elgee 1930, 95; Longworth 1984, 242, No.1122.

YKN/25: Danby, Stone Rook Hill BM 1876, 0410.38. NGR: NZ 6825 0334. Type: Group 4, (Straight walled), 2 base perforations. Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-70mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Round cairn, cremation deposit, one Collared Urn and Cup YKN/24. Notes: Partial reconstruction, twisted cord impressed. References: Elgee 1930, 95; Longworth 1984, 242, No.1122.

YKN/26: Dalby Warren YMT YORYM: 1947.1059. NGR: SE 87 84. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-54mm; BD-60mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Notes: incised. References: Unpublished.

YKN/27: Dalby Warren YMT YORYM: 1947.1051. NGR: SE 87 84. Type: Group 4 (trunconic?). Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-55mm; H-46mm. Context and associations: Notes: 50% absent, remainder in poor condition, firing waster, twisted cord impressions, pointillé. References: Unpublished.

214

Corpus YKN/28: Danby Rigg WBY WHITM:ARC 1121. NGR: NZ 7095 0606. Type: Group 4 (trunconic). Dimensions: RD-44mm; BD-46mm; H-30mm. Context and associations: Kerbed cairn, cremation deposit, the cup held burnt flint chips and a sherd of another vessel (type unknown). Notes: Heavily restored, distorted and flattened, twisted cord impressed. References: Smith 1994, 68. YKN/29: East Ayton Osborne Lodge SCB Ref: 748.38.2. NGR: SE 99 84 Type: Sherd only. Dimensions: 53mm. Context and associations: May have been with a Collared Urn ref. 748.38.1. Notes: Undecorated. References: Longworth 1984, 242, No.1129. YKN/30: Far Fields, Lockton YMT YORYM: 1947.1060. NGR: SE 835 887. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-15mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Notes: Omphalos base, some reconstruction, incised and twisted cord impressed. References: Unpublished. YKN/31: Far Fields, Lockton YMT YORYM:1947.1052. NGR: SE 835 887. Type: Group 4 (straight walled). Dimensions: RD-85mm X 45mm (oval); BD-85mm x 105mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Notes: Cup in very poor condition, twisted cord impressed. References: Unpublished. YKN/32: Folkton BM 1893, 1228-7. NGR: TA 050 736. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-68mm; BD-38mm; H-65mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit of an infant. Notes: undecorated. References: Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 115, No. 244.2.

215

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age YKN/33: Fylingdales, Robin Hood VI, Greenwell CCLXXI BM 1879, 1209.1671. NGR: NZ 95 01. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-62mm; BD-22mm; H-54mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, adult cremation deposit, cup inverted on the bones. Notes: Small omphalos base, twisted cord impressed. References: Abercromby 1912, fig. 281; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 125, No. 271.4. YKN/34: Fylingdales WBY WHITM: ARC1122. NGR: NZ 95 01. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-95mm; BD-70mm; H-60mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. References: Unpublished. YKN/35: Ganton, Southwell III BM 1879, 1203.310. NGR: TA 00 76. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-74mm; H-39mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit. Notes: Twisted cord impressed. References: Greenwell 1877, 171-3; Abercromby 1912, fig. 292; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 41, No. 26.1. YKN/36: Ganton, Southwell VI BM 1879, 1209.331. NGR: TA 01 76. Type: Group 3, 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD45mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, adult cremation deposit, one flint flake. Notes: Pointillé or point-tooth comb-stamped. References: Greenwell 1877, 178-9, fig. 103; Abercromby 1912, fig. 291; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 42, No. 29.1. YKN/37: Ganton, Brough III BM 1879, 1209.1527, Cup /1527a Lid. NGR: SE 985 760. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 1? Perforation. Dimensions: Cup RD-65mm; BD-60mm; H-50mm (estimated). Lid diameter-70mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, crouched double inhumation of one adult male and adolescent female and lidded Cup YKN/38, a boars’ tusk, and a small quartz pebble. Notes: sherds only, pointillé and incised grooves. References: Greenwell 1877, 165; Abercromby 1912, fig.30; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 37, No.8-11.

216

Corpus

YKN/38: Ganton, Brough III BM 1879, 1209.121 Cup, 121a Lid. NGR: SE 985 760. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Lidded. Dimensions: Cup: RD-80mm; BD-40mm; H-55mm. Lid: diameter 81mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, crouched double inhumation of one adult male and adolescent female and lidded Cup YKN/37, a boars’ tusk, and a small quartz pebble. Notes: Lid is a truncated cone with dots or pointillé and the Cup has incised herringbone. References: Greenwell 1877, 16; Abercromby 1912, fig.30; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 37, No. 8-11.

YKN/39: Goathland Moor YMT YORYM: 1947.1057. NGR: SE 82 99. Type: Group 4 (straight walled), 9 perforations. Dimensions: RD-36mm; BD-77mm; H-38mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised, twisted cord impressed. References: Unpublished. YKN/40: Great Ayton Moor, D SCB 1960.417. NGR: NZ 58 10. Type: Group 3 ? Dimensions: RD-30mm; BD-65mm; H-45mm (estimated). Context and associations: Ring cairn, cremation deposit, 2 Collared Urns, 2 flint flakes. Notes: Twisted cord impressed. Fragmentary. References: Longworth 1984, 245, No.1154. YKN/41: Great Ayton Moor, D Possibly SCB. NGR: NZ 58 10. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-80mm; H-46mm (estimated). Context and associations: Ring cairn, cremation deposit, 2 Collared Urns, 2 flint flakes. Notes: Twisted cord impressed. One sherd only. References: Longworth 1984, 245, No.1154.

217

After Longworth (1984)

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age YKN/42: Guisborough, NW of Hob on the Hill BM 1876, 0410.16. NGR: NZ 6462 1249. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-58mm; BD-48mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: Kerbed cairn, cremation deposit, one Collared Urn, cup inside the Urn. Notes: Twisted cord impressed. References: Longworth 1984, 163, No.160; Smith 1994, 59.

YKN/43: Guisborough, Hob on the Hill BM 1876, 0410.11. NGR: NZ 6462 1249. Type: Group 3, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-48mm; BD-60mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit, curved bone pin, a barbed and tanged arrowhead. Notes: Pointillé or dot impressed. References: Smith 1994, 59.

YKN/44: Hanging Grimston 9 HERM KINCM 1942.485. NGR: SE 806 613. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-70mm; H-75mm. Context and associations: Round barrow with multiple inhumations. Cup associated with a child inhumation. Notes: 2 applied lugs, undecorated. References: Mortimer 1905, 107, fig. 253. YKN/45: Hackness, Springwood 22 YMT YORYM: 2012.773.7.2. NGR: SE 953 939. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-45mm (distorted); BD-30mm; H-70mm. Context and associations: Barrow with a ditch, cremation deposit and part of a Collared Urn. Notes: Collar has small fingernail impressions. References: Longworth 1984, 246, No.1168; Smith 1994, 149. YKN/46: Hawnby BM: 1882, 3-23 22. NGR: SE 54 89. Type: Sherd only, open cup with splayed sides. Dimensions: Notes: Fingernail impressed. References: Unpublished.

218

Corpus YKN/47: Hellifield, Lingber Hill T.C Lord personal collection. NGR: SD876571. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-44mm; BD-30mm; H-49mm. Context and associations: Long barrow or drumlin, cremation deposit, other associations are unclear due to differing reports. Notes: Firing waster with large spalls, incised and pinprick or dot impressed. References: Speight 1982, 309; Longworth 1984, 246, No.1173a. YKN/48: Helmsley BM 1879, 1209.1723. NGR: SE 60 85. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-90mm; BD-54mm; H-68mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, with an inhumation. Notes: Whipped cord maggots. References: Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 149, No.UN122:1. YKN/49: High Dalby Warren YMT YORYM: 1947.1063. NGR: SE 85 88. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-56mm; BD-50mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Notes: Heat damaged, undecorated. References: Unpublished. YKN/50: Howe, near Whitby BM WG2422. NGR: NZ 90 01. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-52mm; BD-52mm; H-58mm. Context and associations: Round barrow. Notes: Incised or abraded fingertip rilling, badly abraded. References: Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 151, No.UN 132.1. YKN/51: Hutton Buscel YMT YORYM: 1947.1037. NGR: SE 95 88. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-78mm; BD55mm; H-88mm. Context and associations: Notes: Large upper sherd absent, stabbed. References: Unpublished.

219

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age YKN/52: Hutton Buscel, Greenwell CLVII BM 1879, 1209.1316. NGR: SE 95 88. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-61mm; H-54mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, adult cremation deposit, 2 bronze shank fragments, a jet pendant and 3 jet beads. Notes: Incised. References: Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 95, No.157.2. YKN/53: Hutton Buscel Barrow 2 SCB Unaccessioned. NGR: SE 958 871. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-52mm; BD-45mm; H-65mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, no associations. Notes: Large sherd missing, incised herringbone. References: Brewster and Finney 1995, 72, fig.39. YKN/54: Hutton Buscel Barrow 2 SCB Unaccessioned. NGR: SE 958 871. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-45mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Fieldwalking find. Notes: Possible faint band of twisted cord on rim bevel. References: Brewster and Finney 1995, 72, fig.39.2. YKN/55: Hutton Moor BM 1875, 0403.1. NGR: SE 285 792. Type: Group 4 (trunconic), 2 circular stabs do not fully penetrate the wall. Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-15mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit, sherd of another cup, now lost. Notes: Barrow close to Thornborough Henges, twisted cord impressed, short incisions. References: Lukis 1869, 121; Abercromby 1912, fig. 289; Longworth 1967, 111-122, A5. YKN/56: Ingleby Greenhow Possibly Bowes Museum. NGR: NZ 573 036. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: Context and associations: Cup inside a Food Vessel in an oval cairn. Secondary deposit with a cremation (burial 2). Notes: Incised decoration, small omphalos base. References: Ryedale Historian 1970, 19, fig.3.2.

After The Ryedale Historian (1970). Not to scale

220

Corpus YKN/57: Irton Moor Barrow III Scarborough Museum. NGR: TA 004 876. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: BD-37mm. Context and associations: Cairn, possible cremation deposit, one Collared Urn. Notes: Foot-ring base. References: Simpson et al. 2015, 11-36. After Simpson et al. (2015) YKN/58: Kingthorpe YMT YORYM: 1947.1056. NGR: SE 83 86. Type: Group 1(Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-20mm; H-46mm. Context and associations: Notes: Twisted cord impressions. References: Unpublished. YKN/59: Kingthorpe SFM J93.895. NGR: SE 83 86. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-50mm x 46mm (distorted); BD-40mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, a cremation deposit and a flint. Notes: Distorted. References: Bateman 1861, 234-5; Abercromby 1912, fig. 312; Smith 1994, 127.

YKN/60: Loftus Street House Not located. NGR: Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-80mm; BD-68mm; H-60mm. Notes: Stabs and impressions. Pit in a round barrow, possibly in hill-wash. References: Vyner 1984, 171, fig. 14.5/6. After Vyner (1984)

YKN/61: Loose Howe BM 2010, 8035.18. NGR: NZ 702 008. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: H-38mm. Context and associations: Kerbed cairn, a cremation deposit, part of a bronze dagger, part of a bronze pin, a stone battle axe and a small piece of flint. Notes: Twisted cord impressed. 1 sherd only. References: Elgee and Elgee 1949, 87-106; Smith 1994, 66.

221

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age YKN/62: Malham Sheriff Hill MFSC NGR: SD 897 641. Type: Group 4 Oval Cup, perforated? Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-70mm; H-50mm (estimated). Context and associations: Found in a barrow with sherds of a Collared Urn and possible Food Vessel. Notes: Blue-grey paste on external surface, possible red colouration also, dots on rim top, twisted cord on body. Incised round base angle. References: Raistrick and Holmes 1962, 73-100.

After Raistrick and Holmes (1962)

YKN/63: Pickering, Near SFM J93.877. NGR: SE 79 83. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-45mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Barrow, no further detail. Notes: Incised exterior, fingernail impressions internally. References: Bateman 1861, 238; Howarth 1899, 154; Abercromby 1912, fig.311. YKN/64: Pickering, Near SFM J93.890. NGR: SE 79 83. Type: Group 3, 8 perforations. Dimensions: RD-42mm; BD-68mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Round barrow. Notes: Incised, base decorated with short angular stabs in concentric circles. References: Bateman 1861, 238; Howarth 1899, 154. YKN/65: Pickering, Near SFM J93.892. NGR: SE 79 83. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-37mm; BD-37mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Cairn. Notes: Cup has 3 feet with a fourth one absent, twisted cord impressions. References: Bateman 1861, 238; Howarth 1899; 154, Smith 1994, 119. YKN/66: Pickering, 4m NE SFM J93.894. NGR: SE 86 90. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-54mm; BD-45-55mm; H-3844mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, a cremation deposit and 3 flints. Notes: Undecorated, some distortion. References: Bateman 1861, 224; Abercromby 1912, fig. 302.

222

Corpus YKN/67: Pickering, 4m N SFM J93.874. NGR: SE 79 88. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-48mm; H-38mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, a Collared Urn and a flint spearhead 3 inches long (now lost). Notes: Undecorated, in poor condition. References: Bateman 1861, 215; Howarth 1899, 133; Longworth 1984, 251, No.1228; Smith 1994, 120. YKN/68: Pickering, 4m NW SFM J93.891. NGR: SE 75 89. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD30mm; H-46mm. Context and associations: Cairn, a contracted inhumation and 3 flints, one made of ‘red silex’. Notes: Incised herringbone, impressed dots or birdbone, omphalos base, shiny external surface. References: Bateman 1861, 227; Howarth 1899, 154; Smith 1994, 114. YKN/69: Pickering, 6m N SFM J93.879. NGR: SE 79 89. Type: Group 4 (trunconic). Dimensions: RD-48mm; BD48mm; H-44mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, a mass of cremated bone, an ivory bone pin. Notes: undecorated, foot-ring base. References: Bateman 1861, 211; Abercromby 1912, fig. 328; Smith 1994, 121. YKN/70: Pickering, 7m N SFM J93.883. NGR: SE 79 89. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-48mm; H-68mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, a cremation deposit, a large broken Urn (not preserved). Notes: Incised, impressed dots. References: Bateman 1861, 204; Abercromby 1912, fig. 284; Smith 1994, 122. YKN/71: Pickering, 7m N SFM J.93.886. NGR: SE 79 89. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-35mm; BD-30mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Cairn, a cremation deposit and 2 flints. Notes: Heat damaged, undecorated, surface possibly originally smoothed. References: Bateman 1861, 223; Abercromby 1912, fig. 297; Smith 1994, 122.

223

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age YKN/72: Pickering, 7m E SFM J93.889. NGR: SE 68 84. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-84mm; BD-76mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, large stones (a cist?) and a Food Vessel. Notes: Appears to have inclusions of crushed black flint, impressed dots or birdbone. References: Bateman 1861, 221; Howarth, 1899, 154. YKN/73: Pickering, 10m NE SFM J93.875. NGR: SE 79 89. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-rounded; H-45mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, in a cist with a cremation deposit. Notes: Smoothed, undecorated apart from an unintentional? impression on the carination. References: Howarth 1899, 150; Abercromby 1912, fig. 309; Smith 1994, 123. YKN/74: Ravenhill Barrow, Fylingdales Moor Lost. NGR: SE 91 99. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD44mm; H-40mm (estimated). Context and associations: From a barrow with a Collared Urn and cremation deposit. Notes: Twisted cord, incised. References: Tissiman 1851, 1-5; Smith 1994, 95, fig.52.

YKN/75: Riggs Barrow 17 HERM KINCM 1942.486. NGR: SE 86 26. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 4 perforations in Cup rim, 4 in lid cone. Dimensions: Cup RD-60mm; BD-55mm; H-60mm; Lid D-68mm; H-25mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, found alone. Notes: very heavy pot, thick twisted cord or wool impressed on cup and lid. References: Mortimer 1905, 178, fig.448.

224

After Smith (1994)

Corpus YKN/76: Robin Hoods Bay YMT YORYM: 1947.1183. NGR: NZ 95 05. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-52mm; BD-50mm; H-53mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. References: Unpublished. YKN/77: Saintoft, near Cawthorn Camps SFM J93.876. NGR: SE 791 892. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-37mm; BD-58mm; H-38mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, in a cist, a cremation deposit and a broken bone pin. Notes: Comb impressed. References: Bateman 1861, 206; Howarth 1899, 150; Smith 1994, 116. YKN/78: Scalby Comboots SCB 1938.893. NGR: SE 992 919. Type: Group 4 Fenestrated. Dimensions: RD-65mm x 55mm; BD-55mm; H-55mm (distorted). Context and associations: Round barrow, a cremation deposit and a larger Urn which may be Longworth’s (1984) No.1248, now separated from the cup. Notes: 25 vertical slits made by an awl or flint or metal blade, crazed and heat affected, twisted cord impressed. References: Allies 1844, 458-462. YKN/79: Scarborough, Langdale End YMT YORYM:1947.1058.1. NGR: 14. Type: Group 2, 6 perforations. Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD-55mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised, twisted cord and dot impressed. References: Abercromby 1912, fig. 296. YKN/80: Scarborough, Nr. SCB 1938.904. NGR: TA 04 88. Type: Group 3, 1 possible perforation. Dimensions: RD52mm; BD-60mm; H-44mm. Context and associations: Notes: incised or fingernail impressed. References: Unpublished.

225

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age YKN/81: Skipton CVN SKIPM: D1383. NGR: SE 989 514. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-45mm; H-60mm. Context and associations: Found as a result of road digging. Notes: Asymmetrical, heavy, remains of a pedestal foot, twisted cord impressed. References: Unpublished. YKN/82: Slingsby BM 1879, 209.1272. NGR: SE 69 73. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-53mm; BD-51mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, cremation deposit of an adolescent. Notes: twisted cord impressed. References: Greenwell 1877, 351, fig.64; Abercromby 1912, fig.315; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 92, No.144.1. YKN/83: Slingsby BM 1879, 1209.1280. NGR: SE 69 73. Type: Group 4 (straight walled). Dimensions: RD-76mm; BD-78mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, a cremation deposit of an adolescent, a burnt leg of a deer. Notes: Double foot-ring, internal base circular concave depression, undecorated. References: Greenwell, 1877, 353; Abercromby, 1912, fig. 316; Kinnes and Longworth, 1985, 93, No.147.2. YKN/84: Slingsby CXLVIII BM 1879, 1209. 1281. NGR: SE 69 73. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), possibly 1 perforation. Dimensions: RD-58mm; BD-35mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, a cremation deposit of an adult female, a second cup (YKN/85). Notes: Firing waster heavily spalled but with a lot of museum reconstruction, twisted cord impressed. References: Greenwell 1877, 354, fig. 63; Abercromby 1912, fig. 288; Longworth 1967, 111-122, No.6; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 93, No.148.1.

226

Corpus YKN/85: Slingsby CXLVIII BM 1879, 1209. 1282. NGR: SE 69 73. Type: Group 4 (trunconic), 27 perforations. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-42mm; H-38. Context and associations: Round barrow, a cremation deposit of an adult female, a second Cup (YKN/84). Notes: Internal base bevel, external foot-ring base, twisted cord impressed. References: Greenwell 1877, 354, fig. 63; Abercromby 1912, fig. 288; Longworth, 1967, 111122, No.6; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 93, No.148.2. YKN/86: Slingsby CXLIX BM 1876, 1209.1283. NGR: SE 69 73. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-50mm (distorted); BD-50mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, a cremation deposit of a child 6-7 years. Notes: Point-tooth comb stamped, fingertip rilling. References: Greenwell 1877, 354, fig.142; Abercromby 1912, fig. 317; Kinnes and Longworth 1985, 93, No.149:1. YKN/87: Southern Black Howe BM 1876, 0410.17. NGR: NZ 6651 1249. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-68mm; BD-30mm; H-44mm. Context and associations: Kerbed cairn (cairn A), cup inverted over a stone and covered by another stone, a cremation deposit and 2 flint flakes. Notes: Undecorated, thick heavy bowl-type cup. References: Atkinson 1891, 145-7; Abercromby, 1912, fig.324; Smith, 1994, 61. YKN/88: Southern Black Howe BM 1876, 0410.30. NGR: NZ 6651 1249. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-90mm; H-60mm. Context and associations: ‘Near the cairn group’, with a second cup now lost and a third bowl-shaped vessel containing a calcined tooth and a little charcoal. Notes: Twisted cord impressed. References: Smith 1994, 61. YKN/89: Staxton Beacon Burial 7 DRF in temporary storage. NGR: TA 01 84. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-64mm; BD-50mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: From a large inhumation barrow cemetery, with 1 copper alloy awl and a jet ring. 3635±30 BP (GU-19931), bone. Notes: impressed with a rounded blunt instrument. References: Manby, n.d.

227

After Manby, n.d.

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age YKN/90: Suffield Barrow 12 YMT YORYM: 2012.779.2.2. NGR: SE 98 92. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-41mm; BD-55; H-55mm. Context and associations: Notes: Firing waster, undecorated. References: Part of the unpublished Lidster Lamplough Collection. YKN/91: Three Howes Central, Glaisdale BM 1876, 0410.52. NGR: NZ 7393 1064. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-32mm; BD-50mm; H-28mm. Context and associations: Kerbed round barrow, a cremation deposit, a Collared Urn and 4 flints placed at the cardinal points (2 leaf-shaped, 1 thumb scraper, 1 unidentified). Notes: Reconstructed, incised cross hatching. References: Elgee 1930, 84, 95-6; Longworth 1984, 163; No.156, Smith 1994, 74. YKN/92: Three Howes Central, Glaisdale BM 1876, 0410.57. NGR: NZ 7393 1064. Type: Group 4 (trunconic). Dimensions: RD-40mm; BD-70mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Kerbed round barrow, a cremation deposit and a lump of haematite. One worked flint at either end of deposit. Notes: 50% reconstructed, foot-ring base, incised motifs, crazed by heat damage. It is unclear if this cup was associated with YKN/89. References: Abercromby 1912, fig.320; Longworth 1967, 111122; Smith 1994,74. YKN/93: Thornton in Craven, Rectory Allotment Location: Lost. NGR: SD 928 476. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-95mm; BD-147mm; H- 82mm. Context and associations: From a round cairn cremation cemetery, cup found in a pit, ‘probably’ with a Collared Urn. Associated with an adult and child cremation, a bone needle, a flint plano-convex knife and a scraper. Notes: Undecorated, very large (wide) cup. References: Longworth 1984, 256, No.1292.

228

Corpus YKN/94: Upleatham WBY WHITM: ARC1127. NGR: NZ 630 201. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-40mm; BD-60mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, a large Urn (type unknown, now lost). Notes: Undecorated, heavy cup. References: Ord 1846, 110; Longworth 1967, 111-122, No.8. YKN/95: Way Hagg Barrow SCB 1938.888. NGR: SE 9657 8840. Type: Group 1 (Cordoned Urn) 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-57mm; BD-60mm; H-76mm. Context and associations: Cairn, disturbed. Notes: Thick, heavy cup, twisted cord and comb impressed. References: Tissiman 1850, 1-5; Smith 1994, 142. YKN/96: West Ayton Moor SCB 1938.892. NGR: SE 96 88. Type: Group 4, Fenestrated cup. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-65mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Notes: 5 fenestrations, base slightly concave, incised. References: Unpublished. YKN/97: Western Howes, Central BM 1876, 0410.33. NGR: NZ 681 022. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-27mm; H-45. Context and associations: Round barrow, central cairn, a cremation deposit, a Collared Urn, a granite battle-axe, a bone segmented toggle and 4 bone pins (now lost). Notes: Firing waster, undecorated. References: Abercromby 1912, fig.29; Elgee 1930, 84, 96; Longworth 1984, 257, No.1302. YKN/98: Whitby SFM J93.830. NGR: NZ 89 11. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-95mm (estimated); BD-75mm; H-85mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. References: Unpublished.

229

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age YKN/99: Whitby BM 1885, 0721.8. NGR: NZ 89 11. Type: Group 3, 8 perforations. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD58mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Notes: Interior incised lines (may be modern), exterior undecorated. References: Abercromby 1912, fig. 295. YKN/100: Whitby, Nr. BM 1885, 0712.9. NGR: NZ 89 11. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-70mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised, very abraded fingernail impressions on rim. References: Elgee 1930, 86; Longworth, 1967, 111-122, No.9. YKN/101: Whitby, Nr. SFM J93.885. NGR: NZ 89 11. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-65mm (estimated); BD62mm; H-42mm; sherd only. Context and associations: From a barrow. Notes: Possible firing waster, heavily abraded and damaged, undecorated. References: Howarth 1899, 153. YKN/102: Whitby, Nr. SFM J93.888. NGR: NZ 89 11. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-58mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Round barrow, Collared Urn, cremation deposit. Notes: Undecorated. References: Howarth 1899, 153; Longworth 1984, 258, No.1316.

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Corpus South Yorkshire YKS/1: Arksey DON DONM 1968.154. NGR: SE 580 070. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-40mm; BD-45mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Found on its own during drain digging in a back garden. Notes: Footring base, twisted cord. References: Manby 1974a, 34, fig. 2.5; Manby 1986, 95, No.1. YKS/2: Bradfield, Barnside Common SFM 1972.448. NGR: SK 227 981. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-65mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Flat grave, a cremation deposit, two Collared Urns, bronze fragments and a flint flake. Notes: Spalled, distorted firing waster. References: Longworth 1984, 265, No.1405. YKS/3: Brodsworth (between Brodsworth and Woodlands) DON DONM 1292.15. NGR: SE 520 070. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-52mm; BD-46mm; H-65-70mm (varying). Context and associations: Flat grave, a museum note states that the cup was ‘found with other bone and pottery which has not survived’. Notes: Asymmetric, some restoration, fingernail impressions. References: Manby 1974a, 33; Longworth 1985, 265, No.1407. YKS/4: Doncaster DON DONM 302X. NGR: SE 580 020. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-48mm; BD-46mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Found in a sand pit with a Collared Urn, a battle-axe, a bronze metal object (lost) all covered with an earthern lid. Notes: Very faint pointillé or comb impressions below rim. References: Manby 1974b, 24-35. YKS/5: Sheffield Crookes SFM J87.58. NGR: SK 32 88. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-48mm; BD-40mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Flat grave (?), a cremation deposit, two Collared Urns, a tanged bronze knife or razor and a flint leaf-shaped arrowhead. Notes: Small foot-ring base, undecorated. References: Leader, 1887, 390-1; Abercromby 1912, fig. 84a; Longworth 1984, 265, No.1410.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age West Yorkshire YKW/1: Bradford Chellow Heights BRD A58-36. NGR: SE 117 353. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-82mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: ‘3 Cinerary Urns and part of a Food Vessel’. Notes: Incised herringbone and a band of pointillé (only visible if the Cup is inverted). References: West Yorkshire Archaeological Advisory Service (WYAAS) HER Monument 397. YKW/2: Harden Moor BRD A16.68. NGR: SE 075 387. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD-72mm; BD50mm; H-78mm. Context and associations: In the eastern perimeter of a ring cairn (but pre-dating it), a cremation deposit of an adult male. 3570±50 BP (BM-2576), charcoal. Notes: Some distortion, poorly restored, twisted cord. References: Boughey 2010. YKW/3: Hopton Moor LDS LEEDM.D1964.0030 NGR: SE 19 19. Type: Group 4 (straight walled). Dimensions: RD-40mm; BD58mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Notes: Restored, twisted cord. References: Unpublished. YKW/4: Mitchell Laithes WFD WAKGM:2012.1/87/SFAA. NGR: SE 2650 1990. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-48mm; H-68mm. Context and associations: Flat grave or rock cut pit, a cremation deposit of a female adult aged 36+, 2 fragments of animal bone, one being a pig radius and a burnt flint. 3515±30 BP (SUERC-21258), cremated bone. Notes: Hole in lower body, circular ridge on base interior, twisted cord. References: Manby 2013.

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Corpus

YKW/5: Pule Hill, Marsden HDT KLMUS 16.58. NGR: SE 032 104. Type: Group 4 (trunconic), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-51mm; BD-90mm; H-75mm (distorted). Context and associations: Possible flat grave or rock cut cavity, associations are unclear but include a possible inhumation burial. Notes: Badly spalled and distorted, dot impressed using a reed, grass or quill or similar, incised, partially restored. References: Kitson Clark, 1902, 38-42; Manby 1969, 273-281.

YKW/6: Silsden ASWYAS Commercial Archaeology Find NGR: SE 042 456. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-25mm; H-55mm (estimated). Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. References: Inf WYAS. YKW/7: Stanbury BRD A.2011.1.7. NGR: SE 0115 3705. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-45mm; BD35mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Found in a pit during landscaping works in a garden, with the cremation deposit of a young male, 3 Collared Urns, a stone battle-axe, a bone belt hook and pin, a pair of copper alloy earrings. 3555±35 BP (SUERC-16360), 3554±31 BP (OxA-18361), bone. Notes: Incised grooves. References: Richardson and Vyner 2011, 49-63. YKW/8: Todmorden Blackheath Cup 1A TDM Library 1974.271/59. NGR: SD 9433 2543. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-75mm; BD-50mm; H-75mm. Context and associations: From a ring cairn cemetery, a cremation deposit, a Collared Urn, a bronze knife with 2 rivets, a bronze awl, a bone pin, a grooved bone bead and several baked clay beads. Notes: Twisted cord. References: Lawson Russell 1906, 307-322; Longworth 1984, 280, No.1607.

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After Richardson and Vyner 2011

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age YKW/9: Todmorden Blackheath Cup 3 TDM Library 1974.271/58. NGR: SD 9344 2543. Type: Group 3, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-60mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: From a ring cairn cemetery. Notes: Firing waster with a large portion absent, stab impressions, twisted cord. References: Lawson Russell 1906, 307-322. YKW/10: Todmorden Blackheath Cup 6B TDM Library 1974.271/64. NGR: SD 9344 2543. Type Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-23mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: From a ring cairn cemetery, an adult cremation deposit, 2 Collared Urns, a bone pin and an amber and jet necklace. Notes: Incised and/or? abraded twisted cord. References: Lawson Russell 1906, 307-322; Longworth 1984, 280, No.1610. YKW/11: Todmorden Blackheath Cup 8 TDM Library 1974.271/66. NGR: SD 9344 2543. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-35mm; H-65mm. Context and associations: From a ring cairn cemetery. Notes: Incised, heavily varnished. References: Lawson Russell 1906,307-322. YKW/12: Wadsworth Moor BM: 1898,1015.1. NGR: SD 97 33. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-68mm; BD-40mm; H-65mm (estimated). Context and associations: Notes: Twisted cord. References: Abercromby 1912, fig.303. YKW/13: Warley, Tower Hill HDT AP234. NGR: SE 054 261. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-50mm; H-36mm (estimated); 2 sherds only. Context and associations: Possible flat cemetery, a cremation deposit, at least 4 Urns (2 being Collared Urns) plus fragments and another cup, now lost. Notes: Twisted cord. References: Gilks 1973, 176-8; Longworth 1984, 279, No.1600.

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Corpus Unprovenanced Cups LP/1 BM 1882, 3-23,22. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-62mm; H-52mm; only 40% of the cup is present. Context and associations: Notes: Fingernail impressions on rim top only, soft, red fabric. Possibly from Redcar, Cleveland. LP/2 YMT YORYM: 1947.1038. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-78mm; BD-45mm; H-85mm. Context and associations: Notes: Heavily cracked and reconstructed, short incised or stab lines LP/3 YMT YORYM: 1947.1158. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-49mm; BD-80mm; H-50-56mm (varying). Context and associations: Notes: The Cup is partially reconstructed. Incised lattice, very fine and faint in places. LP/4 YMT YORYM: 1947.1159. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-55mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Notes: Very faint and softly impressed twisted cord. LP/5 YMT YORYM: 1947.1160.1. Type: Group 4 (trunconic). Dimensions: RD-52mm; BD-94mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Notes: Heavily restored, thin, cracked and in poor condition, twisted cord impressed.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age LP/6 YMT YORYM: 1947.1161. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-55mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Notes: External spall near base, undecorated. LP/7 YMT YORYM: 1947.1162. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-68mm; BD48mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Notes: Firing waster with large spalls, twisted cord impressed. LP/8 YMT YORYM: 1947.1163. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-30mm; BD-38mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Notes: Some flattening and heat crazing externally, undecorated. LP/9 YMT YORYM 1947.1164. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-46mm; BD-50mm; H-44mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. LP/10 YMT YORYM: 1947.1165. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-56mm; BD-42mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Notes: Partially reconstructed, some rim missing, undecorated. LP/11 YMT YORYM: 1947.1172. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-47mm; BD-64mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Notes: Thick heavy fabric, undecorated.

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Corpus LP/12 YMT YORYM: 1947.1173. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-44mm; BD-28mm; H-46mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. LP/13 YMT YORYM: 1947.1176. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-54mm; BD-50mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Notes: Heavily spalled, undecorated. LP/14 YMT YORYM: 1947.1177. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-38mm; BD-30mm; H-34mm. Context and associations: Notes: Heavily reconstructed, undecorated.

LP/15 YMT YORYM: 1947.1178. Type: Group 2 ? Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-45mm; H-54mm. Context and associations: Notes: Firing waster, twisted cord impressed.

LP/16 YMT YORYM: 1947.1179. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-20mm; BD-34mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. LP/17 YMT YORYM: 1947.1180. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-49mm; BD-40mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Notes: Some reconstruction, small heavy cup, fingernail impressed.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age LP/18 YMT YORYM: 1947.1181. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-38mm; BD-75mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Notes: Large spall at base, twisted cord impressed. LP/19 YMT YORYM: 1947.1182. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-42mm; BD-65mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated.

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Corpus Clwyd CLWYD/1: Aberwhiler, Maesmynan NMGW 72.34H.1-2. Grid Ref: SJ113721. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-56mm; BD-45mm; H-53mm. Context and associations: Cremated remains of an individual (adolescent?). Notes: Stabbed decoration on body and rim. References: Drewett, 1970; Savory 1980 No.479.1. CLWYD/2: Brenig 44, Llanrhaeadr-yn-Cimerch NMGW. Grid Ref: SH982357. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-24mm; BD-15mm; H-23mm. Context and associations: Cairn. From within a pit containing 2 Collared Urns. Urn A (undecorated) contained the cremated remains of an adult. Urn B (decorated) contained the cremated remains of an adult, a child and an infant, the small cup, a calcined plano-convex knife and 2 pottery studs. 3230±70 (HAR-503), charcoal: 3550±50 BP (GrA-22970), cremated bone. Notes: Undecorated. References: Longworth 1984, No.2023: Lynch 1993, 129, Tellier 2018, 170 (No.64). CLWYD/3: Holt, Wrexham NMGW 24.572.3. Grid Ref: SJ406545. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-112mm; BD-60mm; H-72mm. Context and associations: Possibly with a Collared Urn and cremated remains of an adult and child. Association not certain. Notes: Undecorated. References: Savory 1980 No.468; Grimes 1930, 187-8, Fig.80; 1951. CLWYD/4: Hollywell Lost. Grid Ref: SJ1876. Type: Group 2? Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: Reported as similar to DYFED/7. References: Savory 1958, 118; Stanley and Way 1868, 250.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age CLWYD/5: Llanferres, Moel Fammau Chester. Grid Ref: SJ169621. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-69mm; BD-51mm; H-66mm. Context and Associations: Within a Collared Urn set within a pit below a robbed cairn. Secondary burial. Urn contained the cremated remains of a (?)female adult of 18-25 yrs and a fragmentary bone pin. Cup contained the a few cremated bones of an infant and a single adult bone fragment. Notes: Incised decoration. References: Longworth 1984 No.2022; Savory 1958, A19; Bevan-Evans and Hayes 1953; 1955 116-7. CLWYD/6 Rhydwen Farm, Whitford NMGW 12.130.2. Grid Ref: SJ 132769. Type: Group 3; 4 perforations around the belly of the pot. Dimensions: RD-35mm; BD-30mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Recovered from a mound but associations are uncertain. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Fox 1925; Savory 1958, C3; Savory 1980, No.466.

CLWYD/7: Towyn, Pant-y-neuadd Lost. Grid Ref: SH580. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-64mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Recorded as being found with several other cups, each inverted over the mouth of an urn containing cremated remains. Notes: Circular stabbed decoration, rounded base. References: Anwyl 1909,162; Savory 1958 D10.

Dyfed DYFED/1: Boulston, Hanton Lost. Grid Ref: SM984144. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: From a cairn. Notes: References: Savory 1958, F3.

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Corpus DYFED/2: Letterston II, Pendre NMGW 46.245.1-6. Grid Ref: SM948298. Type: Group 2. At least 1 perforation near base angle. Dimensions: RD-62mm; BD-55mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Secondary cremation (No2) beneath a barrow. Associated with a Collared Urn and fragmentary cremation. Notes: Incised decoration, stabs around max diameter. References: Savory 1949; 1980, No.316.5. DYFED/3: Llanarth NMGW 39.563.4. Grid Ref: SN412531. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-44mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: From a round barrow. Notes: Incised with row of pointillé on the rim bevel, shoulder and base angle. References: Savory 1958, A13; 1980, No.475: DYFED/4: Llandysiliogogo, Wstrws Car Grid Ref: SN381503. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel) (1 pair of perforations). Dimensions: RD-57mm; BD-35mm; H-44mm. Context and associations: From a barrow, possibly associated with DYFED/5. Notes: Incised decoration. Perforations at shoulder. Concentric circles on base. Very similar to DYFED/5. References: Davies 1905; Savory 1958, A7. DYFED/5: Llandysiliogogo, Wstrws Car. Grid Ref: SN381503. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel) (at least 1 perforation). Dimensions: RD-57mm; BD-35mm; H-44mm. Context and associations: From a barrow, possibly associated with DYFED/4. Notes: Incised decoration. Perforation at shoulder. Incised lines on base. Very similar to DYFED/4. References: Davies 1905; Savory 1958, A6.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age DYFED/6: Llandysul, Bwlch-y-groes NMGW 39.563.1-3. Grid Ref: SN378462. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel) (2 perforations). Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-25mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: From a ruined cairn, associated with a Collared Urn and the cremated remains of an infant/young child. Notes: Incised decoration. Upright upper part. References: Savory 1941; 1958, A4; 1980, No.438.3; Tellier, 2018, 170 (No.68). DYFED/7: Llanfihangel-y-Creuddyn, Pyllau-isaf NMGW 30.210.2. Grid Ref: SN637753. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-45mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: From a cairn possibly associated with a Collared Urn. Notes: Incised decoration. Upright upper half. References: Peate 1925; Savory 1958, A5; 1980, No. 469. DYFED/8: Llangranog, Tyll-coed Lost. Grid Ref: SN3452.Type: Group 3? (3 perforations on 1 side). Dimensions: Context and associations: From a cairn and associated with a Collared Urn. Notes: Described as round-based. References: Meyrick 1907, 231; Savory 1958, F4. DYFED/9: Llanychaer, Cronllwyn Lost. Grid Ref: SM987348. Type: Group 2 (2 perforations on shoulder). Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-30mm; 48mm. Context and associations: From a cairn reportedly associated with larger urn and 2 other cups (DYFED/10 and 11). Notes: Incised and pricked decoration. References: Savory 1958, A10; Stanley and Way 1868, 219 and 258. DYFED/10: Llanychaer, Cronllwyn Lost. Grid Ref: SM987348. Type: Group 2. At least 2perforations. Dimensions: RD-c.55mm, BD-c.30mm; H-c.48mm. Context and associations: From a cairn reportedly associated with larger urn and 2 other cups (DYFED/9 and 11). Notes: References: Savory 1958, (ref) A10; Stanley and Way 1868, 219 and 258.

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Corpus DYFED/11: Llanychaer, Cronllwyn Lost. Grid Ref: SM987348. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: From a cairn reportedly associated with larger urn and 2 other cups (DYFED/9 and 10). Notes: References: Savory 1958, (ref) A10; Stanley and Way 1868, 219 and 258. DYFED/12: Meini Gwyr, Llandysilio Lost. Grid Ref: SN141265. Type: Group 4. Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-40mm?; H-50mm? Context and associations: From a cairn possibly associated with a copper alloy dagger or knife. Second cup (DYFED/13) from the same site. Notes: References: Savory 1958, B2; Fenton 1860, 32-3; Stanley and Way1868 256-7. Illustration From Fenton 1860. Approx scale courtesy of the Cambrian Archaeological Association. Copyright reserved. DYFED/13: Meini Gwyr, Llandysilio Lost. Grid Ref: SN141265. Type: Group 4 (fenestrated). Dimensions: RD-c.110mm; BD-c.110mm; H-c.68mm. Context and associations: From a cairn possibly associated with a copper alloy dagger or knife. Second cup (DYFED/12) from the same site. Notes: References: Savory 1958, B3; Fenton 1860, 32-3; Stanley and Way1868 256-7. Illustration From Fenton 1860. Approx scale courtesy of the Cambrian Archaeological Association. Copyright reserved. DYFED/14: Nantcwnlle, Ty’n-y-rhos NMGW 15.139.1-2. Grid Ref: SN565587. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations at belly. Dimensions: RD-72mm; BD-40mm; H-58mm. Context and associations: From a round cairn. Found with a looped socketed axe but association cannot be proved. Notes: Incised decoration. References: Barnwell 1879, 222-5; Grimes 1951, No.585; Savory 1958, A9; 1980, No.337.1: Wheeler 1925, Fig 46.3.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age DYFED/15: Narberth South, Templeton NMGW 23.455.34. Grid Ref: SN096108. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 2 perforations on belly. Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-25mm; H-53mm. Context and associations: Found inside a Collared Urn. Notes: Incised decoration. References: Savory 1958, A8; 1980 No. 414.2: Longworth 1984, No.2073; Wheeler 1925, 183. DYFED/16: South Hill, Talbenny NMGW 41.300.1-7. Grid Ref: SM833111. Type: Group1 (Food Vessel bowl) 2 perforations on belly. Dimensions: RD-61mm; BD-25mm; H-56mm. Context and associations: Found with a cremation (adult) within a Collared Urn and associated with a second Collared Urn. Notes: Incised decoration. References: Fox 1942; 1943; 1959; Savory 1958, C1; 1980, No.372.4; Longworth 1984, No.2085. DYFED/17: Talsarn, Fan Barrow, Cup1 NMGW. Grid Ref: SN564587. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel) 1 pair of perforations on 1 side at the belly. Dimensions: RD-60-66mm; BD-45mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Cairn. Cremation 21. Cremated remains of and adult within a distorted tripartite Cordoned Urn. 3505±35 (SUERC-40800), cremated bone. Notes: Incised decoration. Traces of white inlay. References: Schlee et al. 2013. DYFED/18: Talsarn, Fan Barrow, Cup 2 NMGW. Grid Ref: SN564587. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-80mm; BD-45mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Cairn. Cremation 36. Cremated remains of a mature adult (possibly female) and an adolescent aged 14-16.5 years (represented only by finger bones). 3620±35 (SUERC-40802), cremated bone. Notes: Twisted and whipped cord decoration. Only 1 third of the vessel deposited. References: Schlee et al. 2013.

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Corpus DYFED/19: Talsarn, Fan Barrow, Cup 3 NMGW. Grid Ref: SN564587. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD66mm; BD-40mm; H-60-70mm. Context and associations: Cairn. Cremation 5. In distorted, sintered and bloated tripartite Collared Urn and the cremated remains of a mature female. 3575±35 (SUERC-40798), cremated bone. Notes: Incised decoration. Vessel is spalled. References: Schlee et al. 2013. DYFED/20: Talsarn, Fan Barrow, Cup 4 NMGW. Grid Ref: SN564587. Type: Group 2. Traces of 2 perforations at the shoulder. Dimensions: RD-63mm; BD-40mm; H-48mm. Context and associations: Cairn. Primary cremated remains of a mature adult female. Traces of copper alloy fragments. Notes: Incised decoration. Vessel is sintered. 3630±35 (SUERC-40799). References: Schlee et al. 2013. DYFED/21: Tir-Mynach, Banc Troed Rhiw-Seiri Private Collection. Grid Ref: SN668857. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-100mm. Context and associations: Associated with a possible cremation (grey greasy ash) in a pit dug into a Beaker grave. In situ burning. Notes: Fingernail impressions. References: Houlder 1956; Savory 1958, E3. DYFED/22: Trefilan, Pen-y-glogau NMGW 27.601.1-2. Grid Ref: SN533592. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), single pair of perforations. Dimensions: RD-72mm; BD-30mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: From a barrow. Collared Urn from the same barrow but not associated. Notes: Incised decoration. References: Savory 1958, A12; 1980, No.425.2; Jones and Davies 1930, 118 ff.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age DYFED/23: Tregaron, Pant-Glas BM. Grid Ref: SN6958. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), single pair of perforations. Dimensions: RD-75mm; BD-50mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised decoration. Omphalos base. References: Abercromby, 1912, II, fig 265; Savory 1958, D1; Wheeler 1925, Fig.79. DYFED/24: Dyfed? NMGW 31.470.1. Grid Ref: Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-72mm; BD30mm; H-80mm. Context and associations: Notes: Undecorated. References: Grimes 1932, 409-11, fig2; 1951, No.667; Savory 1958, D8; 1980, No.470.

DYFED/25: Dyfed? NMGW 31.470.2. Grid Ref: Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel) 1 pair of perforations at belly. Dimensions: RD-72mm; BD-rounded; H-52mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised decoration. References: Grimes 1932, 409-11, fig 1; 1951, fig.31.2; Savory 1958, A16; 1980, 471.

DYFED/26: Dyfed? NMGW 40.174. Grid Ref: Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel), 1 pair of perforations. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-30mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Notes: Incised decoration. References: Grimes 1951, No.672; Savory 1941, 35; 1958, A3; 1980, No.476.

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Corpus Glamorgan GLAM/1: Cwm Cadlan, Penderyn NMGW 61.496.1-5. Grid Ref: SN985116. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-35mm; BD-?; H-c.35mm. Context and associations: Secondary cist in Beaker barrow. Associated with small pile of cremated bone. Notes: Undecorated. References: Savory 1958, E6; 1980, No.380.4: Webley 1960. GLAM/2: Eglwysilan, Abertridwr Lost. Grid Ref: ST037756. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: From a cairn. Notes: Described as a small rude cup. References: Fox 1936; Savory 1958 F2. GLAM/3: Llanbleithian, Marlborough Grange Farm NMGW 68.311.1-17. Grid Ref: SS973735. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD75mm; BD-45mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: From the central burial below a round cairn. Associated with the cremated remains of 1 adult and 2 children. Notes: Incised and twisted cord decoration. References: Savory 1969, 49-72; 1980, No.478.1. GLAM/4: Llanblethian, Breach Farm NMGW 38.37.1-45. Grid Ref: SS969738. Type: Group 2.1 pair of perforations on shoulder. Dimensions: RD-63mm; BD-48mm; H-51mm. Context and associations: Primary cremation burial in a kerbed round barrow. Cremation comprised the remains of 1 adolescent, 1 adult and 1 mature male. With 2 bronze flanged axes, 13 B&T flint arrowheads, 2 sandstone ‘arrow-shaft smoothers,1 convex flint scraper, 1 plano-convex point, 2 triangular points, 3 oval flint implements worked on both sides, bronze chisel and knife too disintegrated to recover. 3520±60 (GrA-19964), bone. 3530±60 (GrA-20601), bone. Notes: Burnished. Incised decoration with red inlay and deliberately blackened surfaces. References: Davis 2006; Grimes 1938; Savory 1958 A1; 1980 No.338.2; Tellier 2018, 179.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age GLAM/5: Llandow, Sutton 268’ NMGW 40.179.1-22. Grid Ref: SS950722. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). 1 pair of perforations in neck. Dimensions: RD-82mm; BD-43mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Barrow. With secondary cremated remains of adult male. With copper alloy rivetted knife and elongated bone bead. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Slight foot-ring base. References: Fox 1943; Savory 1958 D3; 1980, No.371.10. GLAM/6: Llangyfelach, Mynydd Carn Goch 1 BM. Grid Ref: SS605981. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel) 8 perforations around belly. Dimensions: RD-58mm; BD-33mm; H-51mm. Context and associations: Found within an urn containing a cremated remains on the edge of a barrow. Notes: Incised decoration. References: Abercromby 1912, II, Fig 806; Llewelyn 1856; Savory 1958, A11; Stanley and Way 1868. GLAM/7: Llangyfelach, Mynydd Carn Goch 2 Lost. Grid Ref: SS605981. Type: Dimensions: Max diam-51mm; H-51mm. Context and associations: Cairn? Found within a stone cist and associated with cremated remains. Notes: The cup showed signs of burning but disintegrated on excavation. References: Llewelyn 1856. GLAM/8: Llantwit Major Roman Villa Lost. Grid Ref: SS959701. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: Found in an urn, with a cremated remains in a destroyed round barrow. Notes: References: Savory 1958 F1. GLAM/9: Trecastle Mountain Lost. Grid ref: SO451070. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-95mm; BD60mm; H-72mm. Context and associations: From a barrow. Notes: Undecorated. References: Rees, 1854; Savory 1958, A17; Stanley and Way 1868, 261-2.

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Corpus GLAM/10: Vaynor, Cwm Taf Mawr Swansea. Grid ref: SO0014. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-35mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: From a round cairn, with cremated remains (?)of adult male within a Collared urn. Notes: Pointillé. References: Fox 1936 117; Longworth 1984, No.2163; Savory 1958 D5; Williams 1939, 22-4.

GLAM/11: Welsh St Donats; Maes-hwyaid Farm NMGW 75.36H.1-5. Grid ref: ST037756. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD100mm; BD-60mm; H-80mm. Context and associations: Fragmentary under kerb of barrow. Notes: Whipped cord decoration. References: Savory, 1980, No.393.5.

Gwynedd GWYN/1: Braich-lwyd, Dwygyfylchi Chester 23P53. Grid Ref: SH7175. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-65mm; BD-37mm; H-43mm. Context and associations: From a round barrow. Collared Urn and cremated remains of a child. Notes: Undecorated. References: Earwaker 1891, 31ff; Savory 1958, A18; Tellier, 2018, 170 (No60). GWYN/2: Braich-lwyd, Dwygyfylchi NMGW 37.406. Grid Ref: SH7175. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-73mm; BD-45mm; H-57mm. Context and associations: From a round barrow. Collared Urn(?) and cremated remains of older adult. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. References: Earwaker 1891, 31ff; Savory 1958, D2; 1980, No.473; Tellier, 2018, 170 (N061).

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age GWYN/3: Bryn Seiont, Llanbeblig NMGW 19.298A.2. Grid ref: SH482615. Type: Group 4 fenestrated. Dimensions: RD=65mm; BD-20mm; H-51mm. Context and associations: Found in a cairn possibly associated with copper alloy knife. Notes: Incised and pin-prick decoration. References: Abercromby 1912, plate LXXXI; Grimes 1951; Longworth 1983; Savory 1958 B4; 1980 No.467; Stanley and Way, 1868, 256: Thurnam 1871, 367. GWYN/4: Cae Capel Eithin, Anglesey NMGW 84.76H.13. Grid Ref: SH489727. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-32mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Cremation C12 below a kerbed cairn. Associated with cremated remains of older child within a Collared Urn. Notes: Undecorated. 3760±70 BP (CAR-449). References: Lynch 1991, fig14a.12a; White and Smith 1999, 55; Tellier 2018, 171 (No.79). GWYN/5: Holyhead Rural; Porth Darfach I, Cup 1 BM 5-22.3. Grid Ref: SH234800. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD60mm; BD-42mm; H-65mm. Context and associations: From a round barrow within a larger inverted urn. Associated with ‘ashes’. Notes: Undecorated. References: Longworth 1984 No.2105; Lynch 1991 Fig.53.2; Stanley, 1849, 226-39; Stanley and Way, 1868, 222-31. GWYN/6: Holyhead Rural; Porth Darfach I, Cup 2 BM 51.5-22.2. Grid Ref: SH234800. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-120mm; BD-15mm; H-90mm. Context and associations: From a round barrow within a larger inverted Collared Urn. Associated with the fragmentary cremated remains of a child. Notes: Incised. Low rounded belly and omphalos base. References: Longworth 1984 No.2105; Lynch 1991 Fig.53.1a; Stanley, 1849, 226-39; Stanley and Way, 1868, 222-31.

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Corpus GWYN/7: Llanbabo, Bedd Branwen L Gwynedd. Grid Ref: SH361849. Type: Group 3. Single perforation at shoulder. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-15mm; H-85mm. Context and associations: Primary burial of a round cairn within an upright Collared Urn. The cup was inverted on a deposit of cremated bone (adult). Associated with a small fragment of pin or awl. Associated with second Collared Urn containing infant ear bones. 3324±80 (BM-453), charcoal: 3660±60 (GrA-19657), cremated bone. Notes: Undecorated. Omphalos base. References: Longworth 1984, No.2109; Lynch 1966, 1-31; Lynch 1971, 11-36; Lynch 1991, Fig.43; Tellier 2018, 169. GWYN/8: Llandegai, Carnedd Howell Oxford. Grid Ref: SH509652. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-?; BD-35mm; H-? Context and associations: From a cairn associated with a Collared Urn and cremated remains. Notes: Incised decoration with triangular impressions near the base. Lower part only surviving. References: Savory 1958 B1. GWYN/9: Llanelltyd, Mynydd Foel-uchaf NMGW 34.474.3. Grid Ref: SH710202. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD82mm; BD-60mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: From a ruined cairn. Notes: Incised decoration externally, pointillé on internal bevel. References: Savory 1980, No.472. GWYN/10: Llanfair-is-Gaer, Bryn Crug Chester. Grid Ref: SH509652. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-30mm; H-56mm. Context and associations: Associated with cremated remains within two superimposed inverted Collared urns. Notes: Pointillé decoration. References: Ffoulkes 1868, 245-6; Grimes 1951 No.622; Longworth 1984 No.2124; Savory 1958 A15; Stanley and Way 1868, 259-61.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age GWYN/11: Llangwyllog, Cerrig Dewi BM 7-6.2. Grid Ref: SH4478. Type: Group 3. 7 perforations round the cordon. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-70mm; H-60mm. Context and associations: From a probable barrow. Notes: Undecorated but broad cordon around the middle part. Footring base. References: Lynch 1991 fig 53.6; Savory 1958 D6; Stanley, 1870, 163. GWYN/12: Llanidan, Cae Mickney Cup 1 Gwynedd. Grid Ref: SH457686. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD90mm’ BD-?55mm; H-?95mm. Context and associations: Possibly with a Collared Urn. Notes: Undecorated. Base damaged. References: Lynch 1991 fig 55.3; Prichard 1882; Savory 1958 D7:

GWYN/13: Llanidan, Cae Mickney Cup 2 Gwynedd. Grid Ref: SH457686. Type: Group 1 (Collared Urn). Dimensions: RD?84mm’ BD-64mm; H-?100mm. Context and associations: Possibly with a Collared Urn. Notes: Undecorated. Rim damaged. References: Lynch 1991 fig 55.4; Prichard 1882.

GWYN/14: Penmon, Flagstaff Quarry Cup 1 NMGW 84.89H. Grid Ref: SH635807. Type: Group 3. 1 pair of perforations. Dimensions: RD-55mm; BD-22mm; H-51mm. Context and associations: Found in a rectangular stone setting below a cairn. Associated with black soil, cremated remains, bone ?pin and GWYN/15. Notes: Undecorated. Lynch shows rim missing, Savory and Owen record it as present. References: Lynch 1991, fig 53.5; Owen 1889; Savory 1958 E4.

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Corpus GWYN/15: Penmon, Flagstaff Quarry Cup 2 NMGW 84.89H. Grid Ref: SH635807. Type: Group 3. 2 opposed pairs of perforations. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-35mm; H-45mm. Context and associations: Found in a rectangular stone setting below a cairn. Associated with black soil, cremated remains, bone ?pin and GWYN/14. Notes: Incised and pinprick decoration. References: Lynch 1991, fig 53.5; Owen 1889; Savory 1958 E4. GWYN/16: Ysceifiog, Gledlom Farm NMGW 85.40H.7. Grid Ref: SJ1571. Type: Dimensions: Context and associations: With undecorated Food Vessel. Notes: References: NMGW catalogue.

Powys POWYS/1: Carneddau, Carno Welshpool. Grid Ref: SN989997. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-50mm; BD-37mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: Upright, within an inverted Collared Urn placed in a pit below a cairn. Associated with the cremated remains of an adult ?male. 3430±70 (CAR1286), charcoal. Notes: Incised decoration. References: Gibson 1993; Tellier 2018, 171 (No.86). POWYS/2: Ffostill, Llanelieu Brecon ? Grid Ref: SO175348. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-35mm; H-51mm. Context and associations: Found during the demolition of a cairn. Numerous worked flints and calcined bone but not certainly associated. Notes: Incised and circular stabs. References: Savory 1958 A2; Vulliamy 1927 219-20; 1928, 192-4. POWYS/3: Llandrindod Wells, Little Hill Llandrindod Wells Museum. Grid Ref: SO074604. Type: Group 3? Dimensions: RD-?50mm. Context and associations: From a ruined cairn, 2 small straight-sided cups. Notes: Incised decoration. Thought modern by Savory. References: Jerman 1936, 42D; Savory 1958 E7: RCAHMW Radnorshire No325, fig.40.

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Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age POWYS/4: Llanfihangel Cwm-du; Pen Allt-mawr NMGW 37.554. Grid Ref: SO175348. Type: Group 4 (straight walled cups), 2 pairs of assymetric perforations. Dimensions: RD-72mm; BD-57mm; H-40mm. Context and associations: Primary cist below cairn. Associated with cremated remains. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Footring base. References: Savory 1958, D4; 1980 No.474. POWYS/5: Llanfihangel Nant Bran, Ynys Hir NMGW 42.54.38-43. Grid Ref: SN920383. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-40mm; BD-20mm; H-35mm. Context and associations: With cremated remains of an ‘immature’ person. In a pit below a cairn. Associated with flint knife, 1 anthracite bead, 1 pottery bead and cloth (possibly wool) fragments. Notes: Undecorated. Slight footring base. References: Dunning, 1943; Savory 1958, E1; 1980, 477.39. POWYS/6: Llywel, Varlen Brecon. Grid Ref: SN8831. Type: Group 1 (Food Vessel). Dimensions: RD-73mm; BD-42mm; H-53mm. Context and associations: From a barrow. Notes: Twisted cord decoration. Footring base. References: Fox, 1942, 29; Savory 1958, C2. POWYS/7: Machynlleth, Lligwy BM. Grid Ref: SH7400. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: RD-75mm; H-42mm. Context and associations: Associated with a Collared Urn, bone ornament and cremated remains of a child. Notes: Undecorated. Rounded base. References: Longworth 1984, No2168. POWYS/8: Ystrad-Hynod, Llanidloes NMGW. Grid Ref: SN9584. Type: Group 4 (fenestrated). Dimensions: Fragment only. Context and associations: With 2 Cordoned Urns. Disturbed context below a cairn. Notes: Incised decoration. Triangular openings. References: ApSimon 1969, 66 No.11; 1973, 35-54: Longworth 1983, A7.

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Corpus Aberdeenshire ABER/1: Balnakettle, Middleton, Fettercairn NMS 1974.5. Grid Ref: NO 622 752. Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-60mm; BD-55mm; H-50mm. Context and associations: Collared Urn with a cremation. 3530±50 (GrA-19984), cremated bone. Notes: Whipped cord decoration. Incised cross-hatching on shoulder. Fingernail impressions inside resulting from forming. Sand inclusions. References: Cowie and Ritchie 1991.

ABER/2: Bennachie Hill NMS EC 10. Grid Ref: NJ 66 25.Type: Group 2, 2 perforations. Dimensions: RD-44mm; BD-18mm; H-44mm. Context and associations: Cairn possibly also producing ABER/3. Notes: Incised decoration. Grog and bone inclusions. References: Abercromby 1912; Kinloch 1864; Scott 1951, 80; Smith 1872 194. ABER/3: Bennachie Hill NMS EC 9. Grid Ref: NJ 66 25. Type: Group 4, 4 perforations. Dimensions: RD-52mm; BD-44mm; H-55mm. Context and associations: Cairn possibly also producing ABER/2. Notes: Trunconic. Twisted cord decoration. Footring base. Sand inclusions. References: Abercromby 1912; Kinloch 1864; Scott 1951, 80; Smith 1872, 194. ABER/4: Dunnottar, Garbertstrypes Not located. Grid Ref: NO 87 83. Type: Group 3. Dimensions: RD-76; H-50. Context and associations: Small pit with cremation and Beaker. Notes: Undecorated. Refences: Unpublished. Canmore Ref 37022. ABER/5: Easter Culbeuchly, Banff Not located. Grid Ref: NJ 662 613. Type: Group 2 ? Dimensions: RD-70mm; BD-50mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: From a round mound. Possibly with a cremation. Notes: Two incised lines below the shoulder. Very thick base. References: Walker and Wallace 1961.

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After Wallace & Walker 1961

Funerary and Related Cups of the British Bronze Age ABER/6: Gask, Turriff Banff? Grid Ref: NJ 72 47. Type: Group 2. Dimensions: Context and associations: Notes: References: Canmore ID 19159. ABER/7: Hill of Culsh, New Deer NMS EQ 267. Grid ref: NJ 8754 4754. Type: Group 2, 2 pairs of perforations. Dimensions: RD60mm; BD-24mm; H-52mm. Context and associations: From a disturbed pit. The cup contained ash, and burnt bone from a young person with minimum age of 11 years. Part of a cremation cemetery comprising 10 urns. Notes: Firing waster. Incised and pinprick decoration. Abraded base. Abundant crushed stone inclusions