Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy [Lingua inglese] [3° ed.] 0702070084, 9780702070082

Table of contents :
Front Cover
IFC01
IFC02
FUNDAMENTALS OF Pharmacognosy AND Phytotherapy
FUNDAMENTALS OF Pharmacognosy AND Phytotherapy
Dedication
Contents
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
A - Fundamentalsof pharmacognosy
1 - Phytotherapyand pharmacognosy
1 - Importance of plants in modern pharmacy and medicine
AIMS AND DEFINITIONS
TYPES OF DRUGS DERIVED FROM PLANTS
HERBAL DRUGS, DERIVED FROM SPECIFIC PARTS OF A MEDICINAL PLANT
NATURAL PRODUCTS OR COMPOUNDS ISOLATED FROM NATURE
USE OF HERBAL MEDICINES
UNITED KINGDOM
Licensed herbal medicines
Traditional herbal medical products
Unlicensed herbal medicines
AUSTRALIA
CANADA
INDIA
NEW ZEALAND
NIGERIA
SOUTH AFRICA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA)
REGULATION OF TCM IN HONG KONG, THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND TAIWAN
Hong Kong
People’s Republic of China
Taiwan
References
2 - PHARMACOGNOSY AND ITS HISTORY: PEOPLE, PLANTS AND NATURAL PRODUCTS
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
EARLY ARABIC AND EUROPEAN RECORDS
CLASSICAL ARABIC, GREEK AND ROMAN RECORDS
CLASSICAL CHINESE RECORDS
OTHER ASIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
Ayurveda
Jamu
Kampo
MEDICINE AT THE CENTRE OF THE AMERICAS – AZTECS AND OTHER CULTURES
THE EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES AND ARABIA
PRINTED REPORTS IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION (16TH CENTURY)
MEDICAL HERBALISM
EUROPEAN PHARMACOGNOSY AND NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES
THE 20TH CENTURY
References
2 -
Basic plant biology
3 - General principles of botany: morphology and systematics
PLANTS AND DRUGS
TAXONOMY
THE IMPORTANCE OF TAXONOMY
MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF HIGHER PLANTS (SPERMATOPHYTA)
FLOWER
Inflorescences
Drugs
FRUIT AND SEED
Drugs
LEAVES
Drugs
SHOOTS (=STEM, LEAVES AND REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS)
Drugs: stem
Drugs: bark
Drugs: aerial parts (=stem, leaves plus flowers/fruit)
ROOT
ROOTSTOCK AND SPECIALIZED UNDERGROUND ORGANS
Rhizome and root (radix) drugs
DIVERSE AND UNSPECIFIED BOTANICAL DRUGS
References
4 -
Families yielding important phytopharmaceuticals
ANGIOSPERMS (MAGNOLIPHYTA)
ALLIACEAE (‘MONOCOTYLEDONEAE’)
Important medicinal plant from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
APIACEAE (ALSO CALLED UMBELLIFERAE)
Important medicinal plants in the family (see also various monographs in Chapter 20)
Morphological characteristics of the family
Chemical characteristics of the family
ARALIACEAE
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
ASPHODELACEAE (‘MONOCOTYLEDONEAE’)
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
ASTERACEAE – THE ‘DAISY’ FAMILY (ALSO KNOWN AS COMPOSITAE)
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family (Fig. 4.3)
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
CAESALPINIACEAE
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family (Fig. 4.5)
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
FABACEAE
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
HYPERICACEAE
Important medicinal plant from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
LAMIACEAE
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family (Fig. 4.9)
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
PALMACEAE (ARECACEAE, PALMAE, ‘MONOCOTYLEDONEAE’)
Important medicinal plant from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
PAPAVERACEAE
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family (Fig. 4.11)
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
PIPERACEAE
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family (Fig. 4.13)
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
POACEAE (‘MONOCOTYLEDONEAE’)
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
RHAMNACEAE
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
RUBIACEAE
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
RUTACEAE
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
SOLANACEAE
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family (Fig. 4.15)
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
ZINGIBERACEAE (‘MONOCOTYLEDONEAE’)
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
GYMNOSPERMS
GINKGOACEAE
Important medicinal plant from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family (Fig. 4.18)
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
PINACEAE
Important medicinal plants from the family
Morphological characteristics of the family (Fig. 4.20)
Distribution
Chemical characteristics of the family
Further reading
5 - Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacy
ETHNOBOTANY
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
THE STORY OF CURARE
THE ROLE OF THE ETHNOBOTANIST
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY AND THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CONVENTION OF RIO)
CONCLUSION
References
3 -
Natural product chemistry
6 - Natural product chemistry
THE POLYKETIDES
FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCERIDES
THE TETRACYCLINES
GRISEOFULVIN
ERYTHROMYCIN A
THE STATINS
PHENYLPROPENES
LIGNANS
COUMARINS
FLAVONOIDS
TANNINS
THE TERPENES
MONOTERPENES (C10)
SESQUITERPENES (C15)
DITERPENES
TRITERPENES
TETRATERPENES (C40)
THE GLYCOSIDES
CYANIDE GLYCOSIDES
GLUCOSINOLATES
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES
THE ALKALOIDS
PYRIDINE, PIPERIDINE AND PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS
PHENYLALKYLAMINE ALKALOIDS
QUINOLINE ALKALOIDS
ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS
INDOLE ALKALOIDS
TROPANE ALKALOIDS
XANTHINE ALKALOIDS
IMIDAZOLE ALKALOIDS
Further reading
7 -
Methods in natural product analytical chemistry
PREPARATION AND LIQUID EXTRACTION
STEAM DISTILLATION
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
INSTRUMENTAL (CHROMATOGRAPHY-BASED) ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN-LAYER LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
FINGERPRINTING OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
CURRENT TRENDS IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
References
8 -
Isolation and structure elucidation of natural products
NATURAL PRODUCTS IN DRUG DISCOVERY
BIOASSAY-GUIDED ISOLATION
ISOLATION AND INITIAL FRACTIONATION METHODS
GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY
ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
FLASH CHROMATOGRAPHY
PREPARATIVE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
PREPARATIVE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
ISOLATION STRATEGY
STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
1H NMR spectroscopy
13C NMR spectroscopy
Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy
Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy
X-RAY STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
THE INDUSTRIAL APPROACH TO NATURAL PRODUCT DRUG LEAD DISCOVERY
CHOICE OF BIOLOGICAL TARGET
ASSAY SELECTION AND DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME STRUCTURE
DEREPLICATION
NATURAL PRODUCT LIBRARIES
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES IN NATURAL PRODUCT DRUG LEAD DISCOVERY
WHY NATURAL PRODUCTS AS DRUGS?
Further reading
9 -
Anticancer natural products
THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE
MARINE ANTICANCER NATURAL PRODUCTS
PLANT ANTICANCER AGENTS
THE ALKALOIDS
Camptotheca acuminata Decne. (Nyssaceae)
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Apocynaceae)
Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook. (Taxaceae)
THE TERPENES
Taxus brevifolia Nutt. (Taxaceae)
Euphorbia peplus L. (Euphorbiaceae)
Betula pubescens Ehrh. (Betulaceae)
THE LIGNANS
Podophyllum peltatum L. (Berberidaceae)
THE MACROLIDES
Gymnosporia buchananii Loes. (Celastraceae)
MICROBIAL ANTICANCER AGENTS
THE ANTHRACYCLINES
THE BLEOMYCINS
THE ACTINOMYCINS
FURTHER STRATEGIES FOR THE DISCOVERY OF ANTICANCER AGENTS
References
Further reading
4 -
Medicines and nutraceuticals/botanicals derived from plant extracts
10 -
Production, quality control and standardization of herbal materials
PRODUCTION
HOW CONTAMINATION ARISES
MEASURING QUALITY DURING PRODUCTION: THE ROLE OF THE PHARMACOPOEIA
Identification
TESTS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION OF HERBAL MATERIAL
Microbial examination
Microbial toxins and mycotoxins
Specific compounds
TESTS FOR CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION OF HERBAL MATERIALS
Heavy metals
Pesticide residues
ASSAY
MONOGRAPHS FOR TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES
EXTRACTS
DRUG–SOLVENT RATIO (DSR) AND DRUG–EXTRACT RATIO (DER)
TYPES OF EXTRACT
Standardized herbal extracts
Special extracts
NEW METHODS FOR QUALITY ASSURING HERBAL PRODUCTS
DNA BARCODING METHODS FOR QUALITY TESTING
Advantages of DNA-based methods
Limitations of DNA-based methods
CONCLUSIONS
References
Further reading
11 -
The complex chemistry and pharmacology of herbal medicines
THE NATURE OF HERBAL AND PHYTOMEDICINES
PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES (WHOLE AND REFINED EXTRACTS)
SYNERGISTIC, MULTI-FACTORIAL AND POLYVALENT EFFECTS
MEASURING SYNERGY
The combination index (CI)
The isobole method
Systems biology
MULTIPLE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN A SINGLE PLANT
Ispaghula, Plantago ovata Forssk
Liquorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra L
CLINICAL EXAMPLES OF SYNERGY AND POLYVALENT ACTION
Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba L
Cannabis, Cannabis sativa L
Willow bark, Salix alba L
IMPLICATIONS OF SYNERGY
Bioassay-led isolation of actives
ESTABLISHING THE ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT (API) OF A PRODUCT
OTHER REASONS FOR NOT ISOLATING INDIVIDUAL CONSTITUENTS
References
Further reading
12 -
Toxicity of herbal constituents
CLASSES OF TOXIC COMPOUNDS
PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS
ARISTOLOCHIC ACIDS
MONOTERPENES, SESQUITERPENES AND PHENYLPROPANOIDS
SESQUITERPENE LACTONES
DITERPENE ESTERS
PLANT LECTINS AND AGGLUTININS
FURANOCOUMARINS
URUSHIOL DERIVATIVES
ANNONACINS
CYANOGENETIC GLYCOSIDES
PROCESSING AS A MEANS OF DETOXIFICATION
ACONITINE
References
Further reading
5 - Medicinal plants in traditional medicine systems, complementary and integrative medicine
13 - OVERVIEW OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS
DEFINITIONS
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
EXTENT OF USE
LEGAL STATUS
EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE PRACTICES AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINES
SAFETY AND PHARMACOVIGILANCE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE PRACTICES AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINES
References
14 - CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE SYSTEMS USING HERBAL SUBSTANCES
CHRONIC OR SERIOUS DISORDERS
DOSE
CORRELATION OF TRADITIONAL USE WITH SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
15 - WESTERN HERBAL MEDICINE
HISTORY
MODERN HERBALISM
CONDITIONS TREATED
HERBALISTS’ PRESCRIPTIONS
TRADITIONAL MEDICAL HERBALISM AND THE ‘RATIONAL’ OR SCIENTIFIC PHYTOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACH
EVIDENCE OF EFFICACY AND SAFETY
References
Further reading
16 - ‘ORIENTAL’ AND ‘ASIAN’ FORMS OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TCM
CONCEPTS IN TCM
Qi, the essential life force
Yin and yang
The five elements
The vital organs
Causes of disease
The seven emotions
Diagnosis
Treatment
KAMPO
AYURVEDA
CONCEPTS IN AYURVEDA
Prana, the life energy
Bhutas, the five elements
Tridosha: vata, pitta and kapha – the three humors
Prakruti, the human constitution
Agni, the digestive fire
Malas, the three waste products
Dhatus, the seven tissues
Gunas, the attributes
APPLICATION OF AYURVEDA
Diagnosis
Treatment
Rasayana
UNANI
JAMU
References – TCM and Kampo
Further reading – Ayurveda
References – Unani
References – Jamu
17 - AFRICAN, AMERICAN AND OCEANIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE USING HERBAL PREPARATIONS
TRADITIONAL AFRICAN MEDICAL SYSTEMS
CONCEPTS IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN MEDICAL SYSTEMS
LOCAL AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINES IN THE AMERICAS
AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
RONGO MORI
Further reading TAMS
References – the Americas
References – Australian Aboriginal traditional medicine
References – Rongoa Maori
18 - COMPLEMENTARY/ALTERNATIVE OR ’INTEGRATIVE’ THERAPIES INVOLVING USE OF PLANT SUBSTANCES
HOMEOPATHY
HISTORY
MODERN HOMEOPATHY
HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES
POTENTIZATION
EVIDENCE OF EFFICACY
SAFETY
ANTHROPOSOPHICAL MEDICINE
HISTORY
MODERN ANTHROPOSOPHIC MEDICINE
CONDITIONS TREATED
ANTHROPOSOPHIC MEDICINES
AROMATHERAPY
HISTORY
MODERN AROMATHERAPY
CONDITIONS TREATED
ESSENTIAL OILS
EFFICACY AND SAFETY
FLOWER REMEDY THERAPY
HISTORY
MODERN FLOWER REMEDY THERAPY
FLOWER REMEDIES
EFFICACY AND SAFETY
GENERAL CONCLUSION
References
Further reading
19 - HERBAL MEDICINE INTERACTIONS
INTRODUCTION
MECHANISMS OF HERBAL MEDICINE INTERACTIONS
PHARMACODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTIONS
P-GLYCOPROTEIN
CYTOCHROME ENZYME ACTIVITY
CONCLUSIONS
References
B - Important natural products and phytomedicines used in pharmacy and medicine
20 - THE GASTROINTESTINAL AND BILIARY SYSTEM
DIARRHOEA
?STARCH (AMYLUM)
TANNIN-CONTAINING DRUGS
CONSTIPATION
BULK-FORMING LAXATIVES
?Linseed (flax), Linum usitatissimum L. (Lini semen)
Plantago species
OSMOTIC LAXATIVES
STIMULANT LAXATIVES
Safety concerns related to anthranoid drugs
?Frangula, Frangula alnus Mill., (syn.: Rhamnus frangula L. – Frangulae cortex); buckthorn, R. cathartica L. (Rhamni cathartici ...
?Senna, Cassia senna L. (Senna) (Sennae fructus, Sennae folium)
INFLAMMATORY GI CONDITIONS: GASTRITIS AND ULCERS
?Alginate
?Chamomile Matricaria chamomilla L. (Matricariae flos)
?Liquorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Liquiritiae radix)
INFLAMMATORY GI CONDITIONS: INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD)
DYSPEPSIA AND BILIOUSNESS
?Artichoke, Cynara cardunculus L. (syn.: Cynara scolymus L. - Cynarae folium)
?Gentian, Gentiana lutea L. (Gentianae radix)
?Wormwood, Artemisia absinthium L. (Absinthii herba)
NAUSEA AND VOMITING
?Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberis rhizoma)
?Hyoscine (scopolamine)
BLOATING AND FLATULENCE
MINT LEAVES AND OILS: MENTHA SPECIES
?Peppermint, Mentha × piperita L. (Menthae piperitae folium)
Japanese mint, Mentha arvensis L
Spearmint, Mentha × spicata L. (syn. M. crispa, M. spicata subsp. crispa)
UMBELLIFEROUS FRUITS
?Caraway, Carum carvi L. (Carvi fructus)
?Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Foeniculi fructus)
LIVER DISEASE
?Andrographis, Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (Andrographis herba)
Berberis species and other berberine-containing drugs
?Milk Thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Silybi Marianae Fructus)
?Schisandra, Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Schisandrae chinensis fructus)
?Turmeric, Curcuma longa L. (Curcumae domesticae rhizoma)
21 - THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
HEART FAILURE AND ARRHYTHMIAS
?FOXGLOVE (DIGITALIS) LEAF, DIGITALIS PURPUREA L. (DIGITALIS PURPUREAE FOLIUM)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?HAWTHORN, CRATAEGUS SPP. (CRATAEGI FOLIUM CUM FLORE, CRATAEGI FRUCTUS)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY AND CIRCULATORY DISORDERS
?BILBERRY, VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS L. (MYRTILLI FRUCTUS)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?BUTCHER’S BROOM, RUSCUS ACULEATUS L. (RUSCI RHIZOMA)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?GINKGO, GINKGO BILOBA L. (GINKGO FOLIUM)
?HORSE CHESTNUT, AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM L. (HIPPOCASTANI SEMEN)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
RED ROOT SAGE, SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA BUNGE, LAMIACEAE (SALVIAE MILTIORRHIZAE RADIX)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
RED VINE LEAF, VITIS VINIFERA L. (VITIS VINIFERAE FOLIUM)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
ANTIPLATELET AND ANTI- ATHEROSCLEROTIC DRUGS
?GARLIC, ALLIUM SATIVUM L. (ALLII SATIVI BULBUS)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
22 - The respiratory system
BRONCHODILATORS AND DECONGESTANTS
SYSTEMIC DRUGS
?Ephedra, Ephedra spp. (Ephedrae Herba)
?Theophylline
INHALATIONS
?Camphor
?Eucalyptus oil, Eucalyptus spp. (Eucalypti aetheroleum)
?Menthol
ANTI-ALLERGICS
Butterbur, Petasites hybdridus (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. and Scherb
Khella, Visnaga daucoides Gaertn. [syn.: Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam.]
EXPECTORANTS AND MUCOLYTICS
Balm of Gilead (poplar buds), Populus spp
?Thyme and wild thyme, Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus serpyllum L. (Thymi herba and Serpylli herba)
?Senega, Polygala senega L. (Polygalae radix)
?Ivy, Hedera helix L. (Hederae folium)
?Tolu balsam, Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms (Balsamum tolutanum)
?Ipecacuanha, Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L.Andersson (Ipecacuanhae radix)
COUGH SUPPRESSANTS
?Codeine
GENERAL PHYTOMEDICINES USED IN COLDS AND INFLUENZA – DEMULCENTS AND EMOLIENTS
?Coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara L. (Tussilago folium)
?Elderflower and Elderberry (fruit), Sambucus nigra L. (Sambuci flos, Sambuci fructus)
?Linden flowers, Tilia spp. (Tiliae flos)
?Mallow flower and leaves, Malva sylvestris L. (Malvae flos and Malvae folium)
?Marshmallow leaf and root, Althea officinalis L. (Althaeae folium, Althaeae radix)
GENERAL PHYTOMEDICINES USED IN COLDS AND INFLUENZA – GENERAL A
?Pelargonium, Pelargonium sidoides DC. and P. reniforme (Andrews) Curtis (Pelargonii radix)
IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
?Echinacea, Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., E. purpurea (L.) Moench and E. angustifolia DC (Echinaceae herba, radix)
?Astragalus, Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (Astragali radix)
Andrographis, Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. (Andrographis paniculatae herba)
23 - THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES
?HOPS, HUMULUS LUPULUS L. (HUMULI LUPULI STROBULI)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?LEMON BALM, MELISSA OFFICINALIS L. (MELISSAE FOLIUM)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
KAVA, PIPER METHYSTICUM G.FORST. (PIPERIS METHYSTICI RHIZOME)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?PASSION FLOWER, PASSIFLORA INCARNATA L. (PASSIFLORAE HERBA)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?VALERIAN, VALERIANA OFFICINALIS L. (VALERIANAE RADIX)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
SAFFRON, CROCUS SATIVUS L. (STIGMA CROCI)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?ST JOHN’S WORT, HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L. (HYPERICI HERBA)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
STIMULANTS
?CAFFEINE
?COLA NUT, COLA SPP. (COLAE SEMEN)
GUARANA, PAULLINIA CUPANA KUNTH
?COCAINE
ANALGESICS
?OPIUM, PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L. (OPII CRUDUM; OPII PULVATUS NORMATUS)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
MIGRAINE
ERGOTAMINE
?FEVERFEW, TANACETUM PARTHENIUM (L.) SCH. BIP. (TANACETI PARTHENII HERBA)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
BUTTERBUR, PETASITES HYBRIDUS (L.) G.GAERTN., B.MEY. & SCHREB., PETASIDIS RHIZOME
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
DRUGS USED FOR COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT AND IN DEMENTIA
?GINKGO, GINKGO BILOBA L. (GINKGO FOLIUM)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
References
24 - Infectious diseases
BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
?LEMON BALM, MELISSA OFFICINALIS L. (MELISSAE FOLIUM, LAMIACEAE)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?GARLIC, ALLIUM SATIVUM L. (ALLII SATIVI BULBUS)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?TEA TREE AND TEA TREE OIL, MELALEUCA ALTERNIFOLIA (MAIDEN ET BETCHE) CHEEL (MELALEUCAE ATHEROLEUM)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?BEARBERRY, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI (L.) SPRENG. (UVAE URSI FOLIUM)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
CRANBERRY JUICE, VACCINIUM MACROCARPON AITON
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS
SWEET WORMWOOD (SYN. QINGHAOU), ARTEMISIA ANNUA L
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?CINCHONA, CINCHONA SPP. (CINCHONAE CORTEX)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
LAPACHO (TAHEEBO, PAU D’ARCO), TABEBUIA SPP
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
References
25 - THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
HYPOGLYCAEMIC AND ANTIDIABETIC HERBS
?FENUGREEK, TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM L. (TRIGONELLAE FOENUGRAECI SEMEN)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?GUAR GUM, CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA (L.) TAUB. (CYAMOPSIDIS SEMEN)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
GYMNEMA, GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE (RETZ.) R.BR. EX SM
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
KARELA, MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
PHYTOESTROGENS
RED CLOVER, TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
SOYA, GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERR
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
HORMONAL IMBALANCE IN WOMEN
?BLACK COHOSH, ACTAEA RACEMOSA L. (CIMICIFUGAE RACEMOSAE RHIZOME)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?CHASTEBERRY, VITEX AGNUS-CASTUS L. (AGNI CASTI FRUCTUS)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
?NETTLE, URTICA DIOICA L. (URTICAE HERBA, RADIX)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?PYGEUM BARK, PRUNUS AFRICANA (HOOK.F.) KALKMAN. (PRUNI AFRICANI CORTEX)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?SAW PALMETTO, SERENOA REPENS (W.BARTRAM) SMALL (SABALIS SERRULATAE FRUCTUS)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
References
26 - THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH
?ERGOMETRINE
RASPBERRY LEAF, RUBUS IDAEUS L. (RUBI IDAEI FOLIUM)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
MALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION (IMPOTENCE)
DAMIANA
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
HORNY GOAT WEED
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
YOHIMBE, PAUSINYSTALIA JOHIMBE (K. SCHUM.) PIERRE (NOW CLASSED AS CORYNANTHE JOHIMBE K.SCHUM)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
References
27 - THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
DRUGS USED IN ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATISM AND MUSCLE PAIN
BROMELAIN (ANANASE)
?DEVIL’S CLAW, HARPAGOPHYTUM PROCUMBENS (BURCH.) DC. EX MEISSNER (HARPAGOPHYTI RADIX)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?TURMERIC, CURCUMA DOMESTICA VAL. (CURCUMAE DOMESTICAE RHIZOMA)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?WILLOW BARK, SALIX SPP. (SALICIS CORTEX)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
GOUT
?COLCHICINE
TOPICAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
?ARNICA, ARNICA MONTANA L. (ARNICAE FLOS)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
CAPSAICIN
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
WINTERGREEN OIL, GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS L., BETULA LENTA L
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
NOCTURNAL LEG CRAMPS
?QUININE
OSTEOPOROSIS AND BONE HEALTH
KUDZU
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
References
28 - THE SKIN
DRY AND ITCHY SKIN CONDITIONS, AND ECZEMA
?ARACHIS OIL (ARACHIDIS OLEUM RAFFINATUM)
OATS, AVENA SATIVA L
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
INFLAMMATORY SKIN CONDITIONS
ALOE VERA, ALOE VERA (L.) BURM.F. [SYN.: ALOE BARBADENSIS MILL.]
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
EVENING PRIMROSE OIL, OENOTHERA BIENNIS L. (OENOTHERA BIENNIS OLEUM) AND OTHER SPP
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?MARIGOLD, CALENDULA OFFICINALIS L. (CALENDULAE FLOS)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?WITCH HAZEL, HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA L. (HAMAMELIS FOLIUM, AND HAMAMELIS FOLIUM ET CORTEX)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
WOUND HEALING
?CENTELLA ASIATICA (L.) URB. (CENTELLAE HERBA)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
INSECTICIDAL AGENTS
HEADLICE
PYRETHRUM (INSECT) FLOWERS, CHRYSANTHEMUM SPP
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
QUASSIA WOOD, PICRASMA EXCELSA (SW.) PLANCH AND QUASSIA AMARA L
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
NEEM, AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. JUSS. (MELIACEAE)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
ESSENTIAL OILS
References
29 - THE EYE
INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE
EYEBRIGHT, EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS L. AND EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS SUBSP. ROSTKOVIANA (HAYNE) F.TOWNS. (EUPHRASIAE HERBA)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
DISTILLED WITCH HAZEL, AQUA HAMAMELIDIS
GLAUCOMA
ANTERIOR UVEITIS
?ATROPINE
30 - EAR, NOSE AND OROPHARYNX
THE EAR
?ALMOND OIL, PRUNUS DULCIS (MILL.) D.A.WEBB (SYN.: PRUNUS AMYGDALUS BATSCH - OLEUM AMYGDALI)
?OLIVE OIL, OLEA EUROPAEA L. (OLEUM OLIVAE)
THE OROPHARNYX
?THYMOL
?PEPPERMINT OIL, MENTHA × PIPERITA L. (MENTHAE PIPERITAE AETHEROLEUM)
Constituents
?SAGE, SALVIA OFFICINALIS L. (SALVIAE FOLIUM)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
?CLOVE, SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM (L.) MERR. & L.M. PERRY (CARYOPHYLLI FLOS)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
References
31 - WEIGHT LOSS SUPPLEMENTS
BITTER ORANGE, CITRUS X AURANTIUM L.
CONSTITUENTS
THERAPEUTIC USES AND AVAILABLE EVIDENCE
CHILLI PEPPERS, CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS L. AND OTHERS
CONSTITUENTS
THERAPEUTIC USES AND AVAILABLE EVIDENCE
GREEN COFFEE BEAN, COFFEA ARABICA L. AND OTHER VARIETIES (RUBIACEAE)
CONSTITUENTS
THERAPEUTIC USES AND AVAILABLE EVIDENCE
HOODIA, HOODIA GORDONII (MASSON) SWEET EX DECNE. AND RELATED SPECIES (APOCYNACEAE)
CONSTITUENTS
THERAPEUTIC USES AND AVAILABLE EVIDENCE
“GARCINIA CAMBOGIA”, GARCINIA GUMMI-GUTTA (L.) ROXB. [FORMERLY G. CAMBOGIA (GAERTN.) DESR.] (CLUSIACEAE)
CONSTITUENTS
THERAPEUTIC USES AND AVAILABLE EVIDENCE
KELP, BLADDERWRACK FUCUS VESICULOSUS L., F. SERRATUS L., ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM (L.) LE JOLIS (FUCACEAE)
CONSTITUENTS
THERAPEUTIC USES AND AVAILABLE EVIDENCE
References
32 - Miscellaneous supportive therapies for stress, ageing, cancer and debility
CANCER SUPPORT
TONICS, STIMULANTS, ADAPTOGENS AND SUPPORTIVE THERAPIES
AÇAI BERRY, EUTERPE OLERACEA MART. (EUTERPE FRUCTUS)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
ASHWAGANDHA, WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (L.) DUNAL
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
CENTELLA, CENTELLA ASIATICA (L.) URB. (CENTELLAE HERBA)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
LINGZHI OR REISHI MUSHROOM, GANODERMA SPP
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
ROSENROOT, RHODIOLA ROSEA L. (RHODIOLAE ROSEAE RHIZOMA)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
SCHISANDRA, SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS (TURCZ.) BAILL. (SCHISANDRAE CHINENSIS FRUCTUS)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
SKULLCAP, SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS GEORGI (SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS RADIX)
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
Constituents
Therapeutic uses and available evidence
‘SUPERFOODS’
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
IBC01
IBC02

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