Fundamentals of Architectural Lighting [1° ed.] 1138506753, 9781138506756

Table of contents :
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
PREFACE
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1: DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT IN ARCHITECTURAL SPACE
INTRODUCTION
BASIC MODES OF DISTRIBUTION
DOWNWARD DISTRIBUTION
Concentrating & Diffusing Downward Distribution
UPWARD DISTRIBUTION
Concentrating & Diffusing Upward Distribution
SIDEWARD DISTRIBUTION
Concentrating & Diffusing Sideward Distribution
MULTIDIRECTIONAL DISTRIBUTION
Concentrating & Diffusing Multidirectional Distribution
PATTERN & SPARKLE
Pattern & Sparkle Distribution
Chapter 2: THE LUMINOUS ENVIRONMENT
INTRODUCTION
SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS
Surface Reflectance & Finishes
LUMINOUS ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES
Brightness Intensity
Creating Environmental Focus
Modifying Spatial Proportions
Ambient Luminescence
Luminous Ceiling & Luminous Wall
OLED Elements
ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION
Integration with Form & Surface
SECONDARY LIGHT SOURCES
Utilizing Refected Light
Surface Reflectance & Intensity
LIGHT & SHADOW
Creative Use of Light & Shadow
Conditioned Association
PERCEPTION OF THE LUMINOUS ENVIRONMENT
The Perception of Brightness
Controlling Visual Clutter
Visual Direction & Virtual Surfaces
Visually Prominent & Subordinate Light Sources
DISTRIBUTION OF BRIGHTNESS
Horizontal & Vertical Plane Brightness
Chapter 3: DESIGN OF THE LUMINOUS ENVIRONMENT
INTRODUCTION
PRELIMINARY GUIDELINES
General Design Concepts
Range of Human Vision
THE DESIGN PROCESS
General Design Concepts
Step-by-Step Method
Lighting Research
Subjective Appraisal
Semantic Differential Scaling
OFFICE & CLASSROOM LIGHTING
General Guidelines
RETAIL & DISPLAY LIGHTING
General Guidelines
RESTAURANT LIGHTING
General Guidelines
HEALTHCARE LIGHTING
General Guidelines
MUSEUM & EXHIBIT LIGHTING
General Guidelines
RESIDENTIAL LIGHTING
General Guidelines
DAYLIGHTING
General Guidelines
Chapter 4: LIGHT & COLOR
INTRODUCTION
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic Energy
Refraction of Light
PRIMARY COLORS
Additive & Subtractive Colors
Descriptive Characteristics
COLOR MIXING
Additive & Subtractive Mixing
Efficiency of Light Sources
White Light from Color Sources
The Appearance of Colors
SUBJECTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Color Temperature & Light Levels
Relative Sensitivity of the Human Eye
Perception & Adaptation
Relative Color Attraction
Complementary Afterimages
Surface Colors & Brightness Contrast
Color Perception
COLOR OF WHITE LIGHT
Color Temperature
Spectral Energy Distribution
Color Rendering & Color Association
COLOR & CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
The Circadian Cycle
The Range of White Light
COLOR FILTERS
Absorption Filters
Interference Filters
COLOR LIGHT SOURCES
LED Lamps
Incandescent Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
Chapter 5: LIGHTING QUALITY, COMFORT, & CONTROL
INTRODUCTION
THE RANGE OF HUMAN VISION
Photopic, Mesopic, & Scotopic Vision
REFLECTED GLARE
Specular & Diffuse Surfaces
Minimizing Veiling Reflections
Transparent Surfaces & Veiling Reflections
DIRECT GLARE
Glare as a Function of Location
Bare Lamp Glare
Acceptable Glare
DISCOMFORT & DISABILITY GLARE
BRIGHTNESS RELATIONSHIPS
Human Perception of Brightness
Luminance Ratios
BRIGHTNESS CONTROL & SHIELDING TECHNIQUES
CONTROL TECHNIQUES
SHIELDING TECHNIQUES
Baffles & Louvers
Reflected Images
Brightness Control of Louvers & Baffles
Material Transmittance
Surface Reflectance
Surface Shape & Form
Diffusing Elements
Louvers, Grilles, & Screens
Large Diffusing Elements
Louvers, Grilles, & Screens
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
ASHRAE/IES 90 Energy Reference Standard
Lighting Controls & Lighting Control Matrix
LIGHT TRANSMISSION
Transmitting Characteristics
Typical Transmitting Materials
LIGHT REFLECTION
Reflection Characteristics
Typical Reflecting Material
LIGHT REFRACTION
Refraction Characteristics
Lenses and Chromatism
The Fresnel Lens
Supplemental Reflectors
REFLECTOR CONTOURS
Basic Reflector Contours
Parabolic & Elliptical Section
Specular Reflector Light Control
Diffuse Reflector Light Control
Chapter 6: ILLUMINATION MEASUREMENT & CALCULATION
INTRODUCTION
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Lighting Units, Terms, & Definitions
Examples of Everyday Illuminances
ILLUMINATION CALCULATION
The Lumen Method
The Point-by-Point Method
The Inverse-Square Law & Cosine Calculation
RECOMMENDED LIGHTING LEVELS
General Considerations
Aspects of Lighting That Affect Recommendations
Quanity & Quality of Lighting Levels
Lighting Level General Guidelines
Recommended Lighting Levels Tables
Chapter 7: LIGHT SOURCES & COMPONENTS
INTRODUCTION
LIGHT SOURCE SELECTION
High-Performance Sources
Incandescent Watts to Lumens Equivalent
Typical Lamp Performance Values
LED LAMPS
Operating & Electrical Characteristics
Physical Characteristics
Color and Semiconductor Materials
Representative Lamp Types
FLUORESCENT LAMPS
Operating Characteristics
Ballasts & Circuits
Representative Lamp Types
Lamp & Ballast Wireways
HALOGEN LAMPS
Operating Characteristics
Representative Lamp Types
INCANDESCENT LAMPS
Operating Characteristics
Representative Lamp Types
Silverbowl & Tubular Lamps
Lampholders
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
Operating Characteristics
Color Characteristics
Representative Lamp Types
HIGH- PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS
Operating Characteristics
Color Characteristics
Representative Lamp Types
DIMMING CONTROL
Dimming Basics
High-Low Dimming Control
Fluorescent Dimming
Chapter 8: LIGHTING APPLICATION & DETAILS
INTRODUCTION
LUMINAIRES
Representative Luminaire Layouts
WALL LIGHTING
Wall Lighting from One Direction
Representative Techniques
With Specular Reflector
With Diffuse Reflector
Multiple Lamp Wall Lighting
Spot & Flood Lamp Beam Patterns
Par & R Lamp Beam Patterns
COVE LIGHTING
Lighted Ceiling & Wall Coves
Representative Details
Surface-Mounted Cove
Cove Lighting Placement Ratios
COFFER LIGHTING
Lighted Ceiling Coffer
Simulated Skylight Coffer
LIGHTED WALL ELEMENTS
Lighted Cornice
Lighted Valance
Lighted Wall Brackets
TRANS-ILLUMINATED ELEMENTS
Luminous Walls
Luminous Ceiling
Luminous Soffit
TASK LIGHTING
Under- Cabinet Task Lighting
TASK-AMBIENT LIGHTING
Under/Over Cabinet Lighting
Overhead Ambient-Task Uniform System
Overhead Task-Ambient Non-Uniform System
Overhead Ambient & Local Task System
Indirect Ambient & Local Task System
LIGHTED RAILINGS
General Considerations
Chapter 9: 20TH-CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING PIONEERS
INTRODUCTION
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX

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