From the Bible to Shakespeare: Pantelejmon Kuliš (1819–1897) and the Formation of Literary Ukrainian 9781618114716

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From the Bible to Shakespeare: Pantelejmon Kuliš (1819–1897) and the Formation of Literary Ukrainian
9781618114716

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Andrii Danylenko
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From the

BIBLE to SHAKESPEARE PANTELEJMON KULIŠ (1819–1897) AND THE FORMATION OF LITERARY UKRAINIAN

Ukrainian Studies

Series Editor Vitaly Chernetsky (University of Kansas)

From the

BIBLE to SHAKESPEARE PANTELEJMON KULIŠ (1819–1897) AND THE FORMATION OF LITERARY UKRAINIAN

ANDRII DANYLENKO

Boston 2016

and Elisabeth Chlopecky Fund.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: A bibliographic record for this title is available from the Library of Congress. Copyright © 2016 Academic Studies Press All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-61811-470-9 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-61811-471-6 (electronic) Cover design by Ivan Grave Book design by Kryon Publishing www.kryonpublishing.com Published by Academic Studies Press in 2016 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com

In Memory of My Parents, Ivan and Svitlana Danylenko

Contents Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Introduction: Writing a Linguistic Biography of a Ukrainian Maverick . . . . . xi PART I THE BIBLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CHAPTER 1 Exploring Psalmody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Book of Psalms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Alexandrine Verse or Trochaic Foot? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 !"# $% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Church Slavonicisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 “Kulišisms”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Xarkiv Chimes In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The 1897 Poetic Crowning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 CHAPTER 2 The Makings of the Rusian Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 A Pentatevx Prolusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Gearing Up for New Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 “Poison and Ruin for the Rusian People”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 &' " ' ' " "* . . 43 Reception of the Translation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 The Sloboda Bulwark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 The Archangel Havrylo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Who Else Bears a Grudge?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 The Creation of the New Biblical Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Means of Archaization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Means of Vernacularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 CHAPTER 3 Galicia “Writes Back”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 The West or the East? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Fostering the “Rusian Church Vernacular”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Any Palliative Solution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Lost in Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 To “Secularize” or “Synthesize”? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 CHAPTER 4 Here Comes the Bible! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 The Holy Writ Doesn’t Burn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Contents vii At the Crossroads of Poetry and Prose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! +/; "q` Y!Y ;+ ' ' J ! `/; / 'J was also generously supported by grants from the Dyson College at Pace University in 2009, 2011, and 2015. Finally, I am indebted to many colleagues who made this book "

q = q> '; > qY ! Y ; + ' Y +/q! ' " " the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine), Leonid Uškalov and Y q` "" ; q>/! ' + of Sciences of Ukraine). My special thanks go to Meghan Vicks and Eddie McCaffray for their help with the editing of the manuscript. However, without the support and understanding of my wife, Iryna,

;

Abbreviations Languages and Dialects

Grammatical Terms

Bojk. ChSl. ESl. EUkr. Fr. Gk. Gr. Huc. It. Lat. Latv. Lemk. Lith. MHGr. MoUkr. MUkr. NUkr. OChSl. ORu. ORum. Pol. RChSl. Rum. Rus. SWUkr. Transc. Ukr. WUkr.

acc. coll. dat. derog. dim. du. f. fut. gen. imper. infml. instr. loc. m. n. nom. pl. PrAP.

Bojkian Church Slavonic East Slavic East Ukrainian French Greek German Hucul Italian Latin Latvian Lemkian Lithuanian Middle High German Modern Ukrainian Middle Ukrainian North Ukrainian Old Church Slavonic Old Rusian Old Rumanian Polish Russian Church Slavonic Rumanian Russian Southwest Ukrainian Transcarpathian Ukrainian West Ukrainian

pres. pret. sg. voc.

accusative collective dative derogative diminutive dual feminine future genitive imperative informal instrumental locative masculine neuter nominative plural present active participle present preterit singular vocative

1 2 3

ﬁrst person second person third person

Introduction Writing a Linguistic Biography of a Ukrainian Maverick ;` jq{|{}~{|} " " > " standing of Ukrainian literature and language. A prominent writer, historian, ethnographer, and translator, Kuliš came from an ancient, though impoverished, Cossack family in the province in Russianruled (Dnieper) Ukraine. Certainly, the Cossack stereotype of an independent spirit with a large dose of stubbornness and a somewhat

q';{}|{ His emphasis on the development of a separate Ukrainian high culture, "

; q{}| analysis of his translations of Shakespeare. In recent years, however, Kuliš’s personality and his oeuvre have begun to receive increased interest from literary scholars, bibliographers, and historians (Grabowicz 1981, 1992; Fedoruk 1998, 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2004; Zelens´ka 2000; >/

" " "" " " ` j # language standard offered by George Y. Shevelov in 1966 (Shevelov {} ~ Ševel´ov {}} ~ handful of twentieth-century scholars have discussed the role of Kuliš in

q; {}} ~{ > / {}|| = = {}} $; j ; ` ^' ¶µÂµ¿± » ²® ÃÄ ®¯ ¿µ»µ¸, Áµ Ô¯Âµ®µ¸¾ ²Ã·Ë¯Ê ¼µÂµ¶· ÉË¯³¯ ®¯ ¾µ¿µ µ¶±ÈÆ ²¯ÊÃµ¸Æ; Ó¯Ë ¯ÊÂ°µ®²ÄË¯¹, G]