From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919-1920 0814201709, 9780814201701

Table of contents :
From Paris To Sèvres
Paul C. Helmreich
Table of Contents
PREFACE
I f§§- THE AIMS AND ATTITUDES OF THE GREAT POWERS
The Armistice of Mudros
Aims of the Great Powers
New Friction in Paris
II & THE CLAIMS OF THE NEAR EASTERN DELEGATIONS
Armenian Claims
Arab Claims: Syria
Zionist Claims: Palestine
Ill fâ THE DISPATCH OF A COMMISSION OF INQUIRY TO THE NEAR EAST
Decision to Send a Commission of Inquiry
French and British Attempts to Reverse the Decision
Anglo-French Differences over Syria
IV # THE COMMITTEE ON GREEK AFFAIRS AND THE OCCUPATION OF SMYRNA
The Report of the Greek Committee
Rejection of the Report
United States Capitulation on Greek Claims
Greek Occupation of Smyrna
V & ANATOLIA AND CONSTANTINOPLE: THE QUESTION OF MANDATES
The Constantinople Government and the C.U.P.
The Turkish Delegation to the Peace Conference
Decision to Partition Anatolia
Decision Not to Partition Anatolia
VI # THE BRITISH EVACUATION OF ARMENIA AND SYRIA
Britain Withdraws from Armenia
French Occupation of Syria
Attempts to Revoke the September Agreement
VII # FRONTIERS IN THRACE AND OCCUPATION ZONES IN ASIA MINOR
Partial Solution in Thrace
Greek and Italian Zones of Occupation in Asia Minor
Report of the Milne Commission
Britain Stands by Greece
VIII $ ANGLO-FRENCH PRIVATE NEGOTIATIONS
Anglo-French Tensions
The December Discussions
Control of the Anatolian Turkish State
IX & FURTHER ANGLO-FRENCH DISCUSSIONS
Mosul
Oil Rights
Syria and Palestine
New Anglo-French Complications Appear
X # THE TURKISH NATIONALISTS AND THE PEACE NEGOTIATIONS
Program of the Nationalists
Effect of the Nationalist Movement on the Anglo-French December Conversations
XI & THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON: THE TURKISH STATE
Constantinople
The Straits
Spheres of Influence in Turkey
Minorities
XII # THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON: NON-TURKISH TERRITORIES AND TREATY ENFORCEMENT
Greek Claims
Syria and Palestine
North Africa
The Occupation of Constantinople
XIII $ THE CONFERENCE AT SAN REMO
The Turkish State
Non-Turkish Territories
The San Remo Conference and the Turkish Nationalists
XIV
THE TREATY OF SEVRES
Press Reaction to the Treaty
The Nationalist -French Cease-Fire Agreement
Greek Intervention
The Peace Treaty in Perspective
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Documents and Official Sources
Personal Papers, Memoirs and Diaries
Biographies
Monographs and General Historical Works
Newspapers and Periodicals
INDEX
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Citation preview

From Paris To Sèvres The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919-1920

Paul C. Helmreich Ohio State University Press Columbus

Copyright© 1974 by the Ohio State University Press

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 1. Paris. Peace Conference, 1919. Turkey. 2. European War, 1914-1918—'Territorial questions-Turkey . I. Title. D651.T9H44 949.6 ^ 73-12812 ISBN 0-8142-0170-9 Manufactured in the United States of America All rights reserved

TO MY PARENTS ^ ERNST CHRISTIAN AND LOUISE ROBERTS HELMREICH

Table of Contents

Preface

xi

Chapter I

The Aims and Attitudes of the Great Powers The Armistice of Mudros / Wartime Agreements and Commitments / Aims of the Great Powers / New Friction in Paris / The League and the Mandate System

3

Chapter I I

The Claims of the Near Eastern Delegations Greek Claims / Armenian Claims / Arab Claims: Syria / Zionist Claims: Palestine

38

Chapter I I I

The Dispatch of a Commission of Inquiry to the Near East Decision to Send a Commission of Inquiry / French and British Attempts to Reverse the Decision / Negotiations Between Feisal and Clemenceau / Anglo-French Dif­ ferences over Syria

Chapter IV

The Committee on Greek Affairs and the Occupation of Smyrna The Report of the Greek Committee / Rejection of the Report / United States Capitulation on Greek Claims / Greek Occupation of Smyrna

64

83

viii Chapter V

Chapter VI

Chapter VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Anatolia and Constantinople: The Question of Mandates The Constantinople Government and the C.U.P. / The Turkish Delegation to the Peace Conference / Decision to Partition Anatolia / Decision Not to Partition Ana­ tolia The British Evacuation of Armenia and Syria Britain Withdraws from Armenia / French Occupation of Syria / Attempts to Revoke the September Agreement Frontiers in Thrace and Occupation Zones in Asia Minor Partial Solution in Thrace / Greek and Italian Zones of Occupation in Asia Minor / The Tittoni-Venizelos Agreement / Dis­ patch of a Commission of Inquiry to Smyrna / Report of the Milne Commis­ sion / Report of the Smyrna Commission / Britain Stands by Greece

107

131

153

Chapter VIII

Anglo-French Private Negotiations Anglo-French Tensions / The December Discussions / Anatolian Mandates / Greek, Italian, and French Claims to Asia Minor / Constantinople and the Straits / Control of the Anatolian Turkish State

179

Chapter IX

Further Anglo-French Discussions Armenia / Kurdistan I Mosul / Oil Rights / Syria and Palestine / New Anglo-French Complications Appear

201

Chapter X

The Turkish Nationalists and the Peace Ne­ gotiations Program of the Nationalists / The Allies and the Nationalists / Effect of the Na­

230

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IX

tionalist Movement on December AngloFrench Conversations Chapter XI

Chapter XII

The Conference of London: The Turkish State Constantinople / The Straits / Financial Control of the Turkish State / Spheres of Influence in Turkey / Military Provi­ sions / Minorities The ^Conference of London: Non-Turkish Territories and Treaty Enforcement Greek Claims / Armenia / Syria and Palestine / Oil Rights / North Africa / The Occupation of Constantinople / The Conference of London and the United States

242

265

Chapter X III

The Conference at San Remo The Turkish State / Non-Turkish Terri­ tories / Oil Rights / The San Remo Con­ ference and the United States / The San Remo Conference and the Turkish Na­ tionalists

291

Chapter XIV

The Treaty of Sevres Press Reaction to the Treaty / The Na­ tionalist-French Cease-Fire Agreement / Greek Intervention / Cancellation of the Tittoni-Venizelos Agreement / Signing of the Treaty / Evaluation / The Peace Treaty in Perspective

314

Appendixes Armistice with Turkey / The Sykes-Picot Agreement / Maps

JJ9

Bibliography

J49

Index

J