Fragments of the Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Census from the Jagiellonian Library A Lost Manuscript 9004457100, 9789004457102

Table of contents :
Contents
Acknowledgments
Figures and Tables
Abbreviations
Introduction
Part 1
The Manuscript
Chapter 1
The Berlinka Collection
Chapter 2 Manuscripta Americana and the Provenance
of Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10
Chapter 3 Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10 in Relation to the
Marquesado Census Corpus
Chapter 4
Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10: The Scribes
Chapter 5
The Creation and History of the Tepoztlan Census
Part 2
The People
Chapter 6 The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments
in Numbers
Chapter 7
Family Relations in Tepoztlan
Chapter 8 Administrative Structure and Social Groups
in Tepoztlan
Chapter 9 Land and Tribute in the Jagiellonian Library
Census Fragments
Part 3 Transcription and Translation of the Jagiellonian
Library Census Fragments
Chapter 10
Glossary of Nahuatl Terms
Chapter 11 Conventions for the Transcription of the
Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments
Chapter 12
Transcription and Translation
Index

Citation preview

Fragments of the Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Census from the Jagiellonian Library

Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

Heterodoxia Iberica General Editor Jorge Ledo (Universidade da Coruña) Editorial Board Harm den Boer (Universität Basel) – Fernando Bouza (Universidad Complutense) – Mercedes García Arenal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) – Jorge García López (Universitat de Girona) Ignacio J. García Pinilla (Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha) Carlos Gilly (Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica – Universität Basel) Luis Girón Negrón (Harvard University) – Jonathan Israel (Institute for Advanced Study - Princeton University) – Jacques Lezra (New York University) José Luis Villacañas (Universidad Complutense, Madrid)

volume 4

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hdib Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

Fragments of the Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Census from the Jagiellonian Library A Lost Manuscript By

Julia Madajczak Katarzyna Granicka Szymon Gruda Monika Jaglarz José Luis de Rojas Edited by

Julia Madajczak

LEIDEN | BOSTON Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

Cover image: Ms. Berol. Amer. 3, fol. 53r. © Jagiellonian Library, Cracow. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Madajczak, Julia, author, editor. | Granicka, Katarzyna Anna,  author. | Gruda, Szymon, author. | Jaglarz, Monika, author. | Rojas,  José Luis de, author. Title: Fragments of the sixteenth-century Nahuatl census from the  Jagiellonian Library : a lost manuscript / Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna  Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, José Luis de Rojas ;  edited by Julia Madajczak. Other titles: Fragments of the 16th century Nahuatl census from the  Jagiellonian Library Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2021. | Series: Heterodoxia iberica,  2213-0594 ; volume 4 | Includes index. | Text in English; includes some  Nahuatl text with translations into English. Identifiers: LCCN 2021004816 (print) | LCCN 2021004817 (ebook) |  ISBN 9789004457102 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004457119 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Libro de tributos | Nahuas—Census, 1540. | Indians of  Mexico—Census, 1540. Classification: LCC F1221.N3 V352536 2021 (print) | LCC F1221.N3 (ebook)  | DDC 972/.01—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021004816 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021004817

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 2213-0594 ISBN 978-90-04-45710-2 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-45711-9 (e-book) Copyright 2021 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Hotei, Brill Schöningh, Brill Fink, Brill mentis, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Böhlau Verlag and V&R Unipress. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Requests for re-use and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV via brill.com or copyright.com. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

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Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Figures and Tables ix Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 Julia Madajczak

Part 1 The Manuscript 1 The Berlinka Collection 15 Monika Jaglarz 2 Manuscripta Americana and the Provenance of Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10 26 Monika Jaglarz and Julia Madajczak 3 Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10 in Relation to the Marquesado Census Corpus 36 Julia Madajczak 4 Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10: The Scribes 49 Szymon Gruda 5 The Creation and History of the Tepoztlan Census 63 Julia Madajczak, Szymon Gruda and Monika Jaglarz

Part 2 The People 6 The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers 81 José Luis de Rojas 7 Family Relations in Tepoztlan 100 Katarzyna Granicka Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Contents

8 Administrative Structure and Social Groups in Tepoztlan 112 Julia Madajczak 9 Land and Tribute in the Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments 136 José Luis de Rojas

Part 3 Transcription and Translation of the Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments 10 Glossary of Nahuatl Terms 147 Julia Madajczak and José Luis de Rojas 11 Conventions for the Transcription of the Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments 155 Julia Madajczak and José Luis de Rojas 12 Transcription and Translation 158 Julia Madajczak and José Luis de Rojas Index 335

Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

Acknowledgments This book is the result of the research project funded by the National Science Centre, Poland (project no. 2016/21/D/HS3/02897), conducted from 2017 to 2020. Numerous people have supported our team and the research we have carried out over the years – even before the project officially started. We would not have learned about the Nahuatl manuscripts at the Jagiellonian Library had it not been for Ryszard Tomicki, who generously shared this information with Julia Madajczak. Justyna Olko supported the initial queries in Cracow with advice, encouragement, and funds. Sarah Cline showed immense generosity, sharing with us the microfilms of the Mexican volumes of the census along with her handwritten notes and transcriptions. The idea to contact Sarah Cline was that of Jerry Offner, who facilitated the shipping of the materials to Poland and subsequently supported the project in many other ways – friendly chats and beers included. Agnieszka Brylak, Kasia Mikulska, Kasia Szoblik, and Fritz Schwaller are friends whose enthusiasm for the project helped its PI (Julia Madajczak) get through tougher moments. For several years, Araceli Rojas, Karolina Juszczyk, Daniel Prusaczyk, and Justyna Kowalczyk-Kądziela patiently listened to developments in the research, offering comments, suggestions, and encouragement. Karolina did much more than that, sharing the unpublished results of her doctoral project with us and eventually contributing to the book. Several institutions assisted us in the often not easy journey through catalogs and other resources. In particular, we would like to thank the Jagiellonian Library, Cracow, Poland, for hosting us repeatedly and providing us with the space to hold team meetings. Baltazar Brito Guadarrama of the National Library of Anthropology and History in Mexico City showed us unforgettable hospitality, offering to José Luis de Rojas and Julia Madajczak his time, knowledge, materials, and logistical support. At Książ Castle and Krzeszów Abbey, Poland, Rafał Bijak, Bogdan Rosicki, Leopold Stempowski, and Magdalena Woch dedicated long hours to sharing with Julia Madajczak their vast expertise on the history of these places. Warm thanks also go to the staff of the Berlin State Library, particularly to Ulrike Mühlschlegel, and the National Library of France for their kindness and patience. For the better part of the project, we were fortunate to have remained in constant contact with Angelika Danielewski, Renate Nöller, and Oliver Hahn, exchanging information and results of our concurrent and cognate research. Juan José Batalla Rosado, Dominika Budkus, Robert Haskett, María Teresa Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Acknowledgments

Jarquín Ortega, Ben Johnson, Viola König, Miguel Ángel Ruz Barrio, Teresa Rojas Rabiela, Michael Swanton, Gordon Whittaker, and Stephanie Wood kindly shared their publications, library resources, unpublished texts, and comments that enriched this book or in other ways contributed to pushing our research forward. John Sullivan enthusiastically assisted us with his Nahuatl expertise and scholarly experience, helping us to polish the English translation of the Marquesado census fragments. During a meeting in Albany, NY, in 2019, the Northeastern Group of Nahuatl Scholars contributed to solving some particularly difficult translation issues. Gregorio González Centeno and the Paleography Group of the American Anthropology Unit at the Complutense University of Madrid assisted us with the transcription of the Nahuatl text. Olga Palafox Freund translated the German notes of BJ Ms. Amer. 3. We would also like to thank Marta Potiuk and Rachel Boardman for their contribution in preparing the chapters of this book for publication. Last but certainly not least, we would like to thank our families for always supporting us with their love and care. Rafał and Hania Madajczak also actively participated in research trips, contributing their photographs and recordings to the corpus of materials gathered for the present book. We cannot fully express the gratitude and love we feel for all our relatives and friends, whether mentioned here by name or not. Thank you!

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Figures and Tables

Figures

0.1 BJ Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 1r. Jagiellonian Library, Cracow 3 0.2 The five most important altepetl of the Marquesado del Valle region. Map by Karolina Juszczyk 5 1.1 Preparations for the evacuation of the Prussian State Library’s collections, Berlin. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin 16 1.2 The Prussian State Library’s collection arrives at the Fürstenstein (now Książ) Castle. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin 17 1.3 Książ Castle today. Photographed by Rafał Madajczak 17 1.4 The small church of St. Joseph in the Cistercian monastery compound in Krzeszów, Poland, in whose attic Stanisław Sierotwiński discovered the Berlinka Collection. Photographed by Rafał Madajczak 18 3.1 The entry beginning on fol. 74v of the BJ Ms. Amer. 3 and ending on fol. 25r of the same volume 44 4.1 Hand A’s writing samples. Jagiellonian Library, Cracow 50 4.2 Hand B’s writing samples. Jagiellonian Library, Cracow 51 4.3 Hand C’s writing samples. Jagiellonian Library, Cracow 52 4.4 Hand D’s writing samples. Jagiellonian Library, Cracow 53 4.5 Hand E’s writing samples. Jagiellonian Library, Cracow 54 4.6 Hand F’s writing samples. Jagiellonian Library, Cracow 55 4.7 Hand G’s writing samples. Jagiellonian Library, Cracow 56 4.8 Hand α’s writing samples. Jagiellonian Library, Cracow 57 4.9 Hand β’s writing samples. Jagiellonian Library, Cracow 57 4.10 “Reviewed” marks. Jagiellonian Library, Cracow 58 4.11 Writing samples from BnF MM 393, fols. 1–2. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris 59 5.1 A sample entry from the Codex of Santa María Asunción (drawing by Julia Madajczak after Williams and Harvey 1997, fol. 2r). The annotations were written later than the graphic content. A blackened face indicates that the person had died. 64 11.1 Some of the abbreviations used in the BJ census fragments. Jagiellonian Library, Cracow 156 13.1 Unusual annotations on Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 31r. Jagiellonian Library, Cracow 331

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x

Figures and Tables

Tables

3.1 3.2

Composition of the BJ and BnF items 41 Hierarchies of tribute collectors in the unidentified fragments in the BJ and BnF 42 4.1 The distribution of the hands in BJ MA 3, 8, and 10, as well as on the first two folios of the BnF MM 393 60 5.1 Two versions of the same entry in BnF Ms. Mexicain 393 71 6.1 Number of households 84 [6.2 People] 6.2.1 Inhabitants per household 85 6.2.2 Generations per household 85 6.2.3 Married couples per household 86 6.2.4 Ages of children 86 [6.3 Land]  6.3.1 Amount of land assigned to families in rods (cuahuitl) 87 6.3.2 Amount of land assigned to families in matl 88 [6.4 Tribute]  6.4.1 Tlacalaquilli (paid in cloth) 89 6.4.2 Tetlacualtilli (paid in cloth) 89 6.4.3 Nemapohpohualoni (paid in cloth) 90 6.4.4 Eggs 90 6.4.5 Cacao beans 91 6.4.6 Maize 91 6.4.7 Other 92 [6.5 Names]  6.5.1 No name 92 6.5.2 Male Christian names 92 6.5.3 Male Nahua names 94 6.5.4 Female Christian names 96 6.5.5 Female Nahua names 96 6.6 Annotations (glosses) 97 6.7 Kin relationships with the household head 97 8.1 A reconstruction of the administrative structure of Tepoztlan 116 8.2 Calpolli whose records are missing from the surviving Tepoztlan census, but which are mentioned in the annotations to the existing fragments 120 8.3 The sizes of some administrative units of Tepoztlan 121 9.1 Combinations of the types of tribute 141

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Abbreviations AGI AGN BAM

Archivo General de Indias (General Archive of the Indies), Seville Archivo General de la Nación (General National Archive), Mexico City Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing), Berlin BJ Biblioteka Jagiellońska (Jagiellonian Library), Cracow BNAH Biblioteca Nacional de Antropología e Historia (National Library of Anthropology and History), Mexico City BnF Bibliothèque nationale de France (National Library of France), Paris GCS Graphic Communication System (Mikulska 2015) IAI Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut (Ibero-American Institute), Berlin SBB Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (Berlin State Library), Berlin

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Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

Introduction Julia Madajczak Poland is probably one of the last places in the world where a Mesoamericanist would expect to find a sixteenth-century document written in Nahuatl, otherwise known as the language of the Aztecs. Unlike European countries of the colonial past, Poland never attempted to subjugate cultures from other continents and instead concentrated its conquering activities on Eastern Europe. In the nineteenth century, Polish Romantic figures, motivated by the loss of Poland’s independence, were more interested in exploring their own homeland’s folk culture than collecting exotic books and pieces of art from the Americas. While Lorenzo Boturini, and later Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, Joseph Marius Alexis Aubin, and Edward King Lord Kingsborough, gathered and studied Mexican sources, Polish intellectuals documented the vanishing customs and oral tradition of feudal peasants. There was no reason for a Nahua manuscript to wander east of the Oder River. And yet, due to incredible historical circumstances, for over seventy years now, a manuscript just like that has been stored in Cracow and most recently, in the Manuscript Division of the Jagiellonian Library (Biblioteka Jagiellońska, BJ). Few people saw the Nahuatl documents of the BJ before 2014, when they became the subject of the research published in this book. The first person to see them was Polish historian and anthropologist Ryszard Tomicki, from whom we gained the information that this treasure was available for research in Cracow. The second was a Mexican Mesoamericanist, Brígida von Mentz, author of the only academic publications of that time that mentioned the Nahuatl manuscripts at the BJ. In a paper written in 2003, she identified these documents as part of the sixteenth-century census corpus of the Marquesado del Valle de Oaxaca (Mentz 2003). It was the second discovery of a fragment from this particular census in Europe. In the 1970s, Pedro Carrasco (1976a, 102) discovered that thirty-six folios of amatl, or American indigenous bark paper, cataloged in the National Library of France (Bibliothèque nationale de France, BnF) in Paris as Manuscrit Mexicain 393, were, in fact, pieces of the Marquesado census. Carrasco had also been responsible for introducing modern Mesoamericanists to the three volumes of the census (280 folios in total) held by the National Library of Anthropology and History (Biblioteca Nacional de Antropología e Historia, BNAH) in Mexico City, on which he started to publish in the 1960s (Carrasco 1964a, 1964b, 1972, 1976a, 1976b). The volumes Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004457119_002 José Luis

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form part of the Colección Antigua and in Carrasco’s times, were known as Col. Antigua 549, 550, and 551. Recently, the BNAH librarians moved the call numbers one notch up (Col. Antigua 550, 551, and 552), including as Col. Antigua 549 a handwritten transcription of a portion of the census. Although the academic world has known about the fragments of the Marquesado census held in Mexico for more than fifty years, one of the volumes – Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550) – remains unpublished. From the beginning, scholars have focused their attention on Col. Antigua 550 (earlier 549) and 552 (earlier 551), which are richer both linguistically and in types of information covered than Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550). The first fragment of the census released to a broader audience was a description of the house of a local tecuhtli (lord) in Molotlan from Col. Antigua 552 (earlier 551), accompanied by a translation into Spanish (Carrasco 1972). Another fragment of the same volume also translated into Spanish and published by Díaz Cadena (1978) followed it. Eike Hinz, Claudine Hartau, and Marie-Louise Heimann-Koenen (1983) published a large part of volume 552 (earlier 551) with a translation into German and an informative introductory study by Hanns Prem. In 1993, Sarah Cline produced the first translation of a fragment of the Marquesado census into English, choosing for this purpose Col. Antigua 550 (earlier 549). This work was accompanied by an extensive introductory study that was based on the foundations of the New Philology method for research on Nahuatl texts, but Cline enriched it with vast historical insight. In recent years, Mentz (n.d.) has transcribed and translated to Spanish the Parisian Ms. Mexicain 393, and the results of her work, along with the scans of the manuscript and a brief introductory study, are accessible on the Internet (www.amoxcalli.org.mx). The BJ fragments are catalogued under three call numbers – Ms. Amer. 3, Ms. Amer. 8, and Ms. Amer. 10 – which in total comprise eighty-one folios.1 All the folios are made of amatl covered with beautiful Nahuatl handwriting (Fig. 0.1). Ms. Amer. 3 is the largest item, consisting of seventy-five folios, bound in a volume together with some notes handwritten in German in the nineteenth century on a fine blueish paper (see Ch. 2, “Manuscripta Americana,” p. 29). The amatl folios in this item are very well preserved and easy to read. They measure approximately 43 by 23.5 cm, though some of them are smaller as the margins have been cut off. They also bear some marks of time, such as holes from booklice that have eaten through the paper, or chipped margins, which occasionally have led to the loss of some letters. Ms. Amer. 8, consisting of only two loose folios, is in the worst condition. The left margins of both folios have very much disintegrated – the destruction almost reaching the first letters of each line. The right margins, on the other hand, were exposed to water, which 1 They are accessible in digitized form on https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra, accessed July 8, 2020.

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Introduction

Figure 0.1 BJ Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 1r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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has smudged some of the letters and caused the loss of paper in the top right corner. To make matters even worse, fol. 1 has been cut: it now measures 42 by 23.5 cm, while fol. 2 is 43.5 cm long and 25 cm wide. Finally, the four unnumbered folios of Ms. Amer. 10 are in close to perfect condition, except for small bits of paper on the top and bottom of the folios that fell prey to voracious booklice. These folios are, in fact, two large sheets of paper, or bifolios, measuring 42.5 by 48 cm, which suggests that the folios included in Mss. Amer. 3 and 8 might have initially been double in size before someone cut them in half and sewed them together. The different condition of each of the three items held at the BJ indicates their different histories and paths traveled for over five centuries. However, before they became disconnected and began their separate lives, they all formed part of a single œuvre of sixteenth-century Nahuatl scribes. The circumstances and date of their creation have been a matter of discussion ever since Carrasco rediscovered the first parts of the corpus, with their region of origin being the only easy piece of the puzzle. Since the census continuously mentions that the people it registers fulfil the duties that formed part of their tribute in Cuauhnahuac, and volume 551 (earlier 550) from the BNAH begins with a heading that includes the name “Tepoztlan,” the record must have covered an area of or close to those two towns. In the early sixteenth century, both Cuauhnahuac (spelled by the Spaniards “Cuernavaca”) and Tepoztlan were altepetl,2 or Mesoamerican city-states, subjugated by the expanding Aztec3 empire (Haskett 2005, 77–79). After the dust of the war with the Aztecs settled, Don Hernando Cortés picked for himself the fertile, almost paradisiacal lands of the present state of Morelos, south of Mexico City, and established his headquarters in Cuernavaca. Along with Cuauhnahuac and Tepoztlan, the enormous landholding included several other altepetl, the most significant being Yauhtepec, Huaxtepec, and Acapixtla (Riley 1973, 21; Fig. 0.2). As Carrasco 2 The word altepetl can refer to either an administrative unit or the people within it (a distinction similar, though by no means identical, to that of the modern “state” and “nation”). When used in the latter meaning, specifically in traditional Nahua accounts about migrating communities who had not, as yet, occupied any territory, the term shows up in the sources in plural – altepemeh (see, for example, Chimalpahin 2003, 182–184). However, when used in the former sense, the one that we have adopted in this book, altepetl, like all Nahuatl inanimate nouns, does not have a plural form (Chimalpahin 2006, 18). For the detailed treatment of this concept in the colonial era, see Lockhart 1992, 14–58. 3 The term “Aztec” always calls for clarification. In this book, we use it in reference to the multi-cultural and multi-lingual inhabitants of the state (“the Aztec empire”) created by Mexico-Tenochtitlan and its allies; the adjective “Aztec” describes cultural phenomena, social groups, administrative structures, etc. that emanated from or were characteristic of the Aztec state. The term “Nahuas,” on the other hand, refers to the people who spoke Nahuatl, the language of the Mexica and many other altepetl of Central Mexico. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Introduction

Figure 0.2 The five most important altepetl of the Marquesado del Valle region. Map by Karolina Juszczyk

(1976a, 103, 113) discovered, Yauhtepec was also represented in the census. The altepetl of Huitzillan and, possibly, Cuauhchichinollan, whose records occupy the bulk of Col. Antigua 550 (earlier 549) at the BNAH, as well as, most likely, the administrative units of Molotlan, Tepetenchic, and Panchimalco registered in Col. Antigua 552 (earlier 551), were subordinate to Yauhtepec (see also Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen 1983, 1: xii–xiv; Haskett 2005, 8). Throughout the BJ fragments of the census, the householders deliver their tribute to “the Marqués.” On July 6, 1529, the king of Spain granted to Cortés the hereditary title of “Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca” along with twenty-two towns and twenty-three thousand “Indians.” The Marqués also received relative autonomy in terms of civil, criminal, and ecclesiastical proceedings (Gibson 1964, 60; Riley 1973, 29). From the beginning, the struggle for power and influence between Cortés, his rivals in New Spain, and the crown put a shadow over the Marquesado del Valle lands. The conflict had started in 1524, when four newly appointed treasury officials by royal order took over the economic authority of Cortés – then governor and captain general – in New Spain. When Cortés left Mexico for the infamous expedition to Honduras, two of the officials, Gonzalo de Salazar and Pedro Almindes Cherino, saw an opportunity to strengthen the position of their faction. Cortés’s cousin and the administrator of his estate, Rodrigo de Paz, was accused of treason and hanged, while Salazar Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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and Almindes Cherino seized some of the conquistador’s lands and filed a complaint to the king, notifying him about the unjust distribution of encomiendas in the new colony. Although Cortés succeeded in regaining most of his estate after returning from Honduras, he did not regain the trust of the crown. In 1526, a new governor, Luis Ponce de León, brought to New Spain the order to begin an investigation (residencia) against the conqueror of the Aztecs. Deprived of his position as governor, Cortés moved to Cuernavaca, where he built a palace and continued fighting with his opponents, who engaged him in numerous trials over various territories. In 1528, the conquistador set off for Spain, hoping to gain support from his king. While he was away, the long-delayed investigation into Cortés’s territories finally began and concluded with the transfer of a large part of Cortés’s estate to the crown. The twenty-two towns and twenty-three thousand dependents granted to Cortés by the king in 1529 were much fewer than the conqueror of the Aztecs had originally assigned to himself as a reward for his achievements (Riley 1973, 21–29). Cortés’s severely diminished estate was not the end of his trouble. The Marquesado grant overlooked the fact that in the twenty-two towns, which it carefully named, lived more than twenty-three thousand people (Gibson 1964, 60). Even before Cortés came back to Cuernavaca from his overseas journey in 1531, the crown issued an order to take a census in the territory of the Marquesado. The highest political and judicial authority in New Spain of the time, the Royal Audiencia, appointed three members to the censustaking commission, leaving the choice of the other three to Cortés. Conflicts within the commission were inevitable. Cortés’s people navigated toward including as many vassals as possible in the count of twenty-three thousand by defining a tributary unit as one household. The members assigned by the Audiencia, on the other hand, opted for a family (of which several, as is evident from the documents published in this book, could live in one house) as a basic unit. This issue remained unresolved until the death of Cortés in 1547, when his son, Don Martín Cortés, the second Marqués del Valle, inherited the problem. In the 1550s, the Council of the Indies decided that, according to Castilian custom, a tributary unit should be understood as a household and maintained the number of twenty-three thousand vassals that were mentioned in the original grant. Finally, in 1560, King Phillip II responded to the appeal of Don Martín Cortés by taking the controversial number of twenty-three thousand vassals off the Marquesado grant and assigning to the Cortés family all the native inhabitants of the twenty-two towns (Riley 1973, 33–34). From that moment on, there was no need to take a census in the land that belonged to Cortés. Between 1531 and 1560, however, the production of censuses in the territory of the Marquesado del Valle was quite energetic. The last order to take Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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a census in the dominion of the Cortés family that we know of was issued in the 1550s in response to complaints from the indigenous people about excessive tribute payments (Riley 1973, 90). Before that, a particularly busy period occurred between 1534 and 1538. As Don Hernando Cortés explained in his letter to the Council of the Indies,4 in 1534, he filed a request to the king of Spain to resolve the problem of tribute in the territory of the Marquesado in his favor. As a response, the king ordered a count of the vassals of the conquistador and “since this order came at a time when the president of this Audiencia [of New Spain] was the Dominican bishop (i.e., Sebastián Ramírez de Fuenleal), [the president] did not want to carry it out, because during my absence from this land he went about his own business, and he secretly sent Indians to count my towns and the people who lived there.”5 Reportedly, the secret census produced results that Ramírez de Fuenleal did not like: in order to comply with the Marquesado grant, he should have added more vassals to Cortés’s jurisdiction. Instead of doing it, however, Ramírez de Fuenleal denied that he had any authority to even take a census in the conquistador’s landholding. Cortés was furious, but saw a glimpse of hope one year later, when the first viceroy of New Spain, Don Antonio de Mendoza, took over the case. Mendoza decided that he would take charge of producing the record but, to Cortés’s frustration, he started to do it with such detail that the entire procedure went nowhere. According to the conquistador, “after four months’ work with the viceroy in person in charge, only two towns were counted, which, on my part, cost me more than two thousand castellanos and so much more on his part, because everything was done at his expense”6 (Martínez 1992, 184–185). On May 27, 1536, the queen of Spain wrote a letter to Don Antonio de Mendoza, from which we learn that the crown was not satisfied with the way that Fuenleal and later the viceroy had responded to the king’s orders. This time, Mendoza decided to delegate the task of taking the census to one of the oidores (judges) of the Audiencia, Bishop Don Vasco de Quiroga. By the end of 1537, the census takers had already been appointed, and the counting was supposed to begin in Huaxtepec. We do not know how it went, but the format of the census described in the viceroy’s instruction for Quiroga very much resembles the structure of the Marquesado census, whose fragments 4 I would like to thank José Luis de Rojas for bringing this source to my attention. 5 y puesto que este mandato vino en tiempo que era presidente desta Audiencia el obispo de Santo Domingo no lo quiso ejecutar porque hizo sus diligencias estando yo ausente destas tierras y envió indios secretamente a que me contasen los pueblos y vecinos que en ellos había. 6 con haberse trabajado cuatro meses estando el visorrey en persona en ello no se contaron sino dos pueblos, que me costó de mi parte más de dos mil castellanos la cuenta, y de la suya harto más, porque se hacía todo a su costa.

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are held in Mexico, France, and Poland (Paso y Troncoso 1942, 22–29) (see Ch. 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” pp. 36–37).7 Scholars who have attempted to date the Marquesado census corpus agree that the making of the manuscript most likely took place in either the late 1530s or early 1540s (Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen 1983, 1: xii; Cline 1993, 3, 8; Mentz 2008, 12), with James Lockhart (1992, 556n3) suggesting the latter. Carrasco (1964a, 373) believed that the three volumes from the BNAH must have been made before 1544, because in this year, tribute in cloth, amply featured in the Nahuatl text, officially switched to payments in money, at least in the Yauhtepec area. The period of 1534–1538 falls within this timeframe, and the census taken possibly in 1538 would seem to be the right candidate for the Mexico–France–Poland corpus, were it not for the suggestion that it covered Huaxtepec, which is not represented in the documentation that has survived to our times. Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen (1983, 1: xii) examined documents related to an earlier record from 1534 and, although they identified some of the towns mentioned there with those of the fragments held in Mexico, they did not find conclusive evidence that the 1534 census and the manuscripts in Nahuatl are the same documents. Unfortunately, we still lack definitive proof for the unequivocal dating of the Marquesado census corpus.

…

Despite the fact that we cannot be sure whether the Marquesado census originated in the late 1530s or early 1540s, it remains one of the earliest alphabetic Nahuatl sources known to the academic world. Although the Spanish friars started the production of texts in indigenous languages right after they established themselves in New Spain in the mid to late 1520s, for unknown reasons, the results of the first decade of writing in Nahuatl have not survived to our times. Moreover, a few other sources considered roughly contemporary with the Marquesado census are mostly ecclesiastic writings, concerned with the cultural and linguistic translation of the Christian doctrine into Nahuatl – the lingua franca of the territories earlier subordinate to the Aztec state. While they provide invaluable information on cultural contact and the challenges of evangelization, they say little about society, economy, and daily life in the newly founded Spanish colony. The BJ fragments of the Marquesado census add new data to the still obscure and blurry picture of the first generation after the Spanish conquest. They also provide some clarity on the production of this documentation in the sixteenth century as well as on its subsequent 7 I would like to thank Ulrike Mühlschlegel for providing me with a copy of this document.

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fragmentation and the paths traveled by the different fragments to their new destinations all over the world. This book arises from a group effort. Our primary goal was to provide the scholarly audience with access to a source held by a library rarely visited by Mesoamericanists. Therefore, a transcription and a translation of the BJ fragments (and two closely associated folios of the Parisian Ms. Mexicain 393) occupy central place in this volume. We have arranged the introductory study around two main topics: the BJ manuscripts (their history, structure, and relationship to other known fragments of the Marquesado census) and the new data provided by these unstudied documents. In Chapter 1, Monika Jaglarz explains how and why the Nahuatl manuscripts came to Poland, discussing the part played by Polish scientists and authorities in their discovery and preservation. In Chapter 2, Monika Jaglarz and I explain how the three BJ manuscripts fit within the more extensive Manuscripta Americana collection and trace their provenance, as well as that of the French and Mexican fragments of the Marquesado census, back to the eighteenth century. The relationship between all known Marquesado census fragments is analyzed in Chapter 3, where I also present the methods used to reconstruct the reading order of the documents published in this book. Chapter 4, written by Szymon Gruda, focuses on both analyzing the handwriting in the BJ fragments and comparing the identified hands to the hands present in other related documents. In Chapter 5, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and I use the results of previous research to attempt a reconstruction of the history of the Marquesado census. We start at the moment that the manuscript was created (including the selection of the format, gathering of the data, putting the data on paper, etc.) and end with the resurfacing of the fragments of the census in the nineteenth-century European and Mexican libraries. The second section of the introductory part uses previously unstudied data to clarify some of the problems encountered by previous scholars and to ask new questions about the early indigenous society of New Spain. A comprehensive study of one of the Marquesado volumes by Sarah Cline (1993) discussed many aspects of Nahua social and political life in Cortés’s landholdings in such detail that it would be repetitive to cover all of them again for the BJ census fragments. Instead, we focus on the points to which we felt that the documents held in Poland may significantly contribute. We also aim to provide future scholars with a good idea about the types of information they can find in these fragments of the census and process the data in such a way that they can later be used in compiled studies. Thus, the second section begins with detailed statistics prepared by José Luis de Rojas based on the categories proposed by the census itself – people, lands, and tribute (Chapter 6). Using Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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these statistics, as well as adding qualitative data, Katarzyna Granicka then discusses some aspects of family life in the Marquesado region, including the infamous child marriages (Chapter 7). In Chapter 8, I go beyond the household level, and reconstruct the administrative structure of the region covered by the census and analyze Nahua categories for various social groups present in the document. Last but not least, José Luis de Rojas analyzes the economic data provided by the BJ census fragments, comparing them to the amounts of land and tribute assigned to a household according to other related or similar sources (Chapter 9). When preparing the transcription and the translation of the census fragments, José Luis de Rojas and I strongly felt that we owed much to our predecessors who had faced similar challenges when publishing transcriptions of two of the volumes held by the BNAH. While we learned much from work by Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen (1983), it was Cline’s The Book of Tributes (1993) that notably influenced this present edition because of both its language (English) and excellent philological background. We borrowed from Cline some of the conventions for presenting the material (e.g., the numbering of the household entries) and for translation. We did not, however, rigorously follow translations that she had proposed for various key terms in the census. We have explained all of our translation choices in Chapter 10, “Glossary of Nahuatl Terms,” and have complemented it with a brief chapter on the paleographic conventions that we decided to use in the present edition. Bibliography Carrasco, Pedro (1964a), “Tres libros de tributos del Museo Nacional de México y su importancia para los estudios demográficos,” in Sobretiro del XXXV Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, México, 1962: Actas y Memorias, México: [s. e.], Vol. 3, pp. 373–378. Carrasco, Pedro (1964b), “Family Structure of 16th-Century Tepoztlan,” in Process and Pattern in Culture: Essays in honor of Julian H. Steward, ed. Robert A. Manners, Chicago: Aldine, pp. 185–210. Carrasco, Pedro (1972), “La casa y hacienda de un señor tlalhuica,” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 10, pp. 225–244. Carrasco, Pedro (1976a), “Estratificación social indígena en Morelos durante el siglo XVI,” in Estratificación social en Mesoamérica prehispánica, eds. Pedro Carrasco and Johanna Broda, México: Secretaría de Educación Pública, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, pp. 102–117.

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Carrasco, Pedro (1976b), “The Joint Family in Ancient Mexico: The Case of Molotla,” in Essays on Mexican Kinship, eds. Hugo Nutini, Pedro Carrasco, and James M. Taggart, Pittsburg, PA: University of Pittsburg Press, pp. 45–64. Chimalpahin, Domingo de San Antón Muñón Quauhtlehuanitzin (2003), Las ocho rela­ ciones y el memorial de Colhuacan, ed. and trans. Rafael Tena, México: Conaculta, vol 1. Chimalpahin, Domingo de San Antón Muñón Quauhtlehuanitzin. Annals of His Time. Translated and edited by James Lockhart, Susan Schroeder, and Doris Namala. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. Cline, Sarah L. (1993), The Book of Tributes: Early Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Censuses from Morelos, Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. Díaz Cadena, Ismael (1978), Libro de Tributos del Marquesado del Valle, México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Gibson, Charles (1964), The Aztecs under Spanish Rule. A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Haskett, Robert (2005), Visions of Paradise: Primordial Titles and Mesoamerican History in Cuernavaca, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Hinz, Eike, Claudine Hartau, and Marie Luise Heimann-Koenen (1983), Aztekischer Zensus: Zur Indianischer Wirtschaft und Gessellschaft im Marquesado um 1540, Hannover: Verlag für Ethnologie. 2 volumes. Lockhart, James (1992), The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Martínez, José Luis (1992), ed., Documentos cortesianos. Vol. 4, 1533–1548, Secciones VI (Segunda Parte) a VIII, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México – Fondo de Cultura Económica. Mentz, Brígida von (2003), “Documentos en náhuatl en Cracovia,” Desacatos 12, pp. 163–170. Mentz, Brígida von (2008), Cuauhnáhuac 1450–1675: Su historia indígena y documentos en “mexicano.” Cambio y continuidad de una cultura nahua, México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa. Mentz, Brígida von (2019), “Fondo Mexicano de la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia: Documento No. 393, Censo de Población,” Amoxcalli, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. Available online (accessed 11/26/2019): https://amoxcalli.org.mx/fichaTecnica.php?id=393. Paso y Troncoso, Francisco del (1942), ed. and comp., Epistolario de Nueva España, 1505–1818. Vol. 16, Apéndices e índices, México: Antigua Librería Robredo, de José Porrúa e Hijos. Riley, G. Micheal (1973), Fernando Cortés and the Marquesado in Morelos, 1522–1547: A Case Study in the Socioeconomic Development of Sixteenth-Century Mexico, Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Part 1 The Manuscript

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Chapter 1

The Berlinka Collection Monika Jaglarz The Nahuatl manuscripts now kept at the BJ in Cracow, Poland, are part of the Manuscripta Americana1 collection, which, in turn, is just a small part of what is colloquially called “the Berlinka Collection” – the vast art collection from the Prussian State Library in Berlin (Preussische Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin).2 The Prussian State Library in Berlin, established in 1661 by Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg, as the Library of the Elector (Wilken 1828),3 was one of the most important, if not the most important, library in Germany in the 1930s, with its impressive and regularly increasing collections. From 1925, it was managed by Hugo Andres Krüß (1879–1945), a scientist and an experienced state official (Schochow 2005). It was his duty to prepare and carry out the plan for protecting the collections at the Prussian State Library from the consequences of war.4 As early as 1933 and 1934, Germany was preparing for war. At that time, the first regulations from the Ministry of Science, Art, and Education on strengthening fire safety rules, anti-aircraft warfare, blackouts in Berlin, and drills in those regards were made (Voigt 2005, 4). In summer 1935, after discussions on potential threats, the minister of culture of the Third Reich ordered the development of the notion of protecting historical monuments.5 Almost two years later, Hugo Andres Krüß, as the library’s general manager, received a confidential circular from the Ministry of Culture that gave a detailed plan to follow in 1 The Manuscripta Americana collection kept at the BJ has the following call numbers: Ms. Amer. 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10–15, and five facsimile editions. To know more about Manuscripta Americana at the BJ, see Mentz 2003 and Ch. 2, “Manuscripta Americana,” pp. 26–28. 2 The literature about this collection can be found in Jaglarz and Jaśtal 2018. 3 The library’s consecutive names throughout history were Churfürstliche Bibliothek (“Library of the Elector,” 1661–1700), Königliche Bibliothek (“Royal Library,” 1701–1918), and Preussiche Staatsbibliothek (“Prussian State Library,” 1914–1918). 4 Hugo Andres Krüß’s diary, now in the collections of the Berlin State Library (Nachlass Hugo Andres Krüss: Ergänzungsband 2–1 [Tagebücher 1935, 1937–1939]; Ergänzungsband 2–2 [Tagebücher 1940–1944]; Ergänzungsband 1 [Tagebuch 1945]) offers an incredibly valuable description of the course of the protection and the later evacuation of the collections. 5 The most exhaustive description of the consecutive stages of the protection and evacuation of the library collections can be found in the work of Schochow 2015.

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© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004457119_003 José Luis

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the event of military operations. In 1937, the treasury rooms in the basement of the library began being rebuilt to strengthen their structure. In September 1938, the Manuscript Division of the library prepared a list of the most valuable collections to be evacuated first (Schochow 2015, 16–18). Shortly before the German invasion of Poland and the beginning of World War II, on August 26, 1939, the collections started to be moved. The most valuable ones (rarissima) were put in the armored shelter at the corner of Unter den Linden 15 and Charlottenstraße in Berlin. The library collections were divided in the next months, and their various parts were moved many times to safe depots and hiding places within the territory of Berlin (Schochow 2015, 16–19). The Allies carried out an air raid on Berlin on the night of April 9/10, 1941. Among other buildings, they bombed the building at Unter den Linden. The destruction was substantial, and, as a consequence of this and the next air raids, a decision was made to evacuate the library collections from Berlin (Voigt 1995, 9). Three million prints and nine hundred thousand special collection items were selected for evacuation. They were divided into two categories. The first category included manuscripts, music manuscripts, autographs, incunabula, Oriental materials, rara, and the collections described as Kunstdruck, or “art reproductions.” Materials from the Judaica collection; Krieg Sammlung (“war collection”); linguistic, Italian, and Slavic prints; and atlases and magazines were classified as the second category (Lechowski 2008; Pietrzyk 2008, 15). The list of safe hiding places (castles and monasteries) within the territory of Germany was prepared in August and September 1941. Finally, twenty-nine places were identified. In September 1941, the collections, packed in sizeable wooden boxes, were transported, among other places, to Fürstenstein (now Książ) in Lower Silesia (Figs. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3). In 1943–1944, the collections from

Figure 1.1 Preparations for the evacuation of the Prussian State Library’s collections, Berlin Courtesy of Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preussischer Kulturbesitz, © bpk-Bildagentur

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Figure 1.2 The Prussian State Library’s collection arrives at Fürstenstein (now Książ) Castle Courtesy of Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preussischer Kulturbesitz, © bpk-Bildagentur

Figure 1.3 Książ Castle today Photographed by Rafał Madajczak Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Figure 1.4 The small church of St. Joseph in the Cistercian monastery compound in Krzeszów, Poland, in whose attic Stanisław Sierotwiński discovered the Berlinka Collection (Rafał Bijak, personal information) Photographed by Rafał Madajczak

Książ were brought to Grüssau (now Krzeszów near Kamienna Góra), also in Lower Silesia, a potentially safer place. A total of 505 boxes with what later became known as the “Prussian Treasure” were hidden in the church of the Cistercian monastery there (Pietrzyk 2008, 15; Schochow 2015, 26–38) (Fig. 1.4). The Red Army troops marching through Krzeszów in 1945 did not discover the library collections. It was a Polish scholar, Stanisław Sierotwiński, with a group of collaborators, who found them and contributed to eventually depositing them at the BJ in Cracow (Lechowski 2008). Dr. Sierotwiński (1909–1975), a specialist in Polish studies and an employee of the BJ, was the delegate of the Ministry of Education in charge of abandoned and neglected book collections. Polish authorities established this position with the intention, among others, of rescuing cultural patrimony from territories like Lower Silesia, which, as a consequence of the 1945 peace agreements, became part of the revived Polish state.6 Sierotwiński’s task in the post-war chaos was to protect the library 6 The new borders of Poland, on which the Allies had already debated during the war, were agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference (July 17–August 2, 1945). As a result, Silesia, Western Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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collections from theft, disintegration, or devastation. In 1945, he was looking in Lower Silesia for collections taken out of the libraries of Cracow, Warsaw, and Lviv, and, most likely, in this way, he came across the news about the location of the Berlinka Collection in Krzeszów (Lechowski 2008). The Polish Ministry of Education established a Delegate Office in the building of the BJ in Cracow (Pirożyński 1993). To explain this decision, we have to go back to 1939. The library of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow had been housed for centuries in the heart of the city, in Collegium Maius – one of the oldest university buildings. In the 1930s, a new, spacious, and modern building was built for it, and the collections of the library were scheduled to be moved there in autumn 1939. The transfer did not happen due to the outbreak of war. Occupation authorities ordered the move in 1940, and in April 1941, the State Library of Cracow, a library only for Germans, was officially opened. It operated until July 1944, when part of the collections (mostly acquisitions from the period of 1941–1944) was evacuated to Lower Silesia. The library building, which was not destroyed during the occupation or due to military operations, was then used as the base for the activity of Stanisław Sierotwiński as the delegate of the Ministry in January 1945 (Lechowski 2008). From 1946, the collections known as the “Prussian Treasure” started being systematically moved to Cracow on the grounds of the Decree of March 8, 1946, on Abandoned and Post-German Property. Originally, they were placed in various locations in the city, including in the monasteries of the Congregation of the Mission and the Dominican Order,7 and finally, for restoration reasons, they were moved to the BJ building in 1947. Although some of the boxes containing books and manuscripts broke, the collections survived in good condition. The work to unpack the boxes in the library building (490 boxes eventually found their place at the library) started as early as November 1 that year, and the contents of the boxes were verified by February 1, 1948 (Pietrzyk 2008). The collections of the former Prussian State Library, now known as the Berlin State Library (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, SBB), that are kept at the BJ consist of special collections – manuscripts, music manuscripts, graphic and Pomerania, and the southern part of East Prussia (Warmia and Mazury) – to which Polish discourse of the time referred to as “recovered territories” – became part of Poland. Later, several treaties regulated the issue of the borders: the 1950 treaty with the former German Democratic Republic; the 1970 treaty with the Federal Republic of Germany (both signed by the communist People’s Republic of Poland); the Helsinki Final Act; and, finally, the Treaty of Good Neighborship and Friendly Cooperation, signed on June 17, 1991, by the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland (Pruszyński 2001, 51–53). 7 Some items (seventy-six manuscripts and sixty-four old prints) were separated from the bulk of the collection, most likely during storage at the Dominican monastery, and they did not immediately find their place at the BJ. The Cracow Dominican Order transferred them to the BJ at the end of 2015. For details of this, see Pietrzyk 2018, 103–104. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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cartographic works as well as old prints – and books and magazines from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that have an incomparably lower value.8 The music manuscripts form the extremely valuable and probably most well-known collection of several hundred pieces. This collection includes one hundred volumes of medieval music manuscripts and four hundred volumes of autographs of composers, including those of Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Robert Schumann (in this case, his correspondence as well as his scores), Johannes Brahms, Felix Mendelssohn, Luigi Cherubini, and others. The collection of old music prints consists of approximately 8,500 volumes. The graphic collection comprises first of all the famous collection of about fifty illustrated manuscripts, known as the Libri picturati, of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, including the priceless Theatrum rerum naturalium Brasiliae showing the Brazilian flora and fauna portrayed during the quest of Prince John Maurice of Nassau, the Dutch general governor of Brazil, in the mid-seventeenth century. The cartographic works form a rather small collection – no more than a dozen or so atlases and the same number of maps, yet even here we can find valuable items. The old prints are prints issued before 1800, and these constitute more than 12,000 volumes, including over 180 incunabula, or fifteenth-century prints, and over 1,500 sixteenth-century prints. The latter include the valuable collection of the Aldina, which are prints from the Venetian press of Aldus Manutius and his successors (this collection unit has about 190 volumes). There are also several thousand volumes of leaflets. Codices (about 1,400 call numbers) are the oldest items in the manuscript collections.9 They are divided into groups according to the text languages – Greek, Latin (in the Ms. Latina and Ms. Theol. Latina collections), French, Spanish and Portuguese, Italian, Rhaeto-Romance, German, and what are known as the Slavic manuscripts (Old Church Slavonic ones as well as those in Polish, Russian, Czech, and Bulgarian). Non-European collections include Oriental (from the Middle and Far East) and American manuscripts. The latter includes the Nahuatl census published here. Finally, this part of the Berlinka Collection also contains albums and genealogical manuscripts (in several various collections). The BJ also holds a considerable collection of Oriental

8 A description of the special collections (except for manuscripts) is given by Pietrzyk 2008 and Pirożyński 1993. 9 For the full list of call numbers, see Jaglarz and Jaśtal 2018: 22–30.

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prints (including old prints and wood engraving prints), mainly in Chinese and Tibetan, in the Manuscript Division depot rooms. Two collections of autographs are exceptionally precious: the Karl Varnaghen Collection of almost three hundred boxes, and the Autograph Collection of about two hundred boxes. Unfortunately, the Autograph Collection is incomplete, because the boxes with covers in alphabetic order from the name “Hirzel” to “Kromayer” are missing; only single manuscripts, including those by Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt, Paul Heyse, and Heinrich von Kleist have survived. There are also six legacies in the manuscript collection – those of Michael Reinhold Lenz, a poet and writer, Wilhelm von Humboldt (his form the Collectanea linguistica, which includes valuable materials for the study of the history of linguistics), papers left by Gustav Freytag, a writer and historian, papers from August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, a poet and linguist, and papers from Georg Schweinfurth, an Africanist. Last but not least, the BJ holds a piece of the legacy of Alexander von Humboldt, one of the greatest scientists of the nineteenth century. The details on particular items are available to view, and the BJ and the SBB have exhaustive information on these collections. It is worth noting that the curators of the Berlinka Collection use in bibliographic notes and quotes the call numbers that were ascribed to particular items in pre-war Berlin. Unfortunately, before the collections and information about them were made available to researchers of various fields, the authorities of the Polish state made mutually incoherent decisions that regularly changed on the Berlinka Collection. First of all, as late as until the end of the 1970s, the mere fact of the presence of this collection within the territory of Poland was concealed. The classified status of the “Prussian Treasure” excluded it from scientific knowledge for years (Jaglarz and Jaśtal 2018: 20n15). The Delegate Office of the Ministry of Education was closed down at the beginning of the 1950s, and the collections were moved to the care of the BJ. In 1957, Jan Baumgart, the then-library general manager, was ordered to prepare the Berlinka Collection to be returned to Berlin. Preparatory work for this began with photographing onto microfilms the most important and valuable material. However, the Polish Ministry of Higher Education soon withdrew the decision to return the collection. Several years later, it was decided to return a large number of magazines to Germany. A dozen or so railcars full of magazines went through the city of Łódź to the German Democratic Republic, where the SBB accepted the holdings. The bulk of the collection, however, remained at the BJ (Stęszewski 1997, 181). Leading Polish experts in international law prepared reports unanimously stating that the collections found in Krzeszów Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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were owned by the Polish state.10 The current legal status of these collections is that they belong to the State Treasury, but they are held at the BJ (Kowalski 1997; Pruszyński 2001; Łaskarzewska 2006). In 1975, preparations to incorporate the Berlinka Collection into the collections of the BJ began. That decision was quickly withdrawn, and the issues of making the collection available to the academic public and its further fate were suspended again. A surprising event in 1977 was the next step in the inconsistent and incomprehensible policy of the Polish state authorities toward the Berlinka Collection. On May 29, 1977, during his visit to Berlin, Edward Gierek, the then-secretary general of the Polish United Worker’s Party and, therefore, head of the Polish communist state, “on behalf of the Polish people,” donated selected manuscripts by Ludwig van Beethoven (among them a piece of Symphony No. 9), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Johann Sebastian Bach “to the people of the German Democratic Republic” (Fitzel 2002). In 1979, the Berlinka Collection began to be made available to scholars, subject to exclusive, individual permission from the Ministry of Science, Higher Education, and Technology. The year 1981 was a turning point. This was when Professor Józef Andrzej Gierowski became the rector of the Jagiellonian University, and Professor Jan Pirożyński took the position of general manager of the BJ. From July 1981, through the decision of the Jagiellonian University authorities, the Berlinka Collection began to be made available to all interested scholars according to the general rules of the availability of special collections (Pietrzyk 2005). The Berlinka Collection was finally brought to light. However, the mere fact that information about it had been concealed for years due to the senseless and harmful policies of the authorities affected the opinion of the international academic world. The interest in the collections over the past thirty-seven years has been tremendous.11 In the beginning, Jagiellonian librarians used the library registers given to them in July 1977 by the SBB. These were copies of catalogs and registers of both titles and call numbers of library materials. The registers included information on manuscripts, autographs, legacies, music manuscripts and prints, Oriental collections, rare prints issued after 1501, and incunabula. 10

After gaining control over the “recovered territories” (Silesia, Western Pomerania, Warmia, and Mazury), Poland regulated property ownership in these regions with several laws: the Decree of March 2, 1945, on Abandoned and Deserted Property; the Law of May 6, 1945, on Abandoned and Deserted Property; and, finally, the Decree of March 8, 1946, on Abandoned and Post-German Property (Kowalski 1997, Pruszyński 2001). 11 Particular interest was generated by the information about the Varnaghen Collection, which has enjoyed regular popularity among literary scholars and historians since the beginning of the 1980s (Hertz 1981).

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Every year, many scholars come to Cracow to make use of the collections on site. The photography department at the BJ provides copies of the collections. These were originally microfilms and are currently digital ones; there are more and more scanned copies available online at the Jagiellonian Digital Library (https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra). Most scholars make source search queries for their research, yet it is worth emphasizing that there are multiple critical editions of items in the manuscript, music, and graphic collections as well as ongoing work on preparing catalogs for particular sub-collections and old prints. Due to lack of space, it is impossible to list even the most important works of this kind. There are so many of them that in June 2017, the BJ in collaboration with the German Language Studies Institute at the Jagiellonian University organized a conference dedicated only to research on the Berlinka manuscripts.12 Until the launch of the Nahuatl census project in 2017, the American collection of manuscripts and facsimiles had been one of the last unturned stones of the Berlinka Collection at the BJ. With this publication, we hope to spread the news of this hitherto forgotten ground for research. As a result of an unusual coincidence and a consequence of the dramatic events of World War II, Manuscripta Americana found their place in Cracow. Now, after the Cold War, they have finally emerged from oblivion, allowing scholars worldwide to consult them both in Cracow and through the BJ’s online resources. Acknowledgment I would like to thank Marta Potiuk for translating this chapter from Polish. Her translation was submitted to the editing process, and any errors are the editors. Bibliography Fitzel, Tomas (2002), “Krakau liegt in der Mitte Europas. Zum Diskurs um die Rückgabe der ‘Berlinka’ zwischen der Krakauer Jagiellonen-Bibliothek und der Berliner Staatsbibliothek,” in Bibliotheksreise nach Warschau und Krakau. Aktuelle Ansichten

12 The academic conference “The Collections of the Former Prussian State Library in Berlin Kept at the Jagiellonian Library: Research Conditions and Perspective/ Bestände der ehemaligen Preußischen Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin in der Jagiellonen-Bibliothek: Forschungsstand und perspektiven” took place in Cracow on June 1–3, 2017.

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und Gespräche zur deutsch-polnischen Geschichte, ed. Maria Kühn-Ludewig, Nümbrecht: Kirch Verlag, pp. 117–124. Hertz, Deborah (1981), “The Varnhagen Collection is in Krakow,” The American Archivist 44, pp. 223–227. Jaglarz, Monika and Katarzyna Jaśtal (2018), “Bestände der ehemaligen Preussischen Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin in der Jagiellonen-Bibliothek: Geschichte und Struktur,” in Bestände der ehemaligen Preußischen Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin in der JagiellonenBibliothek. Forschungsstand und -perspektiven, eds. Monika Jaglarz and Katarzyna Jaśtal, Berlin: Peter Lang GmbH, pp. 15–30. Kowalski, Wojciech (1997), “Sytuacja prawna poniemieckich zbiorów bibliotecznych w Polsce,” Przegląd Biblioteczny 1, pp. 17–23. Lechowski, Piotr (2008), “Sporna Berlinka: Kontrowersje wokół zbiorów byłej Pruskiej Biblioteki Państwowej przechowywanych w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej,” Biuletyn EBIB 99: 9. Available online (accessed 4/25/2019): http://www.ebib.pl/2008/99/ index.php. Łaskarzewska, Hanna (2006), “Europa bez roszczeń? Problemy własności zbiorów, pamięć i polityka,” Roczniki Biblioteczne 50, pp. 45–91. Mentz, Brígida von (2003), “Documentos en náhuatl en Cracovia,” Desacatos 12, pp. 163–170. Pietrzyk, Zdzisław (2005), “Jan Pirożyński jako bibliotekarz,” Biuletyn Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej 54, pp. 7–29. Pietrzyk, Zdzisław (2008), “Zbiory z byłej Pruskiej Biblioteki Państwowej w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej,” Alma Mater 100, pp. 15–19. Pietrzyk, Zdzisław (2018), “Polonica in Albums forming part of the former Prussian State Library in Berlin (now held by the Jagiellonian Library) which were brought to light in 2014,” in Bestände der ehemaligen Preußischen Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin in der Jagiellonen-Bibliothek. Forschungsstand und -perspektiven, eds. Monika Jaglarz and Katarzyna Jaśtal, Berlin: Peter Lang GmbH, pp. 103–116. Pirożyński, Jan (1993), “Berlinka: Zbiory Berlińskie w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej,” Dziennik Polski (May 21). Pruszyński, Jan (2001), Dziedzictwo kultury Polski: Jego straty i ochrona prawna, Cracow: Wolters Kluwer. Vol. 2. Schochow, Werner (2005), “Hugo Andres Krüß – Generaldirektor von 1932 bis 1945,” in Die Berliner Staatsbibliothek und ihr Umfeld: 20 Kapitel preussich-deutscher Bibliotheksgeschichte, ed. Werner Schochow, Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann, pp. 198–215. Schochow, Werner (2015), Bücherschicksale: Die Verlagerungsgeschichte der Preußischen Staatsbibliothek. Auslagerung-Zerstörung-Entfremdung-Rückführung: Dargestellt aus den Quellen, Berlin: De Gruyter.

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Stęszewski, Jan (1997), “Zur ‘Entdeckung’ von Beständen der ehemaligen Berliner Preußischen Staatsbibliothek in Polen,” In Die Beziehungen der Berliner Staats­ bibliothek nach Polen, ed. Antonius Jammers, Wiesbaden: Reichert, pp. 180–185. Voigt, Gudrun (1995), Die kriegsbedingte Auslagerung von Beständen der Preußischen Staatsbibliothek und ihre Rückführung: Eine historische Studie von Archivmaterialien, Hannover: Laurentius. Wilken, Friedrich (1828), Geschichte der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.

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Chapter 2

Manuscripta Americana and the Provenance of Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10 Monika Jaglarz and Julia Madajczak The American collection of manuscripts and facsimiles, Manuscripta Americana, at the BJ employs the same classification that was used at the SBB before World War II (see Ch. 1, “The Berlinka Collection,” p. 21). This means that the call numbers of Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10 ascribed to the Marquesado census in Cracow originated from the German files. All the surviving materials, such as the SBB’s accession catalogs or studies by nineteenth and early twentiethcentury German scholars, use the same call numbers, which facilitates the search for any information regarding these items. This rule also works for all the other Manuscripta Americana pieces cataloged in Berlin. These are sources of various origins, including original manuscripts from Mexico and South America as well as nineteenth and twentieth-century copies or rare facsimiles of graphic and alphabetic documents. The SBB holds many more high-quality handmade copies of original manuscripts from the Americas, both as cataloged items and in the legacies of outstanding German scholars, where there are hundreds, if not thousands, of them. In the pre-digital era, Eduard Seler, Walter Lehmann, and others used these materials, usually made by their secretaries, in their research. Their value lies particularly in that they are often a reproduction of sources that are now lost or have deteriorated to the point of illegibility. Not all of the fifteen Manuscripta Americana items traveled to Książ Castle during the war. Mss. Amer. 1 and 2, which are known as the Humboldt Fragments of early colonial Mexican codices, went to Beuron Abbey in Germany and later safely returned to Berlin. Soon after the war, Mss. Amer. 5 and 7 were also available in West Berlin. The former was a facsimile of Codex Aubin 1576 and the latter – a late colonial Techialoyan codex from the Valley of Toluca. Ms. Amer. 10 was originally a bundle of ten documents, of which only the census fragment survived the war. The remaining nine documents were evacuated to the village of Mierzyn, now in north-western Poland, and then perished. In 1970, Ulf Bankmann reconstructed the entire American collection of manuscripts using the Berlin catalogs as well as published and unpublished materials mostly by Lehmann. At that time, he did not know the whereabouts

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© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004457119_004 José Luis

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of the items now belonging to the Berlinka Collection, so he classified them as “missing or lost.” Among the abundance of valuable information, he produced a heartbreaking list of the nine lost documents of Ms. Amer. 10: a 1561 mundane Nahuatl text from Teotihuacan; a Mexican codex similar to Humboldt Fragment VII;1 two fragments of Techialoyan codices; two mixed alphabetic– graphic land documents, possibly parts of the Mapa de Tepecuacuilco; two other mixed alphabetic–graphic economic documents; and a genealogical manuscript of the same hybrid kind (Bankmann 1970). Brígida von Mentz (2003) was the first to provide an (incomplete) list of those Manuscripta Americana pieces that reached the BJ. Apart from the three fragments of the Marquesado census, the collection, held at the Manuscript Division of the library, consists of the following items: Ms. Amer. 4 – a nineteenth-century copy of both the Nahuatl version of the eighteenth-century Santa Isabel Tollan primordial title and related documents in Spanish. The title includes both an alphabetic text and drawings in color. The BnF has the original manuscript (Ms. Mexicain 94), along with the version in Spanish (Ms. Mexicain 222). Ms. Amer. 6 – an 1844 re-drawing of petroglyphs from a single rock made by Hermann Karsten. The rock is commonly called Piedra de los Indios and is located in the Carabobo state of Venezuela, by the road from Puerto Cabello to Valencia.2 Both the re-drawing and the actual petroglyphs are currently the subject of the doctoral research of Karolina Juszczyk from the University of Warsaw. Ms. Amer. 9 – a colonial legal document in Spanish of unknown provenance and dating. As of now, it is unstudied. Ms. Amer. 12 – an incomplete handwritten copy of the Explicación de el Catechismo en lengua guaraní by Nicolás Yapuguay, printed in 1724. Ms. Amer. 13 – also an incomplete manuscript copy of a Christian religious text in Guaraní. Both this item and Ms. Amer. 12 came to Berlin in the nineteenth century from Brazil, brought by Ignaz von Olfers, director of the Royal Museum in Berlin. Ms. Amer. 14 – a handwritten book in Purépecha (an indigenous language of western Mexico) containing sermons for all the Sundays in the year. Ms. Amer. 15 – a manuscript in Quechua (an indigenous language of Peru) containing prayers and devotionals for the Stations of the Cross. 1 Humboldt Fragment VII is available online at https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/ object/E_Am2006-Drg-236 (accessed February 1, 2021). 2 Karolina Juszczyk, personal communication.

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In 1947, a description of Ms. Amer. 14 was published in Mexico (Bankmann 1970, 136). To our knowledge, no one has further studied this item or Ms. Amer. 15. Complementary to this collection is a group of six beautifully made facsimiles of precontact Mexican codices: an 1896 color edition of Codex Vaticanus B no. 3773 of what is known as the Borgia Group of manuscripts, with a study by Francisco del Paso y Troncoso (Ms. Amer. 11); an early twentieth-century edition of the Troano Codex (Zs 14623) and an 1892 edition of the Codex Cortesianus (Zs 14652), both in color – these two codices are now known to be parts of the same ancient Mayan book known as the Madrid Codex;3 a 1932 printed re-drawing of the Mayan Dresden Codex by William Gates (Zs 14590); a 1909 edition of the Mayan Codex Peresianus, also by Gates, based on black and white photographs taken in 1864 (Zs 14620); and a 1902 color edition of the Mixtec Codex Zouche-Nuttal (Zs 16442). While the American collection gathered before World War II by the SBB is now physically divided between two countries, attempts have begun to put it together on academic grounds. One such attempt is the ongoing project Materialanalytische und kulturhistorische Untersuchungen von kolonialzeitlichen Handschriften aus Mexiko in Berlin und Krakau (“Physical analysis and cultural history of the Mexican colonial manuscripts in Berlin and Cracow”) directed by Angelika Danielewski from the SBB and Renate Nöller from the Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, BAM) in Berlin. The results of their research provide essential data for the study of all the Manuscripta Americana pieces, including the Marquesado census.4 The three fragments of the Marquesado census from Cracow thus form part of the collection gathered by German scholars and librarians before World War II. While the war and post-war periods were accompanied by many unusual circumstances, such as moving the Mexican manuscripts to secluded locations, exposing them to the risk of looting and loss, and hiding them behind the Iron Curtain, their pre-twentieth-century history is equally fascinating and complex. It starts with the acquisition catalog of the SBB, according to which each of the three items came to Berlin from a different source:

3 We would like to thank Katarzyna Mikulska for bringing this to our attention. 4 For the most recent publication of this project, see Danielewski, Nöller 2019.

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Ms. Amer. 35

King Frederick William IV of Prussia donated this manuscript in June 1834 to the Royal Library in Berlin.6 It was given accession number Cat. Acc. No. 484 in the acquisition register of the library. The manuscript includes a description in German specifying that it is from Hermann the merchant (Kaufmann Hermann), who had acquired it at a flea market in Mexico City. When it reached the library, the census fragment most likely was in the form of a bundle of loose folios. According to the usual librarian practice, seals were placed on the first and last folios of the manuscript. These are now fols. 1r and 74v, which suggests that after placing the seals, the order of at least these two folios remained unchanged. However, fol. 75r also displays the seal of the Royal Library, indicating that its original position might have been different and only after some consideration was it moved to the end of the item, replacing fol. 74 as the final folio (see Ch. 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” p. 40). In Berlin, all of the seventy-five amatl folios were sewn together and provided with a cover. To this, librarians added twenty-three loose cards, described by various publications as Erg.-Bd. (for Ergänzungsband, “supplementary volume”), and, at the beginning, one card with a brief description of the census and some insights as to the provenance of the manuscript, which was bound to the folios. The twenty-three loose cards, now fully incorporated into Ms. Amer. 3, beginning from fol. 77, include notes on vocabulary, abbreviations, and names appearing in the volume. These notes were handwritten by Johann Carl Buschmann (1805–1880), a librarian and specialist in German studies, who was the author of the book Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nördlichen Mexiko (“Traces of the Aztec language in northern Mexico”) issued in 1859. We do not know when his notes came into existence, yet Buschmann, a collaborator of Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt, learned about the manuscript as early as at the stage of acquisition. Letters from Alexander von Humboldt to Buschmann from June 19 and 26, 1834, mention the “Mexican manuscript,” acquired for 100 thalers by the king for the Royal Library (Nachlass von Alexander von Humboldt 13/1: 87–90).7 Ms. Amer. 3 was the subject of research by Walter Lehmann (1878–1939) at the beginning of the twentieth century. There are notes and attempts to 5 SBB, Handschriftenabteilung, Cat. Acc. 557,2 includes a description of the manuscripts from the Manuscripta Americana collection. 6 The manuscript was described in the acquisition register of the SBB (Handschriftenabteilung, Akcessionsjournal) as “Manuscriptum Aztecanum (Don. Regis. Augustissimi m. Junio).” 7 See the letter from June 26, 1834: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/358622/edition/ 342139 (accessed April 25, 2019).

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transcribe the manuscript in his legacy in the item classified as IAI Y 4238 (volume 1 – handwritten notes, volume 2 – a typed transcription and copy drawings on carbon paper). Lehmann also identified Ms. Amer. 8 and one of the items from Ms. Amer. 10 as “pieces of Ms. Amer. 3” (see below) (IAI Y 423,1: 40).

Ms. Amer. 8

The Manuscripta Americana catalog (SBB Cat. A 557,2) describes this item as 4 Stücke eines Abgaben-Verzeichnisses auf 2 Blättern folio in altamerikanischer Sprache (“four pieces of the collecting registry on two folio cards in an indigenous American language”). It was acquired in the summer of 1862 and given accession number Akc. 6940.9 As the collection received Mss. Amer. 7–9 at the same time, some scholars suggest that Ms. Amer. 8 could have been of the same provenance as Ms. Amer. 7, namely from the legacy of Carl Uhde (1792–1856), a German merchant and collector.10 Ulf Bankmann (1970, 131–132), however, writes only that these three pieces – Mss. Amer. 7, 8, and 9 – were acquired “at the same time” (gleichzeitig).

Ms. Amer. 10

The Manuscripta Americana catalog (SBB Cat. A 557,2) describes this item as Hieroglyphen und Schriftstücke in Mexicanischer Sprache, im ganzen zehn, auf Agavepapier, auf der Capilla de Nu[estra]. Sen[iora] Auf der Pyramide von Cholula (“Hieroglyphs and documents in the Mexican language, all ten on agave paper, from the Chapel of Our Lady of the Pyramid of Cholula”). As we have already mentioned, Ms. Amer. 10, which was acquired for 70 thalers in 1867 and had accession number Akc. 9410,11 consisted of ten various pieces. The “Chapel of Our Lady” to which the catalog description refers is most likely the Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, which stands on top of the great pyramid in Cholula, Mexico. Perhaps the bundle of manuscripts was, at some point, kept in the church. Before arriving at the library, it was owned, according to the acquisition register, by “Carl in. Neustadth. Eb. Walde,” to whom Walter Lehmann (1906, 321) referred to as Reisender Carl aus Neustadt-Eberswalde (“traveler Carl from Neustadt-Eberswalde”) and Reisender 8 9 10 11

Kept at the Ibero-American Institute (Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut, IAI) in Berlin. SBB, Handschriftenabteilung, Akcessionsjournal. Angelika Danielewski and Renate Nöller, personal communication. SBB, Handschriftenabteilung, Akcessionsjournal. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Ritter aus Freienwalde (“traveler Ritter from Freienwalde”) (IAI Y 423,1). In 1901, Lehmann identified one of the ten pieces as being part of Ms. Amer. 3 (in fact, as we now know, both were parts of the same vast census) and excluded it from the collection (IAI Y 423,1: 40), inadvertently saving it from loss. He described the remaining nine pieces, presenting three of them at the congress in Stuttgart in 1903 and then in the post-conference publication (Lehmann 1906, 321).

BnF Ms. Mexicain 393

While pieces of the Marquesado census were gradually finding their way to the SBB over the course of three decades, their sister document, Ms. Mexicain 393, also traveled to its European destination: the BnF in Paris. Neither the source nor the precise date that the Parisian library received this manuscript is known. It was surely before 1855, when José Fernando Ramírez put together the handwritten catalog of the Mexican manuscripts of the then-Imperial National Library.12 He gave call numbers from 1 to 11 to the Mexican manuscripts, with the Marquesado census fragment classified as call number 10 (which is why it is now sometimes called Ancien Nº 10) (Omont 1899, 62).13 Based on Ramírez’s catalog, we can also suspect that the library received Ms. Mexicain 393 after 1832, as, following library practice, acquisitions were registered according to the order of receipt (although obviously, this is not an absolute rule), and the library received the manuscripts with call numbers 1–9 and with known provenance just before 1832. The only hint as to who the previous owner of Ms. Mexicain 393 was is a signature on fol. 33r that says “Barón y Conde Martín Corchado.” We have not been able to trace any person of that name and title in nineteenth-century Spain or Mexico. However, Mexican documents mention two Martín Corchados. Although not noblemen, they were both quite impressive figures. One of them sold several Aztec items found in Tlatelolco to the National Museum in Mexico City before 1827 (Icaza and Gondra 1827). The other, a resident of Atlixco, in the 1850s engaged in sulfur mining at the slopes of Popocatepetl volcano (LaFevor 2012, 82).14 Sadly, neither of them seems to have a connection to any Nahuatl manuscript, and a supposition that they adventurously usurped a noble title and signed Ms. Mexicain 393 would be too far-fetched. 12 Paris, BnF MM 427. 13 For more information on the Ancien Fonds, including the Mexican manuscripts at the BnF, see Durand-Forest and Swanton 1998. 14 We would like to thank Szymon Gruda for gathering the information on the two known Martín Corchados. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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The provenance of Ms. Mexicain 393 of the BnF is, thus, even more obscure than the provenance of the three Berlin items. Only thanks to José Fernando Ramírez can we narrow down the date of its acquisition to the period between 1832 and 1855. Ramírez also provides the first known link between the Parisian manuscript and the three volumes kept at the BNAH in Mexico City. His description of Ancien N° 10 states, “Loose folios of agave paper of medium quality, produced in the Mexican language with our alphabetic writing. The Mexican museum holds many of the same shape and character in the form of volumes. The majority is parochial registers of marriages, baptisms, and burials” (BnF MM 427, p. 34r). Apart from the erroneous identification of the contents of Ms. Mexicain 393, Ramírez’s note is very informative. First, it proves that, like Ms. Amer. 3, the Parisian manuscript was also originally in the form of a bundle of loose folios. They must have been bound in a volume, the form that the manuscript has now, after 1855 and perhaps in 1898, which is the date that appears on the front page. The seals of the Imperial National Library in Paris have been placed on fols. 1r, 5r, and 36v (the latter is now the final folio of the volume), suggesting that French librarians might have initially considered fol. 5r as the beginning of the manuscript.

BNAH Col. Antigua 550, 551, and 552

Ramírez’s note also tells us something about the three Mexican items of the Marquesado census. We learn that not only were they at the “museum” before 1855 but also by that time, they had been bound into volumes and provided with covers, which is the form that they have today. The museum mentioned by Ramírez was the National Museum of Mexico, which came into being in 1825 through a decree of the first president of independent Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria (Brito Guadarrama 2017, 126). This institution preceded the present National Museum of Anthropology, of which the BNAH forms part. In January 1826, the museum acquired for its then-small library the collection of Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci.15 This eighteenth-century Italian historian had spent seven years in New Spain, searching for old manuscripts, and eventually managed to gather around 160 of them. He lost his impressive collection in 1743 when the viceroy accused him of illegal activities and expelled him to Spain. From that moment, Boturini’s findings traveled through various Mexican institutions, diminishing in number along the way, until the reduced collection 15

For more information on the history of the BNAH’s holdings, see Caballero 1927. We would like to thank Baltasar Brito de Guadarrama for bringing this work to our attention.

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finally reached its haven in the National Museum. The state of the collection in 1743 can be, however, reconstructed based on several catalogs, some of them of Boturini’s authorship (Glass 1975). Walter Lehmann owned a copy of the catalog published by Boturini in 1746 in the book titled Idea de una nueva historia general de la América septentrional (“A concept of a new general history of North America”) (IAI Y 284). In his handwritten notes on the Marquesado census fragments, Lehmann referred to this catalog, clearly linking Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10 to some items on the list (IAI Y 423,1: 40). Indeed, the section of the catalog titled Libros raros contains descriptions of manuscripts that sound particularly familiar (see Ch. 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10” for details concerning the present BNAH Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550)): 1. A large volume of Indian paper and in the Nahuatl language. It consists of 65 sheets written on both sides, where church officers noted, for their purposes, all the baptized people of the main town of Vitzila (…); 2. Another similar, composed of 94 sheets written on both sides, of the same paper and language, where is described the main town of Tepuztla with the adjacent towns, which are Tlacatecpa, Tlalnepantla, Teycapa, Calitec, Tepetitla, Tlacouhca, Acxotla, Amatla, and Tepetlapa, with the exact number of houses, as well as married Indians and youngsters in each town (…); 3. Another similar, composed of 119 sheets written on both sides, of the same paper and language, with a complete description of the towns of Molotlan, Atepan, Tenanco, Alacatlan, Tlacatecpan, Texihuaca, Tezcacohuac, Conquechuacan, Totla, Tepetenchic, Dedepan, Tlacolpa, Zacanco, Tepeyahualco, Panchimalco, and Tonallapan, following the style of the predecessors. Boturini Benaduci 1746: 47–48, translation by Julia Madajczak

There is no doubt that these three items correspond to the present vols. 550 (earlier 549), 551 (earlier 550), and 552 (earlier 551) of BNAH’s Colección Antigua, even though Boturini erroneously identified the contents of the former. Thus, although the BNAH keeps no acquisition registers, thanks to the eighteenthcentury catalog, we can trace back the provenance of its three Marquesado census items to Boturini’s collection. His description suggests that already in 1743 – the last time Boturini saw them, long before the time of Ramírez – the manuscripts had the form of bound volumes, although their present covers came later. We do not know how and where Boturini acquired the volumes, but by that time, they had probably already been separated from the rest of the census. Since no other item in the Italian collector’s catalogs matches Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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the fragments held in Europe, the BJ and BnF census fragments must have come from different and unknown sources. Significantly, not a single folio of the Marquesado census can be found in the Mexican General National Archive (Archivo General de la Nación, AGN). In 1929, the AGN received holdings of the Hospital de Jesús – the oldest Mexican hospital, founded by Don Hernando Cortés, which housed the ample documentation of the Marquesado del Valle. Today, these documents constitute the Ramo Hospital de Jesús at the AGN. Among them are numerous early colonial manuscripts, including land and tribute-related codices known as Códices indígenas de algunos pueblos del Marquesado del Valle de Oaxaca of a roughly similar dating as the census. The absence of at least a few pieces of the sixteenth-century census in this collection suggests that it either never found its way to the Hospital de Jesús or it was separated from the rest of the Marquesado holdings before they were moved to the AGN. Acknowledgment We would like to thank Marta Potiuk for translating parts of this chapter from Polish. Her translation was submitted to the editing process, and any errors are the editors’. Bibliography Bankmann, Ulf (1970), “Manuscripta Americana der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin,” in Verhandlungen des XXXVIII. Internationalen Amerikanistenkongresses: StuttgartMünchen, 12. bis 18. August 1968, Munich: Klaus Renner Verlag, vol. 2, pp. 127–138. Boturini Benaduci, Lorenzo (1746), Idea de una nueva historia general de la América septentrional, Madrid: Imprenta de Juan de Zuñiga. Brito Guadarrama, Baltazar (2017), “La Biblioteca Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Tres perspectivas,” Antropología 1, pp. 125–134. Buschmann, Johann Carl (1859), Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nördlichen Mexiko und höheren amerikanischen Norden: Zugleich eine Musterung der Völker und Sprachen des nördlichen Mexico’s und der Westseite Nordamerika’s von Guadalaxara an bis zum Eismeer, Berlin: Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. Caballero, J. Guadalupe Antonio (1877), “La Biblioteca del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía,” Anales del Museo Nacional 4: 5, pp. 168–223. Danielewski, Angelika and Renate Nöller (2019), “Zerfallen, zerteilt, zerschnitten: die Humboldt Fragmente IX–XII und ihre Rekonstruktion,” Das Altertum 64, pp. 99–116.

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Durand-Forest, Jacqueline de, and Michael W. Swanton (1998), “Un regard historique sur le fonds mexicain de la Bibliothèque Nationale de France,” Journal de la Société des Américanistes 84: 2, pp. 9–19. Glass, John B. (1975), “The Boturini Collection,” in Wauchope, Robert, dir., Handbook of Middle American Indians. Vols. 14–15. Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources. Parts Three and Four, ed. Howard F. Cline, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, pp. 473–486. Icaza, Isidro, and Isidro Gondra (1827), Colección de las antigüedades mexicanas que ecsisten [sic] en el Museo Nacional, México, [Museo Nacional?]. LaFevor, Matthew C. (2012), “Sulphur Mining on Mexico’s Popocatépetl Volcano (1820– 1920): Origins, Development, and Human-Environmental Challenges,” Journal of Latin American Geography 11: 1, pp. 79–98. Lehmann, Walter (1906), “Einige Fragmente der Mexikanischen Bilderhandschriften,” in Internationaler Amerikanistenkongreß, Stuttgart 1904, Berlin: Verlag von W. Kohlhammer, pp. 321–342. Mentz, Brígida von (2003), “Documentos en náhuatl en Cracovia,” Desacatos 12, pp. 163–170. Nachlass von Alexander von Humboldt (from the former Prussian State Library in Berlin). Fragment of a private manuscript archive. Biblioteka Jagiellońska, Cracow. Omont, Henri (1899), Catalogue des manuscrits mexicains de la Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris: Librairie Émile Bouillon.

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Chapter 3

Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10 in Relation to the Marquesado Census Corpus Julia Madajczak In a letter to Bishop Don Vasco de Quiroga, written on November 20, 1537, Viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza explained in detail his preferred format for the Marquesado census. For each registered household, he wanted the census takers to begin with the “Indian” and Christian names of the householder. The census should then list the householder’s marital status and whether his wife was legitimate or illegitimate; how many children they had and of what age; what kind of tribute and other services they paid or conducted; whether they were dependent on another household or not; and where the householder came from (Paso y Troncoso 1942, 24–25). While we cannot be sure if the census whose fragments have survived in Mexico, France, and Poland was made based on Mendoza’s instructions, the similarity between the instructions and the fragments is striking. In all the existing fragments of the Marquesado census, the central organizational unit is a household (calli). In the BJ fragments, every household entry starts with a number, followed by the name of the householder (usually a male) and his spouse, if he is married. The scribe notes the number of children living with the householder, gives the name of the “first” (apparently, the oldest), and, if he or she is not married, he takes note of their age. At that point, he lists all the other individuals in the house – both relatives and servants or slaves of the householder. If someone has a Nahuatl rather than a Christian name, the census indicates that they have not been baptized. The next section of the entry refers to economic matters. The scribe first notes the amount of land worked by the family, either using Mesoamerican units of measurement (cuahuitl, “rod” or matl, “arm;” see Ch. 10, “Glossary of Nahuatl Terms,” pp. 149–150) or not determining the measurement system. Subsequently, we learn whether the householder delivers any of the five types of tribute and the amount he pays. The first three, tlacalaquilli (lit. “what has been placed inside”), tetlacualtilli (lit. “what has been fed to people”), and nemapohpohualoni (lit. “a device for cleaning hands”), were paid in woven cloth. Occasionally, an entry would include information that the tetlacualtilli involved a standard kind of cotton tribute cloth (cuachtli), while nemapohpohualoni was paid in narrow sheets of cloth (canahuac) (see Ch. 10, “Glossary Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004457119_005 José Luis

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of Nahuatl Terms,” pp. 147–149). The fourth type of tribute consisted mostly of foodstuff: eggs, shelled maize, and cacao beans; the latter was also used as currency throughout Mesoamerica. The fifth type of tribute is described as “going to work in Cuauhnahuac,” most likely in order to assist the Marqués in his various enterprises – cultivating his fields, delivering food, mining, or doing construction work – or to serve at his palace (Martínez 1992, 12). The entry concludes with the sequence of officials in charge of passing the tribute to the Marqués and a calculation of the total number of household inhabitants. A few additional details appear throughout the entries. Sometimes, a householder has a specific profession that he performs as his tribute duty, for example, gardening (#1)1 or carpentry (#124–#129, #373–#374, #376). At other times, tribute payment involves extra items, like a skirt (#24). In several households live dependents (itech pouhqueh and icnihuan) of other people (e.g., #55 and #85). A few residents are pointed out as coming from a different area (e.g, a person from Xochimilco in #375). Finally, there are officials, called tlapachoa (“he who governs” or “a person in charge”), of administrative units on various levels. They always live in the houses that are recorded first within these particular units (e.g., #22, #70, or #130). The structure of the entries and the type of information they provide are consistent throughout the BJ items, as well as throughout BnF Ms. Mexicain 393 and BNAH Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550), which includes the initial part of the Tepoztlan record. On the other hand, the two remaining volumes of the BNAH in Mexico City, identified as concerning the area of Yauhtepec, differ to some degree from the rest of the corpus. While they include the majority of the kinds of data mentioned above, they are much more narrative and use a richer vocabulary. As in Don Antonio de Mendoza’s instruction, they tend to give both the Christian and traditional names of the recorded people, whereas BNAH Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550) and the European fragments skip the Nahuatl name if a person has been baptized. The Yauhtepec volumes list all the children in the household instead of just the oldest one, giving their names and ages. They also have more to say about tribute payments (which in this area encompassed a broader array of produce), the sizes and quality of the fields, and social differentiation in the registered communities. On the other hand, they lack some of the information present in the BJ and BnF items as well as in Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550) of the BNAH. The Yauhtepec volumes do not number houses in the way that the rest of the corpus does: they begin with number “1” for the first house of each calpolli (an administrative unit smaller than an altepetl), continue up to “20,” and start the cycle all over again with the twenty-first house numbered as “1” (see Ch. 8, “Administrative Structure,” pp. 125–127). They also 1 Numbers with # refer to household entries in Ch. 12, “Transcription and Translation.” Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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omit the section that details all the officials involved in collecting the tribute. Most significantly, however, they do not contain annotations, which are one of the fascinating features of the BJ census fragments. More than half of the entries in BJ Ms. Amer. 3, 8, and 10 conclude with an annotation or two, which provide a follow-up on the lives of people recorded in the main text of the census. These annotations also appear in BnF Ms. Mexicain 393 and BNAH Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550), where some of them are in Spanish. Most annotations appear next to an R-shaped mark, which may stand for the Spanish revisado (“reviewed”) and is another concluding element of the majority of the entries but is absent from the Yauhtepec volumes (see Ch. 4, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10: The Scribes,” p. 58 and Ch. 5, “The Creation and History,” p. 73). The annotations for the most part talk about deaths, births, and marriages of household members, their relocations to and from different towns or calpolli,2 and divisions of the family unit leading to the creation of a new household. This section adds valuable data on social dynamics to the BJ fragments, but also paints a vivid picture of individual people of the Marquesado lands. The migrations, for example, were not always peaceful or legal. Several families fled their homes (e.g., #13, #335), though some runaways changed their minds and returned (#229). Other families fell apart when a husband moved away and abandoned his wife (#360) or the other way around: in Tollan, a woman left her spouse and one of her two children (#234). There are also several interesting stories of female slaves. One freed herself by marrying out of the household (#131) and another two were recorded as “slaves” by mistake (#132; in this particular case, the women in question could have been the concubines of the householder). In yet another case, we meet a woman named María, who in the main text is labelled a “slave.” The annotation corrects it to “not a slave,” but María herself angrily protests against this correction, claiming that she is by no means a free woman (#133). Another exciting feature of the BJ, BnF, and BNAH Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550) census fragments is the section that explains in detail the entire way tribute traveled from an individual household to the hands of the Marqués. Some families, usually those without land or those headed by a specialized professional (a carpenter or a gardener, who contributed with his work rather than tribute in kind), did not pay tribute. However, each entry concerning a family that made payments includes a statement on how their tribute reached the Marqués. The chain of officials could be short, involving only three people, for example, “[The householder] gives his tribute to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués” (#87); or very long, up to six individuals: “Francisco collects 2 Similarly to the term altepetl, calpolli has a plural form, calpoltin, but it refers to a group of people rather than an administrative unit (Hicks 1982, 245n2). Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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the tribute of [the householder], gives it to Toribio, and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués” (#341). As noted by Frederick Hicks (1982, 241), such hierarchies of tribute collectors also existed in other regions of the Aztec state before the Spanish conquest. Comparison of the names of tribute collectors with the names of the tlapachoah (pl. of tlapachoa), or those in charge, shows that they were the same people. For example, the head of the town of Xiuhcomolco was Zacancatl (#87), and in the document, Zacancatl is the person who firsthand collects the tribute in all the houses in Xiuhcomolco. Unfortunately, the fragmentary character of the BJ manuscripts means that it is not possible to trace the complete sequence of tribute officials to which Zacancatl (or any other lower-level tribute collector) was part of. In order to do this, one needs to refer to the Parisian Ms. Mexicain 393. The bulk of this volume consists of the record of the calpolli of Calihtec, whose tlapachoa was Agustín (BnF MM 393, fol. 4r). Agustín was in charge of passing the tribute from all of Calihtec to the Marqués. However, he did not always collect it firsthand. Three towns in Calihtec had minor leaders: Antón governed Huicpalecan Tenantitlan (BnF MM 393, fol. 19r), Juan governed Tepetenchic Tenantitlan (BnF MM 393, fol. 23r), and Francisco governed Olac (BnF MM 393, fol. 26r). Each of them was in charge of collecting tribute in their respective communities and passing all the goods to Agustín, who in turn delivered them to the Marqués. The hierarchies of tribute collectors described in the census thus reflect the administrative organization of the Marquesado del Valle’s altepetl (see Ch. 8, “Administrative Structure,” pp. 114–115). Pedro Carrasco (1976, 102) observed that the piece of the census known as Ms. Mexicain 393 of the BnF must have been part of the records about Tepoztlan, because Calihtec was one of the principal calpolli of Tepoztlan. The first section of Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550) of the BNAH explains the basic structure of the altepetl of Tepoztlan. It contains the statistics for the population of the entire city-state divided into categories of married men, unmarried men, unmarried women, and children (BNAH CA 551, fols. 1–4). The document groups these people into nine calpolli: Tlacatecpan, Tlalnepantla, Teicapan, Calihtec, Tepetitlan, Tlalcouhcan, Acxotlan, Amatlan, and Tepetlapan. The record of only one of these administrative units – Tlacatecpan – has been included in Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550). Since it is the only complete record of one of Tepoztlan’s nine major calpolli, it constitutes the best source of information about the system of tribute collection and administrative organization in the altepetl. The census states that the leader of Tlacatecpan, the first calpolli of Tepoztlan, was named Francisco and that he presided over people grouped in four locations (nahvca monoça calpoleque, BNAH CA 551, fol. 32v). This means that Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Tlacatecpan, itself being a calpolli, was divided into four smaller cal­polli. The census gives the name of neither the first administrative unit nor its leader, but the following three administrative units were Tlaxomolco, headed by Antón; Molotlan, headed by Francisco; and Xoxocotlan, headed by Miguel. Presumably, the first second-level calpolli of Tlacatecpan was also named Tlacatecpan, and its leader was the same Francisco that governed the first-level calpolli (see Ch. 8, “Administrative Structure,” p. 118). Each of the four second-level calpolli included small communities or towns that also had their respective leaders. The hierarchies of tribute collectors reflect this structure. In the entire first-level calpolli of Tlacatecpan, heads of villages collect the tribute of households that are their responsibility. They then pass the tribute to the leaders of the secondlevel calpolli (Francisco, Antón, Francisco, and Miguel), and these leaders give it to the Marqués. The system differs from that of Calihtec in that the head of the entire first-level calpolli does not collect tribute from the leaders of the secondlevel calpolli, but instead, the latter are in charge of delivering the goods to the Marqués. Understanding the system of tribute collection in the Tepoztlan census3 is beneficial for analyzing the composition of the BJ manuscripts. While the BJ (and earlier, the SBB) cataloged them under three call numbers, they, in fact, consist of eight separate fragments: five in Ms. Amer. 3, two in Ms. Amer. 8, and one in Ms. Amer. 10 (Table 3.1). The first fragment of Ms. Amer. 3 (fols. 1–24) ends with a complete entry with annotations (#129). We can see that the following page must form part of another fragment because it begins halfway through a word (#348). This piece (fols. 25–31) ends with the blank verso of folio 31: implicitly, the last page of a more extensive section of the census. The third fragment (fols. 32–73) is the complete record of the lowerlevel calpolli of Comoliuhcan, concluded with a note in Spanish that refers to edits made in the census (see Ch. 5, “The Creation and History,” p. 72). It is followed by folio 74, which has no heading and displays the seal of the Royal Library in Berlin, indicating that it was initially the last page of the volume (Fig. 3.1a). A similar seal appears on the last folio (fol. 75), suggesting that it was moved to its current position sometime after fol. 74 was sealed (see Ch. 2, “Manuscripta Americana,” p. 29 ). In the tiny Ms. Amer. 8, each of the two folios forms a separate fragment: both folio 1 and 2 begin halfway through 3 Throughout this book, when we refer to the “Tepoztlan census” or “Tepoztlan census fragments,” we mean all the known pieces of the Tepoztlan census scattered among the BJ, BnF, and BNAH collections. In contrast, when we want to refer only to the fragments published in this book, we either explain it explicitly or speak of the “BJ census fragments” (note that they also include two matching folios of the BnF). Finally, the “Marquesado census” includes both the Tepoztlan items of the three libraries and the two volumes of the BNAH hypothetically identified by previous scholars as being connected to Yauhtepec. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

Mss. Amer. 3, 8, & 10 in Relation to the Marquesado Census Corpus Table 3.1

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Composition of the BJ and BnF items

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

BnF mm 393

fols. 1–24 fols. 25–31 fols. 32–73 fol. 74 fol. 75

fol. 1 fol. 2

fols. 1–4

fol. 1 fol. 2 fols. 3–36

an entry and end with a complete record of a house, checked off with a “reviewed” mark. Ms. Mexicain 393 of the BnF also has a complex composition (Table 3.1). Its first folio begins with a heading for the lower-level calpolli of Ixtlahuacan, followed, as expected, by the description of house 1. It ends halfway through the record of house 4, with folio 2 beginning in the middle of house 8, making each of the first two folios a separate fragment. The remaining part of the volume includes the incomplete record of the first-level calpolli of Calihtec, consisting of incorrectly numbered folios. The record lists 149 houses, while the statistics in Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550) of the BNAH claim that there were 170 households in Calihtec. This discrepancy suggests that the record of twenty-one houses or, approximately, five to ten folios, has been lost from this section of the Tepoztlan census. Only three fragments of the BJ and the BnF holdings can be identified as connected to the specific calpolli of Comoliuhcan, Ixtlahuacan, and Calihtec through headings. The eight remaining fragments, some of which are very tiny, lack any direct identification, but one of the ways in which we could try to match them to the Tepoztlan record is through the hierarchies of tribute collectors. For example, we can safely conclude that the two loose folios of BJ Ms. Amer. 8 belong to the same section of the census, as they both claim that the person who collects tribute is Juan and he passes it to Don Pablo, who hands it over to Domingo before the goods finally reach the Marqués (Table 3.2). This consistency suggests that although neither of the two folios of Ms. Amer. 8 is a direct continuation of the other folio, both of them describe households located in the same small community governed by Juan, subordinate to a calpolli headed by Don Pablo, itself belonging to a larger administrative unit whose leader was Domingo. Table 3.2 shows a provisional reconstruction of the sections of the Marquesado census from pieces held at the BJ and the two unidentified folios from the BnF. The collection of these fragments resembles a jigsaw puzzle, and Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Table 3.2 Hierarchies of tribute collectors in the unidentified fragments in the BJ and BnF. Names marked with * appear in headings in the respective sections from the right column. Names marked with ° are tentatively ascribed to the levels of administrative organization

First-level calpolli

Second-level calpolli

Third-level calpolli

Town

Census section

Pablo° Pablo° Pablo° Pablo°

Don Pablo°

Domingo* Alonso* Zacancatl* Juan*

BJ MA 3, fols. 1–24

Domingo Domingo

Don Pablo Don Pablo

Juan° Juan°

BJ MA 8, fol. 1 BJ MA 8, fol. 2

Domingo Domingo Domingo Domingo Domingo

Don Pablo Don Pablo Don Pablo Don Pablo Don Pablo

Toribio* Toribio Toribio Toribio Toribio

BnF MM, fol. 1 BJ MA 10, fols. 1–4 BnF MM, fol. 2 BJ MA 3, fol. 74 BJ MA 3, fol. 25–31

Domingo°

Juan*°

Francisco Francisco Francisco

BJ MA 3, fols. 32–73

putting them in order is indeed very much like trying to put one together. The first step is to group pieces that display the same or similar sequences of tribute collectors, as they most likely belong to the same administrative unit and hence, the same section of the manuscript. The most interesting results arise from the group represented by the sequence of Francisco to Toribio to Don Pablo to Domingo to the Marqués. Amazingly, this small set of sixteen folios includes pieces not only from two items of the BJ collection (BJ MA 3 and BJ MA 10), but also from two different European libraries. Had it not been for the first folio of the Parisian volume, we would not have known that Toribio, who collects tribute throughout Ms. Amer. 10 of the BJ, was the leader of the third-level calpolli of Ixtlahuacan. This folio begins with a heading saying, “Here is the third calpolli called Ixtlahuacan, where Toribio is in charge” (yzca yquecalpuli ytocayoca yxtlavaca ōc[a] tlapachova toribio), making it the first folio of the Ixtlahuacan section. Folio 2 of the BnF introduces

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yet another link in the chain: Francisco. He must have been the head of a village, but since the page with the heading has perished, we do not know its name. Most surprisingly, folio 74 of BJ Ms. Amer. 3 may be a direct continuation of folio 2 of BnF Ms. Mexicain 393, because it begins with the next house number. The last household on Ms. Mexicain 393 fol. 2 is numbered “11,” and the first household on Ms. Amer. 3 fol. 74 is “12.” The possibility that the latter comes from a different twenty-household set than the former is not that large, as villages rarely exceeded twenty houses (see Table 8.3). The most surprising finding, however, is the relationship between folio 74 of Ms. Amer. 3 and folio 25 of the same volume. As Fig. 3.1 shows, the former ends with the first line of an entry that says, “Here is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Gonzalo, his wi … (yciva …).” The entry continues on folio 25: “… fe’s (.vh) name is Magdalena. He has five children: the first one’s name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Ana. Gonzalo’s field is fifteen rods,” etc. To further prove the consistency, the next household on folio 25 is “the sixteenth house.” A look at the hands on both folios shows why the person who created Ms. Amer. 3 from several separate pieces did not recognize that the folio he numbered 74 should, in fact, be placed right before folio 25. Each of the two folios display very different handwriting, which is why they do not seem to belong together, especially to a person who is in haste or does not read Nahuatl. However, the text of the census proves that folio 74 directly precedes the fragment consisting of Ms. Amer. 3 fols. 25–31. The last folio of this piece is, at the same time, the last folio of the Ixtlahuacan section, with the verso left blank. The attempts to assemble the Marquesado census jigsaw puzzle eventually showed that the pieces held at the BJ belong to three different sections of the document. Ms. Amer. 10, as well as folios 25–31 and 74 of Ms. Amer. 3, constitute fragments of the record of “the third calpolli,” Ixtlahuacan, headed by Toribio. Most likely, Don Pablo, to whom Toribio passed the tribute, was the leader of a second-level calpolli, which, in turn, belonged to one of the nine major calpolli of Tepoztlan, governed by Domingo. The same high-level sequence (Don Pablo to Domingo) appears in Ms. Amer. 8, but the name of the leader of the third-level calpolli is different: Juan. This suggests that Ms. Amer. 8 may be part of the record of a sister calpolli of Ixtlahuacan. The next section is represented by folios 32–73 of Ms. Amer. 3, which form the complete record of the “fourth calpolli called Comoliuhcan.” Although it is tempting to place this section right after “the third calpolli” Ixtlahuacan, the two most likely belonged to different sets of calpolli. At the time of taking the census, the head of Comoliuhcan was Juan, and he passed his tribute directly to Domingo, who then handed it to the Marqués. If Comoliuhcan had been part of the same set of calpolli as

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a.

b. Figure 3.1 The entry beginning on fol. 74v of BJ Ms. Amer. 3 (a) and ending on fol. 25r of the same volume (b) Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library

Ixtlahuacan and the community described by Ms. Amer. 8, the sequence of tribute collectors would have included Don Pablo between Juan and Domingo. Finally, folios 1–24 of Ms. Amer. 3 are part of yet another section of the census, where the official who answered to the Marqués was Pablo. Surprisingly, along with tribute collectors, carpenters are of much help when it comes to organizing all the fragments of the BJ census. For unknown reasons, the scribes treated this professional group somewhat separately from the rest of the population, placing their household entries at the end of the calpolli sections and often supplying them with the heading “Carpenters.” Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

Mss. Amer. 3, 8, & 10 in Relation to the Marquesado Census Corpus

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This occurs in the Ixtlahuacan record, where two carpenters, referred to on BJ MA 3, fol. 31r, are only followed by one other person, a Xochimilco immigrant (#375), after which, the blank fol. 31v suggests the end of the section. Likewise, in the Mexican BNAH Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550), the last three houses of the entire volume are inhabited by carpenters, and their entries are preceded by a heading (BNAH CA 551, fol. 96r). An exception to the rule can be found in the Parisian Ms. Mexicain 393, where two carpenter households are placed in the middle of the record, separated by several regular entries. These two, however, lack headings and therefore are different from the other discussed examples. My opinion is that similarly to households on Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 31r and Col. Antigua 551, fol. 96r, the six entries (#124–#129) preceded by the heading “Carpenters” on Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 24 most probably marked the end of a more extensive section. The same applies to the single, unidentified folio 75 of Ms. Amer. 3, whose only household entry (#376) refers to a carpenter, while the verso of the folio remains blank. Several traits of the BJ items point to these manuscripts being part of the Tepoztlan record. The overall layout, the structure of the information within the entries, and the presence of revision marks and annotations distance them from the Yauhtepec volumes and at the same time make them similar to both Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550) of the BNAH and the Calihtec record of the BnF. In the 1960s, Carrasco identified Ms. Amer. 3 as part of the Tepoztlan census from the mere description of the then-lost Berlin manuscript (Bankmann 1970, 130n20). Of course, we cannot be sure if along with Yauhtepec and Tepoztlan, the Marquesado census did not cover any other large altepetl of the region described in a similar way to Tepoztlan. However, the fact that two folios of the sections held at the BJ ended up in Paris suggests a close relationship between the Polish and French fragments of the census (see Ch. 5, “The Creation and History,” pp. 74–75), with the French fragments mostly dedicated to the description of one of the nine calpolli of Tepoztlan. Annotations to the BJ pieces provide an additional hint. Some of the most common locations to and from where the registered people migrated are seven of the nine major calpolli, with the exclusion of Teicapan and Amatlan. Most likely, these calpolli were in relative proximity to the communities described in the BJ pieces, which again suggests that the Polish fragments belong to the record of Tepoztlan. The fact that the scribe who wrote the statistics at the beginning of Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550) was able to make calculations concerning all nine calpolli of Tepoztlan indicates that the census originally included all nine records. To date, from this extensive documentation, the complete record of Tlacatecpan (the first calpolli) and an almost complete description of Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Calihtec (the fourth calpolli) have survived. If the remaining fragments indeed belong to the Tepoztlan census, as the data gathered so far seem to imply, is it possible to ascribe them to the actual first-level calpolli? One of the problems with this consists of establishing how many first-level calpolli are represented in the BJ pieces. In the sequence of Domingo to Don Pablo to Toribio or Juan, Domingo is most likely the leader of a first-level calpolli because the census does not register a hierarchy of calpolli larger than three levels (Table 3.2). However, as the record of Tlacatecpan shows, the official closest to the Marqués in the tribute collection chain could also be the head of a second-level calpolli. This alternative leaves doubt regarding the positions of both the second Domingo (BJ MA 3, fols. 32–73) and Pablo (BJ MA 3, fols. 1–24). Were they leaders of two different first-level calpolli? Alternatively, were they both subordinate to an unnamed head of the same first-level calpolli? Surprisingly, an attempt to identify the BJ pieces with the records of seven administrative units – Tlalnepantla, Teicapan, Tepetitlan, Tlalcouhcan, Acxotlan, Amatlan, or Tepetlapan – provides a possible answer to these questions. Each of the sections of the BJ census fragments contains a relatively large number of houses. The partial record of the unit headed by Pablo (BJ MA 3, fols. 1–24) includes 129 households. Comoliuhcan (BJ MA 3, fols. 32–73) consists of 174 houses, and it is classified as the fourth (second- or third-level) calpolli, which means that the entire set of calpolli probably constituted a vast subdivision of more than 400 households. The section including Ixtlahuacan (BJ MA 10, BJ MA 3 fols. 25–31 and 74, and BnF MM 393, fols. 1–2) and an anonymous third-level calpolli headed by Juan is the smallest: partial records mention only 69 houses. However, Ixtlahuacan is “the third calpolli,” which implies that the set included at least two other administrative units that were only third-level calpolli, not counting all the calpolli of the second level. In all, the first-level subdivision of Tepoztlan, to which Ixtlahuacan belonged, must have included several hundred houses. The sizes of these three sections very much narrow down the choice among the seven calpolli of Tepoztlan, because, as the statistics of Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550) claim, four of them – Tepetitlan, Acxotlan, Amatlan, and Tepetlapan – consisted of less than 100 households and one – Tlalcouhcan – had only 115 houses. Thus, only two first-level calpolli of Tepoztlan are likely candidates for the communities registered in the BJ pieces: Tlalnepantla (with 560 houses) and Teicapan (with 469 houses). In the annotations to the main entries, only the citizens of Ixtlahuacan migrated to the calpolli of Tlalnepantla (#370), which suggests that Ixtlahuacan could not have belonged to this first-level subdivision of Tepoztlan, leaving Teicapan as the only option. On the other hand, as we will see in Chapter 8 (‟Administrative Structure,” p. 118), the main town, or center, of Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

Mss. Amer. 3, 8, & 10 in Relation to the Marquesado Census Corpus

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the calpolli usually bore the name of the calpolli. It would, thus, make sense for the people of the calpolli of Tlalnepantla to frequently travel to or come from (the town of) Tlalnepantla, and indeed this is the case in both Comoliuhcan and the unidentified unit headed by Pablo. Piecing together fragments of the vast corpus of documentation scattered among three countries and missing a significant chunk is a fascinating and very satisfying process. Through forensic-like work of scrutinizing the content of the documents, we may not be able to give all the answers, but we can at least suggest some well-grounded hypotheses. The above analysis has served as a basis for the selection and establishment of the reading order of the fragments of the Marquesado census published in this volume. The primary assumption is that all the items held at the BJ once belonged to the Tepoztlan record. Until presently unknown fragments of the census show up in archives or private collections and allow this hypothesis to be tested, the present study assumes that the pieces from the BJ form part of two first-level calpolli records: those of Teicapan and Tlalnepantla. The former includes the third-level calpolli of Ixtlahuacan and its sister calpolli headed by Juan. The records of both Comoliuhcan and an unidentified administrative unit headed by Pablo are likely to be fragments of the records of Tlalnepantla. I assume that neither of the two leaders responsible for passing the tribute directly to Cortés was Tlalnepantla’s tlapachoa, similarly to the system in Tlacatecpan, where the first-level leader did not participate in the tribute collection sequence. Since the first two folios of BnF Ms. Mexicain 393 proved to be part of the Ixtlahuacan record, they have been included in this edition and taken into account when establishing the tentative reading order of the manuscript. Table 8.1, includes an attempted reconstruction of the entire administrative structure of Tepoztlan. Bibliography Bankmann, Ulf (1970), “Manuscripta Americana der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin,” in Verhandlungen des XXXVIII. Internationalen Amerikanistenkongresses: StuttgartMünchen, 12. bis 18. August 1968, Munich: Klaus Renner Verlag, vol. 2, pp. 127–138. Carrasco, Pedro (1976), “Estratificación social indígena en Morelos durante el siglo XVI,” in Estratificación social en Mesoamérica prehispánica, eds. Pedro Carrasco and Johanna Broda, México: Secretaría de Educación Pública, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, pp. 102–117. Hicks, Frederic (1982), “Tetzcoco in the Early 16th Century: The State, the City, and the ‘Calpolli’,” American Ethnologist 9: 2 (May), pp. 230–249.

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Martínez, José Luis (1992), ed., Documentos cortesianos. Vol. 4, 1533–1548, Secciones VI (Segunda Parte) a VIII, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México – Fondo de Cultura Económica. Paso y Troncoso, Francisco del (1942), ed. and comp., Epistolario de Nueva España, 1505–1818. Volumen 16. Apéndices e índices, México: Antigua Librería Robredo, de José Porrúa e Hijos.

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Chapter 4

Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10: The Scribes Szymon Gruda In the fragments of the Marquesado census held at the BJ, we can distinguish up to seven different hands in the main body of the text (i.e., not counting the annotations). They have been classified here with the use of the uppercase Latin letters A–G. The letters are ascribed to the hands according to the order that they appear in the BJ corpus without regard to the reconstructed order of the folios. The lowercase Greek letters α and β are ascribed to the hands used in the headings and annotations.

Hand A

The handwriting is in casual but legible humanistic letters. Each entry begins with a thick diagonal (right-to-left) line (Fig. 4.1a). The ascenders and descenders of the letters b, h, k, l, p, q, and t usually have no loops or serifs; the exceptions are the ligatures ch and tl, in which there is a loop on the ascender of the second letter (Fig. 4.1b). The d is usually of the uncial type, sometimes with an almost horizontal stem (Fig. 4.1c), but most often with a closed loop (Fig. 4.1d). The g is of the single-story type, with a prominently curved descender beginning in the left part of the minim (Fig. 4.1e). There is prominent use of the i longa after l, m, n, r, and u (Figs. 4.1b, 4.1c, 4.1d). The two letters whose forms are perhaps the most characteristic for this hand are x and y; both are written with two strokes, with the second stroke curving to the right and ending well below the baseline; in consequence, the two letters are sometimes hard to distinguish (Fig. 4.1e). This handwriting appears in the following parts of the corpus: BJ Ms. Amer. 3, fols. 1–24 and BJ Ms. Amer. 8 (entire document). It is extremely similar to hand α used in the headlines and annotations, written probably by the same person.

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© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004457119_006 José Luis

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Gruda a. Beginning of an entry with the word yzca. House #9, BJ MA 3, fol. 2r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

b. Word chantli. House #2, BJ MA 3, fol. 1r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

c. Proper name domingo. House #313, BJ MA 8, fol. 2r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

d. Proper name domingo. House #314, BJ MA 8, fol. 2r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

e. Phrase y caxtolcali. House #112, BJ MA 3, fol. 21v. Note the letters y and x. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library. Figure 4.1 Hand A’s writing samples



Hand B

The handwriting is in humanistic letters, less casual than A. There are several significant differences with the previous hand. A sign made of two lines – a thin, horizontal one, and a much thicker, vertical line – forming an angle (Fig. 4.2a) signals the beginning of each entry. The letters with ascenders are generally loopless and have very prominent serifs; the last statement is true especially of the letter t (Fig. 4.2b); only in the ligature tl (but not in ch) is there a loop on the l. The i longa is used after m, n, and u, but not after l, and it rarely connects to the previous letter. The descender in g starts in the left part of the minim and forms a closed or almost closed compartment; often, a serif is present in the right part of the minim (Fig. 4.2c). The y is written with a single stroke, sometimes to the point of resembling the modern phonetic sign

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ŋ (Figs. 4.2a and b). Finally, the x is formed from two equal strokes, neither of which descends below the baseline (Fig. 4.2d). This handwriting is used in BJ Ms. Amer. 3, fols. 25r–29v (to line 3 of the latter folio) and BJ Ms. Amer 10 (fol. 2r, lines 4–16; fol. 2v, lines 1–5 and 8–22; fol. 3r; and fol. 3v lines 1–8). Another fragment, probably written in the same hand, is BJ Ms. Amer. 3. from line 10 of fol. 30v to line 16 of fol. 31r, where most letter shapes are similar, but the writing is elegant, almost calligraphic. Most probably, the fragment was written by the same person, but working slower and more carefully (Fig. 4.2e). a. Beginning of an entry with the word yzca. House #347, BJ MA. 3, fol. 25v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

b. Word ytoca. House #347, BJ MA 3, fol. 25v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

c. Proper name domingo. House #347, BJ MA 3, fol. 25v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

d. Proper name malquex. House #347, BJ MA 3, fol. 25v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

e. Phrase ce ytoca domingo. House #373, BJ MA 3, fol. 31r. Note the similarity in letters t and g to Figs. 4.2b and 4.2c, but also the distinct, calligraphic quality of the handwriting. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library. Figure 4.2 Hand B’s writing samples

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Gruda

Hand C

This hand is only present in a small part of BJ Ms. Amer. 3: fol. 29v (from line 3) to line 9 of fol. 30v. The handwriting seems to change abruptly from hand B to hand C in line 3. The handwriting is casual but legible; the sign of the beginning of a paragraph is similar to that of hand B (Fig. 4.3a). Unlike in hand B, the letters p and t have no serifs (Figs. 4.3b and c); in the letter p, the vertical line ascends above the median, making it similar to þ (Fig. 4.3b). The g has a very elaborate descender, starting on the right or in the middle of the minim with a leftwards stroke, which then turns abruptly to the right and curves once more to the left (Fig. 4.3c). The descender of y is prominent and curved to the right (Figs. 4.3a and b), whereas the x is similar to its counterpart in hand A, with the second stroke elongated and often descending below the baseline (Fig. 4.3a). An especially striking feature of this hand is the use of an open variant of the letter e (Fig. 4.3d). a. Beginning of an entry with the phrase yzca yc caxtolcali. House #366, BJ MA 3, fol. 29v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

b. Phrase y nemapopovaya. House #366, BJ MA 3, fol. 29v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

c. Phrase ytoca domingo. House #366, BJ MA 3, fol. 29v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

d. Word eyty. House #367, BJ MA 3, fol. 29v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library. Figure 4.3 Hand C’s writing samples

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Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10: The Scribes



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Hand D

This hand is strikingly different from the others present in the corpus. The writing is calligraphic and ornate, but also very dynamic, with elaborate descenders and looped ascenders. There is also a strong distinction between thin and thick lines. Some letters, especially k and f (rarely used in Nahuatl texts), can have a distinctly Gothic quality (Figs. 4.4a and b). Each paragraph is introduced with a sign made of two lines forming an angle (Fig. 4.4c). The t has a prominent rightwards serif (Fig. 4.4d) unless it is joined to the following letter (Figs. 4.4a and e). The y is ŋ-shaped but written with two strokes (Figs. 4.4c and d). The descender of y (Figs. 4.4c and d), the second stroke of x (Fig. 4.4e), and the cedilla in ç (Fig. 4.4f) are elongated and ornate. In the a. Proper name Katharina. House #341, BJ MA 3, fol. 74r. Note the distinctive Gothic shape of the letter k. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library. b. Proper name francisco. House #341, BJ MA 3, fol. 74r. Note the distinctive Gothic shape of the letter f. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library. c. Beginning of an entry with the word yzca. House #343, BJ MA 3, fol. 74v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

d. Word ytoca. House #343, BJ MA 3, fol. 74v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

e. Phrase ya navhxivitl. House #375, BJ MA 3, fol. 31r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

f. Phrase ye çotl. House #342, BJ MA 3, fol. 74r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library. Figure 4.4 Hand D’s writing samples Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Gruda

manuscripts from the BJ, this handwriting is present in Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 31 (lines 17–23) and fol. 74, as well as Ms. Amer. 10, folios 1r to 2r (lines 1–4), fol. 2v (lines 6–7), and fols. 3v (from line 9) to 4v.

Hand E

The writing is in a relatively small and even humanistic script, in general more angular than hands A, B, and C. Every entry starts with either a single diagonal line (Fig. 4.5a) or a sign made of two lines forming an angle (Fig. 4.5b). The ascenders are straight and usually loopless, except for h and l in tl, which often display a loop. Characteristic is the use of uncial d, with a curved ascender, similar to the Greek letter δ (Fig. 4.5c), although d with a straight ascender and, rarely, an 8-shaped d also occur. The letter g has a distinctive, elaborate open descender (Fig. 4.5c). The letter p can have an elongated vertical line with a serif, once more resembling þ (Fig. 4.5d). This handwriting is present in folios 32r–57v of BJ Ms. Amer. 3. a. Beginning of an entry with the word yzca. House #152, BJ MA 3, fol. 37v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

b. Beginning of an entry with the word yzca. House #154, BJ MA 3, fol. 38r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

c. Proper name domingo. House #153, BJ MA 3, fol. 38r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

d. Phrase ce ypilçin. House #154, BJ MA 3, fol. 38r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library. Figure 4.5 Hand E’s writing samples Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10: The Scribes



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Hand F

The handwriting is neat and, although the letters are quite small, it has a certain dynamic quality, undoubtedly due to the distinction between the thick and thin lines. The entries are introduced with a single diagonal line (Fig. 4.6a). A characteristic feature of this hand is an elongated cedilla in ç, which is often more prominent than the minim of the letter; frequently, this results in the letter ç resembling a long z or the modern numeral 5 (Fig. 4.6b). The second stroke of x is also elongated with a thin line (Fig. 4.6c). Another characteristic feature is the dot in i (in both short and long i), which has the form of a thin diagonal rightward line (Fig. 4.6b). The minim of the letter g displays a seriflike angle in its right part; the minim is open and simple – overall, the letter is similar to the number 9 (Fig. 4.6d). This handwriting occupies a sizable part of BJ Ms. Amer. 3, namely fols. 58r–73r. a. Beginning of an entry with the word yzca. House #242, BJ MA 3, fol. 60v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

b. Word ypilçin. House #252, BJ MA 3, fol. 62r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

c. Phrase y malquex. House #252, BJ MA 3, fol. 62r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

d. Proper name domingo. House #275, BJ MA 3, fol. 66v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library. Figure 4.6 Hand F’s writing samples

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Hand G

This hand has written only a tiny fragment of the extant text: six lines on folio 75r of BJ Ms. Amer. 3; of these, only lines 4–6 are not damaged. The small size of the sample makes it hard to exclude that hand G is the same as one of the other hands used in the corpus. Notably, there are apparent similarities to hand F in the shape of the letter g (Fig. 4.7a) and, to a lesser extent, ç (Fig. 4.7b). However, other features of hand F, such as a thin line instead of a dot in i, are not present (Fig. 4.7c). a. Proper name domingo. House #376, BJ MA 3, fol. 75r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

b. Phrase ça ce. House #376, BJ MA 3, fol. 75r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

c. Word acticate. House #376, BJ MA 3, fol. 75r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library. Figure 4.7 Hand G’s writing samples



bj ms. Amer. 3, Fol. 73v

This page contains only a short note written in Spanish. Unlike all the hands used in the Nahuatl text, the handwriting is exceptionally casual and very hard to decipher. It seems extremely unlikely that any of the scribes labeled here as hands A–G wrote this fragment.

…

After creating the main body of the census, a second layer of text, consisting of notes and headings, was added. Since it includes very short and formulaic statements, paleographic analysis of this part of the corpus is much more difficult. Additionally, the small size of the letters, dictated by the necessity to fit the annotations into the available space, could have influenced the more individualized features of the handwriting. However, it seems that at least two distinct hands can be identified, for which I will use lowercase Greek letters. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10: The Scribes



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Hand α

This hand seems to belong to the person responsible for the majority of the annotations and headings. Characteristic of this hand are the shapes of the following letters: one-compartment g with an open descender (Fig. 4.8a), the ligatures ch and tl with loops (Fig. 4.8a), and x, whose second stroke is elongated and curved (Fig. 4.8b). The last feature in particular resembles hand A: it is possible, but not in any way guaranteed, that hands A and α are the handwriting of the same person. a. Proper name domingo tochtli. House #79 (annotation), BJ MA 3, fol. 14r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library. b. Word omoxeloque. House #373 (annotation). BJ MA 3, fol. 31r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library. Figure 4.8 Hand α’s writing samples



Hand β

The second set of annotations, most probably written by a different person than hand α, is characterized by the presence of large initial letters O (Fig. 4.9a) and C (Fig. 4.9b). This feature is not present anywhere else in the corpus. a. Word omic. House #262 (annotation), BJ MA 3, fol. 64r. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

b. Phrase ce omic. House #265 (annotation), BJ MA 3, fol. 64v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

Figure 4.9 Hand β’s writing samples.

It is possible that more hands were involved in writing some of the other annotations.

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Revision Marks

Almost every entry of the census is given a “reviewed” mark (Fig. 4.10a). Since the marks sometimes overlie the writing, they have undoubtedly been written after the main body of the text was created (Fig. 4.10b). The vast majority of the “reviewed” marks look almost identical, and occasional small deviations from the ideal form are not consistent or in any way indicative (Fig. 4.10c). It is possible that all, or almost all, marks were written by a single person; on the other hand, we cannot exclude the possibility that several people, striving to achieve consistency, used a similar manner of checking off reviewed entries. a. A “reviewed” mark. House #164, BJ MA 3, fol. 40v. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

b. A “reviewed” mark. House #316, BJ MA 8, fol. 2v. Note that the mark overlies the letter n (part of the word caltin), apparently present in the document at the time of writing the mark. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

c. A “reviewed” mark. House #197, BJ MA 3, fol. 50r. The small deviation from the ideal model represented more closely by Figs. 4.10a and b seems to be purely incidental. Courtesy of the Jagiellonian Library.

Figure 4.10



“Reviewed” marks

Hands Used in Other Parts of the Corpus

In the part of the Marquesado census held by the BnF, we can see the unmistakable presence of hand D on fols. 1–2 (Fig. 4.11a); some of the headings also seem to be written in hand A (Fig. 4.11b). We can also once more see annotations written in hands α and β, as well as “reviewed” marks identical to those Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10: The Scribes

a. House #319 ( fragment), BnF MM 393, fol. 1r, undoubtedly written in hand D. Courtesy of the Bibliothèque nationale de France.

b. Heading for the calpolli of Ixtlahuacan, BnF MM 393, fol. 1r. Seemingly written in hand A: notice in particular the shape of x. Courtesy of the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Figure 4.11

Writing samples from BnF MM 393, fols. 1–2

used in the BJ documents. On the remaining folios of the BnF manuscript, not included in the present edition, two other hands are used in the main body of the document and one hand in the headings. In the part of the corpus held at the BNAH, we can see once more hands A, B, C, and D, as well as – in the annotations – α and β; the “reviewed” marks also do not differ from those in the BJ and BnF manuscripts.

Paleographic Data and the Reconstruction of the Original Order of the Folios

When comparing the changing of handwriting throughout the BJ and BnF manuscripts with the reconstructed order of the folios (see Ch. 12, “Transcription and Translation”), we can notice that in many cases, several scribes participated in writing down the data from one calpolli. As far as the annotations are concerned, there is no discernible pattern in their distribution; it seems clear that the person (or, more probably, at least two people) who wrote them worked on all the calpolli after the document had been completed. The same is true for the “reviewed” marks, which are consistent throughout the documents. Table 4.1 presents the relationship between the hands and the calpolli. Since in many cases, one page contains passages written in different hands, numbers in parentheses indicate the lines of the page, wherever necessary. It is worth noting that in several cases, an entry that begins toward the end of one page is then continued on another in different handwriting. There are also cases where the handwriting changes over the course of a page within one entry, or even within a single line.

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Table 4.1 The distribution of the hands in BJ MA 3, 8, and 10, as well as on the first two folios of BnF MM 393

Calpolli

Houses

(Tlalnepantla?) #1 to #129 Comoliuhcan

heading #130 to #225

(Teicapan?) unidentified Ixtlahuacan

#226 to #305 #306 to #311 #312 to #318 heading #319 to #322 #323 to #326

Manuscript, folios, lines

Hand Comments

BJ MA 3, fols. 1r to 24v BJ MA 3, fol. 32r (1–2) BJ MA 3, fol. 32r (3–19) to 57v BJ MA 3, fol. 58r–73r BJ MA 8, fol. 1rv BJ MA 8, fol. 2rv BnF MM 393, fol. 1r (1–2) BnF MM 393, fol. 1r (2–18) to 1v BJ MA 10, fols. 1r to 2r (1–4)

A

BJ MA 10, fols. 2r (4–16) to 2v (1–5) BJ MA 10, fol. 2v (6–7) BJ MA 10, fols. 2v (8–21) to 3v (1–8) BJ MA 10, fols. 3v (9–17) to 4v #337 to #340 BnF MM 393, fol. 2rv #326 to #328 (beginning) #328 (fragment) #328 (end) to #331 #332 to #336

A E F A A A D D

B (?) D B

The handwriting changes from hand D to B (?) toward the end of line 4 on 24 Within a single entry (#328), the handwriting changes to hand D for two lines and then back to hand B.

D D

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Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10: The Scribes Table 4.1 Distribution of the hands in BJ MA 3, 8, and 10 (cont.)

Calpolli

Unidentified



Houses

Manuscript, folios, lines

Hand Comments

#341 to #344 (beginning) #344 (end) to #365 (beginning) #365 (end) to #371

BJ MA 3, fol. 74rv

D

BJ MA 3, fols. 25r to 29v (1–3)

B

BJ MA 3, fols. 29v C (3–23) to 30v (1–9)

#372 to #374 BJ MA 3, fols. 30v (beginning) (10–20) to 31r (1–16) #374 (end) to BJ MA 3, fol. 31r 375 (17–23) #376 BJ MA 3, fol. 75r

B

D

Entry #344 starts on 74v, written in hand D, and then continues on 25r in hand B. Similarly, entry #365 starts on 29v in hand B, and toward the end of line 3, the handwriting changes to hand C. The handwriting changes from hand B to hand D near the middle of entry #374.

G

Conclusions

The most obvious conclusion from the above analysis is that several, perhaps as many as nine, different people participated in the creation of the main body of the BJ census fragments (consisting of the household entries). In some cases, sizable portions of text are written in one hand – for example, twentyfour folios in BJ MA 3, which covered one, unidentified, calpolli. In other cases, a section devoted to one lower-level calpolli uses more than one hand, for example, two for Comoliuhcan and three for Ixtlahuacan. The analysis of the latter section is especially enlightening: we see several times that the handwriting changes mid-page, even mid-line and mid-sentence, sometimes in short intervals of space. It is, therefore, clear that the document in its present form originated as a copy created from a draft, perhaps in the form of loose files. Most probably, a group of people was working on copying the document, taking turns.

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Apart from the entries, the document contains headings and annotations. Some headings were apparently written in the same hand as the subsequent text and, most probably, during the process of copying. More usually, however, the headings were added, probably after making the bulk of the document, by other scribes (three of them, as it seems), who were, perhaps, supervising the work. Below almost every entry is a “reviewed” mark, most probably written by a person who, in some manner, controlled the accuracy of the contents of the document. Although it is impossible to prove that the same person made all the marks, it could very well be the case. It is also probable that the person who made the marks was the same one who was responsible for the annotations; especially given that in most cases, the color of the ink matches. Many entries, but not all of them, were given short notes updating the content of the entry. At least two people working throughout the document wrote these annotations sometime after the main text had been completed. Finally, it seems that at least one person (hand A/α) was involved in both stages of the creation of the manuscript: this hand can be seen both in the main body of the text and in the annotations.

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Chapter 5

The Creation and History of the Tepoztlan Census Julia Madajczak, Szymon Gruda and Monika Jaglarz The fragments of the Marquesado census held at the BJ are testimony of how the native communities of New Spain were thriving, but at the same time, its repeated references to the Marqués are a constant reminder of the presence of colonial authorities in the lives of the people of Tepoztlan. Like any other source that arose from a colonial background, it above all prompts the questions of how much control the natives had over its production and to what degree it resulted from the imposition of European models. The answers are essential for both a critical reading of the Tepoztlan census and an understanding of how it came to be. Who designed the format of the document? Who chose what information it should contain? Who wrote this information down? Many types of mundane colonial Nahuatl documents, such as testaments or municipal records, did not have their counterparts or precedents in the Central Mexican precontact writing tradition. However, various sources tell us that local communities maintained records of their lands and tribute before the arrival of the Spaniards. Some scholars believe that the Marquesado census arises from this pre-Hispanic cadastral documentation (e.g., Harvey 1985, 279, Williams and Harvey 1997, 6). Brígida von Mentz (2008, 103) suggests that the census merely adapts a traditional form of native documentation by using alphabetic writing. James Lockhart (1992, 364), on the other hand, wonders if the manuscript is a transcription of the oral recitation of an actual pictorial document, made initially by the scribes authorized to take the census. The Tepoztlan record, as well as other sixteenth-century population counts, holds the key to verifying these hypotheses. In the 1540s, the precontact graphic way of communication (Mikulska 2015 uses the term “graphic communication system” or GCS) was still vivid in the Marquesado region. In 1549, the noblemen of the area of Cuauhnahuac engaged in a land dispute with Cortés, presenting drawn cadastral documents known today as Códices indígenas de algunos pueblos del Marquesado del Valle de Oaxaca (AGN 1983). While these manuscripts focus on the description of cultivated plots of land rather than the people who worked these plots, other regions provide non-alphabetic censuses that were created at a similar time as the Tepoztlan record. One of the most famous is the Codex of Santa María Asunción produced in Tepetlaoztoc (the Tetzcoco area) and composed of three Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004457119_007 José Luis

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Figure 5.1 A sample entry from the Codex of Santa María Asunción (drawing by Julia Madajczak after Williams and Harvey 1997, fol. 2r). The annotations were written later than the graphic content. A blackened face indicates that the person had died.

registers: two land-related and one dedicated to the population count. The structure of the latter very much resembles the Tepoztlan census (Fig. 5.1). Entries are grouped into units of twenty, with five households on each folio. They begin with the household head and work their way through all the inhabitants of the house always in the same order: the wife, children, other dependent relatives, and non-relatives of the household head. The age, gender, and marital status of the depicted people are indicated through their hairstyle, distinctive marks on the face (wrinkles for older people, tears for widows or widowers), and accessories. Different types of roofs on the calli (house) glyphs refer to ethnicity (Harvey 1985, 276–277; Williams and Harvey 1997, 23). We can easily imagine that a similar document could have potentially served as a basis for producing the alphabetic text of the Tepoztlan record. Although no precontact censuses have survived to our times, some early colonial sources suggest that the native people of New Spain had a custom of counting their tribute-payers. Fray Diego Durán (2006, 226) mentions that indigenous writing included histories, laws, ordinances, and censuses. In the territory of the Marquesado del Valle, Don Hernando Cortés himself observed that before anyone bought or inherited a piece of land, the tequitlahtoh, or tribute official, would first verify its status in his “register of lands and citizens of that neighborhood” (la matrícula o copia que tiene de las tierras y vecinos de aquel barrio) (Martínez 1992, 186). According to some colonial authors, native communities regularly updated these documents in order to keep up with the changes in population and land tenure. This is particularly interesting when thinking not only about the annotations to the Tepoztlan record, but also about the signs of the re-use of the Codex of Santa María Asunción, to which, over a period of thirty years, the scribes added graphic information on deaths and, possibly, migrations occurring within families (Harvey 1985, 276–278; Fig. 5.1). Another Nahuatl source, however, sheds a different light on the practices described by the chroniclers as native. Ordenanzas para el gobierno de Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Quauhtinchan, año 1559 is an instruction written by Fray Francisco de las Navas expressing the Franciscan idea of a perfect “Indian” state (Reyes García 1972, 246–247). Navas suggests that the members of the city council of Cuauhtinchan take a census each year within two weeks of their installment. He explains in detail what kind of information they should consider: “[in the document], the married people will be recorded separately; also separately will be counted the widows and widowers; also separately will be recorded the single women and men. And [the census taker] will record how old each of them is within each of the twenty-household units. Also, he will record where their district (tlayacac) is. Also, in each of the districts (tlayacac) will be recorded the children who have just been born and the deceased.”1 This instruction could have also been issued, with minor changes, for the officials responsible for preparing the Tepoztlan census, so closely do the census and this instruction correspond with each other. Although Fray Francisco de las Navas recommended structuring the collected data within the native administrative framework (twenty-household units and tlayacac), it is doubtful that all of his ideas arose from the traditions he observed among his flock. More likely, he tried to adopt the practice of his cultural background to the native altepetl of New Spain, fostering the creation of a utopian Franciscan state built by new Christians. If this were true, he would not have had much trouble finding a model for census taking, because by the second half of the sixteenth century, this administrative procedure was already flourishing in the Iberian Peninsula. The most extensive Spanish census of Francisco de las Navas’s era is known as Censo de pecheros and represents the type called vecindario, or list of taxpayers. It was taken between 1528 and 1536 by the order of Charles I, who wanted to ensure that there were no discrepancies between the size and wealth of communities and the amount of the Servicios de Su Majestad, or king’s tax, they were paying. Five years later, in 1541, the establishment of a new tax called Servicio Extraordinario forced the royal officials to revise the census (Censo de pecheros 2008, IX). While Censo de pecheros only includes statistics of town populations with the total tax paid by each town, it is possible that the notaries who prepared it worked with more detailed lists of householders. Some of the field notes the notaries worked from were perhaps similar to another standard early modern format of the census called callehita, which recorded 1 yn oncan cecean hycuiliuhtozque yn omonamictique no ceccan pouhtozque yn icnoçiva yn icnohoquichtin no ceccan hicuiliuhtozque in ichpopochtin yn telpopochtin yvan ycuiliuhtiyez y ya quequezque xiuhtiya impan in cecentecpanpixque no ycuiliuhtiyez in campa ytlayacatiyan no ycuiliuhtozque yn pipiltotontin yn yequin vallacati yvan in miqui yz cecentlayacatiyan (Reyes García 1972, 288). Translation by Julia Madajczak.

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all the inhabitants of a town, street by street and household by household. A document of this type, the 1561 padrón de Santa Olalla, lists every single taxpayer and their servants, for example, “Diego de Rabanal, a widower, has two farmhands: one of them is named Pedro Etevanes, a citizen of this town; the other is named Pedro, son of Alonso Cano, a citizen of this town.”2 However, as George Ryskamp (2002, 15) claims, some callehita censuses would not only give the names of the household head and “all residents in each household, but often provide relationships, ages, and even occupation and financial worth.” In other words, the callehita records did not considerably differ from the sixteenth-century censuses of New Spain discussed here. Although both the Tepoztlan census and the Codex of Santa María Asunción were undoubtedly produced by native scribes who wrote in Nahuatl using Latin characters or used elements of the traditional GCS, the context for both documents was colonial tribute payments. The making of the codex was connected to the visit in Tepetlaoztoc of Judge Don Pedro Vázquez de Vergara, commissioned by Viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza to assess the ability of the local population to pay a new levy. At that time, Tepetlaoztoc was an encomienda, or landholding, of Gonzalo de Salazar, who was taking full advantage of its resources to the detriment of his vassals (Williams and Harvey 1997, 1–3). Tepoztlan, on the other hand, was part of the Marquesado del Valle’s holding, where Don Hernando Cortés was fiercely fighting with the Spanish crown for the most substantial possible income he could withdraw from his grant. As we saw earlier, he tried to influence the format of the census ordered by the Royal Audiencia on his lands, though the officials of the colonial administration made the final decisions. The manuscript held at the BJ may owe its general layout to Viceroy Mendoza, who, in turn, was fulfilling the king’s orders aiming to end the prolonged conflict over the Marquesado tribute (Paso y Troncoso 1942, 26; see Introduction, pp. 7–8; Ch. 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” pp. 36–37). Of two possible models for the Tepoztlan census – the precontact graphic Mesoamerican population records and the Spanish callehita – we can only consult the latter. No pre-Hispanic census has survived to our times, and brief mentions in early colonial writings of conquistadors and friars allow for the reconstruction of neither the exact format of the traditional documentation nor the kinds of information that were of interest for Nahuatl-speaking communities. Early colonial codices like the Santa María Asunción can help in imagining how precontact Nahuas counted their people, but they can also 2 diego de Rabanal viudo tiene dos mozos el uno se llama po etevanes vzo de esta villa otro se llama po hijo de alo cano vzo desta villa (Archivo General de Simancas, Expedientes de Hacienda 164, fol. 226v). Translation by Julia Madajczak.

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easily lead a scholar into a trap. Just because they use the Mesoamerican GCS does not mean that they are uninfluenced by the mundane European documents. If we “translated” the graphic population register of the Codex Asunción to alphabetic writing, it would look exactly like a callehita and, probably, for a reason: similarly to the Tepoztlan census, it was meant as a tool for use in colonial legal proceedings. Even updates or revisions of both documents do not necessarily represent a native cultural practice because, as the Censo de pecheros demonstrates, Spaniards also revised their censuses when they felt it was necessary. However, while it seems most likely that the colonial authorities orchestrated the taking of the Tepoztlan census, chose its format, and ordered the type of information to be collected, the writing and at least some of the fieldwork were the tasks of Nahuatl-speaking officials and scribes. As Mentz (2008: 196) observes, yet another party involved in the production of the document was the native nobility of the Marquesado lands, as well as tribute payers themselves. We have no way of establishing to what degree these groups of people with frequently conflicting interests manipulated the data included in the Tepoztlan census or whether they used the document for their own purposes after it was produced. We can assume, however, that their input surpassed a passive fulfillment of Spanish instructions. Few Nahuatl sources describe the procedure of taking a census, and if they do, it is usually because the authors felt that the Spanish officials somehow violated their rights. This is precisely the case in the Guatemalan petitions written in Nahuatl in the 1570s. They depict a scenario of coercion and abuse, with money and other resources forcefully taken from native nobility, denunciations of tribute evaders, imprisonments, and lashes. The person responsible for this havoc was licenciado Bernabé Valdés de Cárcamo, oidor (judge) of the Audiencia, who showed up in the area together with an interpreter and a notary. The trio traveled from town to town, staying in each for a week or two and collecting information for the census via local city council members (Dakin 1996, 14–16, 30). In the much later Tlaxcalan annals, Juan Buenaventura Zapata y Mendoza (1995, 454–456, 574) also describes the Spaniards as census takers. In one case, a local vicar registered people by summoning them town by town to one or more locations, usually churches. In another case, the census taker was a judge brought from Mexico by the Tlaxcalan governor. The only hint that the Tepoztlan census gives us as to who collected the data contained in it is a barely legible note in Spanish on the verso of fol. 73 of BJ Ms. Amer. 3. The note probably refers to some reorganization in the document and the moving of some of the registered household entries to a different section. It begins by stating, “forty-three houses of Don Toribio, which are from the neighborhood [i.e., calpolli] of Tenantitlan, were counted by Martín de Peralta.” In Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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the early or mid-sixteenth century, we can reasonably expect that Martín de Peralta was the name of a Spaniard,3 and the fact that the text even mentions his name suggests that he was only one of a group of census takers assigned to count the people of the Marquesado lands. Given the early stage of colonization, it is unlikely that these officials were able to communicate with the local people in Spanish. They probably only supervised the work done by Nahuatl interpreters and notaries, which would explain the choice of the language of the manuscript. Nothing in the Tepoztlan census points to the method adopted for the collection of the data: did the census takers rely on information provided by local leaders? Alternatively, like in Zapata y Mendoza’s annals, did they summon the entire population to several gathering places? Or maybe they called only for the household heads? Or indeed painstakingly traveled from house to house, inquiring about every single person that they encountered? An annotation to #133 includes a female slave’s claim (see Ch. 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” p. 38), which suggests that the reviews at least involved direct contact between the officials and the people they counted. Some details in the Yauhtepec census fragments indicate that the census takers spoke directly to the Marquesado people, though, at the same time, consulted some earlier documentation (Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen 1983, 1: XI). Perhaps the same system was adopted for Tepoztlan. While little can be said about the fieldwork done by the census takers, the manuscript contains a great deal of evidence regarding the work of the scribes. Some of the most informative features of the BJ items are errors that occasionally appear in the documents. For example, in #117, the scribe worked on the tribute section and the intention was to write the usual formula: ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl, “his tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth.” Typically, this kind of information would be followed by the enumeration of tribute in kind: cacahuatl (“cacao beans”), totoltetl (“eggs”), and tlaolli (“shelled maize”), all with respective amounts. In this case, the scribe first wrote the word cacavatl after the phrase ytetlacualtil ye çotl. A possible explanation for this is that, given three occurrences of the word zotl close to each other, either the scribe or the

3 For the evolution of naming patterns among the Nahuas, see Lockhart 1992, 117–130. José Luis de Rojas kindly helped us with searching for a Martín de Peralta. He found an encomendero of this name, who died before 1552 (Gerhard 1972, 130). The same or another Martín de Peralta was involved in investigating some mines in 1542 (Semboloni 2014, 278).

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person who was dictating to him4 mistakenly omitted the last occurrence and went directly to the next section. It appears, however, that they realized their mistake right away. The scribe crossed out cacavatl, added the information on the nemapohpohualoni tribute, and continued with the tribute in kind. Household entry #265 has another telling example. The scribe named the household head and his wife and proceeded to the first child of the couple, writing, y cē ytoca juā ycivavh ytoca maria, “the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is María.” However, either he or his assistant immediately noticed that they had gone several words too far. Instead of the data on children, they had copied the very next phrase, which contained information about the brothers-in-law of the household head: yn cē ytoca juā ycivavh ytoca maria. The reason for this mistake was the same beginning of the phrases concerning both the children and the brothers-in-law: y cē ytoca. When the scribe crossed out his error, he corrected it to y cē ytoca pedro ya chivhnavhxivitl, “the first one’s name is Pedro; he is nine years old.” Finally, #146 has an error, which may have involved a transfer of text not between two sections of the same entry, but between two adjacent household entries. At first, the scribe identified the wife of the household head, Francisco, as maria. He did not realize his error immediately but continued with the rest of the entry. Perhaps only when reaching #147 did he understand that he had accidentally copied information from this entry to #146. The head of #147 was also named Francisco, and his wife was María. The scribe went back to #146, crossed out maria and added magdalena above the crossed-out name. The type of errors that we have just discussed could only occur if a scribe was either copying a document or writing down what another person was reading aloud to him. This means that the Tepoztlan census as we know it today – all its fragments held in Mexico, France, and Poland – are not field notes taken directly from oral declarations of the censused population, but rather a clean copy produced by a group of scribes from an earlier manuscript. Another piece of evidence that supports this claim is the changing of hands throughout the Tepoztlan record. Typically, each scribe seems to have been responsible for producing large sections of text; perhaps several people worked simultaneously on copying an earlier manuscript divided into stacks of paper. Accordingly, hand A wrote what is possibly part of the Tlalnepantla record (twenty-four folios), hand E wrote the first twenty-three folios of the record of Comoliuhcan, and hand F completed the section with the last fifteen folios. This ordered pattern, however, collapses with the record of Ixtlahuacan, where 4 We would like to thank John Sullivan for his suggestion that the text of the Tepoztlan census might have been dictated to the scribes.

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hands change halfway through a line or even a word. The latter occurs in #344, which is broken between two folios: BJ Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 74v and BJ Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 25r (see Ch. 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” p. 43 and Table 4.1). Hand D started the entry and arrived at the bottom of the page, only managing to fit half of the word ycivavh there. The rest of the word fell at the top of the next folio, written in hand B (Fig. 3.1). The same hands alternate in #326, where hand D stopped writing in the middle of the line, and hand B finished the entry, then continued to the bottom of the page and started #328 on its verso. After a brief, two-line intervention from hand D, hand B took over again, finishing #328 and working until the end of #331. We are not able to account for such abrupt changes of the scribes. However, the fact that they knew exactly where to begin the job abandoned by their colleagues suggests that they worked with an alphabetic manuscript, copying its content either word by word or with only minor corrections or modifications. An extraordinary fragment of Ms. Mexicain 393 from the BnF provides even more evidence of the working style of the scribes. Fols. 4 and 5, which are part of the record of the first-level calpolli of Calihtec and have not been included in this publication (see Ch. 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” pp. 39–41), contain two versions of the same text.5 Fol. 5 was most likely written first, but for some reason, the scribe considered its recto inaccurate. Consequently, he produced another copy, which was later classified as fol. 4, crossed out the portion of text on fol. 5v that this time he had managed to fit on the recto of fol. 4, and filed the two folios together so that fol. 5v is now the verso of fol. 4r.6 Three types of discrepancies between the two texts – orthographic, syntactic, and contentrelated – prove that neither fol. 4 or 5 was copied from the other, but instead, they both derive from a common source. Table 5.1 shows a comparison of the two versions of the first entry on fols. 4r and 5r. All the differences have been underlined; numbers 1–3 indicate an example of each type of discrepancy. In the first case, the scribe wrote the word nahuintin, “four,” in two different ways: naviti and navhti, which is evidence of the unfixed orthographic rules for sixteenth-century Nahuatl. In the second case, the phrase “Agustín’s field” was first written in the order ymil (“his field”), y (subordinator), agusti, but in the second attempt, the scribe put the subordinator first, followed by agustin and ymil. Finally, the third example refers to the size of the field, which, in the second version, shrank from eighty-five (napovali omacuil) to sixty-five (yepovali omacuili) units of measurement. 5 For photographs of the original, see amoxcalli.org.mx. 6 In a renovation attempt, fol. 4 was glued to a piece of paper, which entirely covered its verso, making it unavailable for scholars. However, if our reconstruction of the creation process is correct, fol. 4v is most probably blank. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Two versions of the same entry in BnF Ms. Mexicain 393, © Bibliothèque nationale de France. Square brackets indicate that the text has been lost due to damage to the manuscript. We have managed to reconstruct some of it. Numbers in parenthesis indicate an example of a(n) (1) orthographic, (2) syntactic, and (3) content-related discrepancy between the two versions

BnF MM 393, fol. 4r

BnF MM 393, fol. 5r

yzca yc cecali ytoca agustin yçivavh ytoca mag[dalena] (1) ypilhua naviti y ce ytoca domingo teopa nemi ya navh­ xivitl ȳ agustin oca yna ytoca canac ao moquatequia ȳ agustin oca ycavh ytoca .ma. y agustin oca ymachi ytoca tecapa ao moquateq2 yn iyoquich ytoca domingo (2) ȳ agustin ymil (3) yepovali omacuili ytlacalaquil oçotl ytetlaqualtil yeçotl ynemapopovaya yeçotl. y cacavatl cepovaltetl omatlactl y totoltetl caxtoltetl y tlaoli yechiquivhtl ote­ quipanova y cuavhnavac yn intequivh y quinechicova ȳ agustin avh y agustin comaca y malquex: matlacti cate y cēcalin R

yzca yc cecali ytoca agustin yçivavh ytoca magdalena (1) ypilva navhti ce ytoca domingo teopa nemi ya navxitl. yn. agustin oca yna ytoca. canac ao moquateq2 oca yteycavh ȳ agustin yt[oca  …] oca ymachi ȳ agustin ytoca tecapa aoh moquateq2 y yoq[uich y]toca domingo (2) ymil y agusti (3) napovali omacuil ytlacalaquil […] çotl ytetlacualtil yeço ynemapopovaya […] ço y cacavatl cepovaltetl om[at]lactl t[otol]tetl caxtoltetl y tlaoli echiqui[vitl] ote[quipano]va cuavhnavac […] [ytequi]vh quinechicova agustin. avh y […] comaca y malquex matlactin ca[te y cenc]altin [revised]

For the scribe who produced fol. 5r (or for his supervisor), this portion of the work must have had too many flaws to be filed with the official version of the census. In the second attempt, when fixing the substantial errors that he had made (like the incorrect size of the field), the scribe also polished his syntax, adding more subordinators and producing better sounding sentences. His journey toward perfection may, however, indicate that the source he was using was far from being perfect, too. Contrary to the examples from the BJ items analyzed earlier, here the lost original document seems like it may have been closer to field notes that lacked complete sentences or even presented some information (such as the size of fields) in graphic form. With multiple census takers and notaries most likely came multiple ways of taking notes, which may have been one of the reasons for making a clean, standardized copy of the census once the collection of data was completed. While the census pieces published in this book most likely came from a well put together alphabetic manuscript, evidence from the two BnF folios points to a more unclear source. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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The census takers, thus, brought their, most likely, heterogenous field notes to a group of scribes, whose task was to convert them into a correct alphabetic record that could be used in Spanish legal proceedings. For some time, at least seven scribes copied the Tepoztlan household entries to large double sheets (bifolios) of amatl paper. At the initial stage of production or a few years later, these double sheets were folded in two and arranged in gatherings. This is why an annotator was able to draw a line from #95 at the bottom of BJ Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 17v to #96 at the top of BJ Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 18r, which belonged to a different bifolio than fol. 17v. At the time of his activity, these double sheets must have already been put on top of each other and folded in half. Over the next centuries and following the separation of different parts of the corpus, some of the sheets were cut in the middle (like in BJ Ms. Amer. 8) or bound into volumes (like in BJ Ms. Amer. 3 and BNAH Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550)). The scribes worked according to the instructions of their supervisor. They only copied the entries and added headings for smaller villages, leaving the space for the calpolli headings blank. The calpolli records always started with house number 1, and in several places throughout the BJ manuscripts, house 1 is intentionally preceded by blank space (e.g., BJ MA 3, fol. 10r; BJ MA 3, fol. 42r; and BJ MA 3, fol. 53v). This suggests that the scribes were not entirely sure of the administrative organization of the altepetl whose population counts they were copying: perhaps the notes they were using only vaguely indicated the calpolli structure. The final decision about where to put the headings belonged to hand A. He filled only some of the space left for him and wrote all the section titles that exist today: for Comoliuhcan (BJ MA 3, fol. 32r), Ixtlahuacan (BnF MM 393, fol. 1r), Calihtec (BnF MM 393, fol. 4r), and all the calpolli in Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550) of the BNAH. In the section that he copied himself, he did not bother to leave blank space for further edits, but immediately after finishing #21, he wrote the heading for “the second calpolli called Teocaltitlan.” It was a mistake, which he later corrected by crossing the heading out and downgrading Teocaltitlan to the level of village (BJ MA 3, fol. 3v). Once hand A had gathered all the sections copied by his team, he produced the statistics for the entire Tepoztlan area, which now occupy the first four folios of BNAH Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550) (see Ch. 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” p. 39). Shortly before or after that, the record underwent some further editing. As the note in Spanish on BJ Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 73v (the final folio of the Comoliuhcan record) informs us, a piece of the document containing a description of forty-three houses was moved to a different section. Another intervention in the Comoliuhcan record consisted of changing the numbering of houses. Originally, #226, the first house of the town of Tollan, had the number 8, while the preceding #225 was house 16. At some point, the numbers of all the houses from #226 to #305, which covered three settlements of Comoliuhcan – Tollan, Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Nochtlan, and Tecpantzinco – were corrected by increasing the original numbers by nine, so that they matched the preceding section (#226 became house 17, and so on). A possible explanation for this change is that a section of nine, twenty-nine, forty-nine, or more (within the vigesimal system) houses was removed from the Comoliuhcan record and transferred somewhere else or removed completely. Another possibility, however, is that hand F, who copied the section containing Tollan, Nochtlan, and Tecpantzinco, did not coordinate his numbering with hand E, who wrote the other part of the Comoliuhcan record, and this was only noticed during the final edit. The analysis of the Tepoztlan census reveals that the document arose from a group effort of several different categories of people: decision-makers, census takers, notaries, and copyists, not counting those who directly provided the population data to the officials on the field. We have no way of knowing where the manuscripts were stored after the completion of the record: did they stay in the Marquesado lands, in Cortés’s possession, or did they immediately travel to Mexico City for examination by the members of the Audiencia? In the latter case, they certainly returned to their place of origin a few years later, to be crosschecked and updated with the changes that had meanwhile occurred in the local communities. A smaller group of scribes that time, perhaps as few as two, though including the principal figure of the document production process – hand A – revised the entire text (see Ch. 4, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10: The Scribes,” p. 57). It seems that they went entry by entry, placing an R-shaped mark beneath those they had already reviewed and adding an annotation whenever the household underwent some significant changes7 (see Ch. 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” p. 38; Madajczak 2019). Sometimes, in order to squeeze the annotation into the available space, the scribes interfered with the layout of the document. For example, in #86, the annotator decided to write his note so close to the heading for the next group of households, Xiuhcomolco, that he had to cross it out in order for it to not interfere with the text of the annotation. He then moved the heading upwards, to the last line of #86, but then changed his mind, crossed it out again and wrote Xiuhcomolco in bigger letters right beneath his annotation. The annotators also sometimes made corrections to the main entries. For example, in #6, the same person who had added annotations throughout BJ Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 1v crossed out the name of the household head’s child, Domingo, and above it

7 Some entries lack “reviewed” marks, but they are so few that these are probably inadvertent omissions rather than a sign that the entries were not reviewed (all the more so that some of them have annotations; e.g., #190). Similarly, many entries lack annotations, but that does not necessarily mean that these households underwent no changes. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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wrote hernado. The ink with which he was working was distinct from the ink of the main text but consistent with that of the annotations. A few years passed between the preparation of the bulk of the census and adding the updates. The maximum number of new children noted in the annotations is two, and such a case occurs only once (#137). This scarcity is not due to a low birth rate, as families recorded in Tepoztlan could have up to eight children (#319). The only reasonable explanation can be that there was simply no time for more children to be born, which places the updates a maximum of three years after taking the census.8 The few hands involved in this stage of work further suggests that all the annotations appeared around the same time, unlike in the Codex of Santa María Asunción, to which information was added over the course of thirty years. The reason for updating the Tepoztlan census remains a mystery. The only hint is the Spanish language of some of the annotations in BNAH Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550). Since it is hardly possible that at such an early stage of colonization, native elites would have used Spanish for community-related documentation, we can assume that the annotators worked for the colonial authorities. However, whatever circumstances caused the updating of the Tepoztlan record, they did not concern the entire controlled area, because the Yauhtepec census of the BNAH lacks annotations. In the mid-sixteenth century, the Tepoztlan census was a vast corpus of documents, consisting of hundreds of folios. Over the next centuries, larger and smaller sections and even single sheets of paper separated from the whole and set off on their own journeys. In the early eighteenth century, when Lorenzo Boturini acquired his three volumes of the census, it was probably already fragmented, and the three “rare books” that are now in the BNAH were everything the Italian collector could get (see Ch. 2, “Manuscripta Americana,” p. 33). One hundred years later, two items composed of various pieces of the census arrived in two different European libraries. To Paris came an incomplete record of the calpolli of Calihtec and two loose folios that belonged to the record of Ixtlahuacan. To Berlin, a merchant named Hermann brought an eclectic collection of papers that could have included fragments of as many as three first-level calpolli. It also had pieces of the population count of Ixtlahuacan. Surprisingly, over the next thirty years, the SBB, whose American collection of manuscripts consisted, at its peak, of only fifteen items, acquired two more items that were formerly parts of the Marquesado census. Though both of them were very small, incredibly, one belonged to the record of Ixtlahuacan. The other one came from nearby, because it described a part of the same first-level calpolli 8 Madajczak 2019 cautiously suggested a maximum of five years, but after further examination of the manuscript, we think there is no reason for this period to be so long. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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that included Ixtlahuacan (most probably Teicapan; see Ch. 2, “Manuscripta Americana,” pp. 29–32; Ch. 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” pp. 41–43). It seems quite clear that in the nineteenth century, tiny pieces of the sections of the census for Ixtlahuacan and one of its neighboring lower-level calpolli surfaced on the European antiquity markets and began circulating among manuscript sellers, private collectors, and libraries. We would not conclude this were it not for the discovery and analysis of the BJ census items. The only pieces of the Tepoztlan census known until 2003 were a complete record for one calpolli and a volume that, though heterogeneous, alone does not show any pattern (BnF MM 393). Only when compared against Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10 does the Parisian item reveal that its first two folios came from the same source as eight folios of BJ Ms. Amer. 3 and the entire BJ Ms. Amer. 10. The source of these documents was probably a seller who had in his possession a significant portion of the Marquesado census and divided it into smaller pieces in order to make more profit. How much of his merchandise is still dispersed among the holdings of archives and private collections? As we now know, the majority of the Tepoztlan census is still missing. The BnF holds no information about how BnF Ms. Mexicain 393 came into existence. Were its three component pieces (fol. 1, fol. 2, and fols. 3–36) acquired from different sources or at different times and assembled at the library? Or did the entire volume in the form that it has now come from a single source in Europe or Mexico? The two patchwork items, Ms. Amer. 3 and Ms. Amer. 10 (as it was before World War II, that is, a bundle of documents), whose provenance is clarified by the Berlin acquisition catalog, were added together before they embarked on a trip to Germany. The former came from a dealer in Mexico City and the latter, supposedly, from a famous church in Cholula, approximately one hundred kilometers away from the capital and even farther from the Marquesado’s Cuernavaca (see Ch. 2, “Manuscripta Americana,” p. 30). Both items included pieces of the Ixtlahuacan record, which would mean that at least this section of the census was fragmented when still in Mexico. Before 1834 (the date of the acquisition of Ms. Amer. 3 by the SBB), the person who had divided the manuscript had already managed to sell various pieces to different buyers, who, in turn, either composed packets of documents that later became Manuscripta Americana, or sold them to other people who put them together. Presumably, the sections of the Marquesado census circulated on the Mexican market even before they started to be sold and purchased in Europe. Of all the stages in the history of the Tepoztlan census that influenced its current form, we can only deduce some: census taking, copying, updating, fragmenting, trading, perhaps destroying or losing, assembling into volumes, crossing borders on ships and trains, concealing, recovering, and cataloging. So many questions remain. Was the census ever used for its intended purpose? Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Where was it stored after the annotators finished their work? Who removed the first piece, and when? What happened to the first volume before Boturini discovered it? Where are the missing sections of the census? In the same way that the discovery of the BJ items shed some light on the entire corpus, future discoveries of other Marquesado census fragments should provide more answers. Bibliography Archivo General de la Nación (1983), ed., Códices indígenas de algunos pueblos del Marquesado del Valle de Oaxaca, México: Innovación. Censo de pecheros: Carlos I 1528, Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2008. Vol. 1. Available online (accessed 11/28/2019): https://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/censo _pecheros/tomo1.pdf. Dakin, Karen (1996), Nuestro pesar, nuestra aflicción, tunetuliniliz, tucucuca: Memorias en lengua náhuatl enviadas a Felipe II por indígenas del valle de Guatemala hacia 1572, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Durán, Fray Diego (2006), Historia de las Indias de la Nueva España e Islas de la Tierra Firme, México: Porrúa, Vol. 1. Gerhard, Peter (1972), A Guide to the Historical Geography of New Spain, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Harvey, Herbert R. (1985), “Household and Family Structure in Early Colonial Tepetlaoztoc: An Analysis of the Códice Santa María Asunción,” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 18, pp. 275–294. Hinz, Eike, Claudine Hartau, and Marie Luise Heimann-Koenen (1983), Aztekischer Zensus: Zur Indianischer Wirtschaft und Gessellschaft im Marquesado um 1540, Hannover: Verlag für Ethnologie. 2 volumes. Lockhart, James (1992), The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Madajczak, Julia (2018), “A Manuscript Jigsaw Puzzle: the Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Census,” in Bestände der ehemaligen Preußischen Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin in der Jagiellonen-Bibliothek. Forschungsstand und -perspektiven, eds. Monika Jaglarz and Katarzyna Jaśtal, Berlin: Peter Lang GmbH, pp. 251–261. Martínez, José Luis (1992), ed., Documentos cortesianos. Volumen 4, 1533–1548, Secciones VI (Segunda Parte) a VIII, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México – Fondo de Cultura Económica. Mentz, Brígida von (2008), Cuauhnáhuac 1450–1675: Su historia indígena y documentos en “mexicano.” Cambio y continuidad de una cultura nahua, México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.

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Mikulska, Katarzyna (2015), Tejiendo destinos: Un acercamiento al sistema de comunicación gráfica en los códices adivinatorios, Zinacantepec: Colegio Mexiquense – Uniwersytet Warszawski. Paso y Troncoso, Francisco del (1942), ed. and comp., Epistolario de Nueva España, 1505–1818. Volumen 16. Apéndices e índices, México: Antigua Librería Robredo, de José Porrúa e Hijos. Reyes García, Luis (1972), “Ordenanzas para el gobierno de Cuauhtinchan, año 1559,” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 10, pp. 245–313. Ryskamp, George (2002), “Spanish Censuses of the Sixteenth Century,” BYU Family Historian 1, pp. 14–22. Semboloni, Lara (2014), La construcción de la autoridad virreinal en Nueva España, 1535–1595, México: El Colegio de México. Williams, Barbara J. and Herbert R. Harvey (1997), Códice de Santa María Asunción: Households and Lands in 16th-Century Tepetlaoztoc, Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press. Zapata y Mendoza, Juan Buenaventura (1995), Historia cronológica de la Noble Ciudad de Tlaxcala, eds. and trans. Luis Reyes García and Andrea Martínez Baracs, Tlaxcala: Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala – Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social.

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Part 2 The People

⸪

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Chapter 6

The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers José Luis de Rojas Counting some of the elements that appear in the BJ documents and putting them into several tables facilitates quick comparisons within the documents published here as well as between them and other documents of similar content, such as the Marquesado census volumes kept in Mexico and Paris and various codices. In a previous study, I used Christian male and female names to show how we can compare the BJ documents published here with some codices of cadastral or population-focused content such as the Codex of Santa María Asunción, the Codex Vergara, the Matrícula de Huexotzinco and the Padrón de los Mayeque de Yecapixtla (Rojas 2018). All the following tables consist of columns for each of the BJ documents (BJ MA 3, BJ MA 8, and BJ MA 10), and a column for the total amount drawn from these three items (Total). To this, I have added another column for the part of the Parisian Ms. Mexicain 393 published here (BnF MM 393), and finally, the grand total (GT). I have counted the number of houses, the inhabitants per household, the couples living together in the same house, the number of generations per household, and the ages of children, although the latter does not cover all the children registered in the census (see below). Further tables show how much land the families were assigned, whether they provided personal service in Cuauhnahuac, and how much they paid within different kinds of tributes: tetlacualtilli, tlacalaquilli, nemapohpohualoni, cacao beans, eggs, maize, and some other items. Yet another table lists the Christian and Nahuatl names of men and women and their kin relationships with the household head. The last tables show the number of annotations to the main entries and their content. The information has been taken at face value, just as it appears in the documents and without any correction. The selection of the data corresponds to the structuring of the information offered by the documents: each entry begins with the household number, and then the names of the tributary (mainly a man) and his spouse (see Ch. 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” pp. 36–37). It then gives the number of children, but only the names of the first one and the married sons if there are several of them. Ages are also given, but only for the firstborns and those who are still unmarried, so there are many children listed Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004457119_008 José Luis

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in the documents with no indication of their sex, age, or name. We cannot make an approximation to form a population pyramid due to the absence of the age of married people. Table 6.2.1 shows the number of inhabitants per household. In BJ Ms. Amer. 3, the average number of inhabitants per household is 5.3, in BJ Ms. Amer. 8, 5.9, and in BJ Ms. Amer. 10, 4.95. In the two Ixtlahuacan folios of the Parisian document, the average number of inhabitants per household is 5.85, although this is a deviated number because of the presence of two highly populated houses. The average number of inhabitants for households from all manuscripts together is 5.34, and the variations between the different manuscripts are not significant. Nevertheless, they are below the average numbers of inhabitants in other documents I have studied. In the volume of the Marquesado census published by Cline (1993), the average number of inhabitants per household is 7.98; in the volume published by Hinz et al. (1983), it is 7.67; in the fragment published by Díaz Cadena (1978), it is 6.26; and in the entire Ms. Mexicain 393, it is 5.28 – the figure closest to the portion of the census published here. There was considerable variability in the size of families. I have considered it important to count the number of couples per household (Table 6.2.3) in order to see the pattern of residence. In most cases, there is just one couple, but the presence of two couples is frequent; the maximum in our documents is three couples. There are a few widows and widowers, two cases of bigamy, and one abandoned wife. As for the ages of the children (Table 6.2.4), we have “newborn,” some ages in days for children less than one year old, and a whole range between one and five years old. The reliability of figures is dubious from this point forward. It is not very probable that our sample indeed included only eight nine-year-olds compared to sixty-four ten-year-olds, and again just three eleven-year-olds. Moreover, the next registered ages are thirteen (one case), fifteen (eighteen cases) and then twenty (four cases), without intermediate ages. A clear conclusion is that the ages of the older children have been rounded (see Ch. 7, “Family Relations,” pp. 103–104). The amount of land assigned to families (Table 6.3) offers an interesting perspective due to the large variability in size: twenty-four different numbers of rods, with a particular concentration of five rods (cuahuitl in Nahuatl, usually translated as varas in sixteenth-century Spanish documentation; thirty-three cases), ten rods (sixty-eight cases), twenty rods (eighty-seven cases), and thirty rods (twenty-five cases). There are two families assigned one hundred rods of land, one assigned 150 rods, and one assigned three hundred rods. In some cases, the fields are measured in matl (lit. “arms,” usually translated as brazas into Spanish), and we are not sure if matl and cuahuitl represent the same or different values. Above the amount of nineteen units Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers

83

of land, the census fragments published in this book do not specify the unit of measurement, as if it were obvious for the reader. I have assumed that the unspecified unit was cuahuitl, which is much more frequent in the documents than matl (see Ch. 9, “Land and Tribute,” p. 136 and Ch. 10, “Glossary of Nahuatl Terms,” pp. 149–150). Therefore, Table 6.3 includes the statistics for both cuahuitl and the unspecified unit of measurement. The measurements never appear as “length” or “width;” it is always just one figure, so it seems that there was some standard measurement used in the Tepoztlan area. Nevertheless, the amount of land assigned to the tributaries is minimal, and the crops they could grow on these areas were probably not enough to sustain themselves. Tributes (Table 6.4) are fascinating, too: the Tepoztlan families paid three kinds of tribute in cloth, and we have maintained their names in Nahuatl. As for the amounts, the concentration is strong: almost everyone paid the same quantity. More variation occurs for cacao beans, eggs, and maize. In this case, we find two types of containers: “bowls” (caxitl) and “baskets” (chiquihuitl), and it is not clear if the tributaries used them alternately or if they were different measurements. The concentration of tributaries providing personal service in Cuauhnahuac is very strong as it was provided by almost every family. There are some carpenters and a flower keeper, and two families pay other types of textiles. Table 6.5 lists the personal names of the people, categorized by gender and culture (Christian or Nahua). In our documents, the expression “not baptized” usually accompanies the Nahua names. There are sharp differences between male and female names, both Christian and Nahua. There are twentyeight male Christian names, including Juanico (obviously related to Juan), although many of them have just a few occurrences. Domingo is the most common male Christian name, followed by Juan and Pedro. The sample of Nahua names is an extreme case: sixty-nine different names, most of which have a single occurrence. This contrasts sharply with the female names, which show an intense concentration: thirteen Christian names, including Anica, with the most significant presence of María and Magdalena, followed by Ana, and ten Nahua names, some of them, perhaps, more status-related, like Cencihuatl (“A woman/One woman”), or Necahual (“She who stayed” or “The quiet one”). The repetition of fathers’ names in sons is not frequent, but it is between mothers and daughters, although the latter may arise from the scarcity of names. The repetition of María and Magdalena, the most common female Christian names of the time, is not surprising. Annotations in the Tepoztlan census are later additions to main entries, generally written in another hand (see Ch. 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” p. 38; Ch. 4, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10: The Scribes,” pp. 56–57; and Ch. 5, “The Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Creation and History,” pp. 73–74). They usually mention people that have arrived or left, newborn children and people who are deceased, marriages, or the divisions of households. They are very succinct, and I have not included the information they provide in the other tables; that is, I have not “updated” the figures of the original census. All we can say is that the annotations either do not reflect all the changes that occurred after the census was made, or they were added after a short lapse of time because they note few births and deaths. One thing is clear, nevertheless: there was mobility – people came and went with some ease. Among the tables, the last one stands out. It lists the kin relationships of the household inhabitants towards the household head, who was almost always a man (Table 6.7). There are thirty-nine categories, plus one “without relationship” and one “no data,” which points to considerable variability in the shape of the families in the census. A quick view shows five grandmothers and just one grandfather, nine fathers and fifty mothers, and four fathers-inlaw and seventeen mothers-in-law, so we believe that in the sixteenth-century Marquesado region, women lived longer than men did. The stronger presence of daughters-in-law compared to sons-in-law testifies to the post-matrimonial pattern of patrilocality. We do not have the category “husband,” because every time a woman is in charge of a household, she is a widow. When comparing these results with the other Marquesado census items, we find more reduced and more concentrated figures in almost every table, except for the tribute in cloth, which is almost equal among all items. These payments must therefore have been fixed per tributary without considering any other variable like the size of the family or the amount of land they worked. The identification of relationships between different households (who is whose son, brother, etc.) would be of great value, but our documents lack the data for this kind of study. We do not know what happened when a household split in two; perhaps it transformed into a household with two residential units, or it resulted in two different households with two different numbers in the twenty-household unit system, which would affect the organization of the calpolli. Table 6.1 Number of households

Number of households

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10 Total

BnF mm 393

gt

343

12

14

7

376

369

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The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers Table 6.2 People Table 6.2.1

Inhabitants per household

Frequency Number of inhabitants in one household

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10 Total

BnF mm 393

gt

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total



2 22 45 62 63 57 46 22 11 6 5 1 1 1829



0 0 0 1 4 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 65

0 1 2 1 6 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0



0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 46



Table 6.2.2

64

2 23 47 64 73 61 48 24 12 6 5 1 1 1958



2 23 48 66 74 62 48 24 12 6 6 1 2 2004

Generations per household

Frequency Number of generations in one household

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10 Total

BnF mm 393

gt

1 2 3 4

31

0 1 0

0 5 1 1

32

68 1

1 5 7 0

242

10

32

257

76 1

262

77 2

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86 Table 6.2.3

de Rojas Married couples per household

Frequency Number of married couples in one household

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10 Total

BnF mm 393

gt

0 1 2 3 Abandoned wife Widower(s) Widow(s) Man w/two wives

7 208 117 11 1 4 2 2

0 9 2 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 5 1 1 0 0 0 0

7

Table 6.2.4

7

11 2 0 0 0 1 0

228 121 11 1 4 3 2

233 122 12 1 4 3 2

Ages of childrena

Frequency Age of child

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

Newborn 80 days 100 days 200 days 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years

3 2 1 1 25 35 21 30 35 18 25 19 8

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 2 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0



3 2 1 1 27 37 24 33 36 20 25 20 8

1 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0





4 2 1 1 28 39 24 35 37 20 26 20 8

a The Tepoztlan census only gives the age of the “first” (presumably oldest) child of a couple.

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The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers Table 6.2.4

Ages of children (cont.)

Frequency Age of child

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

10 years 11 years 13 years 15 years 20 years

55 3 1 16 4

2 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 2 0

62 3 1 18 4

2 0 0 0 0

64 3 1 18 4

Table 6.3 Land Table 6.3.1

Amount of land assigned to families in rods (cuahuitl)

Frequency Amount of land assigned to a family in rods

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

2 4 5 7 8 9 10 12 13 15 20 23 25 26 27 30

3 9

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 3 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

3 9

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2

3 9

33 18 10 1 68 3 1 14 82 1 13 1 0 21

33 18 10 1 68 3 1 14 87 1 16 1 1 23

33 18 10 1 68 3 1 14 87 1 17 1 1 25

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88 Table 6.3.1

de Rojas Amount of land assigned to families in rods (cuahuitl) (cont.)

Frequency Amount of land assigned to a family in rods

bj ma 3

33 35 40 45 50 60 100 150 300



Table 6.3.2

2 3 8 3 2 3 1 1 0

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0

2 4

0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1

2 4

10 6 6 3 1 1 0



11 6 8 3 2 1 1



Amount of land assigned to families in matl

Amount of land bj ma 3 assigned to a family in matl

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 15

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0



1 3 3 6 1 1 15 1 3 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



1 3 3 6 1 1 14 1 3 3

1 3 3 6 1 1 15 1 3 3

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89

The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers Table 6.4 Tribute Table 6.4.1 Tlacalaquilli (paid in cloth)

Frequency bj ma 3 Tlacalaquilli in measures of cloth

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

1 measure 2 measures 3 measures

10 1 0

0 0

11

261 9 3

5 2 0

266 11 3

Table 6.4.2

240

8 3

Tetlacualtilli (paid in cloth)

Frequency bj ma 3 Tetlacualtilli in measures of cloth

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

1 measure 2 measures 3 measures One time 2 measuresa

0 0 9 0

0 0

2 1

0 2 5 0

2 4

2 1

235 9

11 1

255 10

260

10

a This is a tentative translation of the phrase ceppa ipan quiza onzotl. It most likely implies that the tributary paid two measures of cloth only one time during the year, as opposed to the regular four times. Alternatively, it could mean that out of the four payments, one was reduced or augmented to two measures of cloth. See Ch. 9, “Land and Tribute,” p. 143 and Ch. 12, “Transcription and Translation,” p. 264, n. 164.

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Table 6.4.3 Nemapohpohualoni (paid in cloth)

Frequency Nemapohpohualoni bj ma 3 in measures of cloth

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm gt 393

1 measure 2 measures 3 measures One time 2 measures

0 0 4 0

0 0

112 1

7 0

1 2 4 0

7 0

224 9

240 10

8 2

244 10

Table 6.4.4 Eggs

Frequency Number of eggs paid in tribute

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

2 3 4 5 6 9 10 12 15 40

11 30 8 4 14 65 2 15 7 0

0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 4 4 0 1 2 0

11 30 8 4 19 72 2 16 9 0

0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 1

11 30 8 4 21 72 3 17 10 1

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The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers Table 6.4.5

Cacao beans

Frequency bj ma 3 Number of cacao beans paid in tribute

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

3 4 5 6 7 9 10 12 15 20 21 30 40 60

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 2 0 0

0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 8 1 0 1 0 0

1 4 36 7 6 6 8 10

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 1 0



1 4 36 5 6 6 8 9 136 7 1 8 1 2

151

8 1 11 1 2

1 4 36 7 6 6 8 10 155 8 1 12 2 2

Table 6.4.6 Maize

Frequency Amount of maize paid in tribute

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

1 bowl 3 bowls 6 bowls 3 baskets

2 103 1 26

0 4 0 0

0 10 0 1

2

0 0 0 6

2

117 1 27

117

1 33

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Table 6.4.7 Other

Frequency Other item/ service paid in tribute

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

1 skirt 1 woman’s blouse Taking care of flowers Carpentry Service in Cuauhnahuac

1 1

0 0

0 0

1 1

0 0

1 1

1

0

0

1

0

1

8 287

0 10

0

8

0 6

8

13

310

316

Table 6.5 Names Table 6.5.1

No name

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

No name (male)

1

0

0

1

0

1

Table 6.5.2

Male Christian names

Frequency Name

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

Agustín Alonso

2 17

0 2

1 0

3 19

0 0

3 19

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The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers Table 6.5.2

Male Christian names (cont.)

Frequency Name

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

Andrés Antón Calixto Cristóbal Diego Domingo Esteban Fabián Francisco Gabriel Gonzalo Hernando Juan Juanico Luis Marcos Martín Mateo Matías Miguel Pablo Pedro Sebastián Tomás Toribio Vicente



2 2 2 2 5 137 0 1 77 4 2 2 108 1 7 15 48 1 1 44 8 89 1 12 0 3

0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 4 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 6 1 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 2 0 1

2 2 2 3 5 149 1 1 81 4 2 2 114 1 7 16 50 1 1 47 9 95 1 15 0 4

0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 1 0





2 2 2 3 5 152 1 1 81 4 2 2 118 1 7 17 52 1 1 47 9 99 1 16 1 4

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94 Table 6.5.3

de Rojas Male Nahua names

Frequency Name

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393 gt

Acatloh Ahcol Ahcolhuehueh Atonal Cahcallahhuehueh Cahualoc Ce oquich Cenihuic Chalchiuh Chantli Chimal Coatl Conaca Cozaza Huelimachiz Huehueh Huicahuehueh Huican Iciuhcanequi Itlahuelil Iyahqui Matla Matlaihuitl Matlalhuehueh Maxochitl Melahua Mexoconi Mochpochtlalia Mocxitoca Nepa Nochhuetl Oncaotl Pantli Quemmachami Quetzal

2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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95

The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers Table 6.5.3

Male Nahua names (cont.)

Frequency Name

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393 gt

Quiyauh Tecalpohua Tecihuauh Tecpanecatl Tecpatoton Telpoch Teotlahuah Tezca Tezcapoc Tlacecuihuehueh Tlalhuehueh Tlallah Tlalli Tlamaz Tlatquic Tlahuelcaqui Tlehualan Tlohquechol Tocaitl Tocentequiuh Tochtli Tocihhuitl Tocpatilmah Tonal Tonequimilol Tozquechol Xochitl Xochteca Xochitonal Yaohuehueh Yaotl Yecatl Zacancatl Zozopi

1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 1 8 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 9 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 9 1 1 1

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96 Table 6.5.4

de Rojas Female Christian names

Frequency Name

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

Ana Anica Catalina Francisca Inesica Isabel Juana Juliana Luisa Magdalena María Mariana Mencía

91 1 13 2 1 44 37 1 3

3 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 6 7 0 0

3 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 8 0 0

97 1 15 2 1 47 39 1 3

2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 7 0 0



Table 6.5.5

Female Nahua names

184 211 1 5

194 226 1 5

99 1 15 2 1 48 40 1 3 200 233 1 5

Frequency Name

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

Cencihuatl Cihuatototl Ixtlahuac Metlaca Necahual Tecapan Teicuic Tlahco Tlohcal Xocoh/ Xocoyotl No name



5 1 1 0 2 53 21 20 2 5

0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 1 3 2 0 1



5 1 1 1 2 55 26 23 2 6

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0



2

0

0

2

0

2

5 1 1 1 2 55 27 23 2 6

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The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers Table 6.6 Annotations (glosses)

Frequency Information

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

Number of annotations Inhabitants who have arrived Inhabitants who have left Marriages Deaths Births House has split in two House has split in three

176

0

9

185

4

189

73

0

18

91

0

91

183

0

0

183

6

189

16 69 28 30

0 0 0 0



16 73 28 30

0 1 1 0



1

0

0

1

0

1



0 4 0 0



16 74 75 30

Table 6.7 Kin relationships with the household head

Frequency Relation

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

Aunt Brothera Brother’s mother-in-law Brother-in-law

6 83 2

0 7 0

0 1 0

6 91 2

1 1 0

7 92 2

19

1

2

19

1

22

a In Nahuatl, kinship terms for brothers and sisters extend to cousins. It is therefore possible that some of the people counted here are, in fact, first or even more distant cousins of the household head. For a detailed discussion of Nahuatl kinship terminology, see Offner 1983, Lockhart 1992, and Madajczak 2015. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Table 6.7 Kin relationships with the household head (cont.)

Frequency Relation

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

Brother-in-law’s wife Child (sex unknown) Child’s mother-in-law Cousin (f) Cousin (m) Cousin (sex unknown) Cousin’s (m) wife Daughter Daughter-in-law Father Father-in-law Grandchild (sex unknown) Granddaughter Grandfather Grandmother Grandnephew Grandniece Grandson Mother Mother-in-law Nephew Nephew’s wife Niece Niece or nephew (sex unknown) Sibling (sex unknown)

1

0

0

1

1

2

384

16

10

410

8

418

0

0

1

1

0

1

2 4 4

0 0 0

0 0 0

2 4 4

0 1 0

2 5 4

1

107 48 9 4 7



0 3 1 0 0 0



0 5 2 0 0 1

1

115 51 9 4 8

0 6 0 0 0 0

1

11 1 4 1 1 5 45 14 22 6 18 15



0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0



1 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 0 0 0 0



12 1 4 1 2 8 49 17 22 6 19 15

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 3 2 0 0



6

1

7

0

7

0

121 51 9 4 8 12 1 5 2 2 8 50 17 25 8 19 15

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The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers Table 6.7 Kin relationships with the household head (cont.)

Frequency Relation

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10

Total

BnF mm 393

gt

Sibling-in-law (either sex) Sister Sister-in-law Sister-in-law’s sister Sister-in-law’s spouse Son Son-in-law Uncle Uncle’s wife Wife Wife’s aunt No kinship No data

3

0

0

3

0

3

15 61 1

1 2 0

0 0 0

16 63 1

0 0 0

16 63 1

2

0

0

2

0

2

182 13 2 2 327 1 15 2



6 0 0 0 11 0 1 0



7 1 0 0 13 0 0 0

195 14 2 2 351 1 16 2

1 1 0 0 7 0 1 0

196 15 2 2 358 1 17 2

Bibliography Lockhart, James (1992), The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Madajczak, Julia (2014), “Nahuatl Kinship Terminology as Reflected in Colonial Written Sources from Central Mexico: A System of Classification,” PhD Dissertation defended at Uniwersytet Warszawski. Offner, Jerome A. (1983), Law and Politics in Aztec Texcoco, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Rojas, José Luis de (2018), “Nombres cristianos utilizados por los indígenas de la Nueva España,” in Códices y cultura indígena en México: Homenaje a Alfonso Lacadena García-Gallo, eds. Juan José Batalla Rosado, José Luis de Rojas, and Lisardo Pérez Lugones, Madrid: Distinta Tinta, pp. 337–350.

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Chapter 7

Family Relations in Tepoztlan Katarzyna Granicka The manuscripts held at the BJ tell the story of almost two thousand inhabitants of sixteenth-century Tepoztlan, probably around twenty years after the fall of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. It is a freeze frame of a moment in their lives with a report of their then-current family situation – the names of their spouses, the number of their children, and a list of other members of their households (such as parents or parents-in-law, siblings, etc.). All these personal stories, waiting to be read and revealed, are somehow closed inside the very precise structure of a census, within entries that, at least at first glance, provide the reader with very basic information about each household, as far from an individual approach to its inhabitants as can be. Therefore, an attempt to investigate family relations in the BJ census fragments requires not only looking into particular households and individual stories, but also aggregating data in order to find general tendencies.

Family Structure: Who Was the Head of the Family?

The majority of the census entries describe a situation in which members of two generations (usually parents and their children) live in the household. This is the case for 262 entries out of 376 within all the Tepoztlan census fragments published here (BJ MA 3, BJ MA 8, and BJ MA 10, as well as BnF MM 393, fols. 1–2; see Table 6.2.2). In thirty-two cases, only one generation was present in the house. If asked, “Who was the head of the family in sixteenth-century Tepoztlan?” a scholar studying only these entries could have quickly responded that it was the oldest man in the family. This kind of family leadership is, in fact, the most common situation within the census. Additionally, when married siblings shared a house, the oldest brother was considered the head of the establishment. Such was, for example, the case in the house of Juan, who lived with his wife, María, and with his younger siblings: his brother Marcos (also married to a María), his brother Pedro, and his sister María (#7). However, the situation becomes more complicated once we take into consideration the entries where more than two generations live in one household

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(in all the census fragments published in this book, seventy-seven entries include three generations within one household, and there is one case of four generations living together). In this kind of domestic arrangement, it is not age that determines the head of a household. For example, Pantli, who lived with his wife, two children, and a daughter-in-law, also lived with his father, Yaohuehueh (#1). Alonso, the husband of María and a father of four, also lived with his father, named Tlahuelcaqui (#70). In total, fourteen households include men older than the household head – his father, father-in-law, or in one case, even a grandfather. Therefore, we could assume that the genuinely crucial factor for a person to be considered the head of the household was economical and practical rather than nominal. The head of the household was the person who had the resources or the ability to support other members of his family – including the widows, young people who were still economically dependent or not able to build a house for themselves, and the elders: parents and grandparents. In fact, this economic factor is useful if we want to understand why particular members of a family lived together. It seems that the people of Tepoztlan took great care of the members of their community who could not support themselves. Those who were able to provide a house and support for others included in their households all of those who could not do that for themselves. The household head could have been, therefore, responsible for his younger siblings (and sometimes their spouses) before they could build a house for themselves, for his parents, or for his wife’s family – her parents or siblings. For example, Diego lived with his wife, María, but his household also included his mother-in-law, Juana, and her ten-year-old son, Juan, as well as Diego’s widowed grandmother Mencía and her other grandchild, a girl named Ana (#361).

The Question of Age and Marriage

We do not know a lot about the ages of the people included in the census. As previous chapters mention, the entries only provide information about the age of the oldest child living in the house, if this child is still unmarried (see Ch. 3, ‟Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” p. 36; Table 6.2.4). For example, entry #3 on BJ MA 3, fol. 1r describes a house belonging to Xochteca, who lived with his wife, Tlahco, and their three children. The text states that the oldest child is fiveyear-old María and mentions neither the names of the other children nor their ages at the time the census was written. All the census fragments published in this book register in total 2004 individuals, but give the age for only 335. All of

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these 335 are unmarried, and the majority of them are the oldest children in the family (the exceptions here are the unmarried siblings of the heads of the households and, in one case, an unmarried slave). In many situations, the children registered in the census still lived with their parents after getting married. However, the manuscripts never mention the age of a married child. Therefore, we know, for example, that Chalchiuh and Tecapan lived with their six children and that their oldest daughter, Tlahco, already had a husband who also lived in this household (#21), but we do not know how old Tlahco was. There is some discussion around the age at which early sixteenth-century Nahuas got married. Fray Jerónimo de Mendieta in his Historia Eclesiástica Indiana (book II, chapter XXIV), when describing the preparation for a wedding, wrote that men “asked for permission to look for a wife when they reached marrying age (which was more or less at twenty years old).”1 Scholars who focused on sources that depicted or described the customs, rituals, and everyday life of the Nahuas tended to believe that women usually got married at the age of fifteen and men at the age of twenty. Fray Diego Durán (2006, 191) also gave the age of twenty or twenty-one as the appointed time for young people to get married. The scholars who studied the early colonial Codex Mendoza suggested the age of fifteen as proper for a woman to get married. In their analysis of the Codex, Frances Berdan and Patricia Rieff Anawalt wrote, “The bottom half of folio 61r is devoted to the major event in the life of a young woman: her wedding, which usually occurred when she reached the age of fifteen (…). A young man was, of necessity, several years older than his bride, because he had to complete his education and training before taking on the responsibilities of marriage” (Berdan and Anawalt 1997, 167). Therefore, from various sources describing the lives of the Nahuas emerged a belief that, among these people, women got married at the age of fifteen (to eighteen) and men at the age of twenty – and some scholars based their further research about the colonial Nahua communities and their practices on this belief. However, another perspective arises from the demographic data provided to us by censuses. In 1993, Hanns Prem analyzed BNAH Col. Antigua 552 (earlier 551) of the Marquesado census. Taking into consideration factors such as the effect that mass epidemics might have had on estimated lifespan and the number of births and deaths for the population of New Spain in the first half of the sixteenth century, he suggested that some girls of that time might have been getting married at the age of twelve (Prem, Dyckerhoff, and Feldweg 1993, 55). 1 Llegados á la edad de casarse (que era á los veinte años poco mas ó menos), pedian licencia para buscar mujer (Mendieta 1870, 125).

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Prem’s assumption was repeated and confirmed by Brígida von Mentz in her book regarding the community of Cuauhnahuac. However, Mentz also seemed to be attached to the previously established belief of marriage taking place at the age of fifteen to twenty, as she admitted that although there were cases of children getting married at the age of twelve or younger, she believed them to be singular exceptions from the general tendency. She wrote: De esta forma parten del supuesto de que aproximadamente desde los 12 años podían casarse los jóvenes indígenas y ese supuesto corroboramos para nuestra zona de estudio, aunque matizando que en muchísimos casos el matrimonio tanto de varones como de mujeres no se efectuaba sino hasta los 15 o 20 años (aunque también hay ejemplos aislados para matrimonios de menores de 12 años). Mentz 2008, 184–185

[Thus, they start from an assumption that young natives could have been getting married from the age of twelve, and we will corroborate this assumption in our area of study. However, it has to be clarified that in numerous cases, the marriage of both men and women did not take place until they reached the age of fifteen or twenty (although there are also isolated examples of marriages of twelve-year-old children).] Another approach to the subject of marriage was proposed by Robert McCaa, who, based on Sarah Cline’s translation of one volume of the Marquesado census, suggested that child marriages were rather typical for this Nahua community. In his research, McCaa explained that the number of unmarried girls older than ten constituted only 8.9 percent of the female population. Therefore, according to McCaa, the vast majority of girls were getting married when they reached the age of ten. However, he believed “the age of ten,” abundantly attested in the Marquesado census, to be a mark for the age of puberty – a metaphorical figure, or an imprecise, general “category,” rather than the exact age of a person (McCaa 1996, 19–20). McCaa observed that among women older than nine years (i.e., ten years and older), married and widowed women constituted 91.9 percent of the population. Among women older than fourteen years (fifteen years and older), 95 percent of the population were married or widowed. Comparing these numbers to similar statistics for medieval England (the percentage of married women older than fourteen was 25 percent higher in Yauhtepec than in medieval England) and for western Europe at that time (the percentage of married women over the age of fourteen in Yauhtepec was 40 percent higher), Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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he stated, “They married younger than those in any part of Western Europe from the Middle Ages onward” (McCaa 1996, 19–20). McCaa’s and, to some extent, Prem’s voices were somewhat isolated from the narrative derived from the accounts by Mendieta, Durán, and even Sahagún and widely repeated by other scholars, who all pointed to marriage at the age of fifteen to twenty. Perhaps the discrepancy between the two views is due to the different nature of the sources that led to them. Moreover, while the Spanish accounts of the Nahua customs focus on the practices of educated nobility from the large centers, the censuses reveal to us the reality of the macehualtin, or commoners, often living a significant distance from the large cities. It seems that they could have been practicing child marriages on a much larger scale, and it would be a mistake to interpret censuses through the lens of the information left to us by the Spanish friars. Analysis of the BJ census fragments strongly supports Robert McCaa’s hypothesis about customary child marriages in the Nahua communities and even gives it extra weight. Of the already mentioned 334 unmarried children listed in the BJ manuscripts, 240 are younger than ten. Out of the remaining 86 cases, 25 are unmarried girls older than ten years. Meanwhile, there are 513 married couples (513 wives), one abandoned wife, three widows, and two marriages of one man and two women (four wives). This totals 521 women who were married at least once. Therefore, following McCaa’s thought, out of 546 “adult” women (ten years old or older), only 4.58 percent were unmarried. When we consider only women fifteen years old and older, this figure becomes 0.5 percent, as there were only three unmarried girls at that age (two fifteenyear-olds and one twenty-year-old). These numbers are even lower than the percentage of unmarried children in documents studied by McCaa and Cline. As to McCaa’s notion that “the age of ten” may be a symbolic figure, meaning “the age of puberty,” children of this age are the most represented group in the census (sixty-four children in the fragments published here). However, it is worth noticing that from the twenty-six children older than ten in the census, eighteen are said to be fifteen years old, and four to be twenty years old (three children are eleven years old and one is thirteen years old). Therefore, perhaps “the age of ten” was not a metaphor or symbolic figure for “the age of puberty,” but rather a general category of age for children who were “more or less” ten years old. The existence of other evident “general categories” of the ages of fifteen and twenty supports this hypothesis. Perhaps the census was written based on second-hand information or sometime after the actual visit to the described households, and the age of children was written down just for orientation purposes. An opposition to this hypothesis could be the fact that before the age of ten, there are no visible categories for age, and children at Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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every age from one to nine are represented in the census in somewhat comparable numbers. What is striking when discussing marriages in the BJ census fragments is that it is impossible to confirm the opinion that girls got married younger than boys did. In the rural and rather poor community of Tepoztlan, both girls and boys submitted to the practice of getting married at a very early age. The BJ fragments prove this through not only the numbers and collected data: thanks to the annotations made to the main entries, it is, for example, possible to follow the fate of María, who lived with her older brother Juan and his wife. At the time of taking the census, María was five years old. Despite her very young age, the annotation made presumably a couple of years later says that she got married and moved to Tlalnepantla (#349). An interesting situation happened in the house of Francisco, who lived with his wife and their two children. Francisco’s mother, Xocoh, and her second child, five-year-old María, also lived with them. Xocoh was the mother of a five-year-old and the grandmother of a ten-year-old (who was Franciso’s older son) at the same time. The annotations to this entry tell us that after a few years, both Xocoh and her daughter María got married (#152). These two and several other entries allow the reader of the manuscript to “witness”2 the practice of child marriages that took place at a very early age – around the age of ten. Was this indeed the moment when young people reached puberty and, at the same time, were capable of moving out as a newly married couple and starting to provide for themselves? Further analysis of the BJ census fragments shows that this was not the case. The abundance of married couples still living with the parents of one of the spouses suggests that after the children around the age of ten got married, they stayed with the adults until they were mature enough to build a house for themselves and move out. The high number of young couples still living with their parents undermines the assumption that at the age of ten to twelve, adolescent Nahuas were considered “adults” or could have been economically independent. Additionally, the majority of these couples were still childless, although in some entries it is possible to find a married couple with a child, still living with the parents and younger siblings of one of the spouses. For example, in the house of Gonzalo and his wife, Magdalena, lived their three children. The oldest one, a son named Domingo, was already married, and he and his wife, María, had a four-year-old daughter, Ana (#367).

2 I speak, of course, metaphorically. In this case, thanks to the annotation to the entry, we can “capture the moment” that the Marías in both entries got married.

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Pedro Carrasco, in his 1962 article about the Mexican volumes of the Marquesado censuses, also noticed the presence of married couples who did not have their own houses yet in BNAH Col. Antigua 550 (earlier 549), the Cuauhchichinollan census. According to Carrasco, who called them “dependent married couples” (casados dependientes), they are listed as “married (couples) who still live with others and do not have a separate house” and in vol. 552 (earlier 551), as “married (couples) who are with others, who still help”: Distinguen entre casas, cada una de las cuales, se sobrentiende, incluye un matrimonio, y otra categoría adicional de casados que el Ms. 549 en el censo de Cuauhchichinola describe como “casados que todavía están junto con otros y todavía no tienen casa aparte”. El MS. 551 los describe como “casados que están junto con otros, que todavía ayudan”. Carrasco 1964, 375

Therefore, the image that emerges from the data collected from the BJ census fragments is that child marriages (around the age of ten) were common in this community, both for boys and girls, yet these young married couples were not considered to be independent. They stayed within the household of one set of parents and did not pay tribute separately (they could only help the household head with it). They were economically dependent, just like unmarried children, elders, or widows, until they were able to build a house for themselves and create their household. Many traces of married children moving out from their parents’ house can also be found in the manuscripts – in the annotations made a few years after the original census. Such is the case of Tlalhuehueh and his son. Tlalhuehueh and his wife had six children; the oldest one, Juan, lived in their house with his wife, Magdalena. The annotation to their household entry says about Tlalhuehueh: “He and his child split. What was only one household is now two households” (#11). A similar situation often happened when the household head lived with his younger married siblings. Such siblings in many annotations are said to have moved out and created a household for themselves. Sometimes they have even moved to another calpolli.

The Reasons for Migration

Of all people who changed their place of living in the short time between the making of the main text of the BJ census fragments and the annotations, married children, who became independent and moved out of their parents’ houses and into their own, are the biggest group. Mentions of other people coming Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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into a household or moving out from it are scarce, and the reasons for these migrations are not expressed explicitly anywhere in the text. In fact, despite the abundance of situations where a large household splits in two and some of its members (married children or married younger siblings of the household head) move away to a new house, there are few situations in the census where the whole family moves to another calpolli. When this does happen, the reason for their migration is unknown. For example, about Tocpatilmah and his family (wife and three children), we only know that “He went to a calpolli called Caltonco. They all went” (#218). Perhaps even more interesting are the situations where someone new enters into a household, yet even in such cases, the reasons for the movement are unknown. Sometimes it is even impossible to establish a relationship between a member of a household and newly arrived people. For example, according to the annotations made to the main text, Juan lived with his wife and one child, yet several years later a person called Alonso Tlalli moved into their house with his wife from a calpolli called Oyacatlan (#4). At the same time, the household of Domingo was joined by Domingo Quetzal, who came with his wife from Tlacatecpan (#5). To the already large household of Gonzalo, in which seven people lived, three more moved in. The main text of the census says that Gonzalo lived with his wife and three children. Their oldest son, Domingo, was already married and had a child of his own. A couple of years later, not only did they still live together, but they were joined by Domingo’s mother-in-law and a person called Francisco Chimal with his wife, Juana Teicuic (#367). These reported migrations are quite mysterious since they do not seem to have any obvious motives. Brígida von Mentz believes that between 1519 and 1580, the population of the Marquesado altepetl of Cuauhnahuac and Huaxtepec dropped from 850 000 to 134 500, and as possible reasons she names diseases, overwork, and migration. The first wave of migration was quick, since it might have happened during the time of the conquest when people tried to escape from the Spaniards. However, little is known about the migrations in later years and von Mentz, who believed the BJ census fragments to belong to the altepetl of Cuauhnahuac, suggests that it is hard to establish the number of people who moved away from this community (Mentz 1993, 35; Haskett 2005, 90). Nevertheless, the annotations in the BJ census fragments give us a glimpse into the situation in the Marquesado lands at a time that, even though the number of people decreased a little within several years, seemed to be rather peaceful. A relatively small number of people died in the time between producing the main text and the annotations. There are seventy-seven deaths noted, usually of the oldest household members (at the same time, there are Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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thirty reported births: an underestimated number, if we assume that the census rarely registered newborns), which does not point to any massive population decline in the short period of time captured in the BJ manuscripts. During the same period of time, 189 people moved out, but ninety-one people came to live there from other places. Thus, it was not the fear of the Spaniards that drove people away from Tepoztlan (nor, understandably, from other places to Tepoztlan). It seems that the key to understanding the nature of these migrations may lie in the economic situation of the local people. The migrants may have been in need to search for protection from another householder. Perhaps Domingo’s mother-in-law had to move to Domingo’s parents’ house because she became a widow, unable to provide for herself? Once again, it is possible to observe great care from all the members of the community – Domingo’s parents were not closely related to his mother-in-law, yet they accepted her into their household when the situation called for it. It is harder to imagine or explain reasons for migration when we do not know anything about the relationship between the people who moved into a household and its original members – yet it is still possible that the economic factor often played an essential role in their move.

Christianization

In her study on the Marquesado census, Sarah Cline states that based on the percentage of baptized and unbaptized people, it is possible to point to the phase of Christianization in which a given calpolli was at the time of taking the census. She compared Huitzillan and Cuauhchichinollan, where Christianization was at the initial stage and the vast majority of the Nahuas were not baptized, with Molotlan, Tepetenchic, and Panchimalco, where seventy-six to eighty-four percent of the population was already baptized (Cline 1993, 461–465). Cline (1993, 459–460) also believed that despite mixed couples (with one spouse baptized and the other not) being a minority in the censuses she investigated, the mixed households consisting of baptized and unbaptized people are the key to understanding the patterns of Christianization. In the BJ manuscripts, the helpful indication if someone had been baptized or not is their name – Christian or Nahuatl. If we assume this to be a good indicator of someone’s religious status, we may also find that Christianization in the lands described by the BJ census fragments was already in quite an advanced phase. Out of 737 men with known names, eighty-six percent (636)

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have Christian names, and a very similar situation happens with the women – eighty-three percent (631 out of 755) have Christian names. When we analyze the mixed households, it is possible to see two tendencies. The first is that the majority of unbaptized people are the elders, while their children (the generation of the household heads) are usually baptized. There are many examples of this kind of situation: Alonso and his wife, Ana, live with their (also baptized) children and siblings as well as Alonso’s mother, Tecapan, who is described as ahmo moquaatequia, “not baptized” (#358). Marcos and his wife, Magdalena, live with their daughter, Ana, Marcos’s brothers – Martín and Juan – and their unbaptized (ahmo moquaatequia) mother, Ixtlahuac (#370). These and other similar examples paint an image of a community where the first wave of Christianization had already taken place and included both men and women, but not the elders. The second observable trend is that Christianization in Tepoztlan was still “in progress” at the time of taking the census, and its second wave included the newborns and children who had not been baptized yet. Two interesting entries prove this hypothesis. One describes the family of Pedro: “[The head of the household’s] name is Pedro. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Ahcol; he is not baptized; he has just been born” (#29). Possibly, the situation where a child of baptized parents remained unbaptized was so rare that the scribe felt the need to explain that the child was a newborn and there had been no time to baptize him or her. Pedro and María happened to be registered shortly after their child was born, before they were able to baptize him. This explanation also seems to suggest that the child would be baptized shortly. The second entry describes the family of Domingo and his wife, Teicuic, who was not baptized. They had a seven-year-old daughter, Tecapan. According to the annotation to the main entry, several years later, Tecapan died. On this occasion, however, the scribe called her “María Tecapan,” suggesting that she had been baptized after the census was taken and before she died (#94). Sarah Cline (1993, 463) noted that in the censuses she studied, social status mattered when it came to the moment at which a person was baptized. The nobles were baptized first, while the slaves constituted “a small but noteworthy group of unbaptized.” However, this was not the case for the Tepoztlan community. Slaves were indeed a tiny group in Tepoztlan, yet in the documents published here, almost all of the slaves are baptized (with the exception of one person, living in house #319). Even the unbaptized widow Tecapan, the only woman in the census who was a household head, had three baptized slaves: two named María (one of them having a two-year-old baptized daughter), and one named Francisco or Francisca (#133).

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In this community, where Christianization was already at a very advanced stage and continued to expand, there is some evidence of precontact practices – especially of polygamy. There are two entries in which the household head openly admitted to having two wives. The information about the people of Tepoztlan that we can extract from rather brief and formulaic entries in the BJ census fragments shows us a community where the majority of people were already baptized, yet there were still cases of polygamy, and marriage of children around the age of ten was common practice. The members of this rather poor community paid careful attention to providing every person with a house – therefore they could accommodate many people, even distant relatives, under their roofs if the situation called for it. Additionally, the married children with their spouses stayed with adult parents, probably helping them to work on their fields and collect tribute, until they were mature enough to move out and provide for themselves. The oldest people remained the largest unbaptized group. Thanks to the existence of the parts of the census located in Paris and Mexico and their analyses made by other scholars, it is possible to compare the image provided by the BJ census fragments with those emerging from other documents. What should be noticed is that it is hard to make conclusions about the whole Nahua population based on one document. On the contrary, the situation in every calpolli was probably quite different as regards the phase of Christianization, the general wealth of the population (wealthy people did not need their children to marry so early), and attachment to precontact practices. Every community had its own story that can be told (or at least a glimpse of it can be caught) through analysis of its people’s records. Bibliography Berdan, Frances F. and Patricia Rieff Anawalt (1997), The Essential Codex Mendoza, Berkeley – Los Angeles – London: University of California Press. Carrasco, Pedro (1964), “Tres libros de tributos del Museo Nacional de México y su importancia para los estudios demográficos,” in Sobretiro del XXXV Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, México, 1962: Actas y Memorias, México: [s. e.], vol. 3, pp. 373–378. Cline, Sarah L. (1993), “The Spiritual Conquest Reexamined: Baptism and Christian Marriage in Early Sixteenth-Century Mexico,” The Hispanic American Historical Review 73: 3, pp. 453–480. Durán, Fray Diego (2006), Historia de las Indias de la Nueva España e Islas de la Tierra Firme, México: Porrúa. Vol. 1.

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Haskett, Robert (2005), Visions of Paradise: Primordial Titles and Mesoamerican History in Cuernavaca, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. McCaa, Robert (1996), “Matrimonio infantil, cemithualtin (familias complejas) y el antiguo pueblo nahua,” Historia Mexicana 46: 1, pp. 3–70. Available online (accessed 11/28/2019): https://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/index.php/RHM/article/view/ 2373. Mendieta, Fray Jerónimo de (1870), Historia Eclesiástica Indiana, ed. Joaquín García Icazbalceta, México: Antigua Librería. Available online (accessed 11/29/2019): http:// www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-eclesiastica-indiana--0/html/. Mentz, Brígida von (1993), “Los habitantes de los pueblos de Morelos de la época prehispánica a los albores de la Revolución,” in Morelos: El estado, eds. David Moctezuma and Medardo Tapia, Cuernavaca: Gobierno del Estado de Morelos, pp. 19–54. Mentz, Brígida von (2008), Cuauhnáhuac 1450–1675: Su historia indígena y documentos en “mexicano.” Cambio y continuidad de una cultura nahua, México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa. Prem, Hanns, Ursula Dyckerhoff, and Helmut Feldweg (1993), “Reconstructing Central Mexico’s Population,” Mexicon 15: 3 (May), pp. 50–57.

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Chapter 8

Administrative Structure and Social Groups in Tepoztlan Julia Madajczak The only administrative unit that the BJ census fragments give a Nahuatl term for is a calpolli. The noun, glossed in Fray Alonso de Molina’s Nahuatl-toSpanish Vocabulario as casa o sala grande, o barrio, “a big house or room, or a neighborhood” (Molina 1977, fol. 11v), indeed literally means a “big house.” This etymology may have been one of the reasons that early scholars perceived calpolli as kinship-based units, similar to clans (e.g., Vaillant 1962, 115). In the 1960s, however, researchers started to focus on other aspects of this concept, whose meaning, they stressed, may have differed depending on region.1 Thus, a calpolli has also been defined as “a group of families living in a single locality” (Gibson 1964, 34), a “small tribute-paying community that constituted the basic production unit above the household level” (Hicks 1982, 231), and a subunit of the altepetl, or the dynastic city-state (e.g., Lockhart 1992, 16). However, as Benjamin Johnson (2019, 10) stresses for a similar type of unit, a tlaxilacalli (see below), the latter definition runs the risk of viewing calpolli as more dependent on the altepetl than they really were. The oral and written tradition from the western Nahua area (Valley of Mexico and today’s Morelos), where most of our data on the precontact concept of calpolli come from, makes this type of community the principal agent in the stories of origin. Before acquiring territories and adopting a sedentary way of living, the calpoltin2 wandered through the land of Central Mexico, guided by their patron-deities (López Austin 1989, 47–77). Even after the initial forming of the states, they would sometimes come and go, negotiating their accession with the lords and rulers of the altepetl (e.g., Codex Xolotl, leaf 5, depicts the arrival of four such groups to Tetzcoco3). By the time Nahua authors wrote this tradition down in alphabetic script, the calpolli existed in both rural and urban 1 However, the insistence on the kinship aspect of the calpolli has not disappeared entirely (see Escalante Gonzalbo 1990). 2 Here I use the plural form of the word calpolli in accordance with the rules explained in Ch. 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” p. 38, n. 2 and Introduction, p. 4, n. 2. 3 https://amoxcalli.org.mx/zoom.php?ri=codices/001-010/laminas/001-010_14.jpg, accessed Oct 27, 2020.

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settings. The calpolli energetically organized landholdings, the tribute payment system, and many other aspects of low-level community life in both the Aztec state and early New Spain. The members of a calpolli continued to worship their patron-deity, who had safely brought them to their final destination. They usually shared a profession and had a preference for endogamous marriages. Within the altepetl, the arrangement of the calpolli was hierarchichal, and the calpolli rotated in the fulfillment of duties toward the city-state (Gibson 1964, 182, 349–350; Lockhart 1992, 16–18; Smith and Novic 2012, 5–6). With such a wide range of societal, religious, and economic aspects focused in one unit, calpolli were the backbone of sixteenth-century Nahua societies. However, throughout Nahuatl colonial sources, calpolli is not the only or even the most common term that has some or all of the above connotations. A more frequently encountered term is tlaxicalalli, which shares with calpolli the morpheme cal, “house,” while the rest of its etymology remains obscure (Lockhart 1992, 16). On both the conceptual and the functional level, calpolli and tlaxilacalli seem to be very similar (the late sixteenth-century annalist Chimalpahin even has the term calpoltlaxilacalli, which he uses several times in his eighth Relación), though not identical. Chimalpahin, whose vocabulary for Nahua administrative units and power structures is exceptionally rich, prefers to use tlaxilacalli for post-conquest contexts and calpolli (or calpoltin) for the pre-Aztec migration contexts (Schroeder 1991, 143–151), but other colonial and modern authors contrast these terms in different ways.4 In some regions, calpolli or tlaxilacalli were grouped in units called tlayacatl (etymologically associated with leadership or being in front of others), which constituted a tier between them and the altepetl. Such a structure developed, for example, in Tenochtitlan, Tlaxcallan, and Chimalpahin’s home state of Amaquemecan. In the latter, each of the five constituent tlayacatl had their own tradition of migration and settlement, as well as a dynastic ruler (tlahtoani), which made them very like altepetl. Amaquemecan and Tlaxcallan did not have a single tlahtoani that would preside over all the minor tlayacatl dynasties, but a tight network of intermarriages and kin relations between these dynasties made the confederation more stable (Lockhart 1992, 21; Schroeder 1991, 131–136). 4 To date, there has been no study that convincingly and comprehensively contrasts these two concepts with a substantial corpus of Nahuatl colonial texts as evidence. Scholars often write calpolli/tlaxilacalli or arbitrarily choose one of these terms, regardless of the terminology used in their primary sources. Spanish colonial authors cause additional confusion, grouping a series of Nahua community types under the Spanish term barrio. In the most recent study on tlaxilacalli, Johnson (2019) notes these problems and makes an effort to avoid the conflation of tlaxilacalli and calpolli wherever possible. For the occurrences of Chimalpahin’s calpoltlaxilacalli, see Schroeder 1991, 151–152.

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Neither the term tlaxilacalli nor tlayacatl found its way to the Marquesado census. Instead, Pedro Carrasco (1976, 104) was the first to observe that in the Tepoztlan volumes from Mexico and France, the term calpolli functioned on three different levels. He likewise noted that the calpolli registered in the Yauhtepec census similarly had their constituent sub-units called either calpolli or chinamitl. Across the Nahuatl-speaking area, the meaning of the word chinamitl differed, and could mean a fence, an enclosed piece of land or a type of agricultural plot, or even an administrative unit. In the Yauhtepec census, the word is used interchangeably with the term calpolli as though they mean the same thing. The only difference between the two concepts that Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen (1983, 1: xv) observe is that chinamitl seem to be smaller in size than calpolli. In contrast to Yauhtepec, the Tepoztlan census ignores the term chinamitl, assigning the central role to calpolli and applying this term to various levels of hierarchy. As Susan Schroeder (1991, 42–44, 153) demonstrates, Chimalpahin sometimes treated the term altepetl in a similar way. Instead of using his elaborate vocabulary for various tiers of administrative units, he used altepetl to describe his home state of Tzacualtitlan Tenanco, the larger unit of Amaquemecan, to which it belonged, and the vast province of Chalco, in which Amaquemecan was located. Like Chimalpahin’s altepetl, the term calpolli in the Tepoztlan census could signify both a large unit and its smaller constituents. While the Marquesado census does not reveal the religious aspect of calpolli life, it confirms many other defining traits of this type of community, as observed by previous scholars. Most importantly, it positions the calpolli within a hierarchical system of organization, in which the altepetl is the superior unit. The calpolli described in the census fragments of the BJ and the BnF belonged to the altepetl of Tepoztlan, whose tlahtoani, or dynastic ruler, was, at the time of taking the census, Don Diego (his Nahuatl name remains unknown). According to Lockhart (1992, 16), altepetl usually included an even number of calpolli – two, four, six, or eight – but BNAH Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550) claims that Tepoztlan had nine calpolli. The surviving corpus still holds complete or incomplete registers for some of them: Tlacatecpan, Calihtec, and possibly also Tlalnepantla and Teicapan. In Chapter 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10,” I briefly discussed their internal structure and the correlation of the Tepoztlan administrative organization (as described in the census) with the tribute collection system. Each of the four known first-level calpolli consisted of several second-level calpolli, which could, in turn, be composed of up to four thirdlevel calpolli. On each level of this hierarchy, the leader of the unit was called a tlapachoa, “he who governs.” He was responsible for collecting the tribute from his area of jurisdiction and passing it to his superior. The leader of the first-level Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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calpolli delivered the collected goods to Cortés. The only known exception to this was Tlacatecpan, where the tlapachoah of the second-level calpolli contacted the Marqués directly. There is no reason not to believe that this system had functioned in this way (with, perhaps, some changes due to population loss during and after the Spanish conquest) since precontact times when the last link in the tribute flow sequence had been the tlahtoani of Tepoztlan (see Lockhart 1992, 18). Table 8.1 attempts to reconstruct the administrative structure of the altepetl of Tepoztlan from data available in the Marquesado census. The only complete register of a first-level calpolli that has survived to our times is that of Tlacatecpan. The record of Calihtec lacks several concluding folios, so a town or two may be missing from the Table. However, the number of its constituent second-level calpolli was undoubtedly two. We know that because every time a heading for a complex (or high-level) calpolli appears in the Tepoztlan census, it has information about how many lower-level calpolli this unit included. In the case of Calihtec, it was ōcca “two places” (BnF MM 393, fol. 4r). At the same time, each heading for a lower-level calpolli informs us about its order in the set. Hence, we learn that Tenantitlan was yc ōcalpuli, “the second calpolli” (of Calihtec), and since Calihtec only included “two places,” we expect no more second-level calpolli in this unit. The numbering of the constituent calpolli was a characteristic feature of precontact Nahua administrative organization. The numbering was used to ensure a rotational scheme of fulfilling obligations toward the altepetl, but it also often indicated the relative prestige of the ranked calpolli (Lockhart 1992, 17–18). For reconstruction purposes, the numbering of the calpolli is particularly useful for the units hypothetically identified with Tlalnepantla and Teicapan. Their surviving incomplete registers are composed of small pieces that lack the principal heading, which would have at least pointed to the number of second-level units. In the Tlalnepantla[?]5 fragments, the only calpolli heading that we have is for Comoliuhcan – either a second or a third-level calpolli. It is numbered “four,” which suggests that there were at least three more units in its set. Concurrently, the only calpolli heading in the Teicapan[?] records is that of Ixtlahuacan, “the third calpolli,” but we cannot be sure if its set also contained a fourth or even a fifth one. I tentatively placed both Comoliuhcan and Ixtlahuacan at the third level of the administrative hierarchy, because they included the smallest possible constituent units – villages of Tollan, Nochtlan, 5 In order to stress that the identification of particular census fragments and data with the calpolli of Tlalnepantla and Teicapan is hypothetical, whenever I speak of these fragments and data, I add [?] to the names of these calpolli.

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Table 8.1 A reconstruction of the administrative structure of Tepoztlan. Names marked with * are hypothetical identifications. Names marked with ° are tentatively ascribed to that particular level of administrative organization. Names in square brackets do not appear in the manuscript; they have been reconstructed from the names of their superior administrative units (see below)

First-level calpolli

Second-level calpolli

Third-level calpolli

Town/village

Tlacatecpan

[Tlacatecpan]

–

[Tlacatecpan]

– – – – Tlaxomolco

– – – –

Molotlan

– – – –

Xoxocotlan

– – –

Heading location

BNAH ca 551, fol. 32v Metla BNAH ca 551, fol. 37v Tlacatecpan BNAH ca 551, fol. 40r Oyacatlan BNAH ca 551, fol. 44v Tlatenchi BNAH ca 551, fol. 51v [Tlaxomolco] BNAH ca 551, fol. 54v Tecomatlan BNAH ca 551, fol. 57v Tlacotenco BNAH ca 551, fol. 61r Panchimalco BNAH ca 551, fol. 64v Anhuatlan BNAH ca 551, fol. 68r–bis Ahuacatlan BNAH ca 551, fol. 71v Molotlan BNAH ca 551, fol. 74v Quecholac BNAH ca 551, fol. 79r [Xoxocotlan] BNAH ca 551, fol. 84r Zacatempan BNAH ca 551, fol. 85v [Tec?]achcalco BNAH ca 551, fol. 90r

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Table 8.1 A reconstruction of the administrative structure of Tepoztlan (cont.)

First-level calpolli

Tlalnepantla*

Second-level calpolli

[no data]°

[no data]°

Teicapan*

[no data]°

Calihtec

[Calihtec]

Tenantitlan

Third-level calpolli

Town/village

–

Tlaximaco

Heading location

BNAH ca 551, fol. 92v – Chiapan BNAH ca 551, fol. 94v [no data]° [no data] [no data] Teocaltitlan BJ ma 3, fol. 3v Cuayohuacan BJ ma 3, fol. 12r Xiuhcomolco BJ ma 3, fol. 15v Tlatlacapan BJ ma 3, fol. 20r [no data]° [no data] [no data] [no data]° [no data] [no data] [no data]° [no data] [no data] Comoliuhcan° [Comoliuhcan] BJ ma 3, fol. 32r Tollan BJ ma 3, fol. 58r Nochtlan BJ ma 3, fol. 63r Tecpantzinco BJ ma 3, fol. 70r [no data]° [no data] [no data] [no data]° [no data] [no data] Ixtlahuacan° [Ixtlahuacan] BnF mm 393, fol. 1r [no data] [no data] Calpolixpan BJ ma 10, fol. 4v – [Calihtec] BnF mm 393, fol. 4r – Colhuacan BnF mm 393, fol. 30v – Tlapallan BnF mm 393, fol. 33r – Tlacochcalco BnF mm 393, fol. 6v – [Tenantitlan] BnF mm 393, fol. 11v – Huicpalecan BnF mm 393, Tenantitlan fol. 19r

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Table 8.1 A reconstruction of the administrative structure of Tepoztlan (cont.)

First-level calpolli

Tepetitlan Tlalcouhcan Acxotlan Amatlan Tepetlapan

Second-level calpolli

[no data] [no data] [no data] [no data] [no data]

Third-level calpolli

Town/village

Heading location

– –

Tepetenchic Tenantitlan Olac

[no data] [no data] [no data] [no data] [no data]

[no data] [no data] [no data] [no data] [no data]

BnF mm 393, fol. 23r BnF mm 393, fol. 26r [no data] [no data] [no data] [no data] [no data]

Tecpantzinco, and Calpolixpan – which meant that there were no more calpol­li tiers below them. However, if either Tlalnepantla or Teicapan was a two-tier rather than a three-tier unit, Comoliuhcan or Ixtlahuacan should be in the second-level calpolli column. A curious feature of the Tepoztlan census record is that it seldom gives a heading for the first calpolli or town in the set. In Calihtec, which is composed of only two calpolli, we only have the name, number, and leader of the second calpolli, Tenantitlan. Undoubtedly, the first one had to be called something, and I have assumed its name was the same as the name of its superior calpolli, in this case, Calihtec (Table 8.1). Judging from the sequences of tribute collectors in both Calihtec and Tlacatecpan, the tlapachoah of the first second-level calpolli were, at the same time, leaders of their superior first-level calpolli. This system could have been so obvious for the census makers that they did not bother to include this redundant information in the document. In most cases, the scribes did not note the name of the first town in the lowest-level calpolli, either. On a higher level of organization, the primary urban center of the altepetl was typically given the altepetl’s name (Lockhart 1992, 18), and some evidence suggests that this may also have been the case among the calpolli. For example, the annotation to #264 claims that one person has just come from Comoliuhcan. However, house #264 was located in the calpolli of Comoliuhcan, in the village of Nochtlan. The only possible explanation is that the scribe meant the short-distance migration from the town of Comoliuhcan to the village of Nochtlan, both located within the same calpolli. Unfortunately, the pattern of naming the first towns is not as straightforward Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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as in the calpolli sets. In the calpolli of Molotlan, the first town is called Anhuatlan, and the settlement named Molotlan is third. Even more strangely, in the second-level calpolli of [Tlacatecpan], the first town is unnamed while the village of Tlacatecpan occupies the third position. Does that mean that there were two places known as Tlacatecpan in this calpolli? Should the initial group of houses in the lowest-level calpolli record even be understood as a defined town or settlement at all times? The Tepoztlan census does not provide answers to these questions. Large portions of the Tepoztlan census are now missing – among them, all the folios that once formed the census of the five smallest first-level calpolli of Tepoztlan. The annotations to the surviving record give us an idea about how many calpolli descriptions we still lack. In addition to the first-level units as well as those whose records have survived, they mention twelve names of the (probably second and third-level) calpolli to and from where the people registered in the census moved (Table 8.2). While we cannot be sure if all of these calpolli belonged to the altepetl of Tepoztlan, the majority of them probably did – particularly those whose names appear multiple times, suggesting intense contact and close geographical proximity. Archaeological research helps, to some degree, with translating the raw data of the census into a more vivid picture of the community landscape in the sixteenth-century Marquesado lands. Michael E. Smith (1993) compared the spatial arrangements of houses that he excavated on three archaeological sites south-west of Tepoztlan and Cuauhnahuac to the findings of scholars who studied the census fragments available by the end of 1980s. He concluded that at one of these sites, the settlement clusters may represent two levels of organization – a calpolli of around 140 houses and several smaller clusters of around 30 houses that he termed chinamitl (and that correspond in size to Tepoztlan’s towns or villages; see Table 8.3). At the center of the calpolli, Smith unearthed a large plaza surrounded by elite residences, the main temple, and other representative structures, with the bulk of ordinary houses focused around the central compound as well as in several more distant settlements. Since archeologists have found this arrangement in more late precontact and early colonial sites in western Morelos, we can imagine that this is how the only complete calpolli of the BJ census fragments, Comoliuhcan, looked. It was probably composed of the main settlement, referred to by the locals as Comoliuhcan, with a view of the elevated (and perhaps already destroyed by the Spaniards) temple and the relatively luxurious residence of the leader, Juan Xolotecatl. The villages of Tollan, Nochtlan, and Tecpantzinco formed the second circle of houses around downtown Comoliuhcan. Numerous similar concentric arrangements were scattered throughout the nearby landscape, weaving the fabric of the Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Table 8.2 Calpolli whose records are missing from the surviving Tepoztlan census, but which are mentioned in the annotations to the existing fragments

Name

Leader

Mentioned in

Atenco

Don Diego

Calnahuac Caltonco Colhuacan Cuauhquiquiceccan Ochpanco

[no data] [no data] [no data] Quetzaltoncatl [no data]

Tecpantzinco Telzanipan

[no data] [no data]

Teoticaltitlan Tlapallan Zapotitlan Zatehpan

[no data] [no data] Pablo [no data]

BJ MA 3, fol. 24v, #128 BnF MM 393, fol. 34v BnF MM 393, fol. 33r BJ MA 3, fol. 55v, #218 BnF MM 393, fol. 17v BJ MA 3, fol. 29r, #363 BJ MA 3, fol. 31r, #375 BnF MM 393, fol. 28v BnF MM 393, fol. 34v BJ MA 3, fol. 15v, #86 BJ MA 3, fol. 29r, #364 BJ MA 3, fol. 38v, #155 BJ MA 3, fol. 49v, #195 BJ MA 10, fol. 1r, #323 BnF MM 393, fol. 27v BnF MM 393, fol. 31v BnF MM 393, fol. 32r BNAH CA 551, fol. 28v BNAH CA 551, fol. 29r BNAH CA 551, fol. 29v BJ MA 3, fol. 14r, #79 BnF MM 393, fol. 17v BJ MA 10, fol. 2v, #328 BJ MA 3, fol. 71r, #296

entire altepetl of Tepoztlan, whose centralized power required a more grandiose ceremonial plaza than what was in provincial Comoliuhcan. Since the term calpolli referred to various tiers on the administrative ladder, calpolli substantially differed in size.6 Table 8.3 shows all the administrative units of Tepoztlan (be they calpolli, towns, or smaller settlements) for which complete data exist. All the statistics for the nine first-level calpolli are available in BNAH Col. Antigua 551 (earlier 550), so we do not need census records 6 On size variation among the calpolli, see also Gibson (1964, 152).

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to know their population size. Although the record of Calihtec is incomplete, the number of households in the second-level calpolli of Tenantitlan could be calculated based on the total number of households in Calihtec and its first second-level calpolli. Interestingly, the sizes of the first-level calpolli show enormous variation: the smallest one, Acxotlan, includes sixty households and the largest, Tlacatecpan, 556 households. The lowest-level calpolli are somewhat more similar in size, varying from 51 (Xoxocotlan) to 175 households (Comoliuhcan). However, it is worth noting that Comoliuhcan, though lower in the administrative hierarchy, is still more extensive than the majority of first-level calpolli. At the same time, almost all lowest-level calpolli are larger than the smallest first-level administrative unit of Tepoztlan, Acxotlan. The level of a calpolli did not, therefore, correlate with its relative size. Table 8.3 The sizes of some administrative units of Tepoztlan. Names marked with * are hypothetical identifications. Names marked with ° are tentatively ascribed to that particular level of administrative organization. Names in square brackets do not appear in the manuscript; they have been reconstructed from the names of their superior administrative units (see below)

First-level calpolli Tlacatecpan

Second-level calpolli

[Tlacatecpan]

Tlaxomolco

Molotlan

Xoxocotlan

Third-level calpolli

Town/village

– – – – –

[Tlacatecpan] Metla Tlacatecpan Oyacatlan Tlatenchi

– – – –

[Tlaxomolco] Tecomatlan Tlacotenco Panchimalco

– – – –

Anhuatlan Ahuacatlan Molotlan Quecholac

Number of households 566 134 32 17 35 31 19 82 16 22 20 24 79 18 16 23 22 51

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Table 8.3 The sizes of some administrative units of Tepoztlan (cont.)

First-level calpolli

Second-level calpolli

Tlalnepantla*

Third-level calpolli

Town/village

Number of households

– – – – –

[Xoxocotlan] Zacatempan [Tec?]achcalco Tlaximaco Chiapan



Comoliuhcan°

Teicapan Calihtec

[Calihtec]

Tenantitlan

Tepetitlan Tlalcouhcan Acxotlan Amatlan Tepetlapan

Teocaltitlan Cuayohuacan Xiuhcomolco Tlatlacapan [Comoliuhcan] Tollan Nochtlan Tecpantzinco

– – – –

[Calihtec] Colhuacan Tlapallan Tlacochcalco

– –

[Tenantitlan] Huicpalecan Tenantitlan

10 17 9 9 6 560 48 17 19 24 175 96 31 35 13 469 170 74 22 17 11 24 96 36 19 95

115

60 99 81

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A careful reader will notice that the number of households in all four constituent calpolli of Tlacatecpan given in Table 8.3 do not add up to 566. This is because the Table omits towns listed as belonging personally to tlahtoani Don Diego, as these do not form part of any calpolli (BNAH CA 551, fol. 5r). Don Diego owned fourteen or fifteen small settlements (the first one, as per usual, does not have a name in the document), which comprised the considerable number of 220 households in total. The census also does not mention tribute duties in forty-one household entries, exempting, in some cases, entire settlements. However, since the primary purpose of the census was to calculate the income of Cortés, the scribes may not have added information on Don Diego’s share, which could have still been paid by the “exempt” householders. In the towns with at least several tribute payers, the person in charge of collecting tribute usually lived in the house listed first, and he passed the gathered goods directly to the tlahtoani, who, in turn, delivered them to Cortés. All Don Diego’s settlements that paid tribute to Cortés, even the three-household settlement of Tocatlan, had these small-scale tribute collectors. While the villages of Don Diego did not belong to any calpolli, all the remaining small settlements registered in the Tepoztlan census form part of the internal calpolli structure in a way also evidenced in other regions (Hicks 1982, 240–243). Similarly to the calpolli, these settlements also varied in size. Not counting the main urban centers, which go unnamed in the census, the villages could have from six (Chiapan in Xoxocotlan Tlacatecpan) to fortyeight (Teocaltitlan in Tlalnepantla[?]) households. Many of them also had leaders called tlapachoa, precisely like the calpolli chiefs. Among these settlements were Teocaltitlan and all the other villages of Tlalnepantla[?], as well as Huicpalecan Tenantitlan (Calihtec) and the majority of the settlements subject to [Tlacatecpan], Tlaxomolco, and Molotlan (Tlacatecpan). Again, the size of the settlement was not a decisive factor when it came to it having a tlapachoa. In the calpolli of Tlacatecpan, the nineteen-household village of Tlatenchi had such a leader, while the thirty-five-household village of Tlacatecpan did not. Curiously, tlapachoa does not seem to be a fixed title. Morphologically, this word comes from pachoa, “to govern or control” (Karttunen 1992, 182), which could have been combined with either the indefinite nonhuman object tla-, meaning “to govern something” or the indefinite human object te-, “to govern someone.” Agentives based on both versions are attested in Molina’s dictionary under tlapachoani, “governor of his estate and family,” tepachoh, “regidor, governor, or president” and tepachoani, “president or governor” (Molina 1977, fol. 101v, 130v). The BJ census fragments use only the version with tla-, which appears in such contexts that it can be understood either as a verb (“he governs”) or present agentive (“he who governs”) – and in the translation of the fragments Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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published in this book, José Luis de Rojas and I opted for the latter (see Ch. 10, “Glossary of Nahuatl Terms,” pp. 152–153). In Nahuatl sources, tlapachoh, tlapachoa, or tlapachoani7 do not appear as part of elaborate Aztec nomenclature for dignitaries, but instead are used as generic terms for “administering.” For example, according to the Florentine Codex, the fate of a woman born on the day of One Serpent was that “she would be a careful administrator, a tlapachoani; she will carefully administer and control things for the sake of her children; she will gather wealth for them and distribute it fairly among them.”8 Concurrently, in the treatise on “the manner of living of the governors,” composed in the sixteenth century under the supervision of Molina, tepachoa refers to the generic concept of a “governor,” which, in this text, includes Nahua rulers and elites (Tavárez 2019, 147). While both Molina’s entries and the examples cited from friar-controlled sources seem to suggest that the idea of “administering things” (tlapachoa) was limited to domestic contexts and that of “administering people” (tepachoa) expanded to the political sphere, the Marquesado census proves that this was not the case, and the two variants had very similar if not identical connotations. In the lands of Cortés, a tlapachoa was the leader of a village or calpolli, but the record of the altepetl Cuauhchichinollan, published by Sarah Cline, demonstrates that he could also have been an official responsible for the entire city-state. The Cuauhchichinollan section begins with a heading that identifies the altepetl’s leader, Don Martín Tlacatecuhtli,9 as a person who “governs things” and only later, when reading his household entry, which introduces his relatives as the tlahtoani’s mother, aunt, younger sibling, etc., do we deduce that he bore the title of tlahtoani (Cline 1993, 132). Sources from other regions further show that the generic terms derived from pachoa were not an isolated phenomenon in Nahuatl administration nomenclature. The verb yacana, “to govern or lead” (Karttunen 1992, 333), produced agentives of similarly generic character – teyacanqui (“leader of people”) and tlayacanqui (“leader of things”). Contrary to pachoa agentives, they were usually modified by objects, for example, tianquizpan tlayacanqui, “leader at the marketplace,” for a marketplace supervisor, or ichpochtlayacanqui, “leader in regard to girls,” for a school matron (Kellogg 1995, 97–98). Sixteenth-century documents from Tulancingo 7 All three forms occur in Nahuatl sources with more or less the same connotations. Tlapachoh is a preterit agentive, while tlapachoani and tlapachoa (the latter, admittedly, the least common in the sources) are present agentives. 8 tlaçaloanj, tlapachoanj iez, vel qujntlaçalhujz, qujntlapachilhujz, qujntetzontiz, qujntla­ tlamachiz in jpilhoan (Sahagún 1957, 59). Translation mine. 9 I thank Benjamin Johnson for an observation that the term tlacatecuhtli (“lord of the people”), used by the census as a last name, is a high-ranked Nahua title.

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studied by James Lockhart (1991, 36) include the term tequitlayacanqueh, “leaders in regard to the tribute,” which they replace once with tlapachoani – a very telling equivalence in the context of the Tepoztlan tribute collection system. Perhaps the pachoa agentives had an underlying economic connotation and, in the Tepoztlan census, the choice of the term tlapachoa over calpolli-related titles arose from the focus of this documentation on the income of Cortés. Colonial sources provide us with several official titles related to the calpolli system, most of which were ignored in our documents. Chimalpahin tends to use the term tecuhtlahtoani for a calpolli leader in Chalco (Schroeder 1991, 195). He and other authors refer to tribute collectors as tequitlahtohqueh or calpixqueh. Neither of these terms can be found in the Tepoztlan census. Apart from tlahtoani and tlapachoa, the only other term connected to economic or political power that the census employs is tecuhtli. In precontact and early colonial times, tetecuhtin (pl. of tecuhtli) were noblemen of high rank who controlled vast amounts of land and numerous vassals. Gibson (1964, 182) claims that they were also often heads of calpolli. In the census fragments published in this book, no calpolli leader bears the title of tecuhtli, but, as Carrasco (1976, 106) reports, this does sometimes happen in the Yauhtepec record. The only tecuhtli of the BJ manuscripts is Toribio Mexicatecuhtli, briefly mentioned as the landlord of some of the counted householders (BJ MA 3, fol. 28v). The Tepoztlan census thus sketches a complex internal structure of an altepetl, with an up to three-step hierarchy of calpolli, where the lowest-level subdivisions sit inside higher-level subdivisions, resembling a Russian doll. Even the smallest calpolli did not have a homogenous structure but were composed of several settlements. Each calpolli and some of their constituent villages had their leaders, responsible for collecting the tribute that then travels up the administrative ladder, finally reaching Cortés. The altepetl’s tlahtoani, though deprived of much of his income, still retained some private landholdings that do not form part of any calpolli. Onto this administrative structure, the Tepoztlan census juxtaposes yet another system: a grid of twenty-household units. Gibson (1964, 182) observed that the Aztecs used to group households in units defined according to the traditional Mesoamerican vigesimal counting system and that in some regions, this structure survived to the mid-sixteenth century. Some early colonial population records, such as the Matrícula de Huexotzinco from the modern state of Puebla, provide evidence for the existence of these kinds of groups (Carrasco 1974, 5). In Huexotzinco, all the married commoners under the age of forty-five or fifty, both landowners and renters, belonged to units of twenty households. Each unit had a leader, a centecpanpixqui (“a keeper of twenty”), who was often a commoner (macehualli), and five leaders Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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were supervised by a macuiltecpanpixqui (“a keeper of one hundred”), usually a nobleman (pilli, Rojas Rabiela 1979, 47). The term centecpanpixqui also appears in the instructions for the governors of Cuauhtinchan, written by Fray Francisco de las Navas in 1559, suggesting that Spaniards acknowledged this system (see Ch. 5, “The Creation and History,” pp. 64–65). In Huexotzinco, the leading purpose of the twenty-household units was most probably tribute collection. However, Teresa Rojas Rabiela (1979, 45) hypothesizes that both there and in other Central Mexican altepetl of the precontact period, having households divided into units of twenty also facilitated the organization of labor. As Gibson (1964, 514n103) notes, the units recorded in colonial sources far from always included exactly twenty or one hundred tributaries; usually these numbers were approximated. In the Tepoztlan census, all the households bear numbers from one to twenty, indicating an organization similar to the one described for Huexotzinco. The twenty-household grid does not cross the boundaries of the calpolli. Each calpol­li, regardless of its hierarchical position or level, begins with house number one and repeats the cycle of twenty until it runs out of households. Consequently, no centecpantli unit exceeds twenty households, and only the very last units of the calpolli tend to have fewer. For example, in Comoliuhcan, the count ends with the fifteenth house (BJ MA 3, fol. 73r), while in Ixtlahuacan, the final unit has only six houses (BJ MA 3, fol. 31r). This system includes every household head: both young and older men, widows, dependents, carpenters, people exempt from tribute payments, and others. There is no evidence in the census for the existence of macuiltecpantli units that would group approximately one hundred households. The term centecpanpixqui does not appear in the Tepoztlan census. However, a small hint contained in the section registering the private holdings of tlahtoani Don Diego indicates that the first householder of a twenty-household unit may have fulfilled this role. The section names numerous minor officials responsible for gathering tribute and passing it directly to Don Diego. In the majority of cases, they were the first householders in their settlements, but in one case, in the fifteen-house village of Tlaltepec, which included parts of two twenty-household units, two people shared this role. One was the leader of Tlaltepec, Xochihuah, who collected tribute from houses 10 to 20, and the other was Yaotl, who lived in house 1 and took care of the remaining three households of Tlaltepec (BNAH CA 551, fol. 11). While this isolated example cannot lead to a firm conclusion, a possible parallel with the internal organization of the calpolli and small settlements also suggests that the keeper of a twenty-household unit occupied the house listed as first in his unit. As far as the function of Tepoztlan’s twenty-household units is concerned, the example Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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of Yaotl is the only piece of evidence pointing to associations with tribute collection. It has to be stressed, however, that throughout the census, this task belongs to leaders of the calpolli and their constituent towns, and other “keepers” do not seem to be involved in passing the goods to the Marqués. No further information in the Tepoztlan record clarifies the role played by the twentyhousehold units. Economically, the keepers of the twenty-household units were not visibly different from the rest of the population. There are twenty of them in the census fragments published in this book, and, except for two officials who happened to combine their function with being calpolli leaders and thus accumulated considerable wealth, they held from five (#291) to forty-five (#333) rods of land. Statistically, this is not much more than the ten or twenty rods most commonly encountered among the registered population (see Table 6.3.1). If all the units of measurement (including matl and cuahuitl) were more or less equal, the twenty-household keepers would have held an average of 17.17 units of land.10 Even within their twenty-household groups, they were not necessarily the most prominent landowners. For example, three neighbors of one of the census’s first householders, Juan (#116), enjoyed several more units of land than their supposed keeper (#117, #118, #119). Interestingly, some twenty-household units seem quite uniform in terms of the economic status of their members. One of the wealthiest people of the BJ census fragments, Francisco (#329), shared his twenty-household unit, in which he was registered as seventeenth, with other big landowners. The average amount of land in the ten households of this group whose records have survived to our times is 47.5 rods, which is, surprisingly, almost three times the total average amount of land of the households in the analyzed manuscripts. Another owner of one hundred rods of land, a widow named Tecapan (#133), lived among humble or even poor people. However, the keeper of the entire group was Juan Xolotecatl (#130), who, as leader of the calpolli of Comoliuhcan, enjoyed 150 rods of land. The fact that wealthy people were usually combined in the same twenty-household unit suggests that these groups were not composed randomly, but favored members of a similar economic and social status and, perhaps, also, people related to each other through kinship. The most prominent landowners of the census fragments published in this book are calpolli leaders. We have records concerning two of them: Juan 10

Above the figure of nineteen, the census fragments published in this book do not specify the unit of land measurement, but José Luis de Rojas assumes it to be cuahuitl, or “rod” (see Ch. 6, “The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers,” pp. 82–83; Ch. 9, “Land and Tribute,” p. 136; Ch. 10, “Glossary of Nahuatl Terms,” pp. 149–150).

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Xolotecatl of Comoliuhcan mentioned above (#130), with 150 rods of land, and Toribio of Ixtlahuacan (#319), who had three hundred rods. In other known fragments of the Tepoztlan census, calpolli leaders also seem to be wealthy, usually owning more than one hundred rods of land (e.g., BNAH CA 551, fols. 32v, 55r; BnF MM 393, fol. 11v). The prominent economic position of the calpolli leaders, however, was not an absolute rule, since heads of two secondlevel subdivisions, Francisco of Molotlan and Miguel of Xoxocotlan, held an astonishingly small amount of land: twenty rods each (BNAH CA 551, 68r–bis, 84r). The largest landowner of Tepoztlan was, to no surprise, the tlahtoani Don Diego, with an enormous holding of over 1500 rods (BNAH CA 551, fol. 5r). It would be interesting to see how his wealth compared to the possessions of tetecuhtin, but no tecuhtli residence record exists among the Tepoztlan fragments. A detailed description of the tecuhtli Molotecatl’s household in the Yauhtepec census gives a figure of six hundred units of land at this nobleman’s disposal (Carrasco 1972, 228). Nevertheless, the data gathered from the census suggest that same-level calpolli leaders, tlahtohqueh, and even, most likely, tetecuhtin, were not able to accumulate equal amounts of land. Instead, their wealth correlated with the overall wealth of their states and subdivisions, which were sometimes only impressive when compared to the humble possessions of commoners. Despite some exceptions, the general tendency was that land ownership correlated with the administrative position held by an individual within the altepetl. The tlahtoani owned an amount of land incomparably more extensive than any of his vassals did, including the calpolli leaders. The latter, in turn, held much more land than the people they were responsible for, including the heads of small settlements and the keepers of twenty-household units. Possibly, the wealthiest members of the calpolli were related to each other through kinship or affinity, and they tended to stick together in the same twenty-household units. We can also speculate that the wealthiest householders, even those who did not fulfill any administrative function or had a prestigious title, belonged to the social group of pipiltin, or noblemen, who constituted around ten percent of early colonial indigenous society (Lockhart 1992, 131). Although the size of the landholding seems to be a good indicator of a household’s prosperity, the Tepoztlan census points to other factors that should be taken into account when assessing the economic status of householders. One of them is the number of wives who, like all the other women in the household, were the primary producers of textiles, significantly contributing to the family’s ability to pay tribute. The tlahtoani Don Diego had one wife whom he married in a church (teoyotica omonamicti), but among the members of his

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household were also six women called his “slaves” (itlacahuan11) and two listed as “servants” and “orphans.” At the same time, thirteen children of Don Diego still lived with him at the time of taking the census (BNAH CA 551, fol. 5r). Quite possibly, the one Christian wife was not the mother of all Don Diego’s children, and some of them were the offspring of his other relationships, which he decided not to expose to the census takers. Similarly, the leader of the calpolli of Ixtlahuacan, Toribio (#319), had only one wife but eight children and a female slave. Despite being reduced to “slavery” on paper, these relationships could still have been legitimate in the eyes of Nahua customary law. From other pieces of the Marquesado census, we know that some householders did not make an effort to conceal their polygamy from the census takers. In Yauhtepec, the tecuhtli Molotecatl declared that he had five wives (Carrasco 1972, 228), and two householders of the documents published in this book boasted of double marriage (#24, #58).12 Of these two households, the presence of more than one wife correlated with a relatively substantial landholding (thirty-three rods) only in #24. The head of #58 owned just five rods of land, but both his family and the fact that he was exempt from paying tribute certainly improved his economic situation. Even if some of the slaves encountered on the pages of the census were concealed wives or concubines of their masters, slavery did exist in the early colonial Marquesado del Valle lands. It was known in Mesoamerica before the coming of the Spaniards, though it differed in many respects from European-style human exploitation. In a collection of Nahuatl speeches and conversations known as The Bancroft Dialogues, an elderly woman from Tetzcoco reminisces about the old times when “there were countless noblemen of higher and lesser rank, and one could not count the servants who were commoners or the slaves; they were like ants.”13 Slaves worked fields, transported goods, performed domestic tasks, and, as sacrificial victims, carried the messages of the community to the gods; additionally, female slaves were used for sex and traded as gifts (Hicks 1975, 256; Townsend 2006, 358). According to Fray Toribio de Benavente Motolinia (1996, 509–512), who in the sixteenth 11

The absolutive form of the noun for a “slave” was tlacohtli, pl. tlatlacohtin, but the census fragments published in this book only use the possessed form itlacauh, pl. itlacahuan, derived from tlacatl, “human being.” 12 Camilla Townsend (2006) paints a convincing picture of the life of women – wives, concubines, servants, and slaves – in a precontact Nahua noble household. 13 àmo çan tlapōhualtin in tēpilhuān in tēĭxhuīhuān catca: auh àmo onmopōhuăyà in tētlăn nĕnquè mācēhualtin, nocè in tlātlācòtin; yuhquin tzīcătl onoc (Karttunen, Lockhart 1987, 146). Translation mine.

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century collected information in the Valley of Mexico, these bond servants were usually recruited from people who sold themselves or their children as a way to sustain their families. Others were criminals, particularly robbers, condemned to slavery. Motolinia was amazed by how many rights the Aztec slaves had, even pondering at the correctness of the term “slavery” in the context of precontact indigenous societies. They owned possessions, including slaves of their own, and could raise a family in a separate household. When they wanted to marry, a relative could take their place while they walked away free. Their children were born free. For Spaniards involved in the African slave trade, this image indeed could have fallen out of the definition of the Spanish esclavo. Based on the Yauhtepec census fragments, Carrasco (1976, 108) observed that in the Marquesado lands, the only slave owners were tetecuhtin or calpolli leaders. His observation contrasts with the census fragments published in this book, where out of ten slave owners, at least six do not fulfill any prestigious role. However, just like husbands of multiple wives, these ten slave masters undoubtedly enjoyed an elevated economic status, even in the absence of large amounts of land assigned to their households (see #73, #131, and #132). As far as the slaves themselves are concerned, the situation of the males presented in the BJ fragments differs considerably from that of the females. In line with the precontact customs, male slaves have their separate households, own land (though they do not pay tribute), and raise families (#13, #23, #66). Judging from the way the census describes their houses – that is, exactly like those of free men – they also seem to be regular members of the calpolli. In two out of three cases that exist in the documents published in this book, the male slaves seem to have been recorded in the census immediately after their masters, as if they lived in adjacent houses. Female slaves, on the other hand, always live in another person’s household and are, at least on paper, single, though sometimes with children (#133). One slave, María, was a widow, and we are tempted to wonder if it was her widowhood that reduced her to this unfortunate status. When an opportunity presented itself for her to remarry, her master, Diego, let her go, and she seemingly walked away as a free woman, though nobody is mentioned to have taken her place (#131). María is the only person whose reasons for falling into slavery we may speculate. The census fragments published in this book give no critical personal details about other slaves. As Lockhart (1992, 99–100) notes, according to the Yauhtepec fragments of the Marquesado census, people tended to buy enslaved children from merchants who brought them from a distance. The few pieces of information on slavery from the BJ census fragments seem to conform to the pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican model instead of the European understanding of slavery. As Lockhart (1992, 100) summarizes, in early Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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sixteenth-century New Spain, “slaves were a minor population element barely distinguished from other menial servants and lower dependents, with whom they had probably had a great deal in common even in preconquest times.” Two cases of women whose status was not apparent to the census takers (#132 and #133) may reflect these fluid boundaries between some forms of slavery and servitude. A similar example involves a householder named Francisco. The document says that “he belongs to Domingo; he is [Domingo’s] slave” (domingo ytech puvi ytlacahv, #66). While the English translation shows no inconsistency in this passage, the Nahuatl phrase itech pohui often described a relationship with a type of land tenant, who only “belonged” to his landlord in the sense of working his land. Though people who entered this kind of dependency were usually free commoners, in the Marquesado region, they could also be slaves, as Cortés himself observed soon after first taking possession of his grant (Carrasco 1976, 108). The category of itech pouhqui,14 similarly to calpolli, is one of several terms with comparable or sometimes equivalent meanings that were used by colonial authors depending on their region of origin or individual preference. Carrasco (1976, 117), for example, believed that the Marquesado itech pouhqueh were more or less the same category as dependents called mayehqueh (lit. “hand owners”) or teccalehqueh (lit. “owners of palace [land?]”) by the Spaniard Alonso de Zorita. The mestizo chronicler Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl provided yet another synonymous term, tecpanpouhqueh (lit. “those who belong to the palace of a tecuhtli”). While the Marquesado census corpus uses none of Zorita’s and Ixtlilxochitl’s terms, Carrasco (1976, 115) lists a wide array of other words that can be found in the census. All of them, he claims, describe vassals who receive land from their lords: itequitcahuan (lit. “his tributaries”), calpol­ tequitqui (lit. “calpolli’s tributary”), tequinanamihqueh (lit. “those who assist with the tribute”), itlan nemih (lit. “those who live with him”), and icnihuan (lit. “his friends”). Of all these, only the latter term appears in the census fragments published here (see below). In the first volume of the Tepoztlan census, however, the itech pouhqueh of tlahtoani Don Diego are called tecpantlacah (lit. “people of tecuhtli’s palace [land?],” BNAH CA 551, fol. 5r), which seems to be a term similar to Alva Ixtlilxochitl’s tecpanpouhqueh. Possibly, tecpantlacah

14

The phrase itech pohui is composed of the verb pohui (“to belong to something or someone”) and the relational word tech, combined with a possessive prefix that indicates the object of the verb (Karttunen 1992, 202). Here, I use the form with the third person singular possessive prefix i: “he belongs to him or her.” Itech pouhqui is an agentive, meaning “he who belongs to him or her.” Its plural form is itech pouhqueh.

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refers, in this case, to a particular category of itech pouhqueh – those who worked the lands belonging to a tlahtoani or a tecuhtli. The census fragments published in this book include ten households of itech pouhqueh. In each case, a note informs us to whom the dependent “belongs,” but this rarely helps with establishing the rank or the administrative function of the landlord. The only person whose position raises no doubts is Juan Xolotecatl, leader of the calpolli of Comoliuhcan, mentioned as the landlord of either #199 or #200 (the placement of the note is ambiguous). In several cases, the census leaves us with a Spanish male name that matches the name of a leader from the calpolli hierarchy, but is so common that it may also match the names of other people missing from the surviving fragments. For example, Pantli from #1 is an itech pouhqui of a certain Pablo, and “Pablo” is the name of the leader of the calpolli to which Pantli belongs. However, at the same time, it is also the name of probably dozens of other wealthy people in the Marquesado region (see Table 6.5.2 for statistics on male names). Similarly, in #55, in Teocaltitlan, lives Francisco, an itech pouhqui of a certain Miguel, and “Miguel” happens to be the name of the leader of Teocaltitlan. In other cases, no person bearing the name of the landlord can be found among the householders in the section to which the itech pouhqui’s household belongs or in the tribute collectors’ hierarchy described in the entry (e.g., #211 or #220). The most interesting example of an itech pouhqui is the note referring to a tenant as belonging to “the lady” or “the noblewoman” (cihuapilli, #119). The lack of her proper name suggests that the identity of the lady was evident to the census takers and that she was probably the only landlady in the calpolli (or even the altepetl) in which her itech pouhqui lived. Most probably, she was the widow of a tecuhtli or another kind of wealthy nobleman. Though unable to show extensive patterns of dependency, the BJ census fragments provide some insight into itech pouhqueh and their landlords. The document demonstrates that having land tenants was by no means restricted to the power-holding men of highest ranks: both noblewomen and lowerlevel officials (such as leaders of small calpolli) could have their lands worked by itech pouhqueh. In the case of the slave tenant (#66), the landlord did not even perform any function worth recording in the census. The BJ census fragments also suggest that itech pouhqueh, like male slaves, were members of the calpolli. Moreover, they sometimes lived in a different calpolli than their landlords. Gibson (1964, 264) observed this latter pattern in a higher administrative level, with the nobility of one altepetl owning land within the limits of other city-states. The last term for dependent people that appears in the census fragments published here and, therefore, deserves mention is icnihuan. In the variant of Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Nahuatl recorded by Fray Alonso de Molina (1977, fol. 33r) in the sixteenthcentury Valley of Mexico, the term icniuhtli meant “friend.” However, in twentieth-century Tetelcingo, Morelos, now less than a one-hour drive from Tepoztlan, this term has been recorded with the meaning of “sibling” (Karttunen 1992, 94), a definition that has possibly existed since the sixteenth century or earlier. Thus, in the early colonial Marquesado lands, icnihuan meant either “his friends” or “his siblings.” Sixteenth-century Tlaxcalan documents shed light on its metaphorical use. As Thelma Sullivan (1987, 41) notes, an icniuhtli or tlalicniuhtli (the latter meaning “land-friend/sibling”) was a terrazguero, or land renter. In a 1568 Tlaxcalan lawsuit, the judge asks one of the witnesses, “aquitech [ti]pohuia ac ticniuh oticatca” (Sullivan 1987, 130), “to whom did you belong, whose renter were you?”. The term icniuhtli is here juxtaposed with itech pohui in the same way as the latter is paired with itlacauh, “slave,” in the BJ census fragments. This kind of phrasing suggests that icnihuan were, at least in specific cases or regions, similar or equivalent to itech pouhqueh. In BJ Ms. Amer. 3, one group of households is classified as “icnihuan of Toribio Mexicatecuhtli,” which I understand to be the tecuhtli’s renters rather than family. These households are part of the calpolli of Ixtlahuacan, headed by a Toribio – the wealthiest person among those whose records have been published in this book – so there is a good chance that Toribio Mexicatecuhtli and the calpolli leader were the same person. It seems that the group of renters included eleven households (#361–#372), and some of them were quite wealthy: #361 enjoyed forty and #362 fifty units of land. In contrast, none of the itech pouhqueh worked more than twenty-seven rods of land, and the majority of them were assigned less than twenty rods of lands. The amount of owned land is the only detectable difference between the icnihuan and the itech pouhqueh of the census fragments published in this book. However, the available sample is so small that only a comparison with other sources will allow patterns to be established. Bibliography Carrasco, Pedro (1972), “La casa y hacienda de un señor tlalhuica,” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 10, pp. 225–244. Carrasco, Pedro (1974), “Introducción – la Matrícula de Huexotzinco como fuente sociológica,” in Matrícula de Huexotzinco (Ms. Mex. 387 der Bibliothèque Nationale Paris), ed. Hanns J. Prem, Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, pp. 1–16. Carrasco, Pedro (1976), “Estratificación social indígena en Morelos durante el siglo XVI,” in Estratificación social en Mesoamérica prehispánica, ed. Pedro Carrasco and

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Johanna Broda, México: Secretaría de Educación Pública, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, pp. 102–117. Cline, Sarah L. (1993), The Book of Tributes: Early Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Censuses from Morelos, Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. Escalante Gonzalbo, Pablo (1990), “La polémica sobre la organización de las comunidades de productores,” Nueva Antropología 11: 38, pp. 147–162. Gibson, Charles (1964), The Aztecs under Spanish Rule: a History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Hicks, Frederic (1975), “Dependent Labor in Prehispanic Mexico,” Estudios de cultura náhuatl 11, pp. 243–266. Hicks, Frederic (1982), “Tetzcoco in the Early 16th Century: The State, the City, and the ‘Calpolli’,” American Ethnologist 9: 2 (May), pp. 230–249. Johnson, Benjamin D. (2017), Pueblos within Pueblos: Tlaxilacalli Communities in Acolhuacan, Mexico, ca. 1272–1692. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. Karttunen, Frances (1992), An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Karttunen, Frances and James Lockhart (1987), eds., The Art of Nahuatl Speech: The Bancroft Dialogues, Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, University of California. Kellogg, Susan (1995), Law and the Transformation of Aztec Culture, 1500–1700. Norman, OK, and London: University of Oklahoma Press. Lockhart, James (1991), Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philology, Los Angeles, CA: Stanford University Press. Lockhart, James (1992), The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. López Austin, Alfredo (1989), Hombre-dios: religión y política en el mundo náhuatl, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Molina, Fray Alonso de (1977), Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana. 2nd ed., México: Porrúa, Vol. 2. Motolinia, Fray Toribio de Benavente (1996), Memoriales. Libro de Oro, MS JGI 31, ed. Nancy Joe Dyer, México: El Colegio de México. Rojas Rabiela, Teresa (1979), “La organización del trabajo para las obras públicas: el coatequitl y las cuadrillas de trabajadores,” in El trabajo y los trabajadores en la historia de México, eds. Elsa Cecilia Frost, Michael C. Meyer, and Josefina Zoraida Vázquez, México: El Colegio de México – University of Arizona Press, pp. 41–66. Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de (1957), Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, trans. Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J.O. Anderson. Vols. 5 and 6: Book 4 – The Soothsayers and Book 5 – The Omens, Santa Fe: The School of American Research – The University of Utah.

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Schroeder, Susan (1991), Chimalpahin and the Kingdoms of Chalco, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. Smith, Michael E. (1993), “Houses and the Settlement Hierarchy in Late Postclassic Morelos: A Comparison of Archeology and Ethnohistory,” in Prehispanic Domestic Units in Western Mesoamerica, eds. Robert S. Stanley and Kenneth G. Hirth, Boca Raton, FL – Ann Arbor, MI – London – Tokyo: CRC Press, pp. 191–206. Smith, Michael E., and Juliana Novic (2012), “Introduction: Neighborhoods and Districts in Ancient Mesoamerica,” in The Neighborhood as a Social and Spatial Unit in Mesoamerican Cities, eds. M. Charlotte Arnauld, Linda R. Manzanilla, and Michael E. Smith, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, pp. 1–26. Sullivan, Thelma (1987), Documentos tlaxcaltecas del siglo XVI en lengua náhuatl, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Tavárez, David (2019), “Aristotelian Politics Among the Aztecs: A Nahuatl Adaptation of a Treatise by Denys the Carthusian,” in Transnational Perspectives on the Conquest and Colonization of Latin America, eds. Jenny Mander, David Mingley, and Christine Beaule, London – New York: Routledge, pp. 141–155. Townsend, Camilla (2006), “‘What in the World Have You Done to Me, My Lover?’ Sex, Servitude, and Politics Among the Pre-Conquest Nahuas as Seen in the Cantares Mexicanos,” The Americas 62: 3 (January), pp. 347–389. Vaillant, George C. (1962), Aztecs of Mexico: Origin, Rise and Fall of the Aztec Nation, ed. Suzannah B. Vaillant, New York: Doubleday and Company.

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Chapter 9

Land and Tribute in the Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments José Luis de Rojas Along with the composition of families, the Marquesado census provides information on the lands assigned to the household heads and the amount of tribute paid by them. This information becomes even more valuable when it is compared to information in other sources and the results of previous scholars. The majority of households registered in our documents have land for their particular use, including the payment of tribute. In our documents, the units of measurement are sometimes matl, lit. “arms” (translated into Spanish as brazas), and sometimes cuahuitl, lit. “rods” (in Spanish, varas).1 In sixteenthcentury Castile, a braza was equivalent to 1.68 meters (approx. 5 feet 6 inches) and included two varas, each one equivalent to 0.84 meters (approx. 2 feet 9 inches). Different scribes may have used these two terms as variants of a unique measurement; otherwise, some household heads would have had a half or a quarter of the land of the others. Since we are not able to determine if these two terms were indeed variants, we have maintained the distinction between matl and cuahuitl. However, it should be stressed that when the amount of land is twenty or more units of measurement, the unit always remains unspecified, which favors the possible equivalence of the two terms (see Ch. 6, “The Jagiellonian Library Census in Numbers,” pp. 82–83). As we do not know the real value of these unspecified units, translating them as “units of measurement” is, perhaps, the best option. Since the census always gives just one figure (rather than two: for length and width), I presume that the other value, either the length or the width, was standard. The figure given may even have been a square unit: Martínez (1984, 85, 97) claims that there were standard square units one hundred brazas long and six brazas wide. In contrast to the Tepoztlan record, values for length and width appear in the surviving Yauhtepec census volumes. Alternatively, in the Codex of Santa María Asunción and the Codex Vergara, where many plots of land have a very complicated shape, measurements for every side of the land are given. As far as the measurements are concerned, 1 According to general rules in Nahuatl, since both matl and cuahuitl are inanimate nouns, they do not have plural forms. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004457119_011 José Luis

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the highest concentration in our corpus of documents is twenty units of measurement (eighty-seven cases) followed by ten (sixty-eight cases), five (thirty-three cases), and thirty (twenty-five cases). Eleven householders have forty units of land, two have one hundred units, one has 150 units, and one, Toribio, in BnF Ms. Mexicain 393, has three hundred units (for the overview of the amount of land assigned to the families of the census fragments published in this book, see Table 6.3). The enormous size of the landholding fits well with the latter’s role as calpolli leader and tribute collector. The differences between the households are apparent, but we are not able to explain them at this point. Nevertheless, the majority of the amounts of land are small, and it does not seem possible that an average family earned a living with just the declared land. We have no information about the crops planted on the land. From the tribute paid in kind, the only agricultural product is corn, and little more than one-third of the tributaries provided this crop. Cacao beans, although edible, should instead be considered as a currency according to their traditional role in pre-Hispanic and early colonial Mesoamerica. Different types of tribute appear in the documents published here. Besides the personal service in Cuauhnahuac, of unknown duration and character, some household heads paid nothing more, and others provided carpentry or flower-keeping services. Most people, however, paid tribute in kind, which was composed of different categories. These categories still escape our full understanding, and due to this, there are some differences in the ways each scholar deals with them. The translations selected by the different authors intend to approximate the literal meaning of the Nahuatl words. The first category of tribute in kind in the Tepoztlan census is the tribute called tlacalaquilli, paid in cloth and translated as “contribution” (contribu­ ción) by Carrasco (1972), Mentz (2008; n.d.), and Díaz Cadena (1978). Cline (1993) translates this as “tribute in kind,” similarly to Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen (1983), whose translation into German is Stück Sachtribut. We prefer to use the Nahuatl word, as with the other tributes paid in cloth (see Ch. 10, “Glossary of Nahuatl Terms,” pp. 150–152). For tetlacualtilli, the second category of tribute in kind, we have more variations. Carrasco (1972) says cuando da comida (“when he gives foodstuff”), Díaz Cadena (1978) translates it as con­ vite (“feast”), Cline (1993) as “provisions tribute,” Mentz (n.d.) maintains the Nahuatl term as we do, and Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen (1983) translate it as Nahrungsmittelabgabe (“food donation”). The third category of tribute in kind is nemapohpohualoni. In the published fragments of the Marquesado census, this term mostly appears in relation to cloth, and previous scholars have not identified it as a type of tribute. Accordingly, their translations refer to a tributary item. Here we almost have unanimity, although in different Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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languages: Carrasco (1972) and Díaz Cadena (1978) use toalla (“towel”), Mentz (2008, n.d.) servilleta (“towel”), Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen (1983) Serviette (“napkin”), and Cline (1993) “hand towel.” These three types of tribute were all paid in cloth, in pieces named zotl in Nahuatl, customarily translated into Spanish as its closest equivalent, pierna: “A thing that which, when joined with others, form or make up a whole. Pierna of a bedsheet” (Real Academia Española 2014).2 In their translations, Carrasco (1972) and Díaz Cadena (1978) use the word pierna. Cline (1993) prefers “quarterlength,” justifying her selection with the fact that the cloth paid in the Yauhtepec census she worked on was cloaks of four piernas. Her reasoning arises from four payments scheduled in a year, which made up a total of one whole cloak per year (Cline 1993, 76). The four-piernas cloaks were one of the most used kinds of cloaks in the Nahuatl world, and their presence in tribute payments is well attested (Rojas 1998). The fragments of the Marquesado census studied before the discovery of the BJ items identify the tlacalaquilli tribute with Cuernavaca cloaks, the tetlacualtilli tribute with tequicuachtli cloaks, and the nemapohpo­ hualoni tribute with the cloaks named canahuac (“narrow ones”) (see Ch. 10, “Glossary of Nahuatl Terms,” pp. 150–152). In our documents, some of these associations also appear. We lack the identification for the first type of tribute, tlacalaquilli, but for the Yauhtepec census, Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen (1983, 1: 53–54) and Cline (1993, 164, 165) mention “Cuernavaca cloaks.” A document from the General Archive of the Indies (Archivo General de Indias, AGI) in Seville (AGI Contaduría 657, 4: f. 761r) refers to toldillos, which is a term frequently used in the Libro de las Tasaciones de Pueblos (“Book of the town taxations”) for tribute cloaks: eran de 4 piernas de la marca de Cuernavaca (“they were of four quarter-lengths of the Cuernavaca style,” quoted in Rojas 1998, 48). As for tetlacualtilli, in Cline’s work (1993, 164, 165), it is paid in items called tequicuachtli, a term also used in the fragment of the Marquesado census published by Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen (1983, 1: 53–54, for instance). In our documents, BJ Ms. Amer. 3 has the term cuachtli, which in Nahuatl means “cloak” (while tequicuachtli is “tribute cloak”). It appears in several entries, in the section where we would expect to find the tetlacualtilli tribute, on fols. 42v– 43, #172 and #175; and on fol. 50v, #200. For the last type of tribute paid in cloth, the word canahuac appears instead of nemapohpohualoni in BJ Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 26v, #351; fols. 42v–43, #172; fol. 50v, #200; fol. 62r, #253; fol. 62v, #254; fol. 72r, #300. In Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen (1983, 1: 9–10, 12–14, 15–16), canahuac appears instead of nemapohpohualoni several times with one even more precise statement in entry HH16 (Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen 2 Cosa que unida con otras forma o compone un todo. Pierna de sábana.

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1983, 1: 18–19), where it is said that they give one canauac every time they give food and the annual total is thirteen nemapopoualoni. It is worth noting that in the BJ manuscripts, the terms for cloth are only mentioned in households that did not pay this kind of tribute, for example, atle canavac, or atle ycanauacauh (#232 and #200), meaning, “no narrow sheets of cotton cloth.” The next tribute consists of cacao beans, eggs, and shelled maize. The other Marquesado census items tend to list more products, some of them present in the majority of early New Spain tribute assignments, like turkeys and hens. It is a great surprise that we do not have the latter in our documents. The Yauhtepec fragments of the census also mention chili peppers and blocks of salt, although the latter very rarely. Hinz, Hartau, and Heimann-Koenen (1983) and Cline (1993) thought that these products were part of the nemapohpohualoni tribute, also included in the tetlacualtilli tribute due to its association with food, but I have several doubts about this hypothesis, as I have expressed earlier in an article written with Julia Madajczak: Por ejemplo, en el folio 4r de Cracovia se dice: ytlacalaqujl ce çotl yte­ tlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl matlactetl omome / tlaolj ye caxitl, “su tributo tlacalaquilli es una pierna [de mantas], su tributo tetlaqualtilli son tres piernas [de mantas], su tributo nemapopohualoni son tres piernas, 15 semillas de cacao, 12 huevos y tres escudillas de maíz”. Un fragmento así da la impresión de que cacao, huevos y maíz pertenecieron al tributo nemapopohualoni, pero otro fragmento sugiere que no necesariamente era el caso: ytlacalaqujl ce çotl atle ytetlaqualtil atle ynemapopovaya cacavatl macujltetl atle totoltetl atle tlaoly (Cracovia, 51r), “su tributo tlacalaquilli es una pierna [de mantas], su tributo tetlaqualtilli es nada, su tributo nemapopohualoni es nada, 5 semillas de cacao, nada de huevos, nada de maíz”. Si una persona no pagaba ni el tetlaqualtilli ni el nemapopohualoni, pero sí pagaba 5 semillas de cacao, esto sugiere que la comida se consideraba aparte de los tres tipos de tributo que se cobraban, en su mayoría, en tela. Posiblemente el nombre nemapopohuaya se ha dado a un tipo de tributo por metonimía: este tributo constaba de las mantas nemapopohualoni. A favor de esta hipótesis en Cracovia en lugar del habitual nemapopohuaya a veces dice canahuac: ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl atle canavac cacavatl chiu­hnavhtetl totoltetl chiquacetetl atle tlaoli (f. 62v), “su tributo tlacala­ quilli es una pierna [de mantas], su tributo tetlacualtilli son tres piernas [de mantas], nada de tela fina, nueve semillas de cacao, seis huevos, nada de maíz”. Rojas and Madajczak 2018, 307–308

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For instance, fol. 4r of the Cracow document says, ytlacalaqujl ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl matlactetl omome / tlaolj ye caxitl, “his tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure [of a cloak], his tetlaqualtilli tribute is three measures [of a cloak], his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures [of a cloak], fifteen cacao beans, twelve eggs, and three bowls of shelled maize.” A quote like this gives the impression that the cacao beans, eggs, and maize formed part of the nemapohpohualoni tribute. However, another fragment suggests that this was not necessarily the case: ytlacalaqujl ce çotl atle ytetlaqualtil atle ynemapopovaya cacavatl macujltetl atle totoltetl atle tlaoly (Cracow, 51r), “his tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure [of a cloak], his tetlacual­ tilli tribute is nothing, his nemapohpohualoni tribute is nothing, five cacao beans, no eggs, no maize.” If a person paid neither tetlaqualtilli nor nemapohpohualoni but paid five cacao beans, this suggests that food was considered separate to the three types of tribute gathered mostly in cloth. Possibly, that specific kind of tribute received the name nemapohpo­ huaya3 through metonymy: it consisted of the nemapohpohualoni cloaks. In support of this hypothesis, instead of the habitual nemapohpohualoni, the Cracow documents sometimes say canahuac: ytlacalaquil ce çotl yte­ tlaqualtil ye çotl atle canavac cacavatl chiuhnavhtetl totoltetl chiquacetetl atle tlaoli (fol. 62v), “his tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure [of a cloak], his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures [of a cloak], no canahuac, nine cacao beans, six eggs, no shelled maize”. Rojas and Madajczak 2018, 307–308

The quotes in the passage refer to BJ Ms. Amer. 3, the only item we had transcribed and translated by the time we wrote those lines. Very few tributaries paid all of the types of tribute. The most frequent was the personal service in Cuauhnahuac, with 316 households out of 376 providing it. The next most frequent was tlacalaquilli, which was paid by 280 households, of which 266 paid one measure of cloth. The third most frequent was tetlacual­ tilli, which was paid by 275 tributaries, of whom 260 paid three measures of cloth in a year. A total of 264 households paid nemapohpohualoni, with 244 of them delivering three measures. Many households paid cacao beans, but here the dispersion of quantities was high. A total of 155 households paid ten cacao beans, thirty-six households paid five, and each of the remaining paid 3 Nemapohpohuaya is the possessed form of the instrumental agentive nemapohpohua­ loni and always comes with a possessive prefix, for example, inemapohpohuaya (“his nemapohpohualoni”).

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something between three and sixteen cacao beans. A total of 177 tributaries paid eggs, with seventy-two of them paying nine eggs, thirty paying three, and twenty-one paying six. The remaining tributaries paid ten different values of between two and forty eggs. Tribute in maize was paid by 153 households, with three baskets or bowls being the most frequent amount: a total of 117 tributaries paid three bowls while thirty-three paid three baskets. Apart from them, one tributary paid one bowl and one paid six bowls. One householder met his tribute obligations by keeping flowers, and of another two, one provided a native woman’s blouse (huipilli) and one a skirt. Eight carpenters did not pay tribute in kind. It is interesting to analyze the different combinations of tributes paid by the household heads because the results help us to verify which tributes usually went together and which were independent. Table 9.1 shows the results in columns corresponding to the BJ items and the small BnF fragment published here. Instead of all the combinations possible, I put only those for which the documents provide examples. Table 9.1 Combinations of the types of tribute

Frequency Tribute

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10 BnF mm 393

Total

Tlacalaquilli (tl) Tetlacualtilli (te) Nemapohpohualoni (N) tl & te tl & N te & N tl, te, & N tl & cocoa tl, cocoa, eggs, & maize te & cocoa te, eggs, & cocoa N & cocoa tl, te & cocoa tl, te, cocoa, & eggs

24 8 1

1 – –

– – –

– – –

25 8 1

– 3 26 4 3 2

2 – – – – 1

– – – – – –

– – – – –



2 3 26 5 3 3

1 1 1 2 9

1 – – 2 –

– – – – –

– – – – –



2 1 1 4 9



1

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Table 9.1 Combinations of the types of tribute (cont.)

Frequency Tribute

bj ma 3

bj ma 8

bj ma 10 BnF mm 393

Total

tl, te, cocoa, eggs, & maize tl, N, & eggs tl, N, & cocoa tl, N, cocoa, & eggs tl, N, cocoa, eggs, & maize te, N, & cocoa te, N, cocoa, & eggs te, N, cocoa, eggs & maize tl, te, N, & cocoa tl, te, N, & maize tl, te, N, eggs, & cocoa tl, te, N, cocoa, & maize tl, te, N, cocoa, eggs, & maize

1

–

–

–

1

1 1 8 5

– – – –

– – – –

–

1



4 1 1

– – –

– – –

– – –

4 1 1

20 1 42

– – –

1 – –

1

– –

22 1 42

3

–

–

–

3

121

6

3

10

140



1

–

1 2 8 6

Our documents show a lack of uniformity in the tribute payments. For example, the twenty-household unit headed by Juan (#173) of BJ Ms. Amer. 3 shows great variety in their tribute payments, but other payments of tribute are more consistent, such as the association of tetlacualtilli with the nemapohpohua­ loni tribute found in the twenty-household units headed by Pedro (#240) and another Pedro (#260) of BJ Ms. Amer. 3. In general, we can see that the types of tribute are grouped into several clusters, and the majority of tributaries paid all the types. We can also take a look at the total amounts of tribute. Our documents do not mention the frequency of the payments, however, in other economic documents, including the Yauhtepec census studied by Cline (1993), the householders delivered the tributes in cloaks four times a year, and only once a year provided the rest of the products. With this assumption, every measure of cloth Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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provided by the householders of Tepoztlan totals one whole cloak per year. The tlacalaquilli tribute thus provided 297 cloaks per year. The tetlacualtilli tribute provided 790 cloaks plus an additional quantity that we are not able to calculate because of problems we had with translation: ten houses paid what seems to be “one time two measures” (cepa ypa q̑ça oçotl). If our translation is correct, this could be five cloaks in a year, or thirty-five if the text implies that the tributaries paid three measures three times in a year and just one time reduced the payment to one measure of cloth. Since the goal here is to make an approximation, we can leave this problem to be resolved by future researchers. As for the nemapohpohualoni tribute, we have 744 cloaks and ten households with the same type of additional quantity as with tetlacualtilli. The total amount of eggs is 1362, cacao beans – 3593, and maize – 347 bowls and ninety-nine baskets, assuming that in all these cases, the tribute was paid once a year. The amounts are not very high. I have already mentioned that I consider the cacao beans listed in the census as a type of currency. Throughout the sixteenth century, the exchange rate was between one hundred and 150 cacao beans per real. With the total of 3593 cacao beans, this gives either 35.93 or approximately 24 reales, depending on the exchange rate, or between three and four pesos a year. In 1540 New Spain, three pesos was the payment that could be expected for twenty-four weeks of obligatory labor service and was the cost of around 1120 kilograms of maize. More valuable was the tribute in cloth, but it is difficult to be precise with this, due to the great variety of the kinds and values of cloaks (Rojas 1998, 48). If we consider one of the prices for the toldos, or cloaks of various types, that is most repeated by colonial documentation (three reales an item, Rojas 1998, 70, 71), each tributary paid an amount considerably higher than the tax expected of the Spaniards (one peso per year), because they paid a total of seven cloaks, equivalent to twenty-one reales or two pesos and five reales.4 All these data suggest that we are looking at neighborhoods inhabited by very humble people, with a minimal quantity of land at their disposal and, accordingly, quite moderate tribute obligations, even in the case of the leaders of the administrative units. At the same time, the BJ documents attest to a phenomenon already known from the other Marquesado census items. There was no equality among the common people in terms of their living conditions, the amount of land they received from their communities, or the amount of tribute they paid.

4 A peso consists of eight reales.

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Bibliography Carrasco, Pedro (1972), “La casa y hacienda de un señor tlalhuica,” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 10, pp. 225–244. Cline, Sarah L. (1993), The Book of Tributes: Early Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Censuses from Morelos, Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. Díaz Cadena, Ismael (1978), Libro de Tributos del Marquesado del Valle, México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Hinz, Eike, Claudine Hartau, and Marie Luise Heimann-Koenen (1983), Aztekischer Zensus: Zur Indianischer Wirtschaft und Gessellschaft im Marquesado um 1540, Hannover: Verlag für Ethnologie. 2 volumes. Martínez, Hildeberto (1984), Tepeaca en el siglo XVI: Tenencia de la tierra y orga­ nización de un señorío, México: Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. Mentz, Brígida von (2008), Cuauhnáhuac 1450–1675: Su historia indígena y documentos en “mexicano.” Cambio y continuidad de una cultura nahua, México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa. Mentz, Brígida von (2019), “Fondo Mexicano de la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia: Documento No. 393, Censo de Población,” Amoxcalli, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. Available online (last accessed 11/26/ 2019): https://amoxcalli.org.mx/fichaTecnica.php?id=393. Real Academia Española (2014), Diccionario de la lengua española. 23rd edition. Available online (last accessed 11/28/2019): https://www.rae.es/diccionario-de-la -lengua-espanola/la-23a-edicion-2014. Rojas, José Luis de (1998), La moneda indígena y sus usos en la Nueva España en el siglo XVI, México: Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. Rojas, José Luis de, and Julia Madajczak (2018), “Padrones de Morelos: Impresiones sobre familias, tierras y tributos,” in El arte de escribir. El centro de México: del Postclásico al siglo XVII, eds. Juan José Batalla Rosado and Miguel Ángel Ruz Barrio, Zinacantepec: Colegio Mexiquense, pp. 295–311.

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Part 3 Transcription and Translation of the Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments

⸪

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Chapter 10

Glossary of Nahuatl Terms Julia Madajczak and José Luis de Rojas with an explanation for the translation choices made by the translators of the Jagiellonian Library census fragments Calpolli

A sub-unit of an altepetl, or a Mesoamerican city-state. It combined administrative and economic functions with a sense of collective identity for its members, who usually worshipped the same patron-deity. The calpolli were of different sizes and some of them had a complex structure. Tepoztlan included nine principal calpolli, which divided into smaller units, also called calpolli, of which some included yet another set of even smaller calpolli. Chapters 3, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10” and 8, “Administrative Structure” discuss this structure at length. Colonial Spanish authors usually translate calpolli as barrio. Today, many scholars choose to leave this term untranslated because of the unique cultural character of the calpolli and lack of a precise equivalent in either Spanish or English. We have followed this practice in the translation of the BJ census fragments published in this book. Canahuac A type of tribute cloak or cloth. Canahuac is an agentive noun derived from the transitive verb canahua, which Fray Alonso de Molina (1977, fol. 12r) glosses as “to make boards, wide stones, or pottery thinner.”1 He then explains that canahuac is “something thin in this way, a sheet of cloth or a fine cotton cloak.”2 From his explanation, it seems that canahuac refers to fabric that has been thinned out and is now more delicate than regular fabric. However, when translating the Florentine Codex, Charles Dibble and Arthur J.O. Anderson translated this term as a “long, narrow [cape]” (Sahagún 1959, 47). Sarah Cline (1993, 78–79) also prefers the translation “narrow” to 1 Canaua. nitla. adelgazar tablas, o piedras anchas o la loca quando la hazē. &c. Preterito. onitlacanauh. 2 Canauac. cosa delgada desta manera, lienço, o manta delgada de algodon.

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Cuachtli

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“fine,” pointing to the distinction between canahuac and cuachpatlahuac (“wide cloaks”) in the Yauhtepec census fragments that she published. As she observes, the Yauhtepec census fragments establish equivalence between canahuac and the → nemapohpohualoni cloth. In the documents published in this book, this could also be the case, because, as some entries (e.g., #172 and #200) clearly show, the → nemapohpohualoni tribute consisted of canahuac. Following Cline, as well as Dibble and Anderson, we have chosen to translate canahuac as “a narrow sheet of cotton cloth.” In this way, in the translation of the BJ census fragments, canahuac is clearly distinguished from → cuachtli, “a large sheet of cotton cloth.” However, one should bear in mind that, in line with Molina’s understanding, canahuac could have referred to fine rather than narrow fabric. Household, family. This word comes from calli, house, which, as an inanimate noun, does not have a plural form. The plural ending -tin added to the root cal shows that in this case, the noun refers to animate beings. Cen is the numeral “one,” which in compounds can also mean “entire.” Thus, cencaltin means “people of one house” or “people of the entire house.” Molina (1977 II: 17r) glosses this term as “family,” but James Lockhart (1992, 59) prefers the translation “household.” Since in the BJ census fragments, cencaltin can include slaves, servants, and other people not related to the household head through kinship ties, we have opted for Lockhart’s choice. Tribute cloak or cloth. This term can be modified to describe various types of cuachtli, for example, cuachpatlahuac is a wide cloak (Cline 1993, 78). In the documents published in this book, some entries (e.g., #172 and #200) clearly show that the → tetlacualtilli tribute consisted of cuachtli. Molina glosses this term as “large cotton cloak” (manta grande de algodón). When translating the early municipal records of Tlaxcala, James Lockhart, Frances Berdan, and Arthur J.O. Anderson (1986, 27) proposed the translation “length of cotton cloth.” Their suggestion is more suitable for the use of cuachtli in the Tepoztlan census fragments published here because the tributaries always deliver pieces of cloth (→ zotl) rather than complete cloaks. However, in order to incorporate Molina’s indication about its large size and to make the translation of cuachtli more consistent with that of → canahuac, “a narrow Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

Glossary of Nahuatl Terms

Cuahuitl

Icnihuan

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sheet of cotton cloth,” we have chosen to translate this term as “a large sheet of cotton cloth.” Lit. “stick, rod, pole.” A measuring tool and a unit of measurement. Along with → matl or maitl, “arm, hand,” in Nahuatl colonial sources, cuahuitl is the most commonly mentioned unit of land measurement. Its relationship with → matl is puzzling. Lockhart (1992, 144) observes that while in some regions, cuahuitl and → matl seem to refer to the same measure, in others, → matl is smaller and used as a fraction of cuahuitl. In the Yauhtepec census fragments, both units are sometimes used in the same field description – one for width and the other for length (Cline 1993, 71). Rogelio Valencia Rivera (2018, 143) suggests that of the two, the only real unit of measurement was → matl, and cuahuitl was a tool for measurement (a measuring stick) that could have the length of one → matl. Since the size of → matl varied regionally, the size of cuahuitl would also have been different in various areas of the Nahua world. In the documents published here, the majority of the household entries give field sizes in cuahuitl, though some of them use → matl instead. Moreover, above the figure of nineteen, the scribes do not specify the units of measurement. While we have a feeling that, in the BJ census fragments, the two units may be understood as equal (one cuahuitl measuring one → matl), we have no way of proving it. Chapters 6 (“The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers,” pp. 82–83) and 9 (“Land and Tribute,” p. 136) mention this problem. Nevertheless, as Valencia Rivera’s hypothesis is plausible, we have decided to translate cuahuitl as “rod,” while leaving → matl without translation. A further complication is the term cuauhcuahuitl, which occurs three times in the BJ census fragments. The additional morpheme cuauh may be understood as reduplication (“multiple cuahuitl”), but the text gives no clue as to its possible difference from the regular cuahuitl. We also have not been able to find this term in other Nahuatl documents or scholarly literature. Due to a lack of any hints, we have decided to translate it as if it were a regular cuahuitl (“rod”), though indicating its different form in the footnote. A type of dependent. Icnihuan is a possessed, plural noun, which, depending on the variant of Nahuatl, literally means “his friends” or “his siblings” (sg. icniuh, “his friend, his Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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sibling”). It very rarely occurs in the absolutive form icniuhtli. In the Tepoztlan census fragments published in this book, it is used with a metaphorical meaning, referring to a type of dependent. Our translation choice, “land renters,” arises from the contexts in which icnihuan appears in the Tlaxcalan documents published by Thelma Sullivan (1987, 40), who translates this term into Spanish as terrazgueros. Icnihuan are discussed in Chapter 8, “Administrative Structure,” pp. 132–133. Itech pohui To belong to someone, to be one’s dependent. This is a relational phrase composed of the verb pohui, “to belong,” and the relational necessarily possessed word tech, which refers to adjacency. Molina (1977, fol. 83v) glosses the whole phrase as “to be dedicated or to belong to another person” (ser yo dedicado, o pertenecer a alguna persona). In the Tepoztlan census fragments published in this book, itech pohui refers to a type of dependency consisting of land tenure, which is discussed in Chapter 8, “Administrative Structure,” pp. 131–132. We translate this phrase as “he belongs to,” conforming to the usual practice of Nahuatl scholars. Matl The basic Nahua unit of measurement. The word matl, or, in other regions, maitl, means “arm, hand.” This unit was not uniform in the entire Nahua area. However, it seems that it most often corresponded to 1.676 meters, which was the equivalent of two Spanish varas. This figure, reportedly, was an approximate distance between the tips of the fingers of a man with outstretched arms (for an in-depth discussion of this unit of measurement, see Valencia Rivera 2018). For this reason, the literal translation “arm” would be misleading. Authors most often either translate matl or maitl as braza (e.g., Anderson, Berdan, and Lockhart 1976), that is, with the Spanish term for an equivalent unit of measurement (Cline 1993, 71), or leave it untranslated (e.g., in Nahuatl documents from Olko, Sullivan, and Szemiński 2018). Since we do not want to force a unique Mesoamerican unit of measurement into the Spanish colonial measurement system, we opt for the latter. Matl is discussed in Chapter 9, “Land and Tribute,” p. 136. Nemapohpohualoni A hand towel, a type of fabric, and a type of tribute. Nemapohpohualoni is an instrumental noun derived from the transitive verb pohpohua, “to clean something,” and the object ma(itl), “hand,” literally reading as “an instrument for Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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cleaning one’s hands.” In the Yauhtepec census fragments, nemapohpohualoni usually refers to a type of fabric, and Cline (1993) translates it as “hand towel” throughout her book. However, in the BJ manuscripts, this word (always in its possessed form, inemapohpohuaya) refers to a type of tribute paid in → canahuac, which was most likely equivalent to the nemapohpohualoni kind of cloth. We believe that the usage of inemapohpohuaya in the BJ census fragments was created through metonymy and that this term refers to a kind of tribute paid in nemapohpohualoni cloth. Since “hand towel” refers to a finished product and in the census, we are dealing with raw material, we have decided to leave nemapohpohualoni untranslated, translating the phrase inemapohpohuaya as “his nemapohpohualoni tribute.” This translation is also consistent with the translations of → tlacalaquilli and → tetlacual­ tilli. Our struggle with translating nemapohpohualoni is described in Chapter 9, “Land and Tribute,” pp. 137–140. Tetlacualtilli A type of tribute. This patientive noun derives from the verb tlacualtia, “to feed someone,” and can literally be translated as “what has been fed to someone.” Cline (1993, 76–77) supposes that in the past, this kind of tribute must have been paid in foodstuffs, but in the Yauhtepec census, it includes only tequicuachtli, “tribute cloaks.” In the Tepoztlan census, tetlacualtilli is paid in → cuachtli. Throughout her book, Cline (1993) translates tetlacualtilli as “provisions tribute.” We do not find this translation appropriate for our documents. Even if this kind of tribute had indeed been paid in foodstuff at some point, this practice had disappeared by the time the Tepoztlan census was made, and food (maize, cacao beans, and eggs) constituted yet another (unnamed) kind of tribute. Another possibility is that cloth delivered in tetlacualtilli was then used to buy food (e.g., for field and mine workers, Cortés’s palace staff, etc.). However, we cannot be sure if this was the case because the Tepoztlan census never alludes to any reason for dividing the tribute into several different categories. Consequently, we have decided to leave tetlacualtilli untranslated. More on this term and our choice of translation can be found in Chapter 9, “Land and Tribute,” pp. 137–138. Tlacalaquilli A type of tribute. This patientive noun derives from the verb calaqui, “to enter,” and the indefinite non-human object Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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tla-, “what has been inserted.” The general impression from Nahuatl sources is that usually, this term is used as a generic term for tribute (see, e.g., attestations accompanying the entry tlacalaquilli in the Online Nahuatl Dictionary, Wood, 2000– 19). Some scholars translate it as “tribute in kind” (e.g., Hicks 1982, 82), though, in the second half of the colonial period, the term also referred to tribute paid in money. In the Marquesado census, tlacalaquilli is paid in cloth: in Yauhtepec, specifically, it was paid in what were called “Cuernavaca cloaks.” Cline’s (1993) choice was to translate tlacalaquilli as “tribute in kind,” but we do not believe this translation to be appropriate for the BJ census fragments. Apart from the service in Cuauhnahuac, all kinds of tribute in Tepoztlan were paid in kind, so this translation does not allow for differentiation between tlacalaquilli, → tetlacualtilli, → nemapohpohualoni, and the tributes of foodstuffs. Moreover, considering the general nature of the term, it may give a false impression that tlacalaquilli included the other types of tribute. However, in the BJ manuscripts, tlacalaquilli is just one of the three types of tribute paid in cloth, though, admittedly, the most frequent one (see Ch. 9, “Land and Tribute,” pp. 137–138). In order to demonstrate the relative equivalence between all three types of tribute, and at the same time acknowledge our lack of understanding about their origins and purpose, we have left their names, including tlacalaquilli, untranslated. Administrative leader. The orthography of the Tepoztlan census does not allow for verification of whether the scribes meant this term to be a verb (“to govern something”) or a present agentive (“he who governs something”). The contexts in which it appears, however, have made us believe that the latter is more likely than the former. For example, yzca yc chicōcali ōca tlapachova ytoca miguel (#22) can be understood as either “here is the seventh house, in which a person named Miguel is in charge” or “here is the seventh house, in which lives a leader named Miguel.” Since in this and other similar examples, the logic of the document points to the latter reading, we have translated the term tlapachoa as if it were an agentive. Molina (1977, fol. 130v) glosses tlapachoani (the same as tlapachoa but with an alternative agentive ending) as “governor of his property and family” (gouernador de su hazienda y familia). In the Tepoztlan census, however, a tlapachoa Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Zotl

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is usually the leader of a calpolli or even the entire altepetl. Accordingly, we believe that instead of describing a precise function, tlapachoa was a generic term for a leader (Chapter 8, “Administrative Structure,” pp. 123–125 discusses this issue in more detail). We have chosen to translate it as “the one in charge.” Unit of cloth measurement. Molina (1977, fol. 25r) glosses zotl as “part of a cloak or a piece of cloth” (pierna de manta, o pieza de lienzo). Over the years, scholars have proposed a variety of translations for this term: Dibble and Anderson suggested “a piece of cloth” (Sahagún 1969, 234); in the Testaments of Culhuacan, Sarah Cline and Miguel León-Portilla (1984, 88) chose the term “length”; and finally, since the tribute cloaks in the Yauhtepec census fragments seem to be made of four pieces, Cline (1993, 76) opted to translate zotl as “a quarterlength of a cloak.” At the same time, she stressed that they were lengths of fabric rather than finished cloaks. While we believe that in Tepoztlan, similarly to Yauhtepec, the tribute cloaks might have been composed of four zotl, we do not have a way of proving this beyond doubt. There is evidence for the existence of three-zotl cloaks in other areas of the Nahua world (Rojas 1998, 48–49, 85–98). Our choice for the translation of zotl is, thus, the possibly neutral and capacious term “a measure of cloth.” The term zotl is discussed in Chapter 9, “Land and Tribute,” p. 138. Bibliography

Anderson, Arthur J.O., Frances Berdan, and James Lockhart (1976), Beyond the Codices: The Nahua View of Colonial Mexico, Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Latin American Center, University of California. Cline, Sarah L. (1993), The Book of Tributes: Early Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Censuses from Morelos, Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. Cline, Sarah L., and Miguel León-Portilla (1984), eds., The Testaments of Culhuacan. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, University of California. Hicks, Frederic (1982), “Tetzcoco in the Early 16th Century: The State, the City, and the ‘Calpolli’,” American Ethnologist 9: 2 (May), pp. 230–249. Lockhart, James (1992), The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Lockhart, James, Frances Berdan, and Arthur J.O. Anderson (1986), The Tlaxcalan Actas: A Compendium of the Records of the Cabildo of Tlaxcala (1545–1627), Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press. Molina, Fray Alonso de (1977), Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana, México: Porrúa, 2nd ed., Vol. 2. Olko, Justyna, John Sullivan, and Jan Szemiński (2018), eds., Dialogue with Europe, Dialogue with the Past: Colonial Nahua and Quechua Elites in Their Own Words, Louisville, CO: University Press of Colorado. Rojas, José Luis de (1998), La moneda indígena y sus usos en la Nueva España en el siglo XVI, México: Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de (1959), Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, trans. Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J.O. Anderson, Vol. 10: Book 9 – The Merchants, Santa Fe: The School of American Research – The University of Utah. Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de (1969), Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, trans. Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J.O. Anderson, Vol. 7: Book 6 – Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy, Santa Fe: The School of American Research – The University of Utah. Sullivan, Thelma (1987), Documentos tlaxcaltecas del siglo XVI en lengua náhuatl, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Valencia Rivera, Rogelio (2018), “Las unidades de medida de longitud entre los nahuas prehispánicos,” in El arte de escribir. El centro de México: del Postclásico al siglo XVII, eds. Juan José Batalla Rosado and Miguel Ángel Ruz Barrio, Zinacantepec: Colegio Mexiquense, pp. 117–148. Wood, Stephanie (2000–19), ed., Online Nahuatl Dictionary, Eugene, OR: University of Oregon. Available online (last accessed 11/29/2019): https://nahuatl.uoregon.edu.

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Chapter 11

Conventions for the Transcription of the Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments Julia Madajczak and José Luis de Rojas In contrast to the earlier editions of the Marquesado census fragments, this book opts for a diplomatic transcription of the manuscript, that is, one that stays as close to the original writing as possible. We attempted to transcribe all the legible characters and indicate the presence of illegible or missing letters (caused, for example, by damage to the manuscript). We have not corrected the orthography of the document at any time. All the crossed-out writing has been transcribed as crossed out. Amendments squeezed in by the scribes between lines appear in uppercase letters. We have attempted to acknowledge all punctuation marks, including dots, commas, and strokes, as well as the occasional underlining of some letters. Since the R-shaped revision marks most probably stand for revisado, we have transcribed them with a letter “R”. However, for the sake of clarity, we have decided to standardize or simplify some of the document’s features. When arranging elements of the census such as headings, household entries, “reviewed” marks, and annotations, we have followed their logical order instead of faithfully reproducing a sometimes chaotic layout resulting from the work of multiple scribes. Some annotations do not fit immediately below the entry but are placed after the heading for the following administrative unit. It also happens that an annotation visually precedes rather than follows the “reviewed” mark. We have ignored these deviations usually caused by the technical difficulties of working with limited space and have always assumed the following order: heading, entry, mark, annotation. An exception to this rule is #309, which is split between two folios. The annotator added his note at the bottom of the first folio, thus placing it in the middle of the entry, and we have reflected this order in the transcription. The orthography of the census fragments published here also required some standardization. Two letters – i and u – appear in the Tepoztlan census in two different forms, which is a well-known feature of many other sixteenth-century Nahuatl and Spanish texts. The elongated i, whose bottom part crosses the line downward, resembling the modern j, appears in the Tepoztlan census fragments as frequently as the regular i. Some scholars, for

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example, Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J.O. Anderson, in their famous edition of the Florentine Codex, established a practice of transcribing the elongated i as “j.” However, throughout the documents published here, the letter j is distinct from the elongated i; thus, we have chosen to transcribe the latter as “i” at all times. We have applied a similar solution to the letter u, which sometimes resembles the modern u, but at other times comes closer to the modern v. We have chosen to transcribe both forms as “u.” Instead of writing the letters n or m, the scribes of the Tepoztlan census often render nasals with a diacritic mark above the preceding vowel. These marks usually seem to be intended as overbars, but they sometimes look more like inverted breves or circumflexes. They also tend to reach the space above the following or the preceding letter. Since the purpose of these diacritic marks is clear, we have decided to render them as an overbar above the vowel preceding the intended nasal. In contrast, we present diacritic marks intended to abbreviate words like “Martín” to a few letters as combining overlines (“m͞ı͞n”). In the documents published here, these marks also tend to deviate from the shape of an overline, often resembling a combining tilde. Another complication with the diacritic marks concerns the abbreviations for the syllables qua, que, and qui. The former is usually q with a tilde, sometimes replaced by two overdots. For the sake of clarity, in both cases, we render it as “q̃ .” Que is abbreviated to q with an overbar, and we transcribe it as “q̄ .” Finally, qui can be q with a circumflex, an acute accent, or an inverted breve. Sometimes, especially in the annotations, the scribes make no distinction between qui and que and render both as q with an overbar. Regardless of the diacritic mark used by the scribe, we have chosen to always transcribe the abbreviation for qui as “q̑ .” A typical abbreviation in the documents published here is “etc.,” which can substitute an entire clause, word, or syllable. It is usually written with the Latin sign for “et” (“and”), resembling a “t,” and a mark resembling an elongated “s” (Fig. 11.1a). Following standard practice, we have decided to transcribe it as “&c.” a. etc.

Figure 11.1

b. quia

Some of the abbreviations used in the BJ census fragments

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Transcription of the Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments

157

A further abbreviation is only present in the verb moquaatequia, “he or she has been baptized,” and is used for the final quia (Fig. 11.1b). This is another example of a convention rooted in Latin writings, and we have chosen to follow the most frequent way of representing this abbreviation in medieval Latin paleography: “q2” (Cappelli 1982, 30).1 Finally, it has to be mentioned that in the translation of the BJ census fragments, we have standardized the orthography of the proper names. In this way, we intend to facilitate the search for personal and geographic names; the standardization also helped José Luis de Rojas with the making of the Tables in Chapter 6, “The Jagiellonian Library Census Fragments in Numbers.” We spell the Spanish names according to modern rules. The Nahuatl names follow the conventions of acknowledging the glottal stops (we mark them with the letter “h”), writing the sound [w] as hu or uh (depending on its position within the word), and writing the sound [kwa] as cua. We transcribe the sound [s] as “c” when followed by [e] or [i] and as “z” when followed by [a] or [o]. In some cases, we have not been able to identify a morpheme included in the name. Whenever this problem occurred, we conserved the original orthography of the document in the translation. Acknowledgment We would like to thank John Sullivan for reviewing extensive parts of our translation. All errors are our own. 1 We would like to thank Szymon Gruda for his indispensable help and informed remarks about the Latin paleography conventions.

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Chapter 12

Transcription and Translation Julia Madajczak and José Luis de Rojas

Unidentified Calpolli 1 (Tlalnepantla?)

[1] [BJ MA 3, fol. 1r] yzca yc chicuaçēcali ytoca pātli hao moquateq2 ycivuahu ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ypilva omēti ce ytoca juāloso ycivahu ytoca tlaco hao moquatequia ōca ȳta1 ytoca yaoveve hao moquatequia ycivahu ytoca teycuic hao moquatequia y pātli ymil caxtolquavitl atle quitequiti ça q̑xcavia y xochipia chicome acticate y cēcaltin ytech puvi pablo R [annotation 1] omoxeloq̄ y cēcaltinn omochiuhq̄ ōcaltin. Omētinn omiq̄ ce oq̑chtli ce civatl [annotation 2] ce ya q̑ n ovalla yvā yçivauh ytoca copeveve atēco ovallevuac [1] [BJ MA 3, fol. 1r] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pantli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has two children: the first one’s name is Alonso Juan; his wife’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. He has a father named Yaohuehueh; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Teicuic; she is not baptized. Pantli’s field is fifteen rods. He pays no tribute; he only takes care of flowers. There are seven [people] in the household. He belongs to Pablo. [reviewed] [annotation 1] They split. Of one household they became two. Two [people] died: one man and one woman. [annotation 2] One [person] has just come together with his wife. His name is Copeuhhuehueh, he came from Atenco. [2] yzca yc chicōcali ytoca chātli hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ypilva macuilti ce ytoca matlaliui hao moquatequia ya matlac­ xivitl ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl atle &c. yn iteq̑ hv quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pablo quimaca malquex macuiltin acticate y cēcaltin R [2] Here is the seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Chantli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has five children: the first one’s name is Matlalihui; he is not baptized; he is ten years old. His field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; no etc. 1 Understand yta.

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© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004457119_014 José Luis

Transcription and Translation

159

As for his tribute, he gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [3] yzca yc chicuecali ytoca xochteca hao moquateq2 ycivahv ytoca tlaco hao moquatequia ypilva yey ce ytoca maria ya macuilxivitl ytlamil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl atle &c. ontequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pa quimaca malquex macuiltin acticate y cēcaltin [annotation] ///O cēcalpulpā calaq̄ ytocayocā tlacatecpā [3] Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Xochteca; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is María; she is five years old. His field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, he gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [annotation] They entered a calpolli called Tlacatecpan.2 [4] yzca yc chicuicnahvcali ytoca ytlavelil hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca mag­ dalena ypilci ytoca [BJ MA 3, fol. 1v] juā ya ye xivitl ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl &c. otepanova3 y quahvnavac yn itequihv quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pa quimaca malquex yey acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] çe ya quin ovalla ytoca aol tlally oyacatlā ovallevac yvā ycivuh.4 [4] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Itlahuelil; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is [BJ MA 3, fol. 1v] Juan; he is three years old. His field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, he gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] has just come, his name is Alonso Tlalli, he came from Oyacatlan with his wife.5

2 Tlacatecpan was the first first-level calpolli of Tepoztlan. Its record constitutes the bulk of BNAH CA 551. 3 Understand otequipanova. 4 Understand ycivauh. 5 There was a town called Oyacatlan in the calpolli of Tlacatecpan (BNAH CA 551, fol. 45v).

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[5] yzca yc matlacali ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca ma ōca ycahv ytoca marcos ōca ynā ytoca necaval hao moquatequia y domingo ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl &c otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv q̑ maca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pablo quimaca malquex naviti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] çe ya q̑ n ovalla ytoca domīgo q̄çal tlacatecpā ovallevac ȳvā yçivauh [5] Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. He has a younger brother named Marcos. He has a mother named Necahual; she is not baptized. Domingo’s field is ten rods. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, he gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] has just come, his name is Domingo Quetzal, he came from Tlacatecpan with his wife.6 [6] yzca yc matlacali oce ytoca tonal hao moq̃ tequia ycivahv ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ypilva yeȳti ce ytoca domingo hernado ycivahu ytoca .ma. ōca ynā ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia y tonal ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl &c. otequipanova y q̃ hvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quimaca dō pa quicēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pablo quimaca malquex macuiltin acticate y cēcaltin R [6] Here is the eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tonal; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is Domingo Hernando; his wife’s name is María. [Tonal] has a mother named Tecapan; she is not baptized. Tonal’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, he gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [7] yzca yc matlacali omome ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca ma. ōcate ycava yey ce ytoca marcos ycivahv ytoca magdalena yc ome ytoca po yquey ytoca maria y jua ymil cēpuali atle quitequiti otequipanova y quahvnavac chicuey acticate y cencaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ ȳ cēcalti catca omocaltilliq̄ [7] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. He has three younger siblings: the first one’s name is Marcos; his wife’s name is Magdalena. The second one’s name is Pedro; the third one’s name is María. Juan’s field is twenty [units]. He pays no tribute. 6 See this chapter, p. 159, n. 2.

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Transcription and Translation

161

He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] What was a single household, has split apart. They built a house for themselves. [8] yzca yc matlacali omey ytoca m͞ı͞n yc[i]vahu7 y[BJ MA 3, fol. 2r]toca mag­ dalena ypilva yeyti ce ytoca juā ya chicuexivitl ymil matlaquavitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac atle q̑ teq̑ ti chicuacemi act[i]cate8 y cēcaltin R [8] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s [BJ MA 3, fol. 2r] name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is eight years old. His field is ten rods. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac, he pays no tribute. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [9] yzca yc matlacali onavi ytoca coçaça hao moquatequia ycivahu ytoca tecapa hao moq̃ teq2 ypilva yeyti ce ytoca domingo ya chicuexivitl ymil caxtolquavitl atle quitequiti otequipanova y quahvnavac macuili acticate y cencaltin R [9] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Cozaza; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is eight years old. His field is fifteen rods. He pays no tribute; he goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [10] yzca y caxtolcali ytoca tochtli hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca tlaco hao moquatequia ypilha9 yey ce ytoca domingo ya chicuexivitl ymil matlaquavitl atle quiti10 otequipanova y quahvnavac macuiltin acticate y cēcaltin R [10] Here is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tochtli; he is not baptized. His wife is named Tlahco; she is not baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is eight years old. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute; he goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [11] yzca y caxtolcali oce ytoca tlalveve hao moq̃ tequia ycivahv ytoca tecapa hao moq̃ tequia ypilva chicuacemi ce ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca magdalena y tlalveve

7 8 9 10

A small fragment of the folio has been eaten by booklice, rendering one letter illegible. As above. Understand ypilhuan. Understand quitequiti.

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ymil matlaquavitl atle q̑ tequiti otequipanova y quahvnavac chicuicnavi acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ yvā ypilçin çā cēcaltin catca ya ōcal[tin]11 [11] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tlalhuehueh; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has six children: the first one’s name is Juan; the name of his wife is Magdalena. Tlalhuehueh’s field is ten rods. He pays no tribute; he goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are nine [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] He and his child split. What was only one household is now two households. [12] yzca y caxtolcali omome ytoca quemachami hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca teycuic hao mo[BJ MA 3, fol. 2v]quatequia ypilva yeȳti ce ytoca franco ya chicuacēxivitl ymil matlaquavitl atle quitequiti ontequipanova y quahvnavac macuiltin acticate y cēcaltin R [12] Here is the seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Quemmachami; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Teicuic; she is not [BJ MA 3, fol. 2v] baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is Francisco; he is six years old. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute; he goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [13] yzca y caxtolcali omey ytoca veve hao moquatequia ycivahu ytoca nxoco xoco hao moquatequia ypilva yeȳ ce ytoca acatlo hao moq̃ teq2 ya matlacxivitl ymil caxtolquavitl atle q̑ teq̑ ti oteq̑ panova y q̃ hvnavac macuilti acticate y cēcaltin / ytlacahv y pablo [annotation] / ochoq̄ mochinti q̃ hunavac oyaq̄ [13] Here is the eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Huehueh; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Xocoh; she is not baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is Acatloh; he is not baptized; he is ten years old. His field is fifteen rods. He pays no tribute; he goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are five [people] in the household. / Pablo’s slave. [annotation] / They all fled; they went to Cuauhnahuac. [14] yzca y caxtolcali onavi ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva yeȳti ce ytoca .ma. ya matlacxivitl ymil matlaquavitl atle q̑ tequiti oteq̑ panova y quahv­ navac macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [14] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one 11

The right margin of the folio has been cut off together with the end of this word.

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Transcription and Translation

163

is named María, she is ten years old. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute; he goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [15] yzca yc cētecpācali ytoca tochtli hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ypilva omēti cē ytoca xoco hao moquatequia ya oxivitl ymil ma­tlaquavitl atle quitequiti oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac naviti acticate y cēcaltin R [15] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tochtli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has two children: the first one’s name is Xocoh; she is not baptized; she is two years old. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute; he goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [16] yzca cēcali ytoca fro12 ycivahv ytoca ce civatl hao moq̃ teq2 ypilçi ytoca teca­ pato hao moquateq2 ya nahv[BJ MA 3, fol. 3r]xivitl ymil matlaquavitl atle q̑ tequiti oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yeȳ acticate y cēcaltin [annotation] ce y[a q̑ ]n ovala […]q̄ yciva[uh] […]ca mi[cui]loca13 [16] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro Francisco. His wife’s name is Cencihuatl (or: “a woman”);14 she is not baptized. His child’s name is Tecapanton; she is not baptized; she is four [BJ MA 3, fol. 3r] years old. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute; he goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are three [people] in the household. [annotation] One person has just come […] his wife: [he?] was registered in […]. [17] yzca yc ōcali ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca tlaco hao moquatequia ymil ma­cuilquavitl atle q̑tequiti otequipanova y quahvnavac omēti acticate y cēcaltin R [17] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. His field is five rods. He pays no tribute; he goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed]

12 The scribe first wrote po (for “Pedro”). P was then corrected to fr with different ink. 13 The right margin of the folio has been cut off together with a major part of this annotation. 14 Cencihuatl literally reads as “a woman” or “one woman.” This designation appears several times throughout the BJ items and has a male counterpart, Cemoquich, “a man” or “one man,” in #21. Both may be either actual names or an indication that the scribe did not know the name of the person.

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[18] yzca yquecali ytoca tlali hao moquateq2 ycivahv ytoca ce civatl hao moquate­ quia ymil matlaquavitl atle quitequiti oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac ometi acticate y cēcaltin R [18] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tlalli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Cencihuatl (or: “a woman”); she is not baptized. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute; he goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [19] yzca yc nahvcali ytoca chimal hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca tecapa hao moq̃ tequia ypilci ytoca nochvetl hao moquatequia ya oxivitl ymil matlaquavitl atle q̑ tequiti oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yey acticate y cēcaltin R [19] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Chimal; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. His child’s name is Nochhuetl; he is not baptized; he is two years old. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute; he goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [20] yzca yc macuilcali ytoca tochtli hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca tlaco hao moquatequia ypilva yeȳti ce ytoca tonal hao moquatequia ya chicoxivitl ymil matlaquavitl atle q̑ tequiti otequipanova y quahvnavac macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [20] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tochtli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is Tonal; he is not baptized; he is seven years old. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute; he goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [21] yzca yc chicuacēcali ytoca chalchihv hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca tecapa hao moqua[BJ MA 3, fol. 3v]tequia ypilva chicuacemi ce ytoca tlaco hao moquate­ quia y yoquich ytoca cemoquich hao moquatequia ymil matlaquavitl atle quitequiti otequipanova y quahvnavac chicuicnaviti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ȳ chalchivh omic [21] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Chalchiuh; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. [BJ MA 3, fol. 3v] He has six children: the first one’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. The name of her husband is Cemoquich (or: “a man”); he is not baptized. [Chalchiuh’s] field is ten rods. He pays no tribute; he goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are nine [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Chalchiuh died.

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Transcription and Translation



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Teocaltitlan

teocaltitla Teocaltitlan yzca yc ōcalpuli ytocayoca teocaltitla ōca tlapachova Here is the second calpolli, called Teocaltitlan, where in charge is … teocaltitla Teocaltitlan [22] yzca yc chicōcali ōca tlapachova ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilçi ytoca juana ya nahvxivitl ōca ynā ytoca .ma. ymil cēpuali omatlactli omey y ytla­ calaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl yva ce vipili cacavatl yepovali totoltetl caxtoltetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pablo quimaca malquex naviti acticate y cēcaltin ytlacahv miguel R [22] Here is the seventh house. The name of the one in charge there is Miguel; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Juana, she is four years old. He has a mother, her name is María. His field is thirty-three [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth and one indigenous woman’s blouse; sixty cacao beans, fifteen eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, he gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. Miguel has a slave.15 [reviewed] [23] yzca yc chicuecali ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva naviti ce ytoca po. ya matlacxivitl ymil chicuacēquavitl ytetlacualtil ye çotl atle quitequiti chicua­ cemi acticate y cēcaltin R [23] Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is ten years old. His field is six rods. His tetlacualtilli tribute is three

15 Since this phrase is written in between this and the next entry, and it can also be read as the heading “Miguel’s slave,” it is possible that the slave of Miguel actually lived in #23 below.

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measures of cloth. He pays no tribute. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [24] yzca yc chicuicnahvcali ytoca domingo ycivava omēti ce ytoca .ma. yc ome ytoca .ma. ypilva yeyti ce ytoca diego ya yexivitl ōca ytlacahv ytoca ana y domingo ymil [BJ MA 3, fol. 4r] cēpuali omatlactli omey ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapovaya16 ye çotl yva ce cueytl cacavatl cēpuali omatlactli totoltetl caxtoltetl tlaoli ye chiq̑ vitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechi­ cova domingo quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oq̑cequixti quiva pa quimaca malquex chicome acticate y cēcaltin R [24] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo, he has two wives: the first one’s name is María, the second one’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Diego; he is three years old. He has a slave named Ana. Domingo’s field [BJ MA 3, fol. 4r] is thirty-three [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth and one skirt; thirty cacao beans, fifteen eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [25] yzca yc matlacali ytoca domingo17 ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilci ytoca isaber y yoquich ytoca domingo ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl matlactetl omome tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnava[c]18 yn itequihv quinechicova domingo qui­ maca don pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pa quimaca malquex naviti acticate y cencaltin [25] Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Isabel, her husband’s name is Domingo. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, twelve eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, 16 Understand ynemapopovaya. 17 The scribe first wrote domig, corrected the g to n and continued with the final go of the name. 18 A small fragment of the folio has been eaten by booklice, rendering one letter illegible.

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he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [26] yzca yc matlacali oce ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca joliana ōcate ycava ce ytoca franco yc ome ytoca m͞ı͞n y miguel ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil y ce çotl ynemapapovaya ce çotl cacavatl matlactetl totoltetl chicuic­ nahvtetl atle tlaoli yn itequihv q̑ nechicova domingo quimaca dō pablo q̑cequixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva [BJ MA 3, fol. 4v] pa quimaca malquex naviti acticate y cēcaltin R [26] Here is the eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel. His wife’s name is Juliana. He has younger brothers: the first one’s name is Francisco; the second one’s name is Martín. Miguel’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is one measure of cloth; ten cacao beans, nine eggs, but no shelled maize. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to [BJ MA 3, fol. 4v] Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [27] yzca yc matlacali omome ytoca po ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilci ytoca ma. ya oxivitl ycahv ytoca franco y po ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl yte­ tlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopova19 ye çotl attle &c. tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv q̑ nechicova domingo quimaca do pa quicēquixti yn oq̑cēquixti quiva quiva pa quimaca malquex navinti acticate y cēcaltin R [27] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is María, she is two years old. His younger brother’s name is Francisco. Pedro’s field is ten rods. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no etc., three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [28] yzca yc matlacali omey ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca juana ymil macuilqua­ vitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ce çotl ynemap[o]povaya20 ce çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuacētetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y q̃ hvnavac yn itequihv 19 Understand ynemapopovaya. 20 As with the recto of the folio, one letter is missing, eaten by booklice.

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quinechicova domingo q̑ maca dō pa q̑cēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pa q̑ maca malquex ome acticate y cēcaltin R [28] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel. His wife’s name is Juana. His field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is one measure of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] yzca yc matlacali onavi ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca ana ypilva macuilti ce ytoca juana y yoquich ytoca franco ypilci ytoca m͞ı͞n ya ce xivitl Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is Ana. He has five children: the first one’s name is Juana, whose husband is named Francisco. Her child’s name is Martín, he is one year old. [29] yzca yc matlacali onavi ytoca po ycivahv ytoca ma. ypilci ytoca acol hao moquatequia ya quin otlacat ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cax[BJ MA 3, fol. 5r]toltetl totoltetl matla­ tetl21 omome tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv q̑ nechicova domingo quimaca dō pablo q̑cequixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pa quimaca malquex yeȳti acticate y cēcaltin R [29] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Ahcol; he is not baptized; he has just been born. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, [BJ MA 3, fol. 5r] twelve eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [30] yzca y caxtolcali ytoca marcos domingo ycivahv ytoca juana ypilva naviti ce ytoca ma ya matlacxivitl ōca ycahv ytoca domingo y marcos domingo ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuacētetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv 21 Understand matlactetl.

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q̑ nechicova domingo quimaca don pablo quicēquixtia yn oqcēquixti22 quiva pa. quimaca malquex chicome acticate y cēcaltin R [30] This is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Marcos Domingo. His wife’s name is Juana. He has four children: the first one’s name is María, she is ten years old. He has a younger brother named Domingo. Domingo’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [31] yzca y caxtolcali oce ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilci ytoca magdalena ya oxivitl ymil cepuali omacuili ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynema­ popovaya ye çotl cacavatl [BJ MA 3, fol. 5v] caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuacētetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova domingo q̑ maca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicēquixti q̑ va pa quimaca malquex yeyti acticate y cēcaltin R [31] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Magdalena, she is two years old. His field is twenty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohua­ loni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao [BJ MA 3, fol. 5v] beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [32] yzca y caxtolcali omome ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca juana ypilva ometi ce ytoca aloso ya yexivitl ōca ycahv ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca ma. ōca ycuic ytoca isaber y francisco ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl yne­ mapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cepuali omatlactli totoltetl chicuinahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y q̃ hvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova domingo quimaca dō pablo q̑cequixtia yn oq̑cēquixti quiva po pablo quimaca malquex chicome acti­ cate y cēcaltin R [32] Here is the seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco. His wife’s name is Juana. He has two children: the first one’s name 22 Understand oquicēquixti.

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is Alonso; he is three years old. [Francisco] has a younger brother named Francisco. His wife’s name is María. She has a younger sister named Isabel. Francisco’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; thirty cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [33] yzca y caxtolcali omey ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilci ytoca juāna ya cexivitl ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl [BJ MA 3, fol. 6r] chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y q̃ hvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova domingo quimaca dō pa quicēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pa quimaca malquex yey acticate y cēcaltin R [33] Here is the eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Juana, she is one year old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine [BJ MA 3, fol. 6r] eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [34] yzca y caxtolcali onavi ytoca tecpanecatl hao moq̃ teq2 ycivahv ytoca ana ypilva omēti ce ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca maria ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil cēçotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cēpuali omatlactli totoltetl chicuinahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechi­ cova domingo quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicequixti quiva pa quimaca malquex macuilti acticate y cecaltin R [34] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tecpanecatl; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; thirty cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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[35] yzca yc cētecpācali ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca ana ypilci ytoca franco ya oxivitl ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil cēçotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl caca­ vatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova domingo quimaca dō pablo quicequixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pablo quimaca malq̄x yey acticate y cēcaltin R [35] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan. His wife’s name is Ana. His child’s name is Francisco, he is two years old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetla­ cualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [BJ MA 3, fol. 6v] yzc [several lines left blank] [BJ MA 3, fol. 6v] Here is … [36] yzca cēcali ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca isaber ypilci ytoca magdalena ya yexi­ vitl ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle totoltetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova domingo quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicequixti quiva pablo quimaca malquex yey acticate y cecaltin R [36] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel. His wife’s name is Isabel. His child’s name is Magdalena; she is three years old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, no eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [37] yzca yc ōcali ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca magdalena ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle to&c. oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova dō pab dommingo quimaca dō pablo quicequixtia yn oquicequixti quiva pablo quimaca malquex ometi acticate y cencaltin R

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[37] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Don Pablo Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [38] yzca yquecali ytoca aloso ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilva ometi ce ytoca isaber ya nahvxi[BJ MA 3, fol. 7r]vitl ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye ca­xitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova domingo q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pa q̑ maca malquex naviti acticate23 R [38] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Alonso. His wife’s name is María. They have two children: the first one’s name is Isabel, she is four years [BJ MA 3, fol. 7r] old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nineteen eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people]. [reviewed] [39] yzca yc nahvcali ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivahv ytoca m.a ōca ymōna ytoca magdalena oc ce ychpoch ytoca juāna y m͞ı͞n ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y q̃ hvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova domingo q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pa quimaca malquex naviti acticate y cēcaltin R [39] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín. His wife’s name is María. He has a mother-in-law named Magdalena; she has another daughter named Juana. Martín’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, 23 The scribe did not complete the usual formula. It lacks the words in cencaltin, “in the household.”

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who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [40] yzca yc macuilcali ytoca marcos ycivahv ytoca .ma. ocate ycava omēti ce ytoca andres yc ome ytoca gabriel ymil cēpuali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ papanova y q̃ hvnavac yn iteq̑ hv q̑ nechicova domingo quimaca dō pa quicēquixtia yn oqui[BJ MA 3, fol. 7v]cēquixti quiva pa quimaca malquex naviti acticate y cecaltin R [40] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Marcos. His wife’s name is María. He has two younger brothers: the first one’s name is Andrés; the second one’s name is Gabriel. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. [BJ MA 3, fol. 7v] Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [41] yzca yc chicuacēcali ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva yēy ce ytoca franco ya nahvxivitl ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl yne­ mapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv q̑ nechicova dōmingo quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicēq̑xti quiva pa quimaca malquex chicuacemi acticate y cēcaltin R [41] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Francisco; he is four years old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [42] yzca yc chicocali ytoca po ycivahv ytoca ma ypilçi ytoca domingo ya oxivitl y po ōca ycahv ytoca anto ycivahv ytoca magdalena y po ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chi­ cuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv q̑ nechicova Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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domingo quimaca dō pa q̑cēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pa quimaca malquex macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [42] Here is the seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Domingo, he is two years old. Pedro has a younger brother named Antón. His wife’s name is Magdalena. Pedro’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [43] yzca yc chicuecali ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca ma. ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl [BJ MA 3, fol. 8r] cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova domingo quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicequixti quiva pa quimaca malquex ometi acticate y cencaltin R [43] Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan. His wife’s name is María. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; [BJ MA 3, fol. 8r] fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [44] yzca yc chicuicnahvcali ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilci ytoca po ya yexivitl ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv q̑ nechicova domingo quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicēq̑xti quiva pablo quimaca malquex yey acticate y cēcaltin R [44] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Pedro; he is three years old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he

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sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [45] yzca yc matlacali ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva naviti ce ytoca .ma. ya chicuexivitl ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv q̑ nechicova domingo quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pablo quimaca malquex chicuacemi acticate y cēcaltin R [45] Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: the first one’s name is María; she is eight years old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [46] [BJ MA 3, fol. 8v] yzca yc matlacali oce ytoca thomas ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilva yeyti ce ytoca magdalena y yoquich ytoca domingo y thomas ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopova24 ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl matlactetl omome tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv q̑ nechicova domingo quineachicovamaca malquex dō pablo25 quicequixtia yn oq̑ceq̑xti quiva pa quimaca malquex chicuacemi acticate y cēcaltin R [46] [BJ MA 3, fol. 8v] Here is the eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tomás. His wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; her husband’s name is Domingo. Tomás’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, twelve eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and collects gives it to the Marqués Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed]

24 Understand ynemapopovaya. 25 The scribe first wrote paplo and then corrected it to pablo.

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[47] yzca yc matlacali omome ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca ma. ōca ymach ytoca magdalena ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynema­ popovaya ye çotl cacavatl cepuali totoltetl macuiltetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova domingo quimaca dō pablo q̑cēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pablo quimaca malquex yeyti acticate y cēcaltin R [47] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is María. He has a niece named Magdalena. His field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; twenty cacao beans, five eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [48] yzca yc matlacali ome ytoca tlali hao mo[BJ MA 3, fol. 9r]quatequia ycivahv ytoca ma. ypilva yeȳti ce ytoca domingo ya macuilxivitl ymil matlaquavitl atle26 quite [sic] quitequiti otequipanova y quahvnavac navinti acticate y cēcaltin R [48] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tlalli; he is not [BJ MA 3, fol. 9r] baptized. His wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is five years old. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [49] yzca yc matlacali onavi ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva ometi ce ytoca juāna ya macuilxivitl ymil matlaquavitl . amo tequiti naviti acti­ cate y cencaltin R [49] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juana; he is five years old. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [50] yzca y caxtolcali ytoca tochtli hao moq̃ tequia ycivahv ytoca magdalena27 ypilva omēti ce ytoca jua ycivahv ytoca ana yjmil matlaquavitl ytetlacualtil ye çotl otequipanova y quahvnavac macuiltin acticate y cēcaltin R [50] Here is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tochtli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is Ana. [Tochtli’s] field is ten rods. His 26 27

The scribe started to write ytla (for ytlacalaquil) but stopped and corrected it to atle. The scribe started to write matla but then corrected tla to gd.

Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [51] yzca y caxtolcali oce ytoca po ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilci ytoca juana ya nahvxivitl y po oca tex28 ytoca juā ymil matlaquavitl ytetlacualtil ye çotl caca­ vatl chicuacetetl totoltetl yetetl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quimaca malquex naviti acticate y cencaltin [annotation 1] ytex nicā motlalia ytoca juā xotla. [annotation 2] ce calpulpā R oyaque mochintin ytocayoca comoliuhca. ypā29 xolotecatl. ytoca po. quiyauh. yçivauh ytoca magdalena. [51] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Juana; she is four years old. Pedro has a brother-in-law named Juan. His field is ten rods. His tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; six cacao beans, three eggs. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. He gives his tribute to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [annotation 1] His brother-in-law has settled here: his name is Juan Xotla. [annotation 2] Everyone went to a calpolli [crossed-out “reviewed” mark] called Comoliuhcan when Xolotecatl [was in charge].30 The name [of the family’s head] was Pedro Quiyauh; his wife’s name was Magdalena. [52] [BJ MA 3, fol. 9v] yzca y caxtolcali omome ytoca aloso31 ycivahv ytoca mag­ dalena ypilci ytoca thomas ya oxivitl o[c]ate32 ycava yey ce ytoca po ya chicoxivitl aloso33 ōca ymōnā ytoca tlocal ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl oteqpanova34 y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova domingo quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oq̑cēquixti quiva pa. quimaca malquex chicome acticate y cēcaltin R [52] [BJ MA 3, fol. 9v] Here is the seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Luis Alonso. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Tomás, he is two years old. He has three younger siblings: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is seven years old. Luis Alonso has a mother-in-law named Tlohcal. His field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth. He goes to 28 Understand ytex. 29 After the initial y, there are three or four illegible letters that have been crossed out. 30 Juan Xolotecatl was in charge of the calpolli of Comoliuhcan. See BJ MA 3, fol. 32r and #130. 31 The scribe first wrote luis, which was then corrected to aloso by either himself or a later reviewer. 32 An ink stain over one letter makes it hard to read. 33 The scribe first wrote y luis, which was then corrected to aloso. 34 Understand otequipanova.

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work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [53] yzca y caxtolcali omey ytoca thomas ycivahv ytoca ana atle ymil hao tequiti omēti acticate y cēcaltin R [53] Here is the eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tomás. His wife’s name is Ana. He has no field; he does not pay tribute. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [54] yzca y caxtolcali onavi ytoca ycihvcanequi hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca teycuic hao moquatequia ypilva omēti ce ytoca po y35 ycivahv ytoca magdalena ycihvcanequi ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapo­ povaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl atle tlaoli otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova domingo q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēquixtia yn oquicēq̑xti quiva pablo quimaca malquex macuilti acticate y cencaltin R [54] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Iciuhcanequi; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Teicuic; she is not baptized. He has two children: the first one’s name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Iciuhcanequi’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [55] yzca yc cētecpācali ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva yeyti ce ytoca y yaotl ya chicuexivitl ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil [BJ MA 3, fol. 10r] ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuic­ nahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv q̑ nechicova domingo quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oquicēquixti quiva pablo quimaca malquex macuili acticate y cēcaltin miguel ytech puvi R [annotation] ometyn a36 q̑ n ovalaq̄. ym omextin y cinvavaque tepetitla ovalevaq̄. [several lines left blank] [55] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s 35 There are another two illegible letters crossed out before y. 36 Understand ya.

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name is Yaotl; he is eight years old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute [BJ MA 3, fol. 10r] is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Domingo collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. He belongs to Miguel. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] have just come, both are married men. They came from Tepetitlan. [56] yzca cēcali ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca ana ypilva ytoca m͞ı͞n macuilti ce ytoca juana yyoquich ytoca franco ypilçi ytoca m͞ı͞n ya cexivitl ymil matlaquavitl ytetlacualtil ye çotl atle &c. otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quimaca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oq̑cēquixti quiva pablo quimaca malquex chicuicnavi acti­ cate y cēcaltin [56] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Ana. He has five his name is Martín children: the first one’s name is Juana; her husband’s name is Francisco. Her child’s name is Martín, he is one year old. His field is ten rods. His tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, he gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Pablo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are nine [people] in the household. [57] yzca yc ōcali ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivahv ytoca ma. ypilçi ytoca juana ya macuilxivitl oca ycahv ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca ma. atle ymil ao tequiti otequipanova y quahv­ navac macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [57] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Juana; she is five years old. He has a younger brother named Juan; his wife’s name is María. He has no field; he does not pay tribute. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are five people in the household. [reviewed] [58] yzca yquecali ytoca miguel ycivava y ometi ce ytoca maria yc ome ytoca tecapa hao moqua[BJ MA 3, fol. 10v]tequia ypilva yeyti ce ytoca domingo ya oxivitl ytecava ometi ce ytoca juan ymil macuilquavitl atle quitequiti chicuey acti­ cate y cēcaltin R [58] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel. He has two wives: the first one’s name is María, the second one’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. [BJ MA 3, fol. 10v] He has three children: the first one’s name Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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is Domingo; he is two years old. He has two younger siblings: the first one’s name is Juan. His field is five rods. He pays no tribute. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [59] yzca yc nahvcali ytoca po ycivahv ytoca ana ypilci ytoca po ya nahvxivitl ōca ymonā ytoc[a]37 magdalena y po oca ycahv ytoca hernādo y po yvepul ytoca mag­ dalena yyoquich ytoca mar[tin] ypilçi ytoca isaber ya oxivitl y po ymil macuilq[ua] vitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl atle &c. otequipan[o]va y quahvnavac chicome acticate y cēcalti[n] R [59] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Ana. His child’s name is Pedro; he is four years old. He has a mother-in-law named Magdalena. Pedro [the householder] has a younger brother named Hernando. The name of Pedro [the householder’s] sister-in-law is Magdalena, her husband’s name is Martín. Her child’s name is Isabel; she is two years old. Pedro’s field is five rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [60] yzca yc macuilcali ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva omēti ce ytoca ma ya chicuacexivitl ymil matlaquavitl atle quitequiti otequipanova y quahvnavac nav[in]ti acticate y cencaltin R [60] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is six years old. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [61] yzca yc chicuacēcali ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca ma. ypilva omēti ce ytoca maria ya oxivitl ymil matlaquavitl atle quitequiti oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac na­viti acticate y cēcaltin R [61] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is María, she is two years old. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [62] yzca yc chicōcali ytoca covatl hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva naviti ce ytoca ma ya matlacxivitl ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl 37

The folios are sewn and glued in such a way that in many lines, the last letters on the right side of this folio are hidden.

Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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181

atle &c. ontequipan[o][BJ MA 3, fol. 11r]va y quahvnavac chicuacemi acticate y cēcaltin R [62] Here is the seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Coatl; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: the first one’s name is María; she is ten years old. His field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; no etc. He goes to work to [BJ MA 3, fol. 11r] Cuauhnahuac. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [63] yzca yc chicuecali ytoca teotlava hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca tecapa hao moquateq2 ypilçi ytoca po ycivahv ytoca .ma. ymil matlaquavitl atle quitequiti ote­ quipanova y quahvnavac naviti acticate y cēcaltin R [63] Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Teotlahuah; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. His child’s name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [64] yzca yc chicuicnahvcali ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva yeȳti ce ytoca ma. ya matlacxivitl ymil matlaquavitl atle quitequiti otequipanova y quahv­ navac macuilti acticate y cencaltin R [64] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is María; she is ten years old. His field is ten rods. He pays no tribute. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [65] yzca yc matlacali ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca .ma. y domingo ōca yna ytoca teycuic hao moquatequia ōca ycahv ytoca aloso y domingo ymil macuilquavitl atle quitequiti otequipanova y quauhnavac navinti acticate y cēcaltin R ytech puvi domingo [65] Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is María. Domingo has a mother named Teicuic; she is not baptized. He has a younger brother named Alonso. Domingo’s field is ten rods. He pays no tribute. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] He belongs to Domingo. [66] yzca yc matlacali oce ytoca franco yci[BJ MA 3, fol. 11v]vahv ytoca isaber ypilva macuilti ce ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca juana y franco ymil cepuali atle quitequiti otequipanova y quahvnavac chicuey acticate y cēcaltin domingo ytech puvi ytlacahv R

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[66] Here is the eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco. His wife’s [BJ MA 3, fol. 11v] name is Isabel. He has five children: the first one’s name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Juana. Francisco’s field is twenty [units]. He pays no tribute. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are eight [people] in the household. He belongs to Domingo; he is [Domingo’s] slave. [reviewed] [67] yzca yc matlacali omome ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca ytoca .ma. ypilva yeyti ce ytoca juā ya chicoxivitl ymil chicuequavitl atle quitequiti macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [67] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco. His wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is seven years old. His field is eight rods. He pays no tribute. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [68] yzca yc matlacali omey ytoca tochtli hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca tecapa hao m[o]quatequia38 ypilva yeyti ce ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca .ma. ymil matlaqua­ vitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl a&c. otequipanova y quavhnavac39 chicuacemi acticate y cecaltin R [68] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tochtli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. [Tochtli’s] field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [69] yzca yc matlacali onavi ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilci ytoca domingo ya chicuacexivitl y m͞ı͞n oca ycahv ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca juana y m͞ı͞n ymil matlaquavitl atle quitequiti oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [69] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Domingo; he is six years old. Martín has a younger brother named Domingo; his wife’s name is Juana. Martín’s field is ten rods. He pays no tribute. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed]

38 39

A small fragment of the folio has been eaten by booklice, rendering one letter illegible. The scribe mistakenly wrote the first av twice (quavav) and then corrected it to avh.

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Transcription and Translation



183

Cuayohuacan

[BJ MA 3, fol. 12r] quayovacā [BJ MA 3, fol. 12r] Cuayohuacan [70] yzca y caxtolcali ōca tl[ya?]pava tlapachova ytoca aloso ycivahv ytoca maria ypilva navitin ce ytoca aloso ya matlacxivitl ȳ aloso ōca yta ytoca tlavelcaqui hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca ce civatl hao moquatequia ȳ aloso ymil cepuali ytla­ calaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl matlactetl omome tlaoli ye chiquivitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn ite­ quihv quinechicova aloso quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex chicuey acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] piltōtli quin otlacat [70] Here is the fifteenth house. The name of the one in charge there is Alonso. His wife’s name is María. He has four children: the first one’s name is Alonso; he is ten years old. Alonso [the householder] has a father named Tlahuelcaqui; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Cencihuatl (or: “a woman”); she is not baptized. Alonso’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohua­ loni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, twelve eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] A baby has just been born. [71] yzca y caxtolcali oce ytoca po ycivahv ytoca ma. ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl matlac[BJ MA 3, fol. 12v]tetl omome tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova aloso quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex ome acticate y cecaltin R [annotation] ya q̑ n ovalaq̄ yeȳtin yveltiuh. po. ytoca magdalena ypilvā omētin. [71] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro. His wife’s name is María. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, twelve eggs, [BJ MA 3, fol. 12v] three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Three [people] have just come: an elder sister of Pedro, named Magdalena [and] her two children. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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[72] yzca y caxtolcali omome ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilçi ytoca domingo ya chicuacexivitl ce ytla nemi ytoca ana ypilci ytoca ma. ya ce xivitl ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl matlactetl omome tlaoli ye chiq̑ vitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quine[ch]icova40 quimaca pablo ahv y pa quimaca malquex macuilti acticate y cēcaltin [annotation] çapotitlā oyaq̄. [72] Here is the seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Domingo; he is six years old. One person lives in his house as a servant, her name is Ana. Her child’s name is María; she is one year old. [Martín’s] field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, twelve eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, he collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [annotation] They went to Zapotitlan. [73] yzca y caxtolcali omey ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca juāna ypilva chicomēti ce ytoca ma. yyoquich ytoca juā ōca ytlacahv ytoca ana ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totolte41 matlactetl omome tlaoli ye chiq̑ vitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova aol quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malq̄x matlacti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omētin tlalnepātla oyaque. occe çapotitlā ypā pablo [73] Here is the eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Juana. He has seven children: the first one’s name is María, her husband’s name is Juan. [Juan the householder] has a slave named Ana. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, twelve eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are ten [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two of them went to Tlalnepantla, another one to Zapotitlan when Pablo [was in charge].42 40 A small fragment of the folio has been eaten by booklice, rendering two letters illegible. 41 Understand totoltetl. 42 If this section truly is part of the first-level calpolli of Tlalnepantla, this and other migrations are most probably to and from its first second-level calpolli or its main town.

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185

[74] [BJ MA 3, fol. 13r] yzca yc caxtolcali onavi ytoca gabriel ycivahv ytoca juāna ypilci ytoca po ya chicoxihvitl ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye chiq̑ vitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova aloso quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex yeyti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] piltōtli q̑ n otlacat ce omic omēti ya q̑ n ovalaq̄ caltōco ovalevaque. [74] [BJ MA 3, fol. 13r] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Gabriel. His wife’s name is Juana. His child’s name is Pedro; he is seven years old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] A baby has been born. One [person] died. Two [people] have just come. They came from Caltonco. [75] yzca yc cētecpācali ytoca melava hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca magda­ lena ypilva naviti ce ytoca juāna ya matlacxivitl y melava ōca ymach ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca ynesica y melava ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac43 yn itequihv q̑ nechicova aloso quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex chicuacemi acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omētin omique yeȳti oyaque ychā ytoca po çolli . [75] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Melahua; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: the first one is named Juana; she is ten years old. Melahua has a nephew named Francisco. His wife’s name is Inesica. Melahua’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] died. Three [people] went to the house of a person named Pedro Zolli.

43

The beginning of the word quahvnavac was written over some other letters: a, y, and c can be deciphered but there may be one more.

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yzc Here [76] yzca cēcali ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca mag[BJ MA 3, fol. 13v]dalena ypilva naviti ce ytoca ma. ya matlacxivitl ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye chiquivitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova aloso quimaca pa ahv y pablo quimaca malquex chicome acticate y cencaltin R [annotation] Ce omocchoti ytoca ma tlalnepātla yn oya [76] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is Magdalena. [BJ MA 3, fol. 13v] He has four children. The first one’s name is María; she is ten years old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One woman got married, her name is María. She went to Tlalnepantla. [77] yzca yc ōcali ytoca xp̃ oval ycivahv ytoca maria ypilva omēti ce ytoca mag­ dalena ya chicuexivitl ymil cepovali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuacētetl tlaoli ye caxitl ote[q]uipanova44 y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova aol q̑ maca pa ahv y pablo quimaca malquex naviti acticate y cēcaltin R [77] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Cristóbal. His wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is eight years old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [78] yzca yquecali ytoca domingo yçivahv ytoca maria ypilçi ytoca po ya nahvxiv­ tia ōca ynā ytoca .ma. y domingo ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaq̃ ltil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli 44

The paper is damaged on the left side of the folio, rendering one letter illegible.

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187

ye chiquivitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova aol quimaca pa ahv y pablo quimaca malq̄x naviti acticate y cēncaltin R [annotation] omētin ya q̑ n ovalaq̄ caltōco ovalevaq̄ ytoca aol tezvillotl yçivauh ytoca .ma. Ce omic. [78] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Pedro, he is four years old. Domingo has a mother named María. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] have just come from Caltonco. Those who have come are: [a person] named Alonso Tezhuilotl [and] his wife named María. One [person] died. [79] yzca yc nahvcali ytoca po ycivahv ytoca isaber ypilva yeyti ce ytoca calixto ya chicoxivitl y po ōca ycahv [BJ MA 3, fol. 14r] ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca ma. y po ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil cēçotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye chiquivitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova aloso quima45 pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex chi­ come acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omēti oq̑zq̄ cēcalpā ocalaq̄ ychā ytoca domingo tochtli. no ōmēti ya q̑ n ovalaque tlalnepātla ovalevaq̄. [79] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro. His wife’s name is Isabel. He has three children: the first one’s name is Calixto; he is seven years old. Pedro has a younger brother [BJ MA 3, fol. 14r] named Juan; his wife’s name is María. Pedro’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] left the household, they entered the home of [the person] named Domingo Tochtli. Also, two [people] have just come, they have come from Tlalnepantla.

45 Understand quimaca.

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[80] yzca yc macuilcali ytoca sebastia ycivahv ytoca anā ypilçi ytoca marcos ya macuilxihvitl ōca ycahv ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilçi ytoca .ma. ya nahvxivitl y sebastia ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl yne­ mapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova aloso quimaca pa ahv y pablo quimaca malquex chicuacemi acticate y cencaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ y cēcaltin ōcaltin omochiuhque. ce q̑ n ovala ytoca domingo nēteq̑ tl yvā yçivauh. calpulpā valevaq̄. teoticaltitla [80] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Sebastián. His wife’s name is Ana. His child’s name is Marcos; he is five years old. He has a younger brother named Miguel; his wife’s name is Magdalena [and] his child’s name is María: she is four years old. Sebastián’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. Of one household they became two. A [person] named Domingo Nentequitl has just come together with his wife. They came from the calpolli of Teoticaltitlan. [81] yzca yc chicuacēcali ytoca po ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilci ytoca franco ya oxivitl y po ōca yta ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca luisa ōca y yavi ytoca magdalena y po ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetla[BJ MA 3, fol. 14v]cualtil ye çotl ynema­ popovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye chiquivitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova aol quimaca pa ahv y pablo quimaca malquex chiquacemi acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ce omic piltōtli q̑ n otlacat. omēti q̑ n ovalaq̄. cēcalpā ovalaq̄ ychā ytoca po po yaotl. [81] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Francisco; he is two years old. Pedro has a father named Juan. His wife’s name is Luisa. [Pedro] has an aunt named Magdalena. Pedro’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute [BJ MA 3, fol. 14v] is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] A child who has just been born, died. Two [people] have just come to the household, they came from the home of a person called Pedro Yaotl. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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189

[82] yzca yc chicōcali ytoca tlamaz hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca isaber ypilvā yeyti ce ytoca po ya chicuicnahvxivitl ymil cepovali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqual­ til ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye chiquivitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova aloso quimaca pablo ahv y pa quimaca malq̄x macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] yeȳtin ya q̑ n ovalaq̄ tlalcouhca ovalevaque [82] Here is the seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tlamaz; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Isabel. He has three children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is nine years old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Three [people] have just come. They came from Tlalcouhcan.46 [83] yzca yc chicuecali ytoca tlatquic hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca tlaco hao moquatequia ōca ymach ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca magdalena y tlatquic ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl [BJ MA 3, fol. 15r] totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye chiquivitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova aloso quimaca pa ahv y pa quimaca malquex naviti acticate y cecaltin R [annotation] omētin oyaq̄ calpulpa ytocayocā molotlā [83] Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tlatquic; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. He has a nephew named Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Tlatquic’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] went to a calpolli called Molotlan.47 [84] yzca yc chicuicnahvcali ytoca conaca hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca tlaco hao moquatequia ypilva nahviti ce ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ȳ conaca ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl 46 Tlalcouhcan was the sixth first-level calpolli of Tepoztlan (BNAH CA 551, fol. 2v). 47 A second-level calpolli called Molotlan was in Tlacatecpan (BNAH CA 551, fol. 68r), but we cannot be sure if it is the one meant here.

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atle &c. otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova aloso quimaca pablo ahv y pa quimaca malq̄x chicome acticate y cēcaltin R [84] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Conaca; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. He has four children: the first one’s name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. Conaca’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; fifteen cacao beans; no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [85] yzca yc matlacali ytoca chātli hao moq̃ tequia ycivahv ytoca tecapa hao moquateq2. ypilva yeyti ce ytoca tlaco hao moquateq2 ya chicuexivitl ōca ycahv ytoca teycuic ypilçi ytoca tlala hao moquatequia ya ye[BJ MA 3, fol. 15v]xivitl ymil matlaquavitl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl atle &c. otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova aol quimaca pa ahv y pablo quimaca malquex chicome acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ce omocchoti yteycavh ȳ chātli ce yconevh oq̑ vicac [85] Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Chantli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized; she is eight years old. [Chantli] has a younger sister, her name is Teicuic. Her child’s name is Tlallah; he is not baptized; he is three [BJ MA 3, fol. 15v] years old. [Chantli’s] field is ten rods. His tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One woman got married, Chantli’s younger sister. She took her one child with her. [86] yzca yc matlacali oce ytoca vicaveve hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca ce civatl hao moquatequia ypilva macuilti ce ytoca tlali hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca tlaco hao moquatequia y vicaveve ymil matlaquavitl ynemapopovaya ye çotl caca­ vatl chicuacētetl atle &c. otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova aloso quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex chicuey acticate y cēcaltin [annotation] Cēcalpulpān oyaque ytocayoca tecpāçinco mochintin oyaque [86] Here is the eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Huicahuehueh; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Cencihuatl (or: “a woman”); she is not baptized. He has five children: the first one’s name is Tlalli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. Huicahuehueh’s field is ten rods. His nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; six cacao Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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191

beans, but no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Alonso collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [annotation] They went to a calpolli called Tecpantzinco, everyone went.

Xiuhcomolco

xihvcomolco Xiuhcomolco xivhcomolco Xiuhcomolco Xiuhcomolco Xiuhcomolco [87] yzca yc matlacali omome ōca tlapachova ytoca çacācatl hao moquatequia aocmo civava [BJ MA 3, fol. 16r] ypilva omēti ce ytoca po ycivahv ytoca magdalena ymil cēpuali omatlactli ytalcalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl48 matlactetl omome tlaoli ye chiquivitl yn iteq̑ hv quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex naviti acticate y cēcaltin R [87] Here is the twelfth house. The name of the one in charge there is Zacancatl; he is not baptized. He is no longer married. [BJ MA 3, fol. 16r] He has two children: the first one’s name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. [Zacancatl’s] field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetla­cualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, twelve eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. As for his tribute, he gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [88] yzca yc matlacali omey ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilçi ytoca .ma. ya oxivitl ymil cēpuali omatlactli ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil yce çotl ynemapopovaya ye ce çotl cacavatl macuiltetl totoltetl nahvtetl tlaoli cēchiq̑ vitl otequipanova y q̃ hvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova çacācatl quimaca pablo ahv y pa quimaca malquex yey acticate y cēcaltin R [88] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is María; she is two 48

The crossing out of the first syllable to makes no sense: totoltetl is correct.

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years old. His field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three one measure of cloth; his nemapohpo­ hualoni tribute is three one measure of cloth; five cacao beans, four eggs, one basket of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [89] Yzca yc matlacali onavi ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilçi ytoca acal hao moquatequia ya chicuace xivitl ymil yēpuali omatlactl ytlacalaquil. oçotl ytetla­ cualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cēpuali oce totoltetl caxtoltetl tlaoli ye chiq̑ vitl oteq̑ [BJ MA 3, fol. 16v]panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova çacācatl quimaca pablo ahv y pablo q̑ maca malquex yeȳti acticate y cēcaltin R [89] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Acal; he is not baptized; he is six years old. His field is sixty plus ten [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is two measures of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; twenty-one cacao beans, fifteen eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work [BJ MA 3, fol. 16v] to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, he gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [90] yzca y caxtolcali ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilçi ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva omēti ce ytoca isaber ya macuilxivitl ōca ycahv ytoca .ma. ymil y cēpuali omatlactli ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopo­ vaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli cēcaxitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv q̑ nechicova çacācatl quimaca pablo ahv y pablo qui­ maca malquex chicomēti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] Cequintin omiq̄ omē yeȳ calpān oyaq̄. [90] Here is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Magdalena. [Francisco] has two children: the first one’s name is Isabel; she is five years old. [Domingo] has a younger sister, her name is María. His field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tet­ lacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, one bowl of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Some of them died. Two or three [i.e. several] went to Calpan. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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[91] yzca y caxtolcali oce ytoca juā hao civava ōca ynā ytoca teycuic hao moquate­ quia ypilva yey ce ytoca juā ymil cēpuali omatlactli ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova çacācatl quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [91] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan, he does not have a wife. He has a mother named Teicuic; she is not baptized; she has three children: the first one’s name is Juan. His field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [92] [BJ MA 3, fol. 17r] yzca y caxtolcali omome ytoca po ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilci ytoca ma. ya oxivitl y po ōca ynā ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ypilci ytoca franco y po ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv q̑ nechicova çacācatl quimaca pa ahv y pablo quimaca malquex macuiltin acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ce ocholo ce omic ce ya q̑ n ovala tlalnepātla ovalevac [92] [BJ MA 3, fol. 17r] Here is the seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is María; she is two years old. Pedro has a mother, her name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. Her child’s name is Francisco. Pedro’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] fled, one died, one has just come: he/she came from Tlalnepantla. yzc yc49 Here is the

49 The y of yc is written over the c of yzc. It looks like an unsuccessful attempt to write yzca, which the scribe partly crossed out with the diagonal entry mark of #93.

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[93] yzca y caxtolcali omey ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca .ma. ymil cēpuali ytla­ calaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova çacācatl quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex omētin acti­ cate y cēcaltin R [93] Here is the eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [94] yzca y caxtolcali onavi ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca teycuic hao moquate­ quia ypilva yeyti ce ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ya chicoxivitl ymil cēpuali omatlactli ytlacalaquil ce ço[BJ MA 3, fol. 17v]tl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopo­ vaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv q̑ nechicova çacācatl quimaca pa ahv y pablo quimaca malquex macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omic ce ypilçin ytoca ma tecapā. [94] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is Teicuic; she is not baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized; she is seven years old. His field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of [BJ MA 3, fol. 17v] cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One of his children, named María Tecapan, died. [95] yzca yc cētecpācali ytoca quiyahv hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca magda­ lena ypilçi ytoca isaber ya ye xivitl ōca ynā ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ypilçi ytoca m͞ı͞n ymil cēpuali omatlactli ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl yne­ mapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetlh totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova çacācatl quimaca pa ahv y pablo q̑ maca malquex macuilti acticate y cēcaltin yzca50 R 50

The word yzca is followed by one or two illegible letters. These were supposed to be the beginning of the next entry, but it seems that the scribe started to write an erroneous

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[annotation] omēti cēcalpā ocalaq̄ ycahu ychā ytoca franco tlali. ytoca tecapā yvā ypilçi ytoca m͞ı͞n51 [95] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Quiyauh; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Isabel; she is three years old. He has a mother named Tecapan; she is not baptized. Her child’s name is Martín. [Quiyauh’s] field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. Here … [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] of the household entered the home of his [i.e. Quiyauh’s] younger brother named Francisco Tlalli: she of the name Tecapan and her child named Martín. [96] yzca cēcali ytoca m͞ı͞n franco. [to]ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilçi ytoca acul hao moquatequia ya ce xivitl ymil cēpuali omatlactli ytlacalaquil cē çotl ytetla [BJ MA 3, fol. 18r]cualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye [c]axitl52 otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova çacācatl quimaca pa ahv y pablo quimaca malquex yey acaticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] yn ipa cate ni[c]ān53 ocalaq̄ ychā franco [96] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín Francisco. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Ahcol; he is not baptized; he is one year old. [Francisco’s] field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli [BJ MA 3, fol. 18r] tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] numeral, realized it, and began writing the entry once again below. The person who then reviewed this section of the document placed the “reviewed” mark over the illegible letters following yzca. 51 From this annotation, the scribe drew a line that goes upward along the right side of the folio and to the “reviewed” mark and annotation of the adjacent folio 18r, pointing towards a connection between the annotations under #95 and #96. 52 A small fragment of the folio has been eaten by booklice, rendering one letter illegible. 53 As above.

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[annotation] Those who are here [i.e., in the annotation following #95] entered the home of Francisco. [97] yzca yc ōcali ytoca yyaqui hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ypilva ometi ce ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilçi ytoca .ma. ya chiquace xivitl ymil cēpuali omatlactli ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetla­ qualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuiacētetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv q̑ nechicova çacācatl q̑ maca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex chicuacemi acticate y cēcaltin [annotation] Cēcalpulpā oya ytocayoca comoliuhca. ypā Juā xolotecatl [97] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Iyahqui; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena [and] his child’s name is María; she is six years old. [Iyahqui’s] field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [annotation] They went to a calpolli called Comoliuhcan when Juan Xolotecatl [was in charge].54 [98] yzca yquecali ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ypilva macuilti ce ytoca .ma. yyoquich ytoca pablo omēti ypilva ce ytoca juānico ya chicuacēxivitl ymil ōpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopo­ vaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl matlactetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y q̃ hvnavac [BJ MA 3, fol. 18v] yn itequihv quinechicova çacacatl quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex matlacti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ y cēcaltin ōcaltin omochiuhq̄. [98] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has five children: the first one’s name is María, the name of her husband is Pablo. She has two children: the first one’s name is Juanico; he is six years old. [Miguel’s] field is forty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, ten eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. [BJ MA 3, fol. 18v] As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives 54 See BJ MA 3, fol. 32r and #130.

Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are ten [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. Of one household they became two. [99] yzca yc nahvcali ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva omēti ce ytoca .ma. ya chiquacēxivitl ōca ycahv ytoca pablo. ycivahv ytoca anna ypilçi ytoca isaber ya ce xivitl ymil ōpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl yne­ mapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl matlactetl ome tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova çacancatl q̑ maca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex chicome acticate y cencaltin R [annotation] omoxeloque y cēcali ōcaltin omochiuhque [99] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is six years old. He has a younger brother named Pablo. His wife’s name is Ana. His child’s name is Isabel; she is one year old. [Domingo’s] field is forty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, twelve eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. Of one household they became two. [100] yzca yc macuilcali ytoca tochtli hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva yeȳti ce ytoca .ma. ya chicoxivitl y tochtli ymil ōpuali omacuili ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chi­ cuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova çacācatl quimaca pablo ahv y pablo q̑ maca [BJ MA 3, fol. 19r] malquex macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [100] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tochtli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is María; she is seven years old. Tochtli’s field is forty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to [BJ MA 3, fol. 19r] the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed]

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[101] yzca yc chicuacēcali ytoca thomas ycivah[v]55 ytoca .ma. ōca ycahv ytoca domingo ōca ynā ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ymil opuvali omacuili ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye cotl56 cacavatl cax­ toltetl totoltetl chicuacētetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y q̃ hvnavac yn itequihv q̑ nechicova çacācatl quimaca pa ahv y pablo quimaca malquex naviti acticate y cēcaltin R [101] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tomás. His wife’s name is María. He has a younger brother named Domingo. He has a mother named Tecapan; she is not baptized. His field is forty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [102] yzca yc chicōcali ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca catharina ōca ycahv ytoca m͞ı͞n yci­ vahv ytoca magdalena ypilvaci ytoca juāna ya ce xivitl y juā ymil opuali omacuili ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cax­ toltetl totoltetl chicuacētetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv q̑ nechicova çacācatl quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex macuiltin acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omētin oyaque tlalnepātla. ytoca juā acatlo. yçivauh ytoca. cathalin­rina teycuic. [102] Here is the seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan. His wife’s name is Catarina. He has a younger brother named Martín. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His children’s name is Juana; she is one year old. Juan’s field is forty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] went to Tlalnepantla: [a person] named Juan Acatloh [and] his wife named Catalina Teicuic.

55 The paper has been damaged here, rendering one letter illegible. 56 Understand çotl.

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[103] [BJ MA 3, fol. 19v] yzca yc chicuecali ytoca po ycivahv ytoca mag[dale]na57 ypilçi ytoca domingo ya oxivitl ymil ōpuali omacuili ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacu­ altil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuinah[v]tetl58 tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova çacācatl qui­ maca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex yeyti acticate y cēcaltin R [103] [BJ MA 3, fol. 19v] Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Domingo; he is two years old. His field is forty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [104] yzca yc chicuicnahvcali ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca isaber ypilçi ytoca po (or: pa) magdalena ya ce xivitl ymil opuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuacētetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova çacācatl quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex yeȳti acticate y cēcaltin R [104] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco. His wife’s name is Isabel. His child’s name is Pedro (or: Pablo) Magdalena; she is one year old. His field is forty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpo­ hualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [105] yzca yc matlacali ytoca domingo ycivahv [BJ MA 3, fol. 20r] ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ypilva omēti ce ytoca juā ya chicuexivitl ymil [ō?]puali59 ytlacala­ quil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuacētetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova çacācatl quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex navinti acticate y cēcaltin [annotation] comolivhcā oyaq̄.

57 As with the recto of this folio, several letters are illegible due to the damaged paper. 58 The v in chicuinahvtetl is not visible due to binding. 59 A small fragment of the folio has been eaten by booklice, rendering one or two letters illegible.

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[105] Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo. His wife’s [BJ MA 3, fol. 20r] name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is eight years old. His field is forty (or: twenty) [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacual­ tilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Zacancatl collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [annotation] They went to Comoliuhcan.60

Tlatlacapan

tlatlacapa Tlatlacapan [106] yzca yc matlacali oce ōca tlapachova ytoca juā yçivahv ytoca .ma. ypilci ytoca juāna ya chicuicnahvxivitl ōca ycahv ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca magdalena ōca ytaçi ytoca maxochitl hao moquatequia y juā ymil opuali omatlactli ytla­ calaquil oçotl ytetalcualtil ce ypan oçotl ynemapopovaya ce ypan oçotl cacavatl cēpuali omatlactli61 totoltetl matlactetl omome tlaoli ye chiquivitl otequipanova y q̃ hvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova juā q̑ maca pablo ahv y [BJ MA 3, fol. 20v] pablo quimaca malquex chicuacemi acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ y cēcaltin oyecaltique [106] Here is the eleventh house. The name of the one in charge there is Juan. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Juana; she is nine years old. He has a younger brother named Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has a father named Maxochitl; he is not baptized. Juan’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is two measures of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is one plus two measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is one plus two measures of cloth;62 thirty cacao beans, twelve eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to

60 The record of the calpolli of Comoliuhcan begins with #130 of this volume (BJ MA 3, fol. 32r). 61 The word omatlactli is followed by a crossed-out word, of which only the final lia is legible. 62 In this and the previous phrase, “one plus two measures of cloth” is a tentative translation of ce ypan oçotl. We are not sure what it means in terms of the tribute payment practice.

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Pablo and [BJ MA 3, fol. 20v] Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. Of one household they became three. [107] yzca yc matlacali omome ytoca po ōca ycahv ytoca juā ōca yna[ci]63 ytoca ana ōcate yyaviva ce ytoca juāna yc ome ytoca magdalena ōcate ytlacava omēti ce ytoca .ma. yc ome ytoca .ma. y po ymil yepuali ytlacalaquil oçotl ytetlacualtil ce ypan oçotl ynemapopovaya ce ypan oçotl cacavatl cepuali omatlactli totoltetl caxtoltetl tlaoli chicuacēcaxitl yn itequihv quinechicova juā quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca quimaca [sic] malquex chicome acticate y cēcaltin R [107] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro. He has a younger brother named Juan. He has a mother named Ana. He has aunts: the first one’s name is Juana; the second one’s name is Magdalena. He has slaves, two of them: the first one’s name is María, the second one’s name is María. Pedro’s field is sixty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is two measures of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is one plus two measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is one plus two measures of cloth;64 thirty cacao beans, fifteen eggs, six bowls of shelled maize. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven people in the household. [reviewed] [108] [y]zca65 yc matlacali omey ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca juāna ypilva omēti ce ytoca juā ya caxtolxivitl y domingo ōcate ymachva omēti ce ytoca pablo yçivahv ytoca .ma. ypilçi ytoca tonequimilol hao moquateq2 ya ce xivitl yc ome ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilçi ytoca ana ya oxivitl y domingo ymil yepuali ytlacalaquil oçotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cēpuali omatlactli totoltetl caxtoltetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y q̃ hv[BJ MA 3, fol. 21r]navac yn itequihv quinechicova juā quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malque66 matlacti acticate y cēcaltin R [108] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Juana. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is fifteen years old. Domingo has two nephews. The first one’s name is Pablo; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Tonequimilol; he is not baptized; he is one year old. The second [nephew’s] name is Miguel; his 63 A small fragment of the folio has been eaten by booklice, rendering one or two letters illegible. What remains of the writing looks like ci, which may be an orthographical variant of tzin, a reverential suffix. 64 See this chapter, p. 200, n. 62. 65 The left margin of the folio has been cut off together with the initial y of yzca. 66 Understand malquex.

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wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Ana; she is two years old. Domingo’s field is sixty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is two measures of cloth; his tet­ lacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; thirty cacao beans, fifteen eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to [BJ MA 3, fol. 21r] Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are ten [people] in the household. [reviewed] [109] yzca yc matlacali onavi ytoca fabian ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilci ytoca domingo ya oxivitl ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle totoltetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova juā quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex yeȳti acticate y cencaltin R [109] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Fabián. His wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Domingo; he is two years old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, no eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [110] yzca y caxtolcali ytoca aloso ycivahv ytoca ma. ōcate ycava omēti ce ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca ana yc ome ytoca telpoch hao moquatequia ōca ynāçi ytoca catharina ȳ aloso ymil ōpuali ytlacalaquil oçotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopo­ vaya ye çotl cacavatl cēpuali totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y q̃ hvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova juā q̑ maca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex chicuacemi acticate y cencaltin R [110] Here is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Alonso. His wife’s name is María. He has two younger brothers. The first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is Ana. The second one’s name is Telpoch; he is not baptized. [Alonso] has a mother named Catalina. Alonso’s field is forty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is two measures of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; twenty cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [111] yzca y caxtolcali oce ytoca tecivahv hao moquatequia yçivahv ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ypilva yeyti ce ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivahv ytoca juāna ymil cepuali Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cax­ toltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv qui[BJ MA 3, fol. 21v][nechic]ova67 juā quimaca pa ahv y pablo quimaca mal[quex] chicuacemi acticate y cecaltin R [111] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tecihuauh; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is Martín; his wife’s name is Juana. [Tecihuauh’s] field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, [BJ MA 3, fol. 21v] Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [112] yzca y caxtolcali omome ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca ma. ypilçi ytoca tocetequihv hao moquatequia ya q̑ n otlacat ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuacētetl tlaoli ye ca­xitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova juā quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex yeȳti acticate y cēcaltin R [112] Here is the seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Tocentequiuh; he is not baptized; he has just been born. [Juan’s] field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [113] yzca y caxtolcali omey ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca isaber ypilva omēti ce ytoca juāna ya nahvxivitl oca ycahv ytoca diego y miguel ymil opuali ytlacala­ quila oçotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cepuali omatlactli totoltetl matlactetl omome tlaoli ye chiquivitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn ite­ quihv quinechicova juā quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [113] Here is the eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juana; she is four years old. He has a younger brother named Diego. Miguel’s 67

The paper in the top-left corner of the folio has been damaged, rendering the first several letters of the first two lines illegible.

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field is forty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is two measures of cloth; his tetla­cualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; thirty cacao beans, twelve eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [114] yzca y caxtolcali onavi ytoca po ycivahv ytoca ymsagdalena ynes68 ypilçi ytoca isaber ya ye xivitl oca ycahv ytoca .ma. ōca ynā ytoca tecapa hao moquate­ quia y po ymil ōpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl [BJ MA 3, fol. 22r] cacavatl cēpuali totoltetl chicuacētetl tlaoli ye caxitl ote­ quipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova juā quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malq̄x macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [114] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena Inés. His child’s name is Isabel; she is three years old. He has a younger sister named María. He has a mother named Tecapan; she is not baptized. Pedro’s field is forty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; [BJ MA 3, fol. 22r] twenty cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [115] yzca yc cētecpācali ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca maygdalena ypilva naviti ce ytoca domingo ya chicuexivitl ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova juā quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malq̄x naviti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] yeȳtin69 ovalaq̄. tlalnepātla ovalevaque. ytoca alōso t[o]zq̑ n.70 yçivauh ytoca magdalena teycuic. [115] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is eight years old. [Juan’s] field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three 68

69 70

The word magdalena has been corrected with a different ink by an annotator, who added y and what looks like s, apparently in an attempt to change it into a different name. Then he crossed the whole thing out and above it wrote y, space, n or m, an unidentified letter stained with ink, and s. We have tentatively assumed it to be ynes. The annotator first wrote omētin but then corrected omē to yeȳ. The second letter of the name is stained with ink.

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measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two Three [people] came, they came from Tlalnepantla: [a person] named Alonso Tozquin [and] his wife named Magdalena Teicuic.71 yzca [several lines left blank] Here is … [116] yzca cēcali ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilva yeȳti ce ytoca magdalena ya chicoxivitl ymil cēpovali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl [BJ MA 3, fol. 22v] chicuacētetl tlaoli ye chiq̑ vitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova juā quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex macuilti acticate y cencaltin R [116] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is seven years old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, [BJ MA 3, fol. 22v] six eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [117] yzca yc ōcali ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivahv ytoca maria ypilçi ytoca tefrancpa franco ȳa72 ye xivitl ocan ycava yeȳti ce ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca isaber ypilci ytoca ana ya nahvxivitl yc ome ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca .ma. yquey ytoca miguel ōca ynā ytoca juāna y m͞ı͞n ymil cepuali omacuili ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl cacavatl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cepuali totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova juā quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex matlacti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] Omoxeloq̄ ooncaltique. y cēCaltin. omētin oq̑zq̄ cēcalpā ocalaq̄ ychā juo teq̑ tlato. tlatlacapā yeȳti ytoca domingo comatica yçivauh ytoca ma. tey­ cuic ypilçin

71 The annotator corrected the numeral but failed to add the third person: it was probably the child of Magdalena Teicuic and Alonso Tozquin. 72 Understand ya.

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[117] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is [Tecapan?] Francisco; he is three years old. There are his three younger brothers. The first one’s name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Isabel. His child’s name is Ana; she is four years old. The second one’s name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. The third one’s name is Miguel. [Martín] has a mother, her name is Juana. Martín’s field is twenty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; cacao beans, his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; twenty cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are ten [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split, they made two houses. Two [members] of the household left, they entered the home of Juan Tequitlahtoh. Three [people] are in Tlatlacapan: [the person] named Domingo Comatica, his wife named María Teicuic, and his child. [118] yzca yquecali ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca ana ypilçi ytoca andres ya cax­ tolxivitl y franco ōca yveltihu ytoca ma. ymil cepovali ochicuace ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtolte[BJ MA 3, fol. 23r]tl totoltetl chicuacētetl tlaoli ye caxitl73 otequipanova quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova juā quimaca pablo ahv y pablo q̑ maca malquex naviti acti­ cate y cēcaltin R [118] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Ana. His child’s name is Andrés; he is fifteen years old. Francisco has an elder sister; her name is María. His field is twenty-six [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, [BJ MA 3, fol. 23r] six eggs, three measures of cloth bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [119] yzca yc nahvcali ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva omēti ce ytoca .ma. ya macuilxivitl ōca ycahv ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca isaber ōca ynā ytoca teycuic hao moquatequia ymil cepovali omacuili ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl chicuicnahvtetl totoltetl tlaoli 73

The scribe first wrote çotl but then corrected ço to caxi.

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ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova juā q̑ maca pablo ahv y pablo q̑ maca malquex chicome acticate y cēcaltin çivapili ytech puvi R [119] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is five years old. He has a younger brother named Juan; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has a mother named Teicuic; she is not baptized. [Domingo’s] field is twenty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetla­ cualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. He belongs to the noblewoman.74 [reviewed] [120] yzca yc macuilcali ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva naviti ce ytoca juā ya caxtolxivitl ōca ycahv ytoca po ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva yeyti ce ytoca juā ya matlacxivitl y franco ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacual­ til ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl matlactetl omome tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quahvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova juā quimaca pablo ahv y pablo quimaca malquex chicomētin acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ y cēcaltin [120] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is ten years old. [Francisco] has a younger brother named Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is five years old. Francisco’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, twelve eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Pablo and Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven75 [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] The household has been divided.

74 It is hard to tell whether this statement refers to the family head of #119 or serves as a heading for the following #120. In either case, it was made by the same scribe who wrote the main entries for these houses. 75 This is an error: there are eleven.

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[121] [BJ MA 3, fol. 23v] yzca yc chicuacēcali ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva yeyti ce ytoca domingo ya matlacxivitl ymil chicoquavitl ytlacalacaquil ce çotl atle &c. macuiltin acticate y cēcaltin R [121] [BJ MA 3, fol. 23v] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is ten years old. [Juan’s] field is seven rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; no etc. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [122] yzca yc chicōcali ytoca tezca hao moquatequia ycivahv ytoca76 teycuic hao moquatequia ypilva naviti ce ytoca pedro ycivahv ytoca tlaco hao moquatequia ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle &c chicome acticate y cēcaltin R [122] Here is the seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tezca; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Teicuic; she is not baptized. He has four children: the first one’s name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. [Tezca’s] field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no etc. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [123] yzca yc chicuecali ytoca velimachiz hao moquatequia ypilci ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca catharina ypilva naviti ce ytoca maria ya caxtolxivitl ymil matla­ quavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl atle &c chicuey acticate y cencaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ yvān oyaq̄ cēq̑ tin yevan oya yta [123] Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Huelimachiz; he is not baptized. His child’s name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Catalina. [Francisco] has four children: the first one’s name is María; she is fifteen years old. [Huelimachiz’s] field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; no etc. There is eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split and some of them went away. Their father went away [or: His father went away with them]. [BJ MA 3, fol. 24r] tlaxique [BJ MA 3, fol. 24r] Carpenters

76

It looks as if the scribe started to write something (perhaps tey), crossed it out, and over the crossed-out letters wrote ytoca.

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[124] yzca yc chicuicnahvcali ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca isaber ypilva yeyti ce ytoca domingo franco ycivahv ytoca .ma. ymil cepuali ça quiviya77 y tlaxima chicuaceni acticate y cencaltin R [annotation] omēti ya q̑ n ovalaq̄. tlalnepātla ovalevaq̄ ytoca. juo. tochtli yçivauh. ytoca. magdalena tecuichpoch / ce oya tlalnepātla ytoca ma. tecuichpoch. [124] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has three children: the first one’s name is Domingo Francisco; his wife’s name is María. [Juan’s] field is twenty [units]. He only does carpentry. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] have just come, they came from Tlalnepantla: [a person] named Juan Tochtli [and] his wife named Magdalena Tecuhichpoch. One [person] went to Tlalnepantla, her name is María Tecuhichpoch. [125] yzca yc matlacali ytoca miguel yciva/hv ytoca magdalena ypilçi ytoca maria ya nahvxivitl ymil caxtolquavitl çā quixcaviya y tlaxima yeyti acticate y cēcaltin R [125] Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is María; she is four years old. His field is fifteen rods. He only does carpentry. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [126] yzca yc matlacali oce ytoca francisco ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilçi ytoca luisa ya nahvxivitl ōca ycahv ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca juāna ymil cēpovali çan quixcaviya y tlaxima macuiltin acticate y cēcaltin R [126] Here is the eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Luisa; she is four years old. He has a younger brother named Domingo; his wife’s name is Juana. [Francisco’s] field is twenty [units]. He only does carpentry. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [127] [BJ MA 3, fol. 24v] yzca yc matlacali omome ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca juāna ypilçi ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ōca ycahv ytoca ma yyoquich ytoca blas franco ōca ynā ytoca ana ypilçi ytoca isaber ya matlacxivitl ymil matla­ quavitl çan quixcaviya y tlaxima chicucemi acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omētin oyaq̄ tlalnepātla. [127] [BJ MA 3, fol. 24v] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Juana. His child’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has a younger sister named María, her husband’s name is Blas Francisco. [Miguel] has a mother named Ana, her child’s name is Isabel; she is 77 Understand quixcaviya.

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ten years old. His field is ten rods. He only does carpentry. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [of them] went to Tlalnepantla. [128] yzca yc matlacali omey ytoca po ycivahv ytoca ma ōca yta ytoca yecatl hao moquatequia yçivahv ytoca juāna yeyti pilva cē ytoca vicēte ya nahvxivitl ymil matlaquavitl ça quixcaviya y tlaxima chicome acticate y cēcaltin [annotation] ocalaque calpulpā. atengo. ypā dō diego. [128] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. He has a father named Yecatl; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Juana. [Yecatl] has three children: the first one’s name is Vicente; he is four years old. [Pedro’s] field is ten rods. He only does carpentry. There are seven [people] in the household. [annotation] They entered the calpolli of Atenco when Don Diego [was in charge]. [129] yzca yc matlacali onavi ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca maria ypilva omēti ce ytoca domingo ya nahvxivitl ymil macuilquavitl çā quixcaviya y tlaxima navinti acticate y cēcaltin [annotation] Ocalaq̄ calpulpā ytocayoca yxtlavacā ym ixq̑chtin. oyaq̄ [129] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is four years old. [Miguel’s] field is five rods. He only does carpentry. There are four [people] in the household. [annotation] They entered a calpolli called Ixtlahuacan. Everyone went.78

Comoliuhcan

[BJ MA 3, fol. 32r] yzca yc nahvcalpuli ytocayoca comolihvca ōca tlapachova juā [BJ MA 3, fol. 32r] Here is the fourth calpolli, called Comoliuhcan, where Juan is in charge. comolivhcā. [several lines left blank]79 Comoliuhcan 78 The calpolli of Ixtlahuacan begins with #319 of this volume (BnF MM 393, fol. 1r). 79 Possibly, hand E, who produced the text of the following entries, left the space on top of the folio for the heading and then added comolivhcā. During the final edit, hand A crossed

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[130] yzca cēcali. ōca tlapachova. ytoca. juā. yçivauh. ytoca. juana. macuiltin. ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. po. ya matlacxivitl. ȳ juā ōca yyavi. ytoca. tecapā. hao moquate­ quia ça ycnoçivatl. omētin. ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. franco. ya caxtolxivitl. ȳ juā ōca ymach. ytoca domingo. yçivauh. ytoca. maria. ȳ juā ymil chicōpovali ōmatlactly. ytlacalaquil omē ytetlaqualtil yey. ynemapopova. yey. cacavatl. ōpovali. totoltetl caxtoltetl. tlaoli. cētetl. hamōtequipanova. in quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ vh q̑ maca. dō pablo. avh ȳ do pablo quimaca. malquex. matlaci80 omomē acticate in cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ omocaltilliq̄ ȳ cēcaltin catca avh ce omic ypilçin y juā [130] Here is the first house. The name of the one who is in charge there is Juan. His wife’s name is Juana. He has five children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is ten years old. Juan has an aunt named Tecapan; she is not baptized; she is just a widow. She has two children: the first one’s name is Francisco; he is fifteen years old. Juan has a nephew named Domingo; his wife’s name is María. Juan’s field is one hundred and fifty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is two [measures of cloth]; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three [measures of cloth]; his nemapohpo­ hualoni tribute is three [measures of cloth]; forty cacao beans, fifteen eggs, one [measure of] shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, he gives it to Don Pablo and Don Pablo gives it to the Marqués. There are twelve [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] What was one household, has been divided: they built a house. One of Juan’s children has died. [131] yzca yc ōcali ytoca. diego. yçivauh. ytoca. francisca chicuacemitin. ypilvā ȳ ce ytoca domingo. ya chicuexivitl. ȳ diego ōca ytlacavh. ytoca .ma. ça ycnoçi­ vatl ȳ diego. ōca yveltiuh. ytoca insabel. y ça ycnoçivatl. ȳ diego. ymil. cen[BJ MA 3, fol. 32v]povali. ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl cēpovaltetl totoltetl matlactetl. tlaoli atle tlaoli. amōteq̑ panova. in quauhnavac. yn itequiuh q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. matlactin acticate in cēcaltin R [annotation] ce omiqui ypilçin ȳ diego ce oya cecni omocchoti ytlacavh ocatca ȳ diego [131] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Diego; his wife’s name is Francisca. He has six children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is eight years old. Diego has a slave named María; she is just a widow. Diego has an older sister named Isabel; she is just a widow. Diego’s field is [BJ MA 3, fol. 32v] twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his it out and developed a more extensive heading (for the discussion of hands in the document, see Chapter 4, “Mss. Amer. 3, 8, and 10: The Scribes”). 80 Understand matlactli.

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tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; twenty cacao beans, ten eggs, shelled maize no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are ten [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One of the children of Diego has died. One [woman] went some place to get married: the former slave of Diego. [132] yzca yquecali. ytoca. po yçivavh. ytoca anā y po ōca ynā ytoca. francisca. ça ycnoçivatl ȳ pedro ōcate ytlacavā. omētin. ȳ ce ytoca maria. yc ome ytoca. juana. ȳ po ymil cēpovali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil. ye çotl ynemapopovaya. ye çotl ycacavauh caxtoltetl. totolte81 caxtoltetl omey atle tlaoli. hāmōteq̑ panova. in quauhnavac. yn itequivh. q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh. ȳ domingo q̑ maca. malq̄x macuiltin acticate in cēcaltin [annotation] ȳy micuiloq̄ y amo tlacotin R [132] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Ana. Pedro has a mother named Francisca; she is just a widow. Pedro has two slaves: the first one’s name is María, the second one’s name is Juana. Pedro’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; he [delivers] fifteen cacao beans, eighteen eggs, but no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [annotation] These recorded ones are not slaves. [reviewed] [133] yzca yc navhcali ytoca. tecapā. hao moquatequia. ça ycnoçivatl. omēti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. vicēte ya matlacxivitl. ȳ tecapan [BJ MA 3, fol. 33r] ōca ypilo ytoca maria. ya chicuexivhtia. ȳ tecapā yeinti ytlacavā ȳ ce itoca. maria. ça ycnoçivatl. ce yconeuh. ytoca. anica. ya oxivitl. ynic ome ytoca maria. ya matlacxivitl. yquei ytoca. franco (or: a) ya caxtolxivitl. ȳ tecapā ymil. macuilpovali. ytlacalaq̑ l. ye çotl. ytetlacualtil. ce ynemapopovaya. ce cacavatl. cēpovali. totoltetl. macuiltetl tlaoli ye chiquivitl. ōtequipanova ȳ quauhnavac. yn itequihv q̑ nechicova. juā. quimaca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. comaca. ȳ malquex. chicueȳ acticate in cēcaltin [annotation 1] ce omocchoti ypilo ȳ ycnoçivatl R [annotation 2] y micuiloca amo tlacoti q̑ to y çivahatl82 ayac tlacotli avh q̑ toa y çivacnotli nitlacotli 81 Understand totoltetl. 82 Understand civatl.

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[133] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tecapan; she is not baptized; she is just a widow. She has two children: the first one’s name is Vicente; he is ten years old. Tecapan [BJ MA 3, fol. 33r] has a niece named María; she is eight years old. Tecapan has three slaves. The first one’s name is María, she is just a widow, she has one child named Anica, a twoyear old. The second one’s name is María; she is ten years old. The third one’s name is Francisco (or: Francisca); (s?)he is fifteen years old. Tecapan’s field is one hundred [units]. Her tlacalaquilli tribute is three measures of cloth; her tetlacualtilli tribute is one [measure of cloth]; her nemapohpohualoni tribute is one [measure of cloth]; twenty cacao beans, five eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. She goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for her tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [annotation 1] One [woman] got married: the niece of the widow. [reviewed] [annotation 2] The recorded ones are not slaves. The woman said: no one is a slave. And the widow says: I am a slave. [134] yzca yc macuilcali ytoca. juā yçivauh. ytoca / maria. ȳ juā ymil cēpovali omacuili. ytlacalaquil oçotl. ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl. cacavatl matlactetl totoltetl macuiltetl tlaoli ye chiq̑ vitl ōtequipanova ȳ quavhnavac yn iteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova. juā quimaca domingo auh ȳ domingo comaca. in malquex. omē acticate in cēcaltin R [134] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. Juan’s field is twenty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is two measures of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; ten cacao beans, five eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [135] yzca yc chicuacēcali ytoca. domingo. yçivauh [BJ MA 3, fol. 33v] ytoca mag­ dalena. einti ypilvā i ce ytoca maria ya oq̑che yn ioq̑ch. ytoca. miguel. ȳ domingo. ymil cēpovali ōmacuili ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl chicōtetl totoltetl. navhtetl tlaoli ye chiq̑ vitl ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavh­ navac. yn itequiuh quinechicova juā q̑ maca. domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca. ȳ malquex chicuacemiti acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] cē oya yyoq̑ch ocatca ȳ ypilcin ȳ ychpoch83 domīgo 83 The annotator first followed the letters ychpo with a stroke, perhaps with the intent of writing h, but then corrected this stroke to c.

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[135] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s [BJ MA 3, fol. 33v] name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is María; she is already married, the name of her husband is Miguel. Domingo’s field is twenty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; seven cacao beans, four eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] went away: the former husband of Domingo’s child daughter. [136] yzca yc chicōcali ytoca insabel ça ycnoçivatl. ce yconeuh ytoca po. ya matlac­xivitl. ytlacalaq̑ l ȳsabel ymil cēpovali ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl. totoltetl yetetl. tloly? tlaoli ye caxitl. āmōteq̑ panova ȳ quauhnavac. yn itequiuh q̑ nechicova. juā q̑ maca domingo. avh. yn domingo q̑ va comaca. ȳ malquex. omētin acticate in cēcaltin R [136] Here is the seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Isabel, she is just a widow. She has one child, his name is Pedro, he is ten years old. Her tlacalaquilli tribute Isabel’s field is twenty [units]. Her tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; her tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; her nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. She does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for her tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo sends it, he goes to give it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [137] [BJ MA 3, fol. 34r] yzca yc chicuecali. ytoca. franco. yçivavh. ytoca maria ce ypilçin ytoca. anā. ya ce xivitl. yn. franco. ōca yteycavh. ytoca po. yçivauh ytoca magdalena ȳ franco. ōca ynā. ytoca teycuic. hao moquateq̑a y franco. ymil cēpovali ōmacuili. ytlacalaq̑ l ce cotl.84 ytetlacualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya ye çotl. ycaca­ vavh. matlactetl. totoltetl. macuiltetl. tlaoli ye caxitl. ōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh quinechicova. juan quimaca domingo. Avh ȳ domingo comaca in malquex. chicuacemi acticate ȳ cecaltin [annotation 1] ce omotlacat ypilçin ȳ po. R R [annotation 2] omēti otlacatq̄ ypilhvā y fro. [137] [BJ MA 3, fol. 34r] Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is María. He has one child named Ana; 84 Understand çotl.

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she is one year old. Francisco has a younger brother named Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Francisco has a mother named Teicuic; she is not baptized. Francisco’s field is twenty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohua­ loni tribute is three measures of cloth; he [delivers] ten cacao beans, five eggs, [and] three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [annotation 1] One child of Pedro was born. [reviewed] [crossed-out “reviewed” mark] [annotation 2] Two children of Francisco were born. [138] yzca yc chicuicnavhcali. ytoca. franco yçivauh ytoca anā macuilti ypilvā. ce ydotoca. domingo ya matlacxivitl. ȳ franco ymil chicōquavitl. ytlacalaquil ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya. ye çotl cacavatl matlactetl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli ōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh. quinechicova. juā q̑ maca domingo. avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. chicomē acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] ce ya quin ovalla çan ipan ocallaq̑co ȳ fro. ȳtoca po. yçivavh ytoca juana ce ypilçin tlalcovhcā ovallevac [138] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Ana. He has five children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is ten years old. Francisco’s field is seven rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; ten cacao beans, but no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] has just come, he just came to enter [the home of] Francisco. His name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Juana; he has one child. He came from Tlalcouhcan.85 [139] [BJ MA 3, fol. 34v] yzca yc matlacali ytoca. franco. ayac yçivauh. ȳ franco. ōca ynā ytoca magdalena tecapā. hao moquateq̑a ȳ franco. ymil navhquavitl. ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl. atle ytetlacualtil. atle ynemapopovaya. atle ycacavavh. atle ytotolteuh atle ycacavauh. [sic] atle ytlaol. ōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac yn itequiuh q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo q̑ maca. malquex. omēti cate in cēcaltin. R [annotation] ya quin omoçivauhti y fro. 85

Tlalcouhcan was the sixth first-level calpolli of Tepoztlan (BNAH CA 551, fol. 2v).

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[139] [BJ MA 3, fol. 34v] Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco, he has no wife. Francisco has a mother named Magdalena Tecapan; she is not baptized. Francisco’s field is four rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute or the nemapohpohualoni tribute; no cacao beans, no eggs, no cacao beans [sic], [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Francisco has just got married. [140] yzca yc matlacali. ōce ytoca juā. yçivauh ytoca. anā. ȳ juā ōca ynā. ytoca. magdalena. ȳ juā. ymil matlaquavitl. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl cacavatl chicōtetl totoltetl navhtetl tlaoli ye chiquivitl ōtequipanova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo. avh ȳ domingo q̑ maca. malq̄x. yeinti acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] ce omiqui ynā catca ȳ jo. [140] Here is the eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Ana. Juan has a mother named Magdalena. Juan’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; seven cacao beans, four eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] has died: the late mother of Juan. [141] yzca yc matlacali. omome ytoca po yçivauh ytoca insabel yeȳtin ypilvā ȳ ce ytoca. po ya [BJ MA 3, fol. 35r] caxtolxivitl. ȳ po ōca yxviuh ytoca. maria. ya oxivitl. ȳ po ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl. ytetlatlcualtil ye çotl ynema­ popovaya ye çotl. ycacavauh. cacavatl chicōtetl totoltetl navhtetl. tlaoli ye caxitl. ōtequipanova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh q̑ nechicova. juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo quimaca malquex chicuacemi acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] ce omiqui yxvivh catca y po. avh ce ya q̑ n otlacat ypilçin ȳ po. [141] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has three children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is [BJ MA 3, fol. 35r] fifteen years old. Pedro has a grandchild named María; she is two years old. Pedro’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; he [delivers] seven cacao beans, four eggs, [and] three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] has died: the late grandchild of Pedro. And one child of Pedro has just been born. [142] yzca yc matlacali omey ytoca juā. yçivauh ytoca. magdalena. omēti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca domingo. ya chicuexivitl ȳ juan ymil matlacuavitl. ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl chicōtetl totoltetl. navhtetl tlaoli ye chiquivitl. ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh. q̑ nechicoa.86 juā. q̑ maca. domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca. ȳ malquex. navinti acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] ce ya quin otlacat ȳ ypilçin juā [142] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is eight years old. Juan’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; seven cacao beans, four eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] A child of Juan has just been born. [143] yzca yc matlacali onavi ytoca domingo yçivavh ytoca magdalena. omēti ypilvā [BJ MA 3, fol. 35v] ȳ ce ytoca īsabel ya cēpovalxivitl. ȳ domingo ōca yta ytoca tecalpova. hao moquatequia yçivauh ytoca tecapā hao moquateq̑a ōca oc ce ypilçin ytoca domingo ya caxtolxivitl ȳ domingo ymil matlaquavitl. ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl. totoltetl yetetl tlaoli ye caxitl. ōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac yn itequivh quinechivova juā q̑ maca domingo. Auh ȳ domingo q̑ maca malquex. chicome acticate in cēcaltin R [annotation] omēti omiq̄ yvā yçivauh ce omocchoti [143] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: [BJ MA 3, fol. 35v] the first one’s name is Isabel; she is twenty years old. Domingo has a father named Tecalpohua; he is not baptized; his wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. There is [Tecalpohua] has another child named Domingo; he is fifteen years old. Domingo [the householder’s] field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, 86 Understand q̑ nechicova.

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three eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] died, as well as his wife. One woman got married. [144] yzca y caxtolcali. ytoca. juā yçivauh ytoca luisa. ȳ juā ōca ynā ytoca. anā. oc ce yconevh ytoca. m͞ı͞n. ya matlacxivitl. ȳ juā ōca ytex. ytoca. franco. yçivavh. ytoca. maria. ȳ juā. ymil matlaquavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlacualtyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl. totoltetl yetetl. tlaoli ye caxitl ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ vh quinechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. Avh ȳ domingo comaca ȳ malquex chicuacemi acticate in cēcaltin R [144] Here is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Luisa. Juan has a mother; her name is Ana. She has another child named Martín; he is ten years old. Juan has a brother-in-law named Francisco; his wife’s name is María. Juan’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [145] [BJ MA 3, fol. 36r] yzca yc caxtolcali ōce ytoca. telpoch hao moquatequia yçivavh. ytoca. tecapā hao quatequia.87 ce ypilçin. ytoca. maria ya chicuacēxivitl. ȳ telpoch ōca ycavh. ytoca. tlaco. hao moquateq̑a. cavali. ce yconevh. ytoca. juā ya macuilxivitl. ȳ telpoch ōca ytex ytoca. miguel yçivauh. ytoca. magdalena. ȳ tel­ poch ymil. matlaquavitl. ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl ytetlacualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl. macuiltetl. totoltetl. ye tetl. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā. q̑ maca domingo. Auh. ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. chicomē acti­ cate in cencaltin R [annotation] ce omiqui ypilçin ȳ telpoch ce omocchoti ycavh y telpoch ce yconevh q̑ vica [145] [BJ MA 3, fol. 36r] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Telpoch; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has one child, her name is María; she is six years old. Telpoch has a younger sister named Tlahco; she is not baptized. She has been abandoned [by her husband], she has one child named Juan, he is ten years old. Telpoch has a brother-in-law named Miguel; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Telpoch’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his 87 Understand moquatequia.

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tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: the child of Telpoch. One [woman] got married: the younger sister of Telpoch, she took her one child with her. [146] yzca y caxtolcali omome. ytoca. franco. yçivauh yçitoca. maria. magdalena ce ypilçin. ytoca anā ya yexivitl ȳ franco. ymil matlaquavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl macuiltetl. totoltetl. ōtetl. tlaoli. ye caxitl. ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac yn itequivh q̑ nechicoa juā quimaca. domingo. Ahv ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. yeinti acti.cate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] ce otlacat ȳ ypilçin fro. avh ce omiqui [146] Here is the seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is María Magdalena. He has one child named Ana; she is three years old. Francisco’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, two eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [child] was born, a child of Francisco. One [person] died. [147] [BJ MA 3, fol. 36v] yzca y caxtolcali omey. ytoca. franco. yçivauh. ytoca maria. ȳ franco. ymil matlaquavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopo­ vaya. ye çotl cacavatl. macuiltetl totoltetl yetetl. tlaoli ye caxitl. ōtequipanova y quavhnavac. yn itequivh. q̑ nechicova. juā quimaca. domingo. ahv yn domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. omēty acticate ȳ cecaltin R [annotation] omiqui88 ȳ fro. catca [147] [BJ MA 3, fol. 36v] Here is the eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is María. Francisco’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] 88

The word omiqui is followed by one or two crossed-out and illegible letters.

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[annotation] Francisco died. [148] yzca y caxtolcali. onavi. ytoca. domingo. yçivavh ytoca magdalena. omēti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. juā ya navhxivitl. y domingo. ymil. matlaquavitl. ytlacalaquil ce çotl. ytetlaqualquil89 ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl. cacavatl. macuiltetl. totoltetl ōtetl. tlaoli ye caxitl. ōtequipanova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh. q̑ nechicova. juā quima.90 domingo. Auh. ȳ domingo comaca ȳ malquex navinti acticate ȳ cencaltin R [148] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is four years old. Domingo’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, two eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [149] yzca yc cētecpācali. ytoca. miguel yçivauh ytoca. anā omenti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. juā ya chicōxyvhtia. ȳ miguel ōcate ymachvā ȳ ce ytoca. po ya matlacxivitl. yn. mi[BJ MA 3, fol. 37r]guel. ymil cēpovali. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlacualtiltil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya ye çotl. cacavatl. chicuicnavhtetl totoltetl. navhtetl. tlaoli ye chiquivitl. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh. q̑ nechicova. juā q̑ maca. domingo. Auh ȳ domingo quimaca. malquex. chiquacemi acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] ce omiqui ȳ ypilçin miguel avh ce ya quin otlacat [149] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is seven years old. Miguel has nephews: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is ten years old. [BJ MA 3, fol. 37r] Miguel’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; nine cacao beans, four eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: a child of Miguel. And one [child] has just been born.

89 Understand ytetlaqualtil. 90 Understand quimaca.

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yzca [several lines left blank] Here is [150] yzca cēcali ytoca. domingo. yçivauh. ytoca. magdalena. ce ypilçin. ytoca. po ya oxivitl. ȳ domingo. ymil cēpovali. ōmacuili. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya.91 ye çotl. cacavatl. macuiltetl totoltetl. yetetl. tlaoli ye cax­ itl. ōteq̑ panova. yn quavhnavac. yn itequivh quinechicova. juā q̑ maca domingo. Auh ȳ domingo comaca. ȳ malq̄x. yeintin acticate ȳ cecaltin R [150] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has one child: his name is Pedro; he is two years old. Domingo’s field is twenty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [151] [BJ MA 3, fol. 37v] yzca yc ōcali. ytoca. yaotl hao moquatequia. yçivauh. ytoca maria. navinti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca miguel. ya matlacxivitl. ȳ yaotl. ymil matlaquavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl. totoltetl yetetl. ōtequipanova. yn quavhnavac. yn itequivh. quinechicovā v juā quimaca. mal domingo. auh. ȳ domingo q̑ maca malquex. chicuacemi acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] ce omiqui ypilçin ȳ fro. [151] [BJ MA 3, fol. 37v] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Yaotl; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is María. He has four children: the first one’s name is Miguel; he is ten years old. Yaotl’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Mar Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: a child of Francisco. [152] yzca yquecali ytoca franco. ycivauh. ytoca maria. omēti ypilvā. ce ytoca. po. ya matlacxivitl. ȳ franco ōca ynā. ytoca. xoco hao moquatequia. oc ce yconevh ytoca. 91

Two or three letters have been crossed out here. The first one is y.

Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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maria. ya macuilxivitl. ȳ franco ymil matlacuavitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl macuiltetl. totoltetl. yetetl tlaoli ye caxitl. ōtequipanova ȳ quauhnavac yn iteq̑ uh q̑ nechycova. juā. quimaca domingo. avh ȳ domingo [BJ MA 3, fol. 38r] q̑ maca malquex. chicuacemi acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] omētin omocchotiq̄ ȳnā y fro. yvā ychpoch [152] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is ten years old. Francisco has a mother named Xocoh; she is not baptized. She has another child named María; she is five years old. Francisco’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo [BJ MA 3, fol. 38r] gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [women] got married: the mother of Francisco and his (or: her) daughter. [153] yzca yc navhcali. ytoca. m͞ı͞n yçivauh. ytoca. anā ce ypilçin. ytoca. magda­ lena. ya oxivitl. ȳ martin ymil matlaquavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl. totoltetl ōtetl. tlaoli ye caxitl. ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh quinechicova. juā quimaca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo q̑ maca. malquex. yeinti acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [153] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is Ana. He has one child named Magdalena; she is two years old. Martín’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, two eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [154] yzca yc macuilcali. ytoca domingo yçivauh. ytoca magdalena. ce ypilçin ytoca. juā. ya macuilxivitl. ȳ domingo. ymil. matlacuavitl. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. yte­ tlacualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya ye çotl. cacavatl. macuiltetl. totoltetl. yetetl tlaoli ye caxitl. ōtequipanova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh. q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. quimaca. malquex. yeȳ acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] omiq̑ ȳ yçivavh catca ȳ domingo [154] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has one child named Juan; he is five years old. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Domingo’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] The wife of Domingo died. [155] yzca yc chiquacēcali. ytoca. domingo. yçivauh ytoca. magdalena. navinti ypilhvā ȳ ce ytoca. thomas. ya matlacxivitl. ȳ domingo. ymil cē[BJ MA 3, fol. 38v]povali. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl. chicōtetl. totoltetl. navhtetl. tlaolic ye caxitl. ōtequipanova ȳ quav­hnavac. yn itequiuh. quinechicova. juā quimaca. domingo. auh y domingo quimaca. malquex. chicuacemi acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] omēti ypilvā oyaque telçanipā calpuli [155] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: the first one’s name is Tomás; he is ten years old. Domingo’s field is [BJ MA 3, fol. 38v] twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; seven cacao beans, four eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two of his children went to the calpolli of Telzanipan. [156] yzca yc chicōcali. ytoca. domingo. yçivauh. ytoca magdalena omēty ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. domingo. yçivauh ytoca. maria. ȳ domingo ymil chicōquavitl. ytlacala­ quil. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl. totoltetl. yetetl. atle tlaoli ōteq̑ panova ȳ quauhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh q̑ nechicoa. juā. quimaca. domingo auh yn domingo. q̑ uiimaca.92 ȳ malquex. macuiltin acticate ȳ cecaltin R [156] Here is the seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. Domingo [the householder’s] field is seven rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacual­ tilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three 92 Here, the scribe first wrote q̑ m and probably started to write an elongated i, but then crossed out the circumflex over q and corrected the last stroke of m to i.

Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [157] yzca yc chicuecali. ytoca. domingo. yçivauh. ytoca anā.93 omēti. ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. margos ya yexivitl. ȳ domingo ymil chicōquavitl ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. yte­ tlaqualtil. ye [BJ MA 3, fol. 39r] çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl. macuiltetl. totoltetl yetetl atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh. quinechi­ cova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh y domingo q̑ maca. malquex. navinti acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [157] Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is Marcos; he is three years old. Domingo’s field is seven rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three [BJ MA 3, fol. 39r] measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [158] yzca yc chicuicnavhcali. ytoca. m͞ı͞n yçivauh. ytoca. anā. ce ypilçin. ytoca. maria. ya nauhxiuhtia ȳ m͞ı͞n ōca ynā. ytoca. magdalena. oc ce yconeuh ytoca. franco ya chiqcuexiuhtia ȳ m͞ı͞n. ymil caxtolquavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. yte­ tlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl. totoltetl. yetetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova ȳ quauhnavac. yn itequiuh. quinechicova juā q̑ maca malq̄x domingo q̑ maca malquex. macuiltin ācticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] omiqui ȳ yçivauh catca y m͞ı͞n on ocecā ce yconevh oquivalvicac [158] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is Ana. He has one child named María; she is four years old. Martín has a mother named Magdalena. She has another child named Francisco; he is eight years old. Martín’s field is fifteen rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to the Marqués, Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] The wife of Martín died. He brought her child from another place. 93

There is a letter or a mark that has been crossed out here.

Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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[159] yzca yc matlacali. ytoca. y franco. yçivauh. ytoca magdalena. omēti ypilvā ȳ ce ytoca. domingo. ya yexivitl. ȳ franco ōca ycauh. ytoca miguel yçivauh. ytoca magdalena. ȳ franco ōca yta ytoca domingo yçivauh. ytoca tecapā hao moquateq̑a ȳ franco ymil matlaquavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce [BJ MA 3, fol. 39v] çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya ye çotl. cacavatl. matlactetl. totoltetl. ontetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac yn itequivh q̑ nechicova. juā q̑ maca. domingo avh. ȳ domingo q̑ maca malquex. chicueyn acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] omēti omiq̄ ypilhvā ȳ fro. [159] Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is three years old. Francisco has a younger brother named Miguel; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Francisco has a father named Domingo; his wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. Francisco’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one [BJ MA 3, fol. 39v] measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; ten cacao beans, two eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] The two children of Francisco died. [160] yzca yc matlacali ōce ytoca domingo. yçivauh ytoca. anā omē ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. magdalena. ya macuilxivitl. ȳ domingo ymil macuilmatl ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl. macuiltetl totoltetl yetetl. atle tlaoli. ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh q̑ nechicova. juā. d q̑ maca. domingo. auh ȳ domingo q̑ maca. malquex. macuiltin acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [160] Here is the eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is five years old. Domingo’s field is five matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [161] yzca yc matlacali. omome ytoca. juā. yçivauh. ytoca. magdalena. ce ypilçin. ytoca. maria. yea yexivitl ȳ juā ymil macuilcuavitl. ytlacalaquil ce çotl. yte­ tlaqualtyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cavcavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh [BJ MA 3, fol. 40r] q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. quimaca. malq̄x yeȳtin. acticate ȳ cēcaltin R Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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[161] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has one child named María; she is three years old. Juan’s field is five rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, [BJ MA 3, fol. 40r] Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and he gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [162] yzca yc matlacali. omey. ytoca domingo. yçivauh ytoca. anā. omēty. ypilvā. ce ytoca. juā. yçivavh ytoca. magdalena. ȳ domingo. ymil. matlaquavitl ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl. totoltetl. yetetl atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh. q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. comaca. ȳ malquex. maltin94 acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [162] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Domingo’s field is ten rods. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [163] yzca yc matlacali. onavi. ytoca. juā. yçivavh ytoca anā. omētȳ. ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. pedro. yçivauh. ytoca magdalena. ce ypilçin. ytoca. anā. ya ce xivitl. ynic ome ytoca. juā. yçivauh. ytoca. juanā ȳ juā. ymil matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl. totoltetl. yetetl atle tlaoli ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh quinechicova. juā. q̑ maca domingo. avh. y domingo quimaca malquex. chicome acticate ȳ cēcalti. R [annotation] omiqui yn inta avh ȳ yçivauh catca oyaqui. [163] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. [Pedro] has one child, her name is Ana; she is one year old. The name of the second [child of Juan] is Juan; his wife’s name is Juana. Juan [the householder’s] field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan 94 Understand macuiltin. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Their father died and she who had been his wife went away. [164] yzca y caxtolcali. ytoca. juā. yçivauh ytoca. ma [BJ MA 3, fol. 40v] ȳ juā. ōcate ycavā. omē. ȳ ce ytoca. po yçivauh. ytoca. magdalena. ce ypilçin. ytoca anā ya macuilxivitl. yc ome ytoca domingo yçivauh. ytoca. kathalina. ȳ juā. ymil. matlaquavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl. matlactetl. totoltetl. ōtetl. atle tlaoli ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn ite­ quivh. q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo Auh ȳ domingo. comaca. ȳ malquex. chicomē acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxeloque omocaltilliq̄ ȳ cēcaltin catca. [164] Here is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. [BJ MA 3, fol. 40v] Juan has two younger brothers. The first one’s name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. [Pedro] has one child named Ana; she is five years old. The name of the second [brother of Pedro] is Domingo; his wife’s name is Catalina. Juan’s field is ten rods. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; ten cacao beans, two eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They divided the household, they built houses for themselves. [165] yzca y caxtolcali. ōce. ytoca. miguel. yçivauh yçivauh. [sic] ytoca. anā. yeȳti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. juā ya chicōxiuhtia. ȳ miguel. ōca ycavh. ytoca. franco. yçivauhvh. ytoca. anā. ȳ miguel. ymil. cēpovali. ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl ytetlacualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl cacavatl macuiltetl. totoltetl. yetetl tlaoli ye caxitl. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh q̑ nechicova. juā. quimaca. domingo. Auh yn domingo q̑ maca. malquex. chicomē acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] çe ya quin otlacat ȳ ypilçin y miguel. [165] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife [sic] his wife’s name is Ana. He has three children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is seven years old. Miguel has a younger brother named Francisco; his wife’s name is Ana. Miguel’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One child of Miguel has just been born. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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[166] yzca y caxtolcaly. omome. ytoca. juā. yçivauh [BJ MA 3, fol. 41r] ytoca isa­ bel. omē ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. magdalena ya matlacxiuhtia. ȳ juā ōca ynā. ytoca maggdalena ce yconeuh. ytoca. maraia. ya matlacxiuh.tia ȳ juā. ymil cēpovali. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl. ma­cuiltetl. totoltetl. yetetl. tlaoli ye caxitl. ōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh. q̑ nechicova juā. q̑ maca. domingo. auh ȳ domingo quimaca malquex. chicuace­ min acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] ce omiqui ynā y juā omētin omochotiq̄ ycavā y juā [166] Here is the seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s [BJ MA 3, fol. 41r] name is Isabel. He has two children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is ten years old. Juan has a mother; her name is Magdalena. She has one child named María; she is ten years old. Juan’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacu­ altilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: the mother of Juan. Two younger sisters95 of Juan got married. [167] yzca y caxtolcali. omey. ytoca. vicā hao moquateq̑a. yçivauh. ytoca. maga­ dalena. yeȳti. ypilva. ȳ ce ytoca. po. yçivauh ytoca. anā. yc ome ytoca. domingo. yçivauh ytoca. anā. yque ytoca. maria. ya macuilxivitl. ȳ vicā. ymil caxtolquavitl. ytlacalaquil ce çotl. ytetlacualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopova96 ye çotl. cacavatl macuil­ tetl. totoltetl. yetetl. atle tlaoli [BJ MA 3, fol. 41v] ōtequipanova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. Auh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex chicomē acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] ce ya quin otlacat ypilcin y po. [167] Here is the eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Huican; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Ana; the second one’s name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Ana; the third one’s name is María; she is five years old. Huican’s field is fifteen rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, 95 The main entry mentions only one sister of Juan, as well as his two daughters. 96 Understand ynemapopovaya.

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but no shelled maize. [BJ MA 3, fol. 41v] He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] A child of Pedro has just been born. [168] yzca y caxtolcali. onavi. ytoca. pedro. yçivauh. ytoca. magdalena. yeinti. ypilvā ȳ ce ytoca. anā. ya chicuexivitl. ȳ pedro ōca ycauh. ytoca. thomas yçivauh. ytoca maria. ȳ po. ymil. matlaquavitl. omey. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl. totoltetl. yetetl. atle tlaoli ōteq̑ panova. yn quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh quinechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. Auh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. chicomē acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [168] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Ana; she is eight years old. Pedro has a younger brother named Tomás; his wife’s name is María. Pedro’s field is thirteen rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [169] yzca yc. cētecpācali. ytoca. domingo. yçivauh. ytoca. magdalena. navinti. ypil[BJ MA 3, fol. 42r]vā ȳ ce ytoca. juā. yçivauh. ytoca. maria. ȳ domingo. ymil matlaquavitl. omome ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova. juā q̑ maca. domingo avh ȳ domingo q̑ maca. malq̄x. chicome acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] ce omiqui ȳ ypilçin domīgo [several lines left blank] [169] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: [BJ MA 3, fol. 42r] the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. Domingo’s field is twelve rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, but no eggs [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: a child of Domingo.

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[170] yzca y cēcali. ytoca. po. yçivauh. ytoca. anā ȳ pedro. ōca ynā. ytoca. isabel. oc ce ypilçin. ytoca. miguel. yçivauh ytoca. magdalena. ȳ po. ymil caxtolquavitl. ytla­ calaquil ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhna[BJ MA 3, fol. 42v]vac yn itequiuh quinechicova. juan q̑ maca. domingo. Auh ȳ domingo. quimaca malquex. macuilti acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] ce ya quin otlacat ypilçin ȳ po. [170] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Ana. Pedro has a mother named Isabel. She has another child named Miguel; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Pedro’s field is fifteen rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. [BJ MA 3, fol. 42v] As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] A child of Pedro has just been born. [171] yz97 yc ōcali ytoca. juā yçivauh ytoca .ma. omēti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. domingo. ya caxtolxivitl. ȳ juā. ymil caxtolq̃ vitl ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil ye çotl. yne­ mapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl. macuiltetl. totoltetl yetetl. atle tlaoli. ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh. quinechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. navin acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] ya quin omoçivavhti ȳ Domīgo ȳ ypilçin juā [171] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is fifteen years old. Juan’s field is fifteen rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Domingo, the son of Juan, has just got married. [172] yzca yquecali. ytoca. domingo. yçivavh ytoca. magdalena. yeinti. ypilva. ȳ ce ytoca. miguel ya matlacxiuhtia. ȳ domingo. ōca ynā ytoca. xoco. hao moquate­ quia. ȳ domingo. ymil. chicōqua[BJ MA 3, fol. 43r]vitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. atle 97 Understand yzca.

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cuachtli atle canavac. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ. quauh­ navac. yn itequivh q̑ nechicova juā quimaca. domingo auh ȳ domingo q̑ maca. malquex. chicuacemi acticacate. ȳ cēcaltin R [172] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Miguel; he is ten years old. Domingo has a mother named Xocoh; she is not baptized. Domingo’s field is seven [BJ MA 3, fol. 43r] rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; no large [and] no narrow sheets of cotton cloth, no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [173] yzca yc navhcali. ytoca. franco. yçivavh. ytoca .ma. ȳ franco. ōca ytex. ytoca pedro. ya caxtolxivitl. ȳ franco ymil chicōquavitl. atle ytlacalaq̑ l ytetlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōtequipanovā ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh q̑ nechicoa. juā quimaca domingo. avh ȳ domingo qui­ maca. malquex. yeȳ acticate ȳ cecaltin R [173] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is María. Francisco has a brother-in-law named Pedro; he is fifteen years old. Francisco’s field is seven rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpo­ hualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [174] [BJ MA 3, fol. 43v] yzca yc macuilcali. ytoca. domingo. yçivauh ytoca. anā. omētȳ. ypilvā. ce ytoca. maria ya yexivitl. ȳ domingo. ymil caxtolquavitl. ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl cacavatl. yetetl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoly. ōtequipanova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh quinechicova. juā q̑ maca. domingo q avh ȳ domingo q̑ maca. malq̄x navinti acticate ȳ cecaltin R [174] [BJ MA 3, fol. 43v] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is three years old. Domingo’s field is fifteen rods. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; three cacao beans, but no eggs [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed]

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[175] yzca y chicuacēcali. ytoca. ōcaotl hao moquatequia. yçivauh. ytoca. teycuic hao moquatequia. ce ypilçin. ytoca. domingo. ya macuilxivitl. ȳn ōcaotl. ōca ycauh ytoca. me.xoconi hao moquatequia. yçivauh. ytoca. tecapā. hao moquatequia. omēti. ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. maria. ya chiquacenxivitl. ȳ ocaotl. ymil. navhquavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. atle cuachtly. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totolteltetl.98 atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova R99 [annotation] omoxeloq̄ homocaltilliq̄ çā cēcaltin catca cecni omotlali ytoca mexoconi ȳvā yçivavh ce ypilçin [BJ MA 3, fol. 44r] ȳ quauhnavac. yn itequivh quinechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh. ȳ domingo comaca. ȳ malquex. chicomē acticate ȳ cecaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄. y cēcali ōcaltin omochiuhq̄ calpulpā oya ynica comoxeloq̄ ytoca mexoconi yvā yçivauh. yvā ypilçin. [175] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Oncaotl; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Teicuic; she is not baptized. He has one child, his name is Domingo, he is five years old. Oncaotl has a younger brother named Mexoconi; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is six years old. Oncaotl’s field is four rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; no large sheets of cotton cloth, his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work [crossed-out “reviewed” mark] [annotation] What had been just one household, was divided: they built a house for themselves. [The person] named Mexoconi settled somewhere else together with his wife and one child. [BJ MA 3, fol. 44r] to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed]

98 Understand totoltetl. 99 In this case, we have decided to place the “reviewed” mark and the crossed-out annotation exactly where they have been put by the annotator, in order to demonstrate his way of working. Not having read the entry carefully, the annotator assumed that it ended with the last line of folio 43v. Accordingly, he placed a mark and an annotation there. Later, however, he (or another person with very similar handwriting) realized his mistake, crossed out the annotation and moved it (though with slightly different phrasing) to the actual end of #175. This must have happened sometime after producing the first annotation because in each case, the reviewer used a different ink: a blackish one during his first attempt and a brownish one when he made the final correction.

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[annotation] They split. Of one household they became two. The way they split was: [the person] named Mexoconi went to another calpolli together with his wife and his child. [176] yzca yc chicōcali. ytoca. franco. yçivauh ytoca. .ma. ce ypilçin. ytoca. pedro. ya macuilpovali tlacat. y franco. ōca. ycauh ytoca. anā. cavali. ȳ franco ōca yvepol ytoca. magdalena. ya oq̑che yn ioquich. ytoca. domingo. yeinti ypilvan. ȳ ce ytoca. anā ya chiquacēxivitl. yn franco. ōcate ymachvā yeȳ ce ytoca. domingo. yçivauh. ytoca. anā. ȳ franco. ymil cēpovali. omacuili. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl. macuiltetl. totoltetl yetetl. atle tlaoli. ōtequipanova. ȳ quauh.navac. yn itequivh. quinechicova. juā quimaca. domingo. avh y domingo quimaca malquex. matlactin omei onavin. acticate ȳ cencaltin R [annotation] chiquacemin oyaque calpulpā [176] Here is the seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is María. He has one child named Pedro, born one hundred [days] ago. Francisco has a younger sister named Ana, she has been abandoned [by her husband]. Francisco has a sister-in-law named Magdalena, she is married, her husband’s name is Domingo. She has three children: the first one’s name is Ana; she is six years old. Francisco has three niblings: the first one’s name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Ana. Francisco’s field is twenty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacu­ altilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are thirteen fourteen [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Six [people] went to another calpolli. [177] yzca yc chicuecali ytoca. miguel yçi[BJ MA 3, fol. 44v]vavh ytoca. maria. chicuacemi. ypilva ȳ ce ytoca. pedro. ya matlacxivitl. ȳ miguel ymil macuilqua­ vitl. atle ytlacalaquil. ytetlacualtyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoly. ōtequipanova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh. q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. quimaca. malquex. chicuace ȳ acticate ȳ cecaltyn R [annotation] ce ya q̑ n ovalla ytoca miguel yvā yçivauh ymtoca maria [177] Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel, his [BJ MA 3, fol. 44v] wife’s name is María. He has six children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is ten years old. Miguel’s field is five rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his

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nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are six100 [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] named Miguel has just come together with his wife named María. [178] yzca yc chicuicnavhcaly. ytoca. pedro. yçivauh ytoca. magdalena. yeinty ypilvā. y ce ytoca. domingo. ya matlacxiuh.tia. yn pedro ymil. macuilquavitl ytlacalaquil. ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoly. ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac yn itequivh quinechicova. juā. quimaca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. comaca. ȳ malquex. macuilty acticate ȳ cecaltin R [annotation] ce omiq̑ ypilçin ȳ po. [178] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is ten years old. Pedro’s field is five rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: a child of Pedro. [179] yzca yc matlacaly. ytoca. juā. yçivauh. yto[BJ MA 3, fol. 45r]ca isabel. navity. ypilva. ce ytoca. alosu. ya matlacxivitl. ȳ juā. ymil macuilquavitl ytlac atle ytla­ calaquil. ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli ōtequipanova. y quauhnavac. yn itequivh quinechicova. juā quimaca. domingo .avh ȳ domingo. quimaca. malq̄x chicuacemi acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [179] Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is [BJ MA 3, fol. 45r] Isabel. He has four children: the first one’s name is Alonso; he is ten years old. Juan’s field is five rods. His He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] 100 This is an error: there are eight.

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[180] yzca yc matlacaly. ōce ytoca. domingo. yçivavh. ytoca. magdalena. omē ypilvā ȳ ce ytoca. magdalena ya navhxivitl. ȳ domingo ōca ycauh. ytoca. po yçivauh. ytoca anā ce ypilçin ytoca. juā. ya yexivhtia. yn domingo ōca ymonā ytoca magdalena. yn domingo ymil macuilquavitl. atle ytlacalaq̑ l ytetlaqualtyl. ye çotl ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoly. ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh q̑ nechicova. juā quimaca domingo. avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. chicuey acticate yn cēcaltin R [annotation 1] omoxeloque çā cēcaltin catca omocaltilique [annotation 2] ce omiqui ypilçin [180] Here is the eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is four years old. Domingo has a younger brother named Pedro; his wife’s name is Ana. He has one child named Juan; he is three years old. Domingo has a mother-in-law named Magdalena. Domingo’s field is five rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation 1] What was just one household has been divided: they have built a house for themselves. [annotation 2] One [person] died: his child. [181] [BJ MA 3, fol. 45v] yzca yc matlacali omome ytoca. po yçivavh. ytoca. maria. ce ypilçin. ytoca. domingo. ya cexivhtia. y po ōcate ycavā. omēti. ȳ ce ytoca. juā yçi­ vavh. ytoca isabel ȳ pedro ymil macuilquavitl. atle ytlacalaquil atle ytetlaqualtil atle ynemapopovaya atle caca&c. atle toto&c. atle tlaoli. ōtequipanovā ȳ quavh­ navac. yn iteq̑ uh q̑ nechicovā juā quimaca. domingo. q avh ȳ domingo. quimaca malquex chicuacemi acticate ȳ cēcaltyn R [annotation 1] ce ya quin ovalla caltōco ovalevac ytoca yyaq̑ yvā yçivauh ypān ocalaq̑co ȳ jo. [annotation 2] omoxeloque omecaltillique101 çā cēcaltin catca [181] [BJ MA 3, fol. 45v] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. He has one child named Domingo; he is one year old. Pedro has two younger siblings: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is Isabel. Pedro’s field is five rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute, the tetlacualtilli tribute, [or] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As 101 Understand omocaltillique.

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for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation 1] One [person] has just come, he came from Caltonco: [a person] named Iyahqui, along with his wife. They entered [the house of] Juan. [annotation 2] They have divided what was just one household: they [the family of Juan] built a house for themselves. [182] yc102 matlacali. omey ytoca. pedro. yçivauh ytoca. maria. yeinti ypilvā ȳ ce ytoca juā ya chicōxiuhtia. ȳ po ymil macuilquavitl. atle ytlacalaq̑ l ytetlaqual­ tyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle ycacavauh. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh quinechicovā. juā. quimaca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo quimaca. malq̄x macuilti acticate103 [182] The thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is seven years old. Pedro’s field is five rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohua­ loni tribute is three measures of cloth; he does not [deliver] cacao beans, eggs, [or] shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people]. [183] [BJ MA 3, fol. 46r] yzca yc matlacali onavi. ytoca miguel yçivavh ytoca. isabel. chicuacemi ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. domingo. yçivavh ytoca. magdalena omē ypilvā ȳ ce ytoca. maria. ya chicōxiuhtia. ȳ miguel. ymil omatlaquavitl omome. y atle ytlacalaquil. atle ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle caca­ vatl atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh quinechicoa. juā q̑ maca. domingo qui [sic] avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. matlactly ōce acticate ȳ cecaltin R [annotation] omētin omique yevatl y miguel catca yvā yçivauh [183] [BJ MA 3, fol. 46r] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has six children: the first one’s name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. [Domingo] has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is seven years old. Miguel’s field is twelve rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; no his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo to [sic] 102 The scribe forgot about the initial yzca, “here is.” 103 The scribe has not completed the usual formula.

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and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are eleven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] died: Miguel himself and his wife. [184] yzca y caxtolcali. ytoca. luis. yçivauh. ytoca. cathalina. omēti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca maria. ya navhxiuhtia. ȳ luis. ymil chicōquavitl. atle ytlacalaquil yte­ tlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo q̑ maca malq̄x. navin acticate R [annotation 1] ce ya quin otlacat ypilcin ȳ luys [annotation 2] ce ya quin ovalla ytoca fro. yçivauh ytoca madalena104 ce ypilçin [184] Here is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Luis; his wife’s name is Catalina. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is four years old. Luis’s field is seven rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpo­ hualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people]. [reviewed] [annotation 1] One [child] has just been born: a child of Luis. [annotation 2] One [person], named Francisco, has just come together with his wife named Magdalena and his child. [185] [BJ MA 3, fol. 46v] yzca y caxtolcali ōce ytoca. domingo. yçivavh. ytoca. cathalina ce ypilçin. ytoca. magdalena. ya cexiuhtya. ȳ domingo ymil ōcate ycavā. omēti. y ce ytoca. martin. ya matlacxivhtia. ȳ domingo. ymil. macuilqua­ vitl. y atle ytlacalaquil. ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōtequipano105 y y quavhnavac. yn itequiuh quinechicova. juā q̑ maca. domingo avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. macuiltin acticate ȳn cencaltin R [annotation] ce ya quin omoçivauhti ytoca juā yçivauh ytoca ma. tlaco [185] [BJ MA 3, fol. 46v] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Catalina. He has one child named Magdalena; she is one year old. Domingo’s field two younger brothers are here: the first one’s name is Martín; he is ten years old. Domingo’s field is five rods. His He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no 104 Understand magdalena. 105 Understand ōtequipanova.

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cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] has just got married: his name is Juan,106 his wife is María Tlahco. [186] yzca y caxtolcaly omome ytoca. miguel. yçivauh ytoca magdalena. macuil­ti ypilvā. y ce ytoca. aloso ya matlacxivitl. ȳ miguel. ymil macuilquavitl. ytl atle ytlacalaq̑ l. ytetlaqualtyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli ōtequipanova ȳ quavhnavac yn itequivh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domin[BJ MA 3, fol. 47r]go q̑ maca malq̄x. chicomē acti­ cate ȳ cecalcal[tin]107 R [186] Here is the seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has five children: the first one’s name is Alonso; he is ten years old. Miguel’s field is five rods. His He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo [BJ MA 3, fol. 47r] gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [187] yzca y caxtolcali omey. ytoca. franco. yçivauh. ytoca magdalena. ce ypilçin. ytoca domingo. ya cexivhtia. ȳ franco ōcate ycavā omēti. ȳ ce ytoca. juā ya chicōxiuhtia. ȳ franco ymil chicōquavitl. atle ytlacalaq̑ l ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl. atle cacavatl atle totoltetl atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh quinechicova juā q̑ maca domingo. q̑ auh y domingo quimaca malquex. macuiltin acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] ce ya q̑ n otlacat. ypilcin ȳ fro. [187] Here is the eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has one child named Domingo; he is one year old. Francisco has two younger siblings: the first one’s name is Juan; he is seven years old. Francisco’s field is seven rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute,

106 He must be the second younger brother of Domingo the household head. 107 A small fragment of the folio has been eaten by booklice, rendering the last letters of the entry illegible.

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Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [child] has just been born: a child of Francisco. [188] yzca y caxtolcali. onavi. ytoca. domingo. yçivauh ytoca. magdalena. ȳ domingo. ōca ymōta. ytoca miguel. yçivauh. ytoca. anā. omē ypilvā. yn ce ytoca. maria. ya chicuacēxiuhtia. ȳ domingo. ymil. macuilquavitl. atle ytlacalaquil yte­ tlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova. juā. quimaca. domingo. avh [BJ MA 3, fol. 47v] ȳ domingo. comaca. ȳ malquex. chicuacemi. accatete.108 ȳ cecaltin R [annotation 1] cecni oyaqui yn imōta domīgo ochpāco yn oyaqui ytoca miguel yçivauh ytoca ana ce ypilçin. [annotation 2] ce omochoti ycavh ȳ domingo [188] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Domingo has a father-in-law named Miguel; his wife’s name is Ana. [Miguel] has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is six years old. Domingo’s field is five rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and [BJ MA 3, fol. 47v] Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation 1] The father-in-law of Domingo went somewhere else. He of the name Miguel went to Ochpanco together with his wife and one child. [annotation 2] One [woman] got married: the younger sister of Domingo.109 [189] yzca yc cētecpācali. ytoca. miguel. yçivauh. ytoca magdalena. yeȳti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. maria. ya oquiche yn ioquich ytoca. franco. ȳ miguel. ymil. macuilqua­ vitl. atle ytlacalaquil. ytetlaqualttil. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoly. ōtequipanovā. ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh q̑ nechicovā. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo quimaca. malquex. chicuacemi acticate ȳ cencaltin R [annotation] cecni tepān ocallac ȳ fro. yvā yçivauh [several lines left blank]110 108 Understand acticate. 109 The only younger female relative of Domingo mentioned in the main entry is his sister-inlaw, María. 110 The scribe also left blank space following the previous entry (#188) but in that case, the later annotator almost entirely filled it up with text.

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[189] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is María; she is already married; her husband’s name is Francisco. Miguel’s field is five rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Francisco, along with his wife, entered someone’s house in another place. [190] yzca cēcali. ytoca. pedro. yçivavh. ytoca. maria. omē ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. anā. ya navhxiuhtia. ȳ po ōca y[BJ MA 3, fol. 48r][c]avh.111 ytoca. m͞ı͞n. yçivauh. ytoca. magdalena. ce ypilin.112 ytaco.113 maria. ya macuilxivitl. ȳ pedro. ōca ynā. ytoca. teycuic. hao moquatequia. ȳ pedro. ymil. matlaquavitl. atle ytla­ calaquil. ytetlaq̃ ltil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova. yn quavhnavac. yn itequivh. quinechicova. juā quimaca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malq̄x. chicueȳ acticate ȳ cēcaltin [annotation] Ocecal no yaq̄ comolihvhvcan oyevaq̄ caltocō yn oyaq̄ [190] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Ana; she is four years old. Pedro has [BJ MA 3, fol. 48r] a younger brother named Martín; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has one child named María; she is five years old. Pedro has a mother named Teicuic; she is not baptized. Pedro’s field is ten rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [annotation] They too went to another household, they left Comoliuhcan, they went to Caltonco. [191] yzca yc ōcali. ytoca. miguel. yçivauh. ytoca. tecapā hao moquateq̑a. yeinti ypilvā. yn ce ytoca pedro. ya chicuexiuhtia. ȳ miguel. ōca ycavh. ytoca. franco. yçi­ vavh. ytoca. maria. omēty. ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. miguel. ya oxiuh.tia. ȳ miguel. ōca. 111 A piece of amatl paper has been glued onto the top-left corner of the folio, covering the first letter. 112 Understand ypiltzin. 113 Understand ytoca.

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yta. ytoca. mocxituca. hao moquatequia. yçivavh. ytoca. tecapā hao moquateq̑a ȳ miguel. ymil macuilquavitl. atle ytlacalaq̑ l. ytetlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopo­ vaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. ate totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavh.navac. yn itequiuh q̑ [BJ MA 3, fol. 48v]nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh. y domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. matlactin acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄. y cēcali ōcaltin omochiuhque [191] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is eight years old. Miguel has a younger brother named Francisco; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Miguel; he is two years old. Miguel has a father named Mocxitoca; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. Miguel’s field is five rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, [BJ MA 3, fol. 48v] Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are ten [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. Of one household they became two. [192] yzca yquecali. ytoca. domingo. yçivavh. ytoca. teycuic hao moquatequia. yeinti. ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca franco. ya macuilxiuhtia. ȳ domingo. ōca ycavh. ytoca. po yçivauh. ytoca. maria. ȳ domingo. ymil macuilquavitl. atle ytlacalaquil yte­ tlaqualtyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya ye cotl.114 atle cacavatl. atle totoltoetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. chicome acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ y cēcali ōcaltin omochiuhque [192] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Teicuic; she is not baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is Francisco; he is five years old. Domingo has a younger brother named Pedro; his wife’s name is María. Domingo’s field is five rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. Of one household they became two. 114 Understand çotl.

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[193] yzca yc navhcali. ytoca dom͞ı͞ngo. yçivauh. ytoca. maria ȳ dom͞ı͞ngo. ōca ycavh. ytoca. juā. yçivavh. ytoca. maria ȳ domingo. ōca ynā. ytoca. tlaco. hao moquatequia. yn dom͞ı͞ngo. ymil matlaquavitl. atle ytlacalaquil [BJ MA 3, fol. 49r] ytetlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōtequipanova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh quinechicova. juā q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. macuiltin acticate ȳ cecāltin R [193] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo Martín; his wife’s name is María. Domingo Martín has a younger brother named Juan; his wife’s name is María. Domingo115 has a mother named Tlahco; she is not baptized. Domingo Martín’s field is ten rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; [BJ MA 3, fol. 49r] his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [194] yzca yc macuilcali ytoca domingo. yçivavh. ytoca. magdalena. yeȳti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. ma. ya chicōxivhtia. ȳ domingo. ymil matlaq̃ vytl. yatle ytlacalaq̑ l yte­ tlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh. q̑ nechicova. juā. quimaca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. macuiltin acticate y cēcaltin R [194] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is María; she is seven years old. Domingo’s field is ten rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [195] yzca yc chicuacēcali. ytoca. m͞ı͞n yçivavh. ytoca magdalena. macuiltȳ. ypilvā. y ce ytoca. francisco. yçivavh. ytoca magdalena. ce ypilçin. ytoca. ma. ya cexivhtia. ȳ martin. ymil. chicōquavitl. atle [BJ MA 3, fol. 49v] ytlacalaquil. yte­ tlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl atle tlaoli. ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh. q̑ nechicova. juā. quimaca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. quimaca. malquex. chicuicnavin acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] yeȳtin oyaq̄. cēcalpā telçanipā calpuli 115 The annotator corrected all the occurrences of Domingo in this entry to Martín, but he apparently overlooked this one.

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[195] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has five children: the first one’s name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has one child named María; she is one year old. Martín’s field is seven rods. He does not [pay] the [BJ MA 3, fol. 49v] tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are nine [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Three [people] went to a household in the calpolli of Telzanipan. [196] yzca yc chicōcali ytoca. luis. yçivauh. ytoca. insabel. yeinti ypilvā. y ce ytoca. maria ya oq̑che yn ioquich ytoca. françisco. ȳ luis. ymil chicōquavitl atly atle ytlacalaq̑ l. ytetlaq̃ ltyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl atle cacavatl atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh. q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca. domingo. avh. ȳ domingo quimaca malquex. chicuacemin acticate. y cēcaltin R [196] Here is the seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Luis; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has three children: the first one’s name is María; she is already married. The name of her husband is Francisco. Luis’s field is seven rods. He does not [pay] He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetla­ cualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [197] yzca yc chicuecali. ytoca. miguel yçivavh. ytoca magdalena. navinti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. po. ya matlacxivitl. y miguel. ymil. chicōq̃ [BJ MA 3, fol. 50r]vitl. atle ytlacalaquil. atle ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōtequipanova. yn quavhnavac. yn itequivh quinechi­ cova. juā quimaca. domingo. avh. ȳ domingo. comaca ȳ malquex. chicuacemi. acticate R [annotation] Ce omic oq̑chtli yto116 [197] Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is ten years old. Miguel’s field is seven [BJ MA 3, fol. 50r] rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; no his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao 116 It looks like the annotation has not been finished.

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beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One man died, named … [198] yzca yc chicuic.navhcali. ytoca. m͞ı͞n yçivauh ytoca. magdalena. ce ypilçin. ytoca. anā. ya oxivitl. ȳ m͞ı͞n ōca ycavh ytoca. franco. yçivauh ytoca. juana. ce ypilçin. ytoca. magdalena. ya yexiuhtia. ȳ m͞ı͞n ōca ynā. ytoca. tecapā. hao moquateq̑a. ȳ m͞ı͞n. ymil chicōquavitl yatle ytlacalaquil. ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn ite­ quiuh q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. auh ȳ domingo. comaca yn malquex. chicome acticate ȳ cencaltin R [annotation] ce ya q̑ n otlacat ypilçin ȳ fro. [198] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has one child named Ana; she is two years old. Martín has a younger brother named Francisco; his wife’s name is Juana. He has one child named Magdalena; she is three years old. Martín has a mother named Tecapan; she is not baptized. Martín’s field is seven rods. His He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [child] has just been born: a child of Francisco. [199] yzca yc matlacali. ytoca. juā. yçivauh [BJ MA 3, fol. 50v] ytoca. magda­ lena. omē ypilvā ȳ ce ytoca. maria. ya matlacxivitl. ȳ juā ōca ycavh. ytoca. franco. yçivavh. ytoca isabel. ce ypilçin. ytoca. po. ya oxivitl ȳ juā. ymil. caxtolquavitl. ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl cacavatl. macuiltetl totoltetl. yetetl atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh. quinechicova. juā q̑ maca. domingo. avh y domingo. quimaca. malquex. chicomē aticate117 R ytech povi. juā / xolotecatl. comolivhca118 [199] Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s [BJ MA 3, fol. 50v] name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is ten years old. Juan has a younger brother named Francisco; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has one child named Pedro; he is two 117 Understand acticate. 118 This statement is placed in such a way that it can either be a comment to #199 or a heading of the following #200.

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years old. Juan’s field is fifteen rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, three eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people]. [reviewed] He belongs to Juan Xolotecatl of Comoliuhcan.119 [200] yzca yc matlatlacali.120 ōce ytoca. domingo. yçivauh. ytoca. ȳsabel. ce ypilçin. ytoca maria. ya oxiuhtia. ȳ domingo ōca ymona. ytoca magdalena. yn ioquioq̑ch121 ytoca çoçopi. hao moquateq̑a. ȳ domingo ymil macuilquavitl. ytla­ calaquil. ce çotl. atle cuachtli atle canavac atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. amōteq̑ [BJ MA 3, fol. 51r]panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh q̑ nechicova juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. quimaca. malquex. macuiltin. acticate ȳ cencaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ omocaltilliq̄ çā cēcaltin catca [200] Here is the eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has one child named María; she is two years old. Domingo has a mother-in-law named Magdalena; her husband’s name is Zozopi; he is not baptized. Domingo’s field is five rods. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; no large [and] no narrow sheets of cotton cloth; no eggs [and] no shelled maize. He does not go to [BJ MA 3, fol. 51r] work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They have divided what was just one household. They have built a house for themselves. [201] yzca yc matlacali omome. ytoca. m͞ı͞n. yçivavh ytoca. magdalenā. ce ypilçin. ytoca. pedro. ya yexivitl. ȳ q martin. ōcate ycavā yei ȳ ce ytoca. miguel. yçivavh. ytoca. insabel. ce ypilçin. ytoca. anā ya oxiuhtia. ȳ m͞ı͞n ymil. macuil­ quavitl. ytlacalaquil ce çotl. atle ytetlaqualtil. atle ynemapopovaya. cacavatl. macuiltetl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoly. amōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh q̑ nechicova. juā q̑ maca. domingo avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. chicuey. acti­ cate. ȳ cencaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ y cēcalti ōcaltin omochiuhq̄ omētin omiq̄.

119 Juan Xolotecatl was in charge of the calpolli of Comoliuhcan. See BJ MA 3, fol. 32r and #130. 120 Understand matlacali. 121 Understand ioq̑ch.

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[201] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has one child named Pedro; he is three years old. Martín has three younger siblings: the first one’s name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has one child named Ana; she is two years old. Martín’s field is five rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute [or] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; five cacao beans, but no eggs [and] no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. Of one household they became two. They both died. [202] yzca yc matlacali. omey. ytoca. veve. hao moquatequia. yçivavh. ytoca. mag­ dadalena.122 omē ypilvā. ce ytoca. anā. ya matlacxivitl. ȳ veve. ymil. macuilquavitl. atle ytla[BJ MA 3, fol. 51v]calaquil yteatlaqualtil.123 ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cavatl.124 atle totoltetl. amōtequipanova y quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh quinechicova. juā. quimaca. doming.125 avh qui avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca malquex &c. navi acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [202] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Huehueh; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Ana; she is ten years old. Huehueh’s field is five rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute [BJ MA 3, fol. 51v]; no his tetlacual­tilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans [and] no eggs. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and to and Domingo gives it to the Marqués etc. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [203] yzca. yc matlacali. onavi. ytoca. cacalavevē. hao moquateq̑a. yçivauh. ytoca. tecapā. hao moquatequia. ce ypilçin ytoca domingo. ya matlac.xivitl. ȳ cacala­ veve ymil macuilquavitl. atle ytlacalaquil ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. amōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh quinechicova. juā. quimaca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. &c &c. yeyntin acticate y cēcaltin R [203] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Cahcallahhuehueh; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is 122 Understand magdalena. 123 The scribe wrote atle first, and then he added te at the beginning, crossed out a and corrected e to a. 124 Understand cacavatl. 125 Understand domingo. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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not baptized. He has one child, his name is Domingo, he is ten years old. Cahcallahhuehueh’s field is five rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo etc. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [204] yzca y caxtolcali. ytoca. thomas. yçivauh. ytoca. teycuic. hao moquatequia. ome ypilvan [BJ MA 3, fol. 52r] ȳ ce ytoca maria. ya chicoxiuhtia. ȳ thomas. y ymil chiquōquavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce cotl.126 atle ytetlaqualtil. atle ynemapopovaya cacavatl. macuiltetl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. amōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh. q̑ nechicova. juā. quimaca / domingo. avh. ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. naviti acticate ȳ cecaltin R [204] Here is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tomás; his wife’s name is Teicuic; she is not baptized. He has two children: [BJ MA 3, fol. 52r] the first one’s name is María; she is seven years old. Tomás’s field is seven rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute [or] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; five cacao beans, but no eggs [and] no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [205] yzca y caxtolcali. ōce. ytoca. franco. yçivauh. ytoca. magdalena. ȳ franco. ymil. chiquōquavitl. atle ytlacalaquil. ytetlaqualtyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl. a&cetle tlaoli. amōteq̑ panova. ȳ. quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh. q̑ nechicoa. juā. q̑ maca. domingo avh. ȳ domingo &c. omē cate127 y cēcalti. [annotation] Cēcalpulpān oya yvā çiçivauh [205] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Francisco’s field is seven rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no etc. shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo etc. There are two [people] in the household. [annotation] He went to another calpolli along with his wife.

126 Understand çotl. 127 Understand acticate. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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[206] yzca. y caxtolcali. omome. ytoca franco. yçivavh. ytoca. anā. yeinti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca [BJ MA 3, fol. 52v] matheo. ya caxtolxivitl. y franco. ymil caxtolquavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. atle ytetlaqualtil. atle ynemapopovaya. cacavatl macuiltetl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. amo ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh quinechi­ coa. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo quimaca. malquex. macuiltȳ acticate ȳ cecaltin R [annotation] Ce oyavala calpulpā yxtlavaca ovalleua ao çivava [206] Here is the seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Ana. He has three children: the first one’s name [BJ MA 3, fol. 52v] is Mateo; he is fifteen years old. Francisco’s field is fifteen rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute [or] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; five cacao beans, but no eggs [and] no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] went came, he came from the calpolli of Ixtlahua[can?]; he is not married.128 [207] yzca y caxtolcali. omey. ytoca. tocaytl. hao moquatequia. yçivavh. ytoca. tecapā hao momaquateq̑a.129 navinti ypilvā. navinti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. franco. yçivauh. ytoca. magdalena. ȳ tocaytl. ymil chicuequavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. atle ytetlaqualtil. atle ynemapopovaya. alte cacavatl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. amo ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac yn iteq̑ uh quinechicova. juā. quimaca domingo. avh ȳ. domingo. q̑ maca malq̄x chicome acticate ȳ cencaltin R [annotation] ce ya quin ovalla ytoca yaonavac yvā yçivauh ytoca yçivauh ytoca ana tlaco ypilhvā omēti nochtla ovallevac [207] Here is the eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tocaitl; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has four children He has four children: the first one’s name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Tocaitl’s field is eight rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute [or] the nema­ pohpohualoni tribute; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] named Yaonahuac has just come together with his wife named. His wife’s name is Ana Tlahco, he has two children. He came from Nochtlan. 128 See this chapter, p. 210, n. 78. 129 Understand moquateq̑a. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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[208] [BJ MA 3, fol. 53r] yzca y caxtolcali. onavi. ytoca. queçava. hao moquate­ quia. yçivauh. ytoca. teycuic hao moquateq̑a. ome ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. po. ya matlacxiuhtia. ȳ q̄çava. ymil chiconquavitl. atle ytlacalaq̑ l. ytetlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl. macuiltetl. atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. amo ōtequipanova. yn quauhnavac yn iteq̑ vh quinechicoa. juā. q̑ mmaca. domingo. auh ȳ domingo. &c. navinti acticate in cēcaltin [annotation] omiquē mochitin [208] [BJ MA 3, fol. 53r] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Quezahua; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Teicuic; she is not baptized. He has two children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is ten years old. Quezahua’s field is seven rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo etc. There are four [people] in the household. [annotation] They all died. [209] yzca yc cētecpācali. ytoca m͞ı͞n yçivavh. ytoca. cathalina. navinti. ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca juā. ya chicōxiuhtia ȳ m͞ı͞n. ymil chicōquavitl. atle ytlacalaquil. ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl atle to&c. atle caca&c. atle &c amo ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh. q̑ nechicovā juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh. ȳ domingo &c. chicuacemi acticate in cēcaltin R [209] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is Catalina. He has four children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is seven years old. Martín’s field is seven rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no etc., no cacao etc., [and] no etc. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo etc. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [several lines left blank at the top of the page] [210] [BJ MA 3, fol. 53v] yz130 cēcali. ytoca. miguel. yçivavh. ytoca. tecapā hao moquateq̑a. omē ypilvā. yeintin. ȳ ce ytoca. queçal. hao moquatequia. ya navh­xiuhtia. ȳ131 miguel ymil chicuicnavhquavitl. ytlacalaq̑quil ce çotl. atle ytetlaqualtil. atle ynemapopovaya. atle cacavatl atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. amo 130 Understand yzca yc. 131 The word ȳ is followed by an illegible letter or a mark crossed-out by the scribe. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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ōtequipanova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh. quinechicova juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo q̑ maca. malq̄x. macuiltin acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [210] [BJ MA 3, fol. 53v] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has two three children: the first one’s name is Quetzal; he is not baptized; he is four years old. Miguel’s field is nine rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute [or] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [211] /vicēte/ ytech povi yzca yc ōcali. ytoca. domingo. yçivavhh. ytoca tlocal y hao moquatequia. ce ypilçin. yto[BJ MA 3, fol. 54r]ca magdalena. ya oquiche yn ioquich. ytoca. juā ce ypilçin. ytoca. tecapā. hao moquateq̑a. ya napovali tlacat. ȳ domingo. ymil. chi­ cuequavitl. ytlacalaquil ce çotl. ytetlaqualtiltil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl totoltetl ōtetl. atle tlaoli. amōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh. q̑ nechicova. juā. quimaca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. macuili acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [211] He belongs to Vicente. Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Tlohcal; she is not baptized. He has one child named [BJ MA 3, fol. 54r] Magdalena. She is already married; her husband’s name is Juan. She has one child named Tecapan; she is not baptized; she was born eighty [days] ago. Domingo’s field is eight rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, two eggs, but no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [212] yzca yquecali. ytoca. m͞ı͞n. yçivauh. ytoca maria. ce ypilçin. ytoca. domingo. ya oxiuhtya. ȳ m͞ı͞n ōca ynā ytoca. anā. ȳ m͞ı͞n ymil chicuequavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtyl. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl totoltetl. ōtetl atle tlaoli. amōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh q̑ nechicova. juā. qui­ maca domingo. avh ȳ domingo. quimaca. malq̄x navin acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [212] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is María. He has one child: his name is Domingo; he is two years old. Martín has a mother named Ana. Martín’s field is eight rods. His Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, two eggs, but no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [213] [BJ MA 3, fol. 54v] yzca yque navhcali. ytoca. pedro. yçivauh ytoca. maria. yeȳty ypilvā. y ce ytoca. franco. ya matlacxiuhtia. ȳ po ymil chicōquavitl ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavhatl. navhtetl. totoltetl. ōtetl. atle tlaoli. amōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. macuili acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] omiqui ȳ po. ça ypilhvā yn ōcate [213] [BJ MA 3, fol. 54v] Here is the third fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Francisco; he is ten years old. Pedro’s field is seven rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; four cacao beans, two eggs, but no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Pedro died. Only his children are there. [214] yzca yc macuilcali. ytoca. thomas. yçivavh. ytoca. magdalena. omēti. ypilvā ce ytoca. juā ya matltlacxivitl. ȳ thomas ymil. chicuequavitl. ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl. macuiltetl. totoltetl ōtetl. atle tlaoli. amōtequipanova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh quinechicoa. juā. q̑ maca. domingo avh ȳ domingo q̑ maca. malquex. navin acticate R [214] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tomás; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is ten years old. Tomás’s field is eight rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, two eggs, but no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people]. [reviewed] [215] [BJ MA 3, fol. 55r] yzca yc chiquacēcali. ytoca. toçivitl. hao moquatequia. yçivauh. ytoca. magdalena. ce ypilçin. ytoca. pedro. yçivauh. ytoca. maria. ȳ Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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toçivitl. ymil chicuequavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil ye çotl. ynema­ popovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl navhtetl. totoltetl. ōtetl. atle tlaoli. amōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh q̑ nechicova. juā q̑ maca. domingo. avh yn domingo. comaca. ȳ malq̄x. navin acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] çe ya quin otlacatl132 ypilçin ȳ po. [215] [BJ MA 3, fol. 55r] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tocihhuitl; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has one child: his name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. Tocihhuitl’s field is eight rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; four cacao beans, two eggs, but no shelled maize. He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [child] has just been born: a child of Pedro. [216] yzca. yc chicōcali. ytoca. tecapā. hao moquateq̑a. ça ycnoçivatl. yeynti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca juā. ya cēpovalxiuhtia. ȳ tecapā. ymil chicuequavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl. navhtetl. totoltetl. ōtetl. atle tlaoli133 amo ōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequh134 q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. navinti acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [216] Here is the seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tecapan; she is not baptized; she is just a widow. She has three children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is twenty years old. Tecapan’s field is eight rods. Her tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; her tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; her nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; four cacao beans, two eggs, but no shelled maize. She does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for her tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [217] [BJ MA 3, fol. 55v] ytech povi. juā. tecpāçincatl yzca yc chicuecali. ytocaca.135 juā. yçivavh. ytoca magdalena. omēti. ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. maria ya chicuacēxivitl. ȳ juā ymil. chicuequavitl. atle ytlacalaquil. atle ytetlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl macuiltetl. atle to&c. a&ce

132 Understand otlacat. 133 There are two or three letters crossed out following tlaoli; they are illegible. 134 Understand itequiuh. 135 Understand ytoca.

Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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tla tla&c. ōtequipanova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh quinechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo avh ȳ domingo &c. navinti acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [217] [BJ MA 3, fol. 55v] He belongs to Juan Tecpantzincatl. Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is six years old. Juan’s field is eight rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; no his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpo­ hualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; five cacao beans, but no etc., [and] no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo etc. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [218] yzca. yc chicuicnavhcali. ytocaca136 tocpatylmā hao moquatequia. yçivauh. ytoca. maria. yeinti. ypilvā. ce ytoca. pedro ya matlacxiuhtia. ȳ tocpatilma. ymil chicōquavitl. ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. atle ytetlaqualtyl. atle ynemapopovaya. atle yca­ cavauh. atle to&c. atle tla&c. ōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh quinechicovā. juā. quimaca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo q̑ maca. malquex. y macuiltin [annotation] Cēcalpulpān oya ytocayocā Caltōco. mochintin oyaque [218] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tocpatilmah; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is ten years old. Tocpatilmah’s field is seven rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute [or] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; he does not [deliver] cacao beans, etc., [or] shelled etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [annotation] He went to a calpolli called Caltonco. They all went. [219] [BJ MA 3, fol. 56r] tolnavacatl. ytech povi. yzca yc matlacali. ytoca. pedro. yçivauh. ytoca. magdalena. yeinti ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. domingo. ya macuilxivitl. ȳ po ōca yvepol. ytoca. magdalenā. ce ypilçin ytoca. agustin. ya chicuexiuhtya. ȳ pedro. ymil macuilquavitl. atle ytlacalaquil yte ytetlaqualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle cacavatl. atle totoltetl atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequiuh. quinechicova. juā. quimaca domingo. avh ȳ domingo quimaca malq̄x. chicome acticate ȳ cēcaltin R [annotation] omēti ya q̑ n ipan ocalaq̄ y çivatl yvā ypilçin. [219] [BJ MA 3, fol. 56r] He belongs to Tolnahuacatl. 136 Understand ytoca.

Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is five years old. Pedro has a sister-in-law named Magdalena. She has one child named Agustín; he is eight years old. Pedro’s field is five rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] have just entered [the household]: a woman with her child. [220] tlalnepātla. alosu. ytech povi yzca yc matlacali. ōce ytoca. do cavaloc. hao moquatequia. yçivavh. ytoca. tecapā hao moquatequia. ome ypilvā. y ce ytoca. tlaco. hao moquatequia. ya macuilxivitl. ȳ cavaloc. ōca ymach. ytoca. yaotl. hao moquatequia. ya cēpovalxivitl ȳ cavaloc. ymil macuilquavitl ytlacalaquil. ce çotl. atle ytetlaqualtyl. atle ynemapopovaya. atle caca[BJ MA 3, fol. 56v]vatl atle to&c. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn itequivh quinechicova. juā q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malquex. navintin acticate ȳ cencaltin [annotation] oyaq̄ tlanēpatla137 [220] Tlalnepantla He belongs to Alonso. Here is the eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Cahualoc; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has two children: the first one’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized; she is five years old. Cahualoc has a nephew named Yaotl; he is not baptized; he is twenty years old. Cahualoc’s field is five rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute [or] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; no cacao [BJ MA 3, fol. 56v] beans, no etc., [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [annotation] They went to Tlalnepantla. [221] yzca yc matlacali omome ytoca. matlalvev[e]138 hao moquateq̑a. yçivauh. ytoca. tlaco. hao moquateq̑a. ce ypilçin. ytoca pedro. hao ya nahvxivitl.139 ȳ 137 Understand tlalnepantla. 138 The last letter is not visible due to the binding of the volume. 139 The scribe first wrote mocuatequia but then corrected it to ya nahvxivitl.

Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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matlalveve ymil. macuilquavitl. atle ytlacalaq̑ l ytetlaqualtil. ye çotl. ynema­ popovaya. ye çotl. atle caca&c atle &c. ōtequipanova ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh quinechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. avh ȳ domingo &c q̑ maca. malq yeintin acti­ cate ȳ cēcaltin [annotation] oyaque tlalnepantla [221] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Matlalhuehueh; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. He has one child: his name is Pedro; he is not baptized he is four years old. Matlalhuehueh’s field is five rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao etc. [and] no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo etc. gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [annotation] They went to Tlalnepantla. [222] yzca yc matlacali. omey. ytoca. atonal hao moquateq̑a. yçivauh. ytoca. tecapā hao moquateq̑a. ce ypilçin. ytoca. tloq̄chol. hao moquateq̑a. ya matlacxivitl. ȳ atonal. ōca ycavh. ytoca. mochpochtlalia hao [BJ MA 3, fol. 57r]moquatequia. yçivauh. ytoca. magdalena ce ypilçin ytoca. cathalina. ya yexivitl. ȳ atonal. ymil. ōcuavitl. atle ytlacalaquil atle ytetlaqualtyl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. atle caca&c. atle to&c. atle &c. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh quinenechicoa. juā. q̑ maca. domingo avh ȳ domingo. &c. chicuacemi acticate [annotation] oyaque tlalnepātla [222] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Atonal; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has one child: his name is Tlohquechol; he is not baptized; he is ten years old. Atonal has a younger brother named Mochpochtlalia; he is not [BJ MA 3, fol. 57r] baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has one child: her name is Catalina; she is three years old. Atonal’s field is two rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute [or] the tetlacualtilli tribute; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao etc., no etc., [and] no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo etc. There are six [people] in the household. [annotation] They went to Tlalnepantla. [223] yzca yc matlacali. onavi. ytoca domingo yçivavh. ytoca. maria. ce ypilçin ytoca.140 franco. ya napovali tlacat. ȳ domingo. ōca ycauh ytoca. juā. yçivauh ytoca. anā. ȳ domingo. ymil ōcavitl. [sic] atle ytlacalaquil / atle 140 There is a letter or a mark that has been crossed out here.

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ynemapopova.141 ytetlaqualtyl. ye çotl. atle caca&c. atle &c. ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavh­ navac. yn itequiuh q̑ nechicovā. juan. q̑ maca. domingo &c. macuilti acticate ȳ cēcaltin [annotation] oyaque calitec [223] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. He has one child named Francisco, born eighty [days] ago. Domingo has a younger brother named Juan; his wife’s name is Ana. Domingo’s field is two rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute [or] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao etc. [and] no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo etc. There are five [people] in the household. [annotation] They went to Calihtec.142 [224] yzca y caxtolcali. ytoca. m͞ı͞n. yçivauh ytoca. magdalena. navintin ypilva [BJ MA 3, fol. 57v] ȳ ce ytoca. miguel. ya matlacxivitl ȳ m͞ı͞n. ymil navhcuavitl. ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl. atle ytetlaqualtil. atle ynemapopovaya. atle caca&c. atle &c ōteq̑ panova. ȳ quavhnavac. yn iteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova. juā q̑ maca. domingo. &c. chicuacemin acticate [annotation] oyaque tlalnēpātla [224] Here is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: [BJ MA 3, fol. 57v] the first one’s name is Miguel; he is ten years old. Martín’s field is four rods. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute [or] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; no cacao etc. [and] no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo etc. There are six [people]. [annotation] They went to Tlalnepantla. [225] yzca y caxtolcali. ōce. ytoca. yaotl hao moquatequia. yçivauh. ytoca. tecapā. hao moquateq̑a. omē ypilvā. ȳ ce ytoca. magdalenā. ya chiconxiuhtya. ȳ yaotl. ōca ycauh. ytoca. m͞ı͞n yçivauh. ytoca xoco. hao moquateq̑a ȳ yaotl. ymil nauhquavitl. ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl. atle ytetlaqualtil atle ynemapopovaya. atle caca&c atle tlaoli atle totoltetl. ōtequipanova. ȳ n quavhnavac. yn itequiuh q̑ nechicova. juā. q̑ maca. domingo. auh ȳ domingo. q̑ maca. malq̄x. chicuacemi acticate [annotation] oyaque tlalnepatla 141 Understand ynemapopovaya. 142 Calihtec was the fourth first-level calpolli of Tepoztlan (BNAH CA 551, fol. 2r). Its record occupies fols. 3–36 of BnF MM 393 (see amoxcalli.org.mx).

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[225] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Yaotl; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has two children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is seven years old. Yaotl has a younger brother named Martín; his wife’s name is Xocoh; she is not baptized. Yaotl’s field is four rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute [or] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; no cacao etc., no shelled maize, [and] no eggs. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people]. [annotation] They went to Tlalnepantla.

Tollan

[BJ MA 3, fol. 58r] tolan [BJ MA 3, fol. 58r] Tollan [226] yzca y caxchicuetolcali143 omome ytoca pedro yçivauh ytoca magdalena ypilva omety yn ce ytoca fracisco ya caxtolxivitl y po ymyl cepovali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaq̃ ltyl ye çotl ynemapovaya144 ye çotl145 cacavatl chiuhnavhtetl totoltetl chiquacetetl tlaoly ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac y ȳteq̑ uh146 q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh y domingo comaca y malquex navyty actycate y cecaltyn R [226] Here is the eighth seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Francisco; he is fifteen years old. Pedro’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; nine cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [227] yzca y y caxtolcali omeyali147 ytoca franco acatytlacalq̑ hao moquateq̑a yçivauh ytoca maria ypilva navyty y cē ytoca y juā ya caxtolxyvytl yn acatytlacalqui 143 Starting from here and ending on fol. 73 of BJ MA 3, the numbers of the houses have been corrected by the scribe to directly follow the numbering on the preceding folios. 144 Understand ynemapopovaya. 145 It seems that tl has been written over an m. 146 Understand yteq̑ uh. 147 Caxtolcali omey has been written over chicuhcali.

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ymyl cepovaly ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl tlaoly ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y q̃ uhnavac y ȳteq̑ uh148 quinechicova juā quimaca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malq̄ s chicomet actycate yn cecalty R [227] Here is the ninth eighteenth house house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco Acatitlacalqui; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is María. He has four children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is fifteen years old. Acatitlacalqui’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [228] yzca yc caxtolcaly149 onavi ytoca domingo pablo hao civava ymyl cepovali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl chi­ quacetetl totoltetl yetetl tlaoly ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac y ȳtequiuh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo. avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex ycel ça R [annotation] ya q̑ n omoçivauhti. [228] Here is the tenth nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pablo Domingo; he is not married. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; six cacao beans, three eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. He is just on his own. [reviewed] [annotation] He has just got married. [229] [BJ MA 3, fol. 58v] yzca yc cetecpancaly150 ocēn ytoca pedro gabriel yci­ uavh ytoca maria ypilçin ytoca tecapa hao moquateq̑a ya cexivytl yn po po oca ycavh ytoca miguel ycivauh ytoca anā y po oca yçin ytoca katalina yn po ymyl cepovali omacuili ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl matlactetl totoltetl yetetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y q̃ uhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex chi­ come actycate y cecalty R

148 Understand yteq̑ uh. 149 Caxtol has been written over matlac. 150 Cetecpan has been written over matlac.

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[annotation] ce omic omēti oyaque ochoq̄.151 yn ocholoa ovalyaque nimān iquac ȳ tlacuiloloc [229] [BJ MA 3, fol. 58v] Here is the eleventh twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro Gabriel; his wife’s name is María. He has one child: her name is Tecapan; she is not baptized; she is one year old. Pedro has a younger brother named Miguel; his wife’s name is Ana. Pedro has a grandmother named Catalina. Pedro’s field is twenty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; ten cacao beans, three eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died. Two [people] went away, they ran away. Those who had run away, then came back right after this was written down. [230] yzca yc matlacecali omome ytoca domingo ycivauh ytoca magdalena ypilva yeyty y cē ytoca anā ya chicoxivytl yn domingo ymyl cepovali omey ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl chivhnauhtetl totoltetl yetetl tlaoly ye caxytl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā qui­ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex macuilty actycate y cecalty R [230] Here is the twelfth first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Ana; she is seven years old. Domingo’s field is twenty-three [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; nine cacao beans, three eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [231] yzca yc matlacocali omey ytoca mathia yciuavh ytoca maria ypilcin ytoca domingo ya macuilxivytl y mathia oca ymota ytoca acol hao moq̃ tequia ycivauh ytoca necaval hao moquateq̑a ypilcin ytoca po ya matlacxivitl y mathia ymyl cepovaly ytlacalaquil y cepov ce çotl yn tetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl [BJ MA 3, fol. 59r] cacavatl m[a]tlactetl152 totoltetl navhtetl tlaoly ye

151 Understand ocholoq̄ . 152 A small fragment of the folio has been eaten by booklice, rendering one letter in each of the first two lines illegible.

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caxitl oteq̑ panov[a] y q̃ uhnavac yn yteq̑ uh quinechicova jo. q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex chiquacemity actycate yn cecalty R [annotation] ce omic auh yçivauh onocuel cecni mocchoti oq̑ vicac ypilçin. [231] Here is the thirteenth second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Matías; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Domingo; he is five years old. Matías has a father-in-law named Ahcol; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Necahual; she is not baptized. His child’s name is Pedro; he is ten years old. Matías’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohua­ loni tribute is three measures of cloth; [BJ MA 3, fol. 59r] ten cacao beans, four eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died and his wife re-married in some place. She took her child with her. [232] yzca yc queatlaccalyn153 onavy ytoca juā yciuavh ytoca anā ymil matlac­ matl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaq̃ ltyl ye çotl atle ycanavacavh cacavatl chiq̃cetetl totoltetl yetetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y q̃ uhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex omety acticate yn cecalty R [232] Here is the fourteenth third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Ana. His field is ten matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; he does not [deliver] narrow sheets of cotton cloth. Six cacao beans, three eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [233] yzca yc navhcali154 ytoca domingo ycivauh ytoca maria ypilci ytoca anā ya cexivitl y domingo oca ymach ytoca pablo ycivauh ytoca ma. ysabel yn domingo oca ymona ytoca teycuic hao moquatequia ypilva omety y cen ytoca fracisco ya matlacxivytl yn domingo ymyl chicomatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl chiquacetetl totoltetl yetetl atle tlaoly oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac y ȳtequiuh q̑ nechicova juā quimaca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex chicueyty actycate yn cecalty R [annotation] Ce ocholo. yzamatitlan oya.

153 Que has been written over the m of matlac. 154 Navh has been written over caxtol.

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[233] Here is the fifteenth fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Ana; she is one year old. Domingo has a nephew named Pablo; his wife’s name is Isabel María. Domingo has a mother-in-law named Teicuic; she is not baptized. She has two children: the first one’s name is Francisco; he is ten years old. Domingo’s field is seven matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; six cacao beans, three eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] fled. He (or: she) went to Izamatitlan. [234] yzca yc macuilcali155 once ytoca tlevalā hao moq̃ teq̑a ycivauh ytoca mã. ypilva omety yn ce ytoca magdalena ya chiquacexivytl y tlevala atle ymyl hao tequity navyty actycate yn cecalty R [annotation] ocholo yn içivauh. ce ypilçin oq̑ vicac. [234] Here is the sixteenth fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tlehualan; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is six years old. Tlehualan has no field, he does not pay tribute. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] His wife fled, she took with her one of his children. [235] [BJ MA 3, fol. 59v] yzca yc chiquacecali156 omome ytoca aolucas ycivauh ytoca magdalena ypilva omety yn cē ytoca po. ya matlacxivitl ocē aolucas ymyl matlacmatl omey ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl atle ytetlaqualtyl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chiquacetetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quavh­ navac yn yteq̑ uh quinechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex navyty actycate yn cecalty R [235] [BJ MA 3, fol. 59v] Here is the seventeenth sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Lucas Alonso; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is eleven years old. Lucas Alonso’s field is thirteen matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to

155 Macuil has been written over caxtol. 156 Chiqu has been written over caxtol.

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Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [236] yzca yc chicolcali157 omey ytoca fraco ycivauh ȳ ytoca mã. ymyl matlacmatl omey ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl atle ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cax­ toltetl totoltetl chiquacetetl tlaoly ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quauhnavac y ȳteq̑ uh quinechicova juā quimaca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex omoty158 actycate yn cecalty R [annotation] omic ya ytlacpavitec ya quin ovala. [236] Here is the eighteenth seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is María. His field is thirteen matl. His tla­ calaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] died ago [Francisco’s] stepchild has just come. [237] yzca yc chiquecali159 onavy ytoca domingo ycivauh ytoca magdalena ypilva omety yn ce ytoca maria ya navhxivitl ȳ domingo ymyl matlacmatl ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chiquacetetl tlaoly ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex navyty actycate yn cecalty R [237] Here is the nineteenth eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is four years old. Domingo’s field is ten matl. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [238] [BJ MA 3, fol. 60r] yzca yc chicnauhcali160 ytoca martin ycivauh ytoca magdalen[a] ypilva omety y cē ytoca pablo ycivauh ytoca magdalena y martin 157 Chico has been written over caxto. 158 Understand omentin. 159 Chique has been written over caxtol. 160 A small fragment of the folio was eaten by booklice and then repaired with a piece of paper glued onto the damaged part. In the process, fragments of the first two lines,

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ymyl caxtolmatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chiquacetetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y q̃ uhnavac y ȳteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex macuil­ty actycate yn cecalty R [annotation] omen oyaq̄ caltōco ce omic ça ycel yn oq̑chtli yvā ypilçin ya miq̑zneq̑ y m͞ı͞n [several lines left blank] [238] [BJ MA 3, fol. 60r] Here is the twentieth ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Pablo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Martín’s field is fifteen matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] went to Caltonco, one [person] died. It is now the man alone with his child. Martín is about to die. [239] yzca yc matlacali161 ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivauh ytoca maria ypilva ome yn ce ytoca magdalena ya macuilxivitl y m͞ı͞n oca ycavh ytoca po ycivauh ȳtoca magdalena y m͞ı͞n oca ymona ytoca anā y martin ymyl cepovali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqual­ tyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl to&c. chiquacetetl atle tlaoly oteq̑ panova y q̃ uhnavac y ȳteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo coma162 y malquex chicomety actycate y cecalty R [239] Here is the first house tenth house. [The head of the household] is named Martín; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is five years old. Martín has a younger brother named Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Martín has a mother-in-law named Ana. Martín’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetla­cualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six etc., but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to including the final a of the name magdalena below, were lost. Here, we can presume that chic has been written over cetecpa, in which the te is not legible. 161 The word matlacali has been written above a crossed-out word, which seems to begin with mat and end with ly. Following the crossed-out numbering of the houses, this should have originally been cecaly. Possibly, the reviewer started to transform it into matlacali, changed his mind, crossed out the entire word and wrote matlacali in a superscript. 162 Understand comaca.

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Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [240] yzca yc malytlacali. ōce163 ytoca juā ycivauh ytoca magdalena ypilci ytoca maria ya caxtolxivytl yn juā ymyl. cepovali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl [BJ MA 3, fol. 60v] cepa ypa quiça oçotl ynemapopovaya cepa ypa q̑ça oçotl caca­ vatl chiquacetetl totoltetl yetetl atle tlaoly oteq̑ panova y q̃ uhnavac y ȳtequivh quinechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex yeyty acty­ cate y cecalty R [annotation] ce omiqui ytoca jo. avh yn ichpoch ya oq̑che ȳ yoq̑ch ytoca m͞ı͞n. [240] Here is the second house eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is María; she is fifteen years old. Juan’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute [BJ MA 3, fol. 60v] is one time two measures of cloth;164 his nemapohpohualoni tribute is one time two measures of cloth; six cacao beans, three eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died, his name was Juan. His daughter is already married, her husband’s name is Martín. [241] yzca yc matlacali165 omome ytoca domingo ycivauh ytoca magdalena ypilva yeyty y cen ytoca miguel ya chivhnavhxivitl yn domingo ymyl chicueq̃ vitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl cepa ypa q̑ça oçotl ynemapopovaya cepa ypa q̑ça oçotl cacavatl chyquacetetl totoltetl chiq̃cetetl atle tlaoly oteq̑ panova y 163 The letter m has been written over some illegible letters that, according to the original numbering of the houses, should have been ōc (from ōcaly, “second house”). 164 This is a tentative translation of cepa ypa quiça oçotl. We had difficulty translating the phrase ypa quiça. Quiza is a verb that means, “to come out, to emerge, to conclude or finish” (Karttunen 1992, 213). Pan is a relational word, here with the third person singular possessive prefix i-, used in relation to space or time, and usually translated as “in, on, at.” However, as Lockhart (1992, 519n70) observes, in phrases related to tribute payments such as ipan tequiti, ipan can also be understood as “on the basis of, from.” If this is the case here, cepa ypa quiça oçotl should probably be read as “from it [i.e., the household? the type of tribute in question?], two measures of cloth come out once.” Still, we cannot be sure what the possessive prefix in ipan refers to and whether the whole phrase means that the household pays only once (as opposed to four times) a year or whether it participates in all the payments, but one time reduces or increases the amount of tribute cloth to two measures (see Ch. 9, “Land and Tribute,” p. 143). The same phrase is used in entries #241 and #242 as well as in several other entries below. 165 The letters atla of matlacali have been written over que.

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quavhnavac y ȳteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex macuilty actycate y cecalty R [241] Here is the third twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Miguel; he is nine years old. Domingo’s field is eight rods. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is one time two measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is one time two measures of cloth; six cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [242] yzca yc matlacaly166 omey ytoca tozquechol hao moquateq̑a yncivhauh167 ytoca tlaco hao moquateq̑a ypilva omety y cē ytoca juā ya chicoxivitl y tozq̄chol oca ymota ytoca xochitl hao moq̃ teq̑a yncivauh ytoca tlaco hao moquateq̑a ypilcin ytoca domingo ya matlacxivitl ocē y tozquexchol ymyl chicomatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl cepa ypa q̑ça oçotl ynemapopovaya cepa ypa quiça oçotl atle caca­ vatl atle to&c. atle tlaoly oteq̑ panova y q̃ uhnavac y ȳteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex chicomety actycate y cecalty R [242] Here is the fourth thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tozquechol; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is seven years old. Tozquechol has a father-in-law named Xochitl; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. He has one child, his name is Domingo; he is eleven years old. Tozquechol’s field is seven matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is one time two measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is one time two measures of cloth; no cacao beans, no etc., [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [243] [BJ MA 3, fol. 61r] yzca yc matlacali168 onavi ytoca po yçivauh ytoca maria ypilva yeyty y cē ytoca vincede ya chicuexivitl y po ymyl macuilquavytl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chi­ quacetetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malq̄ s macuilty actycate yn cecalty R 166 Matlacaly has been written over navhcaly. 167 Understand ycivauh. 168 Matla has been written over macuil.

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[243] [BJ MA 3, fol. 61r] Here is the fifth fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Vicente; he is eight years old. Pedro’s field is five rods. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [244] yzca yc chiqucaxtolcali169 ytoca martin170 ycivauh ytoca ynsabel ymyl ma­cuilmatl o amo ty teq̑ ty ometi actycate y cecalty R R [244] Here is the sixth fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is Isabel. His field is five matl. He does not pay tribute. There are two [people] in the household. [crossed-out “reviewed” mark] [reviewed] [245] yzca y caxchitolcali.171 ōce ytoca tezcapoc hao moquateq̑a yncivauh ytoca magdalena ypilva navyty y cē ytoca juā ycivauh ytoca maria y tezcapoc ymyl chi­ comatl ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn ytequiuh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex chicomety actycate y cecalty R [annotation] ce ya quin omocivauht[y]172 yn ipilçin tezcapo[c] ytoca jo. yn iciva[uh] ytoca ysaber omēt[y] oq̑ valvicac ypilhvā [245] Here is the seventh sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tezcapoc; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. Tezcapoc’s field is seven matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] 169 Cax has been written over the ce of chiquace. 170 The t of martin has been written over an elongated i. It looks as if the scribe started to write maria but realized his mistake and corrected it to martin. 171 The t of caxtolcali has been written over a c. 172 The right margin of the folio has been cut off, causing the loss of the final letters of some of the words in this annotation.

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[annotation] One [person] has just got married: the son of Tezcapoc named Juan. His wife’s name is Isabel, she brought along her two children. [246] yzca yc173 chicaxtolcali174 omome ytoca thomas domīgo ycivauh ytoca magda­ lena ymyl chicomatl hamo teq̑ ty omety actycate y cecalty R [246] Here is the eighth seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tomás Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His field is seven matl. He does not pay tribute. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [247] yzca y caxhtolvhnavhcaly175 omey ytoca luys ycivauh ytoca magdalena ypilva yeyty y cē ytoca juā yciuauh ytoca maria ȳ loys ymyl chiquacematl ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaq̃ ltyl cepa ypa q̑ça oçotl yne[BJ MA 3, fol. 61v]mapopovaya cepa ypa quiça oçotl cacavatl chiuhnavhtetl totoltetl chiq̃cetetl atle tlaoly y oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malq̄x chiquacemity actycate y cecalty R [247] Here is the ninth eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Luis; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. Luis’s field is six matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is one time two measures of cloth;176 his [BJ MA 3, fol. 61v] nemapohpohualoni tribute is one time two measures of cloth; Nine cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [248] yzca yc matlaccaxtolcali onavi ytoca cenivyc hao moquateq̑a ycivauh ytoca tecapa hao moquateq2 ypilva yeyty yn ce ytoca martyn y cenivic ymyl macuilmatl hao tequity macuilty actycate y cecalty R [annotation] omiqui yn içivauh cenivic. ça tepā ocalac ypā ocalac ymon [248] Here is the tenth nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Cenihuic; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has three children: the first one’s name is Martín. Cenihuic’s field is five matl, he does not pay tribute. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed]

173 The word yc is followed by two illegible crossed-out letters. 174 The letters ax of caxtolcali have been written over cu. 175 The x of caxtolcaly has been written over a c, while the letter t – over an i. 176 See this chapter, p. 264, n. 164.

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[annotation] The wife of Cenihuic died. [After that] he moved in with someone, he entered the home of his son-in-law. [249] yzca yc cētectlapācali177 ocē ytoca domingo ycivauh ytoca mã. ypilvan navi­ty y cē ytoca fracisco ycivauh ytoca magdalena yn domingo ymyl chicuematl ytlacalaq̑ l y ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl navhtetl atle to&c. atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y q̃ vhnavac yn ytequiuh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh y domingo comaca y malquex chicome actycate y cecalty R [annotation] omiqui yn içivavh domīgo ce tlacatl oya tlalnepātla ytoca fro yçivauh ytoca magdalena [249] Here is the eleventh twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. He has four children: the first one’s name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Domingo’s field is eight matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; four cacao beans, but no etc. [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] The wife of Domingo died. One person went to Tlalnepantla: his name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Magdalena. [250] yzca yc matlacēcali omome ytoca marcos ycivauh ytoca maria ypilci ytoca anā ya yexivitl y marcos ymil chicomatl hao teq̑ ty çanio oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yeyty actycate yn cecalty R [250] Here is the twelfth first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Marcos; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Ana; she is three years old. Marcos’s field is seven matl. He does not pay tribute; he only goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [251] [BJ MA 3, fol. 62r] yzca. yc matlacōcali omey ytoca fraco ycivauh ytoca ȳsabel ypilva macuilty yn cē ytoca po yciuavh ytoca maria yn fracisco ymil chicomatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl atle ytetlaq̃ ltyl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl ma­tlactetl omome to&c. chiquacetetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y q̃ vhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova jua q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex chicueyty actycate y cecalty R

177 The letters cētec of cētecpācalli have been written over ma, while p of the same word has been written over a c.

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[251] [BJ MA 3, fol. 62r] Here is the thirteenth second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has five children: the first one’s name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. Francisco’s field is seven matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; twelve cacao beans, six etc., but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [252] yzca yc quetlacacaly178 onavy ytoca marcos ycivauh ytoca maria ypilçin ytoca pedro ya chivhnavhxivitl y marcos ymyl chivhnamatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl atle ytetlaqualtyl ynemapopovaya ye çotl atle cacavatl totoltetl yetetl atle tlaoli ote­ quipanova y quauhnavac y ȳtequiuh quinechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex yeyti actycate y cecalty R [252] Here is the fourteenth third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Marcos; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Pedro; he is nine years old. Marcos’s field is nine matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans, three eggs, no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [253] yzca yc navhlcali179 ytoca pedro ycivauh ytoca anā ypilva navyty y cen ytoca domingo ya matlacxivitl yn po oca yna ytoca ce çivatl hao moquateq̑a yn pedro oca ymona ytoca tecapa hao moq̃ tequia yn po ymil matlacmatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaq̃ ltyl ye çotl atle canavac cacavatl matlactetl omome totoltetl yetetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quauhnavac y ȳte[BJ MA 3, fol. 62v]quiuh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex chicueyty actycate yn cecalty R [annotation] ce ya quin ovalla ytoca jo. yçivauh ytoca magdale180 ce ypilçin. ce omiqui ymonā catca ȳ po [253] Here is the fifteenth fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Ana. He has four children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is ten years old. Pedro has a mother named Cencihuatl (or: “a 178 The letters que of quecaly have been written over ma. 179 The letters navh of navhcali have been written over caxto. 180 Understand magdalena.

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woman”); she is not baptized. Pedro has a mother-in-law named Tecapan; she is not baptized. Pedro’s field is ten matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; no narrow sheets of cotton cloth; twelve cacao beans, three eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his [BJ MA 3, fol. 62v] tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] has just come: his name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena; he has one child. One [person] died: the mother-in-law of Pedro. [254] yzca yc caxtolmacuilcali ocē ytoca anloson yciuavh ytoca anā ypilva ma­cuilty y cē ytoca pedro ya chivhnavhxivitl yn āloson ymyl matlacmatl omome ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl atle canavac cacavatl chivhnavhtetl totoltetl chiquacetetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y q̃ vhnavac y ȳteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex chicomety actycate yn cecalty R [254] Here is the sixteenth fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Alonso; his wife’s name is Ana. He has five children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is nine years old. Alonso’s field is twelve matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; no narrow sheets of cotton cloth; nine cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [255] yzca yc chiq̃ lcēcalin181 omome ytoca domingo ycivauh ytoca magdalena y domingo oca ytan ytoca miguel ycivauh ytoca ynsabel ypilvā omety yn cē ytoca domingo ya chicoxivitl yn domingo ymyl chiquacematl ytlacalaq̑ l ye çotl ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl to&c. chivhnavhtetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn ytequivh q̑ nechicova juā quimaca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex chiquacemi acticate y cecalty R [annotation] ce otlacat ypilcin ȳ domīgo ce oyaqui tlalnepātla. [255] Here is the seventeenth sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Domingo has a father named Miguel; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is seven years old. Domingo’s [the household head] field is six matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is three measures of cloth one measure of cloth; his tetla­ cualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is 181 The letters hiq̃ of chiq̃cēcalin have been written over axto.

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three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine etc., but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [child] was born: a child of Domingo. One [person] went to Tlalnepantla. [256] [BJ MA 3, fol. 63r] yzca yc chicōlcali182 omey ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivavh ytocā maria ypilci ytoca anā ya cexivitl y martin ymil chiq̃cematl atle ytl&c. çanio oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yeyty actycate y cecalty R [256] [BJ MA 3, fol. 63r] Here is the eighteenth seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Ana; she is one year old. Martín’s field is six matl. He does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli etc. He only goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are [three] people in the household. [reviewed]

Nochtlan

nochtla183 Nochtlan [257] yzca yc chicuecali184 onavy ytoca domingo ycivavh ytoca maria ypilva navyty y cē ytoca maria ya matlacxivitl yn domingo ymyl cepovaly ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaq̃ ltyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cepovali omatlactli totoltetl matlactetl omome tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex chicomety actycate yn cecalty R [annotation] ce omic yvā ce oya y yçīquhvacā185 tolā [257] Here is the nineteenth eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. He has four children: the first one’s name is María; she is ten years old. Domingo’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; 182 183 184 185

The letters hic of chicōcali have been written over axto. This heading is preceded by a crossed-out mark. The letters hicu of chicuecali have been written over axtol. This is a tentative reading. The annotator somehow tampered with the letters çiquh: they have been written over some previous text and some of them may be crossed-out. It is also possible that the final uh of çiquh is, in fact, li.

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thirty cacao beans, twelve eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died and one went to Ici[…]huacan Tollan. [258] yzca yc cetecpachicuicnavhcaly ytoca pedro ycivauh ytoca mecia magdalena yn po ymyl matlacmatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl yepovaly186 ȳ to&c. chiquacetetl187 &ca tlaoly ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y q̃ vhnavac y ȳteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex omety actycate y cecalty R [258] Here is the twentieth ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena Mencía. Pedro’s field is ten matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; sixty cacao beans, six etc., etc. three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [several lines left blank at the top of the page] [259] [BJ MA 3, fol. 63v] yzca yc mcali matlacali 188 ytoca domingo xivitl hao moq̃ tequia ycivauh ytoca anā ypilva omety y cē ytoca po ya caxtolxivitl yn xivitl domingo ymyl matlacmatl omey ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac y ȳteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex navity acticate yn cecalty R [259] [BJ MA 3, fol. 63v] Here is the first house tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo Xihuitl; he is not baptized; his wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is fifteen years old. Xihuitl Domingo’s field is thirteen matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan 186 The letters al of yepovaly have been written over cv. 187 The letters hi of chiquacetetl have been written over ax. 188 The word matlacali is written above a crossed-out word, which originally was probably cēcali. The annotator first changed the first two letters to an m, then crossed out the entire word and added matlacali in a superscript.

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collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [260]189 yzca yc onmatlaccaly ytoca margos ycivavh ytoca mã. ypilcin ytoca anā ya cexivytl y margos ymyl caxtolmatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtil ye çotl yne­ mapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl tototetl190 chivhnavhtetl tlaoli ye caxitl otequipanova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex yeyty actycate y cecalty R [260] Here is the second tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Marcos; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Ana; she is one year old. Marcos’s field is fifteen matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [261] [BJ MA 3, fol. 64r] yzca yc matlaccaly191 ōce ytoca juā ycivavh ytoca ysabel ypilvan navyty y cē ytoca thomas fracisco. ycivauh ytoca juana yn juā ymyl matlac­ matl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl tlaoly ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y q̃ vhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex chicome atycate192 y cecalti R [annotation] ce oya yçivavacā. ce piltōtli ya quin ōtlacat. [261] [BJ MA 3, fol. 64r] Here is the third eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has four children: the first one’s name is Francisco Tomás; his wife’s name is Juana. Juan’s field is ten matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] 189 This entry has the same number as the preceding one: matlacaly, “tenth house,” but it is a different household. 190 Understand totoltetl. 191 There is a crossed-out letter below matlac. It is illegible, but following the original numbering of the houses, it should be e, “three.” 192 Understand actycate.

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[annotation] One [person] went to Icihuahuacan. One child has just been born. [262] yzca yc mavhtlaccaly193 omome ytoca juā omic yn ycivauh ymyl matlacmatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl tlaoly ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh quinechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malq̄ s çan icel ȳ ca [annotation] Omic [262] Here is the fourth twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife died. His field is ten matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpo­ hualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. He is on his own. [annotation] He died. [263] yzca yc matlailccali194 omey ytoca domingo ycivauh ytoca magdalena ypilci ytoca juā ya ce xivitl y domingo ymyl matlaquavitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex yeyty actycate y cecalty R [263] Here is the fifth thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Juan; he is one year old. Domingo’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [264] [BJ MA 3, fol. 64v] yzca yc chiquacematlaccali onavi ytoca pedro ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilva navyty y cē ytoca martin ycivavh ytoca gathalina yn po oca yna ytoca mã y po ymyl caxtolmatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopo­ vaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova

193 The m of matlaccaly has been written over an m. 194 The letters la of matlaccali have been written over cu.

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y quavhnavac y ȳteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex chicometi atycate195 y cecalty R [annotation] omētin omiq̄ ce ya q̑ n ovala comoliuhca ovalevac yvā yçivauh cat auh ȳn omic. ycivauh catca oya. [264] [BJ MA 3, fol. 64v] Here is the sixth fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: the first one’s name is Martín; his wife’s name is Catalina. Pedro has a mother named María. Pedro’s field is fifteen matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] died. One has just come from Comoliuhcan, he came with his ex wife. As for the one who died, his wife went away. [265] yzca yc chicaxtolcali196 ytoca domingo ycivavh ytoca maria ypilva yeyty y cē ytoca juā ycivavh ytoca maria pedro ya chivhnavhxivitl yn domingo ocate ytexva omety yn cē ytoca juā ycivavh ytoca maria ypilci ytoca po. ya matlacpovali tlacat ȳ domigo ymil namatl ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaq̃ ltyl ye çotl ynemapopo­ vaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex chivhnavyty actycate y cecaltyn R [annotation] Ce omic. [265] Here is the seventh fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is María Pedro; he is nine years old. Domingo has two brothers-in-law: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. His [Juan’s] child’s name is Pedro; he was born two hundred [days] ago. Domingo’s field is four matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetla­ cualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are nine [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died.

195 Understand actycate. 196 The t of caxtolcali has been written over a c.

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[266] [BJ MA 3, fol. 65r] yzca y caxchitolcali197 ōce ytoca yaotl hao moquateq̑a ycivauh ytoca magdalena ypilva omety yn cen ytoca ysabel ya chicoxivitl y yaotl ymyl matlacmatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl to&c. chivhnauhtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y q̃ vhnavac yn ytequivh q̑ nechicova juā quimaca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex navity actycate yn cecalty R [annotation] Ce omic piltōtli. [266] [BJ MA 3, fol. 65r] Here is the eighth sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Yaotl; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Isabel; she is seven years old. Yaotl’s field is ten matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacual­ tilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine etc., three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: a child. [267] yzca y caxchivhnauhtolcali omome ytoca juā ycivavh ytoca ȳsabel ȳ juā ōca ycavh ytoca magdalena 198 ynconevh ytoca çivactototl hao moquatequia yn juan ymyl matlacmatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl Caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl tlaoly ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y q̃ vhnavac yn iteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malq̄ s navyty actycate yn cecalty R [267] Here is the ninth seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Isabel. Juan has a younger sister named María Magdalena; her child’s name is Cihuactototl; he is not baptized. Juan’s field is ten matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed]

197 The letters tol of caxtolcali have been written over cue. 198 The scribe wrote maria, which the annotator later corrected to magdalena, writing gd over ria, squeezing ale into the space preceding the following yn, and adding the final na in a superscript. The color of the ink used in the corrections is consistent with the ink of the annotation and the “reviewed” marks on this folio.

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[268] yzca yc mcaxtlatoltolcaly omei ytoca juā ycivauh ytocā magdalena ymyl matlacmatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl caca­ vatl caxtol[BJ MA 3, fol. 65v]tetl totoltetl chivhnauhtetl [t]laoli199 ye ca[xi]tl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac y ȳ[t]eq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex omety actycate y cecalty R [268] Here is the tenth eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His field is ten matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, [BJ MA 3, fol. 65v] nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [269] yzca yc caxmatlatolcaly200 onavi ocē yntoca pablo ycivavh ytocā maria ypil­ cin ytoca juā ȳ jo oca ycauh ytoca juā ycivavh ytoca maria ȳ pablo ymyl cepovali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cax­ toltetl to&c. chivhnavhtetl tlaoly ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā quima201 domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex macuilty actycate y cecalty R [annotation] ce omic. yn içivauh catca oya yvā ypilçin comoliuhca omocchoti. [269] Here is the eleventh nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pablo; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Juan. Juan [sic, for: Pablo] has a younger brother named Juan; his wife’s name is María. Pablo’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetla­ cualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine etc., three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [man] died. His wife went away along with her child. She got married in Comoliuhcan.

199 The reconstructed letters in the words [t]laoli, ca[xi]tl, and ȳ[t]eq̑ uh are missing from the document due to damage caused by booklice. 200 The t in caxtolcaly has been written over a c. 201 Understand quimaca.

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[270] yzca yc cetecmatlapacali202 omome ytoca domingo ycivauh ytoca anag­ dalena203 ypilci ytoca magdalena204 yn domingo ymyl205 yn atle ytlacalaq̑ l ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivh­ navhtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex yeyty actycate y cecalty R [270] Here is the twentieth twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena Ana; his child’s name is Ana Magdalena. Domingo’s field is … He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [271] [BJ MA 3, fol. 66r] yzca yc matlacēcalin omey ytoca tonal ao. moquateq̑a ycivavh ytoca maria ypilva omety yn ce ytoca domingo ya caxtolxitl206 y tonal ymyl matlaquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavh­ navac y ȳtequivh quinechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex navyty actycate y cecalty R [271] [BJ MA 3, fol. 66r] Here is the thirteenth first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tonal; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is fifteen years old. Tonal’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacual­ tilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] 202 The p in cetecpacali has been written over a c. 203 The scribe wrote magdalena, which the annotator later corrected to ana by transforming the first stroke of the m into an a and crossing out gdalena. The color of the ink with which the corrections were made is consistent with the color of the “reviewed” marks and the annotation on this folio. 204 The scribe wrote ana, which the annotator later corrected to magdalena by transforming the letters na into gd, adding an m at the beginning, squeezing ale into the space preceding the following yn, and adding the final na in a superscript. The color of the ink with which the corrections were made is consistent with the color of the “reviewed” marks and the annotation on this folio. 205 The scribe did not give the size of Domingo’s field. 206 Understand caxtolxivitl.

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[272] yzca yc matlacōcali onavy ytoca fraco. ycivavh yntoca maria ymyl matlac­ matl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl tlaoly ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechico207 juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex omety actycate yn cecalty R [annotation] ya q̑ n otlacat piltōtli. [272] Here is the fourteenth second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is María. His field is ten matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] A child has just been born. [273] yzca yc caxquecali.208 ytoca fracisco ycivauh ytoca maria ypilva. omety yn cē ytoca mecia ya matlacxivitl yn fracisco ymyl matlacmatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn ytequiuh q̑ nechivcovan209 juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo [BJ MA 3, fol. 66v] comaca y malquex navyty acticate y210 R [annotation] piltōtli quin otlacat. [273] Here is the fifteenth third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Mencía; she is ten years old. Francisco’s field is ten matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth;211 fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo [BJ MA 3, fol. 66v] goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people]. [reviewed] [annotation] A child has just been born. [274] yzca yc navhcaxtolcaly oncē ytoca matla hao. moquateq̑a ycivavh ytoca mag­ dalena ymyl chicuequavitl atle ytlacalaquil ytetlaq̃ ltyl ye çotl ynemamapopova212 ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle to&c. atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn 207 Understand q̑ nechicova. 208 The letters que of the word quecali have been written over cax. 209 Understand q̑ nechicova. 210 The word cencaltin is missing. 211 The entry does not have a tetlacualtilli tribute. 212 Understand ynemapopovaya.

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yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh domingo comaca y malquex omety caten R [274] Here is the sixteenth fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Matla; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His field is eight rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no etc. [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are two [people]. [reviewed] [275] yzca yc macuilmacuiltolcali213 omome ytoca chatli hao moquateq̑a ycivavh ytoca tecapa hao moquateq̑a ypilçin ytoca maria ya navhxivitl yn chatli ymyl naq̃ vhitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl cepa ypa q̑ça oçotl ynemapopovaya cepa ypa q̑ça oçotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle to&c. atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domigo comaca y malquex yeyty actycate yn cecalty R [275] Here is the seventeenth fifth fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Chantli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. His child’s name is María; she is four years old. Chantli’s field is four rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is one time two measures of cloth;214 his nemapohpohualoni tribute is one time two measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no etc. [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [276] yzca yc chiq̃cecali215 omey ytoca nepa hao. moquateq̑a ycivavh ytoca tlaco hao moq̃ teq̑a ypilva omety yn ce ytoca juā ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilva omety yn cē ytoca anā ya navhxivytl y nepā ymyl [BJ MA 3, fol. 67r] naquavhquavitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl cepa ypa q̑ça oçotl ynemapopovaya cepa ypa q̑ça oçotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quavh­ navac yn yteq̑ uh quinechicovan juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex chicuety actycate y cecalty R [annotation] omoxeloq̄. y cēcali ōcaltin omochiuhq̄ 213 Initially, the number was caxtol, “fifteen.” Then the scribe corrected cax to macuil and crossed out tol. Finally, perhaps due to the illegibility of the word, he crossed it out and wrote macuil in a superscript. 214 For the translation of cepa ypa q̑ça oçotl in this and the following entry (#276), see this chapter, p. 264, n. 164. 215 The letters hiq̃c of chiq̃cecali have been written over axtol.

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[276] Here is the eighteenth sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Nepa; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Ana; she is four years old. Nepa’s field [BJ MA 3, fol. 67r] is four rods.216 His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is one time two measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is one time two measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. Of one household they became two. [277] yzca yc chicotolcali217 onavy ytoca domingo yncivavh ytocā maria ypilcin ytoca pedro ya oxivitl ȳ domingo ymyl matlacmatl ȳtlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqual­ tyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl to&c. caxtoltetl tlaoli ye caxitl otepanova218 y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicovā juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domigo comaca y malquex yeyty actycate y cecalty R [277] Here is the nineteenth seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Pedro; he is two years old. Domingo’s field is ten matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, fifteen etc., three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [278] yzca yc chicuepacali219 ytoca juā ycivauh ytoca magdalena ypilci ytoca domingo ya macuilxivytl ȳ juā ymyl matlacmatla220 ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqual­ tyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ pa[BJ MA 3, fol. 67r]nova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca y malquex yeyty actycate y cecalty R [annotation] Cēcalpulpā oya ytoca juā acul yvā ycivauh ypilçin [278] Here is the twentieth eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Domingo; he is five 216 The Nahuatl text says quavhquavitl (a reduplicated form of cuahuitl, “rod”). The same word appears in #279 and #286 (see Ch. 10, “Glossary of Nahuatl Terms,” p. 149). 217 The letters hic of chicocali have been written over ax. 218 Understand otequipanova. 219 The letters hicue of chichuecali have been written over etec. 220 Understand matlacmatl.

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years old. Juan’s field is ten matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work [BJ MA 3, fol. 67v] to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it and gives it to the Marqués.221 There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] [The person] named Juan Ahcol went to another calpolli together with his wife and child. [279] yzca yc caly ch chicuicnavhcali ytoca anloson ycivavh ytoca mã. ȳ āloson oca ycavh ytoca pablo ycivavh ytoca magdalena ȳ anloson ymyl naquavhq̃ vitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cax­ toltetl totoltetl chiquacetetl tlaoly ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac y ȳteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo q̑ maca malquex actycate navyty y cecalty [279] Here is the first ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Alonso; his wife’s name is María. Alonso has a younger brother named Pablo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Alonso’s field is four rods.222 His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [280] yzca yc matlacocalin ytoca domingo ycivavh ytoca maria ypilvā navity yn cē ytoca anā ya chicoxivitl ȳ domingo ymyl matlacmatl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl yte­ tlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl to&c. atle tlaoli atle oteq̑ panova y q̃ vhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex chiquacemity actycate yn cecalty R [annotation] omiqui yn içivauh domīgo yvā omētin ypilvā ȳ domīgo avh ce ya quin ovconān223 ohomētin oquivalvicac ypilhvā ce ōcā oquinepanoca ytoca fro. q cueçul yçivauh ytoca magdalena ce ypilçin [280] Here is the tenth second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. He has four children: the first one’s name 221 The sequence of tribute collectors is incomplete. Most likely, the scribe who copied the document missed one line. 222 See this chapter, p. 281, n. 216. 223 The crossed-out v inserted after the initial o of oconān has been written over some other letter or mark that is now illegible.

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is Ana; she is seven years old. Domingo’s field is ten matl. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no etc. [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] The wife of Domingo died, along with two children of Domingo. One [person] has just brought [back] the [remaining] two children, whom they had taken.224 One [person] joined them there: his name is Francisco Cuezol; his wife’s name is Magdalena; he has one child. [281] [BJ MA 3, fol. 68r] yzca yc matlacquecali oce ytocā po ycivavh ytoca maria ypilva omety y cē ytoca domingo ya chicoxivitl yn po. ymyl oca ymona ytoca magdalena y po. ymyl matlacquavitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl yne­ mapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chiquacetetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā quimaca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex macuilty actycate y cecalty R [annotation] ce ya quin otlacat ypilçin ȳ po ce oyaqui yna ymonā y po. [281] [BJ MA 3, fol. 68r] Here is the third eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is seven years old. Pedro has his field a mother-inlaw named Magdalena. Pedro’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [child] has just been born: a child of Pedro. One [person] went away: the mother of the mother-in-law of Pedro. [282] yzca yc mavhmatlaccaly225 omome ytoca pedro ycivavh ytoca maria ypilva chiquacemi. yn ce ytoca gabriel ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilçin ytoca anā ya ce226 xivitl y pedro ymyl matlacquavitl omome ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqual­ tyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chiquacetetl atle tlaoly oteq̑ panova y q̃ vhnavac y ȳtequiuh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malq̄ s chivhnavity actycate yn cecalty R 224 This is a tentative translation. 225 The first m of mamatlaccaly has been written over an n. 226 The letter e of ce has been written over an i.

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[annotation] ce omocchotin yn ichpoch po. yaq̄ ue227 ce omiqui ypilçin ȳ gabriel228 [282] Here is the fourth twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. He has six children: the first one’s name is Gabriel; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Ana; she is one year old. Pedro’s field is twelve rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are nine [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [woman] got married: the daughter of Pedro. They went away. One [person] died: the child of Gabriel. [283] yzca yc macuiltlacali omey ytoca fraco. ycivavh ytoca maria ypilva omety y cē ytoca diego ya matlacxivitl ȳ fraco. ymyl matlacquavitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl yte­ tlaqualtyl ye çotl ynema[BJ MA 3, fol. 68v]popovaya ye çotl cacavatl matlactetl omome totoltetl chiquacetetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ papanova229 y q̃ vhnavac yn ytequivh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex navity acty­ cate y cecalty R [annotation] ce omiqui yn ipilçin fro. [283] Here is the fifth thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Diego; he is ten years old. Francisco’s field is ten rods. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his [BJ MA 3, fol. 68v] nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; twelve cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: the child of Francisco. [284] yzca yc matlacchiquacecali onavi ytoca marcos domingo domingo. ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilva omety ȳ ce ytoca maria ya matlacxivitl ȳ domingo marcos domingo. ymyl matlacquavitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl matlactetl omome atle totoltetl atle tlaoli otequipanova y quavhnavac

227 The letters q̄ u have been written over one or two now illegible letters. 228 The letters ie of gabriel have been written over an a. 229 Understand oteq̑ panova.

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yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex navity actycate y cecalty R R [284] Here is the sixth fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Marcos Domingo Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is ten years old. Domingo Marcos Domingo’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; twelve cacao beans, but no eggs [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [crossed-out “reviewed” mark] [reviewed] [285] yzca yc chicaxtolcali230 ytoca yaotl hao moqua yaotl hao moquateq̑a ycivavh ytoca tecapa hao moquateq̑a ypilva macuiltin231 y cē ytoca tlaco hao moquateq̑a y yoq̑ch ytoca acatlo hao moq̃ teq̑a ypilci ytoca mã. ya cexivitl y yaotl ymil cepovali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl yntetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl [BJ MA 3, fol. 69r] cacavatl matlactetl omome totoltetl chiq̃cetetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y q̃ vhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca. domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex chiquacemiti actycate yn cecalty R [annotation] ce omiqui ypilçin ȳ acatlo [285] Here is the seventh fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Yaotl; he is not Yaotl; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has two five children: the first one’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized. Her husband’s name is Acatloh; he is not baptized. Her child’s name is María; she is one year old. Yaotl’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; [BJ MA 3, fol. 69r] twelve cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: the child of Acatloh. [286] yzca yc chicaxtolcali232 oce ytoca tlali hao moquateq̑a ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilva navi yn cē ytoca martin ya matlacxivitl ocē y tlaly ymyl 230 The letter a of the numeral caxtol has been written over an o. 231 The scribe wrote ome, which the annotator then corrected to macuiltin by transforming the letters ome into acuil, adding an m at the beginning, and squeezing tin into the space preceding the following y. 232 The letters ax of caxtolcali have been written over ue.

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naquavhquavitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle totoltetl atle tlaoly oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex chiquacemiti Caten R [286] Here is the eighth sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tlalli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: the first one’s name is Martín; he is eleven years old. Tlalli’s field is four rods.233 His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no eggs [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people]. [reviewed] [287] yzca yc chivhcaxtolnavhcali omome ytoca marcos ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilçi ytoca mã. ya navhxivitl y marcos ymyl naquavitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl yte­ tlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle to&c. atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo quimaca malquex yeyti acticate y cecalti R [annotation] ce quin otlacat. piltōtli. [287] Here is the ninth seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Marcos; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is María; she is four years old. Marcos’s field is four rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohua­ loni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no etc. [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One child has just been born. [288] yzca yc matlacaxtolcali omei ytoca antō ycivavh ytoca ȳsabel ypilva navity yn cē ytocā martin ya chiq̃cexivitl ȳ antō ymyl [BJ MA 3, fol. 69v] macuilcuavitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaq̃ lti[l]234 ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle totoltetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y q̃ uhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā quimaca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex chiquacemity actycate y cecalty [annotation] tlalnepātla oyaque mochinti

233 See this chapter, p. 281, n. 216. 234 The final l of ytetlaq̃ ltil has been lost together with a piece of paper torn off the top-right corner of folio 69.

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[288] Here is the tenth eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Anton; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has four children: the first one’s name is Martín; he is six years old. Anton’s field [BJ MA 3, fol. 69v] is five rods. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no eggs [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [annotation] They all went to Tlalnepantla. [289] yzca yc matlacaxtolcali onavi235 ytoca po ycivauh ytoca magdalena ypilva yeyty y cē ȳtoca juā ycivauh ytoca maria y po ymyl macuilquavitl ytlacalaquil ce çotl ȳtetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle tlaoli atle to&c. oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn ytequiuh q̑ nechicova juā quima236 domingo avh ȳ domigo comaca y malquex chiquacemi actycate yn cecalty R [annotation] omoxeloq̄. y cēcali ōcaltin omochiuhq̄. [289] Here is the eleventh nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. Pedro’s field is five rods. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no shelled maize [and] no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. Of one household they became two. [290] yzca yc matlacetecpacali omome237 ytoca juā ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilva naviti y cē ytoca angusti ycivavh ytoca juāna yc ome ypilci ytoca mã y yoq̑ch ytoca fraco. ypilcin ytoca thomas ya oxivitl y juā ymyl macuilquavitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaq̃ ltyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle totoltetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quauhnavac y q̑ nechicova yn ytequiuh q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex chihnavity238 actycate yn cecalty R [annotation] yeȳtin oyaq̄ quauhq̑q̑cecā ōca tlapachōva queçaltōcatl ypā

235 The letters na of onavi have been written over cē. 236 Understand quimaca. 237 The scribe forgot to cross out the word omome. 238 The letters hn of chihnavity have been written over some other letters that are now illegible.

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[290] Here is the twelfth twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: the first one’s name is Agustín; his wife’s name is Juana. His second child is named María; her husband’s name is Francisco. Her child’s name is Tomás; he is two years old. Juan’s field is five rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no eggs [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. He collects what is his tribute, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are nine [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Three [people] went to Cuauhquiquiceccan where in charge is when Quetzaltoncatl [was in charge]. [291] [BJ MA 3, fol. 70r] yzca yc matlacecali omey ytoca anloson ȳcivavh ytoca anā ȳ anloson oca ytex ytoca marcos ycivavha ytoca ȳsabel ȳ anloson ymyl macuil­ quavitl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle to&c. atle tlaoli otequipanova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex naviti actycate y cecalty R [annotation] piltōtli ya quin otlacat [291] [BJ MA 3, fol. 70r] Here is the thirteenth first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Alonso; his wife’s name is Ana. Alonso has a brother-in-law named Marcos; his wife’s name is Isabel. Alonso’s field is five rods. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no etc. [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] A child has just been born. [292] yzca yc matlacocali onavi ytoca juā ycivavh ytoca anā ypilçin ytocā maria y juā ymyl macuilquavitl atle ytlacalaq̑ l ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle totoltetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y q̃vhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex yeyty actycate yn cecalty [292] Here is the fourteenth second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Ana; his child’s name is María. Juan’s field is five rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no eggs [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household.

Tecpantzinco

tecpacicō Tecpantzinco [293] yzca ycq̄axtolcali ytoca juā ycivavh ytonca anā ypilva omety yn cē ytoca juā ya cepovalxivitl ȳ jo. oca ycavh ytoca pedro ycivavh ytoca tecapa hao moquateq̑a ypilci ytoca yaotl hao moq̃ teq̑a ya cexivitl ȳ juā oca ymona ytoca teycuic hao moquateq̑ uha. ȳ juā ymyl [BJ MA 3, fol. 70v] cepovali omatlactli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex chicueyty actycate y cecalti R [293] Here is the fifteenth third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is twenty years old. Juan has a younger brother named Pedro; his wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. His child’s name is Yaotl; he is not baptized; he is one year old. Juan has a mother-in-law named Teicuic; she is not baptized tribute. Juan’s field [BJ MA 3, fol. 70v] is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [294] yzca yc navhtolcali239 ocē ytoca domingo ycivavh ytoca maria ypilva omety y cē ytoca miguel ya chicuexivitl domingo oca ycavh ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivauh ytoca magdalena ȳ domingo ymyl cepovali omatlactli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaq̃ ltyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl to&c. chivhnauhtetl tlaoli ye cax­ itl oteq̑ panova y quauhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex chiq̃cemiti actycate y cecalty R [294] Here is the sixteenth fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is 239 The letters navh of navhcali have been written over cax.

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Miguel; he is eight years old. Domingo has a younger brother named Martín; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Domingo’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine etc., three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [295] yzca yc macuiltolcali240 omome ytoca domingo ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilvā omety yn cē ytoca juā ya macuilxivitl ȳ domingo ymil cepovali omatlactli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtol.tetl totoltetl chiq̃cetetl tlaoli [BJ MA 3, fol. 71r] ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex navity actycate y cecalty R [295] Here is the seventeenth fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is five years old. Domingo’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, [BJ MA 3, fol. 71r] three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [296] yzca yc chiq̃cecali241 omey ytoca po ycivauh ytocā maria ypilva ometi y cē ytoca domingo ya macuilxivitl ȳ po ymil cepovali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl atle ynemapopovaya cacavatl matlactetl omome totoltetl chiquacetetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malq̄ s naviti acticate y cecalty R [annotation] mēti242 q̑ n ovalaque çatehpā calpuli. [296] Here is the eighteenth sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is five years old. Pedro’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of 240 The letter m of macuilcali has been written over a c, while the c of the same word has been written over an x. 241 The letters hiq̃c of chiq̃cecali have been written over axtol. 242 Understand omēti.

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cloth; he does not [pay] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; twelve cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] have just come from the calpolli of Zatehpan. [297] yzca yc caxtolchicocalin onavin ytoca juā ȳcivauh ytoca magdalena ypilva ometi y cē ȳtoca domingo ya macuilxivitl ȳ juā ymyl cepovali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl atle ytetlaqualtyl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chi­ quacetetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y q̃ vhnavac yn ytequivh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex navyty acticate yn cecalti R [annotation] Ce omic piltōtli. yvā ce ya q̑ n otlacat. [297] Here is the nineteenth seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is five years old. Juan’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: a child. And one has just been born. [298] [BJ MA 3, fol. 71v] yzca yc chicuecetecpacali ytocā fraco ycivauh ȳtoca ma. ypilva yeyty y cē ytocā jo. ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilcin ytoca domingo ya cexivitl ȳ fraco ymyl cepovali omatlactli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cepovaltetl totoltetl matlactetl omome tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex chicome actycate y cecaltyn R [several lines left blank] [298] [BJ MA 3, fol. 71v] Here is the eighth twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Domingo; he is one year old. Francisco’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; twenty cacao beans, twelve eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed]

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[299] yzca yc chicuinavhcecali ytoca juā ycivavh ytocā anā ypilva omety yn cē ytoca domingo ya navhxivitl ȳ juā ymyl oca ycavh ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivahv ytoca maria ypilcin ytoca magdalena ya oxivitl yn jo. ymyl cepovali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqual­ til ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chiquacetetetl243 atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yte[BJ MA 3, fol. 72r]quivh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh y domingo comaca y malquex chicometi acticate yn cecalty R [annotation] juā yçivauh ocholo ypilvā omēti oq̑ vica y yauhtepec oyaque. [299] Here is the ninth first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is four years old. The field of Juan has a younger brother named Martín; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Magdalena; she is two years old. Juan’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tet­ lacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his [BJ MA 3, fol. 72r] tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] The wife of Juan fled; she took with her his two children. They went to Yauhtepec. [300] yzca yc omatlacaly244 ytocā pedro ycivavh ytoca maria y po oca ycavh245 ytoca juā ycivavh ytoca ȳsabel y po oca y ȳ pedro oca ynā ytocā teycuic hao moquateq̑a y po ymyl cepovali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl atle canavac cacavatl caxtoltetl atle totoltetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac y ȳteq̑uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo. comaca y malquex macuilty actycate yn cecaltyn R [annotation] omoxeloq̄. y cēcali ōcaltin omochiuhque. [300] Here is the second tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. Pedro has a younger brother named Juan; his wife’s name is Isabel. Pedro’s has Pedro has a mother named Teicuic; she is not baptized. Pedro’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; no narrow sheets of cotton cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no eggs [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo

243 Understand chiquacentetl. 244 The m of matlacaly has been written over nc. 245 The c of ycavh has been written over a v.

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and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. Of one household they became two. [301] yzca yc matlacquecali oce ytoca fracisco ycivauh ytoca magdalena ypilvan246 ome ce ytoca miguel ya macuilxivitl y fraco ymyl cepovali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl atle yte­ tlaqualtyl atle ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chivhnavhtetl atle tlaoli otequipanova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malquex navity actycate ȳ cecalty R [annotation] Ce omic piltōtli. [301] Here is the third eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has a child He has two children: the first one’s name is Miguel; he is five years old. Francisco’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute no is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans cacao beans, nine eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: a child. [302] [BJ MA 3, fol. 72v] yzca yc mavhtlaccaly247 omome ytoca thomas ycivauh ytoca magdalena ypilvā yeyty y cē ytoca mã. ya macuilxivitl ȳ thomas ocate yteycava ome y cē ytoca domingo ycivavh ytoca maria omety ypilvā y cē ytocā anā ya exitl248 yc omety ycavā ytoca anloson ȳ thomas oca yna ytoca tecapa hao moquateq̑a yn tomas ymyl cepovaly ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl yne­mapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chiquacetetl atle tlaoly oteq̑ panova y q̃ vhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domigo avh yn domingo comaca malq̄x matlactli oce acticate yn cecalti R [annotation] omoxeloque omocaltilliq̄ çā cēcaltin catca. [302] [BJ MA 3, fol. 72v] Here is the fourth twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tomás; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is María; she is five years old. Tomás has two younger brothers. The first one’s name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Ana; she is three years old. The name of the second of his younger brothers is Alonso. Tomás has a mother named Tecapan; 246 The letters va of ypilvan have been written over ci. 247 The m of matlaccaly has been written over an n. 248 Understand exivitl.

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she is not baptized. Tomás’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are eleven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They divided what had been just one household. They built a house for themselves. [303] yzca yc macuiltlaccali omei ytoca pedro ycivavh ytocan ȳsabel ypilci ytocā m͞ı͞n ya navhxivitl y po. oca ycavh ytocā miguel yncivavh ytocā maria ypilvā omety yn cē ytoca anā ya chiquacexivitl y po ymyl cepovali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl ytetlanemaqualpopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chiquacetetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y q̃ uhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo avh yn domingo comaca y malq̄ s chimety249 acticate y cecalty R [annotation 1] çe ya q̑ n ovalla. q̑ uicatinemi y miguel atēco micuiloca ytoca lurēço [annotation 2] omoxeloque omocaltilique çā cēcaltin catca. ce ya q[ui]n250 ov[a]lla tlal quivicatinemi ȳ po. ytoca domīgo tlalcovhcā micuilloca [303] Here is the fifth thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Isabel. His child’s name is Martín; he is four years old. Pedro has a younger brother named Miguel; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Ana; she is six years old. Pedro’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacual­ tilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his tetlacualtilli his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation 1] One [person] has just come, Miguel is bringing him in. He has been recorded in Atenco; his name is Lorenzo. [annotation 2] They divided what had been just one household, they built a house for themselves. One [person] has just come, Pedro is bringing him in. His name is Domingo, he has been recorded in Tlalcouhcan.251

249 Understand chicomety. 250 The letters ui of quin and the first a of the following ovalla have been lost due to damage caused by booklice. 251 Tlalcouhcan was the sixth first-level calpolli of Tepoztlan (BNAH CA 551, fol. 2v).

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[304] [BJ MA 3, fol. 73r] yzca yc matlacchiquecali onavi ytoca juā ycivavh ȳtoca magdalena ypilva omety y cē ytoca yaotl hao moquateq̑a ya chivhnavhxitl252 ȳ juā oca ymach ytoca fracisco ycivavh ytoca juanā ȳ jo ymyl cepovali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaqualtyl ye çotl253 ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chiquacetetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova jo. q̑ maca domingo avh ȳ domingo comaca y malquex chiq̃cemiti acticate y cecalty R [annotation] omoxeloque omocaltillique çā cēcalti catca [304] [BJ MA 3, fol. 73r] Here is the sixth fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Yaotl; he is not baptized; he is nine years old. Juan has a nephew named Francisco; his wife’s name is Juana. Juan’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They divided what had been just one household. They built a house for themselves. [305] yzca yc chicoxtolcalyn254 ytoca pedro ycivavh ytoca anā ȳ po oca ynā ytocā mã. yconevh ytoca anloson ya macuilxivitl ȳ pedro oca ymotā ytoca domingo ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilçin ytoca ynsabel fro. ya macuilxivitl y po oca ycol ytoca acolveve hao moquateq̑a ycivavh ytoca teycuic ao moquateq̑a y po ymyl cepovali omatlactli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaq̃ ltyl ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl to&c. chiquacetetl atle tlaoli oteq̑ panova y quavhnavac yn yteq̑ uh q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca domingo q̑ maca malq̄ s chivhnaviti catē y cecalty R [annotation] omētin omique yçivauh catca ȳ domīngo yaquene ycol. catca ȳ po. [305] Here is the seventh fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Ana. Pedro has a mother; her name is María. Her child’s name is Alonso; he is five years old. Pedro has a father-in-law named Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Isabel Francisco; he is five years old. Pedro has a grandfather named Ahcolhuehueh; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Teicuic; she is not baptized. Pedro’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures 252 Understand chivhnavhxivitl. 253 The ç of çotl has been written over an h. 254 Understand caxtolcaly.

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of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six etc., but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it, gives it to Domingo and Domingo gives it to the Marqués. There are nine [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] died: the wife of Domingo [and], finally, the grandfather of Pedro. [BJ MA 3, fol. 73v] Quarenta &255 tres casas de ō telibio que son del barrio de tenantytlan se contaron por el m͞ı͞n de peralta y el y de ātez que p(or?) hazerse / se ontaron & se tre(s?)basaron dō telibio.256 [BJ MA 3, fol. 73v] Forty-three houses of Don Toribio, which are from the neighborhood [i.e., calpolli] of Tenantitlan,257 were counted by Martín de Peralta and the one before him; once done, [the entries describing them] were joined and moved [to the census section of] Don Toribio.258

Unidentified Calpolli 2 (Teicapan?)

Unidentified Third-Level Calpolli: Fragment 1 [306] [BJ MA 8, fol. 1r] y cēcaltin chicome acticate y cēcaltin R [306] [BJ MA 8, fol. 1r] in the household There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [307] yzca y caxtolcali onavi ytoca miguel [yciv]ahv259 ytoca tecapa hao moquatequia ypilva [o?]m[entin?] ce ytoca juā ya nahvxivitl y miguel ōca ycahv ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca magda[le]na y miguel ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl atle ynema&c oteq̑ panova y cuahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv q̑ nechicova juā quimaca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑ceq̑xti quiva domingo quimaca malquex chicuacemi acticate y cēcaltin R

255 The scribe used the sign for the Latin et. We would like to thank Szymon Gruda for this information. 256 The rest of the folio is blank. 257 The second-level calpolli of Tenantitlan was part of Calihtec (BnF MM 393, fol. 11v, amoxcalli.org.mx). 258 This note is extremely difficult to read, and it seems to contain errors like misspellings or the lack of some letters. For these reasons, both the transcription and the translation that we propose are tentative. 259 The right side of the folio has been torn off, making several of the final letters in each of the first five lines illegible.

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[307] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized. He has [two?] children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is four years old. Miguel has a younger brother named Francisco; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Miguel’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; he does not [pay] the nemapohpohualoni etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it and gives it to Don Pablo who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [308] yzca yc cētecpacali ytoca po ycivahv ytoca isaber ypilva ometi ce ytoca domingo ya matlacxivitl y po ca ycahv ytoca aloso ycivahv ytoca ma y po ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle &c oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn itequihv q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oq̑ceq̑xti quiva domingo quimaca malq̄x chicuacemi acticate y cēcaltin R [308] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is ten years old. Pedro has a younger brother named Alonso; his wife’s name is María. Pedro’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it and gives it to Don Pablo who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [309] yzca cencali ytoca xochitonal hao moq̃ tequia ycivahv ytoca teycuic hao moquatequia ypilva omēti ce y [annotation] xochtonal yvā xochitl omic yn ita ytoca tonal [BJ MA 8, fol. 1v] to[ca]260 magdalena ya yexivitl ymil matlaquav[itl atl]e ytla­ calaquil ytetlacualtil ye çotl atle y[nema?]&c cacavatl caxtoltetl &c oteq̑ panova y cua[vhn]navac yn itequihv quinechicova juā q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑cequixti quiva domingo quimaca malquex naviti acticate y cencaltin R [309] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Xochitonal; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Teicuic; she is not baptized. He has two children: [annotation] The father of Xochtonal and Xochitl died: his name was Tonal.

260 As with the recto of the folio, several first letters in each of the first five lines are illegible as the paper has been torn.

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[BJ MA 8, fol. 1v] the first one’s name is Magdalena, she is three years old. His field is ten rods. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; he does not [pay] the nemapohpohualoni etc.; fifteen cacao beans, etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it and gives it to Don Pablo who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [310] yzca yc ōcali ytoca yoval yaotl hao moquatequia yc[i]vahv261 ytoca ana ypilva yeyti ce ytoca magd[a]lena ya chiquacexivitl y yaotl ocate ycava ce ytoca m͞ı͞n yc ome ytoca po y yaotl ōca ymona ytoca teycuic hao moquatequia ypilci ytoca jua ya nahvxivitl y yaotl ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlaq̃ ltil ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl &c. oteq̑ panova y cuahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑cēquixti quiva domingo quimaca malquex chicuicnaviti acticate y cencaltin R [310] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Yohual Yaotl; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Ana. He has three children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is six years old. Yaotl has younger brothers: the first one’s name is Martín, the second one’s name is Pedro. Yaotl has a motherin-law named Teicuic; she is not baptized. Her child’s name is Juan; he is four years old. Yaotl’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it and gives it to Don Pablo who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are nine [people] in the household. [reviewed] [311] yzca yquecali ytoca aloso ycivahv ytoca ma ocate ycava ce ytoca miguel yc ome ytoca domingo oca ynā ytoca tlaco hao moquatequia ȳ aloso ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl &c. oteq̑ panova y cuahv­navac yn iteq̑ hv q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca don pablo q̑ceq̑xtia yn oquicēq̑xti quiva domingo quimaca malquex macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [311] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Alonso; his wife’s name is María. He has two younger brothers: the first one’s name is Miguel; the second one’s name is Domingo. He has a mother named Tlahco; she is not baptized. Alonso’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen 261 The right margin of the folio is completely destroyed, which makes the last letters in this and the following line illegible.

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cacao beans, etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it and gives it to Don Pablo who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] Unidentified Third-Level Calpolli: Fragment 2 [312] [BJ MA 8, fol. 2r] caxitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova juā quimaca dō pablo q̑cēq̑ [xtia]262 yn oquicēquixti quiva domingo quimaca malquex macuilti acticate y cencaltin R [312] [BJ MA 8, fol. 2r] bowls [of shelled maize]. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it and gives it to Don Pablo who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [313] yzca yc nahvcali ytoca franco ycivahv ytoca ma ypilva omēti ce ytoca po ya chicuacexivitl y franco ōca ymach ytoca isaber ça ycnoçivatl ypilci ytoca ana y franco ymil cēpuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl caca­ vatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y q̃ hvnavac yn itechicovaquihv q̑ nechicova juā q̑ maca dō pablo quicēq̑xtia yn oq̑cēq̑xtin quiva domingo quimaca malquex chicuacemi acticate y cēcaltin R [313] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is six years old. Francisco has a niece named Isabel; she is just a widow; her child’s name is Ana. Francisco’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it and gives it to Don Pablo who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [314] yzca yc macuilcali ytoca thomas ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva macuilti ce ytoca domingo ya matlacxivitl y thomas ymil cepuali omacuili ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuacētetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y q̃ hvnavac yn itequihv quinechicova juā q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēquixtia yn oquicēq̑xti quiva domingo quimaca malq̄x chi­ come acticate y cēcaltin. R 262 There is a hole in the paper here.

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[314] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tomás; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has five children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is ten years old. Tomás’s field is twenty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it and gives it to Don Pablo who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [315] yzca yc chicuacēcali ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca juana ypilva yeȳti ce ytoca .ma. ya macuilxivitl ymil cēpuali ochicome ytlacalaquil ce çotl yte­ tlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cepu R [BJ MA 8, fol. 2v]vali [onma]tlactli263 totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quahv­ navac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova juā q̑ maca dō pablo quicēq̑xtia yn oq̑ceq̑xti quiva domingo quimaca malquex macuilti acticate y cēcaltin [annotation] / juā ytech puvi R [315] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Juana. He has three children: the first one’s name is María; she is five years old. His field is twenty-seven [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; thirty cacao beans, [crossed-out “reviewed” mark] [BJ MA 8, fol. 2v] nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it and gives it to Don Pablo who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [annotation] / He belongs to Juan. [reviewed] [316] yzca yc chicōcali ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva omēti ce ytoca maria ya naxivitl ymil cepuali ytlacalaquil ce çotl atle &c. quimaca don pablo quicēq̑xtia yn oq̑cēq̑xti quiva domingo quimaca malquex naviti acticate y cēcaltin R [316] Here is the seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is four years old. His field is twenty [units]. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; no etc. He gives it to Don Pablo who

263 As with the recto of the folio, the hole in the paper has made several letters disappear from the text.

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gathers it together.264 Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [317] yzca yc chicuecali ytoca juā ycivahv ytoca ana ypilva naviti ce ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca maria ymil cēpuali omacuili ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y q̃ hvnavac yn iteq̑ hv q̑ nechicova juā quimaca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑cequixti quiva domingo quimaca malquex chicuacemi acticate y cēcaltin R [317] Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Ana. He has four children: the first one’s name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. His field is twenty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it and gives it to Don Pablo who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [318] yzca yc chicuicnahvcali ytoca po ycivahv ytoca magdalena ōca ynā ytoca catharina ypilva omēti ce ytoca maria y po ymil cepuali omacuili ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chi­ cuicnahvtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova y quahvnavac yn iteq̑ hv quinechicova juā q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cequixtia yn oq̑cequixti quiva domingo quimaca malquex ma­cuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [318] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has a mother named Catalina. She has two children: the first one’s name is María. Pedro’s field is twenty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Juan collects it and gives it to Don Pablo who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed]

264 It seems that the scribe missed the first part of the tribute collection sequence: “As for his tribute, Juan collects it.”

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Ixtlahuacan: Fragment 1 [BnF MM 393, fol. 1r]265 yzca yquecalpuli ytocayoca yxtlavaca ōc[a] tlapachova toribio [BnF MM 393, fol. 1r] Here is the third calpolli called Ixtlahuacan, where Toribio is in charge. yxtlavaca Ixtlahuacan [319] [BnF MM 393, fol. 1r] yzca yc cecali ytoca toribio ycivavh ytoca maria ypilva chicueyeti ce ytoca magdalena ya matlacxivitl y toribio ocate ymachva ometi ce ytoca domingo yc ome ytoca maria y toribio oca ytlacavh ytoca teycuic aho mocuateq̑a y toribio ymil caxtolpovali ytlacalaq̑ l oçotl ytetlacualtil cē ypan oçotl ynemapopovaya cē ypan oçotl cacavatl opovali totoltetl opovali tlaoli ye chiq̑ vhtl oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac y yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑cēq̑xti quiva domingo q̑ maca malq̄x matlacti acticate y cecalti R [annotation] omētin çe omiqui266 [319] [BnF MM 393, fol. 1r] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Toribio; his wife’s name is María. He has eight children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is ten years old. Toribio has two niblings: the first one’s name is Domingo; the second one’s name María. Toribio has a slave named Teicuic; she is not baptized. Toribio’s field is three hundred [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is two measures of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is one plus two measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is one plus two measures of cloth;267 forty cacao beans, forty eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are ten [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two One [person] died. [320] yzca yc ocali ytoca martin yçivavh ytoca magdalena ypilci ytoca maria yoq̑ch ytoca domingo y marti oca ycavh ytoca margos ycivavh ytoca maria y marti ymil opovali omatlactli ytla[BnF MM 393, fol. 1v]calaq̑ l oçotl ytetlacualtil ce ypan oçotl ynemapopovaya cē ypan oçotl cacavatl cēpovali omatlactli totoltetl 265 Bibliothèque nationale de France, Manuscrit Mexicain no. 393, fols. 1–2. © Bibliothèque nationale de France. 266 The scribe first wrote omique, “they died,” but when he changed the number of the deceased people from two to one, he wrote the elongated i over the final e, making the verb singular. 267 See this chapter, p. 200, n. 62.

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caxt[o]ltetl268 tlaoli ye chiq̑ vhtl oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac [y]teq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēquix[ti]a yn oq̑ceq̑xti quiva domingo q̑ maca malq̄x chicuacemi acticate y cecalti R [annotation] ce omic. omētin oquizq̄. cēcalpulp[an]269 oyaq̄. ytocayocā tepetitlā ytoca d[o]mingo xochitl. yçivavh. ma. teycuic. [320] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is María; her husband’s name is Domingo. Martín has a younger brother named Marcos; his wife’s name is María. Martín’s field is fifty [units]. His [BnF MM 393, fol. 1v] tlacalaquilli tribute is two measures of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is one plus two measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is one plus two measures of cloth;270 thirty cacao beans, fifteen eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died. Two [people] left, they went to a calpolli called Tepetitlan: [the person] named Domingo Xochitl and his wife, María Teicuic. [321] yzca yc quecali ytoca juā ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilci ytoca thomas ya q̑ n otlacatl y juā oca ycavh ytoca po juā oca yna ytoca magdalena juā ymil cepovali omacuili ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl matlactetl omome tlaoli ye chiq̑ vhtl oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo quicēq̑xtia yn oq̑cēquixti quiva domingo q̑ maca malq̄x macuilti acticate y cecalti R [321] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Tomás; he has just been born. Juan has a younger brother named Pedro. Juan has a mother named Magdalena. Juan’s field is twenty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, twelve eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed]

268 The left margin of the folio has been torn off, which has caused the loss of some letters in this entry. 269 Several letters of the annotation are not visible due to the binding of the volume. 270 See this chapter, p. 200, n. 62.

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[322] yzca yc navihcali ytoca martin ycivavh ytoca maria ypilci ytoca ana ya chi­ coxivitl y marti ymil opovali omatlactli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl yne [322] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Ana; she is seven years old. Martín’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni … Ixtlahuacan: Fragment 2 [323] [BJ MA 10, fol. 1r]271 mas ycivavh ytoca katharina ypilci ytoca juāna ya oxivitl juā ymil opovali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totolchicuacetetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oq̑cēquixti quiva domingo q̑ maca malq̄x chicuinavhti acticate y cecalti R [annotation] yeȳti ya q̑ n ovalaque telçanoypā272 calpuli y havalevac273 cozote­ catl. domingo tozq̑ n. yçivauh cathalina tlacoyeva yvā ypilçi. [323] [BJ MA 10, fol. 1r] [Tomás?]; his wife’s name is Catalina. His child’s name is Juana; she is two years old. Juan’s field is forty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are nine [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Three [people] have just come. A cozotecatl274 Domingo Tozquin came from his home in the calpolli of Telzanipan, together with his wife Catalina Tlahcoyehua and his child. [324] yzca yc matlaccali omome ytoca tlacecui veve aho mocuateq̑a ycivavh ytoca teycuic aho mocuateq̑a ypilci ytoca marti ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilva ometi ce ytoca estepa ya matlacxivitl ȳ m͞ı͞n ōca ymach ytoca maria ya matlacxivitl ȳ marti ōca ymōna ytoca ana ȳ tlacecui veve ymil cēpovali ōmatlactli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl matlac­ tetl omome tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ nechi[BJ MA 10,

271 In BJ Ms. Amer. 10, the folios are not numbered, but we have decided to put numbers here for convenience. 272 Understand telçanypā. 273 Understand ovalevac. 274 An ethnic denomination.

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fol. 1v]cova toribio quicēquixtia yn oquicēquixti q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malquex chicueyti acticate y cecalti R [annotation] Ce omic piltōtli. [324] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tlacecuihuehueh; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Teicuic; she is not baptized. His child’s name is Martín; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Esteban; he is ten years old. Martín has a niece named María; she is ten years old. Martín has a mother-in-law, her name is Ana. Tlacecuihuehueh’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, twelve eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, [BJ MA 10, fol. 1v] Toribio collects it,275 gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: a child. [325] yzca yc matlaccali omey ytoca xp̃ oval ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilci ytoca tlaco aho mocuateq̑a ya ce xivitl y xp̃ oval oca ymona ytoca teycuic aho mocuateq̑a ypilci ytoca domingo ya chicuexivitl y xp̃ oval ymil cepovali omatlactli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl atle y to&c. atle y tla&c oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo quicequixtia yn oq̑ceq̑xti quiva domingo quimaca malquex macuilti acticate y cecalti R [325] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Cristóbal; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Tlahco; she is not baptized; she is one year old. Cristóbal has a mother-in-law named Teicuic; she is not baptized. Her child’s name is Domingo; he is eight years old. Cristóbal’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetla­ cualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no etc., [and] no shelled etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed]

275 It seems that the scribe who copied the document accidentally missed a fragment of the sequence of tribute collectors: “and gives it to Don Pablo.”

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[326] yzca yc matlacccali276 onavih ytoca domingo ycivavh ytoca ana ypilva ometi ce ytoca maria ya matlacxivitl domingo oca yna [BJ MA 10, fol. 2r] ytoca xocoyotl aho mocuateq̑a y domingo ymil cepovali ocaxtoli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl atle ytetla&c. ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl matlactetl omome atle totoltetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova y cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cequixtia yn oq̑ceq̑xti. q̑ va. domingo quimaca malq̄x malcuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ce omic piltōtli. ce ya ylamaçin ytoca xoco. [326] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is ten years old. Domingo has a mother [BJ MA 10, fol. 2r] named Xocoyotl; she is not baptized. Domingo’s field is thirty-five [units]. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli etc.; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; twelve cacao beans, but no eggs, [and] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: a child. One [person] is already an older lady, her name is Xocoh. [327] yzca yc caxtolcali ytoca margos. yçivavh ytoca maria ypilva yeȳti. ce ytoca agusti. yçivavh ytoca ana. ȳ margos. ymil ōpuali. omatlactl. ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl ytetlaq̃ ltil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl. caxtoltetl. totoltetl. chicuic­ navhtetl. tlaoli ye caxitl. ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac. ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova. toribio q̑ maca. dō pablo q̑cēquixtia. yn oq̑ceq̑xti. q̑ va domingo. q̑ maca malq̄x [BJ MA 10, fol. 2v] chiq̃cemi acticate y cēcaltin R [327] Here is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Marcos; his wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Agustín; his wife’s name is Ana. Marcos’s field is fifty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. [BJ MA 10, fol. 2v] There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed]

276 Understand matlaccali.

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[328] yzca yc caxtolcalli. oce ytoca vicente. yçivavh. ytoca mã. ypilhçi. ytoca thomas. ya ce xivitl. ȳ vicente. ōca ycavh ytoca jũa ya caxtolxivitl. ȳ vicente ymil ōpuali omatlactl.277 ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl cepovali totoltetl matlactetl omome chicuicnavhtetl. tlaoli. ye caxitl. ōteq̑ panova. cuavhnavac. y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēquixttia yn oq̑cequixti. quiva domingo q̑ maca malq̄x. naviti. acticate y cēcaltin [annotation] cēcalpulpān oyaq̄ mochinti ypā pablo çapotitlā ytoca vicēte acace cecni. mochintin oyaque. [328] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Vicente; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Tomás; he is one year old. Vicente has a younger brother named Juan; he is fifteen years old. Vicente’s field is fifty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetla­ cualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; twenty cacao beans, twelve nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [annotation] All went to the calpolli of Zapotitlan when Pablo [was in charge]. [The person] named Vicente maybe somewhere else. All went away. [329] yzca yc caxtolcali. omome ytoca franco yçivavh ytoca magdalena ypilva omēti ce ytoca jũa ya caxtolxivitl. y franco / ōca yna ytoca maria. y franco. ymil macuilpuali ytlacalaq̑ l oçotl. ytetlaq̃ ltil ce. ypan ocotl.278 ynemapopovaya. ce. ypan ocotl. cacavatl. cepovaltetl. omatlactli totoltetl. caxtoltetl. tlaoli. ye chiq̑ vitl [BJ MA 10, fol. 3r] ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nech[i]cova.279 toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēquixtia. yn oq̑ceq̑xti. q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x macuilti. acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] Ce omic yeȳti calpulpā ovalevaque. ytoca domingo tlilq̑ n yvā ycivauh. ȳmeyxti ya quin ovalaque [329] Here is the seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is fifteen years old. Francisco has a mother named María. Francisco’s field is one hundred [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is two measures of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is one plus two measures of cloth; his 277 Understand omatlactli. 278 Here and in the next occurrence in this entry, understand oçotl. 279 In the top-right corner of the folio, some of the paper has been eaten by booklice, rendering one letter illegible.

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nemapohpohualoni tribute is one plus two measures of cloth;280 thirty cacao beans, fifteen eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. [BJ MA 10, fol. 3r] He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died. Three [people] came from a calpolli: [a person] named Domingo Tlilquin and his wife. The three have just arrived.281 [330] yzca y caxtolcali. omey ytoca domingo yçivavh ytoca isabel. ypilçi. ytoca mã. yyoq̑ch. ytoca domingo. ypilçi ytoca franco. ya oxivitl. y domingo ymil opuali. omatlactli. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlaq̃ ltil ye çotl. ynemapapovaya.282 ye çotl. caca­ vatl caxtoltetl. totoltetl. chicuicnavhtetl. tlaoli. ye caxitl. ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ nevh q̑ nechicova. toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑x.tia yn oq̑cēquixti q̑ va domingo. q̑ maca l o malq̄x malcuilti. acticate. y cēcaltin R [330] Here is the eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Isabel. His child’s name is María; her husband’s name is Domingo. She has one child named Francisco; he is two years old. Domingo’s field is fifty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [331] yzca y caxtolcali onavi. ytoca po. yçivavh. ytoca maria ypilçi. ytoca domingo ya yexivitl. ȳ po. ymil. opuali. oma[BJ MA 10, fol. 3v]cuili. ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl. ytetlaq̃ ltil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya ye çotl. cacavatl. caxtoltetl. totoltetl. chiq̃cētetl. tlaoli. ye caxitl. ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova. toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cequixtia yn oq̑ceq̑xti. quiva domingo q̑ maca malq̄x. yeȳti. acticate. y cēcaltin R [annotation] yeytin ovalaq̄ ynā yta yvā ypilçin [331] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Domingo; he is three years old. Pedro’s field is forty-[BJ MA 10, fol. 3v]five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute 280 See this chapter, p. 200, n. 62. 281 The annotation mentions three people but then names only two. Possibly, the third was the couple’s child. 282 Understand ynemapopovaya.

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is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Three [people] came: his parents along with his child. [332] yzca yc ce tecpacali ytoca juā miguel ycivavh ytoca ma. y juā ymil opovali omacuili ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totolchicuacetetl tlaoli ye caxitl ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo quicēquixtia yn oq̑cēq̑xti q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malquex ome acaticate y cecalti. R [annotation] navinti quin ovalaq̄. calpulpā ypā q̄çaltōcatl. ytoca thomas motlalo y navixtin ipān ocalaq̑co. [332] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan Miguel; his wife’s name is María. Juan’s field is forty-five [units]. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Four [people] came from [another] calpolli when Quetzaltoncatl [was in charge]:283 [a person] named Tomás Motlaloh. The four entered in [this house]. [333] yzca yc ce cali ytoca tlali aho mocuate[BJ MA 10, fol. 4r]quia ycivavh ytoca tlaco aho mocuateq̑a ypilva ometi ce ytoca domingo ya ca ycnooq̑ tl ypilcī ytoca po ya yexivitl y tlali ymil opovali omacuili ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye cotl284 ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuacetetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̄ panova cuavhnavac y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cequixtia yn oq̑cequixti quiva domingo q̑ maca malq̄x chicueyti macuilti acticate y cecalti R [annotation] [ce?]285 omiq̑ yn omēti cēcalpan ocalaq̄ ça no ypilçin ypan ocalac [333] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tlalli; he is not baptized. [BJ MA 10, fol. 4r] His wife’s name is Tlahco; she is not 283 Quetzaltoncatl was in charge in Cuauhquiquiceccan. See #290. 284 Understand çotl. 285 Possibly, this is a meaningless mark and the phrase should read, “he died.”

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baptized. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo, he is a widower. His child’s name is Pedro; he is three years old. Tlalli’s field is forty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are eight five [people] in the household. [crossed-out “reviewed” mark] [annotation] One [person] died. Two [people] entered the household, also his [their?] child entered it. [334] yzca yc ocali ytoca thomas ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilva yeȳti ce ytoca pablo ya matlacxivitl y thomas ymil opovali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuicnavihtetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cequixtia yn oq̑cēq̑xti q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x macuilti acticate y cecalti R [annotation] ce omic piltōtli [334] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tomás; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Pablo; he is ten years old. Tomás’s field is forty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: a child. [335] [BJ MA 10, fol. 4v] yzca yc quecali ytoca tlali aho mocuateq̑a ycivavh ytoca teycuic aho mocuatequia ypilva navihti ce ytoca tecapa aho mocuatequia ya matlacxivitl y tlali oca ymona ytoca metlaca aho mocuateq̑a ypilci ytoca tlali aho mocuatequia y tlali ymil opovali omacuili ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl chicuacetetl totoltetl chicuacētetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio quimaca dō pablo q̑cequixtia yn oq̑cequixti q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x chicueyti acticate y cecalti R [annotation] omēti ocholoq̄ quauhnavac oyaque. macuiltin ya q̑ n ovalaque calpulpā ovalevaq̄ ypā queçaltōcatl [yna?] yçiçivavā oquivalvicaque yva ce ytla­ maçin y macuiltin ovalaque [335] [BJ MA 10, fol. 4v] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tlalli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is Teicuic; she is not baptized. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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He has four children: the first one’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized; she is ten years old. Tlalli has a mother-in-law named Metlaca; she is not baptized. Her child’s name is Tlalli; he is not baptized. Tlalli’s field is forty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; six cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] fled, they went to Cuauhnahuac. Five [people] have just come, they came from [another] calpolli when Quetzaltoncatl [was in charge].286 The five who came brought along their wives and one elderly lady.

Calpolixpan

calpolixpa Calpolixpan [336] yzca yc navihcali ytoca tlapachova ytoca [336] Here is the fourth house named. The name of the one who is in charge is … Ixtlahuacan: Fragment 3 [337] [BnF MM 393, fol. 2r] ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuacetetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco q̑ maca toribio ahv y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēquixtia yn oq̑cēq̑xti quiva domingo y quimaca malq̄x. matlactli oce acticate y cecalti R [annotation] omētin omiq̄ yeȳti oyaq̄ yc omoxeloq̄. y cēcali ōcaltin omochiuhque [337] [BnF MM 393, fol. 2r] one measure of cloth, his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are eleven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] died. Three went away. Of one household they became two. 286 Quetzaltoncatl was in charge in Cuauhquiquiceccan. See #290. Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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[338] yzca yc chicuicnavihcali ytoca po ycivavh ytoca maria ypilva yeyti ce ytoca magdalena ya navhxivitl y po oca ymach ytoca domingo ycivavh ytoca maria ypilci ytoca jūa ya ce xivitl y po oca yavih ytoca jūāna ypilci ytoca po ya oxivitl y po yçi oca yçi y po ymil opovali ytlacalaquil ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopo­ vaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl mactlactetl tlaoli ye chiq̑ vhtl oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco q̑ maca toribio ahv y toribio dō pa q̑ maca dō pablo malq̄x q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑ceq̑xti q̑va domingo q̑maca malq̄x matlacty actycate y cecalty. R [annotation] omoxeloque [338] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is four years old. Pedro has a nephew named Domingo, whose wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Juan; he is one year old. Pedro has an aunt named Juana, her child’s name is Pedro, he is two years old. The grandmother of Pedro has a grandmother. His field is forty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, ten eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio Don Pablo gives it to Don Pablo the Marqués, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are ten [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. [339] yzca yc matlaccali ytoca juā ycivavh yto[BnF MM 393, fol. 2v]ca ana ypilva ometi ce ytoca magdalena ya macuilxivitl y juā ymil cepovali omatlactl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl atle ycava&c atle yto&c atle y&c amo t y ȳteq̑ v amo oteq̑ panova y cuavhnahuac y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco q̑ maca toribio ahv y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia yn oquiceq̑xti quiva domingo q̑ maca malq̄x navihti acticate y cecalty [annotation] oyaque acxotlā [339] Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name [BnF MM 393, fol. 2v] is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is five years old. Juan’s field is thirty [units]. His tla­ calaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; he does not [deliver] cacao etc., etc., [or] etc. He does not As for his tribute He does not go to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household.

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[annotation] They went to Acxotlan.287 [340] yzca yc matlaccali oce ytoca juā ycivavh ytoca maria ypilci ytoca ysabel ya navihxivitl juā oca ymach ytoca po ya matlacxivitl y juā ymil cepovali omatlactl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl chicuacetetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac y yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco q̑ maca toribio ahv y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēquixtia yn oq̑cēquixti q̑ va domīgo q̑ maca malq̄x navihti acticate y cecalti R [annotation] çe ya quin otlacat [340] Here is the eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Isabel; she is four years old. Juan has a nephew named Pedro; he is ten years old. Juan’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [child] has just been born. [341] [BJ MA 3, fol. 74r] yzca yc matlaccali omome ytoca franco ycivavh ytoca katharina ypilci ytoca ana ya macuilxivitl y franco oca ycavh ytoca calisto ycivavh ytoca ana ypilva ome ce ytoca maria yexivitl y franco ymil opovali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl totoltetl matlac­ tetl omome tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac y yteq̑ vh q̑ noianechicova288 y franco q̑ maca toribio ahv y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia yn oquicēquixti q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x chicovameti acticate y cecalti R [annotation 1] omoxeloq̄ çe tl[…] cecni oya ca […] ytoca vax[…] yvā. yçivav[h] [cal]pulp[an] […]289 R [annotation 2] Omoxeloq̄ cēcalpulpā oya ytoca calixto yvā290 yçivauh ypilvā omētin 287 Acxotlan was the seventh first-level calpolli of Tepoztlan (BNAH CA 551, fol. 2v). 288 The letters vh of yteq̑ vh have been written over what seems to be an ā, while the crossed out n of q̑ noianechicova has been written over an x. 289 The right margin of the folio has been cut off together with a considerable part of the annotation. 290 There is one erased letter, now illegible, between y and v.

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[341] [BJ MA 3, fol. 74r] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Catalina. His child’s name is Ana; she is five years old. Francisco has a younger brother named Calixto; his wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is three years old. Francisco’s field is forty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, twelve eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [crossed-out “reviewed” mark] [annotation 1] They split. [One person?] went to a different place: his name was Huax[…], along with his wife […] to a calpolli […] [reviewed] [annotation 2] They split. [The person] named Calixto went to another calpolli along with his wife and two children. [342] yzca yc matlaccali omey ytoca luys ycivavh ytoca magdalena y luys ymil cepovali omatlactl ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl matlactetl omome totol291 atle y tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova y franco q̑ maca toribio ahv y toribio q̑ maca [BJ MA 3, fol. 74v] dō pablo q̑cēquixtia yn oq̑cēquixti q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x ometi acticate y cecalty R [342] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Luis; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Luis’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; twelve cacao beans, no eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to [BJ MA 3, fol. 74v] Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [343] yzca yc matlaccali onavih ytoca marti ycivavh ytoca magdalena ypilci ytoca po ya oxivitl y m͞ı͞n oca ycavh ytoca franco ycivavh ytoca maria y m͞ı͞n oca yavih ytoca tecpa292 aho mocateq̑a293 y m͞ı͞n ymil cepovali ocaxtoli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl atle

291 Understand totoltetl. 292 Understand tecapa. 293 Understand mocuateq̑a.

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ytetlacualtil ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacaxtoltetl294 totoltetl chicuetetl tlaoli ye caxitl oteq̑ panova cuavhnavac y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco toribio quimaca toribio ahv y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑ceq̑xtia yn oq̑cēq̑xti q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x chicuacemiti acticate y cecalti R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ ȳ cecalti catca ohocaltiq̄ yaquene ce omiqui çivatl y yavi y m͞ı͞n ce otlacat ypilçin fro [343] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Pedro; he is two years old. Martín has a younger brother named Francisco; his wife’s name is María. Martín has an aunt named Tecapan; she is not baptized. Martín’s field is thirtyfive [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen [cacao beans], eight eggs, three bowls of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, Toribio gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They divided what had been one household. They finally built a house for themselves. One woman died: the aunt of Martín. One [child] was born: a child of Francisco. [344] yzca yc caxtolcali ytoca gōçalo yciva[BJ MA 3, fol. 25r].vh ytoca magdalena ypilva. macuilti. ce ytoca franco. yçivahv. ytoca ana. ȳ goçalo ymil caxtolq̑ vitli. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. y atle ytetlaq̑ ltil. atle ynemapopovaya. ōteq̑ panova y cuavh­ navac ȳ yteq̑ vh. q̑ nechicova franco. q̑ maca toribio avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēquixtia. yn oq̑cēquixti quiva domingo q̑ maca malq̄x. chicuey acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ce ya quin ovala ȳpan ocallaquico ȳ gocalo ytoca migu[el]295 yçi­ vavh ytoca ma çapo[titlan?] ovallevac [344] Here is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Gonzalo; his wife’s [BJ MA 3, fol. 25r] name is Magdalena. He has five children: the first one’s name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Ana. Gonzalo’s field is fifteen rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute [or] the nemapohpohualoni tribute. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends 294 Understand caxtoltetl. 295 The right margin of the folio has been cut off together with several letters of the annotation.

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it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] has just come, he came to enter [the house of] Gonzalo. His name is Miguel; his wife’s name is María. He came from Zapo[titlan?]. [345] yzca yc caxtolcali. oce. ytoca tochtli. hao moq̃ teq̑a yçivavh ytoca maria ypilva yeȳti ce ytoca juā. ya matlacxivitl. ȳ tochtli. ōcate. ycava. omēti. ce ytoca franco. yçivavh. ytoca maria. yc ome. ycavh. ytoca domingo yçivavh ytoca. juāna. . ȳ franco. ōca ymona ytoca tecapa. hao moq̃ teq̑a ȳ tochtli. ymil caxtolq̃ vitli. atle ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetlaq̃ ltil. ye çotl. ynemapopovaya296 ye çotl. atle cacavatli. ōteq̑ panova y cuavhnavac. ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco. q̑ maca toribio. avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia. yn oq̑cēquixti.297 quiva domingo. q̑ maca malq̄x matlacti. acticate. y cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxeloque ȳ cēcaltin catca ohocaltiq̄ ycavā ȳ tochtli cecni omotlatliq̑ ce oy[a]298 tlalnepātla ymonā fro. [345] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Tochtli; he is not baptized. His wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is ten years old. Tochtli has two younger brothers: the first one’s name is Francisco; his wife’s name is María. The name of his second younger brother is Domingo; his wife’s name is Juana. Francisco has a mother-in-law named Tecapan; she is not baptized. Tochtli’s field is fifteen rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth nothing; his tetlacual­ tilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are ten [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] The former household has been divided. The younger brothers of Tochtli built houses for themselves, they settled somewhere else. One [person] went to Tlalnepantla: Francisco’s mother-in-law.299 [346] [BJ MA 3, fol. 25v] yzca yc caxtolcali omome ytoca domingo. yçivavh. ytoca meçia. ypilçi. ytoca magdalena. ya matlacxivitl. ȳ domingo ōca yna. ytoca 296 297 298 299

There is one erased letter, now illegible, between the second o and v. There are two erased letters, now illegible, between q̑ and c. The letter is no longer there as the right margin has been cut off. Tlalnepantla was the second first-level calpolli of Tepoztlan (BNAH CA 551, fol. 1v). Possibly, the section from #1 to #305 of this volume belongs to the record of Tlalnepantla.

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teycuic hao moq̃ teq̑a ȳ domingo ymil. cēpovali. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetlaq̃ ltil. ye çotl. yne atle ynemapopovaya. cacavatl. caxtoltetli. t totoltetl. chiq̃cetetl. atle tlaoli ōteq̑ panova y cuavhnavac. ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova. franco q̑ maca toribio avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑cēq̑xti q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x naviti. acticate. y cēcaltin R [annotation] ce omiqui ynā catca ȳ domīgo [346] [BJ MA 3, fol. 25v] Here is the seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Mencía. His child’s name is Magdalena; she is ten years old. Domingo has a mother named Teicuic; she is not baptized. Domingo’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his ne he does not [pay] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] died: the late mother of Domingo. [347] yzca yc caxtolcali. omey. ytoca. marcos yçivavh ytoca magdalena ypilva. omēti. ce ytoca domingo ya navhxivitl. ȳ marcos ymil cēpovali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. atle ytetlaq̃ ltil. ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl. caxtoltetl. totoltetl. chiq̃cētetl. atle tlaoli ōteq̑ panova y cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco. q̑ maca toribio avh y toribio. q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑cēq̑xti. q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x. naviti. acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ce ya quin otlacat ȳ ypilçin300 marcos [347] Here is the eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Marcos; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Domingo; he is four years old. Marcos’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [child] has just been born: a child of Marcos. [348] [BJ MA 3, fol. 26r] yzca. yc caxtolcali. onavi. ytoca juā yçivavh ytoca maria. ypilva. yeȳti. ce ytoca magdalena. ya macuilxivitl. y juā. ymil cēpovali ytlacalaq̑ l. 300 There is one erased letter, now illegible, between l and ç.

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ce çotl. atle. ytetlaq̃ ltil ynemapopovaya ye çotl. cacavatl. caxtoltetl. totoltetl. chiq̃cētetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova y cuavhnavhvac. ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco. q̑ maca toribio avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo. q̑cōq̑xtia yn oq̑cēquixti. q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] çe ya quin ovalla ycavh ytoca thomas comolivhcā ovallevac [348] [BJ MA 3, fol. 26r] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. He has three children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is five years old. Juan’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person] has just come: his younger brother named Tomás. He came from Comoliuhcan.301 [349] yzca yc cacētecpācali. ytoca juā. yçivavh ytoca magdalena y juā ōca ycavh ytoca maria. ya macuilxivitl. y juā. ymil cēpovali. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetlaq̃ ltil ye çotl. atle ynemapopovaya. cacavatl caxtoltetl. totoltetl. chicuicnavhtetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova y cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova. franco. q̑ maca toribio. avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo. q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑ceq̑xti. q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x yeȳti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ce omocchoti tlalnepātla ycavh y juā [349] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Juan has a younger sister named María; she is five years old. Juan’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; he does not [pay] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One woman got married in Tlalnepantla: the younger sister of Juan.302

301 The record of the calpolli of Comoliuhcan begins with #130 of this volume (BJ MA 3, fol. 32r). 302 See this chapter, p. 316, n. 299.

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[350] yzca yc cēcali. ytoca juā yçivavh ytoca maria. ypilva omēti ce ytoca maria. ya macuilxivitl. y juā ymil cēpovali. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetlaq̃ l[BJ MA 3, fol. 26v]til ye çotl. atle ynemapopovaya. cacavatl. caxtoltetl. totoltetl chicuic­ navhtetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova y cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco. q̑ maca toribio avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo. q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑cēq̑xti. q̑ va domingo. q̑ maca malq̄x. naviti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ce quin otlacat ȳ ypilçin jo. [350] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is five years old. Juan’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute [BJ MA 3, fol. 26v] is three measures of cloth; he does not [pay] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; fifteen cacao beans, nine eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [child] has just been born: a child of Juan. [351] yzca yc ōcali. ytoca marcos yçivavh ytoca magdalena ypilçi. ytoca ana ya matlacxivitl. ȳ marcos ōca ycavh. ytoca domingo yçivavh ytoca maria. y marcos. ymil cēpovali. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetlaq̃ ltil ye çotli303 atle canavac. cacavatli. caxtoltetl. totoltetl. chiq̃cētetli. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova. y cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco. q̑ maca toribio avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo. q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑cēq̑xti. q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [351] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Marcos; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Ana; she is ten years old. Marcos has a younger brother named Domingo; his wife’s name is María. Marcos’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; no narrow sheets of cotton cloth. Fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [352] yzca yq̄cali ytoca luis yçivavh ytoca magdalena ypilhva omēti ce ytoca po. ya macuilxivitl. ȳ luis ymil cēpovali. ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl. atle ytetlaqualtil. ynema­ popovaya ye çotl. cacavatl. caxtoltetl. totoltetl. chiq̃cētetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova 303 Understand çotl.

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cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechivova franco. q̑ maca toribio avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia. yn oq̑cēq̑xti q̑ va domingo. q̑ maca malq̄x. navinti. acticate y cēcaltin R [352] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Luis; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has two children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is five years old. Luis’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute; his nemapohpo­ hualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [353] [BJ MA 3, fol. 27r] yzca yc navhcali. ytoca domingo yçivavh ytoca ana ȳ domingo ymil. cepovali. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. atle ytetlaq̃ ltil ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavatl caxtoltetl. totoltetl. chiq̃cētetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco. q̑ maca. toribio. avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑cēq̑xti. q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x omēti. cacticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ce ypilçin ya quin otlacat [353] [BJ MA 3, fol. 27r] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Ana. Domingo’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are two [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One child has just been born to him. [354] yzca yc macuilcali ytoca juā yçivavh. ytoca magdalena ypilva macuilti. ce ytoca luys. yçivavh ytoca mã. y juā ymil matlaq̃ vitl. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetlaq̃ ltil. ye cotl.304 atle ynemapopovaya cacavatl. matlactetli. omome. totoltetl. chiq̃cētetl. atle tlaoli ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco. q̑ maca toribio avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑cēq̑xti. q̑ va. domingo q̑ maca malq̄x chi­ cuey. acticate. y cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ çā cēcalti catca ohocaltiq̄ luys yçivavh ytoca ma. [354] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has five children: the first one’s name is Luis; 304 Understand çotl.

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his wife’s name is María. Juan’s field is ten rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; he does not [pay] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; twelve cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] What was just one household, has been divided: Luis and his wife named María have built a house for themselves. [355] yzca yc chiq̃cēcali. ytoca marcos yçivavh. yt ytoca maria ypilva. omēti. ce ytoca ana. ya chicuicnavhxivitl. ȳ marcos ymil macuilq̃ vitl. atle y atle ytlacalaq̑ l ytetlaq̃ ltil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya. ye çotl. cacavhatl. matlactetl. omome. totoltetl. chiq̃cētetl. atle tlaoli ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova. franco. q̑ maca toribio. avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia yn oq̑ceq̑xti q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x navinti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] çān ipā ovalcalac ȳ marcos luys yvā yçivavh [355] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Marcos; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Ana; she is nine years old. His field is five rods. He does not [pay] He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; twelve cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Luis and his wife entered [the house of] Marcos. [356] [BJ MA 3, fol. 27v] yzca yc chicōcali. ytoca domingo yçivavh. ytoca mã. ypilva omēti ce ytoca juā yçivavh ytoca magdalena ȳ domingo ymil caxtolq̃ vitli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetlalq̃ til ye çotl. atle. ynemapopovaya cacavatl. chicuic­ navhtetl. totoltetl. chiq̃cētetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova. cuavhnavhnavac.305 ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco. q̑ maca toribio avh y toribio. q̑ maca dō pablo. q̑cēq̑xq̑ tia. yn oq̑cēq̑xti q̑ va domingo. q̑ maca malq̄x macuilti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ comolivhcā oya ytoca juā yvā yçivavh [356] [BJ MA 3, fol. 27v] Here is the seventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Domingo’s field is fifteen 305 Understand cuavhnavac.

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rods. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; he does not [pay] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; nine cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. One [person] named Juan and his wife went to Comoliuhcan. [357] yzca yc chicuecali. ytoca domingo yçivavh ytoca magdalena ypilçi ytoca. tecapa. hao moq̃ teq̑a ya q̑n otlacat. y domingo ōca. ymona ytoca/ ana y domingo ymil cepovali. omatlacti. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetlaq̃ ltil ye çotl ynemapopovaya ye çotl. cacavatl. caxtoltetl. totoltetl. chiq̃cētetl. y tlaoli ye chiq̑ vitl. ōteq̑ panova cuavh­ navac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco. q̑ maca toribio avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xq̑ tia yn oq̑cēq̑xti. q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x navinti. acticate y cēcaltin R [357] Here is the eighth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Tecapan; she is not baptized; she has just been born. Domingo has a mother-in-law; her name is Ana. Domingo’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetla­ cualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, three baskets of shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [358] yzca yc chicuicnavhcali. ytoca aol yçivavh ytoca ana ypilçi ytoca franco. ya oxivitl. ȳ aol. ōca ycavh ytoca martin yçivavh. ytoca mã. ȳ aol ōca yna ytoca tecapa. hao moq̃ teq̑a ȳ aol ymil cēpuali omatlactli. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetlaq̃ ltil ye çotl/ atle ynemapopovaya cacavatl. caxtoltetl totoltetl [BJ MA 3, fol. 28r] chicuicnavhtetl. atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova. franco. q̑ maca toribio avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xq̑ tia yn oq̑ceq̑xti. q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x. chiq̃cemi acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ce omiqui ytoca m͞ı͞n ȳ yçivavh oyaq̄ atēco [358] Here is the ninth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Alonso; his wife’s name is Ana. His child’s name is Francisco; he is two years old. Alonso has a younger brother named Martín; his wife’s name is María. Alonso has a mother named Tecapan; she is not baptized. Alonso’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; he does not [pay] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; fifteen Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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cacao beans, nine eggs, [BJ MA 3, fol. 28r] no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person], named Martín, died. His wife went to Atenco. [359] yzca yc matlaccali. ytoca po. yçivavh. ytoca mã. ȳ po. ōca yvepol ytoca ana ya matlacxivitl. y po. ymil cēpovali. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetlaq̃ ltil ye çotl. atle ynemapopovaya cacavatl. caxtoltetl. totoltetl chiq̃cētetl. atle tlaoli ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova franco. q̑ maca toribio avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xq̑ tia yn oq̑cēq̑xti. q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x. yeȳti acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ce ya quin ovalla ytoca magdalena [359] Here is the tenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro; his wife’s name is María. Pedro has a sister-in-law named Ana; she is ten years old. Pedro’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; he does not [pay] the nemapohpohualoni tribute; fifteen cacao beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are three [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] One [person], named Magdalena, has just come. [360] yzca yc matlaccali. oce ytoca domingo yçivavh ytoca magdalena ȳ domingo ōca ycavh ytoca thomas yçivavh ytoca mã ypilva omēti. ce ytoca juā ya on macuil­xivitl. ȳ domingo ymil cēpovali omacuili ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl atle ytetlaq̃ ltil. ynemapopovaya ye çotl. cacavatl caxtoltetl. totoltetl. chiq̃cētetl atle tlaoli. ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh/ q̑ nechicova franco q̑ maca toribio avh y toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xq̑ tia yn oq̑cēq̑xti. q̑ va. domingo. q̑ maca malq̄x. chiquacemi acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ocholoq̄ çe oya tepetlapa yn ȳtoca domīngo çe oya tlalecovhcā ȳvā yçivavh omēti ypilhvā avh ȳ domīgo çā no quicavhta ȳ yçivavh [360] Here is the eleventh house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. Domingo has a younger brother named Tomás; his wife’s name is María. [Tomás] has two children: the first one’s name is Juan; he is two five years old. Domingo’s field is twenty-five [units]. His tla­ calaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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beans, six eggs, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Francisco collects it, gives it to Toribio and Toribio gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They have fled. One, named Domingo, went to Tepetlapan.306 One [person], together with his wife and two children, went to Tlalcouhcan.307 As for Domingo, he also left his wife when going away. [BJ MA 3, fol. 28v] yzcate. ycniva toribio. mexicatl tecuitl. [BJ MA 3, fol. 28v] Here are the renters of Toribio Mexicatecuhtli. [361] yzca yc matlaccali omome. ytoca diego yçivavh ytoca mã. ȳ diego ōca ymona. ytoca juana. ypilçi ytoca juā ya matlacxivitl. y diego ōca yçin ytoca mecia ça ycnocivatl. y mecia ōca yxvivh. ytoca ana. ȳ diego ymil opovali. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetlaq̃ ltil. ye çotl ynemapopova ye çotl atlc atle cacavatl. . ōteq̑ panova ncuavh­ navac ȳ yteq̑ vh. q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xq̑ tia yn oq̑cēq̑xti. q̑ va. domingo q̑ maca malq̄x chiq̃cēcali.mi. acticate. y cēcaltin R [361] Here is the twelfth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Diego; his wife’s name is María. Diego has a mother-in-law; her name is Juana. Her child’s name is Juan; he is ten years old. Diego has a grandmother named Mencía; she is just a widow. Mencía has a grandchild named Ana. Diego’s field is forty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacual­ tilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; no cacao beans. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are six house [people] in the household. [reviewed] [362] yzca yc matlaccali. omey. ytoca juā yçivavh. ytoca maria. ypilva. ometi ce ytoca magdalena ya chicōxivitl. y juā ōca ymona ytoca isabel ypilva yeȳti. ce ytoca yfaranco yçivavh ytoca ana yc ome. ytoca Katharina ça ycnoçivatl ypilçi. ytoca m͞ı͞n ya ce xivitl. yq̄ y. ytoca po. ya matlacxivitl omey. y juā ymil. opovali omatlactli. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetlaq̃ ltil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya ye çotl cacavatl c caxtoltetl. atle totoltetl. . ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac [BJ MA 3, fol. 29r] ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xq̑ tia yn oq̑cēq̑xti q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x matlac­ti. acticate ȳ cēcaltin R

306 Tepetlapan was the ninth first-level calpolli of Tepoztlan (BNAH CA 551, fol. 3r). 307 Tlalcouhcan was the sixth first-level calpolli of Tepoztlan (BNAH CA 551, fol. 2v).

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[362] Here is the thirteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is seven years old. Juan has a mother-in-law; her name is Isabel. She has three children: the first one’s name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Ana. The second [child’s] name is Catalina; she is just a widow; her child’s name is Martín; he is one year old. The third [child’s] name is Pedro; he is thirteen years old. Juan’s field is fifty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans, but no eggs. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. [BJ MA 3, fol. 29r] As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are ten [people] in the household. [reviewed] [363] yzca yc matlaccali. onavi ytoca luis yçivavh ytoca magdalena ypilva yeȳti. ce ytoca juā. yçivavh. ytoca maria ȳ luis ymil cepovali. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl atle ytetlaq̃ ltil. cacavatl. caxtoltetl atle tlaoli ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova. toribio q̑ maca dō pablo. q̑cēq̑xq̑ tia yn oq̑cēq̑xti. q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x mactuilti308 acticate. y cēcaltin R [annotation] omētin oyaq̄. cēcalpulpā ytocayocā quauhq̑q̑zecā ytoca juā. tlaztal. yçivauh. ytoca. ma. teycuic. no ōmēti ya quin ovalaq̄ ochpāco. ovalevaq̄. ytoca juā nauhyotl yçivauh ytoca ma teycuic yvā ypilçin yq̄ ȳtin. [363] Here is the fourteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Luis; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Juan; his wife’s name is María. Luis’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute; fifteen cacao beans, but no shelled maize. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] went to a calpolli called Cuauhquiquiceccan: [the person] named Juan Tlaztal and his wife named María Teicuic. Also, two [people] have just came from Ochpanco. Those who came are [a person] named Juan Nauhyotl, his wife named María Teicuic, and his child: three [people]. [364] yzca yc caxtolcali. ytoca miguel yçivavh ytoca magdalena. ypilçi ytoca m͞ı͞n ya oxivitl. ȳ miguel. ōca ycavh ytoca aol yçivavh. ytoca mã. y miguel ōca ytex ytoca 308 Understand macuilti.

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juā. y miguel. ymil cēpovali ytlacalaq̑ l. ce çotl. ytetlaq̃ ltil ye cotl.309 ynemapopo­ vaya ye çotl cacavatli. caxtoltetl. ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xq̑ tia. yn oq̑ceq̑xti. q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malq̄x chiq̃cemi acticate. y cēcaltin R [annotation] omētin oyaq̄ telçanipā calpuli ytoca. juā tlali yçivauh ytoca ma agdalena xoco [364] Here is the fifteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Martín; he is two years old. Miguel has a younger brother named Alonso; his wife’s name is María. Miguel has a brother-in-law named Juan. Miguel’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacala­ quilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] went to the calpolli of Telzanipan: [the person] named Juan Tlalli and his wife named Magdalena María Xocoh. [365] yzca yc caxtolcali. oce ytoca po. yçi[BJ MA 3, fol. 29v]vavh. ytoca mã y po. ocate ycavha310 ytoca domingo yçivavh. ytoca mã ypilva omēti. ce ytoca ana ya macuilxivitl / ynic vmey ycahv ytoca franco ōca yna ytoca .ma. y po. ymil cepuali ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl atle ytetlacualtyl. a&c. oteq̑ panova y cuahvnavac yteq̑ hv quinechicova p toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑ceq̑xtya yn oq̑ceq̑xty q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malquex chicuey actycate y cecali R [annotation] omuxeloq̄ çā cecaltin catca ohocaltiq̄ ce omiq̑ [365] Here is the sixteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Pedro, his [BJ MA 3, fol. 29v] wife’s name is María. Pedro has a younger brother has younger brothers. His name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. He has two children: the first one’s name is Ana; she is five years old. The name of his third [sic] younger brother is Francisco. He has a mother named María. Pedro’s field is twenty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; he does not [pay] the tetlacualtilli tribute; no etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed]

309 Understand çotl. 310 The scribe first wrote oca ycavh. Then he corrected this to ocate ycavha.

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[annotation] What was just one household has been divided. They (or: he) have built a house for themselves. One [person] died. [366] yzca yc caxtolcali omome ytoca xp̃ oval ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva navyty ce ytoca magdalena y yoq̑ch ytoca domingo y xp̃ oval ymil cepuali oma­ cuili ytlaca atle y&c. ytetlacualtyl e çotl ynemapopovaya c͞e. cacavatl caxtotoltetl oteq̑ panova y cuahvnavac yteq̑ hv q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑ceq̑xtya yn oq̑ceq̑xty q̑ va domingo q̑ maca malquex chicome actycate y caecali. [annotation] quauhq̑quizecā. oyaq̄ mochintin. [366] Here is the seventeenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Cristóbal; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has four children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; her husband’s name is Domingo. Cristóbal’s field is twenty-five [units]. He does not [pay] etc., his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is one [measure of cloth]; fifteen cacao beans. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who gives it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [annotation] Everyone went to Cuauhquiquiceccan. [367] yzca yc caxtolcali omey ytoca goçalo ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilva eyty ce ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca .ma. ypilçin ytoca ana ya nahvxivitl y goçalo ymil cepuali omatlactli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtyl e çotl atle y&c cacavatl caxtoltetl oteq̑ pano311 y cuahvnavac. yteq̑ hv q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo [BJ MA 3, fol. 30r] q̑ceq̑xtya yn oq̑ceq̑xty q̑ va domingo comaca malquex chicome actycate y cecali R [annotation] çe ya quin ovala ytoca fro. chimal yçivavh ytoca juana teycuic comoliuhcā ovallevac oc ce ya no no [sic] valla ymona ȳ domīgo ytoca magdalena [367] Here is the eighteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Gonzalo; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Domingo. His wife’s name is María; his child’s name is Ana; she is four years old. Gonzalo’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; he does not [pay] etc. Fifteen cacao beans. He goes (or: went) to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, [BJ MA 3, fol. 30r] who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] 311 Understand oteq̑ panova.

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[annotation] One [person] has just come; his name is Francisco Chimal; his wife’s name is Juana Teicuic. He came from Comoliuhcan. Also, another [person] has come: the mother-in-law of Domingo, her name is Magdalena. [368] yzca yc caxtolcali onavy ytoca do miguel ycivahv ytoca ana ypilva omety ce ytoca magdalena ya chicuexivitl y miguel oca ytex ytoca domingo ycivahv ytoca ysabel ypilva omety ce ytoca .ma. ya chicuacexivitl ymil y miguel ymil cepuali .a&c. oteq̑ panova y cuahvnavac chicuey actycate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ çā cēcaltin catca ohocaltiq̄ [368] Here is the nineteenth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Miguel; his wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is eight years old. Miguel has a brother-in-law named Domingo; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has two children: the first one’s name is María; she is six years old. His field Miguel’s field is twenty [units]. He does not [pay] etc. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] What was just one household has been divided. They built a house for themselves. [369] yzca yc cetecpacali ydotoca domingo ycivahv ytoca ana ypilcin ytoca .ma. ya ce xivitl y domingo oca ytex ytoca miguel ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilcin ytoca jua ya exivitl y domingo ymil cepuali ōcaxtoli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ynemapopovaya c͞e.312 cacavatl caxtoltetl oteq̑ panova y cuahvnavac. yteq̑ hv quinechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑ceq̑xtya yn oq̑ceq̑xty q̑ va domingo comaca malquex chicuacemi actycate y cecali R [annotation] omoxeloq̄ omocaltilliq̄ çā cēcalti catca çe ya quin ovalla piltōtli ytoca po. xivhtli. [369] Here is the twentieth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Domingo; his wife’s name is Ana. His child’s name is María; she is one year old. Domingo has a brother-in-law named Miguel; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Juan; he is three years old. Domingo’s field is thirty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his nemapohpohua­ loni tribute is one measure of cloth; fifteen cacao beans. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who goes to give it to the Marqués. There are six [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] What was just one household has been divided, they built a house for themselves. One child has just come, his name is Pedro Xiuhtli. 312 An abbreviation for ce çotl.

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[370] yzca cecali ytoca marcos ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilcin ytoca ana ya oxivitl y marcos ocate ycava omety ce ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivahv ytoca ana. / yc ome ytoca jua ōca yna ytoca yxtlavac aho moq̃ tequia y marcos ymil cepuali omatlactli ytlacala[quil]313 ce çotl ytetlacualtyl e çotl ynemapopovaya c͞e. cacavatl caxtoltetl oteq̑ panova y cuahv [sic] y cuahvnavac. yteq̑ hv q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑ceq̑xtya yn oq̑ce[quix]ty coniva domingo comaca malq̄x chicome actycate [y ce]cali R [annotation] omētin omiq̄ çivauh314 ce oya calpulpā tlalnepātlā [370] Here is the first house. [The head of the household’s] name is Marcos; his wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Ana; she is two years old. Marcos has two younger brothers. The first one’s name is Martín; his wife’s name is Ana. The second one’s name is Juan. [Marcos] has a mother named Ixtlahuac; she is not baptized. Marcos’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is one [measure of cloth]; fifteen cacao beans. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he goes to send it to Domingo, who goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Two [people] died. One woman (or: wife) went to the calpolli of Tlalnepantla.315 [371] [BJ MA 3, fol. 30v] yzca yc cocali316 ytoca m͞ı͞n ycivahv ytoca magdalena ypilcin ytoca ana ya chicuacexivitl y m͞ı͞n ōcate ycava ce ytoca domingo. ycivahv ytoca .ma. yc ome ytoca po. ycivahv ytoca katharina y m͞ı͞n ymil cēpuali ocaxtoli ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl ytetlacualtyl. e çotl ynemapopovaya e çotl cacavatl caxtoltetl oteq̑ panova y cuahvnavac yteq̑ hv q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca do pablo q̑ceq̑xtya yn oq̑ceq̑xty coniva domingo comaca malquex. chicome actycate y cecali. R [annotation] omoxeloq̄. y cēcali. ōcaltin omochiuhque ytoca domingo. çivatla­ tova. yçivauh ytoca ma tecapā [371] [BJ MA 3, fol. 30v] Here is the second house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín. His wife’s name is Magdalena. His child’s name is Ana; she is six years old. Martín has younger brothers. The first one’s name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. The second one’s name is Pedro; his wife’s name is 313 The right margin of the folio has been damaged, rendering the endings of several lines illegible. 314 It should be either yçivauh, “his wife” or çivatl, “woman.” 315 See this chapter, p. 316, n. 299. 316 Understand oncali.

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Catarina. Martín’s field is thirty-five [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nema­ pohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he goes to send it to Domingo, who goes to give it to the Marqués. There are seven [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. Of one household they became two. The name [of the new household head] is Domingo Cihuatlahtoa; his wife’s name is María Tecapan. [372] yzca yq̄cali. ytoca margos yçivavh ytoca. magdalena. ypilva yeȳti ce ytoca po. ya matlacxivitl. y marcos. ōca ycavh ytoca franco. yçivavh. ytoca ana ypilçi. ytoca domingo ya oxivitl y macos317 ymil cepuali. omatlactli. ytlacalaq̑ l ce çotl. ytetla­cualtil ye çotl. ynemapopovaya ye çotl. cacavatl. caxtoltetl. ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac ȳ yteq̑ vh q̑ nechicova toribio q̑ maca dō pablo q̑cēq̑xtia. yn oq̑cēq̑xti q̑ va domingo comaca malq̄x chicuey acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxelloque y cēcalli ōcaltin omochiuhque.318 [the rest of the page left blank] [372] Here is the third house. [The head of the household’s] name is Marcos; his wife’s name is Magdalena. He has three children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is ten years old. Marcos has a younger brother named Francisco; his wife’s name is Ana. His child’s name is Domingo; he is two years old. Marcos’s field is thirty [units]. His tlacalaquilli tribute is one measure of cloth; his tetla­ cualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; his nemapohpohualoni tribute is three measures of cloth; fifteen cacao beans. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. As for his tribute, Toribio collects it and gives it to Don Pablo, who gathers it together. Once gathered, he sends it to Domingo, who goes to give it to the Marqués. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. Of one household they became two. [BJ MA 3, fol. 31r] yzcate tlaxique. ōcaltin [BJ MA 3, fol. 31r] Here are the carpenters: two households. [373] yzca yc navhcali. ytoca franco. yçivavh. ytoca isabel ypilva omēti. ce ytoca po. ya chicoxivitl ȳ franco ōcate ycava omēti. ce ytoca domingo yçivavh. ytoca maria 317 Understand marcos. 318 The annotation is followed by a mark, which may be a signature or a proof of revision different from the usual mark.

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ypilçi. ytoca juā. ya oxivitl. yc ome ycavh. ytoca martin ya caxtolxivitl y franco. ymil ōpuali. omacuili. atle ytlacalaq̑ l. çā quixcavia. ȳ tlaxima. oteq̑ panova cuavh­ navac y chicuey. acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] omoxeloq̄. y cēcali ōcaltin omochiuhque. [373] Here is the fourth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Francisco; his wife’s name is Isabel. He has two children: the first one’s name is Pedro; he is seven years old. Francisco has two younger brothers. The first one’s name is Domingo; his wife’s name is María. His child’s name is Juan; he is two years old. The name of his second younger brother is Martín; he is fifteen years old. Francisco’s field is forty-five [units]. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; he only does carpentry. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are eight [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They split. Of one household they became two. [374] yzca yc macuilcali. ytoca juāol319 yçivavh ytoca ana ypilva omēti. ce ytoca juana. ya navhxivitl. ȳ aol320 ymil cēpuali omacuili. y atle ytlacalaq̑ l. çā q̑xcavia. ȳ tlaxima. ōteq̑ panova cuavhnavac. navinti. acticate y cēcaltin R [annotation] ja oca321 [374] Here is the fifth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Alonso Juan; his wife’s name is Ana. He has two children: the first one’s name is Juana; she is four years old. Alonso’s field is twenty-five [units]. His He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; he only does carpentry. He goes to work to Cuauhnahuac. There are four [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] Juan is there. a. Annotation to #373.

Figure 13.1

b. A doodle at the bottom of fol. 31r.

Unusual annotations on Ms. Amer. 3, fol. 31r

319 The original scribe wrote aol for Alonso. The annotator then crossed out ol, added ju and drew a tilde over a. 320 Here the name Alonso has not been corrected to Juan. 321 Possibly, this annotation was made by a person from outside the body of sixteenthcentury scribes working on the manuscript. It somewhat resembles nineteenth-century handwriting, although it is too brief to be sure. Below it, there are three letters (UAJ?) barely visible, but the color of the ink looks similar to the one used in the annotation (Fig. 11.2a). Finally, at the bottom of the folio, a similar ink was used to write several poorly legible letters, which may be dtuay, but not necessarily (Fig. 11.2b).

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xochmilco ycha [375] yzca yc chicuacecali ytoca marti ycivavh ytoca mecia ypilva yeyti ce ytoca magdalena ya navhxivitl y m͞ı͞n ymil ocuavhtli ytetlacualtil ye çotl atle yne&c cacavatl chicuacetetl atle yto&c y ȳteq̑ vh q̑ maca franco macuilti acticate y cecali R [annotation] ya quin ovalaq̄ cēcalpulpā ytocayoca. ochpāco322 ytoca domingo. yaotl. omēti. A person from Xochimilco [lit. Xochimilco is his home]. [375] Here is the sixth house. [The head of the household’s] name is Martín; his wife’s name is Mencía. He has three children: the first one’s name is Magdalena; she is four years old. Martín’s field is two rods. His tetlacualtilli tribute is three measures of cloth; he does not [pay] the nemapohpohualoni etc.; six cacao beans, but no etc. As for his tribute, he gives it to Francisco. There are five [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] They have just come from a calpolli called Ochpanco: [a person] named Domingo Yaotl [along with?] two [people]. [BJ MA 3, fol. 31v] [blank] Unidentified Calpolli 3 [376] [BJ MA 3, fol. 75r] co323 ynipilçin ça ce ytoca tochtl[y aho]324 moquatequia y domingo oca ycavh ytoca juan yçivavh ytoca maria y domingo ymil cepovali omatlactl atle q̑ ytlacalaq̑ l ça quixcaviya y tlaxima matlacti acticate y cecaltin R [annotation] piltōtli ya q̑ n otlacat325 [376] [BJ MA 3, fol. 75r] (S?)he has just one child, his name is Tochtli; he is not baptized. Domingo has a younger brother named Juan; his wife’s name is María. Domingo’s field is thirty [units]. He does not [pay] the tlacalaquilli tribute; he only does carpentry. There are ten [people] in the household. [reviewed] [annotation] A child has just been born. [BJ MA 3, fol. 75v] [blank]

322 Between och and pāco, there are four crossed-out letters that are now illegible. 323 The beginning of this word has been lost together with a piece of paper torn off the topleft corner of folio 75. 324 These letters have been lost together with pieces of paper torn off the top-left and right corners of folio 75. 325 The rest of the folio was blank; it has been torn off.

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Transcription and Translation

333

Bibliography Cappelli, Adriano (1982), The Elements of Abbreviation in Medieval Latin Paleography, trans. David Heimann and Richard Kay, Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Libraries. Karttunen, Frances (1992), An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Lockhart, James (1992), The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

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Index Acapixtla 4–5 Acxotlan (calpolli in Tepoztlan) 33, 39, 46, 118, 121–122, 313 Almindes Cherino, Pedro 5–6 Alonso (head of the village Cuayohuacan)  42, 101, 183–191 altepetl 4–5, 39, 45, 65, 118, 125–126, 153 land ownership in 128, 132 relation to calpolli 37, 72, 112–115, 125, 147  relation to tlayacatl 113 term 4n2, 38n2  See also Cuauhchichinollan; Cuauhnahuac; Huaxtepec; Huitzillan; Tepoztlan Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de 131 Amaquemecan 113–114 Amatlan (calpolli in Tepoztlan) 33, 39, 45–46, 118, 122 annotations 38, 40, 45, 59, 62, 73n7, 74, 81, 97, 155 as posterior to the main text 62, 64, 67, 72–76, 106–107 births and deaths in 74, 84, 97, 107–109, 158, 164, 183–188, 192–194, 203, 211–230, 233–239, 243–246, 249–252, 259–264, 268–279, 283–297, 302–323, 326–329, 332 general content 38, 83–84, 97 handwriting 49, 56–59, 62, 156 household divisions in 84, 97, 106–107, 158, 160–162, 188, 196–197, 200–201, 205–206, 208, 232-233, 241, 246, 281, 287, 292–293, 312–314, 321–322, 329–331 marriages in 97, 105, 186, 190, 211–218, 221–222, 228, 230, 237–239, 258, 260, 264–267, 277, 283–284, 318 migrations in 45–46, 97, 105–107, 118–120, 158–162, 177–179, 184–193, 196–200, 204–205, 208–210, 215, 223, 232–236, 239–243, 247–248, 253–257, 260–263, 268–274, 281–282, 286–288, 292, 303–304, 307–318, 321–329 to the Codex of Santa María Asunción 64, 67, 74

Atenco (calpolli) 120, 158, 210, 294, 323  Atlixco 31 Autograph Collection 21 Aztec 1, 4, 6, 29, 31, 101, 113, 124–125, 130 state 4, 8, 39, 113 term 4n3 Bach, Johann Sebastian 20, 22 Bankmann, Ulf 26–28, 30, 45 basket (unit of measurement) See chiquihuitl Baumgart, Jan 21 Beethoven, Ludwig van 20, 22 Berlin 15–16, 21–22, 26–29, 32, 45, 74–75 Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM, Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing) 28 Churfürstliche Bibliothek (Library of the Elector, 1661–1700) 15 Collections of the Former Prussian State Library in Berlin see Berlinka Collection Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut (IAI, IberoAmerican Institute) 30–31, 33 Königliche Bibliothek (Royal Library, 1701–1918) 15n3, 29, 40 Königliches Museum (Royal Museum) 27 Preussische Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (Prussian State Library in Berlin, 1914–1918) 15–17 Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preussischer Kulturbesitz (SBB, Berlin State Library) 15n4, 16–17, 19, 21–22, 26, 28, 29n5, 30–31, 40, 74–75 Berlinka Collection 15, 18–23, 27 Beuron Abbey 26 bigamy See polygamy Bijak, Rafał 18 Boturini Benaduci, Lorenzo 1, 32–33, 74, 76 bowl (unit of measurement) See caxitl Brahms, Johannes 20 braza (unit of measurement) 82, 136, 150

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Brito de Guadarrama, Baltasar 32n15 Buschmann, Johann Carl 29 cacao beans 37, 68, 81, 83, 91, 137, 139–143, 151, 165–179, 183–208, 211–332 Calihtec (calpolli in Tepoztlan) organization and leadership 39–41, 115, 117–118, 121–123, 296n257 census section 33, 41, 45–46, 70, 72, 74, 114–115, 121 migrations to 256 within Tepoztlan’s administrative structure 39, 117, 122, 256n142 Calnahuac (calpolli) 120 Calpolixpan (village in Tepoztlan) 117–118, 311 calpolli  as sections in the census 37, 39, 41–47, 59–61, 72, 74–75, 115 headings in the census 42–43, 59, 72, 115–118, 165, 210, 302 internal organization 46, 84, 114, 116–119, 121–123, 125–127 leadership see tlapachoa migrations between and within see annotations: migrations in multi-level hierarchy in Tepoztlan  39–40, 42–44, 46, 114–118, 120–122, 125, 147 relationship to altepetl 112–114, 118, 125 term 38n2, 112–114, 147 translated as “barrio” 67, 147, 296 See also Calihtec; centecpantli; chinamitl; christianization; Comoliuhcan; Ixtlahuacan; Tlacatecpan; Tlalnepantla; tlaxilacalli Caltonco (calpolli) 107, 120, 185, 187, 236, 240, 253, 263 canahuac (type of cloth) 37, 138–140, 147–149, 151, 231, 245, 260, 269–270, 292, 319 Carabobo (Venezuelan state) 27 Carlos I, king of Spain 5–7, 65–66 carpenters 37–38, 44–45, 83, 92, 126, 137, 141, 208–210, 330–332 Carrasco, Pedro  on society 106, 114, 125, 128–131 on the Marquesado census manuscripts  1, 4, 8, 39, 45

on tribute 137–138 publication of the Marquesado census fragments 1–2 caxitl (bowl; unit of measurement) 83, 91, 139–141, 143, 165–178, 183–188, 192–207, 214–223, 227–228, 257–262, 271–282, 289–291, 299–301, 304–315  census BJ (Jagiellonian Library) census fragments 1–2, 4–5, 8–10, 15, 33, 36–47, 49, 54, 59–61, 63, 66, 68, 71–72, 75–76, 81, 84–100, 104–108, 110, 112, 114, 119, 123, 125, 127, 130, 132–133, 138–139, 141–143, 147–149, 151–152, 156–157 BJ Ms. Amer. 3 2–4, 15n1, 26, 29–33, 36, 38, 40–46, 49–58, 60–61, 67, 70, 72–73, 75, 81–82, 84–101, 117, 120, 125–126, 133, 138, 140, 142, 158-296, 313-332 BJ Ms. Amer. 8 2, 4, 15n1, 26–27, 30, 33, 36, 38, 40–44, 49–50, 58, 60–61, 72, 75, 81–82, 84–100, 296-301 BJ Ms. Amer. 10 2, 4, 15n1, 26, 30, 33, 36, 38, 40–43, 46, 49, 51, 54, 60–61, 75, 81–82, 84–100, 117, 120, 304-311 BNAH Col. Antigua vol. 551 (earlier 550)  2, 4, 33, 37–39, 41, 45, 59, 72, 74, 114, 116–117, 120, 123, 126, 128–129, 131, 159n2, 159n5, 189n46–47, 215n85, 256n142, 294n251, 313n287, 316n299, 324n306–307 BnF Manuscrit Mexicain 393 32–33, 37–39, 41–43, 45–47, 58–60, 70–72, 75, 81–82, 84–100, 114–115, 117–118, 120, 128, 137, 141–142, 210n78, 254n142, 296n257, 302–303, 311–312 Codex of Santa María Asunción 63–64, 66–67, 74, 81, 136 Marquesado census 1–2, 7–9, 26–28, 31–33, 36, 40n3, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 58, 63, 74–76, 81–82, 84, 102–103, 106, 108, 114–115, 124, 129–131, 136–139, 143, 152, 155 Spanish censuses 65–67 Tepoztlan census 37, 40–41, 45–47, 63–69, 72–75, 83, 86na, 100, 114–116, 118–120, 123, 125–128, 131, 136–137, 148, 150–152, 155–156

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Index Yauhtepec census 37–38, 40n3, 45, 68, 74, 114, 125, 128, 130, 136, 138–139, 142, 148–151, 153  centecpantli (twenty-household unit) 43, 65, 84, 125–128, 142 Chalco 114, 125 Cherubini, Luigi 20 children 36–39, 64, 74, 81–83, 100–102, 107, 109, 124, 129–130 age of 36, 81–82, 86–87, 101–106, 110 See also marriage: child marriage Chimalpahin, Domingo 4n2, 113–114, 125 chinamitl (administrative unit) 114, 119 chiquihuitl (basket; measurement unit) 71, 83, 91, 141, 166, 183–189, 191–192, 200, 203–205, 212–214, 216–217, 220, 302–303, 307–308, 312, 322 Christianization 8, 27, 65, 108–110, 129 See also names: Christian names Cholula 30, 75 Cline, Sarah L. 2, 9–10, 82, 103–104, 124, 142 on Christianization 108–109 on dating the Marquesado census 8 on tribute 138–139 translation choices 10, 137–138, 147–153 cloaks 138, 140, 142–143, 147–148, 151–153 See also canahuac; cuachtli Colhuacan (calpolli) 120 Collectanea linguistica 21 commoners (macehualtin) 104, 125, 128–129, 131 Comoliuhcan (calpolli in Tepoztlan) census section 40–41, 43, 60–61, 69, 72–73 heading in the census 60, 115, 117, 210 migrations to and from 47, 118, 177, 196, 200, 240, 275, 277, 318, 322, 327–328 organization and leadership 46, 117–122, 126–128, 132, 245 within Tepoztlan’s administrative structure 43–44, 46–47, 115, 117–118, 122 Corchado, Martín (owner of BnF MM 393)  31 Cortés, Don Hernando 4, 9, 34, 63–64, 124, 131

conflicts with the Spanish Crown 5–6, 66 involved in census taking 7, 73 Receiving tribute 47, 115, 123, 125, 151 referred to as “the Marqués” 5, 37–42, 44, 46, 63, 115, 127, 158–330 Cortés, Don Martín 6 çotl (unit of cloth measurement) See zotl Cracow 1, 19, 28  Biblioteka Jagiellońska (BJ, Jagiellonian Library) 1, 16, 18–23, 29n7, 40, 140 Dominican Monastery 19 Uniwersytet Jagielloński (UJ, Jagiellonian University) 19, 22–23 See also Berlinka Collection; Census: Jagiellonian Library census fragments; Manuscripta Americana cuachtli (tribute cloak or cloth) 36, 138, 148–149, 151, 231–232, 245 See also cloaks cuahuitl (rod; unit of measurement) 36, 82–83, 87–88, 127–129, 133, 136, 149, 158–172, 176–182, 189–190, 208–210, 215–257, 265–266, 274, 278–288, 297–298, 315–316, 320­–322, 332 Cuauhchichinollan 5, 106, 108, 124 Cuauhnahuac 4–5, 63, 103, 107, 119 personal service in 4, 37, 81, 83, 92, 137, 140, 152, 158–332 See also Cuernavaca Cuauhquiquiceccan (calpolli) 120, 287–288, 309n283, 311n286, 325, 327 Cuauhtinchan 65, 126 Cuayohuacan (village in Tepoztlan) 117, 122, 183 Cuernavaca 4, 6, 75, 138, 152 See also Cuauhnahuac Danielewski, Angelika 28, 30n10 Delegate of the Ministry of Education in charge of abandoned and neglected book collections 18–19, 21 Díaz Cadena, Ismael 2, 82, 137–138 Dibble, Charles E. and Arthur J.O. Anderson  147–148, 153, 156 Don Diego (tlahtoani of Tepoztlan) 114, 123, 126, 128–129, 131

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Don Martín Tlacatecuhtli (tlahtoani of Cuauhchichinollan) 124 Durán, Fray Diego 64, 102, 104 eggs 37, 68, 81, 83, 90, 139–143, 151, 165–179, 183–207, 211–254, 257–295, 299–325 elders 101, 106, 109 Felipe II, king of Spain 6 Florentine Codex 124, 147, 156 Freytag, Gustav 21 Friedrich Wilhelm (elector of Brandenburg)  16 Friedrich Wilhelm IV (king of Prussia) 29 Gates, Wiliam 28 Gibson, Charles 5–6, 112–113, 120n6, 125–126, 132 Gierek, Edward 22 Gierowski, Józef Andrzej 22 Granicka, Katarzyna 10, 100 Gruda, Szymon 9, 31n14, 49, 63, 157n1, 296n255 Guatemala 67 hens (paid in tribute) 139 Hermann (owner of Ms. Amer. 3) 29, 74 Hertz, Deborah 22n11 Heyse, Paul 21 Hicks, Frederic 38n2, 39, 112, 123, 129, 152 Hinz, Eike et alia 2, 5, 8, 10, 68, 82, 114, 137–139 Hoffmann von Fallersleben, August Heinrich  21 household as tributary unit 6, 10, 36, 38–40, 123, 125, 137, 139–141, 143 generations per 81, 85, 100–102 head of 36–37, 64–66, 68, 84, 101, 109–110, 126, 129, 131, 136–137 kin relationships within and between 81, 84, 97–99, 112–113, 127–128, 148 married couples per 82, 86, 102, 106 members of 36–38, 64, 66, 81–82, 84–85, 97–99, 101–102, 107–108, 128–129 Nahuatl term for 148 number of in administrative units 41, 46, 84, 121–123 See also annotations; centecpantli; land

Huaxtepec 4–5, 7–8, 107 Huexotzinco 81, 125–126 huipilli (woman’s blouse; paid in tribute)  141 Huitzillan 5, 33, 108 Humboldt, Alexander von 21, 29 Humboldt, Wilhelm von 21, 29 icniuhtli (type of dependent) 37, 131–133, 149–150, 324 itech pohui (type of dependency) 37, 131–133, 150, 158, 178–179, 181–182, 207, 244–245, 250, 252–254, 300 Ixtlahuacan (calpolli in Tepoztlan)  census section 41, 43, 45–47, 60–61, 69, 72, 74–75  heading in the census 41–42, 59–60, 115, 117, 302  migrations to and from 46, 210  organization and leadership 42, 82, 126, 128–129, 133  within Tepoztlan’s administrative structure 43–44, 46–47, 75, 115, 117–118, 210n78  Jagiellonian Library See Cracow: Biblioteka Jagiellońska Jaglarz, Monika 9, 15, 20n9, 21, 26, 63 Jaśtal, Katarzyna 15n2, 20n9, 21 John Maurice, Prince of Nassau 20 Johnson, Benjamin 112, 113n4, 124n9 Juan (head of the village Tlatlacapan) 42, 200–207 Juan Xolotecatl (head of the calpolli Comoliuhcan) 42–43, 46, 119, 127–128, 132, 177, 196, 210–296 Juszczyk, Karolina 5, 27 Karsten, Hermann 27 Kleist, Heinrich von 21 Kowalski, Wojciech 22 Krüß, Hugo Andres 15 Krzeszów (Grüssau) 18–19, 21 Książ (Fürstenstein) 16–18, 26 land amount of assigned to a household 10, 36, 38, 81–84, 87–88, 127–130, 133, 136–137, 143 and calpolli 113–114

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Index Cortés’s landholding 4–7, 9, 63, 66–68 documents concerned with 27, 34, 63–64 landowners 125, 127–133 See also cuahuitl; icniuhtli; itech pohui; matl Las Navas, Fray Francisco de 65, 126 Lechowski, Piotr 16, 18–19 Lehmann, Walter 26, 29–31, 33 Lenz, Michael Reinhold 21 León-Portilla Miguel 153 Lockhart, James 4n2, 68n3, 97na, 118, 125, 128, 129n13, 149, 264n164 on calpolli 112–115 on dating the Marquesado census 8 on making the Marquesado census 63 on slaves 130  translation choices 148, 150 Łaskarzewska, Hanna 22 Łódź (city in Poland) 21 macehualtin See commoners Madajczak, Julia 1, 26, 33, 36, 63–64, 65n1, 66n2, 73, 74n8, 112, 139, 147, 155, 158 Madajczak, Rafał 17–18 maize (paid in tribute) 37, 68, 81, 83, 91, 139–143, 151, 165–179, 183–207, 211–296, 299–325 mantas See cloaks; cuachtli Manuscripta Americana 9, 15, 23, 26–28, 29n5, 30, 74–75 Manutius, Aldus 20 Marquesado del Valle de Oaxaca 1, 5–7, 10, 34, 38–39, 63–64, 66–68, 73, 75, 84, 107, 119, 129–133 See also census: Marquesado census marriage 32, 101–105, 113, 129 child marriage 1o, 103–106, 110 See also annotations: marriage in Martínez, Hildeberto 136 matl (unit of measurement) 36, 82–83, 88, 127, 136, 149–150, 225, 260–263, 265–277, 279, 281–283 McCaa, Robert 103–104 Mendelssohn, Felix 20

Mendoza, Don Antonio de 7, 36–37, 66 Mentz, Brígida von  discovery of the BJ census fragments 1, 15n1, 27 on dating the Marquesado census 8 on making the Marquesado census 63, 67 on marriage 103 on population decline 107 publication of BnF MM 393 2 translation choices 137–138 Mexica (ethnic group) 4n3 Mexico City 4, 29, 73, 75  Archivo General de la Nación (AGN, General National Archive) 33–34, 63 Biblioteca Nacional de Antropología e Historia (BNAH, National Library of Anthropology and History) 1–2, 5, 8, 10, 32–33, 37, 40n3, 74, 102, 106 Museo Nacional de Antropología (National Museum of Anthropology) 32 Museo Nacional de México (National Museum of Mexico) 31–32 See also census: BNAH Col. Antigua vol. 551 (earlier 550) Mierzyn (village in Poland) 26  Miguel (head of the village Teocaltitlan)  132, 152, 165 Mikulska, Katarzyna 28n3, 63 mobility See annotations: migrations in Molina, Fray Alonso de 112, 123–124, 133, 147–148, 150, 152–153 Molotecatl tecuhtli 128–129  Molotlan (calpolli in Tepoztlan) 40, 116, 119, 121, 123, 128, 189 Molotlan (calpolli in the Yauhtepec region)  2, 5, 33, 108 Morelos (Mexican state) 4, 112, 119, 133 Motolinia, Fray Toribio de Benavente  129–130 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 20, 22 names (personal) 29, 31, 39, 42, 66, 82, 92 Christian names 36–37, 68, 81, 83, 92–93, 96, 108–109, 132, 157 Nahuatl names 36–37, 81, 83, 94–96, 108, 114, 124n9, 132, 157

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nemapohpohualoni (type of cloth) 138–139, 148, 150–151 nemapohpohualoni (type of tribute) 36, 68–69, 71, 81, 90, 137–143, 148, 150–152, 165–179, 183–207, 211–332 noblemen (pipiltin) 63, 67, 104, 109, 125–126, 128–129, 132, 207 Nochtlan (village in Tepoztlan) 73, 115, 117–119, 122, 248, 271 Nöller, Renate 28, 30n10

Prem, Hanns 2, 102–104 Prussian Treasure 18–19, 21 See also Berlinka Collection Pruszyński, Jan 19n6, 22 puberty 103–105 See also children: age of Puebla (Mexican state) 125 Puerto Cabello (Venezuela) 27

Ochpanco (calpolli) 120, 239, 325, 332 Olfers, Ignaz von 27 Omont, Henri 31

Ramírez de Fuenleal, Sebastían 7 Ramírez, José Fernando 31–33 real (monetary unit) 143 revision marks 38, 41, 45, 58–59, 62, 73n7, 155, 158–254, 257–332 Ritter, Carl (owner of Ms. Amer. 10) 30–31 rod (unit of measurement) See cuahuitl Rojas, José Luis de 7n4, 9–10, 68n3, 81, 124, 127n10, 136, 138–140, 143, 147, 153, 155, 158 Rojas Rabiela, Teresa 126 Ryskamp, George 66

Panchimalco (calpolli in the Yauhtepec region) 5, 33, 108 Panchimalco (village in Tepoztlan) 116, 121 parents 100–102, 105–106, 108–110, 308–309 father 83–84, 98, 101, 158, 183, 188, 200, 208, 210, 217, 225–227, 241, 270, 297 mother 83–84, 98, 105, 109, 124, 129, 160, 165, 181, 186–187, 193–195, 198, 201– 202, 204–207, 209, 212, 214–216, 218, 221–222, 224, 228, 230–231, 240, 242, 244, 250, 269, 274–275, 283, 292–293, 295, 298, 301, 303, 306–307, 317, 322 Paris 45, 74, 110 Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF, National Library of France) 1, 27, 31–32, 40n3, 75 Imperial National Library 31–32 See also census: BnF Manuscrit Mexicain 393 Paso y Troncoso, Francisco del 8, 28, 36, 66 Paz, Rodrigo de 5  Peralta, Martín de 67–68, 296 personal service 38, 141, 143  See also Cuauhnahuac: personal service in peso (monetary unit) 143 pierna (unit of measurement) 138–139, 153 Pietrzyk, Zdzisław 16, 18–19, 20n8, 22 pipiltin See noblemen Pirożyński, Jan 19, 20n8, 22 polygamy 82, 86, 110, 128–130, 166, 179 Ponce de León, Luis 6  Popocatepetl 31

Quiroga, Don Vasco de 7, 36

Salazar, Gonzalo de 5, 66 Santa Isabel Tollan 27 Santa Olalla (Spain) 66 Seler, Eduard 26 servilleta See nemapohpohualoni (type of cloth) Schochow, Werner 15–16, 18 Schroeder, Susan 113–114, 125 Schumann, Robert 20 Schweinfurth, Georg 21 scribes 4, 49, 56, 59, 62–64, 66–70, 72–73, 136, 155–156, 331n321 hand A 49–50, 52, 58–59, 62, 69, 72–73, 210n79 Sierotwiński, Stanisław 18–19 slaves 36, 38, 68, 102, 109, 129–133, 148, 162, 165–166, 181–182, 184, 201, 211–213, 302 Smith, Michael E. 113, 119 spouses 36, 99–101, 105, 108, 110 husbands 38, 84, 101–102, 130, 164, 166, 168, 175, 179–180, 184, 196, 209, 213–214, 218, 233, 239–240, 243, 245, 250, 264, 285, 287–288, 302–303, 308, 327

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Index wives 36, 38, 64, 81–82, 86, 98–102, 104–107, 109–110, 128–130, 158–332 Stęszewski, Jan 21 Stuttgart 31 Sullivan, John 69n4, 150, 157 Sullivan, Thelma 133, 150 Tecpantzinco (calpolli) 120, 191 Tecpantzinco (village in Tepoztlan) 73, 117–119, 122, 289 tecuhtli 2, 125, 128–133 Teicapan (calpolli in Tepoztlan) 33, 39, 45–46, 122 Hypothetical identification with known census fragments 46–47, 60, 75, 114–115, 117–118, 296 Telzanipan (calpolli) 120, 223, 243, 304, 326 Tenantitlan (calpolli in Tepoztlan) 67, 115, 117–118, 121–122, 296 Tenochtitlan 4–5, 100, 113 Teocaltitlan (village in Tepoztlan) 72, 117, 122–123, 132, 165 Teoticaltitlan (calpolli) 120, 188 Teotihuacan 27 Tepetenchic (calpolli in the Yauhtepec region) 5, 33, 108 Tepetitlan (calpolli in Tepoztlan) 33, 39, 46, 118, 122, 178–179, 303 Tepetlaoztoc 63, 66 Tepetlapan (calpolli in Tepoztlan) 33, 39, 46, 118, 122, 323–324 Tepoztlan 4–5, 33, 45, 63, 68, 72, 83, 153 administrative organization 39, 43, 46, 47, 112, 114–122, 126, 147, 159n2, 189n46, 215n85, 256n142, 294n251, 313n287, 316n299, 324n306–307 Christianization 109–110 families 74, 83, 100–101, 105  migrations to and from 108, 292 social structure 109, 112, 128, 133 tribute 43, 66, 83, 115, 125, 143, 152–153 See also census: Tepoztlan census Tetelcingo 133 tetlacualtilli (type of tribute) 36, 81, 89, 137–143, 148, 151–152, 165–179, 183–207, 211–332 Tetzcoco 5, 63, 112, 129

tlacalaquilli (type of tribute) 36, 81, 89, 137–141, 143, 151–152, 158–161, 165–332  Tlacatecpan (calpolli in Tepoztlan)  census section 33, 39, 45–46, 114–115, 159n2 heading in the census 116 migrations to and from 107, 159–160 organization and leadership 39–40, 46–47, 115–116, 118–119, 121, 123, 159n2, 159n5, 189n47 within Tepoztlan’s administrative structure 39, 116, 121, 159n2 tlahtoani 113–115, 123–125, 128, 131–132 Tlalcouhcan (calpolli in Tepoztlan) 33, 39, 46, 118, 122, 189, 215, 294, 323–324 Tlalnepantla (calpolli in Tepoztlan) 33, 39, 46–47 hypothetical identification with known census fragments 46–47, 60, 69, 114–115, 117–118, 122–123, 158 migrations to and from 105, 184, 186–187, 193, 198, 204–205, 209–210, 254–257, 268, 270–271, 286–287, 316, 318, 329 Tlapallan (calpolli) 120 tlapachoa calpolli leader 37, 39, 41–43, 46–47, 114, 118–120, 124–125, 127–130, 132–133, 137, 153, 165, 177n130, 210–211, 245n119, 287–288, 302 term 123–125, 152–153 village leader 37, 123–125, 183, 191, 200, 311 See also tribute: tribute collectors Tlatelolco 31 Tlatlacapan (village in Tepoztlan) 117, 122, 200, 205–206 Tlaxcallan 67, 113, 133, 148, 150 tlaxilacalli 112–114 Tlaxomolco (calpolli in Tepoztlan) 40, 116, 121, 123 tlayacatl (administrative unit) 65, 113–114 toalla See nemapohpohualoni (type of cloth) Tollan (village in Tepoztlan) 38, 72–73, 115, 117, 119, 122, 257  Toluca Valley 26 Tomicki, Ryszard 1

Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Toribio (head of the calpolli Ixtlahuacan)  39, 42–43, 46, 128–129, 133, 137, 302–330 Toribio Mexicatecuhtli 125, 133, 324 towel See nemapohpohualoni (type of cloth) Townsend, Camilla 129, 129n12 tribute 5, 7–10, 34, 36–37, 64, 66–68, 81, 89–92, 110, 112–113, 131, 136, 141–143 exemption 38, 123, 126, 129–130, 139, 158, 160–164, 165–166, 176, 179–182 tribute collectors 37–44, 46–47, 114–115, 118, 123, 125–127, 132, 137 tribute in kind 8, 38, 68–69, 83–84, 89–90, 137–143, 151–152 tribute payers 6, 38, 64, 67, 81, 83–84, 106, 123, 126, 128 See also cuachtli; nemapohpohualoni (type of tribute); personal service; tetlacualtilli; tlacalaquilli; tlapachoa Tulancingo 124 turkeys (paid in tribute) 139 twenty-household units See centecpantli Tzacualtitlan Tenanco 114 Uhde, Carl 30 Valdés de Cárcamo, Bernabé 67 Valencia (Venezuela) 27 Valencia Rivera, Rogelio 149–150 Valley of Mexico 112, 130, 133 vara (unit of measurement) 82, 136, 150 Vázquez de Vergara, Don Pedro 66 Varnaghen Collection 21, 22n11

Varnaghen, Karl August 21 Victoria, Guadalupe 32 Voigt, Gudrun 15–16 Warsaw 19 University of Warsaw 27 widows 64–65, 82, 84, 86, 101, 103–104, 106, 108–109, 126–127, 130, 132, 211–214, 252, 260, 299, 323–325  widowers 64–66, 82, 86, 191, 217–218, 223–224, 268, 274, 283, 296 Wilken, Friedrich 15 Xiuhcomolco (village in Tepoztlan) 39, 73, 117, 122, 191 Xochimilco 5, 37, 45, 332 Xoxocotlan (calpolli in Tepoztlan) 40, 116, 121, 123, 128 Yapuguay, Nicolás 27 Yauhtepec 4–5, 8, 45, 103, 129, 152–153, 292 See also census: Yauhtepec census Yecapixtla See Acapixtla Zacancatl (head of the village Xiuhcomolco)  39, 42, 191–200 Zapata y Mendoza, Juan Buenaventura  67–68 Zapotitlan (calpolli) 120, 184, 307, 315–316 Zatehpan (calpolli) 120, 291 Zorita, Alonso de 131 zotl (unit of measurement) 89na, 138, 143, 148, 153, 158–160, 165–208, 211–332

Julia Madajczak, Katarzyna Anna Granicka, Szymon Gruda, Monika Jaglarz, and José Luis de Rojas - 978-90-04-45711-9 Downloaded from Brill.com 03/03/2024 09:27:10PM via University of Wisconsin-Madison