Forms of the Goddess Lajjā Gaurī in Indian Art 0271007613, 9780271007618

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Forms of the Goddess Lajjā Gaurī in Indian Art
 0271007613, 9780271007618

Table of contents :
Cover
Frontispiece
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Introduction
I. Forms
Form I: Uttiinapad Pot
Form II: Lotus-Headed without Arms
Form III: Lotus-Headed with Arms
Form IV: Anthropomorphic
II. Lajja Gauri in Multifigured Plaques
III. Related Forms
IV. Names
Conclusion
Appendix of Known Figures
Glossary
Selected Bibliography
Index
Illustrations

Citation preview

Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gaurf in Indian Art

CAROL RADCLIFFE BOLON

Forms ofthe Goddess Lajja Gaurl in Indian Art

Published for COLLEGE ART Assoc1A TION

by THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS UNIVERSITY PARK, PENNSYLVANIA

1992

Monographs on the Fine Arts sponsored by COLLEGE ART AssOCIATION Volume XLIX Editors, Isabelle Hyman and Lucy Freeman Sandler

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bolon, Carol R. Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian art / Carol Radcliffe Bolon. cm.-(Monographs on the fine arts; 49) p. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-271-00761-3 2. Sculpture, Indic. 1. Lajja Gauri (Hindu deity)-Art. I. Title. NB1912.L34.B65 1992 90-21553 730'.954-dc20 CIP

Copyright © 1992 College Art Association, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Printed in the United States of America It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper for the first printing of all clothbound books. Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI 239.48-1984. Frontispiece: Ter Museum, Ter, Maharashtra

Contents LIST OF ILL USTRA TIO NS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION

I

II III IV

Forms Form Form Form Form

.. Vll Xlll I II

I: Uttiinapad Pot II: Lotus-Headed without Arms III: Lotus-Headed with Arms IV: Anthropomorphic

13 17 20

33

Lajja Gauri in Multifigured Plaques

39

Related Forms

51

Names

63

CONCLUSION

67

APPENDIX OF KNOWN FIGURES

73 77 81

GLOSSARY SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX ILL USTRA TIO NS

87 91

V

BLANK PAGE

List of Illustrations Frontispiece: Ter Museum, Ter, Maharashtra Map: Distribution of forms of Laija Gauri in India (page xiv)

Illustration number, site, district, state, current location, size (inches, height precedes width), material, approximate date

FORM I Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum unnumbered, 3¾ X 5, third-fourth century 2. Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum 9. 144, 2 X 2¾, stone, third-fourth century 3. Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum RC 9. 120, 4~ X 5, stone, thirdfourth century 4. Nevase, Ahmadnagar District, Maharashtra, Deccan College Museum, Poona, 2½ X 2½, stone, third-fourth century 5. Yellesvaram, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Directorate of Archaeology and Museums 1718, 7 X 6½, stone, thirdfourth century 6. Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum RC 9. 119, 5 X 6, stone, thirdfourth century 7. Sannati, Gulbarga District, Karnataka, Karnataka Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, 2 X 2, terra-cotta, third-fourth century 8. Kondapur, Khammam District, Andhra, Andhra Directorate of Archaeology and Museums 119, 3½ X 3, terra-cotta, thirdfourth century 9. Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum RC 1.258, 3½ X 2, terra-cotta, third century

IO.

11.

12.

13.

I.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum 785.C2, size?, terra-cotta, thirdfourth century Nagarjunakonda (a), Guntur District, Andhra, Archaeological Museum, Nagarjunakonda, 2 x 2, terra-cotta, thirdfourth century Karlapalem, Guntur District, Andhra, Victoria Jubilee Museum, Vijayawada, IO X IO, stone, third-fourth century Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum 7.219, 2¾ X 2¾, terra-cotta, thirdfourth century Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum RC 7.220, 2½ X 2½, terra-cotta, thirdfourth century Bhita, Allahabad District, U ttar Pradesh, Allahabad Municipal Museum 299, 5-rti X 5½, stone, third-fourth century Kausambi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad Municipal Museum K5053, 1¼ X 2, terra-cotta, third century Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum 3. So, X faience, third century

i i,

FORM II

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, British Museum 1958. I0-17.2, 2½ x 2½, terracotta, second-third century Kausambi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad Museum K3904, 1¾ X 1¾, terracotta, fourth-fifth century Site unknown, Uttar Pradesh, Kanoria Collection, Patna (Bihar), 1-inch diameter, terra-cotta, fourth-fifth century Kausambi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, Indian Museum, Calcutta A12688, 5 X 4½, stone, fourth-fifth century Alapur (a), Aurangabad District, Vll

List of Illustrations

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

Maharashtra, Marathwada University Museum, 4 X 4, stone, fourth-sixth century Alapur (b), Aurangabad District, Maharashtra, Nagpur University Museum, 2¾ X 2½, stone, fourth-sixth century Paunar (a), Wardha District, Maharashtra, . private co11· ect10n, N agpur, 421 X 421, stone, fourth century Paunar (b), Wardha District, Maharashtra, private collection, Nagpur, 4¾ X 3, stone, fourth century Sanchi, Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh, Archaeological Museum, Sanchi 387, 2 X 2, stone, fourth century Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum 9.148, 2¾ X 2¾, stone, fourth century Pauni, Nagpur District, Maharashtra, British Museum 1976.4-5.2, 2¾ X 3, stone, fourthfifth century Ramatola (a), Bhandara District, Maharashtra, Central Museum, Nagpur, 6 X 8¾, stone, fourth-sixth century Ramatola (b), Bhandara District, Maharashtra, Central Museum, Nagpur, 5 X 7¾, stone, fourth-sixth century Mahurjhari (a), Nagpur District, Maharashtra, Sharadasrama, Yeotmal, size?, stone, seventh century

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

FORM III IMAGES 43.

44. 45. 46.

FORM III 32.

33.

34.

35. 36.

37. Vlll

47a

Yellesvaram, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Directorate of Archaeology and Museums 3 1, 2 X 1¾, terra-cotta, third century Bhita, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, Indian Museum, Calcutta Aro431, 4¾ diameter, terra-cotta, fourth-sixth century Kausambi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, Patna Museum Arch 7716, 7½ X terracotta, third-fourth century Bilagi, Siddhesvara temple, Bijapur District, Karnataka, c. 4 feet, stone, modern Bundelkhand, Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh, State Museum, Dhubela, M.P., 5 x 5, stone, third-fourth century Kausambi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh,

Allahabad Municipal Museum 5034, 6¼ X 4¾, terra-cotta, third-fourth century Jhusi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad Municipal Museum 4617, 5 X 5½, terra-cotta, fourth century Kausambi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, State Museum, Lucknow 79. 15.6, height 8, fragment, terra-cotta, fourth century Kausambi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, Patna Museum 7606, 5 X 5½, stone, date? Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum 9.147, 2¾ X 2¾, stone, fourth century Nagarjunakonda (6), Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, Archaeological Museum, Nagarjunakonda, 3-4 feet square, stone, late third-early fourth century

48.

49.

6i,

50.

51.

EARLY WESTERN CHALUKYA

Siddhanakolla, Lakulisa temple, Bijapur District, Karnataka, 32 X 39, stone, late seventh century Siddhanakolla, path marker Siddhanakolla, goat-headed guards, Lakulisa temple, late seventh century Alampur, Bala Brahma temple, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, 3-4 feet square, stone, late seventh century and b. Alampur, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, goat-headed guards, Bala Brahma temple and Alampur Museum, late seventh century Naganathakolla, Naganatha temple, Bijapur District, Karnataka, Badami Museum B36, 38 X 28, stone, late seventh century Naganathakolla, Naganatha temple, Bijapur District, Karnataka, Badami Museum B36, 38 X 28, stone, late seventh century, side view Mahakuta, Mahakutesvara temple, Bijapur District, Karnataka, 39 X 38, stone, late seventh century Chikkamahakuta, Bijapur District, Karnataka, 39½ X 16½ fragment, stone, late seventh century

List of Illustrations 52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

Kudavelli (a), Sangamesvara temple, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, Alampur Museum, 3 5 X 41, stone, late seventh century Copy after Kudavelli (a) late seventh century, made in Rajasthan, nineteenth-twentieth century, private collection, United Kingdom, 12½ x 14½, marble Darasuram, Chakrayi temple, Tanjore District, Tamil Nadu, 45 X 3 3, stone, late seventh century Kudavelli (b), Sangamesvara temple, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, Alampur Museum, 2½ X 2¾, stone, late seventh century Panchalingala, Paiichalingesvara temple, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, c. 3 feet square, stone, late seventh century Yellala, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Directorate of Archeology and Museums, 36 X 36, stone, late seventh century Bhadranayika Jalihal (a), Hulligamakolla, Bijapur District, Karnataka, 34 X 24, stone, late seventh century Bhadranayika Jalihal (b), Hulligamakolla, Bijapur District, Karnataka, 23 X 13, stone, late seventh century Bhavanasi, Nivrittisangamesvara temple, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, height 41, stone, seventh-eighth century Belligamve, Kedaresvara temple, Shimoga District, Kamat aka, 28 X 1 5, stone, eighth century Aihole, Galagnatha temple area, Bijapur District, Karnataka, 41 X 41, stone, eighth century Pratakota, Nagesvaraswami temple, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, height c. 3-4 feet, stone, eighth-ninth century Miyapuram, Satyamma temple, Mahaboobnagar District, Andhra Pradesh, height 23½, stone, late seventh century

FORM IV 65.

66.

Amreli, Amreli District, Gujarat, Collection of U. P. Shah, Baroda, 2 X 2, stone, sixth century Mathura, Mathura District, Uttar Pradesh,

Victoria and Albert Museum 177, height 3t terra-cotta, second century? 67-68. Mathura, Mathura District, Uttar Pradesh, Victoria and Albert Museum 177, height 3¾, terra-cotta, second century?, back and side views 69. Site unknown, North India, National Museum, New Delhi 82.363, Collection of Ajit Mookerjee, height 4, stone, sixth century 70. Site unknown, Central India, Archaeological Museum, Mathura 15.597, rr X 5½, stone, eighth century 71. Pavi-Jetpur, Baroda District, Gujarat, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, M. S. University of Baroda, 5 X 3½, stone, seventh century 72. Aihole, Huchchapayya temple ceiling border, Bijapur District, Karnataka, stone, c. 700

FORM I MULTIFIGURED REPRESENTATIONS 73.

Vadgaon, Satara District, Maharashtra, Shri Bhavani Museum and Library, Aundh, Satara District, Maharashtra, 3 X 4, stone, fourth century

FORM IV MULTIFIGURED REPRESENTATIONS 74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

Sr. 82.

Ellora, Ramesvara temple (21), Aurangabad District, Maharashtra, Nandi ma114apa, stone, sixth century Ellora, Ramesvara temple (21), Aurangabad District, Maharashtra, 50 X 77, stone, sixth century Elephanta, Bombay District, Maharashtra, Prince of Wales Museum, 81.7/1, 3 X 2, stone, sixth century Bhuj, Kutch District, Gujarat, Kutch Museum, Bhuj, size?, stone, fourth-fifth century Bhinmal, Jalor District, Rajasthan, size?, stone, seventh century Dhank (a), Rajkot District, Gujarat, size?, stone, seventh century Dhank (b), Manjusri vapi, Rajkot District, Gujarat, size?, stone, seventh century IX

List of Illustrations 83. 84. 85. 86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

Variavi, Surat District, Gujarat, Collection of U. P. Shah, 2 X 4, stone, sixth century Kavi, Broach District, Gujarat, Collection of U. P. Shah, 1¾ X 2, stone, sixth century Arna, Jodhpur District, Rajasthan, height 16, stone, seventh century Tarsang, Panchmahals District, Gujarat, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, M. S. University of Baroda, 3½ X 3½, stone, sixth century Valabhipur, Bhavanagar District, Gujarat, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, M. S. University of Baroda, 2½ X 4½, stone, seventh century Randelia, Bhavanagar District, Gujarat, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, M. S. University of Baroda, height 2 (fragment), stone, date? Gadhali, Bhavanagar District, Gujarat, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, M. S. University of Baroda, 2 X 2½, stone, seventh century Sathal, Ahmedabad District, Gujarat, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, M. S. University of Baroda, 3 x 4½, stone, fourth-fifth century

FORM II MULTIFIGURED REPRESENTATIONS 9r.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

X

Mandhal, Nagpur District, Maharashtra, Central Museum, Nagpur, 3¼ X 4, stone, fourth-fifth century Mahurjhari (b), Nagpur District, Maharashtra, Sarasvati Bhavan Mahavidyalaya (College), Aurangabad, size?, stone, seventh century Mansar, Nagpur District, Maharashtra, Central Museum, Nagpur C 203, 4 X 3¼, stone, fourth-sixth century Paunar (a), Wardha District, Maharashtra, private collection, 3¼ X 2¾ (fragment), stone, fourth-sixth century Paunar (b), Wardha District, Maharashtra, private collection, 7 X 5¼, stone, fourth-sixth century Paunar (c), Wardha District, Maharashtra, private collection, 5¼ X 7, stone, fourth-fifth century

97.

98.

Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum 9. 168, 2 X 2¼, stone, fourth-sixth century Site unknown, Seoni District, Madhya Pradesh, Eilenberg Collection, London, 4 X 4, stone, sixth-seventh century

FORM III MULTIFIGURED REPRESENTATIONS 79.

Kanad, Surat District, Gujarat, Western Circle Office, Archaeological Survey of India, Baroda, 2 X 3, terra-cotta, sixth century 80. Bavaka, Panchmahals District, Gujarat, Museum of Gujarat Vidyapith, Ahmedabad, 3¾ X 5, stone, ninth-tenth century 99. Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum RC 8192, 2½ X 2¾, stone, fourthsixth century mo. Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum 9.166, 2½ X 2¾, stone, fourth-sixth century IOI. Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum 9.154, width 3½ (fragment), stone, fourth-sixth century 102. Majati, Belgaum District, Karnataka, Karnataka University, 5 X 5, stone, fourthsixth century 103. Keesaragutta, Hyderabad District, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, 4¾ X 4¾, stone, fourth century

OTHER MULTIFIGURED REPRESENTATIONS OF UNUSUAL TYPES 104.

105.

106.

Darsi (a), Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, 5 X 1o½, stone, third-fourth century Darsi (b), Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, Nellore Museum, 5 X 12½, stone, third-fourth century Kunidane, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, current location unknown, ro½ X 7½, stone, fourth-fifth century

List of Illustrations 107.

108.

109.

Uppalapadu, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, current location unknown, size?, stone, third-fourth century Bhuvanesvara, Puri District, Orissa, Satrugnesvara temple, lintel, stone, sixthseventh century Aihole, Bijapur District, Karnataka, Huchchapayya temple tank rim, Aihole Museum, 16 X 51, stone, eighth-ninth century

COMPARATIVE IMAGERY 1 IO.

1 I I.

I 12.

I I

I I

3.

4.

115.

II6.

I I

7.

II8.

Sanchi, Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh, stupa n, railing medallion, first century B. c. Sanchi, Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh, stupa II, railing medallion, first century B. c. Nagarjunakonda, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, stupa casing slab, National Museum, New Delhi 50. 19, stone, third century Amaravati, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, stupa casing slab, Madras Government Museum, stone, third century Aihole, Bijapur District, Karnataka, Huchchimalli temple, balustrade, eighth century Bharhut, Satna District, Madhya Pradesh, stupa railing medallion, Indian Museum, Calcutta 90, stone, first century B. c. Bharhut, Satna District, Madhya Pradesh, stupa railing medallion, Indian Museum, Calcutta IOI, stone, first century B.C. Sarna th, Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh, stupa railing post, Archaeological Museum, Sarna th 420, stone, first century B. c. Bharhut, Satna District, Madhya Pradesh,

I 19.

120.

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

127.

128. 129.

130.

stupa railing medallion, Indian Museum, Calcutta 219, stone, first century B.C. Bharhut, Satna District, Madhya Pradesh, stupa railing medallion, Indian Museum, Calcutta 279, stone, first century B.C. Bharhut, Satna District, Madhya Pradesh, stupa railing medallion, Indian Museum, Calcutta 83, stone, first century B.C. Kesanapalli, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, shrine entry step stone, Andhra Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, 2 x 2½ feet, stone, third century Bharhut, Satna District, Madhya Pradesh, stupa railing medallion, Indian Museum, Calcutta I 3 I, stone, first century B. c. Varanasi, Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh, ring stone, Bharat Kala Bhavan 2/ 5202, 3 X is, stone, third century B. c. Kaveripakkam, North Arcot District, Tamil Nadu, Government Museum, Madras, I 12/ 38-39, 13 X II½, stone, ninth century Enadi, Tanjore District, Tamil Nadu, Government Museum, Madras, 39/ 3 5, bronze, 2 X 1½, ninth century Peddamudiyam, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh, Government Museum, Madras 17, 10 X 16½, stone, fourth century Peddamudiyam, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh, Government Museum, Madras, 18, 9 X IO, stone, eighth century Sri Lanka, fri"vatsa, British Museum I 898. 72. 102, bronze, height 5½, 1000 B.c. Sarnath, Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh, railing post, Archaeological Museum, Sarnath 422, height 4¾ feet, stone, first century B. c. Rome, Baubo, The David and Alfred Smart Museum, University of Chicago, Purchase I 984. 3, height 3½, bronze, second century

Xl

List of Illustrations

Photo Credits Carmel Berkson: 3. S. B. Deo: 4, 22. Sara Schastok: 12, 42. American Institute oflndian Studies: 15, 16, 19, 37, 48, 52, 77, 81, 82,112,115, u6, II7, 118,119,120,121,122,123,129. British Museum: r8, 28,128. C. S. Gupta: 24, 25, 94. Devangana Desai: 33, 34, 71, So, 86, 87. John C. Huntington and Susan L. Huntington: 38, rro, 111. State Museum, Lucknow: 39. Pat Shirreff-Thomas: 53. French Institute oflndology, Pondicherry: 54, 64. V. V. Krishna Sastry: 57, 104, 105. U. P. Shah: 65, 83, 84. U. P. Shah, Archeological Survey oflndia, Western Circle, Vadodara: 79. Department of Archaeology, Government of Maharashtra, Bombay: 73. Michael W. Meister: 85. Samuel Eilenberg: 98. Thomas Donaldson: ro8. All other photographs by the author. Dawn Tulach: Line drawings ro,

Xll

II,

31, 78, 92, ro6, 107, 125.

Acknowledgments

I

the individuals and institutions who helped' me with the research for this monograph. For financial support, I am grateful to the American Institute of Indian Studies, the Committee on Southern Asian Studies, and Department of Art of The University of Chicago. For sharing many thoughts and images, I am grateful to: R. C. Agrawala, executive director, Museums of Rajas than; Andrew Cohen, University of Central Arkansas; Marion Covey; Mitchell Crites, Vipasa Gallery, London; S. B. Deo, Deccan College; Devangana Desai, Bombay; R. C. Dhere, Poona; Margaret Egnor, Hobart College; Samuel Eilenberg; Sudha Gogate, Shreemati Nathibai Damodar, Thackersey Women's University; S. Gorakshekar, director, Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Bombay; C. S. Gupta, Nagpur University; F. L'Hernault and Bruno Dagens, Ecole Franfaise d'Extreme-Orient, Pondichery; Marilyn Hirsh; John C. Huntington, Ohio State University; Susan L. Huntington, Ohio State University; Holly Hutchens; Stephen Huyler; A. P. Jamkhedkar, director of Archaeology and Museums for Maharashtra; S.C. Kala, Allahabad Museum; Vinod Krishna Kanoria; Stella Kramrisch, curator oflndian Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art; C. Margabandhu, Archaeological Survey oflndia; Ajit Mookerjee; C. Muley, director, Central Mu~eum, Nagpur; M. S. Nagaraja Rao, director of Archaeology and Museums for Karnataka; N. Nagaswamy, director of Archaeology for Tamil Nadu; James Nye, University of Chicago; Maureen L. P. Patterson; A. K. Ramanujan, University of Chicago; I. K. Sarma, superintending archaeologist, Temple Survey Project, Madras; V. V. Krishna Sastry, director for Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh; Sara Schastok, Northwestern University; U. P. Shah; B. V. Shetti, curator, Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Bombay; V. H. Sonawane, M.S. University of Baroda; Doris Srinivasan, George Washington University; A. Sundara, Karnatak University; W. Zwalf, assistant keeper, Department of Oriental Antiquities, British Museum; the staff of the David and Alfred Smart Museum, University of Chicago; and the staff of the Epstein Archive, University of Chicago. I would also like to thank Molly Kelly Ryan, who prepared the map on page xiv, and Ellen Walton for help with the final manuscript. WOULD LIKE TO THANK

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