Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids

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£ fheela Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate Sehool of Cornell Gnivareity fear the degree of Booths Of Philosophy

Charles Archie Newman Baker

Fehnaary 1950

ProQuest Number: 10834567

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BIOGRAPHY

Y1m author was burn in St* Catharines* Ontario, Canada, on Hay 23, 1922 the 3on of P. S. Boy end Grace E. (Ifewajen) Baker, He attended public school in Granthem Township, Ontario and grad* uated from St* Catharines Collegiate Institute in 1940* Prom 1940 to 1945 he attended Queen’s University, Kings* ton, Ontario and graduated with th© degree of Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering in 1944 and with the degree of Haster of Science in Chemical Engineering in 1945*

Prom September 1945 to

September 1944 he was employed by the Horton Company, Niagara Pells, Ontario,

In September 1944 he enrolled in the Graduate School of

Cornell University and was appointed an assistant in Chemical En­ gineering* The author is a member of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry and the Engineering Institute of Canada*

This work was carried out under the direction of Professor Charles C. binding*

The author exparessas to M m sincere appreciation

for his helpful advice and criticism.

VABXS OF CQSVEKPS

Introduction Theoretical Background and Survey of the literat^ur©* * * »■ - Flow Properties of Simple or Mewtontea Fluids- - - Flow Properties of Plastic Materials ~ - - - - - - Flow Properties of Sou-Newtonian Fluids* - - - - - Mechanism of Son-Newtonian Flow- - - - - - - - - - Pseudoplastie Fltiids - - - - - - - - - - Bllatent Fluids* - - - - - - - - - - - - -

26 28

Inscription of Apparatus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Qapill&ry Viscometer System- - - - - - - - - - - - Metering and Flow Tube System* - - - - - - - - - - -

30 30 33

Calibration of Bpuipment - - - - - - -

41

Capillary Viscometers* *

- - - - - - - - - - - -

■ *

Flow Tubes'/— ■r' -.- - - -» * 8harp*ldge4 Orifice and Venturi tteter* - - - - - - SuddenEnlargement and Contraction - - - - - - — -

3 3 16 20 24

41 '44 4! 5©

Materials Used In the Investigation* * — - -* — * * * * * * General So^ulfements - *►'■* ^ Determination of Molecular Weights - - - - - - - - -

55 55 56

Bxperlnental Procedure * ^ * - * * * * * * - - * * * * * - - * Preparation of Solution# - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

"59

Operating Procedure for Metering and Flow Tube System Operating Procedure for QapiXLary Viscometers Experimental Results * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Shear Stress-Sat© of Shear Curves* - - - - - - - - Flow of $oa-$©wbomi&n Fluids Through Sharp-Edged ©rifle© and Venturi Meters - - - - - - - Flew of Non-ffewtonlan Fluids Through Sudden Enlargement and Contraction - - - - - - Variation of Viscosity with Concentration- - - - - Variation ef Begre© of Pseudoplaeticity with Genoeatration - - - - - - - - - - - -

59

60 61

65 65 73 81

89 92

Page Summary and Conclusions ' ' ';

.■,

100

$

103

Definltiona and terminology Nomenclature

~ —

Bibliography-

.«*-*• - " * V ■«** *4, 51) but discrepancies in pipes and tubes have been freth© us© of capillary viscometers >f characterising non-Newtonian discrepancies ere explained.

Figure 17

Peg® Discharge Coefficientt C, vs. Apparent Reynolds

Number for Orifice and Venturi Sisters - -* 18 ■'tw 19

20 21 22

Discharge Coefficient, C, vs. Apparent Reynolds Number for Orifice and Venturi Meters ■» ■%

v® . Reynolds.; Number based m Limiting Viscosity

75 Ik

or %

Ke or Sc vs. Apparent Reynolds f&nber- - - - - or Kc vs. Apparent Reynolds lumber- - - - - -

83

84 85

limiting Viscosity vs. Concentration for :'.:■■■■ - . Polyvinyl Acetate in Toluene at 25*0- - --

90

Viscosity at Zero Shear vs. Concentration for

Polyvinyl Acetate in Toluene at 25®C** - -* 24

-10 U

Degree of Pseudoplasticity vs* Concentration for Polyvinyl acetate in Toluene at 25^0- - -r-

93

Typical Shear titreas-Rate of Sheer Curves for

Paeudaplastic Fluids- 26

91

96

Shear Strcss-Rat© of Shear Curves feu*

Calibration Oils- »■«..#>

117 . ■