Flora of Ethiopia & Eritrea Volume 2, Part 1 - Magnoliaceae to Flacourtiaceae 919712852X, 9789197128520

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FLORA OF

ETHIOPIA &ERITREA VOLUME 2, PART 1 MAGNOLIACEAE TO FLACOURTIACEAE Editors Sue Edwards Mesfin Tadesse Sebsebe Demissew

y js

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Uppsala, Sweden 2000

and Inga Hedberg

FLORA OF ETHIOPIA & ERITREA VOLUME 2, PART 1

FLORA OF ETHIOPIA & ERITREA VOLUME 2, PART 1 MAGNOLIACEAE TO FLACOURTIACEAE

Editors

Sue Edwards Mesfin Tadesse Sebsebe Demissew and Inga Hedberg

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Uppsala, Sweden 2000

Published by The National Herbarium, Biology Department Science Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia and The Department o f Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Prepared by the Ethiopian Flora Project, funded by Addis Ababa University and the Swedish Interna­ tional Development Cooperation Agency (SID A) through the Ethiopian Science and Technology Com­ mission. Project Leader, Dr Sebsebe Demissew, and European Coordinator, Dr Inga Hedberg. All pages prepared in The National Herbarium using Personal Computers and an HP LaserJet 4 plus Printer. Final pages formatted with Ventura Publisher 7 for Windows,, except for some text sections which were prepared in Word 97. Printed in Times New Roman point sizes 9 ,1 0 ,1 1 and 12. Printed by the Education Materials Production and Distribution Enterprise (EMPDA), Textbook Pro­ duction Department, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

© The National Herbarium, June 2000 ISBN: 91-971285-2-X

Distributed by: In Ethiopia The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University P.O. Box 3434, ADDIS ABABA ETHIOPIA Tel: +251-1-114323 Fax: +251-1-552350 e-mail: [email protected]

Outside Ethiopia The Swedish Science Press, P.O. Box 118, S-751 04 UPPSALA SWEDEN Fax: +46-18-365277 e-mail: [email protected] Mail Order Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond Surrey TW9 3AE, UK Fax: +44-208-332-5278 e-mail: [email protected]

C over illustrations: Front: B rassica carinata, w idely grown throughout the Flora area in hom e gardens for its edible leaves and oil-rich seeds. D raw n by Sarah Howard. Back: M oringa sten opetala , a drought resistent tree confined to S Ethiopia and N Kenya, w hich is cultivated by the K onso people for its edible leaves. D raw n by D am tew Teferra. Spine: M ature fruit o f C adaba rotundifolia: a sm all drought-resistant shrub in the C apparidaceae, w hich is the largest fam ily in the present volum e. Drawn by Lars E. Kers.

V

FLORA OF ETHIOPIA & ERITREA VOLUME 2, PART 1 CONTENTS Editorial Board

vii

Editorial Team

viii

Contributors

ix

Acknowledgements

x

Foreword Abbreviations Map of the floristic regions of Ethiopia and Eritrea Map of Ethiopia and Eritrea showing major physical features Key to Families in Volumes 2 to 7 by Sue Edwards, Sebsebe Demissew & Ensermu Kelbessa

xi xiii xviii xix xx

Flora Magnoliaceae by Sue Edwards

1

Cercidiphyllaceae by Sue Edwards

2

1. Annonaceae by B. Verdcourt 2. Monimiaceae by Mesfin Tadesse

3 13

3. Lauraceae by lb Friis

14

4. Montiniaceae by Sue Edwards

17

5. Ranunculaceae by Demel Teketay

18

6. Hemandiaceae by B. Verdcourt

33

7. Cabombaceae by B. Verdcourt

35

8. Ceratophyllaceae by C. M. Wilmot-Dear

36

9. Nymphaeaceae by Mesfin Tadesse

38

10. Berberidaceae by lb Friis

41

11. Menispermaceae by Sebsebe Demissew

42

12. Aristolochiaceae by B. Verdcourt

54

13. Hydnoraceae by Lytton J. Musselman

56

14. Rafflesiaceae by Sebsebe Demissew

58

15. Piperaceae by M.G. Gilbert

59

16. Papaveraceae by Sebsebe Demissew

65

17. Tumeraceae by M.G. Gilbert

70

18. Loasaceae by M.G. Gilbert

73

19. Capparidaceae by Lars E. Kers

74

20. Brassicaceae by Bengt Jonsell

121

21. Moringaceae by B. Verdcourt

155

22. Violaceae by M.G. Gilbert

163

23. Resedaceae by H.C.D. de Wit

170

24. Polygalaceae by M.G. Gilbert

177

25. Droseraceae by M.G. Gilbert

189

26. Podostemonaceae by M.G. Gilbert

191

27. Elatinaceae by M.G. Gilbert

195

28. Caryophyllaceae by M.G. Gilbert

196

29. Molluginaceae by M.G. Gilbert

229

30. Gisekiaceae by M.G. Gilbert

238

31. Atzoaceae by M.G. Gilbert, Heidrun Hartmann & Sue Edwards

240

32. Portulacaceae by M.G. Gilbert

249

33. Cactaceae by D.R. Hunt

259

34. Nyctaginaceae by M.G. Gilbert

264

35. Phytolaccaceae by R.M. Polhill

274

36. Chenopodiaceae by I. Friis & M.G. Gilbert

277

37. Amaranthaceae by C.C. Townsend

299

38. Polygonaceae by O. Hedberg

336

39. Basellaceae by B. Verdcourt

348

40. Linaceae by lb Friis

350

41. Zygophyllaceae by M. Nabil Hadidi

355

42. Geraniaceae by M.G. Gilbert & P. Vorster

264

43. Oxalidaceae by Ensermu Kelbessa

379

44. Tropaeolaceae by Sue Edwards & Mesfin Tadesse

387

45. Balsaminaceae by Mesfin Tadesse

388

46. Lythraceae by M.G. Gilbert

394

47. Sonneratiaceae by Sue Edwards

408

48. Oliniaceae by B. Verdcourt

409

49. Onagraceae by M.P. Bizzarri

411

50. Trapaceae by Mesfin Tadesse

420

51. Myristicaceae by Mirutse Giday

421

52. Haloragaceae by B. Verdcourt

422

53. Callitrichaceae by I. Hedberg & 0 . Hedberg

427

54. Thymelaeaceae by B. Peterson

429

55. Proteaceae by I. Friis

436

56. Dilleniaceae by M.G. Gilbert

439

57. Bixaceae by K. Vollesen

441

58. Cochlospermaceae by Mesfin Tadesse & Sue Edwards

442

59. Flacourtiaceae by K. Vollesen

443

Appendix 1: Additions to Flora o f Ethiopia, Vol. 3 and Flora o f Ethiopia and Eritrea, Vol. 2.2, Vol. 6 and Vol. 7.

451

Appendix 2: Places of publication for names of new taxa that appeared in Flora o f Ethiopia and Eritrea, Vol. 6.

462

Glossary

463

Vernacular names Index

FLORA OF ETHIOPIA & ERITREA VOLUME 2, PART 1 Editorial Board Dr Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher General Manager, Environmental Protection Authority Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Emeritus Prof. Olov Hedberg, Department o f Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Sweden Prof. Sebsebe Demissew, Keeper, The National Herbarium, Biology Department, Faculty o f Science, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Dr Mesfin Tadesse, (alternate member) The National Herbarium, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Dr Ensermu Kelbessa, (alternate member) Curator, The National Herbarium, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Prof. Ib Friis, Botanical Museum and Library, University o f Copenhagen, Denmark Dr Inga Hedberg, Department o f Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Sweden Ms Sue Edwards, The National Herbarium, Biology Department, Faculty o f Science, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

FLORA OF ETHIOPIA & ERITREA VOLUME 2, PART 1 Editorial Team Ms Eva Persson, Department o f Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Sweden Dr Inga Hedberg, Department o f Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Sweden Prof. Sebsebe Demissew, Keeper, The National Herbarium, Biology Department, Faculty o f Science, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Dr Mesfin Tadesse, The National Herbarium, Biology Department, Faculty o f Science, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Mr Mirutse Giday, The National Herbarium, Biology Department, Faculty o f Science, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Mr Yesuf Seid, The National Herbarium, Biology Department, Faculty o f Science, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Miss Ayu Ketema, The National Herbarium, Biology Department, Faculty o f Science, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Prof. Ib Friis, Botanical Museum and Library, University o f Copenhagen, Denmark Ms Sue Edwards, The National Herbarium, Biology Dep Faculty o f Science, Addis Ababa Universi

ent, thiopia

FLORA OF ETHIOPIA & ERITREA VOLUME 2, PART 1 CONTRIBUTORS Paula Bizzarri, Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Laboratori di Botanica Agraria e Forestale, P. le Cascine 28, 50144 Firenze, Italy Demel Teketay, Forestry Research, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Ensermu Kelbessa, The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. lb Friis, Botanical Museum, University of Copenhagen, Gothersgade 130, DK-1123 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Mike Gilbert, formerly: Ethiopian Flora Project, now: Flora of China Project, Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK. David Hunt, (formerly The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) The Manse, Chapel Land, Milborne Port, Sherborne, Dorset DT9 5DL, England Nabil Hadidi, The Herbarium, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt Heidrun Hartmann, Institut fur Allgemaine Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Universitat Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, D-2000 Hamburg 52, Germany Inga Hedberg, Department o f Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. Olov Hedberg, Department o f Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. Bengt Jonsell, Bergius Foundation, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 50017, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden. Lars Kers, Bergius Botanic Garden, P.O. Box 50017, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden. Mesfin Tadesse, The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, presently: College of Biological Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, OH 43210-1293, USA. Mirutse Giday, The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Institute for Sustainable Development, P.O. Box 30231, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Lytton Musselman, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-9266, USA. Bo Peterson, deceased, formerly, Botanical Museum, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Roger Polhill,(formerly The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) Parmeters, 12 Cromer Road, Aylsham, Norfolk NR11 6HE, England. Sebsebe Demissew, The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Sue Edwards, The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Clif Townsend, (formerly The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) 392 Staines Road, Twicken­ ham, Middlesex TW2 5JA, England. Bernard Verdcourt, The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK Kaj Vollesen, The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK Pete Vorster, Botany Department, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X I, 7602 Matieland, South Africa. Melan e Wilmot-Dear, The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK Hans de Wit, deceased, formerly Herbarium Vadense, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Production o f the Flora o f Ethiopia and Eritrea enjoys the support o f m any institutions and individuals, both w ithin and outside Ethiopia. The editors particularly acknow ledge the contributions o f the follow ­ ing w ho have m ade the publishing o f the present volum e possible. W ithout the active interest o f the institutions w hich support and prom ote system atic botany, the w riting o f a m odem Flora for Ethiopia and Eritrea would be im possible. The H erbarium o f the Royal B otanic G ardens at Kew, UK, has been particularly supportive through providing a base and facilities for contributors and editors based in Ethiopia to work when visiting Europe. The accounts for the present volum e have been prepared by 24 contributors based in institutions in A frica, Europe and the USA. The editors are grateful for the support o f all the specialists and for the ready access to specim ens given by the institutions in: A lem aya, Cairo, C openhagen, Florence, H am burg, Kew, N airobi, O hio, Old D om inion U niversity (N orfolk, USA), Paris, Stellenbosch, Stockholm (B ergius Foundation), the N atural H istory M useum (London), Uppsala, and W ageningen. W e pay tribute to all these botanists and have no doubt that their contributions will be m uch appreciated by all those who deal w ith the plant resources in this part o f the world. The Ethiopian G overnm ent through the Ethiopian Science and T echnology C om m ission, in par­ ticular the C om m issioner, Ato A srat Bulbula, and the Swedish G overnm ent through the Sw edish In­ ternational D evelopm ent C o-operation A gency (S ID A 1) who have provided the financial support for the preparation and publishing o f all volum es o f the Flora. The past and present officers o f Addis A baba U niversity, especially the office o f the President and its current President, Prof. Mogessie A shenafi, the current V ice Presidents, Dr.-Ing. Hailu A yele (A cadem ic V P) and Ato Haile Sillasie W olde G erim a (V P for B usiness Affairs), the past Research and Publications O fficers and the present holder, Prof. E ndashaw Bekele, the past and present Deans o f the Faculty o f Science (the present Dean, Prof. Sebsebe D em issew , is one o f the editors), and the past and present Heads o f the D epart­ m ent o f B iology w ith the present Head, Dr Kifle Dagne, all o f w hom have given their adm inistrative support to the Project. T he Royal B otanic G ardens, Kew, in England, particularly the past and present D irectors, Prof. G illean P rance and Prof. P eter C rane, and the past and present K eepers o f the K ew H erbarium , Prof. G renville Lucas and Prof. Sim on O w ens, and their scientific and technical staff for their m ost valuable support and contributions to the present volum e. The Botanical M useum and Library o f the U niversity o f C openhagen, especially Prof. Ib Friis for both his contributions and his sound and practical advice on m any editorial m atters. The C arlsberg Foundation for supporting extensive field w ork w hich has contributed m uch to im proved coverage o f species and their distributions in the present volum e. T he editors also gratefully acknow ledge the support o f the editors o f the F lora o f Tropical E ast A f­ rica, F lo ra Z am besiaca and F lora o f Som alia in allow ing the use o f illustrations published in these w orks to be reproduced in this volum e o f the Flora o f E thiopia and Eritrea. Last, but not least, the editors with their team acknow ledge the support o f their colleagues and friends in, and associated w ith, the N ational Herbarium : Drs Enserm u K elbessa, Sileshi N em om issa. T am rat Bekele, Zem ede A sfaw and Zerihun W oldu, Ato T eklehaim anot H aileselassie, the past secre­ taries, W /zo A sselefetch K etsela and W /zo K onjit Seifu, past and present librarians, Ato K assahun Kebede and A to Solom on Kassie, the past and present technical sta ff and drivers, W /zo Em ebet G etnet, A to L em essa K ennei, Ato M elaku W ondafrash, W /z A ltashw ork K etem a, W /z Shew angizaw Lem m a and A to E rm ias G etachew . S.E., M .T., S.D. & l.H. June 2000 1. The present SIDA includes both SAREC (Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries) and the previous S1DA (Swedish International Development Agency)

FOREWORD

T he E thiopian Flora P roject w as initiated in 1980 and so far three volum es and the second part o f V olum e 2 have been published. The first volum e, printed in 1989, was V olum e 3. It contains the econom ically im portant fam ilies Fabaceae and Burseraceae. Six years later, in 1995, V olum e 7 containing the Poaceae, and V olum e 2, part 2, the com plem ent to the present volum e, w ere pub­ lished. V olum e 6, w hich com pleted all the m onocotyledon fam ilies, appeared in 1997. V olum e 2, p a r 1, published here, com pletes four volum es so that now m ore than fifty per cent o f the Flora o f E thiopia and E ritrea is in print. V olum e 3 provides background inform ation about the w riting o f a m odern Flora, notes on plan t co llectin g and identification, and inform ation on the form at used for presenting fam ilies, genera and species. The reader is referred to that volum e for inform ation on these m atters. A re­ vised key to all dicotyledon fam ilies is provided in this volum e. V olum e 2 as a w hole contains 87 fam ilies and was estim ated to cover over 1100 species. It w as thus decided that this w ould m ake the volum e too big to be printed as one book and it was divided into tw o parts. P art 2 contains 26 fam ilies w ith 682 species and infraspecific taxa. Part 1 covers the rem aining 61 fam ilies with 691 species and infraspecific taxa included. Thus the total num ber o f taxa covered in V olum e 2 as a w hole is now 1373. This is a 25% increase over the original estim ate. Such a large increase calls for com m ent. First it show s the im portance o f the w riting o f the Flora for bringing the data on the plants o f Ethiopia and E ritrea up to date. Sec­ ond, the tim e taken to com plete the V olum e, the first m anuscripts for w hich w ere received in 1984, has m ade it possible to substantially im prove the coverage o f the w ritten accounts through field co llecting in previously poorly known parts o f the Flora area, particularly southern and south-w estern Ethiopia, and since 1991, also in northern Ethiopia. This expansion in know ledge about the flora is also seen in the A ppendix at the end o f the V olum e w here 20 taxa, 2 o f them new species, are added to already published accounts o f the fam ilies in the Flora. T he first dicotyledon fam ily o f the indigenous flora is A n n o n a cea e and the last in Vol 2( 1) is F la c o u rtia c e a e . H ow ever, the volum e starts with M ag n o liac eae and C e rc id ip h y lla c e a e , rep­ resented by ornam ental trees and shrubs, to m eet the aim o f covering both indigenous and intro­ duced plants in the F lora area, and because o f their pedagogic position in the teaching o f plant system atics. M y ris tic a c e a e is also included because o f its econom ic im portance; it has already appeared in research and could be grown in w estern parts o f the Flora area. O ther fam ilies in­ digenous to E ast A frica but not yet substantiated by herbarium collections from the Flora area a re M o n im ia c e a e , M o n t i n ia c e a e , R a f f le s ia c e a e , S o n n e r a ti a c e a e , T r a p a c e a e and C o c h lo sp e rm a c e a e . R epresentatives o f these fam ilies could, therefore, be expected to be found in future collections. The b rie f descriptions and com m ents have been prepared by m em bers o f the editorial team in A ddis Ababa. A n o ticeab le characteristic o f V olum e 2 o f the Flora is the large num ber o f fam ilies w ith five or few er species - this is the case for 26 o f the fam ilies included here. Six o f these fam ilies, C ab o m b a c e a e , C e ra to p h y lla c e a e , N y m p h ae ace ae, D ro se ra c e a e , P o d o ste m o n a c e a e , and C allitric h a c e a e are plants o f aquatic habitats, w hile m ost o f the rem aining 20 fam ilies are represented by w oody species. The largest fam ilies in the present volum e, C a p p a rid a c e a e (75 taxa), A m a r a n th a c e a e (62), B ra ssic a c e a e (61) and C a ry o p h y lla c e a e (58) have species char­ acteristic o f disturbed habitats, particularly agricultural areas and w oodlands. This is true also for the several fam ilies w ith betw een 20 and 40 species each. W e hope that this V olum e w ill en­ able agriculturalists and natural resource specialists to be able to identify and recognize m ore o f the plants in the F lora area with certainty. Further confirm ation can also be done through the N ational H erbarium . The authors o f the four large fam ilies as well as those w ho w rote other critical accounts are highly com m ended for their thorough contributions.

O nly 49 (3.5% ) o f the taxa in the present V olum e are endem ics. These are m any few er than could be expected based on the 12% endem ism for the Flora as a w hole. This is partly because the fam ilies are not w ell-represented in the afroalpine and dry m ontane forest and grassland com plex w here endem ism is higher, w hich is the case for R a n u n c u la c e a e and G e ra n ia c e a e with 25% and 21% endem ics, respectively. A particularly interesting case is C a llitric h a c e a e w here 2 o f the 3 species are endem ics confined to afroalpine areas. T h e other endem ics, m any o f these at the infraspecific level, are found in 14 fam ilies. H ow ever, there are 85 taxa (6% ) con­ fined to the Som ali-M asai biom e, m any o f them restricted to southern Ethiopia, Som alia and northern K enya. M o rin g a c e a e (5 out o f 9, 55% ) and C a p p a rid a c e a e (18 out o f 75, 24% ) have very high percentages o f regional endem ics. S om etim es, the w riting o f a Flora is seen as an end in itself, but it is only a record o f a certain state o f know ledge for a particular area and tim e. A com plete and final Flora w ould be paradoxi­ cal as it is dealing w ith living plants in a dynam ic relationship w ith th eir environm ent. T here are also m any hum an activities involving plants that have dram atic effects on the floristic com posi­ tion o f all habitats, w hether m anaged or wild. The N ational H erbarium in E thiopia is well staffed to continue studies into the Flora and continuously update our know ledge o f the flora o f this p art o f A frica. H ow ever, for the field work and other research into the flora o f Horn o f A f­ rica to continue to be dynam ic, support for the staff and facilities o f the N ational H erbarium and cooperation w ith other institutions need to be secured and developed. W e look forw ard to the strengthening o f existing support and cooperation from both relevant national authorities in E thiopia and E ritrea, and our m any friends and colleagues throughout the world. W e hope this w ork will rem ain available in its printed form as a reference for m any years to com e. H ow ever, w e also see a good Flora as the foundation from w hich other work can com e, w hether in the form o f local Floras and guides for specific areas and/or groups o f plants, or providing the basic inform ation for research into new and econom ically o r intellectually fruitful fields.

xiii

ABBREVIATIONS (excluding authorities for names) All units of measurement are given with SDI abbrevia­ tions. Herbarium abbreviations are according to the 7th edi­ tion, 1981, of Index Herbariorum. ± - more or less A - Herbarium, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Univer­ sity, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Abh. preuss. Akad. Wiss. - Abhandlungen der Koniglich-Preussischen Akaemie der Wissenschaften, Berlin ACD - Herbarium, Alemaya University of Agricul­ ture, Ethiopia, formerly Agricultural College of Haile Selassie 1st University, Dire Dawa, Ethio­ pia ACT - Australian Capital Territory Acta Bot. Neerl. (also mistakenly as Act. Bot Neder­ land) —Acta Botanica Neerlandica Acta Univ. Lund -A c ta Universtatis Lundensis Adumb. FI. Aeth. - Adumbratio Florae Aethiopicae AF - Afar region, Ethiopia Afr. - Africa African Bot. Suppl. - African Botany Supplement Agri. Col./Colon. -A g ra ria Coloniale Agric. Res. Rep. (Versl. landbouwk. Onderz.) - Agri­ cultural research reports Agri. Univ. Wageningen - Agricultural University of Wageningen Agric. Colon. (Ital.) - I'Agricoltura Coloniale ALF - Herbarium, Institut d’Elevage et de M^decine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort, France alt. - altitude Amer. - American Ann (di) Bot. (Roma) - Annali di Botanica, Roma Ann. Cons. Bot. Geneve - Annales Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique de la Ville de Geneve Ann. (di) Bot. (Roma) - Annali di Botanica, Roma Ann. Miss. (Missouri) Bot. Gard. - Annals o f the Mis­ souri Botanical Garden Ann./Annls Mus. Hist, (nat.) Paris - Annales du Museum National d ’Histoire Naturelle, Paris Ann./Annls Mus. Bot. Lug.-Bat. —Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi, Amsterdam Ann. Naturh. Mus. Wien. —Annalen des k.k. naturhistorischen (Hof)museums. Wien Ann. R. 1st. Bot. Roma -A n n a li di Botanica, Roma Ann. Sc. Nat. -A nnales des Sciences naturelles, Paris Annuar. R. 1st. bot. Roma - Annuario del R. Istituto Botanico di Roma Append. - Appendix AR - Arsi region, Ethiopia Arab Gulf J. Sc. - Arab G ulf Journal o f Science

Arch. Bot. Caen —Archives de Botanique, Caen Arkivr B o t.- Arkivr fo r Botanik Atti Acad, (naz.) ital. - Atti della Accademia Nazionale Itlaiana, Bologna auct. - ‘auctorum’ Latin for ‘of authors’; used to show that a name has been commonly misapplied to a different species from that to which it was origi­ nally given Aug. - August B - Herbarium, Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin, West Germany BA - Bale region, Ethiopia Beih. Bot. Centr. —Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt Beitr. FI. Aeth. - Beitrage zur Flora von Aethiopiens Belg. Joum. Bot. - Belgium Journal o f Botany BG - Herbariet, Botanisk Institutt, Universitetet i Ber­ gen, Bergen, Norway BK - Botanical Section, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand BM - Herbarium, The Natural History Museum, for­ merly The British Museum (Natural History), London, UK BM-SL - Sloane Herbarium, London, England, UK BOL - Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Bol. Soc. Brot. - Boletin da Sociedade Broteriana, Coimbra Boll. R. Orto. Bot. Palermo - Bollettino del R. Orto Botanico, Palermo BOLO - Herbarium, Instituto Botanico dell’Universita, Bologna, Italy Bot. - botany Bot. Jahrb. (Syst.) —Botanische Jahrbiicher fu r Syste­ matic Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, Leipzig Bot. J. Linn. Soc. —Botanical Journal o f the Linnean Society’ o f London Bot. mag. - The Botanical Magazine, UK Bot. Not./ Notiser - Botaniska Notiser, Lund Bot. Reg. - Botanical Register Bot. Tidsskr, - Botanisk Tiddskrifi Bot. Zhum. - Ukrayins ’kyi Botanichnyi Zhurnal BR - Herbarium, Jardin Botanique National de Bel­ gique, Meise, Belgium BREM - Herbarium, Ubersee-Museum, Bremen, Ger­ many BRVU - Bruxelles Laboratorium voor Algemene Plantkunde en Natuurbeheer, Pleinlaan, Brux­ elles, Belgium Bull. - Bulletin Bull. Auckland Inst. Mus. - Bulletin o f the Auckland Institute and Museum, New Zealand

xiv

ABBREVIATIONS

Bull. bot. Surv. India -B ulletin o f the Botanical Survey o f India Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Bot.) - Bulletin o f the British Museum (Natural History) (Botany), London Bull. Herb. Boiss. - Bulletin de I ’Herbier Boissier, Geneve & Bale Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat. Brux. - Bulletin du Jardin botanique de I 'Etat a Bruxelles, Bruxelles Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. - Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Bruxelles Bull. Misc. Inf. - Bulletin o f Miscellaneous Informa­ tion, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. Paris - Bulletin de Museum National d ’Histoire Naturelle, Paris Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) - Bulletin o f the Natural History Museum, London Bull. Seanc. Acad. r. Sci. - Bulletin des Seances. Academie Roy ale des Sciences, Paris Bull. Seanc. Acad. r. Sci. Outre-Mer - Bulletin des Se­ a n c e s. A c a d e m ie R o y a le des S c ie n c e s d ’Outre-Mer, Bruxelles Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. - Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr./ France - Bulletin de la Societe bo­ tanique de France Bull. Soc. Bot. France - Bulletin. Societe Botanique de France Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve. —Bullettin des Travaux Soci­ ete Botanique de Geneve Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. - Bullettino della Societd Botanica Italiana Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique - Bulletin. Societe Roy­ ale de Botanique de Belgique B-W (also mistakenly as B-WILLD) - Herbarium Willdenow, Berlin, Germany B-WILLD (mistakenly) - Herbarium Willdenow, Ber­ lin, Germany C - (before a place name) central c - ‘circa’ Latin for ‘about’ or ‘approximately’ C - Herbasrium, Botanical Museum and Herbarium, Copenhagen, Denmark Cact Succ. J. - Cactus and Succulent Journal CADU - Chilalo Agricultural Development Unit, Asella, Ethiopia Cairo Univ. Herb. - Publications from the Cairo Uni­ versity Herbarium CAL - Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India cf. - ‘confer’ Latin for ‘compare’ CGE - Herbarium, Botany School, University o f Cam­ bridge, UK Cliff. - Cliffortianus coll. - collector comb, inval. - combination invalid

cons. / conserv. / consv. - ‘conservandus’ Latin for ‘to be kept’ conserv. - ‘conservandus’ Latin for ‘to be kept’ Consp. FI. Afr. - Conspectus Florae Africae Consp. FI. Angol. - Conspectus Florae Angolensis. Consp. FI. Europ. - Conspectus Florae Europea Contr. Bolus Herb. - Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium, Rodebosch consv. - ‘conservandum’ Latin for ‘conserved’ Cufod. - Cufodontis cult. - cultivated Curtis’ Bot. Mag. - Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, Lon­ don dbh - diameter at breast height DES - Herbarium, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, U.S.A. Descr. PI. Am. - Plantarum americanarum fasciculus primus [-decimus] (Burman) destr. - destroyed diam. - diameter E - east E - Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland e.g. - ‘exempli gratia’ Latin for ‘for example’ EA (also mistakenly as EAH) - East African Herbar­ ium, Nairobi, Kenya ed. - edition, edited by, or editor(s) EE - Eritrea east, area below 1000 m contour to the Red Sea coast on the east Encyc. - Encyclopaedia Eng. - English Engl. (Bot.) Jahrb. —Engler Botanische Jahrbucher Engl. Pflanzenreich - Engler Pflanzenreich Enum. / Enum. PI. Aeth. / Enum. Plant Aethiop. / Enum. Plant. Sperm. — Enumeratio Plantarum Aethiopiae Spermatophyta et al. - ‘et alii’ Latin for ‘and others’ etc. - ‘et cetera’ Latin for ‘and the rest’ ETH - The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa Univer­ sity, Ethiopia Ethiop. - Ethiopia EW - Eritrea west, area above 1000 m contour on the east to the border with Sudan on the west ex - Latin for ‘without’ excl. - ‘exclusus’ Latin for ‘excluded’ f. - ‘filius’ Latin for ‘son’ Fam. - family (of plants) Fam. of FI. Plants in Ethiopia - Families o f Flowering Plants in Ethiopia, Oklahoma Fed. Rep. / Feddes Repert. - Feddes Repertorium FHO - Forest Herbarium, Department of Forestry, University of Oxford, UK

ABBREVIATIONS

FI - Herbarium Universitatis Florentinae, Museo Botanico, Firenze, Italy fide - Latin for ‘according to’ Field Mus. Nat. Hist. - Field Museum o f Natural His­ tory, Chicago, USA Fig./fig. - figure FI. advent. M ontpellier - La flo re adventice de Montpellier FI. Afr. Cent, (also FI. d ’Afrique Centrale) - Flore d ’A frique Centrale FI. Anal, d’ltal. - Flore Annali d ’ltaliana FI. Australia - Flora of Australia FI. Bras. - Flora Br as iliens is FI. Brit. India - The flora o f British India FI. Brit. Isles - Flora of the British Isles FI. Cameroun - Flore du Cameroun FI. Cap. - Flora Capensis FI. Congo / FI. Cong. Rwand. & Bur. - Flore du Congo Beige et du Ruanda-Urundi / Flore D ’A frique Centrale (Congo-Kinshasa, Rwanda & Burundi) FI. d ’Afrique centrale - Flore d ’Afrique Centrale

xv

Flower. PI. Afr. - Flowering Plants o f Africa Forest FI. North. Rhodesia - Forest Flora o f Northern Rhodesia FR - Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany fragm. - fragment Fragm. Bot. - Fragmenta Botanica Fragm. flor. geobot. - Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica, Krakow fructu minimo - Latin for ‘small fruited’ FT - Erbario Tropicale di Firenze, Firenze, Italy G - Herbarium, Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques, Geneve, Switzerland G-DC - Herbier De Candolle, Geneve, Switzerland Gardens Bull. - Gardens Bulletin GD - Gondar region, Ethiopia GE - Erbario dell’Instituto Botanico ‘Hanburv’ e Orto Botanico dell’Universita di Genova, Genova, It­ aly Gen. PI. - Genera Plantarum Gen. Sp./Spec. Orch. PI. - The Genera and Species o f Orchidaceous Plants

FI. d ’Afrique du Nord - Flore d ’A frique de Nord FI. Deutsch. - Flora von Deutschland

Genera of FI. Plants - Genera o f Flowering Plants GG - Gamo Gofa region, Ethiopia

FI. du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi - Flora du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi FI. Egypt (Icon.) - Flora o f Egypt

GH - Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Har­ vard, USA GJ - Gojam region, Ethiopia GOET - System atisch-G eobotanisches Institut, Gottingen, Germany H - Herbarium, Botanical Museum, University of Hel­ sinki, Finland HA - Hararge region, Ethiopia HAL - Herbarium, Martin-Luther Universitat, Sektion Biowissenschaften, Wissenschaftsbereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Halle, Germany HBG - Herbarium, Institut fur Allgemeine Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Hamburg, Germany HEID - Herbarium, Institut fur Systematische Botanik der Universitat Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Ger­ many Herb. - herbarium Herb. Linn. Soc. London - Herbarium of the Linnean Society of London Herb. Thouin - Herbarium of Thouin Herbar. Amboin. - Herbarium Amboinense

FI. FI. FI. FI.

Eth. - Flora o f Ethiopia Europaea - Flora Europaea Iran —Flora o f Iran Ital. —Flora Italica

FI. Libya - Flora o f Libya FI. Males. /Malesiana - Flora Malesiana FI. Mascareignes - Flora de Mascareignes FI. Maurit. & Seych. - Flora o f Mauritania and Seychelle FI. Orientalis —Flora Orientalis FI. Palaest, - Flora Palaestina FI. Pi. Afr. - Flowering Plants o f Africa FI. Rwanda - Flore du Rwanda FI. S. Africa - Flora o f Southern Africa FI. Som. (Chiovenda) - Flora Somala FI. Somalia - Flora o f Somalia FI. South Af. - Flora o f Southern Africa FI. Sudan - Flowering Plants o f the Sudan FI. Trop. Afr. - Flora o f Tropical Africa FI. Trop. E. Afr. - Flora o f Tropical East Africa FI. Turkey - Flora o f Turkey and the East Aegean Islands FI. W. Trop. Afr. - Flora o f West Tropical Africa FI. Zam. / Zamb. / Zambesiaca - Flora Zambesiaca FL-W - Herbarium Michelianum, Firenze, Italy

Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. - Histoire de I 'Academic Royale des Sciences Hochgebirgsfl. (Trop. A fr.) A frika - Uber die Hochgebirgsflora des tropischen Afrika holo. - holotype holoneo. / neoholo - neoholotype hort. - ‘hortorum’ Latin for ‘o f gardens’; a name used in horticulture Hort. (Ind.) Malab. - Hortus Indicus Malabaricus

xvi

ABBREVIATIONS

I. A.R. - Institute o f Agricultural Research, Ethiopia Ibid - ‘Ibidem’ Latin for ‘in the same place’ ICBN —International Code o f Botanical Nomencla­ ture Icon. PI. Rar. - leones Plantarum Rariorum IDC - Inter Documentation Company, Poststrasse, Zug, Switzerland IECAMA (also sometimes IECA) - Imperial Ethio: pian College o f Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, now Alemaya University of Agriculture, Ethiopia IL - Ilubabor region, Ethiopia ILCA / ILRI - International Livestock Centre for Af­ rica (now International Livestock Research Insti­ tute), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ILRI - International Livestock Research Institute, Nai­ robi and Addis Ababa illus. - illustration in sched. - ‘in schedula’ Latin for ‘on a herbarium la­ bel’ in syn. - Latin for ‘in synonymy’ incl. - including Indet - indeterminate, not identified Indian J. Bot. - Indian Journal o f Botany ined. - ‘ineditus’ Latin for ‘the item is being prepared for publication’ Inst. - Institution Is. - Islands Israel J. Bot. - Israel Journal o f Botany iso. - isotype isolecto. - isolectotype isoneo. - isoneotype isosyn. - isosyntype Integr. Syst. Class. FI. PI. - An Integrated System o f Classification o f Flowering Plants J. Agri. trop. Bot. Appl. -Jo u rn a l d ‘Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquee J. Am. Arb. - Journal o f the Arnold Arboretum J. Bot. - The Journal o f Botany J. E./East Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. - Journal o f the East Af­ rican Natural History Society and National Mu­ seum J. Jap. Bot. - Journal o f Japanese Botany J. Linn. Soc. - Journal o f the Linnean Society o f Lon­ don J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) - Journal o f the Linnean Society o f London (Botany) J. Roy. Hort. Soc. - Journal o f the Royal Horticultural Society J. S. Afr. Bot. - Journal o f South African Botany J. South Afr. Bot. Suppl. -Jo u rn a l o f the South African Botany Supplement Jahrb. / Jb. K. / Kgl. bot. Gart. / Gtn. bot Mus. Berl. Jahrbuch des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens

und des Botanischen Museums zu Berlin JE - Herbarium Haussknecht, Friedrich-Schiller Universitat, Jena, Germany Jimma Agric. Tech. School - Jimma Agriculture and Technical School Joum. Linn. Soc. - Journal o f the Linnean Society o f London Joum. S. Afr. Bot. Suppl. - Journal o f the South Afri­ can Botany Supplement K - The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK K. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. - Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, Kjobenhavn K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. N.F. - Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-A kadem iens Handilingar Ny Foljd Kew Bull. - Kew Bulletin, London Kew Bull. Add. Ser. - Kew Bulletin Additional Series KF - Kefa region, Ethiopia KIEL - Botanisches Institut der Universitat Kiel, Biologiezentrum Olshausenstrasse, Kiel, Germany Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. - Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter L - Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Netherlands L. - lake I.e. / Joe. cit. - ‘loco citato’ Latin for 1in the place cited’ LD - Botanical Museum, Lund, Sweden LE - Herbarium of the Department of Higher Plants, V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Acad­ emy o f Sciences, St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Russia lecto. - lectotype leg. - ‘legit’ Latin for ‘collected by’ LG - Herbarium et Jardin Botanique de l’Universite Lifcge, Belgium LINN - Herbarium, The Linnean Society of London, London, England LISU - Museu, Laboratorio e Jardim Botanico, Lis­ boa, Portugal loc. cit. - ‘loco citato’ Latin for ‘at the place cited’ LUB - Herbarium, Naturhistorisches Museum zu LUbeck, LUbeck, Germany LY - Herbiers de I’Universite de Lyon, Viileurbanne, France M - Herbarium, Botanische Staatssammlung, Munchen, Germany MA - Herbarium, Jardin Botanico, Madrid, Spain Man. Bot. - A Manual o f Botany o f the Northern United States Man. Cult. Plants - Manual o f Cultivated Plants Meded. bot. Mus. Rijks-Univ. Utrecht - Mededelingen van net Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks-Universiteit te Utrecht Meded. Landbhoogesch. Opzoekstns Gent - Mede­ delingen van de Landbouwhoogeschool en de Staat te Gent

ABBREVIATIONS

Med. / Meded. Landb. / Landbhoogesch. Wag. Mededelingen van de Landbouwhoogeschool te Wageningen MEL - Melbourne, National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens, Victoria, Australia Mem. Inst. Sc. Madag. - Memo ires de I 'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar Mem (N.Y. St.) Mus. Nat. Hist. - Memoirs o f the New York State Museum o f Natural History, Albany, New York Mem. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. Paris -M emoires. Museum National d ’Histoire Naturelle. Nouvelle Serie Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. —Memoirs o f the New York Bo­ tanic Garden Mem. Wernerian (Nat. Hist.) Soc. - Memories o f the Wernerian (Natural History) Society MHU - Makerere Herbarium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Miss. Biol. Borana - Missione Biologica nel Paese dei Borana Missione Stud. (Lago) Tana - Missione di Studio al Lago Tana, Roma Mitt. bot. (Staats. / Stsamml. Munch.) - Mitteilungen aus der Botanischen Staatssammlung, Munchen MO - Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, USA Monogr. Afr. Pfl. -Fam. - Monographien Afrikanischer Pflanzenfamilien Monogr. Afr. Pfl. -Fam. (und -Gatt.) - Monographien Afrikanischer Pflanzenfamilien und Gatt ungen MPU - Institut de Botanique, Montpellier, France Mt - mountain Mts. - mountains Mus. Hist, (nat.) Paris - Annales du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris Mus. (Bot. Lug.-Bat.) - Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi, Amsterdam N - north Nat. Herb. / ETH - National Herbarium (of Ethiopia) Nat. Pflanzenfam. - Die natiirlichen PJlanzenfamilien NE - northeast Ned. Kruidk. Archf. - Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Neder­ landsch Botanische Vereeniging, Leiden neo. - neotype NNW - north-northwest no. —number nom. - ‘nomen’ Latin for ‘name’ nom. confus. - ‘nomen confusum’ Latin for ‘confused name’ nom. cons./conserv. - ‘nomen conservandum’ Latin for ‘conserved name’ nom. illeg./illegit. - ‘nomen illegitimum’ Latin for ‘illegitimate name’ nom. inval. - ‘nomen invalidus’ Latin for ‘invalid name’

x v ii

nom. nov. - ‘nomen novum’ Latin for ‘new name’ nom. n u d - ‘nomen nudum’ Latin for ‘naked name’; a name published without a description of the taxon nom. rej. - ‘nomen rejectum’ Latin for ‘rejected name’ nom. superfl. - ‘nomen superfluum’ Latin for ‘a su­ perfluous name’ nomen iIlegit. - ‘nomen illegitimum’ Latin for ‘illegit­ imate name’ non. auct. mult. - ‘non auctorum multiorum’ Latin for ‘not as used by many authors’, see auct. non sens. str. - ‘non sensu stricto’ Latin for ‘not in the strict sense’; not in the same sense as the original author of the group Nord. / Nordic. J. Bot. - Nordic Journal o f Botany Norw. Journ. Bot. —Norwegian Journal o f Botany Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh —Notes from the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh Notizbl. bot. Gart. (Mus.) Berl. - Notizblatt des Kgl. Botanische Gartens und Museums zu Berlin Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris - Nouveau Bulle­ tin des Sciences par la Societe Philomat(h)ique de Paris Nov. PI. Gen. —Nova Plantarum Genera / Plantarum Genera Nova Nov. Sist. Vysshikh Rast. - Novosti Sistematiki Vysshikh Rastenii, Moskva nr. - near NS - new series / nouvelle serie, of a journal NTM - Herbarium, Museum d ’Histoire Naturelle, Nantes, France Nuov. Bot. Ital. - Nuovo Botanico Italiano Nuovo Giom. Bot. Ital. - Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano NW - northwest NY - Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA Occ. Pap. (Bernice P.) Bishop Mus. - Occasional Pa­ pers o f the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. - Osterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift, Wein Ofvers. K. Vet.-Akad Frh. — Ofversigt a f Kongl. Vetenskaps-A kadem iens Forhand!inger Op. Bot. - Opera Botanica Op. Bot. Cech. - Opera Botanica Cechica Op. Bot. Soc. bot. Lund - Opera Botanica a Societate Botanica Lundensi op. cit. - ‘opera citato’ Latin for ‘in the work already cited’ OXF - Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Oxford, England P - Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanerogamie, Paris, France p. - page

ABBREVIATIONS xviii

p.p. - ‘pro parte’ Latin ‘for in part’; used to show that only a part of the group as circumscribed by the original author is being used by the later author PAL - Erbario Siculo and Erbario Generale, Palermo, Italy PAT - Laboratoire d’Ethnobotanique, Museum Na­ tional d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France Pflanzenfam. —Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien Pflanzenw. Ost. Afr. - Die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas 1 (I), Ostafrica zwischen Abbaja-See und Kenia Phys. (Math.) Abh. (K.) Akad. (Wiss.) Berlin - Physikalische M athem atische Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Phyta Canar. - Phyla Canariensis P-LA - Lamarck Collection, Paris, France PI. Am. - Plant arum americanarum fasciculus primus [-decimus] (Burman) pp. - pages PR - Department of Botany, National Museum in Pra­ gue, Czech Republic PRE - National Herbarium, Botanical Research Insti­ tute, Pretoria, South Africa Prodr. - Prodrom us system atis naturalis regni vegetabilis o f De Candolle Prodr. FI. SW. Afr. - Prodromus einer Flora von Sudwest Afrika pro maiore parte - Latin for ‘for the major part’ prob. - probable or probably Prodr. - ‘prodromus’ Latin for ‘forerunner’, a prelimi­ nary work which should be followed by a more complete one prov. - province pt. - planta (Pubs.) Cairo Univ. Herb. - Publications from the Cairo University Herbarium R. - river Reg. Veg. - Regnum vegetabilis Result. Sci. Miss. Stef-Paoli - Resultati Scientifici della Missione Stefanini-Paoli nella Somalia Italiana Revue gen. bot. - Revue Generale de Botanique, Paris RO - Erbario dell’Istituto Botanico dell’Universita di Roma, Roma, Italy Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin. - The Royal Botanic Garden Ed­ inburgh S - Herbarium, Swedish Museum of Natural History (Natuurhistoriska riksmuseet), Stockholm, Swe­ den S - south S. Afr. J J Joum. Bot. - South African Journal o f Bot­ any S. Afr. Joum. Bot. Suppl. —South African Journal o f Botany Supplement s. 1. / lat. —‘sensu lato’ Latin for ‘in a broad sense’

s. str. - ‘sensu stricto’ Latin for ‘in a narrow sense’ s.n. - ‘sine numero’ Latin for ‘without a number’ SD - Sidamo region, Ethiopia SE - southeast Sect. - Section (of a genus) sensu - Latin for ‘in the sense o f sensu lato - Latin for ‘in a broad sense’ Sept. - September Ser./ser - Series sine loc. - ‘sine loco’ Latin for ‘place not cited’ sine relat. nom. - ‘sine relatatum nomen’ Latin for ‘without a related name’ SJNET Eth. J. Sci. - SINET: An Ethiopian Journal o f Science Sist. Rast. (Nov. Sist. Vysshikh Rast.) - Novosti Sistematiki Vysshikh Rastenii, Moskva Sitz. Ber. Kgl. Preuss. Alkad. - Sitzungen-Berichte der Konglichen Preussichen Akademie Sitzb. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien - Sitzungsblatt der K aiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien sp. - species (singular) spec. - specimen spp. - species (plural) SRGH - National Herbarium and Botanic Garden, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe STR - Institut de Botanique de l’Universite Louis Pas­ teur, Strasbourg, France STU - Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunds Stuttgart, Abteilung fur Botanik, Stuttgart, Germany Students’ FI. Egypt Students ’ Flora o f Egypt Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk - Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde aus dem Staatlichen Museum fur Naturkunde in Stuttgart SU - Shewa upland, area above the 1000 m contour along the escarpment, Ethiopia Subgen. - Subgenus subsp. - subspecies (singular) subspp. - subspecies (plural) Suppl. - supplement Svensk bot. Tidskr./ Tidsskr. - Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift SW - southwest Symb. Bot. Ups. - Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses syn. - synonym Syn. Mitteleur. FI. - Synopsis der mitteleuropaischen Flora Syst. Bot. Mon. - Monographs in Systematic Botany Syst. Nat. - Systerna Natural t./tab. - ‘tabula’ Latin for ‘illustration’ TCD - H erbarium , School of Botany, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Tent. FI. Abyss. - Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae

ABBREVIATIONS

xix

zu Braunsberg

TO - Herbarium, Museum Botanicum Horti Taurinensis, c/o Istituto ed Orto Botanico dell’ Univer­ sity Torino, Italy Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. - Transactions o f the Linnean Society o f London Trans. Linn. Soc. Zoo - Transactions o f the Linnean Society o f Zoology

V id e n sk . S e lsk . S kr. — K o n g e lig e D a n sk e Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, Kjobenhavn Vol. / vol. - volume of a published work which ap­ pears in more than one part

Trop. - tropical TRV - Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa

WAG - Herbarium Vadense, Laboratory for Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography, Netherlands

TU - Tigray region, Ethiopia TUB - Herbarium, Institut fur Biologie I, Tubingen, Germany U. S. Nat. Herb. - United States National Herbarium Univ. California Public. Bot. - University o f Califor­ nia Publications in Botany

W - Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria W - west

UPS - The Herbarium, University of Uppsala, Upp­ sala, Sweden Up. Kenya Wild FI. - Upland Kenya Wild Flowers US - United States National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A.

WG - Welega region, Ethiopia W IR - Herbarium, The All-Union Institute of Plant In­ dustry, St Petersberg (Leningrad), Russia Wiss. Erge. D. Zentr. Afr. Exp. - Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse de Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedi­ tion Wolladventivfl. Mitteleur. - Wolladventivflora Mitteleuropas WN W - west north-west WRSL - Herbarium, Department of Botany, Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw, Poland

var. - variety Veg. Erde - Die Vegetation der Erde (Engler) Veg. Erde IX, Pflanzenw. Afr. - Die Vegetation der Erde IX: Die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas (Engler) Verhand. Bot. Verein Brandenb. - Verhandbuch der Botanik Verein de Provinz Brandenburg Verz. Vorl. Akad. Braunsberg S. -Sem - Verzeichnis der Vorlesungen an den Koniglichen Akademie

WU - Welo region, Ethiopia Y — SamUel James Record Memorial Collection, School of Forestry, Yale University, New Ha­ ven, U.S.A. Z - Herbarium, Institut fiir systematische Botanik der Universitat Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ZT - The Herbarium, Institute ftir Spezielle Botanik, Zurich, Switzerland

XX

MAP OF THE FLORISTIC REGIONS OF ETHIOPIA AND ERITREA (These are the regions used in V olum e 3 and kepi in all the volumes for continuity They do not bear any relation to the present ad­ m inistrative structures. The regions arc given in the order used for distributions in the Flora, I.e. from the north to the centre, and then E W - Eritrea East, below and to the east o f the 1000 m con­ tour EW - Eritrea W est, above and to the west o f the WOO m con­ tour AF _ Afar region, below and to the east of the 1000 m con­ tour to the Eritrean border in the east and the Hararge border in the south TU - Tigray region, above and to the west o f the 1000 m con­ tour GD - G ondar region GJ - Gojam region W II - Welo region, above and to the west o f the 1000 m con­ tour

SU - Shewa region, above and and to the west o f the 1000 m

contour AR - Arsi region WG - Welega region 1L - Uubabor region K.F - Kefa region GG - Gamo Gofa region SD - Sidamo region BA - Bale region HA - Hararge region

xx i

MAP OF ETHIOPIA AND ERITREA SHOWING MAJOR PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES

35°E

40°E

45°E

KEY TO FAMILIES

xxiii

KEY TO FAMILIES! by Sue Edwards, Ensermu Kelbessa & Sebsebe D em issew 2

PRIMARY KEY TO 20 ARTIFICIAL GROUPS (Each artificial group contains keys that will lead to the correct family name.) 1. Plants floating on the surface of water or submerged beneath the surface or lying flat on the mud during periods of low water level.Group 1 - Plants growing upright out of the water (above the water level) or growing on soil, on rocks, or on other plants; neitherfloating norsubmerged. 2 2. Plants without green pigment (chlorophyll), parasites or saprophytes; the leaves absent or reduced to scale-like or bract-like structures. Group 2 - Plants with green pigment (chlorophyll); leaves usually present, at least during the growing season. 3 3. Plants with leaves more than one metre long or trees and shrubs with grass-like or palm-like leaves. Group 3 - Plants with leaves less than one metre long, if trees or shrubs then leaves not grass-like nor palm-like. 4 4. Grass-like herbs: leaves alternate or basal, blades narrow and with parallel veins. Group 4 - Plants not grass-like: leaves simple, deeply divided, or compound, usually with pinnate or palmate venation andusually with a petiole. 5 5. Flowers densely crowded into compact inflores­ cences (heads), individual flowers closely pressed against each other or against their subtending bracts and often difficult to separate from each other. Group 5 - Flowers not densely crowded into compact inflorescences (heads), individual flowers easy to separate from each other if in a dense inflorescence. 6 6. Stamens and pistils naked, without bracts or perianth parts, or on 1 or 2 special bracts forming a cone, but not within a cup-like or tubular structure. Group 6 Stamens and pistils covered, surrounded by three or more bracts or perianth parts (sepals and/or

petals), or within a cup-like or tubular structure, but not forming a cone. 7 7. Flowers with one or more spurs or with a sac-like pouch at the base of the flower. G roup 7 - Flowers without spurs or without a sac-like pouch at the base of the flower. 8 8. Flowers apparently only female; stamens absent, or lacking anthers and modified into staminodes, or stamens united with each other and/or with other parts of the flower and difficult to identify. G roup 8 - Flowers either bisexual or only male, with free and distinct anthers. 9 9. Whole plant or some flowers on the plant functionally only male, flowers or reproductive structures with distinct anthers. G roup 9 - Whole plant and flowers bisexual, with stamens and a central pistil or group of pistils of which only the style may be visible in the centre of the flower. 10 10. Each flower with two or more pistils and styles present and arising from separate ovaries, or if only one ovary is present then with two or more styles arising from separate areas on it. G roup 10 - Each flower with only one pistil and only one style, or if two or more styles are present then the styles all arising from one point on the top of the ovary. 11 11. Ovary on a stalk, perianth parts attached below the base of the ovary; fruit often on a stalk with a joint or articulation where the perianth parts and stamens were attached. G roup 11 - Ovary on the receptacle, perianth parts attached at base of ovary, or on a disc or raised receptacle, or ovary below the level o f perianth and stamen attachment. 12 12. Flower with an inferior or half-inferior ovary, at least some part of the ovary below the level of sepals, petals, or perianth-tube attachment; fruit with scars or persistent perianth parts on top and opposite the fruit stalk. G roup 12 - Flower with a superior ovary, ovary found above the level of sepals, petals, or perianth-tube attachment; fruit with scars or persistent perianth parts where the stalk is attached. 13

Based on W.C. B urger (1967). Families o f Flowering Plants in Ethiopia, from Experiment Station Bulletin No. 45, O klahoma Agricultural Experim ent Station The National Herbarium, Addis A baba University, P.O. Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

KEY TO FAMILIES

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13. Flowers with 13 or more than 13 stamens, or with 13 or more than 13 anthers when the filaments are united or absent. G roup 13 - Flowers with 12 or fewer than 12 stamens, or with 12 or fewer than 12 anthers when the filaments are united or absent. 14 14. Filaments united, forming a short or long tube. Group 14 - Filaments free, never forming a tube, or united only at the base, or absent. 15 15. Flowers bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic), petals always united to form a tube. G roup 15 - Flowers radially symmetrical (actinomorphic), petals all similar in size and shape, free or united, or absent. 16 16. Petals and/or sepals united and coming off as a single unit, never as separate petals. G roup 16 - Petals free, usually come off separately and not together as a single unit, or absent; sepals free or united, but not forming a colourful tube. 17 17. Flowers with stamens more or fewer in number than petals, or sepals if petals absent. G roup 17 - Flowers with the stamens equal in number to the petals, or sepals if petals absent. 18 18. Flowers with either sepals or petals (but not both) and with stamens attached opposite, at the base of, or on the sepals or petals. G roup 18 - Flowers with both sepals and petals, or if only one whorl is present then the stamens alternating between the perianth parts. 19 19. Stamens alternating with the petals and opposite the sepals, if petals absent or fallen off. Group 19 - Stamens opposite the petals and alternate with the sepals if petals absent or have fallen off. G roup 20

GROUP 11 Herbaceous plants without woody stems growing on or under water, freely floating or if rooted in the soil then not growing more than a few (up to 5 cm) centimetres above the water level, lying flat upon the mud during dry periods and not self-supporting. [1-5) = number of the volume where the family account is found.] 1. Plants of ocean water or of salty water close to the ocean shore. - Plants of fresh or o f only slightly salty water.

2 5

2. Flowers found on the lower part of the leaf-base and at first enclosed between the edges o f the sheathing leaf-base. |6] 177. Ruppiaceae - Flowers on stalks or in the axils of leaves. 3

1 For lily-like and other monocotyledons, see the key at the start o f Volume 6.

3. Flowers enclosed in 2 opposite bracts; each ovary with 2 to 12 styles. |6| 172. H ydrocharitaceae - Flowers not enclosed in 2 opposite bracts; each ovary with usually only 1 style. 4 4. Flowers in leaf-axils; perianth o f 3 scales or absent; stamens with thread-like pollen. |6 | 178. Zannichelliaceae - Flowers in terminal spikes; perianth absent; stamens with powdery pollen. J6J 176. Potamogetonaceae 5. Plants without a stem or stem-like portion, flat and circular or oval in outline, each little plant less than 1 cm long (sometimes attached to each other and forming a group longer than 1 cm), floating flat upon the water surface and not attached to rocks or soil. (6) 182. Lemnaceae - Plants with a stem or stem-like portion, or if the stem is absent, then attached to rocks and plant more than 1 cm long; if less than I cm long then with small overlapping leaves. 6 6. Plants cabbage-like and freely floating, with leaf rosettes above the water level; roots not attached to the soil; flowers in a single tubular bract, male reduced to several anthers on a stalk above the reduced female flower. (Pistia) |6) 181. Araceae - Plants not cabbage-like and freely floating, without leaf rosettes; leaves usually flat on the surface or beneath the surface; flowers not in tubular bracts, or plants without flowers. 7. Leaves floating with 4 fan- or wedge-shaped leaflets attached to a central petiole; darkcoloured nut-like bodies near the base of the petiole under the water. (Marsilea) |1 | Marsileaceae - Leaves not floating, and without 4 fan- or wedgeshaped leaflets; nut-like bodies not found at the base o f the petiole. 8 8 Plants attached to rocks in fast moving water or in the spray of moving water, superficially looking like a liverwort or moss; leaves alternate or absent, flowers very small with usually 1 or 2 stamens and an ovary with 2 or 3 styles. |2,1| 26. Podostenionaceae - Plants floating or submerged. 9 9. Underwater leaves with small (2 to 5 mm) round bladders that catch very small aquatic organisms. 15| 163. Lentibulariaceue - Underwater leaves without small bladders. 10 10. Styles 2 or more, coming from separate ovaries or from separate areas on the same ovary, or styles absent and stigmas 2 or more on separate ovaries, or on separate areas o f a solitary ovary. 11

KEY TO FAMILIES

- Style I , or if 2 or more, then coming from one point on the top o f the ovary, or pistil absent in male flowers. 20 11. Leaves large and floating, over 20 cm wide, with petiole attached at or near the centre of the blade; flowers usually over 2 cm across. 12 - Leaves usually less than 20 cm wide, with petiole at or near the edge of the blade; flowers usually less than 2 cm across. 13 12. Petals 3, pistils 3 or more, separate from each other and from the receptacle of the flower. 12,1] 7. Cabombaceae - Petals many, pistil 1 and made up of many parts, united below with the receptacle and separate only near the top. (2,1) 9. Nymphaeaceae 13. Pistils usually 4 or a single pistil with 4 styles and 4 locules; leaves along the stem. 14 - Pistils 3, 6, or more; leaves usually near the base of the plant. 17 14. Flowers in terminal spikes; sepals 4, narrow at the base and bract-like; stamens 2 or 4; leaves broad. [6] 176. Potamogetonaceae - Flowers solitary, in leaf-axils;leaves narrow. 15 15. Leaves in whorls, much divided with thread-like leaflets; pistil 1 with ovary 4-lobed. (Myriophyllum) |2,1] 51. Haloragaceae - Leaves in opposite pairs or alternate, simple, narrow; pistils 4 or more. 16 16. Plant growing erect out of the water, often in dense masses; sepals 4, petals present. (Crassula) [3J 88 Crassulaceae - Plant growing submerged; sepals 3, petals absent. (Zannichellid) 178. Zannichelliaceae 7. Flowers in 2-branched spike-like inflorescences. [6] 173. Aponogetonaceae - Flowers in umbels or racemes, or solitary in leafaxiis and in whorls around the stem. 18 8. Flowers usually solitary and on a long stalk, with many pistils and stamens in each flower; petals 5 or more; leaves lobed or much divided. [2,1] 5. Ranunculaceae - Flowers usually in umbels or whorls along the stem; petals 3 or absent; leaves entire. 19 19. Stamens 3 or 6, or more; fruit an achene. [6] 174. Alismataceae - Stamens usually 9; fruit a follicle. iButomaceae .10. Leaves alternate and bipinnate; flowers in heads, each flower with 5 or 10 stamens or the asexual flowers with 10 petal-like staminodes. (Neptunia) {3] 95. (Leguminosae) Fabaceae

) Recorded from East Africa but not in the Flora area.

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- Leaves not alternate and bipinnate and the flowers not in heads. 21 21. Flowers unisexual, with anthers, without a pistil or pistil-like structure. 22 - At least some flowers bisexual, all with a pistil or pistil-like structure and some also with anthers. 28 22. Stamen 1 in each flower. - Stamens 2 or more in each flower.

23 26

23. Flowers in dense spikes, each spike on a stalk. 2Hydrostachyaceae - Flowers in the axils of opposite or whorled leaves, each flower sessile or on a short stalk. 24 24. Filament absent, anther sessile, enclosed in a tubular bract. [6] 180. Najacaceae - Filament present, anther on a long and slender stalk, not enclosed in a tubular bract. 25 25. Anthers with 1 theca and opening by 1 slit. [2,1] 53. Callitrichaceae - Anthers with 2 thecae and opening by 2 slits. [6] 173. Zannichelliaceae 26. Stamens 10 to 20 in each flower; leaves with many slender divisions that usually have serrulate edges. [2,1) 8. Ceratophyllaceae - Stamens 3 to 9 (rarely 10) in each flower; leaves broad, with entire edges. 27 27. Stamens 3 or 6 in each flower (if more than 6 stamens present the plant should have a few bisexual flowers), flowers in a whorl around the stem or sometimes in umbels; all leaves from the base of the plant. (6J 174. Alismataceae - Stamens 8 in each flower; leaves and flowers in whorls along the stem with usually 4 leaves and 4 flowers at each node, the leaves with many slender divisions with entire edges. (Myriophyllum) |2 ,lj 51. Haloragaceae 28. Ovary-like structure minute (less than 3 mm long) with a wall with parallel spiral grooves. (Leaf-like structures borne in whorls along the stem - rough to the touch in Chara and smooth in Nitella). Characeae (algae) - Ovary over 3 mm long, wall without parallel spiral grooves. 29 29. Flowers naked, without a perianth, or bracts; not enclosed by a tubular bract. 30 - Flowers with a perianth or bracts, or within a tubular bract. 32 30. Flowers in dense spikes; ovary with 1 locule and 2 styles. 'Hydrostachyaceae - Flowers in leaf-axils; ovary with 2 or 4 styles. 31 31. Pistil without subtending bracts, ovary with 2 or 4 styles and 1 locule with 1 basal ovule; the fruit not breaking up. (61 180. Najadaceae - Pistil subtended by 2 bracts, ovary with 2 styles and 4 locules, each locule with 1 pendulous

-

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KEY TO FAMILIES

ovule; the fruit breaking up into 4 parts. [2,11 53. Callitrichaceae 32. FJowers enclosed within 2 opposite bracts or within a tubular bract; ovary 1-locular and with 3 to 6 styles, styles often 2-branched. |6] 172. Hydrocharitaceae - Flowers not enclosed within 2 opposite bracts nor enclosed within a tubular bract, reproductive parts may be enclosed within a tubular perianth but the flower itself (with its perianth) is not enclosed by a bract. 33 33. Leaves opposite or whorled along the stem. 34 - Leaves alternate along the stem or all fromthe base. 37 34. Flowers with a 2-lipped corolla-tube or an inferior ovary; leaves usually opposite and not in whorls. 35 - Flowers lacking a 2-lipped corolla-tube and the ovary not inferior; leaves often inwhorls, usually very narrow or with narrow divisions. 36 35. Petals united to form a 2-lipped corolla-tube; stamens 2 or 4; ovary superior. |5] 161. Scrophulariaceae - Petals free from each other, not forming a tube; stamens usually 4, 5, 8, or 10; ovary inferior. J2,l) 49. Onagraceae 36. Leaves with a folded or lens-shaped structure near the base that traps minute animals. (Aldrovanda) [2,1 ] 25. Droseraceae - Leaves without a folded or lens-like structure near the base. 37 37. Leaves simple (not divided) and narrow; sepals 2 to 5, petals 2 to 5; ovary 3- to 5-locular. [2,1J 27. Elatinaceae - Leaves deeply divided into narrow segments with serrulate margins; sepals 8 to 12, petals absent; ovary 1-locular. [2,1 ] 8. Ceratophyllaceae 38. Floating leaves petiole attached at the centre of the blade. (Nymphoides) [5| 154. Menyanthaceae - Floating leaves with petiole attached at the edge. 39 39. Petioles o f floating leaves with a thicker spongy portion at their midpoint. 40 - Petioles without a swollen portion near their midpoint. 41 40. Leaves more or less triangular in outline; sepals 4, petals 4; ovary 2-locular and half-inferior. [2,1 J 50. Trapaceae - Leaves rounded in outline; sepals 3, petals 3; ovary I- or 3-locuIar and superior. [6] 201. Pontederiaceae 41. Ovary inferior; fruit often with a dry perianth or scars where the perianth has fallen off at the top. 42

- Ovary superior; fruit often with a dry perianth or scars where the perianth has fallen off at the bottom. 43 42. Styles 2, ovary with 2 locules, 1 ovule in each locule; flowers in umbels. |4,1] 132. (Umbelliferae) Apiaceae - Style 1 or none, ovary with usually 4 locules, 1 to many ovules in each locule; flowers solitary in leaf-axils or in racemes or panicles. [2,1149. Onagraceae 43. Leaves very narrow, without a distinct petiole; ovary with 3-6 locules, fruit breaking up into 3 6 parts. (Triglochiri) |6| 175. Juncaginaceae - Leaves narrowly elliptic to rounded or arrowshaped, a distinct petiole usually present; ovary with 1-3 locules, fruit not breaking up. 44 44. Style 1; ovary with 1 or 3 locules and usually many ovules; leaves often arrow-shaped with almost parallel, venation. [6j 201. Pontederiaceae - Styles (or stigmas) 2 or 3; ovary with 1 locule and 1 basal ovule; leaves usually elliptic in outline, with pinnate venation. [2,11 38. Polygonaceae

GROUP 2 Plants without green pigment (chlorophyll); the leaves absent or reduced to scale-like or bract-like structures. Mostly parasites or saprophytes taking their nutrients from the roots systems or stems o f other plants. 1. Plant climbing and twining about the host, attached to the host plant by root-like structures along the length o f the slender stem. 2 - Plant not climbing or twining, attached to stem of the host at usually only one point, or several points below the ground, on the roots of the host. 3 2. Stamens 12 in each flower, anthers opening by flaps; petals separate, arising from a cup-shaped receptacle, fruit with 1 seed. (Cassytha) (2,11 3. Lauraceae - Stamens 4 or 5 in each flower, anthers opening by slits; petals united with stamens on the short corolla-tube; fruit with 1 to 4 seeds. |5| 160. Cuscutaceae 3. Plants growing upon stems or above-ground parts of their hosts. 4 - Plants growing from below the ground, attached to the roots of their hosts if parasitic. 4. Flowers borne on the stem of the parasite and not directly on the stem of the host; leaves usually present. [3| 115. Viscaceae - Flowers or reproductive structures growing directly from the stem of the host, the parasite without a stem or with only a short stem and without leaves. [2,11 14. Rafflesiaceae

KEY TO FAMILIES

5. Flowers few to very many, if solitary on a stalk 1 cm wide or a broad base. 10 6. Flowers very numerous (more than 50) and densely crowded together. (3 & 2,2 Annex] 117. Balanophoraceae - Flowers fewer than 50, usually loosely arranged in spikes or racemes. % Flowers unisexual; ovary inferior with 1 locule and 8 to 14 parietal placentas; anthers 8 to 20 on a single column; perianth of 1 whorl forming a short tube with 2 perianth bracts below. (Cytinus) [2,11 14. Rafflesiaceae - Flower bisexual and not as above. 8 8. Ovary inferior; stamens 3 or 1, or completely united to the style and not easily seen. 16] 200. Orchidaceae - Ovary superior; stamens 4 or 2 on the irregular corolla-tube. 9 9. Ovary 1-locular with 4 dirty white or pale markings. - Ovary 2-locular with bright yellow.

parietal placentas; plants yellow, with dull red (5] 162. Orobanchaceae axile placentas; plants (5[ 161. Scrophulariaceae

10. Flowers small and crowded on a thick central column, enclosed at first in a single large, sometimes petal-like, bract. [6] 181. Araceae Flowers or fruiting body larger and single, not enclosed in a single petal-like bract. 11 !. Plant represented by a single flower with only the 3 or 4 perianth parts above the soil surface. [2,1 J 13. Hydnoraceae Plant with the flower or reproductive structure coming to the surface or above soil level, not remaining partly sunken into the ground. 12 .2. Flowers unisexual, rarely bisexual, with 3 to 10 sepals, sepals sometimes absent in female flowers; anthers 8 to many, on separate filaments or on a single column. |2,1] 14. Rafflesiaceae - Flowers absent; plants variously shaped but often umbrella-shaped and the broad upper part with many small pores or slits beneath that produce minute dust-like spores. FUNGI

GROUP 3 lants with leaves over one metre long, or trees and "rubs with palm-like leaves or grass-like leaves (the eaves or the leaf-segments with parallel veins or the cins arising all at one point and spreading out like a .an).

xxvii

1. Mature leaves with nearly all the secondary veins parallel with the primary vein or midrib of the leaf. 2 - Mature leaves with secondary veins arising at an angle from the primary vein or midrib of the leaf, or if arising together from the base of the blade then the leaf fan-shaped or round in outline. 12 2. Plants with a trunk or thick stem; leaves in rosettes at the topor along thebranches. 3 - Plants without a trunk or thick stem; leaves coming fromthe baseof the plant. 5 3. Leaves with sheathing bases; flowers very reduced, enclosed in opposite dry bracts and without sepals or petals. [7j 215. (Gram ineae) Poaceae - Leaves without sheaths; flowers with sepals or petals. 4 4. Flower-stalk long, flowers solitary, >2 cm across; ovary inferior. [61 202A. Velloziaceae - Flower-stalk short, flowers numerous, 4 cm across, on long narrow stalks at the surface of the water. (Nelumbo) 12,1 ] 9. Nymphaeaceae - Leaves with a notch on one side or with a round and lobed edge; flowers 2 cm long; herbs or shrubs. 23 - Flowers with 2 or more anthers or pollen sacs, or if each flower has only 1 anther, then the flowers very small (2 cm long, not tightly crowded together; each ovary with many ovules. [2,2] 67. Caricaceae Inflorescence a fig; flowers 4 mm wide, usually with a hooked tip;

2 3 .Leaves scale-like with a broad clasping base and overlapping each other, at least on young shoots. 24 - Leaves flat and well developed, not scale-like with a broad base, intemodes clearly visible between leaves. 26

branches usually borne in whorls at regular intervals along the main stem. 11] Araucariaceae - Leaves 8. Ovary with 4 lobes at the top, style arising from a depression between the lobes; fruit dry and splitting into 4 nutlets. [5] 170. (Labiatae) Lamiaceae

- Ovary round at the top or with 2 to 8 lobes, style arising from the top of the ovary. 69 69. Ovary with 2 to 5 locules; style straight; fruit a schizocarp or drupe, not compressed. [5] 169. Verbenaceae - Ovary with 1 or 2 locules; style curved; fruit a capsule, compressed. ]5] 170. Cyclocheilaceae 70. Ovary with 2 to 6 ovules in each locule; fruit usually broad above and narrowed at the base with the seeds borne on stiff stalks. [5j 167. Acanthaceae - Ovary with usually more than 6 ovules in each locule; fruit usually broadest at the middle, seeds small without conspicuous stiff stalks. 15] 161. Scrophulariaceae

GROUP 6 Flowers or reproductive structures naked, only stamens and pistils found in the flower; without a perianth or colourful bracts. Sometimes inflorescences or flowers with 1 or 2 leaf-like or inconspicuous bracts. 1. Inflorescence a thick fleshy spike or spikes, the inflorescence axis a thick cylinder with small flowers embedded in it. - Inflorescence not a thick fleshy spike, the inflorescence axis either thin and the flowers not embedded in it, or a thick flat or hollow receptacle (fig) with flowers embedded in it.

2

5

2. Fruits berries; inflorescence usually with upper portion with only male flowers and lower portion with only female flowers; leaf-bases clasping the stem. |6] 181. Araceae - Fruits drupes or achenes; flowers bisexual or male and female flowers mixed on the spike; leaves scale-like or leaf bases not clasping the stem. 3 3. Plants of hot, dry areas, often with salty soils; leaves scale-like or succulent andalmost round in cross-section. [2,1]36. Chenopodiaceae - Plants of moist to wet habitats, never found in salty soils; leaves flat, not succulent, scale-like or round in cross-section. 4 4. Leaves small, entire, somewhat fleshy and stiff, on the same stems as the inflorescence; plants growing on shrubs or trees or rocks in shade. [2,1] 15. P ip e r a c e a e - Leaves large, with toothed margins, not fleshy and stiff, growing from an underground rhizome and not on the same stem as the inflorescence; plants of wet habitats. (Gunnera) [2,1] 51. Haloragaceae 5. Plants with white milk-like or sticky sap (at least during the growing season). 6

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KEY TO FAMILIES

- Plants with clear sap or without abundant sap during the growing season. 7 6. Fruit fleshy, made up o f the whole inflorescence with either fleshy perianth parts or a swollen flat, cup-shaped or round receptacle; ovary with 1 locule and 1 style; anthers usually opening by longitudinal slits. [3) 104. M oraceae - Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe; ovary with usually 3 (2-4) locules and 1 or 2 ovules in each locule; anthers often opening by transverse slits. [2,2] 85. Euphorbiaceae 7. Leaves needle-shaped, solitary or in bunches of 2 or more together with a membranous sheath around the base; trees planted for wood or ornament, not native. [1] Pinaceae - Leaves scale-like, or normal and flat, not in bunches of 2 or more together and without a membranous sheath at the base; trees or shrubs, native or introduced. 8

14. Leaves with a single vein, evergreen, persisting for up to 4 growing seasons. [11 Podocarpaceae - Leaves with pinnate or palmate venation; deciduous, shed after each growing season. 15 15. Leaves opposite or in whorls along the stem; if in close bunches, some branches opposite. 16 - Leaves alternate or spiral along the stem; if in close bunches, some branches alternate. 18 16. Shrubs with resinous sap; leaves triangular and folded like a fan in bud or when dry; styles 3 to 6. |3j 97. M yrothamnaceae - Herbs without resinous sap; leaves not triangular nor folded like a fan in bud; styles 1 or 2. 17 17. Ovary 4-lobed with 2 styles at the top; male flower with a single stamen; flowers solitary in leaf axils and usually subtended by 1 or 2 bracts. 12,1J 53. Callitrichaceae - Ovary not lobed with only 1 style at the top; male flowers usually with 4 or 5 stamens; flowers in cymes or clusters in leaf axils, each usually subtended by 2 slender bracts. |3J 105. Urticaceae

8. Plants with cone-like structures borne on the ends of the stems, made up of small stalks with caps, each of which carries 4 or more small sacs that contain pollen-like spores. (1J Equisetaceae - Plants with cones but not as above, or with flowers; anthers producing pollen. 9

18. Ovary with 2 to 8 locules; male flowers (if present) not arranged in spikes or catkins. 19 - Ovary with only 1 locule; male flowers often in spikes or catkins. 22

9. Leaves reduced membranous scales or absent; stems thin flexible and green. 10 - Leaves reduced to fleshy scales, or larger and flatter; stems not thin and flexible, or if flexible, not thin and green. 11

19. Ovary superior, with perianth scars at the base; stamens with united filaments, or anthers sessile and filaments absent. 12,2] 85. Euphorbiaceae - Ovaiy inferior, fruit with perianth scars as a rim or on top; stamens free. 20

10. Branches with longitudinal grooves; male flowers borne in whorls in spikes at the end o f stems; female flowers borne in woody cone-like groups. J3J 101. C asuarinaceae - Branches without longitudinal grooves; male and female ‘flowers’ in fleshy cones along the stem. |1] Ephedraceae

20. Plants usually climbing with tendrils opposite the leaf attachment on the stem. |3] 119. Vitaceae - Plants not climbing, without tendrils. 21 21. Fruit dry and usually breaking into 2 parts; herbs or soft-stemmed shrubs, often with a spicy smell when crushed. |4,1| 132. (Umbelliferae) Apiaceae - Fruit usually fleshy, not breaking into 2 parts; trees or climbers, not with a spicy smell when crushed. [3f 131. Araliaceae

11. Leaves scale-like with a broad clasping base and overlapping each other, at least on the young shoots. 12 - Leaves flat and well developed, not scale-like with a broad base, intemodes clearly visible between leaves. 14 12. Leaves opposite; female cone with opposite scales. (1) Cupressaceae - Leaves spirally arranged; female cones with spirally arranged scales. 13 13. Leaves >4 mm wide, usually with a hooked tip; branches usually borne in whorls at regular intervals along the main stem. (1 ] Araucariaceae - Leaves 4 cm long; stamens 4. (Sesamothamnus) ]5] 166. Pedaliaceae - Flower with perianth tube 2 0 cm) and deeply lobed; plants with white sap. [2,2[ 67. Caricaceae - Leaves rarely large, usually entire or with an undulating margin, never deeply lobed; plants without white sap. [4,1) 134.Ebenaceae ;6. Leaves compound (trifoliate orpinnate) or if simple then clustered on short side branches and very aromatic when crushed. 37 - Leaves simple and not strongly aromatic when crushed. 41 37. Wood and bark containing resin. 1

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Wood and bark without resin.

38 39

38. Flowers in unbranched axillary clusters or in racemes; stamens usually twice as many as the petals and of two different lengths; small trees and shrubs often with bent and twisted 1 Be sure to compare all the following 4 families as they are erv difficult to separate using male flowers alone.

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branches; bark usually peeling off in thin papery flakes. [3 J 123. Burseraceae - Flowers in branched inflorescences; stamens as many as the petals or more (sometimes petals absent); bark not peeling off in thin paper-like flakes. 13J 127. Anacardiaceae 39. Leaflets with strongly serrate margins; flowers small, wind pollinated, in large hanging panicles. (Hagenia) [3J 91. Rosaceae - Leaflets with entire, undulate or toothed margins; flowers larger, insect or bird pollinated, not hanging in large panicles. 40 40. Flowers in unbranched inflorescences, solitary or in axillary clusters; stamens twice as many as the petals (petals sometimes absent), a disc often present on one side of or outside the stamens; wood usually hard. (3j 125. Sapindaceae - Flowers in branched or spike-like inflorescences; stamens as many as petals; a disc often present on the inside of the stamens; wood usually soft. {3J 122. Simaroubaceae 41. Leaves clasping the stem at their base with a thin membranous stipule (ochrea) round the stem. [2,1138. Polygonaceae - Leaves not clasping the stem at their base and without a thin membranous stipule round the stem. 42 42. Filaments united into 3 or 4 groups near the base; stamens usually 12 or more. [2,11 59. Flacourtiaceae - Filaments free, not united near the base to form 3 or 4 groups; stamens usually less than 12. 43 43. Stamens 3, dark red; Filaments very short, attached to base of petals. {4,11 136. Myrsinaceae - Stamens 4 or more, white or cream, filaments well developed, free from petals though sometimes attached to a disc. 44 44. Petals with long hairs on the inner surface; disc inconspicuous; branches with large axillary spines. (Ximenia) [3J 111. Olacaceae - Petals without long hairs; disc conspicuous; branches without axillary spines. 45 45. Stamens attached to the outside of the disc. [3[ 127. Anacardiaceae - Stamens attached to the inside of the disc, or disc on only one side, or disc absent. I3j 125. Sapindaceae 46. Filaments united to form separate groups or a single stalk. 47 - Filaments free, not forming separate groups or a single stalk. 48 47. Stamens in separate groups; sap often coloured but not white. [2,2] 77. (Clusiaceae) G uttiferae

xiii

KEY TO FAMILIES

- Stamens on a single stalk or forming a single group; sap sometimes white. [2,2] 85. Euphorbiaceae 48. Leaves glabrous, shiny dark-green above, below densely covered with white tightly-curled hairs; stamens 6-12 with very short filaments. [3] 103. Barbeyaceae - Leaves and male flowers not as above. 49 49. Flowers without petals, stamens equal in number to the sepals and opposite to them. 50 - Flowers with petals, or if petals absent then the stamens not equal in number and opposite the sepals. 53 50. Herbs or climbers, or soft-wooded shrubs; leaves usually thin, flexible, with a lobed or serrated margin. 51 - Trees or shrubs with woody stems or growing upon and attached to trees and shrubs; leaves usually stiff and with an entire margin. 51. Flowers with the stamens bent inwards in bud; leaves often with conspicuous white patches on the surface. |3) 105. Urticaceae - Flowers with the stamens straight in bud; leaf surface smooth. [3] 106. Cannabaceae 52. Small shrubs parasitic on other trees and/or shrubs, the leaves differing from the leaves of the host plant, at least in texture; flower without a large central disc. (3] 115. Viscaceae - Plants not parasitic and not attached to the branches of another tree or shrub, leaves on the plant all alike; male flower with a large central disc. |3] 98. Buxaceae 53. Petals united to form a short tube. (Euclea) [4,1 J 134. Ebenaceae - Petals free or absent. 54 54. Petals absent, sepals on a cup-shaped receptacle. [2,1] 2. Monimiaceae - Petals present or absent, sepals not borne on a cup-shaped receptacle. 55 55. Leaves simple and entire; stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them; flowers without a pistillode; shrubs or small trees without freeflowing sap. [2,1] 4. Montiniaceae - Leaves various or sometimes absent; stamens fewer than petals or sepals; herbs or succulent shrubs or trees with free-flowing clear or white sap. [2,2] 85. Euphorbiaceae

GROUP 10 Each flower with two or more pistils with styles arising from separate ovaries, or if only one ovary is present then with two or more styles arising from separate areas on it. Flowers usually bisexual with both anthers and

pistils present. (If only pistils present, look for anthers in flower buds; if none are found use key to Group 8). 1. Each flower with 1 pistil that has only 1 locule. 2 - Each flower with 2 or more pistils, or if only 1 pistil present then the ovary with 2 or more locules. 4 2. Seeds 3 or more in each fruit which may be open at the top; herbs or small shrubs. [2.1] 23. Resedaceae - Seeds 1 in each fruit which is always closed at the top; trees or shrubs. 3 3. Styles 2, stigmas covered with very fine projections or short hairs; leaves without star­ shaped hairs. [3] 102. Ulmaceae - Styles 3 or 4, stigmas smooth; leaves with star­ shaped hairs. [3] 127. Anacardiaceae 4. Herbs; leaves arising only from the base o f the plant. 5 - Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves arranged along the stem with or without basal leaves. 7 5. Ovules numerous and scattered over the walls of the locule; pistils usually 6, stamens usually 9; sap often white. Butom aceae1 - Ovules 1 or a few and found at the base of the locule; pistils 3 to many, stamens 3 to many; sap clear. 6 6. Inflorescence a single thickened axis enclosed in a single large sepal- or petal-like bract; flowers small, without sepals or petals; herbs or sub­ shrubs growing in woods or meadows, or cultivated. [6] 181. Araceae - Inflorescence of flowers in whorls, not enclosed in a single large sepal- or petal-like bract; flowers with 3 sepals and 3 petaJs, sometime petals absent; herbs growing in water. [6} 174. A1ismataceae 7. Pistils more than 7 in each flower, separate from each other or united only near the base; stamens usually more than 15 in each flower. 8 - Pistils fewer than 7 in each flower, or united and not separate from each other. 14 8. Herbs with fleshy leaves and stems; leaves simple with entire or ciliate margins. 9 - Trees, shrubs or climbers, or herbs without fleshy stems and leaves; leaves without ciliate margins. : 0 9. Leases in opposite pairs; flowers without petals. [2.1] 29. Gisekiaceiie - Leaves alternate or in whorls of 3; flowers with petals. [3J 88 Crassiifaceae 10. Leaves opposite; climbers with twining stems and petioles. (Clematis) [2,1] 5. Ranunculaceae

I Recorded from East Africa, but not in the Flora area.

KEY TO FAMILIES

- Leaves alternate; trees, shrubs or herbs, stems and petioles not twining. 11 1 Trees or shrubs without thorns; leaves simple and entire. 12 - Herbs or shrubs, sometimes with thorns; leaves simple or compound, often deeply lobed or with a serrate margin. 13 1.

Sepals and petals usually in whorls of 3; fruit a berry or fleshy aggregate of the pistils; young leaves without stipules, stem-tip not covered by a stipule or cap-like structure. [2,1 J 1. Annonaceae - Sepals and petals many, arranged in a spiral; fruit o f follicles attached to the main axis; young leaves with a cap-like stipule that covers the tip of the stem and young leaves, falling off to leave a circular scar around the young stem. j2,l] 0.1 Magnoliaceae

13 Petals and sepals free from each other, not on a cup-like receptacle; herbs or climbers without thorns; leaves often clasping the stem at their base, without stipules. [2,1] 5. Ranunculaceae - >epals and petals united near the base, or on a cup-like extension of the receptacle, or on the edge of a disc; herbs, shrubs, or climbers, often with thorns; leaves often with stipules united with the lower part of the petiole. [3] 91. Rosaceae 14 -

erbs or climbers with simple leaves (sometimes succulent). 15 rees, or shrubs, if herbs or climbers the leaves compound. 18

15.

vary inferior with 2 styles; plants sometimes with glandular hairs. 16 - ( vary superior with 3 or more separate styles; olants without glandular hairs. 17

16. ierbs climbing or trailing, often with sticky lairs; leaves in whorls; style not persistent on top of fruit. [4,1] 141. Rubiaceae - Ierbs not climbing, with glandular but not sticky hairs; leaves opposite; style persistent on top of fruit. [3J 90. Vahliaceae 17.1tials absent; each flower with 3 or more pistils; leaves only slightly fleshy. [2,1 ] 29. Gisekiaceae - 1 rals present, 4 or more; pistils as many as the retals; leaves fleshy. [3] 88 Crassulaceae 18. Sepals, petals, if present, and stamens borne on a i: Jp-like receptacle or at the edge of a disc that s irrounds the pistil or pistils; leaves often with ipules united to the base of the petiole which asps the stem at its base. [3] 91. Rosaceae - Sepals, petals, and stamens not borne on a cupke receptacle; stipules and leaf bases not asping the stem at its base. 19 19.T ?es or shrubs with pinnately compound or 3foliolate leaves. 20

xliii

- Trees or shrubs with simple or palmately compound leaves, or herbs with pinnately compound leaves. 23 20. Pistils 2 or more, covered with short hairs (at least along one side), ovaries separate from each other or united only near the base, ovules usually 2 in each locule; leaflets entire. [3] 128. C onnaraceae - Pistil 1, mostly without hairs, ovaries sometimes separate but then united by the styles or united for half their length. 21 21. Leaves with small bright dots when viewed against light; fruit of 2-5 follicles with gland pitted walls. [3] 120. Rutaceae - Leaves lacking bright dots when viewed against the light; fruit a drupe. 22 22. Bark with spicy-smelling resin, leaves slightly spicy smelling when crushed; ovary with 1 to 3 locules. [3J 127.Anacardiaceae - Bark without spicy smelling resin, leaves often with an unpleasant smell when crushed; ovary with 4 or 5 locules, or pistils more than 1 and separate in each flower. [3j 122. Sim aroubaceae 23. Leaves opposite or in whorls along the stem. 24 - Leaves alternate along the stem, or at the base of the plant from the top of the root, or the stems green and leaves absent. 27 24. Trees or shrubs; flowers with more than 13 stamens; styles usually absent withstigmas sessile on top of the ovary. [2,2] 77. G uttiferae - Herbs, small shrubs, or climbing plants; flowers with 12 or fewer stamens; styles usually present. 25 25. Stipules usually joined between the leaf pairs to form an interpetiolar line or sheath; petals joined at the base; ovary inferior. 14,1 ] 141. Rubiaceae - Stipules not forming an interpetiolar line or shwath; petals free; ovary superior. 26 26. Herbs or small shrubs, often with many-celled gland-like hairs; stamens 3 to 10. [2,1] 27. Elatinaceae - Climbing plants or sometimes shrubs, with unicellular hairs which may be branched and/ or attached in the middle; stamens usually 10. [2.2) 83. M alpighiaceae 27. Each flower with 1 pistil; ovary with 3 (rarely 2 or 4) locules, with 1 or 2 ovules attached to the inner angle of each locule; leaves simple or palmately compound, or absent and the stems green; sometimes with milky sap. [2.2] 85. Euphorbiaceae - Each flower with 2 or more pistils; each ovary with 1, 2 or 5 locules and 1 or more than 2 ovules in each locule; leaves various; plants without milky sap. 28

xliv

KEY TO FAMILIES

28. Herbs or small shrubs; sepals and petals present; leaves deeply lobed or compound. 29 - Trees or shrubs; leaves simple and entire or serrate. 31 29. Stamens usually of 2 different lengths; leaves

pinnately compound or 3-foliolate. (2,1] 43. Oxalidaceae - Stamens usually all the same length; leaves deeply divided but not compound. 30 30. Leaves with small bright dots when viewed

-

against light; petals with a fringed margins; stamens 10 or fewer. J3] 120. Rutaceae Leaves without bright dots when viewed against light; petals divided at the tip; stamens more than 12. {2,1 ] 5. Ranunculaceae

31. Inflorescence a spike or raceme; fruit a fleshy berry with 1 seed in each locule. [21,] 35. Phytolaccaceae - Flowers solitary, or in panicles or umbels; fruits follicles or capsules with more than 2 seeds in each locule. 32 32. Plants with star-shaped hairs; leaves simple or

sometimes palmately compound; herbs, shrubs, or trees with soft wood. [2,2] 80. Sterculiaceae - Plants without star-shaped hairs; leaves simple; trees or shrubs with hard wood. 33 33. Stamens 15 to many, free from each other or united to form groups; pistils 1 in each flower, ovary with 2 to 5 locules. [2,2] 68. Theaceae - Stamens many and free from each other; each flower with 2 to 5 separate pistils, each ovary with 1 locule. (2,1] 56. Dilleniaceae

GROUP 11 Flower with the pistil (or ovary) borne on a stalk which comes from the centre of the flower above the sepals and petals. Be sure to examine the flower carefully as some small ovaries may look like a fat stigma on a style. Check older flowers in which the fruit has started developing. The fruit often has a stalk with a joint or articulation where the sepals and/or petals were attached. 1. Ovary with - Ovary with

1 locule. 2 or more locules.

2 14

side of the inner wall of the fruit, or at the base or apex. 5 4. Leaves tripinnate, bipinnate, or sometimes pinnate; stamens 5, with 5 staminodes; ovules along 3 sides of locule; fruit a capsule, 12 cm or more long. [2,1 J 21. Moringaceae - Leaves simple, 3-foliolate, or palmate, never pinnate; stamens 3 to many, without staminodes; ovules usually on 2 sides of locule; fruit with seeds surrounded by pulpy tissue in woody plants, or in a long dry capsule, less than 12 cm long, in the herbaceous species. [2,11 19. (Capparaceae) Capparidaceae 5. Stamens attached high up on the inside of a long slender perianth tube, the perianth tube not subtended by a whorl of sepals at its base near the flower stalk; petals absent or very small. 6 Stamens free from the perianth tube and attached near the base of the ovary or on the base of the perianth tube; sepals and/or petals well developed. 7 6. Perianth tube without petals, splitting open along one side during flowering, stamens 4. {2,1 ] 55. Proteaceae - Perianth tube with small petals, not splitting open along one side during flowering, stamens 2, 4, 8 or 10. [2,1] 54. Thymelaeaceae 7. Fruit a pod, with seeds along only one edge (sometimes 1-seeded); stamens free, or partly united with 1 free; leaves usually compound. (3] 95. (Leguminosae) Fabaceae - Fruit never a pod, seeds basal or only 1 or 2 on the wall; stamens free or united only near the base; leaves simple or compound. 8 8. Flowers with a long or short perianth tube, without a whorl of sepals although dry or colourful bracts may be present; ovary with 1 ovule on a slender stalk from the base of the locule. 9 - Flowers without a perianth tube or the tube subtended by a whorl of sepals, without dry or colourful bracts; ovules without slender stalks. 10

9. Flowers usually surrounded by stiff dry bracts; perianth usually dry; stamens united near the base. [2,1] 37. Am aranthaceae the style is absent. 3 Flower with a large colourful bract or without - Ovary with 2 or more styles and stigmas,or- with subtending bracts; perianth colourful, not stiff a 2-Iobed stigma, or with 2 or morestigmas if and dry; stamens usually free from each other. the styles are absent. 11 [2,1] 34. Nyctaginaceae 3. Ovary with ovules along 2 or more sides of the 10. Leaves 3 or 4 times divided into ovate leaflets; locule, on the inner ovary wall; seeds along 2 or stamens attached to the base of the ovary. more sides of the inner wall of the fruit. 4 (Thalictrum) (2,1] 5. Ranunculaceae - Ovary with ovules along only 1 side of the locule, - Leaves simple or pinnately divided into or only at the base or apex; seeds along only 1 lanceolate leaflets; stamens attached to the edge 2. Ovary with 1 style and 1 stigma, or 1 stigma if

KEY TO FAMILIES

xlv

of a disc or a cup-like or tubular receptacle. [3] 91. Rosaceae

- Herbs, or trees and shrubs not forming mangrove formations. 4

11. Climbers with tendrils; ovules along 3 sides of the locule; leaves with palmate venation. [2,2] 64. Passifloraceae - Herbs, shrubs, or trees, or if climbing then without tendrils; ovules basal, parietal or axile; leaves with pinnate venation. 12

2. Small shrubs with alternate leaves; flowers irregular with a slender corolla tube which may be slit on 1 side and have 2 lips; stamens 5. [5[ 153. Goodeniaceae - Trees with opposite leaves; flowers regular, petals not united to form a tube; stamens 8 to many. 3

12. Stamens 15 or more; small trees of shrubs. [2,1 [ 59. Flacourtiaceae - Stamens less than 15; herbs or shrubs. 13

3. Ovary half inferior with 10 to 12 locules; stamens more than 20. [2,1] 47. Sonneratiaceae - Ovary inferior with 2 to 5 locules; stamens less than 20. [2,2] 76. Rhizophoraceae

3. Stamens 10 or more; ovules 3 or more at the base of the locule; leaves alternate or crowded together; herbs or shrubs. [2,1 J 23. Resedaceae - Stamens 10 or fewer; ovule1 and basal, or more than 1 and central or free central; leaves usually opposite, sometimes alternate; herbs. [2,1 [ 28. Caryophyllaceae 4. Flowers irregular with 2 wings and a keel; stamens united to form a tube that is split open on the upper side. [2,1] 24. Polygalaceae - Flowers regular, or if irregular then not with 2 wings and a keel; stamens free or if united, not forming a tube split open on the upper side. 15 5. Herbs with opposite leaves; stamens as many or twice as many as petals; fruit a capsule opening at the top, or 1-seeded nutlet. [2,1] 28. Caryophyllaceae - Trees, shrubs, herbs, or climbers, with mostly alternate leaves, or leaves absent and stems green; fruit a capsule opening from the base or woody follicles. 16 6. Plants with abundant clear or white sap, with or without star-shaped hairs; flowers often with a conspicuous disc; fruit a 3-locuIar capsule with 1 or 2 seeds in each locule; seeds often with caruncles. [2,2] 85. Euphorbiaceae Plants without abundant sap, all parts with starshaped hairs; flowers without a disc; fruit a 3 to 5 locular capsule, or follicles with 2 or more seeds in each locule; seeds without caruncles. [2,2] 80. Sterculiaceae

GROUP 12 owers with an inferior or half inferior o v ary ; at least a p irt of the ovary found below the level of the perianth I tachment, or part of the ovary inside the perianth tube (when a perianth tube is present), or the ovary below the rianth or perianth tube. The top of the fruit often with ars where the perianth has fallen off or with a jrsisting dry perianth opposite the stalk attachment. . Trees and shrubs o f mangrove formations, found on the ocean shore and bays along the edge of the sea. 2

4. Each flower with 13 or more than 13 stamens. - Each flower with 12 or fewer than 12 stamens.

5 14

5. Plants with thick fleshy leaves, or with fleshy green stems if the leaves are absent; petals usually 10 or more, or absent. 6 - Plants without thick fleshy leaves; petals usually 10 or fewer. 7 6. Plants with flattened or cylindrical stems; spines grouped in small clusters; leaves usually absent; ovary surrounded by stem-like tissue, often with spines or sharp hairs; sepals and petals often intergrading. [2,1] 33. Cactaceae - Plants with normal stems; without spines; leaves present or absent; ovary not surrounded by stem-like tissue; petals absent or, if present, intergrading with the stamens. [2,1] 31. Aizoaceae 7. Leaves usually strongly spicy or lemon smelling when crushed; petals usually united and coming off the top of the flower as a cap when it opens. [2,2J 72. M yrtaceae - Leaves not strongly spicy or lemon smelling when crushed; petals free or absent, not forming a cap and falling off when the flower opens. 8 8. Leaves opposite or sub-opposite or in whorls, with 2 or more leaves at each node. 9 - Leaves alternate, with only 1 leaf at each node.

11

9. Flowers large (>3 cm across) with the petals crumpled in bud; plants grown for their fruit or ornament and twigs used as tooth brushes. (Punica) [2,1] 46. Lythraceae - Flowers usually 2 cm); fruit a long slender or circular capsule with winged seeds. 15] 165. Bignoniaceae - Flowers smaller (3 cm long; anthers on very short filaments near the top of the tube; plants with soft wood and white sap. [2,2] 67. Caricaceae - Perianth-tube r more numerous. Style straight; stigma obliquely ex­ panded. Fruit with 2 terminal wings formed by accres­ cent perianth-segments.

1. G. am ericanus Jacq. (1763) type: Colombia, Cartageana, Jacquin. (BM holo.). G. jacquinii Gaertn. (1791). G. asiaticus Jacq. (1801-9). G. asiaticus Willd. (1805).

Medium-sized tree, rarely up to 30 m tall or shrubby; trunk up to 1 m wide; bark smooth to scaly, grey, white or yellow-brown. Leaves either dimorphic with the young ones 3(-5)-lobed up to the middle o f the lamina and the older ones ovate-lanceolate or rarely reniform, or all leaves ovate-lanceolate, 4-25 x 4-22 cm, thin or rarely somewhat leathery, the nervation pedate, the mid­ rib with 3-6 pairs of lateral nerves, glabrous or almost so or brownish to grey-white pubescent or tomentose, A genus of 4 species comprising 10 subspecies, laxly so above but dense beneath; petioles 4-18 cm bund in both hemispheres; 3 species occur in Ethiopia. long, channelled. Flowers greenish to yellowish brown, L Seed-bearing part of fruit (1-)1.4-2.2 cm long, aggregated into terminal fascicles. Stamens 4; filaments rugose beneath, 8-ribbed usually only in upper up to 3 mm long in bisexual flowers and 4 mm long in part; leaves ovate or lobed, rarely reniform, up to male flowers, pilose, rarely glabrous, sometimes with 25 x22 cm. 1. G. am ericanus dorsal glands, alternating with 4 minutely pubescent sta­ - Seed-bearing part of fruit 0.8-1 cm long, not minodes, 0.5-1 mm long. Style recurved or S-shaped. rugose but longitudinally ribbed; leaves reni­ Fruit pubescent or glabrous, very wrinkled beneath, with form to round or ovate-elliptic, up to 4.5 x 6.5 about 8 longitudinal ribs extending over the upper half cm. 2 or entire length; wings dark brown or blackish. 4-10 cm 2 Leaves reniform to subcircular; seed-bearing part of long, 0.2-0.3(-0.4) cm wide at base and (1 -)1 ,6(-2.2) fruit glabrous or almost so. 2 . G. hababensis cm wide above, minutely pubescent only at base; testa - Leaves oblong to elliptic-oblong or narrowly spongy. ovate; seed-bearing part of fruit velvety. 3. G. angustifolius Widely distributed in tropics of both hemispheres. subsp. africanus Kubitzki (1969) -ty p e: EW, Bogos, Beccari 171 (FT holo ). T he Herbarium , Royal Botanic G ardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey T W 9 3AB, UK

Leaves 3(-5)-lobed, the lobes acuminate, ]/3 -]/z in­ cised, the sinuses narrowly rounded, median lobe at­ tenuated at the base; blades obtuse to rounded at the

34

6. HERNANDIACEAE: Gyrocarpus

Figure 6.1 GYROCARPUS HABABENSIS la branch with mature leaves \ / ; \ b - branch showing corky bark and with young leaves x % ; 2 - winged fruits x %. Drawn by W. Burger. (Reproduced with permission of Oklahoma State University from Bur­ ger, Families of Flowering Plants in Ethiopia, fig. 15.2, 1967.)

base and narrowed into the petiole, 6-14 x 4.5-13 cm, greenish and minutely pubescent above, grey-green and tomentose with 1 mm long hairs beneath; petiole grace­ ful, 5-6 cm long, sulcate, tomentellous. Seed-bearing part o f fruit yellowish-brown, 1.5-2.2 x 1-1.4 cm, smooth, longitudinally ribbed, slightly wrinkled, almost glabrous; wings 5-8 cm long, pubescent at the base but otherwise glabrous. Rocky slopes; c 1500 m. EW: Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola, South Africa, SW Af­ rica. Mooney 9361; Bcildrati D 86, 2436. 2. G. hababensis Chiov. (1911) types: EE/EW, Habab, near Aide-Lebca, Terracciano & Pappi 1268 (FT syn.); Naro, Pappi 8256 (FT syn.; K fragment and drawing); Assaorta, Mt. Ghedem, Terracciano & Pappi 4 (FT syn.; K frag­ ment and drawing). Shrub or small to medium-sized tree; bark usually grey, smooth or flaking. Branchlets first brownish then grey, subglabrous to minutely pubescent at the apex when young. Leaves mostly crowded at ends o f branchlets, reniform to subcircular, up to 5.5 x 6 cm, glabrous, 3nerved from the base; petiole slender, 1~4 cm long. Cy­ mes yellow or greenish, fascicled at ends of branchlets, puberulous. Perianth 0.5-0.8 mm long, pilose. Fruits ovoid, 9-10 x 6-7 mm, black, faintly 8-ribbed, glabrous or almost so at maturity; wings linear-oblanceolate, c 4-5 cm long, 0.5-0.7 cm wide above, glabrous. Fig. 6.1.

Open bushland on limestone hills with flat tops and steep slopes, also on jagged rocks of lava flows with practically no soil; 330-1150 m. EE AF GG SD HA: N Somalia (Somali Republic), Djibouti and N Kenya. Gil­ bert 2126; Hemming 1455; Burger, 3035. 3. G. angustifolius (Verde.) Thulin (1991); G. hababensis var. angustifolius Verde, in Kew Bull. 21: 255 (1967) —type: Kenva, Newbould 3255 (K holo.). Thulin. Kew Bull. 46 (2): 277-279 (1991). Shrub or small to m edium -sized tree; bark grey, smooth. Branchlets First brownish, later grey, dense! ' pubescent when young. Leaves mostly crowded at ends of branchlets, oblong to elliptic-oblong or narrowlw ovate, up to 3.2 x 1.7 cm, appressed pubescent particu­ larly below, with the mid-vein very prominent beneath, lateral nerves weak, pinnate; petiole up to 0.8 cm long. Cymes yellow or cream, clustered at ends of branchlets, densely pubescent. Perianth c 0.6 mm long, pilose. Fruits ovoid, 9 - 1 0 x 6 mm, 8-ribbed, densely velvety; wings linear-oblanceolate, 3-3.5 cm long, 5-6 mm wide above, pubescent. Open bushland on stony hills; 550-750 m. HA: So­ malia and N Kenya. Ellis 374; Kuchar & Abdihakim 19610. In N Kenya the wood has been used for carvings and camel bells.

35

7.

CABOMBACEAE by B. V erdcourt*

Verdcourt, Cabombaceae in FI. Trop. E. Afr.: 3 pp. (1971). kquatic herbs with perennial sympodial rhizomes; stems long and slender, coated with mucilage. Leaves alternate, the loating ones peltate, the submerged ones finely divided or absent. Flowers rather small, hermaphrodite, axillary, soliary and regular. Sepals 3, petaloid. Petals 3, inserted above the ovary. Stamens 3-18, with extrorse anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Carpels 2-18, completely free, each with a simple narrow stigma but very reduced style; ovules 1-3, parietal, pendulous, anatropous. Fruiting carpels indehiscent, 1-3-seeded. Seeds with fleshy endosperm and perisperm but no aril. A fam ily o f tw o genera, one occurring in both the Old and N ew W orlds and the other occurring naturally ily in A m erica; it is som etim es regarded as a subfam ily o f N ym phaeaceae. Key to genera ] Leaves all entire and floating; flowers purple to red or brown; found wild. Brasenia Leaves of two kinds, floating entire, submerged palmately and finely dissected; flowers white to yellow; found in aquaria or artificial ponds Cabomba abomba aqucitica L. has been cultivated in Kenya as ; aquarium plant and might be found in Ethiopia.

the perianth. Fruiting carpels ellipsoid or fusiform, 6-10 x 2-2.5 mm wide; stigma persistent. Seeds pale brown, ellipsoid, 2.7-3.5 x 2-2.3 mm. Small pool in open upland evergreen bushland; 1750 m. KF; through East Africa to South Africa (Transvaal), U.S.S.R. (Far East), India, China (Manchuria). Japan, Australia, N and Meso America; also known from Terti­ ary and interglacial deposits in Europe. Friis et al. 129.

BRASENIA Schreb. (1789) oating leaves peltate; submerged leaves absent. Sepals i id petals persistent in fruit. Stamens 12-18. Carpels -18. Testa with cells of outer layer very characteristi, Jly elongated radially. A genus with only a single widespread species re:ntly discovered once in Ethiopia. B. schreberi J.F. Gmel. (1791) -ty p e : from U.S.A., New Jersey, r’riis, Rasmussen and Vollesen in Opera Bot. 63: 35 (1982). \pparentiy glabrous aquatic with all submerged parts ivvered with a profuse clear slimy jelly-like mucilage; (he outsides o f the sepals and petals, as well as the ider-surfaces o f the leaves, submerged petioles, and ;dicels, etc., are covered with minute purplish glandu:ir hairs which may secrete this mucilage. Leaf-blades :>und or broadly elliptic, 2.5-11.5 x 1.5-7 cm, entire, reen above, usually reddish-brown or purplish beneath ith 12 nerves radiating from the centre; petiole-length epending on the depth of the water, 0.05-1 m long or i.ore, slender, c 1.5 mm in diameter. Pedicels reddishi rown, 4-5 cm long, 2 mm in diameter. Sepals purplishr brownish-red, elliptic or narrowly oblong, 9-14 x 3-6 im wide, rounded at the apex. Petals crimson, purplishr brownish-red, narrowly oblong or linear-oblong, 2-17 x 3-4 mm wide, narrowly rounded at the apex, ilaments of the stamens filiform, 1 cm long, papillose; "thers reddish, linear-oblong, 3.5 mm long, apiculate. ■rpels fusiform or narrowly ovoid, 5 x 1.5-2 mm wide, m sely papillose; stigma simple, 3-4.5 mm long, papil)se all over save for a narrow longitudinal area facing * ! ie Herbarium, Roya! Botanic Gardens, K.ew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB. England.

Figure 7 .1. B R A S E N IA S C H R E B E R I: 1 - habit x %; 2 - flower, with one sepal and one petal removed x 1^; 3 —carpel opened to show ovules x 2; 4 - stamen x 2; 5 - fruit x 1%; 6 - s e e d x 4. \- b from Story 4786; 5 -6 from Gilges 7. (Reproduced with perm is­ sion o f the editors o f FI. Zamb. vol. 1, part 1: tab. 25.)

36

8. CERATOPHYLLACEAE by C. M. W ilm ot-D ear* Hauman, Fl. Congo Beige 2: 165 (1951); Cufodontis, E n u m 106 (1953); Wilmot-Dear, Ceratophyllaceae in Fl. Trop. E. Afr.\ 5 pp. (1985) and Kew Bull. 40(2): 243—271 (1985); Les, Systematics and evolution o f Ceratophyl­ laceae, Ph.D. thesis (1986) and in Syst. Bot. 14: 254-262 (1989); Symoens & Wilmot-Dear, Ceratophyllaceae di Cameroun, in Bull. Seanc. Acad. r. Sci. Outre-Mer, n. ser.y 42(2): 209-220 (1996). A quatic herbs, m onoecious, perennating by buds, subm erged, branched, usually rootless. Leaves in w horls, filiform , once or m ore dichotom ously branched, m argins ± spinose-dentate, low est part som etim es sw ollen and sac-like due to parasite, apical segm ents truncate, 2-spined and with reddish glandular projection. Flow ­ ers axillary, 1-several per node, sexes at different nodes, ± sessile. Perianth lobes 6 -1 3 , united at base, strap­ shaped or obovate, m argin singly-spined or ± lacerate, apex truncate. M ale flow ers: stam ens up to 30; fila­ m ents short or absent; anthers oblong, extrorse, 2-locular, dehiscing longitudinally; connective apex truncate; im m ature anthers resem bling perianth lobes, m argins 1-3-spined, m ature anthers breaking o ff and floating to surface. Fem ale flow ers: stam inodes absent; ovary superior, sessile, ovoid, tapering into long style; ovule 1, pendulous. F ruit a nut, ovoid or ellipsoid, often w arty and basally-spined, style ± persistent, spinose. A w orld-w ide fam ily o f 1 genus w ith 3 species, 2 recorded from the Flora area. T he other, C eratophyllum subm ersum , m ay also occur. CERATOPHYLLUM L. (1753). Characters as for family. Recent authors have recognized 10 or 11 taxa, dis­ tributed between 3 groups whose types are respectively C. demersum L., C. submersum L. and C. muricatum Cham. Wilmot-Dear (loc. cit., 1985) gave these groups the rank of species or subspecies and recognized 11 infra-specific taxa. Les (loc. cit. 1986 & 1989) raised the groups to sections within which he recognized 6 species and 10 infra-specific taxa. The differences between the two systems are mainly in the rank assigned to the vari­ ous taxa, and in the relationship between the submersum and muricatum groups. Following the work of Les, it seems desirable to recognise all three groups at equal rank. 1. Leaves branching twice, rarely once or (only in lower parts, especially of main axis) three times, spiny teeth on margin often many, prominent; mature fruit with long apical spine and 2 promi­ nent basal spines, lateral flattening of fruit slight, surface ± smooth. 1. C. demersum - Leaves, at least the majority on all parts of plant, branched 3—4 times, spiny teeth on leaf margin few, always small, inconspicuous; fruit with long or very short apical spine, with or without basal and marginal spines, lateral flattening of fruit ± well-marked giving longitudinal mar­ ginal rim or wing, surface strongly papillose or warty. 2 2. Fruit with distinct, irregularly crenate to minutely spiny marginal wing; basal spines present, apical spine (0.5-)4-9 mm long; surface with few to many often ± elongated warty pipillae, rarely smooth. 2. C. muricatum - Fruit with ± distinct marginal rim but without wing; basal spines absent, apical spine up to * The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK

1.5(-2) mm long; surface with numerous tiny warty-prickles giving bristly appearance, espe­ cially long marginal rim, rarely smooth. C. submersum C. submersum L. var. submersum may also occur, see Fl. Trop. E. Afr. and Fig. 8.1.12. 1. C. demersum L. (1753) type: Hort. Cliff. 466 (BM lecto.). Herb up to 3 m long, main stem up to 2 mm thick, (deli­ cate or) robust and wiry. Leaves bright or olive green, 7-11 per whorl, 8-40 mm long, (once-)twice divided, apical and often lower segments with (few or) many spine-tipped marginal teeth (0.1—)0.2—0.5 mm long. Male flowers 1—3 per node, often many per branch, up to 2.5(-3.5) mm across; perianth broadly cup-shaped, lobes 0.5-1.3 x 0.2-0.4 mm, glandular projection up to 0.2 mm long; stamens up to 30, anthers subsessile. when mature 1-2 x 0.4-1 5 mm; pistillode c 0.6 mm long. Fe­ male flowers (perhaps always) solitary, few per branch; perianth closely surrounding ovary, persistent in fruit, lobes similar to male, glandular projection up to 0.7 mm long; ovary up to 1 x 0.6 mm, smooth; style usually over 2 mm long. Fruit with apical spine (1,5-)3.5-9 mm, usu­ ally with 2 prominent basal spines and smooth surface with few to many slightly raised dark dots. 1 Basal spines of fruit distinct, usually nearly equal­ ling fruit in length. var. dem ersum - Basal spines reduced to small knobs, less than 0.5 mm long, or absent. 2 2. Basal protuberances present. var. apiculatum - Basal protuberances absent. var. inerme var. demersum; C. demersum L. var. oxyacanthum (Cham.) K. Schum., in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 748 (1894). Fig. 8.1.1-11. Still to fast-flowing shallow or deep water, reed swamps, lakes, rivers, streams; tolerant of salt water, but

8. CERATOPHYLLACEAE: Ceratophyllum

not in seasonal, highly alkaline pools; 400-2000 m. EW GD WU GJ SU/SD KF GG; almost world-wide. W. de Wilde et al. 9774; Friis et al. 2068; Getachew A. 2464. Little material has been collected; only one fruiting collection seen. Two other varieties occur through out the range of the species: var. apiculatum (Cham.) Ascherson in Zaire, northern Europe, India, North and South America, and var. inerme Radcliffe-Smith, in Ghana, Iraq and northern Europe. A third, var. platyacanthum (Cham.) Wimmer, has a markedly flattened fruit with a distinct marginal rim running from apex to base extending into much flat­ tened basal spines. It is restricted to Europe and the far East.

37

sions of leaf. Anthers 0.6-1 x 0.4-0.7 mm. Style 3-4 mm long. Fruit laterally flattened and with marginal wing; surface usually with few to many, often ± elon­ gated, warty papillae; apical spine (0.5-)4-9 mm. subsp. m uricatum . C. cristatum Perr. and Guill. (1833). C. submersum L subsp. muricatum (Cham.) Wilmot-Dear var. echinatum (A. Gray) Wilmot-Dear, in Kew Bull. 40(2): 266, fig.3 N-R, 4A, B (1985).

Fruit surface rarely smooth, usually with (few to) many small ± equal-sized (rounded), ± elongate, warty papil­ lae up to 0.2 mm long and sometimes small spines, up to 0.3 mm high. Fig. 8.1.13. Slow-flowing or stagnant water including seasonal highly alkaline lakes and pools (not found in brackish 2. C. m uricatum Cham. (1829) type: Egypt, Sieber s.n. (B holo. destroyed, G K salty conditions); 2000-2300 m. EW GG; Senegal, Ghana, Chad, Sudan, Mozambique? (fruit immature), S iso.). Africa (Transvaal), Central and North America, North­ C. demersum L. var. muricatum (Cham.) K. ern South America, Western Russia, India and Pacific Is­ Schum., in Martius, FI. Bras. 3 (3): 749 (1894). lands. Getachew A. & De Wit 1510, 1512; Schweinfurth C. submersum L subsp. muricatum (Cham.) Wilmot-Dear, in Kew Bull. 40(2): 266 (1985). & Riva 2108 (sterile). Herb similar to C. demersum but usually more delicate, The treatment of the muricatum group is where re­ differing as follows. Leaves usually lighter green, 20cent authors have differed most. See the works cited for 40 mm long, dividing (2-)3-4 times, 0.1-0.3 mm thick; the family. Whatever system is adopted, the taxon which marginal spiny teeth inconspicuous,