Fishery Products as Supplements in Poultry Rations

Citation preview

PU R D U E UNIVERSITY

TH IS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE T H E SIS PREPARED U N D E R MY SU PE R V ISIO N

b y ____________________

Don Herman Mishler

e n t i t l e d _________ FISHERY

PRODUCTS AS SUPPLEMENTS IN

POULTRY RATIONS

COMPLIES WITH THE UNIVERSITY REG ULATIO NS O N GRADUATION T H E SE S

A N D IS APPROVED BY ME A S FULFILLIN G THIS PART O F THE REQUIREM ENTS

FO R THE D EG R EE O F

Doctor of Philosophy

P

H

February

r o f e s s o r in

ead o f

S

Charge

chool or

D

of

Th

e s is

epa rtm en t

19

TO THE LIBRARIAN:---'

m

THIS T H E S IS 1 S NQT TO B E REGARDED A S CONFIDENTIAL.

PROFESSOR

G R A D . S C H O O L F O R M 9 —3 - 4 9 —1M

TES

CHARGE

FISHERY PRODUCTS AS SUPPLEMENTS IN POULTRY RATIONS

A Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty

of

Purdue University

by

Don Herman Mishler In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

of

Doctor of Philosophy

February, 1950

ProQuest Number: 27712252

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is d e p e n d e n t upon the quality of the copy subm itted. In the unlikely e v e n t that the a u thor did not send a c o m p le te m anuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if m aterial had to be rem oved, a n o te will ind ica te the deletion.

uest ProQuest 27712252 Published by ProQuest LLC (2019). C opyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C o d e M icroform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346

ABSTRACT FISHERY PRODUCTS AS SUPPLEMENTS IN POULTRY RATIONS A study was made of the supplementary value of methionine, choline, betaine and fish products in a simplified corn and soybean oil meal ration supplemented only with riboflavin, calcium pantothenate, and nicotinic acid in addition to a simple mineral mixture and vitamin A and D feeding oil.

Choline,

betaine and methionine were all effective in supplementing the simplified ration.

Betaine at 0.3 and 0.4 percent levels

appeared to have higher supplementary value than either choline or methionine.

A three percent level of homogenized condensed

fish plus riboflavin in a corn and soybean oil meal ration was improved with high significance when calcium pantothenate, nicotinic acid, choline and methionine were added, indicating the product to be deficient in one or more of these factors. A three percent level of homogenized condensed fish did not improve the simplified ration containing the four synthetic B*complex vitamins and methionine.

A level of 8 percent

condensed fish solubles resulted in no better growth than 3 percent with male chickens.

The maximum growth of the female

chickens was at the 1 percent level.

None of the fish pro­

ducts imparted a fishy flavor to the flesh of the chickens. Tests indicated that little deterioration had occurred when samples of condensed fish solubles were stored for a period of one or even two years in a refrigerator or in an

unheated garage.

When samples of fish solubles processed

from sardine, menhaden, tuna, redfish and flounder were com­ pared there were small differences in the growth responses except for the tuna sample which gave significantly less growth.

When soybean meal in the ration was increased to 60

percent, growth was retarded*

This suppression was overcome

to some extent by the addition of condensed fish solubles* Factorial experiments involving soybean meal, condensed fish solubles and both sexes of chickens showed that the male chickens responded more than the females to increased levels of fish solubles. Experiments were conducted to study the supplementation required by mixed grain rations for chicks.

In the presence

of condensed fish solubles 0.2 percent of choline chloride or 0.3 percent of DL-methionine significantly increased growth in a simplified corn and soybean oil meal ration, but failed to show supplementary value in a more complex grain ration. Efficiency of feed utilization was also much greater with the simplified ration as contrasted to the mixed grain ration. When either ground barley, ground oats, wheat middlings or wheat bran were fed at 30 percent levels, each significantly retarded growth as compared with an otherwise similar ration in which corn replaced these feeds.

When attempts were made

to improve the mixed grain ration by omitting one feed at a time and replacing it with corn, there was an increase in growth response as well as an increase in feed efficiency in every instance.

Both mixed grain and simplified corn and

soybean oil meal rations were improved with high significance by the addition of condensed fish solubles.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Sincere appreciation is expressed to Professor C. W. Garrick of the Department of Poultry Husbandry and to Professor S. M. Hauge of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry for their excellent counsel and guidance in the collection of data and preparation of the manuscript. Appreciation is also expressed to The Borden Company and to the Central Soya Company, sponsors of the assistantships which made this research possible, and to Director H. J. Reed of the Agricultural Experiment Station for making available the facilities of the Station for conducting these experiments.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION......................................

1

A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE........................

4

Methionine, Choline and Betaine Fishery Products

.............

............

8

Simplified Corn and Soybean OilMeal Rations

. .

Mixed Grain R a t i o n s ......................

Stock U s e d ................................

Method of Feeding

14 15 17

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE..........

Methods of Management

4

17

...........................17 ..................

Source of Feeds and Vitamins

........ .. .

18 19

R e c o r d s ..............................

20

Design and Statistical AnalysesUsed

21

. . . . . .

EXPERIMENTAL R E S U L T S ............................... 23 Methionine, Choline, and Betaine Trial I

. ............

23

.................................... 23

Trial I I .................................... 25 Trial I I I .................................. 28 Trial I V .................................... 31 The Use of Fishery Products...................... 33 Trial V

.....................................33

Trial V I ..............

36

Trial V I I ...................................39 Trial V I I I ......................

42

Trial I X ......................

45

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D) Page Trial X

..........

47

Trial X I ..................................... 50 Supplementation of Mixed R a t i o n s .......... Trial X I I ................

52 52

Trial X I I I ...................................55 Trial X I V ...................................57 Trial XV .

.................................59

Trial X V I ...................................61 DISCUSSION.............................................63 S U M M A R Y ...............................................69 BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................72

LIST OF TABLES Table 1. 2.

Page A comparison of choline, betaine and fish solubles . . . . . ............................

24

A comparison of various levels of choline, betaine and methionine . ................

26

3. Comparative value of betaine, choline and methionine . ..............................

,

29

4. Choline, betaine and methionine in mixed grain r a t i o n s ...................................32 5. A comparison of various levels of fish products.........................................34 6. Supplementary value of various fishery products.........................................37 7. A comparison of various kinds of fish solubles............................

40

8. A comparison of additional kinds of fish solubles . . . . . . . . . ....................

43

9. A factorial experiment involving sardine fish solubles and soybean meal ................ 46 10.

A factorial experiment involving menhaden fish solubles and soybean meal . . . . . . . . .

48

11.

A factorial experiment involving distillers1 dried solubles and fish solubles................ 51

12.

Supplementary value of fish solubles, methio­ nine and B-vitamins in a mixed grain ration . .

53

Supplementation of simplified and mixed grain rations . . . . . ......................

56

A comparison of various supplements in mixed grain r a t i o n s ................

58

13# 14. 15. 16.

The effect of replacing corn with certain feeds in a simplified ration Replacement of certain feeds in a mixed grain ration with corn ............

.

60 62

1

FISHERY PRODUCTS A3 SUPPLEMENTS IN POULTRY RATIONS INTRODUCTION Recent research has shown definitely that rapid growth may be secured in chicks to eight weeks of age by the use of comparatively simplified rations consisting largely of corn and soybean oil meal.

However, this type of ration does

require supplementation with certain B complex vitamins, DL-methionine, and the unknown factor (s) in fish solubles to obtain maximum growth.

The amount of B complex vitamin

supplementation required depends to some extent on the par­ ticular samples of soybean oil meal and corn being used. These simplified rations, which developed partly as a result of war time feed scarcity, have been well adapted for testing the supplementary value of various poultry feed supple­ ments, including a number of fishery products.

The use of corn

gluten meal, alfalfa leaf meal and dried fermentation solubles* in small quantities in the basal diet has resulted in a more practical ration since it was then unnecessary to add DLmethionine and synthetic B complex vitamins other than niacin and choline.

At the same time the addition of these feeds

at low levels in the basal diet has not masked the effects

* A concentrate containing 500 meg. of riboflavin per gram.

2

being studied. The use of complex rations consisting of large amounts of wheat bran and standard wheat middlings has been shown at several Experiment Stations to result in slower growth and greatly reduced feed efficiency.

The belief that a chick

ration requires a very large number of different ingredients for completeness and rapidity of growth is now outdated. Excessive bulk and fiber are known to decrease efficiency. Also with more feeds present in the basal ration it is consider­ ably more difficult to show deficiencies in experimental tests. Tests which have been conducted to determine the growth promoting effects of betaine in comparison with choline and methionine are of interest both from a nutritional point of view and from that of economy.

Investigators in several

laboratories are now of the opinion that betaine is as satisfactory for méthylation purposes as choline or methionine when supplemented in a ration already containing low levels of choline and methionine. Condensed fish solubles has been shown to contain a large number of growth factors not adequately supplied by soybean oil meal at the levels fed.

The primary value of fishery

products in supplementing chick rations is to furnish the unknown factor or factors referred to as vitamin B3.2 and the animal protein factor.

Fish solubles contain approximately

50 percent dry matter.

Throughout the remainder of this

thesis levels will be expressed on the dry matter basis.

3

Levels of 1.5 percent or less of fish, solubles have been shown to be as satisfactory as higher levels.

Fishy flavors,

however, have not been imparted to the meat of chickens fed the higher levels. Since most feed ingredients tend to vary as a result of different sources and different methods of processing, as well as other factors, it seemed desirable to evaluate con­ densed fish solubles of several kinds.

Solubles produced

from the East Coast and West Coast as well as the Gulf of Mexico were tested.

These samples included sardine, menhaden,

redfish, tuna, and flounder.

Numerous stations have conducted

investigations in which the meals from various types of fish have been compared, but similar work comparing fish solubles from various localities and types of fish has not been published.

4

A REVIJSW OF THE LITERATURE Methionine, Choline and Betaine Partly because of the economic importance of soybean oil meal as a protein supplement for chicks, much of the methionine and choline study has centered about this feed.

It is rather

widely known that the temperature at which soybean oil meal is processed is related to the effectiveness of methionine and choline.

It was reported by Hayward et al, (1937) that medium

and high temperature hydraulic soybean oil meals were definitely superior to low temperature hydraulic soybean oil meal (cooked at 82 degrees C. for 90 minutes).

Autoclaving improved the

nutritional quality of soybeans, according to Hayward and Hafner (1941), which resulted in a growth response equal to that obtained by adding methionine and cystine to raw soybeans. However, when either methionine or cystine or a combination of the two were added to autoclaved soybeans growth was fur­ ther stimulated.

They suggested that the raw soybean protein

was deficient in available cystine and that it was made available by heating, with choline being involved in the process. Observations by Westfall and Hauge (1948) indicated that the trypsin inhibitor is the major cause of the poor utilization of the protein of raw or of partly heated soybeans. In their experiments the protein efficiency of soybean flour increased in direct proportion to the destruction of its inhibitor by heat.

The optimum conditions for destruction of

5

the trypsin inhibitor were 106° C. for 15 to 30 minutes. Jukes (1940), Hogan et al. (1941) and Hegsted et al (1941) demonstrated the need of choline for perosis prevention and growth promotion.

For turkeys Jukes reported a higher level

of choline required for protection against perosis than for growth.

However, the work of Gerry et al. (1948) indicated

that more choline supplementation was necessary for maximum growth in young chickens than was necessary for the prevention of perosis.

The addition of 0.15 percent or more of choline

or five percent or more of dried brewers* yeast prevented perosis in the Cornell R and S factor deficient ration accord­ ing to Record and Bethke (1941). McGinnis, Norris and Heuser (1942) reduced the occurrence of perosis by supplementing their basal diet, which was not a purified diet, with betaine hydrochloride.

The incidence and

severity of perosis, amount of gain, and mortality were approximately the same with either choline or betaine supple­ mentation.

On the otherhand Moyer and du Vigneaud (1942)

and Jukes and Welsh (1942) have reported that betaine has only slight growth promoting properties in a purified diet and is not effective for perosis prevention.

However, choline

supplementation resulted in excellent growth and complete perosis prevention. It was reported by Berry and associates (1943), that both solvent and expel1er processed soybean oil meals at levels of 34,5 percent in the ration were inadequate in

6

the ration wore inadequate in available choline for maximum growth.

The solvent soybean oil meal needed more choline

supplementation than the expel1er meal.

Marvel, Garrick,Roberts

and Hauge (1944) reported that choline and methionine exerted an interchangeable supplementary action in chick rations com­ posed largely of corn and soybean oil meal.

These authors

(1945) observed that the growth promoting values of soybean oil meals varied according to the type of oil extraction process.

They found no significant differences in the choline

content of the various meals used. It was explained by Almquist and G-rau (1944) that a cer­ tain portion of the functions of choline in chick growth could be assumed by methionine or betaine and the remainder of the functions by arsenocholine.

Under the conditions of their

experiment the benefits of methionine, betaine, and arseno­ choline were additive and all together nearly a complete substitute for choline.

In further work with cystine,

methionine and choline, Almquist and Grau (1945) found that levels of choline in chick diets as high as 0,6 percent gave only a 4 percent per day increase in growth whereas a level of 0.55 percent of methionine substituted for part of the cystine gave optimal gains of 6 percent per day.

They state

that even if high levels of choline are employed the addition of cystine cannot compensate for a methionine deficiency. Clandinin, Cravens, HaIpin and Hart (1946) concluded that choline and methionine cannot be considered interchangeable.

7

They found that only one out of four soybean oil meals was improved by choline, whereas all four were improved by methionine additions.

Their experiment was terminated at

four weeks of age, however,

Gerry et al. (1948) found that

four weeks was an insufficient length of time to bring out these values.

It was reported by Mishler, Garrick, Roberts

and Hauge (1946) that a ration composed of corn, soybean oil meal, a simple mineral mixture, vitamin A and D fish oil and synthetic forms of riboflavin, pantothenic acid and niacin appeared to be deficient in choline.

Supplementation with

choline resulted in rapid growth of chicks.

These results

were confirmed by Gerry et al. (1947) who also found that the addition of choline chloride resulted in a highly sig­ nificant increase in growth over an otherwise similar ration from which the factor was omitted. even more effective.

Methionine additions were

These authors are of the opinion that

when methionine is considered to be the limiting factor in the ration, it may be replaced to a certain extent by choline. Almquist (1944) and McKittrick (1947) divided the choline and methionine requirements for the stimulation of growth into two parts, namely, the essential and the replaceable parts - the essential function of one of these supplements will not be replaced by the other.

Glycine betaine would

not substitute for choline or methionine in the essential part of the requirements but would substitute for either one in the replaceable increment.

8

Fishery Products The supplementation of chick rations with fishery pro­ ducts has recently assumed much importance. ducts are rich sources of B-complex vitamins.

Many fish pro­ Because of

the low levels at which these products are used in the ration they are not important as sources of amino acids.

The most

important value of condensed fish solubles and related pro­ ducts is as a source of the unknown factor or factors referred to as vitamin B ^ an*H © ti © a ©

a 43 i-4 rH K Cd © t4 © © a 0 B o ra w 43 0 © © © ra © 1 i-4 i-4 a © Pi o 0 rO 0 B d 0 y S 43 *H 43 «H r—1 i—IK © 0 0 -d -H •

'dror4«H43fltiroro©»yB» I> "H »H H K 3 c d 3 S © © x 3 'd H *J id © H « H d f l 3 P © rd S < j 3 © •P P *H «H*H © S 3 1 p p o o o H c d S d d P O O t>>rO C H O P 1 © O H O 3 0 *H H © j3 © H P 3 c d O OCQtoÎ2!OOmPtOOGO(A

to cv -d H • cv to

0

3 © 3 © to A A H CVto Pi ^



© P (ti

© A A A © -d OP a W M cd

O 0 -4 ONo -to

ra

© o ti © ti © A < n m -4 m

t o n i n

-4 m -4 m m O to o t o

o rt tic n

m • rH

P OvO til m

o tv o •• rH r - O r —rH rH

m • rH

-4 ♦p -4 m CM

xO O 't o r-m p in -4 m

0 -4 x 0 m p to to O O

o cno * • rH r - O C—- P rH

m

p

■P O m t iim

rH

• O' _4 - 4 CM

O to O ' xO O ' CM m -4 m

0 0 -4 CM P x O to O O

p o -* til m

o m o cm m e • •''k .'H V 'k . • • rH to o O O r - rH P

• o -4 m CM

45

t i m p m ti » © S © © tivDvOxO t o to to i —I-ti ti ra ra ra a a ^ aH a so r a © ra — -© © © © © © ti ti © p f d ® OM P P M P P M • ti t i © t i t i © P _ ti p © .H ti ti ^ a co p s a cn © ^ © O tird © *d ^4 P co a t i p © © P Ph p o t i t i "H t i rH P • p o ti P H ti O ti > o CQ ro H SO oo b O d P to

33

similar ration (Lot 35) from which the methionine had been omitted*

The female chicks grew as well on the rations con­

taining 10 percent of distillersf dried solubles as did those fed the control ration (Lot 38).

Previous observations in

this laboratory have indicated that female chicks respond more to a factor in distillers' solubles than they do to a factor or factors in fish solubles. The addition of methionine to a ration already contain­ ing betaine and fish solubles (Lot 41} did not result in an increased growth response.

The male chicks fed the control

ration (Lot 38) grew faster with high significance than did any of the males fed the experimental rations.

The higher

growth rate was apparently due in part to the presence of less bulky feeds. The Use of Fishery Products Trial V .

This trial was conducted during September and

October 1947, to test the comparative value of homogenized condensed fish and condensed fish solubles in the simplified corn and soybean meal ration containing supplements of ribo­ flavin, nicotinic acid, calcium pantothenate, choline chloride and DL-methionine.

The rations and the results are shown in

Table 5* Since it is possible that some deterioration might occur in fish solubles during long periods of storage, three samples of fish solubles were compared.

One sample had been stored

for a year in a refrigerator at 36° F. (Lot 45); a second

34 1 H

ti O o ti

p o cv t-4 v x

P O r4 , - q iA

P o o H ) ir \

P O OX A -d -

P o to A -d -

o p

I

UN • ON ON UN CV

ONCV tO O N -d -tO xO UN UN

{x - O x tO [x - o x t o Ox Cx. tO

ON • A ON UN CV

-d-xO O -d - o n Ox xO UN UN

A UN

raH

m p

UN UN A UN UN UN UN • • • • • O A A O O

ir x oA

UN UN A A UN UN UN UN • • • • • O O A A O O

'Vv'Ss.'Hv •

c > -o O * * • xO tO H irx

O x -d e v -d-C x-xO O x [x _ to

o

H !>0 O • • • '"ti' SOti. • r C MA A A A

to

P OH HxO

A A A • » •>**X H H O

to «O C MA C M

O A OOxQ H A -d A

XO CM-d- o OC MrH -p o o -to g

A A A • * *^k. H H O

A • Ox C M-d C M

A O-A tN-Cx-O-d-d-d

C MOxO

A A A • « •'Sx H H O

C"• Ox C M-d" C M

xO OxO O AxO A A A

ra ra ra a a a o o - t o ti t> ra ti ra © ti ti ti H so so so ti ‘H A o o -to O' A A A CM o t o to ra ra ra TO s>. 0 0 0 vAxOxO O H tA i>5H H H M to to tO Ph ti, ti © P P< a a CO 0 ^ tii * s i H V A tO p > ra H O va ra p OtO «0 ' d ^ M O ra & CD 0 m 0

VAO O O O

O

O VAA LAH VAA

C M

VAO O O O

O

H VAA VAA

H

vaH

• Ox xo -d" C M

CAX0

to to to

CA CM tO CM O va

A ♦OX C M-d C M

o to -d C MC MOxQ A A

O O O O O VA

A A A • * •'Sx H H O

C M •O C MA C M

xO H O ACM A A A A

A A A • * •'Sx H H O

C M • to C M-d" C M

tO OxtO OH A A A A

A A A • * •'Sx H H O

C M • ts C M-d C M

O O -d xQ H -d A A A

CAt> O

A A A

O •H C M~d C M

A AO H xO O -d A A

-d-ZNxO

O OOO OA C MA A A H O A A

P O -d" H va

C MA A A H O A A

P O

C D H ti .OH rai ti ra o Dt i H C O H Pc

+3

ra i— i O

ti ti

O O

r— 1

A

ra p

SD C •H T5

C D ti

,0

so

S

H

ti,

H

ti ra ti H C D O oH

t i H *H ra s i O ti P ti

ti

i—I ti C D 2 ti

i—i ti

a

S C D ti «ti H a o h & a P ra o p ti O H vi t i h ra C Dra C D cd H t i ti t i C D >4x0

xO CM H - 4 L f\

P OMD >4x0

O Cr N MX * xO f ^ O - 4 MX

Sx

P O ir \ >4x0

O 60 • • xo m - 4 VN

Sx

Sx

0 60 O Sx

of various A comparison

O

O

P o m ih i>

P O O t-q c -

7.

(A • o CM m CM

O x-4 x 0 m c ^ -x o xO O CA OX o x - 4 m m m 60 0 6 0

CA CM CM c n ts o to o - to

60

P O H

Table

-4 x 0 m cA Q x H m -4 m

xO CN

60

(V

v \ • IA H -4 CM

p o ir \ h IO

0

kinds

ti I O OS *H 03P

fl A O O

03 P

ti 0) •H CD

A GO ti

H

£ o

H H j CD > d ti H P H ©CDCDCDCDdCDcd -d t i d ' d ' d ' d H ti h H d h »h d cd od p h 'd

cdP'd'ddJdJdOHcd toodf-tOddooFn c d d d d H C D O H x j d

d

to p

d i CD O 02

>j P^-H -4 »o d CD O

H xO O'

OC MH xOC MOn onto to xOCAOx C MO -d’ ONo to

p OVO A to

O to C M * *'Ss> • xOC M O A" v%

O * H

xO • to C M-dC M

C MxOOx O-d-O 0x0 O

OntO Ox 0x0 © H

4-i •H A

^ H

xO(ALA la — d "CA

P ti ti O H

u

h

Ns.

xO • to CM-* C M

C M0x0 C MOxLA tOvOO

to C MLA C MtO oxto to

ti 60 •H ro

Ms.

CA •ON C M-d1 J fHH B O O OH da o ro h H

_d" -d© 60 ti Pi ti

o

ti © > *H o C M

44

per 100 grams of feed:

inositol 100, calcium pantothenate

1,5, riboflavin 0,3, pyridoxin 0.4, alpha tocopherol 0.5, pteroylglutamic acid 0.15, menadione 0.1 and biotin 0.02. In the presence of a 1.5 percent level of fish solubles the addition of DL-methionine and the vitamin mixture (Lot 80) significantly improved growth over an otherwise similar ra­ tion (Lot 79) containing only fish solubles. Both samples of sardine fish solubles resulted in better growth at the 1.0 percent level than at 0.5, but these levels were as good as the 1.5 percent level,

with the type of

basal ration used in this experiment 1.0 percent may be a sufficiently high level of fish solubles to secure the max­ imum effect.

With the simplified eorn-soybean meal ration,

1.5 percent was usually significantly better than 1.0 percent and just as good as higher levels.

A level of 0.5 percent

redfish solubles (Lot 83) resulted in slower gains than a 1,0 percent level (Lot 84) although these differences were not significant.

The male chickens fed the redfish sample

at the 0.5 percent level (Lot 83) gained more rapidly than those fed sardine sample B (Lot 81) at the same level.

It

would appear from these results that sample B of sardine fish solubles was lower in the unknown growth factor or factors since the lower level (Lot 81) gave no better re­ sults than the negative control (Lot 77).

The chickens fed

the tuna fish solubles (Lot 85 and 86) showed growth re­ sponses which were much below the others.

The 0.5 percent

45

level of tuna was no better than the negative control, whereas the 1,0 percent level was about equivalent to the 0,5 percent levels of both the redfish solubles (Lot 83) and sardine sample C (Lot 87),

Apparently this type of basal ration re­

quires higher levels of tuna fish solubles than other fish solubles for supplementation.

Also different samples of

sardine fish solubles do not appear to produce similar growth responses.

It is evident that all of the samples of fish

solubles contain some of the unknown growth factor or factors; however, they appear to vary somewhat in concentration de­ pending on the species of fish and the location in which the fish were caught.

Probably the method of processing and the

season of the year at which the fish were caught are other important factors. Trial IX.

This trial, which was conducted from July to

September 1949, was a factorial experiment.

Three levels of

sardine fish solubles were each fed with three levels of soy­ bean meal.

This experiment was patterned after a previous

trial by Mi shier et al. (1948) in which the principal in­ gredients in the basal ration were corn and soybean meal. However, in Trial IX dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal, corn gluten meal and dried fermentation solubles were also in­ cluded.

The chicks were paired on the basis of their two-

week weights.

During the first

two weeks all chicks had

been fed the depletion diet shown for Lot 89 (Table 9). This ration contained 40 percent soybean meal and no fish solubles.

Lots 90 and 91 were high protein diets with and

involving

sardine

fish, solubles

and

soybean

meal

46

p 0 00 i-4 H

0 ^0 O O (VOUNVNOVN • • • •vk» • • • • • •*>k. IX M iA H OOHHHO -dA"

A • XÛ A A C N

O NA NO NOA O 0x0 b-

ONA O 60x0 C N 60 060

P OO

rN O O O (NI 0 VNVTNOVN • • • •''k. • ♦ • • • • '> k, CM(N2«AH O u> H A H O UN cA

O •NO C NA C N

nOn OxO

A A A NOC NA

A A A 60 C NA OOO

P o to

(AO O O

tO (N LAH OOOHHO A A

O •NO A A C N

n OC NOn H C NnO

P O r-\ AON

cAO O O C NO A LAO LA ♦ • • •'Sn. • • • • • 4'%, fACNAH OAOHHO A A

A • NO C NA C N

n O OnA A nOnO

O AxO

C N60 A AOxO 60x0 O

P O © H A

© • P n ^d ro P

M

is

ro

© 0

ti

© ti. ti,

experiment A factorial 9. Table

ti

03 P d < D •H ,d GO

d H

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

a ® p < — i ro ti d p AH O ti H H O C drH *r4 © H (ti © ti O © ti P H 0© d g 9 © ti tti H ro 9 0 H ^ 9 P H A p ti O ti© O H X }© ro© ti H titim tiH tiro d tiA H © © B -ti © h 0 9 d H (DHPA © 09 < M f H P © d ©H H MP tiH < A ti© d © 'd •Hod rd S-I tt) h ti ti ti ©'d 9 « h ti H 'ti P H © H 9 ti 'ti d tid tiO H P 'd tid P ti 0>A©OHA A H O A H t i O ti P A ti A O - ^ O O S O lODICOOCOH

ro ro ro

&£ £

ro & 60 P ti 1 © 0 ro A -M © 0 Pi'H •ti •VO ti •H U © O P O • A O PH£5

H

CO60 60 1 1 1 C NC NC N

ro ro ro ro g © © © ti H H M A t i ti © GûS 9 C O *— © P-n-ti ti p *H O ti m

to 60 60 ro ro ro © © © H H % t i ti © ^ 9 C O © fo-d p ro 0 9 m ti ti G O

P

GO

>

A

GO GO GO L f\U N A NO A A

© © ©

p

m H 0 k, ®

9 9 ti ti ti ti ti ti

ro ro ro

©

ro ro ro

ro ro

H H K ti t i © S 9 CO

ti

C Q (D H H d H 0 ro

111 cd td cd f-i to f-i GO GO GO LALALA OnrH rH O C M

p O O CH til *H *H rH rH ti 'ti «H * © ti a © ^ 0 © r t i© 't iS < IîiH * H P tiP W h © ti a h 1 5 0 © 0 H O 4 3 0 H 0 1 03 © O ti P ti © O •H H © Jd A *H

•

•

to xOxOxO to to to P C M ro ro ro ro ro ro ti « © ro © © © © © © ti ro a H H % H H M ti .M © © © © ©. © © © ti ti s a co ^ a co CVH 60 © © P hX Jd Jd P - 0 p 0 O ti PQ *H 4-4 P m © O P O • ti O t> &4 5

©

ass © © © ti ti ti AAA AAA M îiO > d © A-H O ti o ro s m O© © ti O O P cd A^j cd ro © O A i — IH ro rti «HrH cd t i tij*H tiO rH A P t i ^ t i -ti C drd p ti © © c d cd o o o ft© -ti © >3-0 O A ti *H «H P *>O •H H f) A p| © ti g cd ti rd rd -ti cdp ti *H ti -H •H H C Q O O O ^ r r o O o S O H ft Î2Î