FEDERAL TRADE WITH THE CONFEDERATE STATES, 1861-1865, A STUDY OF GOVERNMENTAL POLICY

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Order Number 0004395

Federal trade with the Confederate States, 1861-1865: A study of governmental policy Futrell, Robert Frank, Ph.D.

Vanderbilt University, 1950

UMI

300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106

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PLEASE NOTE

Pa ges 4 2 6 - 4 2 8

This

reprodu ction

U n iv e rs ity

is

a r e damag ed.

the

b e s t co p y a v a i l a b l e .

M ic ro film s

In te rn a tio n a l

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

FEDERAL TRADE WITH THE CONFEDERATE STATES,

1861-1865

A STUDY OP GOVERNMENTAL POLICY

By

R obert Prank F u t r e l l \ \

A D issertatio n Subm itted to th e F a c u lty V anderbilt U n iv e rsity the req u irem en ts D octor of

o f t h e C-raduate S c h o o l o f in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f f o r th e degree o f Philosophy

A pproved b y :

D ate: ____________________

_________

TT)^ J2.Oj / £6. /

rould do l e s s

d e a le r , w ishing a c o n tin u a tio n o f h is thought

th at

A L o u isv ille

h a d a c c e p t e d p a y m e n t f'or 100 b a r r e l s

shipm ent o f t h i s harm t h a n t o

enemy j u s t

sp e c ia l agent

reap

and i f

the

Government

advantage by th e

tra ffic ...

checkm ate

the d ev ices

" i t w ould be w e l l t o

o f the allow

su ch ad v antage o v er the

Government a n y t h i n g . "

1^ °

Thomas

of th e T re a s u ry D epartm ent f o r th e

u p p e r O h io R i v e r d i s t r i c t ,

s i m i l a r l y recom mended t h a t f r e e

shipm ent o f w h isk ey to

s o u t h w o u ld do much t o r e l i e v e

the

the

g l u t o f t h e N o r t h w e s t ’ s c o r n m a rk e t w h ic h he e s t i m a t e d

11. W. B. L a t t a , C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o , t o E d w a r d B a t e s , A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l , May 1 8 , 1 8 6 1 , I n T r e a s u r y D e p a r t m e n t , S e r i e s K (M is c e lla n e o u s L e t t e r s R e c e iv e d ) , 1861, v o l. K -0, 79. H e r e i n a f t e r c i t e d a s TD, S e r i e s K. U nless o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d a l l m anu script m a te ria l h e re in c ite d is lo c a te d i n T h e N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 12. W. Ii. L i t t l e , L o u i s v i l l e , t o S . P . C h a s e , S e c r e ­ t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y , J u n e 6 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e r i e s K , 1 8 6 1 , v o l. K -0, 97. 13. J o h n L e l l y e t t , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a r l e s B. C o tto n , C o l l e c t o r o f C ustom s, L o u i s v i l l e , J u l y 1 7 , 1861, i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 1 , v o l . K - 0 , 1 0 4 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

w ould r u n t o reasoned,

4 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 b u s h e ls .

!,0 u r p e o p l e

f o r a most im p o r ta n t w ith b le s s in g s w h ic h so f a r d estru ctiv e

By s u c h a t r a d e , h e

f in d a sure m arket a t l i b e r a l p r ic e s stap le

w hich w i l l

and b e n e f i t s ;

w hile

c o v er th e N orthw est

th e

enemy g e t s a n a r t i c l e

from a f f o r d i n g a id and com fort i s to

h is

army t h a n s h o t o r

A fte r an In s p e c tio n t r i p R iver d i s t r i c t ,

sh ell.

th r o u g h h i s m iddle

W illia m P. M ellen ,

Oh io

s p e c i a l a g en t of the

T reasu ry D epartm ent,

addressed a l e t t e r

E v an sv ille, In d ian a,

on A u g u s t 1 9 ,

t o Chase from

1861, w hich, rem ark ab le

as t h e

product

d irect

t h e w hole F e d e r a l p o l i c y o f r e s t r i c t e d

in terco u rse,

r e a l l y more

o f a u s u a l l y c a u t i o u s m a n who w o u l d e v e n t u a l l y

reflects

the

com m ercial

p r e s s u r e w h ic h he m u s t h av e f e l t .

I n b r i e f , M e l l e n p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e r e was e v e r i n c r e a s i n g demand a t p o in ts salt,

C in cin n ati,

along goods,

the

L o u isv ille , E v an sv ille,

Ohio f o r p e r m i t s

c l o t h i n g , and shoes

to

and o th e r

ship b aco n ,

and l e a t h e r

coffee,

i n t o K entucky,

w hence he h a d no d o u b t t h e y w ere c a r r i e d b y wagon i n t o Tennessee.

S u p p o s in g s e v e r a l h u n d re d wagons a d ay t o be

em ployed i n t h e

s m u g g lin g , he e s t i m a t e d t h a t

w as e x p e n d i n g v a s t tran sactio n in chase

sums o f m o n e y .

12,

C onfederacy

He p r o p o s e d t o a r r a n g e

C i n c i n n a t i w hereby th e

a

sm ugglers c o u ld p u r­

th e re m ain in g po rk s u rp lu s f o r s a l e

14. C h a s e , Aug. R ep o rts.

the

at

in flated

Th om as H e a t o n , S p e c i a l A g e n t , TD, C i n c i n n a t i , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

to

p rices sale

in Tennessee.

T h is w ould c l e a r

o f new ly s l a u g h t e r e d

w ill to

the

from th e in the

a d m in istratio n ,

C onfederates.

same m a n n e r b u t

upon th e

anim als,

o th er

p roducts.

November, 1 8 6 1 , in f o r m e d

g o ld w ould c r e a t e prevent i t

far

exceeded i n b o th scope and to

riv ers.

Chase,

s e l l the N o rth w e st’s One B o s t o n i a n i n

" T h e p u b l i c m i n d i s now

a s h i p m e n t t o E u ro p e o f 10 m i l l i o n s alm ost a panic

a lth o u g h unp opular is

s t a n c e s -wise a n d p r o p e r . "-10

of

and any m easure t h a t w i l l under e x istin g

circurn-

A New Y o r k i n d u s t r i a l i s t ,

p r o f e s s e d i n no way t o b e i n t e r e s t e d the

m o r e m o ne y

L incoln a d m in is tra tio n fo r ob­

g ran d io se e f f o r ts

th at

still

°

c o r n a n d p o r k c r o p do w n t h e

so s e n s i t i v e

and d r a i n

p r o p o s e d a n e v e n more r i g i d b l o c k a d e

so u th ern products

in te n s ity th ese

s e c u r e w e s t e r n good

He t h o u g h t c o f f e e m i g h t b e m a n a g e d

The p r e s s u r e u p o n t h e tain in g

the m arket fo r th e

in

who

c o t t o n , w arned i n

same m o n t h t h a t n o r t h e r n m a n u f a c t u r e r s h a d o n h a n d a

s u p p ly o f c o t t o n w h ic h w ould n o t l a s t 1862.

tie b e l i e v e d i t

h ig h ly im p ortant

l o n g e r t h a n M arch, "as a f i n a n c i a l

15. W i l l i a m P. M e l l e n , S p e c i a l A g e n t, T r e a s u r y De­ p a r t m e n t , E v a n s v i l l e , I n d i a n a . , t o C h a s e , Aug. 1 9 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . The l e t t e r i s n o t m arked a s a n sw ered b y th e S e c r e t a r y . 16. P h i l o S . S h e l t o n , B o s t o n , M a s s . , t o C h a s e , Nov. 2 6 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e r i e s K , 1 8 6 1 , v o l . P - S , 3 6 9 a . S helton more s p e c i f i c a l l y f a v o r e d a h i g h d u t y on " e v e r y a r t i c l e t h a t p e o p l e c a n do w i t h o u t a n d n o t p r o d u c e a t h o m e ."

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

x iii

m easu re,"

th at

c o t t o n he obtained, i n

the

S o u t h . S e c r e ­

t a r y o f S t a t e W i l l i a m H. Seward, f o r w a r d e d t o m e n d a tio n t h a t he s e c u r e

u p l a n d c o t t o n s e e d so t h a t

p ro d u ct m ight be p l a n t e d i n M is s o u r i, "C otton b e in g th e b a s i s

Illin o is,

of our b u sin ess

M. S t a n t o n ,

"the w is e s t

w hich w i l l b r i n g t h e

p o licy is

most o u t ,

S ecretary

to the

o f War E d w i n

to pursue

as t h e

a n d K e n tu c k y . 18

s o o n t o become

S e n a to r and e v e n t u a l l y s o n -in -la w

S e c r e ta r y o f th e T r e a s u r y , w rote

th at

course

advantage t o

be f a r g r e a t e r t h a n a n y r e m u n e r a t i o n t h e

the

o f the N o rth ,"

G o v e r n o r W i l l i a m S p r a g u e o f Rh ode I s l a n d , U nited S t a t e s

Chase a re c o m ­

us w i l l

enemy g e t s . "

19

The v i e w s o f t h e s e b u s i n e s s men w e r e p r o b a b l y s i n ­ cerely p a tr io tic be com e C h a s e ' s

f o r W i l l i a m P. F e s s e n d e n , d e s t i n e d to

su c c e sso r as

had been s u r p r i s e d

as w e ll as g r a t i f i e d

f i n d t h a t ' o u r most c a u t i o u s now i s

the

nent b a s is ,

tim e t o

S ecretary of th e

estab lish

and one t h a t

T reasury,

i n May 1 8 6 1

"to

and money l o v i n g men s a y t h a t our governm ent upon a perm a­

c an n o t be b ro k e n , t h a t ,

as a

17. C. R. R o b e r t , D e l a w a r e , L a c k a w a n n a , a n d W e s t e r n R. R. C o . , New Y o r k , t o C h a s e , N ov . 2 7 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, P o r t Royal C o rre s p o n d e n c e , ite m 2. 18. W. H. S e w a r d , S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e , t o C h a s e , D e c . 3 , 1 3 6 1 ; B r i g . G e n . II. P . B a n k s , Camp n e a r S e n e c a , N. Y. t o S e w a r d , D e c . 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , item s 11, 12. 19. ' W i l l i a m S p r a g u e , G o v e r n o r o f R ho de I s l a n d , P r o v i ­ d e n c e , R. I . , t o E . M. S t a n t o n , A ug . 2 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n War D e p a r t ­ m e n t , H e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e Array, f i l e S 926 HQA- 1 8 6 2 . Sprague ’was a l s o p a r t n e r I n t h e f i r m o f A. & W. S p r a g u e , one o f t h e l a r g e r c o t t o n b r o k e r a g e s o f New E n g l a n d . See S e n a t e S x e c u t i v e D o c u m e n t s , 41 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , Mo. 1 0 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

x i v.

m atter of b u s in e s s — of d o lla rs m one y n e c e s s a r y t o

and c e n t s — no amount o f

accom plish t h i s

o b ject i s

to o g r e a t —

and t h a t b l o o d s h e d f o r s u c h a p u r p o s e i s w e l l s h e d ." ^ ® Yet from t h e

coal o il d e a le r in L o u isv ille

p a r tn e r o f the

to the

pow erful c o tto n brokerage firm

sen io r

o f A. & W.

S p r a g u e , n o r t h e r n b u s i n e s s me n w e r e n o t r e a d y f o r m e a s u r e s of to ta l

w arfare.

F ederal m ilita r y an o p p o s ite

commanders w e re i n c l i n e d

vievirpoint upon t h e s e

trad e

to take

v en tu res,

a n d many

o f them b e l i e v e d a s d i d M ajo r G e n e r a l W i l l i a m T. who o b s e r v e d ,

"M erchants

Law o f S e l f - I n t e r e s t . so ld iers Academy,

.

as a c la s s .

.

Mos t o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l

and t h e i r p ro n o u n c e m en ts upon t h e

tr a d in g w ith the a te and im p o rta n t

enemy w e r e p r e c i s e .

and i n t e r d i c t i o n

M ilitary su b ject

"One o f t h e

consequences of the d e c l a r a t i o n

C h a n c e llo r Kent had w r i t t e n ,

course,

are governed by the

h ad s t u d i e d K ent and W heaton a t t h e QO °

Sherman

of a ll

"is

the a b so lu te

im m edi­ o f w ar,"

in terru p tio n

com m ercial c o rre sp o n d e n c e ,

and d e a l i n g betw een th e

su b jects

of

of th e

in te r­

tw o

20. W. P . F e s s e n d e n , P o r t l a n d , M a i n e , t o S im o n C a m e r o n , S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , May 9 , 1 8 6 1 , i n War D e p a r t m e n t , S e c r e t a r y o f W ar, L e t t e r s R e c e iv e d , 1861, f i l e 207. H e r e i n a f t e r "War D e p a r t m e n t " i s a b b r e v i a t e d a s "WD." 21. M a j . G e n . W. T . S h e r m a n , Army o f t h e T e n n e s s e e , I u k a , M i s s . , t o R e a r Adm. D. D. P o r t e r , O c t . 2 5 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 8 , p p . . 9 - 1 0 . 22. L t . C o l . J a m e s A. O ' B r i e n , " M i l i t a r y G o v e r n m e n t o f M exico b y A m erican F o r c e s u n d e r G e n e ra l W i n f i e l d S c o t t " (M im eographed s t u d y p r e p a r e d I n th e H i s t o r i c a l S e c t i o n , Army War C o l l e g e , May, 1 9 4 3 ) , 2 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

c o u n trie s.... cannot e x i s t ,

It at

f o r com m erce." 2 3

is the

a w ell s e ttle d

d o ctrin e. . .th a t

s am e t i m e , a w a r f o r a r m s , a n d a p e a c e

B oth o f th e s e

a u th o rities

a g r e e d , how­

e v e r , t h a t th e b e l l i g e r e n t governm ents m ight i s s u e licen ses

th ere

p e r m ittin g tr a d e betw een the

su b jects

a t w a r, a l t h o u g h W heaton c o n s i d e r e d t h e s e e f f e c t a su sp e n sio n of the

law s

of w ar.*^

sp ecial

of the

licen ses

states

t o be i n

As t h e U n i o n

a r m i e s p r o g r e s s e d s o u t h w a r d do w n t h e M i s s i s s i p p i V a l l e y t h e i r commanders w o u ld become i n c r e a s i n g l y c o n v i n c e d t h a t "war a n d

com m erce

are

i n c o n s i s t e n t . 1' ^

23. J a m e s K e n t , C o m m e n t a r i e s o n A m e r i c a n Lav/ ( 2 d . New Y o r k , 1 8 3 2 ) , I , 6 6 . 24. H e n r y W h e a t o n , E l e m e n t s o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l Law (6th e d .; B o sto n , 1 8 5 5 ), 381-362. 25. S h e r m a n , 5 t h D i v i s i o n , .Array o f t h e T e n n e s s e e , M e m p h i s , t o C. S t o d d a r d , J r . , M e m p h i s , A u g . 4 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 2 , p p . 1 7 9 - 1 8 0 . e d .j

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

CHAPTER I SECRETARY CHASE SEEKS A TRADE POLICY, MARCH-AUGUST, 1 8 6 1 T he t r a d e

problem f a c i n g L i n c o l n 's

and p a r t i c u l a r l y U nited S ta te s

Salmon P.

senator

a d m in istratio n ,

C h ase , fo rm e r g o v e rn o r and

o f O hio, r i v a l

o f L in c o ln f o r the

R e p u b l i c a n n o m i n a t i o n i n I 8 6 0 , a n d now t h e f i s c a l pert

of the C a b in e t,

a classic cile

dilem m a.

the c i v i l i a n

C onfederate

states

m ust b e no t r a f f i c t h e i r enem ies.

p r e s e n te d most To s o l v e

to

D uring th e

first

s i x m onths o f h i s

concerned w ith th e

in the bo rd er s t a t e s ,

com plex p r o ­

and out o f t h i s

ex­

C onfederacy. S u m t e r , L i n c o l n deemed i t o f the

seacoasts

G e o r g ia , A labam a, F l o r i d a ,

L o u is ia n a , and Texas in o rd e r to of revenues.

ten u re,

a p o l i c y v/hich a p p e a r e d s u i t a b l e

p ro c la im a blockade

C arolina,

p ro b le m Chase m ust r e c o n ­

w hich w ould g iv e a i d an d c o m fo rt t o

Im m ediately a f t e r able

of

and t h e m i l i t a r y demand t h a t t h e r e

p e r i e n c e he w o u ld m a tu re f o r t h e w hole

asp ects

demands f o r c o n t i n u e d t r a d e w i t h t h e

S e c r e t a r y Chase w ould b e blem o f t r a d e

the

of the

ex­

E ig h t days l a t e r ,

ad v is­

of South

M ississip p i,

ensure the

co llectio n

on A p r i l 2 7 , he a d d e d t h e

1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

2.

states

of V irg in ia

states

whose s e a p o r t s were t o

case

and. N o r t h . C a r o l i n a

list

be blockaded.-*-

of

In the

of N orth C a r o lin a , L in c o ln had a c t u a l l y b lo c k ad e d

the s t a t e

p rio r

to

its

accom plished by th e the

to th e

term s of th e s e

to the

seaco asts

state

of th e

states

p arties,

land-locked

w hich d e p a r t e d t h e

an a c t not fo rm a lly

c o n v e n t i o n u n t i l May 2 0 . ^

proclam ations

by i n s u r r e c t i o n a r y extended to th e

secessio n ,

th e b lo c k a d e was

gy

lim ited

judged as b e in g c o n t r o l l e d

a n d no s i m i l a r b l o c k a d e w as states

of A rkansas and T en n essee,

U n i o n o n May 6 a n d J u n e 8 .

Chase d id

n o t i m m e d i a t e l y i m p l e m e n t t h e b l o c k a d e w i t h a n e m b a r g o on co astal

shipm ents to th e s o u th e r n p o r t s ;

e v e r , he

in stru cted

New Y o r k , t o in h is m erce

in c id e n t to

to c o n s u lt w ith i n New Y o r k . 0

Hiram B a r n e y , C o l l e c t o r

ex ercise

leg al d u ties.

on A p r i l

"the

soundest

o f Customs a t

judgm ent and c a u t i o n "

To a v o i d u n n e c e s s a r y d e l a y s

a p p e a l to 'W ashington,

i n com­

B a r n e y w as d i r e c t e d

J o h n A. D i x , e x - S e c r e t a r y o f t h e On May 1 ,

2 4 , how­

Treasury,

C hase d i r e c t e d B a r n e y t o g r a n t no

1. P r o c l a m a t i o n s o f A braham L i n c o l n , A p r i l 1 9 , 1861 a n d A p r i l 2 7 , 1 3 6 1 , i n J o h n G. N i c o l a y a n d J o h n Hay ( e d s . ) . C o m p l e t e W o r k s o f A b r a h a m L i n e o l n (New Y o r k , 1 9 0 7 ) , I I , 3 o —u O ,

O u —o J .

2. R i c h a r d S . Y a t e s , Z e b u l o n B. V a n c e a s War G o v e r n o r o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a ( U n p u b l i s h e d P h . D. d i s s e r t a t i o n , V a n d e r ­ b i l t U n i v e r s i t y , Ju n e, 1 9 3 6 ), 72-107. N orth C a r o lin a t r o o p s , h o w e v e r , h a d c a p t u r e d t h e F e d e r a l a r s e n a l a t F a y e t t e v i l l e on A p r i l 23 and t h e C o n f e d e r a t e f l a g h a d b e e n f l o w n fr o m t h e s ta te c a p i t o l the day b e f o r e . 3. C h a s e t o H i r a m B a r n e y , C o l l e c t o r o f C u s t o m s , New

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

m or e c l e a r a n c e s the

to

p o rts

ex cep tio n of v e sse ls

West a n d T o r t u g a s , Federal c o n tro l. on a l l

v essels

in th e blo ck ad ed s t a t e s , w ith loaded w ith s u p p lie s

b oth p o r ts

s t i l l rem aining under

B arn ey w o u ld examine

leav in g h is

t o Key

p o rt,

the m a n ife s ts

and i f

he b e l i e v e d

them b o u n d f o r a b l o c k a d e d p o r t , w h a t e v e r t h e i r sib le

d e s t i n a t i o n , he w ould t a k e

prevent the

th e ir d e p artu re .^

same d i r e c t i v e

was s e n t

p ro p er l e g a l m easures to

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a

o sten ­

co n tain in g

out to o th e r c o lle c to r s

on

May 2 . 5 M eanw hile, th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n had b e e n g r o p in g f o r a p o lic y w hich co u ld s u c c e s s f u l l y check th e flow of p r o ­ v is io n s and m u n itio n s commerce.

P r io r to

ated th is w ar. sip p i,

trad e,

Thus

011

southw ard over i n t e r n a l r o u t e s

Sum ter, p u b lic

e v e n when i t

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out m o le sta tio n . receip ts

on t h e

sentim ent had t o l e r ­

co n sisted

5 cannon bound f o r

had p assed th ro u g h th e

streets

of m unitions

& N ashville

of

Jackson, M issis­ o f C in cin n ati w ith ­

B eginning in F e b ru a ry , L o u isv ille

of

1861,

freig h t

R ailw ay had begun

Y o r k , A p r . 2 4 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , S e r i e s BE ( R e s t r i c t e d C o m m e r c i a l I n t e r c o u r s e ) , C o m p i l a t i o n 2-3. The c o m p i l a t i o n v o l u m e o f t h i s n u m b e r e d s e r i e s ( h e r e i n a f t e r c i t e d o n l y a s BE) i n c l u d e d m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t p o l i c y d o c u m e n t s , w h i c h m a y o r ma y n o t a p p e a r i n t h e n u m b e r e d series . 4. C h a s e t o B a r n e y , May 1 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 5 - 6 . 5. C i r c u l a r l e t t e r , C h a s e , May 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 7 - 9 .

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a le a p from a m onthly r e t u r n received in

-June, 1 8 6 1 .

o f $23,000 to

th e $ 68,000

O bservers re p o rte d th e depot a t

L o u isv ille b lo ck ad ed w ith v e h ic le s w a itin g to d isch a rg e th e ir lo ad s,

and,

fre q u e n tly had to Of t h e

one h u n d r e d c a r s

the

a fever

cin n ati

of cars,

for

t h e management

ra ilro a d 's

b u s i n e s s was s o u th b o u n d ;

running to N a s h v ille ,

ap ath y n o r th of the

of ex citem en t.

through f r e i g h t .

th e y e a r ending Ju n e, 1861,

W i t h t h e news o f h o s t i l i t i e s

v o lu n teers, in to

shortages

announce em bargoes a g a i n s t

through b u sin e ss

per cent of th e

em pty.

due t o

n in ety -fiv e

95

of every retu rn ed

and L i n c o ln ’s c a l l

for

Ohio c h a n g e d r a p i d l y

Com m ittees o f s a f e t y i n

C in­

s e iz e d bacon bound f o r C h a rle s to n and N a s h v ille

and guns and pow der d e s t i n e d t o T e n n e s s e e and A r k a n s a s . N o tw ith s ta n d in g a p r o t e s t d e l i v e r e d by a d e l e g a t i o n from L o u isv ille

on A p r i l 2 3 , a m e e t in g o f C i n c i n n a t i c i t i z e n s

reso lv ed th a t

persons

s h ip p in g goods

w hich had n o t d e c l a r e d U nion were t r a i t o r s .

state

th e ir in ten tio n s On A p r i l 2 6 , t h e

p a s s e d a law m aking i t the

tre a s o n to

or n a tio n w ith m unitions

of I l l i n o i s

to

or s ta te s

s u s ta in the

Ohio l e g i s l a t u r e

f u r n is h the of w ar.

enem ies

of the

riv er.

of

The G o v e r n o r

c o n c e n tr a te d a detachm ent o f tro o p s a t

and began a b lo c k a d e

6. i n K entucky

to p e rso n s

A com m ittee

C airo

of safety

E . M e r t o n C o u l t e r , The C i v i l War a n d R e a d j u s t m e n t ( C h a p e l H i l l , 1926)'', 6 6 - 6 6 .

with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

5

a t P i t t s b u r g h d e t a i n e d g oo d s deemed c o n t r a b a n d b o u n d f o r C h a r l e s t o n , M o b i l e , New O r l e a n s ,

a n d M e m p h i s . 17

of E v a n s v ille , In d ia n a , having heard th a t stopped a t the

C airo,

in h is

city .®

ing out th at

the

Ind ian a,

take

learn i f

G o v e rn o r O l i v e r P. M o rto n o f I n d i a n a ,

"b risk

trad e"

fill

the

The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n d isp lay in g

c a ll for

trad e

w ith a l l

states

v o lu n teers.

In r e g a r d to

When t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s d i s t r i c t a s k e d w hat p r o c e e d in g s he

Cameron r e f e r r e d

the

le tte r

rep lied

d istric t

the i n t e r n a l

atto rn ey a t

should take

c o n tra b a n d from B u ffa lo v i a th e

the

"very

i n Y /ashington, how ev er, had been

extrem e c a u ti o n

th at

W hile

he q u e r i e d L i n c o l n to

w o u ld n o t be w e l l t o c u t o f f

w hich r e f u s e d t o

p o in t­

betw een I n d ia n a and K en tu ck y , u rg e d

not to m u ltip ly our enem ies," it

req u ested

sim ilar actio n

commerce w i t h K e n t u c k y w o u ld be f a t a l .

anxious

cases

goods w ere b e in g

I l l i n o i s , a n d New A l b a n y ,

S e c r e t a r y o f W ar, Simon C am eron, t o

The m a y o r

lak es

C leveland,

ag ain st route

to th e A tto rn e y

trad e. O hio,

shipm ents

to th e

of

O hio,

G e n e r a l who

a t t o r n e y w ould a c t upon su c h

"in accordance w ith h is

co n v ictio n s

of lo y a l d u ty ...

7. E . D. G u z z a n , C o m m i t t e e o f P u b l i c S a f e t y , P i t t s b u r g h , t o S i m o n .■C a m e r o n , S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , A p r i l 2 5 , 1 8 6 1 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W ar, T e le g ra m s R e c e iv e d , v o l . 1 , p . 180. 8. W. B a k e r , M a y o r , E v a n s v i l l e , I n d . , t o C a m e r o n , May 8 , 1 8 6 1 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , 1 8 6 1 , f i l e B -4S. 9. O liv e r P. M orton, G overnor o f I n d i a n a , I n d i a n a p o l i s , I n d . , t o L i n c o l n , May 4 , 1 8 6 1 , I n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R ec e iv ed , 1861, f i l e 1-30.

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6

taking

care th a t

a ll

v io latio n s

law he p r o m p t l y p u n is h e d ." '* '0

of th e revenue

On May 2 t h e War D e p a r t m e n t

i n f o r m e d C o l o n e l B e n j a m i n M. P r e n t i s s , t h a t i t was i n e x p e d i e n t descending the

commanding a t

to d e ta in cargoes

r iv e r because

it

a s a means for e x t e n d i n g t h e

C airo,

of p rovisions

was " i r r i t a t i n g

and o t h e r S t a t e s b o r d e r i n g on t h e

t o K entucky

O hio" and m ig h t "be u s e d

sp irit

of secessio n .

■who h a d b l o c k a d e d N o r t h C a r o l i n a b e f o r e to

or crim in al

she

L incoln,

seceded,

seemed

f e a r any a c t i o n w h ich m ig h t d r iv e K entucky from th e U nion. W hile

t a k i n g no p o s i t i v e

been g a th e r in g

actio n ,

in fo rm a tio n re g a rd in g the

Chase h a d a p p o i n t e d W i l l i a m P . M e l l e n , n ativ e

the

]2

a d m in is tra tio n had situ atio n

a fo rty -tw o

i n K entucky. year old

o f D u n k i r k , New Y o r k , who h a d r e a d l a w u n d e r h i m i n

C in cin n ati,

to the

p o sitio n

1^ of s p e c ia l a g e n t ^ of the T reasury

10. R. P . P a i n e , D i s t r i c t A t t o r n e y f o r t h e N o r t h e r n D i s t r i c t o f O h io , C l e v e l a n d , O hio, t o Cam eron, A p r. 2 6 , 1861. T. J . C o f f e y , A s s t . A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l , to Cam eron, May 8 , 1 8 6 1 ; C a m e r o n t o P a i n e , May 1 0 , l - S S i - y . i n WD, S e c r e ­ t a r y o f W ar, L e t t e r s R e c e iv e d , 1861, f i l e P -3 5 . 11. C o l . E . D. T o w n s e n d , A s s i s t a n t A d j u t a n t G e n e r a l , H e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e A r m y , W a s h i n g t o n , t o Co mm a ndin g O f f i c e r , I l l i n o i s V o l u n t e e r s , C a i r o , 1 1 1 . , May 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n War o f t h e R e b e l l i o n , a C o m p i l a t i o n o f t h e O f f i c i a l R e c o r d ' s oT ~ t h e U n i o n a n d C o r i f e c l e r a t e A r m i e s , 129. v o l s . , ( W a s h i n g t o n , 1 8 8 0 l9 0 1 ), s e r ie s I , v o l. 52, p t . 1 , p. 137. H erein after cited a s O.R. " A s s i s t a n t A d ju ta n t G eneral" i s h e r e i n a f t e r a b b r e v i ­ a t e d as "A .A .G ." 1 2 . . C o u l t e r , The C i v i l War a n d R e a d j u s t m e n t i n K e n t u c k y , 67. 13. S p e c i a l A gents o f th e T r e a s u r y w ere a p p o in te d u n d e r th e la w b y t h e S e c r e t a r y t o exam ine t h e b o o k s , p a p e r s , and a c c o u n ts o f c o l l e c t o r s and o th e r o f f i c e r s o f th e custom s, g e n e r a l l y f o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n of f r a u d s on t h e c u s to m s r e v e ­ nues. They w ere a s s i g n e d t o d i s t r i c t s d e s i g n a t e d b y th e S ecretary . C u s t o m s R e g u l a t i o n s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s (Wash­ in g to n , 1 8 9 2 ), 456.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

on M a r c h 22.. A f t e r s t u d y i n g l a w M e l l e n h a d e n g a g e d i n th e develo p m en t o f c o a l m ines i n w e s te r n V i r g i n i a

and

e a s t e r n K e n t u c k y , p r o b a b l y w i t h no more t h a n n o m i n a l s u c ­ cess.

L ate

in A p ril,

1861 Chase

sp ectio n t r i p

along th e

Ohio R i v e r , a n d ,

o b s e r v e d t h a t he r e p o s e d th e M e lle n 's ...d is c re tio n , must h av e in terest.

confidence

i n M r.

and p a trio tism ,"-* -5

he

re p o rts w ith e sp e c ia l

the T r e a s u r y 's b u s in e s s a t

P a d u c a h , an d Colum bus.

found t h a t

since he l a t e r

M e l l e n r e p o r t e d on A p r i l 22 t h a t h e h a d f o u n d

nothing b u t c o n fu sio n in land,

"fu llest

in teg rity

c o n sid e re d M e lle n 's

s e n t M e lle n on a n i n ­

the

Sm ith-

At C olum bus, K e n tu c k y , he

s e c e s s i o n i s t s had h e ld a m eeting and had

assumed c o n t r o l .

The man whom h e h a d i n t e n d e d t o a p p o i n t

su rv e y o r in fo rm e d him t h a t

"he h a d h e l d o u t u n t i l th e

very

day o f th e m e e t i n g , b u t had jo i n e d th e

co u ld n o t s ta n d i t any lo n g e r and 1C se c e ssio n ists." At a P a d u c a h h o t e l M e l l e n

r e g i s t e r e d from Lawrence C ounty, K e n tu c k y , scru tin ized fu ll ing h i s

" an d was s t i l l

a s i m p u d e n t l y a s w as a g r e e a b l e . "

in v estig atio n s

n o rth of the

C ontinu­

Ohio he f o u n d "o n e

'1 4 . Annual C y clo p ae d ia , 1879, 565. Chase t o M e l l e n , M a r . 2 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 7 15. C h a s e t o B r i g . G en . J . T . B o y l e , L o u i s v i l l e , K y . , J u l y 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 5 , p. 42. 16. M ellen, C in c in n a ti, to Chase, A p ril 22, 1861, in TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . T h i s was t h e f i r s t o f t w o l e t t e r s o n t h e same s u b j e c t w h i c h M e l l e n w r o t e Chase on t h a t d a y .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

universal o u tb u rs t

o f a p p ro v a l of the p re s e n t co u rse

the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . " t h e r e were s t i l l

Prom C a r b o n d a l e , I l l i n o i s ,

ing the

"fo o l-h ard y G overnm ent."

town on t h a t

side

enough to

1‘J o r t h ,

a man w o u l d b e f o u n d who

speak u n fa v o ra b ly of

Even C a i r o ,

of the r i v e r ,

i n f o r m e d me n a s s u r e d M e l l e n t h a t do m o r e t o b r i n g

C airo,

some s o u t h e r n s y m p a t h i z e r s , b u t M e l l e n

p r e d i c t e d t h a t w i t h i n a week n o t w ould be

to

of

the w o rst a n ti- n o r t h e r n

was c a lm in g down. "w arlike

W ell-

joreparation w ill

about a speedy peace honorable

th a n m onths and y e a r s

su stain ­

of c o n c il ia ti o n

to

the

c o u ld have

done. W ith p u b lic

o p in io n n o r th of the

demand a f i r m p o l i c y , d ire c tio n early in to the

the

May.

a d m in istratio n

heed h is

seizu re

th at

s t a t i n g t h a t he c o u l d b u t

o f arms b o u n d f o r a n y s t a t e w h i c h d i d n o t

call for m i l i t i a .^

th a t L in coln d is p a tc h e d t h i s correspondent

veered in

On May 1 L i n c o l n d r a f t e d a l e t t e r

G overnor o f T ennessee

approve

O h io s e e m i n g t o

on t h e

m e a s u re s o u r means

W hile i t le tte r,

same d a y t h a t

appears

d oubtful

Chase in f o r m e d a

the

allow w i l l be ta k e n "

"most e n e r g e t i c to

combat

IV. M ellen, C in c in n a ti, to Chase, A p ril 22, 1661, in TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 18. L i n c o l n t o t h e G o v e r n o r o f T e n n e s s e e , May [ 1 ] , 1 8 6 1 , i n N i c o l a y a n d Hay ( e d s . ) . C o m p le te Works o f Abraham L i n c o l n , I I , 3 9 - 4 0 . T h i s l e t t e r w as n o t s i g n e d and t h e e d i t o r s i m p ly t h a t i t was n o t u s e d b y L i n c o l n .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

d isu n io n . ^ clearan ces

On May 2 ,

in the

same c i r c u l a r

to blockaded p o r t s ,

cers o f the

w hich fo rb a d e

Chase i n s t r u c t e d

a ll

o ffi­

custom s as fo llo w s *

Y ou w i l l a l s o m a ke a c a r e f u l e x a m i n a t i o n o f a l l f l a t b o a t s and o th e r w a ter c r a f t w i t h ­ o u t m a n i f e s t s , and o f r a i l r o a d c a r s a n d v e ­ h i c l e s a r r iv in g a t o r le a v in g your p o r t , laden w ith m e rc h a n d ise , th e u l tim a te d e s t i n a t i o n of w h ich you have good r e a s o n to b e l i e v e i s f o r any p o rt or place under i n s u r r e c t i o n a r y c o n tr o l; and i f arm s, m u n itio n s of w ar, p r o v is io n s of w ar, p ro v isio n s or o th e r s u p p lie s are found, h a v in g s u c h d e s t i n a t i o n , you w i l l s e i z e and d e t a i l th e same, to a w a it p r o p e r l e g a l p r o c e e d ­ ings fo r c o n fis c a tio n . I n c a r r y i n g out th e s e i n s t r u c t i o n s , you w i l l b e a r i n m ind t h a t a l l p e r s o n s o r p a r t i e s i n arm e d i n s u r r e c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e U n io n , how­ e v e r s u c h p e r s o n s may b e o r g a n i z e d o r n a m e d , a re engaged in le v y in g war a g a in s t th e U n ite d S t a t e s , and th a t a l l p e rso n s f u r n i s h i n g to such in s u rg e n ts arm s, m unitions of w ar, p ro ­ v i s i o n s , o r o t h e r s u p p l i e s , a r e g i v i n g them a i d and c o m f o r t, and a r e so g u i l t y o f t r e a s o n w i t h i n th e term s of t h e . . . c o n s t i t u t i o n ; and you w i l l t h e r e f o r e use y o u r u tm o st v i g i l a n c e t o p r e v e n t t h e p r o h i b i t e d s h i p m e n t s , and t o d e t e c t a n d t o b r i n g t o p u n i s h m e n t a l l who a r e i n a n y way e n g a g e d I n f u r n i s h ”n g t o s u c h i n s u r g e n t s any of t h e a r t i c l e s above d e s c r i b e d . The o f f i c e r s

of th e

"to i n t e r r u p t ,

c u s to m s , h o w e v e r , were e n j o i n e d n o t

v e x a tio u s ly or beyond n e c e s s i t y , by un­

w arran ted or p ro tr a c te d d e te n tio n s

and e x a m in a tio n s ,

19. C h a s e t o LI. S u t l i f f , C i n c i n n a t i , May 1 , 1 8 6 1 , i n D i a r y a n d Correspondence o f S a l m o n P . C h a s e , i n A m e r i ­ can H i s t o r i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n , A nnual R e p o r t , 19 0 2 , I I (W ashington, 1 9 0 3 ), 296. H e r e i n a f t e r c i t e d as D ia ry and C o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f Salm on p. C h a s e .

with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

t h e r e g u l a r c o m m e r c e 11 o f t h e i r

p o rts.

W i t h i n a w e e k t h e W ar D e p a r t m e n t i n t e r n a l blockade w ith m i l i t a r y

began to

force.

r e v e r s e d h i m s e l f , h e w o u l d now s t o p and, i n f e r e n t i a l l y , along the G e n era l Benjam in P.

B u tler,

to

d irectio n . to pass

and t o Op

His

In diana,

Cameron h a v i n g

p ro v isio n s a t

C airo

commanding t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f R e la y House, M ary lan d ,

B a l t i m o r e & Ohio R a i l w a y , was d i r e c t e d

s e a r c h the b aggage of a l l

B altim ore

Illin o is,

Ohio f r o n t . B r i g a d i e r

A n n ap o lis, w ith h e a d q u a rte rs a t a j u n c t i o n on t h e

the

M ajor G en era l

G e o r g e B. M c C l e l l a n , now c o m m a n d i n g i n a n d O h i o , was i n f o r m e d o n May 8 t h a t ,

effect

stop a l l

p a s s e n g e r s g o in g w e s t from

p ro v isio n s headed in th a t

s u c c e s s o r a t R e l a y House was p e r m i t t e d

"goods d e s i g n a t e d bona f i d e

On May 16 t h e m i l i t a r y

for

country s to re s ."

commander o f t h e D i s t r i c t

i n g to n announced c e s s a t i o n of t h e

p ^

o f V/a sh-

p a s s a g e o f g o o d s and

20. C i r c u l a r l e t t e r , C h a s e , May 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 7 - 9 , a n d S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . g N o . 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , pp. 561-562. 21. C o l . E . D. T o w n s e n d , A . A . G . , Hq. o f t h e Army, t o M a j . G e n . G. B. M c C l e l l a n , C i n c i n n a t i , May 8 , 1 8 6 1 , i n O.R. , s e r i e s I , v o l . 5 2 , p t . 1 , p . 1 4 1 . 22. B r i g . G e n . B. P . B u t l e r , D e p t , o f A n n a p o l i s , R e l a y H o u s e , M d . , t o S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , May 8 , 1 8 6 1 , i n O .R ., s e r i e s I , v o l. 2, pp. 629-30. E . D. T o w n s e n d t o B u g l e r , May 1 0 , 1 8 6 1 , O . R . , S e r i e s I , v o l . 2 , p . 6 3 3 , 23. B v t . M aj. Gen. George C a d w a l a d e r , D e p t , o f A n n a p o li s , B a l t i m o r e , t o C o l. E. P . J o n e s , R e la y House, M d . , May 2 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n O . R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 , p . 6 4 4 .

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11

letters

southw ard In to V ir g in i a .

N a th a n ie l F.

B an k s, assum ing

f o r assignm ent

oA

B rig ad ier

command a t

B altim ore, asked

of a corps of c av a lry to p a tr o l th e hack

r o a d s and b e g g e d Chase

t o l e n d him a re v e n u e

b r e a k up i l l i c i t

across

trad e

The i n s t r u c t i o n s D epartm ents of th e

seemed to

give

w ith " a ll

re c tio n ag ain st

for

of C in c in n a ti

the b o r d e r s t a t e s M issouri

p ecu liar

persons

asked the of the

statu s

departm ent had of

the b o r d e r

or p a r t i e s

in

armed i n s u r ­

Home G u a r d c o m ­

lo cal d is tr ic t

atto rn ey

c i r c u l a r he r e p l i e d t h a t

of D e law a re , M ary lan d , K en tu ck y , and

many d i s l o y a l c i t i z e n s .

im proper to

25

C h a s e ’ s o r d e r o f llaj 2

s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a s

slu ice

to

f o r a t i g h t blockade

t h e U n i o n , " b u t when t h e

an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

o ff the

au th o rity

p a r t i c u l a r l y K entucky.

severed tra d e

C hesapeake Bay.

s ta te s , but n eith er

a c t u a l l y to u c h ed upon th e

m ittee

the

cu tter

s e n t o u t b y t h e W ar a n d T r e a s u r y

in su rrectio n ary

states,

G eneral

g ates

lo y al,

d esp ite

Yet he c o n c lu d e d , a s

ju st

opened,

th at

"it

is

p e r m i t c o n t r a b a n d whose u l t i m a t e

may r e a c h t h e r e b e l f o r c e s

t o be fo rw a rd e d t o

th eir

i f to head obviously d estin atio n those S ta.tes."2 6

24. B r i g . G e n. J . M a n s f i e l d , D e p t , o f ' W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . , t o Adams E x p r e s s C o . , May 1 6 , 1 8 6 1 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , Telegram s S e n t, 1861, v o l. 1 , p. 320. 25. B r i g . Gen . FT. p . B a n k s , D e p t , o f A n n a p o l i s , P t . M c H e n r y , M d . , t o C a m e r o n , J u n e 1 6 , - 1 8 6 1 , i n 0_.R. , S e r i e s I , v o l . 2, p. 690. 26. C o u l t e r , C l v i 1 War a n d R e a d j u s t m e n t i n K e n t u c k y , 6 8 , q u o t i n g t h e C r i s i s {C o lu m b u s, Ohio May "l"6, 11361.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

The d i s t r i c t

a tto r n e y 's

o pinion,

lik e

C h a s e 's

thus l e f t an e s s e n t i a l

power o f d i s c r e t i o n

cerned w ith r e g u la tin g

trad e,

f o r any e f f e c t i v e

c irc u lar,

to

those con­

and b o t h w ere to o

vague

actio n .

The l e g i s l a t u r e

o f K entucky, m o reo v er, began a

s e s s i o n o n May 10 w h i c h i m m e d i a t e l y e n g e n d e r e d a h i t t e r stru g g le the

b e t w e e n u n i o n i s t s a n d s o u t h e r n r i g h t s men f o r

co n tro l

of the

pn s t a t e . M e l l e n ,

fro m C i n c i n n a t i , was o f t h e ab ly w ill be

in the

w ritin g

opinion th a t

end a l o y a l

to

Chase

K entucky

"prob­

s t a t e , b u t n o t from OQ

sym pathy,

o r any o t h e r im pulse e x c e p t fe a r." * '

C h a r l e s A. W i c k l i f f e ,

a p r o m i n e n t D e m o c r a t who w a s l a b o r ­

i n g f o r a com prom ise w i t h i n t h e t h a t ag g ressiv e m easures m ight state

to d isu n io n .

U nion, u rg e d from F r a n k f o r t

swing t h e

"Much e x c i t e m e n t

is

sentim ent

to u s ,"

S tate

"grow ing out o f an o r d e r

S e w a r d on May 9 ,

in

the

on th e

seceded s t a t e s ." part

he w ro te S e c r e t a r y o f ju st

C o lle c to r of L o u is v ille to p ro h ib it

p o r t a t i o n o f p r o v is io n s by th e

of th e

ra ilro ad

W ick liffe

and r i v e r

the

ex­

to p o in ts

r e g a rd e d such an a c t i o n

governm ent to be i n p u rsu an ce

leg itim ate b e llig e re n t rig h t;

of the

now a t t e m p t e d a n d

I f e a r may p r o v e f a t a l

given to th e

But

he a d m itte d th a t

of a

large

ship-

27. S e e C o u l t e r , C i v i l W ar a n d R e a d j u s t m e n t i n K entucky, 35-56. 2&. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , May 8 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

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m ents o f c o n tr a b a n d had gone s o u t h I n th e d a y s ; b u t he c l a i m e d t h a t

the

stock

hand In L o u i s v i l l e was s m a l l .

last

six ty

o f g o o d s t h e n on

persons

from I n d i a n a w ere

h a b itu a te d to tra d in g t h e i r

b aco n a n d c o r n f o r consump­

tio n in

the i n t e r i o r

seceded s t a t e s .

in ju ry ,"

he t h o u g h t ,

le ttin g th is

trad e

asserted th a t

of the

"can r e s u l t

alone

John J .

fo r the

to

the

"Ho g r e a t

governm ent by

p resen t y ear."

C r i t t e n d e n a n d J o s e p h R. U n d e r w o o d ,

b o th pro-U nion D em ocrats, a g re ed t h a t t r a d e w ould e n d a n g e r u l t i m a t e

in terd ictio n

triu m p h of the

The n e x t d a y C h a s e r e c e i v e d a t e l e g r a m M o rto n o f I n d i a n a u r g i n g him n o t t o V irg in ia

He

o f the

Union p a r t y . 2 from G overnor

rescin d h is

order;

a g e n t s , M orton s t a t e d , h ad b e e n s u p p ly in g them ­

s e lv e s o v e r the L o u i s v i l l e

& N a s h v i l l e . ^0

o f M ellen d u rin g th e c r i t i c a l leg islatu re

rem ained i n

ten d ed to execute

Ms

fo rtn ig h t

A ctiv ities

th at

session rev ealed th a t

p o l i c y o f Kay 2 .

th e K entucky Chase i n ­

M ellen spen t th e

d a y o f May 1 0 t h a t t e m p t i n g t o p e r s u a d e h a l t e r N. H a l d e m a n , the surveyor a t L o u is v ille , Haldeman p o s i t i v e l y d e c l i n e d th at

to

enforce the

circu lar.

so t o do "upon t h e

i t w o u ld c au se s u c h an e x c i t e m e n t . . . t h a t

ground

a mob w o u l d

29. C. A. W i c k l i f f e , F r a n k f o r t , K y. , t o W. H. S e w a r d S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e , May 9 , 1 8 6 1 , -.in TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 1 , v o l. T-Z, 139. 30. M o r t o n , I n d i a n a p o l i s , t o C h a s e , May 1 0 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 1 , v o l . D - J , 4 1 6 .

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in te rfe re ."

O t h e r p r o m i n e n t men c o n s u l t e d b y M e l l e n

d u r i n g t h e d a y d e n i e d t h a t mob v i o l e n c e w o u l d p r e v e n t execution o f th e p o lic y . th e L o u i s v ille

James G u t h r i e , p r e s i d e n t o f

& N ash v ille

R ailw ay,

d isp u ted

of C h a s e 's

c i r c u l a r , b u t he a g r e e d t o

should th e

s u r v e y o r o r d e r him t o c e a s e

the

le g ality

obey, under p r o t e s t , sh ipm ents.

If

so

d i r e c t e d he w o u ld im m e d ia te ly f i l e

s u it ag ain st

ment f o r damages t o

G u th rie c a n d id ly ad m itted

th a t the r a i l r o a d

the

railro ad .

was c a r r y i n g 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 t o n s

southw ard each d a y , b u t th o u g h t

th at

c o m p l e t e d i n tw o o r t h r e e w e e k s . ^

the govern­

of su p p lies

th e b u s i n e s s w ould be M e l l e n v\ras i n c l i n e d

to doubt th a t

t h e b u s i n e s s w ould be a c c o m p lis h e d so q u i c k l y ;

a steam er had

ju st arriv ed

sib ly

for C in cin n ati,

shipm ent s o u th . of L o u is v ille 's

from S t .

L ouis,

and had d is c h a rg e d a t L o u is v ille

G uthrie a l s o b e lie v e d th a t trade

cleared o sten ­

in terd ictio n

"w ould be a m o st d i s a s t r o u s

to t h e U nion P a r t y i n K e n tu c k y ," b u t some p r o m i n e n t U n i o n i s t s

for

th in g

a cco rd in g to M ellen,

thought a fo rce

o f 5,000 F e d e ra l

31. M e l l e n , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , May 1 0 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C ustom s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g en t R e p o r t s . M ellen c o n s u lte d G e o r g e D. P r e n t i c e , [ J o h n M. J H a r l a n , a n d B l a n d B a l l a r d d u rin g the d a y . H a ld em a n , when r e l i e v e d a s s u r v e y o r , r e ­ v e a le d h i s sym pathy f o r th e C o n fe d erac y by becom ing e d i t o r of the p ro -s e c e s s io n L o u is v ille C o u rie r. In Septem ber, 1 8 6 1 , w h e n t h e s t a t e a b a n d o n e d n e u t r a l i t y t h e p a p e r was s u p p r e s s e d , b u t , H aldem an, f l e e i n g s o u t h , c o n t i n u e d t o e d it I t th ro u g h o u t th e w ar. C o u l t e r , C i v i l War a n d R eadjustm ent in K en tu ck y , 452.

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15

troops

at L o u isv ille

of the

s ta te .^

M ellen v i s i t e d

p o rts

cut off,

a p p o i n t m e n t o f a new c o l l e c t o r take d ir e c t a c tio n

states

in su rg en ts.

in in s u rre c tio n ,

lev y in g war a g a in s t

su p p lies

execu tio n of

co u n ties

Chase

stop th e

"D istricts

the

at L ouis­

a ffa ir u n til

"treaso n ­

c o n tro lle d by

or s ta te s ,

c o n t r o l l e d by armed i n s u r g e n t s ,

m e n ts ," by C h a s e 's d e f i n i t i o n ,

city .

had adopted a p o lic y

P ending th e

and d i r e c t e d by p e r s o n s e x e r c i s i n g

as com m unities

in the

bond and assum ption o f o f f i c e ,

armed i n s u r g e n t s , w h e t tier to w n s , esp ecially

"le arn th at

o r d e r e d H a l d e m a n o n May 2 5 t o

able tra d e " w ith th e

pork, hacon,

ship m en ts.

of n e u t r a l i t y and had adjourned.

thus d i r e c t l y

the

o a t s , h a y , and l i v e s t o c k to th e

th e day a f t e r th e K entucky l e g i s l a t u r e

t h e new c o l l e c t o r ' s

actio n at L o u isv ille,

shipm ents of a l l

th ey w ill atte n d to

Chase d i d n o t

n eu trality

Ohio a n d d i r e c t e d

once th e p e o p le t h e r e

O ther th a n th e v ille ,

n o rth of the

to p re v e n t

corn,

He w a s s u r e t h a t are

secure th e

F a ilin g to get d ir e c t

custom s o f f i c e r s f l o u r , w heat,

w ould in d e e d

and

organized

pow ers of g o v e r n ­

"must n e c e s s a r i l y be re g a r d e d and t h e r e f o r e

engaged in

the U n ited S t a t e s . P r o f e s s i n g

to

32. M e l l e n , Hew A l b a n y , I n d . , t o C h a s e , May 1 1 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 33. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , May 2 0 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 34. C h a s e t o W. H. H a l d e m a n , S u r v e y o r o f C u s t o m s , L o u i s v i l l e , May 2 5 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 1 , p p . 2 5 - 2 7 .

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have d e la y e d e n fo rc e m e n t o f h i s so a s t o

aid

P ren tice, th at

it

the

orders

a t L o u isv ille

U n i o n m e n , C h a s e i n f o r m e d G e o r g e D.

e d ito r of th e

L o u isv ille

now s e e m e d " i n d i s p e n s a b l e

R eb els from L o u i s v ille c e s s a t i o n t o be th e

J o u r n a l , on May 25 th at

s h a ll c ea se."

su p p lies

to

the

He w i s h e d s u c h

v o lu n ta ry a c t o f th e

people o f

L o u i s v i l l e , b u t C o l o n e l R o b e r t A n d e r s o n was b e i n g o r d e r e d th ere w ith in s tr u c tio n s

to

c o o p e r a te w i t h th e custom s

o fficers To c l a r i f y h i s May 24 t h e

ru le;

earlier

"Bona f i d e

under in s u r r e c tio n a r y is

one, is

sup p lies

circu lar, trad e

co n tro l,

a id and co m fo rt o f i n s u r g e n t s ,

but

the

in

expanding

c i r c u l a r on June 1 2 ,

of the

in a rrestin g u ltim ate

custom s

fo rb id d en ."^®

"to e x e rc ise

a l l m erchandise

for

the

o r t h r o u g h K entucky

is

o fficers

sending of

or in d ire c tly ,

or any o th e r S t a t e , the b a s i c

stric tly

betw een S t a t e s n o t

o f w h ich S t a t e s K entucky

u n d e r no r e s t r i c t i o n s ;

of any k in d , d i r e c t l y

C hase s t a t e d on

F u rth er

Chase o r d e r e d

the u tm o st

v ig ilan ce

of w hatever c h a r a c te r ,

d estin atio n of w h ic h ...is fo r

insurgents

the

ag ain st

35. C h a s e t o G e o r g e D. P r e n t i c e , L o u i s v i l l e , May 2 8 , 1861. See a l s o Chase t o Jam es G u t h r i e , Ju n e 1 3 , 1 8 6 1 , i n J . W. S c h u c k e r s , The L-? f e a n d P u b l i c S e r v i c e s o f S a l m o n P o r t l a n d C h a s e (New Y o r k , 1 8 V 4 j , 4 2 5 - 4 2 6 . 36. C h a s e t o J . C a m p b e l l , ejfc a l . , P a d u c a h , K y . , J u n e 4 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l 1 , pp. 48-50.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

the

U nited S t a t e s

or Tor p laces un der t h e i r

To s u p e r i n t e n d t h e lis h e d th ree

charge

in clu d in g th e

of the d i s t r i c t la tte r

h e a d q u a r t e r s 'were a l s o d irected

to

W i l l i a m D.

to s u p e rv is io n of p o rts S t.

L o u is.'" 0

i n 1 8 0 8 , h a d moved t o

a tten tio n

S e c r e ta r y o f the

M ellen

from C airo to

C incin­

in C in c in n ati,

from t h a t c i t y

was

to

o f Hew O r l e a n s , w as a s s i g n e d

along th e M i s s i s s i p p i , w ith headG allag h er, born in P h ila d e lp h ia

C in cin n ati

of C hase.

border.

G allag h er, tem p o rarily desig n ated

ary e f f o r t s and a b o l i t i o n i s t the

Chase e s t a b ­

Tho mas H e a t o n , w h o s e

t o be l o c a t e d

f o r the D i s t r i c t

qu arters a t

p o rt.

sup erin ten d a d i s t r i c t

P ittsb u rg h . co llecto r

orders,

s p e c i a l a g e n c ie s a lo n g the

was p l a c e d i n n ati,

ex ecu tio n of th ese

co n tro l.

a s a y o u t h , and h i s

lite r

s e n t i m e n t s h a d b r o u g h t him t o

He h a d b e e n p r i v a t e

s e c re ta ry to

T r e a s u r y Thomas C o r w i n i n 1 8 5 0 - 1 8 5 1 , a n d

h a d s e r v e d Chase b r i e f l y

in the

same c a p a c i t y . 39

W hile t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a t t e m p t s

to check t r a f f i c

t h r o u g h t h e b o r d e r s t a t e s may h a v e a p p e a s e d t h e

governors

57. C i r c u l a r l e t t e r , C h a s e , J u n e 1 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , EE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 3 0 - 3 2 . 58. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , J u n e 1 3 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A gent, L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 7 . Thomas H e a t o n , W a s h i n g ­ t o n , D. C . , t o C h a s e , J u n e 1 3 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r t s . 39. ° W i l l i a m H. V e n a b l e , "’W i l l i a m D a v i s G a l l a g h e r , 11 i n Ohio A r c h a e o l o g i c a l a n d H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y P u b l i c a t i o n s I ( 1 8 8 7 ) , 5 5 8 - 3 7 5 ^ I I ( T 8 U 8 ) , 2 9 9 - 3 1 4 ; q u e s t i o n n a i r e com­ p l e t e d b y G a l l a g h e r , F e b . 1 4 , 1 8 7 6 , I n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts .

with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

18

of O hio,

In d ian a,

at In d ian ap o lis K entucky)^

and I l l i n o i s

o n May 2 4 t o

the

p o licies

(th e y had h eld a m eeting

co n sid er s ta te

actio n ag ain st

o f the T r e a s u r y ap p ear t o have

rem ained, a t b e s t , im p e rfe c t i n o p e r a tio n . E arly

in

June, M ellen fo u n d t h a t m ost of t h e

stock of p ro v isio n s

a t L o u isv ille

s t i l l m ain tain ed th a t t o him f o r

ceedings

he m u s t r e c e i v e

tran sp o rtatio n ,

new s u r v e y o r ,

C harles

had gone

a g ain st t r a f f i c

on t h e

feared

G uthrie

of w ar.

a Pedc-ral d i s t r i c t

s e c e s s io n s y m p a th ie s .^1

drained

actu ally

southw ard.

to tr u s t

a free

By t h e m i d d l e

g reater p r o f it.

passage

of a l l things"

the

42

still

of pro v isio n s

could s e l l

to

not

L o u isv ille

ready as

them i n N a s h v i l l e f o r a

He h a d no d o u b t t h a t

p ro v isio n s,

th at

needed th e goods w hich had b een

M e l l e n , h o w e v e r , was s t i l l

long as th e m erch an ts

pro­

G u th rie 's

o f Ju n e s u p p l i e s w e re b e c o m in g so low i n L o u i s v i l l e the c i t i z e n s

The

to i n s t i t u t e

r a i l r o a d because

p ro m ised l a w s u i t w ould be t r i e d b e f o r e judge o f n o t o r i o u s

south.

everything p resen ted

except m unitions

B. C o t t o n ,

larg e

army c l o t h s ,

.. '’a l a r g e

flan n els,

p ro p o rtio n

a n d ma ny o t h e r

p e r m i t t e d t o go t o L o u i s v i l l e w e r e f i n d i n g

40. C o u l t e r , C i v i l War a n d B e a d j u s t m e n t i n K e n t u c k y , 7 0 . 41. M e l l e n , E v a n s v i l l e , I n d . , t o C h a s e , J u n e 5 , 1 & 61 , i n .TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 42. M e lle n , L o u i s v i l l e , to C hase, June 13, 1861, i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

19

t h e i r way t o T e n n e s s e e a n d V i r g i n i a . in c id e n t to

such tra d e

w as i n d i c a t e d b y t h e

draym an h a u l i n g f r e i g h t s "upwards o f f o r t y

The e x o r b i t a n t p r o f i t

to

d o llars

fact

th at

the ra ilw a y d ep o t had earned

in

a sin g le

day."

M ellen co u ld

s e e no s o l u t i o n b u t t o c o n t i n u e t h e

d iscrim in atio n s

L o u i s v i l l e , w i t h th e know ledge

part

still

trick lin g

word t h a t had b e e n

southw ard.

chem icals fo r

tra ffic

to N a sh v ille w ithout 10 a f r i e n d l y rig h t

of the

and t h e p a ssa g e re stric tiv e

g o o d s w as

Chase r e c e i v e d

of paper in Tennessee

S u rv ey o r C otton f i n a l l y over the L o u is v ille

the

Jefferson

governm ent to

ag ain st

in L o u isv illa

a p e rm it from h is

.judge i n

of th e

prom B o s t o n ,

ordered fo r d e liv e ry

c e s s a tio n of the

the

43

th at

the m a n u f a c tu r e

On J u n e 2 1 , h o w e v e r ,

on e

h N ashville

o f f i c e , a n d on J u l y

circu it

so a c t . ^

c o u rt upheld

A fter

of a law by C ongress upon th e

com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e ,

d irected

th is

d ecisio n

su b ject of

Chase a l l o w e d s h i p m e n t s

t o L o u i s v i l l e more f r e e l y .

W h iskey and c o f f e e

forw ard w ith o u t r e s t r i c t i o n

and bacon w ith s l i g h t r e s t r i c t i o n .

In g e n e r a l , he

concluded,

c o u l d go

"The m o s t u n r e s t r i c t e d

co mme rce

43. M e l l e n t o C h a s e , J u n e 2 1 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u st o m s B u reau, S p e c ia l A gents R e p o r ts . 44. A. S . H a l l , B o s t o n , M a s s . , t o [ T r e a s u r e r o f t h e ] U. S . , J u n e 2 4 , 1 8 6 1 . H a l l t o C h a s e , J u l y 6 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e r i e s 11, 1 8 6 1 , v o l . D - J , 3 6 1 - 3 6 3 . 45. C o u l t e r , C i v i l W ar a n d Re a d j u s t me n t i n K e n t u c k y , 7 3 , 7 4 , c i t i n g t h e c a s e o f B r a d y & D a v i s v s . L. & N. R. R. R i c h a r d II. C o l l i n s , H i s t o r y o f K e n t u c k y , ( L o u i s v i l l e , 1 9 2 4 ) , I , 92.

A, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

com patible w ith n o n -su p p ly to W hile t r a d e was r e s t r i c t e d d ecisio n , nor the

the

over,

value

as a s o u th e r n c a r r i e r .

w here t h e r e

going so u th w ard ;

to have l e f t by the

its

s m a l l tow ns s o u t h o f t h e

t io n and t h e r e , on t r a i n s

out of L o u is v ille by the

c i t y b y no m eans l o s t

railro ad

b y wagon t o

R ebels w i l l be b e s t . " ^ °

L o u isv ille

as an e n t r e p o t

Goods w e r e h a u l e d

city

f o r home c o n s u m p ­

were no T r e a s u r y a g e n t s , l o a d e d in

some c a s e s

c a r s w ere r e p o r t e d

em pty b u t t o hav e b e e n f u l l y

tim e th e y r e a c h e d th e could s t i l l

court

Tennessee

b e s h i p p e d on t h e

lin e .

loaded

Goods, m ore­

r o a d from L o u i s v i l l e

t o a way s t a t i o n , a n d t h e n c e h a u l e d b y w a g o n o r e v e n r e ­ l o a d e d on t h e

railro ad

for

tra n sit

m ents, a r r e s t e d by T re a su ry a i d s , by arm ed p a r t i e s shipm ent

and se n t

of sheet

tow n, K e n tu ck y ,

O ther s h i p ­

were f o r c i b l y r e c o v e r e d

to T ennessee.

t i n , m edicines,

A mob s e i z e d a

and s u n d rie s

at E lizab eth ­

on S e p te m b e r 3 , a n d t h r e e d a y s l a t e r t o o k

p o s s e s s io n of tw elve boxes b arrels

southw ard.

of m ilita ry

of boots

clo th in g

and shoes and e le v e n

(passed as f l o u r ) ;

both sh ip ­

m ents w ere h a u l e d t o T e n n e s s e e i n v;agons.

M ellen, fe a rin g

b lo o d sh ed , a d v is e d the l o c a l

to s e i z e goods

only i f them ;

th eir

T reasury a id s

c o m m u n itie s w ere pro-TJnion an d w o u ld s u s t a i n

o therw ise

the

goods w ould be a llo w e d t o

proceed, u n less

46. Chase t o E. T. C a r s o n , S u r v e y o r , C i n c i n n a t i , J u l v 2 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 1, pp. 9S-100.

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

21

t h e y were arm s a n d m u n i t i o n s . do u n t i l m i l i t a r y E lsew here

advantage

of the

E v an sv ille

rep o rted th at

tak in g la rg e

th e flow o f goods up th e

Chase

M e lle n was i n c l i n e d t o b e l i e v e

to th a t

to have been

Columbus;

the

and Green

through L o u isv ille

the

a t p o in ts betw een L o u i s v i l l e to

out of

of p ro v isio n s

C um berland, T e n n e sse e ,

slip p ed across

th e n hauled in la n d

surveyor a t

q u an tities

to d i s p a t c h a re v e n u e c u t t e r . ^

sm all c r a f t

also

In June th e

steam boats and f l a t b o a t s

t o S m ith la n d and Paducah.^®

was c o m p a r a b l e

s i t u a t i o n w as m u c h t h e s a m e ,

of a r a ilr o a d co n n ectio n w ith

C onfederacy.

t h e Wabash R i v e r w ere

riv ers

th a t he could

a i d was a v a i l a b l e . ^

i n K entucky t h e

but w ithout th e the h e a r t

T h i s was a l l

and asked

F latb o ats

and o th e r

O hio, l a n d e d - t h e i r c a r g o e s

and C a iro , and the

r a i l r o a d . ^0

conducted w ith th e

a

b risk

goods were trade

C onfederates

seems

th ro u g h

a M em phis n e w s p a p e r , f o r e x a m p l e , r e p o r t e d o n

47. C o u l t e r , C i v i l War a n d R e a d j u s t m e n t i n K e n t u c k y , 74-75. M e l l e n , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , A u g . 1*7, 1 8 6 ' 1 , i n TD, Custom s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . C h a s e t o C. B. C o tto n , S u rv ey o r, L o u i s v i l l e , S e p t. 10, 1861, in Senate R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , No. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , p . 5 7 0 . G allagher, L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , S e p t . 1 0 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts . 48. M e lle n , E v a n s v i l l e , I n d . , t o C hase, June 5 , 1861, I n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 49. M e ll e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h ase , June 2 1 , 1861, I n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 50. B r i g . G e n . L o v e l l H. R o u s s e a u , L o u i s v i l l e , K y . , t o C h a s e , J u l y 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 1 , v o l . P - S , 147. .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

22

S e p t e m b e r 15 t h e

a r r i v a l o f a steam er lo ad ed w ith w h eat,

flo u r,

corn, hay,

p o rt.

G a l l a g h e r , who h a d b e e n h e l p i n g i n t h e e f f o r t

b reak up t h i s 10 t h a t

p o tato es,

trad e

he f e a r e d

"because

th ro u g h K entucky, r e p o r te d

in the

they are

in terio r

p ow erless

to

on S e p te m b e r

t h e Ohio R i v e r t o a n d b e y o n d t h e d i s c o u r a g e d ; 11 h e r e p o r t e d , and th e

presence

o f t h e numbers

p a ss a g e o f goods from

Tennessee l i n e . "

"everyone

frien d s

o f K entucky w ere r e s i g n ­

in the

engaged day and n ig h t i n f o r c i n g th e

d isco u rag ed ;

p ro d u c ts from t h a t

t h e w h o le em bargo p o l i c y was u s e l e s s .

Local T rea su ry a id s ing

and o t h e r

" I am

en gaged i n th e w ork i s

o f whom we h a v e t a k e n c o u n s e l . . .

Cl

are d is c o u ra g e d ." O ther th a n upon th e seemed b e t t e r

in hand.

th at

P ren tiss

"G eneral

cen ter of i t s as to th e

K entucky f r o n t

the

ille g a l

trade

An I o w a n e w s p a p e r , c o m p l a i n i n g [at

C airo j g ra sp s

trad e

in the

c o i l and b o th e x tr e m itie s die,"- t e s t i f i e d

lack

The s u r v e y o r a t

of trad e

so u th w ard from th e

P eo ria,

Illin o is,

goods w ere g o in g f o r w a r d where t h e y w ere l i k e l y

h ad vague

upper Mississippi.^ su sp icio n s

th at

t o t o w n s on t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r

to f a l l

in to

im proper h an d s, b u t

51. C o u l t e r , C i v i l War a n d R e a d j u s t m e n t i n K e n t u c k y , 7 6 , c i t i n g t h e M em ph is ' A p p e a l , S e p t ' . 1 5 , 1 8 6 1 ' . G allag h er, L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , S b p t . 1 0 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts . 52. C o u l t e r , C i v i l War a n d R e a d j u s t m e n t i n K e n t u c k y , 72.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

23

he seem ed u n a b l e trad e

problem s

apparently on t h e

to

c o n f ir m them .

53

G a l l a g h e r , w i t h no

o f moment i n a r m y - o c c u p i e d S t .

L ouis,

b u sied h im se lf atte m p tin g to re g u la te

O h i o R i v e r , m u c h t o M e l l e n 1s d i s p l e a s u r e .

found P itts b u r g h to be he r e p o r t e d

th at

th e

" lo y a l and tr u e "

su rv ey o r had

affairs 54

H eaton

on Ju n e 2 5 , a l t h o u g h

ju st refused

p erm ission

to a sa d d le ry e sta b lis h m e n t upon a heavy o rd e r o f b i t s stirru p s

and

o rd e re d by a firm in M o b ile, A l a b a m a . W h e e l i n g

a n d m ost o f w e s t e r n V i r g i n i a a p p e a r e d a s l o y a l t o him a s C in cin n ati "p etty

and O hio.

56

He d i d d i s c o v e r a s m a l l a m o u n t o f

tre a s o n " b e in g accom plished th ro u g h M ay sv ille

C a t l e t t s b u r g , K entucky, p isto ls,

percu ssio n

and

c h i e f l y b y J e w i s h t r a d e r s who b o u g h t

c a p s, and m ilit a r y

goods i n

C in cin n ati

a n d s m u g g le d them t h r o u g h t h e m o u n t a i n s i n t r u n k s . H e ex p ec te d the of th ree

a p p o i n t m e n t o f a few a i d s a t a c o m p e n s a tio n

d o llars

p e r week t o d e f e a t

up th e B ig Sandy R i v e r .

th is

illic it

trade

CO

°

53. C h a s e t o L y s a n d e r R. W eb b, S u r v e y o r , P e o r i a , 1 1 1 . , J u n e 6 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 1 , pp. 53-54. 54. M e lle n , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h ase, J u ly 1 0 , 1861; M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , J u l y 1 7 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r t s . 55. Thomas H e a t o n , P i t t s b u r g h , t o C h a s e , J u n e 2 5 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 56. H e a to n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o S u rv e y o r o f C ustom s, P i t t s ­ b u r g h , P a . , J u l y 2 0 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o rts . 57. H e a t o n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , A ug . 6 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 58. H e a t o n , C a t l e t t s b u r g , I v y . , t o C h a s e , Aug. 2 1 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

At t h e

same t i m e

goods t o b e l l i g e r e n t to the rum blings the N o rth w e st. prices

C hase was s t r i v i n g

C o n f e d e r a t e s , he was n o t i n s e n s i t i v e

o f a g r i c u l t u r a l and com m ercial u n r e s t

in C in c in n a ti d u rin g the years.

corn,

report in

b u sh el;

through p ric e

June d e c l a r e d ,

state

claim ed

d ep reciatio n .

"The Ohio R i v e r d i v i d e s

c o r n S o u t h s i d e 40 t o

The K e n t u c k y f a r m e r s w i l l

mers p o o r - - u n d e r t h i s Wheat i n

w ere s a i d t o be lo w e r

By J u n e p o r k M e r c h a n t s t h e r e

N o r t h 20 c e n t s a b u s h e l ;

cen ts.

p rices

sum mer o f 1 8 6 1 t h a n i n t h e p r e v i ­

to have l o s t a m i l l i o n d o l l a r s A trad e

in

The c o m i n g o f w a r h a d r e d u c e d a g r i c u l t u r a l

th ro u g h o u t th e re g io n ;

ous f i f t e e n

to deny n o r th e r n

get rich --th e

of th in g s,

if

50

O h io f a r ­

they l a s t

l o n g . ' 1®®

Iow a was b r i n g i n g no more t h a n t w e n t y c e n t s a corn,

d e l i v e r e d as f a r as 100 m i l e s , b ro u g h t sev en

c e n t s a b u s h e l . 60

A lthough th e re

was a s t r o n g f o r e i g n

m a rk e t f o r w e s t e r n w h eat due t o E u r o p e a n c r o p f a i l u r e s 18 6 1 a n d 1 8 6 2 , r i s i n g Lakes and E r i e

tra n sp o rta tio n

Canal l e f t

the

co sts

producers

on t h e

in

G reat

sm all p r o f i t s . ^

By M a y , M e l l e n h a d b e c o m e i m p r e s s e d b y t h e u n d e r c u r r e n t

59. C o u l t e r , C i v i l War a n d R e a d j u s t m e n t i n K e n t u c k y , 7 2 -7 3 , q u o tin g C i n c i n n a t i C r l s i s , June 2 0 , 27, 1861. 60. C o u l t e r , C l v i T l f i f a r arid R e a d j u s t m e n t i n K e n t u c k y , 7 2 . 61. A n n u a l C y c l o p a e d i a , '1861', '10 7; i b i d , 1 8 6 2 , 2 3 0 . S e e a l s o L o u i s 3 . S c h m i d t , ""The I n f l u e n c e o f W h e a t a n d C o t t o n on A n g l o - A m e r i c a n R e l a t i o n s D u r i n g t h e C i v i l W a r , " i n I o w a J o u r n a l o f H i s t o r y a n d P o l i t i c s , XVI ( 1 9 1 8 ) , 4 0 0 - 4 3 9 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

o f d i s c o n t e n t w h i c h was r u n n i n g a l o n g t h e b o r d e r , c o n s ta n tly i n m agnitude.

Sound t h i n k i n g men, he i n f o r m e d

C hase, w ere e x p r e s s i n g t h e i r

th o u g h ts

d e n tia l m anner, w ith o u t h o s t i l i t y o pinions, e n t i t l e d

in creasin g

to

in a quiet the

and c o n f i ­

governm ent.

to m ature r e s p e c t by th e

T heir

ad m in istratio n ,

were t h e s e They a d m i t t h a t h u n g e r a n d w a n t o f c u s t o m a r y f o o d w i l l be cau ses of very g re a t d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n to th e R eb e ls; t h a t c u t t i n g o ff s u p p lie s w i l l c r e a t e h ig h p r i c e s , and hence g r e a t l y in c r e a s e th e e x ­ p e n s e o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e S o u t h e r n Army; t h a t t h e larg e sto ck of p ro v isio n s, e t c. in in d iv id u a l h ands N o r t h , w i l l c h e a p e n the Government e x p e n s e s o f th e v/ar; t h a t o u r s u g a r m i l l s and o t h e r m anu­ f a c t u r e d a r t i c l e s , w o u ld be o f much a d v a n ta g e to th e S o u th , b u t n o t i n d i s p e n s a b l e t o them . B u t, t h e y a r g u e , i f d e p r i v e d o f on e k i n d o f f o o d t h e y w i l l s u b s i s t u p o n a n o t h e r , a n d s a v e t h e i r money f o r o t h e r more i n d i s p e n s a b l e p u r p o s e s . W hereas i f p r o v i s i o n s go t o th e m i t w i l l o n l y b e upon t h e i r money f i r s t p l a c e d h e r e , a n d when t h e p r o ­ v i s i o n s a r e c o n su m e d , b o t h money a n d p r o v i s i o n s a r e g o n e ; t h a t t h o u s a n d s o f o u r p e o p l e i n whose hands th e s e p r o v is io n s are r o t t i n g w i l l be saved from r u i n and i t s c o n se q u e n t d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n , and have money t o h e l p s t r e n g t h e n t h e h a n d s o f t h e i r G overnm ent; t h a t our a g r i c u l t u r a l p e o p le w i l l c o n tin u e to p r o s p e r even in tim e o f w ar; t h a t i f our s u g a r m i l l s and o th e r m an u factu red a r t i c l e s go t o t h e m , we w i l l h a v e t h e i r m o n e y f o r u s e , i n s t e a d o f u s e l e s s m a t e r i a l , and g i v e em ploym ent t o t h o u s a n d s who w i l l o t h e r w i s e b e i d l e a n d i n t h a t c o n d itio n dangerous; t h a t the p re s e n t p o lic y has been m ain ly in a u g u ra te d by th e p e o p le , but t h a t when b y a n d b y t h e y f i n d t h e r e s u l t i s d i s a s t r o u s to them , and t h e i r f a m i l i e s a re s u f f e r i n g , th e y w i l l u n d erg o a ch an g e, and u n d e r th e im pulse o f

62. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , May 2 5 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

r e a c t i n g s e n ti m e n t, w i l l clam or f o r peace upon any t e r m s , u n t i l com prom ise w i l l a g a i n become t h e popular id e a . Chase h a d a l r e a d y d e v o t e d "much a n d somewhat p a i n f u l reflectio n "

to

the d is c o n te n t

o f the N orthw est.

on t h e one h a n d , t h a t i n t e r c h a n g e

of p ro v isio n s

It

seemed,

and s u p p lie s

e x c e p t m u n i t i o n s a n d c o n t r a b a n d , w ou ld be more u s e f u l in ju rio u s.

B ut,

on th e

o th e r hand, the

a t a c t u a l war w ith a group o f s t a t e s war e x i s t e d b etw een th e

U nited S ta te s

w h a te v e r w ould be a llo w e d . p r e c is e ly as

th at

S ta te s w ished to as c i t i z e n s . "The b e s t the

as th e

treat

H is

people

in su rrectio n .

state

le t

and w i l l

extend

U nited states

i n h i s m ind;

e s ta b lis h th e

commerce f o l l o w t h e

power of flag .

K entucky and W este rn V i r g i n i a

southw ard as r a p i d l y and a s f a r

o f t h e F e d e r a l G overnm ent c a n be r e s t o r e d . "

Follow ing t h i s

new a s p e c t

com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e

of the p o lic y of r e s t r i c t e d

and b e lie v in g

the

citizen s

V irg in ia to have dem onstrated t h e i r

lo y alty ,

c o m m e r c e w i t h t h e r e g i o n o n May 3 0 ,

su b ject

con d itio n th a t

f o r the

of the in s u r r e c tio n a r y

to

If

s i t u a t i o n was n o t

s o lu tio n follow ed lo g i c a ll y

opens M is s o u r i,

au th o rity

the

U n i t e d S t a t e s w as

a n d E n g la n d no t r a d e

of war w ith a f o r e ig n

G overnm ent. . .a n d t o

to tr a d e ,

S till

t h i n g t o be d o n e . . . i s

This p o l i c y

in

than

of w estern

Chase o p en ed only to th e

goods i m p o r t e d m ust be f o r t h e l e g i t i m a t e

63. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , May 2 9 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E, C o m p i l a t i o n , 1 6 - 1 7 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

consum ption o f th e

lo c a l in h ab itan ts.® ^

Surveyors c le a rin g

goods f o r w e s t e r n V i r g i n i a were a d d i t i o n a l l y i n s t r u c t e d t h a t s u c h goods w ere n e i t h e r i n t e n d e d f o r p a r t i e s re c tio n ag ain st

th e U nited S ta te s n o r co nsigned to

T where t h e y w o u l d b e i n d a n g e r o f f a l l i n g h o stile

p arties.

In h is

in itia l

reg u latin g

reg u latio n of tra d e ,

in te rsta te

w he n C o n g r e s s a s s e m b l e d i n draft b ill

1861,

w h ic h w ould s u s t a i n h i s

Chase f o r w a r d e d a In a l e t t e r

p ro p o se d m easure he c o n ten d e d in i t s

p e rso n s in i n s u r r e c t i o n the

venience th e y d e se rv e d . of s ta te s

sen tim en ts, th a t the

and,

accustom ed Its

lo ss

cessatio n

and i n c o n ­

Y e t t h e r e m i g h t be i n d i v i d u a l s

or

in i n s u r r e c t i o n t h a t m ight e n t e r t a i n l o y a l

f o r such o c ca sio n s,

Chase t h o u g h t i t

P r e s i d e n t be i n v e s t e d w i t h th e

sp ecial lic e n se ,

fo r h is

C onsequently

c h a n n e ls w ould ad d s t r e n g t h to t h e r e b e l l i o n .

sectio n s

the hands of

a u th o rity

actio n s.

commerce t o f l o w u n i n t e r r u p t e d

w ould c a u s e t h e

p laces

Chase p r o f e s s e d

c o m m e r c e . ®®

Ju ly ,

e x p la in in g th e p u rp o se s of the th at fo r

in to

in su r­

65

e m b a r ra s s m e n t t h a t he h a d no s t a t u t o r y actio n s

in

com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e

proper

power to p e r m i t , b y w ith the

lo y al

64. Chase t o Enoch T. C a r s o n , S u r v e y o r , C i n c i n n a t i , May 2 0 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 1 , pp. 40-41. 65. C h a s e t o H e a t o n , J u l y 1 6 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 1 , p p . 9 5 - 9 6 . 66. "R eport o f th e S e c r e ta r y of the T re a s u ry , J u ly 4, 1 8 6 1 , " i n C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 37 C o n g . , 1 S e s s . , a p p e n d i x , 7.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

28

ry

In d iv id u als

or

sectio n .

The h i l l

and w i t h v i r t u a l l y no d e b a t e W illard S aulsbury possessed the resid in g c

o

m

m

r

c

c o n stitu tio n a l rig h t

e

.

rectio n ,

only S e n a to r

state

to

deny a l o y a l c i t i z e n

the b e n e f i t s

of in te rs ta te

approved on J u ly 1 3 , 1861, th e

of the a c t a u th o r iz e d of a s ta t e ,

in e ith e r house;

of D elaw are q u e s ti o n e d w h e th e r C ongress

in a d islo y a l e

p a s s e d w i t h o u t amendment

the P re sid e n t to d e c la re

or a sec tio n

and th e re u p o n ,

them and c i t i z e n s

of the

or part all

of a s ta te ,

fifth the

com m ercial I n t e r c o u r s e betw een

rest

of the

U nited S t a t e s

Goods, c h a t t e l s , w a r e s , a n d m e r c h a n d i s e s h o u ld be f o r f e i t e d

C h a s e 's

p lan fo r r e s t r ic t e d

proviso

"That

and p e r m it S tate

or

should

continued.

com ing fro m I n s u r ­ to th e U nited S ta te s .

i n t e r c o u r s e w as a u t h o r i z e d i n a

P r e s i d e n t may,

in h is

d iscretio n ,

licen se

com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e w ith any such p a r t

sectio n ,

in a s ta te tim e,

the

in h ab itan ts

to be in i n s u r ­

c e a s e a n d r e m a i n u n l a w f u l so l o n g a s h o s t i l i t i e s

re c tio n a ry regions

sectio n

the in h a b i t a n t s

of in su rrectio n ,

th in k most conducive to

o f w hich a re so d e c la r e d

in such a r t i c l e s ,

and by s u c h p e r s o n s , a s h e , the p u b lic

of said

and f o r

such

i n h i s d i s c r e t i o n , may in terest;

and such i n t e r ­

course,

so f a r a s b y him l i c e n s e d ,

s h a l l be c o n d u c t e d a n d

carried

o n o n l y i n p u r s u a n c e o f r u l e s -and r e g u l a t i o n s

67. C h a s e t o E l i h u B. W a s h b u r n e , C h a i r m a n , C o m m i t t e e on Commerce, House o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e , J u l y 9 , 1 8 6 1 , i n C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 37 C o n g . , 1 S e s s . , 5 4 - 5 6 . 6IJ7 C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 37 C o n g . , 1 S e s s . , 8 3 - 8 4 .

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

29

p r e s c r i b e d "by t h e

S ecretary

L incoln d elayed

a c tio n under the

1 8 6 1 , when he f i n a l l y

d eclared th e

C onfederate

states

in terco u rse

betw een c i t i z e n s

states

S ecretary

A ugust 16, of the

of in su rre c tio n ,

sp ecial lic e n se of th e

T reasury,

lo y al s ta te s

to be l i a b l e

to c o n fis c a tio n .

from th e

i n nam ing t h e

of the

and d e c l a r e d goods

in su rre ctio n ary

i n s u r r e c t i o n a r i e s , L in co ln excepted

west

of th e A lleghany M ountains, and of such o th e r

may m a i n t a i n o r may b e , forces

the

act

August 1 6 ,

of the

S tate

of V irg in ia

ly in g

p arts

and o t h e r S t a t e s h e r e i n b e f o r e named a s a lo y a l ad hesion to to tim e,

U nited S ta te s

i n s u r g e n t s . " 1^1® th at

of th a t p a rt

from tim e

of th e

states

Once a g a i n t h e r e w a s a s i g n i f i ­

in h ab itan ts

S tate

severed

P resid en t

"the

of th a t

eleven

o f th e i n s u r r e c t i o n a r y and lo y a l

e n te r in g the

cant p ro v iso ;

act u n til

in h ab itan ts

t o be i n a s t a t e

e x c e p t w ith th e

th ro u g h the

of th e T r e a s u r y . ”0®

t h e Union and t h e

o c c u p ie d and c o n t r o l l e d by

engaged in

Chase n o t i f i e d

C o n stitu tio n ,

all

the d i s p e r s i o n

o fficers

of th e

of said

custom s

o f J u ly 15, im plem ented by th e p ro c la m a tio n o f

superseded e a r l i e r T reasury c ir c u la r s .

o f f i c e r s were d i r e c t e d t o u s e com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e

"all

v ig ilan ce"

w ith in h a b ita n ts

Customs

in prev en tin g

of in su rre c tio n a ry

69. "An A c t f u r t h e r t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e C o l l e c t i o n o f D u t i e s on I m p o r t s , and f o r o t h e r p u r p o s e s , J u l y 1 3 , 1 8 6 1 , " i n C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 57 C o n g . , 1 S e s s . , a p p e n d i x , 2 3 - 2 4 . VO’’. P r o c l a m a t i o n , A b r a h a m L i n c o l n , A ug. 1 6 , 1 8 6 1 , i n U i c o l a T a n d Hay ( e d s . ) , C o m p l e t e W o r k s o f A b r a h a m L i n c o l n , I I , 75-76.

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

30

states, the

except

P resid en t.

ju risd ictio n s such ille g a lly

in cases

o f e s p e c i a l p e rm is s io n g iv e n by

They w e re t o

seize

goods com ing i n t o

from i n s u r r e c t i o n a r y r e g i o n s . en tered

71

S eizure

goods, to g e th e r w ith t h e i r

became m a n d a to ry upon o f f i c e r s

o f the

th e ir of

conveyance,

c u s t o m s , b u t Chase

a d v is e d t h a t he p o s s e s s e d th e a u t h o r i t y o f C ongress to set

aside

such seizu re

in

ju stifia b le

circu m stan ces.

Because o f c o n tin u e d u n c e r t a i n t y upon th e seizu res,

Chase e x p la i n e d t h a t a g e n ts

ap p ro v e d on A ugust S, 1 8 6 1 , use

v ig ilan ce

73

but

su b ject of

of the

p o s s e s s e d no a u t h o r i t y t o a c t u n d e r th e

T reasury

co n fiscatio n a c t,

th e y were e x p e c te d to

i n ap p reh en d in g goods i n t r a n s i t

in su rre c tio n a ry reg io n s,

72

to o r from

b e in g c a r e f u l , how ever, to

avoid

"u n n ecessary v ex atio n and co st by s e iz u re s not w arran ted by l a w . " ^ W hile his it

h a n d ,

Chase f e l t

*75 n e i t h e r

changed the

th at

the

act of

July 13 s tre n g th e n e d

the a c t nor th e p r o c la m a tio n im plem enting

trad e p o lic ie s

o f th e T r e a s u r y , w hich a p p e a re d ,

71. C i r c u l a r l e t t e r , C h a s e , A u g . 2 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 5 6 - 5 7 . 72. C i r c u l a r l e t t e r , C h a s e , S e p t . 3 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 6 0 - 6 1 . 73. F o r d e t a i l s o f t h i s a c t s e e J a m e s G. R a n d a l l , The C o n f i s c a t i o n o f P r o p e r t y P u r i n g t h e C i v i l War ( I n d i a n a p o l i s , 1913), 8-12. 74. C ir c u la r l e t t e r , Chase, S e p t. 21, 1861, in Senate R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , No. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , p p . 5 7 2 - 5 7 3 . 75. C hase t o E . T. C a r s o n , S u r v e y o r , C i n c i n n a t i , J u l y 2 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 1 , pp. 99-100.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

31

at least

su p erficially ,

to be w orking f a i r l y

f o r K e n tu c k y , w here t h e

w ell.

ad m in istratio n professed to be f o l­

low ing a p o l i c y o f ap p ea sem e n t, t r a d e w i t h th e had b e e n l i m i t e d t o the

slu ice

gates

o f K entucky, h o w ev er, th e

1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0 p a i r s

It

about

o n e -h a lf o f th e N o rth w e s t's It

is

im probable t h a t

the

p ro b a b le , m oreover, th a t n o tab le

failu re

stap le

th ere,

trade

occupation in

p ro d u c ts had gone s o u th .

N orth.

It

of h is

i s n o t im ­

e x p e r im e n t i n K entucky to it

is

tru e

th at

the

the

p o l i c i e s had not been v ig o ro u s ly executed

th e T re a s u ry had a ls o

C onfederacy.

76

Chase h a d b e e n m i s l e d i n a s s e s s i n g

sim ply been u n ab le

p e r s o n s who b o t h o p e n l y a n d s u r r e p t i t i o u s l y the

tim e

C o n f e d e r a c y n e e d e d m o r e t h a n one

program of a p p easem en t, f o r , w h ile restrictiv e

s ta te 's

3 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 h o g s , and f u l l y

such gatew ay to th e m a rk e ts o f the

the

that

was e s t i m a t e d t h a t b y t h a t

of sh o es,

Through

C o n fe d e ra te s had

of s u p p lie s b e fo re

n e u t r a l i t y was e n d e d b y F e d e r a l m i l i t a r y 1861.

C onfederacy

s m u g g lin g on a s m a l l s c a l e .

s e c u r e d immense q u a n t i t i e s

S eptem ber,

Except

W hile i t

len ien t

p o lic y of the

elem ent

of L in c o ln 's

to d e a l w ith

sym pathized w ith

has become t r a d i t i o n a l t o . v i e w th e

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n to w a rd K e n tu c k y a s an p atience

and w isdom ,

it

is

d ifficu lt

76. C o u l t e r , C i v i l War a n d R e a d j u s t m e n t i n K e n t u c k y , 80. E d w a r d A. P o l l a r d , The L o s t C a u s e (New Y o r k , 1 8 6 7 ) , 4 8 1 . M e l l e n , E v a n s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , A u g . 1 9 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u st om s B u reau , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts . 77. C o u l t e r , C i v i l War a n d R e a d j u s t m e n t i n K e n t u c k y , 80.

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

to d e term in e ,

at

least

as f a r

as t r a d e was c o n c e r n e d ,

how t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t c o u l d h a v e p r o s e c u t e d a stro n g e r p o lic y w ithout m ilit a r y I t was n o t t h e n p r e p a r e d . th is

B ut, w h atev er th e

h isto ric a l in terp retatio n ,

had found a s o l u t i o n f o r t r a d e " L e t commerce f o l l o w t h e

78. 1 861," i n 26.

in terv en tio n ,

f o r w hich

d efects

of

C hase was c o n f i d e n t t h a t he re stric tio n s

in th e form ula,

flag ."^®

" R e p o r t o f t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y , Dec. C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 57 C o n g . , 2 S e s s . , a p p e n d i x ,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

9,

I

CHAPTER I I TRADE PROBLEMS WITH THE ARMIES IN THE WEST, D uring th e

first

1361-1362

s i x m onths o f h o s t i l i t i e s

the

fo r t r a d e w ith th e C o nfederacy had been lo u d e s t farm ers

and m e r c h a n ts o f t h e

a nd m a n u f a c t u r e s

t o be s o l d ,

m ark et w here p r i c e s chandise. date

As t h e F e d e r a l a r m i e s

A labam a,

th e ir goods.

would s e e

and th e n

tra d e rs

B ut,

m o re d e e p l y i n t o

southern

p referab ly

surplus

pushed forw ard

as th e

of c o tto n ,

products

o f m er­ to

denied

to

buying,

o f commerce t h e n and t h e

freq u en tly

intended

in

ab ru p tly

fo r cotton

s e n a to r could p ro p o se , jest,

to w ithdraw th e

th at

sell

sp ecu lato rs the p u rch ase of

t o t h e N o r t h and t o t h e

dom inate F e d e ra l m i l i t a r y

U nited S ta te s h is

rap acity

sh ifted

and

arm ies p e n e tr a te d

these

p ro fits

flag

w o rld b y C o n f e d e r a t e em bargo and U nion b l o c k a d e . phasis

co n so li­

i n t o M iddle T en n essee

in creasin g ly

t h e i r most l u c r a t i v e

crops

upon a s o u th e r n

w ould f o l l o w t h e

the land

stap les,

among t h e

were k e p t h i g h by s h o r t a g e s

the b o rd e r s t a t e s

n orthern

N o r t h who h a d

clam or

The em­

from s e l l i n g

to

would so c o m p l i c a t e operatio n s

th at

w i t h more r e a s o n

a nd

on e than

t h e b e s t w ay t o w in t h e w a r w o u l d be

army "and e n l i s t

a larg e

force

o f Yankee

33

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

p e d d le rs.. .to

g o dow n t h e r e a n d t r a d e

C hief o f th e

so u th ern p roducts

them a l l

i n demand a t

n o r t h was c o t t o n , w h i c h , t o g e t h e r w i t h o t h e r c o m m e r c e , was i n t e r d i c t e d b y t h e trad e

w ith the

Congress

U nited S ta te s

o n May 1 0 , 1 8 6 1 . 2

p re v e n te d shipm ent sugar,

coffee,

rice,

of th e

Tennessee l i n e , ^

By t h e

estim ated

th eir

February,

1862.^

in 1862,

even a t

c o n tra b a n d o f war n o r t h

a tim e when t h e F e d e r a l trad e

through

o f 1S61 n o r t h e r n i n d u s t r i a l i s t s

s u p p ly o f c o t t o n w ould be e x h a u s t e d by One n o r t h e r n

im agined th e

fin a n c ia l re p o rte r, w ritin g

co tto n m anufacturer

w recked m a r i n e r , a n x io u s ly i n s p e c t i n g h is sav e d from d i s a s t e r , after

and su b seq u en t

c o tto n yam , to b a c c o , w heat,

or any a r t i c l e

fa ll

C onfederate

of Tennessee had z e a lo u s ly

Governm ent was n o t a b l e t o p r e v e n t i l l i c i t K entucky.

southern

Empowered b y t h i s

of cotton,

the

g e n e r a l p r o h i b i t i o n upon

p a sse d by the

a c t s , ' G o v e r n o r I s h a m G. H a r r i s

out."^"

:ll i k e p ile

a sh ip ­ of b is c u its

and r u e f u l l y c o u n tin g w hat rem ains

each d a y 's in e v ita b le

consum ption, and f ix i n g

the

d a t e b e y o n d w h i c h t h e u t m o s t economy w i l l n o t s t r e t c h t h e

1 . C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 38 C o n g . , 2 S e s s . , 1 3 5 4 . 2 . O w sle y , K i n g ' C o t t o n D i p l o m a c y , 32. 3. I sh am G. H a r r i s , P a r i s , T e n ' n . , t o M a j . G en . L e o n i d a s P o l k , C . S . A . , A ug. 1 1 , 1 8 6 1 , i n O .R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 4 , p p . 384-385. 4 . C. R. R o b e r t , D e l a w a r e , L a c k a w a n a a n d " W e s te r n R a i l ­ w a y , New Y o r k , t o C h a s e , Nov. 2 7 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o rresp o n d en ce, ite m 2.

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

scanty

s u p o l y - - t h e moment w h e n t h e l a s t b a l e

opened f o r th e clo sin g

pick er,

of the m i l l . " 0

c r e a s e d fro m 10 c e n t s cents

am id p r e p a r a t i o n s As t h e p r i c e

D e c e m b e r , 1 S 6 2 , t o 84 c e n t s w ithout

in c re a s in g the

a fam ine r a t h e r As t h e sources

f o r the

fin al

of m id d lin g c o tto n i n ­

p e r pound i n D ecem ber,

p e r pound i n D ecem ber, 1 8 6 1 ,

w i l l have been

to

1 8 6 0 , t o 28

68 c e n t s

p e r pound in

p e r pound in D ecem ber, 1 8 63,

supply,

the

p rice

came Mt o r e p r e s e n t

t h a n a t r a d e . "6

Union a r m i e s m a rc h e d s o u t h w a r d fro m K e n tu c k y

o f a c o t t o n s u p p l y would be

opened, y e t, under

C h a s e 's c i r c u l a r o f A ugust 2 2 , goods e n t e r i n g from i n s u r ­ rectio n ary

states,

u n less under e sp e c ia l p re s id e n tia l

licen se,

would be c o n f i s c a t e d .

tio n

a p p r o v e d on A u g u st 6 ,

act

By t h e

ab ettin g ,

ance to

l a w s " was s u b j e c t t o

by the

governm ent.

co n fisca­

1 8 6 1 , an y p r o p e r t y em ployed

"in aid in g , the

term s o f th e

or p ro m o tin g .. .in s u r r e c tio n seizu re

and c o n d e m n a tio n

The s e c o n d c o n f i s c a t i o n

on J u l y 1 7 , 1 8 6 2 , w o u ld a u t h o r i z e

seizu re

o f any i n d i v i d u a l en ca g e d in o r a i d i n g

or r e s i s t ­

act,

approved

c f the p ro p e rty

the re b e llio n .®

5. Annual C y c lo p a e d ia , 1862, p. 231. 6. S c h u c k e r s , C h a s e , 322; A nnual C y c lo p a e d ia , 1862, p. 231. 7. "An A c t t o C o n f i s c a t e P r o p e r t y u s e d f o r I n s u r ­ r e c t i o n a r y P u r p o s e s , Aug. 6 , 1 8 6 1 , " i n C o n g r e s s i o n a l S l o b e , 37 C o n g . , 1 S e s s . , a p p e n d i x , 4 2 . 8. "An A c t t o s u p p r e s s I n s u r r e c t i o n , t o p u n i s h T r e a s o n and R e b e l l i o n , to s e i z e an d c o n f i s c a t e th e P r o p e r ty of R eb els, a n d f o r ' o t h e r p u r p o s e s , J u l y 1 7 , 1 8 6 2 , " i n C o n g r e s s l o n a l G lo b e 37 C o n g . , 2 S e s s . , a p p e n d i x , 4 1 2 - 4 1 3 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

P erceiving th a t

the

Union c o n f i s c a t i o n a c t s

d esigned to c a p tu re free

the

th e N egro s l a v e s ,

stap le the

a g r i c u l t u r a l p ro d u cts and to

C onfederacy passed

1862, an a c t p r o v id in g f o r th e to b acco ,

and o t h e r

d estru ctio n

c r o p s when i n t h e

fallin g

in to th e

p lan ter

th u s had a sm all a l t e r n a t i v e

of h is

crops in

were p r i n c i p a l l y

hands of th e

enemy.

th e p a th of the

on May 1 7 ,

of a l l

slig h test g

The C o n f e d e r a t e as to

the d i s p o s i t i o n

l o n g as he was f a c e d w i t h c o n f i s c a t i o n w i t h o u t

w ould l i k e l y co tto n fo r

choose b u rn in g .

the U n ited S t a t e s ,

If

danger of

advancing a rm ie s,

o r b u r n i n g w i t h some h o p e o f l a t e r

corn,

and, as

com pensation

paym ent f o r d a m a g e s , he

Chase m e a n t t o

rev isio n

secure

of trad e

reg u latio n s

w o u ld be r e q u i r e d . O ccupation of th e

B order S ta te s

The new F e d e r a l t r a d e p o l i c i e s A ugust 2 2 , 1 8 6 1 , w ould be f i r s t p o p u la tio n , how ever,

tow ard the

Kentucky, a n d th e p o sitio n tu re

at

placed i t s e l f

9. 10. 108-110.

C o n fed erates,

same o b j e c t i v e ,

F ederals

Paducah.

t e s t e d upon an u n f r i e n d l y

in the l a t e l y n e u t r a l s t a t e

E a rly i n S eptem ber, 1861, th e in ten tio n s

a n n o u n c e d b y C h a s e on

o f K entucky.

p erceiv in g

Union

s e i z e d C olum bus,

q u ick ly e s ta b lis h e d a co untering

On S e p t e m b e r 18 t h e K e n t u c k y l e g i s l a ­

u n e q u iv o c a lly upon th e s id e

o f th e U nion.

O w sle y , King C o t t o n D i p l o m a c y , 47. C o u l t e r , C i v i l War a n d R e a d j u s t m e n t i n K e n t u c k y ,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Chase

forbade

passage

o f g o o d s t o P a d u c a h on A u g u st 2 6 ,

a n d S e p t e m b e r 10 h e c u t o f f c o m m e r c e w i t h t h a t K entucky w est o f th e

C um berland R i v e r . ^

S i m o n B. B u c k n e r o f t h e th e p o r tio n ro llin g

C onfederate

th ro u g h t r a f f i c

Army p r o m p t l y s e i z e d

thus

R a ilro a d and i t s

effectiv ely

ending

t o N a s h v i l l e . 12

The c l o s i n g o f m i l i t a r y ever,

of

B rig a d ie r G eneral

of the L o u i s v i l l e & N a s h v ille

stock w ith in h is l i n e s ,

part

lin es

t h r o u g h K e n t u c k y , h ow ­

did n o t im m ediately l i g h t e n tr a d e

in frac tio n s.

At

L o u is v ille , m oreover,

s u sp e c te d co n trab an d accum ulated in

am ounts s u f f i c i e n t

vex t h e

in sta lled

to

surveyor,

Treasury.

seemed " in c a p a b l e

personal im p o rtu n itie s."

H eaton, a t

th at

firm s

C o tto n w ould d e c l a r e

d a y , and th e n p e rm it a few days l a t e r . lo y a l,'a ls o it

of w ith stan d in g p ressin g P ittsb u rg h ,

com plained

" tin c tu re d w ith treaso n "

receiv e

goods a s

of those

to say n o."

" r e l i a b l e men"

a m i a b l e g e n t l e m e n ’w ho f i n d

On h i s

recom m endation th e

P ittsb u rg h p erm itted d e liv e ry of p is to ls

firm in L o u isv ille

on e

G e o r g e D. P r e n t i c e , w h i l e u n d o u b t e d l y

seemed "one

so d i f f i c u l t

surveyor a t

them t o

C o tto n , t h e new ly

only to re c e iv e

another

le tte r

to a

from p r e n t i c e

11. C i r c u l a r l e t t e r , C h a s e , Aug. 3 1 , 1 8 6 1 . Chase t o lie l i e n , S e p t . 1 0 , 1 8 6 1 , i n S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , No. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , p p . 56 9 - 5 7 1 . 12. B r i g . G en . S . B. B u c k n e r , C . S . A . , B o w l i n g G r e e n , I i y . , t o J a m e s G u t h r i e , S e p t . 1 8 , 1 8 6 1 , i n O .R . , s e r i e s I , v o l. 4 , pp. 414-415.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

re c a llin g h is C o t t o n was request

recom m endation.

13

M e lle n 's

o p i n i o n was t h a t

"so good n a t u r e d t h a t he h a t e d t o

fo r a fa v o r,"

s a y no t o a n y

b u t he r e p e a t e d p o p u l a r c h a r g e s

th at

C o tto n had p e r m i t t e d a shipm ent o f m a c h in e ry to R u s s e l l v i l l e , K entucky, whence i t w e n t t o M i s s i s s i p p i .

E a r ly in Septem ber,

B r i g a d i e r G eneral R o b ert A nderson b e g a n t o the

shipm ents p e r m itte d by C o tto n .

s u r v e y o r t h a t he r e f u s e d a l l fin ally

a group o f i n t e r e s t e d

and C otton to

the p r o p r i e t y of h i s

perm its

The p r o b l e m o f t r a d e reopened,

citizen s

fiv e

of

so o f f e n d e d th e

fo r several days, but p e rsu a d e d A nderson

e s ta b lis h a board of tra d e

re p re s e n ta tiv e m erchants, to

perm its

T his

in sp ect a part

co n sistin g

o f whom w o u l d a d v i s e each week.

of f if te e n C otton as

14

r e g u l a t i o n was a l m o s t i m m e d i a t e l y

f o r G e n e r a l W. T . S h e r m a n r e l i e v e d A n d e r s o n on

Septem ber 8 , and Sherm an, h a v in g l i t t l e custom s o f f i c e r , i n s t r u c t e d h i s

f a i t h in th e

lo cal

p r o v o s t m a r s h a l to exam ine

e v e r y th in g , w h eth er s e a le d by a T r e a s u ry a g e n t or n o t .

The

p r o v o s t m a r s h a l a l s o p l a c e d two i n s p e c t o r s running

south of L o u is v ille

to

on a l l b o a t s 1c exam ine a l l p a r c e l s . At

13. H eaton, P i t t s b u r g h , P a . , to C h ase, S e p t. 1 1 , 1861, i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 14. M e l l e n , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , O c t . 4 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 15. M e l l e n , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , O c t . 3 0 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, G eneral A g e n t's C o rre sp o n d e n c e , v o l. 30, pp. 39-41. M e lle n 's l e t t e r s as s p e c i a l a g e n t a re i n c o r p o r a t e d i n th e l e t t e r books l a t e r u s e d b y him a s g e n e r a l a g e n t o f t h e T r e a s u r y D e p a r t m e n t .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

39

the p r o te s t

of th e T re a s u ry D epartm ent to t h i s

"unnecessary r e ­

e x a m i n a t i o n , 1,16 S h e r m a n s e e m s t o h a v e a b a n d o n e d h i s

sv/eeping

i n s p e c t i o n s , b u t e a r l y i n November he t o o k p o s s e s s i o n o f goods s e i z e d b y C o tto n , the T r e a s u ry .

1 *7

B rig ad ier

i n g Sherman on O c to b e r 1 5 ,

thus

provoking a n o th er

G e n e r a l Don C a r l o s

of a lo t

clash w ith

B u ell,

succeed­

i n h e r i t e d a d is p u te betw een th e

p r o v o s t m a r s h a l who a c c u s e d t h e

lo cal

s u rv e y o r o f c o r r u p t i o n an d the

s u r v e y o r who c h a r g e d t h e p r o v o s t m a r s h a l w i t h a r b i t r a r y a n d sen seless e x ercise

o f pow er.

18

B u e ll, m o llif ie d by a con­

f e r e n c e w i t h M ellen on O c to b er 2 4 , a g r e e d t o

r e tu r n the

goods

w h ic h Sherman h a d s e i z e d an d t o a b i d e b y t h e

T re a s u ry 's

reg u la­

t i o n o f commerce. Much t h e p rev ailed a t

same d i s c o r d b e t w e e n t h e Army a n d t h e T r e a s u r y Paducah, a p o st lo c a te d w ith in the m ilit a r y

d ep art­

m e n t c om ma nded s u c c e s s i v e l y b y M a j o r G e n e r a l s

J o h n C. F r e m o n t

a n d H e n r y W. H a l l e c k .

Paducah,

G eneral C h arles F. th a t the

resid en t

or a s e c e s s i o n i s t .

The l o c a l c o m m a n d e r a t

Sm ith, r e p o r te d a s e a r l y as

B rig ad ier

S eptem ber 13

s u r v e y o r was e i t h e r a s o u t h e r n r i g h t s man W ith F re m o n t's

endorsem ent upon th e

charge

16. George H a r r i n g t o n , A c t i n g S e c r e t a r y o f th e T r e a s u r y , t o Thomas A. S c o t t , A c t i n g S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , N ov . 5 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E , v o l . 1 , p p . 2 4 3 - 2 4 4 . 17. M e l l e n , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , N ov . 1 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, G en eral A g e n t's C o rresp o n d en ce, v o l . 30, p. 49. 18. M e l l e n , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , N ov . 2 4 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, G eneral A g e n t's C o rre sp o n d en c e, v o l. 30, p. 50. 19. M e l l e n , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , N ov . 2 4 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s .

A Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

th a t the

surveyor had p e rm itte d la rg e

b lan k ets,

sto res

and b o o t s t o go t o M u r r a y , w here

of C o n fe d e ra te

t r o o p s were b e i n g m u s t e r e d ,

removal o f t h e

in c u m b e n t s u r v e y o r . 20

of bacon,

th ree

com panies

Chase d i r e c t e d

At t h e

sug g estio n

of a group o f m e rc h a n ts ,

a l o c a l man, W arren T h o r n b e r r y ,

was a p p o i n t e d s u r v e y o r . .

As a t L o u i s v i l l e ,

and custom s

o fficers

board of t r a d e .

agreed to

terested

lo y alty

of such a

of consignees

A fter a l l ,

th ey ,

th re e m erchants

of

O “1

i n a m o n o p o l y o f t r a d e . ' 0-1-

shipm ent o f goods

in -

F o r good m e a s u re ,

commander a t

Chase

Paducah p r i o r

CO

t h e r e . 00

B ut n e i t h e r t h e m i l i t a r y n o r t h e

custom s o f f i c e r s

to have y e t u n d e r s t o o d t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l U.

com prising

as m e r c h a n t s , w ould be

req u ired approval of th e m ilita r y to

value

t h r o u g h P a d u c a h , b u t he f e a r e d t h e t e m p t a t i o n s

w hich w ould be p r e s e n t e d t o t h e the b o a rd .

appointm ent of a lo c a l

M ellen re c o g n iz e d th e

scanning b o a rd f o r a d v ic e as t o goods p a s s i n g

the

the m i l i t a r y

S.

G rant,

on t r a d e

commanding a t

to

C airo,

seem

Paducah. Illin o is,

20. B r i g . G e n . C. F. S m i t h , P a d u c a h , t o A . A . G . , D e p t , o f t h e W e s t , S e p t . 1 3 , 1 8 6 1 ; e n d o r s e m e n t , M a j . G e n . J . C. F r e m o n t , S e p t . 1 5 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m W ar D epartm ent, f i l e 1. 21. M e l l e n , P a d u c a h , t o C h a s e , S e p t . 2 5 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . Chase t o W arren T h o r n b e r r y , S u r v e y o r , P a d u c a h , K y . , O c t . 1 1 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 7 8 - 7 9 . 22. C h a s e t o A. L . R o b i n s o n , S u r v e y o r , E v a n s v i l l e , I n d . , O c t . 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s , , Mo. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , p . 5 7 3 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

d irected

the

surveyor

of le a th e r to

Illin o is,

in stru ctio n s, civ ilian , the

to

m ilitary

o ld frie n d s

a b o u t the

P a d u c a h . 24

Paducah.

same t i m e t h e

su p p lies, m ilita ry

G eneral Sm ith announced t h a t

all

w ould t h e n c e f o r t h r e q u i r e h i s

as w e ll as

same d a y , shipm ents

w ritten

through h is

p e r m i s s i o n . 25

such m i l i t a r y perm its

th at ra th e r

lin es

Chase

f o r com m ercial i n t e r ­

than r i s k a c la s h w ith th e m i l i t a r y

of fam ily su p p lie s

b o a r d o f t r a d e . 2ti

over

O ctober 1 0 ,

a com prom ise was e f f e c t e d w h e re b y S m ith a g r e e d t o sm all b i l l s

surveyor

o f c u s to m s p o s s e s s e d no j u r i s d i c t i o n

p ro tested ag ain st

G rant

c h a se p ro m p tly w ir e d S m ith t h a t

s u p p l i e s , 25 b u t u p o n t h e

c o u r s e , 2^ b u t ,

at

of shipm ents

a c t i n g upon a m is ta k e n c o n c e p tio n o f

cut off a ll

surveyors

passage

t a n n e r f r i e n d w ould s e c u re a l i c e n s e

P re sid e n t.^

a t B rooklyn,

to allow

on e o f G r a n t ' s

l a t e r agreed th a t h is from t h e

th ere

if

M ellen d i r e c t e d

approve

e n d o r s e d b y a member o f t h e o th er

surveyors

in h is

23. M e l l e n , C a i r o , 1 1 1 . , t o C h a s e , O c t . 7 , 1 8 S 1 , i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 24. C. P . S m i t h , P a d u c a h , K y . , t o C h a s e , O c t . 1 0 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m War D e p a r t m e n t , f i l e 1 . 25. C h a s e , t o C. P . S m i t h , O c t . 1 1 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 1 , p p . 2 0 6 - 2 0 7 . 26. P r o c l a m a t i o n , B r i g . G e n. C. P . S m i t h , U. S . F o r c e s , P a d u c a h , K y . , O c t . 1 0 , 1 8 6 1 , i n 0 _ . R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 4 , p . 302 27. C h a s e , t o C. P . S m i t h , O c t . 1 1 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e ­ t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 1 , p p . 2 0 6 - 2 0 7 , q u o t i n g C h a s e t o L t . G e n. W i n f i e l d S c o t t , Hq. o f t h e A r m y , O c t . 1 0 , 1 8 6 1 . 28. M e l l e n , P a d u c a h , t o C h a s e , Nov.- 5 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, G eneral A g e n t's C o rresp o n d en ce, v o l. 30, pp. 46-47. Ciiase t o M e l l e n , N o v . 1 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , ho. 108, p t . 3, p. 574.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

42

d istric t,

how ever, to

except to

cover su p p lie s

W hile t r a d e

g r a n t no p e r m i t s u p o n m i l i t a r y

order,

f o r m i l i t a r y p u r p o s e s . 29

o f K e n tu c k y 's

riv e r p o rts

was b e i n g t r o u b l e d

b y Army a n d T r e a s u r y d i s a g r e e m e n t s ,

it

variety of fe a tu re s

p e rm it system o f li m i t e d

in h eren t

com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e ly the

w h ic h was b e i n g

s y s t e m was f o u n d e d u p o n t h e

custom s sible

in the

o fficers

was a l s o p l a g u e d b y a

involved because

fo rm u lated .

"sound d is c r e ti o n " Chase d e c l a r e d ■2 A

t o d e t e r m i n e b y a n y g e n e r a l r u l e ow a l l

from th e

circum stances

o ccu p atio n .

uniform o n ly i f

the

surveyors

harm ony, b u t C o t t o n 's harm ony.

to e x p la in h is

in the r i v a l

tow ard L o u i s v i l l e ,

goods w ere p e r m i t t e d t h r o u g h o t h e r p o r t s .

at E v an sv ille

y ield ed to

and C in c in n a ti

im posa risin g

in m ilitary

citie s

acted in

prev en ted such

claim ed th a t th e

own i n d i s c r e t i o n s b y c l a i m s

surveyor a t L o u is v ille

of the

c o u ld be r e a s o n a b l y

co n stan t a lte r c a tio n s

C otton e s p e c i a l l y

E v a n s v i l l e was h o s t i l e

of tra d e

it

cases

of a cou n try p a r t i a l l y

Such a r e g u l a t i o n

E ssen tial­

surveyor a t

and he a tte m p te d t h a t much w o rs e Each tim e th e

p o p u lar p r e s s u r e , m erchants

c la im e d u n j u s t d i s c r i m i n a t i o n .32

29. M ellen , C i n c i n n a t i , to C hase, O ct. 23, 1861, i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 3.0. Chase t o M e l l e n , O c t. 3 , 1 8 6 1 , i n S e n a te R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , N o. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , p . 5 7 3 . 31. M ellen , L o u i s v i l l e , to C hase, Dec. 22, 1861, in TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 32. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , '"’t o C h a s e , A p r . 1 5 , 1 S 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

By t h e

same t o k e n , w h e n m e r c h a n t s a t

L o u isv ille

were r e q u i r e d

t o sw ear a n o a t h t h a t p o r k i m p o r t e d w o u ld n o t go t o ate usage th e y p r o te s te d shipm ents d i r e c t l y

to

absence

of s im ila r

co n d itio n s

c u sto m e rs from c i t i e s

Chase a c c o r d i n g l y m o d i f i e d t h e

ru le

to

C onfeder­ on

n o rth o f th e

tre a t

L o u isv ille

O hio. as

a

l o y a l c i t y . 33 Th© b o a r d s o f t r a d e , of a d v is in g th e sons d e s i r i n g of abuse. ag ain st;

custom s

o fficers

to re c e iv e

Jew ish t r a d e r s

Personnel

as t o

the

g o o d s,3^ e a s ily at

so le

purpose

lo y alty

of p e r­

fe ll

in to

best

"to l e t

of the

th e y should n o t

the b o ard sh o u ld n o t e n d o rse

o ffice

Chase, how ever, r u le d

general trade

should be l i m i t e d to

im port s m a ll l o t s

at

Jews t h a t

M ellen sup­ t r e a t m e n t . " 33

Paducah p r o t e s t e d t h a t

a n y ma n who h a d o n c e w a v e r e d

from l o y a l t y ;

unquestioned lo y a lty ,"

trad e.

them ste w a w h i l e u n d e r h i s

s u rv e y o r's

p ractices

P a d u c a h 'were d i s c r i m i n a t e d

one o f th e b o a r d members f r a n k l y t o l d a l l

i f th e y w ould n o t e n l i s t posed i t

e s ta b lis h e d fo r the

th a t w hile persons

licen ses

for

o f " o r i g i n a l and

o th e r p e rso n s m ight be allow ed to

o f g o o d s .3®

Such tre a tm e n t m ight in flu e n c e

33. M e l l e n , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , Nov. to M e lle n , Dec. 1 3 , 1861, i n S e n a te R e p o r t s , No. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , p p . 5 7 6 , 5 5 0 - 5 8 1 . Thomas E . v i l l e , t o R o b e r t M a l l o r y , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . , i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 2 , v o l . T - Z , 9 1 . . 34. M ellen, C in c in n a ti, to Chase, Feb. Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 35. M e l l e n , P a d u c a h , t o C h a s e , Nov. 5 , G eneral A g e n t's C o rre sp o n d en c e, v o l. 30, pp. 36. M ellen, C in c in n a ti, to C hase, Jan .

2 5 , 1861; Chase 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , W ilson, L o u is­ Jan. 8, 1862, 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, 46-47. 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

44

th eir if

fu tu re

conduct tow ard th e

t h e y were

info rm ed t h a t

depend upon t h e i r

G overnm ent, e s p e c i a l l y

fu tu re

good b e h a v io r .

t r a d e w i t h men g r i l t y

e n d o rs e m e n ts w ould

37

o f no o v e r t

W hether to

a c t a g a in s t the

Government h u t whose s y m p a t h i e s w ere w i t h th e ates

p re s e n te d an a d d i t i o n a l problem .

a t W heeling, V i r g i n i a , trad e

perm it ta k e

req u ired th a t

along th e

d estin atio n

sh ip p ers

of the

o f the

and i f

the

ap p lican ts fo r a

for

t h e i r goods

t o ma ny m e r c h a n t s By C h a s e ’ s c i r c u l a r goods, the u ltim a te

i n s e c e s s i o n , were r e q u i r e d t o

custom s,

statin g

o f f i c e r w ere

re a l d estin atio n

satisfied

t h a t the

G overnm ent w ou ld n o t be v i o l a t e d b y s u c h s h i p ­

m e n t, he i s s u e d a w r i t t e n goods s p e c i f i e d charge

riv ers.

d isp atch in g

o f w hich m ight be

r e p o r t to an o f f i c e r

order

all

and expensive b u sin e ss

a ll

and c o n s ig n e e ,

S p e c i a l Agent H eaton

of "perm its"

Ohio a n d M i s s i s s i p p i

of August 22,

C onfeder­

an o a th o f a l l e g i a n c e .38

The a c t u a l p r o c u r e m e n t seemed a t e d i o u s

perm it

in the

"p erm it” fo r

b ill

of lad in g .

th e

d eliv ery

For th is

of the

p erm it a

o f t w e n t y c e n t s w as ma de u n d e r a f o r c e d c o n s t r u c t i o n

Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s ; Chase t o M e l l e n , J a n . 1 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s j n e c e i v e d , f i l e 4 . 37. M e l l e n , t o R. K. ' W i l l i a m s , B o a r d o f T r a d e , P a d u c a h , D e c . 2 5 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 4 . 38. H e a t o n , Vi/heeling, V a . , t o C h a s e , J a n . 1 7 , 1862; H e a t o n t o Thomas I i o r n b r o o k , S u r v e y o r o f C u s t o m s , W h e e l i n g , J a n . 1 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

o f a custom s r e g u l a t i o n p e r t a i n i n g in g goods t h r o u g h s e a p o r t s . baggage g o in g to K en tu ck y ;

The same r u l e w a s a p p l i e d t o tru n k s

e d , s e a l e d u p !,a s i n E u r o p e , "

and p a ck a g e s w ere i n s p e c t ­

a perm it a tta c h e d , and th e bag

gage th u s a llo w e d t o p a s s w i t h o u t

in te r r u p tio n to i t s

nation .^®

R equirem ent o f a p e rm it

d iscretio n

of the

lo c alitie s

s e lv e s rem ote from any w a r-z o n e . p air

o f shoes i n Keokuk,

"perm it" and pay tw en ty c e n ts o fficials

at

and such a r e q u i r e ­

w h ich c o n s id e r e d them ­

A c o u n t r y man b u y i n g a Iow a, th u s had t o

to

take

n o mo re t h a n f i v e Kansas w h ile seq u en tly

b ill

lo ts

secured the b u s in e s s . th eir

and w ere th u s

in

any o rd e r and con-

M erchants a t W heeling

custom ers had t o forced to

sh ip

to o ld custom ers

could f i l l 41

perm its

S t. L ouis.

f o r exam ple, co u ld

of salt

C hicago m e rc h a n ts

com plained t h a t p arcel,

barrel

L ouis,

a

Custom s

in re q u irin g

a f a c t w hich i n j u r e d co m peting b u sin essm en a t S t.

secure

th e m hom e.^O

C h icago w ere a l l e g e d l y l a x

W holesale m e rc h a n ts a t

d esti­

seemed d e p e n d e n t upo n th e

l o c a l custom s h o u s e ,

ment seemed b u rd e n s o m e t o

single

to la n d in g and d e l i v e r ­

pay a fe e f o r e ach

pay e x to r tio n a te

fees

on a

of g o o d s .^

39. M ellen, C in c in n a ti, to Chase, S ep t. 30, 1861, in TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 40. C o n n a b l e S m i t h , et_. a l . , K e o k u k , I o w a , t o C h a s e , F e b . 5 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e r i e s K , 1 8 6 2 , v o l . K-M, 3 . 41. B e l c h e r , Econom ic R i v a l r y B etw een S t . L o u is and C hicago, 141. 42. James S . W h ea t, A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l o f ^ .V ir g in ia , W h e e l i n g , t o C h a s e , O c t . 6 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 2 , v o l. T-Z, 78.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

In F e b ru a ry , 1 8 6 2 , war h a v in g p r o g r e s s e d o u ts id e borders

o f K entucky and M i s s o u r i , b o t h th e n ew sp ap ers

b u s i n e s s men o f L o u i s v i l l e mand f o r t h e sta te s.^

end of th e

By t h e

f a c i l i t a t e . . .th e

r e b e l l i o n , ’’^

of i t

n o t made a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y b y

ordered th a t

ex ercise

p e r m i t s w o u ld no l o n g e r be

d e s c rip tio n being fu rn is h e d to

prevent

su p p lies

in su rg e n ts."

4.R

By t h i s

G u e rrilla w arfare

i n t o K entucky d u r in g th e

la te

order

Ohio

continued r e s t r i c t e d

in K entucky s o u th o f L e x in g to n and w e st

C u m b e rla n d .46

"ex­

of any

r e s t r i c t i o n was a l l o w e d n o r t h o f t h e

R iver, b u t M ellen, under l o c a l r u l e s , in terco u rse

C ustom s o f f i c i ­

any s u p e r v is io n o v er such tr a d e

c e p t s u c h a s may b e n e c e s s a r y t o

tra d e w ithout

"to

c o u n try and av o id

re q u ire d f o r shipm ents w ith in l o y a l s t a t e s . a l s w ould n o t

the lo y a l

Chase, d e s ir in g

i n t e r n a l commerce o f t h e

and

in a de­

system f o r consignm ents i n

end o f M arch, 1862,

every i n t e r r u p t i o n the

and C in c in n a ti u n i t e d

the

and th e

of th e

C onfederate r a i d

summer o f 1 8 6 2 , h o w e v e r ,

43. H eato n , C i n c i n n a t i , to C h ase, Feb. 21, 1862; H eaton t o C h a s e , F e b . 2 5 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R eports. H eaton e n c lo s e d c l i p p i n g s from t h e C in c in n a t i G a z e tte and Com m ercial and t h e L o u i s v i l l e J o u r n a l . 44. C h a s e t o C h a r l e s A. W i c k l i f f e , M a r . 2 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 1 5 7 - 1 5 8 . 45. C i r c u l a r l e t t e r , C h ase, M ar. 2 9 , 18 6 2 , i n S e n a te R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , Ho. 1Q8, p t . 3 , p . 5 8 7 . 56. M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a se , M ar. 2 0 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . M e lle n , C in­ c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , A p r i l 1 4 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ’s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 30., p . 1 0 7 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

47

brought

the

re im p o s itio n of the

south of th e

p erm it

Ohio R i v e r b e l o w W h e e l i n g ,

L ouisville , 4 1

system t o a l l except the

p o in ts

city

of

I n M i s s o u r i , commerce was f r e e d , i n t o t h a t

p a r t o f t h e s t a t e l y i n g on o r n o r t h o f t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r and i n t o

the

city

May 1 7 , 1 8 6 2 ,

48

of S t.

but

L ouis.

in A ugust, 1862,

tra d e w est o f th e M is s is s ip p i, the a r e a n o r t h

except fo r

S t.

and c o n t r o l

lo cal m ili­

im posed a d d i t i o n a l c o m p l i c a t i o n s upon

commerce.

G ran t,

commanding a t

v io latio n s

on t h e

part

C airo,

observed freq u e n t

o f s t e a m e r s w h i c h made u n a u t h o r i z e d

on t h e M i s s o u r i

shore betw een S t .

Since th e d e p a rtm e n t la c k e d enough g u n b o a ts riv er,

Louis and f o r

o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n upon the

a m a t t e r g e n e r a l l y managed by t h e

t a r y com m anders,

landings

Chase a g a i n r e s t r i c t e d

o f t h e m o u th o f t h e Des M oines R i v e r . 4 ®

R estrictio n O hio R i v e r ,

T h i s a c t i o n was t a k e n o n

L ouis and C a iro . to p a tr o l

G r a n t r e c o m m e n d e d , o n N o v e m b e r h'2, 1 8 6 1 , t h a t

governm ent u n d e r ta k e

t o manage a l l

charging u n ifo rm r a t e s the departm ent

to

the

the th e

carry in g tra d e ,

c i v i l i a n m erchants.

G eneral H a lle e k ,

com mander, r e f e r r e d G r a n t ’s l e t t e r

to

B rig ad ier

47. T r e a s u r y R e g u l a t i o n s , Au g. 2 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e ­ t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 2 , p p . 3 3 8 - 3 4 6 . M ellen , C in­ c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , J u l y 1 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t b C orrespoxadence, v o l . 30, p. 200. 48. C i r c u l a r l e t t e r , W .'D . G a l l a g h e r , S p e c i a l A g e n t, TD, S t . L o u i s , May 1 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , No. 1 0 8 , p t . 5 , p p . 5 9 5 - 5 9 4 . 4S. T r e a s u r y R e g u l a t i o n s , Aug. 2 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 2 , p p . 3 3 8 - 3 4 6 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

G e n e r a l S a m u e l R. for

C u rtis,

lo cal

commander a t S t .

s u c h a c t i o n a s h e d e e m e d p r a c t i c a b l e . 50

in te rv ie w e d by M ellen, plan,

agreed th a t

the

p rio r to riv er

tak in g

tra ffic

L ouis,

C u rtis,

a c t i o n on G r a n t ' s

could b e s t be c o n tin u e d

p r o v id e d M e lle n c o u ld f i n d a way t o p r e v e n t i l l i c i t l a n d £=,1 ings. G e n e r a l B u e l l , commanding a t L o u i s v i l l e , a t t e m p t e d to s e t t l e the

h is

sm uggling problem by l i m i t i n g

Ohio w i t h i n h i s

w ould b e

clo sely

a u t h o r i t y t o r e g u l a r p a c k e ts , w hich

s u p e r v is e d by h i s

P rom pted by m i l i t a r y in terest the

to

p r o v o s t m a r s h a l . 50

a c t i o n i n a s p h e r e w h i c h was o f

th e T r e a s u ry , M ellen i s s u e d h i s

o p e ra tio n of steam boats

tra n sp o rta tio n

forbade la n d in g d estin atio n ,

own r u l e s

for

on J a n u a r y 1 5 , 1 8 6 2 , r u l e s

w h ic h H e a to n s u b s c r i b e d on J a n u a r y 2 7 . h ib ited

commerce on

These r u l e s

to

pro­

o f goods w ith o u t T r e a s u ry p e r m it,

of goods a t o th e r th a n t h e i r d e c la r e d

and r e q u i r e d a l l b o a t s

m a n ife sts w ith the

surveyors a t

to

clear th e i r tru e

the te r m in a ls

of th e ir

50. G rant, D i s t r i c t of S o u th east M isso u ri, C airo , to C a p t . J . C. K e l t o n , A . A . O . , S t . L o u i s : K elt o n , A .A .G ., D e p t , o f t h e M i s s o u r i , t o B r i g . G e n . S . R. C u r t i s , Comdg. a t S t . L o u i s , Nov. 2 4 , 1 8 6 1 , i n £ . R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , pp. 373-375. 51. M e l l e n , C a i r o , t o C h a se , Nov. 30, 1861; M e ll e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , D e c . 4 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts . 52. G e n e ra l O rd e r 2 6 , D e p t, o f t h e O hio, D ec. 2 9 , 1 8 6 1 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e C u m b e r l a n d , v o l . 4 4 , p . 5 0 , M e l l e n , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , J a n . 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u re a u , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r t s . H e re in a fte r "G eneral O rd e r" i s a b b r e v i a t e d a s "G .O ."

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

49

run.

Army s u p p l i e s ,

shipped u n d er m i l i t a r y

orders,

e x c e p te d from t h e

u su al procedure, but a l l

su p p lies

a rm y s u t l e r s

t o be t r e a t e d

commerce.

prevent

were

inconvenience to

required a l l b o ats for th e u s u a l fee

to

sh ip p ers

carry

B oats v i o l a t i n g th e

c le r k 's

o ffice

restricted

an " a id to

The r u l e s ,

a rb itrary

orders,

perm its

en

to be d e n ie d f u tu r e

in to

a most

"aid

to

perm it gross

m oreover, d id not for

M ellen

le g a l p ro ceed in g s.

introduced

o f f i c i a l — the under-com pensated

duty.

to

com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e

would b e e a s i l y b r i b e d t o

To

th e re v e n u e ,''’ who, -

could g ran t

o f e v e r y s t e a m e r , w ere

u n fo rtu n ately

for

r u l e s , w h i c h were p o s t e d i n t h e

and w ould be s u b j e c t

These r u l e s

a t way p o i n t s ,

o f tw enty c e n ts

ro u te.

clearances

as r e g u la r

were

venal m inor

d erelictio n s

abate

th eir

system of

t h e r e v e n u e " who

B uell co n tin u ed to

from t h e u p p e r Ohio t o d i s c h a r g e

the

of

the n u is a n c e

of

compel s te a m e r s

freig h t

at

L o u isv ille.

P i t t s b u r g h steam boatm en c o n s i d e r e d B u e l l 's a c t i o n a s d e signed to s e c u re b u s in e s s

for th e ir

M iddle T e n n essee

riv als

at L o u isv ille.

and N o r t h Alabama

D u rin g t h e m onths r e q u i r e d f o r t h e

estab lish m en t

of

53. M ellen, C in c in n a ti, to Chase, Jan. 15, 1862, i n TD, Customs B ureau-, S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . H eaton, "R ules f o r S te a m e rs ..., Jan. 2 7 , 1 8 6 2 , " i n S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e ss., N o. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , p . 5 8 2 . 54. H eaton, P it ts b u r g h , to C hase, Feb. 1 2, 1862, i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . Chase t o M e l l e n , F e b . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 4 .

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Union c o n t r o l

in the b o rd e r s t a t e s ,

been g iv en to

trad e

l i c e n s e s w hich th e th e

act

th ro u g h the l i n e s

trad e

or o th e r Tennessee

under th e

issu ed in

c e p tio n a l.^ vdiether t h e stricted

th ro u g h the F e d e ra l l in e s produce,

giv in g

for co tto n ,

grant under

in exchange

for

q u estio n ,

stap les

co tto n

"any a r t i c l e s

o f w ar," b u t t h is

q u e s t i o n e d Chase a s t o

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w ould p u r s u e a l i b e r a l

p o lic y in re g a rd to

of w estern

esp ecial

O c to b e r 1 8 6 1 , was s a i d t o have b e e n e x ­

M ellen had f u r t h e r

answ ering th e

had

One Y t f i l l i a m B . R i c h m o n d h a d b e e n

o f m e rc h a n d is e e x c e p t arm s o r m u n itio n s perm it,

atten tio n

p r e s i d e n t w as a u t h o r i z e d t o

of Ju ly 13, 1861.

au th o rized to

little

s u c h t r a d e . 5®

a u t h o r i z e d him t o

or re -

Chase, w ith o u t

allo w exchange

and o th e r u n o b j e c t i o n a b l e m e rc h a n d ise

tobacco,

and t u r p e n tin e ,

value f o r v a lu e ,

t h r o u g h P a d u c a h , 5^ b u t M e l l e n c o n s i d e r e d i t b e t t e r t h a t s e c re ta ry ex ercise

his

own p a t r o n a g e

tra d e had been lim ite d

to

the

in those m a tte r s .5^

Chase i n f o r m e d C o n g re s s i n D ecem ber 1 8 6 1 , t h a t licen sed

.

such e s p e c ia lly

"a few i n s t a n c e s . " 5 ®

55. Chase to D a n i e l A r t e r , S u r v e y o r , C a i r o , O c t. 1 4 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 1 , p p . 216-219. 56. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , N ov. 1 1 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . o7. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , N o v . ' 1 2 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A gent, L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 7. 58. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , Nov. 1 9 , 1 8 6 1 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . '5 9 . "R ep o rt o f th e S e c r e t a r y o f th e T r e a s u r y , D ec. 9; 1 8 6 1 , " i n C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 57 C o n g . , 2 S e s s . , a p p e n d i x , 26. .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

But t h i s

cau tio u s

p o lic y m eant t h a t

of B uell and G rant b eg an to and T e n n e ss e e r i v e r s b o th under the

in to

as

advance up th e

h a d m a t u r e d no p o l i c y f o r

trad e

As M e l l e n w r o t e

was v e r y 'w ell t o

fo llow ing the f l a g , cally ?

i n the

b u t how w a s i t

" e q u iv a le n t to

C um berland

the T reasury

reg io n s

so opened.

speak o f tra d e

t o be managed p r a c t i ­

To a l l o w u n r e s t r i c t e d t r a d e u p t h e

would b e

arm ies

c e n t r a l and w e s te rn T e n n e sse e,

command o f G e n e r a l H a l l e c k ,

Chase, i t

the

two v a l l e y s

an o p en t r a d e w i t h a l l

the

S outh."

Yet th e n o r t h e r n m a r k e t demanded s o u t h e r n p r o d u c t s

and th e

■■North h a d m a n y " u n p r o d u c t i v e f o r them . trad e

v a lu e s " w hich c o u ld be exchanged

M e ll e n u r g e d Chase t o

in areas

e sta b lish general ru les

brought under F ed eral c o n tro l.

t h e t i m e b e i n g , was u n w i l l i n g t o

AO

for

Chase, fo r

s ta te any such g e n e ra l p o l i ­

c i e s , a n d o n F e b r u a r y 14 h e m e r e l y a p p o i n t e d A l l e n A. H a l l as

sp ecial ag en t,

Tennessee.

d i r e c t i n g him t o

H a ll w ould t a k e

charge

accompany th e

of c o t t o n , to b a c c o , and

o th e r p r o p e r t y w hich co u ld p r o p e r ly be or abandoned to

th e U nited S t a te s .

army t o

seized as f o r f e ite d

He c o u l d s e l l t h e s e

SO. M ellen , C in c in n a ti, to Chase, Feb. 8 , 1862, in TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . M ellen r e ­ p e a te d h i s w a rn in g t h a t a g e n e r a l p o l i c y w ould be n eed ed on F e b r u a r y 1 7 , a t w h i c h ti m e h e r e q u e s t e d ' t o be c a l l e d t o W ashington to d i s c u s s t h e m a t t e r w i t h C hase. M ellen , C in­ c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , F e b . 1 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c ia l A gents R e p o r t s . He w a s n o t s o i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i ­ p a te i n t h e ' d r a f t i n g ' o f th e 'n e w r e g u l a t i o n s . Chase t o M e l l e n , M a r . 4 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e ­ ceived, f i l e 7.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

c o n fis c a te d pro d u cts region by th e Paducah,

to p arties

surveyors a t

p erm itted

C in cin n ati,

lio s h i p m e n t s c o u l d l e a v e

perm it.

L o u is v ille , and

Tennessee w ith o u t h is

U pon c o n f i s c a t e d g o o d s s o l d b y h i m h e w a s t o g r a n t

the p e rm it w ith o u t c h a r g e , b iit

on p r i v a t e

exact a fee

o f o n e - h a l f o f one p e r c e n t .

no d e f i n i t e

p ro v isio n fo r p riv a te

as to f e e s details

seemed t o

a s w ere n o t

"activ ity , ev id en tly his

contem plate

trad e,

the

in stru ctio n s

a n d p r a c t i c a l k n o w l e d g e . 11

For such upon H a l l ' s Chase

p rev io u s experience

Born i n N o r th C a r o l i n a ,

of

H all had been

t o V e n e z u e la from 184-1-1845, A s s i s t a n t

S e c re ta ry o f the T rea su ry in t h e D a i l y Hews a t N a s h v i l l e e v e r , was i n s t r u c t e d

to

1849-1850, and had e d ite d from 1 8 5 3 -1 8 5 7 .

ex ercise

com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e

t r a d e w ould r e q u i r e

M e l l e n , how­

g en eral su p erv isio n over

t h u s e s t a b l i s h e d . 63-

p r o m i s e d t h e War D e p a r t m e n t t h a t a l l th is

A l t h o u g h t h e r e w as

s u c h commerce.

counted h e a v il y upon th e

ap p o in tee.

a c c o u n t s he c o u l d

c o v e re d Chase m e r e ly r e l i e d

in te g rity ,

charge d ' a f f a i r e s

the

to e n t e r the

chase a ls o

perm its issu e d

co u n ter-sig n atu re

in

by th e d e p a r t -

ry r j

ment commander o r h i s

rep resen tativ e.

61. C h a s e t o A l l e n A. H a l l , F e b . 1 4 , 1 8 6 2 ; C h a s e t o M e l l e n , F e b . 1 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s re c eiv e d , f i l e 7. H a l l was a p p o i n t e d m i n i s t e r t o B o l i v i a i n 1863 a n d d i e d t h e r e i n 1 8 6 7 . Th om as W. H e r r i n g s h a w ( e d . ), H e rrin g s h a w 's E n c y c lo p e d ia o f A m erican B io g ra p h y o f t h e N i n e t e e n t h ' C e n t u r y "(’C h i c a g o , 1 9 0 1 ) , 4 3 6 . E2~ C h a s e t o S t a n t o n , F e b . 1 5 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e ­ t a r y o f W ar, L e t t e r s R eceiv ed from D e p a rtm e n ts , f i l e 230.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Upon m o r e m a t u r e upon th e a d v i s a b i l i t y

c o n s id e r a tio n Chase m ust h av e d e c i d e d of general ru le s .

tw o d a y s a f t e r F e d e r a l t r o o p s

On F e b r u a r y 2 7 ,

e n t e r e d N a s h v i l l e , he in f o r m e d

Stanton t h a t i n t e r c o u r s e w ith r e o c c u p ie d i n s u r r e c t i o n a r y d istric ts

w as l e g a l l y

the

c o n ce rn o f th e T re a s u ry D epartm ent.

He w a s w o r k i n g u p o n r e g u l a t i o n s , to

inform H a lle e k .

0^ °

L in c o ln approved the

t i o n s on F e b r u a r y 2 3 , ® ^ l e a s e d u n t i l M arch 4 ,

parties

1862.

U nder them C hase assu m ed licen sin g

all

d e c l a r e d t o be i n s u r r e c t i o n a r y . receiv in g

such lic e n se

th e amount o f t r a d e p ro v isio n s

proposed r e g u la ­

b u t t h e y w ere n o t p r i n t e d and r e ­

personal r e s p o n s ib ility fo r tricts

and he r e q u e s t e d S t a n t o n so

tra d e w ith d i s ­

He r e q u i r e d t h a t

s h o u l d make b o n d f o r t w i c e

contem plated, b u t o th e r than th ese

t h e r e was l i t t l e

la tio n alread y in e f f e c t.

change from th e

two

system of r e g u ­

Goods t r a n s p o r t e d u n d e r C h a s e ' s

l i c e n s e w ould be i n s p e c t e d an d p e r m i t t e d b y a custom s o f f ic e r under the b u t the

fee

for

procedures used in the

border s ta te s ,

s u c h a t r a n s a c t i o n w ould be o n e - h a l f o f

one p e r c e n t u p o n t h e

value o f th e m erchandise

perm itted.® ®

63. C h a s e t o S t a n t o n , F e b . 1 5 , 1 8 6 2 , i n VvD, S e c r e t a r y of War, L e t t e r s R e c e iv e d f r o m D e p a r t m e n t s , f i l e 230. 64. Abraham L i n c o l n , O r d e r R e l a t i n g t o C om m ercial I n t e r c o u r s e , F e b . 2 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n N i c o l a y a n d Hay ( e d s . ) , C om plete W orks o f Abraham L i n c o l n , I I , 1 2 7 - 1 2 8 . 65. C h ase , R ules and R e g u la tio n s C oncerning I n t e r n a l C o m m e r c i a l I n t e r c o u r s e , M a r . 4 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 2 , p p . 4 8 - 5 0 , a n d S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g , . , 3 S e s s . , No. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , p p . ...585-5 SC .

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

54

The f i r s t

c o p y o f t h e new r e g u l a t i o n s ,

i n a rlew Y o r k n e w s p a p e r , d i d n o t M arch 8 , t h a t he

reach S t.

a n d a t m i d n i g h t o n M a r c h 11 G a l l a g h e r r e p o r t e d

lations.® ®

On M a r c h 2 ,

t o com m erce.® ^

opening th e

Commerce w as t o

fo llo w , w ith

advance

order,

on M arch 5 , r e q u i r e d a l l

p a tin g in the

trad e to

southw ard o f th e

The

steam boats p a r t i c i ­ from th e

i n St* L o u i s ,

any s u rv e y o r o f custom s i n th e d e p a r t ­ observe

A H goods ta k e n i n t o

p e r m itt e d by a custom s o f f i c i a l were a d v i s e d t o u s e t h e i r cautiously"

the p o s t - o f f i c e ,

obtain a s p e c ia l lic e n se

The s t e a m b o a t s w e r e t o

fa ith fu lly .

regu­

U nion a r m i e s .

su p erin ten d en t of tra n s p o rta tio n

ap plying th e r e f o r to

of the

Cum berland and T en n essee

clo se upon th e p rin ted

set

G a lla g h e r and Iia lle c k had a l r e a d y

drawn up a g e n e r a l o r d e r

m ent.

Louis u n t i l

s t i l l had not re c e iv e d an o f f i c i a l

m ilitary

a copy p r i n t e d

Treasoiry r e g u l a t i o n s

T e n n e sse e were t o be

in

the

usrial m anner;

surveyors

" l i b e r a l l y though Q in is s u in g p erm its f o r th e tr a d e . I i a l l e c k w as

more i n t e r e s t e d

in th is

d iscretio n

order as

a m ilitary

ru s e th a n as an

66. G a l l a g h e r , S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , Mar. 1 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n C ustom s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 67. G a l l a g h e r t o C h a s e , M a r . 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u reau, S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts . 68. G. 0 . 5 2 , D e p t , o f t h e M i s s o u r i , S t . L o u i s , M a r . 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e M i s s o u r i , v o l . 5 0 , o l d s e r i e s 77, pp. 169-170. R e c o r d s b o o k s o f f i e l d commands h a v e f r e ­ q u e n t l y b e e n re b o u n d i n t o l a r g e r volum es ¥ /ith o u t ch an g e i n pag in atio n . H e r e i n a f t e r t h e o l d v o lu m e w i l l be i n d i c a t e d a s , 0 • S . ——, i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e p r e s e n t v o l u m e n u m b e r .

TD,

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

opening o f t r a d e ;

B u ell,

n e c e s s a r y t o move h i s

th in k in g th a t

i t m ig h t become

army s u d d e n l y fro m N a s h v i l l e b y b o a t

along th e

Cum berland and T e n n e s s e e t o

w ired f o r

steam ers.

rein fo rce

By o p e n i n g t r a d e ,

H alleck —not

‘■'Old B r a i n s " w i t h o u t r e a s o n - - e ; x p e c t e d t o steam ers w ith o u t th e out a p p ris in g th e

sup erio rs

a c tin g q u ite

called

p ro v id e .B u e ll w ith

of c h arterin g

enemy o f p o s s i b l e

G eneral B u e ll, tary

expense

G r a n t, had

them a n d w i t h -

in ten tio n s.

ft Q c

in d ep en d en tly of h is m ili­

a n d A n d re w J o h n s o n , n e w l y a p p o i n t e d m i l i t a r y

governor f o r th e

s t a t e , had d ecid ed upon a l i b e r a l p o lic y

tow ard T e n n e s s e e .

7 0

shal at L o u isv ille a ll trad e

to w ithdraw m i l i t a r y

i n K entucky e x c e p t am m unition;

w ired back to Despite t h e

On M a r c h 3 h e w i r e d t h e

L o u isv ille,

fact

opening t r a d e

t h a t he h a d no o r d e r s

p ro v o s t m ar­

re stric tio n s 71

on M a r c h 5 he

w ith N a s h v ille .

from th e

C o tto n seems t o h av e b eg u n i s s u i n g p e r m i t s f o r goods o v e r th e

69. L etters M ellen, 1 0 , O .S. 70. Feb. 28, p . 1. 71. Mar. 5 , 72. Mar. 5 , 73. Customs

railro ad

from L o u i s v i l l e

upon

T reasury, shipm ent of

w ithout d e l a y . ^

H a l l e c k , S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , M a r . 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, R e c e i v e d f r o m War D e p a r t m e n t , f i l e 1 . H a llec k to M a r . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e M i s s o u r i , v o l . 1^> P • o 5 u . B u e l l , N a s h v i l l e , t o M a j . G e n . G e o r g e B. M c C l e l l a n 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e o t . o f t h e O h i o , v o l . 5 2 , O . S . 57D, B u e ll, N a s h v ille , to P ro v o st M arshal, L o u is v ille , 18S2, i n D ept, o f th e O h io , v o l . 4 9 , O .S. 4 9 , n . p . C o l . J . B. F r y , A . A . G . , N a s h v i l l e , t o C a p t . G r e e n e 1862, i n D ept, of th e O h io , v o l . 4 9 , O .S. 4 3 , n . p . M ellen, C in c in n a ti, t o C h a s e , M a r . 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, B u re au , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r t s .

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

When n e w s o f t h e reached C in c in n ati first

that

opening of T en n essee

on M arch 6 ,

M ellen h e a r d

G allagher to

the

of th e

surveyor

trade

in d ig n a tio n ran h ig h . d e m a r c h e was a n o t e

at C in cin n ati

' t h e w o r l d m o v e s , ' 11 g l o a t e d

m e d ia tely w ired th e unless

surveyor a t

th ey c a r r ie d lic e n s e s

H alleck,

s u p p o s i n g lie l i e n

G allag h er. Paducah to

from th e

to be

ordered the ficer

th at

arrest

attem p ted to

tary o r d e r s .^ the

of the

at

in terfere

C in cin n ati

th e r e b e g an to fo rw a rd goods t o

from

d irec­ im ­ v essels

74-

^ but

t h w a r t an

own a u t h o r i t y "

s u rv e y o r or any o th e r

A lthough b o th c i t i e s

trans-shipm ent

to

ex h ib it h is

civ il

of­

» v ith e x e c u t i o n o f m i l i ­

as

how ever, added to

soon as

t h e ne w s t h a t t r a d e h a d b e e n o p e n e d a t 7^ v ille .'°

sto p the

P resid en t,

M erchants a t P i t t s b u r g h ,

clam or of th o s e

th is Lie l i e n

"attem p ting

im p o r ta n t m i l i t a r y m ovem ent. . . t o

The

t e l l i n g him t h a t

f i v e b o a t s w ere h e a d i n g f o r N a s h v i l l e — "up i n tio n

fin a lly

S t.

professed

they h eard

Louis

and L o u is -

o u tra g e , m erchants

L o u isv ille

and S t.

Lotus f o r

to Tennessee

74. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , Mar. 6 , 1 8 6 2 ; G a l ­ l a g h e r , S t . L o r d s , t o 2 . T. C a r s o n ,■ S u r v e y o r , C i n c i n n a t i , M a r . 4 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s 75. K a l l e c k , S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , M a r . 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n T'D, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m Y/ar D e p a r t m e n t , f i l e 1 . M e lle n , C in­ c i n n a t i , t o H a l l e c k , L i a r. 1 8 , 1 8 5 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c ia l A gents R e p o r ts . 76. H e a t o n , P i t t s b u r g h , t o C h a s e , L i a r . 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 77. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , Mar. 1 0 , 1 8 5 2 , i n nr D, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

57

E x p lan atio n s

and r e m e d ia l a c t i o n f o l l o w e d , b u t

d a m ag e h a d a l r e a d y b e e n d o n e - - S t .

Louis and L o u i s v ille

m erchants had m onopolized th e N a s h v ille m ark ets few d a y s o f f r e e had supposed t h a t

tra d e .

the

i n the

G a l l a g h e r e x p l a i n e d t h a t he

surveyors

at C in cin n ati

and e lse w h e re

w o u l d h a v e h a d e n o u g h common s e n s e t o h a v e o p e n e d t h e i r own t r a d e

on t h e b a s i s

o f H a lle c k 's

G e n e ra l h a d I n t e n d e d no f a v o r i t i s m

order. in h is

C ertain ly th e tem porary o rd e r.

Y et when M e l l e n a t t e m p t e d t o p e r s u a d e h im t o r e f u s e p e r m i t s u n til

some O h i o River b o a t s

could

d e c l i n e d t o make a n y c h a n g e u n l e s s At t h e

in sisten ce

e n te r th e t r a d e ,

o r d e r e d by W ash in g to n .^®

o f Chase and w i t h L i n c o l n 's

S ta n to n te le g r a p h e d H a lle c k and B u e ll t h a t trad e

was l e g a l l y

make no o r d e r s

ap p ro v al,

reg u latio n of

a T rea su ry f u n c t i o n and t h a t

co n trary

to

G allag h er

th e y must

T reasu ry reg u latio n s.® ®

S till,

Chase s o o t h e d H a l l e c k b y a s s u r i n g h im t h a t M e l l e n h a d i n ­ t e n d e d n o t h i n g more the

first

im portance

than ex ecu tio n

of th e law s.

"It

Is

of

t h a t y o u r o p e r a t i o n s be i n no r e s p e c t

e m b a r r a s s e d ," he p r o m i s e d ,

"and th e y c e r t a i n l y

s h a l l n o t be

78. G a l l a g h e r , . S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , Mar. 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . . 79. M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , to C h ase , M ar. 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 80. C h a s e , t o S t a n t o n , M a r . 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 1 4 3 - 1 5 0 . Chase t o B u e l l a n d H a l l e c k , M a r . 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, T e l e g r a m s . S e n t , S e c r e t a r y o f W ar, v o l . 7 , p p . 3 9 3 -3 96.

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

th ro u g h any a c t plained h is

or o m ission o f m in e."

actio n s

to H alleck ,

p "1

M ellen a ls o

and p r i v a t e l y

t h a t he c o u ld n o t blam e H a l l e c k h a l f

ex­

i n f o r m e d Chase

so much a s G a l l a g h e r .

" I n c o m p e t e n c y , 11 h e o b s e r v e d a c i d l y ,

"w ill b r in g ... ju st

mu ch p e r p l e x i t y a n d e v e n d i s c r e d i t ,

as

A cting in

com pliance w ith h i s

H alleck revoked h is

order regarding

T reasury re g u la tio n s

on M a r c h 1 2 .

83

as

f a i t h l e s s n e s s ." 0^

orders trad e

from S t a n t o n , in fav o r of the

There w a s , n e v e r th e ­

l e s s , m u c h d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h C h a s e ' s ne w r e g u l a t i o n s M a r c h 4«

H alleck , w ritin g

some a n d r e s t r i c t e d create

p lain ly ,

v/o ul d " n e i t h e r c o n c i l i a t e are r e tu r n in g

to

th eir

th o se

lo y a lty ,

G a lla g h e r r e p o r t e d from S t .

would c r e a t e

there

a n d ,. .-calculated to

He w a s s a t i s f i e d in the

in th is

Louis t h a t

he r a i s e d

the

they

th e m erchants

of

reopened tr a d e .

he c o u ld n o t d efend

t o t h e m e r c h a n t s who a l s o

a m onopoly;

th at

S o u t h e r n s t a t e s who

nor p lease

t h e l o y a l s t a t e s who w i s h t o e n g a g e

the r e g u l a t i o n s

c a l l e d them " to o cum ber­

for p ra c tic a l use,

a most o d io u s m o n opoly."

of

claim ed th e y

q u e s t i o n w h e th e r Chase

81. C h a s e t o H a l l e c k , M a r . 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n R o b e r t B. W a r d e n , An A c c o u n t o f t h e p r i v a t e L i f e a n d P u b l i c S e r v i c e s o f S a l m o n P o r t l a n d Chase ( C i n c i n n a t i , 1874 ) , 4 1 8 -4 1 9 . 82. M e l l e n , . C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , M a r . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, Custom s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 83. G. 0 . 6 1 , D e p t , o f t h e M i s s o u r i , S t . L o u i s , M a r . 1 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e M i s s o u r i , v o l . 5 0 , O . S . 7 7 , p . 182. 84. I - I a l l e c k , S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , M a r . 1 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, Custom s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s .

with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

could, r e g u l a t e

the

trade

w ith reoccupied are as

as w i t h o t h e r i n s u r r e c t i o n a r y a r e a s

of Tennessee

under th e w ording o f

the p r e s i d e n t i a l p r o c l a m a t i o n o f A ugust 1 6 , 1881.® ^ w rote t h a t m e r c h a n ts

in h is

r e q u e s t e d no l i c e n s e s

to

d istric t,

trad e

s im p lify and f a c i l i t a t e M eanw hile, e v e n ts

He s u g g e s t e d t h a t

the l i c e n s e s

th e D e p artm en t from a t t e n t i o n

to

quite

sur­

"reliev e and

o f th e bu sin ess."® ®

the

opp o site

of h is

ex­

or fo u r hundred

c i t y , m o stly in th e hands

and h e ld f o r shipm ent

F urther in v e s tig a tio n

the

A l l e n A. H a l l h a d r e a c h e d

p e c t a t i o n s , he fo u n d n o t more t h a n t h r e e

chants

"too

in Tennessee had a g ain d e fe a te d

N ashvi31e on M arch 2 , a n d ,

of c o tto n in the

so as t o

of

tro u b leso m e d e t a i l s ,

the tra n s a c tio n

C h a s e 's c o n s e r v a t i v e p o l i c y .

bales

know ledge, had

in Tennessee because

much d e l a y a n d c i r c u m l o c u t i o n . " v e y o rs be a llo w e d t o g r a n t

to h is

H eaton

o f m er-

Q7 on t h e i r own a c c o u n t . ' " '

rev ealed

th at

th e C o n fe d e ra te s had

p u r c h a s e d and u s e d a b o u t 350 b a l e s

o f c o t t o n in. f o r t i f y ­

ing th e

c ity ,

c i t i z e n s had h u r r ie d ly

carried

o f f and h id d e n upon th e e v a c u a tio n o f th e

c o t t o n w hich v a rio u s

H all a t once b e g an to N ashville

for th is

sea rc h the

cellars

and b a rn s

city . of

c o t t o n , now t h e p r o p e r t y o f t h e U n i t e d

85. G a l l a g h e r , S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , Mar. 1 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 86. H e a to n , W h e e lin g , to C h a s e , M ar. 2 0 , 1 3 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 87. A l l e n A. H a l l , P a d u c a h , t o C h a s e , F e b . 2 5 , 1 8 6 2 ; H a l l , N a s h v i l l e , t o C h a s e , M a r . 6 , 1 6 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u reau , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

60

PS .S ta te s.'"

T roubled by th e m is le a d in g

in stru ctio n s

sentence

a l l o w i n g him t o g r a n t p e r m i t s

from N a s h v i l l e ,

H all to o k th e

pressed opinion "in

ab ility

to p erm it

t h a t he

letters

co v er shipm ents w ith h i s p e rm its ;

tobacco.

F ailin g

w ere l i c e n s e d by t h e

the

trad er

P resid en t.

reg u latio n s.

and o t h e r s u s e d t h e i r

pro­

and c o n v in c e d

no s u c h p e r m i t s u n l e s s

The r e g i m e n t a l s u t l e r s ^ v e r t in g C h a s e 's

an answ er to

co n tin u ed the

c e d u r e u n t i l M a r c h 27 w h e n M e l l e n a r r i v e d could is s u e

33 0 h o g s h e a d s

to re c e iv e

im p o rtu n in g C h a se ’ s a d v ic e , he

him t h a t he

should

goods n o rth w a rd .

w h ile n o t much c o t t o n w en t o u t he c l e a r e d of C la rk s v ille

shipm ents

B u e l l , who e x ­

v ery d e c id e d term s"

a t once announce h i s H all th u s b eg an t o

l e t t e r to

for

in h is

o f the

a rm ie s w ere a l s o

Many o f t h e m s o l d t o

a u th o rizatio n s

to

sub­

civ ilian s,

cover th e goods of

"o th e r e n t e r p r i s i n g and cute

g en tlem en ."

were p e r m i t t e d by d i v i s i o n a l

commanders t o

S till

o th er p a rtie s

follow

B u e ll's

83. H a l l t o C h a s e , M a r . 1 2 , 1 3 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B ureau, S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts . 89. H a l l t o ~ C h a s e , Mar. 2 3 , 1862; H a l l t o C h a s e , Mar. 2 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 90. U nder t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l Act o f M arch I S , 1 8 6 2 , e a c h r e g i m e n t was a u t h o r i z e d a c i v i l i a n s u t l e r , t o be c h o s e n b y t h e c o m m i s s i o n e d o f f i c e r s , who w o u l d s e l l n e c e s s a r y s u p p l i e s to m ilit a r y p e rso n n el. "An A c t t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e A p p o i n t ­ ment o f S u t l e r s i n t h e V o l u n t e e r S e r v i c e , Mar. 1 9 , 1 3 5 2 ," i n C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 37 C o n g . , 2 S e s s . , a p p e n d i x , 3 4 6 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

61

army, o s t e n s i b l y t o

supply th e

reduce th e se

v io latio n s,

his

to

d istric t

s u t l e r s . ® - 1-

M ellen o rd e re d the

c l e a r no more

each s u tle r .

and bond t h a t

n o .goods w o u l d b e

H is l i c e n s i n g p o l i c y

He a l s o

evaded a t

but re tre a t

from h i s

march. 4 ,

T h i s he d i d

in a c ir c u la r

surveyors

at

M adison, L o u i s v i l l e , and S t .

to

c iv ilian s.

every tu rn ,

strin g en t

reg u latio n s

o f March 2 9 ,

of

announcing

Paducah,

the

s a tis f y e d w ith th e

to re q u ire

an a f f i d a v i t

perm its

th at

fo r trad e

goods

in areas

to

o f an a p p l i c a n t and

so p e r m i t t e d w ould n o t the

enemy.

were t o be g i v e n u p o n g o o d s w h i c h m i l i t a r y p ro h ib ite d w ith in

C airo,

The s u r v e y o r s w e r e r e q u i r e d

lo y a lty

a i d and com fort

f o e w ould b e

could

Nsw A l b a n y , E v a n s v i l l e ,

o n ly t o be

cent

Chase

C in cin n ati,

occupied by th e F e d e r a l a r m i e s .

sp ecifically

QO --

P i t t s b u r g h , W heeling,

L o u is w ould i s s u e

be u s e d t o g i v e

In

r e q u i r e d an a f f i d a v i t

so ld

do l i t t l e

the

surveyors

t h a n ;„:4 , 0 0 0 w o r t h o f g o o d s

e ach m onth t o

that

S eeking to

th eir

commanders

lin es.

charged f o r each perm it

>To p e r m i t s

The t w e n t y

issued.

°3

91. lie l i e n , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , Liar. 1 1 , 1 5 5 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 0 , p . 9 6 . 92. he l i e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , Mar. I S , 1SS 2, i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . S u b s t a n t i a l l y s i m i l a r r u l e s w e r e a p p r o v e d b y C h a s e o n A p r i l 30 a n d May 19, 1S62, f o r a l l w e ste rn d i s t r i c t s . The m o n t h l y a m o u n t p e r m i t t e d e a c h s u t l e r w as r e d u c e d t o § - 3 , 0 0 0 . Senate R e p o r ts , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , No. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , p . 5 8 7 . 93. C i r c u l a r l e t t e r , C h a s e , Liar. 2 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , Ho. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , p . 5 3 7 .

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Ju st back in

C in cin n ati a f te r

an in te r v ie w w ith

G overnor J o h n so n , M ellen im m e d ia te ly r e p o r t e d t h a t

the

G o v ern o r's d e s i r e to u se r e g u l a t i o n o f t r a d e i n h i s 94 c o n t r o l o f T e n n e s s e e ^ w ould n o t be p o s s i b l e new r u l e s

were

the r i g h t

to

w illin g

stric tly

trade

in te rp re te d .

fav o red th e appointm ent C lark sv ille,

and o th e r

d eclaratio n s of boards

it.

th at

t h o s e who w e r e

of lo y a lty .

He

of trad e a t N a sh v ille,

c e n t r a l towns, e i t h e r b y J o h n s o n o r

Chase, w hich c o u ld d i s t r i b u t e those d e se rv in g

the

M ellen b e lie v e d

s h o u l d be c o n f i n e d t o

t o m ak e p o s i t i v e

unless

th e

patronage

He h a d s e e n t h e

o f commerce t o

ex cellen t

resu lts

of

such an a rra n g em en t c l e a r l y d e m o n s tra te d i n w e s te r n K entucky " H u n d r e d s t h e r e , who w e r e a f e w m o n t h s a g o s u l l e n a n d b i t t e r enem ies

o f the governm ent,

ro t before them t o

s w e a rin g th e y w ould s t a r v e

t h e y would s u b m it to a t y r a n n y w h ic h r e q u i r e d

take an o a th of lo y a lty b e fo re

m itted to

and

t r a d e , w ere b r o u g h t t o

t h e i r n e i g h b o r s who d i d again w hile

senses by seeing

so d o i n g b u s i n e s s

t h e y were i d l e . "

in terp retatio n

th e ir

th e y could be p e r ­

M ellen f e l t

and p ro s p e rin g th at

s u c h an

c o u ld e a s i l y be e x te n d e d to C h a s e 's

and i f h e were p e r m i t t e d he o f f e r e d t o

call

circu lar,

G a lla g h e r and

94. M ellen had p re v io u s ly c o n s u lte d Johnson upon th e s t r i c t c o n tro l of tr a d e . M e l l e n , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , Mar. 1 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e e x c e l l e n t m o nograph on J o h n s o n 's c a r e e r as m i l i t a r y governor of T ennessee f a i l s to c o n s id e r the o p e ra ­ t i o n of th e F e d e ra l tr a d e r e g u la tio n s in the s t a t e . C lifto n R. H a l l , A n d r e w J o h n s o n , M i l i t a r y G o v e r n o r o f T e n n e s s e e (P rin c e to n , 1916), i i i .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

63

Heaton i n t o

conference

"To ma ke i t

the

t o be l o y a l , "

order

co ncluded M ellen, to

th e ir

w ill accum ulate

to adopt uniform r u l e s .

pecu n iary i n t e r e s t s

to subdue h i s w i l l and i n f l u e n c e

in

"is

custom ers.

force

as i t

ferred at

S tart

C in cin n ati

all

s u g g e s tio n s and in d ic a te d of trade

of the w e s t.

f o r p e r m i t s were t o

o f go o d s t o be

for

H eaton, and G a lla g h e r con­

reoccupied areas

shipped;

for

By t h e s e

be a cc o m p a n ied steam boats n a v i ­

th e w e s te r n and s o u th w e s te rn r i v e r s were r e q u ir e d

t o comply w i t h M e l l e n ' s 1862;

to

th e c u r r e n t and i t

and f o r m u la t e d th e d e s i r e d r u l e s

ap p licatio n s

by e x a c t i n v o i c e s

ta lk

g o e s . " 95

On A p r i l 7 , M e l l e n ,

trad e w ith in th e

g ating

A ll tr a d e r s

was J o h n s o n ' s d u t y t o name t h e b o a r d s

T ennessee."

ru les

t h e m o s t c e r t a i n way

be o t h e r w i s e .

Chase i m m e d i a t e l y a p p ro v e d th e th at i t

of each in d iv id u a l

affid av its

steam boating r u le s

w ere r e q u i r e d t h a t

the

o f January 15,

a p p lic a n t f o r perm it

was h i m s e l f l o y a l a n d t h a t n o n e o f t h e g o o d s w o u l d a i d t h e e n em y ;

no g o o d s c o u l d be

shipped to

in in s u r r e c tio n except th e

o r from s t a t e s

l o y a l t y o f the

consignee

s i g n o r were a t t e s t e d b y a c o n s t i t u t e d t r a d e veyors

could,

in th e ir d is c re tio n ,

req u ire

form erly or con­

com m ittee;

sur­

a p e n a l bond

95. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , A p r . 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 96. Chase t o M e l l e n , Apr. 4 , 1862; Chase t o J o h n s o n , A p r . 4 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s n o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 2, p. 107.

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equal to

the v alu e

o f the goods p e rm itte d ;

f o r shipm ent o f i n t o x i c a n t s were n o t

so c o n s i d e r e d )

approval of th e m i l i t a r y ly ,

"aids

to

the

( a l e , b e e r , a n d Catawba w ine

c o u l d be made w i t h o u t e x p r e s s commanders c o n c e r n e d ;

re v e n u e " w ould be a p p o in te d

fr e ig h t s upon such steam ers com pensation.

a s w ould a g r e e

No s t e a m e r c o u l d e n t e r

in s u rre c tio n w ithout

to g et them s t a r t e d he d i s c o v e r e d t h a t

"alth o u g h a tru e

assig n ed

ab oard.® ^ to N a sh v ille He h o p e d a l s o

of tra d e , but p atrio t,

the power o f h i s

such a degree as

weeks, M ellen l e a r n e d t h a t continued s ta t e

ru les

d e s ig n a tin g the b o a rd s H all,

perform th e d u t i e s

form erly in

Johnson and H a ll.

e x c e l l e n t man, h a s y i e l d e d t o to

to p e rm it way-

such a T reasury o f f i c i a l

where he e x p l a i n e d th e m t o

and, f i n a l ­

to pay t h e i r

states

M ellen im m e d ia te ly to o k th e d r a f t

of d i s s i p a t i o n

no p e r m it

form er h a b its

t o r e n d e r him u n f i t

to him ."

For th e previous

H all had been

of i nt oxi c a t i on. "

and an

It

is

p o ssib le

th at

of M s

continued i n a b i l i t y

of the

to d is c o v e r th e w hereabouts

co tto n used in

two

" i n an a lm o st

th e s p e c i a l a g e n t h ad become d e s p o n d e n t b e c a u s e

C onfederate

to

the f o r t i f i c a t i o n s

of F ort

97. M ellen , C in c in n a ti , to Chase, A pr. 7 , 1862; H e a t o n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , A p r . 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B ureau, S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts . 98. M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , to C hase, A pr. 14, 1862, in TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Z o llico ffer;

o f M a r c h 2 5 he h a d e n g a g e d t h r e e a g e n t s

as

in su ccessio n to f e r r e t

it

out hut w ithout

W hile H a l l was n o t i n c o n d i t i o n t o ment o f th e tio n s.

assist

success. in the

ap p o in t­

h o a r d s , h o t h he a n d J o h n s o n a p p r o v e d th e

C hase f o r m a l l y a p p r o v e d on A p r i l

22,

th eir d is tric ts A lthough th e s e

on A p r i l

25.

except w ith the co n stitu ted to

p erm it

fo rm erly in in s u r r e c tio n

lo y alty

of the

s h i p p e r , Chase once

ag ain u se d c o n fu s in g language in a l e t t e r

the r e g u l a t i o n s , the

r e c e n tly ad o p ted ,"

he w r o te ,

for tra n sp o rta tio n

from p o r t i o n s

of in su rre c tio n a ry S tates

troops

U nion i s

r e s i d e n t Agent sary.

r e l i e v i n g H all

T r e a s u r y D e p artm en t on A p r i l 24.

req u irem en t o f p erm its

of the

fo rb id d en

or recom m endation o f p e rs o n s d u ly

judge th e

from d u t y w i t h t h e

effect

1 01

s p e c ia l r u le s had e x p l i c i t l y

s h ip m e n ts o f g o o ds from s t a t e s

reg u la

1 r)0 '' a n d M e l l e n ,

H e a to n , an d G a l l a g h e r p u t them s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n t o in

OQ

abro g ated ,

the

"Under

"by w h ic h o f goods

o ccu p ied by th e

serv ices

of a

o f t h e T r e a s u r y D e p a rtm e n t become u n n e c e s ­

G overnor Johnson i n t e r p r e t e d th e

d is p a tc h to

99. H a l l t o C h a s e , M a r . 2 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u reau , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts . H all e v e n tu a lly d isco v e re d 12 2 b a l e s o f t h e C o n f e d e r a t e c o t t o n . H a l l t o C h a s e , May 21 1 3 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u i , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 100. C h a s e , "R ules f o r C om m ercial I n t e r c o u r s e i n th e W e s t , A p r . 2 2 , 1 3 6 2 , " i n S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 57 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , No. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , p p . 5 8 9 - 5 9 0 . 101. M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , to C hase, A pr. 2 5 , 18S1, i n TD, C u s t e r n s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s Re p o r t s . 102. C h a s e t o H a l l , A.pr. 2 4 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A gent, L e t t e r s r e c e iv e d , f i l e 4.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

mean t h a t are

''a ll

rem oved,"

restrictio n s

upon shipm ents

and he so an n o u n ced ,

specu latio n in

103 '

co tto n .

N a s h v i l l e , w here he

Johnson t h a t

p ro d u c ts from T e n n essee w ould s t i l l

req u ire

shippers

"to

Johnson,

salu tary ,"

104

rem ained s u b je c t

of

la tte r

a d v i c e , s e t up t h e

reg u latio n s part

Federal

The T r e a s u r y from T e n n e ss e e

Jo h n so n and L ie lle n .

as th e

cu p id ity ."

la tte r

Many t r a d e r s ,

to

cause of f e a r th a t th e

S o u t h e r n army m ig h t r e t u r n ,

of opinion

1 hC WvJ

d escribed i t ,

e v e r, proved r e l u c t a n t

from p r id e

to

o f M ay , J o h n s o n , w i t h M e l l e n ' s

sy stem w hich,

" r e a c h e s men t h r o u g h t h e i r

sh ip

seems t o h av e b e e n

trad e

D uring th e

to

a lre a d y of opin io n th a t

D e p a r t m e n t a i. o u n c e d on May 1 9 t h a t the

of

be n e c e s s a r y u n d e r th e

co n v erted to M e lle n 's o p in io n s .

to

perm its

come u p a n d r e c o g n i z e t h e

a u t h o r i t y and G overnm ent i s easily

o f f a wave

M ellen, how ever, r e tu r n e d t o

convinced

A o r i l 22 r e g u l a t i o n s .

settin g

from T e n n e sse e

avow t h e m s e l v e s l o y a l ,

or appearance

how­

some b e ­ some

of non-consistency,

o t h e r s b e c a u s e t h e y h a d C o n f e d e r a t e money o r o t h e r p r o p e r t y to

convert to

actu al

v alue.

106

G overnor Johnson a o o o in te d

103. M e l l e n , C a i r o , t o C h a s e , May 6 , 1 S 6 2 , i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts d e p o r t s . 104. Lie l i e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o G e o r g e H a r r i n g t o n , A c t i n g S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y , May 1 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u reau , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts . 105. H a r r i n g t o n t o M e l l e n , May 1 9 , 1 3 6 2 , i n TD, G en eral A g e n t, L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 7. 106. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , Hay 2 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 30, pp. 143-144.

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

the h o a rd s m issions

of trad e,

in

o rd er to

and seem s t o h a v e was a b l e .

i s s u i n g t h e m e m b e r s m i l i t a r y co m­

10 7

If

reliev e

them from p e r s o n a l l i a b i l i t y ,

su p erv ised the boards as M e l l e n was i n c l i n e d

p resen tatio n of h is

creatio n s

c l o s e l y a s he

tow ard a f a v o r a b le

In c e n t r a l T en n essee, G a lla g h e r,

w i t h whom h i s

relatio n s

were becom ing i n c r e a s i n g l y

was m o r e a b l e

to d etect

d eficien cies.

V is itin g N ash v ille

d iscu ss

trad e w ith S t.

L o u is, G allagher ex­

late

i n May t o

pressed c o n v ic tio n th a t a larg e

a m o u n t o f s m u g g l i n g was

t a k i n g p l a c e u n d e r t h e A p r i l .22 r e g u l a t i o n s . veyor C o tto n 's

a id s had apprehended a l o t

key h e a d e d s o u t h u n d e r p e rm it as latin ,

Tennessee,

in to the

tow n,

salt

"fancy g ro c e rie s ."

in co n sid erab le

Such p e t t y scandals cen tral scandals

a risin g

the

at

The a

supply

1 DR

s m u g g l i n g , h o w e v e r , was d w a r f e d b y t h e from c o t t o n p u r c h a s e s an d s e i z u r e s

T e n n e s s e e and n o r t h e r n A labam a. involved th e

c h ie f o f the

lin es.

C o lu m b ia , T e n n e s s e e , a few b a r r e l s

C onfederates.

At G al­

q u a n t i t i e s h a d come

tim e , had gone im m e d ia te ly to M cM innville f o r of the

One o f S u r ­

o f b o ttle d w h is­

o n l y t o be waggoned t h r o u g h th e

s a l t allow ed to

strain ed ,

offenders

o fficers

of B u e ll's

in

Many o f t h e s e arm y, and th e

seems t o h a v e b e e n B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l

107. M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C hase, June 3 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 108. G a l l a g h e r , N a s h v i l l e , t o C h a s e , J u n e 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s .

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68

Ormsby M. M i t c h e l , 10® Whom B u e l l h a d s e n t w i t h h i s to H u n ts v ille ,

A labam a,

o f t h e Army o f t h e S hiloh.

the

s am e t i m e

Ohio c o n c e n t r a t e d t o

W hereas th e

had been l i m i t e d

at

(as

th at

trad e

o f H ay 1 1 o n l y 3 , 5 1 2 b a l e s h a d b e e n p e r ­

the

in th e

in

quasi-independent

d iv isio n

V alley a re a of

orders

to

encourage

b u y e r s f r o m New Y o r k ,

s o n - i n - l a v ; , W. B. H o o k .

c o tto n n o rth w ard by h is

w e re , Ivlitchel e s t i ­

Tennessee

A cting under B u e l l's

i n c o t t o n , Ivlitchel i n v i t e d

in cluding h is

G rant a t

amount o f c o t t o n fo u n d a ro u n d N a s h v i l l e

1 0 ,0 0 0 b a le s

n o r t h e r n A labam a.

th e m ain body

assist

m itte d n o rth w a rd from N a s h v i l l e t h e r e m ated, a t l e a s t

d iv isio n

He a g r e e d t o train s.

111

command M i t c h e l e n j o y e d a f r e e

tran sp o rt

From h i s w ire

to

S e c r e t a r y S t a n t o n , who s e e m e d b y h i s

encouraging r e p lie s

b e a warm f r i e n d . H ’2

one f a i r - m i n d e d r e g i ­

W hile a t

least

to

m e n t a l c o m m a n d e r b e l i e v e d M i t c h e l t o b e p e r s o n a l l y h o n e s t , 11 3

109. M i t c h e l , b o r n i n 1 8 1 0 , had g r a d u a t e d fro m West P o in t in 1829. R e s i g n i n g h i s c o m m is s io n w i t h i n a few ' y e a r s , he h a d removed to C i n c i n n a t i w here he had s u c c e s s i v e l y b e e n a l a w y e r , e n g in e e r , and a stro n o m e r. M itc h e l d ie d of yellow f e v e r w hile commanding t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e S o u t h , H i l t o n H e a d , S. C . , in O c to b er, 18S2. W h i t e lav/ R e i d , O h i o i n t h e War ( C o l u m b u s , O hio, 1 8 9 3 ) , I , 5 9 1 -6 1 6 . 110.Annual C y c l o p a e d ia , 1862, p . 229. 111. B r i g . G e n . 0 . M. M i t c h e l , 3 d D i v i s i o n , Army o f th e O hio, H u n t s v i l l e , A l a . , t o C h a s e , May 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, L e t t e r s R eceiv ed from War D e p a r t m e n t , f i l e 1 . 112. S e e , f o r e x a m p l e , S t a n t o n t o M i t c h e l , May 2 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n V*D, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , T e l e g r a m s S e n t , v o l . 1 0 , p . 8 1 . 113. H a rv e y S. F o r d ( e d . ) , M emoirs o f a V o l u n t e e r , 1 8 6 1 - 1 8 6 5 , b y J o h n B e a t t y (New Y o r k , 1 9 4 6 7 7 T16N H ereinafter c i t e d as B e a tty , M em oirs.

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he seem ed more s t r o n g l y i m p l i c a t e d i n t o M ajor G e n e ra l E. K ir b y S m ith , c a p t u r e d one o f M i t c h e l ' s back to N a sh v ille . rie d h is

cautious

adm onition t h a t

I n one o f t h e s e

ifi t

is

th e d e s p a tc h e s by f l a g th at

c a rry in g desp atch es le tte rs,

t h e b o l d man who w i n s . 51 of tru ce

com.mand.ers, C o l o n e l J .

m itte d w idespread lo o tin g ; to have p late,

on t h e

h is

3.

brig ad e

sto len at

least

su g g estio n

seems t o h a v e p e r ­

a l o n e was r e p o r t e d w orth

in terested

of w atches,

S en ato r Z ach ariah

c h a i r m a n o f t h e C o m m itte e o f Commerce, of Congress t h a t

Sm ith s e n t

One.of M itc h e l's

fu r ch in ,

and je w e l r y i n n o r t h e r n A labam a.

flo o r

w ith the

to B u ell w ith the

s to le n a hundred thousand d o lla r s

C handler,

M itch el h u r­

down f r o m N a s h v i l l e

t h e y be f o r w a r d e d t o W a s h in g to n .134

brigade

sp ecu latio n

C . S . A . , whose f o r c e s ■

co u riers,

son-in-law

co tto n

later

Army o f f i c e r s

charged had

1 2 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 w o r t h o f c o t t o n i n N o r t h A labam a."^®

M i t c h e l w as o r d e r e d t o W a s h i n g t o n o n J u l y 2 , w h e r e S t a n t o n seems t o h a v e

s p o n s o r e d him as

t o go down t h e M i s s i s s i p p i

the

lead er

of an e x p e d i t i o n

a g a in s t V ic k sb u rg .11^

Such

114. h a j . G e n. E . K i r b y S m i t h , C o m d g . , C o n f e d e r a t e F o r c e s , D e p t, o f E a s t T e n n . , t o B u e l l , Aug. 6 , 1 862; M i t c h e l , H u n t s v i l l e , t o W. B. H o o k , K ay 5 , 1 8 5 2 , i n 0_.R. , s e r i e s I , v o l. 10, p t . 2, pp. 637-640. 115. B e a tty , M em oirs, 117-118. 116. C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , 1 4 2 8 . 117. C a o t . J . C. K e l t o n , A . A . G . , D e p t , o f t h e M i s s . , C o r i n t h , M i s s . , t o B u e l l , J u l y 2 , 1 0 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e O h io , v o l . 5 1 , O .S. 57A, p. 2 0 5 . D ia ry and C orrespondence o f Salmon C h a s e , 4 9 - 5 0 .

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conduct as t h i s made b y t h e of the

i n N o r t h Alabama gave w e i g h t

G o v e r n o r o f Rhode I s l a n d

army a r e b u y i n g a l l

they can,

"th at

to charges

the

o fficers

and s e i z i n g a l l

th at

any one e l s e b u y s . " ^ 1® As s o o n a s M i t c h e l h a d b e e n B u ell went to H u n ts v ille H alleck re p o rte d

to

called

to W ashington,

where h e fo u n d th e

S tan to n ,

"In an u t t e r

fo rc e s, as

state

of d is-

■J -I Q

o rg an izatio n ." izatio n ,

A cting r a p id ly

he w ith d re w a p e r m i t t o

who h a d a t t e m p t e d t o b r i b e other p riv a te the

could n o t g et

an o f f i c e r ,

preju d ice

how ever, the cars because

in

p ro h ib ited

cotton or

army w agons

so m a n y w e r e h a u l i n g

p roducts,

a n d , upon o r d e r from S t a n t o n ,

of sp ecie

c o tto n purchased

men i n t h e m i l i t a r y

from an i n d i v i d u a l

coram issary w ould p r o t e s t

forbade

of a i l

dem oral

or over

of governm ent s u p p lie s

freig h t),

catio n

the use

c o u n te r a c t the

tra d e

p ro p erty b eing c a r rie d

railw ay to th e

weeks l a t e r ,

to

s e rv ic e .-'-^

in purchase d irected

(three th at

he

priv ate of southern the

or s h ip p e d by o f f i c e r s

confis and

B u ell did n o t d isco n tin u e

118. W i l l i a m S p r a g u e , G o v e r n o r o f Rhode I s l a n d , P r o v i d e n c e , R. I . , t o S t a n t o n , Au g. 2 2 , 1 3 6 2 , i n Yv'D, Hq. o f t h e A r m y , f i l e S 926 HQA 1 8 6 2 . 119. H a lle c k , C o r in th , M i s s ., to S ta n to n , J u ly 16, 1 3 6 2 , i n Y/D, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , T e l e g r a m s R e c e i v e d , v o l . 17, p. 405. 120. C o l . J . B. P r y , C h i e f o f S t a f f , Ahmy o f t h e O h io F l o r e n c e , A l a . , t o Mr. J e f f e r s o n , J u n o 2 5 , 1 3 6 2 ; G. 0 . 2 8 , Army o f t h e O h i o , H u n t s v I l J e , A l a . , J u n e 3 0 , 1 8 6 2 ; F r y , H u n t s v i l l e , to C ol. S w ords, D eputy Q u a r te r m a s te r G e n e ra l, no u i s v i i j. e , J u l y l u , 1 0 6 2 ; G. 0 . 4 0 , Army o f t h e O h i o ,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

the

Im p o rtatio n of c i v i l i a n

intro d u ced

only in

sm all

q u an tities

towns and n e i g h b o r h o o d s . n o to rio u sly d is lo y a l not d iscontinue if

it

s u p p l i e s , b u t he o r d e r e d th em

No s u p p l i e s

and h o s t i l e

h au lin g

f o r the

of

were to b e

persons.

1 PI

c o tto n northw ard

d i d n o t h i n d e r movement o f g o v e rn m e n t

d irected ,

in

encouraged I f That th e

fact, it

th at

B uell d id on t h e r a i l r o a d su p p lies;

he

th e A rm y.-^^

o rg an izatio n

o f M iddle T e n n e sse e f o r

t r a d e had b e en p re m a tu re became e v i d e n t 1 8 6 2 , w he n C o n f e d e r a t e

sold to

s h i p m e n t o f c o t t o n m u s t b e a i d e d and

w ould n o t h i n d e r

am bitious

u s u a l demand o f

arm ies

at

the

end of A ugust,

under G en eral B rax to n B ragg,

la u n c h in g n o rth w a rd from C h a tta n o o g a , b eg an an i n v a s i o n o f K entucky w h ic h f o r c e d

B uell back a l l

B u e l l c h e c k e d t h e momen tum o f t h e draw n b a t t l e

of P e r r y v i l l e ,

C onfederate

K entucky

b u t h e was n e v e r t h e l e s s r e l i e v e d

d e s i g n a t e d a s t h e Army o f t h e

to Tennessee, and, w ith in

d riv e

in the

(O ctober 8 , 1 8 6 2 ),

In d i s g r a c e b y M ajor G eneral

Yv. S . R o s e c r a n s o n O c t o b e r 3 0 , 1 3 6 2 . forces

t h e way t o L o u i s v i l l e .

s i x m onths,

R osecrans,

commanding th e

C um berland,

soon r e t u r n e d

re e s ta b lis h e d Federal

H u n t s v i l l e , A ug. 7 , 1 3 6 2 ; H a l l e c k , G e n e r a l i n C h i e f , W a s h i n g ­ t o n , D. C . , t o B u e l l , A ug . 2 5 , 1 8 6 2 , i n £ . R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 16, p t . 2, pp. 66, 8 0 , 183, 284, 417. 121. B u e ll, H u n ts v ille , to P ro v o st M a rsh a l, A thens, A l a . , A u g . 1 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e n t . o f t h e O h i o , v o l . 5 1 , O . S . 5 7 0 , p . S3. 122. B u e l l , H u n t s v i l l e , t o C o l . E. D. I ' .c C ook, J u l y 5 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e O h i o , v o l . 5 2 , O . S . 7 5 D , p . 1 2 8 .

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dom ination o v er the

cen tral

the C o n fed erate a rm ies reg u latio n s

state.

swept n o r th w a r d ,

were t i g h t e n e d ,

ment of a r t i c l e s t o E vansville.

p a rt o f the

^

As

Federal tra d e

r e q u irin g perm its

counties n o rth of th e

ho g o o d s w e r e

123

p erm itted a t

for

sh ip ­

Ohio R i v e r below all

to p la ce s

so u th

o f t h e Ohio b e lo w H e n d e r s o n , K e n t u c k y , e x c e p t upo n e v i d e n c e t h a t the

c o n s i g n e e was a " r e l i a b l e

Trade i n t o

the

v alley

o f t h e r i v e r w as a l s o S m ithland,

Paducah,

leges of tra d e

of' t h e

allow ed a t

Tennessee,

F e d e r a l p o s t com m anders.

b lan k ets)

C um berland o r t o

i n te r d ic te d , w ith the

were a l s o

purposes

(b o o ts, h a ts ,

r a id , and

exceed a v alue

Tennessee had t h u s

ex cep tio n s

of

-R estricted p r i v i ­

of goods

ready-m ade in

B ra g g 's

undone t h e

c o u n try west

M a y f i e l d , K entucky,

all

in no su ch p l a c e

of £ 3 0 0 .^2 4

governm ent.

and

upon recom m endation o f t h e i r

Shipm ents

were t o be r e s t r i c t e d

C onfederate

of the

C olum bus, a n d H ickm an.

Jackson and T ren to n ,

m ilitary

frien d "

suitab le

clo th in g ,

p laces

to and

vulnerable to

c o u ld such sh ip m en ts

cam paign t h r o u g h c e n t r a l

reg u latio n

b e e n w o rk e d out by M e l l e n a n d J o h n s o n .

of trad e

v/hich had

R esto ratio n

o f com­

m e r c i a l r e g u l a t i o n s w o u ld be a g a i n a t t e m p t e d d u r i n g 1 8 6 3 .

125. J a m e s G. R a n d a l l , The C l v i l War a n d R e c o n s t r u c t i o n (B oston, 1 9 5 7 ), 526-528. 124. M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , to W arren T h orriberry, Surveyor P a d u c a h , O c t . 2 3 , 1 3 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e v o l , 5 1 , o p . o 2 —6 o •

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CHAPTER I I I COMMERCE FOLLOWS THE FLAG TO VICKSBURG,

1862-1863

The c a m p a i g n t h r o u g h M i d d l e T e n n e s s e e h a d b e e n b u t o n e phase o f H a lle c k 's sip p i V alley. the l i n e

grand

strateg y

d esigned

to

secure

th e M issi

T h e m a j o r t h r u s t h a d b e e n m a de b y G r a n t a l o n g

o f the T ennessee R iv e r,

in s u c c e ss a t th e b lo o d y b a t t l e S im ultaneously,

M ajor G e n eral

an a t t a c k w h i c h c u l m i n a t e d of S h ilo h

(A pril

, 1862).

John Pope h ad c l e a r e d

M i s s i s s i p p i by v i c t o r i e s

on t h e M i s s i s s i p p i

M issouri,

10.

a n d I s l a n d No.

6

S till

the

a t New M a d r i d ,

a n o t h e r army u n d e r M a jo r

G e n e r a l S a m u e l R. C u r t i s h a d m ov e d f r o m s o u t h e r n M i s s o u r i i n t o A rkansas. and t h e

The o b j e c t i v e

stru g g le

was t o

lib erate

th e M i s s i s s i p p i R iver

w ould c u l m i n a t e a t V i c k s b u r g .

tow ard V ic k sb u rg ,

how ever,

lands o f th e C onfederacy,

led

The r o u t e s

th ro u g h th e m ost f e r t i l e

exposing th e

arm ies to

co tto n

com m ercial

p r o b l e m s much g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e o f M id d le T e n n e s s e e . W est T e n n e s s e e and N o r t h M i s s i s s i p p i Less a c c e s s ib le

to

the m i n i s t r a t i o n s

t h e a r m y c o m m a n d e r s on t h e T e n n e s s e e follow ed a l i b e r a l

o f G overnor Johnson,

seem a t f i r s t

tra d e p o lic y in d eferen ce

T h u s on M a r c h 2ij., S h e r m a n ,

to have

to p u b l i c w e l f a r e

commanding a d i v i s i o n u n d e r G r a n t ,

73

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

p o s i t i v e l y o r d e r e d one l o c a l f a r m e r t o northw ard to m ark et l e s t

it

cavalry.

Sherman s e n t t h e

ship h i s

c o t t o n h e w ould b e

activ e

burg L an d in g ,

f a r m e r word

p l a n t e r s w ere a llo w e d t o it

w ould be d e s t r o y e d .

th e ir crops, among t h e

civ ilian

H alleck urged b ring

th e ir

to s h ip

a n d make f r i e n d s

w as w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d ,

to

a s w e re recommended

receiv e

goods.

go b e c a u s e h e fo u n d

e v e r " on t h e

T en n essee.^

board o f tra d e

rep o rts

t h a t a h e a v y s m u g g l i n g a c t i v i t y was i n p r o g r e s s burg L an d in g .

lin es

P i t t s b u r g L a n d i n g a n d na med a t r a d e

a s h e w as w i l l i n g

th e appointm ent of t h i s

lo cal

2

o rd e r only such p a r t i e s

as much t r e a s o n . . . a s

around P i t t s ­

th a t u n less

co tto n

such

S hortly a f te r

By a l l o w i n g t h e p l a n t e r s

the F ed eral p o s itio n

By h i s

and a s

co tto n w ith in h is

c o m m itte e w ould be a llo w e d t o

was a s f a r

he did n o t

be c o n f i s c a t e d . ^

p o p u latio n .

how ever, M e lle n v i s i t e d

by t h i s

if

co n sid ered h o s t i l e ,

t h e Union w ould g e t t h e

As s o o n a s

com m ittee.

th at

command o f t h e a r m y i n t h e f i e l d Tennessee,

cotton

be b u rn e d by r o v i n g C o n f e d e r a te

h i s p r o p e r t y w ould t h e r e f o r e taking

send h is

As h e e x p l a i n e d

to Chase,

This "n early

V ery soon a f t e r reach ed M ellen around P i t t s ­

"The enorm ous p r o f i t s

1. Sherm an, 1 s t D i v i s i o n , D i s t . o f West T e n n ., t o C o l. M c D o w e l l , M a r . sip, 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 1 , p. 2 2 . 2. H a lle c k , D ept, o f th e M i s s . , P i t t s b u r g , T en n ., to C h a s e , A p r i l 2 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e M i s s o u r i , v o l . 1 2 , O .S. 20, p . 18. 3 . M e l l e n , C a i r o , t o C h a s e , May 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u reau, S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

75

of th is

illic it

trad e brin g

in to

actio n

th e w its

o f Jews and a g o o d many w h i t e m e n . T h a t board of t r a d e

did n o t f u l l y

o f swarms

t h e members o f t h e

com prehend t h e i r d u t i e s

e v i d e n t when t h e y w r o t e t h e

surveyor of S t.

to

inform

h i m t h a t t h e y h a d n o way t o

a s c e r t a i n w hich s h i p p e r s

a t S t.

L o u is were l o y a l and t h u s p e r m i t t e d G allagher re p o rte d observed h a l f th e

th a t the tim e,"

m istaken i n t e r p r e t a t i o n Q uarterm aster a t presented longing to

for

trad e

at

orders,

Landing began to in

June,

t a k a b l y c l e a r o r d e r on t r a d e tim e t o draw i t

up.

o r d e r on J u n e

th at

6

H alleck

seize

all

the cotton

122 b a l e s

com m ittee.

be­

M ellen

as soon as th e g e n e r a l co u ld g e t s p e c ific a lly d irected n o t suspected

s h o u l d be p e r m i t t e d t o

p roducts w hile p erso n s w ith T rea su ry p erm its goods.

T h r o u g h some

a n d t h e p r o m i s e o f an u n m i s ­

a ll persons

or co llu sio n

"not h a lf

m oreover,

in clu d in g

one o f t h e members o f t h e t r a d e from H a lle c k ,

to T ennessee.

r e g u l a t i o n s w ere

o f H a lle c k 's

P ittsb u rg

ship goods

P i t t s b u r g Landing.^

shipm ent e a r l y

obtained re d re ss

p ractices

to

L ouis

became

B o t h b u y i n g and s e l l i n g

by g e n e r a l

o f im proper dispose o f t h e i r

could re c e iv e

w ould be c o n d u c t e d u n d e r

T r e a s u r y r e g u l a t i o n s .7

ip. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , May 2 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, Custom s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 5 . W. H. C h e r r y a n d Tho ma s M a x w e l l , S a v a n n a h , T e n n . , t o R. J . H o w a r d , S u r v e y o r , S t . L o u i s , May 2 1 , 1 8 6 2 ; G a l l a g h e r , S t . L o u is , to C h ase, June 9, 1862; G a l l a g h e r to C h a s e , J u l y 13, 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 6 . M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , J u n e 1 1 . 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e ra l A g en tb C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 0 , pp. 154-155* 7. H a l l e c k , C o r i n t h , to M aj. 0. C ro s s , P i t t s b u r g L an d in g , T e n n . , J u n e 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e M i s s o u r i , v o l . 6 6 ,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

76

H a lle c k 's th a t sectio n m otives of

desire

to r e s to r e

of Tennessee

sin cere

sym pathy f o r

c o n d i t i o n , " he w ro te

p h ilan th ro p ist. thing,

"even to

to th e p eople of

seems t o h a v e b e e n

" H u n d r e d s o f women a n d c h i l d r e n starv in g

trade

founded upon

a s u ffe rin g p o p u latio n . in th is

v ic in ity

James E. Y eatm an ,

are

in

the S t.

a Louis

Th e r e t r e a t i n g the

C o n fe d e r a te s had ta k e n e v e r y O l a s t m ilch co w ." H alleck s o li c i t e d a id

f o r the peo p le

and v ie w ed t h e

arriv al

of tra d e rs w ith p ro v i­

s i o n s and s a l t

to exchange fo r c o tto n

as a m a tte r o f extrem e

n ecessity . June 21,

O therw ise

th e h e lp le s s

H alleck* s a d j u t a n t pronoi;nced t r a d e

R iver to be f r e e ,

except for

articles

was r e q u i r e d w as a T r e a s u r y p e r m i t . G rant,

July,

On

on t h e T e n n e s s e e

co ntraband.

A ll th a t

10

a s s u m i n g command o v e r t h e f o r c e s

a t the d i s s o lu t io n m iddle o f

would so o n s t a r v e . ^

i n West T e n n e s s e e

o f H a l l e c k 1s o v e r a l l command d u r i n g w as m o r e p r a c t i c a l ,

if

less

the

a ltru istic .

O . S . 1 0 Ip, p . 1 0 i|G .O . 3 1 , D e p t , o f t h e M i s s . , C o r i n t h , M i s s . , J u n e 6 , 1 3 6 2 , i n 0 . R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 1 0 , p t . 2, p . 6 3 2 . 8 . H a l l e c k , C o r i n t h , t o James S . Y eatm an, S t . L o u i s , J u n e 9 , 1 3 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e M i s s o u r i , v o l . 6 6 , 0 . S . 1 0 ip., p . I 2 I4-. 9. H a l l e c k , C o r i n t h , t o James E . Y eatm an, Ju n e 23, 1362, i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e M i s s o u r i , v o l . 6 6 , O . S . 1 0 5 , p . 2 2 . 10. C a p t . J . C. K e l t o n , A . A . G . , D e p t , o f t h e M i s s . , C o r i n t h , t o B r i g . G e n . W. N e l s o n , J u n e 2 1 , 1 3 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e M i s s o u r i , v o l . 6 6 , O . S . 1 0 5 , P« 1^411. By S p e c i a l F i e l d O r d e r 1 6 1 , D e p t , o f t h e M i s s i s s i p p i , J u l y 1 6 , 1 3 6 2 , G r a n t w as g i v e n command o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f '.Vest T e n n e s s e e , i n c l u d i n g C a i r o , M e m p h i s , w e s t e r n T e n n e s s e e , a n d n o r t h e r n M i s s i s s i p p i , WD, D e p t , o f t h e M i s s i s s i p p i , v o l . 5b, O . S . 9 2 , p p . 1 7 0 - 1 7 1 . H e r e i n a f t e r " S p e c ia l F ie ld O rder" i s a b b r e v i a t e d a s "S. F . 0 . "

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77

He p r o f e s s e d w illin g

co n stan t

em barrassm ent from t r a d e r s

to pay g o ld f o r c o tto n .

had a w orldw ide v a lu e ,

and once

soon found i t s

way t o

of t h i s

m oreover,

trad e,

had e n l i s t e d lik e

to

fig h t

This

sp ecie,

disbursed

the C onfederacy.

t o be e n g a g e d i n p r o t e c t i n g

s u p p o r t o f a n enemy t h e y h a d t o

b e h in d Union l i n e s

tro o p s:

of th e ir a tra ffic

fig h t,

com plaints

also

r e a c h e d him o f

large

q u an tities

of f r e i g h t

e f f e c t i v e A u g u s t 1,

1362,

in h is

southern p ro d u c ts.

le g al ten d er, arrested the

G rant

12

all

of Co n­

obviously

acco rd in g ly issu ed o rd e rs ,

T reasu ry n o tes being

co n fiscated .

to

t a k e them

S pecu lato rs v io la tin g

and s e n t n o r t h and t h e i r g o o d s

B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l G r e n v i l l e M. D o d g e ,

m anding a t T r e n t o n ,

the

t h a t no m o r e s p e c i e w o u l d b e p a i d

o r d e r would be a r r e s t e d

the baggage o f

d an g ers."

h e o r d e r e d p e r s o n s who r e f u s e d

and t h e i r c r o p s

c o n fisc a te d .^ '

w hich w ent to

along th e T ennessee,

tra d e .^

for

c o u n tr y did n o t

ste a m e rs w hich la n d ed

fo r the C o n fed erate

d istric t

"Men who

and t h e p r o f i t s

w h i c h w e n t t o men who s h a r e d n o n e o f t h e i r stan t

he a rg u e d ,

The e n o r m o u s p r o f i t s

dem oralized h is

the b a t t l e s

who w e r e

Tennessee, specu lato rs

ordered h is

troops

com ing s o u t h and t o

to

com­ search

tu rn back

12. U. S . G r a n t , P e r s o n a l M e m o i r s o f TJ. S . G r a n t (New Y o r k , 1 3 8 5 ) , I , 399-IiOO. 13. G r a n t , C o r i n t h , M i s s . , t o H a l l e c k , H q . , Army, W a s h i n g ­ t o n , D. C . , J u l y 3 0 , 1 3 6 2 , i n WD, Hq. o f t h e Arm y, T e l e g r a m s R eceived, 1362, v o l . 1 , p . 28. lip. G. 0 . 6 lp, D i s t . o f W e s t T e n n . , C o r i n t h , J u l y 2 5 , 1 8 6 2 , WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 3 , O . S . 2 2 , p p . 1 8 2 - 1 8 3 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

78

a ll

who c a r r i e d

sp ecie.

he added w ith th e

"Pay s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n

c h aracteristic

to be p e rm e a tin g G r a n t 's D o d g e 's o r d e r s , pass tio n .

C otton b ro u g h t

as C o n f e d e r a t e If

the

trad e

whence t h e

th ere

fu lly

army i n

lin es

eith er

should d irec­

w ould be c o n f i s c a t e d

G rant along the Tennessee

the

southw estern

corner of

R e g a r d i n g M em phis a s o n e o f

e arliest

su p p lies

reestab lish m en t of

tw o w e e k s b e f o r e

1 8 6 2 .^

On J u n e

L ouis f o r reo pened

10,

send sh ip m en ts

the

of co tto n

the

city f e ll

to

cotton

could

the p re ssu re

w i t h Memphis t o be

an o r d e r p e r m i t t i n g S t .

down a s f a r

trad e

t h e U n i o n on

G allagher re p o rte d

trad e

G a l l a g h e r was c o n t e m p l a t i n g chants to

no g o o d s

New E n g l a n d m a n u f a c t u r e r s h a d b e g u n p e t i t i o n i n g

congressm en f o r

at S t.

G rant confirm ed

t h e y were b u t s m a l l com pared w ith

s p r i n g i n g up i n

th eir

June 7 ,

of h is

problem s f a c in g

a ro u n d M emphis.

the key p o in ts be o b t a i n e d ,

lin es

ordered th a t

seemed

p ro p e rty .^

th o s e w hich w ere d istric t

On A u g u s t 6 ,

through th e

R i v e r seemed v e x a t i o u s ,

his

a rm y .^

southern

Jew s,"

an ti-S em itism th a t

and a d d i t i o n a l l y

through th e

to

"in c essa n t." Louis m er­

a s Hickman and h o l d

them

15. C i r c u l a r , C e n t r a l D iv is io n o f the M is s ., T ren to n , T e n n . , J u l y 2 7 , 1 3 6 2 , i n WD, XVI Army C o r p s , v o l . 3 9 , O . S . 59 1 / 2 , p . l-p. 16. G. 0 . 6 9 , D i s t . o f W e s t T e n n . , C o r i n t h , A u g . 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 3 , O . S . 2 2 , p . 177* 17. P e t i t i o n , G a rd n e r B rew er & C o ., and s e v e n t e e n o t h e r s , B o s t o n , M a s s . , t o S a m u e l H o o p e r , A p r . 2 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t Royal C o rresp o n d en ce, ite m I 3 0 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

79

th e re pending th e M e m p h i s .

1-3

"j

fin d

from C i n c i n n a t i w i t h Memphis,

estab lish m en t a fev erish

on J u n e 1 1 ,

and g r e a t

and o t h e r to w n s g e t

in

of a board of tra d e

e x c ite m e n t h e r e , " M ellen w ro te

"in r e g a rd

to

je alo u sy l e s t S t. th ere

before

Cum berland and T e n n e s s e e R i v e r s . " 19

opening o f tr a d e

L ouis,

L o u isv ille

th e m a s t h e y d i d up t h e M e l l e n was l e a v i n g f o r

first

M ellen f u r t h e r

in fo rm ed Chase t h a t C i n c i n n a t i m e rc h a n ts

hew O r l e a n s p riv ileg es still

In

the

Memp hi s on t h e

were a l r e a d y l o a d i n g

b o at.

at

a second l e t t e r

t h e i r boats

to engage in

down t h e M i s s i s s i p p i ; w i t h hew Y ork a t

a th ird

h u rried

ists.

is

n o te he a sk e d w h e th e r c o t t o n

little

"If

co tto n

as n e a r l y

sh o u ld be

every lo y a l

r e m a i n in g f o r us

in th e hands o f r e a l or p re te n d ed

Im pressed by th e e a g e rn e ss

In

s o ," he p o in te d o u t,

and t h a t

None o t h e r c o u l d s a v e t h e i r

w e ll as by

w ith

t h e p o r t o f New O r l e a n s . ^ ®

m a n 's c o t t o n h a s b een d e s t r o y e d , to p u rc h a se ,

trad e

day,

t h e y demanded e q u a l t r a d e

p u r c h a s e d fr o m none b u t l o y a l men. "we s h a l l g e t p r e c i o u s

th at

secessio n -

„21

c o tto n ."

o f the n o rth e rn m erchants

as

" a c c o u n t s o f e x t r e m e w a n t among t h e m i d d l i n g a n d

18. C -a lla g h e r, S t . L o u i s , to C h ase , June TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 19. M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , to C hase, June Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 20. M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , to C hase, June Custom s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 21. M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , to C hase, June Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s .

10,

1862,

in

11,

1362,

in

TD,

11,

1862,

in

TD,

11,

1362,

in

TD,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

80

lo w er c l a s s e s

a t M e m p h i s ," G a l l a g h e r a r r i v e d i n Memphis on

the n ig h t o f June 12.

A lth o u g h he found the

h issin g hot w ith S e c e s s io n is ts ," of prom inent m erchants m i s s i o n became known, s e l e c t e d G. P . W a r e , form erly

u n til

a lo c a l m erchant,

su ch tim e

G allag h er heard th a t

i n and n e a r i t . "

the

soon as h is He

a n d C o l o n e l B. D . N a b e r s , to s e r v e

as

the

trad e

as a su rv e y o r m ight be a p p o in te d .

t h e r e w ere

Sugar and M olasses i n

as

"a m ost jo y o u s w e lco m e."

a Congressm an from M i s s i s s i p p i ,

com m ittee,

"still

he c o n f e r r e d w i t h a number

th e n e x t m orning and, receiv ed

city

c ity ,

M erchants

"co n sid erab le and n o t

am ounts o f good

a trifle

seemed w i l l i n g

of

co tto n

to a c c e p t T re a su ry

no tes,

a f a c t w h i c h l e d G a l l a g h e r t o p r e d i c t t h a t Memphis w o u ld

retu rn

to lo y a l t y

a c y .^

er"

c i t y o f the C onfeder­

M e l l e n r e a c h e d M em ph is o n J u n e 1 Lj_, t h e d a y a f t e r G a l l a ­

gher had d e p a rte d . and h i s

q u i c k e r th a n any o t h e r

To h i m G a l l a g h e r ' s

appointm ents none too w ise.

actio n s

'Ware h a d b e e n a " n e g r o t r a d ­

i n M emphis; M e l l e n h a d no c o n f i d e n c e

gaged i n such a b u s in e s s . a p o litician ;

e v e ry b o d y 's v o t e . "

i n a n y man who h a d e n ­

N a b e r s wa s e n t i r e l y

M ellen h e s i t a t e d

to

tru st

To b a l a n c e t h e s e

seemed o v e r - h a s t y

resp ectab le but

" a man who may w a n t

tw o m e n , M e l l e n a d d e d

R u e l H o u g h , who w a s " a V e r m o n t e r a n d a n e x c e l l e n t b u s i n e s s m an."

S in c e G a l l a g h e r had e s t a b l i s h e d no s p e c i a l r u l e s f o r

22. G a l l a g h e r , Memphis, T e n n . , t o C hase, Ju n e 1 3 , i n TD, C o l l e c t o r o f C u s t o m s , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s 0

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

1862,

the tra d e

a t M emphis, M e lle n a r r a n g e d w i t h t h e m i l i t a r y p o s t

co mm a nd er t o

d etail

a s q u a d o f men a t t h e

l a n d i n g w h ic h w ould

p re v e n t d e l i v e r y o f goods e x c e p t to p e rs o n s w ith p e r m its . d irected

the board of tra d e

to

g ra n t perm its

f o r th e

He

recep tio n

o f g o o d t o b e s o l d o n l y t o p e r s o n s who w o u l d s w e a r a n o a t h o f alleg ian ce.

Persons

ceive fa m ily

su p p lies

ch an d ise could p a s s

liv in g

in sid e

w ith o u t

qu estio n o f lo y a lty ,

the p ic k e t

the board o f t r a d e .

M ellen,

o r o u t s i d e Memphis c o u l d r e ­

lin es

lik e

only w ith th e p e rm it o f

G allagher,

found

"much b e t t e r m a t e r i a l o u t o f w h i c h t o ma ke l o y a l t h a n vire f o u n d N ashville

to

at N ash v ille. " secure

b u t m er­

a t Memphis

sen tim en t

From Memphis M e l l e n w e n t t o

G overnor

Jo h n so n 's

a p p ro v al of th e board

of tra d e

a t M emphis, h o w e v e r ,

a p p o in tm e n ts .^3 The r e g u l a t i o n im portant f o r

a v o lu n te e r board of tr a d e ,

D a v i d G. B a r n i t z , o f d u t y on t h e

of P ennsylvania,

low er M i s s i s s i p p i .

enough in view o f th e G a lla g h e r's

te rrito ry ,

fact

th at

sp ecial agent force of

a n d C h a s e named

s p e c ia l agent w ith f i e l d B arn itz,

in terestin g ly

th e M i s s i s s i p p i had been

was i n s t r u c t e d

The a p p o i n t m e n t w a s t h e f i r s t

was t o o

to r e p o rt

to M ellen.

o f a g e n e ra l expansion o f th e

the D epartm ent,

au th o rity

f o r w hich

23. M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C hase, June 23, 1362; Chase t o M e l l e n , J u l y 8 , 1 3 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 2 I4 6 - 2 I4Q, 21+8-24.9. 2l+. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , J u l y 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 5»

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

82

Chase h a d a s k e d C o n g r e s s v o te on J u l y 1 4 .

on J u l j ^ 1 a n d w h i c h C o n g r e s s w o u l d

By t h i s

was a u t h o r i z e d t o a p p o i n t of o fficers

of the

a r y s t a t e s . 25 in stru ctio n s

a n d New O r l e a n s m istically

the

sp ecial

custom s a t

M ellen to

act

S ecretary

of th e

agents

perfo rm the d u t i e s

p o rts

sent B arn itz

to

opened in th e

as

soon as th e

ex p ected

to

take p la ce

move s o u t h w a r d i n

sig h t

fo rce s."

should L i t t l e

be u n a b le trade

according to

of the f l a g ,

in h ab itan ts

every a d d itio n a l p lace

th at

b u t,

was

"commerce

in order th a t

a

sh all

trad e

fa llin g

may

of

p o s s e s s i o n and c o n t r o l o f th e

G a l l a g h e r f u r t h e r i n f o r m e d Chase

Rock, A rk a n s a s , be

in fa c t,

it

g e n e r a lly and to

c a p t u r e d he w ould

t o w i t h s t a n d im m ediate c la m o r f o r th e

th ere;

o p ti­

how ever, a

G allag h er,

im m e d ia te ly upon th e

in to

city

very s p e e d ily .2 ®

e x t e n t a m on g m i l i t a r y c o m m a n d e r s t h a t

U nited S ta t e s

June w i t h

r i v e r w as o p e n e d , a n e v e n t

w i t h o p i n i o n s h e l d am ong m e r c h a n t s

open w i t h t h e

in

assum e m anagem ent o f commerce b e t w e e n t h a t

h u r r i e d l y managed m a t t e r ,

larg e

in su rre c tio n ­

t o Memphis l a t e

O p e n i n g o f t r a d e w i t h M em ph is w a s a t b e s t ,

in lin e

T reasury

opening of

shippers

and c a r r i e r s

at

S t.

Louis

were a l r e a d y g e t t i n g r e a d y f o r

the A rkansas

t r a d e . 2?

Fore-

25. C h a s e t o Z a c h a r i a h C h a n d l e r , U. S . S e n a t e , J u l y 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , pp. 191-192. C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 37 C o n g . , 2 S e s s . , a p p e n ­ d ix , 407. 26. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , J u n e 2 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 27. G a l l a g h e r , S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , J u l y 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

83

warned o f t h e s e B arn itz,

in ten tio n s,

H eaton, M e lle n ,

f i x an a g r e e a b le d a te occupied d i s t r i c t

in

to p a r t i c i p a t e

the

in

Chase s e n t o u t a l e t t e r

a nd G a l l a g h e r

f o r opening t r a d e o rd e r to trad e

g h e r a s s u r e d Chase t h a t

allow? a l l

own l i k i n g

them to

w ith any new ly persons

d esirin g

e q u a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s .28

th is

o r d e r was

The T r e a s u r y h a d o p e n e d t r a d e its

d irectin g

b u t on J u l y 2 1 ,

"p lain

t o Memphis i n

1362,

as i t

w hile o p e r a tin g

s u i t e d him .

a manner to

G e n e r a l W. T.

in th e

in te rio r,

In th e

the

end o f t h e w a r . "

the

e n e m y . 31

tra ffic

cav alry ,

"receip ts

To p a y m o n e y f o r

Sherman t o l d B a r n i t z

i n g o l d would a i d

but

sm all

f o r g o l d - - g o l d w hich w ent

t o p a y f o r arms and a m m u n i t i o n .

be t a k e n , " h e i n f o r m e d C h a s e ,

a manage­

he h a d w a tch e d c o t t o n b u y e r s .

h a d b e e n b r o u g h t i n and s o l d

to C h a rle s to n

Sherman

s ix p re v io u s weeks,

Most c o t t o n h a d b e e n b u r n e d by C o n f e d e r a t e lo ts

G alla­

and e x p l i c i t . "29

a s s u m e d command o f t h e p o r t a n d b e g a n t o u n d e r t a k e ment o f t r a d e

to

"C otton

should

g iv e n to be p a id c o t t o n was t o

at

stren g th en

t h a t he knew p o s i t i v e l y t h a t

the C o n fe d e ra te s ;

he f u r t h e r f o r b a d e

28. C h ase t o B a r n i t z , w i t h c o p i e s t o H e a t o n , M e l l e n , and G a l l a g h e r , J u l y 1 0 , 1 3 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, vol. 2 , p. 2 6 7 29. G a l l a g h e r , S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , J u l y 1 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g en ts R e p o r t s . 30. G. 0 . 5 6 , 5 t h D i v i s i o n , Army o f t h e T e n n . , M e m p h i s , ■ J u l y 2 1 , 1 3 6 2 , i n WD, XV Army C o r p s , v o l . 1 , O . S . "B, " 2+9. 31. S h e r m a n , 5 t h D i v i s i o n , Army o f t h e T e n n e s s e e , Mem­ p h i s , t o C h a s e , J u l y 2 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v ol. 2 , p. 1 3 5 *

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

shipm ents o f s a l t and d e s i g n a t e d to s u p e rv is e

in la r g e

only f iv e

tirad e more

q u an tities

ro u tes v

i g

o

r o

u

o u tsid e

th ro u g h h is s l y

.

32

the

lin e s

city in

order

Sherman s l y l y

ob­

s e r v e d t h a t h e h a d made no o r d e r p r o h i b i t i n g p u r c h a s e

of

c o t t o n a t Memphis; h e h a d m e r e l y i n f o r m e d a l l

th at

if

th e y took e i t h e r g old

or T reasury no tes

ana b o u g h t c o t t o n he w ould t r y th e enem y."

He w a s w i l l i n g

anyone c o u ld s e c u r e

seize

su b ject

Sherman d e c l a r e d ,

to f a c i l i t a t e

ordered th e

a s much c o t t o n

to th e "is

the

lin es

tran sactio n

to pay a t th e

and p a y i n g t h e

the o w n e r . H e

a t Memphis t o i t n o rth

it

through th e

" f o r a i d i n g and a b e t t i n g

c o tto n by pro m ises

th e war o r by s e i z i n g bush" fo r

them

trad ers

q u arterm aster

end o f "in

depot q u arterm aster

as p o s s ib le

claim s of th e

if

ow ner.

as much c o n t r a b a n d

and t o

send

"S a lt,"

of war as p o w der."

W i t h s a l t Van D o r n a n d B r a g g c o u l d c u r e b a c o n a n d b e e f a n d be r e a d y t o m ove. ready passed

Sherman a s s e r t e d

down t o T u p e l o , M i s s i s s i p p i ,

pounds o f m eat.

W ith g o ld

th e guards in

to

th e C onfederates

arms a n d a m m u n itio n a t N a s s a u , and a l l

th a t enough s a l t

had a l ­

c u r e tw o m i l l i o n could p u rch ase

New P r o v i d e n c e ,

or C in cin n ati,

t h e U n io n army c o u l d n o t s t o p th e m .

32. B a r n i t z , M e m p h i s , t o M e l l e n , J u l y 2.b> 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 8 . G. 0 . 6 1 , 5 t h D i v i ­ s i o n , M e m p h i s , J u l y 2lp, 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, XV Army C o r p s , v o l . 1 , O .S. "A ," 7 2 -7 3 . 3 3 . S h e r m a n , M e m p h i s , t o M a j . G e n . S . R. C u r t i s , H e l e n a , A r k . , J u l y 2 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 2 , pp. 157-158. 3 I+. S h e r m a n t o A s s t . Q. M . , Memphis, J u l y 28, 1362, in WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 2, p p . 1 5 8 - 1 5 9 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

35

The

"Jews and s p e c u l a t o r s "

M emphis,

according to

trad in g

Sherm an,

enem ies to o u r c a u se th a n th e own a n d n e i g h b o r s siste n t,"

c o tto n ."

35

Sherman in f o r m e d

t o c a r r y t h e two a l o n g

i t w ould be w e l l to Sherm an’ s a c t i o n s

w ere

enemy fro m

" f a r more e f f e c t i v e

G u errillas

who b u r n t h e i r

"War a n d c o m m e r c e a r e

a Memphis m e r c h a n t .

to g eth er,

c a n n o t h a v e commerce t i l l

w ith the

th ere

arrange

"The a t t e m p t

have been a f a i l u r e . is

peace

your b u sin ess

We

and s e c u r i t y ,

and

acco rd in g ly .

im m e d ia te ly b r o u g h t him i n t o

t h e Memphis b o a r d o f t r a d e ,

incon­

c o n f lic t w ith

w hose members c o m p l a i n e d t h a t

Sherman had t h r e a t e n e d

"to

arrest

th e M i l i t a r y Board f o r

contem pt i f

th e m and b r i n g th e m b e f o r e th ey is su e

an y more p e r ­

m i t s . "37 As f o r ch asin g

th e p r o h i b i t i o n upon th e use o f s p e c ie f o r p u r ­

co tto n ,

M ellen had f o llo w e d d i f f e r e n t

t h a t o f th e m i l i t a r y b u t had re a c h e d th e

r e a s o n i n g from

s am e c o n c l u s i o n s .

On J u l y 26 h e w r o t e C h a s e t h a t n o t h i n g b u t c o i n w as b e i n g used to purchase

co tto n ,

hig h p ric e s ,

cotton

the

an am ount e q t i a l t o t h e

sugar,

and m o l a s s e s .

At th e

p r o c u r e d w ould c o s t n o r t h e r n cost of a f u ll

current consum ers

crop a t norm al p r i c e s .

35. S h e r m a n , M e m p h i s , t o C o l . J . A. R a w l i n g s , A . A . G . , D i s t r i c t o f W est T e n n e s s e e , J u l y 30, 1862; Sherman t o C u r t i s , A u g . 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 2 , p p . 1 6 3 —1 6 ip, 171-172. . 3 6 . S h e r m a n t o C. S t o d d a r d , J r . & C o . , M e m p h i s , A u g u s t 4, 1 8 6 2 , i n 'WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 2 , p p . 1 7 9 - 1 8 0 . 3 7 . M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , A u g . 7 , 1 3 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 0 , p p . 2 i| 6 —2 iq7 -

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

86

A lr e a d y a b o u t 55,000 b a l e s had been p u r c h a s e d a b ale,

plus

12,000 h o g sh e a d s

th e p r ic e s p a id fo r m olasses

of sugar a t and r i c e ,

w ould h av e gone i n t o

enemy h a n d s .

thousands o f tr a d e r s

were s c a t t e r e d

each c a rry in g

$1

to

as

more th a n c i r c u l a t i o n

$8 , 0

th is

0 0 ,0 0 0

,0 0 0

$5

0 ,0 0 0

to pay f o r what c o tto n , the p re s e n t h e r e as i t

crop,

to

currency.

even i f

th is

am ount,

in

"it

w i t h d r a w i n g a s much

the

loyal

w ill take

h a d , more t h a n

lin es,

states.

"If

$100,000,000

w i l l be p u r c h a s e d o f its

way b a c k

He h a d no

anything e ls e ,

and d i s c r e d i t

con­

of Federal

M e l l e n a c c o r d i n g l y recommended t h a t C h ase p r o h i b i t in th e

tra d e w ith d i s t r i c t s

fo rm erly in in s u r­

Four days l a t e r he had d e c id e d t h a t allo w exchange o f n o rth e rn

a rtic le s

r a th e r than M ellen, ex clu siv e

trad e

in gold

behind th e m i l i t a r y

m olasses,

th e h ig h p r i c e o f gold

re c tio n .-^ to

to

h a r d l y a d o l l a r o f w hich f i n d s

th is

th e use o f gold

b etter

In a d d itio n

$100

A dding

0 0 ,0 0 0

w ould i n an o r d i n a r y c o u r s e o f t r a d e . "

doubt but t h a t trib u ted

sugar,

$80 e a c h .

a n d $8 , 0

in g o ld ,

c o n t i n u e s , " M ellen re a so n e d ,

at about

such as

salt

goods f o r

it

w ould be

southern

did r e a c h th e C o n f e d e r a te

cotton, army,

to p e rm it th e u se o f g o l d . ' n ev erth eless,

co n tro l of trade

r e s e n t e d S h e rm an 's a ssu m p tio n o f a t M emphis; h e c o n c l u d e d t h a t b o t h

3 8 . M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , J u l y 2 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C ustom s B u re a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 39. M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , to B a r n i t z , J u l y 30, 1862, in TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 0 , p p . 2 2 4 - 2 2 5 .

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

87

th e tra d e th at

c o m m itte e and Sherm an seemed t o h a v e f o r g o t t e n J |p t t h e y l a b o r e d t o w a r d t h e same e n d . 4^ The c o r r e s p o n d e n t

o f t h e New Y o r k T r i b u n e m a n 's

su p ersessio n

M ilita ry guards,

a t M emphis, m o r e o v e r ,

of the

board of tra d e

charged o n ly to h a l t

evaded by s m u g g le rs ;

Sher­

on tw o g r o u n d s :

wagons

w i t h an u n d u e p r o p o r t i o n o f a n y one a r t i c l e were e a s i l y

attack ed

" l e a v i n g town or

and t h e o r d e r

com m odity," fo rb id d in g

the use o f sp e c ie or T re a su ry n o te s b u t p e r m itti n g th e use o f s o u t h e r n p a p e r money f o r in crease of co tto n

th e value

c o t t o n would

sim ply

o f C o n f e d e r a t e money and r e d u c e t h e am ount

o b tain ed .

S h e rm a n 's o r d e r s ,

th e purchase o f

The c o r r e s p o n d e n t r e a s o n e d

"Memphis i s

A c o n f id a n t o f C h a s e 's

supplying th e

th a t under

C o n fed eracy ."^

a t Memphis w r o t e him t h a t h e c o n s i d e r e d

t h e Sherman p o l i c y r e g a r d i n g g o ld t o b e m ost u n w i s e .

He d i d

not b e lie v e

sm all

th at

the p erso n s re c e iv in g

h o a r d s o f h id d e n c o t t o n would g iv e M oreover,

if

n atu rally

c o n c e a l them ,

had v i o l a t e d sell

co tto n

it

gold f o r t h e i r up to

th e C onfederacy.

th ey receiv ed F ed eral T reasu ry n o tes

the to

lest

t h e y would

t h e y become e v i d e n c e t h a t

"law m aking i t

a n o rth e rn m an .”

treason

they

amo ng t h e r e b e l s

to

I f h o l d e r s o f c o t t o n were

ijO. M e l l e n t o C h a s e , A u g . 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 0 , p p . 2i+6-2i+7. Ipl. H e a to n , P i t t s b u r g h , t o C h ase , Aug. 7 , 1862, i n c l u d i n g c l i p p i n g s f r o m t h e New Y o r k T r i b u n e , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c ia l A g e n t's R ep o rts.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

88

unable

to

sell

it

c ro n s from th e order is

C onfederate b u rn e rs .

in e ffe c t

a s tro n g m otive p lacin g lo y a lty Yet i t

a p ro h ib itio n

to r e tu r n

to

to

to

Ee t h o u g h t t h a t trad e

down

th in g s

v/as t h e S e c r e t a r y o f War a n d n o t C h a s e who c o u n t e r ­ o f G ra n t and Sherm an on g o l d . of

B u tler

(who w as p e r m i t t i n g

in

bro ach ed the

fre e use o f sp ecie

H alieck ,

th o se

and t h o s e o f M ajor G e n e r a l B e n ja m in P .

n o t­

two c o m m a n d e r s

a t New O r l e a n s

exchange f o r c o tto n ) ,

m a tt e r i n a c o n v e r s a t i o n w it h S t a n to n and r e ­

c e iv e d th e d e c i s i o n t h a t payment of

gold f o r

n o t be p r o h i b i t e d .

H alieck o rd ered G ran t,

p o ssib le

are

fa c ilitie s

In a teleg ram

to

’’t h e

and s t r i k e s

the o ld o rd e r of

in c o n s is te n c y betw een th e o r d e r s

served th a t

save t h e i r

[by] j ^^ a n d r e b e l l i o n u p o n an e q u a l f o o t i n g . ” —

manded th e o r d e r s ing th e

t h e y w o u ld have no m o t i v e

’’S e e

afforded fo r g e ttin g

and e x p l a n a t o r y l e t t e r

t h e p o l i c y by w h i c h t h e

a llo w payment o f g o ld and s i l v e r

a s s u m p t i o n o f command i n W a s h i n g t o n .

c o tto n should th at a ll

o u t c o t t o n . ”^

to Sherm an, H a l i e c k o b ­ g o v e r n m e n t was c o m m itte d for It

co tto n

anteceded h is

w as a b s u r d t o p r o ­

h i b i t pay /ment o f m o n e y f o r c o t t o n i n M e m p h i s w h i l e B u t l e r encouraged i t

a t New O r l e a n s .

co u ld n o t be f u r n i s h e d f o r c o t t o n became a v a i l a b l e .

H a liec k u nderstoo d

t h e new U n io n l e v i e s He c o n s i d e r e d i t

th at

ten ts

u n t i l more

probable

th at

the

i|.2. C. B. G u t h r i e , M e m p h i s , t o C h a s e , J u l y 3 0 j 1 8 6 2 , i n S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 2 , v o l . F - H , p . 1 5 6 . ii_3« H a l i e c k t o G r a n t , Aug. 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, Hq. o f t h e Army, v o l . 13A, p p . 7 - 8 . ID,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

89

p o l i c y w ould b e ch an g ed as could secu re

soon as th e Q u a rte rm a s te r G en eral

enough c o tto n f o r m i l i t a r y p u rp o se s.

G r a n t and Sherman p r o m p t l y r e v o k e d t h e i r fo rm ity w ith the

orders

from W ashington,

d i s p a t c h o n A u g u s t 9» 1 8 6 2 ,

orders

in

G ra n t a n n u l l e d h i s by

and Sherm an on A u g u st 11,

Sherm an, h o w e v er, p ro m is e d to

"move H e a v e n a n d E a r t h "

re p e a l of th e p o lic y becau se,

as he s a i d ,

b a n d o f war as p o w d e r . " ^

a telegram

on A ugust 11,

Sherman r e i t e r a t e d

view s he h ad e x p r e s s e d the

governm ent a t

liev ed

that i t

r u l e was " t h a t N o rth ."

In

to

"Money i s and l e t t e r

a ll

to

Chase

The p o l i c y o f

C onfederacy.

in th e South a re

The C o n f e d e r a t e s ,

for

i n even s t r o n g e r language

oth ers p re v io u sly .

in the

1 8 6 2 .^

as c o n t r a ­

t h e o u t s e t h a d b e e n m i s t a k e n when i t

had frie n d s

con­

enem ies o f

n o t dream ing t h a t

The p r o p e r all

the

th eir

crops,

had a t f i r s t

burned t h e i r

prise

J e w s s o o n d i s c o v e r e d t h a t 10 c e n t s w o u l d b u y a

of the

p o u n d o f c o t t o n b e h i n d o u r army, to B o sto n , where

"But t h e

in

the F e d e ra l

g o v e rn m e n t w o u ld a l lo w money t o b e e x c h a n g e d f o r co tto n .

be­

t h a t ij. c e n t s w o u l d t a k e i t

th e y w ould r e c e i v e

tr a d e had s e n t m illi o n s

com m ercial e n t e r ­

of d o llars,

30 c e n t s

in g o ld ."

thousands of b a r r e l s

The of

Ijlj.. H a l i e c k t o S h e r m a n , Aug. lip, 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, Hq. o f t h e Army, T e l e g r a m s S e n t , 1 8 6 2 , v o l . l , p p . 1 2 2 - 1 2 3 * H alieck t o S h e r m a n , A u g . 2 5 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TO, Hq. o f t h e Army, v o l . 13A, p p . IqO- i p . . ll$ . G. 0 . 6 8 , 5 t h D i v i s i o n , M e m p h i s , A u g . 1 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TO, XV Army C o r p s , v o l . 1 , O . S . " B , " p . 5 3 * p 6 . S h e r m a n t o G r a n t , Au g. 1 1 , 1 8 o 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 3 , p . I4..

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

90

salt,

and from 1 0 ,0 0 0 t o

Dorn.

2 0 , 0 0 0 w e a p o n s t o B r a g g a n d Van

Sherman s h r e w d l y p u t h i s

view o f t h e

q uestion

England p r o t e s t e d out cotton Her r e a l

f i n g e r upon t h e

and v e n t u r e d

th at

she

she sh o u ld l e t

th e

opin io n t h a t

could n o t fe e d h e r p e o p le w ith ­ them e m i g r a t e t o

crip p le

m erce and m a n u f a c t u r e s . "

a power t h a t

and would n o t a c c e p t an a l l i a n c e

because

" t h e y know f u l l w e l l t h a t

and s l a v e r y w i l l r e c e i v e E n g lan d ."

as p o l i t i c a l

d o ctrin es.

except to

com­

secure

Old E n g l a n d h e r

enough to

Th e Ge rm a n s t a t e s

arms

slaves

d istu rb

her

w o u l d a l w a y s be

R eassured by H a lie c k 's ex­

Sherman p r o m i s e d t h e G e n e r a l - i n - C h i e f t h a t he c a r r y out any l i n e

a b so lu te confidence

in i t s

o f p o lic y as

rig h t

t h a t you a r e a t th e H e l m . P r i v a t e l y Q,uinby a t C o l u m b u s , K e n t u c k y ,

H alieck w i l l

Aug. 12 .

r iv a ls h er in

no m o r e e n c o u r a g e m e n t t h a n i n New

of the U n io n .^

"relig io u sly

P.

and

and w o u ld n o t e n c o u r a g e r e b e l l i o n an d s e c e s s i o n

ardent frien d s p lan atio n

in

Prance did n o t need c o tto n

eq u ilib riu m

Isaac

th e U n ited S ta te s .

Th e C o n f e d e r a c y u n d e r s t o o d E n g l a n d ' s

p erfid y

...w ith

if

enem ies w ere th e C o n f e d e r a t e c o t t o n b u r n e r s ,

she w ish ed o n ly " to

w ould

fo reig n

soon s t o p

all

th is

as to

trad e

soon as I f e e l B rig a d ie r G eneral

he ad d ed , jiQ nonsense.

1|7. S h e r m a n t o C h a s e , Aug. 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 3 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r

to

"I

think

1862; Sherman t o C h a s e , b o o k s, v o l . 3 , pp. 8 , 11-

1|8. S h e r m a n t o H a l i e c k , A u g . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r books, v o l. 3 , p. 3 1 . 1|9. Sherman t o B r i g . Gen. I s a a c F. Q u in b y , C olum bus, K y ., A ug . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 3 , p . 33*

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

91

W hile th e y a c q u ie s c e d i n

the

in W est T ennessee n e v e r t h e l e s s illic it

tra d e

your lin e s

through the

sp ecie o rd er,

tig h ten ed

lin e s.

of a m ilita ry

squad f o r

August

30

Sherman a p p ro v e d

th a t h is p ick et

sev e re punishm ents reduce h is

roads,

s e n t e n c i n g a man t o

13

lin es

of the

draft

G rant,

the

in d iv id u als

fo rfeitu re

of th e ir Q uinby,

d esigning to

a g a i n s t p e r s o n s who w o u l d b e

v io latio n s

52

and

a n n o u n ced t h a t he would e n f o r c e

l a w i n t h e i r home s t a t e s .

.

on

j a i l was i n s e c u r e ,

s u b je c t to th e

s

th e

were f i f t e e n m ile s lo n g

th at h is

seemed i n o r d e r . ^

number o f t r a d e r s ,

the p ro v is io n s

r

the d e c is io n

s m u g g lin g c o n t r a b a n d o u t o f M emphis;

an d t r a v e r s e d b y f i f t y

i e

to h a l t

he forw arded a n o th e r d e a th sen te n c e to L in co ln w ith

th e e x p la n a tio n

l d

effo rts

" A r r e s t and e x c lu d e from

c o m m i s s i o n on A u g u s t

firin g

o

commanders

every s u t l e r o r t r a d e r engaged in u n law fu l t r a f f i c , "

H a l i e c k o r d e r e d on A u g u s t 1 3 .5 0

s

th eir

the

c o n c e r n e d would

In cases of tra d e s u f f e r autom atic

s t o c k and w ould be e n r o l l e d

as p riv a te

commanding a t C o lu m b u s, K e n tu c k y ,

d o rs e d S h erm an 's o p in io n s w i t h a l l h i s h e a r t . g old from p a s s in g

s o u t h o f h i m on t h e

way o f k n o w i n g i t

would be

spent for

He f i r s t

en­ stopped

g r o u n d s t h a t he h a d no co tto n ,

but w ithin

a few

50. H a l i e c k t o G r a n t, Aug. 18, 1862, i n 0 . R . , s e r i e s I , 17, p t . 2, p . 179. 51. G. 0 . 7 1 , 5 t h D i v i s i o n , M e m p h i s , A u g . 1 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, XV Army C o r p s , v o l . 1 , O . S . " A , " p p . 1 0 9 - 1 1 0 . Sherman t o B r i g . G e n . L o r e n z o T h o m a s , A d j u t a n t G e n e r a l , U. S . Army, A u g . 3 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 3 , p . 7^452. G. 0 . 7b> D i s t . o f W e s t T e n n e s s e e , C o r i n t h , A u g . 1 6 , 1862, in WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 3 , O . S . 2 2 , p . 1 6 6 . vo l.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

days he d e c i d e d he c o u l d n o t i n t e r f e r e

w ith o rd e rs.

In t h e i r m em oirs Sherman p o i n t e d l y d irectio n

attrib u ted

h ib itio n upon use o f Chase and t h e

to

th e ir pro­

specie

to

S ecretary

to p u rch ase

s u c h an e x p e n d i t u r e

u s t 7, Chase d i r e c t e d him , H eaton,

to u n d e rta k e

and G ra n t by i n ­

th e g o v e rn m e n t's r e v e r s a l

T r e a s u r y D e p a r t m e n t . 5^-

stro n g ly opposed

in

cotton

M ellen, of

how ever,

sp ecie,

and more

on c o m m e r c i a l i n t e r c o u r s e . 5 5

M ellen,

on h i s

latter

reversed h is

genuinely s u r p r is e d

a t the

change in p o l i c y .

A ll

th e use

th e i n s u r r e c t i o n a r y

states.5 &

G allag h er,

from B a r n i t z t o

effect

southern

Memphis w e r e d e m a n d i n g l o a d s o f s a l t in g o ld b e f o r e was r i g h t

to

sending in

" 's h u t

down*

o f gold

in

th e ir co tto n , on t h e s e

th e people

He h o p e d in

quoting

trad e

w ith

a le tte r

p lan ters

ou tsid e

ad d itio n

to payment

was s u r e

o p e ra tio n s."

also observed t h a t along th e Tennessee

was

th e use o f

a s was t h e m i l i t a r y .

th at

con­

o r d e r on s p e c i e ,

t h a t Chase would so o n p r o h i b i t

th e

restrictio n s

way down t o

he had c o n s u l t e d w e r e a s t h o r o u g h l y o p p o s e d t o trad e

a n d on A u g ­

strin g en t

t a c t G r a n t w he n t h e

co tto n

had

c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h G a l l a g h e r and

fu rth er

sp ecie in th e

53

salt

was

th at

Sherman

G a l l a g h e r had "strew n

a lo n g ...

53. Q u i n b y t o H a l i e c k , A ug . 2k, 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, Hq. o f t h e Army, T e l e g r a m s R e c e i v e d , v o l . 1 , p p . 3 I I 4.- 3 I 6 ; S h e r m a n t o Q,u in by, Au g. 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 3 , p . 3 3 ; Q uinby t o G r a n t , Aug. 18, 1 8 6 2 , i n 0 . R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 17, p t. 2 , pp. 1 7 9 - 1 8 0 . 5k' G r a n t , M e m o i r s , I , 3 9 9 - ^ 0 0 ; W. T. S h e r m a n , M e m o i r s o f G e n e r a l W i l l i a m T. S h e r m a n (New Y o r k , 1 8 8 6 ) , I , 2 9 ^ . 55. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , A u g . 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 7. 5 6 . M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , A u g . 1 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

93

in l o t s

of

th e R ebels

25

lb s.

100

by g u e r r i l l a

and a l l t h e on t h e

to

tim e ."

liab le

t o be t a k e n t h r o u g h t o

bands and h i r e d

team sters

G ra n t’s o rd e r ann u llin g a l l

s a l e o f c o t t o n was r e p u b l i s h e d

August 17, and G a l l a g h e r w r o t e

in S t.

t h a t he had

any tim e restrictio n s

L ouis p a p ers

on

" n e v e r kn ow n a n y

o r d e r t o b e r e c e i v e d w i t h so much and so g e n e r a l d i s s a t i s f a c ­ t i o n among j u d i c i o u s

and l o y a l m en."

i n t e n t on m a k i n g m o n e y t h e r e b y f e l t lag h er s t i l l lieved th a t

in sisted

E v e n m e r c h a n t s who w e r e the o rd e r im p o litic .

t h a t S h e r m a n was r i g h t . 57

t h e p o l i c y was n o t h i n g m ore t h a n

vience to th e

fallacy

to th e .d ra in a g e

th at

o f coin to

tio n of c o tte n in g

"C otton i s K in g ." the

H eaton b e ­

slav ish

1862,

S o u th and d e c r i e d

"the h u m ilia -

58 to t r a i t o r s . " ^

represented in th e W est, general, the

on

they co n tain ed a ru le p r o h ib itin g tra n s p o rta ­

tio n o f coin o r b u llio n c la r e d to be in

subser­

He t o o o b j e c t e d

When t h e new T r e a s u r y r e g u l a t i o n s w e r e p u b l i s h e d August 28,

G al­

in to

states

in su rrectio n .

su b stan tial but for

relatin g

No o t h e r p o r t i o n

change from th e

the

to th e

expenses under the

or sectio n s

first

form erly de­ o f th ese ru le s

system th en in fo rc e

tim e th e r e g u l a t i o n s w ere

w hole c o u n t r y .

reg u latio n s,

In

o rd e r to

defray

a fee o f tw enty cen ts

G en eral A g e n t’ s C o rre s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 0 , 254-255• 57. G a l l a g h e r , S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , Aug. 1 2 , 1862; G a l ­ l a g h e r t o C h a s e , A u g . 1 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l Agents R e p o r t s . 58. H e a t o n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , O c t . 1 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, Custom s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

would be r e q u i r e d on e a c h p e r m i t , c e n t s on e a c h h u n d r e d fifty fiv e

d o llars

and,

a d d itio n ally ,

o v er th r e e hundred d o l l a r s ,

c e n t s on e a c h t h o u s a n d p o u n d s o f c o t t o n , c e n t s on e a c h t h o u s a n d p o u n d s o f s u g a r .

these re g u la tio n s

were o r d e r s

and Navy o r d e r i n g

t h e i r p erso n n el to

o f t h e new r u l e s ,

p ro h ib itin g

shipm ents o f c o t t o n ance o f th e r u l e s

Appended to

assist

in terferen ce

by th e

co tto n

enemy,

execu tio n

w ith tra d e

conducted

o r m ovem ents,

of t h e i r p e rs o n n e l from s e iz in g

o f War

in th e

a b s o lu te ly n e c e ssa ry to

execution of m i l i t a r y p la n s

exposed to d e s t r u c t i o n

and tw e n ty -

from th e S e c r e t a r i e s

o r o th e r m erchandise

u n less

fiv e

or

in p u rsu ­

successful

and p r o h i b i t i n g

any

or o th e r p ro p e rty unless

needed fo r m i l i t a r y p u r30

w

R epercussion to

these

reg u latio n s

r e a l m o tiv a tio n behind S ta n to n 's o r d e r s o f G ran t and Sherm an. suspected a l l

along t h a t

the

revealed

rep u d iatio n

Chase,

by h is

to

to Chase th e th e

own a c c o u n t ,

Seward had e a r l i e r p r o p o s e d u n r e s t r i c t e d

c o tto n to Chase p r i v a t e l y ,

had

B r i t i s h had been a p p ly in g p r e s s u r e

u p o n S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e W i l l i a m H. S e w a r d i n t h e i r co tto n .

specie

and a t f i r s t

quest fo r purchase of

Chase had been i n c l i n e d

t o a g r e e w i t h him b u t r e f l e c t i o n

and r e p o r t s

from M e lle n and

G a lla g h e r had changed h i s m ind.

At a C a b i n e t m e e t in g Seward

59. C hase, R e g u l a t i o n s C o n c e rn in g I n t e r n a l and C o a s tw is e C o m m e r c i a l I n t e r c o u r s e , A ug . 2 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r ­ r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 2 , p p . 3 3 3 - 3 ^ 6 *

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

95

had p r o p o s e d t h a t

b ales

5 0 0 ,0 0 0

s h o u ld be b o u g h t w ith money,

but Chase and S t a n t o n had o b j e c t e d w ith them .

On S e p t e m b e r 3 0 , h o w e v e r ,

C h a s e a m e m o ra n d u m b y t h e Treasury ru le s

approved b y Sew ard. upon u s e o f s p e c i e

th e

co tto n

show t h a t n o d i s c r i m i n a t i o n

and M e l l e n

a le tte r

as to w h e th er th e y

to c o n f is c a tio n .

p ro d u c e would

be t r e a t e d

w hile th e y should acts,

previous

th e

th at

for

the or

to revoke h is p r o h ib i tio n

trad e,

b u t he a tte m p te d ag ain st

to

the B r i t i s h .

a d i f f e r e n c e betw een G a lla g h e r should

shipm ent,

in q u ire

alik e

and t h a t

expected to

in to

w hether i t

Chase to o k M e ll e n 's

n o t countenance

s h o u ld n o t be

note in d ic a te d

w as i n t e n d e d

settlin g

dents of c o tto n o f f e r e d liab le

sent

o r d e r had been e i t h e r i n s t i g a t e d

Chase r e f u s e d in

Seward f i n a l l y

B ritish m in ister p ro testin g

o f A u g u s t 26 a n d t h i s

re p u d iatio n of G ra n t's

He a t t a c h e d

and L in c o ln h ad s i d e d

an tece­

was c o t t o n

view t h a t

all

custom s o f f i c e r s ,

evasion of the

in q u ire

the

in to

co n fiscatio n

the m o rals

o f any

tra n sa c tio n .^

By a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e

s p e c ia l ag en ts

in

s u r v e y o r s b e g a n a c t i n g u n d e r t h e ne w r e g u l a t i o n s but c l a r i f i c a t i o n

of the

th e W est,

a ll

on S e p t e m b e r 9 ,

c o n t r o v e r s y a t Memphis t o o k l o n g e r . ^ 2

60. D i a r y and C o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f Salmon P. C h a s e , 9 9 - 1 0 0 . C h a s e t o S e w a r d , H e t~. T~, 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BB, v o l . 2 , p p . 3 6 7 - 3 6 8 . 61. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , O c t . 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 562. M e l l e n , S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , S e p t . 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, Custom s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

96

A c t u a l l y Sherman h a d b eg u n t o r e s p e c t t h e trade p r io r to

t h e new r e g u l a t i o n s .

resp ectfu lly o ffered h ib itin g

en try of a l l

weapons;

lim itin g

books as t o vigorous

arm s,

pow der, of

caps,

2k he had

salt

and r e q u i r i n g

a ll

and s a l t m e a ts lim itin g

and s a l e s ;

of a l l

the f a c t

steam ers.

m ilitary

stric te r

Sherm an w ould h a v e l i k e d th at p ro h ib itio n

to h y p o c r itic a l v io la tio n q u an tities

of bad w hiskey,

p o rte d from C i n c in n a ti in Pour days

e arlier

o f 500 b a r r e l s fact th a t h is

ru les;

brandy, b o ttles

G a l l a g h e r had n o te d

a i d e s w ere c o n s t a n t l y in

was l a r g e

"Cataw ba w i n e ."

aggregate and,

imJ

shipm ents

in view o f th e

d isc o v e rin g kegs o f

s h ip m e n ts t o M em phis, h e h ad r e s t o r e d

sy stem betw een S t.

A rrangem ents f o r

co n tro l

would m e r e l y l e a d

as i t

lab eled

of

was a h i g h

and rum w ere b e i n g

o f w hiskey f o r C a iro ,

w hiskey c o n c e a le d th e perm it

of h is

Sherman

th a t tra n sp o rta tio n lin es

of liq u o r b u t he decided

im­

and r e q u i r i n g

c o n tra b a n d goods and m e d ic in e s beyond th e crim e.

and

venders to keep a c c u ra te

s c ru tin y of the m anifests to p u b lic iz e

pro­

o r any kind of

a c c o u n t i n g on s u c h g o o d s ;

th e ir purchasers

asked th e b o a rd

On A u g u s t

board a s e t o f l o c a l r u l e s

im p o rtatio n

requ irin g rig o ro u s ports of liq u o rs

the

lo c a l board of

Louis

a n d C a i r o .&k

the c o n tro l o f tra d e

a t Memphis u n d e r

6 3 . S h e r m a n , M e m p h i s , t o B o a r d o f T r a d e , A u g . 2k, 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 3 , p p . 5 I4.- 5 6 . 61}.. G a l l a g h e r , S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , A u g u s t 2 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

97

t h e new r e g u l a t i o n s w e r e w o r k e d o u t b y S h e r m a n a n d G a l l a g h e r on S e p t e m b e r be u n d e r

8

p lan tatio n

trad e;

They announced t h a t t r a d e

j o i n t m i l i t a r y and c i v i l

deny s u p p l i e s

To t h i s

.

to th e

su p p lies

ju risd ic tio n

enemy b u t t o

sides o f th e

to persons re fu s in g

to

s u p p l i e s w ould be p e r m i t t e d r iv e r as f a r

designed

aid

the

reb ellio n .

by th e board

as H elena, A rk a n sa s,

in lim ite d

o f th e head o f th e fa m ily t h a t

w e re o n l y f o r

consum ption;

d eliv ered by a s p e c ia l aide;

and a s

pare a com prehensive A ll lo ts

o f co tto n ,

list

th e

horses,

m ules,

p

e

r

s o

n

s .

^5

m ixture o f c i v i l i a n trade

w ith th e a id

cip atio n

in

w itn e s s e d by a t th a t the

c o n t r o l w as u n w i s e ;

Jo in t re g u la tio n

O bviously in te n d in g to

trade m a tte rs,

riv er.

eith er

by t h e m i l i t a r y o r by t h e T r e a s u r y

of th e m ilit a r y .

worked w e l l . ^

w ould p r e ­

on t h e

M ellen p ro m p tly p r o t e s t e d

s h o u ld be c o n t r o l l e d

a revenue

o r wagons s h ip p e d n o r t h

of sale

and m i l i t a r y

th ey

s u p p l i e s w ould be

board o f tr a d e

of lo y al fa m ilie s

were t o be a c c o m p a n i e d by b i l l s l e a s t two

fam ily

s te a m e r w h ich w ould c a r r y

soon as p o s s i b l e

of

t o go down b o t h

amounts u p o n a f f i d a v i t c iv ilian

to

a l l o w u s u a l f a m i l y and

end a l l p e r m i t s w ere t o be i s s u e d fam ily

fro m Memphis w ould

co n tin u e

Sherman a p p o i n t e d h i s

had n e v e r activ e

p a rti­

own s p e c i a l

65. S p e c i a l O r d e r c o n c e r n i n g t r a d e , 5 t h D i v i s i o n , Mem­ p h i s , S e p t . 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE,C o m p ilatio n , 285-239. 6 6 . M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , to G a lla g h e r , S e p t. 16, 1862; M e l l e n t o C h a s e , S e p t . 1 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C orrespondence, v o l. 3 0 , pp. 279-230, 232.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

98

t r a d e a g e n t on S e p t e m b e r 2 6 , spection of m e rc a n tile

c h a r g e d him w i t h a g e n e r a l i n ­

account books

a ro u n d M emphis,

and paid'

him $1 0 0 a m o n t h f r o m Q u a r t e r m a s t e r f u n d s a c c r u i n g f r o m r e n t s and f o r f e i t u r e s . ^ * ? The c o t t o n

trad e

t h r o u g h M emphis a p p e a r e d t o

continue

w ith o u t d im in is h m e n t even w i t h t h e A rm y -T re a s u ry condom inium and t h e

o rd e r banning

sp ecie.

D u rin g t h e m onth o f S e p te m b e r

n e a r l y ll|.,000 b a l e s w e re p e r m i t t e d of alm ost

$3 , 0

0 0

,0

0 0

w ith T r e a s u ry n o te s f i n d . M e l l e n

the l a t t e r

; c o tto n b u y e rs proved able alm ost a l l

advised

and h a r m o n i o u s a n

through C airo,

o f the

B arn itz

to

b ales

th e y could

the

"most k i n d l y

u n d e r s t a n d i n g " w i t h Sherm an, ^

continued

to

com plain

t h a t he found

a valu e

to purchase

th at

c u ltiv a te

at

and,

although

"more r e a l

d iffi­

cu lty in contending w ith th e c u p id ity o f N orthern m e rc h a n ts ... than w i t h t h e sp ecific

enemy s t r u g g l i n g

com plaints

grew fe w e r .

to

reg ain

in te rio r,

gro u n d ,"

trad e

h is th at

e ith e r w ithin

Sherman r e f e r r e d

th e m e a r l y i n O c t o b e r a n d p r o m i s e d t o g i v e t h e i r sp ectfu l c o n s id e ra tio n ."

70

A lth o u g h he m a in ta in e d

th e b o a r d o f t r a d e h a d no c o n t r o l o v e r the c i t y o r w i th t h e

lo st

a le tte r view s

to

"re-

71

67. S h e r m a n t o A. T . K e l s e y , M e m p h i s , S e p t . 2 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 3 , p . I 5 6 . 6 8 . M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , O c t . lip, 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G eneral A g e n t’ s C o rresp o n d en ce, v o l. 3 1 , pp. 51-52. 69. M ellen , C i n c i n n a t i , to B a r n i t z , S e p t. 29, 1862, in TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 1 2 . 70. S h e r m a n t o T. T . G a n t t , S t . L o u i s . S e p t . 2 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . 3 , p p . l l' lp - 1 ^ 6 * 71. E n d o r s e m e n t , Sherman t o B o ard o f T r a d e , M emphis,

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99

The f u n c t i o n i n g less

than

of the

satisfacto ry

B a rn itz found

to

"a so re n ess

body, w hich t h r e a t e n e d

to

board, m oreover,

the

somewhat

re s id e n t T reasu ry ag en ts.

c o n sta n tly m an ifest" w ith in erupt

r e l i e v e d b y T h o m as H. Y e a t m a n , tow nship,

was

west o f C in c in n a ti,

any m om ent.

7?

the

B a r n i t z w as

a form er r e s i d e n t

of S to rrs

and a p r o d u c e r o f Cataw ba w ine,

e a r l y i n O c t o b e r , 73 and Y eatm an s h o r t l y b e g a n t o h a v e tro u b les w ith th e board. unable

He r e p o r t e d

t o a g r e e am o n g t h e m s e l v e s ,

w ith th e

announced i n t e n t i o n

convinced t h a t

th ere

disso lv ed

pending com pletion

the

o rg an izatio n

fu n c tio n s w ith the

of the

seek

On D e c e m b e r 2 Y e a t m a n ,

w as m u c h d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n

t h a t he w ould u n d e r t a k e i t s

resig n ed

o f going to W ash in g to n to

s u r v e y o r a t M e m p h is . lb

H ou g h ,

t h e members w ere

and N a b e r s f i n a l l y

appointm ent as

the b oard o f t r a d e ,

th a t

sim ilar

in

the

c i t y w ith

and a n n o u n ce d aid

o f Ruel

l e t t e r ’ s a p p o in tm e n t as

s u r v e y o r .7 5 As h i s

d a y s d r a g g e d on i n M emphis,

Sherman e v i d e n t l y

O ct.

3 , 1 3 6 2 , i n WD, XV Army C o r p s , v o l . 8 , O .S . 13, n . p . 72. B a r n i t z , M e m p h i s , t o M e l l e n , O c t . It, 1 3 6 2 , i n TD, G eneral A gent, L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 3. 7 3. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , O c t . 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 5* C i s t , S k e tc h e s and S t a t i s t i c s o f C in c in n a ti in 1339, 337-338. B a r n i t z became M e l l e n ’ s a s s i s t a n t in C i n c i n n a t i . 7 it. T . H. Y e a t m a n , M e m p h i s , t o C h a s e , N o v . Ip, 1 3 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . Sherman t o C h ase, Nov. 3 , 1 3 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n s l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . ii, p . 31 75* Y e a t m a n t o C h a s e , D e c . 3> 1 3 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B ureau, S p e c ia l A gents R e p o r ts .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

100

began t o t i r e

of th e burden o f tra d e

had a ss u m e d .

H aving r e c e i v e d h u n d re d s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s

m e d ic in a l w h isk ey he d e v o lv e d th e up on Y e a t m a n . gentlem en,

He i n s t r u c t e d

citizen s,

to a p o th e c a r ie s h o tels

in

saloons,

such

b

u

s i n

e

o f g ro ceries

th e ir fam ilies requested,

s s .

a b l e . 76

Under t h i s

carry a lim ite d

76

77

second

to keepers of

8

Sherman

co tto n

G rant,

as

and c o rn f o r

th e y need f o r

w hose a s s e n t was T r e a s u r y was a g r e e ­

lin sey ,

to F r i a r ’s P o in t,

observed th a t

to

and s h o e s , M ississip p i, trad e.

a s e x c e p t i o n a l and l i k e l y

b u t Yeatman n e v e r t h e l e s s

am o u n t o f g o o d s p a s s i n g

q uinine,

as a c e n t e r o f C o n f e d e r a te

trip

to

th e noncom batant

as lo n g as th e

amount o f s a l t ,

Sherman e n d o r s e d t h i s abused,

liq u o r

p o l i c y Sherman p e r m i t t e d a s t e a m e r

l a t e r recognized

for

p rio rity

own u s e ,

By N o v e m b e r

encourage

and n o n c o n t r a b a n d w i t h o u t l i m i t , a point

first

th ird

and c l o t h i n g

and s e r v a n t s . "

did n o t o b j e c t

allo catin g

for th e ir

t o t r a d e w i t h Memphis t h e i r

such a r t i c l e s

w h ic h he

a n d f o u r t h t o m e r c h a n t s who

deemed " i t g o o d p o l i c y now t o p o p ulation

give

fo r m edicinal purposes,

and l i c e n s e d

u su ally d e a lt

duty o f

him t o

and o f f i c e r s

reg u latio n

th e

o u t o f Memphis was b e c o m i n g

t o be

aggregate "alm ost

76. Sherm an t o Y eatm an, Nov. 1, 1 8 6 2 ; Y eatman t o C hase, ]p, 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 77* S h e r m a n t o G r a n t , N ov . 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . ip, p p . li_2 —lp3 . 78. G r a n t t o S h e r m a n , N o v . 1 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p a r t m e n t of th e T e n n ., v o l . 1 . , p . 50.

Nov.

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101

in c re d ib le ."

F u lly h a lf

t h e g o o d s i m p o r t e d i n t o Memphis

w e re b e i n g c o n v e y e d t o p a r t i e s W ith t h e

liv in g

o u tsid e

t h e c i t y . 79

a p p r o v a l o f M a j o r G e n e r a l S t e p h e n A. H u r l b u t ,

who

a s s u m e d command a t M e m p h i s o n N o v e m b e r 2 ip, Y e a t m a n p e r m i t t e d fam ily s u p p lie s

t o go a s f a r

so u th as

t h e m outh o f W hite

R iv er, u n t i l Chase c u r t l y in fo rm ed h im t h a t

trad e

had n ot

qr \

even b e e n l e g a l l y

opened s o u th o f M em phis/

Y e a tm a n p e r m i t t e d

tra d e

A lthough he l i m i t e d

to

actio n

extend beyond th e F e d e ra l l i n e s .

cargoes to

d a v its by r e c i p i e n t s

By t h i s

noncontraband,

req u ired

affi­

t h a t t h e y would n o t u s e t h e g o o d s f o r

an y p u r p o s e b u t f a m i l y s u p p l y , to accompany e ac h b o a t , ^

and r e q u i r e d

the t r a f f i c

a revenue

w as m a n i f e s t l y

aide subject

to a b u s e . E ffects felt

in

of th is

an i n c r e a s e

arm ies in

boom ing t r a d e o f C onfederate

the r e g io n .

f r o m Memphis w e re s oon resistan ce

Under S h e rm a n 's

to

the Federal

order p ro h ib itin g

use o f a n y t h i n g b u t T e n n e ss e e o r C o n f e d e r a t e money t o buy cotton,

th e v alu e o f Tennessee banknotes exceeded

T J . S. T r e a s u r y n o t e s i n Memphis d u r i n g N o v e m b er,

th a t of OP 1862.

79. Y e a t m a n t o C h a s e , N ov . 1 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B ureau, S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts . Yeatm an i n c l u d e d t h e s t e a m e r ' s p e r m i t as e n d o r s e d by Sherm an. 30. Y e a t m a n t o C h a s e , D e c . ip, 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B ureau, S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts . Yeatm an c la i m e d t h a t t h i s e x te n s io n o f t r a d e had t h e a p p r o v a l o f G e n e ra ls Sherm an, H u rl­ b u t, and S t e e l e . C h a s e t o Y e a t m a n , D e c . 1 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 2lp5» 81. C i r c u l a r , Y e a t m a n , M e m p h i s , D e c . 1 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, /Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . * 82. S h e r m a n t o F . G. P r a t t , M e m p h i s , N o v . 1 7 , 1 3 6 2 , i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l . Ip, p . 8 0 .

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102

B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l M a r t i n Brayman a t B o l i v a r , considered i t

h u m iliatin g

t h a t he c o u ld n o t g e t enough

e q u i p m e n t f o r new r e c r u i t s been p e r m i t t e d t o m a rk e t cotton

w hile

in

th e

s to le n from c i t i z e n s ,

a nd b r i n g o u t i n sabers,

retu rn

carb in es,

at le a st P. H o v e y ,

"p artizan streets

a l l kinds in

everyw here

of p o w d er."

of boots,

8 3

shoes,

c h a s e d b y avowed s e c e s s i o n i s t s "Ho e x p e d i t i o n h a s

ever

from H e len a to G renada, in f r o n t o f G rant, clo th in g

at F r ia r 's

found

and goods p u r ­

P o in t.

He c l a i m e d ,

[b e e n ] dream ed o f a t H e le n a t h a t

to o u r enem ies days

in ad v an c e ."

3k '

C onfederate

c a v a lr y betw een H o lly S p rin g s

were a rm e d

w i t h ne w c a r b i n e s ,

C u rtis,

in clu d in g

B rig a d ie r G eneral A lvin

t h e s e b l o o d h o u n d s o f commerce h a v e n o t . s c e n t e d carried

to purchase

a b u n d a n c e a n d i n one i n s t a n c e

to b r e a k up o p p o s i t i o n

sto ck s

av ails

o f army s u p p l i e s ,

commanding an e x p e d i t i o n

M ississip p i,

r a n g e r s have

o f M emphis th e

and w i t h t h e

and p i s t o l s

a wagon l o a d

Tennessee,

o u t and

G rant captured a n d M em ph is w h i c h

e v id e n tly purchased at

commanding i n A r k a n s a s ,

t r a d e b e tw e e n Memphis a n d L i t t l e

w as c r e d i b l y Rock,

M e m p h i s . ®

inform ed t h a t

A rkansas,

had become

8 3 . B r i g . G e n . M. B r a y m a n , B o l i v a r , T e n n . , t o L t . A. J . B u c h a n a n , A .A . G . , D i s t . o f J a c k s o n , D e c . 3 I , 1 8 6 2 , i n Q. R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 1 7 , p t . l , p . 1|B2. 8 Ip. B r i g . G e n . A. P . H o v e y , Comdg. E x p e d i t i o n i n t o M i s s . , M o u t h o f C o l d w a t e r R i v e r , M i s s . , t o B r i g . Gen . F r e d S t e e l e , D e c . 5j 1 8 6 2 , i n 0 . R . , v o l . 1 7 , p t . 1 , p . 5 3 2 . 85. G ran t, D ept. o f T K e T e n n ., H o lly S p r in g s , M ia s ., t o M a j . G e n . S . A. H u r l b u t , M e m p h i s , J a n . 2 , 1 3 6 3 , i n WD, D ept, o f th e T e n n ., v o l . 1, p . 218.

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5

103

the r e g u l a r b u s i n e s s o f p e rs o n s t i o u s names a n d b r o u g h t o u t o f f i c e r from A rk a n sa s t o l d are e v ery l i t t l e

w hile

who t o o k i n

lists

"fam ily s u p p l i e s . A n G allagher

w ell f i l l e d

and o t h e r A r k a n s a s t o w n s . T h e

army

" t h a t wa go n t r a i n s

r u n down t o M e m p h i s ,

alm ost i n v a r i a b l y r e t u r n

of f i c t i ­

and t h a t

they

w ith goods f o r B a t e s v i l l e

s u p p l y f r o m Memphis t o t h e

C o n f e d e r a t e s w as b e c o m i n g s o u s u a l , C .S .A .,

in

fact,

th a t L ieu ten an t

G e n e r a l J o h n C.

P em berton,

commanding t h e D e p a r t m e n t

of M ississip p i,

w r o t e Y e a t m a n o n D e c e m b e r 20 t h a t h e w o u l d

a llo w Samuel P. W a lk e r and J e p t h a F o w lk e s , Memphis,

to in tr o d u c e

su p p lies

in to

h is

bo th r e s id e n ts

lin es

of

fo r fa m ily use

O Q

in exchange f o r

co tto n .

W h i l e M e m p h i s was f a s t b e c o m i n g a l e a d i n g C onfederate problem s

su p p lies,

in th e

command.

rural

D esirin g

to

A u g u s t 28 r e g u l a t i o n s , O ctober

3

.

en trep o t fo r

G r a n t w as a l s o h a r a s s e d b y s i m i l a r areas

co m p risin g th e rem ainder o f h is

clarify

th e

trad e

M ellen v i s i t e d

situ atio n

under the

G r a n t a t C o r i n t h on

G rant w i l l i n g l y o rd e re d h is

commanders t o

avoid

8 6 . C u r t i s , D ept, o f M is s o u r i, H elen a, A rk ., to H u rlb u t, J a n . 5 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f M i s s o u r i , v o l . 1 3 , O . S . 2 3 , p p . 211 - 2 1 2 . 87G a l l a g h e r , S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , F e b . 1 8 , I 8 6 3 , i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 8 8 . Y e a t m a n t o C h a s e , J a n . 2 9 , I 8 6 3 , i n c l o s i n g L t . G e n. J . C. P e m b e r t o n , C . S . A . , D e p t , o f M i s s . , G r e n a d a , M i s s . , t o Y e a t m a n , D e c . 2 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R eports. C h a s e ' s o n l y r e a c t i o n t o t h i s p r o p o s i t i o n was t o s e n d M e l l e n t o Memphis w i t h i n s t r u c t i o n s t o d e t e r m i n e u n d e r w h a t a u t h o r i t y Y e a t m a n was i n c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h a C o n f e d e r a t e commander. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , F e b . 6 , I 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e ip.

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loij-

in terferen ce

w ith m erchandise o r

Treasury r e g u l a t i o n s , port liq u o r Memp his ,

c o t t o n m oving u n d e r

b u t he i n s i s t e d

th a t p erm its

s h o u ld be s u p e r v i s e d by t h e p o s t

Jackson,

C orinth,

m atter of i n t o x i c a n t s , trad e m a tte r s .

and B o l i v a r .

how ever,

im­

com m andants a t

O ther th a n

G rant had l i t t l e

He a n d M e l l e n i s s u e d

to

the

c o m m e n t on

sim ilar ru les

according

to t h e i r c o n f e r e n c e a g r e e m e n t. O ther th a n

some s m u g g l i n g on t h e T e n n e s s e e

r i v e r s and a l o n g t h e

lin e

see ms t o h a v e h a d f e w r e a l

o f t h e M o b ile & Ohio r a i l r o a d , tro u b les

from t r a d e

B ut h i s t r o u b l e s b e g a n e a r l y i n N o v e m b e r , a d riv e southw ard

1862,

a t V ick sb u rg .

issued s t r i c t

orders

to accompany h i s spectable

th at

to

w he n h e b e g a n a

C onfederate G rant

no c o t t o n b u y e r s w o u l d b e a l l o w e d th e y m ight fo llo w a t a r e ­

the r e a r ,

d e fin ite

a rm y moved f o r w a r d . judged d i s l o y a l

d u rin g O ctober.

B efo re he began th e cam paign,

army b u t t h a t

d istan ce

w ithin c e r ta in

G rant

alo n g th e M i s s i s s i p p i C e n tr a l R ailw ay in

s t r a t e g y aim ed a t r e a c h i n g t h e b a c k d o o r o f t h e fo rtress

and M i s s i s s i p p i

lin es

m oving fo r w a rd p r o g r e s s i v e l y

w h ic h he would e s t a b l i s h

P erso n s g o in g beyond such l i n e s

and e x p e l l e d fro m th e

departm ent.

as th e

w ould be

Th e b e t t e r

89. M e l l e n , C a i r o , t o C h a s e , O c t . ip, 1 8 6 2 ; M e l l e n t o G a l l a g h e r , ■. O c t . 5 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 1 , p p . 3 O - 3 I , 3 ip. M e l l e n , " R u l e s G o v e r n i n g T r a d e i n T e n n e s s e e , O c t . ip, 1 8 6 2 , " i n S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , Ho. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , p . 6 I 3 . 90. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , O c t . 1 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 1 , p p . ip 9 - 5 0 ; M a j . R. B. J o n e s , C o m d g . , Hew M a d r i d , M o . , t o B r i g . G e n. G. M. D o d g e , O c t . 8 , 1862, w i t h e n d o rs e m e n ts , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R eports.

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10 5

ro e n fo rc e t h i s to tr a d e t o

order,

secure

G rant re q u ire d

all

persons

d > siring

an a d d i t i o n a l m i l i t a r y

licen se

front a

lo c al provost m arshal. d ire c ted to

D istric t

g ran t p erm its fo r

commanders w ere f u r t h e r

sale

o f fam ily

l o y a l c i t i z e n s who w o u l d s w e a r a l l e g i a n c e swear t h a t

th e

articles

tran sactio n s

by t h i s

persons liv in g th e ir cotton

have w ished to

order.

a t home a l o n g h i s

f r e e ly or take

I f th ey needed la b o r to p ic k to l e t them h i r e

N egroes

The o r d e r n e v e r t h e l e s s i n M emphis t o whom i t th a t they

"were to g e t

of p o tato es,

d irected

t o Memphis i f

co tto n ,

as

G r a n t w as a l s o

in

the

frenzy,

sty le toddy,

attrib u te d

w illin g

citizen ry

expressed

it,

they bought a peck

to

or to b acco ."

suspended the re q u ire m e n t

i n Memphis on D e ce m b e r 1 ,

sell

c o n tra b a n d camps.

a jo u rn alist

a p e rm it e v e ry tim e

a ll

they w ish ed .

th e g o v e rn m e n t's

appeared,

th at

o f m arch m ig h t

c a u s e d e x c i t e m e n t am ong t h e

e v ery tim e t h e y to o k t e a ,

licenses

at

it

burden le g itim a te

ju st

ro u te

all

t h e i r own u s e . ^

t a k e an o a t h o v e r e v e r y b e e f s t a k e

swear f r a n t i c a l l y ,

a lla y the

He h a d

to

and w ould f u r t h e r

w ere p u rc h a s e d f o r

G rant does n o t a p p ea r to

sto res

effectiv e

[ s i c ] a nd

G eneral S c o tt, H u rlb u t,

to

for m ilita ry u n til

he re c e iv e d

91. G. 0 . 8 , D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , L a G r a n g e , T e n n . , N ov. 1 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . ; v o l . 1 3 , O . S . 2 1 , p p . 1 5 1 - 5 6 . G r a n t , O x f o r d , M i s s . , t o S h e r m a n , D e c . 5 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f th e T e n n ., v o l . 1, p . 107. 92. G r a n t , La G r a n g e , t o B r i g . G e n . I . P . Q u i n b y , Nov. 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n 'WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 , p . 6 8 .

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106

f u r t h e r d i r e c t i o n s .^3 B efore he l e f t southw ard,

La G ra n g e,

G rant n e v e r th e le s s

able o r d e r s w hich i n d i c a t e d Jew ish t r a d e r s , certain ly

less

speculators

em itted

exten siv e

in

fo llo w in g the

th eir

a series

arm y.

to be p e r m i t t e d

but th ey are

d ealin g s

o f rem ark­ w ith the

The I s r a e l i t e s

to

come

esp ecially

t r a v e l on t h e r a i l r o a d

so u th ­

T hey may go n o r t h and be e n c o u r a g e d

su ch an i n t o l e r a b l e

n uisance th a t

ment m ust be p u r g e d o f t h e m , " h e w i r e d h i s oc t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a t J a c k s o n t h e n e x t d a y . -'-' g a v e tw o J e w i s h t r a d e r s

ju st

two d a y s t o

under p e n a lty o f im prisonm ent a t A lto n , m a i n e d l o n g e r . 96

P o s s ib ly to

more,

the t a r i f f

G rant f ix e d

o th er

"Give o r d e r s . . . t h a t

H u r l b u t . 9 ^ 4 -

to

than t h e

"R efuse a l l p e rm its

fo r the p re s e n t.

ward f r o m a n y p o i n t .

per b ale of

th e m arch

a grow ing i r r i t a t i o n

should be k e p t o u t , " he w ire d

it,

for

a c l a s s w h i c h w e r e p e r h a p s m o re v o c a l b u t

south o f Jackson

no J e w s a r e

Tennessee,

d isco u rag e on t h e

in

the D e p a rt­

su p erin ten d en t

of

On N o v e m b e r 18 h e

leave

th e

Illin o is,

departm ent if

sp eculation

railro ad

at ten

th ey

re­

still cents

c o t t o n p e r m i l e . 97

93Yeatman t o C h a s e , D ec. 9, 1 8 6 2 , i n c l o s i n g c l i p p i n g s f r o m M e m p h i s n e w s p a p e r s , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R eports. 9^1G r a n t t o I - I u r l b u t , J a c k s o n . T e n n . , Nov. 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 , p . I|i|. 95. G r a n t t o B r i g . G e n . J . D. W e b s t e r , J a c k s o n , T e n n . , No v. 1 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 , p . 1|7. 96. G r a n t t o B r i g . G e n . C. S . H a m i l t o n , N o v . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 , p . 7 0 . 97. G r a n t t o W e b s t e r , N o v . 1 8 , 1 3 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f the T enn., v o l.1, p. 69.

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107

As t h e Army o f t h e T e n n e s s e e p r o g r e s s e d Grant d e s i g n a t e d rigorous failed

th e

fairn ess.

to g iv e

su ccessiv e When t h e

trade

G rant w r a th f u lly

s u b je c t only to

Jew ish t r a d e r s ,

tin u ed to vex

tra d e w ith

t h e r e b y seem ing to s u sp e n d e d him from

On D e c e m b e r 9 , m o r e o v e r , h e p e r m i t t e d

in Tennessee

B ut t h e

for

l o c a l commander a t La G range

tra d in g p a sse s prom ptly,

f a v o r a few i n d i v i d u a l s , d u t y . 93

boundaries

southw ard,

as he w ro te

the

resum ption

of

T reasury r e g u l a t i o n s . ^

t h e War D e p a r t m e n t ,

con­

h im :-L O O

I have long sin c e b e lie v e d t h a t in s p ite o f a l l t h e v i g i l a n c e t h a t c an be i n f u s e d i n t o P o s t Commanders, t h e s p e c i e r e g u l a t i o n s o f t h e T r e a s u r y D e p a r t m e n t , h a v e b e e n v i o l a t e d , and t h a t m o s t l y by jew s [s i c j and o t h e r u n p r i n c i p l e d tra d e rs. So w e l l s a t i s f i e d h a v e I b e e n o f t h i s t h a t I i n s t r u c t e d t h e Commanding O f f i c e r a t C o l u m b u s t o r e f u s e a l l p e r m i t s t o j e w s t o come s o u t h , and I h a v e f r e q u e n t l y had them e x p e l l e d f r o m t h e D e p a r t m e n t , b u t t h e y come i n w i t h t h e i r c a r p e t s a c k s i n s p i t e o f a l l t h a t can be done t o prevent i t . The jew s seem t o b e a p r i v i l e g e d c l a s s , t h a t can t r a v e l a n y w h ere . They w i l l l a n d a t a n y ¥/oodyard on t h e r i v e r a n d make t h e i r way through the c o u n try . I f n o t p e r m itte d to buy c o tto n th e m s e lv e s , th e y w i l l a c t as a g e n ts f o r some o n e e l s e , who w i l l b e a t a m i l i t a r y p o s t w i t h a T r e a s u r y p e r m i t t o r e c e i v e c o t t o n , and p a y f o r i t i n T r e a s u r y n o t e s , w h ic h t h e jew w i l l buy a t an a g r e e d r a t e , p a y i n g g o l d .

9 8 . G r a n t , O x f o r d , M i s s . , t o C o l . A. S . N o r t o n , llj- th I n f . R e g t . , D e c . 1 Ip, 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , 1 , p. I 3 7 . 9 9 . G r a n t t o B r i g . G e n . J . C. S u l l i v a n , Jack so n , T enn., D e c . 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 , p . 1 2 3 . 1 0 0 . G r a n t t o C. P . W o l c o t t , A s s t . S e c r e t a r y o f W ar, D e c . 1 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 2 , O . S . 3, P. 39. 111. vol.

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108

So a t t e m p t i n g t o e x p l a i n h i s an o r d e r o n D e c e m b e r 1 7 , from h i s

departm ent.

ceipt of t h i s that a l l

e x p ellin g

W ithin

order,

post

th e

Any p e r s o n s

w oul d be a r r e s t e d

com m anders were

and h e l d

going s o u th a t

th is

in

after

tim e,

carried

in

n early a l l nessee,

of th is

A rkansas,

Y et i t was n o t t o a whole r a c e , other acts

He f o u n d

coin had been

cred it

n o r was i t

see

to

checking th e

disco v ered

fo r th ere

little

to

carried

appears

some

doubt th a t in to

Ten-

out fo r co tto n .

of G rant to have the

th at

books

betw een Septem ­

reason

secretly

TOP c-

so p r o s c r i b e d

c r e d i t o f t h e U nion army t h a t E xpulsion of

to have been i n i t i a t e d

e s p e c ia ll y a t H olly S p rin g s,

resid en t

to

and r e q u i r e d

o f a n ti- S e m it is m had been p e r m i t t e d .

Jews u n d e r G r a n t ’ s o r d e r ously,

d irected

re­

c l e v e r l y d e s i g n e d money-

and M i s s i s s i p p i and p a i d the

from th e

such n o tif ic a tio n

G allag h er,

gold had been r e c e i p t e d

an d N o v e m b e r 3 0 .

a class"

c o n s i d e r a b l e am ounts o f g o ld w ere

o f t h e Adams E x p r e s s C o m pa ny a t C a i r o ,

8

"as

confinem ent.

by u n s c r u p u l o u s t r a d e r s .

^355,000 i n

G rant issu e d

tw e n ty -fo u r hours

retu rn in g

As a m a t t e r o f f a c t

ber

Jews

J e w is h p e o p le w ere f u r n i s h e d p a s s e s

to l e a v e .

b elts

a rb itra ry actio n ,

Je w ish p e o p le w ere r e q u i r e d

w here b o t h r e s i d e n t to

le av e .

v ig o r­ and n o n ­

One L a z e r u s

101. G. 0 . 1 2 , D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , O x f o r d , M i s s . , D e c . 1 7 , 1 3 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e r m . , v o l . 1 3 , O . S . 2 1 , p p . 3 5 36. 102. G a l l a g h e r , C a i r o , t o C h a s e , D e c . 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s .

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109

S il b e r m a n o f C h ic a g o was e v e n c o n f i n e d f o r hours a t

n e a rly tw enty

t h a t p o s t m e r e l y b e c a u s e he i n q u i r e d

by t e l e ­

g rap h w h e th e r s u c h an o r d e r h ad a c t u a l l y b e e n i s s u e d . "It is

not n e ce ssary to

te ll

M. W i s e o f C i n c i n n a t i t o ceedings

are

ille g a l,

and t h e f e e l i n g s

feelin g

of t h e

S tan to n ,

of the

p eo p le."

he m erely

chicanery. th e

asked

n o tificatio n

first

G r a n t on J a n u a r y ip, 1 8 6 3 , but h is lay in

which i n c l u d e d

th e

of the

th is

p eo p le,

co nfidence u n ju st

Isra elite

and

" f o u n d e r o f A m e r ic a n J u d a i s m , " was n o t

le tte r

o b jectio n

co u n try ,

At a n y o t h e r t i m e W ise

e d ito r

w ith .

of delay ,

law s o f th e

"an e n d t o

a man t o b e t r i f l e d as th e

above p r o ­

commanders n e e d e d t h e

R abbi W ise,

la te r called

the

Rabbi Is a a c

tak en th e m a tte r b e fo re

th at m ilita ry

country,

"th at

c o n tra ry to th e

s a id t h a t he w ould h a v e but,

y o u ," p ro te sted

the

H alleck,

to

of

r e c e iv in g W ise’ s s u c h an o r d e r ,

revoke i t

w ithout

d irected

an i n s t a n t

a d j u t a n t w rote G rant t h a t th e o n ly ex clu sio n

several o ffic e rs

o f a w hole g ro u p o f p e o p le a n d men w i t h i n h i s

own

103. I s a a c M. W i s e , C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o , t o S t a n t o n , D e c . 3 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n Vv7D, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , I 8 6 3 , f i l e W-Z. T h i s l e t t e r wa s m a r k e d a s r e c e i v e d on Jan. 3 , 1363. Max B. M a y , I s a a c M a y e r W i s e , Th e F o u n d e r o f A m e r i c a n J u d a i s m (New Y o rk ', 1 9 1 6 ) , 2 1 1 - 2 1 2 , 2 3 3 - 2 3 5 • loljl H a l l e c k t o G r a n t , J a n . i+, I 8 6 3 , I n WD, Hq. o f t h e A rm y, T e l e g r a m s S e n t , v o l . 3 , p . 8 2 .

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110

command a n d a g o v e r n o r o f o n e o f t h e w e s t e r n "The P r e s i d e n t h a s no o b j e c t i o n and Jew p e d d l e r s ,

w hich I

to your e x p e llin g

s u p p o s e was t h e

are f i g h t i n g

an e n t i r e

in our ran k s,

relig io u s th e

"b u t as i t

class,

P resid en t

trad ers

o b ject of your

o r d e r , " H a l l e c k w r o t e G r a n t on J a n u a r y 2 1, term s p r o s c r i b e d

sta te s.I0 5

in

some o f whom

deemed i t n e c e s s a r y

to revoke i t . " ^ ^ G rant w ithdrew h i s 1863

, referrin g

a c t e d on o r d e r s

to

it

o rd e r banning th e

#100

from H a lle c k . -^7

each fo r

sale

at m ilita ry p o sts w ith in A lthough G ra n t s t a t e d his

secret

serv ice

6

,

o n ly by number and n o t i n g t h a t he

a n n o u n c e d a ne w o r d e r r e q u i r i n g costing

Jews on J a n u a r y

But t e n

days

s p e c ia l m ilit a r y p erm its

o f goods and p u rc h a s e o f c o t t o n

th e D epartm ent o f th e

th at

l a t e r he

these

f e e s would be n e e d e d f o r

and h o s p i t a l f u n d ,

t h a t h e w i s h e d t o m ak e p e d d l i n g

Tennessee.

it

is

as ex p en siv e

not u n lik e ly as p o s s i b l e .

105. G o l . J . G. K e l t o n , A . A . G . , Hq. o f t h e Army, t o G r a n t , J a n . 5 , 1 3 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . If, O . S . 7, p . 233. 106. H a l l e c k t o G r a n t , J a n . 2 1 , 1 3 6 3 , i n WD, Hq. o f t h e Arm y, v o l . 13A, p p . I 3 6 - I 3 7 . 107. G. 0 . 2 , D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , H o l l y S p r i n g s , M i s s . , J a n . 6 , I 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 3 , O . S . 2 1 , p . 103. G. 0 . 5 , D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , J a n . 1 6 , I 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t, o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 3 , O.S. 21, p p . 5 1 -5 2 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

I l l

D uring h i s

c a m p a i g n i n W o rth M i s s i s s i p p i G r a n t made

a conscious e f f o r t

to

or c o tto n belo ng ing

capture

to p erso n s

C onfederacy as p o s s i b l e .

trad ers.

seized about tim e t o fu lly his

b ales

1 ,8 0 0

sim ilar course.

railro ad ,

the r e g u l a t i o n

who s u c c e s s ­

of i t title

to p a r tie s and l o y a l t y .

know ledge o r a p p r o v a l,

th a t class

co tto n ,

mo re s u r p r i s e d t o r e c e i v e

u n less

b a le s w hich he had on h a n d ,

him t h a t many s p e c u l a t o r s , agents,

off for

th e ir

claim ed,

When h e

w ould be

G r a n t was s t i l l

f o r much more t h a n

the

a f a c t w hich c o n v in c e d

e v id e n t ly p o sin g as governm ent

own p r o f i t .

p e r p le x e d by th e w hole a f f a i r ,

the f i b r e

and

O bviously s t i l l

G ra n t w ro te Chase a b o u t t h e

m a t t e r t o sh ow h i m ’’ t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s in th e f i e l d has to

and a

o v e r 700

i n Memphis.

must have sim p ly gone a b o u t s e i z i n g

conveying i t

follow ed a

o f m erchandise over th e only a l i t t l e

claim s

from

Some o f

co n stan t su rv e illa n c e

sold fo r th e b e n e f i t o f th e governm ent,

700

of

lo ts

depot q u arterm aster

ad v ertised th a t th is

b u sin ess

e stim ate d th a t he had

G rant d isco v e re d t h a t

bales reached th e

of th e

but

D esp ite h is

p r i o r i t y shipm ent f o r

co tto n

of c o tto n a lto g e th e r,

c o n v in c e d him o f t h e i r w ith o u t h is

the s e r v ic e

f o r him as

G rant l a t e r

tim e h e r e l e a s e d

ju n io rs,

in

Management o f t h i s

proved n e a r ly as d i f f i c u l t civ ilian

as much C o n f e d e r a t e

a commander o f t r o o p s

contend a g a i n s t w h i l s t tr a d e

is

allow ed

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

112

t

109 to f o ll o w t h e

fla g ."

As G r a n t w a r r e d w i t h t h e

co tto n buyers,

m ilitary o p eratio n s

at f i r s t prospered,

w ithdrew b e f o r e h i s

c o n v e r g in g colum ns w i t h

skirm ish. R iver,

M anaging a s u c c e s s f u l

overland r o u te able to

to V ick sb u rg ,

d e ta c h S h e rm a n 's

tow ard J a c k s o n ,

scarcely

of the

a

T allah atch ie

concern in g th e

and b y e a r l y D ece m b e r h e was

d iv isio n

M iss is sip p i as a d i v e r s io n to railro ad

and th e C o n fe d e ra te s

cro ssin g

G ra n t became ev en more o p t i m i s t i c

h is

and sen d

it

down t h e

th e m ain a t t a c k

do w n t h e

M ississip p i.

ed O x f o r d w i t h h i s m a i n s t r e n g t h ,

When G r a n t h a d r e a c h ­

a C onfederate

ca.valry

f o r c e u n d e r V an D o r n s w e p t f a r a r o u n d t h e r i g h t f l a n k o f th e U nion army a n d d e s t r o y e d t h e S prings

(Decem ber 2 0 ,

launched an a t t a c k Jackson,

Tennessee,

the c o u n tr y i n h i s

1 8 6 2

).

S im u ltan eo u sly P o rre s t

ag ain st r a i l and G ran t, advance,

su p p ly d ep o t a t H olly

supply r o u te s having

n o rth of

ex h au stiv e ly foraged

c o u l d do n o t h i n g b u t f a l l

back

110 tow ard Memphis,

w h e n c e h e w o u l d f o l l o w S h e r m a n down t h e

M i s s i s s i p p i i n an am phibious o p e r a t i o n . remem bered h i s th at the

cotto n

ex p erien ce

As G r a n t l a t e r

i n Nor>t h M i s s i s s i p p i h e n o t e d

tra d e had a lso

afforded

th e C onfederates

1 0 9 . G r a n t t o C h a s e , F e b . 2 3 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 2 , O . S . 3 , PP* 73-7^4-* 1 1 0 . G r a n t t o C o l . J . C. K e l t o n , A . A . G . , H q . o f t h e Army, D e c . 2 5 , 1 8 6 2 ; G r a n t t o C o m m a n d e r , M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r E x p e d i t i o n , D e c . 2 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 2 , O . S . 3 , PP* Jp2-lt3* I b i d . , v o l . 1 , p . 159*

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113

"m^a ns o f o b t a i n i n g

accu rate

and i n t e l l i g e n t

in fo rm atio n

111 in re g a rd to our p o s i t i o n

and s t r e n g t h ."

H elena and V icksburg W hile t h e m a in F e d e r a l a t t a c k was b e i n g p r o s e c u t e d e a s t o f the M i s s i s s i p p i , f o r c e — t h e Army o f

H alleck had s ta r te d

still

another

th e S o u th w e s t u n d e r M ajor G e n e ra l

S a m u e l R . C u r t i s — s o u t h w a r d o u t o f M i s s o u r i do w n t h r o u g h A rkansas.

As t h e

C onfederates

tro o p s from A rkansas

as re in f o r c e m e n ts

a d v a n c e w as o p p o s e d b y l i t t l e w ise u n f a v o r a b l e B atesv ille,

c h o s e t o w i t h d r a w Van D o r n ' s

terrain .

A rkansas,

to

S h ilo h ,

C u rtis'

m o r e t h a n swa mpy a n d o t h e r ­

By May 3* l

86

l,

he had occupied

a s m a l l tow n on th e W h ite R i v e r .

Here he p a u s e d u n t i l g r o w in g d a n g e r s com m unication p ro m p ted him to

sh ift

to h i s across

c a p t u r e d on J u l y

long lin e s

of

c o u n tr y to

H elena,

w hich he e a s i l y

H elena,

t h e Army o f t h e S o u t h w e s t c o u l d b e r e s u p p l i e d b y

1 3

, l

8 6

l.

At

112 th e M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r . These o p e r a t i o n s p o ssib le

commerce,

o p e n e d ne w a n d f e r t i l e

and G a l l a g h e r ,

th e r e w ere c o n s i d e r a b l e q u a n t i t i e s th e W hite R i v e r ,

reg io n s

to

m o t i v a t e d by r e p o r t s of co tto n

th at

a d ja c e n t to

b e g an p e r m i t t i n g b o a ts w hich c a r r i e d

1 1 1 . G r a n t , M e m o i r s , I , 399"^-00* 1 1 2 . C l a r e n c e C . B u e l l a n d R o b e r t U. J o h n s o n ( e d s . ) B a t t l e s a n d L e a d e r s o f t h e C i v i l War (New Y o r k , 1 8 8 8 ) , I I I , l|lj.l-i4lj.5. H e r e i n a f t e r c i t e d a s B a t t l e s a n d L e a d e r s o f t h e C i v i l War.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

m ilitary

s u p p l i e s up t h a t r i v e r

freig h ts

of cotton,

reg io n .

G allag h er issu e d th e

June 19,

and,

h id es,

alth o u g h th e

tenuous F e d e r a l c o n t r o l ,

to

take

on r e t u r n

and o t h e r p r o d u c t s first

of the

such p e rm its

on

t r a d e was i n a r e g i o n o f b u t

he

ju stifie d

it

on th e g ro u n d s

t h a t p r o s p e c t s o f a r e t u r n c a r g o r e d u c e d t h e r a t e s on army 113 su p p lies. M ellen , c o m p la in in g t h a t L o u i s v i l l e and C i n c i n n a t i m e r c h a n ts h a d o n ce more b e e n c a u g h t s h o r t , tested

the

" g r e e d y and i m p a t i e n t h a s t e

to r u s h . . . i n t o

e v e ry p l a c e p e n e t r a t e d b y o u r army even b e f o r e

lllp

secure

in

its

ne w p o s i t i o n . "

soon fo u n d h i s and

pro­

W ith t r a d e

camps " i n f e s t e d w i t h J e w s ,

it

is

opened C u r tis

S ecessio n ists,

S p ie s."

to ch arg es confining

T a k i n g a c o u r s e w h i c h made h im v u l n e r a b l e 115 o f f a v o r i n g m onopoly, C u r t i s i s s u e d an o r d e r

trad e

to

a f e w i n d i v i d u a l s whom h e

could r e -

116

s t r a i n as s u t l e r s

under m ilita r y

law .

As t h e Army o f t h e S o u t h w e s t s h i f t e d

its

base

to

H elena,

c o n s ta n t rum ors o f c o tto n abuses r e a c h e d S t .

John P.

P helps,

L ouis.

ap p o in ted m il it a r y governor of A rkansas,

inform ed H a lle c k t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s had s e i z e d l a r g e

qu an ti-

113. G a lla g h e r , S t . L o u is, to Chase, June 19, 1862, i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 1 lip. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a se , J u n e 30 , 18 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 1 1 5 • D . N. P a i g e , C a i r o , t o C hase, Aug. 13, 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 2 , v o l . N - P , p . l 6 Jp. I l 6 . C u r t i s t o H a l l e c k , A u g . 1 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, Hq. o f t h e Army, T e l e g r a m s R e c e i v e d , 1 8 6 2 , v o l . 1 , p . 81p.

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115

ties

o f c o t t o n on t h e i r

own a c c o u n t ,

on t h e g o v e r n m e n t .

C o t t o n was b e in g

account a t fo u rte e n

cen ts

brought i t

to S t.

L ouis

six cen ts p er pound. ported th a t

th ere

Even p r i v a t e s

th ereb y c a s tin g

s o l d on g o v e rn m e n t

i n H e l e n a t o f a v o r e d p e r s o n s who

and s o l d i t f o r

f o r t y to

When h e r e a c h e d H e l e n a ,

seem ed t o be much t r u t h

in th e

odium

P helps r e ­

in th e rum ors.

i n f a n t r y had s e i z e d m ules

fo r t h e i r b e t t e r lo co m o tio n .

fo rty -

and h o r s e s

"The arm y was much d e m o r a l ­

ized in i t s w rote, less

m arch fro m B a t e s v i l l e to t h i s p o i n t , ” P h elp s 117 "and w h ils t ly in g h e r e . ” O th e r in f o r m e r s were

circum spect.

on t h e

town w i t h o u t e m p lo y m en t a t H e l e n a ,

the su rg eo n 200

One J o h n M c D o w e l l o f P o r t s m o u t h ,

b ales

of the

O hio,

w ro te Chase t h a t

1 1 t h W i s c o n s i n R e g i m e n t was s h i p p i n g

o f g o v e r n m e n t - c a p t u r e d c o t t o n n o r t h on h i s

own

118

acco u n t and w ith C u r t i s ' A lv in P. Hovey,

p erm issio n .

commanding a t H e l e n a ,

B rig a d ie r G eneral in d irectly

adm itted

117. John P. P h e lp s , M i l i t a r y G overnor o f A rk a n sas, S t . L o u i s , t o H a l l e c k , Aug. 1 7 , 1 8 6 2 ; P h e l p s , H e l e n a , to H a l l e c k , S e p t . 2 8 , l 8 o 2 , i n WD, H q . o f t h e Army, L e t t e r s R e c e iv e d , f i l e n o s . P- 7 6 1 and P-785-HQA-1862. P help s, e l e c t e d t o C o n g r e s s f r o m M i s s o u r i i n l 8 l|i[_, h a d s u b s e q u e n t l y served th e re f o r e ig h te e n y e a r s . He w a s a r e g i m e n t a l commander i n t h e U n i o n a rm y, f i g h t i n g i n t h e B a t t l e o f P e a R idge. I n J u l y , 1 8 6 2 , h e was a p p o i n t e d m i l i t a r y g o v e r n o r of A rk a n sa s , b u t he s o o n r e s i g n e d b e c a u s e o f i l l h e a l t h . He s e r v e d a s g o v e r n o r o f M i s s o u r i f r o m 1 8 7 6 - I 8 8 O a s a D em ocrat. H. E d w a r d N e t t l e s , " J o h n S m i t h P h e l p s , ” i n D i c t i o n a r y o f A m e r i c a n B i o g r a p h y ( 2 0 v o l s ; New Y o r k , 1 9 2 8 1 9 3 7 ), X IV ," 3 3 0 . H e r e a f t e r c i t e d a s D. A. B. 1 1 8 . J o h n M cDowell, H e l e n a , A r k . , t o C h a s e , Aug. 20, 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 2 , v o l . K-M, 2 8 9 .

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*

116

many o f t h e

rum ors

in a g e n e ra l d e n u n c ia tio n o f the

p r e v a le n t com m ercial p o l i c i e s w ritten

to a f r i e n d

in a co n fid en tial l e t t e r

on S e p t e m b e r 3 0 ,

1862:

B e f o r e my D i v i s i o n e n t e r e d M e m p h i s s a l t s o l d th e re a t 1 2 5 $ p er sack , boots 2 5 to 3 0 $ p er p a ir , f l o u r 3 0 $ p e r b a r r e l and a l l th e n e c e s s a r i e s o f l i f e i n t h e s am e r a t i o ; b u t f r o m t h e E a s t came t h e E c h o , ’’Co mmerce m u s t f o l l o w o u r f l a g ” a n d p r e s t o , Memphis a nd H e l e n a a r e r i v a l s o f C i n c i n n a t i in cheapness of a l l th e n e c e s s a rie s of l i f e . A l i t t l e f a l s e s w e a rin g by t r a i t o r s , soon s t o c k e d the c o u n try , w ith a l l th e y w anted a t v e ry r e a s o n ­ able p r i c e s . Comme rce f o l l o w o u r f l a g ? Y es, and o u r s o l d i e r s i n s t e a d o f f i g h t i n g become t h e a g e n ts , a i d e r s and b r o k e r s , o f c o tto n b u y in g , c o t t o n s t e a l i n g J e w s , who s c a t t e r t h e i r m o n e y , and c o n tr a b a n d goods th r o u g h o u t re b e ld o m . A more f a t a l s t e p n e v e r w as t a k e n . I t has p araly zed 3 0 , 0 0 0 me n h e r e , f o r m ore t h a n two m o n t h s , t h r o w n th ousand s o f d o l l a r s in to th e hands of our enem ies, and d e m o r a l i z e d t h e army t o an e x t e n t t h a t c an s c a r c e ly be r e a l i z e d . F o r my p a r t , w h e n I s e e t h e s mo ke o f c o t t o n a s c e n d i n g I am a l m o s t c o n s t r a i n e d t o s h o u t ’’b u l l y f o r t h e c o t t o n b u r n e r s ’. ” C u r t i s w as o r d e r e d b a c k t o

S t.

Louis

to ta k e

command o f

t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f M i s s o u r i o n S e p t e m b e r 21]-, 1 8 6 2 , rum ors o f h i s there. L incoln,

c o n ta m in a tio n by c o tto n fr a u d s

In re p ly to

b u t the

f o l l o w e d him

a q u e r y f r o m no l e s s a p e r s o n t h a n

how ever, he fo r m a lly p r o t e s t e d h i s

N o v e m b e r 9> a t t r i b u t i n g

i n n o c e n c e on

t h e ru m o rs a g a i n s t him ” to ro g u e s

120 and s n e a k i n g

s e c e s s i o n i s t s ” whom h e h a d r e f u s e d

to lic e n s e .

1 1 9 . B r i g . C-en. A. P . H o v e y , H e l e n a , A r k . , t o R o b e r t D a l e Owen, S e p t . 3 0 , 1 8 6 2 ; Owen t o S t a n t o n , O c t . 1 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e 0 - 3 9 9 ” Dec. 3 1 / 6 2 . 1 2 0 . C u r t i s t o L i n c o l n , N o v . 9* 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f th e M i s s o u r i , v o l . 13, O .S. 23, p p . 38lf-385.

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117

W h i l e h e f a v o r e d a p o l i c y w h i c h w o u l d '’h e r m e t i c a l l y ” s e a l the

So u th and l e t t h e

c o t t o n a n d swim i n

s e c e s s i o n i s t s ’’r o l l i n t h e i r 121 th e ir m o lasses," H ovey made e f f o r t s

to c o n t r o l commerce a r o u n d H e l e n a i n c o n f o r m ! t v w i t h t h e 122 T reasury r e g u la tio n s of A ugust 28. F o llo w in g M ellen*s in stru ctio n s B arnitz,

to a v o id any p a r t n e r s h i p w ith th e m i l i t a r y ,

a t Memphis,

seems to h av e l e f t

tra d e a t H elena e n t i r e l y accordingly

to

c h a r g e d o n e T hom as O ' R e i l l e y ,

of th e T rea su ry D epartm ent" 12

boat "aid

the

the re g u la tio n of 123 army com m ander. Hovey

to

the r e v e n u e ,"

a "Revenue Agent

l a t e r t o be e x p o s e d a s a s t e a m k w ith the issu a n c e of p erm its 1 2 5

for a l l Yeatm an,

fam ily s u p p lie s

a r o u n d H e l e n a on O c t o b e r 3 3 ®

succeeding B a rn itz

as a s p e c i a l a g e n t of th e

T r e a s u r y a t Memphis, u n d e r t o o k a c l o s e r affairs

a t H elena.

taking o f f ic e , ar m y o f f i c e r s th is

su p erv isio n of

Pie w e n t down t o . H e l e n a s h o r t l y a f t e r

w here,

upon h is

su g g estio n ,

H o v e y a d d e d tw o

to O 'R e ille y * s b o ard o f t r a d e .

board to g ra n t p e rm its

t o make s u c h r u l e s

He c h a r g e d

to buy and s e l l m e rc h an d ise

and

n o t in c o n s is te n t w ith T reasury re g u la tio n s

1 2 1 . H o v e y t o Owen, S e p t . 30, 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f 'War, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e 0-*399“ E)ec • 3 1 / 6 2 . 1 2 2 . B a r n i t z , M emphis, t o M e l l e n , S e p t . 2 2 , 186 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 8 . 123. M ellen , C i n c i n n a t i , to B a r n i t z , S e p t . 2 9 , 1862, i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 31> PP* 2 7 - 2 8 . I 2 I4.. Y e a t m a n , M e m p h i s , t o C h a s e , N o v . I4., 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 1 2 5 . G . O . 5 6 , Army o f t h e S o u t h w e s t , H e l e n a , A r k . , O c t . 3 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e A r k . , v o l . J4.3 , O . S . 1 1 2 , P* 24-20.

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118

and m i l i t a r y

orders

on t r a d e .

S ince the

board could a c t

o n ly by a m a j o r i t y v o t e , Y eatm an c o n s i d e r e d t h a t

the

126

e v il in flu en ce

o f O’ R e i l l e y w o u l d b e c a n c e l l e d .

T r e a s u r y a g e n t a t Memphis, h o w e v e r, a t H elena, and by th e

c o n tin u e d to

tran sactio n s.

B rigadier

now c o m m a n d i n g a t H e l e n a ,

O 'R e ille y and tu rn e d o v er m a t t e r s

en tirely

The a m b i t i o u s T r e a s u r y a g e n t 127 own b o a r d o f t r a d e . Under su c h u n s e t t l e d r e g u l a t i o n ,

to have f l o u r i s h e d a t H e len a .

then a p p o in te d

c o rru p tio n appears

A revenue a id e re p o rte d

on o r a b o u t N o v e m b e r 9 a s t e a m e r l o a d e d b o o t s , drygoods,

rem oved

to Y eatm an on

N ove mb er 2 ? . h is

in terfere

end o f November he a p p r e h e n d e d

O 'R e ille y in b la c k m a il c o tto n G eneral Fred S t e e l e ,

Th e

shoes,

th at salt,

and o th e r goods o f f th e governm ent w h a rfb o a t a t

H e le n a and e x c h a n g e d t h e p a rtisa n rangers

dow nstream f o r 200 b a l e s

r e p o r te d the m a tte r " t h a t h e was i n

cargo w ith a tro o p

t o Y eatm an,

close

of C o n fed erate

of co tto n .

He

b u t Y eatm an in fo r m e d him

conference w ith the S e c re ta ry

T r e a s u r y and t h a t h e was n o t a d v e r s e

of th e

to m aking s u c h an

1 2 6 . Y e a t m a n , M e m p h i s , t o C h a s e , N o v . 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s , G . O . 59> Army o f t h e S o u t h w e s t , H e l e n a , N o v . 6 , l 8 o 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f A r k . , v o l . i|_3 , O . S . 1 1 2 , p p . lj.22-lj.23. 1 2 7 . Y eatm an, Memphis, t o C h a s e , D e c. 2 , 18 6 2 ; Y eatm an t o C h a s e , D e c . 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r t s . G.O. 7 , D i s t . o f E a s t e r n A r k . , H e l e n a , A r k . , Nov. 2 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f A r k . , v o l . I4.3 , O . S . 1 1 2 , P . lj.27.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without p erm ission.

experim ent."

A nother g o v e rn m e n t-c h a rte re d stea m e r a r r i v e d

a t H e l e n a o n N o v e m b e r lL. w i t h n i n e t y - t h r e e b a l e s c o tto n w hich i t s

of

crew h a d p u r c h a s e d from N eg ro es b eyond

128 the F e d e r a l l i n e s , d etectiv e

em ployed by t h e q u a r t e r m a s t e r

" s o m uc h r a s c a l i t y " rep o rt. truce

b o a t from L i t t l e

troops;

at S t.

A

Louis

found

a t H e l e n a t h a t h e h a r d l y kn e w w h a t t o

Governm ent s t o r e s

tr a d e by t h e his

and w ith bogus C o n f e d e r a te money.

were u se d i n

trad e;

a flag

of

Rock h a d b e e n g i v e n a p e r m i t t o

co lo n el of th e

tyth. I o w a t o

th e n e a r m utiny o f

and t h e g o v e rn m e n t w h a r f b o a t a t H e le n a was so

covered w ith c o tto n b a le s was n o r o o m f o r m i l i t a r y ed t h a t " t h e r a s c a l i t y

owned b y s p e c u l a t o r s su p p lies.

carried

th at

The d e t e c t i v e

on h e r e

is

th ere

conclud­

dam nable and i f 129

it

i s n o t s t o p p e d I f e a r f o r my c o u n t r y . " Yeatm an,

in stru ctio n s

as has been seen ,

was a c t u a l l y

fro m t h e T r e a s u r y when h e i n t e r f e r e d

m atters

of tra d e

left

the hands o f th e m i l i t a r y .

in

in

s o u th o f H elena w hich sh o u ld have b e e n

ev id en tly In to x ic a te d w ith h is steam ers

exceeding h is

On D e c e m b e r lij.,

"e x p e rim e n ts," he a u th o riz e d

to l a n d a t any p o i n t b e tw ee n H e len a and C a iro

to

1 2 8 . James F r a n c i s , R evenue A id e , S t . L o u i s , t o R. J . Howard, S u r v e y o r , S t . L o u i s , Nov. 2 6 , l 8 6 l ; G a l l a g h e r t o C h a s e , N o v . 3 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R ep o rts. 1 2 9 . James C r i s w e l l , H e le n a , to Q uarterm aster, S t. Louis , Nov. 1 5 , Nov. 1 8 , Nov. 2 0 , 1 8 6 2 ; G a l l a g h e r t o C hase Nov. 3 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s

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120

t o t a k e on c o t t o n , p r o v i d e d t h e y d i s c h a r g e d no f r e i g h t s 130

w ithout T reasu ry p e rm its .

On D e c e m b e r l

Chase r e p u d i a t e d Y e a t m a n 's

claim to

6

, how ever,

au th o rity

south of

1 3 1

Memphis.

The n e x t d a y ,

G eneral W i l l i s H elena,

th at

A. G o r m a n ,

C u rtis still

trad e m atters

in s tru c te d B rig ad ier

a n o t h e r new commander a t

"must be i n

our hands and n o t

c o n t r o l l e d b y B o a r d s o f T r a d e who a r e n o t r e s p o n s i b l e m ilitary d iscip lin e, y o u r own a f f a i r s

and I s h a ll

for

e x p e c t you to r e g u l a t e

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132

S u p e rio rs." directio n

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of trad e,

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b u t he a p p o in te d an a d v is o r y com m ittee

c o m p r i s i n g a n army o f f i c e r , the p r o v o s t m a rsh al o f th e

the

l o c a l n a v a l commander,

d istric t.

t h a t he w ould p e r s o n a l l y a p p ro v e a l l

and

G o rm a n a n n o u n c e d steam er c le a ra n c e s

1 3 3

and l i c e n s e s trad ers

to

trad e.

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p e r m onth,

payable to th e

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1 3 0 . O r d e r , Y e a t m a n , M e m p h i s , D e c . lip, 1 8 6 2 ; Y e a t m a n t o C h a s e , D e c . 1 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r t s . 1 3 1 . C h a s e t o Y e a t m a n , D e c . l 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 2 l j _ 5 . 1 3 2 . C u r t i s t o B r i g . G e n . W. A. G o r m a n , H e l e n a , D e c . 1 7 , 1 8 o 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f M i s s o u r i , v o l . 1 3 * O . S . 2 3 , p . 1 6 8 . 1 3 3 * G .O. 2 2 , H q . , D i s t . o f E a s t e r n A r k . , H e l e n a , A rk.,. D e c . 2 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f A r k . , v o l . 11.3 , O . S . 1 1 2 , PP • lp3 9 —M-l-D. 13l^. P a r . V I I I , S p e c i a l O r d e r 38l|-> D i s t . o f E a s t e r n A r k . , H e l e n a , A r k . , D e c . 27» 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f A r k . , v o l . I4.2 , O . S . 1 0 8 , p . 1 9 2 . H e r e i n a f t e r " S p e c ia l O rder" i s a b b r e v ia te d as "S .O ."

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121

C urtis p r i v a t e l y , a re being quinine,

’’Th e p e o p l e o f M i s s i s s i p p i a n d A r k a n s a s

su p p lied w ith s a l t , shoes,

h ats,

w hiskey, m a c k e r e l, th in g s,

a ll

caps,

cheese,

o f w hich a r e

M r. Y e a t m a n . . . ;

6

p u b lic enem y.”

R unners,

flo u r,

sh irts,

pork,

bacon,

draw ers,

coffee,

socks,

and a th o u s a n d and one o t h e r

cleared

and p e r m i t t e d by

/ l O t h o f w hich p a ss

in to

l a n d e d by t r a d i n g

th e hands o f the steam ers

” to

h u n t up and drum up c o t t o n , ” made any fo rm o f m i l i t a r y 135 secrecy im p o ssib le. He a s k e d C u r t i s f o r a d v i c e b u t l a t t e r h a d a l r e a d y p u t h i m s e l f on r e c o r d . having h e a r d t h a t l a r g e

the

On D e c e m b e r 1 2 ,

am ounts o f c o t t o n l y i n g

im m ediately

o u ts id e F e d e r a l l i n e s were e n d a n g e re d by C o n f e d e r a te burners,

C u r t i s h a d w r i t t e n G o r m a n t h a t "we s h o u l d t r y

fa c ilita te lo y al,

th e rem oval o f th e

c o tto n by a llo w in g p ru d e n t, 136 t r u s t y men t o go an d b r i n g t h e c o t t o n a w a y . ”

W ith th e T r e a s u r y a g e n ts an a l l - o u t o f f e n s i v e A d m i r a l D a v i d D.

and army o f f i c e r s

ag ain st co tto n ,

P o rter,

effo rts

t o b r e a k up i l l i c i t

u n d e rsto o d .. .th a t

p ro secu tin g

o n ly A cting Rear

who h a d t a k e n command o f t h e

M i s s i s s i p p i S quad ro n on O ctober 15, in h is

to

1862, trad e.

I have e n t i r e c o n tr o l

seemed e a r n e s t ”1

w ish i t

on t h e w a t e r , ” he

135* G o rm a n t o C u r t i s , J a n . 3> 1 8 5 3 ; B r i g . G e n . L . T h o m as , t o C h a s e , J a n . 2 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e J, 1 3 6 . C u r t i s t o C om m a n di n g O f f i c e r , H e l e n a , A r k . , D e c . 1 2 , l 8 o 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f M i s s o u r i , v o l . 1 3 , O . S . 2 3 , pp. 156-157.

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122

137

inform ed h i s

o fficers,

w ith

the

s am e i m p e r i o u s n e s s

w hich w ould c a u s e one o f h i s

lieu ten an ts

to s ta te

" G e n e r a l G r a n t was a b s o l u t e

on s h o r e , b u t

th at

th a t he d id n o t

c o n t r o l so much o f t h e w a t e r o f t h e M i s s i s s i p p i a s w o u ld

138 be s u f f i c i e n t over t h e i r

f o r h im to w a sh h i s f a c e

sphere of a c ti v ity ,

M i s s i s s i p p i S q u a d r o n -were a l s o

th e

in ."

o fficers

of th e U n ited S t a t e s . activ ity

tak e p riz e s

o f enemy c o t t o n

Out o f t h i s

h alf,

o n e -tw e n tie th of the

to tal

his

according

"flag -tw en tieth "

one-half of th e p r i z e 's

i n t e r i o r w aters

cap tu red in

crew m a k in g t h e c a p t u r e w o u l d u l t i m a t e l y of the v a lu e .

o f m a r itim e law

in th e

Of e a c h v e s s e l

or o f each b a le

a n d men o f t h e

p e rsu a d e d to a s s id u o u s

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Jealo u s

taken,

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share

in o n e -h a lf

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v alu e o f the p r i z e ; to

p rize

v a l u e w as t u r n e d

law .

th is

was

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in to th e

as a p e n s i o n f u n d f o r d i s a b l e d Navy o f f i c e r s P o r te r 's

ille g a l

T reasury 139 and seam en.

own i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f n a v a l d u t i e s

req u ired

137* A c t g . R e a r Adm. D. D. P o r t e r , C a i r o , t o L t . J o s h u a B i s h o p , D e c . 3? l 8 o 2 , i n O f f i c i a l R e c o r d s o f t h e U n i o n a n d C o n f e d e r a t e N a v i e s i n t h e War o f t h e R e b e l l i o n T30 v o l s . , W a s h i n g t o n , I 8 9 L - - I 9 2 2 )’," s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 3 , pp. 5 29-530. H e r e i n a f t e r c i t e d as 0 . R. (N a v y ). 1 3 8 . L t. C o m d r. F r a n k M. R a m s a y t o P o r t e r , O c t . Ip, 1 8 6 3 , in 0. R. (Navy) s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 5 , p . 139* "An A c t f o r t h e B e t t e r G o v e r n m e n t o f t h e N a v y o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s , A p r i l 23, l 8 0 0 , " i n P u b l i c S t a t u t e s a t L a r g e , I 7 8 9 - I S L 5 (B o s to n , l8ip 5 ), I I , 52^^37

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123

iLi_o his

squadron " to

sto p

end h e a d v i s e d h i s atten tio n

to

trad e

w ith

commander l y i n g

"p u t...to

a ll

th e

a rtic le s

w ere n o t c o n t r a b a n d t h e

To t h i s

o f f Memphis t o

the b o ard o f t r a d e ."

steam ers

d iscretio n ,

the r e b e l s . "

He w i s h e d a l l

i n c o n v e n i e n c e we c a n . "

" p a y no trad in g If

commander c o u l d u s e h i s

b u t P o r te r shrew dly observed t h a t

"contraband

lLpl in clu d es

alm ost e v e r y th in g ."

Y e a t m a n was g i v i n g p e r m i t s H elena, trade

P o rter

in stru cted

trade

a l l h is

s am e t i m e t h a t

b e t w e e n Memphis a n d

commanders

to p e r m i t no

a t p o i n t s n o t o c c u p ie d by F e d e r a l tr o o p s u n l e s s

under cover of a g u n b o at. on t h e w a t e r , " rebel

for

At the

depots

"I

c laim to have j u r i s d i c t i o n

he in fo r m e d Y eatm an, s h a l l be h e r m e tic a lly

w ould be a l l o w e d t o

carry

"and I in te n d sea le d ."

goods below H e le n a ,

th at a ll

No v e s s e l the p o in t

w here t h e army j u r i s d i c t i o n e n d e d a n d P o r t e r ’ s j u r i s d i c t i o n llj . 2 be c a m e e x c l u s i v e . By D e c e m b e r 1 0 , h o w e v e r , P o r t e r h a d e v id en tly thought b e t t e r

o f Y eatm an and d i r e c t e d h i s

com­

m anders to r e c o g n i z e

th e T reasu ry a g e n t’ s perm its u n le ss 1^4-3 th e y w ere i n d i r e c t v i o l a t i o n o f lav;. P o rter n e v erth e-

llj.0. P o r t e r t o B i s h o p , D e c . 3> 1 8 6 2 , i n 0 . R . , ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 23, p p . 529-330* 1 14.1. P o r t e r t o L t . C o m d r . Tho ma s 0 . S e l f r i d g e , U3S C a i r o , M e m p h i s , N o v . 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n _0. R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 3 , p . J4.7 1* 1 14.2 . G . O . 2 1 , M i s s i s s i p p i S q u a d r o n , C a i r o , D e c . 2 , l 8 6 l ; P o r t e r t o Y e a t m a n , D e c . 3> 1 8 6 2 , i n _0. R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 3 , p p . 5 2 8 , 529* 1 )4,3 . O r d e r , M i s s i s s i p p i S q u a d r o n , C a i r o , D e c . 1 0 , 1 8 o2 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 3 , p p . 6 2 0 - 6 2 1 .

A

. R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

12k

less

d esired h is

p atro l vessel

steam ers d e p a r t i n g

o f f M em phis t o

th a t p o rt.

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d i v i s i o n down t h e M i s s i s s i p p i f o r a n a t t a c k u p o n V i c k s b u r g , c o in cid ed i n view w ith A dm iral P o r t e r on D e c e m b e r 1 8 . of a m ilita r y

’’T h e e x p e d i t i o n now f i t t i n g

c h a ra c te r,"

involved a re o f to o w ith p e rso n a l

in an o r d e r

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were t o accom pany t h e

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im p o rtan t a c h a ra c te r

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citizen s

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a b o a r d any army t r a n s p o r t w ould b e c o n f i s c a t e d . p riv ate

issu ed

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any

e x p e d i t i o n below H e le n a ,

he would be c o n s c r i p t e d

in to

th e arm y,

and i f he showed

too r e f r a c t o r y

a sp irit

for m ilita ry

turned over to

th e n a v y to w ork as a d eck h a n d .

s e r v i c e he w ould be llj-5

To M e l l e n t h e T reasury re g a rd in g reg u latio n s faith .

c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n t h e A rm y , N a v y , trad e

b e l o w M emp hi s i n d i c a t e d

o f A u g u s t 28 w e r e n o t b e i n g

and

t h a t the

e x e c u te d i n good

Harmony o f a c t i o n h e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e i n d i s p e n s a b l e

to s u c c e s s f u l

su p p ressio n of i l l i c i t

harmony c o u l d be r e a l i z e d

trad e,

and su ch

o n ly from "one g e n e r a l s y s te m

li-iip. O r d e r , M i s s i s s i p p i S q u a d r o n , C a i r o , D e c . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , t o L t . C o m d r . B i s h o p , USS B r a g g , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v ol. 2 3 , p. 6 3 6 . l a b . 0 . 0 . 8 , R i g h t W i n g , X I I I , Army C o r p s , M e m p h i s , D e c . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, XIV Army C o r p s , v o l . 1 0 , O . S . 17* p. 1 1 .

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A

125

l l j .6

perfected

a n d e x e c u t e d u n d e r o n e common h e a d . ”

Looking to w a rd su ch d e s i r e d u n i f o r m i t y the w e s te rn T r e a s u r y a g e n ts fam ily s u p p lie s

for sale

H i c k m a n , New M a d r i d , trade 1 8 6 3

should be

in th e ir

own r a n k s ,

a g re e d t h a t th e y w ould p e r m i t

o n l y t o M emphis,

and C a iro .

Colum bus,

T h e ;/ f u r t h e r

agreed t h a t

opened a t H elen a b e g in n in g on J a n u a ry 1,

, su b ject to

two c o n d i t i o n s :

perm issio n

to

ship

goods to H e len a c o u ld be g r a n t e d o n ly b y a l o c a l b o a r d o f t r a d e w h ic h was t o

be a p p o i n t e d by Y e a tm a n ,

for fam ily su p p lie s to

persons

liv in g

Memphis would, b e g i v e n e i t h e r b y t h e or th e b o ard a t H elen a,

s u b je c t to

and p e rm issio n

betw een H elena and surveyor

a t M em phis

c a r e f u l com pliance

347

w ith a l l m i l i t a r y

orders.

G rant e m p h a tic a lly b e lie v e d

th at

trade

sh o u ld n o t be

p e r m i t t e d a n y w h e r e s o u t h o f Mem phi s e x c e p t a t m i l i t a r y po sts or p o in ts

g u a rd e d by t h e liavy,

and,

gran ted

command

of th e o c cu p ie d p a r t s o f A rkansas in p r e p a r a t i o n f o r a II 4.8 V ick sb u rg cam paign, he ordered th a t v e ss e ls v io la tin g il>9 su ch a p o l i c y w ould b e c o n f i s c a t e d . P o r te r , m oreover,

llj. 6 . M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o Y e a t m a n , J a n . 6 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 31? PP* l 5 3 - l 5 1 | * lij.7* B a r n i t z t o C h a s e , J a n . 1 2 , 1 8 6 3 ; C h a s e t o B a r n i t z , J a n . 2 0 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 3, PP, 92-93* llj. 8 . H a l l e c k t o G r a n t , a n d C u r t i s , J a n . 2 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, Hq. o f t h e A rm y, T e l e g r a m s S e n t , v o l . 3 , P* 137* llj-9* G .O . 7 , D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , M e m p h i s , J a n . 2 0 , I 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 3 , O . S . 2 1 , p p . 5 2 - 5 3 *

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126

flatly

d enied t h a t

the

people of t h a t

ing from w a n t o f p r o v i s i o n s w ith e v e ry th in g lu x u ries

th ey

in

W elles,

and c lo th in g .

abundance,

ex cep t,

c o u l d do w i t h o u t .

ceive" P o rte i0 s t a t e d

fla tly

"from v e s s e ls

trad e

of tra d e ,

lib e ra lly ."

th ey r e ­

t o S e c r e t a r y G ideon by the g e n e r a l

w hich th e T r e a s u r y a g e n ts

a p p o i n t e d by them ,

construe very

O nly s t a r v a t i o n w o u ld b r i n g t h e p e o p l e t o

th eir senses. sell th eir

some

su p p lies

in a l e t t e r

allow ed to

They w e re s u p p l i e d

perhaps,

"These

orders of th e T re a s u ry D epartm ent, and b o a r d s

s e c t i o n w ere s u f f e r ­

"A s l o n g a s

they don’ t

c o t t o n f o r l\$ c e n t s

f e e l th e war and can

a p o u n d ," he u rg e d ,

"they

1^0

w i l l n e v e r w ant t h e war to

cease."

m e n t on t h e

a d m ira l’ s d espatch,

against h is

T reasu ry agents r e s te d

Chase,

was s u r e

asked to

th a t the

c om ­

charges 151

in

so me m i s a p p r e h e n s i o n ,

b u t he i n f o r m e d M e l l e n t h a t P o r t e r ’ s d e s p a t c h i n c r e a s e d a s o lic itu d e he had f e l t

f o r som e t i m e l e s t

i t i e s m i g h t be p e r v e r t e d con demne d..

to

th e u s e s w hich P o r te r

" I t w ere b e t t e r , "

he th o u g h t,

S p e c i a l A gent s h o u l d be w ith d ra w n and a l l abolished,

and t h e w hole r e g u l a t i o n

to the m i l i t a r y

Treasury au th o r­

of

and n a v al a u t h o r i t i e s ,

"th at

so j u s t l y

every

Boards o f Trade

trad e

surrendered

than th a t

th is

D e p a r t m e n t s h o u l d b e i n a n y way m a d e a p p a r e n t l y r e s p o n s i b l e ,

150. Pointer t o G id eo n W e ll e s , S e c r e t a r y o f t h e Navy, 1 7 , 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R. ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 I4., p . 2 0 8 . 15>1. C h a s e t o W e l l e s , F e b . 3 , 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 I4., p p . 2 2 8 - 2 2 9 .

Jan.

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127

152 by t h e i r u n a u t h o r i z e d a c t i o n f o r A fter

th in k in g

P o rter l e t t e r , I t was t r u e

over

the

M ellen s t i l l

such p r a c tic e s ."

in fo rm atio n

co n tain ed

could n o t c r e d i t

but they had c o r r e c te d them .

ing th e f l a g m ilitary

to

the c h a rg e s.

M ellen h ad alw ays o b je c t e d

too

clo sely ;

ex ercise

sh ould tak e

d irectio n s,

t h e i r m i s t a k e s when t h e y h a d to

trad e

fo llo w ­

i n s t e a d he h ad alw ays w ish ed th e

ex clu siv e

u n til they c o n sid e re d I t p o licies

the

t h a t b o t h G a l l a g h e r a n d Y eatm an h ad p r e m a t u r e l y

opened t r a d e u n d e r m i s c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i r

realized

in

ju risd ictio n

su b ju g ated .

co n tro l.

over a re g io n

Then t h e T r e a s u r y

M ellen s a id

t h a t he w ould

re g re t Chase’ s a c tio n

i f he d id w ithdraw a l l h i s

from t h e M i s s i s s i p p i ,

and fu rth e rm o re he d id n o t c o n s id e r

i t w ise: persons

"U nless of b e tte r

t h e W ar a n d N a v y D e p a r t m e n t c a n a p p o i n t judgm ent,

i n t e g r i t y whose e x c l u s i v e th is

trad e,

more e f f i c i e n c y an d h i g h e r

duty i t

w ith o u t devolving i t

o f f i c e r s whose p r e s e n t d u t i e s

s h o u ld be

to

su p erv ise

u p o n o u r Army a n d N a v y

so f u l l y o ccu p y them ,

w i t h d r a w a l w o u l d m ak e w h a t i s n o w c h a r g e d a s b a d , 153 w o r s e .» That th e re g u la tio n sim ple as

it

o fficers

such

much

o f c o m m e r c e wa s b y n o m e a n s a s

seem ed t o G r a n t a n d P o r t e r was s o o n e v i d e n t .

1 5 2 . C h a s e t o M e l l e n , F e b . 3 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . pp. 1 5 3 • M ellen , C in c in n a ti , to Chase, Feb. 12, 1863, in TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 1 j PP> 2 l 6 - 2 1 7 »

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128

In th e

first

riv er.

J.

p lace,

t h e r e w as s o m e a c t u a l w a n t a l o n g t h e

B. P i l l o w ,

w ro te from h i s

b ro th er of th e

p lan tatio n

ou tsid e th e

C onfederate g e n e ra l, lin es

a t H elena

t h a t F e d e r a l t r o o p s h a d c o n f i s c a t e d 700 a c r e s 150 h e a d o f h i s

cattle,

o x e n , I4.OO h e a d o f h o g s ,

of h is

corn,

i n c l u d i n g m i l c h cows a n d w o r k i n g and t h i r t y - e i g h t

of h is

f o r t y m ules.

He w i s h e d t o p u r c h a s e 1 5 , 0 0 0 p o u n d s o f b a c o n i n o r d e r t o f e e d t h e h u n d r e d N e g r o e s who w i s h e d t o r e m a i n o n h i s p lan tatio n ;

o th e rw is e he w ish ed to

t u r n them o v e r

to th e l5 lp

Federal a u th o r itie s ,

s i n c e he c o u l d n o t s e e them s t a r v e .

In s o u th e a s te rn M issouri o p p o site C airo n ecessaries

of l i f e "

w ere v e r y

o rd in a ry item o f s a l t the l i t t l e h earing

the

"com monest

s c a rc e and w ith o u t

th e p e o p le w ere u n a b le

to

m eat w hich th e y had sav e d f o r w i n t e r .

th e ir p lig h t,

slau g h ter C u rtis,

th o u g h t tra d e b lo c k ad es ought to be

r e l a x e d b u t rem em bered i n

the n e x t b r e a th

a town l o c a t e d

in the v e ry c e n te r

w as w i l l i n g

aid ,

to

the

t h a t Commerce,

o f t h e r e g i o n w h i c h he

w as " t h e v i l e s t n e s t o f t r e a s o n "

th at

1 5 5

he knew.

At th e

s am e t i m e

of T reasury a c ti v ity , p erm its

(his

t h a t P o r t e r w as c o m p l a i n i n g

m o r e o v e r , h e was h i m s e l f i s s u i n g

p r i n t e d form i n d i c a t e d f r e q u e n t u s a g e )

l5Lt-. J . B. P i l l o w , H e l e n a , Yeatman t o C h a s e , J a n . l 6 , 1 8 6 3 , S p e c ia l A gents R e p o r ts . 155. G allag h er, C airo, G eneral A gent, L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d ,

to

t o Y eatm an, J a n . 1 3 , 1 8 6 3 ; i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , to Chase, f i l e 7«

Jan.

17,

1863,

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

i n TD,

129

steam ers

to tra d e

in n o n -co n trab an d to a p o in t te n m iles

above t h e m outh o f W h ite R i v e r , c a n d r a w y o u r own i n f e r e n c e s

w e ll below H e le n a .

"Y ou

of th e purposes of h is

letter

of the 1 7 th Ja n u a ry to th e

S e c r e t a r y o f t h e N avy," M ellen 156 w r o te C h ase when h e a s c e r t a i n e d t h e s e f a c t s . The M is s is s ip p i Squadron, u n d er P o r t e r ’ s o rd e r to

seize

all

c o tto n aboard any t r a n s p o r t betw een V ick sb u rg and H elena 1^7 o r any fo u n d a lo n g was t a k i n g

th e r i v e r

banks betw een th o se p o i n t s ,

so much p r i z e

t h a t P o r te r w ished to a p p o in t a 158 c o t t o n a g e n t to p r o t e c t t h e N a v y 's i n t e r e s t s . The com­

mander o f th e g u n b o a t T y l e r , Yazoo w i t h o r d e r s he had a ls o

seized

to

sto p

120

all

bales

ly in g

o f f t h e m outh o f t h e 159 steam ers, rep o rted th a t

of co tto n sec re te d

in

the g in 160

h o u s e s and woods n e a r p l a n t a t i o n s

in h is

v ic in ity .

R e g u l a t i o n o f th e t r a d e by t h e m i l i t a r y u n d o u b te d ly tended to

con fine

th e

m i l i t a r y men a n d t h e i r

cotto n

trad e,

fa v o rite s.”

as

it

was c h a r g e d ,

"to

Y eatm an c la im e d t h a t

b o a ts were c l e a r e d to

take

down m i l i t a r y

brought back c o tto n .

Such r e s t r i c t i o n s

su p p lies

and th e n

w e r e a ’’f a r c e , "

and

156. M e l l e n , M e m p h i s , t o C h a s e , F e b . 1 7 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, Customs B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 1^7• O r d e r , P o r t e r t o Commanders, A l l N a v a l V e s s e l s , F e b . 9 , 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 14., p . 3 2 9 * 15>8. P o r t e r t o W e l l e s , F e b . 9* 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 I4., p p . 2 2 ^ - 2 2 6 . 1 5 9 . O r d e r , P o r t e r , J a n . 30> 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 I4., p . 2 1 1 . 1 6 0 . L t . J . M. P r i t c h e t t , U . S . G u n b o a t T y l e r , Y a z o o R iv e r , to P o r t e r , Feb. 1 9 , 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R. (N avy), s e r i e s I , v o l . 21 )., p . ij.2 8 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

130

he w ish ed p e r m i s s i o n t o

c le a r boats

s o u th o f H elena to l6 l

purchase

c o tto n w ith C onfederate

Governor Samuel J . citizen s

of h is

were " a l l

K irkw ood o f

state

and F e d e r a l p a p e r money.

Iowa i n f o r m e d S t a n t o n t h a t

fa m ilia r w ith m a tte rs

of the o p in io n t h a t s p e c u la tio n

to a g r e a t e x t e n t and t h a t many o f f i c e r s

to

absorbs

the p re ju d ic e

S o l d i e r s had t o l d him " t h a t exposed n o t f o r

it

the p u b lic

the

dow nriver

is

carried

atten tio n

of the p u b lic

th e ir liv es good b u t to

on of

se rv ice ."

and h e a l t h enable

are

t h o s e who

162

command t h e m t o m a k e m o n e y b y s p e c u l a t i o n . " hearing

th at

a ffa irs

s e n t two i n e f f e c t i v e

a t H e le n a were i n in sp ecto rs

to

P o rter rep o rted

of h is

engaged in a s s i s t i n g

o fficers

"u tter

th at

on F e b r u a r y l i p ,

C u rtis,

c ity .

c o n fu sio n ," 163

F in ally ,

t h a t he h a d d i s c o v e r e d one G e n e r a l C-orman's s o n

to buy c o t t o n on t h e Yazoo e x p e d i t i o n ,

t h e w hole a f f a i r

l6 li being

ju stifie d

by a p e r m it from th e g e n e r a l h i m s e l f .

Because o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of a f f a i r s h is

a t H elena,

q u arterm aster,

co ncerning

the

ad m in istratio n

G r a n t h a d a l r e a d y r e l i e v e d Gorman,

and h i s

pro v o st m arshal,

a b o u t a week

l6l. Y e a t m a n t o C h a s e , F e b . 2 . 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, C u s t o m s Bureau, S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r t s . lo2. Gov. S a m u e l J . K irk w o o d , S t . L o u i s , t o S t a n t o n , F e b r u a r y 3 j 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e K -17l|-A pr. 2 8 / 6 3 . 1 6 3 . C u r t i s t o B r i g . G e n . C. C. W a s h b u r n , H e l e n a , F e b . 3 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TO, D e p t , o f M i s s o u r i , v o l . 1 3 , O . S . 2 3 , p. 2 8 3 . l 6 ip. C o m d r . W a t s o n S m i t h , USS R a t t l e r , t o P o r t e r , F e b . 1 1 , 1 8 6 3 ; P o r t e r t o G r a n t , Feb~ li p , 1 8 6 3 , i n _0. R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2lp, p p . 314-0—3^-17- A b s t r a c t o f p a p e r s i n t h e m a t t e r o f B r i g . G e n . G o r m a n , i n TO, S e c r e t a r y o f W ar , L e t t e r s R e c e iv e d from D e p a rtm e n ts , f i l e 772-EB-3j 1 8 0 3 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

131

i65 b efo re he re c e iv e d P o r t e r 's W ith t h i s

ad d itio n al

new c h a r g e s

i n f o r m a t i o n b e f o r e him ,

e d G orm an h e l d i n a r r e s t

in stru ctio n s

from C u r t i s .

him t o

duty in th e 167 a t H elena.

g en eral.

G rant o rd e r-

166

to a w a it a c o u r t m a r t i a l ,

b u t t h e g e n e r a l seems to h a v e h is

a g a in s t th e

ju s tif ie d h is At an y r a t e ,

su b o rd in ate p o s itio n

actio n s

under

G rant r e s to r e d

o f p o s t commander

A f t e r t h e G o r m a n i n c i d e n t G r a n t w as m o r e t h a n h a l f convinced t h a t he sh o u ld open tr a d e as H ao o leo n ,

A rkansas,

as

far

down t h e r i v e r

w h e re t h e F e d e r a l army h e l d a s m a l l

l6 8 post a t

th e m outh o f th e A r k a n s a s .

in fa v o r of opening

trad e

d isco v ered t h a t Chase, interview

as f a r

s o u th as N apoleon,

b u t he

p en d in g s u c h tim e as M e lle n c o u ld

P o rte r and G rant,

ing tr a d e l i n e s

Y e a tm a n was a l s o much

n ot on ly d id n o t fav o r ex ten d ­

b u t was a c t u a l l y

c o n sid e rin g w ithdraw al of

169

e v ery s p e c i a l a g e n t from t h e M i s s i s s i p p i V a l l e y . M e lle n 's

e ssen tial

agreem ent w ith

b e e n n e a r l y a s much a s u r p r i s e news t o Y e a t m a n t h a t h i s

th eir

o p in io n s m ust have

to G ra n t and P o r t e r as t h e

c h i e f w as n o t i n t e r e s t e d

in extend-

1 6 5 . G rant, B efore V icksburg, to P o r te r , Feb. 15, 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 , p . 2 8 5 . I06. G r a n t t o B r i g . G e n . B. 11. P r e n t i s s , C o m d g . , D i s t . o f E a s t e r n A r k . , F e b . 2 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TO, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l. 1 , p. 2 9 0 . l o 7 * P r e n t i s s t o B r i g . G e n . L . F . R o s s , Comdg. F o r c e s a t H e l e n a , A p r . 1 0 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TO, D e p t , o f A r k . , v o l . 37*

o . s . 97, p. 7-(-»

i 6 8 . G r a n t t o P o r t e r , F e b . 1 5 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TO, D e p t , o f th e T en n ., v o l . 1, p . 285. . 1 6 9 . Y eatm an to C h ase, J a n . 3 0 , 1 8 6 3 ; Chase to Y eatm an, F e b . 6 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 4.

4 R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

132

ing t r a d e

down t h e r i v e r .

G ran t and P o r t e r

A fter a conference,

issued a jo in t

re p re se n te d most of M e lle n 's th at

w ith in the s ta t e s

and Alabama no s e c t i o n S tates

con tro l u n til

into

o r d e r o n F e b r u a r y 2lj_ w h i c h

view s.

The o r d e r p r o v i d e d

of A rkansas,

L o u isian a,

in w ritin g ,

by th e

land

Wo c i v i l i a n g o o d s w o u l d b e p e r m i t t e d

any a r e a n o t u n d e r th e c o n t r o l o f

by any m i l i t a r y ,

M ississip p i,

s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d w i t h i n U n i t e d

so d e c l a r e d ,

and n a v a l com m anders.

how ever,

n av al,

or c i v i l

the U n ited S ta te s

a g e n t o f th e governm ent,

n o r w ould an y c o t t o n o r o t h e r p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e a r e a be p e r ­ m itted after

to d e p a r t from an a r e a n o t so u n d e r c o n t r o l . the m i l i t a r y

commanders p r o n o u n c e d a n a r e a t o be

p o sse sse d and c o n t r o l l e d by th e F e d e r a l fo r c e s

t r a d e vrould

be managed e x c l u s i v e l y u n d e r T r e a s u r y r e g u l a t i o n s , s u c h a i d a s was r e q u e s t e d f r o m t h e m i l i t a r y . clause

But

of the agreem ent i t

w ith

By t h e l a s t

was d e f i n i t e l y p r o v i d e d t h a t n o

p o i n t on t h e M i s s i s s i p p i s o u t h o f H e l e n a was t o b e r e g a r d e d as s u f f i c i e n t l y

c o n t r o l l e d as

to p e rm it tra d e .

H elena, how ever,

t r a d e was t o b e o p e n u n d e r t h e

Treasury r u l e s .

Th e o r d e r t h e r e f o r e

d iv isio n of m ilita r y

W orth o f current

co ntained the

clear

and T r e a s u r y a u t h o r i t y o v e r t r a d e

170 r e g u l a t i o n w hich M ellen had lo n g u r g e d .

.

This

so lu tio n

170 T r e a s u ry R e g u l a ti o n s — A greem ent betw een G e n era l G ra n t and A d m ira l P o r t e r , F e b . 2 l 1 8 6 3 i n 0 R . (W avy), s e r i e s I , v o l . 2lj_, p p . Ij.3 5 -I 4.3 6 ,

[,

,

.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without p erm ission.

133

w ould a l s o

perm it G rant and P o r te r

of o p eratio n s

f o r an arduous

be d i s t a s t e f u l professing

to

iso la te

cam paign.

th eir

I t w ould, how ever,

t o New E n g l a n d c o t t o n m a n u f a c t u r e r s ,

d iscreet

trad e

to be

zone

"a p a c i f i c

who,

agent of g reat

c o w er," w ere a l r e a d y m em orializing L i n c o l n to p e r m it c o t t o n 171 p u rch ases as f a r s o u th as V ic k sb u rg . L e ft to

th eir

own d e v i c e s r e g a r d i n g

commanders b e g a n t o

tig h ten

having good ev id en ce from H e le n a ,

th at

a lerted h is

th eir

trad e,

c o n tro ls,

the

army

P ren tiss,

t h e enemy was r e c e i v i n g p r o v e n d e r p ick ets

to p re v e n t s u p p lie s

of

172

any s o r t g o in g o u t .

P ren tiss

also

su ggested th a t H urlbut

in crease h is

i n s p e c t i o n a t M em ph is s o a s t o p r e v e n t s u p p l i e s 17 3 re a c h in g A rk an sas from t h a t c i t y , a n d t h e p o s t commander i n Mem phi s e n j o i n e d h i s

sen tries

March

w ere e s p e c i a l l y

1 3

.

Th e s e n t r i e s

to g r e a t e r v ig ila n c e

on

cautioned th a t 17)+

wornen h a d b e e n , " t h e m o s t a c t i v e P o rter se n t the

and s u c c e s s f u l

sm u g g lers."

s t e a m e r C r i c k e t u p t o M em phis w i t h o r d e r s

to p re v e n t p a ssa g e o f a l l p e rm it from G ra n t,

c o t t o n n o t acco m p an ied by a s ig n e d

an o r d e r w h ic h Y eatm an a t once p r o t e s t e d

1 7 1 . O t i s Company, a n d s i x t e e n o t h e r c o m p a n i e s , B o s t o n , M a s s . , t o L i n c o l n , F e b . 2 0 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TO, S e c r e t a r y o f W ar , L e t t e r s R e c e iv e d from P r e s i d e n t , 1 8 6 3 . 1 7 2 . G.O. 9 , D i s t . o f E a s t e r n A r k . , H e l e n a , F e b . 2 3 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TO, D e p t , o f A r k . , v o l . I4 I4-, O . S . 113* P» 1 1 . 173 * P r e n t i s s t o H u r l b u t , M a r . 3* 18&3, i n TO, D e p t , o f A r k . , v o l . 37* O . S . 9 6 , p . I4.6 . 174-. C i r c u l a r No. 2 , D i s t . o f M e m p h i s , M a r . 1 3 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D i s t . o f W e s t T e n n . , v o l . l 6 , O . S . 2^> p . 6 7 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

1 3k

as c a l c u l a t e d t o b lo c k a d e c o t t o n a l r e a d y a t H e le n a and 175 Memphis. G ra n t d e t a i l e d a com m issioned o f f i c e r to Memphis w i t h

in stru ctio n s

to b o ard a l l

from s o u t h o f H e le n a and t o h is o rd e r or an o rd e r

steam ers

a l l o w no c o t t o n

issu ed

in h is

coming

to p ass w ith o u t

na me b y a c o r p s

co m-

176 m ander. D espite

th eir

announced f e r o c i t y

and P o r t e r p r o v e d f a i r l y escape

th eir

blockade.

lib e ra l

L ouisiana,

th e ir p o ssessio n s,

to

purchase n e c e s s a r ie s . to abandon i t

to h is

in allo w in g

G rant

c o tto n to

M a j o r G e n e r a l J a m e s B. M c P h e r s o n ,

c o m m a n d in g t h e X V I I C o r p s , P rovidence,

tow ard t r a d e r s ,

p erm itted fa m ilie s

a ro u n d Lake

who h a d b e e n s t r i p p e d o f m o s t o f ship

s m a l l am ounts o f c o t t o n and

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a llo w e d ow ners o f c o t t o n

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th at

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to

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175* P o r t e r t o A c t g . M a s t e r A. L a n g j h o r n , U. S . G u n b o a t C r i c k e t , M ar. 2 , 1 8 6 3 ; Y eatm an t o P o r t e r , Mar. 1 0 , 1 8 6 3 ; Y e a t m a n t o C h a s e , M a r . 1 0 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c ia l Agent R e p o rts . 1 7 6 . G r a n t t o C o l . W. S . H i l l y e r , P r o v o s t M a r s h a l , Army o f t h e T e n n . , A p r . 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . P. 339. 17 7* M a j . G e n . J . B. M c P h e r s o n , X I I I C o r p s , L a k e P r o v i d e n c e , L a . , t o G r a n t , M a r . 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, X V I I Army C o r p s , v o l . Ip, O . S . 5 , p . Ip5» S . 0 . 2 8 , X V I I C o r p s , L a k e P r o v i d e n c e , L a . , F e b . 2 o , 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2lp, p t. 3 , p. 6 9 .

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i

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178 th a t she co u ld r e c l a i m prom pted by r e p o r t s

it

by c i v i l p r o c e s s .

P o ssib ly

of somewhat u n u s u a l n a v a l p r i z e s

(one g u n b o a t commander c a p t u r e d h o r s e s , wagons u p t h e T e n n e s s e e lim ited naval cap tu res

i n M arch, to

1 8 6 3

m u l e s , a n d two 179 ), P o rte r also

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on

180 A pril 10.

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ship

en tered in to

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co tto n .

an u n u su al

M cPherson,

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W. C. W a g l e y & C o m p a n y , w h e r e b y t h e p r i v a t e N egroes t o p i c k , plan tatio n s

g in ,

and b a le

company h i r e d

c o t t o n from abandoned

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of th e

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182 ceeds b e in g

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also p e rm itte d s a le s

th e governm ent a c c o u n t. from h i s

com m issaries

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such a r t i c l e s

to

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commanders

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1 7 8 .P o r t e r t o L t . C o m d r . Tho mas 0 . S e l f r i d g e , C o n e s to g a , Mar. 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R. (N av y ), s e r i e s I ,

2ip, p.

•

U .S .S . v ol.

179* L t . C o m d r . L e R o y P i t c h . U . S . S . L e x i n g t o n , S m i t h l a n d , K y . , t o P o r t e r , May 2 0 , 1 8 0 3 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , series I, v o l . 25>,p . 15>1. 180. G . 0 . i|Ip, M i s s i s s i p p i S q u a d r o n , A p r . 1 0 , 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 I4., p . 5>39« 1 8 1 . C o l . G e o r g e P . I h r i e , A i d e - d e - C a m p , Army o f t h e T e n n . , t o M a j . G e n . J . A. M c C l e r n a n d , Comdg. X I I I Army C o r p s , M a r . 1 3 , I 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 , p . 315* S e l f r i d g e t o P o r t e r , M a r . lip, 1 8 6 3 , i n _0. R . , s e r i e s I , vo 1 . 2 k , p p . I4.7 i - i j . 7 2 . 1 0 2 . M c P h e r s o n t o C a p t . A. R . E d d y , Q u a r t e r m a s t e r , M e m p h i s , M a r . 2 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, X V I I C o r p s , v o l . Iq, O . S . 5 , p. 5 8 .

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i

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183

in lim ite d q u a n t i t i e s , the i n i t i a l

and f o r

p r e s s u r e was o f f ,

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own u s e .

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tem p ered h i s

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out ”in c e r ta in u rg en t I 8 I4. o f p e r s o n s o f known l o y a l t y . "

Under M c P h e r s o n 's s y s te m o f abandonm ent e f f e c t e d a ro u n d Lake P r o v i d e n c e , allow ed to A ugust,

leave th e

but abuses

reg u latio n . scoured the

some 1 , 2 0 0 b a l e s

o f c o t t o n were

a r e a betw een m id -A p ril and e a r l y

seem to h a v e c r e p t i n t o

A gents

(the

o ld tra d e rs

th is

form o f

u n d e r a new a p p e l l a t i o n )

c o u n try and a c t u a l l y b o u g h t from l o y a l an d

d islo y al a lik e governm ent as

and th e n abandoned th e c o t t o n to t h e 185 t h e i r own p r o p e r t y . As r e s t r i c t i o n s

w e r e i m p o s e d a t M emp hi s s m u g g l i n g s e e m s t o h a v e f l o u r i s h e d , and th e s t o c k s facie

of goods

im ported in to

e v id en c e t h a t goods were g o in g

In e a r l y A p r i l , h an d no l e s s

1 8 6 3

# for

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th a n 2,500 p a i r s

t h e tow n w ere p rim a through th e

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186

of cav alry b o o ts.

The

1 8 3 . P a r . IX , S . O . 90* H q . , D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , Y o u n g s P o i n t , L a . , M a r . 31 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TO, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 15, O .S . 2 5 , p . 281|_. lSJp. P r e n t i s s t o B r i g . G e n . L . P . R o s s , Comdg. F o r c e s a t H e l e n a , A p r . 10 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f A r k . , v o l . 37 # o . s . 9 7 , p . 7^185 . C a p t .

A. C. M a t h e w s , A c t g . A s s t . I n s p e c t o r G e n e r a l , D ept, o f th e T e n n ., to I n s p e c t o r G e n e ra l, D e p t, o f the T e n n . , A u g . 10 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 21 ,

o . s . 4.0c, p . 5 2 . 186 . B r i g . G e n . L . T h o m a s , M e m p h i s , 1 8 6 2 , i n '/TO, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , T e l e g r a m s p p . l[.07-l|. 10 .

t o S t a n t o n , A p r . Ip, R e c e i v e d , v o l . 27 ,

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i

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b o a r d o f t r a d e r e m a i n e d so l i b e r a l

in

its

p erm its

th at

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o f w ag o n s. . . e n t e r e d L i t t l e Rock w i t h goods sm uggled 18 ? from t h a t p l a c e . " I n M arch , t h e p o s t commander p i c k e d up s e v e r a l p e r m i t s

i s s u e d b y S u r v e y o r Hough w i t h o u t t h e

p re sc rib e d oath of lo y a lty ; s a id he li v e d

"n in e m iles

one was i n

f a v o r o f a man who

o u t " b u t a c t u a l l y was from 188

G renada, M i s s i s s i p p i , v ersely a sp ecial q u arters

more t h a n 100 m i l e s

d etectiv e

a s w e l l a s low

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w rote G ran t " t h a t

a t Memphis

,

in high

the m ost scan d alo u s

in

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im p licated r a i l ­

sm uggling r i n g ,

t h a t someone h a d f u r n i s h e d t h e

B urnside

Con­

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on e v e r y s i d e . "

r o a d em ployees

away.

a n d t h e new

He o p e n l y a c c u s e d t h e p r o v o s t m a r s h a l 189

and h i s board, of th is

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m oreover, had se c u re d th e rem oval of th e p re d e c e s s o r ch ief d e te c tiv e

in February,

1 8 6 3

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190

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charges

of co rru p tio n .

1 8 7 . Thomas, H e l e n a , t o S t a n t o n , A p r . 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W ar, T e le g ra m s R e c e iv e d , v o l . 27, p p . . 1 8 8 . B r i g . G e n . J . C. V e a t c h , D i s t . o f M em phis, t o H u r l b u t , M a r . 1 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D i s t . o f W e s t T e n n . , v o l . l 6 , O . S . 2]?, p . 3 6 . 1 8 9 . L t . J . C. H u r l e y , S p e c i a l D e t e c t i v e , Memphis, t o G r a n t , A p r . 6 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e H - 2 I4.O ( D . T . ) 1 8 6 3 . 1 9 0 . C o l . W. H. H. T a y l o r , e_t. a l . , M e m p h i s , t o G r a n t , Feb. 1 3 , 1 8 6 3 ; T ay lo r to H u rlb u t, Feb. 13, 1 8 6 3 , in 0. R ., s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 ip, p t . 3 , PP* 5 0 - 5 1 *

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138

S till,

every m ilita r y

M ellen t a l k e d

on a t r i p

ed a p p r o v a l t h a t e x p ed itio n s.

co tto n tra d e rs

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B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l L o r e n z o Thomas, h o w e v e r ,

T r e a s u r y .

a ll

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191. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , May 6 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 33* P P . 6 - 7 . 192. T h o m a s , H e l e n a , t o S t a n t o n , A p r . 6 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , T e l e g r a m s R e c e i v e d , v o l . 2 7 , p p . ip56- ip£ 7.

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139

M e l l e n t h e same d a y i n r e f e r e n c e t o a f u t u r e c o n f e r e n c e 193 w i th him . I n a p e r s o n a l n o t e w r i t t e n t o G r a n t t h e sam e day,

Chase p o i n t e d o u t t h a t he h a d s u s t a i n e d t h e

by la y in g M e lle n ’ s c o n f i d e n t i a l r e p o r t s b e f o r e from tim e to every pains

tim e. to

M ellen,

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the

assau lts

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p raise

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th ree p ercen t o f our f o r c e .” m e r e l y made i t

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co n v in ced m e,” G ran t w ro te , the r e b e l l i o u s

fe lt

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re a c h e d G rant on J u ly 21, and,

to com ply i n g o o d f a i t h w i t h

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m o tiv e and som etim es of m is ta k e n h o n e s t y and h a s acco rd ed to you th e

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least

th irty -

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f o r h o n e s t men; h e v e n t u r e d

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y e t m a n y h a d m a de f o r t u n e s

th ere.

" T h e p e o p l e o f t h e M i s s i s s i p p i V a l l e y a r e now n e a r l y s u b j u -

1 9 3 . C h a s e t o G r a n t , J u l y 1|_, 1 8 6 3 ; C h a s e t o M e l l e n , J u l y I|_, 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . p p . I1 7 - 5 0 . 1 9 4 . C h a s e t o G r a n t , J u l y I4., 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n ., L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e C-527 (D .T .) 1 8 6 3 . See a l s o S c h u c k e r s , C h a s e , Lj_70—lp71 •

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U jO

g a te d ,” he th o u g h t.

“Keep t r a d e

o u t b u t f o r a few m o n th s

and I d o u b t n o t b u t t h a t

t h e w o rk o f s u b j u g a t i o n w i l l be 195 can be opened f r e e l y . . . . ” Y et,

so c o m p le te t h a t t r a d e

as i f he p e r c e iv e d th e i n e v i t a b i l i t y o f r e c e s s i o n from t h i s vie?/,

G r a n t d i r e c t e d S h e rm a n on J u l y 21 t o make u p a p l a n

w hereby c i t i z e n s w ould be a llo w e d to

s e l l t h e i r produce, 196

b u t by w h ic h no t r a d e r s arriv in g

w ould be a d m i t t e d .

a t V icksburg l a t e

argum ents.

receiv ed

the

G r a n t t o l d h im t h a t h e was s u p p l y i n g

as w e ll as th e y had r i g h t s h o u ld be s a t i s f i e d treaso n ab le

in Ju ly ,

M ellen,

s h o u ld be k e p t upon lo y al

citizen s

on t h e

commerce,

v isitin g

r i v e r was c l e a r e d f o r i t s

as

and th e

t a c k and s i d e m e a t . ' ” should sh ip such.

th eir

When M e l l e n

a d m in is tra tio n f o r reopened

G rant g ra v e ly r e p lie d , 197 f o r c e me i n t o i t . ” A lthough P o r te r ,

of our so ld ie rs

'h a rd

c o tto n o u t b u t he w anted no t r a d e e x p lain ed the p re s s u re

the people

t o e x p e c t - - ” t h e l o y a l among t h e m

w ith the f a r e

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s am e

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the

th at 198

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1 9 5 • G r a n t t o C h a s e , J u l y 2 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n Vi/D, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 2 , O . S . 3 , p p . 1 3 9 “ 3l(-0* 1 9 6 . G r a n t t o S h e r m a n , J u l y 2 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f th e T e n n ., v o l . 2, O .S ., p . 21. 19 7 * M e l l e n , S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , A u g . 6 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3^-I-j PP* 3 7 - 3 9 * 1 9 8 . P o r t e r , New O r l e a n s , t o W e l l e s , Aug. 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R. (N a v y ), s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 5 , p p . 3 3 7 - 3 3 8 .

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Ikl

G rant c o n tin u e d the to

to

co tto n in th e

in terp o se South,

o b jectio n s.

More t h a n h a l f

he w r o t e on A u g u s t 1 3 ,

th e C onfederate- g o v ern m en t,

belonged

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it

w ould r e a c h a n o r t h e r n m a r k e t w h ic h w ould be even b e t t e r 199 th a n the u n c e r t a i n E uropean t r a f f i c . On A u g u s t 2 6 h e proposed to sell

the

S tanton th a t p o st s u tle rs

e s s e n t i a l g o o d s n e e d e d by c i t i z e n s ;

under m ilita r y adequate

s h o u l d be a l l o w e d t o

d iscip lin e

su p erv isio n .

t h e s e m en w e r e

a n d w e re few e n o u g h to p e r m i t

S i n c e h i s was t h e

o n ly departm ent

200 still

p ro h ib itin g

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trad e,

he f e l t

the need f o r

c y n i c a l b u t m ore r e a l i s t i c

some a c t i o n .

Sherm an,

G rant b e­

l i e v e d t h a t a ’’f i n e

f e e l i n g . . . t o w a r d s t h e U n io n ” was g ro w in g 201 in L o u is ia n a and M i s s i s s i p p i , a n d w h e n M e l l e n c am e down

to

c o n s u l t him a g a i n d u r i n g

th e m iddle o f S eptem ber,

r e a d y t o m a k e some a r r a n g e m e n t s H elena. p roviding

to open tr a d e

On S e p t e m b e r 2 2 h e t h e r e f o r e th at

actu al re s id e n ts

so uth of

sig n ed form al o rders

could b rin g

o b t a i n a p e r m i t from a p o s t p r o v o s t m a r s h a l, e i t h e r M em ph i s o r New O r l e a n s

h e was

for sale.

in th e ir and s h ip

co tto n , it

No c o t t o n s p e c u l a t o r s

w o u l d b e a l l o w e d s o u t h o f H e l e n a a n d ’’r e a s o n a b l e g r o u n d s s u s p i c i o n ” o f s u c h a c t i v i t y w ould be s u f f i c i e n t f o r th e

199* G r a n t the T e n n ., v o l. 200. G rant the T e n n ., v o l. 201. G rant the T enn., v o l.

to 2, to 2, to 2,

M ellen, O .S. 2 , S tan to n , O . S . 3» H alleck , O . S . 3t

to

of ex-

A u g . 1 3 , 1 8 6 3 * i n WD, D e p t , o f p . Iqiq.* A u g . 2 6 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f P* I 8 I4.• S e p t . 19» 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f P« 193*

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pulsion of u n au th o rized persons

from th e

a d d i t i o n a l l y a u th o r iz e d M ellen to a t V icksburg,

two a t N a t c h e z ,

to keep c i v i l i a n reg u latio n s

goods f o r

would

b u t he would l e a v e sa tisfie d ," d ev ised . ...T h e ages,

is

r

e

a

trad e

to

202

G rant

and one a t G o o d r ic h 's L an d in g ,

sale.

He w a s s u r e t h a t

the T re a s u ry .

same s p i r i t h a s b e e n shovra i n

in

a ll

these

and d i s c o n t e n t , "

" I am t h o r o u g h l y

" t h a t no p e r f e c t

t o o much c o r r u p t i o n

in tim e o f w a r."

.

a p p o i n t tw o l o y a l c i t i z e n s

" le a d to a w orld o f tr o u b l e

he w rote C hase,

There

a

the

s y s t e m can be country fo r i t .

co u n tries,

in

all

PO ^ ^

202. G. 0 . 5 7 , D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , V i c k s b u r g , S e p t . 2 2 , 1 3 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 1 3 , O . S . 2 1 , p . 2 5 0 . 203. G r a n t t o C h a s e , S e p t . 2 6 , 1 3 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 2 , O . S . 3 , PP* 1 9 3 - 1 9 9 .

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CHAPTER IV COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OP THE FEDERAL COASTAL INVASIONS, D uring tary forces

o f th e U nited S ta te s

th e A tla n tic Islands

t h e w i n t e r o f 1361 and t h e

a n d on t h e

in

the

tid ew ater of V irg in ia .

of th e s e i n v a s i o n s were p r i m a r i l y tig h ten in g

o p eratio n s

foo th o ld s

o f f G e o rg ia and S o u th C a r o l i n a ,

C arolina,

s p r i n g o f 1362 t h e m i l i ­

undertook

c o a s t w hich e s t a b l i s h e d

designed

th e F ed eral c o a s ta l blockade,

c id e n ta l to the p e n in su la

1861-1863

in

along

th e

Sea

sounds o f N o rth

The f i r s t to

assist

and t h e

two

in

l a s t w as i n ­

cam paign o f 1862 a g a i n s t Richm ond,

b u t e a c h o f them b r o u g h t t o

S e c r e t a r y C h a s e new c o m m e r c i a l

problem s w hich,

to th e

in

p re se n t C onfederate

ad d itio n

danger of a id in g

enemy, w ere c o m p l i c a t e d

the

ever

by th e p r e s e n c e

o f n a v a l c o m m a n d e r s who j e a l o u s l y g u a r d e d t h e

san ctity

of

t h e i r blockade. The S e a I s l a n d s S eeking a f l e e t o ff th e

anchorage fo r th e

South A t l a n t i c

c o a s t o f the C onfederacy,

m e e tin g i n W ashington in R oyal,

South C a r o lin a ,

Sea I s l a n d s ,

t h e y found

b lockading

the

summer o f 1 3 6 1

w here,

sh eltered

in

squadron

a n a v al board

selected the

lea

"one o f t h e f i n e s t h a r b o r s

Port

of the in the

lk-3

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U n i t e d S t a t e s . 1' 1 G eneral, n et,

It

had a ls o

Edward B a t e s ,

th a t larg e

occurred

and d o u b t l e s s l y

q u an tities

to L in c o ln 's A tto rn ey to

o f Sea I s l a n d

ready f o r h a r v e s t and c a p tu re

in

o th ers

p rin c ip a l C onfederate te rra in

p o rts

th e f a l l

of l8 6 l.

ly in g behind i t

p o ssib le

ex ce p t by s e a .

in re la tio n

of en try .

two o f t h e

recap tu re

An e x p e d i t i o n a r y

B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l T h o m a s W. S h e r m a n ,

to

tro o p

b e r 7,

and th e n e x t day S h e rm a n 's

the v i l l a g e tio n ,

C onfederate

of P o rt R oyal.

islan d s.

a ll but

im­

re a c h e d the

lQ b l.

shore b a t t e r i e s

The o n Novem­

e x p e d itio n a ry tro o p s

W ith l i t t l e

t h e F e d e r a l army s o o n e x t e n d e d i t s

ad jacen t

swamp

convoyed and s u p p o rte d

e n t r a n c e o f P o r t R o y a l H a rb o r on November 3 , silen ced

the

l e d by

by a n a v a l f o r c e u n d e r C a p ta in Samuel P . D upont,

naval v essels

A pproxi­

the h arb o r

F urtherm ore,

w o u ld make i t s

the C ab i­

c o t t o n w ould be

m ately e q u i d i s t a n t from C h a r le s to n and Savannah, was t h u s a d v a n t a g e o u s l y l o c a t e d

of

C onfederate

seized

op p o si­

c o n tr o l over the

2

W hite f a m i l i e s

of the

P ort Royal d i s t r i c t ,

no r e a s o n why t h e U n i o n f l e e t

sh o u ld w ish to

deserted

the

th e ir p lan tatio n s

at

p erceiv in g

invade

l a s t m inute,

them ,

leav in g

th eir

1. Adm. D. D. P o r t e r , The N a v a l H i s t o r y o f t h e C i v i l War (New Y o r k , 1 8 8 6 ) , $k. H o w a r d K. B e a l e ( e d f T , The D i a r y o f E d w a r d B a t e s , 1 8 ^ 9 ~1 q 6 6 , i n A m e r i c a n H i s t o r i c a l A s s o c i a ­ t i o n , A n n u a l R e p o r t , 1 9 3 0 , IV ( W a s h i n g t o n , 1 9 3 3 ) , 1 9 i f - 1 9 5 . H e r e i n a f t e r c i t e d a s Di a r y o f E d w a r d B a t e s . 2. B a t t l e s and L e a d e r s , I , 6 7 1 - 0 9 1 *

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houses and f i e l d s stru ctio n s orders

to u t i l i z e

regarding

d eserted ,

j u s t as they w e re .3

the

mu ch o f i t

G eneral lo o tin g

c a p t u r e d N e g r o e s ,^ b u t he had no s p e c i a l crop of s e a - is la n d still

follow ed

in to all

“d e p re d a to rs d irectio n s,

sheep, . . . . “^

p o u ltry ,

w h ile,

c o t t o n w hich h a d b e e n

re m a in in g u n p ic k ed i n the

the F e d e r a l o c c u p a tio n ;

i n v a d e d t h e “ b i g h o u s e s ’* t o n iv al of id le n e ss,

S h e r m a n was u n d e r i n ­

s e iz e w h ite f in e r y

according

to D upont,

fie ld s.

the N egroes

in a h ig h c a r ­ th e army t u r n e d

a n d f r e e b o o t e r s . . . r o b b i n g a s a t Hampton i n

and ro b b in g th e sweet p o ta to e

poor negroes

p atches

etc.

The War D e p a r t m e n t s o o n n o t i f i e d

too,

for

a ll

belonging to

Sherm an t h a t he m ust

stop p illa g e

and t h a t he must a ls o

o th er p u b lic

p r o p e r t y w h i c h may b e u s e d t o . . . p r e j u d i c e "

th e U nion,

sending

the

“seize

c o tto n by r e t u r n

them

a ll

c o tto n and

tr a n s p o r t to

of

the /

Q u a r t e r m a s t e r i n New Y o r k t o b e

s o l d on p u b l i c

acco u n t.b

3 . For a th o ro u g h d is c u s s io n o f th e Sea I s l a n d s , t h e i r people and h i s t o r y , and the g e n e r a l F e d e r a l experim ent th e r e , see G uion G r i f f i s J o h n so n , A S o c i a l H i s t o r y o f the S ea I s l a n d s (C h a p el H i l l , 1 9 3 0 ), e s p e c i a l l y "1^5-190. Ip. Tho ma s A. S c o t t , A s s t . S e c r e t a r y o f War, t o S h e r m a n , O ct. lip, l 8 6 l , i n V7D, War O f f i c e M i l i t a r y B o o k , v o l . ip6 , p p . 3 1 .6 - 3 1 7 . 5. Johnson, S o c ia l H is to r y o f th e Sea I s l a n d s , l£ 6 -l? 7 » D u p o n t t o G. V . F o x , N o v . 1 1 , l o 6 l , i n R o b e r t M. T h o m p s o n and R ic h a rd W ainw right ( e d s . ) , C o n f i d e n t i a l C orrespondence o f G u stav u s V asa F ox, A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y o f th e Navy, l 6 6 l H ? 6 5 (New Y o r k , I 9 1 8 ) , I , 7 0 . H e r e in a f te r c ite d as C o n fi­ d e n t i a l C o rre s p o n d e n c e o f G u stav u s V asa F o x . 6 . L . 'Thomas t o S h e r m a n , N o v . 27* 1 6 6 1 , i n TD, P o r t Royal C orrespondence, v o l. 1 9 , item 3 .

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C a p ta in Rufus S a x to n , forces,

began the

Q u a rte rm a ste r of the

task of co tto n g ath erin g ,

leased tra n s p o rts ,

acco rd in g

could be p la ce d ab o ard .

to h i s

orders,

S i n c e many o f t h e s e

co stin g

the governm ent ^ 2 ,0 0 0 a day t o

read ily

ad m itted

the r e tu r n s

t h a t the

from th e

sales

and Chase,

h o l d i n g up th e u n til

s t e a m e r s were

ch arter,

to assume

t o whom t h e w o r k s e e m e d i m p o r t a n t ,

agent to

the

th e a r r a n g e m e n t was,

co tto n .

in

of course,

th at

e rn o r W illiam Sprague,

ap­

sp ecial th at

o n ly tem porary in i t s

s ta te 's

l y a c c e p t e d by Chase upon t h e

as

He a s s u r e d C o n g r e s s

R e y n o l d s was a p r o m i n e n t c o t t o n f a c t o r

a s s i g n e d him t o

But th e

c o n tro l over these

C o l o n e l W i l l i a m H. R e y n o l d s

vo lu n teer o ffic e r

Saxton

o f c o t t o n i n New Y o r k . ?

p o in ted L ieutenant supervise

co tto n

d e m u r r a g e c h a r g e more t h a n e q u a l l e d

War D e p a r t m e n t wa s n o t r e a d y m atters,

ex p ed itio n ary

n atu re.'

i n Rhode I s l a n d a n d a

a rtille ry .

He w a s e v i d e n t ­

s t r o n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f Gov­

and an o r d e r from G e n era l M cC lellan

s p e c ia l d uty w ith the T r e a s u ry .9

R e y n o ld s r e a c h e d P o r t R o y a l on December 20,

and th e

n e x t day he r e c e i v e d from S a x to n th e d u ty of c o l l e c t i n g a b a n ­ doned p r o p e r ty .

S axton had a lre a d y

e m p lo y e d two a g e n t s ,

who

7. S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 3 7 S o n g . , 3 S e s s . , No. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 , 325-3257 8. " R e p o r t o f t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y , D e c. 9, 1 8 6 1 , " i n C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 37 S o n g ., 2 S e s s . , A p p e n d ix , 26. C h a s e t o C h a r l e s C. L e i g h , A p r . 2 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n 'Warden, C h a s e , p p . I4.2 l4.-ii. 2 5 . 9 . S p r a g u e t o C h ase , D ec. 1 , l 8 6 l ; P a r . IX, S . 0 . 322, A. G. 0 . , D e c . 6 , l 8 6 l , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , item s 1 0 , 1 7 . pp.

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were p r o m i s e d 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e v a l u e l e c t e d b y them , nolds

th e governm ent p ay in g a l l

e sta b lish e d h is head q u arters

tiv ely

rep o rted

g athered in

the

th a t larg e

q u an tities

isla n d s.'* '®

p ro p erty

expenses.

a t B eau fo rt, of co tto n

W ith in a few d a y s

agent began enco u n terin g d i f f i c u l t i e s ; lim ited ,

of a ll

scarcity

of bagging,

fhe

co u ld be

the r e s id e n t

t r a n s p o r t a t i o n was

activ e

ex ertio n s

and th e r e

tw o c i v i l i a n ' a g e n t s ,

W i l l i a m H. R o b l e s a n d a n o t h e r man n a m e d L a n e , th e ir w orth--by t h e i r

Rey­

and t e n t a ­

most g in s had b een d is a b l e d o r d e s tr o y e d ,

was a g r e a t

co l­

had proven

they had saved a

g r e a t q u a n t i t y o f c o t t o n f r o m d e s t r u c t i o n - - a n d R e y n o l d s now hoped to r e t a i n was o p e r a t i n g to

t h e m . •*■■*■ E a r l y

in January,

te n g in s b u t he s t i l l

s e n d m o s t c o t t o n t o New Y o r k i n Chase p r o f e s s e d

b u sin ess

to b e lie v e

felt the

t h a t h e would have

seed.

R eynolds

1

? ‘~

” a man o f e x c e l l e n t

c a p a c i t y and u n im p e a ch a b le p e r s o n a l i n t e g r i t y ” b u t

d i d n o t know w h e t h e r ” h e w o u l d s y m p a t h i z e ...o r

l8 t> 2 , R e y n o l d s

striv e

to prom ote t h e i r p e r s o n a l

P eelin g p e rso n ally th a t

w

e

w ith the la b o r e r s l l - b

e i n

g

.

” -*-6

t h e S e a I s l a n d N e g r o e s who w e r e i n

10. L t . C o l . p / . H. R e y n o l d s , P o r t R o y a l , S . C . , t o C h a s e , D e c . 2 3 , l 8 6 l ; G. 0 . i p . , E x p e d i t i o n a r y C o r p s , H i l t o n H e a d , S . C . , D e c . 2 1 , l 8 6 l , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , i t e m s 2 3 j 2ip. 11. R e y n o l d s , t o C h a s e , D e c . 2 8 , l 8 6 l , i n TD, P o r t R o y al C o rre s p o n d e n c e , it e m 28. 12. R e y n o l d s , t o C h a s e , J a n . 1 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t Royal C orrespondence, item 3 8 . 13. Chase t o E . L. P i e r c e , J a n . 2 , l 8 o 2 , i n W arden, C h a s e , 395> •

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ll f . 8

th e g o v e rn m e n t's

serv ice

c o u ld n e v e r a g a in be re d u c e d to

s l a v e r y , 3^" C h a s e s e l e c t e d P ierce

of B oston,

around B e a u fo r t. sp en t tim e

to

aid

f o r a s h o rt tim e,

i n l 8 8 l . 33

p ro teg es,

in organizing

P ierce,

in C h a s e 's

who h a d f l o c k e d

one o f h i s

the

had been h is

and had worked w i t h t h e

to B u t l e r 's

On J a n u a r y 1 ,

to B e a u fo rt to prom ote

lab o rin g

a young a b o l i t i o n i s t

law o f f i c e ,

E d w a r d L. class

law yer,

secretary

fu g itiv e

N egroes

command a r o u n d H a m p t o n ,

1862,

Chase o r d e r e d P i e r c e

"the w e ll-b ein g of

had

V irg in ia, t o go

the u n f o r t u n a t e

p e o p l e who m u s t b e e m p l o y e d . " T a k in g p a s s a g e upon a s t e a m e r w h ic h r a n a g ro u n d en ro u te

f r o m New Y o r k ,

Jan u ary 17,

P ierce

b u t he b e g an w i t h g r e a t e n e r g y to

c o n d itio n o f the N egroes, Chase on F e b r u a r y lease

the

d id n o t re a c h P o rt Royal u n t i l

lands

to

3

.

17

the

and had a long r e p o r t re a d y f o r

U nlike R eynolds,

p riv ate

in v e stig ate

in d iv id u als

who p r o p o s e d t o

who w o u l d e m p l o y t h e

N e g ro es 'under g e n e r a l s u p e r v i s i o n o f a g o v e rn m e n t a g e n t , ^ P ie rc e w ished th e ag en ts.

p lan tatio n s

P ro ceed s from th e

w orked by b e n e f i c e n t governm ent

sale

o f the

c r o p s would pay t h e

l[j-. W a r d e n , C h a s e , J4.20. 15. C hase t o R e y n o l d s , J a n . 2, 1862, i n W arden, C h a s e , 3 9 8 . C h a r l e s F a i r m a n , " E d w a r d L . P i e r c e , " i n D . A . B . , XIV, 575-578. P i e r c e , "C o n tra b an d s a t F o r t r e s s M onroe,^ i n A t­ l a n t i c M onthly, V III ( l 8 8 l ) , 8 2 8 - 8^ 0 . 16 . C hase t o P i e r c e , J a n . 2, 1 8 6 2 , i n Warden, C h a s e , 17. P ie r c e t o C hase, J a n . 1 9 , 1862, P i e r c e to Chase, 3 , 1 8 8 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , item s 3 8 , 72a. 18. R e y n o l d s t o C h a s e , F e b . 1 , 1 8 8 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , i t e m i|_5.

Feb.

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lab o rers,

the

teach ers.

su p erv iso rs,

and a group o f m i s s i o n a r i e s and

P ierce b e lie v e d

cause l e s s e e s

to

th a t d esire

ex p lo it ra th e r

thought t h a t th e m is s i o n a r ie s s u p p o r te d by p r i v a t e W hile P i e r c e ' s wide i n t e r e s t , it

F e b r u a r y 15,

to g ive

L incoln,

Chase,

in

C ongress

considered

a u th o r iz e d Chase,

such d i r e c t i o n s to

n ev erth eless

seemed j u ­

commit t h e g o v e r n m e n t p erm itted P ierce

p l a n w i t h a i d from p r i v a t e the

as

on

to

beneficence.

occupied c o u n try d iv id e d

20

in to

e a c h t o b e u n d e r a s u p e r i n t e n d e n t v;ho w o u l d c a r e

the b la c k s ,

and e s t a b l i s h e d

--one f o r a g r i c u l t u r e n o rth ern

how ever,

w hile r e f u s in g

G e n e r a l Gherman o r d e r e d

for

and t e a c h e r s m ight even be

frien d s

P ierce

to p ay in g any s a l a r i e s ,

d istric ts,

He

and L in c o ln d id n o t w ish to be t r o u b l e d by

. 11

p ro ceed upon h i s

the N egroes.

p rin te d re p o rt of February 3 aroused

“ such d e t a i l s

dicious.^

than u p l i f t

w ould

benevolence.

m ost o f h i s

im p ractical,

for p ro fits

ch arity

to

two g e n e r a l s u p e r i n t e n d e n c i c

a n d one f o r e d u c a t i o n ,

provide

the i n d i v i d u a l s

he c a l l e d upon for

tue

jo b s.

P1

1 9 . P i e r c e , “ The F r e e d m e n o f P o r t R o y a l , " i n A t l a n t i c M onth l y , X I I ( 1 8 6 3 ) , 2 9 8 - 2 9 7 . P i e r c e t o M ai. Gen. D av id H u n t e r , " May 1 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f War, L e t t e r s R e ­ c e iv e d from D e p a rtm e n ts , 1 8 6 2 . , 20. P i e r c e t o C h a s e , F e b . l b , 1 8 u 2 , i n TD, P o r t ^ R o y a l C orrespondence, item 6 6 . Chase to P i e r c e , F eb. 1 9 , 1862, i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 2 , p p . 23-21).. 21. G. 0 . 9 , E x p e d i t i o n a r y C o r p s , H i l t o n H e a d , S . C . , F e b . 6 , 1 8 o 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , i t e m 5 8 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

i5 o

Chase,

how ever,

p e rsu a d e d S ta n to n to

and s u b s i s t e n c e

for

au th o rize

these m issio n a rie s,

th e w hole p ro g ram t o

1 ,5 0 0 N egroes,

2

?

P ierce

b u t he l i m i t e d

approxim ately

w hich c o u ld be em ployed w i t h th e p r o c e e d s ton. ^

tran sp o rtatio n

th e number

from abandoned c o t ­

c o n t e m p l a t e d e m p l o y m e n t o f a b o u t 8 , 0 0 0 who

were a l r e a d y w i t h i n we r e e x p e c t e d t o R ecru itin g

tne li n e s ,

come i n l a t e r .

p lus 2

2 ,0 0 0

t o Ip,

000

m o r e who

ip

i n New Y o r k a n d B o s t o n ,

P ierce

t o o k some

s i x t y men a n d women down t o P o r t R o y a l d u r i n g M a r c h a n d scattered began to tie s

them a b o u t t n e ex ercise

w ith the

th eir

agents

islan d s. d u ties,

should u s e .

e sp e c ia lly harsh ly a t

whe n t h e s e new a g e n t s

th e y began to have d i f f i c u l ­

em ployed by R e y n o ld s .

R e y n o l d s w as c o n f i s c a t i n g own a g e n t s

23 ^

fu rn itu re

A cco rd in g to the

f o r one t h i n g ,

w hich P i e r c e P ierce,

f e l t h is

N obles

spoke

c o m i n g o f t h e ne w p e o p l e . ^

As

soon as R eynolds r e t u r n e d from an e x p e d i t i o n to F e rn a n d in a , F lo rid a,

w here he had c o n f i s c a t e d

some u p l a n d c o t t o n ,

ro sin ,

22. C h a s e t o P i e r c e , F e b . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 2 , p p . 1 8 - 1 9 . S t a n t o n t o T . W. S h e r m a n , F e b . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 ; S t a n t o n t o C o l . D. D. T o m p k i n s , A s s t . QM G e n e r a l , New Y o r k , F e b . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e ­ t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . ip7# PP» 3 3 2 - 3 3 i p 23. C h a s e t o P i e r c e , F e b . 2ip, 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 2 , p . 2 8 . 2ip. P i e r c e t o C h a s e , F e b . 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C orrespondence, item 72a. 25. P i e r c e t o C h a s e , M a r . 2 , 1 6 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C orrespondence, item s 7 8 , 8 0 . 26. P i e r c e t o C h a s e , M a r . 8 , 1 8 o 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , i t e m 81p.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

Ib l

and t u r p e n t i n e ,

he to o began to

sym pathy w i t h t h e m o v e m e n t . ^ fin d in g

c o t t o n more s c a r c e ,

hazardous l o c a l i t i e s cent, th is

a fig u re

same j u n c t u r e

P ierce

s i o n a r i e s w ould n e e d a l l cept,

of course,

the

stan t in sin u a tio n s

By t h e

th e ir

feelin g , Secy,

even i f

R eynolds,

t o m ore

com pensation to

con sid ered

of the

co tto n ,

w h ile R eynolds, ag en ts

th at

At m is­

islan d s,

irked a t

w ere u n f r i e n d l y

w arned P i e r c e

per

20

e x to rtio n ate. ^

p r o p e r t y on th e

assum e a u t h o r i t y y o u do n o t p o s s e s s , f o r me t o p u r s u e ,

agents

of

inform ed R eynolds t n a t h i s

th at h is

cause o f b en ev o le n c e,

of a lack

end o f M arch,

tem pted h i s

by r a is in g

w hich P i e r c e

s ho w s i g n s

to

con­ the

" i f you a tte m p t

and d i c t a t e

ex­

to-

a course

y o u c a n n o t e x p e c t my c o o p e r a t i o n , you e n fo rc e y o u r t h r e a t and in fo rm

and good the

o f th e T r e a s u r y ."^9 Prom t h i s

p o in t r e l a t i o n s betw een the

became i n c r e a s i n g l y h o s t i l e .

P ierce

two T r e a s u r y a g e n t s

co m p lain ed t h a t N obles

"seems t o b e b e s i d e h i m s e l f and d e t e r m i n e d . . . t o en tire

m ovem ent. . . and to e x c i t e h o s t i l i t y

a g a i n s t me a n d t h e

su p erin ten d en ts

I

th w a rt the

among t h e n e g r o e s

have d e s ig n a te d .

27. R ey n o ld s to C hase, March 1 0 , 1862; P i e r c e to C hase, M a r c h li p, 1 8 6 2 ; P i e r c e t o R e y n o l d s , M a r c h 2 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o rt R oyal C orrespondence, item s 8 7 , 9 0 , 112. 28. R e y n o l d s t o C h a s e , M a r c h 2 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t Royal C orrespondence, ite m 9 6 . 2 9 . P i e r c e t o R e y n o ld s , M arch 23, 1 8 6 2 , q u o t i n g R ey n o ld s t o P i e r c e , M a r c h 2 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , item 1 1 3 • 30. P i e r c e t o R e y n o l d s , ^ M a r c h 2 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t Royal C o rresp o n d en ce, ite m llipa.

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152

A n o t h e r o f R e y n o l d ’ s a g e n t s was a l l e g e d b y P i e r c e

to

l,h a v e

the p r o f o u n d e s t

contem pt o f th e n e g r o ; ” he had h e a rd t h i s

in d iv id u a l

th re e hours

upon t h e m . ”

“fo r

P ierce

’’w o u l d r e c e i v e or §3000 a t

stead ily

co nsidered

a s m uc h a s ^lp 0

the m o s t.”

,0 0 0

R eynolds'

preem pted m ost o f th e h o r s e s , to h a u l lo ss

co tto n ,

it

and P ie r c e

rid icu lo u s for

s e r v ic e s w orth

ag en ts,

m ules,

m oreover,

carts

p ro tested

t h a t N obles

o f the

§2000

had

islan d s

t h a t he s u f f e r e d g r e a t

o f f a c e among t h e N e g r o e s b e c a u s e h e c o u l d n o t g e t

much a s

a horse

to r i d e . 51

v o lu n te e r regim ent,

N obles,

among o t h e r t h i n g s , _a f l n g _ f . r n r a _ t h e P ierce

i s l a

criticism

a b itte r

le tte r,

d

” 3 2 an(j

s .

o n

f tj a y

Q N obles

i n B e a u f o r t a n d b e a t h im s e v e r e l y . 33

stirred

by i n s in u a tio n s

saying,

Chase o n A p r i l 1 t h a t

’’l i k e

a c c o s t e d _______

R eynolds,

t h a t he had i n s p i r e d an a r t i c l e

t h e New Y o r k 'Times c r i t i c a l

t o th e Negro p r o j e c t ,

P ie r c e had re n d e re d h im s e lf

o b n o x io u s” by a tte m p tin g

the S e c r e t a r y 's

o f him ,

t h a t h e d i d n o t mean t o b e d r i v e n n

so

an e x - c o lo n e l in a

learn ed of P ie rc e 's

and on A p r i l 2 a d d r e s s e d P i e r c e

n ally

pour a stre am o f abuse

to d i c t a t e

t o him .

in

w rote ’’p e r s o n As f o r

a d m o n itio n t h a t he and P i e r c e m ust c o o p e r a te ,

31. P i e r c e t o C h a s e , M a r c h 30> 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , i t e m 105* 32. Wm. H. N o b l e s , t o P i e r c e , A p r . 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o rt R oyal C orrespondence, item 119. 33. P i e r c e t o C h a s e , May 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o rresp o n d en ce, ite m 152. C h a s e t o B r i g . G e n . T. H. B enh am , May 1 7 , l 8 b 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , 3 E , v o l . 2, p p . I 8 l p - l 8 5 .

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t h i s had been im p o ssib le s u l t him e x c e p t c o n s u l t e d him , P ierce,

to

because P ie rc e had re fu s e d

com plain o f p e r s o n a l i t i e s .

f o r exam ple,

H ad P i e r c e

h a d o r d e r e d f r o m New Y o r k n e a r l y o n e

co tto n seed,

at a cost of $6 ,

0 0 0

R e y n o ld s h a d e n o u g h s e e d on h a n d t o p l a n t a l l the l i n e s .

R eynolds p r o f e s s e d to

G e n e r a l Sherm an f o r c u l t i v a t i n g thought se v e n -e ig h th s "to ta lly

u n fit

con­

he c o u l d have s a v e d th e g o v e rn m e n t money;

hundred to n s o f

w ithin

to

for

,

w hile

the f i e l d s

favor

the p la n o f

the p la n ta tio n s ,

b u t he

o f t h e p e r s o n s b r o u g h t down b y P i e r c e

the p o s itio n s

w hich th e y a tte m p t to

oc­

c upy' n^bP ie r c e 's as

the

o th er d if f i c u l t i e s

were n e a r l y a s

c o n tro v e rs ie s w ith c o tto n c o lle c to r s .

were q u i t e

relu ctan t

t h e i r m a ste rs had to ld C u b a .

65

them t h a t U nable to

payment o f t h e i r wages, su p erv iso rs w ith ta lk ’old m assa' to

th eir

to n f i e l d . ^

many o f

seem ingly because

th e F e d e r a l t r o o p s w ould o b t a i n r e a s o n a b l y prom pt the

ex-slaves b e ra ted

" a b o u t w hat good tim e s

was h e r e . "

p ig s,

The N e g r o e s

to a c c e p t any p r o p o s itio n r e q u i r i n g

t h e m t o move f r o m t h e i r home i s l a n d s ,

t a k e them to

p erplexing

chickens, The f i e l d

th eir

t h e y h a d 'when

M ost o f them g a v e more a t t e n t i o n and t r u c k p a tc h e s ,

th a n to

the

co t-

h a n d s w e r e f u r t h e r d i s a f f e c t e d w he n

3 I4.. R e y n o l d s t o C h a s e , A p r i l 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R oyal C o rre sp o n d e n c e , ite m 117. 35. P i e r c e t o C h a s e , M a r . 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , i t e m 8 lp. 3 0 . Edward S. P h i l b r i c k , C o f f i n ' s P o i n t p l a n t a t i o n ,

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without p erm ission.

they heard

ta le s

th at

e m p l o y e d b y t h e Arm y, p l u s r a t i o n s . ^7 th in g b u t corn,

some o f t h e i r w ere r e c e i v i n g

break

L incoln, the

they u s u a lly

P ierce

also

if

pay e v e r y w eek ."3 9 was e s p e c i a l l y F e d e r a l army,

to

d iscouraged

" th e y were g r e a t f o o l s them a n y t h i n g ,

p e r m onth,

p lan t any­

the n e c e s s i t y

claim ed

co tto n

th e y w ere u n a b le

to

for

p a y any w ag es on o t h e r th e N egroes w ith rem ark s

c ro p s .3° th at

th e g o v ern m en t w ould n e v e r pay

N'ork s t o c k ,

as

they ought to have th e N egroes

sh o rt la rg e ly because

th eir

su g g ested ,

of re q u isitio n s

s h o r t a g e was o n l y p a r t i a l l y

by th e

allev i­

a t e d b y a s h i p m e n t o f m u l e s f r o m New Y o r k i n A p r i l . ^ a general ru le

the

to

t h e Army h a d t a k e n t h e i r h o r ­

i t w ere g o in g to

and the

for

to

g o t a s much c o t t o n p l a n t e d a s h e d i d

o n ly b e c a u s e he r e f u s e d S o ld iers

now

w hich t h e y w i s e l y knew t h e y c o u ld e a t ;

c o t t o n rows b e c a u s e

ses and m ules.

eig h t d o lla rs

Few o f t h e f r e e d m e n w i s h e d t o

P ie rc e ’s p ersu asio n s re g ard in g p lease

form er a s s o c ia te s ,

p la n ta tio n hands

e d u c a tio n and church a tte n d a n c e ,

took g re a t

in te re st

As in

a l t h o u g h one o f t h e p r e a c h e r s

t o P i e r c e , M a r . 2 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , item 1 0 9 . 37. R ic h a r d S o u le , C o f f i n ' s Phrogm ore p l a n t a t i o n , to P i e r c e , M a r . 2 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , item 1 1 0 . 3 8 . P i e r c e to C hase, A p r. 1, 1862, i n P o r t R o y a l C o r­ re s p o n d e n c e , ite m 107. 3 9 . T. E d w i n R u g g l e s , F u l l e r P l a n t a t i o n , t o P i e r c e , A p r . 1 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , i t e m 1 2 8 . I4.O. P i e r c e t o H i r a r n B a r n e y , M a r . lip, 1 8 6 2 ; P i e r c e , N o t i c e , A p r i l 7, 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , item s 126.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

155

inform ed. Chase t h a t lik ed

t h e N egroes w ere m o s tly B a p t i s t s

em otional r e l i g i o n b e t t e r

of the U n ita ria n s

from B o s t o n . ^

G e n e ra l D avid H u n t e r ’ s e f f o r t s N egroes o f the

in to

h is

th an the r a t i o n a l

army,

E arly

colored p o p u la tio n .

in

ra n to

P ie r c e w rote C hase.

co n sid ered the

d o cile

P ierce

a com plete exodus

t h e woods f o r r e f u g e , "

ex -slav es.

was u n d o n e i n W a s h i n g t o n ,

n early

r e tu r n e d to norm al.

I n view o f t h e

fo rcib le

strife

D e p a r t m e n t was w i l l i n g men a n d p l a n t a t i o n s . ^ how ever,

re­ to th e

A lth o u g h the p o lic y

a m onth p a s s e d b e f o r e

th e

Ji o

betw een h i s

seem s t o h a v e b e e n somewhat r e l i e v e d

of P ierce,

a b le bodied

p l a n t a t i o n hands m ost d e t r i m e n t a l

psychology of th e

plan tatio n s

a ll

"Som etim es w hole p l a n t a t i o n s ,

l e a r n i n g w h a t was g o i n g o n ,

c ru itm e n t of the

serm ons

i n May, M a j o r

to r e c r u i t

n early re s u lte d

and

tw o a g e n t s ,

Chase

i n A p r i l w h e n t h e War

to u n d e r ta k e management o f th e f r e e d He s t i l l

expressed

e n tire

a n d recom m ended t h a t S a x t o n ,

approval now p r o ­

m oted to b r i g a d i e r g e n e r a l and a s s i g n e d to R oyal,

tender P ierce

a c o l o n e l c y on h i s

d uty a t P ort i. 11 s t a f f . ' I 4' P i e r c e ,

14. 1 . P i e r c e t o C h a s e , A p r . 1 , 1 6 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C orrespondence, ite m 107. W a r d e n , C h a s e , Ij.2 O-l 4.2 i . 14.2 . P i e r c e t o C h a s e , May 1 2 , 1 0 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y of War, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m D e p a r t m e n t s , 1 6 6 2 . 14.3 . C h a s e t o R e y n o l d s , A p r . 2 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c ­ r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , p . 1 6 5 , C h a s e t o L e i g h . A p r . 2 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n W a r d e n , C n a s e , I4.2 I4.-I 4 . 2 5 • I4J4-. C h a s e t o P i e r c e , A p r . 2 3 , 1 8 o 2 ? i n TD, S e c r e ­ t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 1 6 3 - I 6 I4 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

156

how ever, Saxton,

w as u n w i l l i n g

to

serve

as a su b o rd in ate

i n a p r o j e c t w hich he h a d so f a r

n ifican tly ,

Chase f i r s t

W h ile Chase h ad e n t e r e d i n t o s t a n d i n g , ^4-7 h e f e l t

self-ju stify in g . ten an t co lo n el,

R eynolds,

w hile

th at

but

the

w ith l i t t l e

experim ent had been

draw ing o n ly h i s

pay as

a lie u ­

t o New Y o r k w h i c h r e ­

the expense f o r

lab o r,

im plem ents,

and stea m e r p u rc h a se d and tu r n e d o v e r to S a x to n , b u t $225,705*

S ig ­

on P i e r c e . ^

the a f f a i r s

had forw arded c o tto n

tu rn ed $ 7 2 6 , 9 8 ^,

d i r e c t e d . ^-5

recommended R e y n o ld s t o S a x t o n ,

r e c o n s i d e r e d a f t e r th e N obles a t t a c k

re a l leg al

even under

C osts o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n

had been

and r a t i o n s

were

b o r n e b y t h e War D e p a r t m e n t a n d w e r e n o t c o u n t e d w i t h t h e ex p en se s.^ affa irs persons) acres

P ierce,

to Saxton,

on J u n e 2 a s he t u r n e d o v e r

h ad managed I

upon w hich were gro w in g

of p o tato es,

v e g e t a b l e s . k-9 V irg in ia

rep o rtin g

5

>^4 - 80 a c r e s

89

5>332

how ever,

acres

of cotton,

W ithdraw al of tr o o p s

in Ju ly ,

p lan tatio n s

and

(a n d 9>050

of corn, 219

735

acres

from th e Sea I s l a n d s

of to

f o r c e d ab an d o n m en t o f t h e whole

!p5. P i e r c e t o C h a s e , May 7> 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C orrespondence, item 152. I4. 0 . C h a s e t o S a x t o n , May 2 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 2 , p . 1 9 8 . ij.7. C h a s e t o t h e R e v . M. F r e n c h , F e b . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 2, p p . 22-23* ij_8. C h a s e t o G - a l u s h a A. Grow, S p e a k e r o f t h e H o u s e , F e b . 1 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n H o u s e E x . D o c s . , 3 7 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , No. 7 2 . J4.9 . P i e r c e t o C hase, J u n e 2, 1362; P i e r c e to C hase, J u n e 2 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, P o r t R o y a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , i t e m 274-* S e e a l s o P i e r c e , ” Tne F r e e d r n e n a t P o r t R o y a l , ” i n A t l a n t i c M o n th ly . X II (1 8 6 3 ), 291-315*

* R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

of E d isto

I s l a n d and w i t h i t more t h a n 1 ,0 0 0 a c r e s

and n e a r l y a s much c o t t o n .

P ierce,

life

found t h a t

m om entarily a t B o sto n ,

retired

to

"th ere

o f corn

civ ilian is

little

couragem ent i n doing a n y th in g f o r an e x p e rim e n t l i k e w he n t h e G o v e r n m e n t i n . . . r e d i s t r i b u t i n g it

in to

troops

en­

th is

does n o t ta k e

account. N orth C a ro lin a

The p r o b l e m o f t r a d e encountered in th e w hites had f le d

iso lated

the

lico

Sound,

F a r t h e r up th e

whence t h e n a t i v e

c o ast to

N orth C a r o lin a ,

brought

trad e

fo rtific atio n s

at

Cape H a t t e r a s

w ith h is

1862,

i n Pam­

and n a v a l fo rc e

c a p tu re d C onfederate

o n A u g u s t 29*

t h e r e w as n o s e r i o u s m i l i t a r y m o v e m e n t i n t o February,

statio n

how ­

p r o b l e m s more

A Federal m ilita ry

o u t from F o r t M onroe, V i r g i n i a ,

supplied

the n o rth ,

e sta b lish m e n t of a n o th e r b lockade

ty p ic a l o f the p e rio d . p u ttin g

Sea I s la n d s ,

and where m ost o f th e N eg ro es w ere

fro m army s t o r e s . ever,

' w i t h a d i s l o y a l p o p u l a t i o n was n o t

l

86

the

l,

but

area u n til

w h e n M a j o r G e n e r a l A m b r o s e B u r n s i d e was s e n t

d iv isio n

to e s t a b l i s h

c o n tro l over the

sound. F l e e t

u n i t s u n d e r R e a r A d m i r a l L o u i s M. G o l d s b o r o u g h a s s i s t e d a g ain st

C onfederate

coasbal b a tte rie s ,

and e a r ly

in February,

50. S a x t o n t o S t a n t o n , J u l y 1 7 , 1 8 o 2 , i n WD, S e c r e ­ t a r y o f W ar , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e S - 1 1 7 9 “A u g . 2 , 1 8 6 2 . P i e r c e t o C h a s e , J u l y 2 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e r i e s K, v o l . N - P , 158.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.

158

Roanoke I s l a n d w as c a p t u r e d . atta ck e d the

On M a r c h 13 t h e U n i o n f o r c e

t o w n o f New B e r n ,

w i t h i n tw o d a y s

th e

on t h e R eu se R i v e r ,

C o n fed erate

side co n tin u e d l i m i t e d

d e fe n d e rs w ithdrew .

operatio n s

1362, when h e a n d m o s t o f h i s

and

in

the

area u n ti l

B urn­ J u l y 3,

t r o o p s were w ith d raw n t o V i r ­

g in ia .^ The F e d e r a l o c c u p i e d a r e a u l t i m a t e l y th irteen

co u n ties

M orehead C i t y ,

of f e r t i l e

B eaufort,

lan d ;

the

W ashington,

federates.

t o w n s o f New B e r n ,

Plym outh,

E l i z a b e t h C i t y a n d many s m a l l e r p l a c e s ; shore f i s h e r i e s

i n c l u d e d some

E denton,

and im p o rta n t o f f ­

w h ic h w ould h av e b e e n o f v a lu e

F ed eral troo ps

Sounds w h ic h w ere

to

th e

c o n t r o l l e d Pam lico and A lb em arle

c o n n e c t e d b y t h e D i s m a l Swamp C a n a l t o

James R i v e r e s t u a r y o f V i r g i n i a .

O nly th e p o r t

N orth

w as t h e

C a r o l i n a .

52

seco n d most i m p o r ta n t Y et,

caused to

as g ra v e problem s as i t s

the C o n fe d e ra te s.

If

its

New B e r n ,

com m ercial c e n t e r o f

fro m th e U nion s t a n d p o i n t ,

of the re g io n posed n e a r l y

p ossession lo ss

l o s s had d e p r iv e d th e

C onfederacy of a so u rc e o f l o c a l and European s u p p lie s , was s t i l l

mu ch d a n g e r t h a t g o o d s p e r m i t t e d t o

N orth w ould f i n d

t h e i r way t o

the

o f W ilm ing­

to n rem ained open to C o n fe d e ra te b lo c k a d e r u n n e r s . m oreover,

Con­

th ere

e n t e r from th e

C o n fe d erate arm ies in V ir g in i a .

51. B a t t l e s and L e a d e rs , I , 6 3 2 - 6 7 0 . 52. D a n i e l H. H i l l , A H i s t o r y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a i n t h e War B e t w e e n t h e S t a t e s , B e t h e l t o S h a r p s b u r g ( R a l e i g h , 1 9 2 6 ) ,

1, 2blj5-2bljrr

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

A r a il lin e ran in la n d

connected

the p o rt o f B eau fo rt

to G oldsboro,

w hile

o f f the sounds p e r m itte d

t o New B e r n a n d

t h e many t i d a l

easy avenues to

stream s

lead in g

s m u g g l e r s who c o u l d

evade r o v in g F e d e r a l p a t r o l s . The f o r e i g n p o l i c y t h e l e s s demanded t h a t

o f th e L incoln' a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ^ n e v e r ­

the

p o rts

New O r l e a n s s h o u l d b e o p e n e d t o May 1 2 ,

1862,

L incoln re la x e d

ag ainst

these p o rts ,

of B eau fo rt, trad e.

Ju n e 1,

o f th e blockade

s u b j e c t to r e g u l a t i o n s

i s s u i n g f r o m t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y . 54-

Chase,

a u th o riz e d f o r e ig n i n t e r c o u r s e w ith the p o r ts fo reig n v e sse ls

o btained a lic e n s e

were r e q u i r e d t o D e p a r tm e n t.55

o b tain

a t the n o rth e rn p o r ts , list

o f c o n tra b a n d and e n jo in e d

them to

the

o f m inor d o u b t as to

co llecto rs

were a u t h o r i z e d

sh ip p ers

to c o l l e c t o r s

them w i t h a lo n g c l e a r no g o o d s w h ic h

■would b e i n a n y d a n g e r o f r e a c h i n g C o n f e d e r a t e In cases

con­

from the T re a s u ry

such lic e n s in g

b u t he f u r n is h e d

turn,

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C oastw ise

sim ilar licen ses

Chase d e l e g a t e d

in

from a U n ite d S t a t e s

s u l and c a r r i e d no c o n t r a b a n d o f w a r.

and

By p r o c l a m a t i o n o n

the r ig o r s

effectiv e

P o rt R oyal,

th e good f a i t h

consum ption.

of the

shippers

to r e q u ire b o n d s . T o

resto re

53* S e e C h a p t e r V, p p . 19^4-—1 9 5 5 )4.. P r o c l a m a t i o n , A b r a h a m L i n c o l n , May 1 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n N i c o l a y a n d Hay ( e d s . ) , C o m p l e t e W or ks o f A b r a h a m L i n c o l n , I I , 150. 55. C h a s e , R e g u l a t i o n s R e l a t i n g t o T r a d e ’w i t h P o r t s O p e n e d by P r o c l a m a t i o n , May 1 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 2 , p . 1 8 0 . 56. C h a s e t o H i r a m B a r n e y , ejt a l . , May 2 3 , 1 3 o 2 , i n WD,

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

16 o

c om m e rc e t h e P r e s i d e n t a p p o i n t e d J o h n A. H e d r i c k C o l l e c t o r o f Customs a t B e a u f o r t , to e x e rc is e g r e a t

care

a n d Chase e s p e c i a l l y and v i g i l a n c e

in the

c a u t i o n e d him ex ecu tio n of h is

d u ty .^ Many p e r s o n s o f i n f l u e n c e b eliev ed th a t w ith le n ie n t had been r e l u c t a n t le g ia n c e to

to

N orth,

in c lu d in g L incoln,

tre a tm e n t N orth C a r o lin ia n s ,

secede,

th e U nion.

in the

co u ld be r e s t o r e d

To l e a d i n t h i s

in th e ir

reco n stru ctio n ,

a p p o in te d Edw ard S t a n l y M i l i t a r y G o v e rn o r w i t h a r a n k , th at

o f Andrew J o h n s o n ,

1 8 6 2 ,-^

out subsequent c o n firm a tio n by th e S enate.'

been born in th e

l8o8

h e h a d m ove d t o

in

a s a W hig C o n g r e s s m a n .

C alifo rn ia

where f i v e y e a r s

D efeated in

18^3

l a t e r h e was d e ­

fo r governor in th a t

R e tu rn in g to W ash in g to n .fro m San F r a n c is c o ,

received h is

He h a d

and f o r t e n y e a r s had r e p r e ­

fe a te d as th e R epublican can d id ate s t a t e . ^9

lik e

S t a n l y w as r e ­

t o f o s t e r U nion s e n t i m e n t .

d istric t

L incoln

seem ingly w ith ­

garded as p e c u l i a r l y a b le

sented h is

a l­

as b rig a d ie r g en eral of v o lu n teers.

T h i s a c t i o n was c o n c l u d e d o n A p r i l k ,

state

who

fo r m a l com m ission and i n s t r u c t i o n s

S tan ly

on May 2 0 .

S e c r e t a r y o f W ar , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m D e p a r t m e n t s , f i l e 8l2-E B -0ct. 13/62. 57. C h a s e t o J o h n A. H e d r i c k , C o l l e c t o r o f C u s t o m s , B e a u f o r t , N . C . , May 2 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d ­ e n c e , BE, v o l . 2 , p p . 2 0 8 - 2 0 9 . 98. S t a n t o n t o Edward S t a n l y , San F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f . , A p r . q., 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f War, T e l e g r a m s S e n t , v o l . 8 , p. 261. 59. J . G. d e R o u l h a c H a m i l t o n , R e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a ( R a l e i g h , 1 9 0 6 ) , 8 I4..

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

S ta n to n 's

in stru c tio n s

the g r e a t purpose to r e - e s t a b l i s h the S ta te

were vague:

m e n t . '*

to

in stru c tio n s,"

g i v e n when r e q u e s t e d . " 0® B urnside o f th e m i l i t a r y such m i l i t a r y

to

S ta n to n prom ised,

S tanton s im ila r ly g o v e rn o r's

citem ent,

rem aining

n atu rally

d u ties

S tanly

th ere,

a n d o r d e r e d him

and r e p o r te d th a t

“ev en those l a b o r i n g u n d e r e x ­ o u tra g e s o f an u n g o v e rn a ­

or w ritin g , C

o

n

g

r e

s

forb id d in g

thereby in c u rrin g s

.

B urnside,

gave him a

L e s s t h a n a week a f t e r h i s

c l o s e d N egro s c h o o l s b e c a u s e he

t h e l a w s o f the s t a t e

“w i l l be

s u p p o r t a s S t a n l y w ould r e q u i r e . 0^

provoked by th e

hP

G overn­

inform ed G eneral

b le body o f i n t o x i c a t e d n e g ro e s and m a r i n e s ," " c o r d i a l w elcom e."

of th at

e stab lish a c iv il

S t a n l y a r r i v e d a t New B e r n o n May 2 b , the c i t i z e n s

"is

t h e means o f m a in ­

the lo y a l in h a b ita n ts

th ey s h a ll be ab le

'‘S p e c i f i c

to a f f o r d

o b v io u s. . . th a t

th e a u t h o r i t y o f th e F e d e r a l G overnm ent i n

o f N o rth C a r o lin a and p ro v id e

u n til

is

o f y o u r a p p o i n t m e n t , " he t o l d S t a n l y ,

ta in in g peace and s e c u r i t y state,

"It

slav es

arriv al,

thought they v io la te d to be

tau g h t re a d in g

the w ra th of th e r a d i c a l s

proceeding to V irg in ia ,

in

was q u e s t i o n e d

6 0 . S t a n t o n t o S t a n l y , May 2 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . % Q , p . 2 I4.6 . 61. S t a n t o n t o B u r n s i d e , May 2 0 , 1 8 5 2 , i n WD, S e c r e ­ t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . £ 0 , p p . ZlJjl-2.1+5. 62. S t a n l y t o S t a n t o n , May 3 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e ­ t a r y o f War , I r r e g u l a r L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , 1 8 6 2 , f i l e N - 2 1 . 6 3 . S t a n t o n t o S t a n l y , J u n e 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 5 0 , p p . 3 1 7 -3 1 & * H o u s e E x . D o c s . , 37 C o n g . , 2 S e s s . , No. 1 2 3 . S t a n l y t o S t a n t o n , Ju n e 12, 1862, i n WD? S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e N - 2 0 7 , 2 I4. June/62 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.

162

as to S t a n l y 's

actio n s,

t h a t he was " a s

to S t a n t o n 's

m onth o f h i s

tenure

S tan ly a lso ran

T r e a s u ry 's r u le s upon r e s t r i c t e d

in te rc o u rse.

Ju stify in g

h is actio n s

t h e S e c r e t a r y o f War c a l l s loyal c itiz e n s

q u estio n

so u n d on t h e U n io n q u e s t i o n a s y o u o r 1."°^-

D uring th e f i r s t afo u l o f the

but rep lied

perm its

to

upon " th e

com m ercial power o f what

th e u n w r i t t e n lav /," he g r a n te d trad e

a t New B e r n a n d W a s h i n g t o n ,

towns w h ic h H e d r i c k s t i l l

c o n s id e re d b lo c k a d e d and open to

tra d e only w ith a lic e n s e

from C h a s e . ^

com plained t h a t

army s u t l e r s

a t Hew B e r n w e r e

shipping

on G o v e r n m e n t t r a n s p o r t s , t o pay f r e i g h t s

of six ty

th eir

goods in

to

th eir

own b o a t s

or

w hile lo y a l N orth C a ro lin ia n s had cents

per b a rre l

insure fre e

he a s k e d C hase w h e t h e r he had t h e v essels

m oreover,

a n d t h e Adams E x p r e s s Company

s h i p p e d f r o m New B e r n t o B e a u f o r t . a t New B e r n o p e n e d t o

S tan ly ,

on n a v a l s t o r e s

S ta n ly w ished th e p o r t co m p etitio n .^ 0 au th o rity

On J u l y 21

to a u th o riz e

p r o c e e d f r o m B e a u f o r t t o New B e r n o r ’W a s h i n g t o n ,

N o r t h C a r o l i n a , 67

Chase r e p l i e d f l a t l y

on A u g u st 1,

"U n til

6]p. S t a n t o n t o B u r n s i d e , J u n e 9> 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e ­ t a r y o f War, T e l e g r a m s S e n t , 1 8 6 2 , v o l . 1 0 , p . 3 1 1 . B urn­ side to S ta n to n , June 9 1 8 2 , i n 'WD, S e c r e t a r y o f War , T e l e g r a m s R e c e i v e d , v o l . 15> P- 1 6 7 . 6 5 . S t a n l y t o C h a s e , J u l y 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1862, , v o l . Q.-S, p . 2I4J4-. 66. C. B . D i b b l e , New B e r n , t o S t a n l y , J u l y 1 2 , 1 8 6 2 ; S t a n l y t o C h a s e , J u l y 1 3 > , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 2 , v o l . C-F, 2 2 5 - 2 2 £ a . 67. S t a n l y t o C h a s e , J u l y 2 1 , 1 8 o 2 , i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 2 , v o l . CJ-S, p . 2 6 l . j

o

o

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

163

the p o r t s i n N o rth C a r o lin a ,

now u n d e r m i l i t a r y

c o n tro l are

opened to t r a d e b y p r o c l a m a t i o n o f t h e P r e s i d e n t , in such p o rts

cannot o b ta in

can p e r m i t s be g r a n t e d , to v e s s e ls , C arolina,

c l e a r a n c e s from B e a u f o r t,

n o t y e t opened to

tra d e .

t h e same a n s w e r f r o m q u e s t i o n s S ecretary

etc.

p e o p l e ? 1'

in N orth

S t a n l y r e c e i v e d much

’* 0 0

salt,

cotton,

He a s k e d ,

bagging,

to be b ro u g h t to N o rth C a r o lin a p o r t s , The S e c r e t a r y a n s w e r e d ,

G overnor a u t h o r i z e

...? ”

ports

p r o p o u n d e d i n a m e m or a n du m

p e r m i t o f S e c r e t a r y T r e a s u r y . 1*

p riv ate

to

o f 'War i n S e p t e m b e r .

’’Can M i l i t a r y G o v e r n o r a l l o w rope,

property,

trad in g

He a s k e d ,

H is a n sw e r w as,

‘*Can M i l i t a r y

to use

the w a te rs

"Not u n t i l

fo r lo y al

steam b o a t s , o f N orth C a ro lin a

f u r t h e r o r d e r s . ’,l09

S tan ly ,

receiving

th ese

h is

m u s t h a v e s e e n t h a t h e was f a r l e s s b e l o v e d b y t h e

case,

ad m in istratio n

orders

in

b ale,

IrNo, n o t w i t h o u t s p e c i a l

lo y al in d iv id u als in

nor

e x c e p t b y War a n d N a vy D e p a r t m e n t s ,

to p ro c e e d from B e a u fo r t

he p r e s e n t e d t h e

v essels

t h a n was h i s

D espite h is have p e r s i s t e d of the

citizen s

i n p e r s o n w h i l e i n 'W ashington p l e a d i n g

c o u n te rp a rt in Tennessee.

lack of perso n al a u th o rity S tan ly

in

effo rts

liv in g

to a l l e v i a t e

w ith in

seems to

the d e s p e r a t e

p lig h t

th e o f t e n - n e b u l o u s U nion l i n e s .

. C h a s e t o S t a n l y , A u g . 1, 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e r i e s K, v o l . Q-S, 262. 6 9 . O r d e r , B r i g . C-en. C. P , B u c k i n g h a m , A . A. G . , t o S t a n l y , S e p t . 2 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , O r d e r B o o k , 6 8

1852,

ks-bi-

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

The s e c t i o n h a d b e e n l a r g e l y tary fo rag in g ,

strip p ed

and w ith o u t s a l t

of i t s

produce by m i l i ­

th e people rem ain in g

could

n o t p r e s e r v e w h a t l i t t l e means o f p r o v e n d e r — l a r g e l y h o g s and *7 f i s h - - t h e y r e t a i n e d .'u S t a n l y t h e r e f o r e f r e q u e n t l y g a v e p e r ­ m ission to

lo y al

citizen s

to

take

Bern t o W a s h in g to n and P ly m o u th . pers

to b r i n g

th e ir v essels

freq u en tly au th o rized

loads

He a l l o w e d n o r t h e r n

under the r e s t r i c t i o n s

would obey m i l i t a r y

ru les

the U n ite d S t a t e s .

He c o u l d n o t

w ith in union l i n e s ,

could i n t e r f e r e

o fficers

a n d h a v e no t r a d e

Samuel P. L e e ,

o p inion.

commanding t h e

b e r t h a t S t a n l y was c l e a r i n g u

•— *

t h e Navy D e p a r t m e n t w h e t h e r blockade. ^ to g iv e

th at

for

they

w ith enem ies o f trad e,

w ith th e b lo c k a d e . ^ B lockading

A c tin g -R e a r A dm iral

squadron, v essels

and

to tr a d e

s e e how i n t e r n a l

of th e N orth A t l a n t i c

S q u a d r o n 'were o f d i f f e r e n t

sh ip ­

f r o m B e a u f o r t t o New B e r n ,

l o y a l ow ners o f l i g h t e r s

N orth C a r o lin a p r o d u c ts ,

But th e

o f g o o d s f r o m New

l e a r n e d d u r i n g Novem­

from B e a u fo r t

such p r a c tic e

and asued

c o n f l i c t e d w ith the

'’Th e D e p a r t m e n t h a s n o a d d i t i o n a l i n s t r u c t i o n s

in r e la tio n

to

perm its

p l i e d i n a somewhat o b l i q u e

a n d t h e b l o c k a d e , 1* W e l l e s r e ­

manner w h ich a t l e a s t p e r m i t t e d

Lee t o a s s u m e t h a t S t a n l y h a d n o s u c h a u t h o r i t y . ^

Le e

70. H i l l , A h i s t o r y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a i n t n e b a r B e tw e en t h e S t a t e s , I , 2 U9 - 2 9 O. 71. S t a n l y t o S t a n t o n , D ec. 6, 1862; S t a n l y to S t a n t o n , D e c . 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f War, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e S-2Oi|.0-Dec. l 6 / b 2 . 72. - a c t i n g R e a r Adm. S . P . L e e , o f f New B e r n , t o W e l l e s , N ov. 1 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , p p . 213-21/j-. 73. W e lle s t o Lee, D ec. 1, lS o 2 , i n 0 . R .( N a v y ), s e r i e s

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

in fo rm ed S t a n l y on December 2 t h a t the T r e a s u ry , egress

W ar,

o r Wavy c o u l d a u t h o r i z e

o f any v e s s e l i n v i o l a t i o n

t h e r e m ust be no f a v o r i t i s m the b lo c k a d e d r e g io n , in terd ict a ll

and th a t

began to 6

.

blockade a p p lie d

only to

of the

th a t according leave

state

such v e s s e ls

to

the R iv e r ileuse, s tr u c tio n be

au th o rity .

town

It

seemed t o

tow n."

S t a n ly w arned, for

l o y a l and c an g e t

ship per­

the or out

tr a d e had alw ays been

[New B e r n ] ,

the

th at

as passed in

in terp retatio n

above o r below

c o rre c t,"

in te n d e d to

under S ta n ly 's

S tanly

"no b o a t can

and ta k e a b a r ­

t h e f a m i l y o f a n y l o y a l man,

depend upon t r a d i n g h e r e , are e n t i r e l y

of i n t e r n a l

to D a v e n p o rt's

th e w harves of t h i s

re l of flo u r,

trade

w ith

country b lo c k ad e d ."

S ta n ly prom ptly o b je c te d

sea and t h a t r e g u l a t i o n

tra ffic

is

or

th at

commanding t h e F e d e r a l

in te rru p t

m i t s on Decem ber

the p ro v in c e

"th e blockade

of

in g ress

of the b lo c k a d e ,"

tr a d e w hatever w ith the

o f f New B e r n ,

"the

shown t o a n y o n e i n

Commander H e n r y iC. D a v e n p o r t ,

to

only the S e c r e t a r i e s

resid in g

" If h is

con­

"w hole f a m i l i e s ,

the n e c e s s a rie s

on

of l i f e ,

s u p p l i e s nowhere e l s e ,

who who must

p e rish ." ^ The h a r a s s e d m i l i t a r y g o v e r n o r r e c e i v e d n o s o l u t i o n v/hen

I,

v o l . 8 , p . 2l|ip. 7q_. Lee t o S t a n l y , Dec. 2, 1862; S t a n l y to S t a n t o n , D e c . 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f 'War, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e S-20l)-0 - D e c . 1 6 / 6 2 . See a l s o D a v e n p o rt t o Lee, Dec. 8 , 18o2; D a v e n p o rt to S t a n l y , D ec. 6 , 1862; S t a n l y t o D a v e n p o rt, D e c . 6 , 1 8 6 2 , I n 0 . R. ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , p p . 3 0 ^ - 3 0 8 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission .

166

he a p p e a le d to S t a n t o n , " t h a t w ith the

f o r t h e S e c r e t a r y was o f t h e

excep tio n of B eau fo rt,

n av ig ab le w aters of th e S ta te ject

to

the blockade,

w hich w ould o t h e r w i s e as to i t s

v alid ity ,

to i n t e r d i c t a l l and t h a t

S ecretary its is

or licen se w aters

the

em barrassing q u e stio n s w ith fo re ig n n a tio n s

o r on s u c h w a t e r s ;

o th e r blockaded p o rts

to c l i n c h

the p o in t in as

and

close

jarg o n of o ffic ia ld o m allow ed,

and th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f i t

tr a d e betw een th e

the

to

p o rts

to your D epartm ent

g r a n t any p e rm is sio n s or in

the n a v ig a b le

o f N o r th C a r o l i n a . "7^

Even as th e o f f i c e out th is w aters

to a l l

ag ain st your a u th o rity to

and

"The r u l e m u s t o f c o u r s e be u n i v e r s a l i n

ap p licatio n , decisiv e

to a v o id

'w ith s u c h p o r t s ,

As i f

stilte d

added:

p o rts

has been found a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y

ap p lies

n avigable w a te rs ." tne

it

the

o f N orth C a ro lin a rem ain sub­

co n stan tly a ris e

traffic

the r u le

language as

th at

a ll

opinion

pronouncem ent,

were a c h i e v i n g

of th e ir

serv ice.

of the S e c re ta r y

o f War w as g r i n d i n g

the n a v a l o f f i c e r s

t h a t mass u n a n i m i t y

Th e o f f i c e r

in

in N orth C aro lin a so c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

command a t R o a n o k e I s l a n d

c o n c e d e d t h a t a g r e a t d e a l o f s u f f e r i n g w as b e i n g r e l i e v e d by such l i m i t e d but l ittl e ,

75. Dec. I p , p. 2 1 1 .

trad e,

w hile th e

b u t he b e l i e v e d i t

1862,

secessio n ists

b e tte r for

the

were b e n e f i t t e d c a u s e i f no

C. P . W o l c o t t , A s s t . S e c r e t a r y o f War, t o S t a n l y , i n ’WD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 5 i ,

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

167

p e r m i t s w e r e g r a n t e d . “A l l a p p e a r s

t o be g o i n g on w e l l , "

w ro te a n o t h e r on a n e x p e d i t i o n up t h e N e u se , p ersisten cy

of G overnor S ta n ly

of fu rn is h in g a id , But S t a n l y

com fort,

in g iving

o th ers

and i n f o r m a t i o n t o

d i d n o t g i v e up e a s i l y ,

p rev en t the rig id

e x e c u tio n o f the b lo c k a d e .

It

re s id in g w ith in the seemed to

le t­

he im m e d ia te ly

the

w hich must f o ll o w

G ould l o y a l

New B e r n a n d ' W a s h i n g t o n b u y a n d s e l l

New B e r n ?

th e enemy.

some w o r k a b l e s o l u t i o n w h i c h w o u l d

" g r e a t and c r u e l s u f f e r i n g "

other c itiz e n s

t h e means

R eceiving the

f r o m W a s h in g to n on D ecem ber 2 2 ,

p re sse d the S e c r e ta r y f o r

the

e v e n when h i s

t e r s w ere i g n o r e d by t h e S e c r e t a r y o f War. em phatic r u l e

"except

citizen s

a t B eau fo rt?

of

Gould

l i n e s buy and s e l l a t

governor th a t

such p riv ile g e s

c o u ld b e managed w i t h o u t l i c e n s e a n d w i t h o u t o f f e n d i n g a 78 fo reig n n a tio n . H is l e t t e r h a v i n g gone u n a n sw e re d , S t a n l y w rote h i s of trad e

la st

o fficial

le tte r

upon J a n u a ry 15,

1 8 6 3

to

S t a n t o n on t h e

su b ject

:

I f I u n d e rs ta n d c o r r e c t l y the o rd e r a f f e c t i n g t r a d e , n o th in g can be b ro u g h t to t h i s and o th e r

7 6 . L t . C o m d r . C. W. F l u s s e r , R o a n o k e I s l a n d , t o L e e , 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n 0 . R. ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , p . 2 l \ . J . 77. Co mdr. A. M u r r a y , S e n i o r O f f i c e r , S o u n d s o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a , t o L e e , D e c . 1 1 , 1 3 6 2 , i n 0 . R. ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , p . 2 8 7 . A f t e r a g u e r r i l l a a t t a c k on a g u n b o a t i n t h e P u n g o R i v e r i n M a r c h , 1 8 6 3 , M u r r a y a s s e r t e d t h a t some o f the p r is o n e r s c a p tu re d c a r r i e d p a sse s and p r o t e c t i o n s s ig n e d by G overnor S ta n ly . M u r r a y t o L e e , M a r . %, 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R, ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , p . £ 8 7 . 7 8 . S t a n l y t o S t a n t o n , D e c . 2 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f J a r , I r r e g u l a r L e t t e r s R e c e iv e d , 1862, f i l e N -26.

Dec.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

168

p o r ts , in N orth C a ro lin a , e x c e p tin g B e a u fo rt, u n le s s i t be f o r 'm i l i t a r y p u r p o s e s .' There a re in s e v e r a l c o u n tie s o f N o rth C a r o lin a , w i t h i n o u r l i n e s , h u n d r e d s o f f a m i l i e s , who m u s t have b re a d , c lo th in g , and o th e r n e c e s s a r i e s o f l i f e . These can o n ly be h a d , by v e s s e l s from th e N orth. I again re p e a t, th a t i f these fa m ilie s o f lo y a l people cannot o b ta in th e se a r t i c l e s o f food and c l o t h i n g , th e y m ust b e d r i v e n b ey o n d o u r l i n e s to seek th e p r o t e c t i o n and s u p p o rt w hich o u r G overn­ ment h a s p ro m is e d to s e c u r e t o t h e m . . . . I u n d e rs ta n d th e s e r e g u l a t i o n s can o nly be m o d i f ie d , so a s to a d m it v e s s e l s , u pon a c e r t i f i ­ cate th a t the su p p lie s are w arranted fo r 'm ilita r y p u rp o ses.' T his I cannot w ith t r u t h say, in a l l cases t h a t may e x i s t . O f ' m i l i t a r y p u r p o s e s ' t h e C om m a nd in g G e n e r a l must judge and n o t m y s e lf. I w ish to say and w ith such d i s t i n c t n e s s as t o a d m i t o f n o m i s t a k e , t h a t i f some m o d i f i c a t i o n i s n o t made o f t h e p r e s e n t o p p r e s s i v e r e g u l a t i o n s , t h a t txhe l o y a l p e o p l e o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a , w i t h i n our l i n e s , w i l l be th e most u n f o r t u n a t e and o p ­ p re s s e d o f any w ith in th e U nited S t a t e s , t h a t they w i l l b e d r i v e n f r o m t h e i r ho m e s i n t o r e b e l l i n e s , o r r e m a i n t o e n c o u n t e r f a m i n e . 79 To t h i s

l e t t e r M a j o r G e n e r a l J o h n G. F o s t e r ,

D epartm ent o f N o rth C a r o lin a , atten tio n .

commanding t h e

in v ite d S ta n to n 's

personal

He r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e S e c r e t a r y u n d e r t a k e

o b t a i n some m o d i f i c a t i o n o f N a v y a n d T r e a s u r y o r d e r s . suggested

t h a t New B e r n b e a l s o

opened as

supply th e

t h a t he m ight

loyal in h a b ita n ts

of

He

a p ort of entry

and t h a t S t a n l y be g i v e n t h e power to a u t h o r i z e non-ccntraband a r t i c l e s

to

trad e

in

judge n e c e s s a ry to

the d e p a rtm e n t.

0

79. S t a n l y t o S t a n t o n , J a n . I p , ^1 8 6 3 , i n W D , ^ S e c r e t a r y o f War, I r r e g u l a r L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , 1 8 6 3 , f i l e N - 2 p . 80. M a j . G e n . J . G. F o s t e r , D e p t , o f N. C . , New B e r n ,

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.

169

A l t h o u g h , ^ ' o s t e r e v i d e n t l y d i d n o t know o f i t , la tio n o f trad e duty,

a s w ould b e p o s s i b l e

such re g u ­

w o u l d b e c o m e h i s own

f o r o n J a n u a r y 15 t h e M i l i t a r y G o v e r n o r ,

reg ard in g

the

em an c ip a tio n p r o c la m a tio n as an i n s tr u m e n t w hich c ru sh ed a l l hope o f m aking p eace th r o u g h c o n c i l i a t i o n , his l e t t e r close h is

of resig n atio n o ffice

to L in co ln .

S ta n ly dep arted

forw arded

As s o o n a s h e c o u l d

for C alifo rn ia.

81

Among

the r a d i c a l elem ent h is

d e p a r t u r e was n o t m o u r n e d ,

c l a s s was c h a f i n g u n d e r

h i s m o d e r a t e p o l i c i e s . One o f

'‘r e l i a b l e ” men w r o t e f r o m B e a u f o r t r e s i g n a t i o n wa s a n n o u n c e d : to

for th is

sh o rtly b efore S ta n ly 's

” 1 w o u l d t o G od ,

I

could t a l k

' H o n e s t O l d A b e ’ a s man t o man a n d t e l l h i m w h a t . . . I

...a llo w ed terly

under h is

S ta n ly 's

ad m in istratio n .

d is c o u r a g e d and f e e l t h a t m y s e lf,

troops

are

th ro w n away,

a n d a f t e r we h a v e T his r a d i c a l

we f i g h t

to

see

I am u t ­

my men a n d a l l U n i o n

overthrow S e c e s s io n r u le

conquered S e c e s s io n r u l e

esp ecially

these

still

o b jected th a t S tan ly

p re v a ils.”

"enabled those

i n i m i c a l t o o u r G o v e r n m e n t t o move a b o u t t h e c o u n t r y a n d do Qp b u sin ess as u s u a l. . . . 1 W ith S t a n l y gone,

the

s e n io r n a v a l o f f i c e r i n th e N orth

t o S t a n t o n , J a n . l 6 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f War, I r r e g u l a r L e t t e r s R e c e iv e d , 1 8 6 3 , f i l e N -25. 8 1 . . H i l l , A H i s t o r y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a i n t h e War b e ­ t w e e n t h e S t a t e s , I , 293* 82. Wm. B. P o w l e , J r . , B e a u f o r t , N. C. t o A l e x a n d e r H. R i c e , J a n . 1 9 , 1 8 0 3 , e n d o r s e d " T h i s w r i t e r i s r e l i a b l e ” b y . W. W h i t i n g , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , I r r e g u l a r L e t t e r s R eceiv ed , 1 8 6 3 , f i l e R-32.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission

170

C arolina

sounds w rote an a s s o c i a t e

draw ing t h e s t r i n g s " d o n 't f e e l said,

lik e

on commerce i n

d ish o n o rin g

"but s t i l l

I

t h a t lie w as " g r a d u a l l y th e

the p asses

in te r io r w aters. of

"I

th e G o v e r n o r , " he

c a n n o t g i v e my w h o l e c o n s e n t t o

them ,

and s h a l l

c o n t i n u e to p r o t e s t a g a i n s t them u n t i l t h e y a r e nq p u t dow n." G-eneral f o s t e r , u n d e r t a k i n g th e c i v i l f u n c t i o n s

w ithin h is

command w h e n n o m i l i t a r y

to r e p l a c e S t a n l y , possess

soon d is c o v e r e d

any power to g r a n t p e r m i t s

score o f m i l i t a r y n e c e s s i t y 1 5

.^

n ev erth eless,

issuance

to

t h a t he a ls o

did n o t

for

trade

in tern al

some h a r d s h i p b y a u t h o r i z i n g

the p o o rer c la s s e s ,

85 ^ w hile

c i t i z e n s no d o u b t t r a d e d w i t h t h e arm y s u t l e r s stores

in

th e tow ns and s o l d

1'hese a r r a n g e m e n t s

on th e

a s S t a n l y h a d assu m e d on J a n u a r y

he r e l i e v e d

of p ro v isio n s

g o v e r n o r w as a p p o i n t e d

who o c c u p i e d

t o a l l who w i s h e d t o b u y .

continued u n t i l

J u l y 18,

o th er

1 8 6 3

86

, when P o s t e r

a s s u m e d command o f a c o n s o l i d a t e d D e p a r t m e n t o f V i r g i n i a a n d n o rth C a r o lin a and p la c e d i n e f f e c t

o v e r th e w hole d e p a r tm e n t

a sy ste m o f co m m e rcial c o n t r o l w h ic h had b e e n worked o u t around N o r f o l k . ^

8 3 . C o m d r. A. M u r r a y , New B e r n , t o A c t g . L t . ft. T. R e n sh aw , F e b . Q, 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , p p . 516- 517 . 81].. S t a n t o n t o C h a s e , J a n . 8 , l8e>3, i n WD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , A. A. G. b o o k , p . 1 1 3 • 85. S . H o f f m a n , A. A. G . , X V I I I Army C o r p s , New B e r n , t o C o l . A. B. R . S p r a g u e , B e a u f o r t , M a r . 3 0 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . , v o l . 30* 0 . S . 7 6 , p . 1 . 8 6 . C h a r l e s C. F u l l e r , New B e r n , t o C h a s e , D e c . 1 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 2 , v o l . C - F , ij.28. 8 7 . G. 0 . 1 , D e p t , o f V a . a n d N . C . , F t . . M o n r o e , V a . ,

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171

E astern V irg in ia From t h e t i m e o f s e c e s s i o n

th e U nion Governm ent had

m a i n t a i n e d p o s s e s s i o n o f F o r t M onroe, P o in t C om fort.

Command o f t h i s

fo rtress

James e s t u a r y fro m N o r f o l k p e r m i t t e d w orking i n

, l

86

l,

ju s t across

the

o f th e m ouths o f b o t h th e M ajor G e n e ra l B enjam in

c o m m a n d i n g a t F o r t M o n r o e f r o m May 22 t o A u g u s t had t e r r i f i e d

the

fa rm e rs and v i l l a g e r s

H a m pt on b u t o t h e r w i s e n a d mad e f e w e f f o r t s Federal lin e s

in

eastern V irg in ia.

t o p r e p a r e f o r t h e Pew O r l e a n s

countryside

com m ercial l i f e of V irg in ia,

and r i v e r

This

D epartm ent p e r m itte d

c o n tro l over

somewhat c o m p l i c a t e d th e The e a s t e r n

shore

was p r e s u m e d l o y a l a n d t h e T r e a s u r y the

Chase,

t e r during January,

expand th e

M ajor G e n e ra l

tenuous

of tid ew ater V irg in ia.

how ever,

t o M a r y l a n d . ^9

courses

to

around

When B u t l e r wa s r e l i e v e d

expedition,

J o h n E . Wool a s s u m e d c o m m a n d . ^ the

o f Old

t h e F e d e r a l army,

James R i v e r an d t h e C h e s a p e a k e B ay.

1 7

tip

c o n j u n c t i o n w it h a s u p e r i o r U nion n a v a l f o r c e ,

to e f f e c t a p a r t i a l blo ck ad e

F. B u tl e r ,

a t the

in h ab itan ts

re la tiv e ly

i n q u i r i n g m o re c l o s e l y

1362,

was i n f o r m e d t h a t

free

in to

access

the m at­

C h e s a p e a k e Bay

J u l y 1 8 , I 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . a n d N. C . , v o l . £ 2 , 0 . S. 7 6 , p. 1 8 8 . B a t t l e s and L e a d e r s , I I , G. 0 . 1 , D e p t , o f S o u t h E a s t e r n V i r g i n i a , F t . M o n r o e , V a . , -^ug. 17* 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . , v o l . If., p . 1 0 . 8 9 . M a j . G e n . J o h n A. D i x , B a l t i m o r e , M d . , t o C h a s e , N o v . 2 1 , 1 8 5 1 ; e n d o r s e m e n t b y C h a s e , n . d . , i n TD, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m War D e p a r t m e n t , f i l e 1 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

1?2

pungies

(sm all schooners)

and c a n o e s w ere e n g a g in g i n r u n n i n g

m ail and c o n tra b a n d a c r o s s

from th e

eastern

shore

to

the bay

c o a s t o f V i r g i n i a . 9° L ittle

c o u l d b e d o n e t o b r e a k up t h e s e

w ith o u t an i n c r e a s e d F e d e r a l s t r e n g t h i n

sm all o p e ra tio n s

so u th east V irg in ia.

I n v a s io n o f th e p e n i n s u l a b e tw e e n th e Y ork and James r i v e r s b y t h e Army o f t h e P o t o m a c i n A p r i l , p ecu latio n s

f o r a tim e b u t b r o u g h t

problem s o f o c c u p ie d to w a rd Richm ond,

te rrito ry .

steps

to

open t r a d e .

m oving u p t h e

mote o u r p o l i t i c a l

in te re sts,

f o r t o f some o f o u r own f o r c e s

purposes

Subsequent w ithdraw al o f

but across

bool captured

the

city

of d e s ti­

T re a su ry should

o f hum anity, to

the F e d e ra l fo rc e s

th e James R iv e r th e

commerce pro­ the

com­

s i c k a n d wounded

a r e a a f t e r a few m onths w o u ld end t h e s e

p eninsula,

p en in su la

and even c o n t r i b u t e esp ecially

p etty

com m ercial

M cC lellan c o n sid e re d t h a t

"w ould s e r v e

th is

the g r e a t e r

the S e c r e ta r y o f th e

under r e s t r i c t i o n s

m e n ."91

ended th e s e

G e n e r a l M c C l e l l a n n o t e d many c a s e s

t u t i o n and p r o p o s e d t h a t take

1862,

from

p r o b l e m s on t h e

forces

o f G eneral

o f N o r f o l k o n May 10 a n d h e r e

F e d e r a l army w o u ld r e m a i n i n o c c u p a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t

the

th e w a r.92

90. Ed m u n d B l u n t , B r o o k l y n , N. Y . , t o C h a s e , J a n . 2 , i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 2 , v o l . A -B , 1 1 2 . 91. M a j . G e n . G e o r g e 3 . M c C l e l l a n , y'lrmy o f t h e P o t o m a c , W i l l i a m s b u r g , V a . , t o S t a n t o n , May 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n 0 . R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 1 1 , p t . 3 , p . llj- 6 . M c C l e l l a n , C u m b e r l a n d , V a . , t o C h a s e , Hay lip, 1 3 6 2 , i n TD, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m w a r D e p a r t ­ m ent, f i l e 1 . 92. Th om as J . W e r t e n b a k e r , N o r f o l k , h i s t o r i c S o u t h e r n P o r t (Durham, 1 9 3 1 )* 2 3 8 -2 3 9 * 1862,

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173

T h i s a r e a o f F e d e r a l d o m i n a t i o n w as s o o n e x p a n d e d t o include

th e

tow ns o f S u f f o l k and P o r ts m o u t h and a t r a d e

area in te rc o n n e c te d by c a n a ls w ith the l i n a and by o v e r la n d r o u t e s i960 t h e

6

, w ith a la rg e

part

the u n d e fe n d ed c i t y

b u t,

from i t s

d ie r G eneral E g b e rt S.

V iele

receiv in g

w ith f a i r n e s s

m ayor,

prom ptly a p p o in te d B rig a ­

as i t s

m ilita r y governor.

th e y meant to

tow ard th e

of the

V iele

custom s h o u se,

the p u b lic tow n.^5-

law s

A news­

c o n q u e r i n g army fo u n d

o f a lm o s t e v e r y t h i n g a s t o n i s h i n g l y h i g h , " b u t he p r e ­ th at p artie s

would o p e n s t o r e s so t h e r e p o r t e r p riv ate

enforce

citizen s

paper r e p o r t e r accom panying th e

dicted

p e r s o n s were

the s u r r e n d e r of

p ro v o st m a rsh al prom ptly o ccup ied the

and an n o u n ce d t h a t

"p rices

In

o f t h a t n u m b er b e i n g Ne­

G e n e r a l 'Wool f o u n d t h a t many o f t h e s e

a b s e n t from t h e i r homes,

and h i s

t o P e t e r s b u r g and R ichm ond.

tow ns o f N o r f o l k a n d P o r t s m o u t h i n c l u d e d a p o p u l a ­

t i o n o f 2lq, I l g r o e s . 73

so u n d s o f W orth C a ro ­

fro m O ld P o i n t C om fort and B a l t i m o r e

w i t h i n a few d a y s .

said , at b u sin ess/^

intended

to

The m i l i t a r y g o v e r n o r ,

thro w no o b s t a c l e s b e f o r e

93. I b i d . , lLj.0, 1 5 8 - 1 8 1 . E i g h t h U. S . C e n s u s , i 8 P o p u l a t i o n , 519* 9lp. Wool t o S t a n t o n , May 1 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f 'War, T e l e g r a m s R e c e i v e d , 1 8 6 2 , v o l . 1 2 , p p . 1 0 2 - 1 0 3 * S . 0 . 1 1 9 , D e p t , o f V a . , N o r f o l k , May 1 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . , v o l . 5 , P* 205* 95* B a b c o c k , N o r f o l k , t o C o l . Anson S t a g e r , May 1 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , T e l e g r a m s R e c e i v e d , v o l . 1 2 , pp. 1 5 1 -1 5 5 .

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6 0

,

G e n e r a l W ool,

how ever,

p o lic y tow ard N o r f o lk .

a d o p t e d a somewhat d i f f e r e n t

On May l

he inform ed th e

6

c i l t h a t h e m u s t know w n e t h e r t h e sidered as

conquered people

united S t a t e s .

If

d e s e r v e d no t r a d e

as t h a t o f r e s t o r a t i o n

to

N orfolk,

a s Wool r e p o r t e d

d isg u sted ly ,

c ity c o u n c il sim ply f a i l e d

to r e p o r t

a n d Wool s o o n i s s u e d a s e r i e s

treason able

a harbor m aster

personnel

on t h a t

su p p lies

on h i s

t o b r e a k up

sid e

d esigns

to e n te r

the

or m er­ pro­

P ortsm outh,

o f the ro a d s --e x c e p t

express

s m u g g l i n g .

the

o th er,

w r itte n p erm ission,

from g o in g to N o r f o lk ,

G o s p o r t- - o r any p la c e

"the

d esig n ed to i s o l a t e

a l l o w e d no s u p p l i e s

except w ith h is

h i b i t e d any v e s s e l s

carry m ilita r y

orders,

trade

of

In stead ,

o n e way o r t h e

of orders

He f o r b a d e a n y m i l i t a r y

to e n t e r

they

statu s

The c i t i z e n s

c o n s i d e r th e m s e lv e s U nion c i t i z e n s ." 9 7

chandise

th eir

d id n o t m a n ife st

s lig h te s t d is p o s it io n to abandon t h e i r

c i t y e x c e p t on w r i t t e n

the

t h e U n io n he h a d no d o u b t t h a t

sp e e d ily reopened to N o rfo lk .9°

th e town.

of

conquered

they reg ard ed

would b e

and to

citizen s

th ey c o n sid e re d them selves if

coun­

p e o p le w is h e d to be c o n ­

or as r e s to re d

p riv ileg es;

city

orders,

or to

and a p p o in te d

93

9 6 . Wool t o S t a n t o n , May l 6 , 1 8 6 2 , I n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f War, T e l e g r a m s R e c e i v e d , v o l . , 1 2 , p . 2 5 1 . 97. Wool t o S t a n t o n , May ^ 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, / S e c r e t a r y o f 'War, T e l e g r a m s R e c e i v e d , l 8 6 l , v o l . 1 2 , p . 2 6 9 . 9 8 . C a p t . W. D. W h i p p l e , A. A. G . , D e p t , o f V a . , t o C a p t . G r e e r T a l l m a d g e , A. Q,. M . , May 27* 1 3 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a., v o l . 3, p . 205. G. 0 . 51* D e p t , o f V a . , F t . M o n r o e , V a . , May 2 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . , v o l . 3 , p . 2 0 5 .

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175

Because o f re a s o n s some d i s p l e a s u r e

of re la tiv e

m ilitary

ran k and pro b ab ly

on th e p a r t o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

s l o w n e s s w i t h w h i c h W ool h a d c a p t u r e d N o r f o l k i n place

(th e

C o n fe d e ra te s had b e en a llo w e d tim e

navy y a r d ) , D ix.

under M cC lellan,

the fu n c tio n s

c o r p s . 99

M cC lellan,

ment o f c i v i l a f f a i r s reserv atio n .

to d e s tro y

in

M onroe on J u n e 2 ,

of a d iv isio n in

effect,

the

commander i n a th e manage­

to D ix w ith o u t

s t r o n g a mo ng t h e

o u t o f W o o l's

Shops w ere a l m o s t empty and t h e

trad e

lo y a l as

re strictio n s.

people n e a rin g d e s t i t u t i o n .

e v id e n tly had confirm ed the d i s l o y a l

tility

to

a g o v e r n m e n t w h ic h made s u c h a r b i t r a r y

power,

and had d is h e a r te n e d th e

vinced " t h a t a l i b e r a l

lo y al.

in h o s­

use

of its

D i x w as q u i c k l y

con­

c o u r s e o f t r e a t m e n t w o u ld be f a r more

lik ely

to b rin g back th e

giance

th a n a system o f r e s t r a i n t . " than a l l

at

D i x was i m p r e s s e d w i t h a v e r y g e n e r a l

among t h e d i s l o y a l - - a r i s i n g

W o o l's p o l i c y

ex ercisin g ,

d eleg ated

eastern V irg in ia

of d is c o n te n t--n e a rly as

t o do m o r e

first

V i s i t i n g N o r f o l k a few d a y s a f t e r a r r i v i n g

h i s new a s s i g n m e n t , feelin g

the

the

L i n c o l n r e p l a c e d h i m w i t h M a j o r G e n e r a l J o h n A.

D i x a s s u m e d command a t P t .

separate

at

else

people

of N orfolk to

to q u ie t

th eir

He b e l i e v e d

a lle ­

trade

"is

th e m isguided m asses o f

M a j . G e n . J o h n A. D i x , P t . M o n r o e , t o M c C l e l l a n , J u n e If, 1 8 6 2 , i n 'WD, D e p t , o f V a . , v o l . 3* PP« 2 1 6 - 2 1 8 . 99* S t a n t o n t o Wool, J u n e 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD,S e c r e t a r y o f War, T e l e g r a m s S e n t , 1 8 5 2 , v o l . 1 0 , p . 1 7 3 . G. 0 . 53* D e p t , o f V a . , P t . M o n r o e , J u n e 2 , 1 8 6 2 ; G. 0 . 1 , H q . , P t . M o n r o e , J u n e 2 , l 8 o 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . , v o l . if, p p . 259-2b0, 232.

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176

tiie S o u t h an d r e c o n c i l e

them t o

soon as he r e t u r n e d from th e M cC lellan,

D ix s a i d

su b m issio n ."

city

to

ex p lain

t h a t he d i d n o t i n t e n d

people o f N o rfo lk to d e te rm in e

th eir

proposed to h o ld

accountable

c itizen s.

them s t r i c t l y

W ritin g as th ese

view s to

to a llo w

the

own c i t i z e n s h i p ;

as U nited S ta te s

100

Th e same d a y D i x t e l e g r a p h e d S t a n t o n r e q u e s t i n g a s k Chase t o a u t h o r i z e P h ilad elp h ia,

clearance

New Y o r k ,

of v e s s e ls

and B o sto n ,

sp iritu o u s

Such c le a r a n c e s he w ish ed s u b j e c t to h i s

to

Chase,

S tan to n passed

form s

liq u o rs.

approval a t F t.

and he g u a r a n te e d t h a t none o f th e

the C o n fe d e ra te s .^ ® ^ -

t h a t he

from B a l tim o r e ,

loaded w ith a l l

of m erch an d ise f o r consum ption e x ce p t

Monroe,

he

goods w ould p a ss

th e re q u e st

on to

who a g r e e d t o a c t o n l y o n t h e f o r m a l r e q u e s t o f t h e

S ecretary

o f War i n

blockaded p o r t ,

the m a tte r.

he s a i d ,

v essels

S in c e N o r f o l k was a could

clear

to i t

a m ilitary

m easure.

Chase, n e v e r t h e l e s s ,

co llecto rs

sp ecified

t h a t p r o v i s i o n s were n eed ed i n N o rfo lk ,

and r e q u e s t e d tw o,

them to

o f one,

the

several

o r a t most

shipm ents to S ta n to n fo r h i s a p p r o v a l . A s

100. D ix to v o l. 3, pp. 101. D ix to v o l. 3 , p. 2 1 8 . 102. Chase J u n e S, 1 8 6 2 , i n pp. 2 1 1 - 2 1 2 .

V a.,

send th e m a n ife s ts

n o tified

o n ly as

a modus

M c C l e l l a n , J u n e Ip, 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f 216-218. S t a n t o n , J u n e ip, 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . , to J . Z. G o o d ric h , C o l l e c t o r , B o s to n , M a ss., TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 2 ,

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177

operand! f o r

such tr a d e w ith a b lo ck ad ed p o r t,

ly inform ed S ta n to n t h a t h i s s h ip m e n ts a s were c e r t i f i e d tia l

to m ilita r y

could be c o n s id e re d as a c tu a lly

by th e

civ il

in h a b ita n ts

so n e c e s s a r y

of n e c e s s ity

how ever,

fo reig n

ju stly ,

to

p ro v isio n s,

th eir

tran q u ility

s u p p l i e s " he d i d n o t know.

th a t w ith o u t

coastw ise

such

o f an o c c u p ie d r e g i o n

secure

pow ers and p r i z e

th at

clear

war D ep artm en t as e s s e n ­

W hether s u p p l i e s ,

t o become " m i l i t a r y

He w as c e r t a i n ,

perhaps

o n l y f u n c t i o n was t o

op eratio n s.

and c l o t h i n g f o r th e

Chase d i s t i n c t

such fo rm al c e r t i f i c a t e co u rts

could conclude,

c le a ra n c e s had bro k en the

b lo ck ad e. Under t h i s D ix,

em ergency a c t i o n e i g h t v e s s e l s

and he p e r m i t t e d

V iele a t th e

them t o

sell

out a t N orfolk,

same t i m e t h a t h e m u s t b e e s p e c i a l l y

so a s t o p r e v e n t c o u n t r y m e n i n

the v i c i n i t y

and N o r f o l k fro m s e c u r i n g more t h a n t h e i r 1 011 n

e e d

s .

-

f-

But tnc

no m or e t h a n " g i v e the only

w ere

ow ners o f t n e s e

emergency a c t i o n ,

it

sent

to

w arning cautious

of P ortsm outh

im m ediate fa m ily

seemed t o D ix,

did

t n e m onopoly o f t r a d e w i t h N o r f o l k to eig h t

carg o es."

j u s t a c t i o n ’w o u l d b e b y m i l i t a r y

v e n t goods from r e a c h in g

He b e l i e v e d

tn at

in te rp o sitio n

to p re ­

tn e C o n fe d e r a te s and th e n to

s u p p l y t o be r e g u l a t e d by th e demand.

the

leave

F ollow ing h c C l e l l a n ' s

103. Chase to S t a n t o n , June 23, lS b 2 , i n S e n a te R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . , 3 S e s s . , No. 1 0 8 , p t . 3> P P . 5 9 6 - 5 9 7 * lOlp. D i x t o V i e l e , J u n e 7> l o b 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . , v o l. 3 , pp. 2 2 0 - 2 2 1 .

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178

desire

to

effect

a lib eral

p o licy

t o work u p o n a s y s t e m o f t r a d e and w i t h o u t w a rn in g , rep o rts

the

r e g u l a t i o n s when,

cut o ff the

fe lt

in favor of fre e

tra d e

at

s u p p lie s f o r D ix'

rem edied,

in terced e

w i t h Chase

co llecto r

could be

N o r f o l k .

A lth o u g h th e d i f f i c u l t y

w ith the

S t a n t o n m a d e n o move l o o k i n g t o w a r d a g e n e r a l

tio n of the

com m ercial problem ,

and D ix,

q u ie sc e n c e o f A dm iral G oldsborough, dise v e ss e ls

to

the a t t e n t i o n case

Company t o

A dm iral S.

a ll

on

t h e N o r f o l k Gas

of s h in g le s n o r t h in exchange f o r W e lle s p r o m p t l y in f o r m e d him

t h a t N o r f o l k was a b l o c k a d e d p o r t . in terd ict

P. Lee,

o f t h e Navy a

in w hich V ie le had p e r m i t t e d

a y e a r ’ s supply of c o a l.^

ac­

a n d w i t h i n t e n d a y s he

of the S e c re ta ry

send a q u a n t i t y

tacit

B lo ck ad in g Squadron f l a g

S e p t e m b e r ip, p r o v e d m o r e t r u c u l e n t , to

w ith the

so lu ­

allo w ed s e v e r a l m erchan­

come i n f r o m B a l t i m o r e .

ta k in g over th e N orth A tla n tic

tended to

of

t h a t N o r f o l k d e s e r v e d m ore p r o v e n d e r .

On J u n e 23, h e a g a i n a s k e d S t a n t o n t o

sp ecific

because

T h i s d e t a i l w a s i r o n e d o u t w i t h o u t m uc h t r o u b l e ,

b u t D ix s t i l l

called

D ix began suddenly

c o lle c to r a t B altim ore,

o f liq u o r sm uggling,

own m e s s .

tow ard N o rfo lk ,

"The b l o c k a d e i s

t r a d e w h a t e v e r - w it h t h e

in ­

country

10^. D i x t o S t a n t o n , J u n e 23, 19&2, i n WD, D e p t o f v o l . 3, PP» 2 3 5 - 2 3 8 . 100. A c tg . R ear'A dm . S. P. L ee, N o r f o l k , V a ., t o W elles S e p t . lip, 1 8 6 2 , L e e t o W e l l e s , S e p t . l b , 1 8 6 2 , i n 0 . R. (N avy), s e r i e s I , v o l . 6 , pp. 1 9 -2 0 .

V a.,

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179

blockaded d u rin g i t s forced,

co n tinuance,

Welles r u l e d .

11

'T h e re fo re ,

‘• p e r m i t s ” f r o m a n y p e r s o n b u t o r T r e a s u r y . ■*‘^ 7

W elles

the S e c r e t a r i e s

clung

m aintenance o f th e b lo c k a d e . N o rfo lk and th e w hole

of the

ten acio u sly

"That th e re

o f War, Navy

is

to

situ atio n stric t

d istress

in

in su rre c tio n a ry reg io n I doubt n o t ,”

he w r o t e o n O c t o b e r 1 1 . tra ffic

en­

Lee w o uld r e s p e c t no

In subsequent d isc u ssio n

in e a ste rn V irg in ia ,

destroy t h e i r

and s h o u ld be r i g i d l y

"The o b j e c t o f t h e

w hile

in re b e llio n .

blockade i s The r e l i e f

to

is

in

t h e h a n d s o f t h e p e o p l e 'who h a v e o n l y t o b e l o y a l t o b e r e ­ liev ed .

The c a s e

is

n o t one o f sym pathy,

B ut D ix and V i e l e had i d e a s elev ated , here in

w ere c e r t a i n l y more p r a c t i c a l .

lrWe m u s t e i t h e r l e t

must f e e d t h e m . ”

n o t so

” We a r e . - , . h o l d i n g

surrounding

forw arded t h i s own.

them f e e d

th em selves

Food m ust be a llo w e d to

t h e s e p e o p le w ould s t a r v e ,

h is

o f d u t y which, i f

c u s to d y a b o u t 20,000 p e o p l e , ” V i e l e w ro te D ix from

N orfolk.

of the

b u t o f d u t y . ,,^ ("^

and i f

come i n o r e l s e

f o o d came i n t h e p r o d u c t s

c o u n t r y m u s t go o u t t o p a y f o r i t .

le tte r

The p e o p l e

of N orfolk,

he s a i d ,

were a p p r o a c h i n g

H igh p r i c e s h a d consumed t h e i r

the

th e l o y a l as w e ll as th e

107. series I, 108. series I,

D ix

to S ta n to n w ith an a d d i t i o n a l p le a of

d estitu tio n . situ atio n

o r we

s a v in g s and i n

d i s l o y a l w ere b e in g

W e l l e s , t o L e e , S e p t . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n 0 . R. ( N a v y ) , v o l. 8 , pp. 20-21. W e l l e s t o L e e , O c t . 1 1 , 1 3 6 2 , i n 0 . R. ( N a v y ) , v o l . 8 , p . 31*

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180

punished.

D ix,

m oreover,

argued ably

t h a t N o r f o l k was e i t h e r

a recovered p a r t of th e U nited S ta te s der m i l i t a r y m issible.

o ccupation,

and in

“Under t h e r u l e

or a captured p o rt un­

eith er

case

t r a d e was p e r ­

o f M i l i t a r y o c c u p a t i o n . . .we may

w ithout b e in g q u e s tio n e d by n e u t r a l s

adm it any i n t e r c o u r s e

w i t h o u r own c i t i z e n s

o f them e s s e n t i a l

o r any p o r ti o n

the m a in te n an c e o f o u r a u t h o r i t y o r

to

the p r e s e r v a tio n

com fortable

s u p p o r t o f t h o s e 'whom we h a v e

po w er."-^9

E a rly in O ctober,

not a blockaded p o rt b ecau se i t

t h e Navy w i t h

N orfolk,

he s a i d ,

lacked h o s tile

con d itio n

p o r t no goods

co u ld be im p o rte d even by o r d e r o f th e no n a t i o n

own c i t i z e n s .

occu p atio n ,

b o th from c o n s i d e r a t i o n s m anity,

it

the m i l i t a r y

of m ain tain in g

p eo p le.

W elles r e j o i n e d

D ix a p p l i e s

to

o b tu sely :

denying t h a t

N orfolk

commander,

tra n q u illity supplies

and hu­ to

the

“ The r u l e w h i c h G e n e r a l it

is

would exem pt an y p o r t a n d th e w hole c o a s t , of W ilm ington and C h a r l e s t o n ,

th ree

from a

F in ally ,

had th e r i g h t and duty o f a d m ittin g

N orfolk,

w ere a b lo c k a d e d

could sh u t out n e u tr a ls

b lo ck ad ed p o r t and a d m it i t s being h e ld i n m i l i t a r y

If

w as

p o ssessio n --

the e s s e n t i a l

secretaries;

of a blockade.

and

s u b je c te d by our

D ix p r e s e n t e d

an o th er c lo s e ly re a so n e d argum ent:

to

a blockaded p o rt, w ith the

from b lo c k a d e ,

for a ll

exception a re h eld

109. V ie le to D ix , S e p t . 2, 1862; D ix to S t a n t o n , S e p t. I4-, 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f War , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e D-1186-D ec. 3 1 / 6 2 . 110. D ix to Lee, O ct. 9 , 1862, i n 0 . R .(N a v y ), s e r i e s I , v o l. 8 , pp. 3 2 - 3 3 *

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without p erm ission .

by m i l i t a r y o c c u p a t i o n . Wh.ile c o n d u c t i n g was a l s o

p resen tin g

plea t h a t he,

tl111

th is

to

a r g u m e n t a t i o n w i t h t h e Navy,

D ix

t h e T r e a s u r y a n d 'War D e p a r t m e n t s

the

as m ilita r y

commander,

m ust r e g u l a t e

trad e.

On S e p t e m b e r 21 h e i n f o r m e d C h a s e t h a t h e h a d a p p r e h e n d e d boxes o f m atches

1 2 ,0 9 6

in B altim ore) B altim ore

(w orth $ 9 » 0 7 2

i n R ichm ond a n d

w hich had been c l e a r e d by th e

to F t .

M onroe.

9

co llecto r

He t h o u g h t t h a t a l l

75

in

perm its

to

tr a d e a t N o rfo lk and P o rtsm o u th s h o u ld be I s s u e d by h i s fice,

and t h a t h i s

p r o v o s t m a r s h a l s w ere a b l e

the w ants o f e v e r y f a m i l y and to k eep a c l o s e illic it

trad e.

H alleck,

112

w ere t h e

ex to rtio n .

at fifteen

nine d o l l a r s upon each to n .

take

250 t o n s

d o llars

he w rote

O ther p a r t i e s

such had been p ic k e d up a t F t .

p ro fit

fancies

it

peaceful is

commerce,

clo sely ;

one

Monroe w i t h q u i n i n e f o r R i c h ­

111. series I, 112. V a., v o l .

W elles to Lee, 0c t . v o l. 8 , p. 35. D ix t o C hase, S e p t . 3, pp . 333-334*

it

a n d t h e Navy D e p a r t m e n t ,

e n fo rc in g a blockade,

o f N o rfo lk and P o rtsm o u th

of

w i t h 'W ashington

" B e t w e e n t h e T r e a s u r y D e p a r t m e n t v^hose p r o v i n c e

to r e g u l a t e

[ sic ]

of c o al to

a to n --a

perm its e v id e n tly had n o t been i n v e s t i g a t e d

tan ts

w atch o u t f o r

so u rc e o f th e most " u n c o n s c ie n c e a b le

N orfolk had s o ld i t

mond.

to a s c e r t a i n

S p e c i a l p e rm its from W ashington,

A man p e r m i t t e d t o

11

of­

the u n f o r tu n a te

is

w hich

in h ab i­

( o n e - t h i r d o f them l o y a l )

13.

1662,

i n 0 . R.

(N avy),

21,

1862,

i n WD, D e p t , o f

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182

are in danger o f s t a r v a t i o n

and th e M i l i t a r y

which h a v e t h e n o m i n a l c o n t r o l , ” a s a l l the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y

and th e

it

a u th o rities,

seemed t o D ix ,

odium . " -^ 3

on Septem ber

29 D i x f u r n i s h e d H a l l e c k w i t h a d d i t i o n a l e v i d e n c e lo y al p erso n s re c e iv e d p e rm its refu sin g

to become i n v o l v e d ,

e n terin g h is w aters

and to

E a rly in O ctober, cite ly,

the

t o l d D ix t h a t

t r a d e was u n d e r

T reasury but th a t

au th o rity

to

the d e ­

in sp ect a l l

v essels

prevent frau d s.

try in g

T reasury re g u la tio n s

a new t a c t i c ,

D ix b eg an to

o f A u g u s t 28 a n d ,

more e s p e c i a l ­

a l e t t e r w r i t t e n b y C hase c o n c l u d i n g t h a t when a v e s s e l

had b e e n c l e a r e d b y a c o l l e c t o r an d a r r i v e d port

th a t d is ­

in W a s h i n g t o n . H a l l e c k ,

c o n tro l of the S e c r e ta r y o f th e p a r t m e n t commander h a d f u l l

”b e a r

”h e r c l e a r a n c e

from t h a t p o r t

d is c r e tio n of the m ilit a r y p o in t. . . . " H

0

N orfolk to lo a d

Under t h i s

is

au th o rities

at

en tirely

a blockaded w ithin

i n command a t

the such

a u t h o r i t y D ix a llo w e d c i t i z e n s

of

s e v e r a l v e s s e l s w hich had b ro u g h t goods to

th e tow n u n d e r C h a s e 's p e r m i t w i t h s u c h p r o d u c t s as t h e y had av ailab le.

Lee im m e d ia te ly t o o k th e p o s i t i o n

th a t the

113. D i x t o H a l l e c k , S e p t . 2 7 , 1 8 5 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f v o l . 3 , p p . 3[jlj.-3lj-6. lllp. D i x t o H a l l e c k , S e p t . 2 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . , v o l . 3 , p p . 3 )4.9 - 3 5 0 . 115. H a l l e c k t o D i x , O c t . 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, Hq. o f t h e Army, C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . lip, p . 3 1 1 • 110. C h a s e t o C. H. C u t t i n g , W a s h i n g t o n , S e p t . 2 7 , 1 8 6 2 , i n 0 . R. ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , p . 2 7 . 117. D i x t o L e e , O c t . 1 , 1 Q d 2, i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . , v o l . 3 , p p . 3 5 3 - 3 5 ij-. V a.,

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

133

v e s s e ls to be c le a r e d by m i l i t a r y no c a r g o e s a n d W e l l e s in th is

device,

au th o rities

could c o n ta in

s u p p o r t e d him i m p l i c i t l y .

D ix had no r e c o u r s e b u t t o

a d m in istra tio n u ndertake

Failing

demand t h a t

some s e t t l e m e n t o f t h e

the

p r o b l e m

.

"^9

The s u b j e c t w a s d i s c u s s e d a t a C a b i n e t m e e t i n g on O ctober 10, ferin g ,

i n w hich C hase,

because

of re p o rts

u rg e d t h a t N o rfo lk be opened to

the c o n tr a r y , b ellio n "

still

trad e.

S tan to n ,

t r a d e w it h the

W elles to o k th e

c i t y w ould i n e v i t a b l y

p o sitio n th at

the

v i o l a b l e m a i n t e n a n c e o f t h e b l o c k a d e was a d u t y . cause th e til

in s u r r e c tio n a r y re g io n to

they l a i d

down t h e i r

p ro p o sitio n th a t rep lied L incoln,

th at

d ecisio n u n t i l

su ffe r,"

he

som e p r o d u c t s b e a l l o w e d

in clin ed

th e blockade

in ­

" I w ould said ,

arm s a n d became l o y a l . "

t h i s w ould u s e

at first

to

b e lie v e d N orfolk to be "hot w ith r e ­

and argued t h a t

r e l i e v e R ichm ond.

of the s u f ­

"un­

To C h a s e ' s

t o come o u t ,

he

to e n r i c h a few .

to g ra n t r e l i e f ,

later

p ostponed

Chase and Sew ard c o u ld see w hat c o u ld be do n e.

W elles b e l i e v e d p r i v a t e l y

th at

fu rth er h is

a s p ira tio n s .^ 20

own p o l i t i c a l

C h a s e was c o u r t i n g D i x t o

On O c t o b e r 15 D i x v i s i t e d W e l l e s , i n W a s h i n g t o n , b u t t h e

118. L e e t o D i x , O c t . 2 , 1 8 6 2 ; W e l l e s t o L e e , O c t . Ip, 1 6 6 2 , i n 0 . R. ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , p p . 2 7 - 2 8 . 119. D i x t o S t a n t o n , O c t . 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a., v o l . 3, pp. 3 5 9 -3 6 1 . 120. D i a r y a n d C o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f S a l m o n P . C h a s e , 10ip. J o h n T. M orse, J r . T e d . ) , D i a r y o f G ideon W e lle s ( B o s to n , 1 9 1 1 ) , I , Ib5-l66. H e r e i n a f t e r c i t e d as D ia ry o f G ideon W elles.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

laij.

S ecretary re fu sed blockade,

if

to be s t i r r e d

con tin u ed ,

lin g n ess th a t

from h i s

m ust be

enforced.

the P r e s id e n t r a i s e

how ever,

it

h a d made p r o g r e s s w i t h t h e

cargoes a t N o rfo lk ,

secretaries.

i t had been d e c id e d to

th at

122

the

G eneral

S t a n t o n and Chase

fo r ad m ittin g

and w hile W elles

conclusion had been re a c h e d ,

He e x p r e s s e d w i l ­

At a C ab in et m e etin g

became c l e a r

w i s h e d t o ma ke D i x r e s p o n s i b l e

th a t the

the blo ck ad e a t N o rfo lk ,

b u t D ix d i d n o t w is h s u c h a c t i o n . ^ l two d a y s l a t e r ,

p o sitio n

and c l e a r i n g

c o n c l u d e d t h a t no d i s t i n c t

S t a n t o n t e l e g r a p h e d D ix t h a t

p l a c e him i n

charge

of trad e,

a s he

h a d a d v o c a t e d .^^3 W h ile D i x was i n W a s h i n g t o n , Lee h a d f e s t e r e d

h is

tr o u b l e w ith A dm iral

to a p o in t of n e ar h o s t i l i t y .

A f t e r Lee

h a d c l a i m e d a n d D i x h a d d e n i e d o n O c t o b e r 12 t h a t f o l k m a i l b o a t was h a u l i n g

civ ilian

m ira l o rd e re d a g u ard v e s s e l to it

s u p p l i e s , -^ 4- th e a d ­

stand o ff F t.

could b o ard and in s p e c t ev ery v e s s e l

On O c t o b e r 1 7 ,

a c c o r d in g to D ix,

em barrassingly

ju st

d etained a l l

the

Monroe w h e re

en terin g

guard v e s s e l

un d er th e guns o f

day a s h ip la d e n w ith

th e N or­

h is

the ro a d s. statio n ed

f o r t sto p p ed and

c o a l and lum berc o n s ig n e d

121. D iary of G ideon W e ll e s , I , 172-17^. 122. D iary of G ideon W e lle s , I , 17!?. 123. S t a n t o n t o D i x , O c t . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W ar , T e l e g r a m s S e n t , v o l . l £ , p . 79* 12l|.. Lee t o D ix , O c t. 11, 1852; D ix t o Lee, O c t. 12, 1 8 o 2 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , p . i^.1. 125. L e e t o ---------, O c t . 1 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n 0 . R. ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , p p . Ij_3 —^4-•

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

135

to th e o rd n an ce

o fficer.

and t h e c a p t a i n o f t h e th a t a th ird

p o rt alread y

v isita tio n

anything e ls e ,

D ix p r o t e s t e d

how ever,

h is departm ent, the b lo c k a d e ,

h ead q u arters

issu e

perm its

and Lee,

im m ed iately

the G e n e r a l. ^ 7

Chase,

At t h i s

eith e r

p o st.^ “b

fo r th e

au th o rity

from

e n try of goods in to

from W elles

to

enforce

s e i z e d a s c h o o n e r so c l e a r e d by at

a C a b i n e t m e e t i n g on O c to b e r

2k, W e l l e s a n d S t a n t o n d i s c o v e r e d

th e b lo c k a d e

v e s s e ls and

P e r h a p s more t h a n

under h is

w ith o rd ers

M eanw hile,

cross p u rp o se s.

cu tter

h e w as i n d i g n a n t t h a t L e e s h o u l d

To ma ke m a t t e r s w o r s e D i x , began to

in sp ected

was s u p e r f l u o u s .

attem pt to b lo c k ad e h i s

S tanton,

th a t a revenue

tn e y had been w orking a t

m e e tin g W elles a rg u e d s t r o n g l y

sh o u ld be e n fo rc e d o r l i f t e d

th at

a t N orfolk.

whom W e l l e s b e l i e v e d n e h a d c o n v i n c e d b y a l e t t e r

w r i t t e n t h a t m orning, described i t ;

S tanton,

to a llo w D ix to h is m istake;

sat

s i l e n t - - l,f l i n c h e d , “ a s W e l l e s

who h a d t h o u g h t t h a t W e l l e s h a d a g r e e d

c o n tro l the

and Sew ard,

a l i e n a t i n g D ix w h ile hand, begged t h a t ”1 ^ f i\ fo r ten days.

commerce,

expressed

su rp rise

at

d is tu r b e d over any p ro s p e c t of

t h e New Y o r k e l e c t i o n s w e r e

s o lu tio n to

so n e a r a t

th e m a tte r m ight be d e la y e d

W h i l e t h e C a b i n e t o n c e m o r e w as u n a b l e t o

12b. D i x t o L e e , lJc t . 1 8 , 1 6 6 2 , v o l. 3 , pp. 377-379. D ix to S t a n t o n , i b i d ., pp. 3 8 3 - 3 8 8 . 127. D ix to Lee, O ct. 22, 1862; 1862; Lee t o W e l l e s , O c t. 2b, 1 8 6 2 , i n I , v o l . 8 , pp. 56-57* 128. D ia ry o f G ideon W e ll e s , I ,

i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . , Cc t . 2 2 , 1 3 6 2 , i n Lee to 0 . R.

O c t. 25, (N avy), s e r i e s

D ix,

177-178.

W elles to

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission .

186

agree,

C h a s e w r o t e D i x o n O c t o b e r 25 t h a t h e w a s w i l l i n g

accept D ix 's

perm its

fo r clearan ce

o f goods to

cause S t a n t o n h a d a g r e e d t o a l l o w D ix t o the ma t t e r .

Bu t D i x w a s n o t

satisfied

over,

h e was e m b a r r a s s e d b y t h e

w ith th is

purposes.

a ‘w e e k l a t e r ,

in clin ed "

to a c c e p t D i x ’ s view s r e g a r d i n g

cupation as d i s t i n c t

from b lo c k a d e ,

the fo rm u la b e c a u s e o f i t s

p a rtia l m ore­

form ula he m ust c e r t i f y - w ere " r e q u i r e d

rep ly in g

agent in

cargoes;

th a t goods n eed ed by c i v i l i a n s Chase,

N orfolk b e ­

a c t as h is

s o l u t i o n w h i c h made n o p r o v i s i o n f o r r e t u r n

to

fo r M ilitary was " s t r o n g l y

th e m i l i t a r y

but preferred

g e n e ra l usage

to

oc­

retain

i n W ar D e p a r t m e n t

c e r t i f i c a t e s .-*-31 As t h e C a b i n e t h e s i t a t e d th eir o v e rly -p o lite O ctober 29, n eith er

q u arrel.

D ix n o t i f i e d

to

act,

On h i s

guard b o a t.

w ould n o t b e p r o f i t a b l e blockade.

112

way t o W a s h i n g t o n on

Lee t h a t he w ould c o n s i d e r i t

"convenient nor c o n s is te n t"

sto p p e d by th e

D ix a n d Lee c o n t i n u e d

w ith h is

statu s

to be

He a l s o

in f o r m e d Lee t h a t

it

to co n tin u e

th e ir d iscu ssio n s

of

Lee r e g r e t t e d

the

t n a t D ix nad n o t fo u n d t h i s

Chase, O c t. 2 4 , 18 62 , i n 0 . R. (N av y), s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , P. 5 5 . 129. C h a s e t o D i x , O c t . 2 5 , 1 3 5 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 2 2 3 - 2 2 l p . 130. D i x t o C h a s e , O c t . 3 0 , 1 8 5 2 , i n ‘WD, D e p t , o f V a . , v o l . 3 , P b . 1-1-05-IpO 7 • 131. C h a s e t o D i x , N o v . 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 2 , p . 3 9 3 . 132. D i x t o Lee,. O c t . 2 9 , 1 6 5 2 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , p. 60.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission

18?

"p ro fitab le"

a little

a g a i n on N o v e m b e r

8

s o o n e r.'* '^

as

from N o r f o l k ; W e l l e s ,

D ix q u e s tio n e d S ta n to n

to w h e th er he asked

to

t h a t t h e r e w as n o c h a n g e i n

the

could

send cargoes

comment b y S t a n t o n ,

rep lied

P r e s i d e n t ’s blockade

order

and t h u s n o n e i n t h e b l o c k a d e . W elles,

c o n v i n c e d t h a t D ix was p e r s o n a l l y h o n e s t b u t

under th e in f l u e n c e sta ff,"

o f the

rem ain ed adam ant,

f i n a l l y -undertook t o

"gang o f r o t t e n and th u s

settle

Chase b o t h p r e p a r e d d r a f t s , the fo rm e r,

w hich a u t h o r i z e d

o fficers

on h i s

o n N o v e m b e r 11 L i n c o l n

the d i f f i c u l t y .

S t a n t o n and

and L i n c o ln a c c e p te d the m i l i t a r y

th at of

commandant a t

P t . Monroe t o p e r m i t i m p o r t a t i o n o f g o o d s a n d e x p o r t a t i o n of pro d u ce from N o r f o l k . the m i l i t a r y n e c e s s i t i e s to be c e r t i f i e d

"for

Im ports

of the D epartm ent";

the m i l i t a r y

The o r d e r w e n t b y t e l e g r a p h 7/e l i e s ,

w ere t o be c e r t i f i e d

t i l N o v e m b e r lip,

the

e x p o r t s were

purpose of h is

command."135

t o D ix on November 1 2 ,

prom ised a copy by S ta n to n ,

"for

l

d id not re c e iv e

06

-*

w hile

his

un­

s ame d a y t h a t h e r e c e i v e d a c o p y f o r

133. Dee t o D i x , O c t . 3 1 , 1 8 d 2 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s v o l. 8 , p. 60. I 3 I4. . D i x t o S t a n t o n , Nov. 8 , 1 8 6 2 ; S t a n t o n t o W e l l e s , Nov. 0 , l 8 o 2 ; W e l l e s t o S t a n t o n , N o v . 8 , l 8 o 2 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l. 8 , pp. 65-66. 135* D i a r y o f G i d e o n W e l l e s , I , 1 7 7 , I 8 3 - I 6 I4.. O rder, Abraham L i n c o l n , Nov. 1 1 , 1862, i n 0 . K ., s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , p. 6 6 . 1 3 6 . J o h n T u c k e r , A s s t . S e c r e t a r y o f War, t o D i x , No v. 1 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , T e l e g r a m s S e n t , v o l . 1 5 , I,

P P .

3 1 4 . - 3 1 5 .

f R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

t

188

v e r i f i c a t i o n from th e n a v a l o f f i c e r s u sp ic io u s W elles assum ed t h a t than r i g h t

in the

" t h e r e was

tra n sa c tio n ."

C onfirm ed i n a l l made c o n s c i e n t i o u s

h is

off F t.

13'7

c o n te n tio n s by L i n c o l n 's

effo rts

to

execute

it

the

p erm itted and th e q u a n tity re c e iv e d ,

th u s

c lo s e c h e c k on th e in w a r d f lo w o f

sonal s ig n a tu re m easure,

m

e

o fficers

o f G e n e ra l D ix,

A d m i r a l Lee k e p t h i s

r

c

h

a

vessels

en terin g

trad e.

formed b o a r d s o f t r a d e

q u an tity

n

i

s

e

gunboat o ff F t.

7H'o r h i s

.

the p e r ­

E lsew here around safeguard

on s p e c i a l d e t a i l ,

i n th e M aryland b a y c o u n t i e s

a perm it system s im ila r

effectiv e

on December 15,

1 8 6 2

to

good

Monroe t o

w e r e made t o

c alled in

in itiated

keep

1Q

the ro a d s .

M ellen,

He

of goods

d esigning to d

D ix

and opened

b u t n o n e o t h e r . p 0r

the sh o re s o f th e C hesapeake e f f o r t s ag ain st i l l i c i t

lin es

to re c o g n iz e

l

inspect a l l

order,

i n good f a i t h .

a s e t of books i n w h ic h w ere e n t e r e d

W elles i n s t r u c t e d h i s

The

s o m e t h i n g more

ordered a cen su s o f i n d i v i d u a l s 'w ith in h i s

p art,

M onroe.

th a t used in

and

the w est,

.

A ddressing a p ro c la m a tio n to

the i n h a b i t a n t s

of N orfolk,

137. D i a r y o f G i d e o n W e l l e s , I , I 8 3 - I 8 I4.. 138. D i x t o P . H. W a t s o n , A s s t . S e c r e t a r y o f 'War, N ov . 1 5 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . , v o l . 3 , p p . I p l 5 - k l 6 . 139. G. V. F o x , A s s t . S e c r e t a r y o f t h e N a v y , t o C a p t . T h o s . T u r n e r , N ov . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n 0 . R. ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , vol. 8 , p. 6 7 . II 4.O. D i x t o L i n c o l n , M a r . 7, 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a., v o l . 3, pp. 5 0 7 -p 0 9 . llu l. M ellen, B a ltim o re t o , Nov. 25, 1862, i n , S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 37 C o n g . 3 S e s s . , No. 1 0 8 , p t . 3 PP- 6 1 6 - 0 I 7 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.

prunesss b e r o,

^

a n s e.iionc.,

G e n e ra l D ix both, c a j o l e d Lng.

*.c

p u t so h a r d l a b o r . o rato ry fo r

1x2

'

and t h r e a t e n e d

w hile

N orfolk w ith a l a c r i t y .

trade

appears

M ellen,

any a r e a s

other

num erous b a y o u s ,

than

1' h e

o

3 ,

swamps,

larg e

com plaints"

to Richm ond.

of fo rty

carts,

and i n ­

S u ffo lk , some

up p er sounds

of a trad e tnen o verland

E a rly in January,

N orth C a ro lin a ,

t h a t on

e a c h l o a d e d w i t h tw o s a c k s

p a sse d o v e r tn e Perquim ans R iv e r b r i d g e

S alt

of

of p o licin g

force,

commander o f t h e

h e w as i n f o r m e d a t H e r t f o r d ,

of s a lt,

terrain

swamps a n d Chowan d i v e r ,

and th e n c e by r a i l

one day a t r a i n

ward.

the

ob­

w ere g o in g i n t o

t h e m ain tow ns o f N o r f o l x ,

of N orth C a ro lin a h eard “ c o n s ta n t

1 3

on N o v e m b e r 2 o ,

and the o b v io u s i m p o s s i b i l i t y

s m u g g l i n g was i n e v i t a b l e .

to V eldon,

to nave begun out o f

G iven th e

and P o rtsm o u th w ith o u t a p r o h i b i t i v e l y

from N o rfo lk v i a

w ould m e re ly

was m e r e l y w a s t i n g

w ritin g

-1 1 V i r g i n i a o n p e r m i t s f r o m D i x . l “r-'

t e r i o r w aterw ays,

them n o t t o

trad e

am ounts o f s u p p l i e s

e a ste rn V irg in ia w ith i t s

De ‘wem—

th o se a p p r e h e n d e d w ould be

Y e t one g e n e r a l

illic it

served th a t ex cessiv e

o j. 3, i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . , v o l . ip, p p . ipipO-ljlj.6 . Il p 9 . D i x t o S t a n t o n , F e b . 1 8 , I 8 6 3 , i n Vi/D, S e c r e t a r y o f W ar , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m D e p a r t m e n t s , f i l e E 3 - 3 - F e b . 7 / ° 3 . 150. Lee t o W e l l e s , J a n . 21 , 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R. (N a v y ), s e r i e s I , v o l . 8 , p p . Ip62-lp67. vol.

3

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

192

all

t h e way t o R i c h m o n d i n r e t u r n

tio n .

D i x w as p r o u d t h a t

secret

for

serv ice

The n a v a l command r e m a i n e d c r i t i c a l commerce; h is

in

’‘l o o s e

la te

in tellig en ce

c o s t him n o t h i n g .

o f D i x ’ s management o f

May W e l l e s w a s s t i l l

fin d in g

a n d i m p r o p e r m a n a g e m e n t , 113-22

D i x among h i s

critic s,

how ever,

h i s a s s o c i a t e s m i s l e d him , b u t was m o r e c l o s e l y q u e s t i o n e d .

ment a b o u t g r o s s

of

n ev er exceeded the

D u r i n g May,

th at

o f G-eneral V i e l e ,

1 8 6 3

in fo rm atio n

id ea

to

one o f th e

t h e War D e p a r t ­

a t N orfolk,

in clu d in g a rin g

w h i c h was k i d n a p p i n g N e g r o e s a n d r u n n i n g

thexa t h r o u g h t h e

lin es. sent the

d erelictio n

evidences

O pinion c o n c e rn in g

the i n t e g r i t y

r e g i m e n t a l commanders t e n d e r e d

in fo rm a­

D ix had h e a r d t h e rum or, inform ant,

and a t S t a n t o n ’ s r e q u e s t

L i e u te n a n t ^ o lo n e l C h a rle s W hipple,

W isconsin R egim ent,

to W ashington.

he i m p l i c a t e d V i e l e

i n b o th th e N e g ro -ru n n in g and t r a d e

reg u larities never proved,

about N orfolk.

19 3

In a form al

a lth o u g h the

V i e l e was g i v e n a l e a v e

statem ent ir-

c h a r g e s w ere

to d u ty a t N o rfo lk . *1

com m ission i n O c to b e r,

th .

o f a b s e n c e b y t h e War

D e p a r t m e n t a n d was n e v e r a g a i n r e t u r n e d He r e s i g n e d h i s

1 9

1 8 6 3

)

.

l^ l. D i x t o S t a n t o n , A p r . 3* 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f T eleg ram s R e c e iv e d , v o l . 27, pp. 3 5 8 -3 5 7 . 152. D i a r y o f G i d e o n ’W e l l e s , I , 3 1 8 . 153. D i x t o S t a n t o n , May 3 , 1 8 6 3 ; S t a t e m e n t o f L t . C o l . C h a r l e s W h i p p l e , W a s h i n g t o n , May 2 0 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, S e c ­ r e t a r y o f War , I r r e g u l a r L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e L - 5 , 1 8 6 3 . 15!}-. P a r . XX.I, S . 0 . 2 o 9 , WD, A . G. 0 . , J u n e 1 3 , 1 3 6 3 , in 0 . R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 27, p t . 3, p . '2 0 8 . G e o r g e W. C u l l u m , B i o g r a p h i c a l R e g i s t e r o f O f f i c e r s a n d G r a d u a t e s o f t h e U. S . M i l i t a r y A c a d e m y (New f o r k , 1 8 7 9 7 , I I , 2 0 2 . War,

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

193>

T ransferred

t o t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f th e E a s t where h i s

p o l i t i c a l acumen m ig h t be o f s o o t h i n g e f f e c t

to

tro u b les,

6

th is

G e n e ra l D ix l e f t

tim e th e

co astal areas

were c o n s o l i d a t e d i n t o

•would f a c i l i t a t e

a reform

more o r d e r l y

from P o s t e r ,

a t N orfolk,

riving

at F t.

on J u l y

M onroe,

2%,

F o ster

perm its

B oth P o s t e r and h i s rem ain r e s p o n s i b l e

trad e

depend upon t h e i r

15'9

for

the

p o licy

lo y alty ,

of V irg in ia, .

w ith headquar­

S h o rtly a f te r

ar­ th at

a p o rt of e n try in o rd er to r e ­ th e p ro v o s t m a r s h a ls - - o f the com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e . G eneral B u tle r,

reg u latio n

V ir g in i a and N o rth C a r o l i n a . of the F e d e ra l

j u r i s d i c t i o n u n d e r M ajor

s u b m itte d recom m endations

successor, for

C arolina

w hich D ix h ad b e l i e v e d

1 8 6 3

the m i l i t a r y - - e s p e c i a l l y

burden o f i s s u i n g

At

B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l H e n r y M. N a g l e e

N orfolk sh o u ld be opened a s liev e

l8 b 3 .

c o n tro l of b o th reg io n s.

a s s u m e d command o f t h e D i s t r i c t ters

,

of V irg in ia and f o r t h

one m i l i t a r y

G e n e r a l J o h n G. P o s t e r ,

Under o r d e r s

V i r g i n i a on J u l y l

the d r a f t

th eir

in teg rity

how ever,

w ould

o f commerce i n e a s t e r n

The f u t u r e in

15'7

s u c c e s s and f a i l u r e s

d e p a r tm e n t w ould t h u s and d i s c r e t i o n .

155G. 0 . I4.6 , D e p t , o f V a . , F t . M o n r o e , J u l y l 6 , 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 27* p t * 3> P* 713* D ix to S ta n to n , F e b . 1 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W ar, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d from D e p a rtm e n ts , f i l e E B -3 -F e b . 7/ 6 3 • 156. N a g l e e t o L t . C o l . S . H o f f m a n , A. A. G . , D e p t , o f V a . , a n d N. C . , S e p t . 2 8 , I 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 7 , p t . 3 , p . 8I4.3. 157. F o s t e r t o S t a n t o n , A u g . 1 6 , I 8 0 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f Va . a n d M. C . , v o l . I)-9* 0 ■ S . 6 9 , p . 13*

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

CHAPTER V LOUISIANA,

1862-1863

A f te r a s u c c e s s f u l n a v a l a t t a c k by the f l e e t O f f i c e r D a v i d G. F a r r a g u t ,

the

forces

of F lag -

of G eneral B u tle r

l a n d e d w i t h o u t o p p o s i t i o n a t New O r l e a n s o n May 1 , Of t h e

s e v e r a l la n d and w a te r i n v a s i o n s

the C o n fed eracy d u rin g O ar,

th is

the

first

tw o y e a r s o f

strateg y

the C iv il

and th e m o st com plex fro m th e

p o in t o f com m ercial problem s I n v o lv e d . o f New O r l e a n s

e s t a b l i s h e d F e d e r a l power a t com m ercially,

u n d e r F e d e r a l d o m i n a t i o n one o f

the l a r g e s t

cities

stan d ­

S trateg ically ,

mouth o f th e M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r ;

federate

perip h ery of

was t o b e t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f r o m t h e v i e w p o i n t

of m ilita r y

capture

of the

1 8 6 2.^

it

the

the

brought

o f th e Con­

a n d a n a r e a o f o p u l e n t s u g a r a n d some c o t t o n

production. D uring th e

s p r i n g o f 1 8 6 2 S e c r e t a r y W i l l i a m H. S e w a r d

had begun to d e v e lo p a l i n e p r o f i t from th e

o f f o r e i g n p o l i c y w h ic h w ould

com m ercial p o t e n t i a l i t y

counting F e d e ra l su ccesses

in

th e W est i n a n o t e

F r a n c i s Adams o n F e b r u a r y 2 8 ,

1862,

m atu ratio n of fav o rab le

p o licies

1.

B attles

trade

o f New O r l e a n s . to

Re­

C harles

Seward h a d m e n tio n e d th e w hich,

ap p licab le

also

and L e a d e r s , I I ,

194 R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission .

195

t o t h e s e a c o a s t , w o uld b r i n g "some a l l e v i a t i o n o f t h e r i g o r of the b lo c k a d e ."

He h a d d i r e c t e d Adams t o b r i n g t h e i d e a

c o n f i d e n t i a l l y t o t h e n o t i c e of th e B r i t i s h governm ent.

p

Four d a y s a f t e r t h e l a n d i n g o f F e d e r a l t r o o p s i n New O r l e a n s , Seward s e n t a c i r c u l a r t o t h e f o r e i g n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i n W a s h i n g t o n , n o t i f y i n g th em t h a t p r e p a r a t i o n s were b e i n g made to m od ify t h e b l o c k a d e and t o o p e n New O r l e a n s a n d one o r more o t h e r p o r t s t o t r a d e . 5

As h a s b e e n s e e n , L i n c o l n r e l a x e d

t h e b l o c k a d e upon B e a u f o r t , P o r t R o y a l , a nd New O r l e a n s by p r o c l a m a t i o n on May 1 2 , 1 8 6 2 , a co p y o f w h ic h Sew ard e a g e r l y t e l e g r a p h e d t o i n t e r c e p t t h e m a i l p a c k e t w h ic h h a d l e f t f o r Europe e a r l i e r t h a t d a y . ^

To a w o r l d h u n g r y f o r S o u t h e r n

c o t t o n , and e s p e c i a l l y t o E n g l a n d and F r a n c e , i m p a t i e n t w i t h th e F e d e r a l b l o c k a d e , Seward h e l d o u t t h e new l i n e o f p o l i c y as p r o s p e c t i v e o f r e l i e f .

As he w r o t e Adams on J u l y 2 8 , 1 8 62 ,

"We s h a l l s p e e d i l y o p e n a l l t h e c h a n n e l s o f commerce, and f r e e them f r o m m i l i t a r y e m b a r r a s s m e n t s , and c o t t o n , so much d e s i r e d by a l l n a t i o n s , w i l l f l o w f o r t h a s f r e e l y a s h e r e t o f o r e . " 5

2. Seward t o Adams, F e b . 2 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n U. S. D e p a r t m e n t of S t a t e , P a p e r s R e l a t i n g t o F o r e i g n A f f a i r s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s (118 v o l s . , W a s h i n g t o n ^ 1 8 6 2 - “ 1 8 6 ^ , p t . 1 , p . 41. H e r e i n a f t e r c i t e d as D iplom atic C orrespondence. 3. A n n u a l C y c l o p a e d i a , 1 8 6 2 , p . 228. 4. Seward t o Adams, May 1 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n D i p l o m a t i c C o r ­ r e s p o n d e n c e , 1 8 62 , p t . 1 , p . 8 8 . 5. Sew ard t o Adams, J u l y 2 8 , 1862, i n A n n ua l C y c l o ­ p a e d i a , 1862, p . 228.

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196

To t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s o f New E n g l a n d , t h e f i r s t r e p o r t s of the c o t t o n , i n New O r l e a n s ,

s u g a r , an d m o l a s s e s f o u n d b y G e n e r a l B u t l e r sounded l i k e a bonanza.

Blake, B o sto n i n d u s t r i a l i s t ,

To G eo rge B a t y

the s i t u a t i o n re q u ire d a p a r ­

t i c u l a r degree of shrewdness, n o t u n lik e t h a t b e in g d is p la y e d by S e c r e t a r y S e w a r d .

He f o r w a r d e d a n o t e t o L i n c o l n w h i c h

h ad b e e n w r i t t e n h im by a f o r m e r S o u t h e r n r e s i d e n t o f " h i g h g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r a nd l a r g e c o m m e r c i a l e x p e r i e n c e . "

T his

n o t e a r g u e d t h a t p r o p e r t y i n L o u i s i a n a m u s t n o t be c o n ­ s i d e r e d a s s p o i l s l e s t t h e r e be no i n d u c e m e n t f o r t h e m e r ­ ch an ts and p l a n t e r s to save t h e i r c ro p s from g e n e r a l co n ­ flag ratio n .

To r e s t o r e c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e m in ds o f t h e

S o u t h e r n p e o p l e a n d t o i n d u c e them t o s a v e t h e i r c o t t o n a nd tobacco from d e s t r u c t i o n ,

i t was n e c e s s a r y o n l y f o r t h e

Union t o p l e d g e p r o t e c t i o n t o p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y . he w r o t e ,

"Do t h i s , "

" a n d o p en New O r l e a n s , S a v a n n a h , B e a u f o r t , N. C . ,

and N o r f o l k ( a s so o n a s i t

c a n be t a k e n ) so t h a t t h e p l a n t e r s

can e x c h a n g e t h e i r c r o p s f o r t h e n e c e s s a r i e s o f l i f e

ex­

c l u d i n g r i g i d l y e v e r y t h i n g c o n t r a b a n d o f w a r , and t h e r e ­ s i s t a n c e t o t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e F e d e r a l Gov ernment w i l l m e l t away a n d d i s a p p e a r an d t r a d e a nd c o n f i d e n c e g r a d u a l l y e x t e n d . . . o v e r t h e whole c o u n t r y . "

T h is m ight be c o n t r a r y to

the c o n f is c a tio n a c t but as the w r i t e r sagely observed, " b u s i n e s s i s b u s i n e s s . " ^ 1 S e n a t o r James W. G r i m e s ,

6.

George B a t y B l a k e , B o s t o n ,

t o L i n c o l n , May

chairman

6

, 1862;

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

197

of th e Com m ittee on N a v a l A f f a i r s , the opening o f C o n fe d e ra te p o r t s

was a l s o

to

trad e,

la y i n M obile w here he h a d a p r o p o s i t i o n p a r tn e r in a t a r and tu r p e n tin e no h a n d i n t h i s

'ta r

in terested but h is

in terest

to become a s i l e n t

sp ecu latio n .

and t u r p e n t i n e '

in

b u sin ess

”1

w ould h ave

if

I

th o u g h t

t h a t t h e r e was a n y t h i n g i m p r o p e r i n i t , ” he t o l d G u s t a v u s V. F o x ,

”b u t I

cannot see

S enator c o n tin u in g h is

th at

th e re

is

a n y more t h a n i n a

law b u s i n e s s . . . . ” ?

Thus a s B u t l e r b e g a n o r g a n i z i n g

civ il

affairs

D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e G u l f h e m u s t h a v e known t h a t

the

in the ad m in istra­

t i o n a n d " r i g h t - t h i n k i n g ” men o f w e a l t h e x p e c t e d h i m t o m o re i n t e r e s t

in

trad e

than in b o o ty .

a product o f the

co tto n -tex tile

ch u setts,

he had f u r t h e r e d h i s

and i f

m oreover,

com m unity o f L o w e l l ,

D em ocratic p o l i t i c i a n by a t t a c k s now o b v i o u s l y e x p e c t e d t h e

B u tler,

show was

M assa­

c a r e e r as a young

o n t h e W hig m i l l o w n e r s h e

war t o a d v an c e

the

fin an cial

g

fo rtu n es

of h is

fa m ily and f r i e n d s .

th e N o rth m ight have t h e i r id e a s in L ouisiana,

B u tler,

him self,

W hile o t h e r p e r s o n s i n

ab o u t com m ercial m a tte r s

w ould d e te r m in e m ost o f h i s

J o s . S . F a y , B o s t o n , t o B l a k e , May 6 , 1 3 6 2 , i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 2 , v o l . A - B , 1 3 2 a , 1 3 3 d . 7. J . W. G r i m e s , B u r l i n g t o n , I o w a , t o F o x , A u g . 1 3 , 1862, i n C o n f i d e n t i a l C o rre sp o n d e n c e o f G u sta v u s Vasa F o x , I I , 352-3p3~ “ T h e M o b i l e m a t t e r c a n b e f i x e d , 11 F o x p r o m i s e d , “ a s s o o n a s we t a k e t h a t p l a c e . . . . ” F o x t o G r i m e s , S e p t . 6 , 1862, i n i b i d . , I I , 3&9* • 8 . C a rl R u s s e l l F is h , "B enjam in F r a n k l i n B u t l e r , ” i n D. A . B . , I I I , 3 5 7 - 3 5 9 *

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198

own p o l i c i e s .

And, a s he s a i d i n h i s m e m o i r s , he h a d w a n t e d

t o go t o New O r l e a n s t o g e t a s f a r away f r o m Army h e a d q u a r t e r s as was p o s s i b l e .

g

I n h i s p r o c l a m a t i o n o f May 1 , B u t l e r a s s u r e d c i t i z e n s o f New O r l e a n s t h a t " A l l r i g h t s o f p r o p e r t y , o f w h a t e v e r k i n d , w i l l be h e l d i n v i o l a t e , S t a t e s . S i n c e

s u b j e c t only to the law s of th e U n ited

"reb ellio u s,

l y i n g a n d d e s p e r a t e men" h a d

r e p r e s e n t e d t h a t he would c o n f i s c a t e o r d e s t r o y t h e c r o p s o f h o n e s t p l a n t e r s o f t h e s t a t e , B u t l e r i s s u e d a n o r d e r o n May 4 , statin g

" t h a t a l l c a r g o e s o f c o t t o n and s u g a r s h a l l r e ­

c e i v e t h e s a f e c o n d u c t o f t h e f o r c e s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and t h e b o a t s b r i n g i n g them f r o m b e y o n d t h e l i n e s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r c e s may b e a l l o w e d t o r e t u r n i n s a f e t y a f t e r a 11 r e a s o n a b l e d e l a y , i f t h e i r owners so d e s i r e . . . . " B utler p r o v i d e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t s u c h v e s s e l s c o u l d b r i n g no more t h a n a minimum crew a nd no o t h e r m e r c h a n d i s e i n t o t h e c i t y e x c e p t food and p r o v i s i o n s f o r th e u se o f th e n eed y . 12

Because of

9. B e n ja m i n P . B u t l e r , B u t l e r ! s Book ( B o s t o n , 1 8 9 2 ) , 3 3 4 . 10. P r o c l a m a t i o n , B u t l e r , D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , New O r l e a n s , L a . , May 1 , 1862, i n TO, D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , v o l . 33, 0 . S. 42, p . 1 . 11. G. 0 . 2 2 , D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , New O r l e a n s , May 4 , 18 62, i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , v o l . 3 3 , 0 . S . 4 2 , p . 3. 12. G. 0 . ’ s 19 and 2 0 , D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , New O r l e a n s , May 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n P r i v a t e and O f f i c i a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f Gen. B e n ja m in P . B u t l e r (Norwood, M a s s . , 1 9 1 7 ) , 1, 4 4 2 - 4 4 3 . H e r e i n a f t e r c i t e d a s B u t l e r Ts C o r r e s p o n d e n c e . G. 0 . 21 , D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , New O r l e a n s , May 4 , 1862, i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , v o l . 33, 0 . S. 4 2 , p . 3 .

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199

p rev alen ce of n e a r - s t a r v a t io n safe

conduct to p e rso n s,

fro m t h e Red R i v e r , lousas.

th e

city ,

conveyances,

M obile,

B u tle r also

Two b o a t l o a d s

fro m Red R i v e r b e f o r e

the

Moore e n d e d t h e a n o m a l o u s seem a l s o

to have

au th o rities

and m erchandise a r r i v i n g

and o v e r t h e r a i l w a y fro m Ope­

th ere

of p ro v isio n s

t r a d e on h i s

w e r e b r o u g h t down

tra ffic

on J u n e 1 8 .

A few v e s s e l s

come o v e r f r o m M o b i l e b e f o r e also

stopped tn e

trad e.

the C onfederate

11

own s t o r y h e i m m e d i a t e l y l a u n c h e d

own a c c o u n t ,

b u y i n g

s u r r e n d e r o f V ic k s b u r g c o n v in c e d them o f

cause.

^

This v ic to r y

opened th e M is s is s ip p i

arrangem ents

w ith in

R iv e r to U nion comm erce. P erfectio n

of trade

th e D epartm ent

o f t h e G u l f w o u l d now o c c u p y t h e G e n e r a l a n d t h e T r e a s u r y rep resen tativ es of the

summer o f

a t New O r l e a n s d u r i n g m o s t o f t h e r e m a i n d e r 1 8 6 3

.

T h e i r d e c i s i o n s w ould be n e c e s s a r i l y

b a s e d upon t h e new T r e a s u r y r e g u l a t i o n s

issu ed

w i t h t h e A c t o f C o n g r e s s a p p r o v e d o n March 1 2 , h is

su p erio rs had in d ic a te d

energies a t Treasury, ab d icate command.

th in g s m a rtia l

and le a v e

so i m p o r t a n t an a s p e c t o f In A ugust,

loaded w ith c o tto n ,

for

exam ple,

cap tu red as i t bore

and g r a n t e d by D e n iso n

conform ity .

1 8 6 3

could b e t t e r commerce t o

Banks h a d good r e a s o n to b e l i e v e

schooner Sea L io n ,

Army,

t h a t he

in

em ploy h i s the

t h a t he could n o t

the c i v i l a f f a i r s he l e a r n e d t h a t

of h is

the

was com ing o u t o f M o b ile

a perm it d a ted F eb ru ary lo ,

pu rsu an t to

W hile

"an o r d e r . . . f r o m

l8t>3, M ajor

v o l . 13A, p . 2 3 1 . 3p. H a rrin g to n , F ig h tin g P o l i t i c l a n , 119-123.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

22i|.

G eneral B anks. as t o n ! s h m e n t. ”

“I

hew O r l e a n s t o p articip ate ,..."

Banks r e a d

. . . 11

should as

the

r e p o r t w ith ”u t t e r

soon h av e p ro p o se d to

t h e F r e n c h G o v e r n m e n t , ” he s a i d ,

i n any m ovem ent. . . i n . . . v i o l a t i o n

sell

”as to

o f th e B lockade

he had i s s u e d no su ch o r d e r w hich c o u ld p o s s i b l y be

c o n stru ed to c o v er su ch a t r a n s a c t i o n . c o v e r in g up f o r h i s

sub o rd in ate

B an k s m u s t h a v e a u t h o r i z e d son to re v o k e any o t h e r to have re m a in e d s i l e n t .

Chase,

w ith an o b s e r v a tio n

such a p roceeding,

such perm its, 8

alth o u g h th at

d ir e c t e d D eni­

and D e n is o n a p p e a r s

Next m onth,

Chase

s ta te d h is

c o n v i c t i o n t h a t Banks n e v e r h ad i n t e n d e d t o

perm it

ment o f c o t t o n f r o m h o b l i e ,

th u s

rep u d iatin g

D enison’ s a c tio n ,

view o f D e n i s o n 's

of h is

w hich,

in

u n d erstan d in g of Banks'

than p a r t i a l

d u p l i c i t y . 87'

— the T re a s u ry a g e n ts ready e v id en t

c om me rce o f t h e

view s,

sh ip ­

own r e p o r t i n g

cannot have been le s s

This ev id en ce

may w e l l h a v e

in clin atio n

in d irectly

the

of d u p lic ity

s t r e n g t h e n e d Banks '

a mo ng a l­

to keep a s tro n g hand upon the

low er M i s s i s s i p p i

v alley .

8 6 . A c t g . R e a r Adm. f h e o d o r u s B a i l e y , C o m d ^ . , E a s t G u l f B l o c k a d i n g S q u a d r o n , t o W e l l e s , J u l y 2 I4., 1 8 o 3 j W e l l e s to S t a n t o n , Aug. 5 , 1 8 6 3 ; B anks to H a l l e c k , Aug. 29, 1363, i n WD, Hq. o f t h e A rm y, f i l e N-I 1.2 - H Q A - I 8 6 3 . W elles to B a i l e y , Aug. 1 7 , 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R. ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 1 7 , p . 14-38. 8 7 . C h a s e t o H. S t e w a r t , A u g . 1 7 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c ­ r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 5 , P . 2 1 7 .

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CHAPTER VI THE TREASURY INSTITUTES A COMPREHENSIVE TRADE POLICY, D uring th e f i r s t

two y e a r s

o f the

C i v i l Vi/ar, F e d e r a l p o l i ­

cies of r e s t r i c t e d

com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e

from d e p a r tm e n t to

d epartm ent and,

reg u latio n s no s e r i o u s

o f A ugust 28, effort

to

l

state

86

l,

o th er

had v a rie d

th a n the T re a su ry

a com prehensive p o l i c y .

view o f p r e v e n t i n g s u p p l i e s

the

law and t h e

m a t i o n mad e i t fu ln ess,

d ifficu lt

and th e

to

Chase i n ­

some r e s t r i c t i v e

la tio n s w ith the o f the

term s of th e

to r e b e l s ;

of the

regu­ but

o rig in al p ro cla­

a c t w i t h much e f f i c i e n c y

reg u latio n s

sh arp ly

t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n h a d m ad e

form ed C o n g re s s t h a t he “h a d a t t e m p t e d

state

l863~l861p

or u se ­

t r a d e was a s s u m e d a l m o s t 1

e x c lu s iv e ly by th e m i l i t a r y

au th o rities. “

The s y s t e m o f t h e o r e t i c a l n o n - i n t e r c o u r s e

w h e r e b y com­

m erce d e p e n d e d on s u p p o s e d l y e x c e p t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e had n e v e r b e en s t r i c t l y

enforced;

lic e n se s

t h u s S e n a t o r J u s t i n Mor­

r i l l u n d e rs to o d t h a t u n d e r th e loop-hole, o f p r e s i d e n t i a l p e r ­ m its

“a very la rg e

trade has

sprung u p . . . s o

c e p t i o n came v e r y n e a r b e i n g t h e r u l e e n t i o u s F e d e r a l commanders d e c r i e d

1. 2.

C o n g re ss io n a l G lobe, I b i d . , 2821. ,

22

38

th a t...th e

i t s e l f . . . . 11

the

C ong.,

C onsci­

system of tra d e

1 S e ss.,

ex-

as

appendix,

^

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

9,

w eakening to

t h e i r arm ies;

attem pted to ex ecu te federate

co tto n in

o th ers,

su ch as B u t l e r and Banks,

some s e n s a t i o n a l

o rd er to b e n e f it

coup a g a i n s t

th eir

The m a n u f a c t u r i n g

in terests

trade

As a c o m m e r c i a l w r i t e r

a failu re.

to 1862, 2

,-0

the

0 0 ,0 0 0

cap tu re

bales

of the f i b r e . p ectatio n s,

o f New O r l e a n s ,

of co tto n N ash v ille

and th e

sim ilarly

each y ear,

the

p o litical

counted

the

Con­

careers.

system of

observed in re g ard

pre-w ar o u tle t fo r brought out b u t a t r i c k l e

a n d Memphis e x p o r t s h a d n o t m et e x ­

p o rts

opened in N o rth and S o u th C a r o lin a

w ere no more s u c c e s s f u l . 3 Chase had b e e n e n t e r t a i n i n g t o how t h e U n i o n c o u l d s e c u r e the C o n fed eracy . New O r l e a n s ,

the S e c r e ta r y 's

co tto n ), ow ner,

end o f th e war i f

p l a n ’w o u l d e n a b l e t h e T r e a s u r y the

same t i m e

l

as

c o tto n w ithout g iv in g a id to

keep a cc o u n t w ith th e

a t the

86

see m in g ly from w ith a

fancy.

Let

c o tto n and to b acco a t a nom inal p r ic e

(say tw en ty c e n ts a pound f o r

at

l

c a l l e d u p o n h i m o n S e p t e m b e r 1$, 1 8 6 2 ,

the governm ent ta k e a l l

ference

sin ce

A p a m p h l e t e e r named A'etmore,

p la n w hich im m e d ia te ly c a u g h t

f o r gold,

su g g estio n s

to b o l s t e r

its

sell i t

i n New Y o r k

and pay him t h e d i f ­

he re m a in e d l o y a l . ^

Th e

t o g e t o u t m o r e c o t bon a n d la g g in g gold r e s e r v e s .

Chase,

3. Annual C y c lo p a e d ia , 1862, pp. 228-229I4.. D i a r y a n d C o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f Salm on p . C h a s e , 8 3 . C h a s e t o B. P . F l a n d e r s , May 3,0, 18o3> i n TD, 3 8 S p e c i a l Agency, L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 1. H e r e i n a f t e r " S p e c i a l Agency i s a b b re v ia te d "S. A .”

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

227

p e r h a p s w i t h some e x a g g e r a t i o n ,

presen ted

the

p lan to

the

C a b i n e t on S e p t e m b e r 22 a s one w h ic h h a d b e e n “ s t r o n g l y recom m ended.” again a t so.

He i n t e n d e d ,

he a n nounced,

to b rin g

On N o v e m b e r 5 t h e

C abinet d isc u sse d

co tto n ,

have id e a s

lik e

soon began to

t h o s e recom m ended b y W etm ore.

D a n a , who w o u l d b e c o m e S t a n t o n ' s w&s a t t h e

assistan t

mom en t i n M e m p h i s s p e c u l a t i n g

co rru p tio n p re v a len t

th e re ,

in

C h a rle s A.

s e c r e t a r y b u t who co tto n ,

and on J a n u a r y 21,

w rote S t a n t o n recom m ending t h a t t h e

s h i p i t b y army t r a n s p o r t a t i o n

to

on g o v e rn m e n t a c c o u n t a t auction.^

reached

the o p in io n t h a t th e was f o r

1863,

cents a

some m a r k e t ,

sell i t

trad ers

observed

q u a r t e r m a s t e r s be a u ­

th o r iz e d to buy c o tto n a t tw enty o r tw e n ty - f iv e

traito ro u s

b u t the

to S e w a rd 's u n d e r s ta n d in g s w i th th e B r i t i s h . 5

O t h e r p e r s o n s down t h e M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r

pound,

up

th e n e x t m eetin g b u t does n o t a p p ea r to have done

q u estio n r e la te d

the

it

only s o l u t i o n

and

G rant had a lre a d y to

the

cursed

th e governm ent to buy up a l l

ton a t fix e d r a t e s

and s n ip i t n o r t h f o r

G eneral C h arles S.

H am ilton,

sa le .^

co t­

B rig ad ier

commanding i n W est T e n n e s s e e i n

5. D i a r y a n d C o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f S alm on P. C h a s e , 8 9 - 9 0 . D i a r y o f Edw ard B a t e s , 2bip-2bb. 6. C. A . D a n a , M e m p h i s , t o S t a n t o n , J a n . 2 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n C. A. D a n a , R e c o l l e c t i o n s o f t h e C i v i l War (Hew Y o r k , 1 8 9 8 )* 1 7 - 2 0 . 7. G r a n t , O x f p r d , M i s s . , t o C. P . W o l c o t t , A s s t . S e c y , o f War, D e c . 1 7 , l 8 b 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . 3 , 0. S. 2, p . 3 9 . G r a n t , B e f o r e V i c k s b u r g , t o P o r t e r , F e b . 1%, 1 8 6 3 , in ib id ., v o l. 1 , p. 2 8 5 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

228

January, trad e

1 8 6 3

,

thou ght th a t the

a t M e m p h i s m a de r e s t r i c t i o n s

be b o u g h t f o r t w e n t y - f i v e lin es

larg e

and s o l d f o r

Large p r o f i t s

six ty

meant t h a t

cents cents

u seless.

in sid e

“p ic k e ts

the tr a d e

goes o n .

He a l s o

seize a l l

c o t t o n and pay t w e n t y - f i v e

propose to

to

sell,

--if

the F e d e ra l l i n e s .

and g e n e r a l s proposed

th at cents

Y eatm an e n d o r s e d t h i s

p a y e v e r y p e r s o n who h a s

w ithout e n q u irin g

in to

th eir

they w ish to b u rn i t - - h a n d

then to

are b rib ed ,

p r i c e named

If

they re fu s e

seize

seizu re

o f c o tto n w ith com pensation to

m anner o f h a n d l i n g production,

b r a n c h . 1*^

frien d

of the

from I l ­

recom m ending

lo y a l ow ners . 9

a g r e e m e n t among m i l i t a r y

the q u e s tio n

a n d how i t

and c o n f i s c a t e

fire

L in c o ln 's

reg ard in g

“I

the

w ro te S ta n to n from b e f o r e V ic k sb u rg ,

among t h e T r e a s u r y a u t h o r i t i e s

and

p e r pound in

lin o is,

'was t h u s a s u r p r i s i n g

of

th e governm ent

etc.

them t h e

M a j o r G e n e r a l J o h n A. M c C l e r n a n d ,

cap tain s

plan fav o rab ly :

co tto n

lo y alty ,

a s o u r Army a d v a n c e s ,

to

C otton could

are b rib e d ,

colo n els

T reasury n o te s .

accru in g

a pound 'w ith in C o n fe d e ra te

o utposts a re b rib e d , 11

p ro fits

There

l e a d e r s and

a more e f f e c t i v e

e n em y 's a g r i c u l t u r a l

could be o b ta in e d in

the m idst of a

8 . B r i g . G e n . C. S . H a m i l t o n , D i s t . o f W e s t T e n n . , Memphis, t o Y e a tm a n , J a n . 21, 1 8 6 3 ; Y e atm a n t o C h a s e , J a n . 2 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 9 . M a j . G e n . J o h n A. M c C l e r n a n d , X I I I Army C o r p s , V i c k s b u r g , t o S t a n t o n , F e b . 2 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f War, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e M- 3 I4-8 , M a r . 1 I4. / 6 3 .

4 R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

229

war w i t h o u t s t r e n g t h e n i n g h i s m i l i t a r y

p o ten tial.

D u rin g th e l a s t weeks o f t h e T h i r t y S e v e n th C o n g re ss , S enator Z a c h a ria h C handler, on C omm erce, m in istratio n stricted

C hairm an o f t h e S e n a t e C om m ittee

in tro d u ced a b i l l 1s

w hich i n c o r p o r a t e d

v i e w s on n e e d e d r e f o r m s i n

com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e .

d e b a t e on F e b r u a r y 2 7 , T reasury to

th e Court o f C laim s, w i t h i n two y e a r s

how ever,

after

the

o f the

c a p tu r e d and a b a n ­

in su rrectio n ary

Persons proving

of r e ­

rep o rted fo r

a u th o r iz e d the S e c r e ta r y

doned p r o p e r t y w i t h i n th e such goods a t a u c t i o n .

the f i e l d

This b i l l ,

appoint re c e iv in g agents f o r

the ad­

areas

and to

th e ir lo y a lty before

could r e c la im t h e i r

prop erty

c essatio n of h o s t i l i t i e s .

S e c r e t a r y was a l s o

au th o rized

to

d islo y al sectio n s

o f th e U nion,

seize but

sell

goods e n t e r i n g

such seiz u re

The from

c o u l d be

s e t a s i d e b y h i m a s was c u s t o m a r y u n d e r t h e l a w s o f t h e The c r u c i a l

sectio n s

of

th e b i l l were

the

th o riz e d appointm ent o f T reasu ry a g e n ts rice,

sugar,

ceeding

second,

o f m a r k e t v a l u e i n hew Y ork,

w hich s p e c i f i e d a s y s te m o f r e c o r d s

w hich a u ­

to purchase c o tto n ,

and t o b a c c o i n i n s u r r e c t i o n a r y a r e a s

tw o -th ird s

custom s

in c id e n t to

at not ex­

and th e

th ird ,

the p u rch asin g

. .. . 10 activ ity . C handler in tro d u c e d th e b i l l th at i t

237;

was d e s i g n e d t o a l l a y

o n F e b r u a r y 2 7 w i t h com me nt

the m i l i t a r y

10. C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 37 C o n g . , ib id . , 1332.

d em o ralizatio n

3 S e ss.,

appendix,

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230

w hich had b e e n c a u s e d by a b a n d o n e d p r o p e r t y . deb ate w hich fo llo w e d th e c riticized .

second and t h i r d

s e c t i o n s were m ost

a n d E d g a r Cowan o f P e n n s y l v a n i a

him i n s p e a k i n g a g a i n s t Cowan t h o u g h t t h a t i f

the b i l l

of K entucky c o n s i d e r e d t h e th is b i l l , "

he s a i d ,

be co m e p i l l a g e r s

supported

such a "most e x tr a o r d in a r y

i t w i l l th e number o f k i t e s

"does n o t m u ltip ly

th at

p r e y on u s . "

p ro p o sa l." the

carrio n

L azarus Pow ell

p ro v isio n s u n c o n s titu tio n a l.

" a n d my w o r d f o r i t

and p lu n d e r e r s

th ese

of the p u b lic

m easure would t u r n th e g o v e rn m e n t i n t o

"Pass

agents w ill tre a su ry ."

The

"a s p e c u l a t o r and

S e n a t o r M o r r i l l o f Maine w i s h e d more i n f o r m a t i o n

before v o tin g ;

he b e lie v e d

would p r e v e n t t h e g e n e r a l w hich had ta k e n p l a c e

in

th a t the

first

s e c tio n of the b i l l

scram ble f o r abandoned p ro p e rty th e Sea I s l a n d s

was m ore i n d o u b t r e g a r d i n g

the

of K entucky th o u g h t th e S e n a te

a n d i n t h e 'W es t.

second s e c tio n .

as V e rre s,

thought t h a t th e

p u r c h a s in g a s p e c t w ould " i n t r o d u c e

2, b u t o n c e a g a i n

the q u e s to r of S i c i l y . "

D ebate

the o b j e c t i o n s

because,

in h is

check

But he enormous

t h e n w ent o v e r u n t i l M arch continued.

o f W isconsin d i f f e r e d w ith th e

of the b i l l

to

p lu n d e r e r and o p p re s ­

so r as a tr o c io u s

frau d s and c o r r u p t i o n s ."

He

G a r r e t t D avis

s h o u l d amend t h e b i l l

t h e c a r e e r o f s u c h a man a s B u t l e r - - " a

D o o little

sp irited

R o b e r t W ils o n o f M i s s o u r i i m m e d i a t e l y moved t h a t

th e y be s t r i c k e n ,

tra d e r."

In the

o p in io n ,

S e n a t o r J a m e s R.

purchasing s e c tio n

t h e g o v e r n m e n t was n o t

the p ro p e r k in d o f c o r p o r a tio n to u n d e rta k e

the b u s in e s s .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

231

S e n a t o r J o h n B. H e n d e r s o n o f M i s s o u r i w a n te d t h e b l o c k a d e r e laxed or a b s o lu t e n o n - i n t e r c o u r s e ,

b u t lie d i d n o t b e l i e v e

t h a t th e g o v e rn m e n t s h o u l d become a t r a d e r or in w ar.

e it h e r in peace

J a m e s H. L a n e o f K a n s a s f a v o r e d

rangem ents w hich l e f t

trad e

under th e

the

present a r ­

commanding g e n e r a l s .

J a c o b C o l l a m e r o f V e r m o n t t h o u g h t t h e b i l l ' w o u ld d e f e a t the p u rp o ses o f th e A gainst th e se

co n fiscatio n a c t s . ^ criticism s

a weak d e f e n s e .

He e x p l a i n e d

in e f f e c t p laced

trad e under

under th e T r e a s u r y w here i t Hew Y o r k ,

supposed th a t

C h a n d l e r m anaged no more t h a n th at

th e old p e rm it

system

th e Aar D epartm ent i n s t e a d belo n g ed .

trad e,

P r e s t o n K ing,

however u n d e s ir a b le ,

n o t b e p r e v e n t e d a n d s a i d h e w o u l d go a l o n g w i t h t h e m in istratio n .

C handler r e i t e r a t e d

d em o ralizatio n ;

the S e c r e t a r y

honest ag en ts.

He a g r e e d

a id to

t h e .. C o n f e d e r a t e s ,

w ould c h e c k t h i s the lin e s

and th e

hoard o f c o tto n , ment f o r t h e i r to

abuse.

could ad­

and

s p e c u l a t o r s h a d g i v e n much

the b i l l

before

the

S enate

Ho T r e a s u r y a g e n t s w o u l d go b e y o n d

sm all fa rm e rs ,

ab le

to s e l l

t h e i r h idden

w ould n o t become a n e x p e n s e u p o n th e g o v e rn

food.

T h e p r o p o s i t i o n 'would b e a n i n c e n t i v e

the m aintenance of l o y a l t y ;

m illio n s

from

t h e r e w ould be no

w ould s e l e c t f a i t h f u l

th at but

tn at

of

of d o lla rs"

in to

the

it

w ould b r i n g

T reasury.

"hundreds o f

The S e c r e t a r y

11. C o n g r e s s io n a l G lobe, 37 C ong., 3 1 3 3 2 , 1 3 3 3 , 1 3 3 liT T 3 3 J 7 l p B 7 llj.3 2 , l i ^ .

S e ss.,

of

1330.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

War, h e s a i d ,

d esired

rem oved fr o m h i s rem inded,

th e d em o ralizin g in flu e n c e s

o ffice rs.

The A c t o f J u l y

had "proved v e ry d e l e t e r i o u s

C h an d ler's d e fe n s e , chasing p ro v is io n s a 2p t o lip v o t e

how ever,

to

1 3

the

was t o o w e a k t o

an d t h e y w ere

strick en

o f trad e

, iQ b l,

he

serv ice ." carry

the p u r­

from th e b i l l

by

in w h ic h m ost o f th e D em ocrats v o te d w ith

J.! t h e m a•j o r -4. i t y . 1?^ To t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e b i l l

th ere

w as l i t t l e

o p p o sitio n ,

a l t h o u g h S e n a t o r H e n ry 'W ilson o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s u n d e r t o o k t o d e fe n d B u t l e r on M arch 2 .

C h a n d le r's

sto ry

i n n o r t h Alabam a s e e m i n g l y i m p r e s s e d h i s

of the

listen ers,

plu n d erin g and h i s

inform ation th a t th e

T r e a s u r y h a d n o t r e c e i v e d one c e n t fr o m

co n fiscatio n s

W est b r o u g h t an amendment fr o m D a n i e l

in the

C l a r k o f hew H a m p s h i r e armed s e r v i c e s

to

Treasury a g e n ts. th at

turn over a ll

deny th e n a v a l r i g h t

he s a i d ,

of p rize

a tow n a n d s e i z e s

"there

abandoned p ro p e rty

to th e

is

s e c u r e f u r t h e r amendment t o in

such p ro p e rty :

seven hundred b a le s

no r e a s o n on G o d 's

" If a vessel of co tto n ,"

e a r t h why t n e

s h o u l d b e d i v i d e d a mo ng t h e o f f i c e r s

sel."

a n d men o f t h e

serv ice s w ith a co n v ictio n of p lu n ­

C handler a tte m p te d to

goes up to

o fficers

O n l y J a c o b M. H o w a r d o f M i c h i g a n o b j e c t e d

t h i s w ould b r a n d t h e

d ering.

it

to re q u ire

av ails

of.

a n d men o f t h a t v e s ­

S e n a t o r s Sumner a n d G rim es t h e n e n g a g e d i n a somewhat

12.

C o n g r e s s io n a l G lobe,

37 C o n g .,

3 S e ss.,

1332-1333*

lli33, 1+35.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

233

h eated

co n tro v ersy re g a rd in g

G rim es i n in clin ed

stro n g to

defense

agree

th at

the N avy’ s a c t i v i t i e s ,

of h is

naval

ad m iralty

create

C la rk 's

d issa tisfa ctio n .

am endm ent,

it

w hich s p e c i f i c a l l y 13 naval p riz e s . As s o o n a s c lau ses, said in

also

Thus w h ile

S en ate

voted

“There

is

n o th in g

The S e n a t e h a v e

it

present

g en erals

the

to

the

state

in

the

S en ate

to

'w ith l e g i t i m a t e

the

tak e

d iv id e

it

p o ssessio n

of th is

among t h e m s e l v e s .

fr o m tw o t o

th ree

r o b b e r s . ’*

On M a r c h 3>

the b i l l

as

13.

l

the

amended i n

go o n ,

8 6 3

the

hands

d id n o t ag ree

S en ate,

u tte r­

voted

th at

th at

our

th iev es

d elib erately

d o llars

out

of

and th e

and L in co ln

and

v o ted

the

o f th ese

he

is

th at

H ouse,- 'w ith o u t d e b a t e ,

the

because,

amount o f p r o p e r t y ,

They have

and i n t o

But the S e n a to rs

passed.

M arch 12,

vast

hundred m illio n

of the U n ited S t a t e s ,

p u rch asin g

The b i l l

s h a l l become d e m o r a l i z e d b y p l u n d e r ,

sh all

lest

accep ted

[s ic ] d e lib e ra te ly

of th in g s

th e

men t h a t

be r e t i r e d It.

to

o f f e r e d by G rim es

strik e

the b i l l

ly w o rth le s s . d esires

te ll

v o ted a n o th e r

C h a n d le r moved t h a t d isg u st,

to

w aived any i n t e r f e r e n c e

the

G r i m e s was

law d i d n o t a p p ly

i n l a n d w a t e r s b u t h e was u n w i l l i n g it

p ro teg es.

w ith

T reasury

th iev es b ill

also sig n ed

and

was

passed it

on

. 1^-

C o n g re s s io n a l G lobe,

37 C o n g . ,

3 S e ss.,

1 3 3 l|--1 3 3 5 >

C o n g re s s io n a l G lobe,

37 C o n g .,

3 S e ss.,

143!? j

11^2 8 - 14.3 2 . lip .

14^2 ,

1543 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

23k

The a c t

as

p a sse d by C ongress

lack ed

th e

e l e m e n t s w h i c h m i g h t h a v e made i t s

ex ecu tio n

w hile I t b ro u g h t

the

in to

w hich had d e m o r a l i z e d ev id en tly 2, his

l3o3,

reso lv ed L in co ln

pro clam atio n

c u p ied from tim e of r e s t r i c t e d states,

only

and th e

p o rts

f o r t w ere p en etrated of

the

to

of th e

29,

l

8 6

l,

tim e by F e d e r a l

as

of V irg in ia

o f hew O r l e a n s ,

from a tra d e

1

E>

were n o m in a l b e c a u s e

hope th a t

trad e

areas

p en alties

"W est V i r g i n i a , " and Beau­

w hich c o u ld be

A ctu ally trad e

the

In to

effects th e

w ith o u t T reasu ry

w ould f o ll o w

oc­

C o n fed erate

P o r t R oyal,

in te rd ic tio n

had n ev er been p o s s ib le

'W h i l e C h a s e

called

On A p r i l

so much o f

from the

Of t h e

Key W e s t,

only by T reasu ry l i c e n s e .

th e

m atter.

ex cep ted

forces

in flu en ces

But Chase

a p ro clam atio n rev o k in g

co u n ties

no l o n g e r h o l d a n y

of

co rru p tin g

com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e . the

su ccessfu l,

two y e a r s .

t o make t h e b e s t

of A p ril

p ro clam atio n

but

T reasury

t h e Army f o r

issu ed

excepted

'c u p ie d a r e a s cense,

th e

essen tial

the

flag

oc-

l i ­ w ould

charm s.

seem ed i n no h u r r y

to re g u la te

c a p tu re d and abandoned p r o p e r t y , ^

issu ed

th e

g ath erin g

a new s e t o f

15. P r o c l a m a t i o n , A. L i n c o l n , A p r . 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n N i c o l a y a n d Hay ( e d s . ) , C o m p l e t e W orks o f A b r a h a m L i n c o l n , I I , 3 2 1 - 3 2 2 . 15. C hase drew a c l e a r d i s t i n c t i o n b e tw e e n th e e x e c u t i o n o f t h e c o n f i s c a t i o n a c t s , a b u s i n e s s 'w hich L i n c o l n h a d d e l e ­ g a te d to th e A tto rn e y G e n e ra l, and th e r e c e i v i n g o f c a p tu re d a n d a b a n d o n e d p r o p e r t y f r o m t h e A rm y o r N a v y , w h i c h b y t h e a c t o f M arch 1 2 , 1863, became a l e g i t i m a t e T r e a s u r y f u n c t i o n . C h a s e t o B a r n i t z , J u n e 2 3 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e ­ s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 5 , PP*

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission .

I

235

trade

reg u latio n s

the most p a r t , 1862.

on M arch 3 1 ,

were

an e la b o r a tio n

The a r e a u n d e r r e s t r i c t i o n

sp ecial a g en ts

w ere no

areas,

to

su b ject

allow ed

to

do i n

lo n g er

th e

ru les

trad e

so u th

o f M em phis.

s e l f o p e n new a r e a s lish in g n o tic e s

of

opening o f t r a d e

in

th ere

th e

28.

power

w hich t r a d e th e

to

th e

but

th e

m odify th e as

T his

re stric ted

th ey had been was t h e

clau se

o p e n new a r e a s

to

S e c r e t a r y 'w ould h i m ­

c o u ld be p e r m itte d ,

press

upon equal

to

for

o f A ugust 28,

same,

ap p ro v al,

In stead ,

such in

th o se

was

o f A ugust

claim ed "1 ^

of

allow ed

the S e c r e ta r y 's

under w h ic h Y eatm an h a d

th e

l 3 6 3 ‘!'^ T h e r e g u l a t i o n s ,

in

tim e

to

pub­

p erm it

te rm s from a l l

the

areas

of

co u n try . A fter

com m ercial

area,

perm its

or to

purchase

agents

to or

sp ecially

w ould b e g r a n t e d lin e s.

M oreover,

and q u a n t i t y "

tran sp o rt sell

had been p e rm itte d

goods to

th erein ,

to

tak e

p erm its

goods

L o u is w here

th e

S ecretary .

or re tu rn

end a p r a c t i c e

th erein ,

No p e r m i t

produce d efin e

an

o n ly by

th ro u g h th e the

to be b o u g h t and s o ld .

co llecto r

in

from any p la c e

w ould " c l e a r l y

of m erchandise to

or

w ould b e g r a n t e d

a u th o r iz e d by th e

p r o v i s i o n was d e s i g n e d up a t S t .

in terco u rse

w hich had

issu ed g en eral

ch aracter T his sprung p erm its

17. Chase, R e g u la tio n s C oncerning I n t e r n a l and C o a st­ w i s e C o m m e r c i a l I n t e r c o u r s e , M a r . 31* I 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e - _ t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , 3 E , v o l . Ip, p p . 1 - 2 7 * 18. C i r c u l a r , Y e a t m a n , M e m p h i s , D e c . 1 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, C ustom s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission .

236

for

co tto n

purchase.

these g e n e ra l

C o llu s io n betw een p e rs o n s

licen ses

and m i l i t a r y

t o b e common b y I v i e l l e n i n

February,

c o tto n and f r i g h t e n e d

owner

to

s e ll h is

licen se

claim

th e

1 7

,

1 8 0 3

.

p ro h ib ited

19

fo m eet

Chase im p o sed f e e s m it fe e :

four

so ld , the

the

in

cen ts

o th e r goods

purchased or

and r e s t r i c t i o n s

and

in

lo c a l boards stric tio n s in to

the

per

5

so ld

sp ecial not

sp ecified of tra d e

th a t

in

area

aid

P erm its

d iv id ed .

by a c i r c u l a r

Chase

o f M arch

of th e

system ,

the u s u a l

tw enty

cent per­

reg io n s

two d o l l a r s in v o ice

per

valu e

of

under re s tric tio n .

Chase p ro p o s e d

to

ap­

who c o u l d m a k e l o c a l r u l e s

o p eratio n

in

he was g l a d

expenses

d istric ts. to

seized

c o t t o n was t h e n r e ­

cent of th e

ag en ts,

the

on com m erce.

re stric ted

O fficers

p ro fits

in c o n s is te n t w ith

a n d who w o u l d s u p e r v i s e o fficia ls

p ractice

to

the

the

in creased

had been found

sp e c u la to r w ith a g en eral

t h e new r e g u l a t i o n s ,

su p erv isin g

.

p e r pound o f c o tto n ,

to b acco ,

p o in t

and

ad d itio n

hogshead o f

To e x e c u t e

th e

and b o u g h t i t ;

leased by the m i l i t a r y , had a lr e a d y

1 8 6 3

so b a d l y

on any te r m s ;

th en appeared

o fficers

h o ld in g

the

g eneral reg u latio n s

of su b o rd in ate

He w o u l d a l s o

th e for

T reasury

d esig n ate

enforcem ent of th e th e

re­

shipm ent o f goods

w ould be g r a n t e d b y t h e

co llecto rs

1 9 . M e l l e n , M e m p h i s , t o C h a s e , F e b . 1 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 1 , PP« 2 5 1 - 2 5 2 . G al­ l a g h e r , S t . L o u i s , t o C h a s e , M a r . 1 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B ureau, S p e c ia l A gents R e p o r ts . C i r c u l a r , C h ase , M ar. 17, I 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 3 , P P . 258-259.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without p erm ission.

237

of

custom s

burgh,

at

W heeling,

E v an sv ille, O nly su b ject

of

C in cin n ati, C airo,

cap tu red

M adison, Q uincy,

ordered

o fficers or

assu m p tio n

to

except under

in te rfe re

a n d me n o f

all

cap tu red

and abandoned p r o p e r ty

the

T reasury ag en ts,

for

m ilitary

and

in ju ry

to

to ry but

p o ssib le

th e

w ith

ly by n a v a l p ro p erty lia b le

to

arm ed

k eep in g

L ouis

serv ice.

Navy s t i l l the

possessed

o p in io n

th at

enemy c h a r a c t e r , forces,

desig n ed p rize

d ealt, w ith

was

for

except

in

cages

use

id e n tic a l

from any p u r­

T reasury

reg u latio n

th e

n ecessity .

in

w ere

th e ir

to

as

com­

M oreover, to

tu rn

over

p o ssessio n

th e

tak e

as

to

was n e e d e d

T reasury

p o ssessio n

c o u ld be

done

of­ of

w ith o u t

T h e A rm y o r d e r w a s p e r e m p ­ p rize

rig h ts.

W elles

com m ercial p r o p e r ty

liab le

c iv ilia n

the

in

its

a ll

20

in

when c a p t u r e d

s till

'These

such p ro p e rty

far PI

New A l b a n y ,

in te re st

needed

so

P itts­

of any

They w ould r e n d e r

such p ro p e rty ,

at

an d M em phis.

re fra in

serv ices

o n ly

assistan ce

the m i l i t a r y

soon a c c e p te d fected

the

o p eratio n s.

tran sp o rt

S t.

some i m p e r a t i v e

o fficers

a ll

surveyors

L o u isv ille,

a n d men t o

th e

fic e rs

th e

and abandoned p r o p e rty .

They w ere n o t

trad e

and by

a p p e n d e d Army a n d N a v y o r d e r s

in te rfe re n c e,

m erce. of

ocean p o rts

Paducah,

the

docum ents chase,

the

as

w h ile

on l a n d

p rize. in

v io la tin g

e x clu siv e­

C om m ercial

tra n sit th e

af­

was n o t

n a v a l blo ck ad e.

2 0 . C i r c u l a r , C h a s e , A p r . L l , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E, v o l . [(., p p . p 2 - p 6 . 21. G-. 0 . 8 8 , W a r D e p a r t m e n t , M a r . 31» 1 8 6 3 ; O r d e r , N a v y D e p a r t m e n t , M a r . 31* 1 8 0 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e ­ s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 4 , p p . 2 8 - 2 9 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

238

S im ilarly , was n o t w hile

p ro p erty not

su itab le

in

p rize

process

th e

p o in ted

to

new th e

w

u n less

a n d May,

su p erv isio n co m p risin g

H anson A.

was n a m ed

R isley ,

su p erv isin g

so much o f

the

le g h en ies,

and th e

th e

th at

state

sp ecial

te rrito ry

d eclared

in su rre c tio n ,^

R isley ,

in

carried

p o rtio n

a n ativ e

th e lay

east

p a rts

ap p o in ted ap­

of th e A lle ­

th e

M ississip p i

from in

th e

n o rth ­

W ashington,

state east

of V irg in ia, of th e

th ereo f

of h is

A l­

from

d istric t

By a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n M e l l e n a n d tw o

sp ecial

W est V i r g i n i a . ^

o f O h i o wh o h a d m o v e d t o p o litic s,

and

on 'w ith t h e

tow n o f O a k la n d ,

state

w est

of

as

and

M e ll e n was

o p eratin g

agent fo r

t h e 'b o u n d a ry b e tw e e n t h e s e th e

selected

d istric t

n o rth

d e re lict

22

ag en ts.

o f W est V i r g i n i a

was

en tered

Chase

or d e re lic t

le ft

w ith h e a d q u a rte rs

w hich t r a d e

at

,

or

b lo ck ad e.

o c cu p ied by F e d e ra l arm ies

a r d . ^

set

th e

sp ec ia l of

abandoned,

abandoned

1 8 6 3

su p erv isin g

gheny M o u n tain s, V alley

tra n sit,

of v io la tin g

D u rin g A p r il m ost o f

in

M in n eso ta

was a p p o i n t e d

ag en cies

was

D avid H eaton, and

th ere

su p erv isin g

had

sp ecial

22. G. E a m e s , C o u n s e l f o r P o t o m a c F l o t i l l a , t o Commodore Andrew A. H arw ood, C om dg., P o to m ac F l o t i l l a , A p r . 2 8 , 1 8 6 3 ; W elles to S. P. L e e , May 2 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 9 , p p . 1]_8-Lj_9. 23. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , A p r . I4., 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C orrespondence, BE, v o l . PP* ^4-1 “ 4 3 • 24_. S e n a t e D o c u m e n t s , 3 8 C o n g . , 1 S e s s . , H o . 31* 23* M e lle n to R is l e y , O ct. 20, 1 8 6 3 ; R is l e y to M ellen , O c t . 2 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, 2 d S . A . , v o l . 6 , p p . 6 - 7 . 26. B i o g r a p h i c a l D i r e c to r ;/ o f th e A m erican C ongre s s , 17714-- 1 9 2 7 ( W a s h i n g t o n , 192t5) , 1 0 8 2 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

239

agent

for

states

th e

c f S o u th

th e

lin e s

h is

frien d ,

of

o n May 1 , but

state

then

C aro lin a,

the

.

B row ne,

of

P ierce,

P ierce

resig n ed ,

C aro lin a.

G -eorgia,

d ep artm en t

E dw ard L.

1 8 6 3

A l b e r t G.

of n o rth

assum ed

S o u th ,

be

so much o f as

Chase

su p erv isin g

th e

d u tie s 'f o r

and on S e p te m b e r 23, o f S alem ,

for

and F lo rid a

th e to

27

1 8 6 3

M assach u setts,

,

lay

the

w ith in

ap p o in ted sp ecial agent a short

tim e

C h ase named

as

h is

successor.

Browne was a n o l d - t i m e

a b o l i t i o n i s t and in tim a te f r ie n d of pQ G o v e rn o r J o h n A. A n d rew . For such p o rtio n o f th e s ta te s of Texas,

L o u isian a,

F ederal fo rce s jam in F .

o p eratin g

F lan d ers

po in tm en t

and M is s is s ip p i

as

from

th e

-su p erv isin g

s e e m i n g l y was made w i t h

was a n a t i v e

o f New H a m p s h i r e

in

I 8 I4 . 3 w h e r e h e

of

sch o o ls

in

l

8

had p0 ,

e d ited

some

8

p2 - l

8 6

regim e,

e lec te d

a U n io n ist

T h irty -sev en th

1 8 6 3

,

27. in

C ongress,

in

selected

who h a d m o v e d t o

A sso ciatin g

as

Chase

w h ich he

l

T his

trep id atio n .

a new spaper,

and from I

o c c u p ie d by

sp ecial A g e n t.^

ra ilro a d .

was

w ere

so u th ,

of a L o u isian a he

as

been

F lan d ers

su p erin ten d en t tre a su rer

w ith B u tle r 's

R ep resen tativ e was

ap­

New O r l e a n s

had been h im self

Ben­

seated

la te

to in

the its

Chase to D avid H e a to n , S t . A nthony, M in n ., A pr. TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . ip, p p .

6

382 - 3 6 3 . 28. C h a s e t o P i e r c e , May 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, 3 t h S . A . , v o l. 1 7 , item 1. C h a s e t o A l b e r t G. B r o w n e , B o s t o n , M a s s . , S e p t . 2 3 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E, v o l . 3 , P P . L-03 —i p O . H e n r y G. P e a r s o n , T h e L i f e o f J o h n A . A n d r e w ( B o s t o n , 1 9 0 l j - ) , I , 8 6 ; I I , llpip. _ 2 9 . C h a s e t o F l a n d e r s , May 1 6 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, 3 d S . A . , L e tt e r s r e c e iv e d , f i l e 1.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission .

,

2l(-0

la st

sessio n .

cau tio u sly ten d ered h ig h ly

He d i d . n o t

cleared

the

k in d ."-^

A rkansas

d o llars

t r a v e l . 33 u n til

ih e

th e

d u rin g n ated F o u rth

la te r

order,

w ere

the

day p lu s

sp ecial

F irst

(P ierce),

ten

ag en cies

th e

ex cep tio n

d raw ing up th e them ),

th at

year

(M ellen ),

and

at

and Chase

new r e g u l a t i o n s

Chase gave

cen ts

each of

of

th e

a m ile

th o u g h t the b lo o d ­

th e y w ere

for

11,

(F lan d ers)

d istric t.

o ffic ia l

1 8 6 3

in fo rm ally

(R isley ),

of

a com p en satio n

o fficia lly

o f S eptem ber

and

of

he

states

ag en ts

w ere n o t

o f M ellen

tim e,

w ith in M e lle n 's

sp ecial

Second

F ifth

th is

but not

a ll

p laced

su p erv isin g

summer o f

W ith th e

stan d

per

Denison,

T reasury re g u la tio n s

the as

By a

th ese

re e lec tio n ,

"an A b o litio n is t,

and M i s s i s s i p p i

Chase a llo w e d six

as

for

n o m in atio n w ith L in c o ln b e fo re

appointment.

of F lan d ers

th irsty

of

h is

stan d

T hird

num bered , but d esig ­ (H eaton),

S p e c i a l A g e n c i e s . 3^4-

(who h a d p a r t i c i p a t e d co u ld be

th ese

assum ed to

su p erv isin g

in under­

sp ecial

30.

B io g r a p h i c a l -d ir e c to ry o f th e A m erican C o n g re s s , , 972. L i n c o l n t o C h a s e , May 1 8 8 3 ,' I n N i c o l a y a n d H a y ( e d s . ) , C o m p l e t e W o r k s o f Ab r a h a m L i n c o l n , I I , 3 3 5 * 3 1 . D e n i s o n t o C h a s e , J u n e 2IT, l b b 2 ; D e n i s o n t o C h a s e , Nov. 2 9 3 1 8 6 2 , i n D ia r y and C o rre s p o n d e n c e o f Salm on P. C hase, 307-308, 33 5 ^ 32. G e o r g e ;V. H a r r i n g t o n , A s s t . S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y , t o M e l l e n , J u l y 3 0 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 7. 33. S e n a t e D o c u m e n t s , 3 8 C o n g . , 1 S e s s . , N o . 31* 3 I4-. H a r r i n g t o n t o M e l l e n , J u l y 3 0 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 7* The n u m e r i c a l d e s i g n a t i o n s w e r e c h a n g e d i n t h e r e g u l a t i o n s o f . J u l y 3 0 , l 8 6 I|., a n d t h e T r e a s u ry A rc h iv e s w ere a r r a n g e d by th e l a t e r d e s i g n a t i o n s . 17711- 1 9 2 7

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

2kJL

ag en ts

a d e tailed

le tte r

r e v e a l e d m ore

of h is

reg u latio n s.

They w ere

reg u latio n s They w ere reach in g

to

to

the

th at

th ey

to

to

fam ily

su p p lies,

be

ag en ts

of

th e

in

in

ad d itio n

th at

p lace

th e

th an

d id

th e

make

lo cal

av o id in g

tim e

lin e s.

su p p lies

It

m ilitary

and n a v a l

in

th at

order

arm ed

to

tak e

T reasury n o te s.

d ep riv a­

was d e s i r a b l e com m anders

th e y m ight have

lo catio n

th e

and

T reasury re g u la tio n s .

same

of

T reasury

ru les

any

t h e m ipO p e r

of m ilita ry serv ices.

Persons

m a r k e t w ould be cent

of

the

back a l l No s a l e s

of

per­

v alu e th e

lin e s

in

proceeds

o r paym ents

w ould

co in . to

th ese to

in

d u ties,

th e

c o lle ct

and re c e iv e

such p ro p e rty

th e ir

hands

as

ow ners m ig h t r e c l a i m

ty upon p ro o f

of

lo y alty .

such p ro p e rty

to

T reasury

d esig n ated

to

receiv e

it

t h e y m ig h t do

lo cally

w nich a c t u a l l y

p o ssib le ,

p ro d u cts

th e y m ig h t

w ould u n d e r t a k e

to

th e

actu al

support

th e ir

to

F ederal

any ru le s

They w ould r e c e i v e

ta rily so

or

th e

lo cal

home w i t h

sales

p erm itted In

ty .

tak e

at

as

w ith in

th e

to b rin g

w ith

far

th e ir

g ain

m itted

of th e ir

as

d e stitu te

p ro m u lg atin g

who w i s h e d

au th o rized

in su rg en ts,

co n su lt

so a s

p o lic ie s

in co n sisten t

a good u n d e r s t a n d i n g and

In stru ctio n s

d esired

p rev en t,

th e

tio n

before

not

of

it,

th e

o ffice rs

so.

as

proceeds

in

if

it

In

case

th ey th e

w ere of

sp ecial

abandoned p ro p e r­

persons

abandoned,

O rd in arily

but

su p erv isin g

w ished

g iv in g of

v o lu n ­

re c eip ts

such p ro p er­

w ould f o r w a r d N o r t h who w o u l d b e

ad v an tag eo u s v o lu n tary

to

sell

abandonm ent

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

the

ag en ts

w ere

d istin g u ish in g order

th at

it

to be m arks

th e

th o rized to

to

tran sact

th e

in

th e

su b ject

such

sp ecial

b u sin ess

ap p o in t

w ould be

th e

th e

fin d in g s

sp ecial

a g en ts, as

p ro p erty

th e

to

be

sp ecial

aid s

th e

revenue.

to

c o n firm atio n by

th e

au­ lim ited

he m ig h t n e ed The

to

in

of

a g e n t was

each

of

S ecretary

agency.

lo c a l

su b ject

keep account

power o f

d istric t,

of h is

to

of

to

re m ittin g

d esig n ated

tu rn ,

p o in tm en ts

h eld

Each su p e rv isin g

ap p o in t

a c arefu lly

co u ld ,

or of

T reasury.

careful

and d e s c r ip ti o n s

co u ld be

C ourt o f C laim s of

e sp e c ially

to

ag en ts A ll

th e

ap­

S ecre­

ta ry .^ S till

e v id en cin g

s e n t him a

su p p lem en tal

n e ce ssa rily d esire

to

some h e s i t a n c y

le ft

to

h is

fa ith fu lly

le tte r

of doubt he u rg e d F la n d e rs •were n e e d f o r atto rn ey .

speed,

He a l s o

M ellen as

soon as

of

p reh en siv e

th ese

th e to

sound

report

sh o u ld

p o ssib le

to

T reasury

to

co n su lt

o b tain

com m ercial

d irectiv es

th at

a ll

cases

if

th ere

or,

lo cal

seek a

and

d istric t

conference

in fo rm atio n

about

w ith

the

in te rc o u rse .^

w ere

reg u latio n ,

th e

to

In

him ,

Chase

m u ch was

ju d g em en t,

G o v e r n m e n t . 1'

ad v ised F lan d ers

system o f r e s t r i c t e d A ll

he

cau tio n in g

"sag acity ,

serve

about F la n d e rs,

co n so lid ated

in to

d ra fte d by R is le y

35. C h a s e t o P i e r c e , May 1 , 1 8 17, ite m 1. 3b. C h a s e t o F l a n d e r s , May 25 ? L e tte rs re c e iv e d , f i l e 1.

6 3

,

in

TD,

one

com­

and M ellen

$th S .

A .,

v o l.

1 8 6 3

,

in

TD,

3d S .

A .,

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

2.1x3

and issu e d ference

by

Chase

re p resen ted

re ta ilin g

in

boards

of

trad e

ag en t,

w o u ld m anage

le v el.

The

w ould,

w ith

d esig n ate These w ere

on S ep tem b er

o ccu p ied

be

of

th e

in

w h ich

carefu lly

F ederal m ilita r y

m ilitary trad e

lin e s

d is tric ts

but

in

m ig h t b e

d esig n ated

as

here

w ould b e

a llo w ed

o b ta in

for be

th e ir

own i n d i v i d u a l

opened

ag en t,

o n ly

and,

d istric ts. sto res

for

N ash v ille, ag en ts

w ith

except

th e

citie s

e arlier

use.

and

in

th o se at

any

so u th ern

reg u la tio n s.

as

Each

a

o n ly

trad e

in

a

one

M em phis,

consum ers,

no m ore

P ro v isio n s

agent

and no

th e

tim e.

T reasury

trad e

sp ecial

d istric t

w ere

in

in

su p p ly

p ro d u cts

wou3-d

Local to

d istric t

necessary

sp ecial

re ta il,

d esig n ated . su p p lies

fa m ilie s

sto res

o n ly

except

th e

a ctu a lly

su p p lies T rade

at

p e rm itte d .

'w ith in

and

su p erv isin g

p erm itted

and p e rm it

liv in g

su p p lies of

th o se

circu m stan ces,

o th er

consum er

b o u n d aries,

was n o t

unusual

and

safely

s till

in

w ould be

p u rch asin g

be

d istric ts"

a

the

in v o lv ed ,

A reas

o n ly

goods

at

sp ec ia l

com m anders

from

sell

v o lu n teer

m oreover,

trad e

fam ily

w h o lesale

m o n th s’ s u p p lie s

lo cal

lic e n se

They w ould

persons

one m o n th ’ s

and

th e

a

w ould r e g u l a t e

allo w in g

to

o ld

for

ag en ts,

. 11

“ su p p ly

d if­

procedure

g e o g rap h ical

w h ich

safe

c h ief

th e

co u ld

by

th e

su p p lies

sp ec ia l

d e lim ited

"trad e

of

of

The

was

o ffic ia l,

su p erv isin g

areas

called

In ste ad

a llo c atio n

.

1 8 6 3

new r u l e s

T reasury

th e

san c tio n

such

th e se areas.

a new

several

areas, to

in

11,

no

much th e and

th an m ore

tw o th an

reg ard in g same a s

su p p ly

sto re

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in

vvas e n j o i n e d A second lin g

to

part

of

cap tu red These

m ain tain

and

the

as

g en erals

lib e ra l.

abandoned

alo n g

as

the

in

reg u la tio n s

th in g s--I

th e

11, to

day

b rie fly

do n o t ,

,

in

ru les

and

C hase

He t h o u g h t ,

Chase

w ould

to o k

th e

them

and

at

a

th a t

draft

and S ta n to n ; Chase

them

to o to re­

ex p lain ed

"You 'u n d e r s t a n d

com m ented,

hand-

defended

fin ish e d

assen t,

L in co ln .

for

in d eed ,

th in k

w ith

th e ir

tra n sa c tio n s.

g e n eralities

W elles

to

a ll

37

check w ith

L in co ln

11

1 8 6 3

M ississip p i

On S e p t e m b e r

la te r

d iscu ssed

p o ssib le .

th e

L i n c o l n who a s k e d h i m tu rn in g

w ere

of

co n tain ed

p ro p erty .

o n S e p t e m b e r Ip,

le n ie n t

records

re g u la tio n s

re g u la tio n s

C abinet m eetin g as b e in g

th e se

accu rate

a ffix e d

th e se

h is

ap­

proval . These

re g u la tio n s,

re p resen ted ta in

th e

ends

donm ent.

co n scio u s of

h is

S im ilarly

by

th e

he

ex p ected

em ploym ent

“m u st b e even

a

honest

co n tin u ed

serio u sly

37. In te rc o u r 38 C o n g . , 3 8 .

to g e th e r effort

on

p u rch asin g he

of

a

and in

w ith

p lan

attem p ted larg e

th e

of

abuse

of of

th ro u g h

M arch 31, Chase

of

o f new a g e n t s

moment of h is

to

v o lu n tary

c o n tro l

co n d u ct.

em ploym ent a

su sp ected

part

clo se r

group

fa ith fu l

th o se

"ko

tru st

aban­

com m erce

from

o n e , 1’ h e

a fte r

ob­

whom ordered,

h a v in g becom e, u n less

th e

C h ase, " T ra d e R e g u l a t i o n s . . . f o r . . .L im ite d C om m ercial s e . . . , S e p t e m b e r 1 1 , 1 8 6 3 , 11 i n H o u s e E x . D o c u m e n t s , 1 S e s s . , N o . 3* PP» i4.O8 -Ij. 2 7 . W a r d e n , C h a s e , 3 3 9 - 5>ii-3*

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

su sp icio n s

are

so....

A ll

c o n ten t

w ith

so

m ust

th e

great m ost

of

corded

in

th e in

h is

"activ e,

any

one

M ellen ,

d iary

and

m ust b e

d istric t

at

be

th e

of

and

tra d e sam e

M ellen .

"to

of

on A u g u st

th e

th e

th a t

c o n n ectio n

p a rts

re g u la te

can be

re g u la rly

th e 30»

th ey

are

w ith

o ccu p ied 18^3,

care

th e

and

for

th e th a t

to if

be not

D e p a rtm e n t." Chase

he

p laced

in c lu d e d

areas.

He r e ­

found

th o u g h t

p reju d ice

M ellen

m odel S p e c ia l

th at

appear

and

S p e c ia l Agency

w ith o u t

He w r o t e

to

a llo w ed

fa ith fu l"

tim e

made

re g u la tio n s,

w hose F i r s t

in te llig e n t,

co u ld

o p eratio n s

th e ir

ex ecu tio n

im p o rtan t

len

men i t

sever

and

u n d erstan d

co m p en satio n

fa ith fu l

fa ith

u n ju st,

d istin c tly

th e

c o n te n t m ust

For

h is

e v id en tly

to

needs he

M el­

th a t

if

m ilitary of

honest

ex p ected

A g e n c y ."^

39* C h a s e t o M e l l e n , N o v . 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E , v o l . S> PP« J4.O . W a r d e n , C h a s e , 5 3 3 ~ 5 3 ^ l-C h a s e t o M e l l e n , N o v . 3* I 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E , v o l . 5* PP* ^-90 1+-91.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

CHAPTER V II COMMERCE I N As

soon

M arcH 3 1 , a g en ts, sip p i

as

1 8 6 3

l i e Had. r e c e i v e d

,

M ellen

p rin c ip a l

V alley .

d iscu ssed sary

THE F I R S T S P E C I A L AGENCY,

to

them

th e

lem o f

su p p ly in g

d eterm in an t

to

agreed

in

C ounty,

to

a d iv id in g

O hio

to

th e

d ire c tly

to

B o w lin g

of th e

th e

at

so u th ern m o st

C um berland

to

lin e

th e

th e

G reen, tie r

its

b etw een

of

m o u th ,

w estw ard

tH e

of

neces­ A gency.

th e

prob­

areas,

$ 1 .5 0

su tle rs

and

as

th e

per

w ere

sim i­

e a c h m o n th .

lin e

th e

The

and r e s t r i c t e d of

Jackson

so u th w ard

w hence

alo n g to

group

m axim um a m o u n t o f

border

B ig S an d y ,

co u n ties

,

p o p u latio n

free

th e

K en tu ck y ,

8

re stric te d

su p p lie s

tra c ed

tH e M i s s i s ­

a p p ro a c h to

arm y

n o rth e rn

th ey

m o u th o f

of

in

S p ecial

of

of

sp ec ia l

F irst

th e

R eg im en tal

f>2,5>00 w o r t h

W est V i r g i n i a ,

as

re g u la tio n s tH e

A fig u re

su p p lie s.

8 6 I4 .

ru le s

a b asis

e sta b lish e d

B eg in n in g

th e

-I

sp ecial

th e

a new

of

accept

allo w ed .

drew

com m erce.

to

consum er

be

lim ited

conferees

th e

resid en ts

p e r m o n th was

su p p lie s la rly

th e

8 6 3

on A p ril

the

w ith in

recom m ended

of

surveyors

a n d made

effect

surveyors

conference

c ap ita

in to

and

C in cin n ati

re g u la tio n s

O ne o f

th e

at

p rin ted

a m eetin g

c o lle cto rs,

M eetin g

tH e

put

c alled

th e

I

th e

th ey n o rth

down

drew

boundary

C um berland,

and n o rth w a rd

it

up

alo n g

2^6

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

2b7

t h e Ohio an d M i s s i s s i p p i

to

Commerce,

M isso u ri,

R o lla and J e f f e r s o n

C ity .

m erce w o u ld r e q u i r e

T reasury p e rm its . 1

S o u th and e a s t o f t h i s

M ellen fo rw a rd e d th e m in u te s of w ith a s e t of

sev en teen

D uring th e i n t e r v a l , of $1 .5 0

how ever,

and o t h e r f u e l ,

cepted

co al,

beef c a ttle ,

ice,

sheep,

h o u seh o ld f u r n i t u r e , p rin tin g m ateria l, personal

ment

of

(sectio n

May 2 7 . ^ -

th e

the

to g eth er

th e

sin ce

it

fig u re m ust

of urban a re a s

amount to $ 2 .0 0

o a ts,

lum ber,

su p p lies

and o rd e re d

lim e,

and e x ­

horses,

castin g s,

m ach in ery ,

to in d iv id u a ls

own f a m i l y except

such

and o t h e r f o r a g e ,

v eg etab les,

th eir

the r e g u l a ti o n s

To C h a s e i t

com­

C h a s e o n May 1 1 .

c itiz e n s

corn,

and " fa m ily

e ig h t)

to

esp ecially

p o u ltry ,

fru its,

ap p lica tio n fo r

proved a l l

hay,

hogs,

conference,

to

lum ber and c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s .

M ellen th u s r a i s e d fu el,

lin e ,

he had d ecid ed th a t

low ,

T his w ou ld s e v e r e l y p e n a l i z e as M em p h is.-

th e

sp ecial ru le s ,

p e r c a p i t a was t o o

cover c o a l

and th e n c e

u se

the p e r

."3

upon

Chase a p ­

cap ita

arran g e­

th em e n f o r c e d b e g i n n i n g on

seem ed t h a t M ellen * s

e x c e p t i o n s became

1. Thomas H e a t o n , S e c r e t a r y , C o n f e r e n c e o f S p e c i a l A g e n t s , A p r . 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, 5>th S . A . , v o l . 1 7 , i t e m 3 I4.. 2. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , May 2 6 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, Custom s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t R e p o r t s . 3. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , May 1 1 , 1 6 6 3 . i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 3 2 0 - 3 2 6 . ip. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , May 2 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e tte rs re c e iv e d , f i l e 2.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

2kS

the r u l e ;

th e

req u ired fo r

ex cep tio n s the

su sten an ce

He d i r e c t e d M e l l e n t o and f i x a ll

accept

trad e

w ith the S e c r e ta r y . had in d u ced th e fessed th at

th e

sen tim en t of $ 1 .5 0 .

so t o M ellen ,

lim it

approve

as a c t i n g s u rv e y o r o f board of tra d e

th e

whose u r g i n g s

$1 .5 0

a b asis

fig u re,

con-

a t r u e m edium .

/

t r a d e was an u n p o p u l a r one w i t h was p l a c e d

in

im m ed iate

whom h e h a d o r d e r e d t o L o u i s v i l l e

custom s.

a t N ash v ille

conference

own a r r a n g e m e n t

Thomas H e a t o n ,

m oreover,

by G a lla g h e r ,

a rticles

M e lle n so i n s t r u c t e d

argued f o r h is

to

th e

$ 3 »0 0 , w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n s , m i g h t b e

m ost m e r c h a n ts .

to

at

On J u n e 1 ,

conference

The d e c i s i o n

d iffic u ltie s

but

"all

a n d c o m f o r t o f man a n d b e a s t . "

th e p e r c a p ita f ig u r e

th e bo ard s of

tio n s

com prehended n e a r l y

to

o f $ 2 .0 0 p e r

G allag h er a u th o riz e d ex ten d i t s c a p ita .?

t h r o u g h K e n tu c k y was e q u a l l y u n p o p u l a r ,

trad e

the

au th o riza ­

The d i v i d i n g

lin e

and M e lle n f e l t

th at

G a l l a g h e r was b la m in g b o t h r e s t r i c t i o n s - - w h i c h G a l l a g h e r h a d endorsed a t th e m ain tain ed , fig u re

c o n fe re n c e --u p o n him .

b e c a u se he had a c t u a l l y

of from

$3*00 to

T h is was u n j u s t ,

in sisted

M ellen

on a p e r c a p i t a

$5*00 b u t had b e e n o v e r r u l e d . 0

He

5. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , May 2 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, C o m p i l a t i o n , 3 3 7 - 3 3 8 . 6. M e l l e n t o C h a s e , May 2 6 , 1 8 6 3 ; T h o m a s H e a t o n t o C h a s e , J u n e 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R ep o rts. 7 .M ellen to G a lla g h e r , June 1 2 , 1863; M e lle n to C hase, J u n e 1 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . 8. M e l l e n t o C h a s e , J u n e 2 5 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p ecial

A g en ts

R ep o rts.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission .

|

w ro te C hase o n Ju n e 25 t h a t h e was have w orked f o r and s l e p t m in d ...I

on t h e w in g . sh a ll

a n d do t h e M ellen to

tw o y e a r s

let

If

lik e I

ju st

a dray h o rse ,

co n tin u e

th e p u b lic

tak e

s a m e f o r m y s e l f . u a n d F e b r u a r y

25>0 k e g s

of

26

rifle

pow der went from

from

w ro te

Chase r e f e r r e d

co m p lain an ts

but

co m m itted by L ee, am ount

th e

rem oval

reduced,

g u erilla s C airo

Some o f

th e

w ere

C in cin n ati

pow der from h is

"th e

th a t

some m ay h a v e b e e n

th at

a id

ground

and

of b la stin g

An a g e n c y

a s s u r e d him

th e

a g en ts^

fees

re p o rte d

larg e- sh ip m e n ts

co n sig n m en ts

on

ag ain

lo c al

B etw een F e b ru a ry

at E v an sv ille

K entucky.

tim e

K en tu ck y w ere

had been p rem atu re.

d isch arg ed

o ffice rs abuse.

th is

men i n

steam er

w ould h av e S e n ato r

put in

th a t

com m anding tra d e

in

to

surveyor

h is

port

off

abnorm al

before

w ill

also

powder p lu s

Lyman T r u m b u l l

th is

co m m u n icatio n s

th e

K en tu ck y ,

M organ & J a c k s o n , w h ich

was

have

afford

S tan to n ;

to

an d men

many th a t not

d a y s." "all afforded

th e m ."

and G ra n t,

a ll

th e

F ederal

arm ies,

arm s

and

am m u n itio n

so u th

36. ? / i l l i a m S . R a n d , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , F e b . 8 , I 8 6 I4., TD, S e r i e s K , I 8 6 J4., v o l . P - Z , 8 2 . 37* W ith th e r e l a x a t i o n o f tra d e r e s t r i c t i o n s th e T re a s ­ u ry d is c h a rg e d m ost o f i t s a g e n ts in th e s t a t e s a f f e c t e d . B a r n i t z t o C h a s e , F e b . ip, l 8 oI)_, i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r ­ r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . IpO, p . 2 6 0 . in

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

259

of

C a i r o .

th a n

38

th is,

C hase p ro m p tly as

one

of h is

"w ashed h i s

hands"

and f u r t h e r

trad e

of

issu ed

such, an o r d e r ,

su b o rd in ates

K en tu ck y ,

re g u la tio n

in

phrased

it,

but he

o th e r had

M isso u ri,

and W est V i r g i n i a

th is

was

area

up

to

th e m i l i ­

e sp e c ially

in

th e

t a r y . 39 The m i l i t a r y part th e

of

th e

and when

in

proved

K en tu ck y ,

far

m ore

rig o ro u s

in to

a tem p o rary m i l i t a r y

trad e

was

reopened

re c eiv ed

p erm ittin g

th e

purpose

th e

c i t i z e n s . nip.

a lle g atio n s

in

F o r r e s t’s r a id

about

and C olum bus tio n

state,

T reasury.

brought

reg im e

m erely

about

re lie v in g

The r a i d th e

to

a lso

dam aging

area

b lo c k ad e

com m anders

d ire c tio n s

su p p lies of

th e

th e

to

be

th a n

th e

at

at

ab so lu te

provoked ch aracter

th at

A p ril,

a g ain st

"ex ercise

la n d ed

in

had

w estern of

l 8 6 l[_,

su p p lie s,

Paducah,

C airo

a sound

d iscre ­

th e se

p o sts,

n e ce ssities

for of

an o th er

series

of

of

tra d e ,

many

free

38. A. L . R o b i n s o n , S u r v e y o r , E v a n s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , M a r . 3 1 I 8 6 I4.; Wm. F . M c I n t y r e , A g e n c y A i d , t o C h a s e , M a r . 6 , l 8 6 Lj_; D . A r t e r , C a i r o , t o L y m a n T r u m b u l l , F e b . 2 9 , I 8 6 I4.; C h a s e t o S t a n t o n , M a r . 1 7 , I 8 6 I4.; e n d o r s e m e n t b y H a l l e c k , A p r . ip, 18614., i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f ' W a r, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m D e p a r t ­ m e n t s , f i l e 5 1 8 - E B - 6 , A p r . 9 / 65J4-. 39. C hase, A d d itio n a l R e g u la tio n o f T ra d e , n o . 58, A pr. 13> i Q o l j . , i n T D , S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E , v o l . 6 , p . 5 0 8 . B a r n i t z t o M e l l e n , A p r . 9* I 8 6 J4., i n TD', G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e ­ s p o n d e n c e , v o l . ipl, p p . 3 8 2 -3 8 3 « IpO. S e e C o u l t e r , C i v i l W ar a n d R e a d j u s t m e n t i n K e n t u c k y , 215- 220. [p. G . 0 . 1 5 , D i s t . o f C a i r o , A p r . 2 , l86lp; B r i g . G en . M a r t i n M. B r a y m a n , D i s t . o f C a i r o , t o L t . C o l . T . H . H a r r i s , A . A . G . , X V I A r m y C o r p s , A p r . 2 , I 8 0 I4.; G . 0 . 2 7 , D i s t . o f C a i r o , May 9 , I 8 6 I4., i n 0 . R . , s e r i e s I , v o l . 3 2 , p t . 1 , p p . 5 l i p - 5 l 5 ; p t . 3 , p p . 2 3 2 - 2 3 3 ; v o l . 29* p t . 2 , p p . 2 6 - 2 7 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

260

o f w h ich fo u n d C om m ittee weeks

of

on

in g ly

p lie s

he

th e

Surveyor

M ay,

Y eatm an ,

had

seen

sh ip m en ts of

trick lin g

o u t.

C hase

co u ld

in sp e c tio n

th e

of

tem p ted

goods

even

in fo rm ed

u n d ertak e

th e

firs t

tw o at

H ickm an,

b u ild u p to

c itiz en ,

lan d ed

Jo in t

seem ­

up by F o r re s t*

F orrest

th o u g h

in

of

ra id

sup­ th e

w ro te

Chase

K en tu ck y

under

ex p lo siv e

caps

w ere

how ever,

th a t

th e

assum e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y

for

S ta n to n ,

to

to

g o b b led

th o u g h t

th e

th e

com m anding

went

now a p r i v a t e of

by

D u rin g

c o lo n el

b ein g

C airo ,

tak en

of p a rc els

now t h a t

free

trad e

M id d le

and E a s t

Tennessee

was p e r m i t t e d

K e n t u c k y * i+3

At fought

th e

clo se

over

in

th e

O hio.

in g

h is

th e

U n io n ist

■■■

la d in g ,

not

W ar.

c ertain ly

b ills

in

at

In

T reasury

th e

w o rth o f goods

purpose

in n o cu o u s

th e

of

te stim o n y

te stifie d

H ickm an h a d

c ity .^ th a t

Conduct

$ 1 0 0 ,0 0 0

for

A rter, at

way i n t o

tra d e ,

over

ju st

D an iel

th e

free

C olum bus,

th e ir

»

■

■

Now,

Army o f

■ ■■ ■ . -

of

th e

1862 M id d le

advance

M ajor th e

Tennessee

and r e t r e a t

G en eral W illiam

C um berland b a c k

ex-G overnor W illiam ■

■

■ ,.* - -

.

B.

of S.

had been

B u e l l ’ s Army o f R osecrans

to w ard

-—

was

C h attan o o g a.

C am p b ell, i■

tw ice

it

lead ­ To

appeared,

■

—

Ip2. S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 3 8 C o n g . , 2 S e s s . , N o . lI(-2 , p t . 3 , 3 4 - 3 5 , Ij-O-LpL. J4.3 . C h a s e t o S t a n t o n , May 1 7 , I 8 6 I4.; Y e a t m a n t o C h a s e , Ma y 1 0 , I 8 6 J4., i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m D e p a r t m e n t s , f i l e 8 I4.7 - E B - 6 , M a y 2 0 / 6 If.

pp.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

how ever, "A ll

t h a t M i.dd.le

th a t

"w ill be th e re

was

ra ised

tak en

w ill

be

little

th e

sp rin g ,

by

th e

o n e Sc t a k i n g

had been

by

th e

or

because

ap p o in ted

th e

can

force

T reasury

at

th e

sum m er,

or

th e

on n o th in g

but

robbery

o th e r," ^ '

upon

agent

by

Chase

men a r e

se llin g

D ix ie ,"

he w ro te ,

th a t

goods "It

re b e ls,

is

one

triu m p h s

G eneral

R osecrans,

"not

and f e e l i n g s p o licy

over

c o u rtin g of

reg ard in g

th e

sca le

to

av arice

in v o lv e d

tw o m o n t h s

a la rg e

p eo p le,

trad e,

of

so

G*

on D ecem ber

is

th e

T ennessee ram pant

la te r.

"S m u g g lin g

g o in g

kn o w in g

on,

th ey

curses

18,

of

of

an d U n ion

are

g o in g

in to

th e

co u n try ,

p a t r i o t i s m . *4?

w hose but

W illiam

from C o n fe d erate

reached goods

arm y & lan d s

when h e

co n trab an d

w ro te,

th e

found sm u g g lin g o u t o f K entucky i n t o reg io n

he

11

o th er

1862,

th e

d e v asta ted .

cu ltiv a tin g

count

by

fu g itiv e

la st

one

effort

th ey

by

se lf-sty le d

no

w o u ld be p e r f e c t l y

p eo p le

& consum ed by

in

B row nlow ,

T ennessee

id ea

k in d ly

,48

of

proper m ilita ry

reg ard in g

g e n erally

le n ie n t,

in

th e

tru e

observed

fa c t,

th a t

p o lic y in te re sts

a le n ie n t an

O hio

)iJi W. B . C a m p b e l l , N a s h v i l l e , t o H o r a c e M a y n a r d , D e c . 2 5 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , I r r e g u l a r L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e M -218 / 1 8 6 2 . S e e E . M e r to n C o u l t e r , P a r s o n B row nlow ( C h a p e l H i l l , 1936)j th e c a r e e r of t h i s re m a rk a b le f i g u r e . T h is b io g ­ r a p h y , h o w e v e r , i s o f no v a l u e f o r th e p e r i o d i n w h i c h B row nlow se rv e d as T re a su ry a g e n t. )p6 . C h a s e t o M e l l e n , D e c . 1 8 , 1 8 6 2 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e tte rs rec eiv e d , f i l e 5. l4_7 • B ro w n lo w , L o u i s v i l l e , t o H o r a c e M ay n ard , F e b . 1 8 , 1863» i n WD. I r r e g u l a r L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e M - 2 l 8 / l 8 6 2 . 4 .8 . B r i g . G e n . W. S . R o s e c r a n s , H a r p e r s F e r r y , V a . , t o

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission .

m erchant p r o te s te d

in

M arch,

o p en ly p u r c h a s in g p ro d u c ts currency. sh o u ld sons

T his

licen se

of

la tio n s

for

or

th e

th e

its

of

was

c o u n te rfe its,

In stitu tio n

d ecisio n

1 8 6 3

th a t

of

th e

th e

d elay ed

In

M ississip p i

he

fin a lly

v isite d

N ash v ille

he

secured

a general

order

th e

in

and

from

th e

th e

m id d le

of

th e regu­ to pre­ p rice e n tire

sh ip p ed b e ­ currency

and p u n is h e d .^

re g u la tio n s

Tennessee

R osecrans

a lso

C o n fed erate

arrested

per­

purchase

n o t be

R i v e r was m ore in

se lle r

w ere

th e

rev ised

M id d le

to to o k

and u n t i l

co u ld

w o u ld be

under

of

lo y a lty ,

d ealin g

R osecrans

e sta b lish e d

B uyers

cent

c o tto n

said ,

trad e

, was

h is

P ersons he

e v id en tly

b o th buyer

10 p e r

esta b lish e d

d ep artm en t.

M arch 31,

th an

th a t

such lic e n se s

R osecrans

lo y a lty .

w ere

C o n fed erate

su g g ested

lim itin g

req u irin g

co m p leted

many p a r t i e s

o n M arch 29 h e

u n c o n d itio n a l

seller

th a t

re sp ec tfu lly

because

tra d e ,

,

T ennessee w ith

buyers,

fro m p a y in g m ore

tra n sac tio n yond

such

in

lo y a lty ,^

serio u sly

sw ear o ath s

u n til

co tto n

u n eq u iv o cal

su g g estio n

v en ted

m erchant

1 8 6 3

of

b y M e l i e n 1s

im p o rta n t,^ M ay.

leav in g

but

On May 2 0 th e

en tire

S t a n t o n , A p r . 1 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e ­ c e i v e d , f i l e R-285>, A p r . 3 0 / 6 2 . Ip 9. L e o n a rd M oore, M u r f r e e s b o r o , T e n n ., to R o s e c r a n s , M a r . 5 , 1 8 6 3 ; R o s e c r a n s t o S t a n t o n , M a r . 7 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, S e c ­ r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e M-130lj., M a r . 1 7 / 6 3 . 50. G. 0 . 6 3 , D e p t .o f th e C u m b erlan d , M u r f r e e s b o r o , T e n n . , M a r . 2 9 , I 8 6 3 , i n TO, D e p t , o f t h e C u m b e r l a n d , v o l . p p . lL|_7 - l I | - 8 . 51. G a lla g h e r, C in c in n a ti , to C hase, A pr. 22, 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

263

reg u latio n

of

com m erce

u s u a l w ith. G o v e r n o r M ellen s e l e c t e d N ash v ille. favor for

of

He

E dw ard E a s t also

d ealers

re sid en t

th e

c o n tin u ed

to

ex ercise

m ilitary

p erm ittin g he m erely proceed

fie d , fore

C hase.

ch an ts

to

w ill.

buy

to

th e

an

board

East

ap p o in tm en t, of

tra d e

at

d iscrim in a te

in

N ash v ille

in

g ra n tin g

R osecrans,

as

good

th an

w ith h is

T reasury

tu rn ed

anyw here to

a le n ie n t

provost

certain

as

p erm its h is

c o n tro l

m arshal

th e

to

co u n ties

c e rtif­

receiv e

general

lin es

w ord, over

p u rch asin g

up w i t h

w ith in

as

of

lic e n se s

th e

and l e t

a

Army

them

51+

in

They

not

at

N ash v ille

S ep tem b er, co n sid ered

w h o lesale

who h a d

to

th em

m erch an ts

and e a r ly

allo w ed

rep o rt

C o n su ltin g

m ak in g

th a t

no m ore

persons

re stric ted

th e

in

be

and when b u y e rs

them

at

Y et

to

pass,

to

p e o p l e . 53

He r e q u i r e d m erely

T r e a s u r y .5^-

su g g ested

to

icates

th e

Johnson b e fo re

sales

trad e.

to

an undue

su ffic ie n t

1 8 6 3

th e

,

w ere

not

th ey

la id

fact

burden c ap ital

th a t

co m p letely th e ir

th ey

upon nearby to

in v e st

g rief

w ere

be­

not

co u n try in

sa tis­

m er­

la rg e

5>2. G. 0 . lll+ , D e p t, o f t h e C u m b erla n d , M u r f r e e s b o r o , T e n n . , May 2 0 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e C u m b e r l a n d , v o l . , pp. 2 o0 - 2 6 i . 53. M e lle n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o E dw ard E a s t , N a s h v i l l e , Ju n e 1 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD , G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 33> p p . 1 6 I4. - I 6 5 . 51+. G. 0 . 1 7 3 , D e p t, o f t h e C u m b erlan d , W in c h e s te r , T e n n ., J u l y 2if., 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e C u m b e r l a n d , v o l . 4 5 > P P » 392-393. R o s e c r a n s , S t e v e n s o n , A l a . , t o M e l l e n 7 A u g . 19» 1 8 6 3 , in TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 2 2 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission .

2614-

in v e n to rie s trip s

to

a n d wh.o c o u l d

n o rth e rn m ark ets.

N ash v ille

under

th e

area.

trad e

of N ash v ille, aded

in

th e

per

th a t

c o n d itio n

a d m itted

brought

in to

ta tio n

ru le ,

in g

th e

in

w ere ,

8 6 3

N ash v ille but

by

at

m ercial

th e

trad e

re v ised

p e rm itte d

Tennessee, was

of

th e

he

had

was

D illo n ,

at

a llo w e d m ore

necessary

to

N a sh v ille, goods

th e

per

prevent

a re a .^

M ost o f

T reasury

re g u la tio n s

b lo ck ­

agreed

Jo sep h R.

under

for

G ordon

C um b erlan d ,

surveyor

to

so u th

s till

and M ajo r G e n e ra l

was p e r m i t t e d it

frequent

in su ffic ie n t

lin e s,

ap p o in ted

th a t

th an th at

M id d le

of

th e se

c ap i­ su ffer­

g riev an ces

of

S ep tem b er

.

A ssu m p tio n crans

said

had

goods

was

a lle v ia tio n .-^

M ellen

su rro u n d in g

overcom e I

to

of

m ilitary

D istric t

J o h n s o n m a n whom C h a s e

fran k ly

expense

ru le

of

Johnson

needed

th e

am ount

sec tio n

G overnor

com m anding t h e

1 1

The

alth o u g h w ith in

tra d e .

th e

stan d

c ap itatio n

A larg e

G ranger,

th e

not

of

command b y G r a n t

C h attan o o g a b ro u g h t life

1 7 » m oreover,

o f M id d le C hase,

on

and

the

re lie f

a new p e r s o n a l i t y

Tennessee J o h n s o n 's

in

O cto b er,

of

in to

1863*

reco m m en d atio n ,

R ose­

th e

com­

On N o v e m b e r ap p o in ted

55• J o h n L e l l y e t t , W. W. T o t t e n , F r e d H . F r e n c h , Com­ m i t t e e o f N a s h v i l l e M e r c h a n t s , t o C h a s e , S e p t . I4., 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e r i e s K , 1 8 6 3 # v o l . M - Q , 2 7 2 . J o h n s o n , _et a l . , t o C h a s e , S e p t . . k , 1 8 6 3 j i n TD, S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 3 * v o l . I - L , I f 9 • 5o. J . R. D i l l o n , S u r v e y o r , N a s h v i l l e , t o M e l l e n , S e p t . 7 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 1 3 *

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265

C h arles

A.

and

sec tio n

th e

p o lic y

at

P u ller

about

th e

stric t

T ennessee

to

tax

of

assessed

guard

an o th er to

provost

m arshal

alo n g

as

b arred under tio n

a ll th e

tax

of

of

buyers

purchases.

to

tak e

th e ir

c o tto n

at

h is

gave At

a ll

ta riff

c o tto n

a conference

57 • 17, 58. C orps, P v o l . 3k~f 59. Feb. 12, O .S . 2 0 , 6 0 . Feb. 20,

Nov.

tax es,

from

e x p u lsio n

th e ir

c o t t o n m o ving by

th e

to of

c ritic a l

ten

ra il

per

b ale

on

a ll

said ,

w ere

to

b e n efit

trad e

th e

reg io n

8 6 I4.,

th e

persons

m atters

when h e

d ep artm en t liv in g

th ey

w ith M ellen

in

get

N ash v ille

and

co tto n

to

h is run

su d d en ly

so u th of N a sh v ille

in

and th e

co n fisca ­ area

m ig h t p o s s ib ly

p e r m ile

to

a m o n th ly

P u lask i

I

days

in to

co n n ectio n

im p o sed

upon

W ith c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

four

brought

proved

at

12,

cen ts

reg im e

house

allo w ed

N a sh v ille,

r a i l . ^9 buyers

he

from

If

and T r e a s u ry

Dodge,

p ro m p tly

d o lla rs

F ebruary

of

usual

G eneral

open

G rant

a t N a sh v ille ,-"

The new m i l i t a r y

o ld .

fiv e

t^7

agent

m ilitary

upon each b u s in e s s

B o th

u n til

p ain

th e

fu n d .^

co tto n

tim e.

in

and C h attan o o g a,

m ark et.

usual

sp ec ia l

changes

and k eep

d o lla rs

p assin g

a ssista n t

same

th an

N ash v ille fifty

be

underw ent

m uch m ore

b etw een

to

out

of

w ish ed do

each b a le sev e rity , h is

so of

Dodge

d istric t.

on F ebruary

26,

60

G rant

Jo h n so n to M e lle n , Nov. 10, 1 8 6 3 ; Chase to M e lle n , , i n TD, G e n e r a l ’ A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 2 2 . C i r c u l a r , B r i g . G e n . G . M. D o d g e , L e f t W i n g , X V I A r m y u l a s k i , T e n n . , N o v . 1 9 > 1 8 6 3 * i n WD, X V I A r m y C o r p s , P* G. 0 . 5 , M i l i t a r y D i v i s i o n o f t h e M i s s . , N a s h v i l l e , I 8 6 I4., i n WD, M i l i t a r y D i v i s i o n o f t h e M i s s . , v o l . l i p , p . lo . G . 0 . 15* L e f t W i n g , XVI Army C o r p s , P u l a s k i , T e n n . , I 8 6 J4., i n WD, X V I A r m y C o r p s , v o l . 3 3 , O . S . 6 2 , p . li+-9• 1 8 6 3

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without p erm ission.

266

ex p lain ed c h iev o u s favored to

be

th a t

c o tto n

trick s

in

buyers

h is

had been

fro n t

governm ent p u rc h a se

lin e s. of

up He

to

th e ir

said

o ld m is­

th a t

S o u th ern p ro d u c ts

he

s till

if

they

had

he

said ,

a

o b t a i n e d . 6 -1F u ller

began h is

few m in u te s record, way o f

or

w ork a t

in stru c tio n scratch

a llo c atin g

of

N a sh v ille

from M ellen

p e n ’1 t o

su p p lies

w ith ,

and

"not

as

a sin g le

show w h at h a d b e e n

in

th e

c ity .

He h a d

book,

done o n ly

in

th e

h is

d is-

/L p

c retio n

and

a copy

n ev erth eless am o u n ts d en ts,

of

a m o u n t.63

opened

goods

based

of

on

11,

(th ere in

in

th e

census

of i

A l t h o u g h M em phis

th en b e in g

N ash v ille

to

h is

e a c h m o n th as

M ellen had

d ecid ed no

agent

no m ore

th is

caused

cured

a b ro g atio n

S ep tem b er

d istric t,

accom m odate

8 6 0

,

at

th e

under

p rio r at

th an

th e

to

$ £ ,0 0 0

M arch,

l

proper

F u lle r 's

He

such

lo c al

re s i­

c ap itatio n

to

of

S ep tem ­

ap p o in tm en t lim it

a m o n th i n

I)_.6 ^-

^

had been p erm itted

d isco n ten t 8 6

th e

re g u la tio n s

N ash v ille)

11,

allo w in g

to

some l o c a l in

of

and N a s h v ille

su p p lie s

b u sin ess; its

reg u la tio n s

sto res

u n lim ite d w h o lesale ber

th e

th e

u n til

N ash v ille

each

trad er

way o f F u ller

se­

m erch an ts

61. M e l l e n , L o u i s v i l l e , t o C h a s e , F e b . 2 7 » 1861)., i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 5# P » 7 8 . 62. C. A. F u l l e r , N a s h v i l l e , t o M e l l e n , D e c . 1 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e l 6 . 6 3 . B a r n i t z t o F u l l e r , D e c . 2 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 39* P P • 3 0 7 - 3 0 8 . 6 J4-. B a r n i t z t o F u l l e r , M a r . l £ , l 8 6 lj_, i n T D , G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . Ij.1, p . l o £ .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

2'67

w ere a ls o

a llo w e d to

th an norm al d u rin g P u ller

Im port l a r g e r

q u a n titie s

su p p lies

th e m onths o f h i g h w a te r on th e C u m b e r l a n d .^

a p p eared to have h i s m ost d i f f i c u l t y

lers,

who t o o k a d v a n t a g e s o f a l l m i l i t a r y

th eir

own w a r e s t o

gave t h e i r

of

su tlers

c iv ilia n s. p erm its

w i t h Army s u t ­

re stric tio n s

M ilita ry post

to buy in N a s h v ille ,

and th e g u a rd s even th o u g h

t h e r e was no c o m p l i a n c e w i t h T r e a s u r y r e g u l a t i o n s . 0 0 su tlers,

as

a body,

a b a tc h of lic e n se d le e c h e s." im p o rtu n itie s a larg e

of

trad ers

p o rtio n of

b e r a n t and t h e i r here

so g r e a t

as to be w i l l i n g

charged w ith o p e ra tin g

su p p lies

"it

appears

By M a r c h , c iv ilia n

of t h e i r reg im ents

from the N o r th . ^ 6

to

su ffe rin g s

fu rn ish

as

though

sectio n is

so e x u ­

of th e p eo p le

or six

su tlers

in H u n tsv ille ,

to s e c u r e

as

them w i t h goods on

l861j., f i v e sto res

th an

about th e

and t h e i r p a t r i o t i s m

sy m p ath ies w ith th e

a lm o s t any t e r r a s . " ^

the o f f ic e r s

He w a s a l s o b i t t e r

th e p e o p le N o rth lo o k upon t h i s

a p e r f e c t E ld o rad o of r i c h n e s s

P u ller

‘' n o t h i n g m o r e o r l e s s

in g en eral:

sell

com m anders o f t e n

on th e r o a d s p a s s e d su c h p e r m i t s w i t h o u t q u e s t i o n

reg ard ed th e

to

th eir

But in F ebruary

w ere

leav in g

own s u t l e r

and M arch,

6£. B a r n i t z t o P u l l e r , M a r . 2 1 , I 8 6 I4., i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . ipl, p p . l l p 7 - l 5 0 . 66. P u l l e r t o M e l l e n , D e c . 17* 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A gent, L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 13. 67. F u l l e r t o B a r n i t z , J a n . 25* I 8 6 I4., i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 13* 08. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o B r i g . G e n . M. C. M e i g s , M a r . 28, l 8 6 !p, i n TD , G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . I4.I, pp. 201- 2 0 2 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without p erm ission.

268

H u n tsv ille sto res,

a n d C h a tta n o o g a w ere b o t h o p e n e d t o

and p re s u m a b ly th e

su tlers

at least

among t h e

q u ite

e v e n m ore o f

fro n t,

late

M arch,

1864.

c itiz e n s

and p r i v a t e

freig h ts

su fficien t

days o f o f f e n s i v e

a ctio n

to p ro v id e

from th e

ab le to

t o o m any

’’u n d e r t a k e

71

over

seventy

On A p r i l 1 9 ,

o b tain th e ir 72 th e r e a r .

to ' tr a n s p o r t

w orthy E a s t T e n n e s s e a n s . . . . ”

men f o r

inform ing c itiz e n s

o r move t o

w hole

D e c a tu r and C h a tta ­

1 0 0 ,0 0 0

th e y m ust e i t h e r

a d ja ce n t co u n try sid e

d id n o t f e e l by t h e

th at

in to

in N orth G eo rg ia.

Sherm an a c c o r d i n g l y i s s u e d a n o r d e r south of N a s h v ille

w ere e n t i r e l y

en cum bering th e r a i l r o a d

w hich d u r i n g A p r i l he m ea n t1 t o h a u l nooga s u p p lie s

o f the

M aking a t o u r o f h i s

Sherm an d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e r e

lo y al

a shock

when S h e r m a n a s s u m e d command o f t h e M i l i t a r y D i v i s i o n M ississip p i in

fZQ

a sensa­

’ C o tto n G e n tr y ’” a t N a s h v i l l e ,^ 0 b u t th e

p o p u latio n so u th o f N a sn v ille re c e iv e d

trad e

had c o m p e titio n .

T h e G r a n t o r d e r o f F e b r u a r y 1 2 ’’p r o d u c e d tio n

c iv ilia n

liv in g provender Sherm an

the fo o d needed

” To m a k e w a r , ” h e

th o u g h t,

69. B a r n it z to P u l l e r , F e b . 6 , 1864; B a r n i t z to F u l l e r , M a r . 2 5 , 1 8 6 4 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 4 0 , p. 300, v o l. 41, pp. 183-184. 70. F u l l e r t o B a r n i t z , F e b . 1 9 , 1 8 6 4 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A gent, L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 13. 71. S h e r m a n , N a s h v i l l e , t o G r a n t , A p r . 2 , 1 8 6 4 , i n WD, Hq. o f t h e A r m i e s , T e l e g r a m s R e c e i v e d , v o l . 1 , p p . 1 2 - 1 3 . 72. G. O. 8 , M i l i t a r y D i v i s i o n o f t h e M i s s . , N a s h v i l l e , A p r . 1 9 , 1 8 6 4 , i n WD, M i l i t a r y D i v i s i o n o f t h e M i s s . , v o l . 1 4 , O .S . 2 0 , p . 2 5 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

Mwe m u s t h a r d e n o u r

L in co ln ,

h e a r t s . "73

t e l e g r a p h e d Sherm an r e q u e s t i n g c o n siste n t w ith h is m ilita ry fe rin g p eo p le, "p artly

b o th th e peo p le

sh ip

it

arm y. 7k

o rd er to p r o h ib it

w ard by r a i l r o a d ; to

o p e ra tio n s,

The r a i l r o a d

and th e

ow ners

by t h e i r

own

clam o r,

t h a t h e do a n y t h i n g he c o u l d , to r e lie v e

b u t Sherm an a s s u r e d him t h a t

a h u m bug."

expanded h is

h e a rin g th e

sim p ly

the

th e

suf­

f u s s was

co u ld n o t s u p p o rt

On J u n e l 6 , S h e r m a n f u r t h e r th e

shipm ent o f

c o tto n n o rth ­

and p r o d u c e r s w ere w elcom e, conveyance.7£

how ever,

When P u l l e r w r o t e

S h e r m a n a b o u t som e a b a n d o n e d c o t t o n w h i c h h e w i s h e d t o g e t moved n o r t h , to burn i t . at do,

a hundred

Sherm an r e p l i e d b l u n t l y : . No c o t t o n s h a l l b e a pound.

an d so l o n g a s I

use of g ain or p r o f i t . A s h is

cam paign i t

nessee--at le a st

tran sp o rted i f

The m i l i t a r y c o n tro l

was e v i d e n t

it

"I w ill

send p a r t i e s it

w ere v a lu e d

r o a d h as w ork enough to

s h a l l n o t be p e r v e r te d

to th e

l o n g as Sherm an was b u sy w i t h th at

the

commerce o f M i d d l e T en -

th a t p a rt so u th of N ash v ille--w o u ld la n g u ish .

7 3 • S h e r m a n t o C. A. D a n a , A p r . 2 1 , l8 6 L p , in D ana, Recol le ctio n s o f t h e C i v i l W a r, 165-1& 7* 7 I4.. L i n c o l n t o S h e r m a n , M a y I4 ., I 8 6 J4., i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , T e l e g r a m s S e n t f o r t h e P r e s i d e n t , v o l . 1 , p . i+5. Sherm an t o L i n c o l n , M ay 5 , 1861]., i n WD, M i l i t a r y D i v i s i o n o f t h e M i s s , v o l . 1 , O . S . k» P* 3 1 • 75« G. 0 . 1 5 , M i l i t a r y D i v i s i o n o f t h e M i s s . , N a s h v i l l e , J u n e l 6 , 1861)., i n WD, M i l i t a r y D i v i s i o n o f t h e M i s s . , v o l . l i p , O .S . 20, p . 2 9 . 7 6 . S h e r m a n t o P u l l e r , J u l y 2 5 , 1 8 6 I4., q u o t e d i n P u l l e r t o M e l l e n , J u l y 2 5 , l861p, i n TD, 1 s t S . A . , v o l . 5 0 , p p . 7 5 - 7 o .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without p erm ission .

270

The East of

Tennessee,

th e

d u rin g

th e

p ly

1363,

o rig in al

th irte e n

and

a g en t,

and

about

set

trad e

Tennessee to

w h ich had

to

sto re

who h a d

open no w ere

cap tu red

B u rn sid e,

w here

fees

suffered

he

th e

to

th e

much f r o m

o th er

th an

By t h e

th ou sand

in

lo y al

d o lla rs

of

"I

w ar.

now h a v e

a

reached lo cal

trad e

h is

sp ecia

th ro u g h to

of East

He a l s o and

fo l­

T reasury

B row nlow

ad v ised

G reen v ille,

o f N ovem ber, w o rth

a m arsha

O cto b er,

citiz en s

K n o x v ille

m id d le

debt

of th e

ad v ised

th e

alleg ed

B row nlow

th riv in g

M ellen

to

M ellen ,

In te re sts

N ash v ille

aid

ap p o in ted

upon t h e

a u th o ritie s

"several

th e

H o u s e . I n

p ro tectin g

g a r r i s o n e d .7 9

w ith

phases

b elo n g in g

for

C ustom s

C i n c i n n a t i .7 3

sto res

In

p ia n o s

a tta ch e d

o th er

in

K n o x v ille,

row ers.

w ro te

K n o x v ille,

assessin g

m o u n tain s

lim it

him

by

reached

p ro u d ly

G eneral

at

as

he

of

statio n

he

B row nlow ,

tra in

proper

A gent B row nlow

h ectic

th irtee n them

th e

th e

D epartm ent

have But

as

as

c o n fisca to ry

in

in

been

seized

to

S p e cial

before

p ian o s

lo w in g

th e

he

ow ner.

them .,

had

Even

h is

R e b e l," on ly

recap tu red

A ssista n t

career. to

A ugust,

a- " n o t e d th e

began

of

m ean w h ile,

P a rs o n 's

B row nlow

of

a ctiv itie s

of f in e

B row nlow to b acco ,

77. B row nlow , N a s h v i l l e , t o M e l l e n , S e p t . 6 , 1 8 6 3 , in G e n e ra l A g en t, L e t t e r s r e c e iv e d , f i l e 1 3 . 78. B row nlow , K n o x v i l l e , t o E . T. C a r s o n , C i n c i n n a t i , O ct. 2 0 , 1 8 6 ip, i n T D , G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 13. 79. M e l l e n t o B r o w n l o w , N o v . 1 7 , 1 3 6 3 , i n TD , G e n e r a l A g e n t 's C o rre s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 8 , p p . 271-273* TD,

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission .

271

so m e c o t t o n pian o s, one

and a q u a n t i t y

of

abandoned R ebel p r o p e r ty ,

f u r n i t u r e . . . one d ry goods s t o r e ,

jew elers

e stab lish m en t. . . . n

He h a d $ 1 , 5 0 0 i n f e e s

K n o x v ille bank.

But a t

erates

an d B row nlow d e p a r t e d

attac k ed ,

o ’clo ck in in te re sts. a ll

of h is

the n ig h t,

w ith o u t

c o n fisc a tio n s,

and u t t e r l y

K n o x v ille,

ft 1

him. i n t o he is s u e d rath er

of

b u t,

th e

tow n a t e l e v e n

p ro tect

’’i n t o

the T reasu ry he fe a re d

w ife

th at

and c h ild r e n

th e h ands of an i n f u r i ft D

e n e m y . n ou

11a f t e r

sto res

as he

in

t h e new y e a r B ro w n lo w was b a c k i n

doing b u s in e s s

consum ers from h i s expense.

th e

to g eth er w ith h is

u n p rin cip le d

He h a d o p e n e d t r a d e Jacksboro,

tim e to

w ould f a l l

B ut by th e f i r s t

and

t h i s moment L o n g s t r e e t ’ s C o n f e d ­

W ritin g to M ellen from K en tu ck y ,

who r e m a i n e d b e h i n d , ated

ju st

one drug s t o r e ,

every

sty le

i m a g i n a b l e . 11

a t Loudon, K in g s to n ,

said ,

he g ra n te d

own o f f i c e

a ll

in K n o x v ille

C lin to n ,

tra d e p erm its in order

to

and to

save

B row nlow ’ s a d m i t t e d l y i r r e g u l a r p r a c t i c e s b r o u g h t

d iffic u ltie s a perm it fo r

th a n the

th e r p erm itted

w ith h is a trad e

su p erio rs

in

sto re

th r e e m o n th s’ d u r a tio n

one m o n th s t i p u l a t e d the r e c i p i e n t

from C in c in n a ti.

to

sell

M ellen d is c o v e re d

for

January,

in re g u la tio n s, th e p e rm it to the t r a n s a c t i o n

1 8 6 ]+,

when

and f u r ­

a vender in

tim e

80. Brow nlow , B a r b e r v i l l e , K y . , t o M e l le n , Nov. 20, i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 1.3» 81. B r o w n l o w , K n o x v i l l e , t o M e l l e n , J a n . 1 , I 8 6 I4., i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 13»

1863,

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without p erm ission.

i

272

to

cancel

th at if

h is

he

it,

not

was r e p o r t e d ,

B row nlow w as

nv e r y

w ith

make way f o r

som eone

e lse .® ^

in

grace

salin g

whom i t

h im self

to

w ere

for

to

acq u ain t

expect

tio n s

C hase,

frien d sh ip

d id

bad

and

but

te m p o ra rily

so f a r

sim ilar

rem oved

to

th at

for

th e

in

Y et 18

from K n o x v ille

as

at

but

re g u la tio n s

May,

p erm itted

w arm "

ad v ised

th e 6

M em phis

th a t he m ust

P a r s o n was

I(_,

trad e

re s tric ­

to

allo w

w h o le­

and

N a s h v i l l e .

M emphi s A t M em phis, w hose p le a d i n g w hose

pursue of

a v ig o ro u s

M em phis

arm ies

from

h e ad q u a rte rs

ill w ith

command o f

c o tto n

co u ld

of

frien d sh ip

p o rta n t

th e

h e alth

c o n fid e n t

keep

c o tto n

buyers

c o n fisca tio n ,

was

m ilitary

larg e

secure

,

1 8 6 3

th e

to of

A p ril,

if

p ro b ab ly

areas

in

or

from

XVI Army C o r p s ,

cam p aig n

nearby

G eneral

k e p t him

L in co ln

th e

of

w ould

q u a n titie s

th e

of

field® ^* b u t

T reasury

v o lu n tary

if

co tto n

m eant

to

th e

v isitin g T reasury

n eig h b o rh o o d

a little

im ­

abandonm ent

M ellen ,

th a t

th e

show

th e

H u rlb u t,

s e c u r e d him. t h e

secessio n .

away fro m

S tep h en

of

a ctiv ity

w ould be

th e in

abandoned

82. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , A p r . 3* 1861)., i n T D , G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e tte rs rec eiv e d , f i l e 6 . M e l l e n t o B r o w n l o w , A p r . l i p , l8 6 1 j. , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 35* p p » 1 5 5 - 1 5 6 . 8 3 * B a r n i t z t o B r o w n l o w , May 1 3 * l861|_, i n TD , G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 4 .3 *' P P » 1 3 S - 1 3 9 * 8 lp. H u r l b u t t o G r a n t , D e c . 3 0 , 1 8 6 2 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e T e n n . , v o l . I4., O . S . 7# P » 1 7 0 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

273

by p e rs o n s lo y a lty . th at

th e

co u ld

who

g iv en

th at

th e

sale s

of

th e ir

out

th e

D u rin g

th e

th a t

abandoned, tu rn e d

secure

of

few

over

in .

days

m uch m ore

of

he

near

to

enough for

doubt th an

proof

d esire

so

th a t

of was

th ey

reaso n ab ly seem s

abandonm ent

at

to

have

M em phis

T reasury.

rem ain ed

of

som ew hat

c o tto n

seem ed

m ig h t hope

th e

b a les

no

by fu tu re

c l a i m s . M e l l e n

th a t

$,000

be

v o lu n tary

p o lic y

He h a d

producers

th ey

th e ir

an e s tim a te

proceeds

p ro d u cts

th a t

fix e d

th e

c o tto n

and t h a t

assurances

h ad becom e

so

them

ad ju d ic atio n

rep o rted

recover

A ll

a tte n d

prom pt

co u ld

c o tto n

in

th e

M em phis,

had been

excess

th a t

in

of

th e

M ellen

v o lu n ta rily actu al

amount

g o v e r n m e n t w o u l d now

ever before,

and

co tto n

th a t

was o7

"free In

en tire ly

a ll

sell

of

th e

C hase

th e

from

o p tim ism

co tto n

th a t

th e

at

m isch iev o u s of

p u b lic

th e

cost

th e

tra n sp o rta tio n

and

secure

c o m p etitio n .® ®

g re a ter

th e

moment h e

au ctio n

s u c h w ould p l e a s e

effects

of

at

of

d i r e c t e d Y eatm an

M em phis,

persons

reb alin g

sp e c u la tin g ....”

ex p lain in g

aban d o n in g much o f

He w r o t e Y e a t m a n ,

it,

it,

to to save

and w ould

m oreover,

to

8 $. M e l l e n , M e m p h i s , t o C h a s e , A p r . 3 0 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, C ustom s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . 8 6 . M e l l e n t o M a j . A . J . D o n e l s o n , M e m p h i s , M ay 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n T D , G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 31> P* 2i)_6. 8 7 . M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , M ay 6 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 3 » PP» 6 -7 * M ellen ’s a c c o u n t books I n d i c a t e t h a t a t l e a s t a p a r t o f t h i s 3>000 b a le s m ust have been cap tu red c o tto n . TD, 1 s t S . A . , v o l . 1 0 , n . p . 8 8 . M e l l e n t o Y e a t m a n , May 3 , 1 8 6 3 ; M e l l e n t o C h a s e , May 3 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 2 , p p . 2 - 3 .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

27k-

encourage

p a rtie s

co tto n

or

c o tto n

it

out

and b r i n g

of

its

v alu e

had

an

as

who k n e w t h e b e lo n g in g it

in ,

th e

im ag in atio n

even

of h is

sh o u ld be

set

th e

S k ep tical

th a t

m ore

th an

men,

he

3 0 ,0 0 0

said ,

b an k n o tes la rs th e

o ly

governm ent He w a s

co u ld b rin g

The p l a n , m o n ize also

in ste a d

su g g ested

u n til

le g al and

au ctio n

to

s h a r e . 89 and

i t

M em phis

C onfederacy

ten d er

b rin g

to

it

back

th a t

th e to

w ould

ex asp eratin g

th a t

h is

C o sts

ro u tin e

w ork

v irtu ally

c o tto n

to

th o se

at

fifty

g iv en

w ith th e

th irty

to

d o l­

Then l e t

a ten d en cy

opposed

ten

S o u th ern

proceeds

-w ithin

’’h a v e

c o lle ctin g

in

on

A llow

M em phis.

th e

M em phis

also

liv in g

a

claim s

p lan .

te n buyers

o ccu p y in g h i s of

th at

arm ed w i t h

buy

co n fid en t

b a les

ferret

how ever,

id e a

settle

an o th er

d iv id in g

of

to

to

o n e-fo u rth

Y eatm an, h is

C .S .A .

abandonm ent w o u ld y i e l d

off,

1 0 0 ,0 0 0

secreted

offer

was

it

lab o rio u s,

m id n ig h t.

o ffice

le ss,

had

offered

th e

Y eatm an u r g e d ,

ex ceed in g ly

h is

or

at

he

v o lu n tary

he

go i n t o

or F ederal

a b ale

buyers.

b ales,

to

if

own, up

of

C o n fed erates-in -arm s

in f o r m e r 's

co m m issio n sp o t.

to

lo c atio n

monop­ days.

to

u s . ’*90

har­ Y eatm an

abandoned p ro p e rty

tim e

four

n ig h ts

M em phis w e re

p rev en ted m ileag e.

th e

was

a w eek

enorm ous

and

He w o u l d b e

8 9 * M e l l e n t o Y e a t m a n , May 1 2 , 1 8 6 3 > i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 33 > P P • k-O-ql.. 90. M e l l e n t o C h a s e , May 1 2 , I 8 0 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 3 ? P » 4-3* Y eatm an to C hase, M a y 1 7 , I 8 6 3 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

275

g ra te fu l

if

sale s

a b a n d o n e d p r o p e r t y . 91

of

Chase p ro p erty

C hase w o u ld

i n M em phis, he

sp ec ia l

ag en ts

he

th o u g h t of

th o u g h t

th e

w ould

on th e

a ll

th at in

part

b u sin ess,

in

such

of

about

u n d erstan d

91.

B ureau,

su b jec t, th e

to

tak e

sale

him

to

t h e r e a f t e r . 9l+

adverse

of

to not

p o stp o n e

p o litic a l

to

B u t C hase

effect

Y e a t m a n t o C h a s e , May 1 9 , S p e c ia l A gents R e p o r ts .

to

it

1863,

he

on

co u ld

a d v ertise d firs t

th in k in g

enough an

th e

p lace

th e

been

TD,

C ourt a ctio n

tak e

such

b u t he

about

and

had

in

any

aLso

shrew d of

abandoners,

u n til

l£>

On

M em phis.

th e

be

M ellen

on June

d o u b tless

in

actio n ,

for

a t M em phis

abandoned

su p erv isin g

th ro u g h

eager

th e

le tte rs.

co tto n

speak

from

of

v o lu n tary

go

how ever,

p lace

an d he was

to

a u ctio n

Y eatm an,

o n May 2 £ ,

a t M em phis

th e

co u ld

co tto n

a sale

prom ote p ro m p t

w o u ld h a v e

ad v ised

C h a s e .93

M ondays

a

to

claim s

to

He

fo r

in stru c tio n s

of

c o u r t . 92

announced

from

th ird

a sm all p e rc e n ta g e

an sw er Y eatm an * s

M ellen

power

claim s

th e

hear

and

h is

not

general

W ash in g to n .

I}_, b u t M e l l e n

sale

th e

d id

settlem e n t

June

th e

but

a u th o rized

early

do

C laim s

h im

a p p r o v e d M e l l e n 1s p r o p o s a l s

May 1 8 ,

As f o r

allo w

to

au ctio n

C ustom s

92. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , M a y 1 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E , v o l . 4 , p p . 2o L j _ -2 7 0 . 93* M e l l e n t o Y e a t m a n , May 2 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n T D , G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 33* P» 5 2 . 9 I4.. M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o t h e P u b l i c , May 2 ^ , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 3 s P» o 2 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

276

sale

at

b e tte r

M em phis. go

ever

th e

th a t

he

in

S t.

arose

to

It

S t.

L o u is,

reason,

he

from

a

or

th a t

or

T h is,

c o n stru ctio n

he w ro te th e

W hat­

M e l l e n o n May 27

m ust be

of

w h ich m ig h t

C in c in n a ti.^ 5

te le g rap h e d

such sale s

C in c in n ati.

s tric t

away b u s i n e s s

L o u isv ille ,

su d d en ly

had d ecid ed L ouis

w ould, t a k e

act

le g ally

h eld

M ellen n e x t

o n ly day,

app ro v ed M arch

1 2 , 1 8 6 3 .96 A lth o u g h Y eatm an an

a d d e d .an d u n n e c e s s a r y

assem b led , gave in

co n sid ered

agreed

approval

M em phis

b a les

he

of

la te

co tto n

c arele ssly

in

th e

of

w ere

expense

o n May 2 6

he

to

found

o n May 2 6 .

The

and l i t t l e

id e n tific a tio n to

to

re c o v e r.^

Y eatm an h a d e x c e e d e d h i s

th e

of

co tto n

p o stp o n e

a u c tio n .^ ^

M ay,

co n d u cted

p reserv atio n claim an ts

for

p o stp o n em en t

th e

buyers

u n til

M ellen

Y et when M ellen t h a t Y eatm an h a d sale,

m oreover,

a tte n tio n m arks,

M ellen

au th o rity

so also

a rriv ed so ld

1 ,1 6 0

had been

had been im p o rtan t

g iv en if

d isco v ered

by r e le a s in g

sale

some

to

th e th a t c o tto n

95* C hase l a t e r p o in t e d o u t i n answ er to a m em o rial from S t . L ouis t h a t he h ad a n tic ip a te d d e s ir e s of th e m e rc h an ts th e r e f o r a sem i-m o n th ly c o tto n a u c tio n i n t h a t c i t y . Chase t o H e n r y T . B l o w , S t . L o u i s , J u l y 8 , 1 8 6 3 * i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 5 , p p . 6 1 - 6 3 . 9o. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , May 27, 1 8 6 3 , i n TD , G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 22. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , May 28, 1 8 6 3 * i n T D , S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E , v o l . I4., p . 359* 97* Y e a t m a n t o M e l l e n , M a y 25, I 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 22. 98. M e l l e n , M e m p h i s , t o C h a s e , J u n e 1, 1863j i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 33» P P » 95-96.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

277

to

c la im a n ts,

M em phis secure

B ie w hole m aze o f c l a i m s

and v e n a l i t y

( p a r t i e s w ould g l a d l y p ay $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 to title

to a hundred b a le s o f

recom m end t h a t

c o tto n )

an a t t o r n e y to

cau sed M ellen to

Chase a v o i d any p e r s o n a l r e l e a s e

The C o u r t o f C la im s w o u ld b e " t h e C o tto n case th a t

safest

of c o tto n .

arb iter

can p r o p e r l y be got b e f o r e

These changed c irc u m s ta n c e s v i t i a t e d

at

of every

i t . M8. 130. Yeatman to Barnitz, Jan. 27* 1861)., in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 13. 131. Chase to Yeatman, Feb. 1 2 , I 8 6 I4.; Chase to J. M. Tomeny, Feb. 1 2 , I 8 6 I4., in TD, Secretary’s Correspondence, BE, v o l . 6 , p . 3 0 1 • Y e a t m a n t o M e l l e n , F e b . 2 0 , I 8 6 I4., i n

TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ,

L ette rs

receiv ed ,

file

13*

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

288

"highly censurable. **132 Although the Federal situ a tio n in West Tennessee was marked by a general withdrawal of troops during the spring of 1861*., a brisk trade was continued from Memphis.

Trade

stores, located a few months before at Corinth, Bolivar, Jackson, La Grange, and Fort Pillow, were p ossib le at only the la tte r two p laces in January, l 8 6 i|..^^^ with information of much i l l i c i t southward,

t r a f f ic

On March 2, Tomeny,

out of Memphis to the

suspended permits for supplies to M ississippi u n til

he could be given a d e fin ite lin e of m ilita ry occupation. 131*. On March [4., he directed h is subordinates to require an oath of allegian ce, plus a recommendation of lo y a lty from some person of established reputation, from a l l persons desiring suppl i es . Tomeny

further appointed agency aids to examine

a l l goods passing through the picket lin e s of Memphis. Yet the new regime was not e sp e c ia lly strin g en t.

Tomeny

132. Barnitz to Mellen, Apr. 21, 1861+, in TD, General Agent’ s Correspondence, v o l. ip., p. 14-77• Grant, City Point, Va., to Stanton, Nov. llj_, I 8 6 I4., in WD, Hq. of the Armies, vol. "A", 5>37-5>38» Grant p articu larly objected that a former Treas­ ury agent should take advantage of former p osition s of trust and confidence to get up claims against the government. 133. Yeatman to Hurlbut, Jan. 23* I 8 6 I4., in TD, 2d S.A., v o l. 125, pp. 31-32. I 3 I4.. Tomeny to Brig. Gen. R. P. Buckland, Comdg., D ist. of Memphis, Mar. 2, I 8 6 I4., in TD, 2d S.A ., vol. 125>, p. 131. 135. Tomeny to W. R. Hackley and L. S. Knowlton, Local Special Agents. Memphis, Mar. Ip, I 8 6 I4., in TD, 2d S .A ., v o l. 1 2 $ , pp. 1 I4.O-I4 I . 1 3 6 « Tomeny to Aids on Picket Lines, Mar. lip, l o o q., in TD, 2d S.A ., v o l. 1 2 $ , pp. 1 6 2 - 1 6 3 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

289

evidently with, m ilitary sanction,

allowed family supplies,

not exceeding a month's requirement, Tippah counties, M ississip p i, ita ry con trol.^37

to go to Marshall and

both w ell beyond Federal m il­

jje a i so authorized h is lo ca l sp ecial agent

at Memphis to allow family supplies to go to Tunica County, M ississip pi,

and to points in Arkansas closer to Memphis than

to another Treasury agency. ^ 8

By April the d is t r i c t com­

mander of Memphis estimated that from $14.0 , 0 0 0

to $£0,000

worth of goods l e f t Memphis each day for the enemy's country. Hurlbut t e s t i f i e d before the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War that no amount o f supervision could suppress i l l i c i t trade as long as any trade was permitted. m ilitary o f f ic e r s ,

he t e s t i f i e d ,

in the quest for cotton,

Both

Treasury and

were believed to be involved

and m ilitary operations were subor­

dinated to what was ca lled "trade. The la x ity was not a l l due to the Treasury.

Ruel Hough,

formerly acting-surveyor and co llec to r of internal revenue at Memphis since November 5* 1863> t e s t i f i e d

that he believed

the amounts o f goods permitted by Treasury agents were so

137. Tomeny to Hackley, Mar. Ij., 1861^, in TD, 2d S.A., 1 2 S, p. 1 3 9 . 138. Tomeny to Knowlton, Apr. 18, I 8 6 I4., in TD, 2d S.A., v o l. 1 2 5 , p. 2 0 8 . 139» Senate Reports, 3 8 Cong., 2 S e s s ., No. 102, p t. 3> vol.

pp.

ip .-

4 .3 .

llj.0.

Ib id .,

pp. 28-31-

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

290

n e a r m inim um f a m i l y th e

C o n fed erate

d ep arted

req u irem en ts

arm y*

G en eral H u rlb u t

V eatch h a d p e r m i t t e d in to

reg io n s

sh ip m en ts. ceiv e The

but

assistan t

Hough’ s

th ey

sp ec ia l

co m p lain ed

th a t

ag en ts charges,

d istric t to

out

serv ice .

of

get

been V eatch ’s

p erm its

not

co u ld

th a t

p a rtie s

co m m ittee

b e tte r heed

had been heard

before

in

H elen a Surveyor

w h ich H u rlb u t

u s e le s s .^ how ever,

E arly

in

of

th e

fie ld th e

but

a lth o u g h

d u ty ,

w ar, a fte r

to

Hough’s

re ­

com­

The

1863,

had

ren d erin g

m en tio n ed

a ll

in

been re lie v e d

D ecem ber,

I 8 6 I4.,

G ran t,

recom m ended h i s

m u ster

G rant

said ,

serv ice

regarded

p erm it

a t M em phis,

th u s

alread y

and in

to

M em phis.

p a rtie s

go

u n ab le

to

C ustom s

ordered,

to

C.

w ith V eatch .

D ecem ber,

V eatch h ad

do

c h arac te r,

c h a n g e d . H o u g h ,

Of

M em phis,

V e atc h to

in

Jam es

goods

who w e r e

little

at

goods

T reasury

gave

agent

b e n efit

-under T r e a s u r y

G eneral

th e

fared

not

t h a t m ore

th an

allo w

h im f r e q u e n t l y

command a t

u n ab le

claim ed

and B rig a d ie r

w o u ld

C arleto n ,

ev ery th in g

T reasury

th e y

from

th e y

$ 1 5 ,0 0 0 -$ 2 0 ,000 w o rth o f

Hough c la im e d

co n g ressio n al

p la in ts,

of

w here

p erm its

passed

Hough a ls o

M em phis u n d e r m i l i t a r y

au th o rity .

th a t

as

in

such had not M em phis h e

honest

but

had

ira sc ib le

lip .. I b i d . , p p . 36-39» lip . L oyal C ase, A s s i s t a n t S p e c ia l A g en t, T re a s u ry D e­ p a r t m e n t , H e l e n a , t o M e l l e n , D e c . 1 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 13* lij.3. Grant to Stanton, Dec. 9, l861p, in W D, Hq. of the Armies, v o l. uAn, p. 579*

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

291

by h is Treasury su p erio rs,1'" was placed under m ilitary arrest in June, I 8 6 I4.,

and subsequently removed from o f f ic e

for some unannounced r e a s o n . ^ Success of the

Confederate raid through western Tennessee

and Kentucky in April, p his.

18614., ended Hurlbut’ s command at Mem­

Without a hope that Hurlbut would ever do any bold act,

and knowing that he was ”too e a s ily stampeded” to hold such an important command, Sherman relieved the General from h is post at M e m p h i s . F o r

the assignment, Sherman secured Major

General Cadwallader C. Washburn, an able commander with long experience on the r iv e r , West Tennessee. 1U-7

and assigned him to the D is tr ic t of

Washburn had never favored commerce,

and

en route to Memphis he to ld the Committee on the Conduct of the Vilar that he favored suspension of a l l commercial in te r ­ course with d is t r ic t s 10,

1 8 6 I4.,

in insurrection.^ ®

At hi.s post on May

he stated h is opinion that ’’Memphis has been of more

value to the Southern Confederacy since i t

fe ll

into Federal

l ^ . M e l l e n , M e m p h i s , t o C h a s e , A p r . 3 0 * I 8 6 I4.J M e l l e n , C i n c i n n a t i , t o C h a s e , May o , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c ia l A gents R e p o r ts . Thom as H e a t o n , M em phis, t o B a r n i t z , May 18, 1 8 6 3 , i n T D , G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e I I 4.. 1 R« H o u g h t o M a j . G e n . C . C. W a s h b u r n , D i s t . o f W est T ennessee, J u n e 2 1 , I 8 6 I4., i n WD, D i s t . o f W e s t T e n n . , v o l . 7» O .S . 1 1 , pp. £ - 6 . I I 4.0 . Sherm an to B r i g . G en. Jo h n A. R a w lin s , C /S , Hq. o f t h e A r m i e s , A p r . I4., I 8 6 I4., i n WD, S h e r m a n l e t t e r b o o k s , v o l. 8 , P. 117. I I 4.7 • G* 0 . 1 ^ 0 , W a r D e p a r t m e n t , W a s h i n g t o n , A p r . 1 7 , I 8 6 I4., i n Q . R., s e r i e s I , v o l . 3 2 , p t . 3» P » 3 9 7 . lt£8 . S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 3 8 C o n g . , 2 S e s s . , N o . 1 4 -2 , p 6 . 3* P . li-3.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

hands, th is

th a n N a ssau ."

E very

a n d W a sh b u rn saw o n l y

a ll

com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e

and

a fte r

clo sed

le tte r

to

S tan to n n ex t th a t

sons

trad e

hands.

was

no

out

w ell.

fo rty

on

th e

te st

W ashburn He w a s

th e ir

su p p lies

guns

of

creek,

carried

liv e s.

had

th e a

c ity

ex

co v erin g

th a t

he

c o s t m ore

was th an

N in eteen -tw en tieth s

com m erce w as

bayou, on.

out

assured

rep len ish in g

be

in

com m erce w e n t fr o m

set

days

co u ld

On

an o a th

th e

c ity

im p o ssib le

to

because

w h ich d i s l o y a l p e r ­

a fa rc e .'* '^

fifty

every

M ississip p i

except

or

in to

p a s s .-^9

W ashburn e x p la i n e d

To r e g u l a t e

as

On M a y l i p , as

day,

enorm ous"

lo y a lty

regarded

riv er

a sp ec ia l

a n d many v a l u a b l e

"ab so lu tely

d islo y al th e re

co u n try .

leav e

w ith o u t

th e

su rro u n d in g

of

to

riv e r

ordered,

th e

p ro h ib itio n

and no p e r s o n w o u ld be p e r m i t t e d

$ 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 an

w ith

knew

M em phis w o u ld b e

sa tisfie d

of

one rem edy— t o t a l

M em phis

at

th e

he

man i n

lin e s

cep t by

May l £ ,

in te llig e n t

afte r

to

th a t th e ir

from

reliev e

th e

th e

rem ain ed

clearan ce

M em phis,

o th e r

farce

a g u n b o a t," W ashburn w ro te ,

on

some v e s s e l s

b o ats

and la g o o n w here

"Even

abuses

of

"is

at

and ru n n in g

C o n fed erate lan d in g

seld o m

under

trad e th e

co m p lied w ith

lIj-9. G . 0 * 3» D i s t . o f W e s t T e n n . , M e m p h i s , May 1 0 , i n WD, D i s t . o f W e s t T e n n . , v o l . 1 0 , n . p . 15>0. W a s h b u r n t o S t a n t o n , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e W - 1 0 l p 9 , May 2 0 / l 8 6 i p . 1 8 6 ip,

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

293

With very few exceptions, bad character, p lic e s

revenue aids were known to be of

and many of them had been proven to be accom­

to persons engaged in contraband trade,

Washburn

therefore ordered that no boat should land between Cairo and the mouth of White River except where there was an actual garrison of United States troops.

River boats would not be

allowed to land s k if f s or small boats nor would they be allowed to land supplies at any m ilita ry garrison except for the use o f United States troops 01? c iv ilia n s resid in g within Federal lin e s , unless with a sp ecia l permit from Washburn’s headquarters, Washburn n o tifie d

a ll

concerned that the ram Monarch would be

191

sent out next day to clear h is d i s t r i c t of trading boats, ^ He sent a copy of his orders down to the d i s t r i c t commander at Vicksburg with the suggestion that he adopt sim ilar ta c ­ t ic s Washburn’ s orders, effe c ts,

as Thomas Heaton described their

"raised quite a brigazee" in Memphis,^-£3 and their

imputations were not appreciated elsewhere.

Benjamin R,

Bonner, A ssistan t Special Agent o f the Treasury in S t.

Louis,

15>1. G. 0. i|_, D ist. of West Tenn., Memphis, May llj., I 8 6 I4., in WD, D ist. of West Tenn., v o l. 10, n.p. 152. Washburn to Maj. Gen. H. W. Slocum, Vicksburg, May 15, 18614., in WD, D ist. of West Tenn., v o l. 1, O.S. 1, p. 3£. 153* Thomas Heaton, Memphis, to Barnitz, May 18, 18614., in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 1 I4..

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

29k

im m ed iately aid s

and

w ro te

also

d i s c o v e r who th a t he

under lan d for

tra d e th e

len g e burn

w ith th e

th e

W avy.

same

he

does

to

th at

of frau d u le n t

d e tec tiv e s

A d m iral

P o rter

o f W ashburn’s th e

"farce"

in

announced

le t

orders

of

lan d in g

such

w o u ld b e p e r m i t t e d

by

any

h is

own s p h e r e

appear

th a t

he

to

have

th a t of

su p p lie s

of

agency

anyone

such

to

v esse ls o th er

sh o u ld

ch al­

operations.

h a d m e a n t no made

known

a u th o rity

seiz u re s

in ten d

be

to

b u t was

no

d id no t

sent

it

th at

ex p lain ed not

be

T reasury

Wa s h ­

in su lt

to

a g estu re

th e

tow ard

T reasury.

it

from

th e

L in co ln ,

re p o rted

testim o n y enemy,

at

M em phis

u n ex p ected p a r t i e s .

v isitin g

th e

tim e

P o rter

au th o rity

but

in te n t

nam es

He t h e r e u p o n w i t h d r e w

in frac tio n s

h is

M ellen

reference

The new p o l i c y of

th e

cover.

su b seq u en tly

Navy, th e

by

at

to

th e

th e y m ig h t b e . ^ ^

gunboat and

th an

su g g ested

agreed

d isp leased

W ashburn f o r

M ississip p i

on

and n a v a l

and recom m ended

drew

M ajo r

o n May 3 1 o ffice rs

a b so lu te

stro n g

su p p o rt,

G e n e ra l Dan E.

an i n s p e c t i o n

f r o m M em phis

of m ilitary

also

to u r th a t

S ick les,

ordered th e

by

concurrent

condem ned

in te rd ic tio n

some

of

tra d e

w ith

a ll

151+. B . R . B o n n e r , S t . L o u i s , t o W a s h b u r n , M a y 1 8 , 18614 .; B o n n e r t o M e l l e n , M ay 1 8 , I 8 6 I4., i n T D , G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s re c eiv e d , f i l e l 4 » 155G . 0 . 2 0 9 , M i s s . S q u a d r o n , M o u n d C i t y , 1 1 1 . , May 3 1 , I 8 6 I4.J i n WD, H q . o f t h e A r m y , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e H Q A -C 6 6 £ I 8 6 I4.. 136. W a s h b u rn t o Com dr. R o b e r t T o w n se n d , M em phis, A ug. I 8 6 JL4., i n 0 , R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 6 , p . £ l £ .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

20

295

commerce beyond the

l i n e s . -*-57

To Thomas Heaton, Washburn’s

p olicy indicated a broad s h if t of m ilitary tendency:

"If

Grant whips Lee I have no doubt th is order w ill be modified. I f not—a new order of things w i l l be established in th is v a lle y —su b stan tially on the b a sis o f th is order.

The Regula­

tions of the Secretary and the Rules of Mr. Mellen i f

f a it h ­

f u lly carried out would...have worked well and been productive of good r e s u lt s —but th e ir administration had been loose and vicious u n til the whole thing i s a ll

a stench in the n o s tr ils of

true men."^58 Helena and L it t le Rock Commercial problems at Helena and L ittle Rock, the only

occupied areas of importance in Arkansas, generally were mere r e fle c tio n s of those o f Memphis. Napoleon B. Buford,

At Helena, Brigadier General

a lawyer of an age with Chase and who had

studied with him as a boy in the household of William Wirt in Washington,^ 5 9

assumed command in September,

was i n i t i a l l y under the command of Hurlbut,

1 8 6 3

.

Buford

and in December,

157. Maj. G e n . D. E. S i c k l e s , M e m p h i s , t o L i n c o l n , M ay l8olj_,i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 o , p p . 3 5 1 - 3 5 2 . 1^8. T h o m a s H e a t o n , M e m p h i s , t o B a r n i t z , May 1 8 , l861j_, i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e l i p . l£ 9 . B r i g . G en . N. B . B u f o r d , H e l e n a , t o C a r l e t o n , M ar. 1 0 , 1864 , i n WD, D e p t o f A r k . , v o l . 2 7 , O . S . 9 7 , p p . 31,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

1 8 6 3 # Hurlbut1s Inspector general turned in an adverse report on the brigadier whom he described as ’’advanced in years and ...h is

age has impaired h is mind.”

The inspector found Buford

inclined to have an open ear* to ’’l ig h t and frivo lo u s r e p o r ts,” a f a i li n g which led him on in s u ffic ie n t evidence to make many seizures from which heavy damage su its

could r e s u lt .

Late

in January, l861j., however, Buford’ s d is t r ic t was incorporated •j

in the Department of Arkansas. With only two regiments of white troops at reduced strength (535 men), Buford was actually hard pressed to keep ■1

the g u errilla s

at bay,

but he nevertheless devoted an in ­

credible amount of atten tion to c i v i l matters.

"I exercise

entire control over the Treasury Agents here," he wrote Washburn.

"I allow nothing to pass without supervising i t ,

to the best of my a b ilit y . ”^ 3

Thomas Heaton,

su b stitu tin g

as Treasury agent at Helena, found Buford "well meaning and p a tr io tic , but. . .petulant and ir r it a b le , ca p ric io u s.”

and withal rather

Yet Heaton never questioned Buford’ s honesty.1^

16 0. W. H. Thurston, Asst. Inspector General, XVI Army Corps, to Hurlbut, Dec. 26, 1 8 6 3 , in WD, XVI Army Corps, v o l. 25, O.S. 1*4, PP* il*4-i4£* 16 1. G. 0. 1, Dept, of Ark., L it t le Rock, Jan. 30, I 8 6 I4., in jO. R., se r ie s I , v o l. 34. P^* 2, p. 1 8 7 • 152. Buford to Maj. W. D. Green, A.A.G., Dept, of Ark., Mar. 5, 186I|_, in WD, Dept, of Ark., v o l. 27. O.S. 97, pp. 39“40 163. Buford to Washburn, June 20, 1864. in W D, Dept, of Ark., v o l. 371 O.S. 97> PP* 103-lOij.* l 6 L. Thomas Heaton, Helena, to Barnitz, July 1 9 , 1 8 6 4 ; Heaton to Barnitz, July 21, 1864. in T.D, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 2 5 *

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

297

About a month a fter he assumed command at Helena, Buford suspended a l l trade out of Helena u n til such time as the people would rid themselves of g u e r r illa s .1^5

Qn Decem­

ber 3 » be f in a lly permitted supplies to loyal persons liv in g outside h is l in e s ,

but only with a clo se examination at the

guard sta tio n s on the two roads which he designated for such 1 LL use. At the same time Buford followed the cotton p olicy enunciated by Grant and permitted free entrance of the staple into Helena and i t s private account.

reshipment to Memphis or New Orleans on

The unoccupied cotton producing county of

Coahoma d ir e c tly across the river in M ississip p i, however, continually troubled h is

conscience.

FriarJs Point, which he

knew to be a g u e r illa stronghold, received a stream of ship­ ments from Memphis. the re q u isite

Steamers, moreover,

landed there without

cover of a gunboat and so made themselves vul­

nerable to capture. I t was Buford's f a ir ly reasonable assumption that a l l persons leg itim a tely desiring to market their cotton in Coahoma County could use the services of h is armed ferry

l 6 £. G. 0. 6 , D ist. of Eastern Ark., Helena, Oct. 30, 1863, in WD, Dept, of Ark., v o l. I4J4., O.S. 113* PP* 90-91* l66. G. 0. 9, D is t. of Eastern Ark., Helena, Dec. 3* 1 8 6 3 , in WD, Dept of Ark., v o l. ijlp, O.S. 113* PP* 93-9^-* 1 6 7 * Buford to Yeatman, Nov. 3* 1 8 6 3 , in WD, Dept, of Ark., v o l. 37* O.S. 9 6 , pp. 195-196.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

298

boat which he ran across the r iv e r once a day.^® a l l h is action s,

But despite

the trade with FriarisP oint flourished to

such an extent that Buford claimed that names of Confederate o ffic e r s were presented for family supplies in Memphis and b ills

of goods for them were shipped

d o w n .

*^9

wives of Con­

federate o ffic e r s of high rank took Union oaths and thence­ forward sold cotton and bought su pp lies, the Confederates.

Overseers, moreover,

including stores for took the oath and went

to Memphis, where one man could rep resen t-five to obtain at le a s t $1,000 in supplies for each name.

Buford wrote Stanton

in December, 1 8 6 3 * that the Confederates could put a strong force on the M ississippi i f

i t were not to th eir in te r e st to

take the supplies offered by northern "Merchant Princes."3-70 Despite h is in a b ilit y to secure any reforms, Buford never relaxed h is own atten tion upon the problem. he lev ied a monthly tax upon a l l

In January, 1861).,

trade stores in his d i s t r i c t ,

of two dollars per $1,000 of th eir Treasury permits, fit

the provost marshal fu n d .^ 1

to bene­

He banished a Helena merchant

16 8 . Buford to Yeatman, Hov. 3,1 8 6 3 , in W D, Dept, of vol. 37> O.S. 9 6 , p. 209. 169. Buford to Cant. T. H. Harris, A.A.G., XVI Army Corps, Dec. 1, I 8 6 3 , in WD, Dept, of Ark., v o l. 3 7 , O.S. 9 6 , pp. 2 3 5 -

Ark.,

236.

170. Buford to Stanton, Dec. 11, 1 8 6 3 * in W D, Dept, of vol. 27, O.S. 9 6 , P P * 2 I4- O - 2 I4.2 . 171. Par. I I , S .0 . 20, D is t. of Eastern Ark., Helena, Jan. 20, I 8 6 I4-, in W D, D ist. of Eastern Ark., v o l. $2, O.S. 109* p. 14.8 5 * Buford also taxed h otels with bars $15 per month and saloons, b illia r d h a lls , or bowling a lle y s $ 1 0 per month.

Ark.,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

299

who was reportedly offerin g $5> 0 ,0 0 0

for the commanding gen­

e r a l’s r e m o v a l . j n January, Buford secured conviction of two swindlers who professed a b ility to secure trade permits at Helena,

and the removal of his own provost marshal who was

acting in complicity with them.'5 '^^

By the time of h is r e l i e f

from assignment to the XVI Army Corps, Buford had sent twelve steamers in arrest for commercial infractions to Memphis, where, he noted ru efu lly ,

they were usually released and h is

charges

ignored. In December, 1 8 6 3 , Chase appointed Theophilus C. C a llic o t, a native o f Brooklyn, New York,

and Mellen sent him a fter a

short delay to Helena where he became a s s is ta n t sp ecia l agent. Buford thought that C allicot cooperated w ell,

179

but he s t i l l

thought that the Treasury o ffic e r s in Memphis were the source of most of his trouble.

On February 26 he claimed to have

evidence that they had combined with speculators to secure his removal.

They also cleared cargoes across the river- into

Arkansas and into the M ississippi Delta counties which went

172. Buford to Capt. T. H. Harris, Dec. 19, 1 8 6 3 , in WD, Dept, of Ark., v o l. 27, O.S. 9 6 , P» 2 I4-I4-. 173* P a r . I , S . O . 1 4 , XVI A rm y C o r p s , M e m p h i s , J a n . lip , I861f, i n WD, X V I A r m y C o r p s , v o l . 2 0 , O . S . 2 8 , p p . l 5 - l 6 . 17^4-* Buford to Stanton, Feb. 2o, l861p, in WD, Secretary of War, Letters Received, f i l e B-I9 8 9 , Aug. l l / 6 Ip. 179. T . C. C a l l i c o t , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . , t o M e l l e n , Dec. 18, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, General Agent, Letters received, file 1 3 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

300

promptly to

g u e r r i l l a s . 1 ^

To break up the former t r a f f i c ,

Buford recommended to h is new superior, Major General Fred K. S te e le ,

that he e s ta b lish a post d ir e c tly opposite Memphis

on the Arkansas sh o re.^ ^ General S te e le ,

With h is increased authority under

Buford forbade steamers landing where they

could be captured.

Such crews as were so unwary as to be

surprised and robbed, Buford immediately courtmartialed, not so much for trade v io la tio n as for risk in g capture. such a small garrison,

Having

Buford was in constant fear that the

Confederates would secure a boat and raid h is p o s t . ^ 8

When,

in March, a band of g u e r r illa s did capture and burn a steamer at Friars Point,

robbing the persons aboard of $20,000, Buford

sent a cavalry troop across

the river to se iz e in rep risa l a l l

cotton in the town. ^ 9 The ira te old general also reported that many steamboats remained out on the river for as long as f i f t y any su rveillance.-1 -®^

days without

Trade store au th orities issued by the

176. Buford to Stanton, Feb. 2 6 , l 8 6 ij., in WD, Secretary of War, Letters Received, f i l e B-I9 8 9 , Aug. I I / 6 I4.. 177. B u f o r d to Lt. G. 0. S o k a l s k i , Actg. A.A.G., Dept, o f A r k . , in WD, Dept, o f A r k . , v o l . 27, O . S . 97, pp. 33-34-. 178. Buford to Carleton, Mar. 10, 1861}., in WD, Dept, of Ark., v o l. 27, O.S. 97* PP. 45-^6. 179* B u f o r d t o T o m e n y , M a r . 6 , l 8 6 ij., i n WD, D e p t , o f A r k . , v o l. 37* O . S . 97* PP* i-1-2 — I4J4-. 180. Buford to Washburn, May 7* l 8 6 i|_, in WD, Dept, of Ark., v o l. 37, O.S. 97, pp. 75-76.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

50 1

T reasury f u r th e r w ere t h i r t y allo w ed to

co m p licated h is

a u th o rize d se ll

sto res

a t H e len a and t h r e e

$5*000 p e r m onth)

w h e re a few wood c h o p p e r s

c o n tro l of b u sin ess;

at

the

v illa g e

th ere

(each o f N apoleon,

com prised th e l o y a l p o p u la tio n .

In June, 1861)., the General apprehended two o ffic e r s o f colored troops,

conspiring with a former su tle r ,

for the midnight pur­

chase and smuggling in of cotton from FriarJsPoint. confiscated a l l

the money involved,

banned the c i v i l ia n

Buford

censured the o f f ic e r s ,

from eastern A r k a n s a s . B y

July,

and

1861|_,

he was eagerly awaiting a new regime on the M ississip p i which would end commercial abuses.

He expressed great admiration

for Washburn’ s administration at Memphis.

"When you seize

the corrupt Treasury agents," Buford wrote Washburn,

" ...y o u

w ill do a great public s e r v ic e .

At L i t t l e h ead q u arters to

the

Rock w here G e n e ra l S t e e l e m a in ta in e d

t r a d e was l e s s

c o n tra ry ,

istratio n , o ffice r.

was l i t t l e

h a r a s s e d by th e in clin ed

to

com m ander.

v ex atio u s

c iv il

a l t h o u g h G r a n t c o n s i d e r e d him a s p i r i t e d One o f

th e T reasury

dep artm en t

ag en ts r e g r e tte d

S teele, adm in­

combat

t h a t h e was

181. Buford to Maj. Gen. E. R. S. Canby, M ilitary D iv i­ sion of the West M iss., June 19, l 8 6 [p, in WD, Dept, of Ark., v o l . 37, O . S . 9 7 , p p . 98-99. 182. S . O . 1 9 9 , D i s t . of E a s t e r n A r k . , A u g . 1, l 8 6 i|., i n WD, D e p t . of A r k . , v o l. If.2, O . S . 1 0 8 , p p . 6 I+.6 - 6 I4.8 . 183. B u f o r d t o W a s h b u r n , J u l y Ij., 186^, i n WD, D e p t , o f A r k . , v o l . 37, O.S. 97, pp. 12^-125.

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302

'•not more rad ical in h is v iew s.” Treasury agents,

^

Prior to arrival of

S teele allowed his provost marshal to permit

fa ir ly free passage of supplies out o f L it t le Rock for family purposes.

He considered i t

"the duty of the m ilita ry to

protect and encourage trade in conformity with the trade laws established by the Treasury Department" and informed Buford that he desired "every f a c i l i t y

given to duly authorized

traders and lawful trade to be encouraged and protected." Under m ilita ry permits,

1 RA

S teele and Hurlbut together author­

ized some $100,000 worth of goods transported to L it t le Rock prior to the arrival of a Treasury agent. As early as August, 1 8 6 3 , Chase had selected a Phila­ delphian with prewar business in t e r e s t s

in Arkansas, named

Loyal Case,

for appointment as Treasury agent, probably at

Helena.^-®®

Case’s actual sta tio n

continued in doubt,

a l­

though Mellen sent him to Memphis to receive instru ctions • "*'® 9

I 8 J4.. B. H. Campbell, A sst. Special Agent, TD, L ittle Rock, to Mellen, Mar. 26, 1861+., in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e lk . 18^* G.O. 1J7, Army of Arkansas, L it t le Rock, Ark., Dec. 23, 1 8 6 3 , in WD, Dept, of Ark., v o l. l £ , O.S. 23, n .p . 18 6 . S teele to Buford, Feb. 23 , l861p, in 0. R., series I , v o l. 3 I4., p t. 2, p. 187. Loyal Case, Memphis, to Mellen, Nov. 16, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 13» 188. Loyal Case, Washington, to Chase, Aug. 30, I8 6 3 , in TD, S eries K, 1 8 6 3 , v o l. C-E, 9 I4-. Case to Mellen, Sept. 1, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, General Agent, L etters received, f i l e 1 3 . 189» Case, Memphis, to Mellen, Nov. 1 6 , 1 8 6 3 * i n TD> General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 13.

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303

By the middle of November, Mellen decided to send Case to L ittle

Rock and Chase gave

a

p

p

r

o

v

a

l

,^90 but,

evidently s t i l l

not s a t is f ie d about Case, Mellen directed Yeatman to appoint the trade storekeepers there on Case1s recommendation.^^ While awaiting permission to move up to L it t le Rock, Case engaged in controversy with Hurlbut, whom he charged with creation of a liquor monopoly at Memphis and Helena (whiskey costing forty cents a gallon in Cincinnati sold for seven dollars in Memphis).

Hurlbut also permitted supplies to go

to L it t le Rock over Case’s

p r o t e s t .

threatened Case with arrest i f

-*-92

Hurlbut fin a lly

he could not eith er repudiate

or prove charges that the General was engaged personally in illic it

t r a d e . -*-93

Just at the point when Case seemed in danger of arrest, Mellen allowed him to leave a temporary duty at Helena and to go on to L it t le Rock.

Once at his permanent station the

sp ecia l agent soon complained that his pay was too low; board cost three of h is fiv e

dollars per day compensation.

190. Chase to Mellen, Nov. 18, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Secretary’s Correspondence, BE, v o l. 6 , pp. 191. Mellen to Yeatman, Nov. 19, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, General Agent’ s Correspondence, vol. 39> P» 21. 192. Case, Helena, to Mellen, Dec. l 6 , 1 8 6 3 ; Case to Mellen, Dec. 17, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f ile 1 3 . 193. Hurlbut to Buford, Jan. l£ , I 8 6 I4.; Hurlbut to Chase, Jan. 17, 1864, in WD, XVI Army Corps, v o l. 3, O.S. 21, pp. 2 9 6 , 307-308.

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3 0k

Case continued the trade sto res which Steele had estab lish ed in L ittle Rock, Brownsville, of the la t t e r

and Lewisburg,

and,

since neither

two places could support a lo ca l sp ecial agent,

he allowed the provost marshals to manage them.^94

Case, how­

ever, had hardly been at L it t le Rock a month before he had alienated the new sta te government being organized there and had made an enemy of the post commander.

On February 25*

Chase, having received several complaints, d i s c h a r g e .

^95

ordered Case's

Mellen immediately sent Burton

to take over the duties

at L it t le Rock,

N .

Campbell

and Campbell appears

to have cooperated more s a t is f a c t o r ily with the reconstruc­ tion sta te government.

Campbell found no particular evidence

that Case had been dishonest,

but he thought he lacked ta ct

and d isc r e tio n . ^ 6 Commercial d i f f i c u l t i e s

elsewhere in Arkansas compli­

cated the progress of the occupying army. o ffic e r

at Duvalls B lu ff,

in October,

The commanding

1 8 6 3 , pictured "suffer­

ings . . . almost insupportable1* among the c iv ilia n s ,

a great

194* Case to Mellen, Feb. 11, 18614., in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 1 3 . 195* Chase to Mellen, Feb. 25, I 8 6 I4.; Chase to Case, Apr. 7, I 8 6 I4., in TD, Secretary’s Correspondence, BE, v o l. 6 , PP. 339-34-0, k 94* 196. E. W. Gantt, L ittle Rock, to Mellen, Mar. 18, I 8 6 I4.J Campbell to Mellen, Mar. 26, I 8 6 I4., in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e s 10 and II4..

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

305

portion of whom were said to be lo y a l. dren,” the colonel wrote,

“The women and c h i l ­

“are obliged to go barefoot and to

cover th eir nakedness are actu ally cutting up and using th eir bed clo th es, meal sacks &c.“

He thought he could recru it

su ccessfu lly among these uplanders i f

he could get some c i v i l ­

ian supplies to a lle v ia t e imminent starvation when the men joined the army.1^ November, 1 8 6 3 ,

At the fr o n tie r post of Port Smith in

a Kansas o f f ic e r reported some f i f t y

govern­

ment wagons passing through, guarded by Kansas cavalry, with captured and private c o tto n .-*-98

loaded

a departmental inspector

from St. Louis believed that the commanding general of the D is tr ic t of the Frontier was involved in the thriving business of “McDonald & Company" at Port Smith,

a business which made

sa les of $>£#000 a day and engaged in extensive cotton procure­ ment. ^-99

According to a newspaper report which drew the atten ­

tion of Gideon Welles,

a trading firm at Camden, in June,

was supplying s a lt meat to the Confederates,

I 8 6 I4.,

taking four

pounds of cotton for three pounds of s a lt meat and e ffe c tin g

197. Col. J. Richmond, Comdg. Post, Duvalls B lu ff, Ark., to Treasury Agent, Memphis, Oct. 31> l863> in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 13» 198. Lt. Col. W. T. Campbell, 6th Regt. Kansas V o ls., Cavalry, Ft. Smith, to Mai. Gen. John M. Schofield, Dept, of the Missouri, Nov. 2l|-, l8o3> in 0^. R ., se rie s I , v o l. 22, p t. 2, P.

71^.

199. Lt. Col. John Y. Clapper, S t. Louis, to Brig. Gen. James Totten, C/S, Dept of the Missouri, Dec. 28, 1 8 6 3 * in W D, Hq. of the Army, f i l e C-l4-76/l863»

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

*

3:o 6

exchanges by steamboat at Lake V illa g e,

Eunice, and Gaines

Landing on the M ississip p i• Vicksburg and Natchez uW e are having gay times here," one Treasury agent at Vicksburg wrote h is "the town i s

associate at Natchez in April,

f u l l o f Secesh Spies,

has become corrupted.”201

1861].,

and I think corruption

has been seen, General Grant

r e siste d the opening of trade south of Helena as long as he f e l t p o ssib le ,

while Mellen,

representing the Treasury,

did

not press him to do so, wishing instead that the General might f e e l some popular p ressu re.2 0 2 Grant f in a lly

did y ie ld

In September,

1 8 6 3

,

to the popular pressure and s ig n i­

fie d that he was w illin g to release commerce to Treasury management.

In conference with Mellen, he designated h is

m ilitary lin e s M ississip p i, ington,

to embrace a supply d is t r i c t comprising,

in

the counties of Warren, Yazoo, Issaquena, Wash­

Sunflower, Bolivar,

Coahoma, Tunica,

and so much of

Tallahatchie and Panola Counties as lay west of the

200. Welles to Porter, July 2, 1861]., in 0. R. (Navy) se rie s I , v o l. 2 6 , pp. 201. C. A. Montross, A sst. Special Agent, TD, Vicksburg, to W m. Burnet, A sst. Special Agent, Natchez, Apr. lip, 1861]., in TD, 2d S .A ., Natchez D is t r ic t , Letters received, f i l e 1. 202. Mellen, Cincinnati, to Chase, Sept. 2, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, General Agent’s Correspondence, v o l. 3i\., pp. l5 0 -l5 l«

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307

Tallahatchie River, den, M ississip p i,

and in Arkansas the counties of Critten­

P o in sett,

and so much of Monroe, S t. Francis,

and Jackson as lay on or ea st of White River. Since Grant assured him that there were f u lly 2,000 bales of captured cotton around Vicksburg, Mellen on October 22 gave f i r s t

a tten tio n to the appointment of Charles A.

Montross as lo c a l

sp ecia l agent for receiving captured and

abandoned property. 20l± October, 1863,

jyren en went to Nashville in la te

in an e ffo r t

to ta lk further with Grant r e ­

garding the opening of trade stores on the M ississip p i. Grant was at Chattanooga, but Mellen wrote him of the pro­ cedure he desired to employ:

trade sto r e s,

lim ited by

licen se to lo y a l men, would be opened only at garrisoned posts.

Trade would be lim ited ,

but i t

should be as f r e e ■as

possible to persons who applied for lic e n s e s .

Mellen wished

lo ca l provost marshals to countersign permits issued to c i t i ­ zens desiring trade b y 'lo c a l Treasury agents. Forced by "the v ic is s itu d e

of war" into command of the

Department of the Tennessee and m ystified by c iv ilia n

203. Mellen, Cincinnati, to Chase, Oct. 1, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, General Agent’ s Correspondence, v o l. 3k■» PP* 230-232. 20[|_. Mellen, Cincinnati, to Chase, Oct. 7* 1 8 6 3 ; Mellen to C. A. Montross, Oct. 22, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, General Agent's Cor­ respondence, v o l. 3 8 * PP» 9-10. 205. Mellen, N ash ville, to Grant, Oct. 2£, I 8 6 3 , in TD, General Agent's Correspondence, v o l. 3%» PP» l-^»

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308

matters, General Sherman nevertheless received r e sp o n sib ility in October,

1 8 6 3 , for the opening of commerce on the middle

M ississip p i.

His notions were simple:

he wanted through

t r a f f ic on large steamers and regular packets encouraged; he intended to punish anyone in h is command who dealt in commerce;

and he also intended to impress into m ilitary

service any speculators who had come South to evade the draft.

Admiral Porter, who shared the r e sp o n s ib ility ,

complained of the various systems of trade followed by the Treasury,

“a l l as various as the hues of the chameleon,“

instead of the simple plans which he and Grant had offered. Porter wished lim ited trade to places garrisoned by troops, and such towns were to be so c lo s e ly picketed that supplies could not be smuggled out. be

207

1

Sherman agreed that war should

an a ll-o u t struggle for “s e l f - e x i s t e n c e ,“ but Congress

had le g is la t e d and he meant to l e t

the Treasury agents manage

com m erce.^ In s e ttin g up the trade stores

at Vicksburg, Natchez,

and Goodrich Landing, Mellen followed Grant's directions

206. Sherman, Iuka, M iss., to Chase, Oct. 25, 1863; Sherman to Porter, Oct. 25, 1 8 6 3 , in WD, Sherman le t t e r books, vol. 8 , pp. 9 - 1 3 207. Porter, Cairo, to Sherman, Oct. 29, 1 8 6 3 , in 0. R. (Navy), se r ie s I , v o l. 2 5 ,'PP* 52-524. 208. Sherman, F a y e tte v ille , Tenn., to Porter, Nov. 8 , I8 6 3 , in 0. R. (Navy), s e r ie s I , v o l. 25, P- 539*

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309

p recisely ,

authorizing two traders at the f i r s t

and one at the l a s t , $1 5 0 , 0 0 0

two places

each trader having a righ t to s e l l

worth of goods a month.

Grant i n i t i a l l y

did not

favor more than these few sto res on the grounds that they were as many as he could watch.^ 9 General Lorenzo Thomas that h is

^ request from Brigadier

son be allowed to open one

of the stores reached Mellen too la t e for action .^ ® When Grant and Sherman went upon f i e l d

duty at Chatta­

nooga, Major General James B. McPherson and h is XVII Army Corps remained as the occupation force between the mouth of the Arkansas River and the Department of the Gulf.

McPherson,

lik e h is c h ie f,

was ready to allow the Treasury agents to

regulate trade,

but at Vicksburg Montross had no authority

other than to receive captured and abandoned property. McPherson, d esirin g to r e lie v e many ’’r e a lly d e s titu te ” people who had a l i t t l e

cotton to s e l l ,

continued to allow

h is post commanders and lo c a l provost marshals to permit trade u n til the Treasury appointed an o f f ic e r for the pur­ pose. 2 1 1

He advised post commanders to get to know the

209. Mellen to Stanton, Dec. 2 J4., 1 8 6 3 , in TD, General Agent’s Correspondence, v o l. 39» PP• 367-369• 210. Thomas, Vicksburg, to Grant, Oct. 12, 1863; Grant, Chattanooga, to Mellen, Oct. 3 0 , 1 8 6 3 * in TD, General Agent, . Letters received, f i l e 9* Mellen to Thomas, Nov. 9* 1 8 6 3 , in TD, General Agent's Correspondence, v o l. 3 8 , p. 162. 211. Maj. Gen. J. B. McPherson, XVII Army Corps, Vicks­ burg, to Sherman, Nov. 5, 1 8 6 3 , in WD, XVII Army Corps, v o l. ij.,

o.s. 5,

p p

.

192-193.

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310

lo ca l people and to enforce r ig id ly Grant’ s ban on cotton buyers south of Helena. In the interim commercial matters disturbed McPherson greatly.

He professed during November, 1 8 6 3 , to receive at

lea st one regular alarm of enemy attack at some place in h is area each week,

a ll

started by the "cotton sharks" who wanted

to s t i r up a Federal expedition and trade behind i t .

Such

persons were everywhere; McPherson was m ystified as to how they got down the riv er so e a s ily when they were not supposed to come south o f H e l e n a . t 0 foe r id. Qf mischievous traders, McPherson resolved "to try the e f f e c t of a rig id conscrip­ tion on them as well as on a cla ss of suspicious characters, jews and such lik e from the N o r th ....

Although trading

in cotton was not permitted south of Helena, McPherson knew that many dishonest men were appearing as the legitim ate owners of cotton which they probably did not own at the moment, but under pressure they could prodxice w itnesses to swear in their f a v o r . O n

November 22,

1 8 6 3 , McPherson

212. McPherson to Col. E. D. Osband, Comdg., Skipwiths Landing, M iss., Nov. 1 9 , I 8 6 3 , in W D, XVII Army Corps, vol. I)-, O.S. 3» p. 211. 213. McPherson to Grant, Nov. 22, 1 8 6 3 , in WD, XVII Army Corps, v o l. ip, O.S. 3* PP. 213-211^. 21ij.. McPherson to Sherman, Nov. 22, 1 8 6 3 , in WD, XVII Army Corps, v o l. 1|.,. O.S. 3, pp. 219-220. 213. McPherson to Hurlbut, Dec. 8 , 1 8 6 3 , in WD, XVII Army Corps, v o l. 1+., O.S. 3» PP • 232-233*

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3'11

ordered every p o st,

brigade,

and d iv isio n commander in his

corps to impress such United S tates for m ilitary se rv ic e,

c itiz e n s

as were lia b le

such persons to be e n lis te d for three

years as so ld iers or to be compelled to serve without pay u n til dismissed i f

they did not wish to e n l i s t .

The order

would not be applied to Union refugees or persons fle e in g the "heartless and tyrannical con scrip tion11 o f the Confeder­ acy.^1^ Execution of the draft does not appear to have been very su ccessfu l,

and early in December McPherson observed that he

greatly anticipated the arrival of John Adair McDowell,

a

disabled Iowa volunteer colonel whom Chase had named a s s i s t ­ ant sp ecial agent at Vicksburg.

"I understand McDowell i s

coming dov/n as Treas. Agt. with f u l l in stru ctio n s," McPherson wrote,

"and I am rejoiced to hear of i t

of the business a lto g eth er. It^1^

for I want to get rid

Arriving at Vicksburg toward

the middle of December, McDowell defined as a trade d is t r i c t Warren County,

so much o f Washington and Issaquena counties

as was contained between Deer Creek and the M ississip p i,

so

much of Chicot and Carroll parishes as lay between Bayou

216. G.O. I4.I, XVII Army Corps, Vicksburg, Nov. 23, 1 8 6 3 , in WD, XVII Army Corps, v o l. 7> O.S. 11, pp. 118-119. 217. McPherson to Hurlbut, Dec. 8 , 1 8 6 3 , in W D, XVII Army Corps, v o l. i|., O.S. 5, PP* 232-233*

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312

Macon and the M ississip p i.

The region between the Yazoo

and M ississippi riv ers would be a supply d i s t r i c t . proved,

to the Treasury agent’s su rprise,

McPherson

far more lib e r a l

than the Treasury p o lic y in commercial m atters.

McPherson

also p articu larly objected to the Treasury rule

allowing no

more than $3*000 monthly business

to one trader; he believed

that th is would unduly fra ctio n a te business

and make clo se

O ’] O

inspection im possible. McDowell was hard pressed in beginning h is b usin ess. "I was rushed upon f ie r c e ly by applicants cult to avoid them long enough,1 1 he wrote,

and find i t

d iffi­

f!to do anything

than answer q u e stio n s.”

General Grant's proclamation which

had invited the c itiz e n s

of Vicksburg to resume th e ir avoca­

tions p ea cefu lly ,

seemed to comprise an embarrassing contract

with old residents of the c it y who wished no interruption to their old a c t i v i t i e s .-^9

gy December 25* McPherson and Mc­

Dowell agreed that $150,000 would be a reasonable monthly figure for trade at Vicksburg, on the $3,000 r ul e ,

and,

since Mellen was adamant

McDowell divided th is

amount in to

218. J. A. McDowell, Vicksburg, to Mellen, Dec. l 6 , I 8 6 3 , in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 1 3 . 219. McDowell to Mellen, Dec. 17* 1 8 6 3 * -*-n ^ S.A ., vol. 1 2 3 , pp. 3~k-* 220. M e l l e n t o M c D o w e l l , D e c . 5* 1 8 6 3 * i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 9 * P» 1 7 1 *

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313

f i f t y authorizations,

o f which, he meant to issu e t h ir t y - f iv e

and hold the remainder in reserve.

221

One of these authori­

tie s was issued to a partnership including Mellen’ s son, but in May, l 8 6 ij_, Mellen,

the T re a s u ry ,

at the suggestion o f the Secretary of

h a d him w ith d ra w from b u s i n e s s

gain favors from h is fa th e r ’ s p o sitio n .

l e s t he

seem to

222

Complications regarding commercial matters continued even a fter the establishment of a trade system fo r , Dowell said ,

Vicksburg was "so far o f f that i t

is

to know how to do anything righ t or ascertain i f i t is

as Mc­

d iffic u lt done whether

done r ig h tly or n o t11 according to Treasury p o l i c i e s . - ^

Lacking a map of Louisiana, McDowell claimed to have issued cotton purchase permits in parishes beyond Federal authority through misinformation.

S im ilarly,

for some unknown reason,

the trade d i s t r i c t for Vicksburg defined in Mellen’ s lo c a l regulations of January 5,

I 8 6 I4., was quite d iffe r e n t from that

agreed upon by McPherson and McDowell.

This d i s t r i c t ran

roughly from the Ouachita River on the west to an in d e fin ite eastern terminus • 22ij.

jn st i l l

another ir r e g u la r ity ,

Brigadier

221. McDowell to Mellen, Dec. 2£, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, 2d S.A ., 1 2 8 , p. 1 2 . 222. Barnitz to Mellen, May 29, I 8 6 I4.; Barnitz to Dr. J. Peabody, May 29* l 8 6 ij., in TD, 1st S.A ., v o l. I4.3 , pp. 27^-“275» 223. McDowell to Barnitz, Mar. 5>, l 8 6 ij-, in TD, 2d S .A ., vol. 123, p. 35. 2 2 j| . McDowell to Barnitz, June 8 , 1 8 6 3 * in TD, 2d S.A.* vol. 123, PP. 99-103.

vol.

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General John McArthur, post commander at Vicksburg,

sent the

Superintendent o f the M ississip p i Lunatic Asylum a permit to bring in cotton and buy supplies needed for h is

charges.

Charges of d e r e lic tio n from duty were not infrequent along the M ississip p i during the period. however,

sought to show that most charges la id

Navy were actu ally Brigade,

Admiral Porter,

attributable

against the

to the M ississip p i Marine

a ship-based army organization, which was frequently

reported for l o o t i n g . L a t e r th is brigade of corruption,

evidence would amply convict

but in January,

l8 6 1 { .,

a naval

gunboat's crew was apprehended in p illa g e near Lake Providenc L o u i s i a n a .

Yet these were p etty d i f f i c u l t i e s

compared to

those arisin g from Sherman's expedition from Vicksburg to break up railway communications at Meridian, M ississip p i, February, l 8 6 1 f .

in

Sherman took the two corps of McPherson and

Hurlbut on the march which l e f t returned about February 29»

the river on February 5 *

and

Simultaneously he sent a smaller

regimental force up the Yazoo River on transports and gun­ boats to produce a diversion, punish certain h o s t ile persons,

225. Brig. Gen. John McArthur, Vicksburg, to Dr. Robert Kelly, Mar. 3* 1 8 6 1 ^ , in WD, Dept, of M iss., v o l. 3 2 , O.S. 5 5 * P . 37 . 226. P o r t e r , C a i r o , t o W e l l e s , J a n . 17, l 8 6 ij., i n .O.R. ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . 25* PP« 693-°9^-* 227. G.O. 158, Miss. Squadron, Jan. 18, l 8 6 i|_, in 0. R. (Navy), se r ie s I , v o l. 25* PP» 701-702.

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315

q

oft

and bring out cotton.

Confederate reports were that the

Marine Brigade hauled o f f up to 1,000 bales of C.S.A.

cotton

from lower Hinds and upper Claiborne counties during the d is ­ turbance.^*^

Over IfOO b ales of th is

cotton was released by

the Marine Brigade to a c it iz e n o f West Virginia who claimed to own i t .

Brigadier General James M. Tuttle brought back

1]£>9 other bales of C.S.A.

cotton from beyond Big Black River,

cotton which had been raised by a planter who fr e e ly s e llin g i t

to the Confederacy.

admitted

When they learned o f the

transaction McPherson and Mellen managed to recapture part of th is

cotton which agents of A. & W. Sprague o f Providence,

Rhode Island,

and of Hoyt, Sprague & Company of New York

claimed to have pur chased from some u n id en tified party.

The

Yazoo expedition brought back about 2,200 bales of cotton, which amount the Navy claimed 650 bales as p rize.

of

Sherman

ordered 1,000 bales turned over to the Treasury agent,

and

the re st held to compensate lo y a l claimants, but, having to contact General Banks, he l e f t McPherson to manage the cotton McPherson, inexperienced with c i v i l matters,

allowed over

228. Sherman, S t. Louis, Mo., to Col. W . A. Nichols, A.A.G., Hq. of the Armies, Aug. 17, 1865, in W D, M ilitary D ivision of the M iss., v o l. 1, O.S. 1, p. if19* 229* Brig. Gen. Wirt Adams, Cavalry Brigade, near Madison S tation , M iss., to Maj. Wm. E l l i o t t , Mar. lif, l861f, in 0. R., se r ie s I , v o l. 32, p t. 3, P« 62if.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

316

1 , 0 0 0 bales to be turned over to p rivate claim ants, next to nothing to the Treasury. a ffa ir ,

was f i n a l l y

Mellen,

leaving

summarizing the

"tired out and disgusted" with a subject

which made " trick sters and knaves of honest men and furnishes ample employment for the cunning and unscrupulous thousands." He recommended that Chase remove every r e s t r ic t io n on cotton purchases or e ls e government agents.

confine i t s

purchase to s p e c ia lly

appointed

2^0

Sherman had thought that McPherson was too young and restiv e for the occupation duty at Vicksburg and while he was in the c ity

a fte r

the Meridian expedition, McPherson

formally requested that he be allowed to take his combat.^ 1

Instead,

corps to

he was given command o f the Department

of the Tennessee when Sherman assumed Grant’ s o v era ll com­ mand of the M ilitary D ivisio n of the M ississip p i.

He would

now accompany Sherman’ s expedition as an army commander.

On

April 12, l 8 6 I|_, Major General Henry W. Slocum was therefore

230. Hurlbut, Vicksburg, to McPherson, Mar. 8 , l861j., in W D, XVI Army Corps, v o l. 1, O.S. 22, p. 18. McPherson, Vicks­ burg, to Capt. J. 0. Pullen, Provost Marshal, XVII Army Corps, Mar. 10, l 8 6 I(_, in WD, XVII Army Corps, v o l. l±, O.S. 5, P» 2 9 8 . Mellen, Cincinnati, to Chase, Mar. 28, I8 6 J 4.; Mellen to Chase, Mar. 28, l 8 6 ij., in TD, General Agent’s Correspondence, v o l. Ip., pp. 203-2lli.. 231* McPherson to Sherman, Mar. 7* 186 Ij_, in WD, XVII Army Corps, v o l. Ip, O.S. £, p. 29lp. G.0. 1, M ilitary D ivision of the M iss., N a sh ville, Mar. l 8 , 186k; G.0. 1, Dept, of the Tenn., H un tsville, Tenn., Mar. 2o, l 8 6 q., in 0. R., se r ie s I , v ol. 3 2 , p t. 3 , pp. 8 7 , 1 6 3 .

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317

given command of the D is t r ic t of Vicksburg.^ 2 f i r s t actions upon arrival was to withdraw a l l fo r t if ic a t io n s of the c i t y ,

One of Slocum's troops into the

dismiss the provost marshal,

and

arrest a lo c a l sp ecia l Treasury agent who had been permitting excessive su p p lies.

He announced that he was bound to break

up the contraband trade into every o ffic e r in the c i t y . ^ 3

the country i f he had to arrest Qn

^

eral order lim itin g passage of his lin e s had taken the oath of a lle g ia n c e,

Slocum issued a gen­ to loyal c itiz e n s who

requiring c itiz e n s

in for their personal family su pp lies,

lim itin g such supplies

to that amount needed for not over th ir ty days, a ll trade stores ment,

discontinuing

at posts not garrisoned by at le a s t a r e g i­

and forbidding steamers to land at any place other than

a garrisoned post unless under cover of a gunboat. also prohibited the use of government teams, wagons, se ls

to come

Slocum or ves­

in hauling cotton on private account. 23bBut Slocum was only half-hearted in comparison with

Washburn’ s action at Memphis. in v ita tio n to follow h is

He replied to Washburn's

course with a statement that i t

232. G.0. 3, Dept, of the Tenn., H untsville, A la ., Apr. l 8 olf, in 0 . R ., s e r ie s I , vo l. 32, p t. 3> PP* 339-340* 233-Montross to Mellen, May 4 , I 8 6 I4.,in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e lij.. 2 3 I4.. G.0. I4., D i s t . of V i c k s b u r g , May 5, 1861^, i n WD, Dept, of M i s s . , v o l. 23* O.S. 33* P* 2. 12,

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318

was not h is purpose to break up a l l trade,

although he was

not certain but that the in te r e s ts of the service would bene­ f i t from a to ta l ce ssa tio n .

He said,

earnestly endeavoring to e f f e c t good r e s u l t s . M e l l e n

however, that he was

a change and was sanguine of

was pleased with the “p ra ctica l

good sense and honest purpose” of Slocum’s order.

To Mc­

Dowell’s complaint that the order would re su lt in “shutting up the Shebang,” Mellen observed that anything prohibited by the order should have been closed up long b efore. ^ 6 ant Special Agent Thomas Heaton,

A s s is t­

down the riv er on an inspec­

tion tr ip , was favorably impressed with General Slocum,

if

for no other reason than because he read the radical New York Tribune and Independent. ^ 7

General Halleck wrote Grant

that Washburn and Slocum seemed to have corruption checked for the moment. Although i t may have seemed that corruption had become corrupted at Vicksburg,

the greatest se r ie s of continuing

commercial scandals took place to the southward at Natchez.

235* Slocum to Washburn, May 15, I 8 6 I4., in WD, D ist. of West Tenn., v o l. 2, O.S. If, p. 195* 236. Mellen, Washington, to Barnitz, May 20, l861f, in TD, General Agent’s Correspondence, v o l. 35, PP* 208-210. 237* Thomas Heaton to Mellen, May 31, l 8 oif, in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e llf. 238. Halleck to Grant, June 27, l861f, in W D, Hq. of the Army, v o l. 19, PP* 305-307*

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319

Federal troops had taken i t burg,

sh ortly a fter the f a l l of Vicks­

and the post there had been subordinated to whatever

headquarters controlled Vicksburg.

A large number of o f f i ­

cers had been transferred through the p ost command, which made for disorganization and confusion.^ 9

a fa ct

por

p osition of a s s is ta n t sp ec ia l agent of the Treasury at Natchez, Chase had se lec te d Ralph S.Hart,

a personal ac­

quaintance from S t. Louis with an e x c e lle n t le g a l background.*^-®

and ju d ic ia l

Chase regarded Hart as "peculiarly w ell q u a li­

fied" and advised Mellen to give him r e s p o n s ib ilit y .^ ^ reached Natchez and assumed h is duties on January 3, E ffective on December 3 0 , Burnet,

Hart

o/i 2 ii2 1861]..

1 8 6 3 , Mellen also named William

son of a distinguished Cincinnati

j u r is t ,

to be

a ssista n t sp ec ia l agent for abandoned plantations at Natchez. Enroute to h is new p ost,

Hart stopped at Vicksburg to

determine what quantity of supplies McPherson would allow at Natchez,

and McPherson o r a lly sp ec ifie d a trade of $75?*000

239* Capt. John M. Wilson, Asst. Inspector General, M ilitary D ivision of the West M iss., to Maj. C. T. Christen­ sen, A.A.G., M ilitary D ivision of the West M iss., July 2i]_, I8 6 I4., in WD, Dept, of the Gulf, v o l. 72, O.S. l l o , pp. 37-39* 2l|,0. Schuckers, Chase, 328-329* pj | l . Chase to Mellen, Nov. 18, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Secretary’s Correspondence, BE, v o l. 6 , pp. 21].2. R. S. Hart, Natchez, to Mellen, Jan. Ip, 1861]., in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 13. 2i|-3. Mellen to William Burnet, Jan. 21, 1861]., in TD, 2d S.A ., Natchez D is t r ic t , Letters received, f i l e 1.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

■1

320

or 18^,000 per month.

In February,

the amount to $100,000 and, o ffic ia ls

I 8 6 I4., McPherson raised

according to Hart,

said that the

at Natchez must make th eir own d e c isio n s.

Hart

nevertheless put the question of the amount of trade to Gen­ eral Lorenzo Thomas, who was passing through,

and he se t

$1^0,000 to $175,000 per month as a ju s t fig u r e. moreover, Thomas,

In March,

the tr a v e llin g Adjutant General of the Fed­

eral Army, authorized Hart to e s ta b lish ten trade stores at Waterproof, Louisiana,

and to permit introduction of not ex­

ceeding $25,000 worth of goods there each m o n t h . C h a s e * s advice to Hart, w ritten on January 5, keep ste a d ily in v iew ,” he wrote,

18614., was general:

M I

"the general p r in c ip le s —

1. Absolute freedom of trade where there i s no danger that supplies w ill be furnished to the r e b e ls. trade where there i s

such danger,

2. R estricted

e ith er in portions of the

loyal States bordering upon rebel States or in rebel States occupied by our m ilita ry fo r c e s . between those in rebel lin e s

3 * No intercourse at a l l

and those within national lin e s .

In carrying out the second p r in c ip le here indicated, my

Hart to Mellen, Jan. 1)., I 8 6 I4., in TD, General Agent, 214!}.. Letters received, f i l e 13* 214.5 . Hart to Thomas, Mar. 29, I8 6 I4.; Order, L. Thomas, T.A.G., Natchez, M iss., Mar. 29, I 8 6 I4., in TD, 2d S.A ., Letters received, f i l e 1 . 21 4.6 . Thomas to Hart, Mar. 2l{., I 8 6 I4., in TD, 2d S.A ., Letters received, f i l e 1«

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

321

intention i s

that the r e s t r ic t io n s

sh a ll be strin gen t enough

to prevent supplies to insurgents beyond our l in e s ,

and yet

not so stringent as to prevent supplies to the population within our l in e s . Hart seems to have f i l l e d

h is p o sitio n without complaint

u n til March, 1861^., when General T u ttle,

evading r e sp o n sib ility

in the cotton in trigu es of the Meridian expedition, transfer to the command of Natchez.2^

secured a

Hart and T uttle, whose

popular reputation was that of an “unprincipled knave," soon became extreme confidants on "whispering" terms,

and they

seem to have set out to b etter th eir personal fortunes. began to se iz e

cotton on friv o lo u s charges, which,

Tuttle

according

to Burnet, he dismissed upon payment of bribes running as high as seven ty -five dollars

a bale.^"^

During April another in ­

formant sent a l e t t e r to Stanton complaining that the "atmos­ phere i s

loaded down with reports of the d a ily ,

p ro stitu tio n o f o f f i c i a l place and power, honest gain" at Natchez. twenty dollars each,

almost hourly,

to purposes of d is ­

Cotton shipping permits openly cost

a "ring" was con trollin g a l l

cotton trade,

and without payment of bribes planters could not ship th eir

2i^-7. Chase to Hart, Jan. 5, 186I+, in Schuckers, Chase, 3 2 6 . 2 I4.8 . Par. IV, S.P.O ., Dept, of the Tenn., Vicksburg, M iss., Mar. 7 , I 8 6 I4., in 0. R., s e r ie s I , v o l. 32, p t. 3» P« 36. Hurlbut to McPherson, Mar. 10, l 8 6 i|_, in WD, XVI Army Corps, v o l. 1, O.S. 22, p. 18. 2^9. Burnet to Mellen, Apn. 9, l 8 6 1 f , in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e llj..

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

322

products.

Whiskey,

s till

hot from the s t i l l ,

was sold in

a "perpetual fountain of vice and Blasphemy" whose operator paid $6,000 for h is l i c e n s e . T h e

news of flagran t d is ­

honesty at Natchez could not long be kept from cir c u la tio n . Thomas Heaton,

sent down to in sp e c t,

at once suspended Hart

from duty and also convinced General Slocum that he should take sim ilar action against T u ttle. Hart was thus suspended on May 18, relieved by Burnet the same day.

I8 6 I4.,

and temporarily

Chase took formal action

on May 2i|_, a fter ten ta tiv e in v e stig a tio n had revealed Hart to have been "wonderfully corrupt."

Burnet soon discovered

that his predecessor had been very lax in giving out trade permits, giving them to fa v o r ite s the s t r e e t s .

and also hawking them in

Hart also had operated a cotton storage yard

in which he allowed private speculators to store for a p r ic e .

their cotton

Records of the express company showed that he

had sent h is wife $19»000 during h is few months at Natchez. Hart was subsequently arrested,

but Slocum released him when

250. W, Vincent, Natchez, to Col. Slaughter, Apr. 28, 1861)., in WD, Secretary o f War, Letters Received, f i l e V-2f?l,

9 /6 I l.

2f?l. B a r n i t z t o M e l l e n , May 19» 1861}.; B a r n i t z t o M e l l e n , May 20, 1861}., i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . Ip3, pp. 193, 203. 252. Barnitz to Mellen, May 22, 1861}., in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 8 . Chase to Hart, May 21}., l861p, in TD, 2d S .A ., Natchez D is t r ic t , Letters received, f i l e 1. Burnet to Barnitz, May 18, 1861}., in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e lip.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

323

he paid over $6 , 0 0 0 swindled. m

o

n

t

h

s

.

to he used in compromising with persons

He returned to S t. Louis and died within three Tuttle was also re lie v ed from duty and r e tired

to c iv ilia n l i f e .

Within two months a l l

trade a u th orities

at Natchez had been revoked and ju d iciou sly red istrib u ted , and the m ilita ry began operating under Slocum’s general order on trade.

Burnet went to work with B arnitz’ piifeus

advice that "No money can compensate fo r a s u llie d reputa­ tion,

and men who are not fatten in g on corruption and

disgracing th eir o f f i c e , liv e

to r e a liz e

whether c i v i l or m ilita ry , may

that."^^-

2^3. Wilson to Christensen, July 21}., 1861}., in WD, Dept, of the Gulf, v o l. 7 2 , O . S . l l o , pp. 3 7 - 3 9 * Sehuckers, Chase, 329* 2£!}.. B u r n e t t o M e l l e n , J u l y 2 , 1861}., i n T D , G e n e r a l A g en t, L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e l £ . M a j. G eorge D. R e y n o ld s , P r o v o s t M a r s h a l, N a tc h e z , t o C a p t. Jam es H. O d lin , A .A .G ., D i s t . o f V i c k s b u r g , i n WD, D e p t , o f M i s s . , v o l . 3 9 * O . S . 7k-> p. 5k. B a r n i t z t o B u r n e t , May 2 7 , 1 8 6 k , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . k 3» PP* 2 6 7 - 2 6 9 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

CHAPTER V I I I COMMERCE I N THE OTHER S P E C I A L A G E N C I E S ,

1863-136lj. Of th e

o th e r

sp ec ia l

D epartm ent

in

I 863,

en co u n tered

none

A gency i n A gency of Yet

th e

th e

re g u la tio n s

each

and

scan d als of

th e

ere cte d

o f M arch

31

so m any p ro b le m s

M ississip p i

(L o u isian a

c o tto n

ag en cies

V alley .

Texas)

th a t

sp ec ia l

O nly

a g en cies

th e

m et

and

as

th e

F ifth

th e

11,

F irst S p ecial

same t y p e

F ederal

its

T reasury

S eptem ber

d id

th e

en co u n tered

je o p ard ized

by th e

war

e ffo rt.

own p e c u l i a r

d iffic u ltie s. The B ecause C o n fed erate th o se

cau tio n .

th e

to

com m erce. commanded

co n tin u al in

Second

H an so n A.

d eterm in e

S p ecial

th e

th e

V irg in ia,

S p ecial fa ll

R isley , w ish es

of

posed

by

th e

m anagem ent

of

com m erce

th e

state

th e M onocacy R iv e r,

and

I 863 t h e

th e

G eneral K elley

M ary lan d ,

th e

p e rip h e ry

th e

strip

of

of

sp ecial h is

g en erals

C lark sb u rg ,

o f W est V ir g in ia ,

in

p artic u la r

su p erv isin g

com m anding

at

pow erful

and V i r g i n i a

Agency r e q u ir e d

to u red of

Agency

danger

o f W est V i r g in i a ,

D u rin g

to

who

th e

arm ies

p o rtio n s

co m p risin g

ag en t,

of

Second

d istric t

re la tiv e

W est V i r g i n i a ,

M ary lan d w e st

n o rth ern

V irg in ia

of alo n g

32k

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325

th e

B altim o re

h is

command m i g h t h e

ex cep tio n

of

& O hio R a i l w a y

th e

of M artin sb u rg p o rtio n

access lim ited

fam ily

Schenck, of

shore

ment

of

o f W ash in g to n ,

not

o u tsid e

go

sig n ed

by

F a irfax

liv in g

so ld

th e

th e

sta te

trad e

P.

c ity

d iv id e d

buy

in to

H ein tzelm an , R isley

th ree

ex cep ted

free

of

R obert

part

R isley but

th e

a g ain st was

trad e

any

d istric ts.

p ro v id ed p erm it trad e

was w i l l i n g

th a t

th a t

2

D ep art­

goods m ig h t

f o u r w eeks

e aste rn

w illin g

com m anding t h e

th a t

C.

o f M ary lan d

and

He w a n t e d n o

or

th a t

it

m ain ten an ce

a T reasury

but

v ic in ity

of

th a t

V irg in ia,

w ith o u t

th e

th e

w o u ld make

o f D elaw are,

p ro v o st m arsh al.

sh o u ld

a ll

of

a v a ila b ility

to

re stric tio n s

co u n ties

The

a ll w ith

in

th o u g h t

and

cau tio n ed

in A lex an d ria, th e

& 0.

M ajo r G e n e ra l

B altim o re

a d v ised

o r Loudon

th ere

K elley

a re a s.^

sh o u ld be Sam uel

and

B.

and he

p ro d u cts

of V irg in ia,

re la x atio n

G eneral

sym pathy

lo c al

M onocacy,

bought

in

for

o ccu p ied

d ep artm en t

M ajor

in

th e

th a t

d istric t,

M ary lan d .

P e rso n ally ,

com m anding a t th e

trad e

alo n g

o p in io n

s u p p l i e s w ere c o n d u c i v e

co u n ties

sudden h is

in

a

an d C u m b erlan d ,

m arket

good o r d e r

east

te rrito ry

d is tric t.

to

of

d e cla re d

was C o n f e d e r a te

a su p p ly

was

be

th e y

free ly d id

co u n ter­ sto res fa m ilie s

su p p lies

at

a

1. B r i g . G e n . B . F. K e l l e y , D e p t , o f W e s t V a . , C l a r k s ­ b u r g , W. V a . , t o R i s l e y , S e p t . 2 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, 2 d S . A . , v o l. 6 , pp. 1 - 2 . 2. Memo b y R i s l e y , n . d . , i n T D , 2 d S . A . , v o l . 6 , pp. 3- 6 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

326

tim e

and ta k e A fter

them hom e.

th e se

d e sig n ated

tw o t r a d e

and N orth am p to n in

V irg in ia

B erk eley , as w ere

conferences,

as

and w ere

M organ,

co u n ties

because

B rig ad ier

of

trad e

g ran ted

at

cav alry , 10,

1861).,

across

of

no

th e

th e

en jo y

how ever,

exam ple,

th e

to

co u n ties

v irtu ally

had

to

S u lliv an

lo o se

to o

W ar D e p a r t m e n t

from

tim e

D ecem ber,

in

w h ich p e rm its

n a ils

needed by

Two w e e k s

C hase’ s proposal

to

co u n ty .

sto p p ed

la te r, re la x

and M ary lan d

On J a n u a r y a ll

G eneral a ll

w ere

C o n fed erate

p erm itted .

p erem p to rily

to

1863,

m anner

free ly

V irg in ia

trad e.

Loudon

approve

of

m o d ified

th e se

in

to

p arts

of

safe

R iv er.

th o se

W est V ir g in ia

H arper’s F erry

P otom ac

in

so much o f

free

In

co u n ties

at

lo n g er

H orseshoe w ere

be

o p e ra tio n s. C.

in

rearw ard

th e

refused tio n s

w o u ld

B altim o re.

for

and th e

1863,

o f Accomac

o th e r

sto re s

co m p lain ed

c o u n ties

20,

o ccu p ied ,

Jerem iah

He a l s o

th e

O cto b er

and J e ffe rs o n

C o n fed erate

G eneral

c o n sid ered

one

on

so m uch o f Loudon

C o u n ties

Such a r e g u l a t i o n , tim e

d istric ts,

and H am p sh ire

o ccu p ied .

"fro n tier"

R isley ,

trad e H alleck

trad e

so u th

re stric

of

th e

3. M em o b y R i s l e y o f c o n f e r e n c e w i t h M a j . G e n . S. P. H e i n t z e l m a n , S e p t . 2 3 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD , 2 d S . A., v o l . 6 , p p . 7-8. I}.. R isley to Chase, Oct. 2 0 , 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Customs Bureau, Special Agents Reports. 5. Memo by R isley of conference with Brig. Gen. J. C. Sullivan, Dec. 2 2 , 1 8 6 3 , in TD, 2 d S. A., v o l. 6, p p . 1 6 - 1 7 . 6. P. H. Watson, A sst. Secretary of War, to Sullivan, Jan. 1 0 , l8 6 1 |., in WD, Secretary of War, Telegrams Sent, vol. 22, p. 15>0 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

327 W ash in g to n and A n n a p o lis e aste rn

shore

T rade

of

th e

U nion c o n t r o l . of

v ic in ity for

th e ir

w ould

fa m ilie s

w ith

s u tle r 's

sto re s

re q u irin g

in

to

a

sto re s

for

o n ly

c itiz e n s

th e

w hole

same

c o n fisca tio n .

and

was

found

in

and

th a t

o b je ct.

th a t

and

th e

so ld iery

T h e ir m o tiv es

p riv a te

issu e d tak e

p ro fit.

u n w illin g M eans w ere

to

an

to

11,

1863,

a general an

n o th in g

such

th e

dependent

c o m m issariat

w ith

e arly

some p r o v i s i o n

c ertain

to

w ith in

th e

re sid en t

On F e b r u a r y

trad e

was

te rrito ry

o c c a s i o n a l l y made

c o u l d make

w ere

It

for

how ever,

persons

P otom ac

1862

make

m anner

w ere

to

th o se

reo c cu p a tio n

resp o n sib le C o n fed erate

d e sirin g

th e

of

to

order.

Jo se p h H ooker,

Yet

as

and p a r tly

issu es

th e

c itiz e n s

fu rn ish

th e

any g e n e r a l

citiz en s

part

th ro u g h

of

of

n ecessity .

c lan d e stin e

B u rn sid e

a C o n fed erate th e

such

sy ste m a tic ally

w ith o u t

alle g ian c e .

sh iftin g

la tte r

was

h u m an itarian

M ajo r G e n e ra l

D epartm ent

among t h e

su b sisten ce

Under G eneral citiz en s

th e

a m ilitary

w ould a p p r o p r i a t e p a rtly

th e

c o n tin u al

o f U nio n l i n e s

o fficers

w ere

in

D u rin g

w an ts

th e

7

d e stitu tio n

1 8 6 3

in c lu d in g

P o to m a c .1

re g u la tio n

co m p licated by

part

th e

R ailw ay ,

order

o a th

of

to

lo se

a ffid a v it,

risk

th e ir

n e v erth ele ss

in and

p ro p erty found

7. C h a s e t o H a l l e c k , J a n . 2 6 , l 8 6 ij., I n T D , S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E , v o l . o , p . 215>. H alleck to S tan to n , J a n . 2 7 , 18614., i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m D e p a r t m e n t s , f i l e 15>3-EB-5> J a n . 2 7 /6 1 ^ .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

328

to

c irc u m v en t H o o k er1s o r d e r ,

and p a r t l y

th ro u g h

an

G en eral M arsena R. A rm y o f fam ily h alf

th e

dosen

re tu rn

P a trick ,

to

P a trick

to

A q u ia

The

be

W ash in g to n

fu rn ish ed

fo r

sy stem

S eptem ber 1 1 , to

d iscu ss

th e

th e

th at

w o u ld be

goods

c o u ld be

su p p ly lim ited

b eliev ed th at

Arm y o f

trad e. N o rris

th ere

was

and S ta f f o r d

but

such

w ith

referred

co u n ties

as

to

T reasury

to

a ffa ir

runner. F au q u ier,

ju stify

and

and

persons had

G eorge

m ig h t

to

be

of

V irg in ia,

G. M e a d e ,

d id n o t

suppose

d e p a rtm e n t w here as

sound p o lic y

th e

in

th is

a

su p p lies,

o f W arrenton,

accu m u late

and

for

re g u la tio n s

R isley

in

th e

for

ex am in atio n

M ajo r G e n e ra l

be- a b l o c k a d e su ffe rin g

buy

d islo y a l

N o rris

te rrito ry

of

re p re se n ta tiv e

for

P o to m ac.

allo w ed

G eneral

tra n sp o rta tio n

th e

C.

h u m an ity

M eade to

of

W.

th e

any

safely

d istric t,

P la in

by B rig a d ie r

a p p lic atio n

W ash in g to n ,

draw backs;

sent

m atters

com m anding th ere

had

issu an ce

R isley

trad e

to

sin g le

and p u b lic Q goods.

th e

F o llo w in g

a

sm u g g lin g

out

M arshal

re c eiv e d

or B elle

d eliv ery . to

go

th ro u g h

w orked

P rovost

and allo w ed

fa m ilie s

th em

sent

arrangem ent

P o to m ac.

su p p lies

p a rtly

to

in

a

trad e

dem anded

P a trick ,

or

some

who

He a g r e e d h o w e v e r P rin ce

ap p o in tm en t

of

W illiam , an a g en t

8. B r i g . G e n . M. R . P a t r i c k , P r o v o s t M a r s h a l , A rm y o f t h e P o t o m a c , t o B r i g . G e n . E . R . S . C a n b y , A . A . G . , W ar D e p a r t m e n t , M a r . 1 5 , 186L)., i n V®, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e P - / p 9 8 - A p r . 20/614-.

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

329

to purchase and manage the d istrib u tio n o f the family supplies.

After a delay caused by R isley*s absence from

Washington, Patrick sent John H. Skinker,

an unconditional

Union man and former magistrate from Stafford County, see the Treasury agent,

to

and R isley subsequently designated

Skinker and John Ii. Hudson, h is own acquaintance,

as traders

for a supply d is t r i c t

to e x is t between Alexandria and the

Army of the Potomac.

These arrangements were approved by

General Meade la te

In December, 1 8 6 3 ,

and although "studiously

misrepresented by in te re sted and malignant persons," Patrick considered that the plan was humanitarian, for the government,

fo stered respect

and offered a means of doing le g a lly and

system atically what was done before i l l e g a l l y great detriment of m ilita ry d is c ip lin e . did not tru st Hudson, him for many years.

and to the

Patrick,

however,

although R isley claimed to have known The arrangements were nevertheless

continued.^ So much of the Department of Virginia and North Carolina as lay within the former sta te was a part of the Second Special

9* R i s l e y t o M a j . G e n . G e o r g e G. M e a d e , O c t . 3 , 1 3 6 3 ; P a t r i c k to R i s l e y , O c t. 8 , 1 8 6 3 ; R i s l e y to P a t r i c k , O ct. 10, 1 8 6 3 ; P a t r i c k t o R i s l e y , N o v . 1 7 , 1 8 6 3 ; Memo b y R i s l e y o f i n t e r v i e w w i t h S k i n k e r , N o v . 2 £ , 1 8 6 3 ; In TD, 2 d S. A., v o l. 6 , pp. 9 - 1 6 . P a t r i c k t o C a n b y , M a r . l £ , I 8 6 I4., i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e P - / 4.9 8 - A p r . 2 0 / 6 I4..

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

330 Agency and R i s l e y e arly

in

A ugust

o f com m ercial

1863.

w ere

ta k in g

th at

a com petent

su p erv ise

a

th e

and w ith o u t

sp ecial at

to

sense

agent

N o rfo lk.

ap p o in ted

of

soon a f t e r num ber o f

of

th e

A n o th er

th e

th e

of

h is

o u trag es,

g u e rrilla s

H.

th e

agent

at w ere

th e put

He

found he

agreed

some

10

of

tra d e

a ssista n t

was

had

th e

a cq u iescen t

U n io n .

an

to

su sp ected

ap p o in ted to

N o rfo lk

28.

have

been

N ag lee

in stitu te d

He a r r e s t e d

to

make

o th e rs

sam e

tim e

h o ld in g

By

th o u g h t

co n fin e

seem s

w hich he

down.

re lie v ed

N o rfo lk

co n tro l

M orse,

on J u ly

proposed

to

but

S h o r e . A r o u n d m easures

he

at

R isley

for

be

c ity .

as

command,

sp ec ia l

command t h e r e and

so

general

B.

to

w ere m e r e ly

o r lo v e

T reasury, lo cal

th e

o p eratio n , c ity

re ta in ed

sec u rity

c iv ilia n s

if

th e

lo y alty

w ith in

M onroe

an d recom m ended

ap p o in ted

N o rfo lk ,

in

F t.

sin ce

tim e,

N orfolk

at

sto res of

be

tra d e

N ag lee

E a stern

ta k in g

g u e rrilla tra d e

of

of h is

at

d e sired

p o ssib le

agent

p e c u liarity

on th e

in te n sifie d

for

th e

m uch

F o ster

F o ste r

as

o u tsid e

re sid en ts

A lth o u g h F o s te r in cid en t

to o

p ic k ets

V isitin g

o ld

far

lib e ra l

hundred w e ll-s to c k e d th a t

as

T reasury

fa irly

stre n g th en

b u sin ess.

far

G e n e ra l

G eneral

a ffa irs

th ey

to

v isite d

a

resp o n sib le out

th e

b ait

su ch m eans he

10. R i s l e y t o C h a s e , A u g . 1 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u reau, S p e c ia l A g en ts R e p o r ts . 11. Memo b y R i s l e y o f c o n f e r e n c e w i t h G e n e r a l B u t l e r , F e b . 7 , I 8624., i n TD , 2 d S . A . , v o l . 6 , p p . 2 2 - 2 3 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

331 claim ed

to

have

rid d en

P rin ce ss

a n d Camden c o u n t i e s

of

orders

on A u g u st 10

re q u irin g

b ility

for

and

a ll

swam ps,

and had

reg istered . upon

th e ir

backs

acco u n tab le

tra d e

he

in

th e

fu lly

some

C u rritu ck ,

He i s s u e d

re g istry

of

th e

w h ich w ere

in

th e

perusal

h o ld

a ll

o ffice rs

e ffe ctu ally

riv e rs,

found p ic k e ts

g u a rd m o u n t.

These

sto p p ed

sp ec ia l

and re s p o n s i­

sounds,

200 b o a ts

15>, h a v i n g

of

"m ost

b o d ies.

w aters

to

N o rfo lk ,

rig id

absorbed

la x ity

rep o rted ,

a

d estro y ed

th reaten ed

for

of

not

"ly in g lig h t

stric tly

reform s,

th e

c o n trab an d

and underground m a i l . " ^ G eneral

m ent o f receiv ed

B en jam in

V irg in ia th e

sam e

predecessors

A n n ouncing req u ests

th a t

for

a m ilitary

B u tle r,

la rg e

of

to

had

a

and

1 per

w ere

ex p o rts, cent

of

goods

predecessors.

fla ir

expenses

command o f

on N ovem ber 2,

c e rtify

a llo w ed h is

B u tler

tak in g

C aro lin a

a u th o rity

im p o rts

tax

F.

and N o rth

m ent w h ich h a d b e e n h is

irreg u la r

On S e p t e m b e r

lite ra tu re ,"

N ag lee

b o ats

Anne,

for

in v o ice

13

D ep art­

1863, th e

But

c iv ilia n

b ein g

B u tle r

in to

th e

d ep artu n lik e

a ffa irs.

in cu rred

in

p ro c e ssin g

on N ovem ber 26, v alu e,

one

d o lla r

le v ie d per

12. N a g le e t o L t . C o l. S . H offm an, A. A. G ., D e p t, a n d N . C . , S e p t . 2 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . a n d N .' C . , v o l . 8 7 , p p . pO -6 7 . 13* C h a s e t o S t a n t o n , N o v . 1 9 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E , v o l . 6 , p . I4.8 . M. B . F i e l d , A s s t . S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y , t o S t a n t o n , D e c . 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W ar, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d fro m D e p a r t m e n t s , f i l e 1 1 5 0 - E B - I |., 1 8 6 3 .

Va.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

of

332

p a ssp o rt,

and

d ep artm en t

to

reg u latio n s accu m u late or

guards

draw al he

w orked near

on

th e

th e

th in g

o n ly for

we,

be bought

for

a ll

as

26, n .

l a w r. to

receiv e

m ilitary

of

th e and

th e

w ith

F ebruary,

B u tler

of

th e

to ld

1 Ip. G. 1363# in

m ilita ry , as

to

I

h is

p erm it as

have

T reasury th e

T reasury

0 . I4O , D e p t , WD, D e p t , o f

ag en ts

abandoned

p ro p e rty

B u tler

e v id en tly

assum ed

when

c o n tro v ersy

arose

re p re se n ta tiv e : to

go

w ater

in to

can be

"Any­

E a stv ille drank

[s i c ],

a fu ll

and th o ro u g h u n d e r 1l su b je c t."

B u t l e r ’ s m anagem ent

sto ry ,

th a t

and

1861].,

A

so

in frac tio n s

th is

how ever,

ag en ts

w ith ­

Shore

tra d e

p erm it

to

S e c re ta r y upon

Navy.

th e

p u n ish

because

free

of

th e

T reasury

goods

E a stern

cap tu red

n o tified

T reasury. th e

to

p u r p o s e s . -*-5

he

so ld

th e

w illin g

a cq u iesced ,

th a t

He a d v i s e d

from

such

e n terin g

allo w ed

num ber

sm u g g lin g .

He w a s

Shore

R isley

th ey no

a u th o rity

th a t

afoul

w here

co m p lete

can

ran

th a t

have

E astern

In

prevent

T reasury

stan d in g

lin e s

to ld

ag en ts

needed

th at

in

each v e sse l

T reasury

rem ain

not

B u tle r

b ad ly

h is

for

a ll

w ith m i l i t a r y to

d o lla rs

tr a d e .^

co u ld

of

co u ld

th re e

"g en tlem an

of

approached

him

u n d o u b ted reg ard in g

of

tra d e

lo y a lty ," a

q u a n tity

o f V a. an d N. C .,F t . M o n ro e, Nov. V a . a n d N . C . , v o l . 5 2 , 0 . S . 7 6 .,

p.

15. Memo b y R i s l e y o f c o n f e r e n c e w i t h B u t l e r , F e b . 7 , 1 3 6 1|., i n T D , 2 d S . A . , v o l . 6 , p p . 2 2 - 2 3 . 16. B u t l e r to S. S . H en ry , S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f N egro A f f a i r s , M a r . 1 1 , I 8 6 I4., i n WD, D e p t , o f V a . a n d N . C . , v o l . 50, 0 . S. 72, p . 177.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

of corn and other products in the counties of Northumber­ land and Lancaster, r.ivers,

between the Potomac and Rappahannock

which, while not within Federal lin e s ,

of neutral ground.

was a sort

To move the supplies from the region would

actually deprive the Confederate army of a p o te n tia l resource. Butler accordingly gave the party a permit to take $10,000 worth of family supplies upon the schooner Ann Hamilton up the L ittle Wycomico River to trade for the corn.

He also allowed

him to take Confederate money to purchase such products as might be had.

Butler professed to have no idea that th is

would in terfere with the blockade because no port of foreign entry was involved.

17

The Navy, however,

took a d iffe r e n t

view and the Provost Marshal General of Maryland,

the m a t t e r t o

th e a t t e n t i o n

of the

who ca lled

Potom ac F l o t i l l a ,

claim ed

that the Ann Hamilton was a ctu ally a fte r a large quantity of tobacco which the Confederates had moved to the Northern Neck of Virginia in order to get i t

across to Baltimore.

commander of the blockading squadron, moreover,

The

seized the

18 schooner and took i t

to Washington as p rize.

On February 18, Welles informed Stanton that the blockading

17. Butler to C. A. Dana, A sst. Secretary of War, Feb. 19, 18o1l, in WD, Secretary of War, L etters Received, f i l e B-628-Mar. 11/6^.. 18. I . L. McPhail, Provost Marshal General of Maryland, Baltimore, to Comdr. Foxhall A. Parker, Comdg. Potomac F l o t i l l a , Feb. 5>, 1861^; Welles to Stanton, Feb. 13, I 8 6 J 4., in W D, Secre­ tary of War, L etters Received from Departments, f i l e 231-EB-5, Feb. l 6 / 6 ^_.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

33k squadron had turned back the steamer Princeton, holding Butler’ s permit dated February 11 to trade in the Albemarle Sound of North Carolina.

Welles protested that the ru les of

blockade could not ?.be l ig h t ly

set aside and inquired p o lit e ly

just hov/ many such i l l e g a l permits had Butler given. in reply to these l e t t e r s ,

trade.

Butler,

explained the circumstances in

which he had given the Ann Hamilton permit. over,

19

He claimed, more­

to act under the Treasury’ s additional regulations of

20

I f the government desired to obtain resources from

th e C onfederacy,

h e was r e a d y t o

a id .

"But i f

e v e ry m ed d lin g

puppy, who chooses to write newspaper a r t ic le s ," allowed to in terfere with my a cts, nothing."

he said,

in my department,

"is

I can do

Butler further urged that there was nothing wrong

with a proposed transaction in Southern money; he fa c e tio u sly remarked that he saw no reason why the reten tion and cir cu la tio n

of such funds in

t h e N o r t h was a d v a n t a g e o u s t o

Butler,

professed to have granted only the two permits;

however,

th e U nion.

and he promised to give no others without the approval of the Secretaries of War, Navy,

and Treasury.

21

Secretary Stanton

further directed Butler to comply with W elles’ views regarding

19. Welles to Stanton, Feb. 18, I 8 6 J 4., in W D, Letters Received from Departments, f i l e 295-EB-5, Feb. 2 6 / 6 I4.. 20. See pp. 3 6 5f below. 21. Butler to Dana, Feb. 19» I 8 6 I4., in WD, Secretary of War, L etters Received, f i l e B-628, Mar. ll/61p. Butler to Stan­ ton, Feb. 23, 1861)., in W D, Dept, o f Va. and N. C., v o l. £0, 0 . s . 7 2 , pp. 1 2 9 - 1 3 0 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

335

trade and the blockade and Chase decided that the additional 22 regulations of trade were inap plicab le, but within a few months Butler would be causing the Cabinet trouble regarding commerce in that part of h is department ly in g in North Carolina. The Third Special Agency The l e t t e r

of appointment of David Heaton as supervising

special agent for so much of North Carolina as lay within Federal lin e s

directed h is particular a tten tio n to the c o l l e c ­

tion of "cotton,

tar & turpentine," the products of that section

of the c o u n tr y .^ c itiz e n s in the arrival,

Because of the pressing situ a tio n of lo y al

state and anticipated delays in Heaton* s

the c o lle c to r at Beaufort was instructed on April 25, ^ ]

1 8 6 3 , to grant supply permits to a lle v ia te blockading squadron, however,

su fferin g .

declined to recognize

The

such

permits given under authority of the Treasury regulations of March 3 1 , 1 8 6 3 . 2> L it t le

therefore was accomplished prior to Heaton* s arrival

at New Bern on May 26, but,

in conferences with General Foster

22. Canby to Welles, Feb. 23, I 8 6 I4., in WD, Secretary of War, L etters Received from Departments, f i l e 295-EB-5, Feb. 26/oij.. Diary of Gideon W elles, I, 53723. Chase to David Heaton, Apr. 6 , 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Secretary’ s Correspondence, BE, v o l. Ip, pp. 3 6 2 - 3 6 5 . 24. George Harrington, Actg. Secretary of the Treasury, to J. A. Hedrick, Apr. 25, 1 8 6 3 ; Harrington to Welles, Apr. 27, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Secretary’ s Correspondence, BE, vol. k, pp. 12k125, 131. 25. Chase to Welles, May 13, l8 6 3 ,in TD, Secretary’ s Correspondence, BE, v o l. PP* 208-209.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

336 and Commodore Davenport, Heaton explained h is

duties and

found the m ilitary and naval commanders agreeable to a relaxation of the e x is tin g embargo. continued u n til la te

The sta te of confusion

in July because Heaton became i l l

shortly

after h is arrival in North Carolina and was unable to e f f e c t a comprehensive p o lic y .

27

1

Sutlers in the meanwhile were alleged

to have continued th eir lu crative Heaton, however,

trade with the c itiz e n r y .

seems to have worked in clo se

28

cooperation with

General Poster in processing applications to import goods, both of them signing the permits deemed worthy of approval, and when Foster moved h is headquarters to F t.

Monroe he

desired h is

subordinate commander of the D is t r ic t of North 29 Carolina to continue the arrangement. This arrangement, however,

was at best a makeshift and

no provisions were made for the sale of naval stores and commercial fish in g ,

without which the lo c a l inhabitants were

reduced to "suffering amounting in some cases almost to

26. David Heaton, Beaufort, to Chase, May 30, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Customs Bureau, Special Agents Reports. 27. J. A. Hedrick to B. S. Hedrick, Washington, Aug. 6 , I0 6 3 , in T D , Series K , 1 8 6 3 , v o l. F-H,l6 6 . 28. C. B. Dibble, New Bern, to Chase, June 23, 1 8 6 3 ; Dibble to Chase, June 26, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Series K, 1 8 6 3 , v o l. C-E, 263,26i^. 29. J. L. Judson, A. A. G., XVIII Army Corps, New Bern, to Brig. Gen. I . N. Palmer, July 29, 1 8 6 3 , in WD, Dept, of N. C., v o l. I4.O , 0. S. 316, p. 3, Foster, Ft. Monroe, to Stanton, July 22, 1363, in WD, Secretary of War, Telegrams Received, vol. 30, pp. I4.2 8 - I 4.2 9 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

337 s t a r v a t i o n .

"30

On August 27, Major General John J.

commanding at New Bern,

approved lo c a l ru les drafted by

Heaton to e s ta b lish a trade d i s t r i c t in North Carolina.

31

Peck,

and a supply d is t r i c t

Foster cautioned extreme care in the

execution of the new regulations as they applied to the supply d is t r ic t ,

since they seemed to allow goods to go beyond the

m ilitary lin e s , the case.

but Peck assured him that such would not be

Moreover,

Peck required a l l Treasury trade permits

to be countersigned by a provost marshal as "an e ffe c tu a l bar against fraud."3^

A ll o f f i c i a l

correspondence with Heaton

had also to pass through the d i s t r i c t headquarters, trade p r iv ile g e s , s t r ic t l y

being by nature a concession,

33

and

were to be

construed in favor of the m ilita r y . ^

Commercial a f f a ir s

seem to have been r e la t iv e ly uncom­

p licated during September and October, 1 8 6 3 , but when General Butler took departmental command such matters were again reviewed.

After November 2f> sa le s of s a lt were lim ited to f iv e

30. Daniel R. Goodlow, Vifashington, to Chase, Aug. 28, I.3 6 3 , in TD, Series K, 1 8 6 3 , v o l. F-H, 165* 31. Circular, Maj. Gen. John J. Peck, Comdg. U. S. Forces in N. C., New Bern, Aug. 27, 1363, in W D, Dept, of N. C., v o l. I4.O, 0. S. 316, n. p. 32. Foster to Peck, Sept. 15>, 1363, in W D, Dept, of Va. and N. C., vo l. J 4.9, S. 6 9 , p. 39* Peck to Foster, Sept. 26, 1 8 6 3 , in W D, Dept, of N. C., v o l. i^O, 0. S. 3 l6 , n. p. 33* 0. 19, D ist. of N. C., New Bern, Sept. 22, 1 8 6 3 , in WD, Dept, of N. C., v o l. 3 6 , 0. S. 3kk-> n* P* 3 I4-. Benjamin B. Foster, A. A. G., D is tr ic t of N. C., to E. W . Carpenter, Oct. 21, 1 8 6 3 , in WD, Dept, of N. C., v o l. ipO, 0. S. 316, n. p.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

338

sacks (about ten bushels) per family and r e sa le s to third 3< parties were forbidden. Butler discovered that Heaton had omitted the word "loyal" from h is

a f f id a v it s

required

for trade, which according to Treasury regulations have read "loyal and true." informed Heaton.

"Loyalty i s

should

a l l we want," Butler

In December, Butler became p a r tic u la r ly

exercized about an "extensive

contraband trade" between

Roanoke Island and Pasquotank County, Peck, a fte r in v e stig a tio n ,

the magnitude of which

was in clin ed to discount.

37

That

same month Butler sent Brigadier General Edward A. Wild, was organizing Negro troops on Roanoke Island, g u err illa s out of Pasquotank, and Chowan counties. Confederates,

Currituck,

Wild burned houses,

who

to clear the

Camden, Perquimans, seized fa m ilies

of

and acted "perhaps with too much stringency"

even for Butler.

Thereafter Butler promised the c itiz e n s

of

the northeastern North Carolina that they might trade in Nor­ folk as long

as they kept q u iet.

counties within

his l i n e s , •3O oath of a lleg ia n ce.

U ntil he could take

Butler declined

to

receive the

After harrying the lo c a l population to lo y a lty , seemingly set

the

Butler

out to trade them out of th e ir produce.

Receiving

35* G. 0. 3 8 , D ist. of N. C., New Bern, Nov. 23, 1863, in TO, Dept, of N. C., vol. 3 6 , 0. S. 3l+4>n* P* -36. Butler to David Heaton, Dec. 9, 1863* in W D, Dept, of Va. and N. C., v o l. 1±9, 0. S. 6 9 , p. 131. 37. Peck to Butler, Dec. 30, l8o3, in TO, Dept, of N. C., vol. 1|.0, 0. S. 316, n. p. 38. Butler to Stanton, Dec. 31, 1863, in WD, Secretary of War, L etters Received, f i l e B-6 , Jan. 6 / 6 ]|.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

339 a p e titio n from two Baltimore merchants to the e f f e c t there was hay, corn, of Hyde, T yrell,

ro sin ,

B ertie,

tar,

that

and flaxseed in the counties

and Beaufort which would otherwise

go to the Confederacy, Butler on February 8 , l 8 6 ij., directed them to bring out the produce.

They would execute a $20,000

bond that they would carry no contraband, nor would they s e l l more than f i f t y

d ollars worth of supplies to any one family

in th ir ty days.-^

Butler did not mention th is permit when

questioned by Stanton and Welles regarding such a c t iv it y that same month.

The b etter to confine trade to h is lic e n s e e s ,

Butler informed the colonel commanding at Beaufort that he expected h is v ig ila n ce thereabouts.

Butler

in breaking up a large

smuggling trade

shrewdly suggested that he was in clin ed

to recommend the colonel for brevet prom otion.^ In February,

1 8 6 4 ., in return for assurances that the

c itiz e n s would remain peaceful, Butler r e itera te d h is promises of good in ten tion s to the c itiz e n s of Chowan County, including kl p riv ile g es of trade with Norfolk. In March he proposed to Lincoln that a cargo of ploughs,

harrows,

and farm implements

39. Robert J. Stevens and W. Whitelock & Co., Baltimore, to Butler, Jan. 28, l 8 6 ip; Endorsement, Butler, Feb. 8 ,. l861p, in WD, Dept, of Va. and N. C., v o l. 5>0, 0* S. 72, pp. 91”92. L l O. Butler to Col. J. Jourdan, Comdg., Beaufort, Jan. 31, 186k, in WD, Dept, of Va. and N. C., v o l. $ 0 , 0. S. 72, pp. 69-66. b.1. Butler to Messrs. W . W. Bond, I . I. Carmon, Jos. F. Waff, Feb. 10, l861p, in W D, Dept, of Va. and N. C., v o l.

50, 0. s . 72, pp. 98-101.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

should be sent in to exchange for cotton,

and Lincoln

endorsed the project which was to be in s tit u te d by one George W . Lane. ^ 2

In June, Captain Melancton Smith,

o ffic e r in North Carolina Sounds,

stopped Lane's steam tug

Philadelphia, carrying an assorted cargo, and South Carolina money, Admiral Lee, however, respected, 1+3 " little ,

or,

dirty,

senior naval

$1+5,000 in North

and $5,000 in Treasury notes.

said the President's lic e n s e must be

as Welles

said,

he fa ile d

speculating intrigue."^*'

to arrest the

The next month,

Lane was apprehended exchanging bacon consigned to Lee's army for Confederate cotton in Chowan County, the Treasury aid aboard.

at night and unknown t

For th is perfidy,

Lane was fined

and sent from the D istr ic t of North Carolina. b5 The f in e , enough for such a flagrant offense, funded to him.

§>2,0' small

appears to have been re­

Butler nevertheless once more explained that

what "was intended to be a benevolent and proper provision has been taken advantage of by interested speculating rascals who would s e l l not only their master but th eir country for th irty (3 0 ) pieces of s ilv e r

and discount twenty

(2 0 ) on the p r i c e . . . .

1+2. Butler to Lincoln, Mar. 19, 1861+; Endorsement by Lincoln, Mar. 21, 1861+, in _0. R. (Navy), series I , vol. 10, pp. 16 3 - 161+. 1+3. Smith to Lee, June 15, 1861+; Lee to Welles, June 20, 1861+, in 0. R. (Navy), series I , v o l. 10, pp. I6 3 - I 6 5 . Diary of Gideon Welles, I I , 56-57. 1+5. th S. A., Letters received, f i l e 1. 59* Browne to Chase, Oct. 19, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Customs Bureau, Special Agents Reports. v o l.

56. 18,

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

3b 6 that the "negroes, the f i r s t

fru its

just emerging from slavery and enjoying

of freedom,

are not in a p o sitio n to be

ju s tly taxed on a r t i c l e s , of l i f e

which to them are the necessaries ^Q and the incentives of industry." After several

delays,

Browne f i n a l ly met Gillmore at F olly Island on October

1 I4., for a conference.

Gillmore,

however,

told the Treasury

agent that he was much too busy with h is m ilita ry plans to give any attention to the long and involved Treasury regula­ tio n s.

Approving such lo c a l rules of trade as Browne might

write in advance, he to ld Browne to execute h is 6l saw f i t .

duties as he

Reluctantly proceeding upon h is own i n i t i a t i v e

and with­

out advice from the Army commander, Browne issued l o c a l rules on October 30the enemy,

Saxton having assured him that no goods reached

Browne merely defined the trade area generally as

the te r r ito r y within the l i n e s

of the Department of the South.

Persons desiring to buy or s e l l products could obtain permits from Treasury representatives, per cent tax. agency,

to whom they would pay the 5

Entrance and egress of a l l

shipments in the

however, must be through the open port of Port Royal,

60. Edward S. Philbrick, Boston, to Chase, Oct. 10, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Series K, 1 8 6 3 , vo l. M-Q, 1+3&. Philbrick had purchased some eleven plantations in behalf of a New England stockcompany formed for the purpose. 6 1. Browne to Chase, Oct. 17, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Customs Bureau, Special Agents Reports.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

3k7 because a l l

other points were blockaded.

To protect the

Negro laborers,

no cotton might be moved without a c e r t i f i c a t e 62 from General Saxton. The c e r t i f i c a t e by Saxton was required

at the General’ s request because he had issued an order giving the laborers a l i e n for their wages against a l l

cotton.

^

Trade with the Federal m ilita ry forces occupying blockaded points in the department continued to vex Browne. o f f ic e r s ,

The m ilita ry

as the department provost marshal wrote Browne,

maintained that the blockade pertained to the enemy and not to them.

Regimental su tle r s were allowed only ^2.50 per man

per month, parties

an amount i n s u f f i c i e n t to meet needs unless other

could also vend to the s o ld ie r s .

To require ship­

ments of fresh vegetables to put in at Port Royal, and clear with the c o lle c to r ,

meant that they would be spoiled

before they reached th e ir destin ation. over,

break cargo

General Gillmore, more­

boosted h is m ilitary tax on such consignments as his

s t a f f o f fic e r s permitted to by-pass Port Royal, so as to equalize the customs expense.

to 5 P©** cent

Browne estimated that

f u lly ^100,000 worth of goods had evaded the Treasury’ s 5 P©r cent tax under "military n ecessity."

6 1l ^

The Treasury referred

62. Circular, Browne, Beaufort, S. C., Oct. 30»lQ&3, ^-n TD, 5th S. A., Letters received, f i l e 1. 63. Browne to Chase, Nov. 3» 1363, in TD, Customs Bureau, Special Agents Reports. 6J4.. Browne to Chase, Nov. 11, 1363; James F. Hall, Pro­ vost Marshal General, Department of the South, Folly Island,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

a ll of these matters to the Secretary of War, with a request that Browne be relie v ed of the embarrassment.^ With pressure on him from Washington, more in te r e st

in cooperating.

with Browne at length,

Gillmore showed

On December 3,

he conferred

and the Treasury agent noted a decided

change in the General’ s demeanor.

Gillmore readily agreed to

issue a general order on trade which would meet the Treasury’ s purposes,

66

/

and on December o,

he reported to Halleck that

there was no longer any c o n f l ic t and misunderstanding.^ December 17,

On

Gillmore formally capitulated to Browne’ s wishes

with an order that goods would be imported in compliance with Treasury ru les,

and only through Port Royal except in case of

"imperative m ilitary necessity" promptly reported.

and then under m ilitary permit

He further ordered that a l l

captured and

abandoned property,

not needed for m ilitary operations, must 68 . be turned over to a Treasury agent. The 5 pen cent m ilitary tax on goods not touching at Port Royal was thenceforth to be

S. C., to Browne, Nov. 7, 1863, in TD, Customs Bureau, Special Agents Reports. Browne to Sargent, Nov. 11, 1 8 6 3 * in TD, £th S. A., Letters received, f i l e 1. of?. Chase to Stanton, Nov. 12,1863; M. B. Field to Stan­ ton, Nov. lip, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Secretary’ s Correspondence, BE, v o l. 8 , pp; 32-33, 38. ■ 66. Browne to Chase, Dec. 4 ., 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Customs Bureau, Special Agents Reports. 67. Gillmore, Folly Island, S. C., to Halleck, Dec. 6 , I 8 6 3 , in W D, Secretary of War, Letters Received from Depart­ ments, f i l e T-62-HQA, 1 8 6 3 . 08. G. 0. ip2, Dept, of the South, Folly Island, S. C., Dec. 17, I 8 6 3 , in W D, Dept, of the South, v o l. 30, 0. S. Ip2, pp. 177-179.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

349

turned over to the Treasury.

6q

7

Browne simultaneously drew up a se t of lo c a l ru les for trade stores and issued them on December f?.

He declared a

trade d i s t r i c t which would include the island of Hilton Head, and the group of islands bounded by Broad River, the Coosaw River, Port Royal Island, Island.

and S t.

Helena Sound,

Parris Island,

Whale Branch,

including among others

Ladies'

Island,

and St.

Helena

Trade store a u th orities would be granted by the

supervising sp ecial agent,

and,

other than at Port Royal,

trade would co n sist of s t r i c t r e t a i l loyal nature of the inhabitants, purchasers to f i l e

sa les.

a ll

Because of the

Browne did not require

c e r t i f i c a t e s before purchasing,

nor did he

require the trade le s s than f iv e

stores to keep record of purchasers buying 70 dollars worth of goods. Both of these provi­

sions were deviations from the Treasury regulations of September 11, and the authorization of a wholesale trade at Port Royal was also an assumption on Browne’ s part, regulations on December 2l\.t not,

however,

but Chase approved the without remarking

that he considered deviation as such to be a bad precedent.

71

69. Gillmore to Brig. Gen. L. Thomas, April l j? , I Q 6 I4., in W D, Secretary of War, Letters rReceived from Departments, f i l e 781j.-IB-26A/l86ij.. 70. Circular, Browne, Beaufort, S. C., Dec. 5, 1863; Browne to Chase, Dec. lip, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Customs Bureau, Special Agents Reports. 71. Browne to Chase, Dec. 10, 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Customs Bureau, Special Agents Reports. Chase to Browne, Dec. 2i\.f 1 8 6 3 , in TD, Secretary's Correspondence, BE, vol. 6 , pp. 131-132.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Establishment of the trade d i s t r i c t

in the Sea Islands

did not include any provision for trade with the coastal areas of Florida held by the Union.

At St. Augustine,

Brinkerhoff

reported that steamship employees brought down small l o t s of groceries to s e l l

to store-keepers and c i t i z e n s .

such supplies r e a lly necessary and, o ffic ia l fere.

He considered

while he did not give

sanction to the i l l e g a l p ractice,

he did not in t e r ­

General Gillmore further authorized the garrison to

trade through the l in e s to secure poultry, eggs, and other 72 necessary supplies. Browne inquired as to the proper action regarding establishment of trade stores at Fernandina and St. Augustine,

but Chase ruled that the Treasury could assume no

jurisdiction over internal trade of blockaded ports. ports,

when occupied,

military control.

7

Such

were subject to martial law and exclusive Late In January,

Florida and found real

d e stitu tio n .

l361j., Browne v i s i t e d Gillmore recommended

that the two ports should be recognized as supply d i s t r i c t s under Treasury regulations,

but the proposition,

when referred

to the Secretary of War on F'ebruary 5* was allowed to lapse without action.

7k

72. Brinkerhoff, St. Augustine, to Browne, Dec. 20, 1863; Brinkerhoff to Browne, Jan. 6 , l361j., in TD, 5th S. A., vol. 15, n. p. 73* Chase to Browne, Jan. 13, 1361^., in TD, Secretary’ s Correspondence, BE, v o l. 6 , pp. 205,206. 7k' Browne to Chase, Jan. 30, l 8 6 if; Chase to Stanton, Feb. 5, lSSlp, in W D, Secretary of War, Letters Received from Departments, f i l e 270-EB-5, Feb. 26/61}..

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

35i At Gillmore’ s in tercession Browne nevertheless

seems to

have allowed some supplies to go to Fernandina and St. Augus­ tine in a tech n ically i l l e g a l

action for which he requested

and obtained a statement of the mitigating circumstances from General Gillmore a year a fter the end of the war.

At th is

time Gillmore observed that he had always considered Browne to be "an honest and zealous o f f ic e r , too impulsive and possibly a l i t t l e

altho sometimes rather

hasty

i n . . . j u d g e m e n t . " ^ 5

Other than the matter of trade with the east coast of Florida which would be opened in the f a ir ly

successful

spring of l865»

in h is i n i t i a l

the Department of the South, circumscribed te r r ito r y ,

Browne had been

regulation of commerce in

which,

with i t s

peculiarly

actually presented l i t t l e

as far as trade with a h o s t ile

problem

popuila tion was concerned.

The F ifth Special Agency In Louisiana and Texas, commercial p o li c i e s applied.

or the F ifth Special Agency,

the

of the Treasury were never successfully

Despite the direct orders of h is

superiors that he

must allow the Treasury to manage commerce and devote more time to m ilitary operations,

General Banks seemingly had no intention

of abdicating such an important phase of c i v i l

a ffa ir s.

As a

75* Browne t o Hugh McCulloch, Secretary of the Treasury, Sept. 17, 1866; Gillmore, Washington, D. C., to Browne, Sept. 10, i 8 6 0 , in TD, 5th S. A., Letters received, f i l e 1.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

A

352

p o litic ia n

in te re ste d

p resid en cy

in

I 8 6 I4.,

in

a R ep u b lican

B anks was

coup w h ich w o u ld p r o v id e And i f

C h a s e 's

statin g

in

p re sid en t

D ecem ber, in

th e

E rec tin g re stric ted

1863,

next

th e

com m ercial

to

th e

p erm its

F.

1863.

w here

th e

m ig h t

of

for

New O r l e a n s ,

a

Ju ly

h is

w ith

a

was

7 6

fran k ly for

th e

re g u la tio n

under to

C hase

w ith th e

com ply

th e

a u th o rity

re g u la tio n s w ith

such

w ith

C u th b ert

B u llitt,

C o llecto r

1863,

to d e sig n a te th e

su p p lies

co u ld

be p e rm itte d , but

lo c al

B en jam in 7Q ap p ro v al. E lse­

in v e sted

22,

of

S p e c ia l Agent

T reasury

"venal

underw ay,

of

in v ested

w ere

" f o o l ” who w a s b u sin ess

for

was

surveyors

ch arac te riz ed

G ettin g

in

a can d id ate

R evenue,

S u p e rv isin g

b u t D en iso n h a d as

th e

s p in d le si

L o u isian a,

in te rc o u rse

as

or

in

In te rn a l

p ro m u lg ate

co lle cto rs

Banks

w o uld be

sy stem

D e n iso n ,h o w e v er,

and r e g u la tio n s

F lan d ers

he

in te rc o u rse

C o lle cto r

ru les

th a t

in te re ste d

New E n g l a n d

co rrect,

new T r e a s u r y

th e

M a r c h 31>

was

for

for

e l e c t i o n . ^7

D en iso n , grant

esp ecially

co tto n

in fo rm atio n

n o m in atio n

in

a ll

F lan d ers

lin e s Banks

th is

th in g s."

pow er, at

79

ask ed Banks

on

w ith in w hich p l a n t a t i o n found i t

d iffic u lt

to

76. H a rrin g to n , F ig h tin g P o l i t i c i a n , 133. 71 • J . D . C o l v o r , Ne w O r l e a n s , t o C h a s e , D e c . 1 9 , I S 6 3 , i n TD , S e r i e s K , 1 8 6 3 , v o l . C - E , l 8 l . C h a s e t o D e n i s o n , M ay l b , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, 3 d S . A . , 78. L e tte rs re ceiv ed , f i l e 1. T h e 5 t h S . A., w a s r e d e s i g n a t e d a s t h e 3 d S . A . d u r i n g 1 3 6 i|_. 79 * D e n i s o n t o C h a s e , May 9 , 1 8 6 3 , i n D i a r y a n d C o r r e s ­ pondence o f Salm on P . C h a s e , 33i4--385-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

A

fix

such l in e s .

F lan d ers

w ith

d ifferen t

a

them

R iv er,

d raft

concept

reg u latio n s. port

On A u g u s t

of

to

p o rts

d e liv e r

of

them

to

n o tes

la te r.

persons

w hich w ould be to

av o id

th e

in

sp ecu latio n

ra th e r

lik e d

b ility

to

co tto n

m ig h t

as

one

w ith o u t

it.

such a

by F e d e ra l

an

e n tire ly

stap les

tro o p s

ag en ts,

reclaim

and

p re sen te d

co n tem p lated

o th er

a p ro p o rtio n

eq u itab le

p la n

and

he

p ro p o sin g

th a t

T reasury

for

how ever,

order

from

o ccu p ied

m ent T r e a s u ry Loyal

general trad e

O w ners

11,

of

in w ere

on

th e

and

re c eiv e

th e

v alu e

D en iso n

c alc u la te d

to

tra n s­

in

pay­

be

d ecid ed

paym ent

ad v ised

engage

to

M ississip p i

to

an a d d itio n a l

ju st.

T reasury

th e

F lan d ers

governm ent

b rin g in g

in

m uch c o t t o n ,

but

Chase

N e v erth ele ss,

he

d id

h is

re sp o n si­

p lan ,

not

w h ich w o u ld have

to

le n d be

a re su lt

of

81

m ilitary 3,

was

riv e r from

order.

fa irly p o rts

on

B anks’

n o n -co m m ittal. th e

any m i l i t a r y

w ith in

th e

re stric tio n

D epartm ent

of

as

th e

p ro d u cts

80. v o l. 119, S. A ., L e 81. S ept. 12, I|.01-[|.02,

"The

w ere

th e

on t r a d e ,

Trade

M ississip p i

such lim it a ti o n s enem y.

order

C airo

w h a te v e r,"

th e

prevent

co u n try

was

and

G u lf w ould be to

on S ep tem b er

o f New O r l e a n s

above

needed of

issu ed

w ith up­

d eclared

th e

riv e r

su b ject

tra d e

o n ly

su p p lies

in te n d e d

"free

from

for

to re a ch in g

general

F l a n d e r s t o B a n k s , J u l y 2 2 , 1 3 6 3 , i n TD, 3 d S . A . , P* 3 7 B a n k s t o F l a n d e r s , J u l y 2 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, 3 d tte rs re c eiv e d , f i l e 1. D en iso n to C hase, Aug. 12, 1863; D en iso n to C hase, 1 8 6 3 , i n D i a r y a n d C o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f Salm on P. C h a s e , i4.05-i4.06.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

35k m a r k e t , ’1 h e

d e cla re d

c o m m e rce ,” may b e of th e

v iz;

at

cap tu red

abandoned

for

th e

F lan d ers

sig n s

B rig ad ier

G eneral

in fo rm ed D e n iso n co n tro l

of

not

over

lo y a lty w eekly p arish .

tw o was

th e Sli-

for to

approved am ount D en iso n

12 an d D e c e m b e r e ac h w eek w ere

5»

of

by

sh ip p ed

from

G u lf,

w ith o u t

D o n ald so n v ille, a ll

"m e ag e r,"

and

th e

th e

th e

lin e

th e

h o ld

on

11

m ilitary

in tern al

Provost

M arshal

th a t

he

trad e.

c o u ld have

p ro v id ed he

as

d esig n ated

w ere w eek,

th em

provost

gave

o n ly

to

m arsh als, to

acq u iesced , av erag in g

New O r l e a n s

be

th e

by

th e for

persons

w hose

and re p o rte d

sh ip p ed

a v alu e

g ran ted

p e rm its

and b etw een

to

83

G en eral,

im p o rts

allo w ed

1863# goods

th e

w ith in

g ran ted

e v id en tly

th e

of

on

No p r o v i s i o n s DO d e p a rtm e n t.0

from w eek to

su p p lies

on

arm y.

m erch an d ise

p a rish

p o sts

from

on S e p te m b e r

su p p ly ,

order

w ould r e c e i v e

th e ir

Bowen,

m ilita ry

th e

F lan d ers

such p a ris h e s

G eneral

w eeks

order

of

C arro llto n ,

su p p lies

relax in g

o ra lly

o n ly

P rovost M arshal

th e

Jam es

p erm its

such p e rm its

of

sec tio n

d ep artm en t

p ro p e rty

sale

of

th e

H u d so n .”

th o u g h t

showed no

th e

New O r l e a n s ,

and P o rt

w ere made

second

in to

w ith in

B aton B ouge, and

th e

brought

M ississip p i,

re stra in t,

in

of

to

each

S ep tem b er $ 1 9 9 ,3 0 2

in te rio r

p arish es

82. G . 0 . 6 6 , D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , N e w O r l e a n s , S e p t . 3, i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , v o l . 3k> 0 . S . Ij-3, p . 8 1 . 83. F l a n d e r s t o C h a s e , O c t . 3» 1 8 6 3 , i n T D , 38. S . A . , v o l. 1 1 9 , p p . 211-213. 81).. B r i g . G en . J a m e s Bowen, P r o v o s t M a r s h a l G e n e r a l , D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , t o D e n i s o n , S e p t . 1 2 , l 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , o f th e G u l f , v o l . 2 9 7 , 0 . S. 6 ? 1 , p . 5 9 0 . 1863,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

of L o u isian a u nder trad e

sto re s,

tra d e

ag en t,

1863,

sto re s

o n ly

arran g em en t.

u n d ertak en

o f D e c e m b e r 19# W hile

th e

The

in su red

th e

w ere

g ran ted

w ere

approved

and p a r is h

p ro v o st m arsh als

w ere

to

no p e r m its

for

p rev io u s

au th o rities lo y a lty , to ld

o ld

Chase,

best

and C hase had

In of

preferred

th e

not

allo w ed

th e

th e to

th a t

issu ed

by

co u ld

p arish es,

he

co u ld it

ru le s

m ilita ry

order

T reasury

ap p ly ,

g iv en tra d e

and

w ith o u t sto re s

w ith

satisfa c to ry

T h is

order,

o b ta in

over h is issu e

jo in t

com m anders

to

from

re lu c ta n tly

to

of

su p erv isio n .

post

be

aw ard o f

a

by t h e

a llo w ed

stran g ers.

approved

th e

be

d istric ts

re sid en ts

was

F lan d ers

and had n o t

su p p ly

ap p ro v al.

w ould be

a u th o ritie s, th a t

persons

in

same m i l i t a r y

a u th o riz atio n s

any

estab lish m en t

b y Bowen a n d F l a n d e r s

as

B o w e n 's

such

^

a

F lan d ers

th e

m ilitary

and w ith

regret

own s i g n a t u r e sep arate

order

if

Gr?

th ey

d esired .

m arsh als m ust on t h e

grounds

from n o t i c e fo llo w ed was

of

Bowen approve th a t

in

th e

ap p lic atio n s

th ey

At

Bowen a n d F l a n d e r s

June,

ru le

for

l S 6 I|_.

any

th at

tra d e

w ould o th e r w is e

irre g u la ritie s.

by b o th

changed

ju stifie d

sto re

excuse

rate ,

u n til

p arish

th e

provost

a u th o ritie s

th em selv es ru le s

d ep artm en tal

w ere p o lic y

38

8£. S t a t e m e n t o f B o w e n , c_a. D e c . 2 9 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, D e p t , t h e G u l f , v o l . 2 9 8 , p . 9* 86. O r d e r , B o w en a n d F l a n d e r s , D e c . 19» 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, 3d S. A ., L e t t e r s re c e iv e d , f i l e 1. 87. C h a s e t o F l a n d e r s , J a n . 1 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD , S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 6 , p . 2 1 9 • 83. F l a n d e r s t o M aj. Gen. E. R. S. C anby, M i l i t a r y D i v i ­ s i o n o f t h e W e s t M i s s . , J u l y 1 9 # 18614., i n T D , 3 d S . A . , v o l . 117, pp. 95-96. of

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

356 The m en tal

cau tio u s

d istru st

F lan d ers

orders

b etw een

co n sid ered

abandoned p ro p e r ty much o f Banks

it

d id n o th in g

of

m ilitary

cent

on

a ll

of th re e

cash

tax

of

to

per

He

of

fiv e

$100

purchased

on

tra d e

at

a

B aton

c o lle ctin g ,

at

th e

th e

so ld G eneral

T reasury

5 Pe r

New O r l e a n s ,

but

per b ale

1 per Rouge, an

on th e

settlem e n ts,

and

gave

no

charges

at

B aton

among th e

Rouge

F ederal

B ato n Rouge

p erm its,

le v e e , 91 re c e ip ts.

re c rim in a tio n s

th ey th at

w ith

d o lla rs

crates

m utual

tim e

co lle cte d

and

u n a u th o riz ed

sam e

and

of

G eneral

of beer,

of

of L o u isian a.

co m p lain ed

le a v in g

funda­

over cap tu red

c o n flic tin g

co m m issary

barrel

process

th e

th e

Bowen c o l l e c t e d a 2 p e r 90 B aton R ouge. As i f i n e m u la tio n

to

$25

at

D en iso n

m oreover,

c h ief

tu rn ed

boxes

th ese

open

In

89

ta x

th e

p ro d u c ts

tax es.

rip p ed

orders

su p p lies

sh ip m en ts

d o lla rs

on a l l

o th er

tim e,

su p erio rs,

a h o sp ital

a ll

w h ile

a lle v ia te

and m ilita ry

acco u n t.

revoke

th e a

tax

to

to

m ilitary

g ru d g in g ly

on

For

of h is

th e

tax

co tto n . ta x

th a t

n o th in g T reasury

o f S ep tem b er 1 1 .

T reasury

co m p lain ed

th e

on Q u a rte rm a ste r

reg u latio n s cent

d id

an

cent and

ex cise ad

of

in sisted

th e

on

on -S eptem ber in

of guard

im m ed iate

how ever,

a u th o ritie s

tax

v alo rem

a num ber

o ffice r

Banks,

le v ie d

22,

ended but

L o u isian a

89* F l a n d e r s t o C h a s e , O c t . 3> 1 - 3 6 3 , i n T D , 38. S . A . , 119, PP- 2 1 1 -2 1 3 . 90. D en iso n to C hase, S e p t. 12, 1863, in D iary and C o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f S a l m o n P . C h a s e , l p 0 2 —ipOi^. 91* F l a n d e r s t o B a n k s , S e p t . 2 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD , 3 d S . A . , v o l. 1 1 9 , pp. 161- 1 6 6 . v o l.

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

357

co n tin u ed .

F lan d ers

charged

th a t

B a to n Rouge was r u n n i n g a l a r g e "brought

in

h is

The T r e a s u r y civ ilian s, tio n s.* ^

goods

fu rth er

for

fry

th a t

m ed ical

su tle rs

th e

revenue

ta x

On t h e

o th er

hand

Provost

C ourt

rem ark

w h ales

sharks

lab eled

su sp ected

d ism isse d

case

a tte m p tin g

to

and n o t

th at

a

th e

to

revenue

sm uggle

and

w ere

p rey in g

upon

th e

few

in stan ces

of

tra d e

to

sto re

su p p lie s.

w ere

Judge a

"th a t b rin g

Revenue

A.

in

A to ch a, deck­

of

w h isk ey ,

sh o u ld some

and l e t

to

reg u la­

A.

kegs he

93

se llin g

steam b o at

th re e

at

and

and v io la tin g

ag ain st

o ffic e r

f o r m innow s

d ire c to r

g en eral grocery

ev ad in g

h a n d who a d m i t t e d th e

c ra tes

m ed ical

th u s

on D e c e m b e r 2 0 ,

w ith

in

th e

fish

of

th e

th e sm all

p a ss ." ^ O nly a

have the

b o th ered w in ter

th a t

th e

sh ip s

enem y

G eneral

C h arles

to

out

tak e

c iv il

and m ilita ry

o f 1 8 6 3 - 18614. a n d

fo reig n

supply

th e

a

w ere

th e

c lea rin g

su rre p titio u sly P.

w ith

S to n e,

"su ffic ie n t

B anks’

th e

from

sp rin g .

New O r l e a n s

th e

ch ief

m ilita ry

seem

a d m in istra tio n s

fo llo w in g

on

enem y

so u th ern of

pass"

sta ff, a fte r

to

d u rin g

L earn in g o n ly c o ast,

to B rig a d ie r

re q u ire d

them

Novem ber 1 8 6 3 . ^

92. B a n k s t o F l a n d e r s , S e p t . 2 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, 3 d S . A . , L e tte rs re ceiv ed , f i l e 1. 93* F l a n d e r s t o B a n k s , S e p t . 2 2 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, 3 d S . A . , v o l. 119, pp. l 6l - l 6 6 . 9lf. W. C . G r a y , D e p u t y S p e c i a l A g e n t , 3 d S . A . , t o C a p t . J a c o b M a h l e r , A s s t . Q u a r t e r m a s t e r , New O r l e a n s , O c t . 2 0 , 1 8 6 3 , i n T D , 3 d S . A . , v o l . 1 1 9 , p p . 2 3 9 - 2 I4.O. 95F l a n d e r s t o A . A . A t o c h a , P r o v o s t J u d g e , New O r l e a n s , D e c . 2 1 , 1 8 6 3 , q u o t i n g N e w O r l e a n s E r a , D e c . 2 0 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD , 3d S. A ., v o l. 119, p p . 3 1 5 -3 1 6 . 96. B r i g . G en. C h a r l e s P. S to n e , C /S , D e p t, o f th e G u lf,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

358

Family supplies were reported to pass out to the enemy through Plaquemines P arish,97 an(= i by April, 1861^., Flanders had discovered that Confederate agents were running cotton through Bayou Plaquemines where they sold i t

for Treasury

notes and shortly redeemed the notes at New Orleans in gold. During February, Orleans, illic it

99

1861).,

and since i t

use of t h i s

some

98

000,000 of gold came into New

was p r a c tic a lly impossible to prevent

specie once i t

ordered on June 18 that a l l

reached the c i t y Banks

shipments of gold would be deposited

with the Assistant Treasurer of the United States and delivered to consignees when they produced evidence that i t would not be Illeg a lly used.

The B r it is h consul objected to t h is order

as a .v io la tio n of mutual treaty r ig h ts, Washington claimed that i t neutral property.

and Lord Lyons at

interfered with free control of

The S o l i c i t o r of the War Department, however,

found the order a necessary safeguard to the extraordinary privilege extended neutrals of trading at New Orleans during a 100 time of c i v i l war, and Stanton refused to revoke the order,

to B u l l i t t , Nov.

0. s . 6, p. 131.

11,

I8 6 3 ,

in W D, Dept,

of the Gulf,

vol.

6,

97* Col. Thomas B. Sargent, Asst. Aide de Camp, Hq., Dept, of the Gulf, to Flanders, Jan. 2 9 , 1861^., in TD, 3d S. A., Letters received, f i l e 1 . 98. Flanders to Chase, Apr. 25, 1 8 6 )4., in TD, 3d S. A., vol. 1 1 9 , pp. 5 6 0 - 5 6 2 . 99* Flanders to Chase, Mar. 25, I 8 6 I4., in TD, 3d S. A., vol. 1 1 9 , p. 14.86 . 100. G. 0. 7 5 , Dept, of the Gulf, New Orleans, June 18,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

A

The paucity of complaint regarding i l l i c i t

commerce may

have reflecte d the overpowering i n te r e s t of the m ilitary and c i v i l administrations with the cotton which lay t a n ta liz in g ly just beyond th e ir reach within Confederate l i n e s .

e j e s upon a larger prize, peculation.

On November

With th eir

they may have overlooked minor 5,

1 8 6 3 , for example, Denison wrote

Chase that some 30,500 bales of cotton had gone through New Orleans in the preceding eight months, city at that time about 8,000 bales. bales before the next June i f department bestirred i t s e l f . came in Texas,

while there were in the He expected 50,000 more

the large m ilitary force in the

101

The f i r s t

where in mid-August,

of such opportunities

1 8 6 3 , Halleck advised Banks

that growing French influence required the restoration of the 102 fla g. Brigadier General Andrew Jackson Hamilton, whom Lincoln had appointed m ilitary governor of Texas, Orleans since December, liberation of the sta te ,

1862,

had been camped inNew

constantly clamoring for a promised

a clamor not uninfluenced by many of

his follow ers’ hope for speculation.

Even before leaving New

York with the Banks’ expedition Hamilton had urged that a port

iSblp; 0. Cappell, B r itish C on su late, New Orleans, to Lord Lyons, June 23, 18014.; Lyons to Seward, July 6 , I 8 6 I4.; William Whiting, S o licito r of the War' Department, to Stanton, July 28, l861j_; Dana to Seward, July 29, I 8 6 I4., in W D, Secretary of War, Letters Received from Departments, f i l e 1271-EB-6, July 2 8 / 6 I4.. 101. Denison to Ctase, Nov. 5 , 1363, in Diary and Corres­ pondence of Salmon P. Chase, 14-15102. H a r r i n g t o n , F i g h t i n g P o l i t i c i a n , 130-135, p r e s e n t s

an e x c e l l e n t

summary o f B a n k s ’ T e x a s e x p e d i t i o n .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

360

in Texas was needed as a humanitarian r e l i e f c itizen s of that

"103 state.

Cotton speculators had also

evidently been busy within the sta te .

One Harris Hoyt,

example, had "escaped" Texas in May, 1862, where,

to the loyal

for

had gone to Washington,

obtaining a testimonial l e t t e r of good character from

Lincoln’ s private

secretary,

he in terested William Sprague

and W . H. Reynolds in securing cotton there.

During I 0 6 3

he

spent some months in Texas buying cotton which he expected to 1 0 l|get out when General banks arrived. Although Banks followed m ilitary orders when he invaded Texas, he was doubtlessly influenced somewha t by commercial pressures.

One expedition f a i le d at the Sabine Pass in

September,

1 8 6 3 , but in November another gained a foothold and

captured Brownsville without a f i g h t .

Thereafter,

however,

the attack bogged down and Union gains were lim ited to t h i s one outpost.

To care for the Treasury i n t e r e s t s ,

for Flanders) assistant

sent George W . Brackenridge to Brownsville as an

special agent,

union lin e s

Denison (acting

charged to permit trade only within

(trade with insurgent d i s t r i c t s

only by the m ilitary)

could be managed

and to receive captured and abandoned

103. Brig. Gen. Andrew J. Hamilton, New York, to Stanton, Nov. 2 I4., 1 8 6 )4., in W D, Secretary of War, Letters Received, f i l e H-1780 (2), Nov. 30/62. 104* See the in v e stig a tio n of Harris Hoyt’ s transactions in Senate Ex. Documents, i il s t Cong., 3d S e s s ., No. 10.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

36l

p ro p erty .

H is

a c tiv itie s

w ere

C o n fe d erate s r a n m ost o f th e d esp ite

B anks’ e f f o r ts

beyond F e d e r a l m oreover,

reach.

Banks

a m ilitary

co llect

th e

the

g a rriso n

th e

money b e c a u s e

w hich

o rd in ary As i f

to

co tto n

B razos, th en so

to

be

are in

present do a n d

1 0 71

su p p lies

was

assuage

th e

if

our h a n d s."

10 0 ,0 0 0 b a l e s if

co tto n

th e

be

of th e

was

T reasury,

cap tu red

b a les

defended h i s

im p o rted

but

safely

d id

on h i s

a ctio n

su cc e ssfu lly

fro m M exico f o r

F la n d e rs

made h im

a b lo ck ad ed

refund

port

w ith

im p o ssib le . T reasury,

H o lab ird ,

n o th in g ,

rem ain ed

B rack en rid g e

B ro w n sv ille

trad e

it

d isg u st

se llin g

B ro w n sv il3 .e ,

C o lo n e l Sam uel B. of

on

on

th e

th e

o v e r t o Ivlatamoras w h e r e ,

and s u c c e s s f u l l y

n e ce ssity .

at

To

in sisted

cu sto m s

co tto n

d ip lo m acy ,

X()6

Q u arterm aster a c c o u n t, as

at

u n su ccessfu l because

p o in ted

in

th e

out

th a t

"One

tw o m o n th s W e s te rn

"Y our to

B anks’ Q u arterm aster,

th e

so ld ie rs," T reasury

o b ject

of

our

he if

th o u san d

Texas

to

pro m ised , it

be

b ales

th e "can

d e sirab le

e f f o r t s ."1 0 9

The

105. D e n i s o n ( f o r F l a n d e r s ) t o G e o r g e W. B r a c k e n r i d g e , 9 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, 3 d S . A . , v o l . 119> P P • 2 5 6 - 2 5 8 . 106. B a n k s t o H a l l e c k , D e c . 1 1 , 1 8 6 3 , ' i n WD, I i q . o f t h e A r m y , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , 1 8 6 3 , f i l e 8 1 2 - E B - l ; . , l r1 2 - B . 107. C h a s e , t o S t a n t o n , J a n . 5 * l 8 6 k , i n Vi/D, S e c r e t a r y o f W ar, L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m D e p a r t m e n t s , f i l e 23-E33-5, J a n . 8 /6 1 |. B a n k s t o S t a n t o n , J a n . 2 3 > I 8 6 I4 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e B - 2 6 3 > F e b . 3 /6 1] .. 108. F la n d e rs to B ra c k e n rid g e , Jan . 6 , l8 6 k ; F la n d e rs t o C h a s e , J a n . 8 , l861|., i n TD, 3 d S . A . , v o l . 1 1 9 > P P • 381-382, 385-386. 109. C o l . S . B . H o l a b i r d , ' C h i e f QM, t o B a n k s , D e c . 1 8 , 1 8 6 3 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e B -2 6 3 , F e b . 3/61i. Nov.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

362

p l e a s a n t p r o s p e c t was n o t F ran cis J .

H erron

to be r e a l i z e d .

sent out

c a p tu re 1 0 ,0 0 0 b a le s

of c o tto n

of w ater and fo rag e tu r n e d The t r o o p s a t

B ro w n sv ille

d isg u sted c iv i l ia n th eir

co n tro l

an e x p e d i t i o n

the

M eanw hile t h e

and e v e n th e the

C ab in et

sa m e " c o t t o n

o f the

le tte r

sell

to L in co ln

110.

M ai.

th at it,

of co tto n

c iv il

and m i l i t a r y

a u th o rity

c o tto n c lo s e r a t hand,

F.

in C o n fed erate L o u isia n a, P ersu asiv e

S o u th ern o f f i c e r s ,

a n d ,y ie ld in g

in January,

Gen.

o th er endeavor

By 1861]., B a n k s h a d i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t

a s much m ore i n A r k a n s a s a n d T e x a s .

to

to

i n W a s h in g to n h a d become i n f e c t e d w i t h

t h e r e w e r e 1 0 5>,0 00 b a l e s

be w i l l i n g

w hich p a s s w i t h in r i f l e

to C o n fed erate

fe v e r."

b ro u g h t him s t o r i e s

o f B row ns­

th an Texas.

a tten tio n

a t New O r l e a n s h a d t u r n e d

as a

He c l a i m e d t h a t

f o r ty m ile s

Banks h a d tu r n e d

fru itfu l

o u t th e w ar,

in A fric a ."

an d w ere s u p p l i e d by " t r a i n s

w hich seem ed-m ore

but a sc a rc ity

w i t h t h e R io G ra n d e no m ore u n d e r

th e y w ere

s h o t o f o u r c a m p s . " ' * ' ' 1'"1’

Pass,

sat

th e C o n f e d e r a t e s h a d moved b a c k w i t h i n v ille

in F eb ru ary to

t r o o p s b a c k em pty-handed.'*''*'^

th ere after

rep o rted ,

"th an i f

a t E agle

M ajor G eneral

J.

1861].,

H erron,

a d v o cates

tire d

at la st,

o f w ar,

w ould

Banks d r a f t e d a

p ro p o sin g th a t

t o M aj.

and

th e governm ent

G e o r g e B. D r a k e ,

A . A . G . , D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , O c t . 5 , 1861]., i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e l i |. 0 8 - L - l 8 6 i ] . . 111. A. L o w r y , D o l o r e s M i n e , M e x i c o , t o M a j . G e n . S a m u e l H e i n t z e l m a n , C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o , J u n e 1 6 , 1861]., i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e H -ll]i]-7 » J u l y 2 7 /6 1 ]..

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

363 take

the l o o t ,

p riv ate

p ro m isin g e ig h te e n

p erso n al use

th o u g h t b e t t e r

o f th e

personal l e t t e r

he d e c i d e d t o r e l y u p o n t h e

to

The G e n e r a l e v i d e n t l y

1863,

b en efit h is

"Never

a g ita tio n

consul of A u stria ,

Chase on D e ce m b er 1 0 , th e l i n e s

tu rn co a ts.

o f th e p r o p o s i t io n upon f u r t h e r

f o r he m a rk e d t h e

such as th e

c e n ts p e r pound f o r th e

approval

f o r th e

112

of p riv ate

B av aria,

n a tio n a ls.

113

"ex p e rim e n t,"

Perhaps

in d iv id u a ls

a n d B a d e n who w r o t e

a sk in g p e rm issio n to

trad e

M ic h a e l Hahn,

be g o v e r n o r o f r e c o n s t r u c t e d L o u i s i a n a , Banks*

se n t."

co n sid era tio n

th ro u g h soon to

c l a i m i n g t h a t he h a d

proposed as

fo llo w s:

S i m p l y f o r t h e Army a n d n a v y t o a l l o w " g r e e n b a c k s " and a r t i c l e s n o t c o n tra b a n d o f w ar, to p a s s . i n t o re b e l t e r r i t o r y , th ro u g h m e rc a n tile so u rces, and as a p u rely m erc an tile e n te rp ris e fo r th e ir c o tto n , e t c . , a n d w h e n o u r 3 0 t o $.0 p e r c e n t o r m o r e o f t h e g r o s s am ts a r e r e e d be t a k e n by g o v t a n d p a i d a t once i n t o t h e T r e a s u r y - t h e b a la n c e go t o R e b e ls an d l o y a l men. T his p la n ,

he

said ,

w ould e n siire

to ^1 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 w ith in a y e a r . ^ ^ ' of th ese

schem es,

t h a t he i n t e n d e d

112.

refused to

ab id e

H arrin g to n ,

th e

the

governm ent from $ 3 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0

Chase,

the r e c i p i e n t

co n su l’ s req u est,

by t h e

o f m ost

d eclarin g

l a w . 1 1 3^

F ig h tin g P o litic ia n ,

136-138*

113. T. H. E i m e r , N e w O r l e a n s , t o C h a s e , D e c . 1 0 , 1 3 6 3 , i n TD, S e r i e s K , 1 3 6 3 , v o l . M -Q, 4 8 0 . 111).. J . D . C o l v e r , New O r l e a n s , t o C h a s e , D e c . 19 » 1 8 6 3 , i n TD , S e r i e s K, 1 8 6 3 , v o l . C -E , l 8l . 115. C h a s e t o B . R u s h P l u i f t l y , New O r l e a n s , L a . , J a n . 6, I0 6 3 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 6 , p p . 1 7 6 177.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

A

36k

F lan d ers'

refusal

to p erm it

P ensacola and W arren to n ,

supply to

F lo rid a,

on t h e

in h ab itan ts

grounds

of

th a t w h ile •i 1 Z .

o ccu p ied by F e d e r a l

tro o p s,

seems

p ro je c ted

to

have

d iscu ssio n . 1 2

,

in

l861i,

From

ta lk

g en eral,

th e

f ir s t

w hole

a

passed

rev iew ed

th e

le tte rs

from L o u is ia n a

draft

a le tte r

d ep o ts

w here

le tte r

to

B lair

w ere

in to

at

F ederal

m ig h t

S tan to n

le ast

tra n s-M ississip p i

th a t

G eneral

G rant

be

and

n ev erth eless,

on

m atter

it

m ig h t

th e

approve

be

ag ain

la te r,

th e

of

Con­

rough

a

as

T reasury n o te s, and

urged

opened,

so lic ite d

open

and B ato n Rouge

w ith

such

to

and re a d

ad m issio n

seem ed p r iv y ,

m ig h t

o p en in g p o r t s

A w eek

Ee p r o d u c e d

W elles

C ab in et

January

w ell

C ab in et

th e

hew O r l e a n s

p riv a te ly

of be

tra d e .

u rg in g

Chase

not

p ro b lem

purchased

reg io n

w ould

th is

to

lin es.

fa v o ra b le.

tire

W elles,

p la n te rs

p o rts,

in to

th e

before

d e sig n a tin g

co tto n

w h ich

q u estio n

b lo ck ad ed

schem es

th a t

reg io n

s till

tra d e

of

on t o

proposed

tra n s-i.iississip p i

co tto n

th ese

q u ick ly

and W elles

fed erate

w ere

c o n sid e ra tio n

L in co ln

of

th ey

but

Sew ard th a t

C h a s e 's

such

an

actio n ,

but

Chase

co n sid ered

it

en­ th o u g h t

s te p .11?

in flu e n c e • j -i

to w ard

and

th e

S tan to n

sw eep in g

a

Q

p rem atu re.

116 . F l a n d e r s t o C om dr. W a tso n S m i t h , P e n s a c o l a , F l a . , 1 1 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, 3d S . A . , v o l . 1 1 9 , PP- 2 7 9 - 2 3 0 . 117. D i a r y o f G i d e o n W e l l e s # I , j?09_5 l l . 118. C h a s e t o W e l l e s , J a n . 2 1 , I 8 6 I4. , i n T D , S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 6 , p p . 2 3 2 - 2 3 3 . D ia r y o f G ideon W elles, I , £ lk . C h ase i n s i s t e d t h a t P e n s a c o l a be t r e a t e d p r e ­ c i s e l y as N o r f o l k u n t i l t h e b lo c k a d e was r a i s e d t h e r e , and such a p p e a rs to h av e b een th e l o c a l r e l i e f e f f e c t e d . V ^elles t o S t a n t o n , J a n . 2 6 , l 8 6 l|., i n VCD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R ec e iv e d fro m D e p a rtm e n ts , f i l e 158-SB -5* Ja n . 2 8 / 0 4 . D ec.

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission .

365

The resu lt

of the uncertainty as to Grant's possible

viewpoint made the administration's action somewhat cautious, and on January 26, issued by Chase,

I 8 6 I4.,

the additional regulations of trade

with Lincoln’ s approval,

would not become e f f e c t i v e commanders.

provided that they

u n t i l promulgated by departmental

These regulations allowed persons residing beyond

the Federal l i n e s to bring in th e ir products to a Treasury agent.

I f the person was not proven d islo y a l he might convey

h is property to a place of sale

of h is own choice.

I f he

lived outside the Federal l i n e s

but would take an oath of

allegiance he might turn in h is property to the Treasury agent who was empowered to

se ll

proceeds and give him, the property.

it,

pay the owner 2 5 per cent of the

in addition,

The remaining sum,

a ce rtifica te

describing

l e s s 1 per cent allowed the

Treasury agent for additional compensation, would be paid into the Treasury and returned to the owner when, peace, he establish ed h is lo y a lt y . Treasury notes,

A ll

sales

on the return of should be for

and nothing in the additional regulations of

trade should authorize conveyance of supplies beyond Federal military l i n e s .

Lincoln,

so coming within the l in e s

however,

exempted a l l

such property

from confiscation or fo r fe itu r e .

Upon Chase’ s request the War Department sent copies of the additional regulations to each departmental commander on February 1 7 , l 8 6 i|..'L1^

119*

Executive Order, A. Lincoln,

Jan.

26,

I 8 6 I4.; Chase,

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3 66 These a d d i t i o n a l r e g u l a t i o n s had been p re p a r e d w ith G eneral B anks’ d ep artm e n t p a r t i c u l a r l y proved e x tre m e ly r e t i c e n t

i n m in d , b u t t h e G e n e ra l

a b o u t p r o m u l g a t i n g them .

F o r one

thing, he had allowed a Hew Orleans merchant and personal

confident to

sco u t C o n fed erate

sen tim en t in P o in te

P a r i s h on th e p r o p o s e d p u r c h a s e

of

Coup&e

c o tto n w ith T reasury n o tes.

One " i n f l u e n t i a l p l a n t e r , " R i c h a r d M c C a l l , w a s c e r t a i n th e C o n f e d e r a t e s w ould l e t su p p lies.

c o t t o n go o u t

He w a s a m u s e d a t

goes f o r

cen ts

in

su p p lie s."

only in exchange f o r

t h e p a p e r money p r o p o s i t i o n :

" C o t t o n c a n b e s o l d now o n t h e b a n k s for f o r ty

g o ld ," he

said ,

of th e M is s is s ip p i R iver

"and a l l

th a t goes out

T h e New O r l e a n s m e r c h a n t w a s s u r e

no c o t t o n

c o u l d be o b t a i n e d f o r p a p e r money u n t i l

su p p lies,

com ing i n

O rleans,

th at

th e

th at illic it

s e e m i n g l y u n d e r f a m i l y p e r m i t s f r o m New

w e r e i n t e r d i c t e d . 120

G e n e r a l B anks was a l s o p l a n n i n g a n e x p e d i t i o n up t h e Red R iver t o c a p ita l issip p i.

cap tu re

S h rev ep o rt,

and c e n t e r

L o u isian a,

of o rg an ized r e s is ta n c e

H alleck had o r i g in a ll y

had co n ceiv ed i t

the

ordered

C onfederate w est

of th e

sta te M iss­

such an o p e r a t io n

a s a j o i n t m aneuver by Banks and S t e e l e ,

and t r a n s p o r t e d b y A d m ira l P o r t e r ’ s s q u a d r o n .

and aid ed

S h e r m a n , who

A d d i t i o n a l R e g u l a t i o n s o f T r a d e , N o s . 52-56, J a n . 26, 186Ip; C h a s e t o S t a n t o n , F e b . 13* 186L. j ' C o l . J a m e s A. H a r d i e , A . A . G . , War D e p a r t m e n t , t o M e a d e , e t a l . , F e b . 17» 1 8 6 4 , i n WD, S e c r e ­ t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m D e p a r t m e n t s , f i l e 305-EB-5, F e b ./6 i|. 120. Daniel A. Dwight, New Orleans, to Banks, Jan. 23* l 8 6 ij., in TD, Series K, l 8 6 k, vol. A-F, hOii.. Dwight was one of the favored traders who accompanied Banks on the Red River Expedition. Harrington, Fighting P o l i t i c i a n , l 6 l .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission.

367

had j u s t r a i d e d " I know i f

M erid ian ,

we w i p e

M ississip p i,

out S hreveport

he w ir e d G r a n t f r o m V i c k s b u r g , t w e n t y t h o u s a n d m en f r o m h e r e a lso agreed to

"you can

S m ith f o r

A lexandria. h e arted ly . ^

G ran t,

and A rk a n s a s

one m o n th ,

refle c tio n

th e

how ever,

w rote

"an x io u s"

1 0 5 ,0 0 0 b a l e s

to be in L o u isia n a,

I f he p ro m u lg ated th e Sm ith c o u ld se n d

it

a ll

b e g in n in g in

but

t o New O r l e a n s ,

crossed i t

of C o n fe d e ra te

th e m id d le

in E urope.

p u ttin g

lo y al

he w ould s e i z e

and send i t

it

of i t s

t o New O r l e a n s f o r

th e

G eneral K irby

and a p p l y t h e p r o c e e d s

In stead ,

a ll,

to

c o tto n he b e li e v e d

Banks f i n a l l y

ship

th eir

proceeds

c o u l d b e r e l e a s e d b y show o f l o y a l t y . c o tto n ,

ou t)

and T ex as as a w h o le .

ow ners t o

o n e-th ird

"se rio u s"

to 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 b a l e s he

A rkansas,

t o New O r l e a n s

posed to p e rm it le g itim a te

e ra lly ,

tr o o p s u n d e r M ajor

a d d itio n a l reg u la tio n s,

to C o nfederate p r o j e c t s

fed erate

Sherm an

seem s n e v e r t o h a v e a p p ro v e d w h o le -

t o b e on t h e B e d R i v e r a n d t h e 2 0 0 , 0 0 0

it

in A p ril."

c a m p a ig n , B anks r e c o r d e d t h a t he g a v e

(he f i r s t

su b je c t of th e

u n til

c a ll for

1 2 1

P lan n in g

e stim ate d

safely

l861|., w h e n t h e y w o u l d r e n d e z v o u s w i t h B a n k s a t

o f M arch,

4-

as I have done M e rid ia n ,"

le n d Banks te n th o u s a n d

G e n e r a l Andrew J .

was e n t h u s i a s t i c .

in

pro­

c o tto n th e T reasu ry

As f o r

th e

p ay in g in fo rm e rs

Con­

lib ­

s a le by th e T re a su ry

or

121. Harrington, Fighting P o li t i c i a n , 151-153. Sherman, Vicksburg, to Grant, Mar. 11, l 8 6 i+, in W D, Hq. of the Army, Telegrams Received, vol. l 6 , p. 1+17.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

368

Quartermaster.

"I have r e fle c te d upon t h is

subject day and

night for three months," he wrote Flanders on March 21,

"with

an earnest desire to adopt some course which should be con­ sistent with the in t e r e s t s

of the Government,

other that commends i t s e l f

to my judgement."

and there i s none

122

This l e t t e r

was handed to Flanders only a few hours before Banks l e f t

New O r l e a n s f o r e lse,

th e

fro n t,

but F lan d ers,

s t a t e d t h a t he b e l i e v e d

a b le

to

do n o t h i n g

th e G e n e r a l w ould s u c c e s s f u l l y

secure a large amount of cotton under the plan and he proposed to cooperate with him.

123

Rebuffed i n i t i a l l y

send a Treasury representative

in a proposal to

on the march, Flanders belatedly

named Alexander VVarner a Treasury agent and sent him on March 29 to confer with Banks.

Flanders hopefully suggested that

Warner had authority to issue permits for the purchase of products under the regulations

of September 11,

l863«^^

The Federal m ilitary campaign on the Red River proved to be a fa ilu re

from beginning to end.

far behind schedule;

Steele pushed southward

Banks was slow in concentrating at

Alexandria, where Smith, having fought one engagement enroute, preceded him.

Marching in long,

strung-out

column thro\igh the

pine woods between Natchitoches and Shreveport,

Banks actually

122. Banks to Flanders, Mar. 21, I 8 6 I4., in TD, 3d S. A., Letters received, f i l e . 123. Flander to Chase, Mar. 25 * I 8 6 I4., in TD, 3d S . A., vol. 119, pp. l}.8l.L-lj.85>• 124. Flanders to Banks, Mar. 29» I 8 0 I4., in TD, 3d S. A., vol. 119, pp. l4-9 9 “3> 00.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

369

lo st

co n tro l

under

G eneral

on A p r i l J.

of h is

8

,

l

R ich ard 8 6

k,

off

T ay lo r.

s till

have

Banks

d ecid ed

force

under

colum n

at

re tre a ted

if

K irb y

b e h in d

B anks,

S m ith

fin a lly

S im sp o rt,

o n ly

a n ew ly

H ill

th a t

U nion

th e

a llo w ed

at

fin d

th a t

to

fe ll

back,

th e

o v erall

and S t e e l e ’ s

d ep artm en ts

next

P o r te r 's

M ilita ry

and

th e

fa llin g

who h a d

S.

w ater

of

th e

had

A lex an d ria a n Army back

Canby

out

in clu d ed on

now

F a llin g

D iv isio n

p o sts

S te e le ’s

u n til

sent

m ig h t

C o n fed erate

fo rtifie d

R.

th ey

o p p o sitio n ,

P o rter,

b o a ts.

command w h i c h

day

forces

defeat

p o sitio n

Roads

O n l y A.

A lex an d ria,

G e n e ra l Edw ard

c re ate d

an

to

ra p id s

C ross

o th er

A d m iral

W ar D e p a r t m e n t h a d

M ississip p i,

th e

chance

C o n fed erates

ro u te d .

P leasan t

a

and h e ld

M ajo r

man whom t h e

command o f

th e

e x tric ated

Banks m et

S ab in e

G u lf was

A rkansas.

how ever,

sieg e ,

at

a n o w -d iso rg an ized T h is

beyond

Banks,

at

seem s

w ith d raw .

g u n b o ats

ex p ectin g

th e

it

ag ain st

G eneral

him .

en g in eer

19 »

to

th e

and

Jen k in ’s F erry ,

pushed h is

trap p ed

W hile

ar.d w h e n t h e

a tta ck e d

Arm y o f

firm ,

advanced

force,

T ay lo r

th e

S m i t h ’ s men h e l d

beat

as

fig h tin g

o n May

to

tak e

th e

W est

b o th

to

Banks'

e astern

sid e

of

^ 125 one M i s s i s s i p p i . The have h is

been

scandal

of

th e

F ederal

d isastro u s

had

T ay lo r

su p erio r,

co tto n

K irb y

frau d s,

125. and L e a d e rs ,

S m ith ,

m a g n ified

IV ,

to

m ilitary not

came u p ) even

defeat

attack ed was

H a rrin g to n ,. F ig h tin g 345-374.

p rem atu rely

exceeded

g re a ter

(w hich m ig h t

o n ly

p ro p o rtio n s

P o litic ia n ,

by

before th e

by rum or.

l5 3 -lo O .

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.

i-a ttle s

370 A ccording

to

co u n try

from

seizin g

a ll

Banks,

A d m iral

six

ten

m iles

on e a c h

th ey

co u ld

fin d .

to

c o tto n

P o r te r 's

sailo rs sid e The

scoured

of

th e

burn

o fficers

la te r

of th e

th en ,

th at

th e

ron

said

th e S.

le tte rs

seized

of th e

"U.

S tates

to

te stifie d

W ar t h a t

and,

U n ited

c o tto n

N.," sto o d

N a v y ."

about

Red a n d

its

c ap tu re.

before

th e

C om m ittee

a la b e l for

Nor

co u ld

u n d ersto o d

Banks

escape

C o m m ittee.

as

pass

for

i;p2 , 5 0 0

each

ju st

seem

w h ich w ere p rio r

b ig

h earin g s

to

tw o

whom,

from L in c o ln to

said

th e

of

a few

have to

d e p artu re

A ."

th e

squad­ banks

A d m iral

of

r a i d . . . . "127 th e

h o stile

sele c t Sam uel L.

to

slip p e d

have

of

on th e

co tto n

B u tler,

passes,

rig h t

S.

rem ark

h is

a

J.

trad ers

th a t

was

and W illiam

jo u rn a listic

a ll

sca th in g

"C.

A sso ciatio n

it

arm y,

O th er

th e

th e

accom pany h i s

Red R i v e r .

firs t, to

B anks'

Conduct

A rm y,

to

th e

rise

He h a d p e r m i t t e d

a

on th e

th e

sp ec u la to rs

had

of

for

th a t th e

One

claim ed

co tto n ,

n atu rally

b \

c o tto n ,

S te a lin g

how ever, of

But

a ll

w hich gave

"C o tto n

b ales

O u ach ita.

was w e ll

branded

P o rter,

6 ,0 0 0

"It

C o n g ressio n al

prevent

sa ilo rs

Red R iv e r ,

C o n fed erates T O

began to

th e

tra d e in

C asey

on

on

so ld of

a t New O r l e a n s 126 th e e x p e d itio n .

126. B a n k s t o H o l a b i r d , A p r . 2 , I 8 6 I4., i n T D , 3 d S . A . , L e tte rs re c eiv ed , f i l e 1. K irb y S m ith h a d a c t u a l l y g iv e n o r d e r s t o b u r n t h e c o t t o n o n M a r . lip, l861p, b e f o r e P o r t e r a p p e a r e d on th e r i v e r . See B a t t l e s a n d L e a d e r s , IV , 3 6 1 - 3 6 2 . 127. C o l . H . L . L a n d e r ' s ] nW e t S a n d a n d C o t t o n — B a n k s ' R e d ^ R i v e r C a m p a ig n ," i n T he L o u i s i a n a H i s t o r i c a l Q u a r t e r l y , XlX ( 1 9 3 6 ) , 173-171+* See a l s o th e te s tim o n y i n th e J o i n t C o n g re s s io n a l C o m m itte e f o r t h e C o n d u c t o f t h e W ar h e a r i n g s on t h e R ed R i v e r E x p e d i t i o n i n S e n a t e R e p o r t s , 3 6 C o n g . 2 S e s s . , N o . 1 Ip2, p t . 2 , p assim . 128. H arrin g to n , F ig h tin g P o li tic i a n , 160- 162.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

371

For a w h ile

Banks

an y th in g fro m

d id

th e

not

m isb eg o tten

28, p r o d d e d b y F l a n d e r s tio n

s u c h Red R i v e r

ad d itio n al

the

claim s

and,

la te . to

The t a s k fiasco

of

E x p ed itio n Canby,

w o uld

but

co tto n

as

rem ain ed ,

Banks

of

The

said ,

tra d e

re g u la tio n s

d id

little

such

v irtu a lly

order

in to

to

th e

th e

co tto n ra ised th e

alread y m a n ife ste d

by

G ran t.

He w a s

e x isted

under

so

lo n g

m ilitary

d o u r-v isag ed

but

of

th e

o fficia l

b lo ck ad e.

130

Red R iv e r Army g e n e r a l ,

co in cid e

d eterm in ed

it

com m ercial

R eg u lar

'w ould g e n e r a l l y

But

hew O r l e a n s ,

c o tto n and

th e

co m p licate

reached

th e

co llap se

tra d e

has

as

d e stru c ­

p ro m u lg ated

department.

on

on A p r i l

from

h is

on

th a t

save

in

spaw ned by fa ll

salv ag e

fin a lly

to

v iew s

ev il

w hose

cam p aig n ,

to

so m eth in g

b rin g in g

w h ic h was

know how

do

ow nership

as F la n d e rs

to

to

re g u la tio n s

was now t o o

appear

to

w ith

unm ask

san ctio n

on

th o se "th e th e

r i, v e r . '..131

130. F l a n d e r s t o F e s s e n d e n , J u l y 1 3 > l 8 6 i±, i n T D , 3 d v o l . 117, p p . 87-89* 131. L t . C o l . C. T . C h r i s t e n s e n , A. A. G . , M i l i t a r y D i v i ­ s i o n o f t h e W e s t H i s s . , t o H a j . G e n . K. T . J . D a n a , J u l y o , 186).!., i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , v o l . o O , 0 . S . 1 0 i j , p p . 1 1 3 - l l i * . S.

A .,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

CHAPTER IX TRADE UNDER THE PURCHASING AGENT A C T , W h ile w here th e

in

th e

issu e

tricab ly

th e

T reasury’s

of

re g u la tio n

had

co n n ected w ith

R ep u b lican

p a rty

in

th e

p re sid en tial

D ecejnber,

sp o n sib ility

for

th e

c irc u la r,"^ "

but

T h ere after

com m ercial

in te rc o u rse

tack s

upon

The m ost for

P.

E lair,

co m m issio n

in L in c o ln 's

C ongressm an fro m C hase

of

p o litic s

in ex ­

once

th e

lau n ch ed d irect in

re­ th e

th at

he

was

sy stem

of

re stric te d

T reasury

th e

alm o st

was

no­

underw ay,

can d id acy

e v id en t

and

J r.,

th e

of h is

on t h e

ag en ts

e n tire ly

becam e

a t­

C hase. th ese

a ssa u lts

n o m in atio n

when h e

upon

was

who h a d p l a c e d

hands

M isso u ri. and

was

w ere

d isclaim e d

a tta ck s

p re sid en tial

by F ra n c is

S ecretary

it

S ecretary

vehem ent

th e

C hase

satisfa c tio n

becom e

n o m in atio n

endorsem ent

re c ep tiv e .

a lso

1863.

m et

o p e ra tio n s

com m ercial

aw kw ardly

ten d er

p o lic ie s

f i e l d w here m i l i t a r y

C hase boom f o r

"Pom eroy

trad e

1861+-1865

th a t

h is

m anagem ent

of

new c o n ­

d eliv ered

m ajo r

accep ted

S m o ld erin g w ith

trad e

th e

g e n eral’s

e lec tio n

as

b itte rn e ss th e

for O T reasury,

1. W ard en , C h a s e , 573-5lk-* 2. D ia ry o f G id eo n W e l l e s , I , 5 l O - 5 l l . For a d is­ c u s s io n o f t h e w h o le c o n t r o v e r s y s e e W illia m E . S m ith , The F r a n c i s P r e s t o n B l a i r F a m i l y i n P o l i t i c s (New Y o r k , 1 9 3 3 ) Y I I , 235-238, 250-280.

372

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

373

B lair

in tro d u ce d

l 86k ,

p ro p o sin g

itism ,

and

was t a k e n ta tiv e

a

aid

m anagem ent

of

sw eep in g

to

th e

th e

B low ,

in v e stig atio n

26,

a lso

and a tta c k e d

under

M cC lu rg ,

renew ed th e

tim e

p ro d u cin g

an

a lle g ed ly

before

q u a n tity

V ick sb u rg ,

of brandy,

and c a n n e d re sted

by

T reasury

clum sy

one b e c a u se

e sta b lish e d u len t th a t th e

am ount by w h ile

paper

ag en t, had

th a t

R.

J.

B en jam in

even w ritte n

tem pt

to

g iv e

to

an

The

h is

The

at

su p erio r

and

anonym ous to

had

le tte rs th e

forgery.

of

a larg e

cham pagne,

was

ar­ a

co m m ittee to

a fraud­

learn ed ,

m oreover,

L o u is,

had branded

S t.

to

th is

G eneral

how ever,

sp ecial

allo w ed

M isso u r­

w h ich h ad b e e n

co m m ittee

Surveyor

B onner,

credence

th e

c ig ars,

charge, a

th e

on B l a i r ,

sh ip m en t

w in e,

by

R epresen­

an o th er

by

favor­

a ctio n

defended

o rd er had been r a is e d

forgery. H ow ard,

th e

order

in v e stig atio n

B la ir 's

R.

a le,

h im ,

ag en ts.

a forgery,

sig n ed

au th o rizin g

w h isk ey ,

d e lic ac ie s

frien d

a ssa u lt

1,

T r e a s u r y 's

No f u r t h e r

On M a r c h 9»

J o s e p h W.

frauds,

th e

from M isso u ri,

ian ,

w h ile

on F e b r u a r y

of

when C h a s e 's

B la ir.

order

H ouse

in te rc o u rse .

F ebruary

H enry T.

in

C o n fed erates

co m m ercial

u n til

S e c re tary

a reso lu tio n

a ssistan t its th e 3

sp ec ia l

p u b lic a tio n press

in

an

and at-

When the committee absolved him on April 22, Blair

3. Congressional Globe, 38 Cong., 1 S e s s ., lj.26-lj.27, 779-782, 8767 1 0 1 3 - 1 0 1 6 , 1B27-1828. House Reports, 38 Cong., 1 S e s s ., No. 6 l .

I R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

37k

lau n ch ed le tte r th e

a b itte r

from

of C liv e

ag en ts

in

was

in flu en ce

of p ro v id in g

at

a ll

a fund

event to

th a t

sig n s

th a t

Prank B la ir firs t

th e

on

w eek,

w ill

be

b a llo t--if

T reasury

endorser

The p o w e r f u l R a d i c a l

w ere

sea t, th e

by

th e

for

th e

of

th e

Chase

purpose

of

th e

w h ich gave h is

seat

co m m issio n .

such

actio n

tim in g

th ere

w ritin g

"th e

a re ...b e in g

P resid en t

ag en ts

o p eratio n s

th a t

re sig n ed

p rom ised

n o m in ated

in A l­

in

th e

in d icated

endorsed

th e

was r e s e n tm e n t

o n M ay 3 1 »

b ru ta l

of

g ig a n tic

e le c tio n ...."

m ilitary

triu m p h an tly not

fam ous

o p e ra tio n s

B lair

back h is

h is

m ost

a d m in istratio n

Thom as Iie a to n ,

"th e

th e

a fte r

m ach in atio n s

S ecretary

th e

th e

C h ase--th at

Among t h e

a g a in st L in co ln ;

th e

carry

resig n ed

many— i n c l u d i n g

th e

le tte r

th e

and p a tro n a g e

had p re v io u sly

B lair

a tta ck s.

th e

power

and re c e iv e d

th ough L in c o ln

in

co n clu sio n s of

co m m ittee. . . a g a in s t

H ouse

th e

next p re sid e n tia l

to

him p l a c e . W i t h i n th e

"engaged

B la ir’s

th e

read in g

about

ex ceed in g

and p a tro n a g e

"g rasp in g

Pom eroy

tim e s,

In d ia ."

C hase,

p a rtie s

who w e re

o f m odern

gro w in g pow er used to

upon

"resp o n sib le"

T reasury

ro b b eries

a tta ck

re g re tte d

calu m n ies

of

at

B altim o re

in

C ongress

on

a c c la m a tio n ."

frien d s

o f C hase

k» C o n g r e s s io n a l G lo b e , 38 C o n g ., 1 S e s s . , 1 8 3 0 -1 8 3 2 . 5. J o h n G. H i e o l a y a n d J o h n H ay , A b ra h a m L i n c o l n , A H i s t o r y (.Hew Y o r k , c . I 9 1 I4- ) » I X , 8 0 . W arden, C h a se , 5 % ” 3>95. D ia ry o f G id eo n W e lle s , I I , 2 0 -2 1 . 6 . T h o m a s H e a t o n t o M e l l e n , May 3 1 > l 8 6 L|., i n T D , G e n e ra l A g e n t, L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e llf.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

375

w ere

ab le

to

who f i r s t he

said ,

prevent

th o u g h t to

see

an

of

im m ed iate

rem ed ial

A ctu ally

th e

w ith th e

rum ors

p u b lic ity of

th e

its

not

d id

on w h i c h t h e y C ongress Chase attack s, th e

Chase

of

a

C o n fed erate th e

been

c h ief

fed eracy R isley

in

In

of

proposed

p o sitio n sh o u ld

to

charge

h ead q u arters On A p r i l

at

th e

M em phis, Chase

w ith

a proposed

th e

sped

m eaning

7

C hase’ s

many o f of

th e

b ill

sp ecial

a

ro u g h ly

sent

th e

agency

co u n ter

in

sin ce

for

agent

to

th a t

have th e

in

a v o id ed

Con­

A p p alach ian s

and h im s e lf , o of th e w e s t.'

b o th

Feb­

each reconquered

appears

th e

for

re o rg a n iz atio n ,

general

proposal at

B la ir

re o rg a n iz atio n

zone

charge to

th e

a d m in istra tiv e

how ever,

e aste rn

C o n fed erates

in te rc o u rse

make M e ll e n

d iv id e d

of

13,

to

M ellen , w ith

be

as

to g e th e r

th a t

m o tiv a te d by

re stric ted

su p erv isin g

8

a tta c k ,

th e

on,

C ongress.

q u ick ly

re a lize

p o ssib ly

regard

state.

stay ed

Red R iv e r ,

so

end T rade

d iscu ssin g

sy stem

l 8 6 ii-. firs t

charge

to

and M ellen ,

had

S e cretary ,

ap p ro v al.

A ttem p ts

T reasury

ruary,

v o ted

on t h e

C ongress,

actu a lly

th e

th ro u g h

by B l a i r ’s

fia sco

th ro u g h

and

re sig n atio n ,

le g isla tio n

g iv en

reco m m endations m em bers

in v e stig atio n ,

houses

w ith

w ith

of C ongress

a

7. W a r d e n , C h a s e , 581).. 8. C h a s e t o M e l l e n , F e b . 2 5 * 1861]., i n T D , S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o rre s p o n d e n c e , BE, v o l . 6 , p . 3 3 9 . 9. B a r n i t z t o M e l l e n , A p r . 6 , ' l 8 6 k , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . I}.1, p p . 3 4 8 - 3 4 8 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

376

d ra ft m easure, actio n

and

a p p ro v al.

of c a p tu re d states;

and

gave

e sse n tial p ro v id ed in to

tie s

of

As

th e

d ra fte d ,

T reasury

co n co m itan t

th e

re sp ec tfu lly

to

th e

money fro m T reasury;

Act

of

in

co n tro l care

le ase s, a p p lie d

Ju ly

13,

lin e s

tio n

com m ercial r e s t r u c t i o n s

d an g ero u sly p ro x im a te the

court

d ecreein g

the

p ercen tag e

to

fo rfeitu re s an

in fo rm er;

p rize

law

to

th e

and a u th o r iz e d

th e

S e c re tary

tia l

to

ap p ro v al,

so u th ern p ro d u c ts th ree-fo u rth s

of

d e sired

changes

re c tio n

of

of th e

m ig h t

of

abandoned p la n ta tio n s ;

in

in

persons

w aters th e

p u rch asin g

v alu e

in

force.

c o n fiscated

sta te s

w h ic h w ere

cases

d eterm in e

th e

U n ited w ith

not

in

th e

th e

buy

ex ceed in g

M any o f aim ed

S tates;

p resid en ­

who w o u ld

The p r o v i s i o n in

to

ap p lic atio n

New Y o r k . " ^

been m et

allo w ed

th e

at p ric e s

and

w ith in

im p o si­

d istric ts;

ag en ts

goods

and p e n a l­

allo w ed

of

an

resid in g

T reasury,

m erely p ro c e d u ra l

as

sh o u ld be

p ro h ib itio n s

p ro h ib ited

th e ir

se ll

and fe e s

cu sto m s

ow ners

in

freedm en

lo y al

th e ir

alread y

in su rre c tio n ary

d istric ts;

w h ich h a d

sale s

th e

to

in la n d of

allo w ed

e arly

of

from

d iffic u ltie s

sy stem

S ecretary

a p p o in t

w ere

th e

in su rre c tio n ary

due

of n av al

in

th e

in su rre c tio n a ry

re q u e ste d

b ill

sales,

l 86l ,

F ederal of

th e

abandoned p ro p e rty

th e

th a t

p aid

u p o n w hich, h e

at

th e se th e

cor­

ex ecu tio n

th a t

th e

in su rrectio n ary

10. C h a s e t o E . B . W a s h b u r n , C h a i r m a n , H o u s e Com­ m i t t e e o n C o m m e r c e , A p r . 1 3 , l861j.; C h a s e t o Z . C h a n d l e r , C h a i r m a n , S e n a t e C o m m i t t e e o n C o m m e r c e , A p r . 1 3 , I 8 6 I4. , i n T D , S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E , v o l . 7 , PP* 1 - 3 *

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

377

sta te s

w ould

co u n tered was a l s o

o b v iate

w ith

p ro d u cts

C h ief

Ju stic e

court

in

at

if

th e

R o g e r B.

rig h t

th ro u g h

of

to

pass

a

it

p o s s e s s e d power

w h ich h a d

been

en­

v o l u n t a r y .aban d o n m en t.

It

p u rch asin g

M em phis,

B altim o re,

had no

d iffic u ltie s

program

necessary

th e ir

S tates

th e

th e

as

ag en ts

w ere

was p la n n e d .

Taney,

In

to

se ll

M ay,

1863*

p re sid in g

over

th e

c irc u it

M ary lan d ,

had

th a t

th e

U n ited

to

in te rn a l

com pel

custom s to

house

prevent

ru le d

or

to

tra d e

com m erce ta x

w ith

it, th e

of

a

state

b u t ‘u n d o u b t e d l y enem y.

The provision giving the Treasury the right to regulate commerce in lo y a l states

threatened with invasion was meant

to give some le g a l basis to the regulation of commerce in such sta te s as Maryland. The it

to

its

m en ts, cause The

S en ate,

C o m m ittee

stru c k th a t

o f M aine P eelin g

It

ex p lain ed th at

th e

on th e

b ill

w h ich ,

p ro v isio n s

re la tin g

th e

S en ate

stru ck

th e

sectio n

out

rep o rted th e

a lic e n sin g

o n May 2 8 ,

am endm ents of

th e

states

had

to

th e

statu te

pow er f o r

on A p r i l

among

was b e f o r e

p ro v iso

in su rre c tio n a ry

11. S w ish er,

fir s t

on C om m erce,

a ll

also

ag en ts.

to .L in c o ln th e

out

su b ject

C om m ittee

ch asin g

actin g

to in

o th er

a n o th er

S en ate of

l 86l

A nnual C y clo p aed ia, R o g e r B. T aney (hew Y o rk ,

abused,

th e

be­

b ill.

au th o riz in g

and S e n a to r

sent

am end­

freedm en

ex trao rd in ary

been

llj.,

pur­

M o rrill

on J u n e w hich tra d e

9*

allo w ed w ith

co m m ittee

1 8 6 3 , P» 2 0 2 . See 1935)* 5 6 7 “5 6 8 .

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

C arl B rent

378

proposed

to

and l o y a l h ib itio n it

p ro h ib it

states.

by

priso n m en t th e

S en ato r

C o llam er

starv e

and

th e

“make

th e

co u ld be th e

b e lie v e

th o u g h t

w h ich ,

o n ly

2S l|2 ,

w ith in

w .ith

of

of

lin e s;

he

th a t

of

im ­ tim e

th e

trad e in v o lv e d ;

p u n ish m en ts.

had

alw ay s

in

be­

h u m an ity

and S e n a to r

abuses

but

Ten Eyck

dem anded

th e

su ffic ie n t

tin g le

p ro lo n g ed ;

and

S e n a to r H enderson

h u m an ity

S en ate

years

to

co u ld

S en ato rs

pro­

com m erce,

of p ro p erty

th a t

U n io n

real

th e

w ith

th e y

reg a rd in g

end to

sh am e,"

added n o th in g

th e

p a rtic u la r

1P

over

lii.,

it

ag ain

p ro b lem

P rio r

v io la tio n s

com m ercial

passed

when

th e

A m erican

in

added h e a v ie r

its

in d e fin ite ly

hand.

for

a d irect

th ree

in c o n siste n t;

th a t

The b i l l

tim e

and

had

not

was

S e n a to r H enderson, th e

£‘>5 * 0 0 0

in su rre c tio n ary

a m isdem eanor p u n ­

co n fiscatio n

w ere

cheeks

at

it

o f V erm ont u rg e d

-u n d erstan d in g

m easure

June

how ever,

persons

w ar,

th e

trad e

d id

o f Ne w J e r s e y of th e

p u n ish m en t

had been

c o u rts,

of M isso u ri

m aking

sta tu tes.

th e

added

en g ag in g

to

m ilitary

war

o ffice rs

of

v io la te

betw een

a lso

a m inim um f i n e

m axim um c i v i l

lie v e d

co m m ittee

penal p ro v isio n s

in te rd ic tio n

to

The

in terco u rse

a g ain st m ilita ry

a tta ch e d

ish ab le

a ll

of

for

p o stp o n ed

who w i s h e d th e

12. C o n g ressio n al 2820-2823.

ad d itio n al

to

speak

ap p ro ach in g

G lobe,

38

due

d iS 'c u s s io n to

th e

on i t .

ad jo u rn m en t

C o n g .,

u n til

illn e ss By Ju n e allo w ed

1 S e ss.,

1609,

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

of 21).

379

even

le ss

posed

to

d iscu ssio n add

an

p re sid en tial su p p lies w ith in urged its

in

and m a rk e tin g

th e th a t

to

even

am ended

ch aracter b etw een

On J u n e

S en ato r

G rim es

of

o p en in g

up

th e

same

d ic tio n

or

free

am endm ent.

in

abuses;

th e

June

b ill

w ith

he

p lace

in su rre c tio n

and

th e

d iscu ssed ,

and

ag ain th e

M o rrill

w ish ed

th e

a ll

28 b y

a v o te

little

on J u l y

of

th e

passed 27

d iscu ssio n a ccep ted 2.

to and

by th e

L in co ln

S en ate

C ongress

d isp o sitio n

of

p ro v isio n s

C hase’ s b ill- - in c lu d in g S en ate

a b so lu te

th e

of

th e

th em w ith

ll|. one

lo y a l

am endm ent

eith e r

fa ilu re

reg ard in g

in

com m ercial

th e

am endm ent w h ic h was tak in g

was

He

a ll

B ecause

th e

liv in g

of

N ev erth eless,

sec tio n --an d on

in

Iow a p r o t e s t e d

M o rrill re s u rre c te d

b ill

a p ro h ib itio n

com m erce.

from

in h a b ita n ts

stan d

b ill

of

of

s t a t u t e . . .w o u ld

S ta te s

th e

by l o y a l

passage

"th e

freedm en,

agent

a u th o riz e

upon

states.

le g isla tio n

com m ittee

to

c lau se

pro­

in su rre c tio n a ry

perm anent

in

rep e alin g

how ever,

th e

and be

th e

28

M o rrill,

of produce

lin e s

as

th e

order

F ederal

in terco u rse S ta te s."

before.

am endm ent

licen ses

ab so lu te

th e

th an

as in te r­

approved to

pass

th e

d eleted

p u rch asin g th e

am ended

The H o u se p a s s e d in c o n se q u e n tia l

S en ate,

approved

b o th

th e

actio n s

b ill

on th e

s a m e d* a y . x 3

13. 3222-332^, 2£7.

C o n g r e s s io n a l G lo b e , 38 C o n g ., 1 S e s s . , 2 9 3 0 -2 9 3 1 , 3l+o2, 3 ^ 8 8 , 3 ^ l i j . - 3 5 l 5 . I b i d . , ap p en d ix , 2^6-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

380

The

S en ate

allo w ed

p u rch asin g

to

co g n izan ce

o f many

Yet

th e

sectio n th e

pass

proposed eig h t

cham ber,

concurred

th e

so r e t a i n e d .

sectio n

Yet

sectio n

asked

of

engrossed

a ct,

of

th e

b ill

co m m ittee

to

th e

v o te

of

was

th e

of

C alifo rn ia,

w h ich becam e

out to

n in th

b ill,

e ig h th th a t

th e

sec tio n it

3 8 th

was C ongress,

and Sherm an

had not

had been th e

strik e

w hole

rep lie d

sessio n

a tte n tio n

b ill.

su b m itted

on t h e

th ey

th e

th e

am endm ent w as n o t

w h eth er

th a t

a u th o riz in g

w ith o u t

for

and M o rrill second

but

who v o t e d

and

fin a l

sec tio n

d eb ate

p ro v isio n )

M o rrill

p ro te sted m ain

th e

read,

Conness

T h eir th e

b ill

at

C o llam er,

b ill.* ^

w ith o u t

m em bers

before

th e

O hio n e v e r t h e l e s s th e

its

c o n tro v e rsial

p u rch asin g

Just

in

o n ly

am endm ent

S en ato r H enderson

S en ato rs

of

(th e

in .

was r e t a i n e d

not

th e

of

■ understood

g iv en

to

sec tio n

th e of

th e

w h ich r e a d :

. . . T h a t so much o f s e c t i o n f i v e o f th e a c t o f th e t h i r t e e n t h o f J u ly , e ig h te e n hundred and s ix ty o n e ... as a u th o riz e s th e P r e s id e n t; in h is d is ­ c r e t i o n , to l i c e n s e o r p e rm it com m ercial r e l a ­ tio n s in any S ta te o r s e c tio n th e in h a b ita n ts of w h ich a re d e c la r e d i n a s t a t e o f i n s u r r e c t i o n , i s h e r e b y r e p e a l e d , e x c e p t so f a r a s may b e n e c e s ­ s a ry to a u th o riz e su p p ly in g th e n e c e s s iti e s of lo y a l persons re sid in g in in su rre c tio n a ry S ta te s w ith in th e l in e s of a c tu a l o c c u p a tio n by th e m i l i t a r y f o r c e s of th e U n ited S ta te s , as i n d i ­ c a t e d b y p u b l i s h e d o r d e r o f t h e com m anding g e n ­ e r a l o f th e d e p a rtm e n t or d i s t r i c t so o c c u p ie d ; a n d , a l s o , e x c e p t s o f a r a s may b e n e c e s s a r y t o a u th o riz e perso n s re s id in g w ith in such lin e s to

1 I4.. I b i d . , 38

C o n g re s s io n a l G lo b e, C o n g ., 2 S e s s . , 2 7 1 -2 7 5 .

38

C o n g .,

1 S e ss.,

3325*

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

381

b rin g or send to m arket in th e lo y a l S ta te s any p r o d u c ts w h ich th e y s h a l l h av e p ro d u c e d w ith t h e i r own l a b o r o r t h e l a b o r o f f r e e d m e n o r o t h e r s em ployed a n d p a i d by th e m , p u r s u a n t t o r u l e s r e l a t i n g t h e r e t o w h ic h may b e e s t a b l i s h e d under proper a u th o rity . And n o g o o d s , w a r e s , o r m erch an d ise s h a l l be ta k e n in to a S ta te d e ­ c la re d in in s u rre c tio n , or tra n sp o rte d th e re in , e x c e p t to and fro m su ch p la c e s , and to such m o n th ly am o u n ts, a s s h a l l h av e b e e n p r e v i o u s l y a g r e e d u p o n i n w r i t i n g b y t h e com m anding g e n ­ e r a l o f th e d e p a rtm e n t in w h ich p la c e s a re s i t ­ u a te d , and an o f f i c e r d e s ig n a te d by th e S ec­ r e t a r y of th e T re a su ry f o r t h a t p u rp o se. Yet

th e

had

also

S en ate,

w ith o u t

approved

sectio n

eig h t

reg io n s

in

th e

of

th e th e

d eb ate

and w ith o u t

p u rch asin g act

fo llo w in g

and

p ro v isio n ,

opened

th e

ta b u la ted

v o te

w h ic h becam e

in su rre c tio n ary

w ords:

. . .T h a t i t s h a ll be la w fu l f o r th e S e c r e ta r y o f th e T rea su ry , w ith th e a p p ro v a l of th e P r e s id e n t, to a u th o riz e a g e n ts to p u rc h a se fo r th e U n ited S ta te s any p ro d u c ts of S ta te s d e c la re d in i n s u r ­ r e c tio n , a t such p la c e s th e r e in as s h a ll be d e s­ i g n a t e d by h im , a t su c h p r i c e s a s s h a l l b e a g r e e d on w i t h t h e s e l l e r , n o t e x c e e d in g t h e m a rk e t v alu e th e re o f a t th e p la c e of d e liv e ry , n o r ex­ ceed in g th r e e - f o u r th s of th e m arket v a lu e th e r e o f i n t h e c i t y o f New Y o r k a t t h e l a t e s t q u o t a t i o n s known t o t h e a g e n t p u r c h a s i n g : P ro v id ed , T hat no p a r t o f th e p u r c h a s e money f o r any p r o d u c t s so p u rc h a s e d s h a l l be p a id o r a g re e d to be p a id out o f any fund th a n t h a t a r i s i n g from p r o p e r ty so ld as c a p tu re d or abandoned, or p u rc h a se d and s o ld u n d er th e p r o v is io n s o f t h i s a c t. A ll prop­ e r t y so p u r c h a s e d s h a l l be f o r w a r d e d f o r s a l e a t sufch p l a c e o r p l a c e s a s s h a l l b e d e s i g n a t e d b y th e S e c re ta ry o f th e T r e a s u ry . . . . ^ 5

15. "An A c t i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e v e r a l a c t s c o n c e r n i n g com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e b etw een l o y a l and i n s u r r e c t i o n a r y S t a t e s , and to p ro v id e f o r th e c o l l e c t i o n of c a p tu r e d and abandoned p ro p e rty , and th e p re v e n tio n of fra u d s in S ta te s d e c l a r e d i n i n s u r r e c t i o n , J u l y 2 , l o o l j . . 11 i n C o n g r e s s i o n a l G lo b e , 38 C o n g ., 1 S e s s . , a p p e n d ix , 2 5 6 -2 5 7 •

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

382

W he n t h e th e

m atter

second

of

th e

sessio n

of

m y sterio u s 3 8 th

C ongress,

n o t rem em ber by w hose m o tio n added.

He d i d

the

C om m ittee

the

judgm ent

w hich

n in th

cu sto m s

of

rectio n ary

th e no

tra n sp o rt

em bargo

in

th e

re le ase

relax

ten

to

governm ent

days

lessees

la te r of

by

b ill

prepared

to

ex ecu te

l6 ,

1864,

T reasury, th a t

th e

recen t in

so f a r

as

a ll

act

su p p lies T here­ in

p ro d u cts

or m erch an d ise

w ould be th at

H ar­

re g u la tio n s

so u th ern

th e

in su r­

necessary

w ares,

co m p lete

as

th e

in stru cted

of .o c c u p a tio n .

purchase

states

G eorge

of p ro d u cts

goods,

in

th e

by

e la b o ra te .^

re stric ted

to

d eleted

co n sid e ra tio n s

new T r e a s u r y

any

so

to

been

im p lem en t

lin es

of

a u th o ritie s se ll

to

ag en ts

g re a tly

im p o sed was

to

th e

was

had

to

purchase

in su rre c tio n ary

th u s it

of

it

before co u ld

move

On J u l y

sp ec ia l

w ith in

or

him

M o rrill

sec tio n

added

in flu en ced

in ste ad

a ct.

and

th a t

im m ed iate

p ro h ib ited

citizen s

p re p a ratio n ,

w h atev er

but

and

states

p en d in g

to

made n o

was b r o u g h t

S en ato r

e ig h th

ag ain

p erm it

A c tin g -S e c re tary

a lto g e th er

fore,

not

th e

o ffice rs

lo y a l

and

S en ate,

d id

sec tio n ,

sec tio n

rin g to n ,

nor

th e

T reasury

p u rch asin g

to

of

th is

how ever,

on Com m erce

"d elicacy " The

had

rem em ber,

sec tio n

it

issu ed .

was n e c e s s a r y

p la n ta tio n

abandoned p ro p e rty

The

w ere

su p p lies

concerned.

17

16. C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 38 C o n g ., 2 S e s s . , 2?3« 17. G eorge H a r r i n g t o n , A c t i n g - S e c r e t a r y o f th e T r e a s u r y , t o H ira m B a r n e y , J u l y l o , 1 8 6 4 ; H a r r i n g t o n t o R. J . H ow ard, J u l y 2 o , l 8 6 ' 4 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E , v o l . 7, pp. 227, 238-239.

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

A

383

S in ce

C hase had

d iffic u ltie s

w ith L in co ln

custom s h o u s e d elay

before

becam e

to

at h is

fa m ilia r

sib ility

for

M ellen .

th ey

w ere

them

to

th e

sets

and te n e m e n ts , r and For

Ju ly

approved

on

Ju ly

30.

th e th e

of

ag en cies,

d istin g u ish ed

betw een R iv er,

for

a general

th e and

th a t

of

em ploym en t th e

agent

A p p alach ian s

th e

re c eip t

le asin g

of

and

P itt of

th e

of

In

so u th w ard ly

m outh

fe ll as

tra n sm itte d to

p ro v id ed

of

and

c ap tu red lan d s,

seven

d e sc rib e d

of

th e

in clu d e

houses,

20

req u ired

M ississip p i

to

respon­

ad d itio n

and e s ta b lis h e d

th e

of

re g u la tio n s

reg u la tio n s

th e

th e

Fessenden,

th e

29 > a n d

freedm en.

and

a fte r

re g u la tio n s

abandoned

n u m erically

p o rtio n

ex ten d in g

th e

in

new r e g u l a t i o n s

accep ted

in terco u rse,

29

a p erio d

m ost

on

a d m in istra tio n ,

F irst,

was

them

po in tm en t

low s:

th e

how ever,

of ru le s

abandoned p ro p e rty ,

th ere

a ffa irs, of

June

p e rso n alities

sig n ed

com m ercial

on

S e n a to r W illiam

p re p a ratio n

who

S e cretary

and

T reasury

d ra fte d , ^

re stric ted

18

successor, w ith

as

reg ard in g

New Y o r k ,

Fessenden,

L in co ln

sep arate

resig n ed

th e

ap­

sp ecial as

V alley

fo l­ ly in g

T ennessee

te rrito ry

o ccu p ied

18. S c h u c k e r s , C h a s e , 5>08. N i c o l a y and H ay, A braham L i n c o l n , A H i s t o r y , IX , 9 9 “ 100* 19. M e l l e n t o B a r n i t z , J u l y 2 9 » I 8 6 I4 ; M e l l e n t o B a r n i t z , J u l y 3 0 , l 8 6 !i, TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 7 . 20. F e s s e n d e n , " R u l e s a n d R e g u l a t i o n s C o n c e r n i n g Com­ m e rc ia l I n te rc o u rs e w ith and in S ta te s and P a r ts of S ta te s D e cla re d in I n s u r r e c t i o n , th e C o lle c tio n , R e c e ip t, and D is­ p o s itio n o f C ap tu red , A bandoned, and C o n fisc a b le P ro p e rty , and t h e E m ploym ent a n d G e n e r a l W e lf a r e o f t h e F re e d m e n , J u l y 2 9 , I G 6 I4. , " i n H o u s e E x . D o c u m e n t s , 3 8 C o n g . , 2 S e s s . , N o . 3, p p . 2 9 li-3 5 0 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

by Union armies from the north.

Second,

so much of the

Mississippi Valley as was occupied in West Tennessee, Arkansas, M ississip p i, from the north. Alabama,

and Louisiana by armies advancing

Third,

so much of Louisiana,

M ississippi,

and West Florida occupied by national forces from

the south.

Fourth,

eastern Florida,

the state

of Texas.

including Key West,

F ifth ,

south and

South Carolina,

and so

much of Georgia as was occupied by armies from the south. Sixth,

the sta te

of North Carolina,

except that part north

of Albemarle Sound and east of Chowan River. country east

Seventh,

the

of the Alleghenies extending southward to in ­

clude so much of North Carolina as lay east and north of Albemarle Sound.

of Chowan River

Each special agency would

be controlled by a supervising sp ecial agent who would employ a ssista n t and lo c a l o ffic e r s

of the customs,

sp ecial agents,

agency aids,

and superintendents of the freed­

men. The regulations expressly forbade a l l course ^with l o c a l i t i e s lines

which i t

beyond Federal l in e s

commercial in t e r ­ of occupation,

became incumbent upon each, supervising special

agent to determine from consultation with the local commanding general.

Supply stores would be established at places upon

which the supervising sp ecial agents and commanding generals agreed,

each to be limited to a monthly business

In c i t i e s

of over 20,000 population,

or i f

of v 3 , 0 0 0 .

the commanding

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

385

general desired,

the ff'3,000 rule would be excepted.

Permits

for transportation of southern products would be taxed four cents per pound for cotton, tobacco,

twro dollars per hogshead of

and 3 per cent of the invoice value of other mer­

chandise transported to or from insurrectionary d i s t r i c t s . The remainder of the provisions were not greatly d ifferen t from those of e a r lie r regulations. supersede a l l

ea r lie r ru les,

They did, however,

and a l l

outstanding authorities

to transport goods or to operate supply or trade stores were cancelled.

All e x istin g permits to purchase products

in insurrectionary sta te s were sim ilarly revoked,

except

that products previously purchased and paid for in good fa ith might be transported to market.

Physically the new

regulations were the most voluminous issued by the Treasury during the war,

comprising f o r t y - s i x printed pages of the

Secretary’ s report for the year and making a large booklet as they were issued. accuracy that i t

General Sherman complained with some

was almost impossible for a f i e l d

commander

to study a l l the laws and regulations to determine just what the Treasury agents’ powers and duties were. Requiring,

as they did,

supervising sp ecial agents, ordinates,

the regulations

21

the appointment of several new in addition to many more sub­

of July 29 posed d i f f i c u l t

21. Sherman, Savannah, Ga.. to Stanton, 1865, in Sherman, Memoirs, I I , 2o5.

June 19,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

386

personnel problems. July 29, l861|,

Mellen was appointed General Agent on

at a salary of $5*000 a year and s ix cents

mileage for o f f i c i a l selected h is

22

Permitted a deputy, Mellen

associate Barnitz and retained the headquarters

at Cincinnati. d iffic u lt

travel.

23

Most of the remaining vacancies were more

to f i l l ,

ch ie fly because of the r e l a t iv e ly low

and uncertain pay and disagreeable d uties.

Even Mellen and

Barnitz had trouble securing their compensation;

on October

2ij. Barnitz thus wrote the Treasury of th e ir "impecuniousity" and urged the Commissioner of Customs "to hurry up the cakes and o b li g e ." ^ Because of the d i f f i c u l t i e s special agents' Agencies,

in f i l l i n g

p ositions in the F ir st

the supervising

and Second Special

Mellen himself acted as head of those two agencies

during the summer of l 8 6 i | . ^

Charles A. Fuller,

special

agent at Nashville and lo g ic a l choice for the head of the F irst Agency, had wished to resign for

some time because

of the high cost of liv in g at Nashville.

In September,

sick and unable to secure re st from the "annoyance and per­ plexity"

of h is business

(his private quarters were no

22. Fessenden to Mellen, July 29, 1861|, in TD, Secre­ tary's Correspondence, BE, v o l. 7, p. 2l±5. 23. Mellen to Barnitz, July 30, l8o4, in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 7* 21|. Barnitz to Commissioner of Customs, Oct. 2l|, l 8 6 I|., in TD, General Agent's Correspondence, vol. £|1|., P* k-77 • 25. Mellen to Fessenden, Sept. 1, 1861]., in TD, General Agent's Correspondence, vol. lj.2, pp. 3 4 7 “3 l|-0 .

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

387

protection from importunity), Puller nation.

Writing ’’without egotism ,” Puller cited the t r e ­

mendous pressures upon him; inducement," he said, swerve f rom. . . the l in e Benjamin R. Bonner, Louis,

sent in h is r e s i g ­

’’money and a l l

other sorts

of

"have been offered to induce me to of d u t y . . . . ’’

On October 20,

former a ss ista n t

1861}.,

sp ecial agent at St.

was appointed to the head of the F ir s t Agency.

Puller continued to serve as a ss ista n t

sp ecial agent under

Bonner for several months,

increasing unpopu-

despite h is

la r it y with Governor Johnson. $3,000 i n s u f f ic ie n t

27

Finding the salary of

compensation to l i v e

on in Nashville

and ”do something for h is fa m ily ,” Bonner resigned on Feb­ ruary llj., 1865, but continued to function u n til March 1 6 when T.

C. C allicot relieved him.

28

About the same situ a tio n existed at Memphis, but on September 15,

1861]., Fessenden appointed William W . Orme,

a lawyer of r>loomington,

I llin o is,

to be Supervising Special

Agent of the Second Agency, with headquarters there.

Orme

26. Barnitz to Mellen, May 22, I 8 6 I4.; Fuller to Mellen, Sept. 13, I 8 6 I4., in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e s 8 and 13. Fuller to Mellen, Oct. 13, l861|, in TD, 1st S.A., vol. 50, pp. 195-202. Mellen to Benjamin R. Bonner, Sept. 30, 1 8 6 4 , in TD, General Agent's Correspondence, vol. p. 8 7 . 27. Barnitz to Mellen, Nov. 27, l36k, in TD, General Agent’ s Correspondence, vo l. 45, pp. 2 8 4 - 2 8 0 . Fuller f i n a l l y resigned in December l 8 6 k. Bonner to Fessenden, Jan. 3, l8o5, in TD, 1st S.A., vol. 53, pp. Ipl-lp3., 28. Bonner to Fessenden, Feb. I4 , 1885; C a llic o t, Cir­ cular No. 1, Nashville, Mar. 16, 1865, in TD, General AgentLetters received, f i l e 16. Barnitz to Mellen. Feb. Ik, 1865, in TD, General Agent’s Correspondence, vol. 4 6 , p. 192.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

388

reached Memphis on October 20,

just in time,

as he said,

to

be of assistance to Special Agent Tomeny, who was being beaten and kicked by a l o c a l merchant of good Unionist character when Orme entered h is

o ffic e .

Orme thus observed

that he entered upon h is functions "mid scenes of s t r i f e

cc bloodshed."^

The other supervising special agents were

merely confirmed in their redesignated agencies. tember l £ ,

Benjamin F. Flanders,

On Sep­

the incumbent at New Or­

leans, was appointed to the Third Special Agency at the usual salary for th is p o s itio n ,

which,

portunities offered him, was not large. 1 8 6 f>, he reported an offer of $1 0 0 , 0 0 0

in view of the op­ In February, to drop the charges

against one v e s se l which had brought cotton from the Red River.

As Denison wrote, Flanders’ "very in te g r ity i s

offensive,

because o ffen siv ely displayed."^O

Fessenden

also appointed Albert G. Browne to the Fifth Agency, David Heaton to the Sixth Agency, Seventh Agency. te r r ito r y ,

and Hanson A. Risley to the

Heaton, probably because of h is limited

was paid only $2 , 5>00 a year plus the usual

29. Fessenden to W.W.Orme, Sept. l5» 1864, in TD, Secretary’ s Correspondence, BE, vol. 7, p. 394* Orme, Circular, Memphis, Oct. 20, l861|., in TD, 2d S.A., vol. 131, n.p. Orme to Mellen, Oct. 21, l 8 6 q., in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 22. 30. Fessenden to Flanders, Sept. 15, 1864, in TD, Secretary’ s Correspondence, BE, vol. 7* p. 390-g. Samuel J. Seymour to Flanders, Feb. 17, 1865* iu TD, 3d S.A., Let­ ters received, f i l e 3. Denison to Chase, Oct. 8 , 1864, in Diary and Correspondence of Salmon P. Chase, 447“44®*

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

389

mileage.

31

The supervising special agent for Texas does

not appear to have been appointed u n t i l a fter the end of the war. The Army and Treasury Curtail Trade Since the perfection of the purchasing agent program would require time--time also needed for the accumulation of funds from captures and confiscations needed to finance the program—the r e s t r ic t io n s being placed by the Army commanders upon private traders f i t t e d well with Mellen1s plans. l861|,

They were also consistent with the Act of July 2, and the Treasury regulations.

in 1 8 6 3

Mellen had believed

that much more cotton might be voluntarily aban­

doned i f private buyers could be kept away from the armies. The same thing would now pertain to the government1s pur­ chasing program.

Mellen accordingly wrote General Washburn

at Memphis that he was much pleased with h is

orders and

those of General Slocum at Vicksburg which curtailed trading with the enemy through Federal l in e s .

He hoped that they

would rid the government of the "disgraceful and demoralizing transactions"

on the r i v e r . ^

Similarly, he thought Sherman

31. Fessenden to R isley, July 29> 1861}.; Fessenden to Browne, Sept. 15>, I 8 6 I4.J Fessenden to Heaton, Sept. 13, l 8 6 i|, in TD, Secretary1 s Correspondence, BE, vol. 7, pp. 2J±5&» 392, 393. 32. Mellen to Washburn, Aug. 12, l 8 6 q, in TD, General Agent1 s Correspondence, v o l. lj.2, pp. ll±8-150.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

390

right in his

orders banning private traders.

"Individuals

using the Government as a mere cover for th eir transporta­ tion," he wrote Barnitz,

"have no esp ecial claim on h is

[Sherman'1 s ] indulgence."

"The army," he predicted,

"will

heartily cooperate with us when the honest o f f ic e r s find out that the Government Is r e a lly deriving a l l the advantages belonging to i t ,

and dishonest ones learn that there i s no

longer any way by which they can have a finger in the p i e . " ^ During July, Tuttle,

l 8 6 if, Mellen sent Puller and Benjamin P.

a new sp ecia l agent,

to see Sherman in Georgia,

armed with a l e t t e r from Quartermaster General Meigs which expressed the need for the recovery of abandoned cotton at the rear of h is

army.^

He also telegraphed Sherman

from Washington that at l a s t the government was in a p o si­ tion to p r o fit from the cotton uncovered by his operations. ”^5

"magnificent

The two sp ecial agents reached Sherman

early in August, but they found him as convinced as ever that cotton transactions would hinder supplies to his army. Sherman, however,

informed Major General James B.

Steedman

who commanded points on the railroad south of Chattanooga that he could exercise h is discretion in the matter.

33. Mellen, Washington, to Barnitz, Aug. 1, 1861)., in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 7. 3!(.. lvielleh to Fessenden, July 2 6 ,^ l 8 6 k, in TD, General Agent’ s Correspondence, vol. l\.3f pp. 695-69o« 35. Mellen to Sherman, July 30, l 8 6 if, in TD, General Agent’ s Correspondence, vol. i+2, pp. lij-A-l^B.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

391 Steedman verbally promised to nave the cotton at Rome and Kingston shipped to Nashville.

Mellen was disappointed

but set out from Cincinnati on August If? to v i s i t Sherman in person.

Sherman’ s p o sitio n now proved to be that he

did not favor the cotton confiscation because loading and unloading i t supplies.

would delay the use of railway cars for m ilitary

Sherman i n s is t e d that there was l i t t l e

cotton in

North Georgia, but f i n a l l y agreed to ship northward such as he found.

Mellen also discovered that Sherman’ s chief

grudge against the "Treasury agents" was against those c iv ilia n s who had been given contracts to c o l l e c t abandoned cotton. it

This was a practice favored by Chase, who defended

as a long established customs practice by which an in ­

former could secure up to 2 5 per cent of the value of i l l e g a l goods which he helped con fiscate.

Mellen assured

Sherman that no more such persons would be allowed near h is army and reported that the General then agreed to cooperate with the Treasury.

37 '

Returning to Cincinnati, circular l e t t e r

Mellen promptly issued a

directing the cancellation of a l l sp ecial

36. Fuller and Tuttle to Mellen, Aug. 11, 186L, in TD, 1st S.A., Letters Sent, vol. 50, PP* 84-85. 37. Mellen to Fessenden, Aug. 15, I 8 0 I4., in TD, General Agent's Correspondence, vol. 42, pp. 170rl71. Sherman to Halleck, Aug. 17, 1864., in W D, Hq. of the Army, Telegrams Received, vol. 20, p. 285* Chase to S. F. Carey, Cincin­ n a ti, Jan. 5, 1864, in Schuckers, Chase, 398. Mellen to Fessenden, Aug. 31, 1864; Mellen to Fessenden, Sept. 10, 1864^ 2-n jTD^ general Agent's Correspondence, vol. pp.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

392

a u th o ritie s

c o n tra c tin g w ith c iv ilia n s

of abandoned c o tto n

in

the F i r s t

Sherm an a l s o k e p t h i s p a r t issu in g

a general

servance

o f the

M ississip p i.

and no p r i v a t e m ilita ry tary

d id not

in te re sts

co n tro l

re ta in

m u n itio n ,

in te rfere

clo th in g ,

trad e

c le arly

a preference w ere d i r e c t e d

for

as

sa lt,

in to

in

th e f i e l d , to

the

In d i s t r i c t s

com m anders, in

m eats,

w ith in m ili­

how ever,

a r m s a n d am­ and p r o v i s i o n s

T re a s u ry a g e n ts m ight

i n women’ s a n d c h i l d r e n ' s In

of th e

co n tem p lated in

trad e

of w ar.

n o n -co n trab an d .

ob­

and o r d e r p r e v a i l e d ,

The m i l i t a r y

w hich w ere q u a s i - c o n t r a b a n d reg u la te

th e

w i t h army s u p p l i e s ,

w ere in v o lv e d .

re sp o n sib ility

m edicin es,

arm ies

of cap tu red p ro p e rty

com m anders w o u ld p e r m i t t r a d e

w ere t o

item s

trade near

and w here p e a c e

T reasury r e g u la tio n s .

1861)., f o r

of th e M ilita ry D iv isio n

I t p ro h ib ited

p rovided i t

c o lle c tio n

o f t h e b a r g a i n w i t h M e lle n by

b u t allo w ed t r a n s p o r t a t i o n rear,

th e

and Second S p e c ia l A g e n c ie s. ^

o r d e r on A u g u s t 2 3 ,

tro o p s

for

so f a r

clo th in g

and o th e r

a s th e y w ere a llo w e d

d esig n atin g sto re -k e e p e rs,

the

comm anders

f a v o r wounded and d i s a b l e d e x - s e r v i c e m e n . ^

38. Mellen to Fessenden, Sept. 10, 1864; Mellen to Assistant Special Agents, Sept. 10, 1864* in TD, General Agent’ s Correspondence, vol. l\.2, pp. 490“492> J 488— lj.8 9 • 39G* 0. 2 5 , Military Division of the Miss., Nash­ v i l l e , Tenn. , Aug. 29, l861j., in WD, Military Division of the Miss., vol. llj., 0. S. 20, pp. 3o-38. This order was o rig in a lly issued as S.F.0. 59* Military Division of the Miss., Near Atlanta,- G-a. , Aug. 2 3 , 1864* in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 12.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

393

The next day, Major General Oliver 0. the Department of the Tennessee, burg,

Howard, commanding

designated Memphis, Vicks­

and Watchez as the three regular trading posts on

the M ississippi River and enjoined their commanders to comply with Sherman's o r d e r s .^

This order, however,

was

without great e f f e c t because negotiations were underway to transfer the M ississippi River d i s t r i c t s

to the command

of General Canby. At Memphis, moreover,

General Washburn had been v i r ­

tually independent regarding commercial matters since he had taken command.

Following h is

closing of trade at

Memphis, he extended a similar p o licy to a l l Kentucky on May 27,

l 8 6 i|., a lle gin g that the region was

f i l l e d with g u e r r illa s . however,

of western

Sherman advised him on June 12,

that i t might be better to banish malcontents

"to some foreign land," and allow some trade in western Kentucky. th is.

He was not w illin g to order but merely suggested

Actually Washburn had already released trade there

two days e a r lie r ,

with the provision that trade must be

limited to s t r i c t l y loy al men around Columbus and Paducah.^

Lo. G.F.O. 11, Dept, of the Tenn. , Before Atlanta, Aug. 2l|, l861|., i n W D, D e p t , of t h e T e n n . , v ol. ll)., O . S . 2 l|., pp. 93-94* Ij.l. Par. X, S.O. 34, D i s t . of W e s t T e n n . , M e m p h i s , May 27, 1861)-, in W D, D ist. of West Tenn., v ol. 12, O.S. 17, pp. Sherman to Washburn, June 12,^1861l, in W D, Mili­ tary Division of the Miss., vol. 3, O.S. f?, P- 71*,, Par. VI, S.O. 4 8 , D ist. of West Tenn., Memphis, June 1 0 , 1 8 6 4 , in W D, Dist. of West Tenn., vol. 12, O.S. 17, p. 71.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

39k But Washburn remained adamantly opposed to the cotton trade at Memphis.

He instructed pickets to allow no cotton to

k2

enter their l in e s under any circumstances.r

Having de­

stroyed "a very prosperous business11 at Memphis, while Slocum and S teele were s t i l l permitting comparatively free trade, Washburn encountered the combined pressure

of a

"horde of sharpers."

He wrote Stanton uneasily on July 1+, ) O 1861+, asking whether he would be sustained. A week l a t e r , having received no answer,

he telegraphed Stanton,

only to

be informed that the matter had been la id before L in c o ln .^ Probably before he received t h is answer, Washburn proposed to issue an order allowing the importation of cotton into Memphis for government purchase, but Grant did not approve of th is p o licy .

The Treasury,

merely promised him r e l i e f of July 29,

commenting on the proposition,

as soon as the new regulations

1861+, began operating.^*-^

Washburn’ s p olicy

was shortly sustained by Stanton who ruled on a persuasively

1+2. Par. IV, S.O. 3, D ist. of West'Tenn., Memphis, May 29, l861|., in W D, Dist. of West Tenn., vol. 12, O.S. 17, p. 1+7. 1+3. Washburn to Stanton, July 1+, 1861+, in WD, Secre­ tary of War, Letters Received, f i l e W-1393, July 1 I+/6 I+. 1+1+. Washburn to Stanton, July 11, I 8 0 I+, in W D, Secre­ tary of 'War, Telegrams Received, v o l. 38, pp. 1+61+-1+65. Stanton to Washburn, July 17, 1861+, in-WD, Secretary of War, Telegrams Sent, vo l. 25, p. 91. 1+5. Washburn to Stanton, July 21, 1861+, endorsement by Grant, City Point, Va. , Aug. 10, 1S61+, in W D, Hq. of the Army, vol. 75, O.S. 2, p. ll+l8 . Harrington to Wash­ burn, Aug. 12, l 8 bl+, in TD, Secretary’ s Correspondence, BE, vo l. 7, p. 281.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

designed t e s t

case:

Thomas H. Yeatman, formerly the Treasury

agent at Memphis now a cotton lawyer there,

wrote for a

permit for a "deaf and dumb maiden lady" who wished to bring about 85 bales of cotton,

of her own production,

to Memphis.

Lincoln said he would be s a t i s f i e d with the Treasury ruling; the Treasury thought the new regulations would cover th is but could not control m ilitary policy; acting for Stanton, his

and f i n a l l y Dana,

refused to order Washburn to modify

o r d e r s .^ "Everybody i s weary of the uncertainty and i n s t a b i l i t y

attending any commercial transaction in the M ississippi Valley," wrote the Treasury agent at Memphis on July 2t\., l 861 j. .

"What i s

legitim ate and right today," he complained,

"is declared unlawful and mischievous tomorrow,"^

The

"true and loyal" merchants of Memphis petitioned for a h8 trade status l i k e that of New Orleans.^

Yet Washburn

maintained h is personal blockade,.confirming the severe sentences of h i s m ilitary commissions without h e sita tio n . One woman, for example, who attempted to smuggle a pair of boots and eight wool hats out of the c ity was fined $1 , 0 0 0 I4.9 and sentenced to six months at Alton prison. Washburn

k6 . Yeatman to Stanton, Aug. 3, 1861).; endorsement by Lincoln, Aug. 1, 186k;. endorsement by Harrington, Aug. 3, I 8 6 4 Dana to Yeatman, Aug. 6 . 1 8 6 4 , in W D* Secretary of war, Let­ ters Received, f i l e ^ Y - l d 2 , Aug. I5zp4. 0,, . m T ^ „ 2+7 . Tomeny to Barnitz, July 2 4 , I 8 6 4 , m TD, General Agent. Letters received, f i l e l5» k8 . Robert McGregor & Co.. et a l . , to Mellen, Sept. 1, l 8 ok, in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 11. ,, I1.9 . G.O. 20, D ist. of 'West Tenn., Memphis, July 27, 1861.[., in W D, D ist. of West Tenn., vol. 10, n.p.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

396

seized the Memphis property of the Adams Express Company on the grounds that i t s the lin e s ;

agent had smuggled cotton through

sentenced one L izzie Booth,

at the picket l i n e s ,

to a year in Alton for conspiring to

pass a woman with $ 2 8 0

in gold;

that they would be g u ilty

and warned a l l merchants

of complicity i f

promptly report any m ilita ry o f f i c i a l blackmail" upon them.

a female examiner

E>0

they did not

"sponging or levying

The cotton question, nevertheless,

gave Washburn "great trouble,"

and he appears to have wel-

corned a Treasury purchasing agent.

5l

Yet when he heard

the rumor that one-third of the value of cotton brought to Memphis might be allowed to return through the lin e s in form of supplies,

he served notice:

"iio supplies w i l l

be allowed to go out to aid Sc comfort the enemies of the Government of the United States,

under any circumstances,

crp cotton or no cotton."^ Farther down the riv e r the posts which passed to the overall command of General Canby during July and August, 1861)., imposed sim ilarly s t r i c t blockades.

When Flanders

sent Canby a copy of the Secretary of the Treasury* s l e t t e r s

pO. S.O. 101, D ist. of West Tenn., Aug. 2, 1861)., in W D, Dist. of West Tenn., vol. 12, p. l 8 l . G.O. 1|5> Dist. of West Tenn., Sept. l 6 , l 8 6 p, in i b i d . , vol. 10, n.p. S.O. lf?2, Dist-. of West Tenn., Sept. 26, l 8 6 I|., in i b i d . t vol. 13, p. 37. ' 51. Washburn to Mellen, Sept. 21, 1861)., in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 11. 52. S.O. 201, D ist. of WestTenn., Eov. 19, 1861)., in W D, D ist. of 'West Tenn., vol. 13, P* 133.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

397

suspending trade temporarily,

Canby, having seen an abstract

of the Act of July 2, at once applied i t diction of trade at the m ilitary l i n e s ,

only to the i n t e r ­ but t h i s he did

with p o s i t i v e n e s s . O n August 3> he issued a long general order which began by suspending a l l the sp ecia l authorities previously granted for trade through the l i n e s .

Thereafter

there would be no intercourse beyond the picket l i n e s . Trade stores would, permanent p osts,

as far as p o ssib le ,

and in a l l

to the actual n e c e s s i t i e s l in e s . or i t s

be limited to

causes would lim it their

sales

of persons l iv in g within Federal

No trading boats would be allowed on the Mississippi tr ib u ta r ie s ,

and plantation supplies,

except in rare

cases, would be landed only where there were troops or a gunboat.

With the exception of captured and abandoned

property,

Army transportation would not be used to convey

commercial p r o d u c ts .^ Canby m oved a g a i n s t In

th e

fa ll

up

th e

M ississip p i

lo n g

record

S u sp ectin g th ro u g h

th e

of

l

8 6

Ij.,

in fra c tio n s

w ith

approval

from

M arine

B rig ad e,

an

of

shady

th at

th e

lin e s

com m ercial

as

trad e

in fra c tio n s

C o n fed erate a m a tter

of

w ith

S tan to n ,

he

o rg a n iz atio n and m u tin o u s

v ig o r. broke

w ith

c o n d u ct.

g o v e rn m e n t was m ov ing p o lic y ,

Canby

a

issu ed

c o tto n orders

53. Flanders to Canby, A u g . 1 , l861j., in T D , ' 3 d S . A . , vol. 1 1 7 , p p . 1 2 1 - 1 2 2 . Canby to Flanders, A u g . 1 , l o o l j . , in TD , 3d SiA-. , Letters received, f i l e 1. 51!-. G-• 0 • 3 3 , M i l i t a r y D i v i s i o n o f t h e W e s t M i s s . , A u g . 3 , 1 8 6 k , i n WD, D e o t • o f t h e C u l i , v o l . 7 2 , 0 • • 1 I s , p p . 3 5 -3 8 .'

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

398

on S e p t e m b e r 2 0 , p lan tatio n s for

th at

in

o f w h ich

th e

th e

"w e h a v e

a

C ity ,

have

to

open th e

co tto n and h i s

th a t

co tto n

stro n g th e

a g en t,

th e

d e leg a tio n severe

also near

papers

G e n e ra l N a p o le o n T.

in

at

th is

p lo t

to H.

sh ip S.

tim e

sim ila rly

who h a d

led

one

observed

tak en

th at

off,

and

co n v in ced

co tto n

F u lk erso n ,

c o tto n

C o n fed erate

"W ashington

fu rth er in

and h e l d

command h a d

in

M ississip p i,

C .S .A .

of lea se d

O cto b er,

and

re stric tio n s

G ib so n ,

Dana,

in

of

U nion

te m p o ra rily

Canby w ere J.

e arly

e x c h a n g e ,"

showed t h a t gA t h r o u g h New O r l e a n s . - ^ to

C apture

change

tra d e

cap tu red P ort

th e p ro d u c t

w ould be s e i z e d

d istric t

a lib e ra l

S u b o rd in ates

lin e s

b u sin ess

a C o n fed erate

tro o p s

not

T reasu ry /

A ch afalay a

way t o

Canby t h a t F ederal

by th e

co m p lain ed

b ro k en up

c o tto n

com ing i n t o h i s

ad ju d ic atio n

le tte rs

a ll

was

a fo o t.

a C o n fed erate e arly

was b e in g

zealo u s. B anks'

in run

O cto b er, out

M ajor

B ro w n sv ille

95. Porter to Welles, June 6 , 1861}, in O.-.R. (Navy), series I, vol. 26, p. 363. Ealleck to Canby, July 18, l 8 6 i|.; Halleck to Canby, Sept. 29, 1861}, in W D, Hq. of the Army, vol. 19, pp. 37l!-- 375, 566-567. G.W. Graham & Co., New Orleans, to Brig. Gen. A.W.Ellet, Feb. 9, 1865J endorse­ ment by Canby, June 21, 1865, in W D, Secretary of War, Letters Received, f i l e G-206, 1856. G.O. 5 l , Military Division of the West Miss., New Orleans, Sept. 2 0 , l 8 oli., in 0 . R. , series I , vol. 1}1, p t. 3, pp. 26q-265. 56. Maj. Gen. Napoleon T. J. Dana, Comdg., Dist. of Vicksburg, Miss., to Christensen, Oct. 1 1 , 1861}, in W D, Dept, of Miss., vol. 18, O.S. 23, pp. . Canby to Stanton, Oct. 8 , 1861}, inclosin g T.A.M., "West Baton Iiouge, La., to Capt. N. B. R a t l i f f , C.S.A., Aug. 29, 1861}, in W D, Secretary of War, Letters Received, f i l e C-2120, Oct.

19/ 61}.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

399

expedition, in August, ber,

went to Vicksburg as d i s t r i c t l861|,

commander early

and thence moved to Memphis la t e

in Decem­

I 8 6 I4 , where he established headquarters of* a newly

created Department of M ississippi. down at Vicksburg,

Even before he s e ttle d

Dana discovered that two steamers were

up the Yazoo with permits of General Slocum and Treasury Agent McDowell,

carrying abnormal amounts of liquor in their

bar supplies obviously for trade with the Confederates. Dana arrested the boats,

but Lincoln intervened and ordered

them released since they had been permitted to go there by le g a l authority.

Canby released the v e s se ls but emphat­

i c a l l y did not concur "that an act -unlawful in i t s e l f tin

be covered by unauthorized perm its.MP' vexed by the l e s s e e s burg, whose le a s e s ,

can

Dana was esp e cia lly

of abandoned plantations around Vicks­ once within Federal l in e s ,

had been ex­

posed to combat by the withdrawal of occupation troops. Dana r e p u t e d l y

denounced

He stated o f f i c i a l l y "to

be

tim e

serv in g

th e

le sse es

as

"S harks

and K naves.

that he considered them as a class and u n r e lia b le ,

many o f th e m

are

d islo y a l

£>7 • D a n a t o C a n b y , A u g . 3» l 8 6 l|.; D a n a t o C h r i s t e n s e n , A u g . Li, I 8 6 I15 C a l l i c o t , V i c k s b u r g , t o H a r r i n g t o n , H o v . ' 18, l o 6 i|., i n Vi/D, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , f i l e 695-TAGO, 186Jj.. L i n c o l n t o C a n b y , Aug. 30, 186L.; C a n b y t o TAG, J a n . 7 » 1 8 6 5 , in W D, Secretary of War, Letters Received from Depart­ ments, f i l e 2359-ED-8, Dec. 5/81).. 58. Mellen, New Orleans, to Fessenden, Feb. 8 , 1865, in TD, General Agent's Correspondence, vol. pp. 33^~ 335.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

1+00

and smugglers, At f i r s t ,

communicating with, and aiding our

e n e m i e s . " ^

he threatened to permit no supplies to pass through

his picket lin e s to leased plantations, and allowed le s s e e s to appear at h is

hut he relented

o f f ic e

on two days a

week for special permits enabling them to take out no more than a week’ s supplies at one time.

6 0

Dana also waged a

constant campaign of harassment against the small steamers of l ig h t draft,

commonly called "cotton thieves."

They

were able to run into creeks and bayous where gunboats could not follow,

and Dana instructed C a llic o t,

agent and acting-surveyor at Vicksburg, ances and drive them back to Memphis. a military tax of f iv e

6 1

his local Treasury

to deny them clearDana also levied

dollars per bale on cotton brought

to Vicksburg by the leased planters and defended i t j u s t if ie d by long standing o r d e r s .^

as

In Memphis, however,

he levied a lo ca l tax of two dollars per bale on cotton, which was ordered revoked by Stanton.^3

59* Lt. Col. T. H. Harris. A.A.G., Dept, of Miss., Mem­ phis, to Washburn, Vicksburg, Jan. 1, 1865, in W D, Dept, of Miss., vol. 1, O.S. 1, p. 57. oO. C allicot to Mellen, Aug. 20, 1861+; Montross to Mellen, Sept. 21, 1861+, in TD, General Agent, Letters r e ­ ceived, f i l e 13. 6 1. Dana to C allicot, Aug. 23, 1861+, in W D, Dept, of Miss., vol.. 18, O.S. 23, pp. 330-331. 62. Montross to Mellen, Sept. 23, 1861+; C allicot to Dana, Sept. 20, 186k; Dana to C a llic ot. Sept. 20, 1861)., in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 13. Dana to TAG, Nov. 2, 1861+, in W D, Dept, of Miss., vol. lo , O.S. 23, pp. 470-1+72. 63. Dana to Halleck, Dec. 10, 1861+, in WD,,Hq. of the Army, vol. 75, p. 1150. Halle ck to Dana, Jan. 2 6 , 1861;., in W D, Hq. of the Army, Telegrams Sent, vol. 8 , p. 1 8 6 5 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

4oi

Dana's whole p o licy toward trade was one of causing i t the utmost hardship. "without exception,

"Severity," he wrote h is is

superiors,

the only remedy to cure the most

extraordinary licen se which has heretofore ex iste d on the riv er.

All the paper in the Country may be written over

with orders,

whether honestly intended for e f f e c t here,

supposed to produce a buncombe e f f e c t elsewhere, a v a il,

if

without

the orders are not r i g i d l y enforced to the l e t t e r

even to that degree which our people,

in many instances,

disposed to characterize with such terms as petty tyrant, m ilitary despot,' th is,

or

&c., Sec."^

'oppression, Believing

Dana announced h is intention to seize a l l

which had come into h is lin e s order of September 20.

65

are

cotton

even at dates prior

to Canby's

In November, Dana entered into a

controversy with the Navy when he sent a cutter out to arrest the steamer Mattie Cook for i l l e g a l trading,

only to be

thwarted by the in terp ositio n of a gunboat commander, who informed him that Admiral Porter had given orders that h is squadron must make a l l

arrests on the river.

Canby directed

Dana to respect the Navy's supremacy on the water and to ask

6 ij.. Dana to Christensen, Sept. 28, l 8 6 i|, in W D, Dept, of Miss., v o l. 18, O.S. 23, pp. 393-39U* 65. C allicot to Dana, Oct. l5> l o 6 I|., in TD, 2d S.A., vol. 123, pp. 233-231+* Dana to C allic o t, Oct. l o , l861j., in WD, Dept, of Miss., vol. 18, O.S* 23, pp. b k k

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

1+02

tiie

g u n b o ats

c lo sin g

for

days

clo se

h is

flo u r

to

o f N ovem ber, "so

lin e s go

a ssistan c e

o u t"

i t

was n e e d e d .

as

th e

not

to

le ase s

allo w

on th e

around Vicksburg expired on January 1, of

an

order

said ,

A ssista n t

of

B rig ad ier th e

sh o rtly

th a n

th e

M.

before

T reasury feud.

same

a fte r

th e

T u ttle,

D ana.

le sse es,

he

had he

of a

dangerous,

Dana

and

lin e s

An

7 b u t,

be

as

he

tak in g

M cD ow ell

68

th e

w as,

for

lim ited

command

corrupt

d iffic u lt th at

for

com m ander,

except

n o to rio u sly

d isco v ered to

he

d eg en erated

d istric t

som ew hat m ore

said ,

a rriv a l,

N atch ez

to

th e

h is

th e

co n trary ,

6*7 '

a n d Army a t

B raym an,

re lie f

He h a d ,

h o n e s t man was

to

th e

G en eral’s

c lo sin g

Nothing short

who h a d r e p l a c e d

S u b o rd in ate

orders,

su p p lie s

th e

of

t h e k i h d T i e Tsi t f e e l i n g s

C allico t,

G eneral M artin

p la n ta tio n

Jam es

sh o rtly

co n tin u al

issu e d

p la n s.

S p e c ia l Agent

rela tio n s a

a lte r

professed

pounds

1865.

o f W ar t o

h is

ten

to

abandoned p la n ta tio n s

S ecretary

Dana a lw a y s

V ick sb u rg

in to

th e

w o u ld make h im W hile

at

from

By t h e

1861+, D a n a w a s m a k i n g p l a n s

tig h t

once

when

nto

a h e a rtily

G eneral

assig n m en t be

lo y al

an man,

66. D a n a t o C h r i s t e n s e n , N o v . 21, 1861+, i n WD, D e p t , o f M i s s . , v o l . 18, O.S. 23, p p . lj-8 9 — 1l90. C h risten sen to D a n a , N o v . 30, 1861+, i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , v o l . 60, o . s . 1 0 ^ , p . 1+1 8 . 67. M o n t r o s s t o M e l l e n , N o v . 29* 1861+, i n T D , G e n e r a l A g e n t , L e t t e r s r e c e i v e d , f i l e 15. 68. D a n a t o C a l l i c o t , S e p t . 23, 1861+, i n WD, D i s t . o f M i s s . , v o l . 18, 23, p p . 380-381. 69. G. 0. 11, D ist. of Natchez, Miss., Aug. 13, ' 1861+, in W D, Dept, of Miss., vol. 1+1, d)«S. 7b, n. p ^' G. 0. ll+, Dist. of Natchez, Miss., in i b i d . , vol. 1+1, 9»

S .A .,

v o l.

B u rn et, v o l. G eneral

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

412

fav o rab ly g ra n tin g

th e

a p p lic atio n s

tra d e

a u th o ritie s.

w here

b u sin esses

serve

o n ly

was

T reasury

of th e

th e to

C allico t

w ro te

issu ed

was

ever

w ho m i s

in not

S tates.

c ap ital,

"I

th e

U .S .

even

fo r

in

th e

also

to

n o man i n

Fessenden receiv ed ,

proposed

fo r

to

v e teran s. to

tra d e rs, and

th em fro m

re-

93

re lie v e but

th e

it

was

o th e rs

who

th e

d isab led

th is

d a te ,"

o n O c t o b e r 1|.,

"th e

o n ly

th is

o ffice

lo o k in g

in

he

"Up t o

d isab led

ru led qnf a u th o ritie s.

L e tte rs

bought

in

and N a s h v ille ,

trad ers

g ran ted .

Army i n

v e teran s

c alc u la te d

O ld

h is

a n a tu ra liz ed

p a rtn e rs

93. A g en t,

at

and h e a lth y

y ield

and

d isap p o in ted

w ere

called

M em phis

a u th o r!ties

fro m V ick sb u rg

b u t he

th e ir

th e

tra d e

M ellen r u l e d

co u ld ta k e

sell

to

d isab led

esta b lish e d ,

su b v erted .

C in cin n ati

stro n g

a ll In

sound of

whom t h e y

who h a v e at

of

abuse

p erm its

v eteran s

persons

lo n g

seem in g ly

im m ed iately

d esired

th re e

w ere

o n e-fo u rth

The r u l e

alm o st

of

tra d e

au th o ritie s

s o l d i e r s . . .h av e G erm an life ,

case

of th a t

sto re s th ey

in

w ere

at th e

been one

le ast

of one

whom of

U n ited

d isab led

so ld iers

order

o b tain

to

not

ab le

to

th e

g a lla n t

S ep t.

28,

l8 6 i|.,

my d e v o t i o n

to M ellen , f i l e 6.

Jews n o t and

c itiz e n

th is

th a t

w ith

to

in

TD,

G eneral

94* Callicot to Mellen, Sept. 29, 1864, in'TD, 2d S.A., vol. 123, pp. 213-213. Callicot to Mellen, Oct. 4, 1864, in T D , General Agent, Letters received, file 13. 95. M e l l e n t o C a l l i c o t , O c t . 1 0 , 1864, i n T D , G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 4 4 j P* 273-273.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

4l3

o ffice rs

and

se rv ic e ," in

th e

B row nlow w r o te

p ro te st

c o rru p tio n ; for

s o l d i e r s . . . who h a v e

alread y

crip p led

U n io n

au th o ritie s. class

ag ain st

The

"d riv en

from

d ep riv ed p lic a tio n

of

a ll

m en --th e

h o m e s.. . ,

asked

sh o u ld

v e teran s.

cause

he

co n sid ered

"m ech an ics" th e

ru le

of th e C 'l 5

0

for

th an

w ell

le t

out

, n o tw ith sta n d in g

b artered

and

also so ld

th e in

th a t fact th e

tra d e

sto re

refugees

who h a d b e e n

he

and

by r e b e l s , raised

w ould

at

claim ed h is

n o t, to

be

at

from

be­ m ore th o u g h t

75 p e r

cent

$ 5 0

to

co -p a rtn e rsh ip .

a u th o ritie s

s tr e e ts ,^

m illin ery

N a sh v ille th a t

com­

w hich he

dressm akers

a u th o ritie s

th ey

and l i t e r a l l y

co n sid er

su sp ected

b eliev ed

o th er

an o th er

o ccu p atio n s

Bonner

he

th a t

for

U nion

07

th e ir

search in g

th e

He r a t h e r

but

open

ex clu d ed

su ita b le

" tra d e rs."

jo in ed

w ould

w ere

forw ard

C a llico t

m illin e rs

in ten d ed ,

v eteran s

He r e s e n t e d

as

It

th e

also

w h eth er

shops

tra d e rs

put

in

b u t he

order.

robbed

h a d ."9°

and d ressm ak in g save

to

re stric tio n s

th ey

when h e

K n o x v ille

v eteran s

th e ir

d isab led

from K n o x v ille ,

Fessenden’s

in

of m erito rio u s

been

E arly

in

w ere

b ein g

F ebruary,

1865, Fessenden observed that he received frequent complaints

9 6 . Brownlow to Mellen, O c t . Agent, Letters received, file 15.

13,

97. C a l l i c o t t o W .W .O rm e, N o v . v o l . 1 2 i j ., p p . 1 5 - 1 6 . 98. B onner to M ellen , F eb. 10, A g en t, L e t t e r s ite c e iv e d , f i l e l 6 .

l8 6 Ij., in T D ,

18,

1861}.,

in

General

TD,

2d

S .A .,

1865,

in

TD,

G eneral

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

th at

tra d e

hands

of

in

th e

Jew s,

sp ecu lato rs,

a p p lic atio n s

of

tra d e

are

in

sto re s

rep ly ,

to ld

p a rtn e rs, th a t

th a t

d id

of th e

not

of

sam e m o n th t h a t a p rice

by

G overnm ent b u t

"citizen s come

of

th e

and t h a t

th e

and

a llo w in g

hands

attem p t been

he

conduct

of

offered

who h a v e to

v e teran s

Jews

and

specu­

In

a

"dead

any num ber n o th in g th e

but

th e

A p ril, Tennessee, le tte r."

from N a s h v ille

escape

tak e

doubt

M urfreesboro,

done

to

not

a refo rm atio n ,

v irtu ally w ro te

B arn itz ,

d id

rem ed ied .

from

becom e

so u th

open

p ra c tice

w ro te

been

to

in

c o n sid e re d ...."

th e

so ld ie r

he h ad

to

to

have

had

d isab led

th is

e x c lu siv e ly

sharpers,

so ld ie rs

in to

seem t o

re g u la tio n

and

p ra c tice

a v e te r a n ’s f r ie n d th e

"alm o st

fav o rab ly

He p r o m i s e d

An a n o n y m o u s

at

not

has passed

la to rs ...."

186;?,

d isab led

and b ecau se

"tra d e

m atter

South, w as

th e

o f p erm its for

th e

d r a f t . "^9

99* F e s s e n d e n t ' o M e l l e n , F e b . 9* l 8 6 f>, i n T D , G e n e r a l A g en t, L e t t e r s R e c e iv e d , f i l e 6 . B arn itz to Fessenden, F e b . 1 3 , 1 8 6 5 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ’ s ' C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . L.6 , p p . l 8 0 - l 8 l j . . C . A. V an C l e v e , M u r f r e s s b o r o , T e n n . , t o B a r n i t z , A p r . £ , l 8 6 f?; "A D i s c h a r g e d S o l d i e r a n d P e n ­ s i o n e r , " N a s h v i l l e , t o M e l l e n , A p r . 2 0 , 1 8 6 5 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t, L e t t e r s d e c e i v e d , f i l e s 12 a n d 2 2 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

CHAPTER X LI N CO L N OPENS THE F L O O D - G A T E S , D u rin g th e

th e

T reasury

lic it

trad e

p e rio d

a n d Arm y m ade w ith

th e

th e y w ere m e e tin g w ere m a t u r i n g if

th e y had

b etw een

to

success

to

open

d ecid ed

C onfederacy,

some

p lan s

Ju ly

secure

th e

and

at

L in co ln th e

F ederal

D ecem ber,

effo rts but

1861+-1865

to

th e

sam e

and h is

to

8 6

reduce

C o n fed erate

lin e s

I

lj.,

b o th

th e

tim e

i l ­

th a t

a d m in istra tio n co tto n

alm o st

even

u n lim ited

tra d e . P lan n in g "Few t h i n g s fie rc e n ess so u g h t," to n

of

L in co ln in

w ro te

June,

I

is

le a st

8 6 3

one

lo y al

re b e l,

1. and Hay,

la rg e

c o tto n

.

to

a ll,

g u n p o w d e r.L in c o ln

p ro fits

a frien d

co n tro ls or

P u rch asin g

tro u b leso m e

th e

everybody w ish es

p ro fit

seller

so

w ith w h ich

v en tu re

n e arly

are

th e

of

in

G overnm ent

tra d in g

it;

and

sp ecu latio n

is

as

co tto n

so

in

th e

are a

co t­

great

th a t

when

in ,

th e

o f w h eth er

th e

co tto n -

w h eth er he

n ev erth eless

in

assistan c e

tem p tatio n

re g a rd le ss or

th e

seek in g

"The be

to

Program

le n t

is

p aid

h is

d u rin g

L i n c o l n t o Wm. K e l l o g g , J u n e A braham L i n c o l n , A H i s t o r y , V I I I ,

in

q u estio n

corn-m eal

au th o rity

th at

for

o

at

same y e a r .

29, 1863, 307.

in

1+15 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

N ico lay

The p a r t i c u l a r C. S. A .

speculation was

cotton which allegedly

special p e r m i t of

Casey,

tucky,

brother

S a m u e l L.

contacted

of

Casey.

Treasury Departments He

t h i c k a n d t hi n. object

to t h e

v e n t u r e .^

Louis where

However much

information may be

three

w i t h car g o .

up

brother

1I4.,

venture

James

that the

was

the

and

only Kentucky through

told h i m that Grant might that he was

capital

steamers,

for

the

a g e n t ’s c o n f i d e n t i a l

Li n c o l n did give

1863,

t he G e n e r a l ’s

a g a i n m e t J a m e s N.

raising

the R e d R i v e r b e y o n d The

by

o f C. S. A .

the A d m i n i s t r a t i o n

t he g a r r u l o u s

inferior stern-wheel

of b a r g e s ,

out 15,000 bales

he was

on December

Illinois,

f r o m the W a r

Gallagher

discounted,

in 1 8 6 3 , Special

told Gallagher

Casey replied

In March,

concerning

ex-Congressman from Ken­

permit

that his

supported

sch eme ,

Casey a permit

man

When Gallagher

brother-in-law. C a s e y i n St.

special to b r i n g

explained

Congressman who h a d

This

one,

transported under

Early

at Cairo,

the U n i o n i s t

ex-Congressman held a

co tton.

could be

Jefferson Davis.

Agent Gallagher was N.

an involved

to

S a m u e l L.

t ak e n o t m o r e

than

together with any number

the

lines

and

to r e t u r n

could carry neither money nor

goods

2. G a l l a g h e r , C i n c i n n a t i , to C h a s e , A p r . 6, 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, C u s t o m s B u r e a u , S p e c i a l A g e n t s R e p o r t s . J a m e s N. C a s e y h a d m a r r i e d J u l i a D e n t G r a n t ’s y o u n g e s t s ist e r ; d u r i n g R e ­ c o n s t r u c t i o n he w o u l d b e e n g a g e d i n c o r r u p t p o l i t i c s i n Louisiana. E l l i s P . O b e r h o l t z e r , A .H i s t o r y o f the U n i t e d S t a t e s S i n c e the C i v i l W a r ( N e w Y o r k , 192 6 ) , III, lET.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

in to a

C o n fed erate

schem e,

C.

S.

A.

lin e s

backed co tto n

W illiam B u tle r

by

and

th e

of

The

tw o

d itio n ,

but

th ey

becam e

As

a m atter E arly

c o tto n of

th a t

of in

stap le,

P resid en t

out

sp ec ia l

(th e

sen ted

Ju ly *

m an u factu rer

th e

5

fact

found

A tk in so n ’s o u t,

because

of h ig h

before

co tto n , th e

by

p ric e

th e

w ere

such

sellin g

much l e s s

p rices

th e y

L in co ln except

w o rld

A d m iral

in

w ith

cam p aig n in g ra n te d .^

a

th e

p ric e

p ro p o sitio n

w h ich

L in co ln

m eetin g

Fessenden)

c o tto n

it

th e

and

th an

w ell g o ld ,

sent

on J u ly th ere

A tk in so n

n e arly

paym ent in but

expe­

P o rter

lo w erin g

C ab in et

re c eiv e d

m ark et,

th e

w ith

a M assach u setts

C o n fed erates,

th o u g h t

frien d

had been

p ersu asiv e.

by S e c re ta ry

se ll

w rong.

in te re ste d

re g u la r

to

asso c iate d

Red R iv e r

p erm its

upon L in co ln

th e

o ld

conduct

E dw ard A tk in s o n ,

p a rtic u la rly of

th e

h o n estly

who w a s

F lo y d ,

was

to

assured

The

w ar.

th e

was

founded upon

L in co ln ’s

in

id eas.

any m eans on

o th e r

I 8 6 I4.,

atte n d ed

p o in ted

as

he

called

n o tices

firs t

no

John 3 .

attem p ted

W elles

been

Illin o is,

in v o lv e d

and w ere u n s u c c e s s f u l. th a t

have

pounds.

S p rin g fie ld ,

sp ec u la to rs

I 8 6 I4.,

to

C o n fed erate

fo r E n g lish

Casey.

S ep tem b er,

seem s

had

usual but

as

much f o r

to

secure

th u s

C ab in et

3. N ic o la y and Hay, A braham L i n c o l n , 308. H arrin g to n , F ig h tin g P o l i t i c i a n , l5 l- lb 2 . P o r t e r , S e p t . 1 3 , lo b l* ., I n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s 2 6 , pp. 559-560.

pre­

it

th e

red u cin g

co u ld

see

no

A H isto ry , W elles to I, v o l.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

V III,

way immediately whereby th is

could be done.4" The idea that

the Union must secure cotton seems to have remained with Lincoln.

On July 25> he wrote Canby that he desired him to

break up blackmail,

ille g a l

seizures,

and other frauds which

frustrated the Treasury regulations concerning cotton in Louisiana.

For reasons sa tisfa c to r y to the public service,

Lincoln gave Andrew J. him in writing,

Hamilton,

or persons authorized by

permission to ship cotton out of Galveston

or Sabine Pass to the Treasury agent at New Orleans.

Re­

markably enough, Welles and Fessenden did not learn of this authority,

given on August 9 , 1861)., u n t i l September 27,

for

Seward had drawn up the order for Lincoln's signature in the utmost secrecy. There was one other way in which speculators could secure cotton through the lin e s

during the months when most Army

commanders were attempting to keep them closed. fifty -fiv e

By a r t ic le

of the Treasury regulations of July 29,

l 8 6 ij_, a l l

authorities to purchase outside Union lin e s had been revoked, with the proviso that products previously purchased in good

4«

Harold F. Williamson, Edward Atkinson, The Biography of an American Liberal, 1827- 1905 (Boston, 1934), 13-II).. Diary of Gideon Welles, I I , 6 6 - 6 7 . 5. Lincoln to Canby, July 25, 1864, in Nicolay and Hay ( eds. ) , Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln, I I , 553-554* 6. Lincoln to Canby, Aug. 9j 1 B6 I4., in i b i d . , I I , 560. Diary of Gideon Welles, I I , I 6 2 - I 6 3 , 1 6 7 - 1 6 8 . Diary of Edward Bates, Ijp-4"*

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

kl9

faith, and paid for could be brougiit within the l i n e s .

On

August 31 Lincoln s t r i c t l y forbade m ilitary or naval in te r ­ ference with, th is process,^ but both, the Treasury and the m ilitary o ff ic e r s actu ally restrained such t r a f f i c . the p o s s i b i l i t i e s of the a r t i c l e

Realizing

for fraud as well as the em­

barrassing r e s p o n s ib ility placed upon a s s is ta n t Mellen issued instructions on September 3

special agents,

that before granting

permits to transport such products an a ss ista n t

sp ecial agent

must examine the orig in al permit under which the products were bought, parties

secure a f f id a v it s from two or more d isin tereste d

that the products had been purchased and paid for in

good f a ith ,

and,

if

p ossib le,

celled vouchers or receipts

require presentation of can­

to prove payment.®

Puller,

the

agent whose trepidations had caused Mellen's sp ecial in ­ structions,

pointed out the manifest im p o ssib ility of com­

plying when in some cases 1 5 0 bales of cotton had been pur­ chased from f i f t y

or s ix ty persons.

Tomeny at Memphis be­

lieved that not more than one in f i f t y parties would be able to prove their good f a i t h under Mellen's rule.^

But Mellen

7. Order, A. Lincoln, Aug. 31# 1 8 6 )4., in Nicolay and Hay ( eds. ) , Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln, I I , 5 6 9 . 8. Mellen to Fessenden, Sept. 3# 1861}.; Mellen to Puller, Sept. 3 , l861|.; in WD, Secretary of War, Letters Received from Departments, f i l e 19^4-7# Oct. 12/61}.. 9 . Puller, Nashville, to Mellen, Sept. 9# 1 8 6 )4., in TD, 1st S. A., v o l. $ 0 , pp. 12lj.-128. Tomeny, Memphis, to Mellen, Sept. 12, 18o1l, in TD, 2d S. A., vo l. 125# PP. 355-358.

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

420

was unwilling to rela x liis

stand, b elie vin g that unscrupulous

speculators could afford to pay a large share in bribes and s t i l l make a fortune. a r t ic le f i f t y - f i v e

On December 22,

Fessenden revised

su b sta n tia lly to conform with Mellen’s

rules. Military o f f ic e r s further interfered in th is tra ffic.

Fessenden during September and October,

approved permits for E. Parkman Brooks & Co., Tennessee,

species of for example,

of Memphis,

to get out 15,000 bales of cotton on the Yazoo,

M ississippi,

and Red r iv e r s ,

for William Butler to get out

3,500 bales on the Yazoo and Black riv e rs,

and for Joseph

Deynoodt of New Orleans to get out 22,800 bales in southern Mississippi and L o u is ia n a .^

These permits appear to have

been e f f e c t i v e l y blocked by m ilitary opposition.

General

Dana observed that he could not do anything to deny the presidential permit which accompanied Fessenden's order i f the E. Parkman Brooks cotton came to h is l i n e s ,

but he did

not consider that the order allowed the company to take boats or vehicles into the Confederate l in e s

to obtain the cotton.

12

10. Mellen to Fessenden, Sept. 12, 1864* in TD, General Agent's Correspondence, v o l. l\.2 , pp. 5 l9 ”520. Fessenden, Amendment to A rtic le LV, Dec. 22, 1864, in TD, Secretary's Correspondence, BE, v o l. 8 , p. 331-332. 11. Orders by Fessenden, Sept. 1, 1864, Oct. 24* l 8 6 ij_, Oct. 25, I 8 6 J 4., in TD, Secretary's Correspondence, BE, vol. 7, p. 364i, vol. 8 , pp. 57-59* 59-62. 12. Dana to Christensen, Nov. 22, 1864* in W D, Dept, of Miss., vol. 32, 0. S. 53* P* 21.

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

General Hurlbut simply informed Deynoodt, who was also the Belgian consul at New Orleans,

that the m ilitary situ ation

did not permit him to honor Fessenden’s o r d e r .^ order of September 20,

requiring a l l

Canby’s

cotton coming within

the l in e s

to be seized and held for adjudication of the

Treasury,

moreover,

imposed delay and expense to other persons

who attempted to take advantage of a r t i c l e f i f t y - f i v e .

Hurl­

but presumed upon h is friendship with Lincoln to address him a "not exactly o f f i c i a l 11 l e t t e r to sustain Canby.

on September 26, begging him

"No man," he urged,

"can deal in purchases

of cotton without v io la tin g his allegiance to the'country & of n ece ssity holding communication with and giving aid to the public enemy."1^ Apparently no great volume of cotton reached northern users under the exceptions l861j_.

Flanders,

to the regulations of July 29,

for example,

stated in January,

he had renewed only seven superseded a u th o rities.

1865, 19

that

With

the supply of cotton so blockaded from the market in the North i t s

price rose to the highest le v e ls of the war period.

In August, Quartermaster General Meigs was paying from '^1.60 to ijpl.90 for cotton used in making tent cloth for the Union

13. of the Gulf, II4.. of Congress,

170.

15. S. A., vol.

Hurlbut to Deynoodt, Nov. l 6 , l861f, in W D, Dept, vol. 8 , 0. S. 8 , pp. 5 2 5 7 5 2 6 .^ Hurlbut to Lincoln, Sept. 2b, lSolj., in Library Manuscripts Division, Lincoln Collection, vol. Flanders to Fessenden, 117, pp. l|-89-Ij.93-

Jan.

13,

1865,

i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

in TD, 38

1|22

army.^°

At the same time the premium on gold hovered about

i t s peak; #39 in gold would buy $100 worth of* Union Treasury notes.

The fin an cial c r i s i s of the Federal government caused

p o l i t i c a l repercussions and Republican leaders were fr e e ly predicting that Lincoln would not be reelected . sentiment was running high in the North. burg has summed i t up, August,

And,

Peace as Carl Sand­

l 8 6 L|., was 11The Darkest Month

of the War."-**7 When Fessenden reported to a Cabinet meeting on September 9 with a draft of instructions

to put into e f f e c t the pur­

chasing agent section of the Act of July 2,

l 8 blj., Welles

noted that both Fessenden and Lincoln "started with the as­ sumption,

and as a s e ttle d f act,

that the cotton within the

Rebel lin e s must be sought for and brought o u t . . . . " senden,

however,

Fes­

desired the purchasing accomplished by a

few selected agents sp e c ia lly permitted by the President. This was the government cartel plan--although the word was not then used--which Mellen and the more in f lu e n t ia l generals had advocated.

Lincoln objected at the outset to that part

of the plan which placed the odium and r e sp o n sib ility of se lectin g the purchasing agents upon him.

He in s is te d ,

l6. Bvt. Maj. Gen. M. C. Meigs, Quartermaster General, to Stanton, Aug. 3 , 1861^., in 7i/D, Secretary of War, Letters Received, f i l e QMG-312-33-9, Aug. ll/61f. 17* Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln, The War Years (New York, 1939), H I , 121+', l6?-22]T.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

k23

moreover, to any. rito ry ,

that

He b e l i e v e d

that

would bring

they w o u l d n o t b e

agreed

there

that

their

plundered.

i f a t all.

the

Welles

old predilection

a r my ,

to a l l i f

extensive

ter­

from which non­

cotton if t h e y could feel Most

the p u r c h a s i n g m u s t b e

participate, displayed

in

opened

lay open an

occupied actually b y neither

belligerents that

the w h o l e b u s i n e s s m u s t b e

of the

o p e n to

observed

Cabinet

all who wis h e d

to

that only Fessenden

toward monopoly which had been •j g

so long associated with Chase. The general regulations for the purchase of products of the insurrectionary sta te s on government account,

issued

by Fessenden on September 21}., 1861}., were accordingly drawn s u f f ic ie n t ly lo o se ly to Include private enterprisers from the North.

Agents were to be appointed by the Secretary of

the Treasury, with p residential approval, Memphis, Nashville, Pensacola.

Norfolk, Beaufort,

at New Orleans,

Port Royal,

and

The agents would receive applications from any

person who said he owned uor controlled*' products outside the l in e s ,

would give

such a person a c e r t i f i c a t e ,

request a safe-conduct for him.

and would

At the place of purchase

they would pay the owner or controller a sum not exceeding three-fourths of the New York market value, revenue tax,

l e s s permit f ees,

less

le ss

internal

transportation,

18. Diary of Gideon Welles, Edward Bates, l}.0ij.-i}.01? .

II,

I 3 8 -II4-O.

insurance,

Diary of

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

kzk

and other deductions.

Sales of products so purchased would

be held at weekly public auctions in Memphis and New Orleans and at other designated places. Lincoln’ s executive order issued the same day, but not released for the time being to the public, reaching in i t s

effects.

It

was more fa r-

directed that persons holding

a c e r t i f i c a t e from a purchasing agent could bring in their produce without molestation,

se ll

it

as prescribed,

and then

purchase and return through the lin e s merchandise, not con­ traband or coin, b u llio n ,

or foreign exchange,

equal to one-

third the aggregate value of products sold by them.

Military

and naval personnel in terferin g with the conveyance of products to the purchasing agent or the return of merchandise through the lin e s would be deemed g u ilty of a m ilitary o f ­ fense and punished accordingly.

Lincoln provided that h is

order should become e f f e c t i v e when i t Secretaries of War and Navy.2^

was promulgated by the

The l a s t

sentence of Lincoln’s

order was a delaying factor because, while Stanton issued his order on October 6 , Welles did not enjoin h is department to conform u n t i l December 1,

«/,

looij..

21

19. Fessenden, "General Regulations for the Purchase of Products of the Insurrectionary States on Government Account, Sept. 2l\.t 186k, 11 in House Reports, 3 8 Cong., 2 Ses s . , No. 2 l±, pp. 1 6 I4.-I 0 0 . 20. Executive Order, A. Lincoln, Sept. 2ij-, l 8 6 ij-, In Nicolay and Hay ( e d s . ) , Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln,

II, 579-581. 21.

G. 0.

285, War Department, Washington City,

Oct.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

k25

Fessenden did not await the formal promulgation of the military orders but appointed the purchasing agents as quick­ ly as they could be se lec te d . Missouri,

for New Orleans;

They were 0. N. Cutler,

George H. Ellery,

for Memphis; and Green Adams for Nashville.

of

of New York, Hanson A. Risley,

while not named as a purchasing agent was directed to act as such, nominally at Norfolk,

where he named DeWitt C. Far­

rington to serve as h is deputy. Massachusetts, f ort ,

Peter Lawson,

was la te r named’purchasing agent at Beau­

North Carolina, and,

following the designation of Fer-

nandina as a purchasing point, purchasing agent t h e r e . ^

Iiallet Kilbourn was appointed

Agents do not appear to have been

appointed for Port Royal and Pensacola. Simeon Draper,

of Lowell,

the c o lle c to r at New York,

Fessenden instructed to furnish the

agents with the New York market quotations as frequently as they were published . ^

Each of the agents received a detailed

l e t t e r of in stru ctions,

incorporating much of the regulation

6 , 1861).; G. 0. I4-2 , Navy Department, Washington,Dec. 1, I 8 6 I4., in House Reports, 3 8 Cong., 2 S e s s . , No. 2 I4-, p. l6 8 . 22. Fessenden to 0. N. Cutler, Sept. 23* I 8 6 I4.; Fes­ senden to George N. E llery, Oct. 5* lB6 L|-; Fessenden to Green Adams, Oct. 10, I 8 6 I4.; Fessenden to H. A. Risley., Oct. 31* I 8 6 I4.; Fessenden to Peter Lawson, Feb. 28, 1865, Fessenden to Hallet Kilbourn, Jan. 30, l 8 bf?; Order, Fessenden, Feb. 6 , 1865* in TD, Secretary’s Correspondence, BE, vol. 7* pp. I4.1 L-I4.1 7 , I4.8 3 -I4.8 8 , vol. 8 , pp. 15-20, 85-86, vol . 9* PP* I 6 3 - 1 6 7 , I4.8 6 -I4.9 0 , 5 7 - 5 8 . 23. Fessenden to Draper, Dec. 1, I 8 6 I4., in TD, Secre­ tary’s Correspondence, BE, vol . 8 , pp. 251-252.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

of September 2i+.

The d ed u ctio n s

whitsh th e y we re to make • «•

w ere

set

fo rth

tw o c e n t s

«a

cen ts

pound,

j

per

m ore

x> _

m

per

of h an d lin g , (except so ld nor w ere

pound ^

ex p ected

in v e stig ate was

and

to

to

to

on t h e

for

th a t

ceiv ed .

As

"v irtu a lly m erical M em phis

th e

as

had

covar ^ e te al a M< t h e c.©tts$sn t©

*

t

’ ■•

’•

o

w it^^& il

th a t'

of

th e

R iv er

.■-a ok "X>

P u r ch.

e ffo rts to

of

at

stated

m ilit

% s c’SP@uld b e h

K «atp#j.s,

th e

R e g u & a t i ® © ® $© n

E llery

N ovem ber,

th e

$ ' ° o a>

c lo ^ srt

p u rch asin g

away w i t h

in

,• 'C‘

/S

*

co n fisc

i n t e r c o u r s e . "^5 e arly

iP .« k iU

„W W 1W ... I •'•' •••,'t.

G eneral

Orme o b s e r v e d does

.*&?.■ . r y,,,, t

New C r ^ a g f e f f c -U t h e y weffcr-

stren u o u s

M ississip p i

» ^ v.5

m

sum reqyu-rb13£^© v~! o > £ v . r . and t r a n s

d eterm in e

th e

4 - 4*

co o p erate

lia b le

p ro b ab le

a

him

O p eratio n s G iven

a

W hile

resp o n sib le

chased

and

sto rin g ,

lo c ally ) .

• •».«

th e ,* i n t e t a e l & **,*'?'•'’’'Wt' S4~ *'-v c o t t o n , ;: Pe^e o f

on

J

a t M em phis

«•» •••

e x ac tly :

n©v©rti®@l©®S

p rin ted

th e

P resid en t

w ould

th e

Arm y a n d N a v y p r o m u l g a t e d

an.g s ® m -

L i t m*

not it)*

2l+. F e sse n d e n to G reen S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , BE, 25. O r m e t o M e l l e n , N o v . 7» A g ent, L e t t e r s r e c e iv e d , f i l e 22.

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o o

c

•

•

was r e a u y t o

•

* no

•

V i

conduct b u sin ess. • •

.~;.V

•

,,_

v,

*

■

&a:s^Uti.ed t n a t H ‘

'■

V y ?'

'

.a sse sse d

tne

d u c ts,

e y i r i>i^T % 4 l«sp% t o m i l i f e i’r e a a u r y r^,

Isar- ••’ s

V/ilicil

e o m m & n d er s .

S l-

« Q t a r i |i ® i a « n t

saner

to

•t *

S is. v i c l a i - i o # ojT i’n i s 0

l.irity

iin p a ’B-cyfcH

c:

‘ lor© *!. u n p c p u f^N seently

bine pfi”

D •• 3u-3 t 8Ti e . . t e n d e d

fei#,

t o oaa-i

t

h :4;J-*d o f e»

’v ;£» (J ^'■''1?

a u.'ld scofi bo

S6Q..1

I'« n d e s s e e

Tor a udder

^

O jr-itvse

c i r e urns t.

I}.,

iS '^v f.rt.aerit ■Hjv m-±*? n a v e ••

>.

o rd £ * * s t: ,i>. •,-s ■> Q : ■ * v /rittea, «&.

know vdiat -ne

,. L T - -Jwise advised, unbil oth—* •"

Memphis addressed a sim ilar request to h is

fic®r .bum,

-3a :

and the Mi ssi ssippi Squadron of-

how^ermf*,

in

m MEagseaat

of p e r p l e x i t y

& McGee

fid a u t h a r i s ® i

^

fro m I s l a n d ? %

p.!#sry,

isas

but

©otton

t u r n i n g to S g m g a & < § G

Camhy,

sent

the

and boat

while

them down

on N o v e m b e r

to b r i n g

the m i l i t a r y

they were

to h e w

O

attitu d e ■' c o p y tof t h e

a

to w ard

th e p u rch asin g ■u p u rch asin g re g u la tio n

h a d a l r e a d y £ % © e iv e d f r o m t h e O *a? m itlS a c o p y o f t h e W a r D e p a r t m e n t t&m o r d e r s

to

m »r« n e t

-■ J» .-II -■ !■

,

in

re­

r l e a n s .

32

©©anaander o f t h e M i l i t a r y D i v i s i o n

h o stile

h a n d l# # h i m

■ ■ ■

cotton

authorities

g » # * "iri l l m m feSlle u p fetoe W h i t e R i v e r o n N o v e m b e r » attM tre o f ©@®r%IL8 ft&eKi @©®a»y o p p o s i t i o n , h e a s s u m e d

------—

some

1+,

Mississippi.,. 3&ad b e e n p a i n f u l l y w o u n d e d b y a

o f the

tin c tly

commander.-31

■

- '. ^ h -

c © W B iM c « ^ # c i t o I

■

'

V -

■ ■

h im —

6

,

and,

w ell

a

fa ir

but

program . on

d is­

C u tler

Decem ber 7

M em phis

p rin tin g )

order.

Though

o ffic ia lly ,

he

—~----------------------------------------------

d ecid ed -

-

■

JD . I^ fo j? > d t o S l i p p y , Mov. 1 1 , 1 3 6 1+, i n WD, D e p t , o f ^ 4 + . | f ,~ ® . S . p p . 7 1Q 7 2 . U,*; S S p l s h u r n b® S t a n t o n , N o 1 6 , 1 8 6 1+, i n WD, S e c ks T e l ^ r f S t e s W f e c e i v e d , v o l . 1+3, p . 2 1 9 . L t. f . H i t e h e l l , Comsdf?., 3 t h D i s t r i c t , M i s s . S quadron, life. $ . P . L a p , N o v . l l + , 1361+ , i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) ,

>^4

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jfcjj8 4 , 0.

•

s o W ashburn, W m ® . 3 0 , 1861+ , i n WD, 'S§l«. mil., * S§“ 3 3 •

Nov. D ist.

, 1861+; o f W est

3 0

•*

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

to

issu e

That

h is

own o r d e r

sam e d a y

rep eated

m ost

stru c ted

th e

O rlean s. to

Canby of

d irec ted

sig n atu re

of

o ffice s

th a t

to

or

p en d in g

en u m erated n ates

to

la tio n s

and

S tan to n

had been by

tie d it

Canby th e

th e

fie ld

new

trad e

and

fu lly

th is

1

done

at

th e

a rtic le s

2

lik e th a t

lp2

G rant and because

tn e

issu ed

°n

Ju ly

Sherm an.

1

en jo in ed

enemy.

and

order.

to

1 7 l4- , 3 9

to

keep m ost

d u ty .

If

he

w ere

arran g em en t. p 0 ,0 0 0

m an y s o l d i e r s

secrecy

The new men t o

co u ld be

th e

su b o rd i­

to

in

regu­

p ro te st

H is ^^

of n is

a rm y

c h iefly

put but

2 0 ,0 0 0 force

'w eak en a g a r r i s o n

becam e

trad e,

of

33

h is

had

yet

He

. 11

h is

w ro te

He c o u l d

a ll

"em barrass

in fra c tio n s

he

sec re tly ;

co u n ter-

au th o rized

o p e ra tio n s

war

in ­

charged

req u ire

th e y m ig h t

th e sy stem he

, 9 5 6

of

and

safe-co n d u cts.

sh o u ld

and

a id to

w ere

of

and he

co n trab an d

w h ich

M e m p h i s a n d New

c itie s

if

d elay .

order

orders

at

issu an ce

com m ander,

of

day

from

le ast

th e

tw o

safe-co n d u cts

not

down on g a r r i s o n

w ould

D ec. pp.

to

m ilitary th e

w ith o u t

andin v o lv e d

ande x e c u tiv e

fo rb id d in g

d id

lo n g

effect

im p e n d in g m i l i t a r y

lis t

sam e

at

in to

safe-co n d u cts

or

orders

reduced

m ust be

th e

suspend

lo n g

tran sfers

men i n

a ll

p u n ish u n d er

S till to

a

a

th e

for

d istric t

com m anders d e fe at,

of

com m anders

th e

them

tre a su ry

co m p lian ce

Local

put

p u b lish ed

th e

open m i l i t a r y

Canby

to

im p o ssib le

he

e stim ated ,

C o n fed erate

arm ed and

33* 0-. 0 . 8 0 , M i l i t a r y D i v i s i o n o f t h e 7» l 8 6 [p, i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , v o l . 0 1 - 1 1 0 .

under

arm ies,

su p p lied .

Some

W est M is s ., 72, 0 .3 . I l

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

sin ce

6

,

1 0 , 0 0 0 enemy w o u ld b e a d d e d t o b eliev ed

th at

the

em bargo

the

sin ce

arm ies

on h i s

fro n t.

Ju ly had “g r e a tly

He

stra iten e d ”

th e C o n fe d e ra te s b e c a u se K irb y S m ith had announced t h a t he c o u ld no lo n g e r

clo th e h is

th e p u rc h a sin g program ,

arm y.

a ll

But w ith in

of th is

s ix ty days of

w ould be un d o n e.

many h o n o r a b l e a n d l o y a l m e n w o u l d d o u b t l e s s l y the

trad e ,

licen se

and o p p o r tu n ity , in the

the

track

allow ed t h i s

to

o f the

arm y, is

tra ffic

in

fig h tin g ,

and w ith o u t h i s

c la ss,

its

b lo o d ,

w ith a l l

re g a rd in g h is m isap p re h en sio n of the C o tto n ,

old p r ic e ,

he w ro te ,

and thus

if

s i x t h a s much t h e y w e re

the

arm ies.

c o n tro l i t s

as w e ll o f f crop,

su b sisten ce

d isp o sitio n . “th an l e t

am m unition f o r i t . ”

and b e t r a y

the b asen ess

of

lec tu re

Canby

c o tto n

s ix tim es

its

C o n fe d e ra te s m ark eted b u t o n e-

still

th e U n io n to

L in co ln th o u g h t,

3 J4-. the G u lf,

for

as i n

th e

p eacetim es.

lab o r

supply

and food cro p s f o r

The c o t t o n p r o d u c e d w e n t a b r o a d ,

im p o rtan t f o r to

to

who f o l l o w

g o v e rn m e n t's

was s e l l i n g

Producing o n ly o n e - s ix th a c o tto n c o u l d g i v e m ore tim e

“ countenance

rem orse!

L in c o ln a lm o s t im m e d ia te ly 'u n d e rto o k to

p o lic y .

engage in

w ould g iv e

a f a r m ore n u m ero u s

cause f o r w hich i t

Judas I s c a r io t

cla ss

W hile

and th u s i t

g e t a s much a s p o s s i b l e

the was

in order

“B e t t e r g i v e him g u n s f o r him ,

a s now,

i t ,”

g e t b o th guns and

N a t io n a l f i n a n c e s w ere g r e a t l y

Ca’n b y t o S t a n t o n , D e c . 7 > l d b l u , v o l . 6 0 , O . S . 1 0 J4., p p . [(-33-4-30.

in v o lv ed

i n WD, D e p t ,

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

of

i n tiie m a t t e r . "carries

" T h e w a y c o t t o n g o e s n o w , 11 L i n c o l n a r g u e d ,

s o much g o l d o u t o f t n e

paper currency o n ly ,

and th a t

fo r every hard d o l l a r 's trac t

to

so f a r

w orth o f s u p p l ie s

h ead q u arters

I 8 6 I4., G e n e r a l D a n a c a r r i e d

w ith the

im p atien t E lle r y ,

want o f o r d e r s .

of

ciated

in W ash in g to n ."

la test

order

t o M emphis e a r l y on a c u r t

safe-co n d u cts fo r

we c o n 35 i n De­

th e

program f o r

to re c o g n iz e

it

a lth o u g h he

of d isco v erin g

c a p siz e d and a p p a re n tly u n a p p re ­

F in a lly

in stru cted

to prove

th at

correspondence

on D e c e m b e r 2 0 ,

came t h r o u g h a n d D a n a p a r t i a l l y

He n e v e r t h e l e s s a ffid a v its

h e re a fte r."

"the m o r tif ic a tio n

t h a t my w h o l e p o l i c y . . . i s

as

p r e s e n t e d h i m a c o p y o f t h e War

Dana r e f u s e d

com plained p r i v a t e l y

leav e us

we o b t a i n ,

w h i l e he s t a l l e d

When E l l e r y

D epartm ent o r d e r ,

to

d ep re cia te d

p a y tw o a n d a h a l f h a r d d o l l a r s

H a v i n g moved h i s cem ber,

co u n try as

h is

C a n b y 's

c a p itu la te d .6°

p erm it o f f i c e r

to r e q u i r e

o w nership o f c o tto n b e fo re he is s u e d

its

p recau tio n s necessary

m ovem ent t o M em phis. to

d e te ct

He t h o u g h t

" v i l l a i n y ."6 7

these

L in co ln c u rtly

35. L i n c o l n t o C a n b y , D e c . 1 2 , l 8 6 i|_, i n H i c o l a y a n d Hay ( e d s . ) , C o m p l e t e 'Works o f A b r a h a m L i n c o l n , I I , ' 6 1 6 - 6 1 7 . 36. D a n a t o E l l e r y , D e c . 9» 18bLj_; D a n a t o C h r i s t e n s e n , D e c . 1 0 , 1861|_; D a n a t o M a j . G e n . J . J . R e y n o l d s , C o m d g . , D e p t , o f A r k . , D e c . l o , I8b l|., i n WD, D e p t , o f M i s s . , v o l . 1 , O . S . 1 , p p . 6 - 7 , l'O, 2 2 . G. 0 . 3 j D e p t , o f M i s s . , M e m p h i s , D e c . 2 0 , I 8 6 I4 ., i n WD, D e p t , o f M i s s . , v o l . 1 0 , 0 . 5 . 9» n * P* 37* D a n a t o E l l e r y , D e c . 25* IQ 6Ip; L t . C o l . T . H. H a r r i s , A. A. D ep t, o f M is s ., to L t. C ol. J . P. H arp er, P e r m i t O f f i c e r , D e c . 25* I 8 6 I4., i n WD, D e p t , o f M i s s . , v o l . 1, O .S . 1, pp. 3 4 -3 5 , 3 6 - 3 7 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

informed Dana on January 6 , 1865,

tnat he was nob expected

to impose terms which, were calculated to thwart and defeat the policies of the government.

38

Dana thereafter directed

the permit officer not to go hehind E l l e r y ’s signature u n ­ less he received affidavit or other valid evidence that fraud was on f o o t . D a n a ,

however,

still believed that Ellery

’’gave anything that was asked to anybody who wanted it....”^ Under such circumstances the military permit office was so swamped with business that Dana allowed it to stay open at night; in fourteen and one-half working days it issued 3 7 0 safe-guards covering 33*335 bales and 3 0 , 1 5 0 pounds of seed cotton.^

During January, Yeatman,

the ex-Treasury agent,

wrote Barnitz privately that Ellery had ”a smashing business in the way of extra fees,” and that it was predicted locally that he would "make a million in ninety days.”

Yeatman

commented cryptically that “ there will be a muss one of these days” regarding E l l e r y . ^ Disclosure of the full extent of the “muss” came in March

38. L i n c o l n t o D a n a , J a n . 6 , 1 3 6 5 , i n N i c o l a y a n d Hay ( e d s . ) , C o m p l e t e W o rk s o f A b r a h a m L i n c o l n , I I , 62ij.-625 • 39* J a n a t o H a r p e r , Apr. 5 T 1 8 6 5 j T n WD, D e p t , o f M i s s . , v o l . 1 , O . S . 1 , p . 25>b. L .0 . D an a t o L t . C om dr. M i t c h e l l , D e c . 2 8 , ldblp, i n WD, D e p t , o f M i s s . , v o l . 1 , O . S . 1 , p p . Ip3~^-l-•

L|_l. Dana to Harper, Apr. 5* 1865; Dana to Messrs, J. M. Hill, et al., Memphis, Jan. 1 9 , 1865, in WD, Dept, of Miss., vol. 1, O.S. 1, pp. 93~9^i-> 256. TD,

q_2. Y eatm an, G e n e ra l A g en t,

M em phis, t o B a r n i t z , J a n . 2 o , L e tte r s re c e iv e d , f i l e 10.

l6 o 5 ,

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

in

k-3 3

1865,

when W est

ment to

of

th e

C um berland

command t h e

ch asin g

owned

“h u n d r e d s passed lin e s

goods

go

to

per

cent

to n

p rio r

tu rn .

to

own o r

to

th e ir

o th ers

persons

a b u se d .'*

Not

one

sin g le

d o lla rs

p rice

depended

th a t

from

w ere

20

to

charges

th e

of I

w ere

p erm it goods

th e

stric t

co m p lian ce

w ould b r i n g

steam ers

w ould go

who m i g h t w a n t

'W ash b u rn d e c l a r e d

a ll

to of

w ith

th e ir out trad e

went

o ffice r,

him

sin ce

th e

co tto n

th ro u g h

p ay in g

and a p p a re n tly

a g ain st

issu ed

o ffice r

had

th e

by

ch aracter

E llery

p erm it

had

p u b lic ly

co n trab an d

2 5 ."

man i n

came h e r e , ” W a s h b u r n

so ld

upon

pur­

he b e lie v e d ,

E llery

th e

“B efore

p erm its

c o tto n ,

b ale.

v/o rth

W ashburn’ s a r r i v a l

persons no

w hole

co n tro l

trad e

th o se

th e D e p a rt­

th e

go b e h i n d E l l e r y ’ s s i g n a t u r e . ^

ordered

tio n s;

a

certific ates.

no v a l i d

allo w ed

fo rth

a m illio n

o u t,

and

to

in to

d isco v ered

‘‘ s h a m e f u l l y

'W ashburn a r r e s t e d

w ere

burn

W ashburn

c e r t i f i c a t e s , ” and

"frau d u len t and

in c o rp o ra te d

G e n e ra l W ashburn was b r o u g h t b a c k

c o n tro lle d

fa lse

on f a l s e

fic ia ls,

ly

claim ed

n e arly

w ro te,

d istric t.

or

of

was

and

sy stem had b e en

a h u n d r e d who eith er

Tennessee

d id

but

he

to

of­

of

th e

about

l|_0

W ashing­ not

tn ere

had not

re­ a c tu a l­ been

On M a r c h 1 7 W a s h ­

p u rch asin g

re g u la ­

to

and

M em phis

th e n ce ­

w ith

su p p lie s lo o k in g f o r i-j-l-iit. On M a r c h 1 0 , m o r e o v e r ,

Tennessee

w est

of

th e

Tennessee

Ij_3. W a s h b u r n t o R e y n o l d s , M a r . 2 3 * 1 8 6 5 , i n ^'D* D i s t . o f W est T e n n ., v o l . 1, O . S . 2, p . 6 3 . ipl).. G . 0 . 3 5 , D i s t . o f W e s t T e n n . , M e m p h i s , M a r . 17* 1 3 6 5 , i n WD, D i s t . o f W e s t T e n n . , v o l . 1 1 , p . 6 9 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

I

k3h

R iv er to be w ith in h i s to

lin e s,

su p p lie s and in v a lid a tin g

th u s th e

o p en in g th e

territo ry

p u rc h a sin g arrangem ent

th ere A t New O r l e a n s ,

P u rc h asin g A gent C u tle r aw aited th e

p r o p e r a c t i o n b y Canby b e f o r e he commenced o p e r a t i o n s , h e t h e r e u p o n w o r k e d so b u s i l y cember 3 1 t h a t is

"every b ale

covered by p e r m i ts .

th at

but

C an b y was s u r e b y D e ­

of co tto n w ith in C u tle r in s is te d

the r e b e l l i n e s th at a ll

co tto n

c o m i n g i n t o New O r l e a n s m u s t b e c o n s i g n e d t o h i m s o t h a t h e c o u l d d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r i t was s u b j e c t t o t h e 2 5 p e r c e n t ii-7 d e d u c tio n . ‘ In a d d itio n to t h i s adv an tag e th e S e c re ta ry p erm itted C u tle r

to

stip u la te

th at

co tto n

h i m i n New G r * l e a n s w o u l d n o t b e r e s o l d him to

co n tro l

th e m ark et.

found C u t l e r ’ s r e s u l t s

th ere,

By F e b r u a r y ,

g ratify in g

once a u c tio n e d by

l86f?,

thus

e n ab lin g

Fessenden

i n view o f th e

o b stacles

w hich he h ad e n c o u n t e r e d . ^ These o b s ta c le s

were t h e

work o f t h e m i l i t a r y

com m anders,

\\S . W a s h b u r n t o Ma j . G e n . G e o r g e H . T h o m a s , M a r . I4-, 1 8 6 5 , i n WD, D i s t . o f W e s t T e n n . , v o l . 1 , O . S . 2 , p . lj-9 • G. 0 . 3 1 , D i s t . o f W est T e n n ., M em phis, M ar. 10, 1 8 6 5 , i n WD, D i s t . o f W e s t T e n n . , v o l . 1 1 , p p . 8 L|_-8 p . 14. 6 . F e s s e n d e n t o C u t l e r , D e c . 1 , I 8 6 I4., i n TD, S e c r e ­ t a r y ’ s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E , v o l . 8 , p p . 2l(-8—2 I4-9 * Canby to S t a n t o n , J a n . 1 3 , 1 8 o 5 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f 7 j ' a r , L e t t e r s R e c e iv e d , f i l e C -20, J a n . 2 0 /6 5 . 14.7 . C a l l i c o t , V i c k s b u r g , t o C u t l e r , D e c . 2 Ip, 18614., ^ n TD , 2 d S . A . , v o l . I 2 I4., p p . fc>9-70. C u tle r to C a l l i c o t , D ec. 26, 1 8 6 )4., i n TD , 2 d S . A . , v o l . 1 3 1 , n . p . . 14.8 . F e s s e n d e n t o C u t l e r , F e b . 2 5 , 1 8 6 5 , i n TD, S e c ­ r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E , v o l . 9 , PP* 1 5 6 - 1 5 7 *

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

k3 3

who,

c a r r y i n g on a c a m p a ig n a g a i n s t M o b i l e ,

to le ran t put th e

of

the b l e s s i n g s

o f com m erce.

p u rch asin g p ro v isio n s

R ear A dm iral S. sissip p i,

to

P.

Lee,

in to

m ilita ry

o p eratio n s

b o at-b u rn ers

to

Canby a s k e d on t h e

d e s i r e d Lee t o it

p e n d i n g on t h e Red R i v e r ,

of L in co ln to

prevent

the

trad e

en try

M is­

o f im pending

‘‘ s p i e s ,

th e

the

safe­

tra ito rs,

lin e s.* '

of any v e s s e l

Canby in to

p e r s o n a l a p p r o v a l . 4-9

Ad­

o r d e r w h ic h Canby had r e -

th at m ilita ry Canby f l a t l y

tn ere f o r

t u r n e d b a c k two s t e a m e r s

and r e p a s s

had t h e i r

On t h e b a s i s

t o go

on a v a l i d

c o u l d know n o t h i n g

pass

m i r a l Lee p r o m p tly i s s u e d

p e titio n e rs

sig n atu re

and th u s m ig h t c e r t i f y

& o th ers

t h e Red R i v e r u n l e s s

q u e s t e d . 90

o p eratio n ,

he

c o o p e r a t e w i t h him and p e r m i t no b o a t a lo n g

T reasury o f f ic e r s

e sp ecially

in ­

A few days a f t e r

who h a d r e p l a c e d P o r t e r

M is s is s ip p i w ith o u t a m il i ta r y guard.

w ere o f t e n

co tto n .

fitte d

o p e ra tio n s refused

L ate

w ere im­

to allo w

i n D ecem ber,

he

out under sp e c ia l a u th o rity

up t h e R e d . - ^

By t h e

m id d le o f J a n u a ry ,

ip9 . C a n b y t o 3 . P . L e e , D e c . 1 3 , I 8 6 I4. , i n WD, D e p t , t h e G u l f , v o l . o O , O . S . lOlj., p p . qJ4-2-i|if3 • ^0. G . 0 . 2 3 , M i s s . S q u a d r o n , D e c . 2 9 , I S 6 I4., i n 0 . R . (N a v y ), s e r i e s I , v o l . 2 7 , p p . '6 -7 . 3>1. C a n b y t o S t a n t o n , D e c . l i p , I 8 6 I4.; C a n b y t o i i a l l e c k , J a n . I4., l 8 cg>, i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e s C - 2 7 1 1 , D e c . 2 7 / 6 I4. a n d C / s - E B - 1 1 , M a r . 2 5 / 6 3 . O rder, L i n c o l n , D e c . 2 3 , I 8 0 I4., i n N i c o l a y a n d H a y ( e d s . ) , C o m p l e t e W orks o f A b rah am L i n c o l n , I I , 6 2 1 . T his a u t h o r i t y , i n t e r ­ e s t i n g l y e n o u g h , w as n o t made known t o F e s s e n d e n u n t i l J a n u a r y 7, when h e r e c e i v e d c o m p l a i n t f r o m t h e h o l d e r o f Canby’s a c tio n . F e sse n d e n to Jam es H a rris o n , S t . L o u is, J a n . 1 3 , 1 8 6 5 , i n TD, S e c r e t a r y ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , B E , v o l . 8 , p p . ij.2 i - l 4.2 2 . of

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

i

4k

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

k-37

s till

m ore

irrita tio n

on F e b r u a r y to

do w i t h

at

once

tio n s.

15 such

had b een

in

P o in t. "th e th e

of th e

caused

p re ciate

th e th a t

th e

th e

56.

A rm ies,

of

th e

in

th e

Army o f N o r t h e r n

sh o u ld

support of be

th e

lie

East

in

sto p p ed

O ffice

th e

w here

by

A g en ts in

and

our and

some

of

a

of

15,

of

opera­

b lo ck ad e

a ll

but

by

m ilitary

p rin c ip a l

T reasury

staff

p o r t . ' ?^

com m erce

had

ta k en

p u rch asin g

act

seem ing

G r a n t was

when he

Post

w a y ."

clo sin g

had begun

to

ap­

reached

S tan to n

enem ies

C ity

th a t

th ro u g h

Com m anders

e ith e r is

fear­

He p a r t i c u l a r l y

a

In sp ecto r

p a rtic u la r

whom h e b e l i e v e d

1865,

Canby

n o th in g

was h i s

"S u p erv isin g

D ep artm en t

G ran t to Canby, F eb. v o l. ”B ," p . l l o .

th e

w ired

recom m ended

have

zone

th e

G rant

V irg in ia

receiv ed

T reasury

of from

in d ig n a n tly

ap p o in tm en t

Post

but

V irg in ia.

com m ercial p ro b lem s 13

arisin g

V alley ,

of

c ity

d ire c ted

M o b i l e . C a n b y

th e

re q u isite

fu n ctio n in g

d iffic u ltie s

in

freed

th e

to

at

sh ip m en t

none

T re a s u ry D ep artm en t" of

had been

th a t

m ost tr o u b le

co rru p tio n

agent

a u th o riz atio n

grounds

for

On S e p t e m b e r

and

make

M ississip p i

recom m ended t h e th e

on

and

am ount o f

fu l,

he m ig h t

Canby r e s t r i c t e d

ap p o in ted

M ost

th e

as

P en saco la

forw ard base

upon

ag en ts

A lth o u g h

th ere

G rant

T reasury

cap tu res

order,

T reasury,

th e

G ra n t’s

su p p lies

ly

allo w

effected

ex ecu tiv e

p lace

to

w ith, t h e

i n WD, H q .

of

sp ecial to

be

o f the

57. C a n b y t o G r a n t , M a r . 1 , 1 8 6 5 , i n WD, D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , v o l . 6 , O . S . 1 0 5 , P* 3 J4-. G. 0 . 3 0 , M i l i t a r y D i v i s i o n o f t h e W e s t M i s s . , New O r l e a n s , M a r . 3 , 1 8 6 5 , I n WD, D e p t , o f t h e G u l f , v o l . 72, O . S . l i b , p p . I 0 9 - I 7O.

4 R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

^4-38

w ell q u a l i f i e d . F e s s e n d e n d ig n atio n , c o n tro l

th a t

tra d e

at

N o rfo lk

a ll

tra d e

in

th e

and

d u cted by m i l i t a r y h is

th e

consequence

p o rts

of

from b lo c k a d e

mand o f

G eneral B u tle r

S h ep ley ,

in

becam e

co rru p tio n . stru c tio n s "th e th e ness

to

of

co u ld

co m p etitiv e

of

th e best

before

a ll

ac tiv itie s

th e

had

of

as

P otom ac th a t

in ­

co m p lete

was

con­

G rant

p o lice

a

h ard ly w ere

G e o r g e W.

I 8 6 I4., ^

w ith in

firm

th e

once

h ig h

been

engaged Lane,

in

of

in

th e

a

le st

th e

started

im ­ com­

in

p o te n tia l

ag ain

program he b e lie v e d

to o

th e

d ep artm en tal

com m erce,

m onopoly

re le ase d

command o f G e n e r a l

ad v o cate

th ro u g h

how ever,

w ere and

u n lim ited

rev ealed

a q u ie t

rise

1,

alm o st

program ,

P en saco la

d istric t

he

reb els"

rem ain

p a rtie s of

and

p u rch asin g

b id d in g ,

P u rch asin g

V irg in ia,

H eato n ,

th e

B u tle r 's

agent

and

on Decem ber

w as,

D avid

th e

p u rch asin g

v ic in ity

B u tle r

resources case

th e

e aste rn

a

under

some

7

effe ctiv e

city

w ith o u t

He s u g g e s t e d

F ern an d in a,

p o rtan t

not

Bn

of

N o rfo lk ,

was

Army o f

su tle rs.

own e s t a b l i s h m e n t . In

re p lie d ,

in

in ­

d im in ish in g a lth o u g h th a t

p ric e s,

th e

in b u si­

th ro u g h

C o n f e d e r a c y . 01 B u tle r 's

scandal

a risin g

same M a s s a c h u s e t t s

d ep artm en t from

th e

m erchant

38. G r a n t , C i t y P o i n t , V a . , t o S t a n t o n , S e p t . 1 3 , I 8 6 J4., WD, H q . o f t h e A r m i e s , v o l . " A , " p . I4- I 8 . 59* F e s s e n d e n t o S t a n t o n , S e p t . 1 5 , l 8 6 1 j. , i n WD, S e c ­ r e t a r y o f 'W a r, I r r e g u l a r L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e 1 - 5 6 , 18614.. 60. P r o c l a m a t i o n , A . L i n c o l n , N o v . 1 9 , I 8 6 I4., i n N i c o l a y a n d H ay ( e d s . ) , C o m p l e t e 'W orks o f A b r a h a m L i n c o l n , I I , 5 9 9 * 61. B u t l e r t o D a v i d H e a t o n , D e c . 2 1 , Id b l} ., i n 0 . R . ( N a v y ) , s e r i e s I , v o l . I4.2 , p t . 3 , P P * 1 0 $ L \ . - 1 0 5 5 . in

t Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

who h a d m o v e d t o bacon

to

R is le y 's

th e

B altim o re

C o n fed erates

d ep u ty ,

M aco mb w i t h

illic it

L a n e 's

le tte r

to

the

in

re g u la tio n s, p o rted be

th e

e x p lain ed

th a t

L aF ay ette inform ed

o2

C. th e

a p a rtn e r th a t

to

naval

easte rn

of

th e

th e

in

V irg in ia under

p erm its

”in

th e

T reasury

C h ief

And

tak e

goods

w i t h h im

V irg in ia.

w ho l a i d

th e th a t

an

seiz in g

l8 6 £ ,

p ro p erty

th e

p u rch asin g

a ct.

re­

as

m igh t

Fessenden

issu e

such

C o lo n el

S erv ice,

la te r

b ro th e r-in -la w

command w e re

and

T reasury

S h ep ley .

S ecret

J,

ag ain st

'W e lle s

a ffa ir,

B u tle r 's

on Ja n u a ry

of

su c h blam e

th e

S.

in d ig n a n t

term s,

to

H.

Macomb

cover

no a u t h o r i t y

U.

co tto n

C o m m a n d e r W.

a rm ie s.”

co m p licate

M a c o m b 's

in

upon G en eral

had

of

b rin g

under

rebel

from

to

stro n g e st

p a rtie s,

su p p lied

o b tain in g

and a d d re sse d

th e

to

to

F ran k lin ,

cargo

War D e p a r t m e n t L an e.^ 3

Lane,

charged by

Fessenden,

F u rth er

forces

safe-co n d u cts

and

T reasury

B aker,

tw o

at

c ertain

to

a n d who h a d

1861)..

soon

su p io ly in g

m a tte r

safe-guards.

in

are

a ttrib u te d

was

p ro te stin g

w h ich

l8 6 l

safe-co n d u cts

trad e

vessel

W elles

m anner

and

S h ep ley ,

seized

in

F arrin g to n ,

fro m Chowan R i v e r from G e n e ra l

in

to

S h ep ley

ra id in g

was

charged

w arehouses

w h ich he had

g iv en

%

62. C o m d r . W. H . M a c o m b , C o m d g . , D i s t r i c t o f t h e S o u n d s o f N . C . , P l y m o u t h , N . C . , t o ' W e l l e s , J a n . If , l 8 o £ ; W e l l e s to F essen d en , J a n . 12, l8 6 p ; F essen d en to W elles, Ja n . 20, I 8 6 5 , i n H o u s e R e p o r t s , 3 8 C o n g . , 2 B e s s . , N o . 2 q ., p p . 1 - 9 • 63. C o l . L a F a y e t t e C . B a k e r , S p e c i a l A g e n t , W a r D e ­ p a r t m e n t , t o D a n a , J a n . 2 0 , 1 8 6 ^ , i n L . C. B a k e r , H i s t o r y o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s S e c r e t S e r v ic e ( P h i l a d e l p h i a , I 8 0 8 ), 336-337. 6If. S h e p l e y t o B u t l e r , J a n . 7» 1 8 6 £ , i n 'WD, D i s t . o f

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

kko

Grant ciiose almost the exact moment of th is

controversy

--January 7,

l 8 6 £ - -t o have Butler relieved from command of /u . Q the Department of Virginia and Worth Carolina. The cause was stated to be his d is s a t is f a c t io n with Butler’ s m ilitary progress and only six months previously Grant had called Butler an administrative o f fic e r without superior. hearing the news of Butler's removal,

6b

was not so kind:

£>herraan, !,I

am rejoicing that the current of events has carried Butler to Lowell where he snould have staid

[sic ] < 5 c confined his

b e llic o s e operations to the factory g i r l s , ” he wrote Porter. "He always struck me as a mighty man of words, but l i t t l e in deeds of personal v a lo r .”0?

Grant replaced Butler with

Major General Edward 0.

and,

C. Ord,

Washburn for the command at Norfolk,

unable to secure General he sent Brigadier

General George H. Gordon there to replace Shepley.

68

Eastern Virginia, v o l. 8 7 , O . S . 173> pp. J4J4J-I-— . 65. Halleck to Grant, Jan. 7» 1865; G -. 0. 1, War De­ partment, Jan. 7, 1865, in WD, Telegrams Received, Hq. of' the Armies, pp. Jp09“lpl0. 66. Grant to Halleck, July 1, l861p, in WD, Hq. of the Armies, vol. ”A," pp. 23^-235. Adam Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant (New York, 1885), I I I , 3 2 8 . t>7. Sherman, Savannah, to Porter, Jan. 17, l8b5, i n W D, Military Division of the Miss., v o l. 3, O.S. 5, P* V+2• 68. G. 0. Ip, Dept, of Va. and N. C., Jan. 8 , 1865; G. 0 . 2 1 , Dept, of Va., Feb. 9> l 8 6 ip, in W D, Dept, of Va., vol. 2 1 , pp. 2 , lip. Grant considered Washburn "one of the best administrative o ff ic e r s we have” and a man who could stop supplies to the Confederate army through Norfolk. Grant to Halleck, Feb. Ip, 1865, in W D, Hq. of the Armies, v o l . "B," 95.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

140 -

R ep o rts goods

le ft

w ere

soon

N o rfo lk

Gordon’s f i r s t

each

days

a ll

goods

th e

Swamp t o

of

th e

statio n ed

at

p lie s.

At

and

for to to o

w here

th e

trad e

in

c o tto n

from

sto re s

w ere

them b e c a u s e th em .^O

C aro lin a

was

no

S tan to n

up

called co u ld

lo n g e r th e

re p lie d ,

had

of

arm ies,

be

and

make

larg e poor

som ew hat h is

"The such

had

at

arrests,

th e

D ism al

a c tu a lly

sto re of

g ettin g co u n try m en been

u n ab le

ra ised

p ric e s

in

th a t

w h eth er

au th o riz es

clo se

sup

B u tle r’s

v illag e

lo y a l

asked

o u tsid e

co u n try

b u sin ess but

been

m ilita ry

th e

em barrassed

P resid en t

n e arly

C aro lin a,

co m p etitio n

command,

th a t

ju st

for

a p ro m in en t

th e

C o n fed erate

sto re s.

"to

N o rth

a

firs t

co m m issary had

b u sin ess

done

w ith in

it

th ro u g h

exchanged

of

in

but

th e

M u rfre e ’ s Depot

estab lish ed ,

O rd,

co n v in ce

on o u t

Jock,

w ere

N o rfo lk ,

for

clo se

w o rth

enough in

A C o n fed erate

Coan

fa v o rite s

to

w ent

owned n i n e - t e n t h s

h ig h

m ig h t

of

B o th v i l l a g e s

su p p lie s

whom t h e

N o rfo lk

tow n

v illa g e

B u tler

B ally b ack .

^ 1 0 0 ,0 0 0

C o n fed erate

heard

in v e stig atio n s

little

ad ju tan t

o th e r

th eir

its

en terin g

a

lin e s

th e

G ordon’ s b o a rd

C o n fed erates.

F ederal

form er

day f o r

th a t

duty became the in vestigatio n requested by the

War D e p a r t m e n t . ^ 9 several

c irc u latin g

such

N o rth he

y o u ,"

sto re s,

and

seize such property as in your judgement may be necessary to prevent

su p p lie s

b ein g

fu rn ish ed

to

th e

e n em y .. . . ”

7X

69. D a n a t o G r a n t , J a n . 1 6 . 1 8 6 5 , i n WD, H q . o f t h e A r m i e s , T e l e g r a m s R e c e i v e d , p p . I|2 li--l+26. 70. T e s t i m o n y o f G en. G e o rg e H. G o r d o n , F e b . 1 3 , 1 8 6 5 , i n H o u s e R e p o r t s , 3 8 C o n g . , 2 S e s s . , N o . 2 4 , PP* 1 2 1 - 1 2 6 . 71. O r d t o S t a n t o n , J a n . 2 8 , 1 8 6 5 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , T e l e g r a m s R e c e i v e d , v o l . 14l, P« 2 1 7 . S ta n to n to O rd, J a n . 2 8 , 1 8 6 5 , i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , T e l e g r a m s S e n t , v o l . 29, p . 138.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

khz

Grant received even more sweeping powers than these on February 7,

1865,

when he refused to recognize a Treasury

c e r t if ic a t e allowing a steamer to go into Virginia and North Carolina for cotton.

”1 have p o s itiv e ly refused to adopt

this mode of feeding the southern army,” he telegraphed Stanton,

"unless i t

is

the direct order of the P resid ent.”

72

Lincoln directed Stanton to reply that Grant should d is r e ­ gard or annul a l l

permits by whomsoever issued which he

deemed prejudicial to the m ilitary serv ice. "as being responsible for m ilitary r e s u lt s ,

In short,

Grant

must be allowed

to be the judge and master on the subject of trade with the 73 enemy.”

On the basis of t h is order Grant authorized Canby

to is o la te his zone of operations around Mobile,?^" but he appeared to be hesitant to pursue a similar course.

For a

time he even considered a plan to allow purchasing through his lin e s and p a rtia l payment in Federal currency, remainder payable a fter the w a r ,^

with the

But on February 22 he

heard that supplies were being collected in the Northern Neck from Philadelphia and other northern c i t i e s - - 7 0 ,000 pounds of bacon had gone to

Richmond over the Fredericksburg

72. Grant to Stanton, Feb. 7, 1865, in WD, H q . of the Armies, vol. ”B,” pp. lOlp-105. 73* Stanton to Grant, Feb. 7* 1863, in WD, H q . of the Annies, Telegrams Received, p. l|-56. 7I4.. Grant to Canby, Feb. 13, 1865, in 'WD, H q . of the _ Armies, v o l. ”B,” pp. 112-113. 75. Grant to J. W . Singleton, iviar. 20, 1865, in W D, H q . of t h e Armies, v o l. ” B , ” pp. 231+ -Z35.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

443

road alone In the previous week.7k Maryland predicted that a large

The Provost Marshal of

trade from New York,

Phila­

delphia, and Baltimore would spring up as soon as the Chesapeake Bay and the rivers were freed from i c e .

77

On March

8 , Grant again protested a p resid ential permit to trade in Virginia and observed that large amounts of supplies s t i l l went to Richmond from the Blackwater.

Lincoln thereupon

p o sitiv e ly authorized him to suspend trade under Treasury permits southeastward of the Alleghenies.

Stanton complained

that he could not control the influences which obtained trade auth orities

in Washington; Grant had the authority to 7

act and i t

was h is duty to do so.

The resultant order, suspended a l l granted, Shore),

P

Issued by Grant on March 10,

trade“under any sort of permit,

within the sta te s North Carolina,

of Virginia

South Carolina,

by whomsoever

(except the Eastern and that part of

Georgia lying on the Atlantic and including Savannah.

A ll

contracts to purchase products within th is area would be deemed void so long as the order existed ,

products coming in

7b. Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, Winchester, Va., to Maj. Gen. C. C. Augur, Washington, Feb. 23* 1865, quoting Grant to Sheridan, Feb. 22, 1865, in 'W D, Hq. of the Army, Telegrams Received, v o l. 23, pp. 1 9 8 - 1 9 9 . 77. M c P h a i l t o D a n a , F e b . 20, 1865, i n WD, S e c r e t a r y o f W a r , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d , f i l e M-64.3 , F e b . 21/65. 78. Grant to Stanton, Mar. 8 , 1865; Lincoln to Grant, Mar. 8 , 1865; Stanton to Grant, Mar. 8 , 1865, in 0 . R. (Navy), series I , vol. Ip6 , pt. 2, pp. 8 8 5 - 8 8 7 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

44.4

would be seized,

and goods contracted for but not delivered

before the date of the order would be cancelled.

Only

minimum subsistence stores would be permitted to the in habitants liv in g within Union l i n e s .

79 x

Grant thus ended

the purchasing program, at a l l points on the Atlantic north of Florida.

coast

He had actually ended purchasing opera­

tions in the Department of the South before they had begun.

60

But in Washington,

where he maintained h is o f f i c e ,

though Norfolk was his designated purchasing point, A. Risley had been none-the-less a ctive,

in fa c t,

Hanson

an a c t i v i t y which

showed neither order nor particular d iscretion . Baker,

a l­

Colonel

charged that Risley was a member of a co t­

ton speculation ring which included in the background such stalwarts as Thurlow weed and William P. Dole, Agent.

the Indian

Baker made the delay of the cotton purchasing u n til

December 1 a part of R is le y ’ s e f fo r t s

to corner the Southern

market in the meantime and before the program was announced to the public.k-'-

The Joint Congressional Committee which

investigated trade in the spring of 186$ gave Risley*s

79* S. 0. LQ, Armies of the United S tates, City Point, Va., Mar. 10, l 8 o$, in (). R., series I, v o l. l\.6, pt. 2, P. 915. 80. Gillmore to Brig. Gen. J. A. Rawlins, C./S, Armies of the United States, Mar. 28, 186$, in W D, Dept, of the South, vol. 1$, pp. 2 3 - 2 I4-. 8 1. Baker, History of the United States Secret Service, 338-3^0.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

actions much attention and concluded that they seemed "to have been characterized by much irr eg u la r ity and c a r e le s s ­ ness," though nothing appeared to challenge h is in te g r ity .”

" o fficia l

Between November I)., I 8 6 I4., and January 2l±,

1865,

Risley nevertheless authorised purchase by sixty-one persons of over 930,000 bales of cotton.

He required no a f f id a v it s

that the persons actually owned or controlled cotton:

"I

judge," he t e s t i f i e d ,

from

"from the appearance of the man,

his surroundings and from those who bring him to me,

of his

f i tn e s s and a b i l i t y to engage in an enterprise of the kind." Thus he gave one Samuel Noble a contract to deliver 250,000 bales of cotton,

although he claimed la ter to know v ir tu a lly

nothing about him other than that he was a resident of Georgia.

Other testimony revealed that permits,

Risley and endorsed by Lincoln,

made by

had been erased in order to

increase the amount of cotton to be delivered.

Although

such a practice was no more than s l i g h t l y irregular a fter December 1 when permits could be f r e e ly obtained, highly fraudulent in

it

the period prior to that time.

also shown that prior to triis date R isle y ’ s permits, because of the presidential in shares in New York.

signature,

One party

was I t was valued

were actually sold

to such an erasure presumed

that he could have secured Lincoln’ s endorsement to a larger amount of cotton but "did not want to ask too much from the

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

^6

President'* as a matter of "delicacy." file cotton purchasing program, tary,

unpopular with the m i l i ­

proved almost equally unpopular with the cotton traders

after a short period of enthusiasm.

Most of them found that

their p r o fits vanished as the price of cotton began to decline in the spring of 1865.

At Memphis,

for example,

cotton

traders paid two cents per pound internal revenue tax, cents per pound transportation fee, fiv e dollars a bale, cnasing agent,

four

a warehouse cnarge of

2 5 per cent of the value to the pur-

so that I4.1 J cents had to be paid to the

Treasury out of the price f i n a l l y obtained for the cotton. Ellery,

moreover,

seems to have in s is t e d

cotton for higher prices in h is auctions

on s e l l i n g the same than he paid for i t ,

something that he was able to do simply by r e c la s sify in g staple of the cotton in his own January, Memphis.

1865,

i n d .

in prices are

men wince," Yeatman observed. lit]

"They have been purchasing

ta r iff

82. House Reports, I 0 9 , 38-39. 83. House Reports,

and 7 0

cents,

they look bl ue .

taxes were an additional expense,

*

gy the end of

[s ic ] making the cotton

in at a cost of 6 0

when Ellery takes h is

1 1 9

^8

there was not much cotton trade going on at

"The f a l l

and bringing

m

the

Mi l i t ary

and although Stanton made

38

Cong.,

2 Sess. , Ik.

38

Cong.,

2 S e s s .,

8 L|_. Yeatman to Barnitz, Agent, Letters received, f i l e

[and ]

dan. 2o, 10.

1365,

2if,

Ho. 2k,

d

o

.

pp.

2, 75,

in TD, General

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Dana a n d C anby r e v o k e m o s t o f t h e s e tax of f iv e

tax es,

th e

o ld h o s p i t a l

dollars per bale remained in force in the De-

partment of the Gulf.

85

The naval d i s t r i c t

lower M ississip pi reported in February,

commander on the

1865,

that hardly

any cotton was moving and that many speculators were sur­ rendering th eir part payments.

I n t e llig e n t planters told

him that cotton could not show a p r o f it for le s s dollar a p o u n d . S o m e

than a

cotton taken north to Rhode Island

could not be sold because the charges were so heavy that the consignee would not accept it.^ 7 Congress Seeks Complete Non-Intercourse To Senator Collamer,

as he introduced a b i l l

on January 16

designed to repeal the eighth section of the Act of July 2, 1 8 6 1 )., i t be ended.

was certain ly not evident that the war would soon In fa c t,

he thought,

continued i t might never end.

if

trade with the Confederates

Under the purchasing provision

he estimated that one year's Southern cotton crop would bring •hQ00,000,000 in New York City,

and with such an income the

85. Fessenden to Stanton, Jan. 27, 1865; endorsement by Halleck to Canby, Feb. 5> 1365» in WD, Hq. of the Army, vol. 7 7 , p. 6 6 8 . Hugh McCulloch, Secretary of the Treasury, to Denison, Mar. 20, 1865, in TD, Secretary's Correspondence, BE, v o l. 9, pp. 266-268. 86. Lt. Comdr. John H. Cornwell, Comdg., 2d Division, Miss. Squadron, to Lee, Feb. 21, 1865> in 0. R. (Navy), series I , v o l. 27, pp» ^4-3“ k-5 • 87• Williamson, Edward Atkinson, 21.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Confederacy could never be defeated.

38

The fate of his

b i l l was soon connected with the hearings of the Joint Com­ mittee on Commerce, which had begun as a House investigation of the Lane a f f a ir on January 2k- and was soon broadened into a more thorough investigation of trade with the insurrectionary sta te s.

While the Joint Committee had not completed i t s

v estig a tion s,

it

to convince i t

reported on March 1 that i t

that the eighth section

in ­

had heard enough

should be repealed.

8 97

That same day the House passed the repeal by an unrecorded but "nearly unanimous vote. Senator Zachariah Chandler, mittee on Commerce, on March 3 , but, tration,

Chairman of the Senate Com­

opened discussion of trade in that chamber

acting to protect the wishes of the adminis­

he sought merely to get the Senate's approval of a

joint resolution extending the l i f e mittee u n til i t

could complete i t s

the Treasury, he said,

report.

The Secretary of

did not favor the House's action re­

pealing the eighth section, the b i l l

of the investig atin g com­

and he was not inclined to report

in the Senate at such a la te date in the session.

Senator Grimes, however, forced the b i l l to the floor and after a hurried debate, which summarized most of the unfavor­ able testimony gathered by the joint committee, that the b i l l must pass.

it

seemed

"You cannot stop th is t r a f f i c , "

88. 89*

C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e , 33 C o n g . , 2 S e s s . , 271-275* H o u s e R e p o r t ! , 38 C o n g . , 2 S e s s . , No. 2k-> P* k-»

90.

Congressional Globe,

3 8 Cong.,

2 S e ss .,

1257-1258,

I3k9.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Ul±9

pled Chandler, but Conness jeered, it!"

Collamer retorted,

replied Morrill, manufactures,

"And hence v/e must increase

"Cotton i s King."

"Undoubtedly,"

"to the extent or the demand of our domestic

he i s king; he i s master of the situ a tio n .

absolutely need cotton.

It

is

W e

absolutely indispensable to

the prosperity of the n a tio n .. . . "

91

Yet a l l was not completely l o s t for those who believed in the e s s e n t i a l i t y of Confederate cotton to the Union welfare. During the previous two weeks, Edward Atkinson,

the New England

cotton manufacturer, had been in Washington lobbying against the cotton purchasing program. ordinary position

On March 3 from the extra­

of an informal seat in the Senate he was

in a position to observe that the action impending was going too far.

He hurriedly scribbled an amendment and gave i t

Senator Wilson of Massachusetts.^2

Gaining the flo o r ,

explained that he did not regard cotton as king, regard i t

as gold.

the previous f a l l ,

to

Wilson

but he did

When the cotton trade had been stopped fiv e or six m illions in gold had been

drained from the country to pay for foreign cotton. proposed to pay for Confederate cotton in vouchers,

He e n t it lin g

the claimant at the end of the war to payment in United States bonds.

His amendment was agreed to by the Senate s i t t i n g as

a committee of the whole,

91. 92.

although Senator Benjamin Wade of

Congressional Globe, 33 Cong., 2 S e s s ., Williamson, Edward Atkinson, 15-19.

1349-1352.

ft Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

b50

Ohio was reminded in h is opposition of the old miser who said,

"Get i t

c o t t o n .. .. "

honestly i f

you can, but at a l l hazards get

The Senate agreed with Charles Sumner who urged

that Wade, instead of trimming the obnoxious branches from the tree,

would f e l l

it

to the ground.

Senator Sprague re­

called the story of the minister who always preached stronger ana better i f his pocket was moderately well supplied with funds even i f he had to pay o ff the loan on Monday. thought that the Southern people would r e s i s t their cotton,

longer i f

so dear on the markets of the world,

in their possession.

He

remained

After th is flood of hom ilies,

Senate formally approved the b i l l

the

as amended by Wilson.

That same evening Atkinson went to the House,

"converted

this man and that," and at one o’ clock the next morning i t was passed without a formal vote. Congress could not afford to golden egg."

As Charles Sumner had said,

"kill the goose that lays our

Lincoln thought after the same fashion,

was inclined to trust the old law as i t sign the new b i l l ,

he l e t

it

was,

and,

he reasoned,

f a i li n g to

die of a pocket veto.

have wrung his long neckl" commented Atkinson.

but he

"I could

"I suppose,"

"the cotton speculators around.him were too many

for him. 'With the end of the war v ir tu a lly at hand,

the Federal

93* Congressional Globe, 33 Cong., 2 S e s s ., 1352-1357• 9 I4Williamson, Edward Atki n son, 19-20. Congressional Globe, 33 Cong., 2 S e s s . , IljlTT 1353*

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

government had f a ile d in i t s

la st

and most serious attempt

to secure complete non-intercourse with the Confederacy. During April and May, 1865,

as the Confederate armies sur­

rendered from Virginia to Texas,

the Worth seemed eager for

a restoration of old trade r e la tio n s. of Lincoln’ s Cabinet on April lip, tion,

At the l a s t meeting

the day of h is

assassina­

C-rant stated that a l l of the territo ry east of the

M ississippi River might well be reopened to trade, contraband.

Major General John Pope,

upper M ississip pi, and i t s burn,

excluding

commanding on the

recommended that the entire M ississippi

trib u ta ries be at once opened to commerce.^

acting independently,

Wash­

revoked most m ilita ry re str ic tio n s

on trade in West Tennessee on April ll+.97

Halleck, who had

assumed command in Richmond after Lee’ s surrender, urged on April 22 that or Baltimore."

"Richmond i s

today more loyal than Washington

To prevent the monopolists who held the

special trade permits from swindling the d estitu te he issued an order on April 25, mond to free trade,

revoking a l l permits and opening Rich­

barring only contraband.

95. Diary of Gideon Welles, I I , 280-281. 96. Maj. Gen. John Pope, Comdg., Military Division of the Missouri, St. Louis, to S. P. Lee, Apr. 20, 1865, in 0. R. (Navy), series I . vol. 27, p. 152. 97. G. 0. 4 2 , D ist. of ’West Tenn., Apr. I 4 , 1865, in W D, Dist. of West Tenn., vol. 11, pp. IIJ4.-H 5 . 98. Halleck, Richmond, Va., to Stanton, Apr. 22, I 8 6 5 . in WD, Secretary of War, Telegrams Received, vol. J+6 , pp. 6 4 65. G. 0. 2, Military Division of the James, Richmond, Apr. 25, 1865, in W D, Secretary o f War, Telegrams Received, vol. L46 pp. 133-135.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

But the Treasury Department,

now headed by Secretary

Hugh McCulloch, was more l e g a l i s t i c , new regulations,

continuing restr ic ted

grounds that the r e s t r i c t i v e force.

and Mellen drew up intercourse on the

leg isla tio n

still

remained in

On April 25* two new sp ecial agencies--the Eighth

(South Carolina and C-eorgia) and the Ninth (western Florida and southern Alabama)—were created,

and McCulloch placed

Mellen in charge of the purchasing program in addition to his old d u t ie s .99 lations tions

Welles,

asked to comment, called the regu­

"a crude mess,” and recommended that a l l

should be swept away.

such r e s t r i c ­

Reading Halleck* s order in

the newspapers, McCulloch informed him that he presumed i t applied only to m ilitary r e s t r ic t io n s ,

and the Treasury agents

in Virginia refused to clear goods to persons not holding a Treasury c e r t i f i c a t e . of corruption,

Having called attention

to the system

Halleck said that he could not override the

Treasury.^^But the system soon collapsed. April 29* 1865,

By executive order on

President Johnson released from r e s tr ic tio n

a l l non-contraband trade in the area east of the M is siss ip p i.^-1

99. Mellen, Washington, to Barnitz, Apr. 21, 1865, in TD General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 7McCulloch, Amended Regulations, Apr. 25* 1865* in TD, Secretary’ s Correspondence, BE, vol. 9, pp. k 3 3 - k 3 k 100. Diary of Gideon Welles, I I , 298. 101. McCulloch to Halleck, Apr. 26. 1365, in TD, Secre­ tary* s Correspondence, BE, vo l. 9* PP* 4-37-438* Halleck to Stanton, May 1, 1865* Halleck to Stanton, May 10, 1865* in W D, Secretary of War, vol. I|£, pp. 260-261. 102. Executive Order, Andrew Johnson, Apr.29, I 8 6 5 , in James D. Richardson (ed. ) , A Compilation of theMessages and Papers of the Presidents, 1T89-1397 (Washington, 1896-1399)>

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

k-53

McCulloch issued new commercial and purchasing regulations on May 9 to comply with the executive Mellen was becoming disgusted.

even

order,

On May 16, he wrote that

the whole system of sp ecial agencies would not be "useful a day lo n g e r ."

Then in the midst of an inspection t r ip ,

he

had not discovered a sin gle agent who had "much b etter knowl­ edge of what he should know...than our friend Brownlow." he were president,

If

he would proclaim the suppression of h o s t i l i ­

t i e s east of the M ississippi and leave trade unrestricted . Johnson moved rapidly in such a d irection , opened a l l ports except those in Texas.

and on May 22 he

On June 13 he declared

the insurrection ended east of the M ississip p i;

on June 23 he

opened the ports of Texas; and on June 2ij- he declared the in ­ surrection ended west o f the M ississip p i. ust 29, he ordered a l l for t r a f f i c

trade r e s tr ic t io n s

in guns, p i s t o l s ,

of the la te Confederacy,

Finally, removed,

and ammunition,

siv e ly with each proclamation,

except

in the whole

e f fe c tiv e on September 1,

Secretary McCulloch closed out h is

on Aug­

1865

operations progres­

hastening h is actions by a

10 3. McCulloch, "Rules and Regulations Concerning Com­ mercial Intercourse with an in Insurrectionary S tates, May 9, 1865; McCulloch, "Amended Regulations for the Purchase of Products of the Insurrectionary States on Government Account, May 9, I 8 6 5 ," in House Ex. Documents, 39th Cong., 1 S e ss., No. 3 , p. 3 3 5 . 104 .. Mellen, Savannah, to Barnitz, May 16, I 8 6 5 , in TD, General Agent, Letters received, f i l e 7. 105. Proclamations, Andrew Johnson, May 22, 1865, June 13# 1865, June 23, 1865, June 2i+, 136i|, Aug. 29, I 8 6 5 , in Richard­ son, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presid en ts, 178 9-T897. VI. 30'9-TT0. 317-318; 325-326, 3 3 I .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

45

d e s ir e to secu re the c o tto n which th e Union req u ired so badly to check the damaging exportation of coin to Europe.

G ran t,

ev id e n tly

im pressed w ith th e need o f th e

cotton, wired a l l

co u n try f o r

commanders in the West to do a l l

power to encourage shipment of cotton. over as Confederate cotton,

in th eir

"Such as may be turned

cause to be delivered to the

Treasury Department," he ordered,

"but do not embarrass the

shipment by looking for such cotton."

107

On June 27, McCulloch

closed out the purchasing system and the system of restr ic ted commercial intercourse.

Thereafter, he ordered,

no fees would

be levied upon commerce except those imposed by the customs and internal revenue.

Those regulations

still

r e s t r ic t in g

contraband would be enforced by the regular customs service, and a l l subordinates in the sp ecial agencies would be d is ­ charged.

Purchasing agents east of the M ississip pi would

close th e ir books on June 13 and those west of the river on June 24* returning a l l monies collected a fter those dates. Those agents,

however, who were charged with receipt of

captured C.S.A.

cotton would remain active

in a quest im­

mensely to be complicated by the rush of a l l 1

now open domestic and foreign market.

A

cotton to a

Q

After four years

of war the largest free trade area of the world was again reunited,

at le a st

commercially.

106. McCulloch to Canby, May 27, 1865, in TD, 3d S.A., Letters received, f i l e 1. 107. Grant to Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, May 28, 1864, in 0. R. (Navy), se rie s I, vol. 27, p. 251. 108. Circular l e t t e r , McCulloch, June 27, 1365, in TD, Secretary's Correspondence, BE, vol. 10, pp. 186-138.

R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

CONCLUSION A fter th e

jo in t

a p re lim in ary C o n g ressio n al

d en u n ciatio n

of

eracy,

summed u p

w h ich

re stric ted

th e

in v e stig a tio n C o m m ittee

p o lic ie s

com m ercial

a ll

on

in

th e

sp rin g

of

Com m erce

issu e d

a co n sid ered

of F ederal

of

th e

in terco u rse.

tra d e

d e fe cts The

in

w ith th e

th e

1865

C onfed­

sy stem s

com m ittee

of

c o n clu d ed

that^-

. . . t h e t r a d e w hich h a s b e en c a r r i e d on w ith th e i n ­ s u r r e c tio n a r y S ta te s sin ce th e b re a k in g out o f th e r e b e l l i o n , a p p a r e n tly u n d e r th e s a n c tio n o f law , h a s b e e n o f no r e a l b e n e f i t t o o u r g o v e r n m e n t; b u t , on th e o th e r h an d , h a s i n f l i c t e d v e ry g r e a t i n j u r y upon th e p u b lic s e r v ic e . I t has in d u ced a s p i r i t of s p e c u l a t i o n a n d p l u n d e r am o n g t h e p e o p l e , who h a v e e n te r e d i n t o a d i s g r a c e f u l scram b le f o r w e a lth d u rin g a tim e o f w a r, w aged to save th e l i f e o f th e n a t i o n , and h a s f e d t h a t g r e e d o f g a i n w h ic h m u s t wound t h e p u b lic m o ra ls. I t h a s te n d e d to th e d e m o r a liz a tio n and c o r r u p t i o n o f t h e arm y a n d n a v y b y t h e e x h i b i ­ t i o n s o f th e v a s t re w a rd s w h ich have a c c ru e d fro m t h i s t r a d e and fro m th e t e m p t a t i o n and b r i b e r y w ith w h ich th e y have been c o n s ta n tly a s s a ile d . I t is b e lie v ed to have le d to th e p r o lo n g a tio n o f th e w ar, and to have c o s t th e c o u n try th o u san d s o f l i v e s and m illio n s upon m illio n s of tr e a s u r e . T his g a tio n s. but

little

ju d g m en t h a s

been

P rofessor

M erto n C o u lte r

doubt

of

war m a t e r i a l

in

th e

E.

th a t

th e

th ro u g h

and h in d e re d

by

trad e

confederacy

th e

M ississip p i v a lle y w ith

a c c e p te d by

lin es;

w ere th e

.

at

la te r

h isto ric a l

co n clu d ed , d id

and tim es

not

th a t

"T here

get

th e

c o n fe d e ra te s."^

am ounts cam paigns

in v o lv ed

in

Jam es F o rd R hodes

H o u se R e p o r t s , 38 C o n g ., 2 S e s s . , No. 2 4 , 2. C o u lte r ^ "C om m ercial I n t e r c o u r s e w ith th e i n t h e M i s s i s s i p p i V a l l e y , 1 8 6 1 - 1 8 6 5 , " i n M. V. H . 1919), 395. 1

can be

im m ense

m ilita ry

serio u sly

in v e sti­

pp. 1 - 2 . C onfederacy R . , V (1918-

455

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

1 (5 6

b eliev ed

th a t

th an

U n io n

th e

and f o r

th e

P rofessor th e

trad e

because

la tte r

A.

it

S ellew

war m ig h t h a v e

tie s

of

in

g ig a n tic

th e

and

to

fo rb id

Each

of

th ese

testim o n y

Canby,

p ro b lem fro m Sherm an, of

of

a lso

th e

p o lic y w ith

how ever,

was

classic

m oreover,

never

su b sisten ce

to

p recep ts d en ied

th e

and h u m a n ita ria n

P rofessor

R o b erts

e v id en tly

th e

"From

our

of th e

th e

any

c asu a l­

v ie w p o in t, was

11

a

U n io n w ould

S o u t h ."4

based

th e

w ith in

3

w rought

trad e

th e

one.

trad e

av o id in g

d e stru ctio n

p rim arily

d istin c tly

n e ce ssity

o v erlo o k ed .

a pred o m in an ce

th u s

e v il

unnecessary

w ith o u t

of m ilita r y

th e

of

an

co m m an d ers--ch iefly

c iv ilia n s d u ty

m ore

a necessary

p e rm ittin g

a n d Y i a s h b u r n - - w rh o v i e w e d

th e

presupposes

th e

th a t

U n io n m i l i t a r y

was

and

C aro lin a s.

tru e

C onfederacy

th a t

and

in terco u rse

p ra c tica l

a lso

e v il

e arlier,

ev id en t

o p in io n s,

th e

it

co n clu d ed

th e

th a t a ll

an

cam p aig n

and

th e

form er

a year

seem s

been

th e

R o b erts ended

Mi t

m istak e

Sherm an,

form

for was

G eo rg ia

su m m arized ,

have

had b e n e fite d

G ran t’ s V irg in ia

by Sherm an he

th e

law . of

th e ir

o ccu p atio n Each

of

of F e d e ra l m ig h t,

upon

G ran t, c iv il

G rant

and

p ro v id in g lin e s,^

some a

arm y w h ic h th e

o p in io n s

w h ic h made

o. Jam es F o rd R h o d es, H i s t o r y o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s fro m th e C om prom ise o f 1850 t o t h e End o f t h e R o o s e v e l t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (N e w Y o r k , 1 9 2 8 ) , V , 4 2 0 . 4. A. S e lle w R o b e r t s , "T he F e d e r a l G ov ern m ent and C o n f e d e r a te C o t t o n , 11 i n A m e r i c a n H i s t o r i c a l R e v i e w , X X X I I ( 1 9 2 6 - 1 9 2 7 ) , 2 7 5 . 5. S h e r m a n , S a v a n n a h , t o S t a n t o n . J a n . 1 9 , 1 8 6 5 , i n Sherm arv M em oirs, I I , 26 5 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

k$7

such

trad e

w ith

th e

a d m in istra tio n , tie s the

of

an

w ar,

w ith

to

p ro b lem th e

and h i s t o r i a n s In

th e

m ilita ry

an unnecessary necessary

w h ich

of- t r a d e

F ederal

fa ll

of

to

K en tu ck y ,

th e

sy stem

le n ie n t

break

L in co ln

com m anders th e ir

w h ile

up

th e

trad e

the

th e

w h ile,

w ith

suffered broken crop

of a

stric t

severe

its

U nion

th e

P rofessor

tra d e at

d ep ressio n ,

abroad

co m p en sated f o r

to w ard

b lo ck ad e,

d eterm in atio n

fa ilu re s

a rtic le ,

N o r t h w e s t was

th e

war

re stric te d

w ith

sav in g

same

tim e

th a t

to

th e

arm ies

to w ard

th an

it

p o litic ia n s

of

in

tu rn ,

to

th e

At at

n e u tra l

im p ro v ise

C o n fed erates th e

a

but

same

in flate d

tim e p ric e s,

o th erw ise

m ig h t

even b efore

have

w ell have

th e

tem p o rary

purchases

p a rtia lly

so u th e rn m ark et. th e

lack ed

th e o re tic ally

r e g i o n w o u ld

le n ie n t

N o rth w est’ s th e

im p o rtu n i­

c o m p licated

U n io n .

m ilitary

c re d its

th e

th e

th e

d isp o sed

w h ich ,

and F e d e ra l

C o u lter

th e

th e

tow ard

th e

L in co ln

sy m p ath ies

had begun

w h ich b e n e f i t e d

sav e d K en tu ck y f o r

produce

F ederal

th ro u g h

sim u ltan eo u sly

to

its

and

To t h e

o p in io n s.

ad m in istratio n

tra d e

in

was m uch m ore

fie ld

1861,

lu x u ry .

sen sitiv ity

was d i v i d e d

who r e f l e c t e d

power

of

its

e lec to ra te

th e

appeared

S o u th

In

p o licy

sy m p ath ies

C onfederacy,

an o th er

w h ich

of L in co ln

for

th e

im posed

th e

0

firs t

b lo ck ad e,

6 . M ississip p i

lo st

th e

border

states.

C o u lte r , " E f f e c t s o f S e c e s s io n upon th e V a l l e y , " i n M. V . H . R . , I l l ( 1 9 1 6 - 1 9 1 7 ) ,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Com m erce 299-300.

of

th e

A lth o u g h and S t . the

th e

L ouis

M id w estern

never

lo w er M i s s i s s i p p i

becam e

th a t

sp in d les

of

tu rn in g ,

to

and

to

su sta in

even w ith

u n fav o rab le sh ib b o le th late

as

g iv in g

M arch, up th e

im p e rfe c t, tid e

b alan ce

it

in

observed

th at

U n io n th e

th ro u g h

d id

in te rn a l 8

e stim ates trad e

b lo ck ad e,

F ederal

U n ited

co tto n

was n e v e r

to

T reasury,

in

in

passed

d id

h eld in

th e

But

ever

E ngland

th e

to

b a les

actu a lly having-

N o rth re c e iv e d

c o n sid e ra b le

w ere

Edw ard

tra d e ,

w ith o u t

to

as

of

2 8 8 ,0 0 0

1864,

of

th e

su ffic ie n t

G reat B r ita in

out

re a liz e d .®

risk

p o licies

1862,

31,

an

S en ate,

th e

trad e

board

sw allo w

S ta te s

am ounts

b ales

w h ich ,

d rain ed by to

tak e

w h ile

th at

th an

keep N o rth ern

co asta l

th e

had

soon

F ederal

On M a r c h

fam in e

trad e

E uropean

B o sto n

E x p ectatio n

th e y w ould r e c e i v e how ever,

th e

to

assuage

co tto n

1864.

of

to

re le n tle ssly

And,

secure

in

co tto n

Rhodes

b lo ck ad e-ru n n ers.

O rlean s,

K in g ,"

produce

to

th e

c r i s i s - - 3 7 0 ,0 0 0

report

th e

needed

had been u n w illin g

b a les

h is

been re a c h e d .^

th a t

is

of

sellin g

E v en when f o r c e d

esse n tial fib re .

2 2 0 ,0 0 0

A tk in so n ,

c o tto n

1865,

th e

th e

L o u isv ille ,

of F ederal

arm y,

w ere

tra d e .

"C o tto n

th ro u g h

1863,

of

p ro b lem

a U n io n

e x p o rts,

in

c o tto n

g o ld re s e rv e s

g ra in

th a t

th e

S o u th ern

c lo th e

of C in c in n a ti,

in te re st

im p a tie n t w ith

th e

heavy

th e ir

V alley ,

sec u rin g

p o w e r ’s w h i c h w e r e

in

lo st

c itie s

from

m ore th e

and F ra n c e

am ounts fro m m ere

hope

of

New such

7. M. B . H a m m o n d , T h e C o t t o n I n d u s t r y (N e w Y o r k , 1 8 9 7 ) , ap p en d ix 1. 8 . R h o d e s , H i s t o r y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , V, 3 0 0 . 9. They r e c e iv e d 1 ,7 8 4 b a l e s in 1 8 6 1 -1 8 6 2 , 3 ,9 1 9 b a le s i n 18 6 2 -1 8 6 3 , and 5 ,1 7 8 b a le s in 1 8 6 3 -1 8 6 4 , o f a t o t a l o f 1 7 9 ,5 5 8 b a l e s e x p o r t e d f r o m New O r l e a n s d u r i n g t h e s am e y e a r s . Hammond, The C o tto n I n d u s t r y , 2 6 3 . 264,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

It59

c o t t o n may h a v e If, secure

as

was at

th e

c o tto n ,

su ffic ie n t

tim e

p artic u la rly F ederal at

1858,

com m ercial o n ly

expenses

hand,

course

and

as

1 1

The

ju st

have

p o licies

c o n fisca tio n

th u s

fa ile d

ex p ected ,

but

as

larg er

trad e

seem s

to th e

and

aoandoned

a c tiv itie s a fte r

th e

least

an

necessary was n o t from

w ar,

on

th e

pur­

th e

o th er

of

in te r­ T reasury

was n o t

en tire ly

in

c o tto n

a g o v e rn m e n ta l m onopoly

it

is

m ig h t have

so

th e

ag g reg ate

In to

fa ilu re

Had t h e

grossed

com m ercial

b rin g

in

p ro p erty ,

trad e

revenues

th e

calcu la te d

d u rin g at

b e n efit

T reasury

of r e s tr ic te d

a d m in istra tio n .

v ig o ro u sly

su b sta n tia lly

reached

th is

but

co n fiscated

u n fo rtu n ate ly

trad e

sm all

C hase

how m uch was r e a l i z e d

I llic it

to

p ro p erty

$ 3 4 ,3 9 6 ,1 8 9

to ta l

in

g re a tly

and p u rc h a sin g

T h is

to

th e

cap tu red

o n ly

1861.

F e d e ra l p o l i c i e s — m ost

C .S .a .

how ever,

fees,

sp ec ify

estim ated

th e

from

p aid .

d efectiv e

p ro secu ted th a t

to

th e

it

b y w h ich

c o n f i s c a t i o n — w o u ld

n e tte d

a m o u n t .of r e v e n u e of

c ritic ism .

re c eip ts

o p e ra tio n s.^

was

to

In clu d in g

and

acq u ired

v u ln erab le th at

in

was n e c e s s a r y

trad e

b eliev ed

in terco u rse

have

it

of

of h o s t i l i t i e s , th at

to

rela tio n s

p o licies

a v ig o ro u s

$ 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 .

th a t

have

fo reig n

b e lie v ed ,

seem s

The

m ore

had been

ta b u la ted

th e

are

$ 4 4 ,6 6 2 ,0 6 7

c h asin g

U nion

T reasury.

uhe e n d

Kay,

th e

to

F ederal

a d m in istra tio n

am o u n ts.

co n d u cted one

b en efited

been

p ro b ab le

been re a liz e d .

10. S e n a t e E x . D o c u m e n t s , 40 G o n g . , 2 S e s s . , N o . 52-53. S e e a l s o J a m e s G. R a n d a l l , T h e C o n f i s c a t i o n o f D u r i n g t h e C i v i l W ar ( I n d i a n a p o l i s , 1 9 1 3 ) , 4 9 - 5 5 . 11. S chuckers, C hase, 323.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

56, pp. P ro p erty

I|_6o

C ongress, how ever, r e f u s e d accepted i t

u n w ittin g ly

i n D ecem ber,

1864,

to

vo te

in 1864.

was much t o o

such a sy stem i n The p u r c h a s i n g

lo o sely

ordered

1863 and

sy stem e f f e c t e d to be e i t h e r

s u c c e s s fu l or h o n e s t. Much h a s b e e n w r i t t e n in terco u rse

about th e

betw een th e N o rth and S o u th ,

G en eral, R ic h a rd T a y lo r,

ap tly

E sp e c ia l charges

”A g r e a t e r

went u n h u n g ” and t h o u g h t t h a t settin g

g e t i t . ” 13

a rat

to

case

sid es th a n

to

ev ery th in g ag ain st

th e rev e n u e,

low est

a sm a ll co m p en satio n ,

pack of knaves never

e m p lo y m e n t was " v e r y much

cheese

to

see

t h a t t h e m ice

d o n 't

T h ese T r e a s u r y a i d s w ere p r o b a b l y v e n a l and o f t e n d i s h o n e s t y w ere

th e m ore r e s p o n s i b l e

o f d i s h o n e s t y was t h a t

owed a p a r t

of h is

g u ilt

commanding g e n e r a l t h e r e . sid erab le

th eir

w atch th e

c o rru p te d , b u t few c a s e s of ag ain st

aid s

and d e p e n d e n t on f e e s f o r

A dm iral P o r t e r o b s e rv e d t h a t

lik e

on b o t h

Of t h e

in th e

up w ith the rem ark

o f d i s h o n e s t y w ere l e v e l e d

the F e d e ra l T re a s u ry A g en ts. in the h ie r a r c h y

in v o lv ed

and the C o n fe d erate

summed i t

t h a t c o t t o n m a d e " m o r e dam n r a s c a l s e l s e . ”!^

d ish o n esty

to

T reasury of H art

ag en ts.

a t N atchez,

a corrupt D uring

c o m p letely v e r i f i e d The m o s t f l a g r a n t and he a t

a sso c iatio n

least

w ith the

t h e war p e r i o d t h e m o s t c o n ­

d e f a l c a t i o n among t h e T r e a s u r y a g e n t s

in the

S o uth

12. H a r r i n g t o n , F i g h t i n g P o l i t i c i a n , 1 3 5 , q u o t i n g New Y o r k H e r a ld , June 1 1 , 1864. 13. P o r t e r to S h erm an , O c t. 2 9 , 1 8 6 3 , i n 0 . R. (N a v y ), s e r ie s I , v o l. 25, pp. 520-522.

R e p ro du ced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

appears to

have been t h a t

o f G e o r g e N. C a r l e t o n ,

of custom s and F e d e r a l d e p o s i t a r y bonds t o in tu rn

th e

seems t o h a v e d i s p o s e d funds to

h is d e b ts w ith C a rle to n .

The d e c l i n e

1865, w iped him o u t and l e f t C arleto n * s

s u r v e y o r w ere c l e a r g a tio n found th a t

more i m p o r t a n t co m p lain an ts to

for

to

prefer

charges

in d e fa u lt fo r

o fficial

in v e sti­

M e l l e n , who h e l d to t h a t

Fixed a p o o r man i n

t h a t M e l l e n was o n e o f t h e m ented i n h i s h i s t o r y

ag ain st T reasury

ag en ts,

a ctio n

V ick sb u rg ,

of th e

1879.

a p o sitio n

S ecretary ,

the

a g a i n s t none he u rg ed m i l i t a r y g u ilty

second in p o te n ­

rev ealed

in h is correspondence

co n stan t and a p p e a rs

P r o f e s s o r C o u l t e r ’ s comment

"tw o g r e a t e s t

of th e

in

a g a i n s t any a g e n t b e lie v e d

personal fin a n c ia l d i f f ic u lt i e s to have

and th e

cause f o r

than a lo c a l agent at

graft

C arleto n

c o tto n p ric e s

d is c o v e r any d is h o n e s t p a r t i e s

A ble t o f i n d

of i r r e g u l a r i t y . ^ ^ tia lity

in

and th en

C a r l e t o n h a d " a c t e d w e a k l y , b u t n o t c o r r u p t l y . "14

aw are of t h e h e a r s a y c h a r g e s

of 1864.

c o tto n ,

as s p e c i a l a g en t and a c tin g -

of i r r e g u l a r i t y ,

m ade e s p e c i a l e f f o r t s sp rin g

acco u n ts

The b a n k e r

b onds i n t h e iT orth, u s e d

i n Red R i v e r

$ 5 5 6 ,9 4 5 .

M ellen ,

of th e

sp e cu la te

in A p ril,

who s o l d F e d e r a l

p r e s i d e n t o f a M em phis b a n k o n c r e d i t .

the r e s u l t a n t se ttled

a t M em phis,

a ctin g -su rv e y o r

S outh d u rin g

co tto n

th ie v e s,"

undocu­

R econstruction,^-®

14. H ouse R e p o r t s , 39 C o n g . , 1 S e s s . , n o . 1 0 3 . 15. M e l l e n , W a s h i n g t o n , t o R o s e c r a n s , S t . L o u i s , May 1 3 , 1 8 6 4 , i n TD, G e n e r a l A g e n t ' s C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , v o l . 3 5 , p p . 1 8 9 - 1 9 2 . 16. A nnual C y c lo p a e d ia , 1879, p. 585. C o u l t e r , The S o u t h P u r i n g R e c o n s t r u c t i o n , 1 8 6 5 -1 8 7 7 (B aton R ouge, 1 9 4 7 ) , 9.

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

1^62

ap pears e q u a lly unfounded in f a c t . resig n ed th at

th eir

t h e y w ere e i t h e r u n w i l l i n g o r u n a b le

m ost of th e C harges harder

to

ev alu ate,

since

th e

om it su c h r e p o r t s

general o ffic e rs .

H is

a c tiv itie s

of

serv ice

still to

of lim ite d

d eterm in e

Gordon

access.

d ish o n esty

Rhodes

among

in c r e a s e d h i s p r o p e r ty from ab o u t

s u c h m en a s B u t l e r in g e n e ra l d u rin g trad e

C o n sid erin g

as w e ll a s th o s e

and abandoned p r o p e r t y , th at

the

it

is

th e Q u a rte rm a ste r’ s

have perform ed th e f u n c tio n s

R hodes, H isto ry

of

1 8 6 1 - 1 8 6 2 w h e n t h e Army w a s

a c c e p t S h e rm a n 's a s s e r t i o n

D epartm ent c o u ld b e t t e r 18 T reasury ag en ts.

17. 18.

th a t o f th e

a b o u t $ 3 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 i n 1 8 6 8 . 17

a c tu a lly in c o n tro l of to

as

s t r o n g e s t c a s e w a s m ade a g a i n s t G e n e r a l

who s e e m s t o h a v e

$1 5 0 ,0 0 0 i n 1862 to

are

and p e r s o n n e l and Judge A dvocate G e n e ra l

h o w e v e r , made e s p e c i a l e f f o r t s

d iffic u lt

to have e n ric h e d

O f f i c i a l R e c o r d s o f t h e War o f t h e

o f t h e War D e p a r t m e n t a r e

m ilita ry

supposed

e x p l o i t them f o r

o f c o r r u p t i o n a g a i n s t F e d e r a l arm y o f f i c e r s

com m ission a t N o r f o lk ,

B u tle r,

to

in d icate

ag en ts.

R e b ellio n p o in te d ly

file s

s p e c ia l ag en ts

p o s i t i o n s b e c a u s e o f low p ay seem s t o

th e g r a f t w hich h a s b een p o p u la r ly

the

That o th e r

of_ t h e

o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , V, 3 0 5 - 3 1 3 . S t a n t o n , Jan. 1 9 , 1 8 6 5 , in Sher­

Sherman, SavannaET7 t o man, Memoir s , I I , 26 5 .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

F in a lly ,

it

seem s d o u b t f u l t h a t

the C o n fe d e ra te

arm ies

o b t a i n e d a s much a i d a n d s u s t e n a n c e f r o m t h e r e s t r i c t e d a s was

supposed by the

o f May 2 1 , except

1861,

the

e x c i t e d F e d e r a l com m anders.

C onfederate

th ro u g h C o nfederate p o r t s ,

C ongress fo rb a d e and,

trad e

By t h e

export of co tto n

a lth o u g h D avis a llo w e d

some e v a s i o n s w h e r e b y d e p a r t m e n t a l c o m m a n d e r s a t t e m p t e d t o c o tto n fo r

su p p lies,

the b e l i e f

t h a t the

For f a i l i n g

to

adherence "C o tto n i s to

he p e r s i s t e d u n t i l th e

e x p lo it th e

e n e m y ’ s t r a d e , E d w a r d A.

of the

"h isto rie s"

war i n

K in g ," f i e l d

P o llard ,

"L o st C au se," ro u n d ly denounced

w ritte n

in

1 8 6 5 a n d 1867.-*-®

o f t h e Richm ond a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o

supply t h e i r

end of th e

exchange

c o t t o n em bargo w ould r u i n F e d e r a l f i n a n c e s .

jo u rn a list-h isto ria n D avis i n h i s

act

th e

W ith the

d elu sio n

th at

com m anders v a c i l l a t e d b e tw e e n a d e s i r e

arm ies,

and t h e i r

burned i f need be to keep i t

orders

from th e

th at

c o t t o n m ust be

e n e m y . 20

W hile L ee,

P olk,

and K irb y S m ith o b t a i n e d q u a r t e r m a s t e r

s to r e s from

from tim e

sy stem atized or prose -

to

tim e,

th e

trad e

was n e v e r

th e U nion

c u t e d i n t h e m a n n e r s u s p e c t e d b y t h e i r F e d e r a l o p p o n e n t s . 21 C o n fed erate

e ffo rts

co n trib u te d h eav ily

to

to th e

enforce

Edw ard A. 479-482.

c o tto n em bargo, m o reo v er,

d e m o ra liz a tio n of th e

c i v i l i a n p o p u la tio n as w e ll. 19. 1866), I I , 480-489. 20. 21. 1 8 6 5 (New

th e

arm y and o f t h e

"Our o u t - p o s t o f f i c e r s

w ould

P o l l a r d , S o u t h e r n H i s t o r y o f t h e W ar (New Y o r k , P o l l a r d , T h e L o s t C a u s e ( New Y o r k , 1 8 6 7 ) ,

R h o d e s , H i s t o r y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , V, 4 1 1 - 4 2 0 . J o h n C. S c h w a b , T h e C o n f e d e r a t e S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a , Y ork, 1901), 260^565.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

1861-

v io la te

th e

law ,

in M iss issip p i, rem oved; d id the

th e

and t r a d e , " L o u isian a,

an d A labam a.

t e m p t a t i o n was t o o

sa m e ."^

stro n g ,

governor

of c o tto n , m o la sses,

much o f t h e

before h is

" I n v a in w ere th e y and th e ir

and su g a r b e ca u se o f " t h e

th e S o u t h . " 23 im p o rtatio n

lu x u ry ite m s, n o t

a l o n g command

in

June,

1862,

id io tic

id ea

th e N o r t h f a r m ore t h a n i t

L ack in g a g o v ern m en tal c o n t r o l ,

in to

su ited

successors

a t M em phis b u r n e d $ 7 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 w o r t h

d e s t r u c t i o n w ould c r i p p l e

w ould i n j u r e

a fte r

Even th e C o n fe d e ra te s p r o t e s t e d

when t h e i r m i l i t a r y

th at i t s

w rote T a y lo r

C o n fed erate

to war p u r p o s e s .

lin e s

co n sisted

of

G eneral H u rlb u t,

r e m o v a l f r o m com m and a t M e m p h is s o u r e d h i m o n t r a d e ,

o b s e rv e d t h a t m ost g oods d e s i r e d b y C o n f e d e r a t e s w ere " fe m a le wear"

and l u x u r i e s . 2^

found i t

G e n e r a l B e a u r e g a r d a t C h a r l e s t o n i n 1863

n e c e s s a ry to u rg e p a r t i e s

U nited S ta te s b u t m il i ta r y prim e n e c e s s i t y ;

T aylor

to

su p p lies,

im p o rt n o th in g from the m u n itio n s,

a t S e l m a , Alabama,

announced he w ould c o n f i s c a t e

a ll

or

a rticle s

of

i n Septem ber 1864,

lu x u ry item s o b ta in e d f o r

c o t t o n . 25

22. R i c h a r d T a y l o r , D e s t r u c t i o n a n d R e c o n s t r u c t i o n (New 1879), 235. 23. J o h n H a llu m , The D i a r y o f a n O ld Law yer ( N a s h v i l l e , 1 8 9 5 ) , 186-187-. 24. H u r l b u t t o Y e a t m a n , S e p t . 1 3 , 1 8 6 3 , i n TD, C u s t o m s 3 u r e a u , S p e c i a l A gents R e p o r ts . 25. S. 0. 156, D ep t, o f S .C ., G a ., and F l a . , C h a rle sto n , S . C . , Aug. 1 1 , 1863, i n 0. R . , s e r i e s I , v o l. 28, p t . 2 , p . 274. C i r c u l a r , D e p t,o f A l a . , M i s s ., and E a s t L a . , Selm a, A l a . , S e p t. 22, 1864, in 0. R ., s e r ie s I , v o l. 39, p t . 2 , pp. 855-8b4.

Y ork,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

C onfederate

d if f ic u ltie s reg ard in g

o f t h e U nion i n r e v e r s e . up K ing C o tto n a s

B ut,

trad e

w hereas th e

w ere t h u s

tho se

C o n fed erates had s e t

a m onarch to be d e n ie d to

th e enemy,

the L in ­

c o ln a d m in is tra tio n p r o f i te d by a c y n ic a l b u t r e a l i s t i c of g iv in g guns i f tia l

fib re.

b etw een th e tra tio n w hich,

P e rce iv in g ,

as th e

d e sp ite

essen­

th at

trad e

th e L in c o ln adm inis

of r e s t r i c t e d com m ercial i n t e r c o u r s e ,

th e m oral d is h o n e s ty ,

liv e s,

the

C o n fed erates d id n o t,

s e c t i o n s c o u l d n o t be p r e v e n t e d ,

pursued a p o lic y

of s o ld ie rs * for

n e c e s s a r y , b u t n o t a m m u n itio n , f o r

program

co rru p tio n ,

and s a c r i f i c e

acco m p lish ed th e m ajor o b je c tiv e s d e s ir e d

th e U nion c a u s e .

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

B IB L IO G R A P H Y

1|66

R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

14-67

BIBLIOGRAPHY P rim ary M a te r ia ls M an u scrip ts L in c o ln C o l l e c t i o n , 194 v o l s . , i n L i b r a r y o f M a n u s c r i p t s , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. T reasury A rch iv es,

of C ongress, D iv isio n

i n T h e N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C.

C ustom s B u re a u , S p e c i a l A g e n ts R e p o r t s . R ecords o f the S p e c ia l A g en ts,

1361-1865.

S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y , L e t t e r s R e c e i v e d f r o m t h e War D e p a rtm e n t, 1862-186 5. S e c r e ta r y o f th e T re a s u ry , M is c e lla n e o u s L e t t e r s R eceiv ed ( S e r ie s K ), 1861-1865. S e c r e t a r y o f th e T r e a s u r y , R e s t r i c t e d C om m ercial I n t e r ­ c o u r s e C o r r e s p o n d e n c e ( S e r i e s B E ) , 1 8 6 1 - 1 8 6 5 , 12 v o l s . War D e p a r t m e n t A r c h i v e s ,

in

The N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C,

H e a d q u a r te r s o f th e A rm ies 1864-1865, 2 v o ls .

(G ran t),

C o rresp o n d en c e Books,

H e a d q u a r te r s o f th e A rm ies 1864-1865, 3 v o ls .

(G ran t),

T elegram s R ece iv e d ,

H e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e Army ( S c o t t , M c C l e l l a n , a n d H a l l e c k ) , C orrespondence B ooks, 1861-1865, 7 v o l s . H e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e Army 1 6 6 2 -1 8 6 5 , 23 v o l s .

( H a lle c k ) , T elegram s R e ceiv ed ,

H e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e Army 1865, 8 v o ls .

(H alleck ),

T elegram s S e n t,

H e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e Army, S h e rm a n L e t t e r B o o k s , 9 v o ls. R ecords o f the M i l i t a r y

Commands

D epartm ent o f A rk ansas

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

1862-

1863-1865,

14.68

D epartm ent of th e D epartm ent of

C um berland

th e G ulf

D epartm ent of th e M i s s i s s i p p i D epartm ent of M i s s i s s i p p i D epartm ent o f th e M is s o u ri D epartm ent of N o rth C a r o li n a D e p a rtm e n t o f t h e O hio D epartm ent o f th e D epartm ent o f

S outh

th e Tennessee

D epartm ent o f V i r g i n i a and N o rth C a r o lin a D e p a rtm e n t o f t h e W est D istrict

of M iddle T e n n e sse e .

D i s t r i c t o f W est T ennessee XV Arm y C o r p s XVI Army C o r p s * X V I I Army C o r p s S ecretary

o f W ar, M i s c e l l a n e o u s P a p e r s

C orrespondence B ooks, L e t te r s R eceiv ed ,

1860-1665,

1861-1865

T elegram s R e c e iv e d ,

1861-1865,

T elegram s R e ceiv ed by th e

1861-1865,

46 v o l s .

P re sid e n t,

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4 v o ls

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O f f i c i a l P r i n t e d D ocum ents O f f i c i a l R e c o r d s o f t h e U n i o n a n d Con f e d e r a t e N a v i e s i n t h e War o f t h e R e b e l l i o n , 50 v o l s . a n d i n d e x , W a s h i n g t o n T G o v e r n m ent P r i n t in g O f f i c e ) , 1894-1922. R i c h a r d s o n , Jam es D. ( e d . ) , A C o m p i l a t i o n o f th e M e ss a g e s and P a p e r s o f t h e P r e s i d e n t s , 1 7 8 9 - 1 8 9 7 , 10 v o l s . , W a s h i n g t o n (G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e ) , 1 8 9 6 -1 8 9 9 . S t a t u t e s a t L arge of th e U n ite d S t a t e s o f A m erica, 1789- 1875, I 1? v o l s . , B o s t o n ( C h a r l e s C. L i t t l e a n d J a m e s BrownT ^ 1848-1875. U n ite d S t a t e s Census O f f i c e , E ig h th Census o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s , 1 8 6 0 , 4 v o l s . , W a s h in g to n (G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e ) , 1864. - U n ited S ta te s

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B u t l e r , B enjam in F . , A u to b io g ra p h y a n d P e r s o n a l R e m in is c e n c e s o f M a j o r G e n e r a l B e n j . F . B u t l e r ; B u t l e r 1s B oo k l B o s t o n (A. M. T h a y e r an d Com pany), 1 892. D ana, C h a r le s A . , R e c o l l e c t i o n s o f t h e C i v i l W ar, W ith t h e L ea d e rs a t W ashington and i n th e F i e l d i n th e S i x t i e s , New Y o r k CD. A p p l e t o n a n d CompanyT» 1 8 9 8 . D i a r y and C o rre s p o n d e n c e o f Salm on P. C h a s e . A m erican H i s t o r i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n A n n u a l R e p o r t , 1 9 0 ’S-, v o l . I I , W a s h i n g t o n (G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e ) , 1 9 0 3 . F i e l d , M a u n s e l l B . , M e m o i r s o f Many Men a n d o f Some Women. . . , New Y o r k ( H a r p e r & B r o t h e r s ) , 1 8 7 4 . F o r d , H a rv e y S « , ( e d . ) M em oirs o f a V o l u n t e e r , 1 8 6 1 - 1 8 6 5 , b y J o h n B e a t t y , New Y o r k (W. V/. N o r t o n a n d C o m p a n y ) , 1 9 4 6 . G r a n t , U l y s s e s S . , P e r s o n a l M e m o i r s o f U. S . G r a n t , 2 v o l s . , New Y o r k (C . L . W e b s t e r & C o m p a n y ) , 1 8 8 5 - 1 8 8 6 . H a l lu m , J o h n , The D i a r y o f a n O ld L a w y e r , N a s h v i l l e w e s t e r n P u b l i s h i n g House)"7 l 8 § 5 .

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J o h n s o n , R o b e r t U . , a n d C l a r e n c e C. B u e l ( e d s . ) , B a t t l e s a n d Le a d e r s o f t h e C i v i l W a r , 4 v o l s . , New Y o r k ( T h e C e n t u r y Com pany), 1887. M o rse , J o h n T . , J r . ( e d . ) , The D i a r y o f G id e o n W e l l e s , 3 v o l s . , B o s to n (H oughton M i f f l i n a n d C om pany), 1911. N i c o l a y , J o h n C . , a n d J o h n Hay ( e d s . ) , C o m p le te W orks o f A braham L in c o ln , C o m p risin g h i s S p e e c h e s , L e t t e r s , S t a t e P a p e r s , a n d M i s c e l l a n e o u s W r i t i n g s , 2 v o l s . , New Y o r S ("The C e n t u r y C o m p a n y ) , l 5o 7 . P i e r c e , E dw ard L . , “ The C o n tr a b a n d s a t F o r t r e s s M onroe," i n A t l a n t i c M onthly (B o sto n , 1 8 5 7 ) , V III (1 86 1), 626-640 , “ The F r e e d m e n a t P o r t R o y a l , " i n A t l a n t i c M o n th ly to n , 1857), X II (1863), 291-315.

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S h e rm an , W i l l i a m T . , M em oirs o f G e n e r a l W i l l i a m T . S h e rm a n , 2 v o l s . , New Y o r k (D. A p p l e t o n a n d C o m p a n y ) , 1 8 8 6 . T a y lo r, R ic h a rd , D e s tr u c tio n and R e c o n s tr u c tio n ; P e rs o n a l Ex­ p e r i e n c e s o f t h e L a t e W a r , New Y o r k ( d . A p p l e t o n a n d C om pany), 1879. T h o m p s o n , R o b e r t M. a n d R i c h a r d W a i n w r i g h t ( e d s . ) , C o n f i d e n t i a l C orresp o n d en ce of G u stav u s V asa F o x , A s s i s t a n t S e c r e ta r y o f t h e N a v y , 1 8 6 1 - 1 8 6 5 , 2 v o l s . , New Y o r k (T he N a v a l H i s t o r y S o c i e t y ) , 1918-1919. S econdary M a te ria ls Books A p p l e t o n 1s A n n u a l C y c l o p a e d i a a n d R e g i s t e r o f I m p o r t a n t E v e n t s . . . E m bracing P o l i t i c a l , M i l i t a r y , and E c c l e s i a s t i c a l A f f a i r s ; P u b l i c D o c u m e n ts ; B i o g r a p h y , S t a t i s t i c s , Commerce, F i n a n c e , L i t e r a t u r e , S c ie n c e , A g r i c u l t u r e , and M echanical I n d u s t r y , 44 v o l s . , New Y o r k (D. A p p l e t o n a n d C o m p a n y ) , 1 8 6 2 - 1 9 0 3 . B a d e a u , Adam, M i l i t a r y H i s t o r y o f U l y s s e s S . G r a n t f r o m A p r i l , 1 8 6 1 , t o A p r i l , 1 8 6 5 , 3 v o 3 . s . , New Y o r k (D. A p p l e t o n a n d Company!*, 1 8 8 5 . B e l c h e r , W y a tt W ., The E c o n o m ic R i v a l r y B e tw e e n S t . L o u i s an d C h i c a g o , 1 8 5 0 - 1 8 8 0 , New Y o r k ( C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ) , 1947. B i o g r a p h i c a l D i r e c t o r y o f th e A m erican C o n g re s s , 1 774- 1927, W ash in g to n (G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e ) , 1928. B i d w e l l , P e r c y W. a n d J o h n I . F a l c o n e r , H i s t o r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e N o r t h e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s , W a s h i n g t o n (T he C a r n e g i e I n s t i t u t i o n of W a s h i n g t o n ) 1925. B ragg, J e f f e r s o n D a v is, L o u is ia n a i n th e (L o u isian a s t a t e U n iv e rs ity P r e s s ) , C ist,

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, The S o u t h D uring; B e c o n s t r u e t i o n , 1 8 6 5 - 1 8 7 7 ( W e n d e ll H. S te p h e n so n and E. M erton C o u lte r ( e d s . ) , A H i s t o r y o f th e S o u th , v o l . V I I I ) , B ato n Rouge ( L o u is ia n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P re s s ), 1947. , W i l l i a m G. B r o w n l o w , F i g h t i n g P a r s o n o f t h e S o u t h e r n H ig h lan d s, C hapel H i l l (U n iv e rs ity of N o rth C a ro lin a P r e s s ) , 1937. C u llu m , G eorge W ., B i o g r a p h i c a l R e g i s t e r o f O f f i c e r s and G ra d ­ u a t e s o f t h e U. S . M i l i t a r y A c a d e m y , 3 v o l s . , New Y o r k ( j . M illerT T 1879. F e ss e n d e n , F r a n c i s , L if e and P u b lic S e r v ic e s o f W illia m P i t t F e s s e n d e n , 2 v o l s . , B o s t o n (H oughton M i f f l i n and Com pany), 1907. H all,

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with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

kik-

K ent,

Jam es, C om m entaries on A m erican L s l w , Second E d i t i o n , v o l s . , New Y o r k (G. H a X s t e d ) , 1 8 3 2 .

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R a m s d e l l , C h a r l e s W ., B e h in d t h e L i n e s i n t h e S o u t h e r n C o n fe d ­ e r a c y , B a to n Rouge ( L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ) , 1944. R a n d a l l , J a m e s G . , T h e C i v i l War a n d R e c o n s t r u c t i o n , B o s t o n H e a t h and Com pany)! 1 3 3 7 .

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S c h u c k e r s , J a c o b W ., The L i f e an d F u b l i c S e r v i c e s o f S alm o n P o r t ­ l a n d C h a s e , New Y o r k (D . A p p l e t o n a n d Company")"! 1 8 7 4 .

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Schwab, Jo h n C ., The C o n f e d e r a te S t a t e s o f A m e ric a , 1 8 6 1 -1 8 6 5 , A F i n a n c i a l and I n d u s t r i a l H is to r y of th e S outh D u rin g th e C i v i l W a r , New Y o r k ' (C h arles S cribner* s S ons), 1901. S m ith , W illia m E r n e s t , The F r a n c i s P r e s t o n B l a i r F a m ily i n P o l i ­ t i c s , 2 v o l s . , New Y orlc (T he M a c m i l l a n C o m p a n y ) , 1 9 3 3 . Sum m ers, F e s t u s P . , The B a l t i m o r e a n d O h io R a i l r o a d i n t h e W a r , New Y o r k (G. P . P u t n a m * s S o n s ) , 1 9 3 9 . S w i s h e r , C a r l B r e n t , R o g e r B . T a n e y , New Y o r k C om pany), 1 9 3 5 .

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