Explore ATtiny Microcontrollers using C and Assembly Language: AVR Architecture and Programming [1 ed.] 3895764795, 9783895764790
590 252 20MB
English Pages 376 Year 2021
![Explore ATtiny Microcontrollers using C and Assembly Language: AVR Architecture and Programming [1 ed.]
3895764795, 9783895764790](https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/explore-attiny-microcontrollers-using-c-and-assembly-language-avr-architecture-and-programming-1nbsped-3895764795-9783895764790-q-7971895.jpg)
Table of contents :
Introduction
Broad Overview of this Book
About the Targeted AVR Microcontrollers
Primary Programming Software
Why Learn Assembly Language?
The Many Reasons for Learning Assembly Language
C Programming
Intended Audience
Prerequisites
Software Requirements
Hardware Requirements
A DIP Packaged ATtiny
An Electronic Breadboard
Programmer/Debugger
Atmel-ICE Basic Kit
Atmel-ICE Full Kit
AVR Dragon
AVRISP mkII
Hobbyist USB Programmers
Power Supply
Jumper Links and Wires
Electronic Components
Optional Test Equipment
Microchip, Atmel, Microchip Studio and Atmel Studio
Accompanying Resources
Let’s Get Started
Chapter 1 • Overview of ATtiny Microcontrollers
1.1 ATtiny Microcontrollers
1.1.1 8-Pin Devices
1.1.1.1 ATtiny13 and ATtiny13A
1.1.1.2 ATtiny25, ATtiny45 and ATtiny85
1.1.2 14-Pin ATtiny24, ATtiny44 and ATtiny84
1.1.3 20-Pin Devices
1.1.3.1 ATtiny26
1.1.3.2 ATtiny261, ATtiny461 and ATtiny861
1.1.3.3 ATtiny2313 and ATtiny4313
1.1.4 28-Pin Devices
1.1.4.1 ATtiny48 and ATtiny88
1.1.4.2 ATtiny28L and ATtiny28V
1.2 Which ATtiny to Use
1.3 Comparison of ATtiny Devices
1.4 Summary
Chapter 2 • Hardware and Software Setup
2.1 Install Microchip Studio
2.1.1 Download Page and Software Version
2.1.2 Newest Software Version
2.1.3 Start the Installation
2.1.4 Installation Steps
2.2 8-Pin ATtiny Microcontroller LED Circuit
2.2.1 Circuit Power Supply
2.2.2 Decoupling Capacitor
2.3 A First Assembly Language Program
2.3.1 Start a New AVR Assembler Project in Microchip Studio
2.3.2 LED Blink Assembly Code
2.3.3 Build the Project
2.3.4 Fix Any Build Errors
2.3.5 Load the Program to the AVR Microcontroller
2.3.6 Fault Finding
2.4 A First C Program
2.4.1 Start a New GCC C Executable Project in Microchip Studio
2.4.2 LED Blink C Code
2.4.3 Build the Project
2.4.4 Fix Any Build Errors
2.4.5 Load the Program to the AVR Microcontroller
2.4.6 Fault Finding
2.5 Summary
Chapter 3 • Basics of Assembly Language
3.1 Mnemonics
3.2 AVR Instruction Set
3.3 Opcodes and Operands
3.4 Assembly Language Comments
3.5 LED Blink Program Operation
3.6 Using the Debugger and Simulator
3.6.1 Using the AVR Simulator and Debugger
3.6.2 Using a Physical AVR Microcontroller and Debugger
3.6.3 Putting an AVR Back into ISP mode
3.7 Summary
Chapter 4 • Binary Numbers and Memory
4.1 Bits and Bytes
4.1.1 Counting in Binary
4.1.2 Bytes and Nibbles
4.2 Weighted Number Systems
4.2.1 Weighted Decimal Numbers
4.2.2 Weighted Binary Numbers
4.3 Hexadecimal Numbers
4.3.1 Counting in Hexadecimal
4.3.2 Using Hexadecimal to Represent Binary
4.4 Calculating Number Sizes
4.4.1 Calculating the Maximum Value of a Binary Number
4.4.2 Calculating Memory Size
4.4.3 Converting Between Bytes and Kilobytes
4.5 Numbers in Assembly Programs
4.6 Numbers in C Programs
4.6 Summary
Chapter 5 • AVR Registers and Memory Map
5.1 AVR Registers
5.1.1 General Purpose Working Registers
5.1.2 I/O Registers
5.2 Using General Purpose Registers
5.2.1 Adding Two Registers
5.2.2 Incrementing a Register
5.3 AVR Memory Map
5.3.1 Program Memory
5.3.2 Data Memory
5.3.3 EEPROM
5.4 Accessing SRAM in Assembler Programs
5.4.1 SRAM Store and Load Example
5.4.2 Store and Load Example in the Simulator
5.4.3 SRAM Start Addresses
5.5 Summary
Chapter 6 • AVR Internal Architecture
6.1 Clock Pulses and Program Counter
6.1.1 Clock Pulses
6.1.2 Clock Pulse Period and Frequency
6.1.2.1 ATtiny13(A) Default Clock Frequency
6.1.2.2 ATtiny25/45/85 Default Clock Frequency
6.1.2.3 RC Oscillator Accuracy
6.1.2.4 Clock Sources and Improving Accuracy
6.1.2.5 Calculating Clock Period from Frequency
6.1.2.6 Calculating Clock Frequency from Period
6.1.3 The Program Counter
6.2 Microcontroller Buses
6.3 Harvard and von Neumann Architectures
6.4 Fetching and Executing Instructions
6.5 Status Register
6.5.1 Zero Flag
6.5.2 Negative Flag
6.6 Stack and Stack Pointer
6.6.1 How the Stack Works
6.6.2 Accessing the Stack with PUSH and POP
6.6.3 Calling a Subroutine
6.7 LED Blink Program Fully Explained
6.8 AVR Instruction Encoding
6.9 Addressing Modes
6.9.1 Register Direct Addressing
6.9.2 I/O Direct Addressing
6.9.3 Other Addressing Modes
6.10 Summary
Chapter 7 • Arithmetic and Logic Instructions
7.1 Positive and Negative Numbers
7.1.1 1’s Compliment Numbers
7.1.2 2’s Compliment Numbers
7.2 Addition
7.2.1 ADD – Add without Carry
7.2.2 ADC – Add with Carry
7.3 Subtraction
7.4 Logic Instructions
7.4.1 Logical AND
7.4.2 Logical OR
7.4.3 Logical Exclusive OR
7.5 Other Arithmetic and Logic Instructions
7.6 Summary
Chapter 8 • Programming AVR I/O Ports
8.1 Instructions for Accessing I/O Registers
8.1.1 Reading and Writing I/O Registers with IN and OUT
8.1.1.1 The IN Instruction
8.1.1.2 The OUT Instruction
8.1.2 I/O Register Bit Manipulation and Testing
8.1.3 Accessing I/O Registers as Data Space
8.2 I/O Ports
8.2.1 Configuring I/O Pins as Outputs in Assembler
8.2.1.1 Five LED 8-pin ATtiny Circuit
8.2.1.2 Using debugWIRE or ISP/SPI to Program an ATtiny AVR
Program-only Programmers
Peripheral Hardware Devices Interfering with Programming
Putting the AVR into debugWIRE Mode
8.2.1.3 Build the 5 LED ATtiny Circuit on Breadboard
8.2.1.4 Assembly Code for the 5 LED Count Circuit
8.2.1.5 Select the Debugger or Simulator
8.2.1.6 What the LED Count Assembler Code Does
8.2.1.7 Build and Run the Program
8.2.1.8 How the LED Count Assembler Program Works
8.2.1.9 Using a Breakpoint in the Debugger
8.2.2 Configuring I/O Pins as Outputs in C
8.2.2.1 LED Count C Code
8.2.2.2 How the LED Count C Code Works
8.2.2.3 Running the LED Count C Code
8.2.2.4 LED Count C Code Disassembly
8.2.3 Limiting a Count Value
8.2.4 Three Ways to Toggle an LED with an AVR
8.2.4.1 Toggling an LED by Value
8.2.4.2 Toggling an LED by Exclusive OR
8.2.4.3 Toggling an LED with the PINB Register
8.2.5 Configuring I/O Pins as Inputs
8.3 Summary
Chapter 9 • Assembly Language Elements
9.1 Instructions and Labels
9.2 The Preprocessor and Include Files
9.3 Assembler Directives
9.3.1 Specifying Code and Data Locations
9.3.1.1 ORG Assembler Directive
9.3.1.2 CSEG Code Segment Directive
9.3.1.3 DSEG Data Segment and BYTE Directives
9.3.1.4 ESEG EEPROM Segment Directive
9.3.2 Reserving Memory
9.3.2.1 BYTE
9.3.2.2 DB – Define Constant Byte
Modified Harvard Architecture
Example Code using the DB Assembler Directive
CSEG Directive and First RJMP Instruction
Usage of the DB Assembler Directive
Data Formats and Null Terminating Strings
Location of DB Data in Program Memory and Alignment
16-bit Address Pointer Registers
Loading the Z Register
Reading Bytes from Program Memory
Running the Example Code
9.3.2.3 DW – Define Constant Word
9.3.2.4 DD – Define Constant Double-word
9.3.2.5 DQ – Define Constant Quad-word
9.3.3 Defining Names for Registers with DEF
9.3.4 Equating Names to Expressions using EQU and SET
9.3.5 Conditional Assembly
9.4 Other Assembly Language Elements
9.5 Further Reading
9.6 Summary
Chapter 10 • AVR Timing, Timers and Interrupts
10.1 Instruction Timing
10.1.1 AVR CPU Versions
10.1.2 Instruction Timing Examples
10.1.2.1 The NOP Instruction
10.1.2.2 16-bit and 32-bit Instruction Timing
10.1.2.3 Timing of Branch Instructions
The Simulator Cycle Counter and Stop Watch
Simulator Cycle Counter Bug
10.2 Assembly Language Time Delay
10.2.1 Calculating a Software Delay Subroutine Time Delay
10.2.1.1 Delay Subroutine Cycle Counter Measurement
10.2.1.2 Delay Subroutine Mathematical Formula
10.2.2 A Better Software Delay Subroutine
10.2.2.1 Principle of Operation
10.2.2.2 32-bit Subtraction with 8-bit Registers
10.2.2.3 Timing of the Code
10.2.2.4 Testing the Code in Microchip Studio
10.2.3 A Changeable Software Time Delay Subroutine
10.2.3.1 Splitting an Assembly Language Project into Files
10.2.3.2 How the wait_ms Subroutine Works
10.2.3.3 Limits of the wait_ms Subroutine
Simplifying the Formula
Calculating the Maximum Delay Time of the Subroutine
Posing Value Limits in Assembly Language
Number Size Limits in the Assembler Program
Solution to Flagging Out of Range Upper Values
Flagging Out of Range High and Low Values
10.2.4 Passing a Value to a Subroutine
10.2.4.1 Simplest Way to Pass a Value
10.2.4.2 Improved Way to Pass a Value
10.3 Calling an Assembly Subroutine from C Code
10.3.1 Passing a Value to an Assembly Subroutine from C
10.3.1.1 Testing the wait_ms_c Project Code
10.3.1.2 How the wait_ms_c Project Code Works
10.3.2 Returning a Value from an Assembly Subroutine in C
10.4 Polled Timer Delay
10.4.1 Timer/Counter0 Registers
10.4.1.1 Timer/Counter0 Register Addresses
10.4.1.2 Using Counter/Timer0 as a Timer
10.4.2 Polled Timer Assembly Program
10.4.2.1 The IFNDEF Directive
10.4.2.2 Left Shift Operator
10.4.2.3 Register Write or Read-Modify-Write
10.4.2.4 Initializing Timer 0
10.4.2.5 Polling Timer 0
10.4.2.6 Running the Code in the Simulator
10.4.3 Polled Timer C Program
10.5 Timer Interrupt Delay
10.5.1 How Interrupts Work
10.5.2 The Interrupt Vector Table
10.5.3 Assembly Program Timer Interrupt
10.5.3.1 ATtiny13(A) Timer Interrupt Project
The Interrupt Vector Table
Main Program Code
Interrupt Service Routine Code
Running the Timer Interrupt Code
10.5.3.2 ATtiny25/45/85 Timer Interrupt Project
10.5.3.3 Universal Timer Interrupt Project
10.5.4 C Program Timer Interrupt
10.6 Summary
Chapter 11 • The AVR Instruction Set
11.1 AVR Instruction Set Overview and Categories
11.2 A Guided Tour through the ATtiny AVR Instruction Set
11.2.1 Arithmetic and Logic Instructions
11.2.1.1 Add and Subtract Instructions
Addition Instructions
Subtraction Instructions
11.2.1.2 Logical Instructions
Logical AND
Logical OR
Logical Exclusive OR
11.2.1.3 Increment and Decrement Instructions
11.2.1.4 Sign Change Instructions
11.2.1.5 Bit Set and Clear Instructions
11.2.1.6 Register Set, Clear and Test Instructions
11.2.2 Branch Instructions
11.2.2.1 Jump Instructions
11.2.2.2 Subroutine Call Instructions
11.2.2.3 Return from Subroutine and Interrupt Instructions
11.2.2.4 Compare Instructions
11.2.2.5 Skip Instructions
11.2.2.6 Branch Instructions
Branch if Bit in SREG Set or Cleared
Branch if Equal or Not Equal – SREG Z Flag
Branch if Carry Set or Cleared – SREG C Flag
Branch if Same or Higher, or Lower – SREG C Flag
Branch if Minus or Plus – SREG N Flag
Branch if Greater or Equal, or Less Than Signed – SREG S Flag
Branch if Half Carry Flag Set or Cleared – SREG H Flag
Branch if T Bit Set or Cleared – SREG T Flag
Branch if Overflow Flag Set or Cleared – SREG V Flag
Branch if Interrupt Enabled or Disabled – SREG I Flag
11.2.3 Bit and Bit-test Instructions
11.2.3.1 Bit Set and Clear Instructions
11.2.3.2 Shift, Rotate and Swap Instructions
Logical Shift Instructions
Rotate through Carry Instructions
Logical Shift and Rotate Code Example
Led Chaser Logical Shift Code Example
Arithmetic Shift and Swap Instructions
11.2.3.3 Status Register Bit Set and Clear Instructions
Set or Clear SREG Bit
Store or Load SREG T Bit to/from Register
Set or Clear Carry Flag – SREG C Bit
Set or Clear Negative Flag – SREG N Bit
Set or Clear Zero Flag – SREG Z Bit
Set or Clear Global Interrupt Flag Bit – SREG I Bit
Set or Clear Sign Flag – SREG S Bit
Set or Clear Two’s Compliment Overflow Flag – SREG V Bit
Set or Clear T Bit in SREG – SREG T Bit
Set and Clear Half Carry Flag – SREG H bit
11.2.4 Data Transfer Instructions
11.2.4.1 Move/Copy Instructions
11.2.4.2 Load Immediate Instruction
11.2.4.3 Load Indirect Instructions
11.2.4.4 Store Indirect Instructions
11.2.4.5 Load Indirect with Displacement
11.2.4.6 Store Indirect with Displacement
11.2.4.7 Load Direct from SRAM
11.2.4.8 Store Direct to SRAM
11.2.4.9 Load Program Memory Instructions
11.2.4.10 Store Program Memory
11.2.4.11 Port IN and OUT Instructions
11.2.4.12 PUSH and POP Instructions
11.2.5 MCU Control Instructions
11.3 Entire AVR Instruction Set
11.3.1 Number of AVR Instructions
11.3.1.1 Total Number of AVR Instructions
11.3.1.2 Number of ATtiny AVR Instructions
11.3.1.3 Discrepancies in Documentation
11.3.2 Other AVR Instructions
11.3.2.1 Arithmetic and Logic Instructions
11.3.2.2 Branch Instructions
11.3.2.3 Data Transfer Instructions
11.3.3 Putting Instructions into Perspective
11.3.3.1 The Full AVR Instruction Set
11.3.3.2 The Plain AVR CPU
11.3.3.3 Reduced AVRrc Core
11.3.3.4 AVRe and AVRxt Cores
11.3.3.5 AVRe+ CPU
11.3.3.6 AVRxm CPU
Chapter 12 • Software Tools and Settings
12.1 AVR Assembler Programs
12.1.1 The AVRASM2 Assembler
12.1.1.1 Building a Project with AVRASM2
12.1.1.2 AVRASM2 on the Command Line
12.1.1.3 AVRASM2 Options in Microchip Studio
12.1.1.4 List File Options
12.1.2 The AVR-AS Assembler
12.1.3 The AVRA Assembler
12.2 The GNU C Toolchain
12.3 Where to from Here?
12.3.1 Objectives Achieved
12.3.2 What was Not Covered
12.3.3 Other AVR Microcontrollers
12.3.4 Assembly Language Resources
Appendix A • External Programmer Setup
A.1 Hobby USB Programmer Capabilities
A.1.1 Differences Between Hobby Programmers and the Atmel-ICE
A.1.2 Programming Interfaces
A.1.3 Using Hobby USB Programmers with this Book
A.2 Overview of External Programmer Setup
A.3 External Programmer Setup
A.3.1 Install a Driver
A.3.1.1 USBasp Driver
A.3.1.2 USBtinyISP Driver
A.3.1.3 Arduino Uno Sketch
A.3.2 Download and Install avrdude
A.3.3 Build an AVR Circuit and Connect a Programmer
A.3.3.1 Connecting a USBasp
10-pin Male Header
10-pin Female Connector on Ribbon Cable
6-pin Adapter (ISP/SPI)
A.3.3.2 Connecting a USBtinyISP
6-pin Male Header
6-pin Female Connector on Ribbon Cable
A.3.3.3 Connecting an Arduino Uno ArduinoISP
A.3.4 Programming Parameters
A.3.4.1 Documentation for avrdude
A.3.4.2 Parameters for avrdude Explained
A.3.4.3 Parameters for a USBasp
A.3.4.4 Parameters for a USBtinyISP
A.3.4.5 Parameters for an ArduinoISP
A.3.5 Microchip Studio External Tool Setup
A.3.5.1 Open an Assembly or C Project
A.3.5.2 Add an External Tool in Microchip Studio
USBasp
USBtinyISP
ArduinoISP (Arduino Uno with ArduinoISP sketch loaded)
A.3.5.3 Add a Toolbar Button for the External Tool
A.3.6 Testing the Programmer
A.3.7 Programming Problems and Solutions
Appendix B • Alternate Circuits and Programs
B.1 8-Pin PDIP ATtiny13/25/45/85
B.2 14-Pin PDIP ATtiny24/44/84
B.3 20-Pin PDIP ATtiny26/261/461/861 and ATtiny2313/4313
B.4 28-Pin PDIP ATtiny48/88
B.5 Alternate Programs
B.5.1 Alternate LED Blink Assembly Program
B.5.2 Alternate LED Blink C Program
Appendix C • The ASCII Table
C.1 Printable Characters
C.2 ASCII Table
Index
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