Exorcising the ghost of Westphalia : building world order in the new millennium 9780130163028, 0130163023

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Charles w kegley,"5r. GREGORY A. RAYMOND Prentice Hall Studies in International Relations Enduring Questions in Changing Times

Prentice Hall Studies IN International Relations Enduring Questions in Changing Times Charles W. Kegley,Jr.,

Series Editor

In the era of globalization in the twenty-first century, people cannot afford to ignore the impact of international relations on their future. From the value of one’s investments to the quality of the air one breathes, international relations matter. The instantaneous spread of communications throughout the world is making for the internationalization of all phenomena, while the distinction between the domestic and the foreign, the public and the private, and the national and the international is vanishing. Globalization is an accelerating trend that is transforming how virtually every field of study in the social sci¬ ences is being investigated and taught. Contemporary scholarship has made bold advances in understanding the many facets of international relations. It has also laid a firm foundation for interpreting the major forces and factors that are shaping the global future. To introduce the latest research findings and theoretical commentary, a new publication series has been launched. Prentice Hall Studies in International Relations: Enduring Questions in Changing Times presents books that focus on the issues, controversies, and trends that are defining the central topics dominating discussion about international relations.

Series Editor

Charles W. Kegley, Jr. University of South Carolina

Series Editorial Advisory Board Shannon Lindsey Blanton

Craig Murphy

University of Memphis

Wellesley College

Linda P. Brady

Nicholas G. Onuf

Georgia Institute of Technology

Florida International University

Leann Brown

Gregory A. Raymond

University of Florida

Boise State University

Steve Chan

Neil R. Richardson

University of Colorado, Boulder

University of Wisconsin

William A. Clark

Volker Rittberger

Louisiana State University

Eberhard-Karls-Universitat Tubingen

Charles F. Hermann

J. Martin Rochester

Texas A & M University

University of Missouri, St. Louis

Margaret G. Hermann

Joel Rosenthal

Syracuse University

Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs

Ole R. Holsti Duke University

Alpo Rusi Helsinki University

Steve W. Hook Kent State University

Peter Schraeder Loyola University, Chicago

Loch K. Johnson University of Georgia

Bengt Simdelius Uppsala University

Christopher C. Joyner Georgetown University

John Vasquez Vanderbilt University

Joseph Lepgold Georgetown University

Thomas Volgy University of Arizona

Jack S. Levy Rutgers University

Exorcising the Ghost of Westphalia Building World Order in the New Miliennium

Charles W. Kegley, Jr. University of South Carolina

Gregory A. Raymond Boise State University

Upper Saddle River, Newjersey 07458

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kegley, Charles W. Exorcising the ghost of Westphalia : building world order in the new millennium / Charles W. Kegley, Jr., Gregory A. Raymond.—1st ed. p. cm. — (Prentice Hall Studies in international relations. Enduring questions in changing times) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-13-016302-3 (pbk.) 1. Thirty Years’War, 1618-1648—History. 2. Peace of Westphalia (1648)—History. 3. Intemadonal relations—Sources. I. Raymond, Gregory A. II. Title. III. Series. JZ1330 .K44 2002 940.2'41—dc21 00-069884 VP, Editorial Director: Laura Pearson Senior Acquisitions Editor: Heather Shelstad Assistant Editor: Brian Prybella Editorial/production supervision and interior design: Mary Araneo Director of Marketing: Beth Gillett Mejia Editorial Assistant: Jessica Drew Prepress and Manufacturing Buyer: Ben Smith Cover Art Director: Jayne Conte Cover Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Interior Image Specialist: Beth Boyd Manager, Rights and Permissions: Kay Dellosa Director, Image Resource Center: Melinda Reo Photo Researcher: Teri Stratford This book was set in 10/12 New Baskerville by A & A Publishing Services, Inc., and was printed and bound by Courier Companies, Inc. The cover was printed by Phoenix Color Corp.

© 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NewJersey 07458

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 10

987654321

ISBN

D-13-Dlb3DE-3

Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., Toronto Prentice-Hall HispanoAmericana, S.A., Mexico Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., Tokyo Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., Singapore Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro

In loving expectations for my daughter: Suzanne Mitchell Douglas (1969- ) CWK In loving memory of my maternal grandmother: Julia Franko Skalicky (1889-1966) GAR

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Contents

About the Authors Preface

xi

xiii

Introduction

1

Part I: The Thirty Years’ War and the Genesis of the Modern internationai System: A Proiogue to the Future 7 Chapter 1

The Causes of the Thirty Years’ War

12

The Controversial Roots of the Thirty Years’ War 16 Faith, Fatherland, or Finance? Preconditions for War in Sixteenth-Century Europe 17 The Intellectual Origins of International Conflict 17 A Struggle between Authority and Anarchy 19 A War Produced by Profit and Prosperity 24 Politics and Religion in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 25 A War between Religious Confessions J 26 Military Answers to Theological and Political Questions

49

Viii

CONTENTS

Chapter 2

The Evolutionary Course of the Thirty Years’ War The 1618-1620 Bohemian Phase

51

55 56

The Defenestration of Prague

The Empire Strikes Back 58 The 1620-1624 Palatinate Phase 60 The 1625-1629 Danish Phase 62 Wallenstein’s Long Shadow 65

65

The Empire’s Drive for Dominion The Edict of Restitution

67

Church and State Relations in the Tumult of War

The 1630-1635 Swedish Phase

67

69 69

Gustavus Adolphus Enters the War

Cardinal Richelieu Orchestrates Erench Involvement Countering the Counter-Reformation

The 1635-1648 Franco-Swedish Phase

71

75 78 78

Richelieu and the Ascendance of Raison dEtat

80 82

The Einal Phase of the War The Rocky Road to Peace

The Eleventh Hour of the Thirty Years ’ War

83

Chapter 3

The Costs of the Thirty Years’ War

86

A World Destroyed 87 Why Did the War Last? 90 The War’s Consequences 94 The Collapse of Civil Culture The Collapse of Prosperity

94

95

The Collapse of Christian Unity

96

The Collapse of Legal Constraints on Warfare

How the War Ended

96

97

Part II: The Peace of Westphalia’s Blueprint for I nternational Relations 101 Chapter 4

Negotiating the Peace Settlement

108

Ending the Thirty Years’War The Terms of the Settlement

109 111 Decisions on Material Issues 112

Decisions on the Rules of Statecraft 117 Contending Interpretations of the Peace Settlement

123

CONTENTS Chapter 5

The Consequences of the Peace Settlement

126

Evaluating the New Order 127 Ten Tenets for Peace 128 Retributive Justice 128 129 Removing Religion from International Politics 129 State Sovereignty 131 The Equality of States 132 The Balance of Power 132 Collective Security and Multilateral Diplomacy 133 Selective Nonintervention 133 Legitimizing Realpolitik 134 The Demise of Moral Constraints 135 The Normative Legacy of the Peace Settlement 136 Westphalia’s Grim Military Legacy 137 Westphalia’s Turbulent Political Legacy 140 Westphalia as a War System 146 Assimilating Losers into the Postwar System

Part III: The Westphalian Ghost and Future of World Order 149 Chapter 6

Challenges to World Order at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century

154

Integrative Trends That Are Transforming World Politics Globalization and the Erosion of State Sovereignty 156

156

Democratization and the Emergence of Global Civil Society

164

Humanitarianism and the Decay of the Nonintervention Principle

Disintegrative Trends That Are Transforming World Politics The Implosion of Eailed States 168 The Reassertion of Parochialism 170 Beyond the Westphalian Model of World Politics 172 Chapter 7

Westphalia’s Problematic Contribution to Contemporary World Order

178

Comparing Two Postwar Eras 180 Westphalia and the Changing World System 185 International Norms and the Peace of Westphalia The Westphalian Normative Order 189

188

168

166

ix

X

CONTENTS Deficiencies in the Westphalian Normative Order

Toward a Post-Westphalian Normative Order

192

199

Chapter 8

The Importance of Trust in Global Governance for World Order

204

Trust and Statecraft

205

The Concept of Trust

206

Types of Trust 207 Global Cultures of Trust and Mistrust

210 Westphalia and the Culture of Mistrust 210

Weighing the Evidence on Cultures of Mistrust 211 Approaches to Building a Global Culture of Trust 213 Establishing Reciprocity-Based Trust 214 Developing Identity-Based Trust 214 Summary and Conclusions 221

Endnotes

227

References

257

Photo Credits

281

\

Index

283

V

About the Authors

Charles W. Kegley, Jr., (Ph.D., Syracuse University) is Pearce Professor of Inter¬

national Relations at the University of South Carolina. A past president of the International Studies Association (1993-1994), he has held appointments at Georgetown University, the University of Texas, and Rutgers University. With Eugene R. Wittkopf, his books include World Politics: Trend and Transformation, Eighth Edition, (2001); The Global Agenda: Issues and Perspectives, Sixth Edition (2001); American Eoreign Policy: Pattern and Process, Eifth Edition (1996); and The Nuclear Reader: Strategy, Weapons, War, Second Edition (1989). He was also the edi¬ tor, with Wittkopf, of the first editions of The Euture of American Eoreign Policy (1992) and The Domestic Source of American Eoreign Policy (1988). Kegley also pub¬ lished The Long Postwar Peace: Contending Explanations and Projections (1991) and International Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, and Controls (1990) as well as many articles in a wide range of scholarly journals. Gregory A. Raymond (Ph.D., University of South Carolina) is director of the

Honors College at Boise State University. Selected as the Idaho Professor of the Year (1994) by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teach¬ ing, his books include The Other Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis of the Smaller Democracies, Second Edition (1983); Third World Policies of Industrialized Nations (1982); and Conflict Resolution and the Structure of the State System (1980). He has also published many articles on foreign policy and world politics in var¬ ious scholarlyjournals. Raymond has spoken on international issues at numer¬ ous professional conferences throughout Europe, the United States, and Latin America.

xi

xii

About the Authors

Together Kegley and Raymond have previously coauthored From War to Peace (2002), How Nations Make Peace (1999), A Multipolar Peace? Great-Power Pol¬ itics in the Twenty-First Century (1994); When Trust Breaks Down: Alliance Norms and World Politics (1990); and International Events and the Comparative Analysis of Foreign Policy (1975). They have also coauthored over two dozen articles in a diverse range of periodicals, including International Studies Quarterly, the Journal of Conflict Resolution, the Journal of Peace Research, International Interactions, and the Harvard International Review. Both Kegley and Raymond were Pew Faculty Fellows at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

Preface

The dawn of the twenty-first century has prompted scholars and policy makers alike to ask whether the new age will be more peaceful than its predecessor. Changing conditions always entice thoughtful people to reevaluate the con¬ ventional wisdom of their age. As the first years of the new millennium are etched into history, several competing visions of how to build a new world order are emerging from sober reflections on the turbulent twentieth century. Our book frames the debate over the ideals and institutions most capable of pro¬ tecting humankind from the curse of armed conflict. To illuminate the options for maintaining peace, we take as a point of departure the precedent-setting agreements established by the Peace of West¬ phalia that ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648. Considered the most important peace settlement of the last millennium,^ the treaties crafted at Munster and Osnabriick have charted the course of international politics for the next 350 years. They deserve close scrutiny because they serve as a model against which all subsequent peace settlements have been judged. As one scholar observes, “The Congresses of Munster and Osnabriick, which produced the Treaties of Westphalia, were the first of their kind. Europe had not previously witnessed a multilateral diplomatic gathering that was designed both to terminate a PanEuropean War and to build some sort of order out of the chaos into which Europe had increasingly fallen since the late fifteenth century.^ Readers familiar with our previous scholarly endeavors may be some¬ what puzzled to discover that we have selected a single case—The Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia—as the springboard for analyzing alternative architectures for world order in the twenty-first century. Our careers have been

xiii

xiv

Preface

dedicated to the comparative study of foreigu policy and of the relationship of transnational norms to international security, for the purpose of deriving insights and nomothetic generalizations about behavioral patterns in world history, using primarily quantitative methods to analyze cross-national and longitudi¬ nal aggregate data. Our prior collaborative books. International Events and the Comparative Analysis of Foreign Policy (1975), When Trust Breaks Down: Alliance Norms and World Politics (1990), A Multipolar Peace (1994), How Nations Make Peace (1999), and From War to Peace (2002) have drawn from either compara¬ tive case studies or, more commonly, from statistical analyses of macro-quanti¬ tative indicators. So why, now, do we concentrate on a single case from the distant past in order to think theoretically about the preconditions for inter¬ national security in the future? The answer stems from our conviction, buttressed by our experiences as Pew Faculty Fellows in International Relations at Harvard University, that a carefully selected single case study is a powerful educational tool, or heuristic, to generate propositions about the general properties of stable world orders, and without a doubt the case we select meets the criteria of salience, permanence, and impact that stimulates critical thinking about causal inferences and policy prescriptions to be drawn. Moreover, we are persuaded by the argument that the most useful pedagogy is to instruct by beginning with a treatment of a key his¬ torical period or event in order to tease out the theoretical insights and policy dilemmas that that case study offers, rather than beginning with theory and then applying it to practice. Introducing theory by first providing history per¬ mits an instructor to raise awareness about the important controversies embed¬ ded in the narrative so that they later can be systematically and rigorously examined by reference to the more formal models and theoretical traditions available in the scholarly study of international relations. Rather than “sub¬ jecting students to staid theoretical and disciplinary debates,” our objective is to illuminate the value of historical interpretation for building theory inductively from a heuristic case that provokes questions about the linkages “between his¬ tory and theory, and between theory and practice.”® What makes the Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia so valu¬ able for more intensive study is that the details surrounding the anarchy pre¬ vailing in the mid-seventeenth century bear an uncanny resemblance to today’s international conditions when, as one recent headline in the International Her¬ ald proclaimed, “Globalization Sparks Another Anarchist Revival.”^ Still other parallels between the code of diplomatic conduct in 1648 and today are evident. Consider, as an example, Robert Kaplan’s prediction of The Coming Anarchy^ at the very time when a global culture is crystallizing and serious atten¬ tion is being directed toward creating institutions for meaningful global gov¬ ernance. The Westphalian Peace stands out as critical, even today. As Fareed Zakaria, the editor of Foreign Affairs, summarizes, we need to pay careful atten¬ tion to Westphalia because this settlement “ushered in the modern state sys¬ tem that governs thp world—the very state system that is now, 350 years later.

Preface

xv

being undermined by transnadonal forces like the euro, the Internet and Amnesty International.”® Hence, we purposely have chosen to use a rather detailed account of the origins of that system-transforming peace setdement to base our conclusions about its effects in the future. We posit that it is time to jettison many of the problematic tenets on which the Westphalian approach to international order has precariously rested and suggest how a new architecture might be built that combines the positive elements of the Westphalian legacy with new pillars to enhance global security in the twenty-first century. If our endeavors provoke scholars, students and pol¬ icy makers to question old diplomatic formulas and to join us in thinking about new approaches for new realities, this book will have served its primary educa¬ tional goal. Many people have contributed to the development of this book, and their assistance is appreciated. We are especially indebted to the professional staff at the archives, libraries, and museums in Austria, Denmark, France, Italy, Ger¬ many, The Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden who helped sharpen our under¬ standing of the Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia. In addition, we are grateful for the two referees who provided blind critical reviews of the first draft of our manuscript and whose constructive suggestions gave us confidence in the merits of this intellectual endeavor and helped us improve the presen¬ tation; we have learned since that Robert A. Denemark of the University of Delaware, Richard A. Falk of Princeton University, and John Vasquez of Van¬ derbilt University are the experts for whom we are indebted for their valuable advice. Moreover, special thanks must go to Tahir Cevik, Ruth Cooper, Ger¬ hard Sagic, Holly Gastineau-Grimes, Min Ye, and Fehrettin Sumer for their assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. Finally, Gregory Raymond would like to express his gratitude for the constant encouragement and cheerful support of his wife, Christine, and Charles Kegley wishes to thank Debbie, his soul-mate, for her loving support for this project.

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Exorcising the Ghost of Westphalia

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