Evil in Second Temple Judaism and Early Christianity 3161532996, 9783161532993

This collection of essays originates from the 2014 Evil in Second Temple Judaism and Early Christianity conference hoste

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Evil in Second Temple Judaism and Early Christianity
 3161532996, 9783161532993

Table of contents :
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
An Ur-History of the New Testament Devil: The Celestial שׂטן (śāṭān) in Zechariah and Job • Christopher A. Rollston
Evil at Qumran • Jutta Leonhardt-Balzer
Demonizing Sin? The Evil Inclination in 4QInstruction • Benjamin Wold
Evil and the Body of Antiochus IV Epiphanes: Disability, Disgust and Tropes of Monstrosity in 2 Maccabees 9:1–12 • Louise J. Lawrence
Variants of Evil: The Disassociation of Jesus from Evil in the Text of the New Testament • Tommy Wasserman
Jesus, Healings and Mark 2:1–12: Forgiveness, a Release, or Bound Again to the Great Satan? • James G. Crossley
Overcoming Satan, Overcoming the World: Exploring the Cosmologies of Mark and John • Christopher W. Skinner
Darkness as Non-Being and the Origin of Evil in John's Gospel • Jonathan A. Draper
How Much Evil Does the Christ Event Solve? Jesus and Paul in Relation to Jewish “Apocalyptic” Thought • Loren T. Stuckenbruck
Evil's Aetiology and False Dichotomies in Jewish Apocalyptic and Paul • James P. Davies
Paul, Evil, and Justification Debates • Chris Tilling
Evil in Ephesus: Acts 19:8–40 • Steve Walton
Artemis, Demons, Mammon and Satan: The Construal of Evil in First Timothy • Lloyd K. Pietersen
The Evil of the Tongue: Evil and the Ethics of Speech in the Letter of James • Susanne Luther
A Theology of Evil in the Epistle of James: Cosmic Trials and the Dramatis Personae of Evil • Nicholas J. Ellis
Apocalyptic Experience in the Theodicy of 4 Ezra • Robbie Griggs
The Portrayal of Evil in the Ascension of Isaiah • Jonathan Knight
“The Scriptures are Divine Charms”: Evil, Books, and Textuality in Early Christianity • Chris Keith
Evil in Marcion's Conception of the Old Testament God • Dieter T. Roth
Overcoming the Devil in the Acts of the Martyrs • Paul Middleton
Contributors
Index of References
Index of Modern Authors

Citation preview

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament · 2. Reihe Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey (Zürich) Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Markus Bockmuehl (Oxford) · James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala) Hans-Josef Klauck (Chicago, IL) · Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) J. Ross Wagner (Durham, NC)

417

Evil in Second Temple Judaism and Early Christianity Edited by

Chris Keith and Loren T. Stuckenbruck

Mohr Siebeck

Chris Keith, born 1980; BS, MA, MDiv Cincinnati Christian University; PhD University of Edinburgh; since 2012 Professor of New Testament and Early Christianity, and Director of the Centre for the Social-Scientific Study of the Bible, at St. Mary’s University, Twickenham. Loren T. Stuckenbruck, born 1960; BA Milligan College; MDiv and PhD Princeton Theological Seminary; since 2012 Professor of New Testament (with emphasis on Second Temple Judaism) at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.

ISBN 978-3-16-153299-3 / eISBN 978-3-16-157507-5 unveränderte eBook-Ausgabe 2019 ISSN 0340-9570 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 2. Reihe) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

© 2016 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany. www.mohr.de This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Laupp & Göbel in Gomaringen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Nädele in Nehren. Printed in Germany.







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