Ethnic conflict in western China 9780231169981, 0231169981

Despite more than a decade of rapid economic development, rising living standards, and large-scale improvements in infra

724 38 1MB

English Pages 280 [278] Year 2016

Report DMCA / Copyright

DOWNLOAD FILE

Polecaj historie

Ethnic conflict in western China
 9780231169981, 0231169981

Citation preview

Ethnic Conflict and Protest in Tibet and Xinjiang

Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University

This content downloaded from 59.120.225.187 on Tue, 11 Aug 2020 16:45:12 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms C6881.indb i

2/22/16 1:05 PM

Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University 7  KH6WXGLHVRIWKH:HDWKHUKHDG(DVW$VLDQ,QVWLWXWHRI&ROXPELD8QL YHUVLW\ZHUHLQDXJXUDWHGLQWREULQJWRDZLGHUSXEOLFWKHUHVXOWV RIVLJQLϮFDQWQHZUHVHDUFKRQPRGHUQDQGFRQWHPSRUDU\(DVW$VLD )RUDOLVWRIWLWOHVLQWKLVVHULHVVHHSDJH 

This content downloaded from 59.120.225.187 on Tue, 11 Aug 2020 16:45:12 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms C6881.indb ii

2/22/16 1:05 PM

Ethnic Conflict and Protest in Tibet and Xinjiang Unrest in China's West

EDITED BY BEN HILLMAN AND GRAY TUTTLE

&  ROXPELD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 1  HZFLYLO GLVREHGLHQFH@LQWR7LEHWDQDV´VS\LPDQJJLEUWVLENXUPLE\HGSDµ>OLWHUDOO\ QRQUHVSHFWLQJDVIDUDVFLYLOLDQVDUHFRQFHUQHG@EXWWKLQNLQJWKDWWKLV GLGQRWH[DFWO\PHHWWKHOH[LFDOVWDQGDUGRIEHLQJHDVLO\SURQRXQFHDEOH DQGVXFFLQFWLQPHDQLQJ,KDYHDPHQGHGWKHWUDQVODWLRQWR´VS\LPDQJ JL PL VWRQ SDµ >FLYLO QRQIROORZLQJ@ 7KLV LV EHFDXVH DFFRUGLQJ WR %WVDQ OKD1JDJGEDQJWVKXONKULPV·*ROGHQ0LUURU/H[LFRQ´VWRQSDLVVXϲ [HGWR ¬FRQϮGHQFHGHVLUHIROORZLQJDIWHUDQGVRRQLQDUFKDLFXVDJHµ DQGWKLVDUFKDLFIRUPZLWKWKHQHJDWLYHSUHϮ[GRHVFRQYH\WKHVHQVHRI WKH&KLQHVHWHUP

=  KRJV GXQJ HQGHDYRUV WR FRLQ DSSURSULDWH DQG IURP ZKDW KH VD\V FOHDU EULHI DQG WUDQVSDUHQW QHRORJLVPV IRU QHZ SROLWLFDO QRWLRQV QHL WKHU WRR FRQVWUDLQHG QRU DUWLϮFLDO³DOWKRXJK KLV FKRLFH RI DQ DUFKDLVP IRU´QRQIROORZLQJµPD\HQWDLOGLϲ FXOWLHVIRUVRPHUHDGHUV,QVSLWHRIKLV KDUVKFULWLFLVPRIWKHDVFHQGDQF\RI%XGGKLVPZLWKLQWKHPLQGVRIKLVIHO ORZ7LEHWDQVKHLVDOVRFDUHIXOLQHVWDEOLVKLQJOLQNVZLWK%XGGKLVWWHUPV DQG YLHZV WKDW ϮW WKH FXOWXUDO PLQGVHW DQG ZRUOGYLHZ RI 7LEHWDQV )RU LQVWDQFH UHJDUGLQJ KLV WUDQVODWLRQ RI FLYLO GLVREHGLHQFH KH LV DZDUH WKDW WKHYHUEFKRVHQWRH[SUHVV´REH\µVWRQSDLVDOVRXVHGLQD%XGGKLVWFXO WXUDOHQYLURQPHQW+HH[SODLQV´೓¶6WRQSDE]KL·>IRXUUHOLDQFHV@DQG¶0LVWRQ SDE]KL· >IRXU QRQUHOLDQFHV@ DUH WHUPV IDPLOLDU IURP RXU UHOLJLRXV UHFLWD WLRQVµ7KHVDPHFRQFHUQLVDWZRUNZKHQKHH[SODLQV´6DW\DJUDKDµIURP D*DQGKLDQSRLQWRIYLHZDGDSWLQJLWWRD%XGGKLVWDXGLHQFH+HUHPLQGV

This content downloaded from 59.120.225.187 on Tue, 11 Aug 2020 16:45:34 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms C6881.indb 77

2/22/16 1:05 PM

78

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

KLVUHDGHUVWKDW*DQGKLVDLG´6LQFH*RGSHUYDGHVDOO+HLVDOVRLQWKHKHDUW RIHDFKKXPDQEHLQJ7KDWLVZK\HDFKKXPDQEHLQJLVDPDQLIHVWDWLRQRI *RGµDQGKHUHODWHVDQGDGDSWVLWWRD%XGGKLVWYLHZ´6HQWLHQWEHLQJVDUH EXGGKDVEXWLQVWDQWO\GHϮOHGE\REVFXUDWLRQV2QFHWKHVHGHϮOHPHQWVDUH FOHDQVHGWKH\DUHDFWXDOEXGGKDVµRU´:KDWZHFDOOSHRSOHDUHEXGGKDV 7KH%KDJDYDQLVQRWGLϸHUHQWIURPWKHPµ=KRJVGXQJFRQWLQXHV´,IZHDO WHUDFRXSOHRIV\OODEOHVWRPDNHLW¶(YHU\KXPDQEHLQJLV*RGEXWLQVWDQWO\ GHϮOHGE\VLQ2QFHWKHVLQIXOPLQGLVSXULϮHGWKH\DUHDFWXDOO\*RG·DQG ¶:KDWZHFDOOSHRSOHDUH*RG7KHGLYLQHUHDOPLVQRWRWKHUWKDQWKHP·WKLV LVERWKFRQVLVWHQWZLWK*DQGKL·VYLHZDQGPRUHHDVLO\FRPSUHKHQVLEOHIRU 7LEHWDQVµ7KHXWPRVWFDUHZLWKZKLFK=KRJVGXQJHQGHDYRUVWRWUDQVIHU LQ7LEHWDQODQJXDJHVRPHSROLWLFDOQRWLRQVWKXVIDUOLWWOHFRPPHQWHGRQ LVTXLWHDSSDUHQW7KLVFRQFHUQIRUODQJXDJHLVDSSUHFLDWHGE\:X4LD7L EHWDQIURP$PGRZKRVHGRFWRUDOWKHVLVUHϰHFWVRQWKHWHQVLRQEHWZHHQ WUDGLWLRQDQGPRGHUQLW\LQ$PGR:XGHVFULEHVWKLVWHQVLRQERWKIURPDQ HWKQRJUDSKLFSRLQWRIYLHZ IRFXVLQJRQPDWHULDOFXOWXUHDQGNLQVKLS DQG IURPKLVVWXG\RIWKH1HZ7KLQNHUVJURXSWRZKLFKKHGHGLFDWHVPRUHWKDQ RQHKXQGUHGSDJHV:KLOHEHLQJRWKHUZLVHYHU\FULWLFDORI=KRJVGXQJDQG KLVJURXS·VWKHRULHV:X  ZULWHVWKDW´WKH1HZ7KLQNHUVKDYH KDGDSRVLWLYHLQϰXHQFHRQ7LEHW·VSXEOLFDWLRQODQJXDJH7KH1HZ7KLQN HUVKDYHWULHGWREXLOGQHZWHUPVLQWRWKH7LEHWDQODQJXDJHµ =  KRJVGXQJ·VERRNZDVSROLWLFDOO\ORDGHGDQGLWJRWKLPLQWRWURXEOH+H ZDVDUUHVWHGRQ$SULODQGFKDUJHGZLWK´LQVWLJDWLQJWRVSOLWWKH PRWKHUODQGµ8QXVXDOIRUD7LEHWDQKHKLUHGD&KLQHVHODZ\HU/L)DQSLQJ /LLVDSURPLQHQWKXPDQULJKWVODZ\HULQ&KLQDDQG=KRJVGXQJ·VFKRLFH RIKLPPD\UHYHDOWKHQHWZRUNGHYHORSHGE\=KRJVGXQJDQGSRVVLEO\KLV FRQQHFWLRQVZLWKULJKWVDGYRFDWHVLQ&KLQD+HZDVUHOHDVHGRQEDLODIWHU VL[PRQWKV+LVVWDWXUHKDVLIDQ\WKLQJEHHQHQKDQFHGE\KLVERRNDQG KLV DUUHVW HVSHFLDOO\ DPRQJ \RXQJ XQLYHUVLW\ JUDGXDWHV 7KH QXPEHU RI \RXQJDXWKRUVZKRXVHDSHQQDPHEHJLQQLQJZLWK=KRJV 0RUQLQJ LVDQ LQGLFDWLRQ RI =KRJV GXQJ·V SRSXODULW\ $V D JHVWXUH RI VXSSRUW WR KLP D ERRNZDVUHOHDVHGLQ$SULOFDOOHG=KRJVGXQJVQ\LQJVWREV =KRJVGXQJ·V FRXUDJH KLQWLQJDWRQHRI=KRJVGXQJ·VRWKHUERRNV'RJVVORQJVQ\LQJVWREV 7KHFRXUDJHRIVNHSWLFLVP  7KHVHOIQDPHG´'XUNKURGµ )XQHUDOVLWH  RQHRIWKHHGLWRUVRIWKHYROXPHH[SODLQHGLQDEORJSRVWFDOOLQJIRUFRQ WULEXWLRQVWKDWKHDQGDJURXSRIDGPLUHUVKDGGHFLGHGWRSD\KRPDJHWR ´7KH+RQRUDEOH0U=KRJVGXQJµ 6NX]KDEV=KRJVGXQJODJV PDNLQJXVH

This content downloaded from 59.120.225.187 on Tue, 11 Aug 2020 16:45:34 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms C6881.indb 78

2/22/16 1:05 PM

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

79

RIDQXQXVXDOKRQRULϮFIRUPLQ$PGR+HUHTXHVWHGHVVD\VWKDWDQDO\]HG =KRJV GXQJ·V ´FRXUDJHRXV WKRXJKWV DQG EUDYH FULWLFLVPµ 6WLOO DZDUH RI WKHVHQVLWLYLW\RIWKHWRSLFKHEHJJHGSRWHQWLDOFRQWULEXWRUV´QRWWRGLV FXVV >=KRJV GXQJ·V@ SROLWLFDO FRXUDJHµ ZKLFK LQGLFDWHV WKDW LQ DGGLWLRQ WRDFXOWXUDOUHIRUPHUKHLVDOVRSHUFHLYHGWREHDSROLWLFDO WKLQNHU7KH ERRNZDVDSSDUHQWO\SXEOLVKHGWKHIROORZLQJ\HDUDQGLQFOXGHGQXPHURXV HVVD\VE\DXWKRUVVXFKDV·*DUUWVH·-LJVPHG$ULJ'JHPWKRQJ DQH[LOH PRQN DQG5QRVEUHQJ ZKRUXQVWKHRSLQLRQZHEVLWH1HZRI SROLWLFDO DZDUHQHVV WR JURZ@µ =KRJV GXQJ    ,W LVDSRVVLELOLW\WKDW1DJVWVKDQJ1XVEORDOLNHO\UHDGHURI=KRJVGXQJ·V ERRNGHFLGHGWRXQGHUWDNHDQHZWUDQVODWLRQ6HFRQGWKLVQHZWUDQVODWLRQ LVSUHFHGHGE\DVKRUWIRUHZRUGE\1DJVWVKDQJ1XVEOR7KLUGLWKDVJHQ HUDWHGDQXPEHURIFRPPHQWVDVHOHFWLRQRIZKLFKZLOODOVREHSUHVHQWHG EHORZIRUZKDWWKH\UHYHDODERXW7LEHWDQZHEXVHUV·UHDFWLRQVWRWKLVNLQG RISRVWLQJ 1  DJV WVKDQJ 1XV EOR·V IRUHZRUG EHJLQV ´2XU FRXQWU\ LV D SHUPDQHQW PHPEHURIWKH>6HFXULW\&RXQFLORIWKH@81,WLVWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIDOO PHPEHUVWDWHVWRSXEOLFL]H NK\DEEVJUDJV WKHGRFXPHQWVRIWKH81WKHLU IXQFWLRQLQJHWFDQGWRKLJKO\YDOXHDQGHQVXUHWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI KXPDQULJKWVDQGRWKHUULJKWV3OHDVHUHDGWKH8'+5WKDW,KDYHSRVWHG EHORZµ7KLVVWDWHPHQWFDQEHUHDGDVDVRWWRYRFHLQGLFWPHQWRIWKHQRQLP SOHPHQWDWLRQE\WKH35&DXWKRULWLHVRIWKH8'+5RUDWOHDVWRILWVIDLOXUH WRSXEOLFL]HLWLQ´PLQRULW\µODQJXDJHV 7  KHFRPPHQWVRIWKHUHDGHUVYDU\IURPSUDLVHIRUWKLVLQLWLDWLYHWRF\QL FLVP7KHϮUVWWRUHDFWVRPHRQHJRLQJE\WKHQDPH5WDPJULQDSSODXGV 1XVEORVD\LQJWKDW´DOO7LEHWDQVZLOOXQGRXEWHGO\ZHOFRPHVXFKDJRRG SLHFH7KDQN\RXIRU\RXUZHEVLWHµ7KLVFRPPHQWLVLPPHGLDWHO\IROORZHG E\DOHQJWK\UHSO\E\1DJVWVKDQJ1XVEORZKLFKLVHQOLJKWHQLQJIRURXU GLVFXVVLRQDQGLVPRUHLPSRUWDQWWKDQKLVIRUHZRUGEHFDXVHLWUHYHDOVKLV LQWHQWLRQIRUSRVWLQJWKHWH[W,ZLOOWUDQVODWHLWLQLWVHQWLUHW\

This content downloaded from 59.120.225.187 on Tue, 11 Aug 2020 16:45:34 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms C6881.indb 83

2/22/16 1:05 PM

84

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

7  DONLQJIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIDKXPDQEHLQJQRWRQO\VKRXOGHDFK DQGHYHU\RQHRIXVEHDZDUHWKDWWKH\SRVVHVVIXQGDPHQWDOULJKWVEXW WKH\VKRXOGDOVREHDZDUHWKDWVXFKULJKWVPXVWEHJXDUDQWHHGOHJDOO\ :KHWKHUOLYLQJLQDFRXQWU\WKDWLVIUHHRUDFRORQ\RUDFRXQWU\WKDW GRHVQRWJRYHUQLWVHOISROLWLFDOO\HDFKSHUVRQPXVWLQLWLDOO\VWXG\ZHOOWKH ODZRIWKHLUFRXQWU\(DFKSHUVRQ·VULJKWVDQGVRRQDUHJXDUDQWHHGE\WKH ODZRIRQH·VFRXQWU\RQDOHJDOEDVLV,QPDQ\SODFHVOHJDOGLVFRXUVHVDUH QLFHEXWDUHQRWLPSOHPHQWHGWKLVLVϮUVWGXHWRDPLQRULW\RIEDGOHDG HUVZKRKDYHQRPHUF\DQGVHFRQGO\WRVRPHSHRSOHNQRZLQJRQO\KRZ WRSRFNHWVWDWHPRQH\EXWLJQRUHWKHRϲ FLDOOHJDOV\VWHP:KDWHYHUWKH FDVHPD\EHKRZHYHUWKHOHJDOV\VWHPRIDVRYHUHLJQFRXQWU\PD\KDYH DVWURQJFDSDFLW\WRSURWHFWLWVFLWL]HQVDQGPRVWODZVPD\EHKRQHVWDQG IDLUDQGWKHQDWLRQDOOHJDOV\VWHPPD\EHϮQHEXWDIHZDJJUHVVLYHVRY HUHLJQFRXQWULHVVKDPHOHVVO\IDLOWRLPSOHPHQWWKHODZ7KLVLVREYLRXV 7KLVTXHVWLRQGHSHQGVRQHDFKLQGLYLGXDO·VFDSDFLW\WRNQRZH[WHQVLYHO\ WKHLUFRXQWU\·VOHJDOV\VWHPDQGWKHLURZQQHHGVLQWHUPVRIJXDUDQWHH LQJRQH·VRZQULJKWV,WLVHUURQHRXVWRWKLQNWKDWRQH·VFRXQWU\·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·VRZQVLWXDWLRQ

7  KLVLQVLVWHQFHRQWKHQHHGWRGHYHORSOHJDODZDUHQHVVDPRQJ7LEHWDQVLV SUHVHQWHGZLWKDXWKRULW\E\1DJVWVKDQJ1XVEOR$VVRPHRQHZKRZRUNHG LQWKHOHJDOϮHOGIRUKLVHQWLUHFDUHHUKHNQRZVWKDWWKHOHJDOIUDPHZRUN GRHVH[LVWLQWKHRU\DQGWKDWLJQRUDQFHRILWRQWKHSDUWRI7LEHWDQVRQO\ PDNHVLWHDVLHUIRUWKHVWDWHWRQRWDSSO\LW$OWKRXJKUHVRUWLQJWRWKHXVXDO &KLQHVHRϲ FLDOGLVFXUVLYHSUDFWLFHRIEODPLQJWKHIHZWRVSDUHWKHV\VWHP SUREOHPVDUHDVFULEDEOHWRDKDQGIXORIHYLOLQWHQWLRQHGSHRSOHQRWWRWKH &RPPXQLVW3DUW\SHUVH LWLVTXLWHWUDQVSDUHQWWKDWKHPHDQVWKDWFLWL

This content downloaded from 59.120.225.187 on Tue, 11 Aug 2020 16:45:34 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms C6881.indb 84

2/22/16 1:05 PM

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

85

]HQVLQ&KLQDDQG7LEHWDQVLQSDUWLFXODUZRXOGEHZHOODGYLVHGLQRUGHUWR PD[LPL]HWKHLUFKDQFHVIRUUHDOMXVWLFHWRDFTXLUHDNQRZOHGJHRIWKHOHJDO V\VWHPVRDVWRKROGWKHVWDWHDFFRXQWDEOHWRLW %  XWVRPHUHDGHUVVLPSO\VKUXJRϸ1DJVWVKDQJ1XVEOR·VLQVLVWHQFHRQ WKHLPSRUWDQFHRINQRZLQJRQH·VULJKWVRQHSHUVRQFRPPHQWVWKDWQRODZ DWDOOZRXOGEHEHWWHUWKDQDOHJDOV\VWHPLILWLVQRWWREHLPSOHPHQWHG UHϰHFWLQJWKHGLVLOOXVLRQPHQWIHOWE\7LEHWDQVDQGLQGHHGPRVW35&FLWL ]HQVZLWKWKHFXUUHQWVWDWHRIWKHOHJDOV\VWHPLQ&KLQD1RWRQO\LVWKH ODZOHVVQHVVRIWKH&KLQHVHOHJDOV\VWHPODPHQWHGDVDZKROHEXWRQHFRP PHQWDWRUDSSDUHQWO\IURP5QJDED5QJDED6NDOE]DQJFRPSODLQVEOXQWO\ WKDW7LEHWDQVDUHSDUWLFXODUO\XQGHUSULYLOHJHGLQWKH35&´:KDWOHYHORI JXDUDQWHHGRHVWKH35&RϸHULQWHUPVRIKXPDQULJKWV":KDWLVVRGLϲ FXOW ZLWKEHLQJDEOHWRJXDUDQWHHKXPDQULJKWVRIRQH·VRZQFLWL]HQV":KHUH DUHWKHRQHVSURWHFWLQJWKHULJKWVRI7LEHWDQV"&DQVRPHRQHDQVZHUWKHVH TXHVWLRQV"µ$QRWKHUUHDGHU7UHKRU'SD·GJD·FRQFXUVRQWKHWRSLFRIWKH HWKQLFDOO\ELDVHGMXGLFLDOV\VWHPWKXVUHWXUQLQJWRWKHFRPSODLQWVYRLFHG LQLQ6KDUGXQJULDQGRWKHURSLQLRQPDJD]LQHVVXUYH\HGDERYH´:KR JXDUDQWHHV WKH ULJKWV RI 7LEHWDQV" 7KHUH LV QR RQH ZKR FDQ LPSOHPHQW WKHP:KRUHSUHVVHGZKRNLOOHGWKLV\HDUDQGODVW\HDUGXULQJWKHQXPHU RXVHYHQWVWKDWKDSSHQHGLQ7LEHWDQORFDOLWLHVEHORQJLQJWR'NDUPG]HV %UDJPJR5WDER5G]RJVFKHQ*VHUWKDU5QJDED·']DPWKDQJHWF":KR ZHUHWKHSURWHFWRUV"1RQHHGWRVD\LWLWLVH[WUHPHO\FOHDU7KLVLVQRWGXH WRWKHFRXQWU\·VODZVEHLQJEDGEXWEHFDXVHRIDIHZVKDPHOHVVH[WUHP LVWVZKRGRQRWLPSOHPHQWWKHFRXQWU\·VODZV¬¬¬$OO7LEHWDQVNQRZWKLVµ $EORJJHUFDOOLQJKLPVHOI%VDPE]DQJJLYHVDPRUHPRGHUDWHRSLQLRQEH JLQQLQJ VNLOOIXOO\ ZLWK D SUDLVH WR WKH OHJDO V\VWHP LQ 4LQJKDL DQG WKHQ EODPLQJPHUFLOHVVDQGLJQRUDQWDXWKRULWLHVUDWKHUWKDQWKHRYHUDOOV\VWHP ´4LQJKDLGRHVKDYHODZVWKDWJXDUDQWHHWKHULJKWVRI7LEHWDQV$QGLWKDV GRQHDJRRGMREDERXWLW:KDWHYHUKDSSHQVEDVLQJRQHVHOIXSRQSHRSOH·V ULJKWVSUREOHPVFDQEHVROYHGLQDSHDFHIXOZD\,QDIHZODZOHVVDUHDVODZ LVQRWHYHQDSSOLHGRQWKHWLSRIWKHEODGHDQGWKHUHLQKDELWDQWVUHFHLYH RQO\ZRUGVIRUVRODFHDQGDUHRSSUHVVHGZLWKRXWUHVWUDLQW¬¬(YHU\RQH DOVRNQRZVWKDWLWLVQRWDPDWWHURINQRZLQJRUQRWNQRZLQJWKHODZEXW ZKHWKHUSHRSOHZKRDSSO\WKHODZDUHNLQGRUQRWµ 7  KLVWRQHLVQRWWRWKHWDVWHRIVRPHRQHFDOOLQJKLPVHOI5G]DED%VDP UGRU ZKRVH GHMHFWHG UHMRLQGHU EULQJV HWKQLFLW\ DJDLQ LQWR WKH GHEDWH ´1DJVWVKDQJ1XVEORLVULJKW+HVD\VWKDWWKHOHJDOV\VWHPRIDFRXQWU\

This content downloaded from 59.120.225.187 on Tue, 11 Aug 2020 16:45:34 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms C6881.indb 85

2/22/16 1:05 PM

86

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

PXVW DEVROXWHO\ JXDUDQWHH DQ LQGLYLGXDO·V ULJKWV ,I DXWKRULWDULDQ >EWVDQ GUDJ@ DQG XQODZIXO SROLFLHV DUH HQIRUFHG XSRQ PLQRULWLHV RI D VRYHUHLJQ VWDWHZLOOWKHODZEHLQDSRVLWLRQWRJXDUDQWHHWKHULJKWVRIWKHPDVVHV",W LVϮQHWKDWRXUFRXQWU\RIWHQWDONVDERXWODZEXWZKHQVRPHWKLQJ>HYHQ@ VPDOOKDSSHQVZKHUHLVODZ":HRQO\PHHWDXWKRULWDULDQYLROHQFHµ ) LQDOO\ DW OHDVW DW WKH WLPH RI ZULWLQJ WKLV FKDSWHU WKH 'KDUDPVDOD WUDQVODWLRQRIWKH8'+5ZDVSRVWHGDIRXUWKWLPHRQOLQHRQDVLWHWKDWVSH FLDOL]HV LQ QHZV DQG SXEOLF RSLQLRQV ZLWKLQ 7LEHW 5DQJJURO 3UHVHQWHG ZLWKDSUHWW\ϰRZHU\7LEHWDQGHVLJQLQWKHEDFNJURXQGRIWKHGRFXPHQW ´7LEHWDQL]LQJµDQGHPEHOOLVKLQJWKHRXWORRNRIWKHWH[WLWKDGUHFRUGHG KLWVIRXUPRQWKVDIWHULWVSRVWLQJRQOLQHZKLFKLVKLJKHUWKDQPRVW RWKHUSRVWLQJV RQHKXQGUHGWRWZRKXQGUHGKLWVRQDYHUDJH 

 , QWKLVGLVFXVVLRQRQWKHVSUHDGRIWKHWHUPVDQGFRQFHSWVRIKXPDQULJKWV LQ7LEHWDQLQ7LEHWRQHVKRXOGQRWLJQRUHWKH&KLQHVHVRFLDODQGSROLWL FDOHQYLURQPHQWDQGFRQWH[WLQZKLFKWKHVH7LEHWDQGHEDWHVWDNHSODFH 5LJKWVDQGKXPDQULJKWVGLVFRXUVHVKDYHEHHQRQWKHLQFUHDVHDQGKDYH HYHQEHFRPHLQWHUQDOL]HGLQ&KLQDSURSHUHVSHFLDOO\VLQFHWKHVLQ UHVSRQVHWRLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGGRPHVWLFSUHVVXUH0RUHRYHULQWHOOHFWXDOV DQGODZSURIHVVLRQDOVKDYHDOVREHFRPHPRUHDFWLYH7RQDPHEXWDIHZ LQVWDQFHV /LX ;LDRER·V &KDUWHU  PDGH DPSOH UHIHUHQFHV WR WKH QRWLRQ RIULJKWVDQGKXPDQULJKWV ,Q)HEUXDU\FDOOVZHUHPDGHE\LQϰX HQWLDOLQWHOOHFWXDOVDPRQJWKHP +DQ&KLQHVH ULJKWVVSHFLDOLVWVIRUWKH 1DWLRQDO 3HRSOH·V &RQJUHVV WR UDWLI\ WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RYHQDQW RQ &LYLO DQG3ROLWLFDO5LJKWVVLJQHGLQ 2UGLQDU\&KLQHVHFLWL]HQVKDYHDOVR EHFRPH PRUH ULJKWVFRQVFLRXV 6WDUWLQJ LQ WKH HDUO\ V WKH GHYHORS PHQWRIODUJHO\LQIRUPDOVRFLDOPRYHPHQWVFDOOHGZHLTXDQ\XQGRQJ ULJKWV GHIHQVHPRYHPHQW SRSXODUO\NQRZQDVWKH´FLYLOULJKWVPRYHPHQWµWHV WLϮHVWRWKHULVHRIDOHJDOO\DZDUHVWUDWXPDPRQJ&KLQHVHFLWL]HQV 7KLV KDVOHGDFFRUGLQJWR)HQJWR´WKH&KLQHVHJRYHUQPHQW¬¬¬EHFRPLQJLQ FUHDVLQJO\WROHUDQWRIULJKWVDVVHUWLRQLQVSLWHRIWKHIDFWWKDWLWFRQWLQXHV WRVHOHFWLYHO\FUDFNGRZQRQLQGLYLGXDOULJKWVGHIHQFHODZ\HUVDQGKXPDQ ULJKWVDFWLYLVWVµ )HQJ  7  KLV FKDSWHU KDV VKRZQ WKDW 7LEHWDQV· ULJKWV DZDUHQHVV LV RQ WKH LQ FUHDVHWRRLQVRPHVHJPHQWVRIWKH\RXQJDQGHGXFDWHGOD\SRSXODWLRQ

This content downloaded from 59.120.225.187 on Tue, 11 Aug 2020 16:45:34 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms C6881.indb 86

2/22/16 1:05 PM

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

87

DVDUHVXOWRIDFRPELQDWLRQRIVHYHUDOIDFWRUV2QWKHRFFDVLRQRIWKH´7L EHWVSULQJµRIIROORZHGE\WKHVHOILPPRODWLRQPRYHPHQWIURP WRPDQ\7LEHWDQVZHUHIDFHGZLWKZKDWWKH\LQWHUSUHWHGDVSURRIRI LQHTXDOLW\RIOHJDOWUHDWPHQWDIWHUWKHFUDFNGRZQRQ7LEHWDQGHPRQVWUD WRUV5REHUW%DUQHWW ² KDVSURYLGHGDOLVWRIHYHU\GD\´UHVWULF WLRQVµXSRQEDVLFULJKWVLPSRVHGRQ7LEHWDQVLQWKH7$5VLQFH+LVOLVW VKRZVWKDW7LEHWDQVLQWKH7$5KDYHEHHQVXϸHULQJIURPEUHDFKHVRIWKH UHJLPHRIULJKWVIRUWZHQW\\HDUVZLWKRXWZKDWPLJKWEHFDOOHGDULJKWV EDVHGUHDFWLRQRQWKHLUSDUW %XWWKH7LEHWDQVFDOOLQJIRUWKHUHVSHFWRI WKHLU ULJKWVVXUYH\HGLQWKLVFKDSWHUGR QRW KDLOIURPWKH7$5 EXWIURP 4LQJKDL6LFKXDQDQG*DQVXSURYLQFHV7KHGHPRQVWUDWLRQVDQGWKH ²LPPRODWLRQVDOVRWRRNSODFHPRVWO\RXWVLGHWKH7$5,QWKHVHDU HDV7LEHWDQVKDGQRWSUHYLRXVO\EHHQVXEMHFWHGWRHGXFDWHGDERXWRUXVHG WRVXFKLQWHQVH´UHVWULFWLRQVµDVLQWKH7$56HYHUHPHDVXUHVLPSRVHGRQ PDQ\VHFWLRQVRIWKH7LEHWDQVRFLHW\RXWVLGHWKH7$5IXHOHGLQWHQVHIUXV WUDWLRQLQWKHVHWKXVIDUUHODWLYHO\OLEHUDOSDUWVRI7LEHWZKHUHLQWHOOHFWXDO GHEDWHVDERXWWKHFXUUHQWVWDWHRI7LEHWZHUHEUHZLQJ0RUHRYHULWFRLQ FLGHGZLWKDVKLIWLQWKHLQWHOOHFWXDOGLVFRXUVHRIWKHJURXSRI$PGRLQWHO OHFWXDOVFDOOHGWKH´1HZ7KLQNHUVµ$V:X  DUJXHVFRQYLQFLQJO\ ´8QLYHUVDOYDOXHVKDYHEHFRPHWKHFRUHRIWKH1HZ7KLQNHUV·DUJXPHQW DQGWKHLUGUHDPµEHFDXVHWKH\KDYHUHDOL]HGWKH\KDYHOLWWOHKRSHRIDF TXLULQJPDQ\IROORZHUVDPRQJ7LEHWDQVLIWKH\GLUHFWO\DWWDFNWUDGLWLRQDO 7LEHWDQVRFLHW\,WLVWKXVQRFRLQFLGHQFHWKDW=KRJVGXQJGHGLFDWHVWZHOYH SRLQWVFRYHULQJϮYHSDJHVWRKLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHFRQFHSWRIXQLYHU VDOYDOXHVLQKLVERRN7KHIDFWWKDWWKLVVKRUWH[HJHVLVKDVEHHQUH SULQWHGRQVHYHUDO7LEHWDQODQJXDJHZHEVLWHVLVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHLQWHU HVWWKDWVRPHHGXFDWHG7LEHWDQVVKRZRQWKHPDWWHURIZKDWWKHFXUUHQW &KLQHVHUHJLPHGRHVQRWIDYRU:HDUHWKXVZLWQHVVLQJHGXFDWHG7LEHWDQV DWWHPSWLQJ WR HTXLS WKHLU IHOORZ 7LEHWDQV ZLWK DQ DZDUHQHVV RI WKH LP SRUWDQFHRINQRZLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGQDWLRQDOODZDQGULJKWVDQGWKH\ DUHJLYLQJWKHPDFFHVVLQ7LEHWDQWRLGHDVDQGNQRZOHGJHLQWKHϮHOGVRI ULJKWVLQFOXGLQJWKH8'+57KLVPRYHPHQWZDVVWDUWHGDURXQG²E\ DVPDOOHGXFDWHGOHJDOSROLWLFDODQGULJKWVVDYY\VHJPHQWRIWKH7LEHWDQ SRSXODWLRQDPRQJZKRPZHUHWKUHHVHQLRU7LEHWDQWKLQNHUVIURP$PGR 1DJV WVKDQJ 1XV EOR KDV UHDFWHG E\ VKDULQJ D GLGDFWLF SRVWLQJ RϸHULQJ D QHZ WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKH 8'+5 DQG H[SODLQLQJ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI ULJKWV DZDUHQHVVIRUDQ\FLWL]HQRI&KLQD=KRJVGXQJZKRGRHVQRWKDYHDOHJDO

This content downloaded from 59.120.225.187 on Tue, 11 Aug 2020 16:45:34 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms C6881.indb 87

2/22/16 1:05 PM

88

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

EDFNJURXQGEXWZKRLVDQDYLGUHDGHURI:HVWHUQSROLWLFDOVFLHQFHKDVIRU KLVSDUWXQGHUWDNHQWRDQFKRUWKHFRQFHSWRIFLYLOGLVREHGLHQFHLQKLV7L EHWDQUHDGHUV·PLQGVDQGKDVXUJHGWKHPWRRϸHUDQHZWUDQVODWLRQRIWKH 8'+53KXQWVKRJVGEDQJUJ\DODVWDXQFKVHQLRU&&3PHPEHUKDVVWULYHQ WRH[SODLQWKH0DU[LVWYLHZRQWKHULJKWWRDXWRQRP\IRUPLQRULWLHV :  KDW WKH &KLQD ODZ VFKRODU 6DP &UDQH VD\V UHJDUGLQJ WKH LPSDFW RI ULJKWVDGYRFDWHVLQ&KLQDFRXOGHTXDOO\EHDSSOLHGWR7LEHWDQVLQVSLWHRI WKHLUODFNRIHϸHFWLYHSRZHU´WKH\FRXOGEHLQϰXHQWLDOLQKRZRWKHUVXQ GHUVWDQGSRZHUDQGKRZSRZHUKROGHUVXVHWKHLUSRZHUDWFULWLFDOMXQF WXUHVµ7KH)RXFDXOGLDQIRUPXODWKDWNQRZOHGJHLVSRZHULVFHUWDLQO\QRW DSSOLFDEOHKHUHEXWDQLQFUHDVLQJO\ULJKWVDZDUHQHZJHQHUDWLRQRIHGX FDWHG7LEHWDQV³ZKRKDYHZLWQHVVHGDQGVRPHWLPHVSDUWLFLSDWHGLQPDV VLYHHWKQLFVWUHHWSURWHVWVZKRKDYHJURZQXSXVLQJWKH,QWHUQHWZKHUH WKH1HZ7KLQNHUV·YLHZVDUHDPSO\LQWURGXFHGZKRDUHDZDUHRIWKHLU+DQ IHOORZFLWL]HQV·JURZLQJEROGQHVVLQWHUPVRIH[SUHVVLQJULJKWVJULHYDQFHV DQG ZKR FDQ QR ORQJHU WROHUDWH WKH GRXEOH VWDQGDUG WR ZKLFK WKH\ IHHO WKH\DUHVXEPLWWHGLQWHUPVRIULJKWV³ZLOODUJXDEO\EHOHVVSOLDEOHWKDQ WKHSUHYLRXVJHQHUDWLRQ 0  RUHRYHUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIULJKWVGLVFRXUVHVDPRQJ7LEHWDQLQWHO OHFWXDOVGHVFULEHGLQWKLVFKDSWHUPD\OLNHO\EHLQWHUSUHWHGDVDUHDFWLRQ WRWKHLQFUHDVHRI+DQ&KLQHVHWKLQNHUVZKRKDYHEHHQWHUPHGQDWLRQDOLVWV QHRFRQIXFLDQLVWVRUH[FHSWLRQDOLVWV,QWKHODVWGHFDGHWKHVHLQWHOOHFWXDOV KDYH EHHQ LQFUHDVLQJO\ YRFDO LQ SXVKLQJ WRZDUG D PRUH &KLQDFHQWHUHG YLVLRQ RI SROLWLFDO DQG HFRQRPLF FKDQJH 6XFK ´FLWL]HQ LQWHOOHFWXDOVµ DUH GHVFULEHGE\:LOOLDP&DOODKDQ  DVIDYRULQJ´&RQIXFLDQLVP·VKLHU DUFKLFDOV\VWHPWKDWYDOXHVRUGHURYHUIUHHGRPHWKLFVRYHUODZDQGHOLWH JRYHUQDQFHRYHUGHPRFUDF\DQGKXPDQULJKWVµ1HHGOHVVWRVD\7LEHWDQ WKLQNHUVSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVFKDSWHUGRQRWDGKHUHWRWKHVH6LQRFHQWULFYDO XHV2QWKHFRQWUDU\WKHLUVWURQJHPSKDVLVRQWKHXQLYHUVDOLW\RIULJKWV FRXOGEHLQWHUSUHWHGDVDQHϸRUWWRGHWDFK7LEHWIURPWKH&KLQHVHFXOWXUDO UHDOP DQG WKH SURSRQHQWV RI DVVLPLODWLRQLVW SROLFLHV WKDW KDYH JDLQHG JURXQGXQGHUWKHDHJLVRIVXFKVSHFLDOLVWVDV0D5RQJ ) LQDOO\ WKH SUHVHQW ϮQGLQJV GR OLWWOH WR FRQϮUP WKH ´RXWVLGH LQVWLJD WLRQµ UHDG'KDUDPVDODDQGWKH´:HVWHUQKRVWLOHIRUFHVµ WKHRU\XVXDOO\ IDYRUHG E\ WKH &KLQHVH JRYHUQPHQW WR FRQGHPQ PRVW SUR7LEHWDQ SUR WHVWV DV KDYLQJ XOWHULRU PRWLYHV DQG EHLQJ LQVWUXPHQWDOL]HG E\ :HVWHUQ QHRLPSHULDOLVPLWDSSHDUVTXLWHFOHDUO\WKDWWKHQHZJHQHUDWLRQRIHGX FDWHGOD\7LEHWDQVKDVLQFUHDVLQJDFFHVVWRQRWLRQVRIWKHUHVSHFWRIKXPDQ

This content downloaded from 59.120.225.187 on Tue, 11 Aug 2020 16:45:34 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms C6881.indb 88

2/22/16 1:05 PM

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

89

ULJKWVDQGWKHUXOHRIODZWKURXJKWKHLU&KLQHVHHGXFDWLRQDQGWKURXJK Rϲ FLDOGLVFRXUVHVE\&KLQHVHDXWKRULWLHVWKHPVHOYHVUDWKHUWKDQWKURXJK WKHLQVWLJDWLRQRIH[LOHUHPHPEHUWKDW=KRJVGXQJRQHRIWKHPRVWDYLG UHDGHUVRISROLWLFDOVFLHQFHDPRQJWRGD\·V7LEHWDQVKDGQRWFRPHDFURVV WKH'KDUDPVDODYHUVLRQRIWKH8'+5XQWLORU 7  KHIUHTXHQWLQVLVWHQFHRQHTXDOLW\ ·GUDPQ\DP LVDIXUWKHULQGLFDWLRQ WKDW WKH WUHQG LV EHLQJ GULYHQ E\ WKH &KLQHVH VLWXDWLRQ DQG E\ 7LEHWDQV ZLWKLQ WKH 35& LQWHQW RQ PDNLQJ XVH RI WKHLU DJHQF\ QRW E\ H[LOH VRFL HW\:KDWSOHDGVLQIDYRURIDQ´HQGR7LEHWDQµGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH8'+5 GLVFRXUVH LV WKH IDFW WKDW HTXDOLW\ LV VHOGRP WDNHQ XS RU SXW IRUZDUG E\ 7LEHWDQH[LOHVRULQWKH7LEHWDQ&HQWHUIRU+XPDQ5LJKWVDQG'HPRFUDF\ SXEOLFDWLRQV 2QH SRVVLEOH UHDVRQ IRU WKLV VLOHQFH RXWVLGH 7LEHW LV WKDW ´HTXDOLW\DPRQJQDWLRQDOLWLHVµ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´HTXDOLW\ DPRQJQDWLRQDOLWLHVµWKDWLVQRWH[SHULHQFHGE\WKHLUH[LOHEURWKHUV , WLVWKXVVDIHWRLQWHUSUHWWKHFXUUHQWULVHLQGLVFRXUVHVDERXWKXPDQ ULJKWVHTXDOLW\DQGULJKWVLQJHQHUDODPRQJ7LEHWDQVLQ7LEHWDVPRUH FKDUDFWHULVWLFRID´&KLQD·V7LEHWµWKDQRIDQ´H[LOH7LEHWµGLVFRXUVHDQGD IXUWKHULQGLFDWLRQWKDWLIH[LOH7LEHWDQVRFLHW\PD\SURYLGHUHVRXUFHVDQG LGHDVWR7LEHWDQVLQ7LEHWWKHODWWHUDUHEHFRPLQJLQFUHDVLQJO\VHOIUHOLDQW DQGLURQLFDOO\DEOHWRGHYHORSDULJKWVRULHQWHGGLVFRXUVHZLWKWKHXQZLOO LQJKHOSRIWKH&KLQHVHUHJLPHLWVHOI

Notes    7KHTXHVWLRQZDVSRVWHGDWKWWSDVNERG\LJRUJ"TXHVWLRQYLHZKWPO 7KHSRVWLVQRORQJHUDYDLODEOH    7KHVH ´)RXU )UHHGRPVµ ZHUH SXW IRUZDUG E\ )UDQNOLQ 5RRVHYHOW LQ KLV  6WDWH RI WKH 8QLRQ DGGUHVV 7KH\ VHHP WR EH RI VSHFLDO LQWHUHVW WR 7LEHWDQV

This content downloaded from 59.120.225.187 on Tue, 11 Aug 2020 16:45:34 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms C6881.indb 89

2/22/16 1:05 PM

90











 



DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

DV RQ -DQXDU\   D 7LEHWDQ SRVVLEO\ IURP 7KH ER .DQ OKR 7LEHWDQ $X WRQRPRXV 3UHIHFWXUH *DQVX 3URYLQFH  JRLQJ E\ WKH QDPH RI 7KH ER 6DQJV UJ\DVSRVWHGDUHSOLFDRIWKHSDLQWLQJE\1RUPDQ5RFNZHOOUHSUHVHQWLQJ WKHVH ´)RXU )UHHGRPVµ ZLWK DQ H[SODQDWLRQ RI WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH SDLQWLQJ VHHZZZWLEHWFPFRPKWPOKLVWBKWPO    (PLO\