Estimation of Interstate Migration in Peninsular Malaysia, 1947 - 1970 9789814377522

Table of contents :
CONTENTS
1: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION
II: METHODS OF MEASURING INTERNAL MIGRATION
III: ESTIMATE OF INTERSTATE MIGRATION
IV: RESULTS OF ESTIMATION

Citation preview

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Page

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for All Races by Sex, 1970

13

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Malays by Sex, 1970

14

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Chinese by Sex, 1970

15

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Indians by Sex, 1970

16

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for All Races by Sex, 195 7

17

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Malays by Sex, 1957

18

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Chinese by Sex, 1957

19

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Indians by Sex, 1957

20

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for All Races by Sex, 194 7

21

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Malays by Sex, 1947

22

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Chinese by Sex, 194 7

23

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Indians by Sex, 194 7

24

Intercensal Internal Migration for All Races by Sex, 1957-1970

25

In tercensal Internal Migration for Malays by Sex, 1957-1970

26

- 11 -

Table No. 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

Page

Intercensal Internal Migration for Chinese by Sex, 1957-1970

27

lntercensal Internal Migration for Indians by Sex, 1957-1970

28

In tercensal Internal Migration for All Races by Sex, 1947-1957

29

Intercensal Internal Migration for Malays by Sex, 1947-1957

30

Intercensal Internal Migration for Chinese by Sex, 1947-1957

31

Intercensal Internal Migration for Indians by Sex, 1947-1957

32

Internal Migration m Peninsular Malaysia, 194 7-19 70

33

The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies

The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies was established as an autonomous organization in May 1968. It is a regional research centre for scholars and other specialists concerned with modem Southeast Asia. The Institute's research interest is focused on the many-faceted problems of development and modernization, and political and social change in Southeast Asia. The Institute is governed by a twenty-four member Board of Trustees on which are represented the National University of Singapore, appointees from the government, as well as representatives from a broad range of professional and civic organizations and groups. A ten-man Executive Committee oversees day-to-day operations; it is chaired by the Director, the Institute's chief academic and administrative officer. The responsibility for facts and opmwns expressed in this publication rests exclusively with the authors and their interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views or the policy of the Institute or its supporters.

"Copyright subsists in this publication under the United Kingdom Copyright Act, 1911, and the Singapore Copyright Act (Cap. 187). No person shall reproduce a copy of this publication, or extracts therefrom, without the written permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore."

ESTIMATION OF INTERSTATE MIGRATION IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, 1947-1970

by

Saw Swee-Hock

Research Notes and Discussions Paper No. 24 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 1980

CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

1:

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION

1

II:

METHODS OF MEASURING INTERNAL MIGRATION

2

III:

ESTIMATE_ OF INTERSTATE MIGRATION

8

IV:

RESULTS OF ESTIMATION

33

1:

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION

One generally accepted definition of internal migration IS change of residence from one community, or other clearly defined geographical unit, to another within the national boundaries. But this definition is not entirely free from ambiguities. There are people who do not have a fixed residence, and even for those who have one it may be difficult to distinguish between "migrants" and "local movers". In fact, it is somewhat difficult to separate local movers from migrants in a way that is satisfactory for all purposes. The only practical way, for statistical purposes, is to set up boundaries the crossing of which in a specified time interval in the act of changing residence will constitute migration. From the theoretical point of view, the term "migration" is reserved for those changes of residence that involve a complete change and readjustment of the community affiliations of the individual. In the process of changing his community of residence, the migrant tends simultaneously to change employers, friends, neighbours and many other social and economic ties. The local mover by contrast may simply move across the street or to a house a few blocks away. Very likely he retains his same job, breaks no community ties, and maintains most of his informal social relationship. The boundaries that are established for separating migrants from nonmigrants should make this distinction, if only roughly. When migration-defining boundaries are selected, there is little choice m most cases. The census data or other statistics must necessarily follow civil boundaries of some kind. This means that for most practical purposes the administrative area or the state is taken as the migration-defining boundary because statistical data are only available for the administrative unit or state for the purpose of migration analysis. In this study the area units or the migration-defining boundaries are the eleven states in Peninsular Malaysia and the time reference is determined by the dates of the population censuses. Apart from the general concept of internal migration, there are quite a number of terms that need to be defined and these are discussed below.

- 2 -

Lifetime interstate migration refers to migration that has occurred Within the boundaries of a country, between the state of birth and the state of residence at the time of the census. A lifetime in-migrant is a person enumerated in a given state at a particular census and born outside the state of enumeration but within the national boundaries. A lifetime out-migrant is a person born in a given state and enumerated outside the state but within the national boundaries in a given census. Lifetime net migration is the difference between the number of lifetime in-migrants and the number of lifetime out-migrants.

An in-migrant is a migrant who crosses a state-defining boundary in a given time interval in the process of changing residence and entering a given state from another within the same country. An out-migrant is a migrant who crosses a state-defining boundary in a given time interval while departing from one state to reside in another within the same country. Net internal migration is the migration balance of a state and it consists of the number of in-migrants minus the number of out-migrants. The net balance may be either positive, representing a net gain to that state, or negative, representing a net loss to that state.

II:

METHQDS OF MEASURING INTERNAL MIGRATION

Direct Method The direct method of measuring internal migration in a country requires the continuous recording of persons who change their residence across migrationdefining boundaries during a stated period of time. This system of collecting data on internal migration necessitates the establishment of an efficient administrative machinery in every state whereby a migrant can report his change of residence to the state he enters as well as to the state he leaves. This type of machinery will provide the basic data of in-migrants and out-migrants for any specified state of the country. Of course, this sytem will only be workable if it is compulsory

- 3 -

for all migrants to make a report of their change of residence to the respective authorities; otherwise, information on internal migration will not be complete. The statistics collected through this system of continuous resident registration not only provide the number of cases of net and gross migration in each state, but also indicate the direction of migration between the states of the country. The other advantages of this system are that these data can reveal the number of events of migration instead of migrants and hence the dynamics of migration can be studied in terms of short periods of time such as on a monthly or yearly basis.

Indirect Method

Vital Statistics Method This method reqmres a reliable system of birth and death registration and two or more reasonably good consecutive censuses with age tabulations for each state. If these data are available, it is possible to estimate the amount of net migration that has taken place within the various states of the country. In order to estimate the net migration for a state, it is only necessary that the data should have been tabulated for the state for which the estimate is desired. The state boundaries then become the migration-defining boundaries for the purpose of the estimate. This method assumes that for any specified state the total final population p+x separated by a time interval x is obviously related by p+x = P + B - D + M where total B, D, and M are respectively the births, deaths, and net migrants during the time interval. If all but the net migrants are known accurately, the latter is then easily estimated by transposing the formula to M = p+x - P - (B - D)

In other words, the net migration during an interval is estimated as the excess of population growth over the natural increase in the state. A positive value

- 4 -

for M denotes net inward migration for the state and a negative value, net outward migration. In using this method, it should be noted that during the period the flow of migration may not be uniform; in fact for part of the period, the flow of migration may be inward and for the other part, outward. When the method is applied to any state within a country, the result suffers from one shortcoming in that it does not distinguish between internal migration and migration to or from other countries. Because it is computed by taking differences, the vital statistics method is also known as a residual method, and m general, relatively small errors in the basic data may produce relatively large errors in the resulting difference. The vital statistics method can yield a more accurate estimate of internal migration provided that additional information on migration to and from other countries for that particular state is known. The more refined formula for internal migration would then be M = p+x- P- (B -D) + E- I

where E refers to emigration and I immigration. The prereqms1te statistics for E and I for the various states of a country are very rarely available and this renders the application of this refined method impossible.

Survival Rate Method

The survival rate method is similar to the vital statistics method and also produces the result as a residual. It is used where the necessary death statistics are not available for the vital statistics method to be adopted; in some instances, it may be used as a matter of convenience even though the required death statistics are on hand. The survival rate method itself can be subdivided into (a) Forward Formula, (b) Reverse Formula and (c) the Average Formula method of measuring internal migration.

- 5 -

(a)

Forward Formula

This method makes use of the age distribution of the population for a state in two consecutive censuses, usually separated by a time interval of ten years. The principle underlying this method is that if two censuses are taken exactly ten years apart, the population that is age x at the first census will be age x+ 10 at the second. The actual number of people enumerated at the older age at the second census will compose of the number of $Urvivors from the cohort (the initial population) plus net migrants. It follows that if we have a set of ten-year survival ratios 10Rx applicable to each cohort, we can calculate the expected number of survivors by multiplying the initial population by the survival ratio. The formula 1s giVen by: R ;; pz+10 x+10 - 10 X

pz

X

;; net migration;

where pz+10 x+10

= population 10 years older at the second census;

= number

of expected survivors of the age group x at the first census 10 years later.

The forward survival rate formula would produce correct estimates of migration if all in-migration and all out-migration occurred at the end of the decade. fu practice the estimate of net migration obtained by the forward survival method errs in two respects. First, the method carries an implicit assumption that all deaths among the initial population occur within the state, but we know that some may actually occur outside it, especially among those who have moved out during the decade. Secondly, in-migrants during the decade who have died before the second census do not enter into the computation. The size of the error introduced by these assumptions depends upon the size and timing of out-migration and in-migration during the decade.

- 6 -

(b)

Reverse Formula

The difference between this method and the one just discussed above is that in this method the ten-year survival ratio 10~ is divided into the corresponding population P~tl~ ~ enumer(lted in the second census, which is ten years older at the end of the decade to obtain an estimate of the number living at an age ten years younger at its beginning. This number is compared with the enumerated population at the first census to obtain an estimate of net migration. Thus,

Pi

=

P~"tl~ 10~

_ pz X

The reverse survival rate formula would produce correct estimates of migration if all in-migration and all out-migration occurred at the beginning of the decade. On the one hand, the reverse survival rate formula yields an overstatement of net migration because the method includes the hypothetical deaths among in-migrants before they actually migrated. On t~e other hand, an understatement is introduced because no allowance is made for deaths after out-migration among the initial population.

(c)

Average Formula

Because of the contrary nature of the implied errors in the forward and reverse survival rate methods, an average of the two would seemingly appear to yield an improved estimate of net migration. The average formula becomes

=

1 + 10Rx 2 • 10

R

z+10 z {Px+10 - 10~ · Px)

X

The average survival rate method yields the same result as the vital statistics method when there is an even flow of in-migration and out-migration during the decade or when all migration is assumed to occur at the middle of the decade.

- 7 -

Place-of-birth Method The census data on place of birth can be used indirectly to measure internal migration of any country. With this information, we can derive the population born in each state and enumerated outside the state of birth but within the same C01P1try. Therefore, using data from a single census, we can calculate out-migration from any state as the difference between the number born in the state and the number among them still resident in the state at the time of the census. In-migration will be the difference between the total residents of the state born within the country and the number among them hom within the state of enumeration. The difference between in-migration and out-migration yields the net migration to or from one state to another. If I stands for the number of persons enumerated in a state and born elsewhere in the country and 0 the number of people born in the state and enumerated elsewhere in the country, we may define I as the lifetime inmigrants to the state and 0 as the lifetime out-migrants from the state. The difference between these two (I - 0) is known as the lifetime net migrants (M). I, 0, and M are estimates of in-migration, out-migration, and net migration that have occurred in the past prior to the census date, and do not refer to

migration during any specified period. They belong to the category of stock data which reflect the balance sheet as of the census day of the net effect of interstate migration and mortality among the migrants of the past. They can, however, be manipulated to yield an estimate of interstate migration during the intercensal period by utilizing two sets of census data on place of birth. If I1, 01 and M1 are the lifetime in-migrants, lifetime out-migrants and net lifetime migrants of a given state in a census and 12, o 2 , and M 2 the corresponding quantities in a second census, the difference (12 - 02) - (I 1 - 01) may be taken as an estimate of net migrants to this state during the intercensal period. This is the usual method of estimating intercensal net migration to a state from place-of-birth data.

We may express the above formula m a slightly different form as follows:

I 2 - I 1 = net migrants during the intercensal period to the state among persons born outside the state;

- 8 -

= net migrants during the intercensal

period to the state among persons born in the state; and the sum: (I2- I1) + (01 - 02}

=

total net migrants during the intercensal period to the state.

This form has an advantage in that it gives two components of net migration, namely, net migration among persons born in the state and net migration among persons born elsewhere in the country. In our discussion, we have considered migration between one state and all other states; the same formula can be used for estimating migration between any two states of the country.

III:

ESTIMATE OF INTERSTATE MIGRATION

Lifetime Migration The mam source of information on internal migration m Peninsular Malaysia is the data on place of birth collected in population censuses. In the three postwar censuses conducted in 1947, 1957, and 1970, there are figures showing the number of persons classified by race and sex enumerated in a state and hom in each state. The same data can be arranged to show the number of persons classified by race and sex hom in a state and enumerated in each state. To obtain the estimates of lifetime in-migration of each state, we add up the number of people hom in each of the other states of Peninsular Malaysia who were enumerated in each state. Similarly, to obtain the estimate of lifetime out-migration of each state, we add up the number of people hom in each state who were enumerated in other states within Peninsular Malaysia.

- 9 -

An illustration of this method Census for both sexes of All Races:

Enumerated in each state, born elsewhere in Peninsular Malaysia (Lifetime in.mi~nts)

State

IS

shown below m respect of the 1970

Born in each state, enumerated elsewhere in Peninsular Malaysia (Lifetime out-migrants)

Difference of (1) and (2) (Lifetime net migrants)

(1)

(2)

(3)

Johore

81,581

86,565

- 4,984

Kedah

78,408

103,765

-25,357

Kelantan

19,669

67,497

-47,325

The first column giVes the total number of people who were enumerated in a particular state but hom elsewhere in Peninsular Malaysia. These figures represent the lifetime in-migration for the various states. They tell us how many of the people enumerated in a particular state in 1970 were born in the other ten states of Peninsular Malaysia. The second column shows us the number of people hom in each state who were enumerated in the other ten states of Peninsular Malaysia in 1970. The last column in the table is obtained by subtracting the second column from the first; it gives the lifetime net migration, that is, the balance in the exchange of local born population between each state and the rest of the country. As an example, the 1970 figures for Johore may be interpreted m this manner: First column

81,581 persons of All Races were enumerated m J ohore and born outside J ohore but within Peninsular Malaysia;

Second column

86,565 persons of All Races were born in Johore and enumerated outside Johore but within Peninsular Malaysia;

Third column

This gives a net loss of 4,984 to the state of Johore as a result of migration within the country.

- 10 -

The estimates of lifetime in-migrants, out-migrants, and net migrants have been separately constructed for each of the three main races, the Malays, the Chinese and the Indians, and of course for the All Races combined. Separate figures for each sex of these four population groups have also been computed. The results of the computation for 1970, 1957 and 1947 are given in full in Tables 1-12.

Intercensal Migration The figures giVen m Tables 1-12 do not refer to interstate migration m any defined period of time. For example, the figures for Johore in Table 1 show that there were 81,581 people born in other states of Peninsular Malaysia and enumerated in J ohore, but this does not give a picture of in-migration per time interval. Likewise, the figure of 86,565 out-migrants from Johore to the other states reflects past migration in the sense that some time in the past these Johoreborn people have moved to the other states. We do not know when they moved. In order to estimate the magnitude of migration during the intercensal period for each state, we have to apply the formula M = (I2 - 02) - (11 - 01) . To measure the net intercensal migration during the period 1957-1970 for each state within Peninsular Malaysia, we will therefore apply the above formula as follows: M1957-1970 where

M1957-1970 =

the net migration for each state during the period 1957-1970; lifetime in-migrants as estimated m the 1970 census for each state; lifetime out-migrants as estimated m the 19 70 census for each state;

=

lifetime in-migrants as estimated m the 1957 census for each state;

=

lifetime out-migrants as estimated m the 19 57 census for each state.

- 11 -

In estimating net internal migration during the intercensal period 194 7-19 57, the same formula is used. It is noted that the above formula does not take into consideration mortality of the migrants recorded ~n the 1957 Census and some of these 1957 migrants would have died before the 1970 Census was taken. However, statistics of deaths among the 1957 migrants at state levels are not available and we have to resort to survival ratios for each race by sex derived from the census data. The survival ratio denoted by S is obtained as follows:

Cohort population ten years older in P. Malaysia S = at 1970 Census Same population in P. Malaysia in 1957 Census The survival ratios derived from the population of Peninsular Malaysia and applied to persons born outside the state of enumeration by race and by sex for the period 1957-1970 and 1947-1957 have been computed and they are given below: 1957-1970 Male

Race

Female

1947-1957 Male

Female

All Races

0.8425

0.8737

0.8178

0.8772

Malays

0.8495

0.8425

0.8727

0.8943

Chinese

0.7917

0.8968

0. 7953

0.8761

Indian

0.8886

0.8350

0.7708

0.8631

To obtain a slightly better estimate of net intercensal migration for each of the eleven states in Peninsular Malaysia for the period 1957-1970, we will modify the previous formula by correcting the figures for mortality. The formula may now be stated as: M1957-1970 =

= =

I197o - o197o - SI1957 + so1957

- 12 -

All the computations for the intercensal migration estimates for each state betwen 1957 and 1970, and also between 1947 and 1957 are based on this formula. This form has an advantage in that it gives two components of net migration, namely, net migration among persons hom in the state and net migration among persons hom elsewhere. To illustrate this method, we will take the lifetime migration estimates for Johore for All Races males for 1970 and 1957 shown in Tables 1 and 5. The number of lifetime in-migrants for 1970 was 41,712 and the corresponding number of lifetime in-migrants for 1957 was 29,867, while the lifetime outmigrants for the two census dates were 46,913 and 21,423 for 1970 and 1957 respectively. Therefore, the net intercensal migration for out-of-state born and in-state hom is:

(41, 712 - 0.8425

X

= (41,712- 25,163) = 16,549

29,867) + (0.8425

X

21,423 - 46,913)

+ (18,049 - 46,913)

+ (-28,864)

- 12,315 From the above computation we can analyse the two components of migration. The figure 16,549 tells us that during the period 1957-1970 there were 16,549 local hom males of All Races who moved from the other ten states to Johore; and at the same time there were 28,864 Johore-bom males of All Races who migrated to the other ten states in Peninsular Malaysia. As a result there was a net loss of 12,315 males of All Races for the state of Johore during the intercensal period 1957-1970. The estimates of intercensal migration for each state of Pen.in:mlar Malaysia during the two intercensal periods 1957-1970 and 1947-1957 are giVen in full in Tables 13 to 20. These tables provide the net migration among persons hom in the state and those born outside the state separately. The sum of these two components shown in the last column represents the net gam or loss of each state for the intercensal period.

- 13 -

Table 1:

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for All Races by Sex, 1970

State

Lifetime In-Migrants

Lifetime Out-Migrants

Lifetime Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

81,581 78,408 19,669 47,805 75,162 107,113 91,060 105,678 16,317 293,928 36,959

86,565 103,765 67,497 88,130 96,762 41,315 111,147 219,990 13,241 94,257 31,011

-

4,984 - 25,357 - 47,828 - 40,325 - 21,600 + 65,798 - 20,087 -114,312 + 3,076 +199,671 + 5,948

Males johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Per lis Selangor Trengganu

41,712 38,252 11,208 23,623 38,751 58,507 42,953 52,706 7,990 154,946 20,116

46,913 52,664 36,434 45,961 50,385 20,764 54,603 112,565 6,748 47,326 16,401

-

5,201 - 14,412 - 25,226 - 22,338 - 11,634 + 37,743 - 11,650 - 59,859 + 1,242 +107,620 + 3,715

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

39,869 40,156 8,461 24,182 36,411 48,606 48,107 52,972 8,327 138,982 16,843

39,652 51,101 31,063 42,169 46,377 20,551 56,544 107,425 6,493 46,931 14,610

+ 217 - 10,945 - 22,602 - 17,987 9,966 + 28,055 - 8,437 - 54,453 + 1,834 + 92,051 + 2,233

-

- 14 .

Table 2:

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Malays by Sex, 19 70

State

Lifetime In-Migrants

Lifetime Out-Migrants

Lifetime Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Pedis Selangor Trengganu

41,904 43,790 13,686 21,993 33,565 65,618 35,796 56,026 10,498 153,608 31,006

47,311 58,808 61,954 54,214 50,727 19,481 48,187 96,400 8,252 34,387 27,769

-

5,407 - 15,018 - 48,268 - 32,221 - 17,162 + 46,137 - 12,391 - 40,374 + 2,246 +119,221 + 3,237

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Pedis Selangor Trengganu

22,421 21,424 7,680 11,315 18,769 35,957 17,795 29,219 5,065 84,140 16,601

26,144 31,294 33,699 28,953 27,458 10,294 24,011 51,326 4,385 18,046 14,776

-

-

+

-

+

3,723 9,870 26,019 11,638 8,689 25,663 6,216 22,107 680 66,094 1,825

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

19,483 22,366 6,006 10,678 14,796 29,661 18,001 26,807 5,433 69,468 14,405

21,167 27,514 28,255 25,261 23,269 9,187 24,176 45,074 3,867 16,341 12,993

-

1,684 8,148 - 22,249 - 14,583 - 8,473 20,474 - 6,175 - 18,267 1,554 53,127 1,412 -

- 15 -

Table 3:

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Chinese by Sex, 1970

State

Lifetime ln-Migrantl

Lifetime Out-Migrants

Lifetime Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

28,431 23,163 4,782 18,146 25,088 30,236 41,211 32,498 4,617 101,314 4,876

29,213 30,810 3,764 24,835 30,963 16,553 47,936 86,238 3,998 37,228 2,821

+

-

+

+ + +

782 7,647 1,018 6,689 5,875 13,683 6,725 53,740 618 64,086 2,055

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

13,742 11,267 2,843 8,597 11,959 16,837 18,348 15,189 2,329 51,009 2,926

15,743 14,414 1,852 12,569 15,462 7,885 23,187 42,511 1,860 18,137 1,424

2,001 3,147 991 - 3,972 - 3,503 8,952 - 4,839 - 27,322 _469 32,872 1,502 -

-

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

14,689 11,896 1,939 9,549 13,129 13,399 22,863 17,309 2,287 50,305 1,950

13,470 16,396 1,912 12,266 15,501 8,668 24,749 43,727 2,138 19,091 1,397

1,219 4,500 980 - 2,717 - 2,372 4,731 - 1,886 - 26,418 149 31,214 553

- 16 -

Table 4:

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Indians by Sex, 1970

State

Lifetime ln-Migranu

Lifetime Out-Migrants

Lifetime Net Migrants

Both Sexes johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

10,658 10,824 1,095 7,312 15,957 10,981 13,400 16,291 1,020 36,714 972

9,673 13,422 1,591 8,065 14,501 5,104 13,878 36,140 786 21,701 363

+

-

+ + + + +

985 2,598

496 753 1,456 5,877 478 19.849 234 15,013 609

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

5,259 5,244 636 3,549 7,753 5,561 6,507 7,849 511 18,689 544

4,835 6,600 804 3,977 7,188 2,491 6,837 18,135 410 10,665 169

+

-

+ + + + +

424 1,356 168 428 565 3,070 330 10,286 101 8,024 375

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Per lis Selangor Trengganu

5,399 5,580 459 3,763 8,204 5,420 6,893 8,442 509 18,025 428

4,838 6,822 787 4,088 7,313 2,613 7,041 18,005 376 11,036 194

+

+ +

+ + +

561 1,242 328 325 891 2,807 148 9,563 133 6,989 234

- 17 -

Table 5:

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for All Races by Sex, 1957

State

Lifetime In-Migrants

Lifetime Out-Migrants

Lifetime Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Pedis Selangor Trengganu

55,943 59,977 10,522 24,238 52,182 41,186 48,674 76,597 10,793 116,807 18,491

40,497 53,925 27,631 49,452 49,295 23,207 79,515 108,003 6,690 61,372 15,823

+ + + + + + +

15,446 6,052 17,109 25,214 2,887 17,979 30,841 31,406 4,103 55,435 2,668

+ +

8,444 1,286 8,979 13,805 890 9,857 14,487 16,325 1,784 29,928 1,407

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Pedis Selangor Trengganu

29,867 29,252 6,016 12,293 27,592 22,318 24,134 39,780 5,249 61,552 10,080

21,423 27,966 14,955 26,098 26,702 12,461 38,261 56,105 3,465 31,624 8,673

-

+ +

+ + +

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Pedis Selangor Trengganu

26,076 30,725 4,506 11,945 24,590 18,868 24,540 36,817 5,544 55,255 8,411

19,074 25,959 12,636 23,354 22,593 10,746 40,894 51,898 3,225 29,748 7,150

+ +

-

+ + + + +

7,002 4,766 8,130 11,409 1,997 8,122 16,354 15,081 2,319 25,507 1,261

. 18 .

Table 6:

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Malays by Sex, 1957

Stage

Lifetime

Lifetime

Lifetime

In-Migrants

Out-Migrants

Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan MaJacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

27,225 32,712 7,481 8,013 18,676 22,163 17,640 39,403 6,948 56,658 15,545

19,254 30,653 24,521 28,010 23,831 10,175 36,400 44,581 4,163 16,555 14,321

+ 7,971 + 2,059 . 17,040 . 19,997 - 5,155 + 11,988 - 18,760 - 5,178 + 2,785 + 40,103 + 1,224

Males

Johore Kedah Kelantan MaJacca Negri SembiJan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

15,563 15,948 4,306 4,244 10,690 12,357 9,042 21,635 3,324 30,891 8,440

10,488 16,379 13,417 15,537 13,895 5,677 17,893 23,937 2,222 9,152 7,843

+

-

+

+ + +

5,075 431 9,111 11,293 3,205 6,680 8,851 2,302 1,102 21,739 597

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan MaJacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis SeJangor Trengganu

11,662 16,764 3,175 3,769 7,986 9,806 8,598 17,768 3,624 25,767 7,105

8,766 14,274 11,104 12,473 9,936 4,498 18,507 20,644 1,941 7,403 6,478

+ +

.

+

+ + +

2,896 2,490 7,929 8,704 1,950 5,308 9,909 2,876 1,683 18,364 627

- 19 -

Table 7:

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Chinese by Sex, 1957

State

Lifetime In-Migrants

Lifetime Out-Migrants

Lifetime Net-Migrants

Both Sexes johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

20,376 17,682 2,239 11,892 22,545 14,203 23,723 24,477 .3,319 39,501 2,398

16,014 15,852 2,235 15,548 16,121 10,119 31,929 41,731 1,754 29,749 1,303

+ + + -

+ +

-

+ + +

4,362 1,830 4 3,656 6,424 4,084 8,206 17,254 1,565 9,752 1,095

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

10,121 8,527 1,249 5,886 11,395 7,497 11,548 11,784 1,650 20,302 1,339

8,345 7,973 1,136 7,670 8,176 5,279 15,180 21,214 848 14,746 731

+ 1,776 + +

+ +

+ + +

554 113 1,784 3,219 2,218 3,632 9,430 802 5,556 608

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

10,255 9,155 990 6,006 11,150 6,706 12,175 12,693 1,669 19,199 1,059

7,669 7,879 1,099 7,878 7,945 4,840 16,749 20,517 906 15,003 572

+ + -

+ +

-

+ + +

2,586 1,276 109 1,872 3,205 1,866 4,574 7,824 763 4,196 487

- 20 -

Table 8:

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Indians by Sex, 1957

State

Lifetime In-Migrants

Lifetime Out-Migrants

Lifetime Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

7,167 8,833 574 3,721 9,393 4,158 6,280 10,866 891 16,801 408

4,497 6,613 598 4,728 7,820 2,379 9,736 18,903 585 13,067 166

+ +

+ + -

+ + +

2,670 2,220 24 1,007 1,573 1,779 3,456 8,037 306 3,734 242

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

3,573 4,345 340 1,850 4,717 2,107 3,044 5,443 477 8,478 226

2,216 3,239 315 2,343 3,862 1,190 4,822 9,517 314 6,694 88

+ + + + +

-

+ + +

1,357 1,106 25 493 855 917 1,778 4,074 163 1,784 138

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

3,594 4,488 234 1,871 4,676 2,051 3,236 5,423 414 8,323 182

2,281 3,374 283 2,385 3,958 1,189 4,914 9,386 271 6,373 78

+ + + +

+ + +

1,313 1,114 49 514 718 862 1,678 3,963 143 1,950 104

- 21 -

Table 9:

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for All Races by Sex, 194 7

Lifetime State

In-Migrants

Lifetime Out-Migrants

Lifetime Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

27,346 35,976 4,618 8,946 22,249 17,553 20,897 34,725 5,648 42,240 7,596

11,784 18,392 8,972 22,031 19,692 8,142 46,887 49,763 2,150 32,645 7,336

15,562 17,584 4,354 - 13,085 2,557 9,411 - 25,990 - 15,038 3,498 9,595 260

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

14,771 18,408 3,038 4,305 11,834 9,134 10,696 17,325 2,871 22,324 4,200

6,125 9,319 4,830 11,730 11,226 4,590 22,740 26,208 1,131 16,912 4,087

8,646 9,089 - 1,792 - 7,425 609 4,544 12,044 8,883 1,740 5,412 113

-

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

12,575 17,568 1,580 4,641 10,414 8,419 10,201 17,400 2,777 19,916 3,396

5,659 9,073 4,142 10,301 8,466 3,552 24,147 23,555 1,019 15,733 3,249

6,916 8,495 - 2,562 5,660 1,948 4,867 - 13,946 - 6,155 1,758 4,183 147 --~·----

- 22 -

Table 10:

Lifetime In-Migrants. Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Malays by Sex, 194 7

State

Lifetime In-Migrantli

Lifetime Out-Migrants

Lifetime Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

11,676 21,196 3,465 3,341 7,939 8,868 8,746 17,351 3,574 22,972 6,620

6,176 10,953 7,956 12,767 11,223 4,213 23,253 22,693 1,622 7,964 6,928

+ 5,500 + 10,243 - 4,491 - 9,426 3,284 + 4,655 14,507 - 5,342 + 1,952 + 15,008 308

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

6,587 11,040 2,418 1,757 4,610 4,763 4,717 8,925 1,813 12,561 3,690

3,306 5,577 4,336 7,171 6,897 2,527 11,510 12,377 867 4,432 3,874

+ + -

+ -

+ +

3,281 5,463 1,918 5,414 2,287 2,236 6,793 3,452 946 8,129 184

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

5,089 10,156 1,047 1,584 3,329 4,105 4,029 8,426 1,761 10,411 2,930

2,870 5,376 3,620 5,596 4,326 1,686 11,743 10,316 755 3,532 3,054

+ +

+

-

+ +

2,219 4,780 2,573 4,012 997 2,419 7, 714 1,890 1,006 6,879 124

- 23 -

Table 11:

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Chinese by Sex, 194 7

State

Lifetime In-Migrants

Lifetime Out-Migrants

Lifetime Net Migrants

Both Sexea johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

11,380 9,544 928 3,746 9,278 6,614 8,424 12,008 1,693 12,088 696

3,878 4,782 ~1

6,533 5,189 2,743 18,001 16,788 341 17,249 314

+ + +

-

+ +

-

+

-

+

7,502 4,762 347 2,787 4,089 3,871 9,577 4,780 1,352 5,161 382

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

6,040 4,682 496 1,666 4,733 3,312 4,133 5,734 857 6,161 351

1,965 2,421 281 3,277 2,638 1,485 8,401 8,612 166 8,759 160

+ + + -

+ +

+ +

4,075 2,261 215 1,611 2,095 1,827 4,268 2,878 691 2,598 191

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Per lis Selangor Trengganu

5,340 4,862 432 2,080 4,545 3,302 4,291 6,274 836 5,927 345

1,913 2,361 300 3,256 2,551 1,258 9,600 8,176 175 8,490 154

+ + +

-

+ +

-

-

+

-

+

3,427 2,501 132 1,176 1,994 2,044 5,309 1,902 661 2,563 191

- 24 -

Table 12:

Lifetime In-Migrants, Out-Migrants and Net Migrants for Indians by Sex, 194 7

State

Lifetime In-Migrants

Lifetime Out-Migrants

Lifetime Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Per lis Selangor Trengganu

3,793 4,951 197 1,468 4,214 1,720 3,200 4,353 336 5,325 157

1,466 2,283 280 2,028 2,611 827 4,815 8,952 91 6,281 80

+ 2,327 +

+ +

+ +

2,668 83 560 1,603 893 1,615 4,599 245 956 77

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Per lis Selangor Trengganu

1,894 2,544 111 697 2,102 862 1,571 2,167 175 2,689 95

714 1,122 138 960 1,347 414 2,451 4,539 46 3,132 44

+ + +

+ -

+

+

1,180 1,422 27 263 755 448 880 2,372 129 443 51

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

1,899 2,407 86 771 2,112 858 1,629 2,186 161 2,636 62

752 1,161 142 1,068 1,264 413 2,364 4,413 45 3,149 36

+ 1,147 +

+ +

+ +

1,246 56 297 848 445 735 2,227 116 513 26

- 25 -

Table 13:

Intercensal Internal Migration for All Races by Sex, 1957-1970

State

Out-of-State Born Migrants

In-State Born Migrants

Total Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

33,635 26,919 10,663 27,012 30,432 71,825 49,286 39,996 7,051 193,794 21,118

- 51,851 - 57,524 - 43,857 - 45,738 - 54,526 - 21,428 - 43,183 -127,379 - 7,504 - 41,623 - 17,457

+ + -

18,216 30,605 33,194 18,726 24,094 50,397 6,103 87,383 453 +152,171 + 3,661

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

16,549 13,607 6,139 13,266 15,505 39,704 22,620 19,191 3,568 103,088 11,624

-

28,864 29,103 23,834 23,973 27,889 10,266 22,368 65,297 - 3,829 - 20,683 9,094

-

12,315 15,496 17,695 10,707 12,384 29,438 252 46,106 261 + 82,405 + 2,530

+ + -

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

17,086 13,312 4,524 13,746 14,927 32,121 26,666 20,805 3,483 90,706 9,494

-

22,987 28,421 20,023 21,765 26,637 11,162 20,815 62,082 - 3,675 - 20,940 - 8,363

-

5,901 - 15,109 - 15,499 8,019 - 11,710 + 20,959 + 5,851 - 41,277 192 + 69,766 + 1,131

-

- 26 -

Table 14:

Intercensal Internal Migration for Malays by Sex, 1957-1970

-------~~~~~~~--~-----------------------------------------

State

Out-of-State Born Migrants

In-State Born Migrants

Total Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

18,858 16,118 7,353 15,213 17,756 46,859 20,871 22,677 4,621 105,657 17,850

-

31,016 32,868 41,201 30,506 30,552 10,868 17,395 - 58,673 - 4,729 - 20,375 - 15,648

+ + +

12,158 16,750 33,848 15,293 12,796 35,991 3,476 35,996 108 + 85,282 + 2,202

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Pedis Selangor Trengganu

9,200 7,876 4,022 7,710 9,688 25,460 10,114 10,840 2,241 57,898 9,431

-

-

17,234 17,380 22,301 15,754 15,654 5,471 8,811 30,992 2,497 10,271 8,113

-

-

+ + + +

8,034 9,504 18,279 8,044 5,966 19,989 1,303 20,152 256 47,627 1,318

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

9,658 8,242 3,331 7,503 8,068 21,399 10,757 11,837 2,380 47,759 8,419

- 13,782 15,488 18,900 - 14,752 - 14,898 - 5,397 - 8,584 - 27,681 - 2,232 10,104 7,535 -----------------

-

+ + + + +

4,124 7,246 15,569 7,249 6,830 16,002 2,173 15,844 148 37,655 844

- 27 -

Table 15:

Intercensal Internal Migration for Chinese by Sex, 1957-1970

State

Out.of-State Born Migrants

In-State Born Migrants

Total Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

11,221 8,202 2,905 8,100 6,068 18,287 21,149 11,786 1,813 68,023 2,866

- 15,728 - 17,432 1,879 - 11,698 - 17,365 - 8,033 - 20,897 - 51,043 - 2,513 - 12,099 1,729

-

-

-

-

+

+

+ + +

4,507 9,230 1,026 3,598 11,297 10,254 252 39,257 700 55,924 1,137

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

5,729 4,516 1,854 3,937 2,938 10,902 9,205 5,860 1,023 34,936 1,866

-

9,136 8,102 953 6,497 - 8,989 - 3,706 - 11,169 - 25,716 - 1,188 - 6,463 845

-

-

-

+

-

+ -

+ +

3,407 3,586 901 2,560 6,051 7,196 1,964 19,856 165 28,473 1,021

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

5,492 3,686 1,051 4,163 3,130 7,385 11,944 5,926 790 33,08 7 1,000

6,592 9,330 926 - 5,201 - 8,376 - 4,327 - 9,728 - 25,327 1,325 - 5,636 884 -

-

-

+

-

-

+ + + +

1,100 5,644 125 1,038 5,246 3,058 2,216 19,401 535 27,451 116

- 28 -

Table 16:

Inte:rcen&al Internal Migration for Indians by Sex, 1957-1970

State

Out-of-State Bom Migrants

In-State Born Migrants

Total Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Per lis Selangor Trengganu

4,482 3,216 598 4,106 7,861 7,396 7,993 6,926 250 22,230 619

-

-

-

-

5,799 7,727 1,075 3,992 7,764 3,054 5,490 19,846 281 10,432 220

-

+

+ + +

+ +

1,317 4,511 477 114 97 4,342 2,503 12,920 31 11,798 399

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

2,084 1,383 334 1,905 3,561 3,689 3,802 3,012 87 11,155 343

-

-

-

-

2,866 3,722 524 1,895 3,756 1,434 2,552 9,678 131 4,717 91

-

+ + +

-

+ +

782 2,339 190 10 195 2,255 1,250 6,666 44 6,438 252

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

2,398 1,833 264 2,201 4,300 3,707 4,191 3,914 163 11,075 276

-

2,933 4,005 551 - 2,097 - 4,008 - 1,620 - 2,938 - 10,168 150 5,715 129 -

-

535 2,172 287 + 104 + 292 + 2,087 + 1,253 6,254 13 + + 5,360 + 147 -

-

- 29 -

Table 1 7:

Intercensal Internal Migration for All Races by Sex, 194 7-195 7

State

Out-of-State Born Migrants

In-State Born Migrants

Total Net Migrants

Both Sexes johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

35,033 29,512 6,652 15,646 33,369 26,331 30,979 47,166 6,010 81,080 12,077

-

30,524 38,345 20,008 30,823 32,688 16,037 39,376 65,908 4,871 - 33,740 - 9,631

-

+

-

+ +

+ + +

4,509 8,833 13,356 15,177 681 10,294 8,397 18,742 1,139 47,340 2,446

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

19,988 14,198 3,532 8,772 17,914 14,848 15,387 25,612 2,902 43,295 6,645

-

-

-

16,414 20,345 11,005 16,505 17,521 8,407 19,664 34,672 2,540 17,793 5,331

+

+ + -

+ + +

3,574 6,147 7,473 7,733 393 6,441 4,277 9,060 362 25,502 1,314

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

15,045 15,314 3,120 6,874 15,455 11,483 15,592 21,554 3,108 37,785 5,432

- 14,110 - 18,000 - 9,003 - 14,318 - 15,167 - 7,630 - 19,712 - 31,236 - 2,331 - 15,947 4,300

+

-

+ +

-

+ + +

935 2,686 5,883 7,444 288 3,853 4,120 9,682 777 21,838 1,132

- 30 -

Table 18:

lntercensal Internal Migration for Malays by Sex, 1947-1957

State

Out-of-State Born Migrants

In-State Born Migrants

Total Net Migrants

Both Sexes johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Pedis Selangor Trengganu

16,926 13,994 4,435 5,063 11,676 14,335 9,920 24,079 3,791 36,385 9,705

-

13,802 20,978 17,500 16,747 13,943 - 6,462 - 15,853 - 24,554 - 2,731 - 9,528 - 8,209

+

-

+

+ + +

3,124 6,984 13,065 11,684 2,267 7,873 5,933 475 1,060 26,857 1,496

Males johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Pedis Selangor Trengganu

9,815 6,313 2,196 2,711 6,667 8,200 4,925 13,846 1,742 19,929 5,220

- 7,603 - 11,512 - 9,633 9,279 - 7,876 - 3,472 - 7,848 - 13,136 1,465 - 5,284 - 4,462

-

+

-

+

+ + + +

2,212 5,199 7,437 6,568 1,209 4,728 2,923 710 277 14,645 758

Females johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

7,111 7,681 2,239 2,352 5,009 6,135 4,995 10,233 2,049 16,456 4,485

-

6,199 9,466 7,867 - 7,468 6,067 2,990 8,005 - 11,418 - 1,266 4,244 - 3,747

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

+ + +

912 1,785 5,628 5,116 1,058 3,145 3,010 1,185 783 12,212 738

- 31 -

Table 19:

Intercensal Internal Migration for Chinese by Sex, 1947-1957

State

Out-of-State Born Migrants

In-State Born Migrants

Total Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

10,894 9,698 1,467 8,745 14,799 8,675 16,677 14,420 1,905 29,408 1,817

- 12,775 - 11,859 - 1,749 - 10,089 - 11,788 - 7,836 - 16,837 - 27,719 - 1,469 - 15,345 - 1,041

+ + + + +

1,881 2,161 282 1,344 3,011 839 160 13,299 436 14,063 776

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

5,317 4,803 855 4,561 7,631 4,862 8,261 7,224 968 15,402 1,060

-

6,782 6,048 913 - 5,064 - 6,078 4,098 - 8,499 - 14,365 716 7,780 604

-

-

-

+ + + + +

1,465 1,245 58 503 1,553 764 238 7,141 252 7,622 456

Females Johore Ke.dah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

5,577 4,895 612 4,184 7,168 3,813 8,416 7,196 937 14,006 757

5,993 5,811 836 5,025 - 5,710 - 3,738 - 8,338 - 13,354 753 - 7,565 437

-

-

+ + + + + +

416 916 224 841 1,458 75 78 6,158 184 6,441 320

- 32 -

Table 20:

Intercensal Internal Migration for Indians by Sex, 1947-1957

State

Out-of-State Born Migrants

In-State Born Migrants

Total Net Migrants

Both Sexes Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

4,068 4,795 414 2,519 5,950 2,753 3,663 7,309 617 12,453 281

-

3,298 4,746 369 3,066 - 4,287 - 1,704 - 5,807 - 11,595 511 - 7,935 101 -

-

+ + + + +

-

+ + +

770 49 45 547 1,663 1,049 2,144 4,286 106 4,518 180

Males Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

2,113 2,384 254 1,313 3,097 1,443 1,833 3,773 342 6,405 153

-

1,666 2,374 209 . 1,603 - 2,824 871 - 2,933 - 6,018 279 - 4,280 54

+ + + + +

-

-

+ + +

447 10 45 290 273 572 1,100 2,245 63 2,125 99

Females Johore Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Selangor Trengganu

1,955 2,411 160 1,206 2,853 1,310 1,830 3,536 275 6,048 128

-

-

-

-

1,632 2,372 160 1,463 2,867 833 2,874 5,577 232 3,655 47

+

+

-

+ + +

323 39 0 257 14 487 1,044 2,041 43 2,393 81

- 33 -

IV:

RESULTS OF ESTIMATION

A summary of the mam findings of our estimation of internal migration Is presented in Table 21. During the first postwar period 194 7-19 57, there were six states receiving a surplus of internal migrants and five states recording a net loss. Among those benefiting from a net gain are Selangor with 47,340 migrants, Pahang with 10,294, Johore with 4,509, Trengganu with 2,446, Perlis with 1,139 and Negri Sembilan with only 681. Among those suffering a net loss, Perak recorded the greatest deficit with 18,742, followed closely by Malacca with 15,177, Kelantan with 13,356, Kedah with 8,633 and Penang with 8,397. During the second postwar period 1957-1970, the number of states recording a surplus of internal migrants was reduced to four, a reflection of the narrowing in the range of attractive places for potential migrants brought about by the concentration of socio-economic progress in these areas. Not surprisingly, Selangor and Pahang continued to maintain their strong first and Table 21:

Internal Migration m Peninsular Malaysia, 1947-1970

1947-1957

1957-1970

johore

+

4,509

- 18,216

Kedah

-

8,833

- 30,605

Kelantan

- 13,356

- 33,194

Malacca

- 15,177

- 18,726

Negri Sembilan

+

681

- 24,094

Pahang

+ 10,294

+ 50,397

Penang

-

+

Perak

- 18,742

- 87,383

Perlis

+

1,139

453

Selangor

+ 47,340

+152,171

Trengganu

+

+

State

8,397

2,446

6,103

3,661

- 34 -

second pos1t10ns, the former gammg 152,171 migrants and the latter 50,397 migrants. Selangor, the most developed state and the one containing the federal capital, Kuala Lumpur, offers the greatest employment opportunities and the most modern living amenities and life-style, while Pahang has experienced large agricultural development projects such as the J engka Triangle and the Pahang-Trengganu projects. Trengganu succeeded in remaining in the surplus group of states, while Penang managed to reverse the previous adverse trend and to move into this surplus group. Among the seven states recording a net loss are three new states which could not maintain their surplus position during the second postwar period. These states are Johore, Perlis and Negri Sembilan, which suffered a loss of 18,216, 453 and 24,094 migrants, respectively. The four states which continued to suffer a loss in internal migrants are Kedah with 30,605, Kelantan with 33,194, Malacca with 18,726 and Perak with 87,383. As for the relative position, Perak remained as the state experiencing the greatest loss m the number of migrants, but the second greatest loser is now Kelantan instead of Malacca. The population growth of Peninsular Malaysia during the years after the Second World War is due mainly to natural increase rather than to international migration which has been brought under rigid immigration laws and regulations. This has resulted in a shift in interest from international migration to rural/urban migration and internal migration. The detailed results of our estimation of interstate migration have important bearings on questions of policy and the planning of action programmes in the social and economic development of the country. In many respects, they are relevant to policies with regard to the location of industrial and other economic projects and to the balance of social and economic development between the advanced and less advanced states, the rural and urban sectors, and agricultural and nonagricultural industries.

INSTITUTE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES LIST OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE RESEARCH NOTES AND DISCUSSIONS PAPERS SERIES 1

M. Mainguy, Econom£c Problems Related to Oil and Gas Exploration, 1976. 39pp. S$6.00 (Out of print)

2

R. William Liddle, Cultural and Class Pol£t£cs zn New Order Indonesia, 1977. 21pp. S$4.00 (Out of print)

3

Raja Segaran Arumugam, State and 0£/ in Burma, 1977. (Out of print)

4

Hilman Adil, Australia's Policy Towards Indonesia During Confrontat£on, 1962-66, 1977. 90pp. S$8.00 (Out of print)

5

Albert D. Moscotti, Burma's Constitution and Elections of 1974: Book, 1977. 184pp. S$13.00 (Out of print)

6

Thamsook Numnonda, Thailand and the Japanese Presence, 1941-45, 1977. 142pp. S$13.00 (Out of print)

7

Nguyen The Anh, The Withering Days of the Nguyen Dynasty, 1978. 33pp. S$4.00

8

M. Rajaretnam, Thailand's Kra Canal: (Out of print)

9

R.O. Whyte and Pauline Whyte, Rural Asian Women: 1978. 34pp. S$4.00

10

Ismail Kassim, The Polit£cs of Accommodat£on: Malaysian General Election, 1978. llOpp.

11

Leo Suryadinata, The "Overseas Chinese" in Southeast Asia and China's Foreign Policy: An Interpretative Essay, 1978. 45pp. S$5.00 (Out of print)

12

Y. Mansoor Marican, Public Personnel Administration in Malaysia, 1979. 21 pp. S$4.00

13

Norbert Hofmann, A Survey of Tourism in West Malaysia and Some SocioEconomic Implications, 1979. 48pp. S$5.00 (Out of print)

Some Issues, 1978.

36pp.

82pp.

S$5.00

A Source

S$8.00

Status and Environment,

An Analysis of the 1978 S$11.00 (Out of print)

14

B.A. Hamzah, Oil and Economic Issues in Brunei, 1980.

34pp.

S$7.50

15

Lee Yong Leng, The Razor's Edge: Boundaries and Boundary Disputes in Southeast Asia, 1980. 29pp. S$7.50

16

Anton van Naerssen, Location Factors and Linkages at the Industrial Estates of Malacca Town: Implications for a Regional Development Policy in Peninsular Malaysia, 1980. 31pp. S$7.50

17

Pradumna B. Rana, Exchange Rate Risk Under Generalized Floating: Asum Countries, 1980. 20pp. S$5.00

18

Parsudi Suparlan and Hananto Sigit, Culture and Fertility: Indonesia, 1980. 41pp. S$7.50

19

Nor Laily Aziz et al., Culture and Fertility: 92pp. S$12.50

20

Amelia B. Alfonso, Leda L. Layo and Rodolfo A. Bulatao, Culture and Fertility: The Case of the Philz'ppines, 1980. 67pp. S$9.50

21

Chang Chen-Tung, Ong Jin Hui and Peter S.J. Chen, Culture and Fertility: The Case of Singapore, 1980. 95pp. S$12.50

22

Suchart Prasithrathsint, Likhit Dhiravegin and Chavalit Siripirom, Culture and Fertility: The Case of Thailand, 1980. 68pp. S$9.50

23

Sritua Arief, A Test of Leser's Model of Household Consumption Expenditure in Malaysia and Singapore, 1980. 35pp. S$7.50

24

Saw Swee-Hock, Estimation of Interstate Migration in Peninsular Malaysia, 1947-1970, 1980. 34pp. S$7.50

25

H.E. Wilson, The Klang Strikes of 1941: Malaya, 1981. 39pp. S$7.50

Eight

The Case of

The Case of Malaysia, 1980.

Labour and Capital in Colonial

THE AUTHOR Professor Saw Swee-Hock is currently Professor of Statistics in the Department of Economics and Statistics, National University of Singapore. He is the author of Singapore Population in Transition (1970), Population Control for Zero Growth in Singapore (1980) and The Securities Market of Singapore (1980). He is also editor of Asean Economies in Transition (1980) and co-editor of Economic Problems and Prospects in the Asean Countries (1978).