English Monosyllables: A Minimal Pair Locator List for Teaching English as a Second Language 9780824891480

Table of contents :
INTRODUCTION
English Monosyllables
INDEX

Citation preview

English Monosyllables

English

Monosyllables

A Minimal Pair Locator List for English as a Second Language

TED PLAISTER

East-West Center Press —

Honolulu

Copyright © 1965 by East-West Center Press University of Hawaii All rights reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 65-155^7 Manufactured in the United States of America

INTRODUCTION

This list of English monosyllables has been compiled and arranged to facilitate the location of minimal pairs, one of the most useful tools for teaching and testing pronunciation available to the teacher of English as a second language. Building drill materials where initial consonant contrasts are involved is a relatively easy matter. English orthography is sufficiently regular in its representation of the phonemes so that an ordinary dictionary may be used. But when one is interested in finding final consonants, either single or clustered, the location of items becomes much more difficult. Rhyming dictionaries are useful, to be sure, but they are arranged for the poet rather than the English teacher. Entries in this list are made first by vowel and then by final consonant(s). Within any given sub-list the items are arranged alphabetically. Unchecked monosyllables, such as 'fee' /fly/, are entered under the symbol /-$/• Items with variant pronunciations are listed under each pronunciation. 'Creek,' for example, will be found under both /i/ and /iy/; 'with' under /Q/ and /3/. The pronunciations given in Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1961) have been followed.

6 Items ending in the so-called syllabic consonants present a problem. Certain of these are monosyllables in the speech of some, disyllables in the speech of others. These have been treated here as monosyllables, so that the list contains such items as 'fire,' 'iron,1 'flour,' etc. The entry order and symbols used for the vowels are shown below, together with a key word. Symbol /i/

/e/ /V A/

/a/ /u/

/V

Key Word pit pet pat putt pot put bought

Symbol

Key Word

/iy/ /ey/ /ay/

beat bait bite boy

/°y/ /aw/ /uw/ /ow/

bout boot boat

A strict phonemicization of the compiler's idiolect would transcribe the vowel in 'bought' as /o/ rather than /o/. However, the symbol /o/ is so widely used and understood by teachers of English as a second language, especially nonnative speakers, that selection of /o/ was thought desirable . The entry order and symbols for the consonants are as follows: Type Stops

Symbol

Key Word

/p/

pin

/t/

tin

7 Type

Symbol

Fricatives

A/ A/ A/ A/ A/ A/ A/ A/ /V /V A/ /V A/ A/

Nasals

/m/

Stops

Affricates

Lateral Vibrant

A/ A/ A/ A/

Key Word kin bin din go chin gin fin thin sin shin vine then Zen measure me no sing lice rice

Entry order remains the same for elements of consonant clusters; thus /-pt/ appears before /-ps/, etc. The list from which the present one was selected contained more than 10,000 monosyllables. The criterion for selection of any given monosyllable was that it should be in frequent, or fairly

8 frequent, use.

Possessives were excluded on the

basis that they would yield few new phonemic shapes not already included in other forms.

No two native

speakers of English would select the same items from the basic list, yet there was better than 95 percent agreement between the two native speakers who made the selections. I am indebted to Professor Howard P. McKaughan for his encouragement and many helpful suggestions during the preparation of the list.

I am also

deeply grateful to Professor Richard C. Sittler who very kindly read the entire list as the basis for selection of items.

Responsibility for the

final selection of items rests, of course, with me. Honolulu, Hawaii December 1964

Ted Plaister

English Monosyllables

11 /-p/ blip chip clip dip drip flip grip grippe gyp hip lip nip pip quip rip scrip ship sip skip slip snip strip thrip tip trip whip yip zip /-t/ bit chit fit flit grit hit it kit knit lit

mitt nit pit quit sit skit slit snit spit split sprit tit twit wit whit writ /-k/ brick creek chic chick click clique crick dick Dick flick hick kick lick nick Nick pick prick quick rick sic sick slick stick tic

tick thick trick wick /-b/ bib crib fib glib jib rib squib /-a/ bid did grid hid id kid lid mid quid rid skid slid squid /-g/ big brig dig fig gig Jig Pig prig rig sprig

swig trig twig wig whig zig /-V bitch ditch hitch itch niche pitch rich snitch stitch switch twitch which witch /-J/ bridge midge ridge /-f/ biff cliff if miff riff skiff sniff stiff tiff whiff

12

/-e/ kith myth pith smith with /-s/ Chris criss hiss kiss miss Swiss this

/-§/ dish fish swish wish /-V/ give shiv sieve

/-a/ with

/-*/ fizz his is quiz whiz

/-m/

win

brim dim grim gym him hymn Jim limb prim rim skim slim swim Tim trim vim whim

/-V

/-n/ been bin chin din fin Finn gin grin in inn kin Lynn Lynne pin shin sin skin spin thin tin twin

bing bring cling ding fling king ling ping ring sing sling spring sting string swing thing wing wring

/-I/ bill Bill chill dill drill fill frill gill grill hill ill Jill Jill kill kiln mil mill nil

Phil pill quill rill thrill till trill twill shrill sill skill spill still swill will Will /-*/ beer bier cheer clear dear deer drear ear fear gear hear here jeer leer mere near peer pier queer rear sear seer shear sheer

13 /-I*/

/-k/

smear sneer spear sphere steer tear tier veer weir we 1 re year

beck check Czech deck fleck heck neck peck speck trek wreck

hep pep prep step /-t/ bet debt fret get jet let met net pet set sweat threat vet wet whet yet

/-g/

ebb deb web

beg Craig dreg egg Greg Gregg keg leg peg

/-d/

/-V

bed bled bread bred dead dread Ed fed Fred head ked lead led Ned pled read red said shed shred sled

etch fetch sketch stretch vetch wretch

/-b/ /-P/

sped spread stead Ted thread tread wed

/-J/ dredge edge hedge ledge pledge sedge sledge wedge /-f/ deaf

clef chef P /-e/ death Beth breath Seth /-s/ bless chess dress guess less loess mess press S stress tress yes

/-§/ flesh fresh mesh thresh /-v/ breve rev /-*/ fez says

14

/-V Clem em gem hem M phlegm stem them /-n/ been Ben den en glen Glen Glenn Gwen hen Ken men N pen ten then wen when wren yen Zen

/-I/ bell belle cell dell dwell fell gel

hell jell knell L quell sell shell smell spell swell tell well yell

/-r/ air bare bear Blair blare care chair Claire Clare dare ere fair fare flair flare glare hair hare heir lair mare pair pare pear prayer rare scare

share snare spare square stair stare swear tare tear their there ware wear where

baa /-P/ cap chap clap crap flap gap lap map nap pap rap sap scrap slap snap strap tap trap wrap yap

/-t/ at bat blat brat cat chat fat flat frat gat gnat hat mat pat Pat rat sat scat slat spat splat sprat tat that vat /-k/ back black clack claque crack flak hack jack Jack knack lac lack Mac

15 /-k/ mach Mack pack placque plaque quack rack sac sack shack slack smack snack stack tack thwack track whack yak /-b/ blab cab crab dab drab flab gab grab jab lab nab scab slab stab tag /-d/ ad

add bad brad cad clad dad fad gad glad had lad mad pad plaid sad scad Thad

batch catch hatch latch match patch scratch snatch thatch /-J"/ badge cadge Madge

/-g/

/-f/

bag brag crag drag fag flag gag hag J'ag lag nag rag sag shag slag snag stag swag tag wag

calf chaff gaff graph half laugh quaff staff /-e/ bath lath math path wrath /-s/ ass bass brass class

gas glass grass lass mass pass sass /-s/ ash bash brash cache cash clash crash dash flash gash gnash hash lash mash rash sash slash smash splash stash trash thrash thresh /-v/ calve halve have salve

16 /-*/ as has jazz razz /-m/ am bam cam clam cram dam damn dram gram ham jam lamb ma 'am ram Sam scram sham slam swam tram wham yam /-n/ an ann Ann Anne ban bran can clan Dan

fan Jan man Nan pan plan ran scan span Stan tan than van Van /-V bang clang fang gang hang pang rang sang slang sprang tang twang /-I/ A1 gal Hal pal shall

the

/-P/

tuck

cup pup slup sup up

/-b/

/-t/ but butt cut glut gut hut jut mutt nut putt rut shut slut smut strut tut what /-k/ buck chuck cluck duck luck muck pluck puck shuck struck stuck suck truck

bub club cub drub dub flub grub hub nub pub rub scrub shrub snub stub sub tub /-d/ blood bud crud cud dud flood mud scud spud stud thud /-a/ bug chug drug dug Doug

17

/-«/ hug jug lug mug plug pug rug shrug slug smug snug thug tug /-s/ clutch crutch dutch Dutch hutch much such touch /-J/ budge drudge fudge grudge judge nudge sludge smudge trudge /-f/ bluff buff

cuff duff fluff gruff guff huff muff puff rough ruff scruff scuff slough sluff snuff stuff tough /-s/ bus buss cuss fuss Gus loess muss plus pus Russ thus truss us /-§/ blush brush crush flush gush hush lush

mush plush rush shush slush thrush /-v/ dove glove love of shove /-z/ buzz fuzz was /-m/ bum chum come crumb drum dumb from glum gum hum mum numb plum plumb rum scrum scum slum some strum sum

swum thumb /-n/ bun done dun fun gun none nun one pun run shun son spun stun sun ton won /•V bung clung dung flung hung lung rung slung sprung strung stung sung swung tongue wrung young

18 /-I/ cull dull gull hull lull mull null scull skull /-r/

pa qua schwa shwa spa /-P/ bop chop clop cop crop drop flop fop hop lop mop plop pop prop shop slop sop stop swap top whop

blur burr cur err fir fur her myrrh per purr sir slur spur stir sure were whir

/-t/

ah baa bah blah fa la ma

blot bot clot cot dot got hot jot knot lot not

plot pot rot Scot Scott shot slot snot spot squat swat tot trot watt what yacht /-k/ bloc block bock chock clock cock crock dock flock frock hock J'ock knock lock mock nock pock rock shock smock sock stock

/-b/ blob bob Bob cob daub fog glob gob job knob lob mob nob rob slob snob sob squab swab throb /-d/ clod cod god God hod nod odd plod pod prod quad rod shod sod squad Todd trod wad

19 /-g/

/-e/

/-m/

moll

bog clog cog dog flog fog frog grog hog jog log nog slog smog tog

broth cloth froth moth sloth swath wroth

balm bomb calm palm prom psalm qualm Tom

A*/

/-V blotch botch crotch notch scotch splotch swatch watch /-J/

/-s/ boss cross floss gloss loss moss Ross toss

/-§/ bosh frosh gosh josh quash slosh squash wash

dodge lodge

/-v/

/-f/

suave

cough doff off quaff scoff trough

/-a/ swathe /-z / was

/-n/ Bonn con don Don gone John on swan wan /-V bong dong gong long prong song strong thong throng tong wrong /-I/ doll loll mall maul

are bar car char czar far gar jar mar par R scar spar star tar

/-P/ coop hoop /-t/ foot put root soot /-k/ book brook cook crook hook look nook

20 /-k/

/-I/

/-t/

rook shook took

bull full pull wool

aught bought brought caught drought drouth fraught naught nought ought sought taught taut thought wrought

/-d/ could good hood should stood wood would

/-V butch

/-I*/ boor cure lure moor poor pure spoor sure tour your you're

/-f/ hoof roof woof /-s/ puss

/-§/ bush push /-m/ broom rheum room

/-$/ awe caw claw craw draw flaw gnaw jaw law maw paw pshaw raw saw squaw straw thaw yaw

/-k/

flawed fraud gnawed god God hawed jawed laud Maude pawed rawed sawed strawed thawed yawed /-g/

/-b/

bog clog cog dog flog fog frog grog hog jog log nog slog smog tog

daub

/-f/

/-d/

cough doff off scoff trough

balk calk caulk cawk chalk gawk hawk squawk stalk talk walk

bawd broad Claud Claude clawed

21

/-e/ broth cloth froth moth sloth wroth

/-V

raws saws squaws straws thaws was yaws /-n/

josh squash wash

awn brawn dawn Dawn drawn faun fawn gone lawn on pawn prawn sawn spawn swan Vaughan yawn

/-z/

/-V

cause clause claws craws draws flaws gauze gnaws jaws laws maws pause paws

bong dong gong long prong song strong thong throng tong wrong

boss cross dross floss gloss loss moss Ross sauce toss /-§/

/-I/ all awl ball bawl brawl call crawl doll drawl fall gall gaul hall haul loll mall maul moll pall Paul scrawl shawl small sprawl squall squawl stall tall trawl wall yawl / - * / boar bore chore core corps door floor

for fore four gore lore more nor oar or ore pore pour roar score shore snore soar sore spore store swore tore war wore yore your

/-J*/ B be bee C D Dee E fee flea flee free G

22

/-*/ gee ghee glee key knee lea lee Lee Leigh me mi P pea plea quaysea see she ski spree T tea tee the three ti tree V we wee Z /-P/ beep cheap cheep creep deep heap jeep

keep leap neap peep reap seep sheep sleep steep sweep weep /-t/ beat beet bleat cheat cleat eat feat feet fleet gleet greet heat meat meet mete neat peat Pete pleat seat sheet skeet sleet street suite sweet treat tweet wheat

/-k/

feed fleaed freed greed he'd heed keyed knead kneed lead mead need plead read reed Reed Reid seed she1 d skied speed steed Swede teed treed tweed we1 d weed

beak bleak cheek chic clique creak creek eke freak Greek leak leek meek peak pique reek seek shriek sleek sneak speak squeak streak teak tweak weak week wreak

/•V

/-b/

league

plebe

/-V

/-d/

beach beech bleach breach breech each leach leech

bead bleed breed cede creed deed

23

/-V peach preach reach screech speech teach /-J/ liege siege /-f/ beef brief chief fief grief leaf reef sheaf thief /-e/ heath Keith sheath teeth wreath /-s/ cease crease fleece geese grease Greece lease

niece peace piece

/-§/ leash /-v/ cleave eave eve Eve grieve heave leave peeve sheave sleeve Steve thieve weave we1 ve /-V breathe seethe sheathe teethe wreathe /-z/ bees breeze B's cheese C's D's ease E's

fees fleas flees frees freeze frieze gees ghees glees G*s hes he' s keys knees leas lees peas pleas please P's quays seas sees seize shes she' s skis sneeze sprees squeeze teas tease tees these threes trees T1 s tweeze V's wes wheeze Z's

/-V liege /-m/ beam cream creme deem dream gleam ream scheme scream seam seem steam stream team teem theme /-n/ bean been clean dean Dean Deane gend Gene glean green Jean Jeanne keen lean lien mean mien peen

24 /-n/ preen queen scene screen seen sheen sphene spleen stein teen wean /-I/ creel deal eel feel heal heel keel kneel meal Neal Nell peal peel real reel seal spiel squeal steal steel teal veal weal we'll wheal wheel zeal

/-J*/ A bay brayclay Clay day dray Pay Paye fey flay fray gay Gay gray grey hay hey J Jay K Kay Kaye lea lay Mae may May nay neigh pay play pray prey Rae ray Ray re say

slay sleigh sley spay splay spray stay stray sway they tray trey way weigh whey /-P/ ape cape crape crepe drape gape grape nape rape scrape shape tape /-t/ ate bait bate crate date eight fate fete freight gait

gate grate great hate Kate late mate pate plait plate prate rate sate skate slate spate state straight strait trait wait weight /-k/ ache bake brake break cake drake fake flake Jake Jake lake make quake rake sake shake slake snake

25 /-k/ stake steak take wake /-b/ Abe babe /-d/ aid aide bade bayed blade braid brayed clayed fade flayed frayed glade grade grayed greyed hayed jade laid made maid neighed paid played prayed preyed raid shade spade spayed

splayed sprayed staid stayed strayed suede swayed they'd trade wade Wade weighed /-V Hague plague vague

H /-J/ age cage gauge page rage sage stage wage /-f/ chafe safe strafe waif

/-e/

wave

faith wraith

/-V

/-s/ ace base bass brace case chase face grace Grace lace mace pace place race space trace vase /-v/ brave cave crave Dave gave grave lave nave pave rave save shave slave stave they've waive

bathe lathe scathe /•V A's blaze braise braize brays braze chaise clays craze days daze drays frays gaze glaze grays graze greys hays haze jays J's K's lays leas maize maze nays neighs pays phase phrase plays

26 /-z/

/-n/

praise prays preys raise rays raze slays sleighs spays splays sprays strays sways trays treys ways weighs wheys

bain bane blain Blaine brain cane chain crane Dane deign drain Duane fain feign gain grain jane Jane Jayne lain lane Lane main Maine mane pain pane plain plane rain reign rein sane seine skein slain Spain sprain stain strain train

/-z/ beige /-m/ aim blame came claim dame fame flame frame game hame lame maim name same shame tame

twain vain vane vein wane Wayne Zane /-I/ ail ale bail bale Braille dale Dale fail flail frail Gail gale Gale Gayle grail hail hale jail kale mail male nail pail pale quail rail sail sale scale shale snail stale swale

tail tale they'll trail vale veil wail whale Yale

/-*/ aye buy by bye cry die dry dye eye fly fry guy Guy hi hie high I lie lye my Pi pie ply pry rye shy sigh sky sly

27

/-si/ spryspy styThai thigh tie try vie why wry Y /-P/ gripe pipe ripe snipe stripe swipe tripe type wipe yipe /-t/ bite blight bright cite Dwight fight flight fright height kite knight light might mite

night plight quite right rite sight site sleight slight smite spite sprite tight trite white write /-k/ bike dike hike like mike Mike pike shrike spike strike /-b/ bribe gibe jibe scribe tribe /-d/ bide bride chide

Clyde cried died dried dyed eyed flied fried glide guide guyed hide hied I'd lied plied pride ride shied side sighed slide snide spied stride tide tied tried vied wide

Bryce dice ice lice mice nice price rice slice spice splice thrice trice twice vice vise

/-v/ chive dive drive five hive I've jive live strive thrive wive

/-f/

/-V

fife knife life rife strife wife

blithe lithe scythe tithe writhe

/-s/ Brice

/-z/ buys byes

28

cries dies dries dyes eyes flies fries guise guys hies highs I's lies lyes pies plies pries prize rise ryes shies sighs size skies spies sties styes thighs ties tries tyes vies whys wise wrys Y's /-m/ chime

climb clime crime dime grime I'm lime mime prime rhyme rime slime thyme time zyme /-n/ brine dine fine line mine nine pine shine shrine sign sine spine stein swine tine twine vine whine wine /-I/ aisle bile

dial file I'll isle lisle Lyle mile nile pile rile smile style tile trial vile while wile /-r/

joy Joy ploy Roy soy toy Troy /-t/ Hoyt /-d/ Boyd cloyed Floyd Lloyd Loyd toyed void

briar choir dire fire hire ire lyre mire quire sire spire squire tire wire

/-z/

boy cloy coy

boys cloys joys noise ploys poise toys

/-f/ coif /-s/ choice Joyce Royce voice

29 /-n/ coin groin Join loin /-I/ boil broil coil Doyle foil hoyle oil roil soil spoil toil /-*/ coir

/-*/ aw bough bow brow chow cow frau how mow now plough plow prow row

scow sow vow wow /-t/ bout clout doubt drought drouth flout gout kraut lout out pout rout route scout shout snout spout sprout stout tout trout /-d/ boughed bowed cloud cowed crowd loud ploughed plowed proud rowed shroud vowed

wowed /-s/ couch crouch grouch ouch pouch slouch vouch /-J"/ gouge /-e/ drought drouth mouth south /-s/ blouse douse grouse house Laos louse mouse souse spouse /-Ô/ mouthe /-z/ blouse boughs

bows brows browse browze chows cows dowse drowse fraus house hows mows nows ploughs plows prows rouse rows scows sows spouse vows wows /-n/ brown clown crown down drown frown gowh noun town /-I/ bowel cowl foul fowl growl

30 /-I/ howl jowl owl prowl scowl towel trowel yowl /-!•/

flour hour our scour sour

/-$/ blew blue boo brew chew clew clue coo crew cue dew do due ewe few flew flu flue glue gnu

goo grew hew hue Hugh Jew knew lieu Lou mew moo new pew Q queue rue screw show shoo shrew skew slew slough spew stew strew sue Sue threw through to too true two U view who woo yew you zoo

/-P/ bloop coop coupe croup droop drupe dupe goop group hoop loop poop scoop sloop snoop soup stoop swoop troop troupe whoop /-t/ beaut boot brute butte chute coot cute flute fruit hoot jute loot lute moot mute newt root

route scoot shoot snoot soot suit toot /-k/ duke fluke gook Luke snook spook uke /-b/ boob cube lube rube tube /-d/ blued booed brewed brood chewed clued cooed crude cued dude feud food glued hewed hued

31 /-a/

/-f/

lewd mewed mood mooed nude prude queued rude rued screwed shooed shrewd skewed snood spewed stewed strewed sued trued viewed wooed you'd

goof hoof proof roof spoof woof

/-e/ fugue /-V cooch hooch mooch pooch smooch /-J/ huge rouge stooge

/-e/ booth couth Ruth sleuth tooth truth youth /-s/ Bruce deuce goose juice loose moose noose puce ruse sluice spruce truce

/-§/ douche swoosh whoosh /-v/ groove

move prove you've /-V booth smooth soothe /-z/ blues boos booze brews bruise chews choose clues coos crews cruise cues dews dues ewes flues fuse glues gnus hews hues Jews lose moos muse news ooze pews Q's queues rues

ruse screws shoes shoos shrews skews sloughs snooze spews stews strews sues trues twos U's use views whos whose woos yews zoos /-z/ rouge /-V bloom boom broom doom flume fume gloom groom loom plume rheum room spume tomb

32 /-m/ whom womb zoom /-n/ boon coon croon dune goon hewn June loon moon noon prune soon spoon strewn swoon tune /-I/ cool cruel drool dual duel fool fuel ghoul gruel mule pool rule school spool stool tool

you'll yule /-*/ dour

/-£/ beau blow bow crow do doe dough eau floe flow foe fro glow go grow hoe Jo Joe know low mow no 0 oh owe pro roe row sew show sloe slow

snow so sol sow stow though throw toe tow woe /-P/ cope dope grope hope Hope lope mope nope pope rope scope slope soap /-t/ bloat boat coat dote float gloat goat groat moat mote note oat quote rote

shoat shote smote throat tote vote wrote /-k/ bloke broke choke cloak coke croak folk joke oak poke smoke soak spoke stoke stroke woke yoke yolk /-b/ globe lobe probe robe /-d/ bode bowed code crowed flowed

33 /-d/

/-e/

glowed goad hoed load lode mode mowed node ode owed road rode rowed sewed showed slowed snowed sowed stowed strode toad toed towed

both growth loath oath

/-«/ brogue rogue vogue

brooch coach poach roach /-£•/ loaf oaf

/-s/ close dose gross /-v/ clove cove dove drove grove mauve stove strove wove /-a/ clothe loath loathe /-z/ beaus blows bows close clothes crows does doughs doze floes

flows foes froze glows goes grows hoes hose knows mows noes nose 01 s owes pose pros prose roes rose Rose rows shows slows snows sows stows those throes throws toes tows woes /-z/ loge /-m/ brome chrome comb dome

foam gnome home loam Nome ohm pome roam Rome tome /-n/ blown bone clone cone crone drone flown groan grown hone Joan known loan lone moan own phone prone roan scone sewn shone shown sown stone throne thrown tone zone

/-!/ boll bowl coal cole dole droll foal goal hole knoll mole pole Pole poll role roll scroll shoal sole soul stole stroll toll troll whole

/-Pt/ chipped clipped crypt dipped dripped flipped gripped gypped hipped lipped nipped

quipped ripped script shipped sipped skipped slipped snipped stripped stript tipped tripped whipped yipped zipped /-ps/ chips clips dips drips flips grips gyps hips lips nips pips quips rips ships sips skips slips snips thrips tips trips whips yips zips

/-ts/ bits blitz chits fits flits Fritz grits hits its it's kits knits mitts nits pits quits sits skits slits spits spitz splits sprits tits twits whits wits writs /-kt/ bricked clicked flicked kicked licked nicked picked pricked sicced slicked

strict ticked tricked /-ks/ bricks chicks clicks cliques creeks cricks dicks fix flicks hicks kicks licks mix nicks nix picks pricks quicks ricks sics six slicks sticks thicks ticks tics tricks wicks /-bd/ cribbed fibbed jibbed ribbed

35 /-bz/ bibs cribs dibs fibs jibs nibs ribs squibs /-de/ width /-dz/ bids grids ids kids lids quids rids skids squids

Jigs pigs rigs sprigs swigs twigs whigs wigs zigs /-St/ bitched ditched hitched itched pitched snitched stitched switched twitched /-Jd/ bridged ridged

/-gel/

/-ft/

gigged jigged rigged swigged twigged wigged zigged

cliffed drift gift lift miffed riffed rift shift shrift sift skiffed sniffed spiffed swift

/-gz/ brigs digs figs gigs

thrift whiffed /-fe/ fifth /-fs/ cliffs if s miffs riffs skiffs sniffs stiffs tiffs whiffs /-et/ pithed /-es/ myths piths smiths /-BP/ crisp lisp whisp wisp /-St/ cyst fist gist grist hissed

kissed list missed mist tryst twist wrist /-sk/ bri sk disc disk frisk risk whisk /-St/ dished fished swished wished /-vd/ sieved /-vz/ gives shivs sieves /-zd/ fizzed quizzed whizzed /-mp/ blimp

36 /-mp/

/-nt/

/-nj/

/-ijk/

chimp crimp imp limp pimp primp scrimp shrimp skimp

Clint dint flint glint hint lint mint print splint sprint squint stint tint

binge cringe fringe hinge singe tinge twinge

blink brink chink clink drink fink ink kink link mink pink plink rink shrink sink slink stink think wink zinc

/-md/ brimmed dimmed hymned limbed rimmed skimmed slimmed trimmed /-mf/ lymph nymph /-mz/ brims dims gyms hymns limbs rims skims slims swims trims whims

/-nd/ chinned dinned finned ginned grinned pinned sinned skinned thinned tinned wind /-nc/ cinch clinch finch flinch inch lynch pinch winch

/-ns/ mince prince quince rinse since wince /-nz/ bins chins dins Finns fins gins grins inns ins kins pins shins sins skins spins thins tins twins wins

/-qd/ dinged pinged ringed winged /-Qz/ brings clings dings kings pings rings sings slings springs stings strings

37

/ - w swings things wings wrings /-It/ built gilt guilt hilt jilt kilt lilt milt quilt silt spilt stilt tilt wilt /-lk/ bilk ilk milk silk /-Id/ billed build chilled drilled filled frilled gild gilled grilled guild

/-I J/

ills Jills kills kilns mills mils pills quills rills shrills sills skills spills stills swills thrills tills trills twills wills

bilge

/-IV

/-If/

film

sylph

/-m/

/-ie/

kiln

filth tilth

/-rd/

killed kilned milled quilled shrilled skilled spilled stilled swilled thrilled tilled trilled willed /-IS/ filch milch

/-W bills chills dills drills fills frills gills grills hills

beard cheered cleared eared feared geared jeered leered neared peered queered reared

seared sheared smeared sneered speared steered tiered veered weird /-rs/ fierce pierce /-rz/ cheers clears dears ears fears gears hears jeers leers peers piers queers sears seers shears smears sneers spears spheres steers tears tiers veers weirs years

38

/-pt/ crept kept leapt pepped prepped slept stepped swept wept /-pe/ depth /-PS/ peps preps steps /-ts/ bets debts frets gets jets lets nets pets sets sweats threats vets wets whets

/-kt/

/-de/

checked decked flecked necked pecked sect specked trekked wrecked

breadth

/-ks/ checks Czechs decks flecks flex hecks hex necks pecks rex Rex sex specks treks vex wrecks X /-bd/ ebbed webbed /-bz/ debs ebbs webs

/-dz/

stretche wretched

/-w dredged edged hedged leaged pledged sledged wedged

beds breads dreads heads keds leads reds sheds shreds sleds spreads steads threads treads weds

/-ft/

/-gd/

/-fs/

begged egged legged pegged

chefs clefs P's

/-gz/ begs dregs eggs kegs legs pegs /-ct/ etched fetched sketched

cleft deft heft left theft weft

/-es/ breaths deaths /-st/

:

best blessed breast chest crest dressed guessed guest |

39 /-St/

/-mz/

jest messed nest pressed quest rest stressed test tressed vest west wrest yessed zest

ems gems hems M's phlegms stems /-nt/

/-vd/

bent Brent cent dent gent Kent lent meant pent rent scent sent spent tent Trent vent went

revved

/-nd/

/-vz/

bend blend end fend friend lend mend penned rend send spend tend

/-sk/ desk /-St/ fleshed meshed threshed

revs /-mp/ hemp /-md/ hemmed stemmed

trend vend wend yenned /-nc/ bench clench drench French quench stench trench wench wrench

lens N's pens tens wens wrens yens /-ne/

length /-IP/

/-nj/

help kelp whelp yelp

venge

/-It/

/-ne/

belt dealt felt knelt melt pelt smelt spelt svelte welt

nth tenth /-ns/ dense fence hence sense tense thence whence

/-Ik/ elk

/-nz/

/-Id/

cleanse dens ens glens hens

celled dwelled felled geld held

4o /-Id/

/-lv/

jelled knelled meld quelled shelled smelled spelled swelled weld welled yelled

delve shelve twelve /-lz/

elf self shelf

bells cells dells dwells fells hells jells knells L> s quells sells shells smells spells swells tells wells yells

/-ie/

/-lm/

health stealth wealth

elm helm realm

/-is/

/-rd/

else

aired blared cared chaired dared fared flaired flared

/-IS/ belch squelch welch welsh /-If/

/-IS/ welch welsh

glared haired paired pared scared shared snared spared squared stared /-rs/ scarce /-«/ airs bears cares chairs dares fairs fares flairs flares glares hairs hares heirs lairs mares pairs pares pears prayers scares shares snares spares squares stairs stares

swears tares tears theirs wares wears

/-Pt/ apt capped chapped clapped crapped flapped gapped lapped mapped napped rapped rapt sapped scrapped slapped snapped strapped tapped trapped wrapped yapped /-PS/ caps chaps claps craps flaps gaps laps lapse

41 /-ps/ maps naps paps raps saps scraps slaps snaps straps taps traps wraps yaps /-ts/ bats brats cats chats fats flats frats gats gnats hats mats pats rats scats slats spats splats vats /-kt/ act backed blacked clacked

cracked fact hacked jacked lacked packed pact quacked racked sacked shacked slacked smacked snacked stacked tacked tact thwacked tracked tract whacked wracked yakked /-ks/ ax axe backs blacks clacks claques cracks flax hacks jacks knacks lacks lax Max packs plaques quacks

racks sacks sacs sax shacks slacks smacks snacks stacks tacks tax thwacks tracks wax whacks yaks

tabs /-dz/ adds adz adze brads cads fads gads lads mads pads plaids scads

/-bd/

/-Ed/

blabbed crabbed dabbed gabbed grabbed jabbed nabbed scabbed stabbed tabbed

bagged bragged dragged fagged flagged gagged lagged nagged sagged shagged snagged tagged wagged

/-w cabs crabs dabs gabs grabs jabs labs nabs scabs slabs stabs

/-gz/ bags brags crags drags fags flags gags hags

42 /-gz/

/-fs/

/-sk/

salves

jags lags nags sags shags snags stags rags tags wags

chaffs graphs laughs staffs

ask bask Basque cask flask mask task

/-5z/

/-St/ batched hatched latched matched patched scratched snatched thatched /-jd/

cadged /-ft/ aft chaffed craft daft draft draught graft graphed laughed raft shaft staffed waft

/-es/ laths maths paths wraths /-BP/ asp clasp hasp gasp grasp rasp /-St/ blast cast caste classed fast gassed glassed grassed last massed mast passed past sassed vast

/-St/ bashed cached cashed clashed crashed dashed flashed gashed gnashed hashed lashed mashed sashed slashed smashed splashed stashed thrashed threshed /-vd/ calved halved salved /-vz/ calves halves haves

laths paths /-zd/ jazzed razzed /-mp/ amp camp champ clamp cramp damp lamp ramp scamp stamp tamp tramp vamp /-md/ clammed crammed dammed damned hammed jammed lambed lammed rammed scrammed shammed slammed whammed

43 /-mz/ cams clams crams dams drams grams hams jams lambs ma1ams rams scrams shams slams trams whams yams /-nt/ ant aunt cant can't chant grant Grant pant plant rant scant slant /-nd/ and band banned bland brand canned

clanned fanned gland grand hand land manned panned planned sand scanned spanned stand strand tanned /-nc/ blanch Blanche branch ranch /-nj/ flange /-ns/ chance dance Franc e glance lance Lance prance stance trance Vance /-nz/ banns

bans brans cans clans fans pans plans scans spans tans vans /-