Enga dictionary with English index 0 85883 093 0

Table of contents :
Enga dictionary, with English index......Page 1
Contents......Page 4
Buku Dakenya Tenge Aipalepe?......Page 5
How to Use This Book......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Introduction......Page 11
Abbreviations Used in Entries......Page 13
Presentation of Entries......Page 14
Phonology......Page 16
Grammatical Sketch......Page 18
Map 1: The Enga Area......Page 59
Enga Dictionary......Page 63
English Index......Page 187
Appendix A: New Testament Proper Names......Page 263
Appendix B: Other Names......Page 278
Appendix C: Sources......Page 280
Bibliography......Page 281

Citation preview

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Se�ie� C - No.

20

ENGA DICTIONARY WITH ENGLISH INDEX by ,

Adrianne

Lang

Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Lang, A. Enga dictionary, with English index. C-20, lxii + 280 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. DOI:10.15144/PL-C20.cover ©1973 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is published through the Ungu.U• .tic. C.iJLc.le 06 Canbe��a and consists of four series:

EDITOR:

SERIES A -

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

SERIES B -

MONOGRAPHS

SERIES C -

BOOKS

SERIES V

SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS

-

S.A. Wurm.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS:

D.C. Laycock,

C.L. Voorhoeve,

D.T. Tryon,

T.E. Dutton.

EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender,

University of Hawaii

D. Bradley,

Australian National

University University of

S. Elbert,

University of Hawaii

Sydney

Summer Institute of

Linguistics W.W. Glover,

Summer Institute of

University of

Sydney

University of

H. McKaughan,

University of Hawaii Technische

UniversitHt Berlin Victoria, K. Pike,

University of

B.C.

University of Michigan;

Summer Institute of Summer Institute of

Linguistics L. Hercus,

E.C. Polome, E. Uhlenbeck,

Australian National

ALL CORRESPONDENCE

concerning PACIFIC LI NGUISTICS,

Linguistics

University of University of

J.W.M. Verhaar, Indonesia,

University

subscriptions,

Papus

Texas

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University of Hawaii

M.A.K. Halliday, A. Healey,

K.A. McElhanon,

P. MtihlhHusler,

Linguistics G. Grace,

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New Guinea

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Jakarta

including orders

should be addressed to:

The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS,

Department o f Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Box 4, P.O., Canberra, A.C.T. 2600. Australia. Copyright

(§)

Adrianne Lang.

First published Reprinted

1973.

1978.

The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund.

National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 093 0

and

I t is the fat e of those, who t o i l at the l ower employments o f li fe, to b e rather driven by the fear o f e v i l, than at t rac t e d b y the p rosp e c t o f good; to b e e xposed t o censure, wi thout hope o f p raise; t o be disgraced by miscarriage, o r punished for negl e c t, where success would have b een w ithout applause, and d i ligenc e without reward .

Among these unhappy

mort als is the writ er of d i c t ionaries. . . . Every other author may asp i re t o p raise; the lexicographer c an only hope to escape reproach, and even this negat ive recompense has been yet granted t o very few .

Samue l J ohnson A Dict ionary of the English Language

TABLE OF CONTENTS

B u k u D a k e n y a Te n g e A i p a l e p e ?

v

How t o Use Thi s Book

vii

Acknowledgment s

ix

I nt ro duct ion

xi

Order of Ent r i e s

xiii

Abbreviations Us ed i n Entries

xiii

Pre sentation o f Ent rie s

xiv

Phonology

xvi

Grammati cal Ske t ch

Map

1:

xvi i i

Th e Enga A re a

Enga D i c t i onary

1

Eng l i s h Inde x

123

Appendix A :

New Tes t ament Proper Names

199

Appendix B :

Other Name s

214

Appendix C :

Sources

216

Bib l iography

217

iv

B u k u Da k e n y a Te n g e A l p a l e p e 1 B u k u d a k e n y a p i I I a p o n y a p e p a p y a p a e 5 I I y a mo . En d a k a I I p i i p I k o n e d u p a n y a In g i l i s a p l i p l , p l l d o l a p o p e p a p y a p a e s l l y a mo . E n d a k a l i p i i m e n d e b u k u d a ke n y a p e p a p y a p a e k a n d a t a l a p i i l a p o n g e a w a p a p e p a p y a p a e mende k a n d a p e n ge a k a . P i i l a ponge doko kone I n g i l i s a p i i . E n d a ka l I pi i o n g o n y a t e n g e d o k o p i k o n e I n g i I i s a p i i o n g o n y a t e n g e d o k op i d o l a p o me n d a i . Im b a m e e n d a k a li p i I me n d e m a s a t a l a a i p a pyoo b u k u d a k e n y a k a n d a p e n g e p e 1 I m b a me w a m b a o p e p a p l n g l m a n a o n g o n y a t e n g e d o ko k a n d a p e n g e . L e t a a t e n g e p l t a k a d a p a p y o o m a k i m a k l p y o o p y a p a e s i l y a mo a , b , d , e , g , i , j , k , I , m , n , 1), 0 , p , 5 , t , u , w , Y Le t a a p i t a k a n y a m a n a k a n d a t a l a l e t a a � o n g o n y a p i I p l t a k a b u k u d a k e n y a w a m b a o k a n d a p e n g e : a a l e n ge , a a n g l , a a p f , a e , d o p a l e d u p a p l t a k a w a m b a o p y a p a e s i l y a m o . Do k o p a l e t a a �o n g o n y a 'p l l p l t a k a s l l y a mo : * b a a , b a .h , b a a 2 , b a a k � , d o p a l e d u t u p a p l t a k a l a p o n g e p y oo p y a p a e s i l y a m o . Do k o p a l e t a a i o n g o n y a p i i p i t a k a p y a p a e s i l y a m o . O p a k a p y oo le t a a p i t a k a n y a p i i p i t a k a d u p a me n d a i me n d a I l a o k a p a p a o k a n d a p e n g e . Le t a a y.. o n g o n y a p i i p l t a k a d u p a k a n d a t e n o o n g o b u k u o n g o n y a p i I p l t a k a d u p a e t a s oo k a n d a t e n op a k a p i t a . A l p a p y oo l e t a a � o n g o n y a p i I d u t u p a k a n d a p e n g e p e 1 A p a p y o o l e t a a � d o k o w a m b a o k a n d a t a l a p i I me n d e n y a l e t a a l a po n g e kandapenge: d o k o k a n d a pe n g e . P i i m e n d e n y a l e t a a w a m b a k ao d o k o � t a mo p l l a p o n g e d o ko � t a mo p i p i i o p a l e w a m b a o p y a p a e si l y a mo . P i i me n d e n y a l e t a a w a m b a k a o d o ko � t a m o p i l a p o n g e d o k o � t a mo p i p i I o p a l e d o ko l a p o n g e p y o o p y a p a e s l l y a mo . On g o p i i m e n d e n y a l e t a a l a po w a m b a o k a n d a t a l a l e t a a t e p o n g e d o k o k a n d a p e n ge . P i i me n d e n y a l e t a a w a m b a k a o d o ko a t am o p a l a p o n g e d o ko � t a me t e p o n g e d o ko k a n d a p e n g e . Do k o p a t e p o n g e d o k o a t a me k a n d a o d o ko p i i o p a l e w a m b a o p y a p a e s i l y amo . Te p o n g e d o k o � t a me k a n d a o d o ko p i I o p a l e m e n de l a p o pyoo p y a p a e s l l y a m o . Le t a a t e p o n g e d o ko l t a m e k a n d a o d o k o t e p o p y oo p y a p a e 51 I y a mo . P i i u t u p a d o p a k a p y o o b u k u d a k e n y a p y a p a e s i l y a mo . E n d a k a l i p i i ame s a pa l a kone d u p ame n y a kama n y a p i i l ao a i pa l en ge p e 7 Ko n e In g i l i s a p i i o p a p y o o k a n d a p e n g e : w a m b a o e n d a k a l i p i i a m e k a n d a p e n g e . A i p a p y o o k a n d a p e n g e p e 7 Le t a a � o n g o n y a y o ko d u p a k a n d a p e n g e . Y o ko m e n d a i o n g o n y a l e t a a � o n g o n y a p i i m e n d a t u p a p y a p a e s i l y a m o . P i i d u t u p a n y a I e t a a I a p o n g e d u p a � o n g o p I , � on g o p i , on gop i . Yoko I apo

v

vi

d o k o n y a l e t a a � o n g o n y a k a p I I me n d a t u p a p y a p a e s l l y a mo . P I I d u t u p a n y a l e t a a l a po n g e d o l a p o i- p a , �- p a p y a p a e s l l y a mo . Y o ko t e po d o k o n y a l e t a a a o n g o n y a p I I me n d a t u p a p y a p a e s l l y a m o a k a . P i I d u t u p a n y a l e t a a l a p o n g e d u p a �- p a , l- p a . Y o k o y u u n g i d o k o n y a l e t a a l a p o n g e d o ko m ; u t u p a n y a l e ta a l a pon ge � d o k o k a n d a t a l a l e t a a t e p o n g e d o k o k a n d a p e n g e . O n go p i i me n d e n y a l e t a a t e p o n g e do k o � t a m e k a n d a o d o k o p i I o p a l e w a m b a o p y a p a e s i l y a mo . D o k o p a p l l m e n de n y a l e t a a t e po n g e do ko b t am e k a n d a o d o k o p i i o p a l e d u p a pyapae s l l yamo . Yoko t o k a n g e ongonya l e t a a n y a t e p o n g e d u p a �- p i , �- p i , i- p i , £- p i , �- p l . Y o k o t o k a n g e o n g on ya k a p i i a m � k a p a p a o k a n d a p e n g e . W a m b a o a m b � l ya l p y a p a e s i l y a m o , d o k o p a a m b � l ya 2 ' d o k o p a a m b � l ya k a ma n d a I y i n g( , d u p a d o p a l e k a n d a pe n g e . P i i t u k u t e p o p o n y a m e n d a i o n g o am� . Pi i am� o n g o a p a p yoo k a n d a t a l a I n g i l l s a p l l fa t a w a p a p y a p a e 5 1 I y a m o o n g o k a p a p a o k a n d a p e n g e a k a . P I I a rn e o n g o n y a t e n g e d o ko p l p i i fa t o n g o n y a t e n g e d o ko p i do l a po n y a t e n g e m e n d a l . A p a ka pyoo I n g i l l s a p i i d u t u p a n y a t e n g e doko k a p a p a o k a n d a p e n ge .

vii

How to Use This Book This b ook contains the words o f two language s , Enga and English. Each Enga word has fo l l owing it a s e c ond word in English; the meaning of the two words ( Enga and English ) is the same. How does one use this b ook to find an Enga word?

First , you must

know the order in which the letters fol low each other.

The order used

is :

a, b, d, e, g, i , j , k,

I,

rn , n , I) , 0 , p , 5 ,

t,

u,

w,

y

The words beginning with the letter a are written first in this book :

a, a l e n g e , a, a n g i , a a p ,I

a e, . . . and s o on. Then c ome all the words b e ginning with the l etter b : * b a a , b a a 1, b a a 2 , b a a k o . . . and s o on. Then come the words b eginning with the letter d . In this way all the words of all the l etters c ome in orde r , finishing with the letter y . ,

How doe s one find a word b e ginning with the letter a? letter is a , then look at the s e c ond letter.

I f the first

A word b e ginning with a

which also has a as the s e c ond letter would be written first.

A word

beginning with a which has e as the s e cond letter would be written se condly.

Afte r finding the s e cond letter , you must then look at the

third lette r .

When you have a word b e ginning with the letter a and

having as its s e c ond letter k , you must look at the third letter. the third letter i s a , such a word would b e written firstly . third letter is e , such a word would be written s e c ondly . letter is

i , such a word would be written thirdly.

If

I f the

If the third

A l l o f the words in

this b ook are written in this manner with the letters in the order given above . What is the English equivalent for the Enga word a rn e ?

In order to

,

find the English equivalent , first look up the Enga word arne . one look up a word like a rne ? the lette r a .

How does

First look at the p age s b e ginning with

The first page has words written with a , and as s e c ond

letters a , e , and i .

On the s e cond page are more words b eginning with

a , and as s e cond letters i and k .

On the third page of words with a

are the words with the s e c ond letters k and I . words with the s e c ond letter rn.

On the fifth p age are

Having found the s e cond letter rn, you

must now look for the third letter.

Of cours e , if there are words with

a as the third letter , the s e will be written first , then words with the lette r b as the third letter and so on , all in alphabetical order. the sixth page are the words with the third letters of b , u.

There you can see the word a rne :

then a rnb ol y a k a rna n d a

e,

On

i , 0 , and

fir s t c ome s a rnb u l y a l' , then a rnb u l y a 2 ,

I y i n g f , and s o on until you c ome to the ninth word

viii

on the page which is arne .

Written with the word a rn e is the English

word fa t ; the meaning of the two words a rne and fa t is the same . you can find the meanings of English words in this b ook.

Thusly

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The data for this dictionary were collected from August 1 9 6 7 to August 19 6 8 , and from May 1 9 6 9 to S eptember 19 6 9 , while I was engaged in doing re s e arch work for the PhD as a Re search S cholar at the Australian National University .

The first few months of the fieldwork

period were sp ent in or near Wab ag , in the Western Highlands of New Guinea , and the remainder at Kopete s a , Torenama , a small hamlet approximately thirty mile s w e s t of Wabag in the western dialect area of Enga ( s ee Map 1 ) . Among the many pe ople at the Aus tralian National University who have c ontributed to the present work , are the following :

Mis s K . E . W . Mather

and Mis s M . L . Ro s e did the data proces sing which resulted in the pub­ lication of the dictionary; Mr . H . E . Gunther and Mr . H . U . Pancino produced Map 1 ( based on a s imilar map of the New Guinea Lutheran Mis sion ) ; Dr . J . Flenley made available his list of b otanical s p e c imens , and Dr . D . McVean gave the c ommon names for the spe cimens; Dr . J . Hop e , Department of Prehistory , helped in the tentative identification of the Enga fauna , and Dr . Lyle Steadman helped in the definition of the Enga kin terms . Members of the Administration of the Territory of Papua-New Guinea who extended their help were Mr. Denys Faithful ( then A s s is tant District Commis sione r , Laiagam ) and Mr . Dave Hook ( As sistant District C ommis sioner , Wabag ) .

Laiagamer s Norma and Bill Christens en , Vernon

Burley and Fred Stevens receive, spe cial thanks for their ever-ready hospitality . The New Guinea Lutheran Mis s ion-Mi s s ouri Synod allowed my husband and me to attend the Enga language c ours e at Irelya; the individual membe rs who made c ontributions to this work are :

Dr . Paul Brennan ( who

provided the tones on 200 untoned items from a c omputer lis t after we left the field ) , Rev . Dave Houser ( who made available his p e r s o nal dictionary gleaned from a study of Enga myths and tale s ) , Rev . Jim Lars on ( who made available b oth his own and the Rev . Otto Hintze ' s word lists ) , Rev . Karl Reko (who made available his glo s sary c olle cted from his two months o f bush living ) , Rev . Marvin Sacks chew s ky ( who made available his c olle cted terms for varieties of sweet potato ) , and Rev . Max Scheimann ( who made available his personal word list ) . of the dictionary entries marked as phra s e s have b e e n taken from

ix

Most

x

Rev . S cheimann ' s compilation of a c oncordance of Bib lical Enga te rms ( S cheimann n . d . ) .

A l l availab le pub lished sour c e s from the NGLM were

used in the compilation; the s e are ennumerated under ' Sour ce s ' and in the Bibliography . Fathe r Henry Fe ldkoetter S. V . D .

( then at Sari ) made availab l e three

word lists c ompiled by members of the Catho lic mission; the list of Fathe r G . Bus (the mo st extensive ) was incorporated into the present work .

Appendix A is a retyped version of the Enga Spe l ling List of NT

Prope r Names prepared by the mis s ions working in the Enga area . Spe cial thanks go to the many Enga who helped p roduce this work and who made our stay in Enga-land enjoyab le:

Councillor Alua Walyisa , who

originally invited us to stay with the Ipane c lan at Kopete s a , and who acted as my major informant for the dictionary . work :

En d a n o n g 6 p f p a e d 6p a me k a l a i 1 6 n g 6 p i n g f. )

(His c omment on the Other informants

at Kopete sa were Pesatusa Wae lisa , Pasone , Yoane , Pisini , and Jone; informal informants inc lude d Le sepin a , Lapale , and other Ipane s . Ngangane Yaetusa of Aipusa (near Wabag ) helped greatly during the in­ itial few months of work , and Tumu Popeoko ( emp loyed as my husband ' s informant ) contributed to my early language le arning . The actual production of the dictionary was improved through c omments by Dr . D . C . Lay c ock .

Timothy Pyakalyia kindly checked the Enga ve rsion

of ' How to Use This Book ' .

However , the greatest debt is to Ranier Lang ,

who contributed the re lative ly s e lf-contained Grammatical Sketch and encouraged me to embark on lexicography ( and a monolingual Enga dictionary ) .

He p rovided untiring comments , criticis m , time and

encouragement throughout the production of this work , at just tho s e moments when the c louds were darke st; i t is through h i s enc ouragement that this work at last reached the light .

Adrianne Lang Port More sby , April 1 9 7 3

xi

I N T R ODU C T I O N

The Enga , who numb er s ome 150,000, live in mountainous c ountry in the Western Highlands District of New Guinea.

They o c cupy an area ( s ee

Map 1) which stretche s from the western s lopes o f Mt. Hagen we s twards to Porgera.

This area is draine d by the Minyamp , Amb urn , Lai , Sau , and

Upp e r Maramuni Rive rs , which flow into the Sepik; the Lagaip River ( to beyond the junction of the Porgera Rive r ) , which f l ows into the Strickland , and the Tari Rive r .

The Kyaka Enga , who live to the north

of Mt. Hagen township , o c cupy the area drained by the Baiyer River. The Enga are primarily s e dentary gardeners b ut also keep pigs and fowls.

The staple crop is sweet potatoe s grown in an e fficient system

of long fallowing (see Wadde l l 1 9 6 8 ) ; the s e are augmented by othe r root and leaf vegetab l e s.

A limited amount o f coffee ( among the Central

Enga ) and pyrethrum ( among the Laiagam Enga ) are grown as cash c rops; cattle have also b een introduced by the Australian Administration. Pigs , pearl she l l s , axes and p lume s are the conventionally ac cepted items o f wealth which circulate free ly , and exchanges of the s e valuab les mark all significant s o cial o c casions.

Pigs form the major item in the

te e exchange ( t e e p i n g ( re fers to the pig e xchange among the Central Enga ( e as t of Sirunki ) , and re fers to a death payment among the Western Enga ( Laiagam and further we st» .

Until the c oming o f the Pax

Australiana , Enga c lans c onstantly fought e ach other over land , women , and to avenge previous killings . The people b e l ong to named localized exogamous patricians; they live in homesteads scattered throughout the c lan territory , which has a sharply de fine d boundary.

Traditional ly men and women o c cupied separate

hous e s , since women were thought to be unc lean and dangerous to men , who had to use magic to p rotect themse lve s from female p o l lution. are no he reditary chie fs o r headmen :

There

instead wealthy men of influence

and power c ontrol the initiation and direction o f the p olitical and administrative activities o f each c l an.

The Enga are notab le among the

Highlanders for their pragmatic concern with the manipulation of wealth in various forms ( the traditional death payment s , te e exchange , modern trade store s , cattle raising , coffee and cash crop s ) , and the extension of a wealthy man ' s influence through the s o cial sy stem. This is a preliminary dictionary o f Enga , an abb reviated version o f a larger monolingual dictionary , which i s published now t o make availab l e f o r s cho lars and students thes e materials , pending the later pub lication of a c omplete monolingual Enga dictionary ( po s sib ly with an English index ) .

I have called this pub lication a ' dictionary ' fo llowing current

usage whereby a word list or g l o s s ary of any ' exotic '

( i. e. , little

xii

known ) language is termed a dictionary ( Finney et al . 1 9 6 4 , Draper n . d . , McKaughan and Macaraya 1 9 6 7 , Parker 1 9 70, Tryon and Dub ois 1 9 6 9 , t o name only a few ) .

The mos t e s s ential information from the larger

dictionary ( which is st ored in the c omputer ) is inc luded here , and the main aim has been to achieve a uniform leve l of c ontent with the high­ e s t degree of ac curacy pos sib l e at the pres ent time .

This is not a

learner ' s dictionary , but is written for those with at least an intro­ duc t o ry knowledge of Enga .

Similarly , the English Index does not

include extensive de finitions or s e l ection and s ub c ategorizational featur e s of English .

xiii

O RD E R OF E N T R I E S

1.

Alphabetical Order

The alphabetical order used in this dictionary is as follows : a,

b, d,

e,

g,

i , j , k, 1 , 1y, m,

I) ,

n, n y,

0,

p , 5, t ,

U,

W,

and y .

I f there are three words with identical s e gmental phoneme s b ut dif­ ferent or unknown t onal p at t e rns, the order is :

CVCV, CVCV, CVCV, CVCV

( where

C

s t ands for any cons onant, and

V

for any

vowe l ) . Entries p re c eded by a hyphen pre cede othe rwise identical entries. 2.

Enga Entries

The Enga ent rie s are presented in the fo l l owing order ( al l it ems are not n e c e s s arily present for every ent ry ) : 1.

The Enga entry ( w o rd or phras e )

2.

The e xi s t ential verb

3.

The dial e c t

4.

The grammatical clas sification o f the entry

5.

The English de finition ( s )

6.

Cro s s r e ferences t o other Enga entries of the s ame o r s imilar semantic domain

3.

The English Index Entries Contain:

1.

The English de finition

2.

The grammat ical clas sification of the English entry ( when ne c e s ­

3.

The Enga entry o r ent ries

4.

The dialect o f the Enga entry

s ary t o dis tinguish b etween a noun and a verb, f o r e xamp l e )

ABB R E VIATI O N S USE D I N

1.

E N T R I ES

The following abbreviations are u s e d throughout the dictionary : s . o.

s omeone

s .t .

s omething

/

(7) *

or uncert ain, unverified (a)

prec e ding the Enga entry indicat e s a loan item

(b)

within the English de finition or ent ry indicat e s a grammatical t erm,

with additional information

for it s use, et c . , given in the grammatical s e ction

xiv

2.

E x i s t ential verb abb reviat ions : E

I

K LY 3.

4.

,

p a le n g e p e te n g e s fng i

PL PT S

Dialect abbreviati ons ( appear in ' ( ) '

):

B

Bab y talk

M

Mai

K

Kakas a p i i ( Bush language )

ML

Mai and/or Latapo

L

Laiapo

P

Papayuku

LY

Lyaime

T

Torenama

Part o f Speech abbreviat ions:

P R E S E N TA T I O N

1.

epenge i n j fn g i katenge 1 y i ng f

adj adv de t dir

adject ive

np

noun phras e

adverb

part

part i c l e

determiner

phrase

exe Z

exclamat i on

Zoe n

l o c at ive

ph pro 8t v

noun

vp

verb phrase

OF

dire ct ional

pronoun s t at ive form verb

ENTR I E S

Main Entries

A l l entries in this di cti onary are presented as main entries . w a s done f o r two reasons :

Thi s

f i r s t ly , the di fficult ies at tendant upon t he

p roper d i s c riminat ion of potential sub -e ntries placed the s ub-entri e s b eyond the s c ope o f t h e present work ( c f . Mathiot 1967), and s e condly, the d i c t i onary was generat ed and checked by computer and the c ompu t e r w a s not p rogrammed t o dis criminate between s ub -entri e s .

O f t he four

entri e s for k a n � ( ' moon , month , s t one and shilling ' ) , e ach with a dif­ ferent s emant i c field , the c omputer considered them all t o b e equivalent s i n c e t hey were 'homonyms .

It was thus much s imp ler not t o deal with the

s ub-entries of e ach o f the four k a n � at the present t ime . 2.

Orthography

The orthography originally used in the c omputer was that of the, 1966 Orthography C o nference; the later c on ference in 1970 resulted in several major orthography change s , such as t he addition of homorganic pre-nasals of voiced consonants and rule s for the proper vowe l s equenc e s .

The s e

changes were ac c ompli shed o n the mas t e r file a t the t ime o f re-cre at i on by the c omput e r .

xv

3.

Suffixes The i n c lusi on o f morphemes in dict ionaries has b e e n crit i c i z e d, since

a non-native spe aker would not know where to make t he morpheme breaks . However, since Enga has an open syl lab le p at t e rn ( and thus non-native speakers can reasonab ly det ermine the morpheme b re aks) , and since the author wanted t o make the d i c t i onary as inc lusive as possib le, these are inc luded.

The grammat i cal morphemes are given an English g loss and

marked with the referen ce to the grammat i c al se c t ion of t he d i c t ionary for addit ional informat i on :

thus we find listed as an ent ry - a ka with

the English gl osses 'and', 'but' and the grammat i c al reference ( marked by *)

to the se ct ion '*concessive adversat ive'.

A lso t he i n c lusi on

of these morphemes al lowed the English Index t o inc lude 'and' , 'but' and the reference to '* concessive adversat ive' and t he Enga morpheme

-aka . Verbs are given in the hab it ual form, and all conjugat ed verb forms are omi t t e d, exc ept for those part i c iples or stat i ve forms whi ch are i rregular, and those inc luded in phrases.

When known, those verb forms

with f i xed t one on the first sy ll ab le are so noted.

4.

Phrases Some phrases are i n c luded in the dict ionary, mainly those whi c h have

been us ed in the Bib le t ranslations ( t hese are from Sche imann n.d . , and Burce 1 9 6 3 ) .

A typ i cal phrase whi c h was inc luded was that for ' c i ty',

'n d ' m a k i ma k f py60 ( l it eral ly 'houses,'in rows') . S.

Dialects Diale c t al variat i ons have been inc luded when known, and are so in­

dicated .

Thus the d i c t i onary has two main entries for 'old', a t ( n g (

(Western Enga dialect) and a s i n g ( ( Laiapo dialect) . 6.

Cross References The i t ems f o ll owing t he English gloss are re ferences t o other Enga

entries from the same or c losely re l at e d semant i c domains, where addit i onal information may be obtaine d .

The c ross re ferences and t he

main ent ry are not equivalent i tems or synonyms, and in most cases may NOT b e subst i t u t e d for e ac h other .

The entry a k6 1 a 'an edible snake' is

given the two cross refe rences mo t o p'e and pu i yo o , two other snakes ( but not nec essari ly the same spe c i es or edib le snakes - mo t o p'e is a python) .

These i t ems were inc luded in t he d i c t i onary in an att empt t o

inc lude as much informat ion as possib le i n each entry, inc luding such cross re ferences t o semant i c ally c lose ly related i tems ( c f . We inre i ch 196 2 ) .

xvi

7.

Spelling Various sp e l lings are inc luded, espec ially i f t h e s e are from dif­

ferent dialect areas, or from di fferent sources used in Bib l e t rans­ l at ion :

8.

g e t � p a f t � (from Burce 1963) and g e t e p a ( from Sche imann n.d. ) .

' Kind of' Entries Many glossaries and dictionaries use in the English defini t i ons such

items as 'kind o f t ree',

' kind of p l ant ' , 'kind o f b ird' , e t c.

The

present work does not use this not ation ( i.e., such that all memb ers o f a subset are marked as b e ing memb ers o f that set ) b ut inst ead fol lows the other possib ility, to mark the unique b e ginner or generic t erm for i tems of the set.

Thus, ident i fied t rees are so given 'mahogany ' ,

'b lack palm', e t c. ; unident ified t re es are marked simp ly as 't ree'; and the generic t e rm for t ree is marked 'tree - generi c t e rm'.

This was

done in an e ffort to simp l i fy the definit i ons and t o e liminate unneces­ sary rep e t i t i on of the phrases 'kind o f'. 9.

English Index - Glosses Engli sh glosses are list ed by the keyword o f the defini t ion, so that

' inde x finge r ' is not found under 'index' but under 'finger - index'. This was done t o p resent an array of the various 'finge rs ' t ogether as a group, rather than scattered throughout the dict ionary as individuals. Grammat i cal notat i ons are not given in the English Index, e x c ep t when the English entry o c curs as both a noun and a verb :

'love' (n), and

' l ove' (v) .

P HO N O L OGY

The orthography used is that of the Enga Orthography C onference (1970) held at Irelya and att ended by memb ers o f t he New Guinea Lutheran Mission-Missouri Synod, C atholic Mission, Aust rali an Bapt ist Mission, and t he author and her husband. The Enga l anguage has sixteen c onsonant phonemes :

Ib l , Id / , Ig l ,

Ij / , Ik / , Il l , Ily l , Im l , In / , / n y / , IQ / , Ip l , l s I, It l , the semi­ l a l , l e I, II I, 10 / , consonants / w / and Iy l , and five vowe l phonemes : It I quit e o ft en has a voiced alve o l ar t r i l l allophone inter­ and l u I. vo cali cally; Ik l as a rule is fri c at ivi zed b etween low and back vowels; Ib , d , g l are al l p renasalized; l s I word-ini t ially is [t s ), int er­ vo calic ally it fluctuates b e tween [d z) and [z); Ij l is phonet ically [n d z) or [n d �); II I is a voiced re t ro fle xe d flap; all syllab les are open and final vowels are devo iced.

xvii

There are two t oneme s in Enga which are b as i c al ly high and l ow .

The

t onal orthography used at pres ent is such t hat words marked with a t one

[(C)V(C)V), those • with a tone mark on the final s y l lab l e only [(C)V(C)V), and those with a t one mark on the last two syll ab les [(C)V(C)V). mark on their first s y l lab le only are tone t i cally •

F o r a more detai led d i s cu s s ion o f t h e Enga phoneme s , s e e Hint ze n . d . ; for further d i s c u s s ion o f the Enga supras e gment als , s e e Lay cock n. d . , and Nida 1968.

G RA M MATI C A L SKE T CH

Table

06

Content�

Abb re vi at i ons Used in the Grammat i cal Ske t ch 0.0

xix xxi

Introduct i on

1.0

Word and Sentence Order

2.0

Noun Morphology

xxi xxi i i

2. 1

Case Suffi xes

xxiv

2.2.0

Other Suffi xes

xxvi

2.2.1

Oc curring on Nouns Only

2.2.2

O c curring on Both Nouns and Verbs

3.0

Verb Morphology

xxvi xxv i i xxvi i i

3.1.0

Conjun c t i ve Suffi xes

xxxi i

3. 1 . 1

Temp oral Suff i xes

xxxii

3. 1 .2

Causal and Result Suffi xes

3.1 .3

Condit i onal Suffixes

3.1.4

C oncessive Suffi xes

3.2.0

xxxv

Modal Suffi xes

xxxvi

3.2.1

Imperat ive Suffi xes

3.2.2

Purposive Suffixes

3.2.3.0

Desiderat i ve Suffi xes

3.2.3.1 3.2.3.2 3.2.4

xxxi i xxxi i i

xxxvi xxxvi

With Co-re ferential Subje cts With Subjects that are not C o-re ferential Ne gat i on

xxxviii xxxv i i i xxxix xxxix

3.2.5

Int erro gat ive Suffi xes

3.2.6

Potent i ality, Ab i l ity , Ob ligat ion , Necessity

xli

3.2.7

Quotat ive Suffi xes

xli

3.2.8

Emphasis

3.2.9.0

At t i t udinal Suffi xes

xl

xli xlii

3.2.9.1

Suffixes fo r Deducing and He arsay

xlii

3.2.9.2

Suffi xes for Sensing

xlii

3.2.9.3

Suffi xes for Hist orical Events and Tales

3.3.0 3.3.1.0

Asp e ctual Suffi xes

xliii xliv

Manner

xliv

3.3.1.1

Intensive

3.3.1.2

Comp l e t ive

xliv

3.3.1.3

Instantane ous and Finalat i ve

xliv

3.3.1.4

Rep e t i t ive

xliv

xlv

xvi i i

xix

S imul at ive

xlvi

3.3.1.6

Progre s s ive

xlvi

3.3.1.7

C onformat ive

xlvi

3.3.1.5

x lvi

Comprehensive

3.3.1.8 3.3.2

Object and Subject Indi cat ors

3.3.3.0

Voi c e

3.3.3.1

Re c iprocal

3.3.3.2

Reflexive

x lv i i xlvi i i xlvi i i xlix

3.3.3.3

Causat ive

xlix

3.3.3.4

Cont ingency

xlix xlix

M i s c e l lanea

3.3.4.0 3.3.4. 1

Dire c t ional Suffixes

3.3.4.2.0

Nominali zers

xlix 1

3.3.4.2.1

Adje ct ival Su ffix

li

3.3.4.2.2

Hab itua l Suffix

li

Not e s

lii

Index of Grammat i c al Morpheme s

liv

Tab le s : Tab l e I

Tens e and Person/Numb er Suffixes

Tab le II

Imperat ive/Hort ative Suffixe s

Abbre viat ions Used in t he Grammat ical Ske t c h: ADJ

adje c t ivizer

AG

agentive

ARG

argumentat ive

ASSOC

a s s o c iat ive

AUG

augment

BEN

b ene fact ive

CAUS

c ausal

CAUSAT

caus at ive

COM

c omp let ive

COMPR

comprehensive

C ONC

conc e s s i ve-adve rs at ive

COND

condit ional

CONF

c onformative

CONJ

conjunct ive

CONT

c ontingent

DED

deduc t ive

DEG

degree

DES

des iderat ive

DET

det erminer

xxi x xxxvii

xx

DIR

dire cti onal suffix

DISC

discreti onary

EMP

emphati c

FIN

finalative

FUT

future

HAB

habitual

HIST

historical

IDET

inde finite determiner

IMP

imperative

INF

infinitive

INST

instrumental

INSTA

instantaneous

INT

intensive

LA

l a -conjunctive

LOC

l o c ative

NEG

negative

0

o-comp l ementizer

OBJ

indirect obje ct suffix

PAST

any past

POSS

possessive

POT

potential

PRES

present

PROG

p rogressive

PUR

purposive

QU

question

QUOT

quotative

REC

r e c iprocal

S IM

simulative

SUB

e x c lusive subje ct suffix

TEMP

temporal

VOC

v o c ative

1/2/3 S G/DU/PL

lst/2nd/3rd singular/dual/p lural

xxi

0.0

I N T R ODUC T I O N

l

Enga is one o f the Papuan ( i. e. non-Aust ronesian ) languages of New Guinea and as such it is characteri zed by a numb er of b asic grammatical facts common t o most o f them.

The s e facts relate t o such t hings as

word orde r , noun and verb morphology and the ways in which more complex sentences are forme d .

In some of t hese feat ures 'it di ffers radically

from English, part icularly in the verb morphology, in others , the d i f­ ferences are neg ligible. 1.0

W O RD AND SEN TENC E O RD E R

The most bas ic fact about Enga word orde r , and the one in which i t differs m o s t from English, i s that t h e main verb o f t h e s ent ence invariably is found in sentence-final posit ion.

From our knowledge o f

t h e language s of t h e world, t hi s b a s i c fact imp lies a numb e r of others relat ing t o word order and the order o f elements in general, such as 2 affixes and subordinat e clauses . In declarat ive sentences with nominal subj ect and object, the subject precedes t he object 1

A k a 1 i d o k 6 - me me n a d Ok o p - I - a . ,

,

man

DET-AG

p ig

DET

,

h it-PAST- 3SG

The man hit ( or killed ) the p ig. Enga i s a langua ge wit h post p o s i t i on s ( these are the equivalent of Engl ish p reposi t i ons ) 2

To k o

s i - l y - a -mo .

k i sa

t ab l e on=t op=of b e-PRES- 3SG-AUG It is on top of the tab l e . The genit ive precedes the governing noun ( except in copulat ive type sent e nces with interrogat ive s ) 3

Ba a - me a k a 1 i do k o -n y a m e n a p - ( -a . he-AG

man

DET-POSS pig

h i t -PAST-3SG

He hit ( or k i l le d ) the man's pig . 4

M e n a d o k o a p i- n y a - p e 7 pig

DET

who-POSS-QU

Whose p ig is t hat? All adverb ial mo di fiers p recede the verb 5

Kuaka

b a a -me ka l a i doko dee

yesterday he-AG

work

DET

e t e t e k o p e d 'p ( -p y -a .

agai n very

b adly

Yest erday he did the work again very badly.

do-PAST-3SG

xxii

Int errogat ive words usually occur in the s ame position as would the nouns or noun phra s e s t hat they quest ion.

Thus, if one were t o que s t ion

the locative phrase in the following declarative s entence

6

Ba� �nd� he

d o k 6 - n y � k a - l y - a - mo .

hou s e DET-LOC

BE-PRES-3SG-AUG

He is in t he house. he would simply replace the locative phra s e wit h the corresponding locative int errogative 7

B a a � n ja he

ka - l y - a - pe ?

where BE-PRES-3SG-QU

Where is he? Similarly, if one were t o que st ion t he activity performed in

( 6) ,

he

would rep lace the declarative verb phrase by the corresponding inter­ rogative 8

Ba� �nd� he

dok6-ny� a (p� p i - l y - a - pe?

hou se DET-LOC

what do-PRES-3SG-QU

What is he doing in the house? The inflect ed auxiliary always fol lows t he main verb 9

N am b a - me b a a ka nj-a I-AG

he

na-y-o .

s ee-INF NEG-PAST-1SG

I didn't see him. Adje ct ive s always fo llow the noun 10

Ak� 1 i epe

d 6 k o e p e-l y - a -mo .

come -PRES-3SG-AUG 3 The good man is coming.

man

good DET

De scriptive adjectives, numerals and demons trat ives follow the noun in t hat order 11

A k a l i e pe man

k i t6m e n d e d 6 p a

good four

e p e - l y - am ( - n o .

DET=PL come-PRES-3PL-AUG

Tho s e (or the) four men are coming . Adverb s modifying adjectives precede them 12

Aka l i e te t � epe man

very

d6ko e p e - l y - a -mo .

good DET

come -PRES-3SG-AUG

That very good man is coming. In constructions of nominal apposition involving a common and a proper noun, the order is proper-common with p lace name s; otherwise it is common-proper

xxiii

doko - n y a p�- l y -o .

Ao s a t � l i a y u u

13

Australia p lace DET-LOC

go-PRES-ISG

I'm going to Austra lia.

E n d a k f Ke t a d o k o - n y a p� - l Y - 9 .

14

wat e r

Keta DET-LOC

go-PRES-1SG

I'm going to the river Keta. The expre s s i on of numb er come s b etween t h e noun and t h e e xpre s s ion o f case 15

A k a l i k i t 6m e n d e d 6 p a - me man

four

m e n a d o ko p - i - a m f .

DET=PL-AG p i g

DET

h i t-PAST- 3PL

The four men hit (or k i l led) the p i g. The subordinate verb that qua l i f i e s the main verb p re c ede s i t ( in­ c luding expre s s i ons of vol i t i on and purpo se ) 16

B a a -m e m e n a doko p y a - l a he-AG

pig

DET

p-�- a .

hit-INF go-PAST- 3SG

He went in order t o kill the p ig. 17

Nam b a - me me n a m � n d e p y a - l a - n y a I-AG

pig

IDET

mas - r-o.

hit -INF-DES think-PAST-ISG

I want ed to k i l l a p i g. The protas i s of c ondi t i onal construct ions pre cedes the apod o s i s 18

B a a - m e me n a d o k o p y a - t - a - m o he-AG

pig

DET

k a n d a - o d oko p a - t -o .

hit -FVT-3SG-AUG see-O

DET

go-FUT-ISG

If he k i l l s t he p i g, I'll go. The re lat ive c lause fo llow s t he noun 19

A ka l i a n d ( pa e pe - l y - a -mo man

now

d Ok o a l e m b o

c ome -PRE S-3SG-AUG DET

p-e- a .

day=be fore=ye s t erday go-PAST-3SG 4

The man who i s now c oming l e ft two days ago. 2. 0

N O U N M O R P H O L O GY

In the noun morphology Enga i s an exc lus ively suffi xing language . The last membe r o f a noun phra s e , generally the adje c t ive or det ermine r , expre s s e s the infle c t i onal categor i e s of t h e noun and i n such c a s e s t he noun lacks overt expre s s ion of all o f t h e s e categori e s

me n a d o k o p - r - a .

20 man-AG

woman-POSS p i g

DET

A man k i l l ed the woman's p i g.

hit-PAST- 3SG

xxiv

21

Ak� l i l on d e -me - a ka e n d a man

t all-AG-EMP

epe

mende-ny� men� d&ko p- f - � .

woman good IDET-POSS p i g

DET

hit -PAST-3 SG

A TALL man killed a good woman's p ig. The suffi x e s can be grouped broadly int o two cat egorie s , case s u f­ Whi l e t he first group o c curs exclus ively on nouns or

fixes and others .

noun phra s e s, s ome of the suffi xes o f the s e c ond group may o c c ur on b oth nouns or noun phra s e s and verb s or verb phras e s .

Thus, the emphat i c

suffi x - ( a ) k a e xemp l i fi e d i n (21) may a l s o o c c ur on verb s o r verb phra s e s 22

A k � l i l o n d e - me - a k a e n d a man

tal l-AG-EMP

epe

mende-ny� men� d&ko p- i - � - ka .

woman good IDET-POSS p ig

DET

h i t -PAST- 3SG-EMP

A TALL man also killed a good woman's p i g . The order in whi ch these suffixe s occur i s fairly flexib le; general ly, the case suffixes precede any o f the others, and t he que st i on suffix comes last in a series unle s s the que s t i on that i t marks i s a quo t e d que s t i on in which c a s e i t i s fol lowed by t h e quotative suffi x .

The

order of the other suffixes depends to s ome e xt ent on the individual s peaker's at t i t ude, with the suffix which in h i s opinion marks the m o s t important aspect t ending to occur as far towards t he end o f a serie s a s p o s s i b le. 2 .1

Cas e S u f f i x e s Enga i s a language that marks t he re lat i onsh i p s b etween nouns and

noun phra s e s in a sent ence for the mo st part via c as e endings, and it marks the s e ca s e s in the same manner as other ergat ive language s :

the

subject of t rans i t ive verb s is marked with an agentive ending and t he obje c t i s unmarked;

(the subject of intran s i t ive verb s i s al s o unmarked) .

There are seven c a s e s which are formally marked, with the same suffix s omet ime s s ignal l i ng two or more different cas e s:

a s s ociative - p a (two

(24, 2 5 ) , agent ive - me / - m i ( 2 6 ) , instrumental - me / - m i (27, 2 9 ) , p o s s e s s ive - n y a ( 2 8 ) , locat i ve - n y a / - s a / - k a (29) , t emporal - s a / - n y a / - p a (30) and vocative -00 (31).

only) /-pipa (two or more)

23

Ak� l i d6ko p-e - � . man

DET

go-PAST-3SG

The man went . 24

Ak� l i ( - p a )

wa n e - p a

p - e - �m b r .

man (-ASSOC) b oy-ASSOC go -PAST-3DU The man went with the b oy .

xxv

25

Ak� l i w � n e - p r p a p - e - � m b ( . man

b oy-ASSOe go-PAST- 3DU

The mao went with the boy. 26

A k � l l - m i ( or a ka I i d o k o - m e ) m e n � dOko p - ( - a . man-AG

DET-AG

man

DET

pig

hit -PAST-3SG

The man ki lled the p ig. 27

A k � I i d o k o - m e me n � d O k o u a a - me man

DET-AG

DET

pig

p- r-� .

axe-INST hit-PAST- 3SG

The man killed the pig with an axe. 28

d o ko - n y a me n � d o k o u a a -me

Ak� l i doko-me enda DET-AG

man

DET

woman DET-POSS p ig

p- ( - a .

axe-INST hit -PAST-3SG

The man k i l l e d the woman's pig with an axe. 29

Ak� l i d o k o - m e e n d a - n y a DET-AG

man

and�-ka

mena doko k�ka s a yu6

woman-POSS p ig

bush

DET

d o k o - n y � / ee - s � /

p lace DET-LOe/garden-LOe/

p- (-� .

k r n g i -m i

hous e-LOe hand-INST hit-PAST-3SG The man hit the woman's p i g in t he bush/garden/house with (hi s) hand.

m e n � doko k o t � k a - s a / M a n d e e o n go - n y � /

30 man

DET-AG

woman-POSS p i g

e p - e - a - mo

9

ri

noon-TEMP Monday DET-TEMP/

DET

o g o - pa

u a a - me

ee- s a

p- ( - � .

c ome-PAST- 3SG-AUG t ime DET-TEMP garden-LOe axe-INST h i t - PAST- 3SG The man kil led the woman's p i g in the garden with an axe at noon/ on Monday/at the t ime he came. 31

W� n e -oo , a k a I i l on d e - me e n d a - n y a . . . b oy-VOe, man

t al l-AG

woman-POSS

You there, a tall man ki lled. . . In add i t i on t o these s even cas e s the relat i onship between nouns or noun phra s e s may be marke d by postp o s i t i ons such as

ke t�/k i s�

'on t op of'

exemp l i fi e d in (2) above; by certain what may be called verbal func tors such as

kan dao

't o , t owards' (l iterally 'see ing') ( 3 2 ) , and

l ao

'ab out'

(l i t e rally 'utt ering') ( 3 3); and by a number of suffixal devi c e s whi ch w i l l be dealt with in the verb morphology 32

A k � l i d ok o - me e n d a man

DET-AG

d O k o k a n d ao

woman DET

pit

l e - l y - � - mo .

t owards word ut t er- PRES- 3 SG-AUG

That man is talking t o /t owards that woman.

(� That man i s te l l ing the woman s omething. )

xxvi

A k � l i d o k o - m� e n d a

33

man

DET-AG

doko l �o

woman DET

l e - l y -� -mo .

about utter-PRES- 3 SG-AUG

That man is t alking about that woman . 2.2.0

O t h e r S u f fi x e s

2.2. 1

O c c u r ri ng on n o u n s o n l y

There are s i x suffixes ( other t han cas e suffixe s ) l i s t e d i n the dic­ t i onary which occur on nouns only .

They are the conjunctive s uffix -p i

'and, even' ( 3 4) , two suffi xes of degree of or s imilarity to -I e ' rather ' and -y a l e 'like' ( 3 5, 36 ) , and two which empha s i ze or cont rast, an emphatic - m b a l 'very', and an argumentat ive -m b a 2

( 37, 38 ) .

Except for p a n d e 'or' which can only be used int errogat ive ly, Enga lacks a conj unct i on such as 'and' .

Inst ead it combines noun phra s e s via

the conj unctive suffix - p i which may b e added to all noun phra s e s t o b e comb ined o r t o the last one i n a series which i s usually then fol lowed by an ( addi tional) det erminer 34

A k a l i -m i -p i e n d a -m e -p i

wa n e - me - p i

d � p a -me

men� dOko

man-AG-CONJ woman-AG-CONJ boy-AG-CONJ DET=PL-AG p i g

DET

p i -l y -a m ( - n o . hit-PRES- 3PL-AUG The man and the woman and t he boy are hitt ing the pig .

-I e app l i e s to adj ectives and has a mo s t l y diminut ive connotati on; -y a l e app l i e s t o noun s and noun phras e s . 35

Both occur in e quat ional clau s e s

Me n � d o k o a n d a ke - l e . pig

DET

b ig-DEG

That pig i s s omewhat large. 36

Ak� I i d6ko namb� -ya l e . man

DET

I - S IM

That man is l ike me ( in some sense ) .

-m b a l and -m b a 2 di ffer not only in meaning but also in the t onal change s they bring about when added to nouns that have the same t one on their las t two s y l lab l e s; when - m b a l is added t o one such noun i t t o o will have t he same t one as the preceding to syllab les, when -m b a 2 i s added to one such noun it w i l l have a higher t one 37

M e n a -m b a l d o k o p - f -6 . p i g-EMP

DET

hit-PAST-1SG

I killed t hat very pig .

xxvi i

Me n a - m b a 2 d a a , y a n a d Ok o p - f - o .

38

p ig-ARG

NEG

dog

DET

hi t-PAST-1SG

It is not t he p i g - as has b e e n c laimed - that I k i l led , but the dog . 2.2.2

O c c ur r i n g o n bo t h n o u n s a n d v e rbs

The s e are suffixes t hat mos t ly oc cur on nouns in e quat i onal c laus e s and otherw i s e o n verb s .

The di ct ionary l i s t s e s s ent i ally five con­

st ruct ions that are s ignalled by such suffixes (or their variant s ) . They are the quotat ive suffix (which also s erve s to draw at t e n t i on to

- n a l - Qy 5 (where Y stands for any of t he 6 Enga vowe l s ) (3 9 ) , the intensive or emphat i c - ( a ) k a 'very , defini t e ly' ( 4 0 , 41 ) , the i nt errogat ive - p e l - p i ( 4 2 ) , the c once s s ive-adve rsat ive - ( a ) k a 'although' (4 3 , 4 4 ) , and the (real ) c onditi onal - t am o ' i f' (4 5 ) . s omething as if i t were quot e d )

The first three of the s e s ignal t he semant i c c ontent e xc lus ively via the suffi x , t he la st two i n conj unc t ion with other syntac t i c dev i c e s w h i c h remain c onstant for all s u c h c onstruc t i ons and whi ch wi ll b e i nd i c at e d b e l ow by unde rlining 39a

Me n a d o k o a n d a ke - n a a k a 1 i d Ok o 1 - e - a . pig

DET

b ig-QUOT

man

DET

utt er-PAST- 3SG

'That p i g i s b ig' the man s ai d. 39b

Mena -na

me n d e e p e - l y - a - mo .

p i g-QUOT IDET

c ome-PRES-3SG-AUG

Not i ce , a p i g i s c oming. 40

Pe - l y - a - m o

doko ongo a ka l i - a k a .

go-PRES-3SG-AUG DET

DET

man-EMP

That i s de finit e ly a man , the one who is going . 41

,

Enda-ka

m e n d e - n y a mena p - i - am f .

woman-EMP IDET-POSS p i g

hit-PAST-3PL

They k i lled a WOMAN's p i g. 42

Om o - s a

ka - l y - a -mo

d Ok o o n g o A l u a - p e p a n d e b a a - n y a

over=there-LOC st and-PRES- 3SG-AUG DET

k a i m i n f n g i - p i ?7

DET

Alua-QU �r

brother-QU Is t hat A lua or h i s b rother who is standing over there? 43

Ba a a k a l l - a k a d Ok o e n d a he

man-CONC

DET

na-ny i -ng i .

woman NEG-take-HAB

Although he is a man , he is not married (yet ) .

he -POSS

xxvi i i

44

Ba� �nda-ka

d Oko w � n e

she woman-CONC DET

n a -m � n d e - n g e .

chi ld NEG-carry-HAB

Although she is a woman, she hasn't b orne any chi ldren (yet) . 45

6 n g o me n a ma ( p a - t a mo k a n d a o d o k o p�n g o m a n d e - n g � . DET

pig

male-C OND

s e e ing DET

penis carry -HAB

If it is a b oar, it'll have a peni s . The se five cons truct i ons wil l be further d i scus sed in t he verb morpho logy. 3.0

V E RB M O R P H O L OGY Th i s is unque s t i onab ly the mo s t compl ex aspect of Enga grammar for

an Eng l i s h s peaker (especially if viewed within the wide r context o f syntax) .

Th i s is due to the fact that Enga does not have any s ub­

ord inat i ng or co-ordinating conj unct i ons such as 'and', 'when', 'because', e tc. ; that it has no modal aux i liari e s such as 'can', 'want', 'ought to', etc.; and that it has no pre p o s i t i ons such as 'for', 't o', 'o f', etc.

Enga, on the other hand, has grammatical devices which

expre s s var i ous modal i t i e s which in Eng l i sh can only be rendered periphrast ically such as 'I think', 'it appears to me', 'there is s o l i d evidence for', 'it i s said', etc.

The numb er o f concep t s and kinds of

act i ons that can b e expre s sed in Enga through suffixes on the verb i s nearly unlimi ted, and i t has been said therefore, that the verb " dominat e s " the language . Within the w ider context of language uni versals, as a main-verb­ alway s- in-final-po s i t ion language, it should b e noted that the que s t i on suffix 46

-pel- p i

always occurs in s ent ence f inal p o s i t i on;

A k a l i d o k 6 - m � m e n a d o k o p - i - a - p e7 man

DET-AG

p ig

DET

hit -PAST- 3SG-QU

Did the man kil l the p i g? t hat �s in the noun morphology Enga i s al s o an exclus ively su ffixing language in the verb morphology (the negat ive prefix exception t o t h i s s tatement, cf.

na-

b e ing the sole

( 4 4) and ( 4 5) ) ; and that the verb has

both pers on-numbe r and tense-mode categori e s (Tab le 1 ) .

There are five

t e n s e s, a future t ense, a pre sent t ense, and thre e past t enses:

the

imme diate past (re lat ing t o event s earl i er in the day ) , the near past (re lat i ng t o event s of the previous day, to e vents o f which the s peaker doe s not know the t ime, and t o event s in the near or far pas t but whi ch the sp eaker w i s he s to contrast to event s s t i ll further in the pas t ) , and the far past (relat ing to event s earlier than the previous day) .

In

addition to the s i ngular and p lural, Enga al s o has a dual wh ich one must

TABLE

1

Far Past

Near Past

Past

Pres ent

Future

lsg

1 -�-6

I �-p-�

I �- I -o

I � - I y-o

I � - t -o

2sg

I -�-�

I �- p- f

l a- I -�-no

l e- I -� - no

I �- t-�

3sg

I -�-�

I � -py - �

l a - I - � -mo

l e - I y - � -mo

I �- t-�

ldu

I - e - �m b �

l a - p-�mb�

l a - I -amb�-no

l e - I y - am b � - n o

l a- t -�mb�

2du

I -e -� m b f

l a - p - fm b f

l a- I -amb f-no

l e - I y - am b ( - n o

l a- t -�mb r

3du

I - e - �m b (

l a - p- (mb f

l a- I -amb ( - no

l e - I y -amb ( - n o

l a- t -�mb (

lp l

I -e - �m�

l a - p - �m �

l a - I - am � - n o

l e - I y -am� - n o

l a- t -�m�

2pl

I - e - �m f

l a - p - (m f

l a - I - am ( - n o

l e - I y - am r - n o

l a- t -� m r

3pl

I -e - �m r

l a - p - rm f

l a - I -am f-no

l e - I y - am f -n o

l a- t -�m f

The bas i c form i s verb s tem + tense + person-number (+ augment) .

xxx

use if an act ion or event involves exactly two actors or act ions . Depending on the person or tens e , t he declarat ive mode is s ignalled ob ligatori ly t hrough the augment s -mo and - n o .

The declarat ive mode

and all of the person-number and t ense suffixe s are i llus trat ed in Tab l e 1, us ing the root l a - 'utt er'. Viewed s yntact ically , cert ain verb suffixes conj oin sentence s , others embed them , modally or aspectual ly; yet a few others mark cas e re lat i on­ ships or nominalize verb s.

It is di fficult somet ime s t o det ermine

whe ther a given suf fix is now conj o ining or embedding , or whether one can be said to be a modal or an aspectual suffix and there is s t i l l much re s earch to be done on the "deep" grammar o f Enga.

The clas­

s i ficat ion pre sented b e low , there fore , does not neces sari ly repres ent any logic inherent in the phenomena thems e lves; it is primarily an att empt to provide the reader with some de scriptive order. A charact eri s t ic of Enga (and one which it shares with most other Papuan languages ) is the d i s t inction between the so-called s entence­ medial and s ent ence-final verb forms.

While this di s t inct ion must be

viewed a s an ext reme ly trivial one from a deep syntactic point o f view , it is of pro found importance on the surface leve l .

As has b e e n p o inted

out already , there is one ma in verb for each sentence , and it always occurs in final p o s it ion in the surface s t ructure of that sent ence .

In

a normal declarative sentence , the order is subj ect-obj ect -verb : 47

En d a

d o k6 - m e b a a - n y �

woman DET-AG

m e n � d 6 ko p - r - � .

she-POSS pig

DET

hit-PAST- 3SG

The woman hit her p ig. Since there are no conj unct ions in Enga to expre s s sent e nces like ( 48) and ( 4 9) 48

He went and worked (at t h e same t ime )

49

I went and h e worke d ,

Enga u s e s inst ead a special set o f verbal suffixe s , which are at tached to a l l but the final verb in t he s entence.

The se suffixe s vary , depend­

ing on whether the subject s of the t wo sent ences are co-re ferent ial or not.

C o-ordinate and subordinate s entences with co-re ferential subj ect s

are called " same act or" sent ence s in Enga grammat ical studie s , and those with non-co-re ferential subject s are ca l led " d i f ferent actor" s ent ences. The two constit uent s entences o f ( 4 8) above , i f used separat ely would be (5 0) and (51) : 50

Ba � p - e - � . he

go-PAST-3SG

He went.

xxxi

51

B a a -me ka 1 � i p - i - � . he-AG

work

do-PAST-3SG

He worked . Conj oined they are not 52

8 * B a a p - e - a - p i b a a - me k a l a i p - i - a .

but ins t ead 53

B a a -me p a - o k a l � i p - i - a . he-AG

go-O work

do-PAST-3SG

He went and worked ( at the same time ) . The tense and pers on-number suffixes are carried only by the sentence final verb, 5 3a

( 5 3a ) ,

* B a a - me p - e - a * B a a -me p - e - a he-AG

5 3c

ka l a i p- i -a . do-PAST- 3SG

go-PAST- 3SG work

he-AG 5 3b

( 5 3b ) and ( 5 3c ) are ungrammatical

k a l a i p yo - o . do-O

go-PAST- 3SG work

ka l a i p- i -a .

*Baa-me p - e - a-o he -AG

go-PAST- 3S G-O work

do-PAST- 3SG

The two c onstituent sentenc e s in ( 4 9 ) above would be ( 5 1 ) and ( 5 4 ) : 54

Namb� p-e-6 . go-PAST-1SG

I

I went. However, since the subj e c t s o f ( 51 ) and ( 5 4 ) are not co-re ferential, they cannot be c onj oined, for e xamp le, by the -0 marker as in ( 5 3 ) ; ( 5 5 ) is ungrammatical 55

*Namba p a -o b a a - me ka l a i p - i - a . I

go-O he -AG

work

do-PAST- 3SG

( 5 1 ) and ( 54 ) can only b e conj oined by pre serving b o t h the tense and person-number suffixes of both verb s .

This is achieved by adding a

s ent ence-medial marker - p a t o t he main verb of the first of the two sent enc e s t o b e c onj oined: 56

N a m b � p - e - 6 - pa I

b a a -me ka l � i p - i - � .

go-PAST-1 SG-PA h e-AG

work

do-PAST- 3SG

I went and he worked.

- p a in sentence final po sition as in ( 5 7 ) would be ungrammat ical: 57

*Namba p-e-o I

b a a -me ka l a i p - i - a - pa .

go-PAST- 1SG he-AG

work

do-PAST- 3SG-PA

xxxii

The above w i l l suffice as a n i l lustrat i on of the prob lem .

The f o l lowing

s ect i ons w i l l de scribe in more detai l the vari ous suf f i xe s e xpre s s ing co-ordinat i on, subordinat ion, mod e s, and aspect s . 3.1.0

C o n j un c t i v e S u f f i x e s

3 . 1.1

T e m p o ra l

suf f i x e s ( 1 ) The

There are three t emporal suffixe s wi t h their variant s .

- a o , - 00 , - u u )

marker ( l i s t e d in the dict i onary under

0

which expre s s e s

cont emporan e i t y b e tween sentences w i t h co-referent ial subj ect s; in general verb s who se root ends in a high vow e l t ake

-0 58

-u

( 5 8) , the others

( 5 3- 5 5 )

B a a - m� a n d � - ka

p i t u - u k a l � i p i - l y - a - m6 .

she-AG house-LOC s i t -O

work

do-PRES- 3SG -AUG

She is working whi l e she is ( s i t t ing) in t he hous e .

- (a) la

(2) The

marker whi ch expre s s e s consecut ivene s s b e t ween sent ence s

w i t h co-re ferential subj ects; it mus t be preceded by the comp l e t ive s u f f i x ( li st e d in the dict ionary under

( B a a -m� ) k a l � i pe - t a - l a

59

he-AG

-ap/t - . - e p/ t - . - i p/ t - )

y6 1 � ny- r - � .

do-COM-LA wage get-PAST- 3SG

work

Having done the work, he received ( hi s ) wage .

- pa

( 3) the

marker ( c f . 5 6 - 5 7) which conj oins sentences w i t h non­

co-r e ferent i al sub j ects and which can denot e consecutive, as w e l l as contemporaneous act ions as in ( 6 0)

I-AG

b a a - m� k a l � i

py6-0 kat -e-6-pa

N a m b a -me me�

60

for=no=reason do-O

s t and-PAST-1SG-TEMP he-AG

work

and�ke p- i -� . big

do-PAST- 3SG

Whi l e I was do ing nothing he did a lot of work ; or I d i d nothing and t hen he did a lot of work . 3. 1 .2

Cau s a l a n d R e s u l t Suf f i x e s

There are t wo causal suffixes,

- pa

and

-sa .

Both are added t o ge ther

w i t h t he verbal augment ( i f not a lready pre sent and e xcept for the first person s i ngular) t o ful ly conj ugated verb forms 61

B a a -me k a l � i p y � - a he-AG

work

n � - e p - e - a - mo - pa

n a m b � t � n g e - me

do-INF NEG-come -PAST-3SG-AUG-CAUS I

ka l � i n a - p - i - o . work

NEG-do-PAST-1SG

S ince he didn't come to work, I didn' t work my se l f .

s e l f-AG

xxxi i i

Namba-m� ka l a i pya-a

62

I-AG

work

na-ep-e-o-pa/sa

do-INF NEG-come-PAST- lSG-CAUS he

s e l f-AG

work

NEG-do-PAST- 3SG S ince I didn't come t o work , he di dn't work hims e l f .

-pal-sa

Th e

suffixe s (as causal suffixes) allow only (s emantic) con­

t emporaneity b etween the two conjoined s entences.

The tense of the

second sentence determine s the over-all tense app l icab le to the two sentence s semant ically , whi le grammat ical ly i t i s such that if the s emantic over-al l tense is Far Pas t , Near Past or Future it is gram­ mat ically so in the two sent ence s as we ll; i f Imme diate Past or Pre s ent , it i s Near Past in the first s entence, and Immediat e Past or Pre s ent in the s econd; i f Hab i t ual , Pre s ent in the first s ent ence and Hab i t ual in the s econd . If one wan t s t o e xpre s s a causal relat i onship b etween two sent ence s t hat i s not one of s eman t ic s imultane i t y , one may make use of a numbe r o f construct i ons o f which t h e t wo mo st important involve t h e u s e o f t h e

- n ya

suffix.

In one cas e the augment

-mol - n o

(i f not already pre s ent

and e xcept for t he first p erson s ingular) is added to the verb of the causal clau s e which is then fol l owed by the det erminer with

- nya

suf­

f�ied to i t

Baa p e - l y - a - mo

63

he

/ p - e - a - mo

d o k 6 - n y a n a mb a n a - p a - t - o .

go-PRES-3SG-AUG/go-PAST- 3SG-AUG DET-CAUS I

NEG-go-FUT- lSG

Because he is gOing/went , I won't b e going . The s econd cas e is a variat i on on the first and involves the phono­ logical separat i on o f cau sal s entence and result s e ntence into two i ndependent s entences with the semantic connect ion b ei ng e s tab l i shed t hrough a nominal phrase 64

( tenge) ong6nya « m i nao) ( ka ta6»

B a a p e - l y - a - mo .

( Te n g e )

he

(Meaning) DET-CAUS « hold-O) (s tand-O) I

go -PRES- 3S G-AUG .

on g 6 - n y a « m i n a - o ) ( ka t a - 6 »

n amba

n a - pa - t -o . NEG-go-FUT-lSG. He i s going . 3. 1 .3

Because of thi s , I won't be going .

C o n d i tio n a l s u ff i x e s

In Enga there e x i s t s a fundament al d i s t inct ion b etween what has b e e n ca lled " real " condi t i on and " i rreal" condi t i on.

A " real" condi t i on i s

o n e which has real cons equences , whi le a n " i rre a l " o n e den i e s the reality o f b o t h the state o f affairs expre s s ed in the condi t i on and i t s con­ s e quence - it invo lves a hypothe s i s .

There are a numb er of construct ions

xxxiv

t o expre s s real c ondi t ions .

The mo s t important invo lves put t i ng the

verb in the c ondit i onal c lause in t he future tense , adding the augment

- mo l - n o

to it and having t h i s followed by

e xp re s s ing t he c onsequence.

k a n d ao d 6 k o

p lu s t he c lause

Thus one could c onne ct the following two

sentences

Ak � l i d 6 ko p - � - a .

65a

DET

man

go-PAST- 3SG

The man went .

Enda

65b

d O k o p - a - a -mo .

woman DET

go-PAST- 3SG- AUG

The woman went . into a condi t i onal clause with i t s consequence 66a

Ak� l i d6ko ( a l embo) man

DET

p � - t - a - mo

kanda-6 doko �nda

( day=b e fore=yes terday) go-FUT- 3SG-AUG see-O

DET

woman

d o k o ( wamba a n d r p u ) p - � - a - mo . DET

( b e fore t oday) go-PAST- 3SG-AUG

If the man went the day b e fore y e s t erday ( then) the woman went e arlier t oday . 66b

�nda

d 6 k o ( wa m b a a n d r p u ) pa - t - � - mo

woman DET

kanda-o doko ak� 1 i dOko

( b e fore today) go-FUT-3SG-AUG see-O

DET

man

DET

p-e-a . ,

,

day=be fore =ye st erday go-PAST- 3SG I f t he woman went earlier t oday ( then) the man went the day b e fo re y e s t erday . The irreal condi t ion i s formed in the same way as the real cond i t i o n exc ept that f o r t h e augment t h e cont ingent s u f f i x Enga diale c t s alt ernat ing with vowe l is

i /u

-Ie

-I i

( in t h e We s t ern

depending on whe ther the pre c e ding

or not) is added to both c laus e s invo lved in the c ondi t i onal

cons truc t i on .

There are three spe c ia l c ondi t i on s that one must pay

at t en t i on t o :

( 1)

If the ( irreal) c ondit ion take s p lac e in the far past t he verb s of

both c laus e s, cond i t i onal and consequential must b e i n the Far Pas t 67

Enga

dOko p - e - a - I i

woman DET

k a n d a - 6 d 6ko a k � l i d O k o p - e - a - I i .

go-PAST- 3SG-CONT se e-O

DET

man

DET

go-PAST- 3SG-CONT

If the woman had gone , the man would have gone . (2)

If t he condi t ional c laus e is exemp l i f i e d by a hab itual or nominal

( e quat ional c lause)

p r l i /py� 1 i

is added inst ead of

-I i

only and at the

same t ime t he verb of the consequent ial clause must b e in the Interme ­ diate Past

xxxv

68

B a � me n � ma ( p a p ( - l i / p y � - l i

kanda-6 d6ko pongo

it

s e e-O

pig

male

do-CONT/hit -CONT

DET

penis

m a n d f- p y - a - l i . carry-PAST- 3SG-CONT If i t were a male p i g , i t would have a peni s . (3 )

In all other ins tance s , the actual tense of the sentence (if t o b e

speci f i e d prec i s e ly ) has t o b e specified b y the appropriate t ime adverb or adverb ial phrase , whi l e the tense of the verb in both condit i onal and cons equent ial clause has to be in the Near Pas t (cf. Tab le I )

Ba� t a i t�

69

he

p u - py - a - l i

k a n d a - 6 d 6 k o n am b a a n d ( p u k a l � i

tomorrow go-PAST-3SG-CONT s e e-O

DET

I

t oday

work

p i -p-u- l i . do-PAST-lSG-CONT If he went t omorrow , I would work t oday . 3. 1 .4

C o n ce s s i v e s u f f i x e s

The s e are the suffixe s that render not i ons e xp re s s ed in Engl i sh by 'although' and 'but'.

There are two construct i ons ava i lab l e .

The first

one allow s difference s in p ers on and tense in the const i t uent sentence s , whi le the s econd one only allows di fference s in tense but not in p erson . In the first construc t i on is added ends in

-a)

- a k a ( - ka

only if the word to whi ch the suffix

i s added t o the final word o f the first cons t i tuent

sentence (if that word is a conj ugat e d verb form wi thout the augment

- mo l - n o ,

that , t oo , has to b e added b e fore the addit ion of

thi s is then followed by 70

doko

d6ko mJn (

B a a n a m b a k a n d - e - a -m o - a k a he

I

- a ka )

and

and the s econd cons t ituent s entence

s ee-PAST- 3SG-AUG-CONC DET

n a - ma i - t - u .

money NEG-give -FUT-ISG

Although he saw me (the day b e fore y e s t erday ) , I w i l l not give him the money; or He saw me (the day be fore yest erday ) , but I w i l l not give h im t he mone y . 71

Ba� enda

k i n (ng i -aka d6ko w�ne

she woman real-CONC

DET

n a -mande-nge .

chi ld NEG-carry-HAB

Alt hough she i s beyond doub t a woman , she hasn't given b irth t o a ch i l d (ye t ) . In the second const ruct ion , the verb o f the first const it ue nt sent ence mu st b e negate d .

-nya ( -enya/- i nya

i n the dict i onary ) i s then added t o

the verb stem and the second cons t i t uent s entence fol lows immediate ly

xxxvi

n�e-nya

B a a -me ka l � i men d e p y � - a

72

work

he-AG

IDET

n y f - ng i . 9

yo l e

do-INF NEG-CONC wage s get -HAB

He doesn't do any work, but he is gett ing pai d . 3 . 2.0

Moda l

3 .2 . 1

I mp e ra t i ve s u ff i xes

Suffi xes

A s a number of other c ons truct ions u s e imperat ive s a s part of their over-all format i on, the imperat ives w i l l b e d i s p laye d paradigmat i ca l ly in Tab le II, u s i ng the roo t s

na-

The imperative 'eat ' and p i - 'do'. 10 There are, furthermore, two sort s

suf fixe s are added to the verb s t em .

of imp erat ives, an immediate and a lat e imperat ive . t inguished from t h e former b y the addi t ion o f pers on, and p lural. 3 .2.2

-na ( -ana

- pe l - p i

The lat t er is d i s ­ in the s e c ond

in the d i c t i onary) in the fir s t person dual and

Other dif ference s may be noted in the tab l e. P u r po s i v e s u f f i xe s

The se are added t o t he verb stem and are rendered i n Eng l i s h by ' in The regular c onstruct ion c on s i s t s of the verb -stem fol lowed

order t o' .

by t he infinit ival ending 73

ny�- l a-nya

Vo l e

- l a (-a l a

in the dict ionary) followed by

- n ya

k a l � i p i - l y - a -mo .

wage s get-INF-PUR work

do-PRES- 3SG-AUG

He is working in order t o get paid.

pa-

I f the verb in the main s entence is

'go' or

i pa -

'c ome' ,

-nya

is

de leted 74

nya- l a

vo l e

W� pa k a pa - t - a .

wages get -INF Wabag

go-FUT-3SG

He'l l go to Wabag t o get his pay . Thi s cons truc t i on only allows for c o -re fere ntial sub j e ct s in the two c laus e s .

If the two sub j ect s are not co-re ferent ial, a numbe r o f c on­

s t ruc t i on s involving various imperat ive forms are availab le .

A s space

does not permi t a description o f all of them, one will b e given to e xemp l i fy the general phenomenon. fo l l owed by the verbal functor

In it one uses the Imme diate Impe rat ive

l a o/ l � t a l a .

If the subj e c t of the purpo s e

c lause i s a f i r s t o r s e c ond p erson, t h e s e cond person imperative form is us e d; if a third person, the third person imperat ive 75

Namba m6n f I

df-i

l a-o

( m b a - me k o s a

money give-IMP utt er-O you-AG

l e- l -e-no.

court utter-PRES-2 SG-AUG

You are taking t he mat ter to court s o that I w i l l give ( you) the money.

xxxvii

TABLE

II Late Imperat ive

Immediate Imperat ive

lsg

n a -wa

p y - owa

n a - t -o - o

p i -t-u-u

2sg

na-a

pi - i

n a - pe

p i-pi

3sg

ne-na

p i -na

ne-na

p i -n a

Idu

n a -m b a

p i -mba

n a-mba- n a

p i -mba- n a

2du

na- I apa

py-epa

n a - I a pa - pe

p y - e p a - pe

3du

n a - I a pa

p y - e pa

n a - I a p a - pe

p y - e p a - pe

Ip l

n a-ma

p i - rn a

n a - ma - n a

p i - ma - n a

2pl

n a - I a pa

p y - e pa

n a - I a pa - pe

py - e p a - p e

3p l

ne-na

p i -na

ne-na

p i -na

xxxvi i i

76

Em b a m u n t

n am b a -m� k 6 s a

l � -o

dr-i

l �- l y-o .

court utt er-PRES-IS G

money give-IMP utt er-O I-AG

you

I a m t ak ing t h e mat t er to court so that y o u w i l l give (me) t h e money. 77

Ba� m6n r he

n a m b a - m � / � m b a - m e k6 s a

l � -o

d i -n�

court

money give-IMP utt er-O I-AG/you-AG

l � - l y-o/ l e- l - � - n o . ut t er-PRES-ISG/ut t er-PRES-2SG-AUG I am/you are t ak ing the matter to court so that he w i l l give (me/ you) the money . 3.2.3.0

Des i de ra t i ve s u f f i x e s

Here t o o there i s the basic d i s t inct ion b etween d e s i derat ive con­ s t ruct ions with co-re ferential subj ects and those that are not co­ re ferent ial . 3.2.3.1

W i t h c o - re f e re n t i a l

subjects

There are s ix construct ions that give expre s s i on t o d e s i re s o f Firs t ly , the verb i n the comp lement may have added

var i ous intens ity.

- l a / - a fo llowed by - n y a be ing m a s a - 'think , f e e l'

t o i t s s t em the infinitival ending verb o f the constituent s e nt e nce 78

N a m b � W � p a k a p� - a - n y a I

Wabag

with the

m�s i - l y- o .

go-INF-DES think-PRES-ISG

I want to go to Wabag. S econdly, the verb in the comp lement may appear in t he first s ingular

-n i

Imme diate Imperat ive followed by sentence b e ing 79

kaya-

'b e /fe e l'

Namba W � p a k a p a - w� - n ( I

with the verb of the con s t i t uent

kae- l y - 6 .

go-IMP-DES BE-PRES-ISG

Wab ag

I want to go to Wabag. Thirdly , one may add the suffix

- m i to the k a y a - by

s uf fix

construct ion and rep l ace the verb

- n i in the preceding k u m a - 'die' . Thi s

the verb

increa s e s the inten s i t y of the de s ire 80

N a m b a W � p a ka p a -w a - n ( - m i I

Wabag

k um ( - l y - o .

go-IMP-DES-DES die -PRES-ISG

I am dying t o go t o Wab ag . Fourt hly, one may use the first p er s on Near Pas t forms followed b y the p art icles

l aka

and

l ao

and the verb

ma s a -

'think/fee l'.

expre s s e d b y this construction i s very st rong

The des ire

xxxi x

81

Namb� W�paka p u - p - u I

Wabag

mas i - 1 y - o . ll

l � ka l �-o

go-PAST-1SG LAKA utt er-O think-PRES-1SG

I want to go to Wabag very badly .

-1 i

Fi fthly, one may add the cont ingent suffi x

to the verb of the com­

plement in the above con s t ruct i on

Namb� Wapaka pu-p- u - 1 i

82

I

Wab ag

mas i - 1 y- o .

go-PAST-1S G-CONT LAKA utt er-O think-PRES-1SG

I want to go to Wabag very badly (but don ' t know whether I can) .

1 a ka

S i xthly, one may omit

83

from con s t ruct ion numb er five

Namba W�paka pu- p - u - 1 i I

Wabag

l �-o

mas i - 1 y-o .

go-PAST-1SG-CONT ut ter-O t hink-PRES-1SG

I want t o go to Wabag (but don't know whether I can) . 3.2.3.2

W i t h s u bj e c t s t h a t a re n o t c o - re fe re n t i a l

The s e con s t ruct ions are identical with those of construct i ons numb er four and s i x except that as in the purpo s e con s t ruct ions with non­ co-re ferent ial subj ect s the verb of the comp lement clau s e i s in the s econd pers on for first and s econd pers on sub j ect s and in the third for th ird p erson subj ect s ,

84

mas i - 1 y- o .

Emba Wapaka

P U- P - I

you

go-PAST-2SG LAKA ut t e r-O think-PRES-1S G

,

"

Wabag

I want y o u t o go t o Wabag very badly.

mas i - 1 - i - n o .

85 I

Wabag

go-PAST-2SG LAKA utt er-O think-PRE S - 2 S G-AUG

You want me to go to Wabag very badly .

B a a W� p a k a p u - p y - �

86

he

Wabag

1 a ka 1 a- o

mas i - 1 y -o .

go-PAST-3SG LAKA utt er-O think-PRES-1SG

I want him to go to Wabag very b adly.

Namba W�paka pU-p- i - 1 i

87

I

Wabag

( l �ka) 1 a-o

mas i - 1 - i - no .

go-PAST-2S G-CONT (LAKA) utt er-O think-PRES-2SG-AUG

You want me to go to Wabag (very badly)

(but don't know whether

I can) . 3.2.4

Negati on

Negat i on i s s i gnal led through the only pre fix i n Enga, the nega t i ve aux i l i ary not' .

Na -

and

naya-

naya - ,

are in comp lementary d i s t ribut i on in

used with one- o r two-sy llab le verb s t ems, i s true only i n s o far a s

na-

na - ,

through

d a a 'no/ that n a - i s

and through the negat i ve adverb

naya-

w i t h the others; t h i s

i s neve r found w i t h thre e - s y l lab le roo t s

xl

whi le

n aya-

may occur with all verb s .

Daa

infin i t i val form . 8 8a

If it does the verb is in i t s

negat e s copulat i ve type sent ences .

N a m b a w a p a k a n a - pe - I y - o . I

Wabag

NEG-go-PRES-ISG

I am not going t o Wabag .

nae- l y-o.

88b I

Wabag

go-INF NEG-PRES-ISG

I am not going to Wab ag . 89a

N a m b a -me me n a m e n d e b a a - n y a s am b a - k am a i - y a n a e� n g e . I-AG

pig

IDET

he-BEN

b uy-BEN-INF

NEG-HAB

I am not buying a pig for him .

* N a m b a -me m e n a m e n d e b a a - n y a n a - s a mb a - kama i - n g e .

89b

I-AG

p ig

a

he-BEN

NEG-buy-BEN-HAB

6 n g o w a p a ka d a a .

90

DET

Wabag

NEG

That i s n ' t Wabag . 3.2.5

I n te r r o g a t i v e S u f f i xe s

Interrogative s entences are marked by a s entence- f inal suffix

(-pi

with words ending with the vowe ls

there i s a verb form with the augment

i /u , - pe with the others) . I f - n o / - mo t o which the interrogat ive

suffix is added, the augment w i l l be dropped 91a

Baa p-e-a . ,

he

,

go-PAST-3SG

He went . 9 1b

B a a p - e - a - pe ? he

go-PAST-3SG-QU

Did he go? 9 2a

B a a p e - l y - a -mo . he

go-PRES-3SG-AUG

He i s going. 9 2b

B a a p e - l y - a - pe ? he

go- P RES- 3SG-QU

- pe l - p i

xli

p a n d e n a - p - e - a - pe ?

B a a p - e - a - pe

93

he

go-PAST- 3SG-QU or

NEG-go-PAST-3SG-QU

Did he go or didn ' t he go? 3.2.6

P o t e n t i a l i ty , A b i l i ty , O b l i g a t i o n , N e c e s s i ty

A l l of these four not i ons are expre s s e d in Enga by a con s t ruct ion

-pe-

that invo lves the verb s t em p lus t he s uffix suffix

-nge

i nj a-

p lus the auxi liary verb

p lus the hab i t ual

' b ecome'.

I nj a -

when con­

j ugat ed for pers on may occur in the third person s ingular only in this con s t ructi on; it also occurs rather often with the o - comp lement izer, followed by one of the s e ven exist ential verb s and it may also o ccur in the hab i t ual

B a a - me me n a d 6 k o p y a - p e - n g e

94

he-AG

pig

DET

i n j 6-o

kat-e-a .

h i t -POT-HAB become-O stand-PAST- 3SG

He was s t anding there ready t o hit the p i g .

B a a - me me n a d 6 ko p y a - p e - n g e

95

he-AG

pig

DET

i nj- (-a .

hit -POT-HAB become-PAST- 3SG

He should have hit the pig.

H a i m a e n d a k a l i d u p a - me

96

we

people

nee

n a - pe - n ge

DET=PL-AG food eat -POT-HAB b ecome-HAB

We p e op le must eat hab i t ually . In negat i on the potent ial suffix may be suffixed t o the negat ive aux­ il iary which would be inserted be tween the verb s t em and

d u p a -me

97 boy

j ( p i l yaa m i na - l a

litt le -DEG DET=PL-AG car

i nj a-

n ch a - pe - n g e i n j ( - n g l .

nose hold-INF NEG-POT-HAB b ecome-HAB

Lit t le boys must not drive cars. 3.2.7

Q u o t a t i ve S u ff i xes

Quo t e d ut t e rances are marked with the suffix

-na ( - Q

+ vowe l which

is i dent ical with the preceding vowe l in the East ern Enga dialect s ) . Thi s suffix i s s imp ly added t o the last quot ed s y l lab le

l e- l y-o.

Pe- l y-o-na

98

go-PRES- 1 SG-QUOT utt er-PRES -1S G I am s ay ing " I am going " . 3.2.8

Emph a s i s

In order t o emphas i z e a word or s ente nce ment in que s t i o n

99

B a a -me p i ( he-AG

mende l -e-a-ka .

word IDET

utt er-PAST- 3SG-EMP

He did say s ometh ing.

- ( a ) ka

i s added t o the seg­

xlii

l -e-a .

B a a - me d o p a - k a

100

he-AG

in=this=manner-EMP utt er-PAST-3SG

That i s pre c i s e ly what he s ai d .

B a a -me p i r

101

he-AG

me n d e l e - l y - a - mo - a k a .

word IDET

utter-PRE S - 3 SG-AUG-EMP

He is say ing s omething .

3.2.9.0

Atti t u d i n a l s u ffi xes

The s e are suffixes t hat indi cat e the speake r ' s at t it ude t o a part i c ­ u l ar event , concept or obj e c t , whe ther and what h e c an deduc e , s ense , e t c . about the e p i s temologi c al/ont o logi c al s t atus of that event , c on­ cept , or obj e c t .

3.2.9. 1

S u f f i x e s f o r d e d u c i n g a n d h e a rs ay

There i s no suffix p e r s e , but a p art i c l e

l amo

whi ch i s added t o a

s t at ement

M e n a d 6 k o n am b a - n y a l amo . 1 2

102

p ig

DET

I -POSS

DED

That is obvi ous ly my p i t If

l a mo

to

or

1 0 3a

( i . e . , there i s s o l i d evidence for i t ) .

i s to fo l low a verb with an augment , t he augment ' s vowel chang e s

e

dep ending o n whether t h e pr e c e ding vowe l i s

u t i o r a /e / o

B a a - me k a l a i p i - l y - a - mo . he-AG

work

do-PRE S - 3S G-AUG

He is working . 1 0 3b

B a a -me k a l a i p i - l y - a -me he-AG

work

l a mo .

do-PRE S - 3SG-AUG DED

He is obvious ly working . 104a

[ m b a -me ka l a i p i - l - i - n 6 . you-AG

work

do-PRE S - 2 S G-AUG

You are working . 1 0 4b

Emba-me ka l a i p i - l - I -n ( you-AG

work

l a mo .

do-PRES-2SG-AUG DED

You are obvious l y working .

3.2.9.2

S u ff i xe s f o r s en s i n g

There are two constructions with s l ight l y different sensing c ontent . In the first one no suffix per se i s u s e d , but a p art i c le

l u mu

which has the s ame e ffect on the vowel of the pre c e ding augment as the deduc t ive par t i c l e

l amo

in 1 0 3 - 1 0 4 .

i n s t e ad

-mol- n o

The s emant i c content i s

b as e d o n a c omb ina t i on o f t h e information s up p l i ed b y s omeone e l s e and one ' s own past e xp erience

xliii

6 n g o b a a - n y a mena l �mu .

105

DET

he-POSS p i g

LUMU

I think that is his p i g . In the s e c ond construct ion t h e s u f f i x

- l u-

i s adde d t o t h e verb s t em

( - i -/-u-) - a - . The vowe l

wh i c h i s mod i fi e d, such that verb s with a high s t em vowe l

-u- ,

change this vowe l t o

-mo

of the augment

the others change theirs t o

a l s o is changed to

-u .

The s emant i c cont ent is b a s e d

o n evidence perceived b y the s e n s e s with t h e e xc ep t i on o f vi s i on .

The

s e n s ing is done in the first p e r s on whi l e the a c t ion s e n s e d mus t be non­ 13 firs t . The t e n s e of the sens ing is the s ame a s that of the a c t i on s e n s e d e xc e p t that for the Imme diate P a s t and Pre s ent the Immed i at e Past form i s use d . 106

One may not s e n s e into t he future

B a a -me me n a d o k o p y a - l u - p y - a . ,

he-AG

pig

DET

hit -SENSE-PAST - 3 S G

I s ensed that he k i l l e d the p i g ( ye st erday ) . 107

B a a -me m e n a doko py a - l u - mu . ,

he-AG

pig

DET

hit -SENSE=PAST- 3SG=AUG

I s e n s e d/ s e n s e t h at he k i l l e d/ i s k i l ling the p ig ( earlier t oday/ now ) .

E m b a - me m e n a doko p y a - l u - i - n o .

108

you-AG

pig

DET

hit -SENSE = PAST- 2SG-AUG

I sens ed/ s en s e that y ou k i l l e d/are k i l l ing t h e p i g ( earl i e r t o day/ now ) .

3.2.9.3

S u f f i x e s f o r h i s t o r i c a l e v e n t s a n d fo r t a l e s

The s e are s u f f i x e s that oc cur in se nte nce - final p o s i t ion . suffix for hist ori c a l e vent s ,

- py a a ,

ind i c at e s that the event t o ok p la c e

i n t h e p a s t and that t h e s peaker d i d not witne s s i t .

Usual ly t he event s

are so far in the p as t that t here c an be no living witne s s . one ,

- l am i ,

One , the

The s e c ond

indic a t e s that the event report e d on i s a t a l e , legend or

myt h 109

Kone

d�pa

n a i ma- nya yu�

whi t e DET= PL we-POSS

Ta l y a

t ee

e p - e - am r - n o

9

ri

ongo-pa

kone

land c ome-PAST-3PL-AUG t ime DET-TEMP whi t e

pya-o � p�e�a - pyaa .

Tay l or t ime h i t - O c ome-PAST- 3SG-HIST When the whi t e s first c ame to our country , Tay lor was the f i r s t . 110

Yana-pa

saa-pa

l y - i - a mb f - l am i .

dog-CONJ p o s sum-CONJ danc e - PAST-2DU-LAMI Dog and pos sum dan c e d , they s ay .

xliv

3.3.0

As p e c t u a l S u f f i x e s

The suffixes de s cribed under t hi s heading are not al l a s p e c t ua l s uf­ fixe s in the s t r i c t sens e .

Howeve r , they a l l re late more dire c t l y t o

t he kind o f a c t i on t ak ing p l a c e rather than t o the speaker ' s at t i t ude regarding that a c t ion .

They are grouped here into five group s :

suffixes

to indi cate manner , obj e c t and subj e c t , dire c t i on , what might e l s ewhere be under a s eparate category - voi c e , and mi s ce l lanea . 3.3.1.0

Ma n n e r

3.3 . 1 . 1

I n tens i ve

In t h i s c on s t ruc t ion the verb root i s f o l lowed by t he s u f f i x fo l lowed b y

p yoo

t e n s i fied verb .

o.

c hang e s to

' do ing '

-kondape

fol lowed b y the conj ugated version o f the in­

In most instanc e s , the final vowel of the verb root Semanti cal ly a numb er o f different s e n s e s c an b e de t e c t e d .

The c o n s t ru c t ion imp l i e s a higher degree o f s trength or qual i t y , and c an often be trans lated as 111

Ak a l

i

d oko-me e n d a DET-AG

man

' ve ry we l l ' ,

' very c arefully ' , or ' thorough l y '

doko k a n d o - ko n d a pe py6-o k a n d e - l y - a - mo . s ee - I NT

woman DET

do-O

s e e -PRES-SG-AUG

The man is looking at the woman very intent ly . 3.3 . 1 . 2

Comp l e t i ve

T h i s construct ion indi c a t e s that a n a c t i on i s c omp le t e d ( s ome t ime s a l s o in the sense of the Eng li sh progre s s ive ) ; in the future t ense it may indicate capab i l it y .

The suffix

- pa / - t a - ( - a p/ t - , - e p / t - , - i p/ t -

in

the d i c t i onary ) i s add e d t o the verb s t em ( mo s t often dire c t ly t o the A l t hough there is a tenden c y for some verb s t o u s e the

verb root ) .

p -ver s i on o f t he suffix more read i l y t han the t -vers i on , this i s not an ab s o lute rule 112

Ta i d

i pa - t a - t - o .

t omorrow c ome - C OM-FUT-ISG Tomorrow I w i l l be ab le t o c ome . 113

Pi

(

mende l a - t -e-6 .

word I DET

utt er-COM-PAST- 1 S G

I have spoken . 3.3.1.3

I ns tan taneous and f i n a l ati ve

The first cons t ru c t i on means

' at that moment ' ,

' at that i n s t ant ' , the Both invo lve in

s e c ond one ' on c e and for a l l ( whatever the reasons ) ' . the ir cons t ru c t ion the suffix

- l u ( - a l u/-u l u

in the d i c t i onary ) whi ch

i s adde d t o the verb s t em w i th the fo l l owing p rovi s o : verb s t ems ending in a high vowe l

( i/u)

change t hat vowel uni formly to

change the ir final s t em vowe l t o

a .

u,

the others

In the i n s t ant aneous c onstruct ion ,

xlv

verb s t em p lus suffix i s then fo l lowe d by a c onj ugate d form o f

d o ko - me b a & k a n d & - l u

S&a

114

p o s sum DET-AG

he

p i - ' do '

b a a -m e s a a

p- i -&-p&

s e e - INSTA do-PAST - 3 S G-TEMP he-AG

pos sum

doko p - f - & . DET

h i t -PAST- 3SG

A t t h e moment when the p o s s um s aw him he killed it . In the finalat ive construction verb s t em p lus suffix

- l u i s then fol­

lowed b y the root o f the s ame verb with the O - c omp l emen t i z e r f o l l owed b y a c onj ugat e d version o f the same verb whi ch is often in the com­ p l e t ive form

Pi f

115

op&- l e

1 &- te - 1 y-o .

1&-1u

word such-DEG utt er-FIN u t t e r-O u t t e r-COM-PRE S - 1SG I am s aying this once and for all .

3.3. 1 .4

R e p e ti t i ve

There are two c o n s t ruc t ions which indi cate that an a c t i on happens c ont inuou s l y again and again or that it happ ens int e rmi t t ent l y o f f and In b ot h construc t ions the c omp l e t ive s u f f i x - p a / - t a - ( - a p a / - a t a , - e p a / - e t a , - i p a / - i t a i n the di c t i onary ) i s added t o the verb s t em .

on again .

I n the first c ons t ru c t i on the verb s t em with suffixed c omp le t ive suffix i s repeat ed , fol lowed by

pyoo followed by the conj ugat e d ve r s i on o f the

verb e xp re s s ing the a c t i on t o b e rep eat e d 116

Ak� l i dok6-me men� dUpa man

DET-AG

pig

i tak f py&-pa

pya - p a ,

p y o, - o

DET=PL count h i t - COM h i t - COM do-O

p i - 1 y-&-mo. h i t - PRES- 3SG-AUG That man i s count ing the p i gs over and over again . In the s e cond c o n s t ru c t ion i n s t e ad of repe at ing t he verb s t em with suf­ fi x e d c omp l e t i ve s u f f i x one may e i ther negate i t or sub s t it u t e an aux i l iary with suffixed comp le t ive suffix f o l l owed by

p y 60 and t h e con­

j ugat e d ver s i on o f the verb e xpre s s i ng the a c t i on t o be repe a t e d 1 17 a

A k & 1 i d o k o - m e m e n a, d u p a man

DET-AG

pig

i t &k r pya- pa

py6-o

n & - pya - pa

DET=PL count h i t - CO M NEG-h i t - CO M do-O

p i - 1 y - & -mo . h i t -PRES - 3SG-AUG 1 1 7b

Ak� 1 i dok6-me men� dupa man

DET-AG

p ig

i t ak ( pya-pa

kay& - pa

py6-o

DET = PL c ount h i t - COM s t op-COM do-O

p i - 1 y - a - mo . hit-PRE S - 3S G-AUG That man i s counting the pigs over and over agai n .

xlvi

3.3. 1 .5

S i mu l ati ve

Thi s cons t ru c t i on indicates that s ome thing or s omeone gives an The suffix

impre s s ion of false appearance .

- l e / - 1 i ( - i 1 i / - e 1 e in the

d i c t i onary ) i s added t o the verb s t em and then fol lowed by a form of

1 a - ' ut t e r ' or p i - ' do ' . - 1 i , the o t hers - l e

( i / u ) t ake

Verbs with a h i gh final s t em vowe l

ka- 1 y-a-mo.

118 DET-AG

man

hit-S I M ut t e r-O s t and-PRE S - 3 S G-AUG

woman DET

The man is p ret ending to hit the woman .

119

A k a 1 i dok6-me ka 1 a i p i - 1 ( DET-AG

man

work

p y 6 - o k a - 1 y - a - mo .

do- S I M do-O

s t and-PRES- 3SG-AUG

The man give s the impre s s ion as i f he were working .

3.3. 1 .6

P ro g r e s s i ve

In this cons t ru c t i on the suffix

- rn a ind i c at e s that the a c t i on i s

cont inued w i t h a c e rtain amount o f p e r s p i c ac it y .

The s u f f i x i s added

to the verb s t em whi ch in this form is repeated fo l lowe d b y

p y 60 fol­

l owe d b y a c onj ugat ed vers ion o f the verb indicat ing the a c t i on t o b e

k a t a - ' s t and '

repe ated o r a c onj ugat e d form o f the verb

p y a - rn a

120 DET-AG

man

dog

DET

py6-o ka t -e - a .

hit -PRO G hit -PROG do-O

s t and-PAST - 3 S G

The man hit the d o g again and again .

3.3.1 . 7

C o n f o rm a t i v e

The s uffix

- 1 i i n d i c at e s that o n e act ion i s compared t o ano t he r .

The

c l ause c on t aining the b as i s of the c ompari s on p r e c e de s the c l ause whi ch contains t h at whi ch is c ompare d .

i is added to the - mo l - n o i s p r e s ent also in

The suffix - 1

' augment e d ' verb form ( i . e . , the augment

tho s e t e n s e s in whi ch i t wou l d not normally o c c ur ) ; it i s then fo l l owe d

p y o o and e i t h e r a conj ugat e d version of the verb of c ompari s o n or o f k a t a - ' s t and '

by

121

A k a 1 i d o k o - m e me n a d 6 k o p - i - a - mo - 1 i DET-AG

man

pig

DET

py6-o men a

hit - PAST-3S G-AUG-CONF do-O

pig

b u 1 u m a k a o n a - py a - pe - n g e . NEG-h i t - POT-HAB

cow

A c ow should not be k i l l e d the way that man k i l le d the p i g .

3.3. 1.8

Compreh e n s i ve

There are three re lated c on s t ru c t ions t o e xpre s s the idea t hat an a c t i on is done c omprehensively or t h at a part i cular group is doing a l l the act ing .

A l l t hree involve t h e r o o t

y o k a - , e i t h e r as a part i c le y 6 k o

xlvii

or as a ful ly conj ugat e d aux i li ary .

In the f i r s t two con s t ruct ions the

verb e xpre s s ing the a c t ion done comprehe n s i v e l y o c curs in the O-c omp le­

y o k o plus a conj ugat e d vers ion of the l a - ' ut t e r ' o r b y a c onj ugat e d vers ion o f y o k a - . In the t hird

ment i z e d form fol lowed e ither b y verb

c o n s t ru c t ion the verb s tem o f the verb e xpre s s ing the a c t ion t o b e done comprehensively is c ompounded with c onj ugat ed versi on of l22a

y o k o and this is then fol lowe d b y a

l a - ' ut t e r '

A k � l i d o k o - me e n d a k � l i p i t a k a - n y � p f n j 6 man

DET-AG

people

all-POSS

d6pa

ny6-o

y6ko

t hings DET=PL t ake-O COMPR

l -e - � . utt e r-PAST-3SG l 2 2b

Ak � l i d o k o - me e n d a k� l i p i t a k a - n y � p r n j 6 man

DET-AG

people

al l-POSS

d6pa

n yo - o

things DET=PL t ake-O

yok-e -� . COMPR-PAST- 3 S G 122c

Ak� l i dok6 -me e n d a k � l i p i t a k a - n y � p f n j 6 man

DET-AG

people

all-POSS

d 6 pa

n y a - y oko

things DET=PL t ak e -COMPR

l -e-� . utter-PAST - 3 S G The man took ( al l the ) things from all the p e op l e .

3.3.2

Object and Subject I n di cators

The ob j ec t indi c ators are the s uf f i x e s whi ch indicate benefit a part i c ular act ion i s t aking place , dire c t human obj e c t . II .

( a ) for who s e

( b ) that there i s a n in­

The sub j e c t i ndi c ators c an be s een in Tab l e s I and

Here two more suffixes marking the sub j e ct ,

- rn a and - m b a , wi l l b e

ment ioned whi c h are s u ffixed t o t h e hab itual form o f verb s .

Common t o

a l l i s a d i ch o t omy i n Enga s p e e c h o f whether s ome t hing i s meant t o inc lude t h e hearer ( or b e for h i s benefit ) or not .

Thi s feat ure i s not

alway s made e xp l i c i t use of , b ut it i s in the maj ority o f c as e s .

The

- k a - inc lus ive of the s peaker or he arer but e x c lu s ive of any t h i rd p erson , and - k a m a i - , e x c lus ive of the spe aker or heare r , ( - a k - , - e k - , - i k - , - o k - , - a k a m a i n g i in the d i c t ionary ) are added obj e c t indi c at ors under ( a ) ,

to the verb s t e m and fol lowed then imme d i at e ly b y the t en s e and p e r s on/ numbe r s u f f i xe s .

The indire c t ob j e c t may al s o be marked by the s u f f i x

-nya 123

A k � l i d o ko - me m e n � d O k o n a m b a - n y � / e m b a - n y a p y a - k - e - � . man

DET-AG

pig

DET

I -BEN/you-BEN

The man k i l le d t h e p i g f o r me/you .

hit -BEN-PAST - 3 S G

xlvi i i

A k a l i d o k o - m � me n a d o ko b a a - n y a p y a - k a m a ( - y - a .

124

DET

pig

DET-AG

man

hit -BEN-PAST - 3 S G

he-BEN

T h e man k i l le d t h e p i g f o r him .

- n g i - and - ma i - oc cur in a l imi t e d l a - ' ut t e r ' a n d other verb s of commun i c at i on : l a n g i - ' t e l l a first or s e cond p e r s on ' , l am a i - ' t e l l a third person ' .

The obj e c t i n di cators under ( b ) , numb er o f verb s , s u c h as

They very likely derive from the only Enga verb wi th incorporat e d ob j e c t pronouns

d i - /m a i - ' gi ve ' ( g i - / m a i - in t h e Kandepa d i a l e c t area )

Em b a - m e n a m b a p i (

125

m�n de 1 a - n g i

word IDET

I

you-AG

-1-

( - no .

u t t er-OBJ-PRE S - 2 S G-AUG

You are t e l ling me s omething .

E m b a - me b a a p i (

126

he

y ou-AG

m�nd� l a - ma i - l - ( - n o .

word I DET

ut t er-OBJ -PRES-2SG-AUG

You are t e lling him s omet hing . The subj e c t indi c at o rs

- m a l - m b a are u s e d in the p lural/dual of verb s in

the hab i t ua l , whe n the spe aker means t o e xp l i c i t ly e x c lude t he hearer from s ome report ed a c t ion

N a m b a - p a n a m b a - n y a k a i m i n ( n g i - p a n a l ( m b a me n a l o n g o m i n ( - n g i - m b a .

127

I -ASSOC

I- POSS

pig

brother-AS SOC we =two

hol d-HAB-SUB

many

My brot he r and I ( but not you , the hearer ) own a lot of p i gs .

N a m b a - p i n a m b a - n y a k a i m i n ( n g i - p i n a i m a me n a l o n g o m i n ( - n g i - m a .

128

I -CONJ

I-POSS

brother- CONJ

we

pig

many

hold-HAB-SUB

My brothers and I own a lot of p i g s .

3.3. 3.0

V o i ce

3.3. 3 . 1

Re c i p r o c a l

There are two con s t ru c t i ons to e xpre s s r e c ipro c i t y , fix

- 1 00

s uffixed t o the verb s t em fol lowed b y

( 1 ) via the s uf­

p y o o and e it h e r a c on­

j ugat e d ver s i on of the verb e xpre s s ing t he re ciprocated a c t i on or a

k a t a - ' s t and ' , ( 2 ) via the redup l i c at e d verb root p y o o and the conj ugat e d vers i on o f the redup l i c at e d verb The s ubj e c t may be fol lowed by an or a c onj ugate d form of k a t a - . o p t i onal m � n d � ' a/s ome ' in the s e cond c o n s t ru c t ion conj ugat ed form of fo l l owe d b y

129a

Aka 1 i d o l a p o - m e py a - l oo p y o - o k a - l y - a m b ( - n o . ,

man 1 2 9b

DET=DU-AG hi t - REC do-O

s t and-PRES- 3DU-AUG

A k a 1 i d o l a p o - m e ( m� n d � ) p y a - p y a p y o - o k a - l y - a m b ( - n o . ,

man

DET=DU-AG ( IDET )

,

h i t -hit do-O

s t and- 3DU-AUG

The two men are hitt ing ( at ) each othe r .

xlix

3.3.3.2

Re f l e x i v e

The reflex i ve i s formed with the p art i c l e 130

t � n g e ' se l f '

B a a - me t � n g e p i - l y - � - mo . he-AG

self

hit -PRES- 3S G-AUG

He is hitt ing hims e l f .

3.3. 3.3

Cau s a t i ve

In this constru c t i on the s u f f i x

- s a - i s added t o t h e verb roo t .

indi cat e s t hat the a c t i on i s c au s e d by s ome agent . that c an t ake t h i s suffi x i s re s t r i c t e d .

It

The numbe r o f verb s

Tho s e that c annot make u s e o f

a n auxi l i ary construc t i on wi t h t h e third imperative form o f t h e verb

l a - ' ut t e r '

fo l lowe d by the conj ugate d vers i on of 131

Ne m o n g o l e - n g e

ak� l i doko-me enda

utt er-HAB man

magic

DET-AG

d o k o k u ma - s � - p y - a .

woman DET

d i e - CAUSAT-PAST-3SG

The magi c i an c aus e d the woman t o b e s i ck/d i e . 132

Ak� l i doko-me e n d a man

DET-AG

doko W a p a k a p e - n a

woman DET

Wabag

l -e - a .

go-IMP u t t e r- PAST- 3SG

The man cau s e d/made/ordered the woman to go t o Wab ag .

3.3.3.4

C o n t i n g e n cy

Thi s c o n s t ruc t i on with the s u f f i x

- I e i ndicat e s that a p art i cu l ar

a c t i on is not ne c e s s arily under t h e contro l of the s p e aker b ut s ome other a c t o r .

It i s most oft en added to the imp erat ive form

133 he-AG

I

give - I MP-DISC ut t er-O think-PRES - 1 S G

I w ant h i m t o g i v e i t t o m e ( b ut I c an ' t re a l l y f o r c e h i m t o , it i s up t o h i s d i s cret i on to do so or not ) .

3. 3.4.0

Mi s ce l l an e a

3. 3.4. 1

D i re c t i o n a l S u f f i x e s

The s e are suffixes that are adde d t o the verb s t em .

The y ind i cate

in whi ch direct i on an a c t i on i s t ak ing p l a c e , whether upwards ,

( - e l y - in the dict i onary ) 134

Aka l i doko-me k a n d a - l y i - l y - a -mo . man

DET-AG

1 0 0k-DI R-PRES- 3SG-AUG

The man is looking up . whether downwards , 135

- a n a - ( - a n - in t he d i c t i onary )

Ak� l i dok6-me k a n d a - ne - l y - a -mo . man

DET-AG

The man is

100k-DIR-PRE S - 3 SG-AUG

looking down .

- a l ya ­

1

whe ther a c ro s s at the s ame leve l ,

- am a -

Aka l i d ok6-me k a n d a -me - l y - a -mo .

136

man

DET-AG

l ook-DIR-PRE S - 3 S G-AUG

The man is looking a c ro s s . whe ther away from s p e aker t owards s ometh ing e l s e ,

- am b a - ( - am b y - / - m b y ­

i n the d i c t i onary )

Ak a l i d o k 6 - me k a n d a - m b i - l y - a - m o .

1 37

man

DET-AG

l o ok-DIR-PRES- 3SG-AUG

The man is l o oking away from t he s p e aker toward s omething .

-ae-

whether toward the s p e ake r ,

A k a l i d o k 6 - me k a n d a - e - l y - a - m o .

138

man

DET-AG

look-DIR-PRE S - 3 S G-AUG

The man is l ooking t oward the s p e aker . whe ther b ackward s ,

- p i l y i - ( - a p i l y - in the d i c t i onary )

Ak a l i d o k 6 - me k a n d a - p ( l y i - l y - a - mo .

1 39

man

DET-AG

l ook-DIR-PRES-3SG-AUG

The man is looking b a c kwards . A l l o f these are re l at e d t o t he l o c at i on adverb s , e x c e p t that the last

p i l y i - ' re t urn ' . Exc ept for the l a s t one they a l s o may combine with the root l a - ' ut t e r ' t o form a new s emant i c unit

one derives from the verb

' move in the dire c t ion of ' 140

s uch as

Aka l i d6ko l a - l y i - l y - a -mo . man

DET

ut ter-DIR-PRES - 3 SG-AUG

The man is going up .

- a l y a - oc curs modi fied as - l y a - ( - a l y a - / - i l y a - in the d i c t i onary ) together with - n a - ( - a n a - in the di ct ionary ) in a s p e c ial Of t h e s e suffixe s ,

c o n s t ruc t ion , the di spers ive .

There they indi cate that one is moving in

al l dire c t i ons without any p art i cu l ar mot i vat i on .

The verb s t em ex­

- l y a - suffixed to i t , then is repeated - n a - suffixed t o it , then is fol lowe d b y p y 6 0 and o c c urs then a third t ime c onj ugated or replaced by a conj ugat e d form of k a t a - ' st and '

pre s s ing the a c t i on has first with

141

A k a l i d o k 6 - m e k a n d a - l y a k a n d a - n a p y 6 - o k a - l y - a - mo . man

DET-AG

look-DIR

look-DIR do-O

s t and-PRES- 3SG-AUG

The man is looking all around .

3. 3.4.2.0

Nomi n a l i zers

The s uffix e s de s cribed i n this s e c t ion are nominalizers only i n the sense that they enab le ve rb al forms t o b e used in nominal constru c t ions ,

li

in one case as adj e c t ival modifi ers , in the other � l s o as he ads of nominal cons t ruct �ons . 3 . 3 . 4. 2 . 1

Adj e ct i v a l

The s uffi x

S u ff i x

-e ( li s t e d in the d i c t i onary under - p a e / - t a e ) i s added to

the verb root p lus comp l e t ive suffix 142

Aka l i p y a - p a - e man

d O k o omo - s a

h i t - COM-ADJ DET

s i - l y- a-mo .

DIR-LOC lie-PRES- 3 S G-AUG

The murdered man l i e s over there . 3 . 3 . 4. 2 . 2

Habi tua l

The suffix

S u ffi x

- n g e / - n g i norma lly indicates that an a c t i on t ak e s p la c e

hab i t ua l l y o r t h a t o n e i s ab l e t o c arry out such a n a c t i on . used a l s o as a gerund . b y a det e rmine r 143

Pake

n e - n g�

dOko koo .

s t e al e at -HAB DET St e aling i s bad .

It may be

The s uffix i s adde d t o t he verb s t em followed

b ad

NOTES

1

Th i s s ke t ch i s b as e d mainly on tho s e in R . Lang 1 9 7 0 , A . Lang 1 9 7 1 , and Bur c e 1 9 6 5 , and the grammars by Hint ze ( 1 9 6 2 ) , Larson ( n . d . ) , and Bus

(n.d. ) .

The fi r s t p art i s meant t o give the reader an i d e a

o f s ome more general features o f t h e l anguage ; i t i s organi z e d around Gre enberg 19 6 6 .

The s e c ond part is p rimarily a guide and

i l l u s t ration of the u s e of the grammat i c al morphemes l i s t e d in the d i c t ionary and re l i e s heavily on Lars on ( n . d . ) . The sketch as a who le i gnores mos t of the finer p o i n t s o f Enga grammar as w e l l as the prob lem areas .

In the e xamp l e s no att e n t i on

is given t o the morphophonemi c comp l e x i t i e s and the morpheme bound­ arie s are o ftent imes arb i t rary .

They w i l l give the re ade r , howe ve r ,

a rough idea o f the uni t s invo lved and the i r ordering . 2

What I h ave t o s ay about Enga b e l ow ho l ds t rue generally and may b e t aken a s t h e norm .

Thi s i s n o t t o s ay , howeve r , that there may not

be i ndividual variat ions b rought ab out by s uch things as mat t e rs of emphas i s , geograph i c al or s o c i a l l o c a t i on , or personal i d i o s yncrac i e s a c c e p t ab l e t o the communi ty-at-large . 3

The noun phrase in ( 1 0 ) contra s t s with the equational c laus e

Ak� l i doko e p e . man

DET

good

That man i s good . 4

a k � l i a n d ( p � e p e l y � mo doko di ffers from t h e c orre s p onding d e c l arative sentence A k � l i d o k o a n d ( p � e p e - l y - � - mo .

The relat ive c lause in ( 1 9 ) with i t s head noun

man

DET

come - P RES - 3 SG-AUG

now

The man is now c oming . 5

The s u f f i x - � V i s us e d mo s t ly in the Laiapo are a . e x a c t ly the s ame manner as

I t i s used in

- n a , e xcept that -V is r e a l i z e d a s that

s ame vowel with wh i c h the q uo t e d word ends . 6

I f the noun ends in otherwi s e as

- a , the emphat i c s u f f i x i s r e a l i z e d as - k a ,

-aka .

lii

liii

7

Note that the que s t ion suffix mus t b e a t t a che d to each of the ques t i oned con s t i t uent s .

p i c on j o ins noun phras e s .

8

-

9

n a e - i s a morphophonemi c variation of t h e ne gat i ve verb s t em n a y a ­ ( cf .

10

3.2.4) .

Thus the form imp erat i ve as a s i ngular t e rm i s a mi snomer as there are at least two concept s , imp erat i ve and horta t i ve , invo l ve d . as the se

But

' imperat ives ' o ccur s y s t emat i c a l ly in a l l persons in a

numb e r of construc t i ons ,

it would appe ar that for the Enga there i s

s ome un i t y whi ch a l l ows u s t o disp lay t h e imperat i ve /hor t a t i ve s within t he s ame p aradigm .

11

l � k � may w e l l c on s i s t o f the root l a - ' ut t e r ' plus the emphat i c - k a s o that t h i s e xpre s s e s the s t rong des ire .

s uffix

12

The p art i c le

l � mo and a l s o the p art i c le l � m u and the s u f f i x - l u - in

s e ct ions 3 . 2 . 9 . 2 and 3 . 3 . 1 . 3 may a l s o ult ima t e ly derive from the roo t

l a - ' ut t er ' .

I c ould find no awarene s s of this p o s s ib l e c on­

n e c t i on among my informant s and therefore treat the s e as independent ent i t ie s . 13

An e xc e p t i on t o t h i s is the feeling and emo t i on words where the fe e l i ngs and emot ions reported on may only be in the first person

Namba kupa py � - u-mu . I

c o l d do-SENSE= P AST- 3SG=AUG

I have a feeling of b e ing c o l d ( = I am c o ld ) .

I N D E X O F G RAMMAT I C A L M O R P H E M E S I N T H E G RAMMAT I CA L S K E T C H -ae-

dire c t i onal

-ak-

inc lus ive obj e ct ind i c at or

- ( a ) ka

c on c e s s ive-adve r s at ive

- ( a ) ka

emphat i c

- akamaingi

e x c lus ive obj e c t ind i c ator

-ala

in fin i t i val

- ( a Ha

temporal

- alu

i n s t ant aneous

- a ly a-

dire c t i onal

- alya-

dispers ive

-ama-

direct ional

- amba-

dire c t ional

-amby -

dire c t i onal

- ana-

dispers ive

- ana

imp erat ive

-ao

t emporal

-ap-

c omp le t i ve

-apa

repet i t ive

-apily-

dire c t i onal

-at -

comp let ive

-at a

repe t i t ive

-e

adj e c t ival

-ek-

inclus ive obj e c t indicator

-ele

s imulat ive

-ely-

dire c t i onal

-enya

conc e s s ive-adver s a t i ve

-ep-

comp l et ive

-epa

rep e t i t ive

-et-

comp let ive

-eta

rep e t i t ive

-ik-

inc lus ive obj e c t indi c ator

-ili

s imul at ive

- i l y a-

di spers ive

-inya

c onc e s s ive-adve rsat ive

-ip-

c omp let ive

-ipa

repet i t ive

l iv

3.3.2 3. 3.2 2.2.2 2.2.2 3.3.2 3.2.2 3.1.1 3.3.1.3 3.3.4.1 3.3.4.1 3.3.4.1 3.3.4.1 3.3.4.1 3.3.4.1 3.2.1 3.1.1 3.3. 1.2 3.3.1.4 3.3.4.1 3.3.1.2 3.3.1.4 3.3.4.2.1 3.3.2 3.3.1.5 3. 3.4.1 3.1.4 3.3.1.2 3.3.1.4 3.3.1.2 3 . 3. 1 . 4 3.3.2. 3.3.1.5 3.3.4.1 3.1.4 3.3.1.2 3.3.1.4

lv

3.3.1.2

-it-

c ompl e t i ve

-ita

repet i t ive

3.3.1.4 3.1.4

-ka

con c e s s i ve -adver s at ive

-ka-

i n c lu s ive obj e c t indi cator

3.3.2

-ka

locat ive

2.1

-karnai-

e x c lusive ob j e ct ind i cat o r

3.3.2

-kondape

intensive

3.3.1.1

-la

infinit ival

3.2.2

-la

t emporal

3.1.1

- l 8.rni

s t ory te l l ing

3.2.9.3

lamo

deduc t ive

3.2.9.1

- le

c ont ingent

3.1.3

- le

degre e / s imi larity

2.2.1

-le

s imulat ive

3.3.1.5

-11

c on format i ve

3.3.1.7

-11

c ont ingent

3.1.3 3.3.3.4

-11

s imulat ive

3.3.1.5

-100

re c ip ro c a l

3.3.3.1

-lu

finalat ive

3.3.1.3

-lu

instant aneous

3.3.1.3

- l u-

sens ing

3.2.9.2

lumu

sens ing

3.2.9.2

-lya-

dispers ive

3.3.4.1

-rna

e x c lus ive s ubj e c t indicator

3.3.2

-rna

progre s s ive

3.3.1.6

-mai-

indire c t human ob j e c t

3.3.2

-mba

argument at i ve

2.2.1

-mba

emphat i c

2.2.1

-mba

e x c lusive sub j e c t ind i c ator

3.3.2

-mby-

dire c t i onal

3.3.4.1

-me

agent ive

2.1

-me

inst rumental

2.1

-mi

agentive

2.1

-mi

d e s i dera t i ve

3.2.3.1

-mi

inst rumental

2.1

-mo

augment

3.0

-na-

di spers i ve

3.3.4.1

-na

imperative

3.2.1

na-

negat ive

3.2.4.

-na

quo t at ive

2.2.2

-ni

d e s i de rat ive

3.2.3.1

lvi

-no

augment

-nya

c au s al

-nya

c onc e s s ive-adversat ive

-nya

de s i derative

-nya

i ndirect obj e c t

-nya

l o c at ive

-nya

p o s s e s s ive

-nya

purpo s ive

-nya

t emporal

-nye

hab i t ual

-ngi

hab i tual

-ngi-

indirect human obj e c t

- I) V

quo t at ive

-0

t emporal

- ok-

i n c lus ive ob j e c t indicator

-00

t emporal

-00

vo c at ive

-pa

a s s o c i at ive

-pa

c au s al

-pa-

c omp l e t ive

-pa

t emporal

-p ae

adj e ct ival

-pe

imperat ive

-pe

int errogat ive

-pe -

pot ent i a l

-pi

conj unct i ve

-pi

imperat ive

-pi

int errogat ive

pili

c ont ingent

-pllyi-

dire c t ional

-pipa

a s s o c iat ive

-pyaa

hi s t or i c a l

pyali

c on tingent

-sa

c ausal

- s a-

c au s at ive

-sa

locat ive

-sa

t emporal

-t a-

comp l e t ive

- t ae

adj e c t ival

3.0 3.1.2 3.1.4 3.2.3.1 3.3.2 2.1 2.1 3.2.2 2 .1 3.2.6 3.3.4.2.2 3.3.4.2.2 3. 3.2 2.2.2 3.1.1 3.3.2 3.1.1 2.1 2.1 3 . 1. 2 3.3.1.2 2.1 3.0 3.1.1 3.3.4.2.1 3.2.1 2.2.2 3.2.6 2.2.1 3. 2 . 1 2.2.2 3.1.3 3. 3 . 4 . 1 2.1 3.2.9.3 3.1.3 3.1.2 3.3.3.3 2.1 2.1 3 . 3. 1 . 2 3.3.4.2.1

lvii

-tamo

( re al ) c ondi t i onal

2.2.2

-u

t emporal

3.1.1

-ulu

instantaneous

3.3.1.3

-uu

t emporal

3.1.1

-yal!

degree/s imi larity

2.2.1

( - ) y oko

comprehensive

3 . 3 . 1. 8

N

- Road

10

o o I

100 ,

200 ,

M

I

M iles

MAP 1 : THE ENGA AREA

20 ,

ENGA D I CT I ONARY

Lang, A. Enga dictionary, with English index. C-20, lxii + 280 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. DOI:10.15144/PL-C20.cover ©1973 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.

A aa lenge vp t o s ay ' ah ' a s i n surpr i s e ; a l ( l en g e , a l f a

*Aik:f.pitu S n Egypt .

aangi (M) v

*Ai lane S n n am e - p l a c e : H i ghlan ds .

mamoo , mama l e n ge .

aap:f. n

t o t h an k ( 7 ) .

aili p:f.ngi vp l i gh t n i n g - a f t e r e ffect s ; y a n a i - w a p a k a , y u pe l e .

things .

ae di r

h e r e ( p l ac e ) ; a n g e n y a , a, s a , d a e , d a s a .

a:f.mbosa S n a:f.mbu PT n

kan auwa , mama , pongokae , w a i pu l u , wakepa .

amongonge , yaka i p (ng i . . aimu ( M) in terr why ; a l p u m a , a, l p u m o s a , a l p y a m o .

t o h i de ;

ma ta l y i n g i , ya l o p i n g ( , y a m ( p fng i .

,

.

aina PL n

i r on .

mapu .

aenge v e x i s t s ( o f i n an i mat e s ) ( ' here ' + ' is ' ) .

n e arby ; a s a , t e n g e s a .

aetena dir

t h i s s i de ; a k a t a ,

, .

sweet potato ( gener i c ) ;

a:f.pa i n te rr

what k i n d o f e v e n t ;

, wanema .

s p i der ; g a l u , k a k i mu n i .

aetele di r

beetle ( flying ) .

aim6ngenge v t o s p l i t / c ut l e n gt hwi s e ; a m6 n g e n g e ,

fat h e r ; a p a , a p a n e , a p e a , asa , asane , tata .

aete P n

g r a s s h opp e r .

a:f.mondali PT n

aee n

*aene S n

s t at i o n , t ow n ( 7 ) ;

p a l a l) a t a s f n i .

ae lenge vp t o s qu e a l , t o c ry ; t o s w e ar ; e e l e n g e , k a l ( p a k a e ,

aeme lenge vp

n am e - p l a c e :

,

h ow ; a ,l p a

a:f.pa petala i n te rr

p y oo , a i p i l y a p e .

a:f.pa py60 i n t e rr how ( ' wh at d o ­ ing ' ) ; a r pa p e t a l a , a i p i l y a p e .

a k a t a ka i t a , daeten a .

ai mandenge l ( P ) vp t o b e c om e d r y a n d f a l l ( o f l e ave s ) .

a:f.pa py60 :f.ta min:f.ngi ph t ag e - to what .

ai mandenge z vp t o c arry p i g g y ­ b a c k ( o f i n f an t s ( 7 ) ) .

aipale i n t e rr

a:f. p:f.ngi (M) vp t o s m e � l " t o st ink ; myuku p i n g f , pungu

a!p! l S n

a rpa .

a:f. s :f.ngi vp

saa p i ng f .

aH lenge vp

l e n ge .

s alt - n a t i v e ; a ( p (

a:f.p:f. z S n s p l i nt e r , s m a l l gr a s s ( i n ey e ) ; k u n f .

a b om i n at i on .

a:f.p:f. kUl:!. S n

t o smell , t o s n i ff ;

s al t , r o c k s a lt ;

a fp f , so l e , tendep i p i .

,

aipi lyape in t e rr

t o exclaim ; mama

how ;

pe t a l a , a f p a pyoo .

1

Lang, A. Enga dictionary, with English index. C-20, lxii + 280 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. DOI:10.15144/PL-C20.1 ©1973 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.

wh at k i n d ( o f ) ;

ku l r , so l e , tendep i p i .

p i ng f .

a:f. pyapae s :f.ngi vp

advan­

2

aipipete 5 n

s alt s p r i n g .

a!pu n

leprosy ; k i mu k i mu , . kope t a l I , l a i n amand a , t a p a .

a!puma i n te rr

why ; a i m u (M) , a i p u mo s a , a i p y a m o ( L ) , a i py a n y a .

aipumosa i n t e rr

why ; a i m u ( M) ,

a i pu m a , a i pyamo (L) .

Aipusa ( 5 ) n

n am e - p l a c e .

aipyamo ( L ) i n t e rr

why ; a i mu

(t:I ) . a i p u m a , a i p u mo s a , a l pu m u s a .

aipyanya i n te rr

why ; a i p u m a .

a!pyape i n terr wh at d i d he d o ? ( c on t r a c t i on o f a f p a p y a p e ) . *aisa adj

e i ght ; a i s a p e l a .

* a i s apela adj

e i ght ; a i s a ,

t u ku l a p 6 .

*aitene K n

h e at h e n .

a!wa E n

rain j a i y�u , ap� , i p i a n d a , ka k l , kea l l , k o l i a , k � l i , l en d e , s a n e s a n e .

aiya 5 n c a s s owary f e a t h e r , h e a d dr e s s o f c a s s owary f e at h e r s . aiya lenge vp t o c a l l out n ame to c om e and get s . t . aiya anda K n p i n garden s .

h o u s e - l e an - t o

aiyoko ko6 minao tee ping! vp payment f o r d e at h on b r i d g e . Aiyokoo K n aiyuu E n

n ame - m a n . r ai n ; a fwa , a p � ,

i p i an d a , k a k f , ke a l i , ko l f a : komb a n e , k � l i , ku l l a , l en d e , sanes ane , tandake .

d e f i n i t e ly ( * emp h at i c ) , but ( * c on c e s s i v e adv e r s a t i v e ) . akaipu wai n m ag i c ( wh i t e ) , l ov e p ot i o n . aka!pu P n

c or dy l i n e ; t 6 p y a ,

akaita di r

t h e s e , t h i s d i r e c t i on ;

yaka i pu .

a ko i t a , a t � p a , d a ka l t a , d a t � pa , d o ka i t a .

akali K n

man .

akali andake K np m an - i m p o r ­ t ant , man - l a r g e i n s i z e . akali epaputae K n

y ou t h .

aka l i imange K n hu s b an d ' s m a l e i n - l aw s e x c ept b r o t h e r - i n - l aw ( wi f e ' s m a l e r� l at i v e s o f o t h e r t h a n h e r o w n g en e r a t i o n a n d - 2 g e n e r at i on ( ma l e e g o ) ) ; h u s b a n d ' s c o g n at e s o f - 1 g e n ­ e r at i on . akali katenge vp ( o f women ) .

t o b e marri e d

akali ko6 pingi K np akali penge vp husband .

s i nne r .

to g o to a

akali wambu K np u n d e r d e v e l op e d , r e t ar d e d i n g r o wt h ; l y a n g a ,

w a m b a ke .

akali yango K np m a n a s s e r t i n g h i s r i g ht s ( ? ) ; a n g f , I y a n g a ,

wamb a ke .

akaliamange n akalingi K n

a d d r e s s t o m al e s . h u s b an d .

akalita lap6 adj

twenty ; t u e n d i .

akalita mendai adj

ten ; mange p u n d u , t e n e , t e n e pe l a , ; t u k u t e po n a me n d a i .

- ak- part f o r m e /you / u s ( * i n c lu s i v e b e n e f ac t i v e ) ; - e k - ,

akalyanda K n

- aka part a l t h ou gh ; but ( * c o n c e s s i v e adv e r s at i v e ) ; - k a .

- akamaiingi part f o r h i m/ h e r / i t ( * exc lus ive bene fact ive ) , for t h em ( * e x c l u s i v e b e n e f a c t i v e ) .

- I k- , -ok- .

- aka- part

v e ry ( * i nt e n s i v e ) ,

h ou s e ( me n ' s ) ;

tau te , wane anda .

akapu K n l e av e s u s e d i n c o o k ­ i n g at w e d d i n g ; k a k e .

3

akata dir

this s i de ; a e t e n a ,

akataka i t a , daeten a .

akatakaita di r

t h i s s i de ;

aeten a , akata , daetena .

akea PT n b i r d - f e a t h e r s u s e d i n he addre s s ; k a k e . akema lao palenge ph akema lenge vp

c on s c i e n c e .

t o c ou n s e l .

ala nuu S np

bag , basket .

alaiyole S n j ew ' s h ar p o f bamboo ; I ( n o , o l a i y o l e ,

tamba l o .

alakaena S n

n e t b ag f o r c h i l d ;

a l akaita di r

up h e r e ( c l o s e by ) ;

a k u , moma n d a n u � , n o k a i n a , pangat a nu� . a l ya , d a l ya .

*Akena S n n am e - p l ac e : Mt . H a g e n , H a g e n .

alale P n w i g , h e a d c o v e r i n g ( me n ' s ) .

aki i n t e rr

alam6 K ( T ) n

what ; a k i t a .

akingipi i n t e rr akipate in t e rr

what r e l at i o n . how many ;

ak i t�pa , andu t �pa .

aki s a i n t e r r

wh e r e ; a n d a ko n y a , a n d o k a i t a , a n d o ko , a n d o k o i t a , andokonya , andos a , and u s a , a n j a .

akita (LY) i n t e rr

what ; a k i .

akitupa i n te rr how many , how mu c h ; a k i p a t e , a n d u t u p a . ako S n

mi st .

ak6 ping i vp t o c l e ar away w e e d s /rubb i s h . akoita di r

t h i s d i r e c t i on , the s e ;

a ka i t a , a t u p a , d a ka i t a , d a t u pa .

ak6l a S n

s n ak e ( e d i b l e ) ;

Ako le PT n

n ame - woman .

mo t o p a e , p u i y oo .

aku S n n e t b ag ( sm a l l for c h i l dr e n ) ; a l a k a e n a , moma n d a

n u � , noka i n a , pangata nuu .

akueta K n akuingi v

a ku n g f .

p an d a nu s ; w a p i n a . t o pu l l out /up ;

akungi v t o pu l l out /up ( by root s ) ; a ku i n g t . -ala part

p a s t p a rt i c i p l e .

-ala p a r t

t o ( * s h o r t purpo s e ) .

ala n b r a c e l e t , an k l e t ( plaited } .

koka l i .

alange adj alapo de t

ginger ;

r t a ma r ,

little ( of trees ( ? ) ) . t h e s e two ; d a l a p o ,

d o l a p o , o l a po .

alauwal i S n j ew ' s h a r p o f b amb o o ; I ( n o , o l a i y o l e , t a m b a l o . aleaku adv aft e r n o on ( l at e ) , e v e n i n g ( e a r ly ) ; a l e a k � n a , a l ema nd i , a l em a n j i (L) , o l e

l enge .

aleakuna adv

a f t e r n o o n ( l at e ) ;

a l e a k u , a l e m a n d i , a l em a n j i , ku l a ku l a , k� l umuna , O l e l e nge .

aleambu n

l i ly .

alemale lenge vp j erk .

t o twitch , to

alemandi adv aft e r n o on ( l at e ) , e v e n i n g ( e a r ly ) ; a l e a k u ,

a l ea k u n a , a l ema n j i , k u l a k u l a , k� l u muna .

alemanj i ( L ) adv a f t e r n opn ­ l at e ; a l e a k u , a l e a k u n a ,

a l e m a n d i , k � l u mu n a , 6 l e l e n g e .

alembo a dv d ay b e f o r e y e s t e r day / t wo d a y s a g o , s om e t i m e a g o . alembokana adv

four d ay s a g o ;

alembokona adv

four d a y s a g o ;

a l embokon a .

a l emboka n a .

alemb6lya adv alemok6i K n

t h r e e d ay s a g o . p an da n u s - r e d ;

a p a t i , n i t u p a , t a e , w a i mb a .

4

alepa n b amb o o u s e d t o e n s u r e g o o d b r i dep r i c e .

aluan g a adj

Alepen j a K n

alumale a dv p l a c e u n d e r a t r e e or obj e c t .

n ame - b oy .

ali lenge vp t o exp r e s s c om f o r t / ama z em e n t ; a 1 f a m a m o o 1 e n g e ,

ya l f l en g e .

alia mamoo lenge vp t o expre s s am a z ement ; a a l e n g e , a I r l e n g e ,

mama l e n ge .

alii MD n * a lipi n alisa d i r ther e .

c l it ori s ; te l e . olive . over t h e r e , b a ck

alo pingi vp

t o run ; y a p a .

alo pingi vp

t o l o s e ; a l oo p i n g f , a l u p i ng f , l usa l enge .

alo pingi vp t o s ub s t i t ut e , t o exchange ; a l oo p i n g f , k fmbu

pfn9 i

.

a lumali PT n alungi adj

c an e ( 1 ) .

alupa K n -alya part

around ( * di s p e r s ive ) ;

- i l ya .

alya (T) dir alya di r

up h e r e ( �l o s e by ) ;

a l a ka i t a , a l y a (T) , a l y a k a i t a , da l ya .

a lyakaita di r

up t h e r e ; a l y a , a l ya , a l ya s a l e , a l ye te l e , a l y fnya , a l y (s a .

alyakele V

p i ng I

,

aloale ping i vp

alyasa di r

aloo pingi vp

t o e x c h an g e ; a l o

p i ng f , a l o p i ng f .

alopotoi S n p l ant ( e d i b l e l i k e s p i n ach ) . alowake S ( T ) n

pu p i .

f l ut e ; ku l u l u � .

alowake lenge vp t o s hout i n un i s on wh e n h appy ; y u a l e n g e . - alu part i n s t an t l y ( * i n s t an ­ t an e ou s ) ; u l u . -alu part

-u 1 u .

- alu- part

f i n al ly ( * f i n a l at i v e ) ; s en s e d ; - u l u - .

alu pingi vp t o v an i s h , t o b e l o s t f r om s i ght ; a l o p i n g r . alua PT n

frog .

a lua PT n

b i rd - blac k .

t o t i c k l e ; y u k u yu k u

•

alyange dir

t o a l t e r n at e ;

up h e r e ( c l o s e by ) ;

a l ya , a l yaka i ta , a l y ange .

alo pingi vp f i r e - t o make by f r i c t i on ; k e p o m i n f n g i , poo

atete p i ng f .

ant ; t i p u t a l i . re d ; a poe , t a i yoko

p ( pae .

.

p i ng i .

b i g , l a r g e , g r e at ;

a n d a ke , y a l e .

a 1 ya .

alyas ale dir

up t h e r e ( n e arby ) ; up t h e r e ; a l y f s a . up t h e r e ;

a l yaka i t a , a l y fnya , a l y ( s a .

alyasale i j oo katenge p h anot h e r ' s s upe r i or . alyetele dir

a l yaka i t a .

alyinya di r

t o be

up t h e r e ( 7 ) ; over there ;

a l yaka i ta , a l yasa l e , a l y (sa .

alyisa di r

up / ov e r t h e r e ( 7 ) ;

a l yaka i ta , a l ya s a , a l ya s a l e , a l y (nya .

,

Alyo n

n ame - r i ve r .

alyo dir mot i o n downwar d s , d ow n t h e r e ( n e a r by ) ; l a n a o . a lyoko iti K np a lyoko kaita K np

a l y o ko s a .

alyokosa K n

ka i ta .

u n d e r arm h a i r . armp i t ;

armp i t ; a l y o k o

5

aly6ngo K n b e an - w i n g e d ( P s op h o c arpus t e t r ag on obulu s ) alyutupa p ro

those , them , they ;

u tupa .

ama ( T ) adj

over there ; ama s a , a m b i s a , a mo t e n a , d � m a , d a m a s a .

wapaka .

amang!ta di r

whal e / l a r g e

E

amas a di r

ambia K n

over there ; ama ,

a m b i s a , a mo t e n a , d a m a , d a ma s a .

amatena d i r f r om . amba adj

o v e r t h e r e , aw ay

only o n e ; a m a (T) ,

ikf.

d o g ; d o ko , k o t e n a (T) , pende , t ua , y a n a . c o rdyl i n e .

arnbakuna n

l e av e s

ambano K n

b e an .

arnban6 K n

c or d y l i n e .

arnbapa K n

tree ( ? )

ambe ambe ping! vp

ambe pe n g e .

dry p i t p i t .

-

f e n c e of w o o d / p i t p i t .

arnbirnanga n p l ant - t h i s t l e ( edible pod) ; ambea m a n g a . arnb!nya adv amb!sa di r

arnba!pu K n arnbak6 K n

•

t o r ambl e ;

t h i s week ( ? ) . o v e r t h e r e ( c l o s e by ) ;

ama , a m a s a , a m b ( , d a m a , d a m a s a , damb ( , damb ( s a .

ambo n

g r oup , c r owd ; k a k ( l e n g e , kambu pya t ae , 1 6n g6 , pa l u , t a t a , yam i .

ambo p!ngi vp

amboi ping! vp t o b e e s t r o u s / i n h e at ( o f femal e s ) . imbu p!ngi vp

ambe penge vp

ambu!yarni K n

t o r amb l e ; a m b e

ambe p!ngi v p a i m l e s s ly , by a c c i d e n t , u n k n ow i n g l y ; a m b e l y a o .

t o p e e l o f f hu s k /

t o a s s em b l e ;

( t a l y (n g i , (ya l y i n g ( , kambu p (n g i , l fmben ge , mau p i n g i .

arnbu K n

am b e p i n g f , 1 i t a e l a t a e katenge .

t o w r ap ; y a k ( p i n g ( .

arnb6 S n o l d ( o f i n an im at e s / f e n c e s /woo d ) ; a m b u , k e p a .

d o e s n ' t t h i nk ; ambe katenge vp d o e s n ' t want t o do s o me t h i n g .

ambe ping! vp

t o b e a s h am e d ;

e l ya kaenge , ya l a kaenge .

vine .

n

p (ng i , taenge .

arnb! ping! vp

arnapenge V t o d i g i n gr ound with s p a d e / s t i c k . amap!

amb! ping! vp t o s c at t e r , t o s p r e ad ; a m b ( y a n g e n g e , p a k 6 n a

t o g at h e r a n d arnb! yangenge vp burn ; amb ( p i n g ( , p a k 6 n a p ( n g i .

l i k e t h at ;

on g6 i t a .

a c c i d e n t a l ly , imbe lyao adv unknowi n g ly ; a m b e p ( n g i . ov e r t h e r e ; a m b ( s a , a s a , d ama , d a s a , t e n g e s a .

fish ; p i sa ,

arnane andake S ph fish.

t o forget ( ? ) .

arnb! di r

h amme r .

amane S (T) n

imbea rnanga K n t r e e ( e d i b l e s e e ds ) ; amb i ma n g a . arnbe le a dv

only one ; a mb a .

arna d i r

*arna S n

shell ; p a k6 p i n g f , p a k6 n a p (ng i , pat6k6 p i ng f .

fence - old ( ? ) ; amb6 ,

wamb a t ae .

c an e - s u g ar .

s o r e ( n ot a c u t arnbuk! PT ( T ) n o r wound ) ; a m u n g ( (M) , t e t e . arnbu lurnange K n t o b e e at e n .

s k i n of a n i m a l s

6

arnbu lya l LY n

bee ;

motaka I i .

arnbUlya 2 n

honey ;

l ekuna .

ambu taka l e ,

amu lenge vp

t o c al l p i g s ;

l e n ge , g e e l e n g e .

am b u t a k a l e ,

arnbulya kamanda lying! np wild .

honey ­

arnbulya I) a f) a np

honey ;

ambu l ya

arnbulya tuku np

honey ;

ambu l ya

arnbutakale LY n

wasp ;

tuku , t uku ambu l ya .

f) a, f) a , t u k u a m b u l y a .

arnu PL n men ' s ;

y am ( D i o s c o r e a a l at a ) -

konj a , kota l yakapu .

arnuna di!

E

l em a n g a u .

amuna K n arnund i i K n amungi

tumor , g o i t e r ;

np

e lb ow , knu c k l e s ;

l enge .

ambu l ya .

amuu

j oint ;

sore , boil ;

(M) n

PT

l enge .

a mb u k i , t e t e .

* arnbutala S n umb r e l l a m an u f a c t u r e d ; t u l ( .

arnuu lenge vp

- arnby part s p e ak e r ;

-an- part

a c t i o n downw ar d s .

- ana part

around ( *d i s p e r s ive ) .

-ana part

i mp e r at i v e .

arne PL n

l enge .

d i r e c t i on away f r om

-mby .

ame n ge , b a t a o

f at ;

ame ipange S np

fat , g r e as e ;

g i t (sa , kapa , kata i , tuku .

amea n

aw i i .

u n c l e - mat e rn a l ;

a pange ,

amenge l V t o c u t i n t o l e v e l ( o f g r ou n d ) , t o d i g up . amenge 2 PL n

f at ( b e l ly ) ;

*Ametikaa S n Ame r i c a .

ame, .

n ame - p l a c e :

ami lenge vp

t o c o v e r ( up ) ;

g o l e p i n g ( , ya l o p i n g f , y a m ( p (n9 i .

amia PT n cat .

mammal - m ar s up i al

d own t h e r e ( c l o s e by ) .

ana di r

;

down t h e r e ( c l o s e b y ) a, n a , a n a, s a , a n a t e l e , d a n a , danasa .

anakaita dir down t h e r e ( c l o s e by ) ; a n a , a n a , a n a t e l e . anange di r

down t h e r e ( 7 ) .

anapua di r

there ( 7 ) ;

down a n a, n g e , a n a, s a .

anasa dir

d own t h e r e ( c l o s e b y ) ;

ana , ana , anapua , anate l e , dan a , danasa .

*Anasuu K n anatele di r by ) ; a n a ,

amo pokenge vp in garden .

anda a dj

am6ngenge V t o s p l i t l e n gt h ­ w i s e / w i t h g r a i n ; a i mo n g e n ge ,

a mo n g o n g e , y a k a i p i n g i .

am6ngonge V

to split with grain ;

amotena di r

near .

a i mo n g e n g e , am6 n g e n ge , y a k a i p i ng i .

amu

ana di r

amiame nyingi VR c r amp - t o have a ; m o k o t ( t i p i n g f .

t o p l ow , t o d i g

to c all p i gs ;

God ;

G o t e , Ye s u s a .

d own t h e r e ( c l o s e b y ) ;

anaka i t a , anasa .

large ;

andake .

anda s arnbenge vp p ay a f i n e .

t o bribe , to

*Anda Satitii np

S u n d ay ;

Sat i d i .

Ang f

anda wai pungu pungu (M) adv n o ont i m e , m i dd ay . anda K n

h ou s e ( g e n e r i c ) .

7

�nd� am�ngi M n ( und e r s i de ) .

u n d e rpur l i n

�nd� iki K n s p a rk s h i e l d ; a n d a u l i n I (M) , r k I . �nd� irnait� S np r i dg e p o l e o f h ou s e ; r m a , I m a r t a . �nda kairnbusa kaita Zoo a r e a o f h ou s e .

door

anda kairnbusa kamapi Zoo a r e a o f h o us e . anda kuaa K n ed.

front

h o u s e - u n i n h ab i t ­

anda kungutini LY np

s o ot .

anda lyuti vp t o dry out a n e w h o u s e ; a n d a l y o y a n g e n g e (T) . anda rnakirnaki py60 K np c i t y ( h ous e s b u i lt i n r o w s ) . anda rnau K n

s t u d s ( o f hou s e ) ;

a n d apo I , a n d a py u a I , a n d a pyu a n g I , andopa I , andopo I .

and� nipu K np

hinge ; r nJ a .

anda takae K n

house - large .

and� ulini K np

anda rkl , r k l .

andaepu K n

kongu t l ne .

andaita K n

s p ar k s h i e l d ;

s o o t on c e i l i n g ;

and�ka nao palenge vp t o m e n ­ s t r u at e ; k am a k a n a o p a l e n g e ,

k a n a k a n d e n g e , w a k a n ao , y a n g u pa e pa l e n g e , yoo n ao pa l e n ge .

s e t t l e d g r ou n d .

andakarna adj civilized ( 1 ) , tropical ( 1 ) . andakarn� a dj t r op i c al ( 7 ) , civilized ( ? ) . andake adj l a r g e , import ant , big ; a l uanga , anda , anda pae ,

I n g r l e p a n e , k y ow a e , m a n d u l l , pa t a , pee l a t a e , y a l e .

andakaekal i PT n

koma l pa .

andak6ny� (M) i n t err

m ammal -

whi c h ;

a k l s a , andoka i t a , a ndoko , a n d o k o l t a , a n d o ko n y, a , a n d o s a , andu s a , anj a , anu nya .

andak6pa ( L ) i n t e rr

when ;

andakupa .

andakotaka adv n o on , n o o n t i m e , m i d d ay ; a n d a w a i p o n g u p o n g u ,

n i k ( tau t r i pungu .

andak6te adj

koko , pango .

i n s ide ; a nd o ko t e ,

andakupa ( T ) i n t e rr w h e n , what t im e ; a n d a k o p a ( L ) . andalongona PT n

c ockroach ;

koka l ya , pu l ya pu l ya .

andalyo yangenge v p a new hous e ; a n d a

y a n g a ku l enge .

andamuku S n

t o d r y out

I yu t i (M) ;

h ou s e ( t o r n down ) .

andanda sernaingi vp respect . andanda S adj

honor ,

emp t y .

�ndapae adj

w i d e ( i n g i rt h ) ;

* andape Z o e

o n t op ( o f ) ; k e t a e ,

andap6i K n

s t u d s ( o f hou s e ) ;

andake . kisa.

tree .

and�ka yan�i np

m a r s up i al : t r e e k a n g a r o o ( 1 ) ;

a n d a m a u , a n d a py u a I , a n d a py u a n g i , andopa I , a ndopo I .

andapyuai n

s t u d s - w al l ; a n d a m a u , a n d a po i , a n d a p y u a n g i , andopa i , andopo i .

andapyuangi K n

studs ( of hous e ) ;

a n da m a u , a n d a p o i , a n d a p y u a i , a n dopa i , a n d opo I .

andaseta pingi vp andate a dj

ab ou n d .

one hundre d .

andat6rnba PL n andatornbe adv

s t om a c h . m i dn i g h t ; k u a k a m a ,

k u k u a , k u kum a .

8

andeandake

PT n b at t i i t i i , t i nd (a .

andeapa PT n m ammal - t r e e k a n g a r o o ; koma i p a , k u n d a k a l

k u n d u k a l i , ma l e pa .

andeapu K n

a k i s a , a n d a ko n y a , a n d o k a i t a , a n d o ko i t a , a n dokon y a , a n do s a , anj a .

( sm a l l ) ;

i,

s o o t ( on c e i l i n g ) ;

kongu t i ne .

andenge v t o i n c r e a s e , t o g r ow l ar g e ; a n g ( i n j i n g f , l a n g a

l e n g e , n u u p i n g i , poko l e n g e .

andepa adv

e p a po ,

n ow , t od ay ;

i nd u pa , i papu .

andiki andiki pingi (M) vp t o persuade ; a n j ( k i a n j ( k i p i n g L andiki ping! vp t o f l at t e r , t o b r i b e , t o b e s k i l fu l ; a n j ( k i p i ng ( (L) . andiki p£pae s t

good ;

andipa

(T) adv t o d ay , i n d u p a (M) , i p a pu .

anditame

PT

n

epe e t e te . n ow ;

wh e r e ;

aki sa ,

a n d a ko n y a , a n d o ko i t a , a, n d. o k on y a , a n d os a , a n d u s a , anJ a . ,

and6ko i n t err wh i c h o n e , what k i n d o f ; a n d u k u , a n u ku . and6k6 K n

anduku , (T) .

male - f i r s t born ; a n u k u ( L) ( ? ) , a n u n g u

andokoita i n t e rr

ak i sa , a n d a k o n y a , a n d ok a i t a , a n d o kon y a , andos a , andu s a , anj a . wh e r e ;

andok6nya i n terr

wh e r e ; a k i s a , a n d a ko n y a , a n d o ka i t a , a n d o ko i t a , andos a , andu s a , a nj a .

andok6te Z o a andopai K n

ins ide ;

a n d a ko t e .

s t ud s ( o f h ou s e ) ;

a n d a ma u , a n d a po i , a n d a p y u a i , andapyuang i , andopo i .

andop6i K n

wall stud ; a n d a mau , a n d a po i , a n d a p y u a i , a n d a p y u a n g i , a n d op a i .

and6sa i n t e rr

andu K n

b r e a s t , m i lk .

andu ipange

susuu . ,

w h e r e , what p l a c e ;

m i lk ;

n

E

andu lyamungi K (M) np

andu mung i .

andu mungi K (T) np I y amu n g i (M) .

andu , n i pp l e ;

n i pp l e ;

andu

andu pingi vp t o c ov e r , t o p r o t e c t w i t h a c ov e r ; k u m b u

p l ng l , s anga p (ng i , ya l o p i n g ( , y ame p f n g i . .

,

,

,

anduingi K n

s h o ot , s u c k e r .

anduku i n t e rr wh i c h o n e , what k i n d o f ; a n u , a n u ku . anduku (M) n

frog .

andokaita i n t e rr

andowai lenge vp t o s ay t h a n k y ou ; s u i i l e n g e , tama p i n g L

f i r s t b orn male ; (L) ( ? ) , anungu

a n d o ko , a n u k u (T) •

andukunya i n t e rr

anj i L

andukupa i n t e rr

anupa . ,

,

whe r e , w h i t h e r ; wh e n ;

anukupa ,

andusa i n t e rr

where ; a k i s a , a n d a k o n y a , a n d o ka i t a , a n d o ko i t a , and okonya , andos a , a n j a , a n u n a .

andutupa i n terr how mu c h , h o w m any ; a k i p a t e , a k i t u p a . ane K n

b oy , human m al e ;

ane wanapi K ph and g i rl s . anemapu pro

wane .

c h i l dr e n , b o y s

y ou m e n ;

w a n e ma, p u .

anematupa pro you ( du a l a n d p lur a l ) ; wa n ama t u pa . * anengapu S n anga K n

h an d c u f f s .

p a n d anu s ( p a n d anu s s p . ) .

anga dingi K n

y am .

anga i lya LY n c lu s t e r .

p a n d anu s nut

9 an �a !t �

anga

I

� n p an da n u s tange .

anga itan�e K n

�nga (ta . .

tree ;

p an da n u s t r e e ;

anga lemoyake tuti i n j i ngi vp p a n d an u s nut i s r i p e ( d a r k and s t rong ) . anga p!ngi n l o o p , t o ngue of b e lt b u c k l e . anga tap6k6 wasingi np t o make s h e l f o f p an d a n u s t runk . anga tuu S np p an danus nut ( s in g l e on e ) . anga yam! np t r e e w i t h m o r e t h a n four b r a n c h e s . anga n

manJ u . ,

.

,

m u c u s - n as a l ;

anga lita np

moss - edible ;

1 (d.

anga lenge vp w i de . angaeti K n

m�nj 6 ,

t o open mouth b e a r d , wh i s k e r s ;

w a e , w a e kome (T) .

angaeti tokenge vp b e ar d .

t o s h ave a

angaina pingi (ML ) vp have a ; g a r n a p f n g i

.

c ol d - t o

Angale K n

n am e - m an ' s .

*angal6o n

ange l .

app e t i z i n g angama mandenge vp ( of foo d ) - t o look ( 7 ) . angamae mandenge vp

a n gam�e mi n fn g i .

t o y awn ;

angamae min{ngi vp t o y awn ( imp l i e s d i s gu s t ) ; a n g a m � e

m a n d e n ge .

angao waewae mandenge vp t o s l i p a n d fall ; b � u I �o n i p f n g i ,

keta keta p i ng f .

angapana K n l e av e s t h at s u r ­ r ou n d pand anus nut ; b a n a ,

kapea .

angapu K n

j aw .

angapu s andange K np hinge . angata

j aw b o n e

P n m amm a l : t r e e k a p e a , pa ke n a .

(?);

k a n g ar o o

s h e l l , f o r eh e ad angatatenge n b an d of t h e s e s h e l l s ; k a k a p a

p i ng I .

,

.

angat6 K ( T ) n

sae . ,

b an an a ;

angat6 itange K np angat6 kende np fibre ; a n g a t 6

kon d a ,

banana tree .

b an an a t r e e

p a ke .

angat6 pake np b a n a n a t r e e fibre ; a n g a t 6 kende . angatu K n h a i r s ( s m al l ) o f c o rn , e t c . ; k u k u . ange pro

t h i s { at h a n d ) ;

angena n

tree ( ? ) .

d6ko .

angenge V

d�ke ,

t o s et down on t o p o f ;

angotenge , angu rng i , angung i .

angenya Z o a o r t ime ) ;

a e , el s a , a t e n � .

angepu adv

n ow , t o d ay ;

h e r e ( at t h i s p l a c e

e p a p u , i pa p u .

angewane ( P ) n

wanepa .

angi n

e pap6 ,

t r e e - l i ght wood ;

p a n danus k e rn e l ;

konde .

angi adj t ru e , r e a l , g e nu i n e , m i dd l e - a g e d , e l d e s t ; a k � 1 i

w�m b u , a k � 1 i y a n go , kon d e , I yang� , wambake .

angi inj {ngi vp

t o g r ow/mat u r e ;

Angi Satitii np

S u n d ay ;

�ndenge , k f n i i nj f ng f . Sat i d i .

,

Anda

angi landau S np wh e r e a l a n d ­ s l i d e t o ok p l ac e . angi nyingi vp t o b r e ak d own ( o f m o un t a i n s ) ; m i n j f l ( p f n g

t�nenge .

i,

10

angi pingi vp t o l an ds l i d e , l an d s l i de ; m i n j f l f p f n g i . angisipu S n angita a dj

a d d r e s s t o any o l d e r woman ( e n d e arment ) ; m o t h e r ( ad d r e s s ) ;

a n r a , mama .

h a n dk e r c h i e f .

ania (ML) n addre s s ) ;

s imi lar , alike ;

ang i t f k i , a pa l e , opa l e .

angitiki adj

mother ( d i re c t

a n i , mama .

* aniane K n

s imi lar , alike ;

o n i on .

aningi V p i g d i s t r i but i o n f o r men only - ( t o cure s i ckne s s ) .

a n g r t a , a pa l e , o p a l e .

a c r o s s , on t o p o f ;

anj a i n t e rr

whe r e ; a k i s a , a n d a ko n y a , a n d o k a i t a , a n d o ko i t a , a ndokonya , andos a , and� s a , anu na .

thi s , the s e .

an j etae a t

ang6 katenge vp appo i nt e d b y Gove rnment o f f i c e r ; f o r ­ b i d d i n g f i ght i n g d u r i n g s e t t l em e n t ( 7 ) .

anj etae kalai ping! vp i nv o lu n t a r i ly .

ang6 palenge vp t o f a l l d own ( h i t by a r r ow o r b u l l e t ) ;

anj etae i n t e rr whenc e ; a n j a

mangenge .

ang6nge v t o c a s t a s i de , t o s t e p o n / ov e r ; a n g � p e n g e ,

anj ingi anda np

.

'

a c r o s s , on t op o f ;

a n go , a n g o p a e .

angu penge vp

t o step acros s ;

a n g on g e , a n g u r n g i .

anguana K n

anj ing i V

tree .

.

anj 60 ny!ngi vp j ai l . anj u penge vp anoi

PT

n

anguing i 2 v t o s t omp down w i t h feet ; a n gomben g e .

anuka ( L ) n

angungi ' v

anukupa

PT

n

to tie , to fasten ;

w i f e ' s m ot h e r - i n - l aw ;

t o j ai l .

tanda nenge , tanda ny rng i .

anu i n t e rr

t o d e v i at e f r om ( 7 ) .

katap�sa

anj inyala epenge vp c at a s t r op h e ( 7 ) , d i s a s t e r ; I eke I e ke t e n g e ,

anguingi l t o s t e p ove r / a c r o s s ; t o b e on t op ; a n g u p e n g e .

ani

j ai l ;

an j !nya palenge Vp

angu fng i , ang�ng i , ka l o p i n g r .

angu Z o a

anda .

l fnd i ng i .

_

,

anj r k r anj fk f p i n g r .

t o c o ve r ;

angotenge v t o s i t on t op o f ( b ad manne r s ) ; a n g e n g e ,

t o c o ax /

an j ik ! pingi ( L ) v all around w e l l b e h av e d ; a n d r k f p i n g i ,

a n g u f ng i , ka l o p i ng f , nepeng e .

an gomben ge .

f r om whe r e ,

and f k r a n d f k r p i n g f , a n d ( k r p .l n g l , anj f k r p i ng f .

a n go p u m be n g e , a n g u f n g i .

angopumbenge v

t o work

tae .

anj iki anj iki ping! vp c a j o l e , to p e r s ua d e ;

ang6mbenge v t o c ru s h w i t h f o o t , t o c ov e r ( 7 ) ;

ang6pae a t s t eppe d o v e r f o o d ( inedible ) ; a n g � , k a t o p r p a e

t i ed up .

t o arre s t , t o t o g o s l ow l y .

i n s e ct ( edible ) . wh i c h o n e ;

a n u n g u (T) .

a n d � k u (M) ,

male - f i r s t born ;

a n d o k o , a n d u ku , a n � n g u (T) .

(T) i n t e rr a n d u k� p a , a n � pa .

wh e n ;

11

anungu l

(T) i n terr a n d u ku (M) , � n u .

ape a K n

wh i ch o n e ;

anungu 2

(T) n m a l e - f i r s t b o r n ; a n d 6 ko , a n d u ku , a n u ku (L) .

anupa i n terr

a n u ku p � .

a n d u ku p � ,

wh e n ;

- i n g , -00 , - u u .

- ft- .

6pa .

apa leng� vp apa K n

,

"

apakisa n

half - c as t e ( ? ) .

apale adv

l i k e t hi s ;

a n g i d k i , o pa l e .

apale upa np

o f ; 06 a a p f .

apan� K n

.

ang ft� ,

things - all kinds

a pa , apea , a s � , a s � ne , �ya , ayea , t a k� n g e , t � t a . f at h e r ( ad d'r e s s ) ;

apange K n u n c l e - mat e rn a l ( m at r i l at e r a l m a l e c o g n at e s o f ,+ 1 g e n e r at i o n ) ; n i e c e / n e p h e w ( o f f s p r i n g o f oppo s i t e s ex c o g n a t e o f e g o ' s g e n e r at i on ( m a l e ego » ; a me a , aw i i . apata n apati K n

with ;

aw�p� , t6 1 e .

p a n d anu s ; a l emok6 i , n i t u pa , t a e , wa i mb a .

who ( du al ) ;

apimau i n te rr

who ( p lu r al ) ;

apimuu i n t e rr

who ( p l u r al ) ;

apinya i n t e rr

who s e .

a p i ma u , a p i t u pa .

apitupa i n terr ,

who ( p l u r a l ) ;

a p l ma u , a p l mu u . .

.

w i t h , t o g e th e r ;

aw�pa .

a p a n e , a s a, ,

apaa ping! vp t o w r ap i n a s l i n g ; y 6 m b a o p a e n g e , yomben ge

a c t i on b a c k w ar d s .

ap6 n

d �pa , d6pa ,

t o e xp r e s s o ne s e l f .

f at h e r ;

as�ne , aya .

-apily- part

a p i mu u , a p i t u pa .

- e p a . - e t a , - ( pa , - ( t a . like this ;

to hold ( ? ) ;

a p i m�u .

- apa part c o mp l e t e d ( * c om p l e t i v e ) ; f i n i s h e d ( * c omplet i v e ) ; - � t a , apa adv

apt pingi vp

api lyapo i n t e rr

n ame - p l a c e :

- ap- part c omplet e d / f i n i s h e d ( * c omp l e t i v e ) , c ap ab l e o f ( * c omp l e t i v e w i t h f u t u r e tense ) ; - � t - , -ep- , -et- , - f p-

who .

k oe n g e , m i n f n g i .

p r e s e nt p a rt i c i p l e ;

*Aosatalia S n Aust r al i a .

a p a , a pan e ,

apet�nge V t o s t i c k f a s t t o , t o f o l l o w a k e ep e r . api i n t e rr

anyU (ML ) n moth e r , d au gh t e r , ( f ami l i ar ) ; mama . - ao p a r t

father ;

asa , as �ne , �ya .

ap6t� ,

ap6� a dj

red ; a l ung i , kang i o , k6 n e , s a l ye p a e , t a i y 6 k o p f p a e .

*apole s ini lUmu S np r o om .

o p e r at i on

* apos61oo akali K np

ap o s t l e .

aposoto E n

s o pok� 1 i .

s al i v a ;

soo ,

ap6ta n

w i t h , t o g e t h er ; a p6 ,

apu E n

rain ;

awapa , t6 1 e .

a pu . ,

apu lenge vp

t o dry ; e n d o p f p a e , keke l enge , l y�ka l enge , s � pu pae , yand 6 .

apu leng� vp t o s ay ' � p6 ' w h e n cuddl i n g c h i ld to sleep . apu E n

r a i n ; a fw a , a i yu u , i p i � n d a , k a k f , k e a l i , ko l l a , ku l i , ku l i a , l ende , s a ne s a ne , t a n d a ke .

Apulini n n am e - t r i b e ( I r e lya­ L ad e ly a n a a r e a ) . apupu E ( L ) n

m ou t h ; s al i v a ( ? ) ;

a p u pu p i f , k�mbu , kambu pu .

12

apupupi ! n

mouth ( e dge s o f ) ;

apus !

g r andmoth e r ;

a p o p o , k a m b u , k am b u p u .

PT

n

a p u s f n g i , a p 6 d , a pu d n g i .

-ata part

r ep et i t i v e ; - � p a , - e, p a ,

-e t a , - ( pa , - f t a .

apus � ng i

ata PT n aun t - p at e r n al ( r e f ­ e r e n c e - c h i l d ' s t e rm ) ; a t a n g e ,

aput! PT (M) n g r an dm o t h e r ( en d e arment ) ; a p 6 s f , a p u s f n g i ,

atak6! S n s t on e - u s e d f o r s h ar p e n i n g ; a t o k a y a , a t o ka f .

PT ( � ) n g r an dmot he r ; a p u s r , a p u, t I , a p u t f n g i . a pu t f n g i .

aput!ngi PT n g r an dm o t h e r ( f e m a l e r e l at i v e s o f + 2 g e n ­ e r at i on a n d above , w i f e o f m a l e r e l at i v e s + 2 g e n e r at i on a n d ab ove ) ; g r a n dc h i l d o f woman ( al l r e l at i v e s - 2 g e n ­ e r at i o n s a n d b e l ow ( f e m a l e ego ) ) ; a p 6 s f , a pu s f n g i , a p6 d . aput!ng!ta K n s on o f m an who h a s t ak e n r e s i de n c e with h i s mo t h e r ' s l i n e ; t u f n g i . a s a dir h e r e ( mot i on t ow a r d s s p e ak e r ) ; a e , a e t e l e , a m b f ,

angeny� , aten � , dae , dan� , d�s a , epesa .

asa K n

f at h e r ; a e e , a p a n e , a s a n e , �ya , ayea , t a kan ge , dta.

a t ee .

atan� PT n aun t - p a t e r n al ; n i e c e / n ephew ; a t a n g e . atang� PT n aunt - p at e r n al ( p at r i l at e r a l f e m a l e c o g n at e s o f + 1 g e n e r at i on ) ; n i e c e / n e phew ( o f f s p r i n g o f o p p o s i t e s ex c o g n at e s o f e g o ' s g e n e r ­ at i on ( f e m a l e e g o ) ) ; a t a ,

a tane , a tee .

at� ny!ngi up

t o t at o o .

ate� PT n aunt - p a t e r n a l ; n i e c e / n ephew ; a t a , a t a n g e . at�na di r

o v e r h e r e ( t ow a r d s ) ;

a n genya , a s a , d � s a .

at�te ping! vp t o opp o s e , t o s h a r e / ex c h an g e ; a l a a l e p i n g f .

asan� K ( L ) n father ( direct addre s s ) ; a e e , a p a n e , a p e a , a s a ,

at!ng! adj o l d ( i n a n i m at e s ) , r ot t e n ( o f i n a n imat e s ) ; a s i n g f (L) , bee py�pae .

asemanga p!n� i up

*Atitiame n A d r i ann e .

n am e - woman ' s :

* at!yapa ph

hurry u p ; a t i y � p a ,

* atiyapa ph

hurry u p ; a t f y a p a ,

aya , ayea , tak�nge , t a t a . a s i ma n g a p l n g i .

to snee z e ;

a s i 1 ! K n h a i r ( d e m o n - l i ke , b ad ) ; � s u l i . as iman� a p!n� i � p

a s em a n g a p i n g I

-as !ngi part .

- I

s i ng ,

.

I

.

to snee z e ;

c au s e ( * c au s at i v e ) ;

•

asing! ( L ) u o l d ( i n a n i m at e s ) , r o t t e n ( i n an i m a t e s ) ; a t f n g f . aso 1eng� up t o c al l d o g t o c om e ; y a s 6 l e n g e . asu1i K n h a i r o f d e m o n , h a i r b a d /u g l y ; a s i 1 f . - at- part c o mp l e t e d ( * c omp l e t i v e ) , f i n i s h e d ( * c ompl et i v e ) ; - a p - ,

k�ma n i , kaman

i .

kama n i , kaman i .

atokay a l n

s t o n e - s ha r p e n e d ;

atokay a 2 n

s w e e t p o t at o .

at6kenge v

t o p i e rc e .

a t a k6 ( , a t oko r .

atoka ! l n

s t one - s harpen e d ;

atok6! 2 n

s w e e t p o t at o ; a t a k a f ,

a t a kM , a t o k � y a .

a tok�ya .

13

t o push ( in ) , t o s h ove ; t u � l e n g � .

atombenge v

s t o ry o f a c t u a l

at6me pi! np

event ; t t n d f p i t .

t e l l news .

t h e s e ; a k a i t � , a ko i t � ,

atupa pro

daka i ta , d a t � pa .

auki

K

tree ; auwek i .

n

t o p l u c k , t o pu l l out ; y u k u n g t .

aukuing ! v

t o s ; l e c t ' t o m ar k w i t h t h e e y e ; t e p e l e n g e, .

auma lenge vp ausa PT n

b i rd ( f e at h e r s u s e d f o r d e c o r at i on ) .

ausele anda

K

dir

t e nt ; l a p a ­

l apa anda , s i l i s i l i a nd a .

*Ausembeli S n

H ou s e o f

A s s embly .

h o s p i t al ;

* aus!ki anda K np

doko s a a a n d a , ya t n a a n d a .

t o c arry on s h o u l d e r s ( ch ildren ) ; a u s i n g i , auu s i n g f .

ausing! v

t o c arry o n s h ou l d e r s ( c h i l d re n ) ; a u s i n g f , a u u s i n g f .

ausingi

V

*auta pes!ndi

KP

np

out pa t i e n t .

t o o p e n ; t o emp t y ; t o remove c on t e nt s ; k u t i n g f .

aut! p!ngi vp auu adv

w e l l , n i c e l y ; � p � , e, p e,

e t e t � , kam�a .

t o l i k e , t o l o ve ;

auu kaenge vp

k r pa k a e n g � , k f pa p i ng f , l a r ke , mona s e tenge , tae m a f ng i .

auu lenge vp

t o be pleas e d .

to dislike , to d i s approve ; b f s � l e n g e , d a �

auu nakaenge vp

l eng� .

auu ping! vp

..

well d o n e ; � p e pyoo , k a l y a (T) , k a m� a , y a k a .

t o c arry on s h ou l d e r s ( c h i l d r e n ) ; a � s i n g i ,

auu sing ! vp

a d d r e s s t o m a le s .

atuku n

� p� , � pe t o l a t a e , s a y a l o , wakane .

auu py60 a d j

t o r e c ount , t o

at6me p!ngi vp

g oo d , w e l l d o n e ;

auu p!pae s t

w e l l / go o d - t o d o ;

�p� , kam�� p i ng f , t a i p� l enge , wa i n g i p i ng (/ p ( n g i .

aus i ng t .

v e g e t ab l e s - e d i b l e ; s p i n a c h ; awa .

auwa S n

c l ay - o r a n g e .

auwa! n

auwaiya PL n

c l ay - r e d . '

auwane

K

n

g r a n d f at he r , a n c e s t o r ;

auw!ya

K

n

moon ; e ke , k a n a ,

yumbang� .

m a e , m a l i , wa t e .

I i mae ,

s p i n ac h - n at i v e ( c ar d am i n e ) ; a u w a .

awa n awa

K

n

c an e - s u g a r .

round t r i p ( t o s e veral places ) ; makandenge .

awal! L n

awal! lenge vp

to encircle ;

k a. k o p e n g e , l a o n o l e n g e , m a k 6 1 e p i n g I, . swe e t p o t a t o - any s h o r t a n d r ou n d .

awamu adj

with , t o�ether ; a pa t a , a po , a po t a , l am a n g a s f n g i , o p a t a , p y a s oo , t o l e .

awapa n

awapa kum!ngi vp aweki K n

to die t ogether .

t r e e ( S l o an e a ) .

u n c l e - m a t e rn a l ; a m e a , a p a n g e, .

awii K n

aw!ya PL n

h e art ( s e at o f t h ought a n d emot i on ) ; mo n a ,

yama I i , yam�pu .

fat h e r ( ad d r e s s ) ; a p a , a p a n e , a pe a , a s a , a s a n e .

aya n

s i s t e r ( f am i l i ar t e rm - a d d r e s s ) ; k a k i n g t ,

aya (ML ) n

p i ma l � n g e .

ay.imba K n

head ; a yomba ,

maten a , pao .

i pao ,

14

ayamba tdnduingi P L n p

b r ai n .

ayange n

w i f e ' s i n - l aw s ( hu s ­ b a n d ' s r e lat i v e s o f o t h e r t h an h i s a n d -2 g e n e r at i on s ; w i v e s o f c o g n at e s o f - 1 g e n e r at i on ( f e m a l e e go ) ; w i v e s o f hu s ­ b a n d ' s c o g n at e s - 1 g e n e rat i o n ) .

K n

t r e e - c e dar ( P apu a­ C e dru s P ap u a n ( F . Mue l l . ) ) .

ayapa

fathe r ; a p a , a pa n � , a s a , a s a n e , t a ka n g e , t a t a .

ayea n

ayene kaenge vp

t o b e h ot / h e at e d , t o s w e at ; a y e n e p i n g ( ,

e n a p6 t i k a e n g e , e n a p6 t i p l n g f , enap6 t i p i ng r , i t a f t a p l ng r . ayene ping! vp

t o b e hot / h e at e d , t o s w e at ; a y e n e k a e n g e ,

e n a p6 t l k a e n g e , e n a p 6 t i p l n g ( , e n a p6 t i p i n g r , i t a f t a p i n g f .

ayokonde ay6mba

K n

K n

s h o u l de r . head ; a y amba ,

mat�na .

ay6mba mandenge vp

i pa o ,

t o p ay f o r

p o s s e s s i on s ; ay�mba m a n d u y a n u

p rng i .

ay6mba mandu yanu p!ngi vp

to p ay f o r p o s s e s s i o n s ; a y 6m b a

mandenge .

*bakatapd lenge Vp

koen ge .

*bakesa S n

t o p ay f o r m ag i c t o make w i g / h a i r increase ; t o m b e s ambenge .

aydmba ema ping! vp

t o n o d ' ye s ' .

aydmba PT n

i n s e ct , locu s t / gras s hopper ( ? ) .

K n a d h e s i v e t ap e ; p l a s t e r - c as t / s t i c k i n g .

balo n

bu s h l an d ( de n s e ) .

balo palenge vp

bald

MD n

he , she , i t . v e r y ( * i nt e n s i v e ) .

baa2 part baaku n

bana PT n

bat bat penge vp

waka l e .

d u c k , wat e r f o w l .

bana kapa s!ngi vp

t o be bald .

K n l e a v e s ( t hat c ov e r p an d a nu s -nut ) ; a n g a p a n a , k a p e a ,

bana

kopa I i ng i .

bandaala S n

c a s s owary b o n e w o r n

in wig .

*ban!sa S n

b a n d ag e .

*basakesa mandi S np

b as ke t ;

gu l f mand i , kambua mand l , t a ta l f .

*basena n

butt o n .

*bata S n

butt e r ; a rn e , g i t f s a ,

I pa n g e .

t o f l ap ; b e t a u

bata ping ! vp

be t au p i n g f .

*batase n

b r as s ; a s s i s t ant v i l l ag e c h i e f, ' tul t u l ' . r o ad ; b a l o s a .

*batesa S n

w h e e lb a r r ow ; w l l I m b a t o .

w a ew a e m a n d e n g e , k e t a k e t a p i ng i . *bausa n

v ot e ; b 6 t a ,

*bausa lenge vp

I ekes fn i .

t o v ot e ; b 6 t a

l en g e , l e ke s f n i l e n g e .

alone .

bakale adj

w i g , h at .

to s l ip a n d f a l l down �u i C k l Y ; a n g a o

b ar / s al o o n .

baa l pro

road ; b a t e s a .

*balosa S n

bad lao nip!ngi ( L ) vp

B

K n

t o l ay f a l lo w ;

I t a i , l an g a l en g e , poko l en g � , s(i .

*bat6 S n

*baa

bu c ke t , p ai l .

*balasaa

,

ay6mba yomondaita sambenge vp

t o ru i n ;

t o r ol l .

o t h e r , d i f f e r en t ,

badwa n

s w e e t pot at o .

bee p!ngi vp

r ot , d e c ay .

15

bee pyapae s t

r o t t e n , d e c ay e d ;

a t f n g f , ee p y a pae , t am6pae .

*beke n Bena

n am e - m an ' s .

*be � e S n

b an k , m o n e y b o x , t r e as u ry ; p i s i n f s a b e � e .

*Bep!a K n

n am e - m an ' s : b aby .

beta p!ngi vp

t o p ay c om � e n ­ s at i on / r e s t i t ut i on ; k e p a

s (n g i , kepa t f n� i , l a i ta p i ng ( , tee p i ng l . betau betau ping! vp

bad p i n g f .

*betesa S n

t o f l ap ;

b r e ad .

*bil�i

K n

flag ; w a i n a .

*b!ni LY n

b e an .

bini enda np *bi � esuu n

p a s t o r , m i s s i on ary .

bipembapa lenge vp

t o f l ap ( o f wings ) ; b i t a mb a t a u p i n g f ; doko

l en ge .

*b!sa S n

b e a d s ; m u m b i , mu n d u m a .

b !sa lenge vp

t o e xp r e s s d i s l i k e b y s ay i ng ' t s k ' ; a u u n a k a e n g e ,

d a a l en ge , w a n g a i p i n g f .

*bisan!sa S n

bus i ne s s .

bitambatau ping! vp

t o f l ap

( wi n g s ) ; b i p e m b a p a l e n g e .

boi l

(L) n

bOi 2 PT n bOi 3

K n

*bo! K n *boi n

l enge .

*bolomakao K n

t o boi l ; g o 1 0 c ow ; b u l um a k a o .

borne I n

g r oup , g at h e r i n g ; k a m b u p fng i , kumbu p i ng f , mau p i ng f .

*bome z S n bona K n

b omb , dyn am i t e . t re e - c ommon l o c al ;

boo male ping! � p t o wrestle ; k o p i o o n e n e p l n g ,l .

K np

koto p (ng i .

*bosa lenge vp

wall stud ; mauwa . fi re fly ; b U i , m u n j u k i i . s t ar ; b U i , k i ndu t a . b oy , m a n .

b e t e l nut , a re c a nut .

to vote ; b 6 t a

l en ge , l e kes fn i l enge .

*boso10 S np

penge .

ghost /spirit

( P o rg e r a ) .

bolo lenge vp

sorcerer - ' house c leaner ' ;

t r e e - p a n d an u s ( 7 ) ;

t he .

box ; bok ( s a .

*bokosa S n

boo boo pingi aka1i

horn/bel l .

K n

biaka

boko ping! vp

yand a t e .

*betesa andenge doko S p h y e a s t . *beto S n

box ; b o k6 s a .

t o loosen , t o be w e ak ; k a k a s f n g i .

bag .

K n

*bok!sa S n

*bota n

b o t t l e , c on t a i n e r ;

r e c e i pt ( 7 ) , p h ot o ( 7 ) .

*bota lenge vp

t o vot e ; bau s a l enge , b6sa l enge , l ekes fn i l enge .

boto lenge vp

t o explode , t o e xp e l g a s ; t 6 k 6 l e n g e .

buane pingi vp

t o t i e up ( o f b an a n a s / p a n d a nu s / c an e ) ; b u i n g r ,

l andepu . p i ng f , l �nd r p i ng r , ya k ( p i ng f .

bui l PT n bui 2 K n buing! l v

f i r e fly ; bo i . s t ar ; b 6 1 , k i n d u t a . t o f i ght w i t h f i s t s .

buing! z v

t o t i e up ( o f b an an a s / s u g ar c an e / p a n d a n u s nut c l u s t e r ) j

buane p i ng i , l andepu p i n g r , l a nd l p i ng ( , l ango p i n g f , yak f p i n g f . *buka S n

book ; b u k u .

*buku S n

book ; b u k a .

16

*bu1u S n t al k ) .

a i r p l an e ; Q o l o ( b ab y

*bulu kam�pi S np

ai r s t r i p .

*bulu ly�a miningi vp t o fly a p l an e ( ' h o l d i t s n o s e ' ) ; l y a a

m i n rng i .

bulu lenge vp t o s ou n d ( o f e n g i n e ; hum , r o ar ) ; mo 1 6 l e n g e ,

mu l u l e n g e , m u u l e n g e , Q a u l enge .

*bulumak�o K n bumaingi v

c o w ; bo l om a k a o .

t o p r o c r a s t i n at e .

*bu Q a lenge vp

t o a s s emb l e ;

kamb� p fn g i , m�u p i ng f .

*Bupii KP n buta adj

Catholi c .

full ( o f t h e m o on ) .

*butule n

f ru i t ( 7 ) .

*butusa n

p a s s i o n fru i t ;

pu t us a .

buu lao paenge vp

t o fly ; b u u

l enge , pee l ao paeng e , pee l enge , p l mb i papu penge .

buu lenge vp

t o f ly ( 7 ) ; b u u

l ao p a e n g e , e e l e n g e , p e e l a o p a en g e , p i mb i pa pu pen ge .

dae di r

here ; ae , a s a , d as a .

daenge V n o t e x i s t / b e ( ' n o t ' + ' i s ' ) ; daa i nJ fng i . daeten� dir o n t h i s s i d e , t ow a r d t h i s s i de ; a e t e n a , a ka t a ,

akataka i ta .

dakait� dir

this direct ion ;

a k a i t a , a ko i t a , a t u p a , d a t u p a .

d�ke de t

this ; a ng e .

dala di r

over there ; d a l a n y a ,

da l as a .

dalapo pro

t h e s e two ; a l a p o ,

d o l a po . l a p o , o l a p o .

dal6 lenge vp dalya di r

t o i n j ure ( 7 ) .

u� h e re ( c l o s e b y ) ;

a l aka i ta , a l va .

d ama di r

ove r t h e r e ( c l o s e b y ) ;

ama , amas a , amb r , amb i s a , a mo t e n a , d a m a s a , d a m b r , d a m b r s a .

damasa di r

o v e r t h e r e ( c l o s e by ) ;

a m a , a m a s a , a m b i s a , a mo t e n a , d a ma , d a m b f , d a m b f s a .

damatena dir dambi di r

over there ; ama t e n a .

over there ( cl o s e by ) ;

amb i s a , d ama , dama s a , damb f s a .

bUu miningi vp t o f a l l down an d b r e ak , t o b e drunk ( 7 ) .

dambisa dir ov e r t h e r e ( c l o s e b y ) ; dama , d a m a s a , d amb r .

buungi v t o t al k on and on c om­ p l a i n i n g ( us u a l l y f o r n ot r e c e i v i n g p r o p e r p ayment ) .

dana di r

d own t h e r e ( c l o s e by ) ;

ana , anasa , asa , danasa .

danasa dir

down t h e r e ( c l o s e b y ) ;

ana , anas a , d an a .

D daa n

n o , not .

daa inj ingi vp t o l a c k , t o b e impove r i s h e d ; d a e n g e . daa latae s t f o r b i dden , t ab o o ; n e e n y e t a e . daa lenge vp t o r e j e c t , t o s ay ' no ' ; a u u n a k a e n g e , b r s a

l enge , wanga i p i n g f .

dapa adv

l i k e t h i s ( wi t h v e r b s ) ;

a pa , d6pa , 6pa .

dap�le adv

o pa l e .

l i k e t h at ; d o p a l e ,

*Dapis i K n

n am e - m an ' s : D av i d .

*Dapita K n

name - m an ' s : D av i d .

dasa di r

here ; ae , amb f , a s a , a tena , dae , epes a .

datupa di r

t h i s d i r e c t i on , t h e s e ;

a k a i t a , a ko i t a , a t u p a , d a k a i t a .

17

dau S n

*daunim! lenge vp *dee n

dilinda16 lenge mende ph b e l l , n o i s emake r ; b e t o , k e a u l e n g e

e x c r et a .

me n d e .

t o d own .

d ay ; ko t o .

dee adv

d!lya K n cure )

aga in . corner ; d e n g e ,

deenge S n

l yu n � .

deke paenge S np b o n e o f b i r d ( u s e d a s n e e dl e ) ; d e k e p a l y a , ka I ma k� 1 ( . deke palya S np b o n e o f b i r d u s e d a s n e e dl e ; d e k e p a e n g e ,

ka i ma k � I ( .

c o r ne r ; d e e n g e ,

denge S n

I l mbasa , I yu n � .

I i mba ,

denge ny!ngi vp t o r e p ay , t o pay b a c k ; y � n o p ( n g l , y a n u

p (ng i .

depa (depa) lenge vp t o p r e p ar e / make r e a dy ; t o arm o n e s e l f ;

I yaa l enge , tapa p i ng f .

*oep!sa K n D av i d . di! LY n j

i ng i .

n am e - m an ' s :

fruit , s e e d ; d l ng ( ,

di! kambenge (M) vp t o s h e l l , t o e xp l a i n ; d i f t a m b e n g e , d i (

t um b e n g e .

di! lenge vp

t o d i s t r i but e .

di! mandenge vp s e eds .

t o b e ar f r u i t /

di! miny!ngi vp t o g o r i ght down the l i n e to e ac h o n e . di! tambenge (T) vp

t o shell ;

d i ( k a m b e n g e , d i ( t um b e n g e , t amben g e .

di! tumbenge vp t o e xp l a i n meaning , to shell ; d i (

k a m b e n g e (M) , d i ( t a m b e n g e (T)

tree ( used in leprosy

•

•

dilinda16 n

n o i s emak e r ;

ge l an ga l o , g i l an ga l o , g l l i an g a l o .

dilinda16 lenge vp n o i s e - t o make ; k e a u l e n g e , m � m 6 l e n g e .

d!ngi v

t o g i v e ( i n c lu s iv e ) .

ding! LY n

frui t ; d i f , j i n g f .

di60 ( L ) n

f l o w e r - b lu e .

*d!sitiki S n

di s t r i c t .

*ditimane KP n officer .

agri cultural

ditingi v t o o p e n ( o f umb r e l l a ) ( ? ) , t o unfasten ( 7 ) ; d d

l en ge , t a t e l en ge .

d!uwi K n

t r e e ( C h r y s ophyl lum ) .

d o o r , w i n dow ; k a i t f n ( , p y a k a n a k a I i (T) ; p y a I a k a i t a (M) , w i n i ndoa .

*d6a S n

dokaita di r t h o s e , t h at d i r­ e c t i on ; a k a i t � , a n em a p u , d u p a ,

d u t u p a , o ka l d .

dokaita in j 60 ph d6ko 1 de t

ongo .

*d6ko2

b e like .

, t h e , t h a t ; a n g e , o rn o ,

K n

dog ; amba ( p u , yana .

doko 1enge vp t o f l ap w i n g s , t o fly ( 7 ) ; b i pemb a p a l e n g e . dok6me de t

o n g ome .

t h e , t h at ; ome , now ; d o k o n d i n a ka ,

dokondina adv

i nd�pa , ongond i n a .

dokondinaka adv

i n d u pa .

dokondipa adv dok6pa (M) adv *dokosaa K n

now ; dokond i n a , now ; okond i pa . t h e n ; o k o p a (T) .

doctor .

*dokosaa anda K np

hospit al ;

a u s ( k i anda , Va r n a anda .

*dokosaapa! K n doctor boy , nat i v e m e d i c a l o r d e r l y .

18

dokotekee adv

d u k u t f i (P) .

*do1aa S n

therefore ;

dollar .

do1apo pro t h e s e t w o , t h o s e two ; a l a po , d a l a p o , o l a p o . d6l6 dir

up t h e r e ( fa r ) ; 0 1 0 .

d6m6 dir o v e r t h e r e ( fu rt h e r away ) ; d omo n y a , d o mo s a , . domo t e n a , d u m b ( (M) , omo . dom6nya di r o v e r t h e r e ( furt h e r away ) ; d omo , d omos a , d omo t e n a ,

omo .

dom6sa dir ove r t h e r e ( fu r t h e r away ) ; d omo , d omon y a , domot e n a ,

omo .

domotena di r ove r t h e r e , on t h e o t h e r s i d e o f ; d omo , d omon y a ,

d omo s a , d o t e n a , omo .

d6n6 dir d own t h e r e ( fu r t h e r away ) ; d o n o n y a , d o n o t e n a . don6nya dir down t h e r e ( fu r t h e r away ) ; d o n o , d o n o t e n a . donotena dir down t h e r e ( fu r t h e r away ) ; d o n o , d o n o n y a . do6 do6 1enge vp t o h o l d and s h ak e r e ady to t h r ow ; t o n i

ton i p i ng i .

dukUmana (M?) adv t h r e e days h e n c e ; day aft e t ' d ay aft e r t o ­ morrow ; d u m a l y a . dukut!i adv

t h e r e f o r e ; d o ko t e ke e .

dul i lenge vp t o d r i v e s t ak e s i n f i rmly ; k i t i k f t i m i n ( n g i ,

k i tu tu ny (ng i .

dulu di r

up t h e r e ( furt h e r away ) ;

d u l u ka i t a , u l u .

dulu 1enge (M? ) vp t o s p l a s h whe n d r o p p e d i n w at e r ; d u u

l enge .

dulukaita dir up t h e r e ( fu r t h e r away ) ; d u l u , u l u . duma adv

d ay aft e r t om o r r ow .

dumakona adv dumalya adv

d u k u ma n a .

f o u r day s h e n c e . t h r e e d ay s h e n c e ;

dUmb! di r ove r t h e r e ( fu r t h e r away ) ; d omo , o m o (T) , u m b ( (M) . duna l n

tange .

s e l f , own e r , i n h ab i t an t ;

duna2 K n � i e c e / c h i p , s p l i nt e r ; end ; d u ng l , I ya a , s a nd an g e . dun� ! K n

l ung i .

e n d , l e ft ove r ; d u n a ,

d6pa adv l i k e t h at ( w i t h v e r b s ) , thus ; a pa , d a p a , o p a .

dupa pro

d6pa petala part h av i n g d o n e t h u s ( ' t h i s ' + p a s t p ar t i c i p l e of p i n g f ) ; dope t a l a .

dus a di r ove r t h e r e ( fu r t h e r away ) ; d o s a , 0 s a , u s a .

d6pa py60 p h d o i n g t hu s ( ' t h i s ' + p r e s e n t p a rt i c i p l e o f p i n g f ) ;

opa pyoo .

dopa 1enge vp dopale adv

t o drip .

l i k e t h at ; d a p a l e .

d6sa di r ove r t h e re ( furth e r away ) ; d u s a , o s a , u s a . dotena dir

domoten a .

on t he o t h e r s i d e o f ;

dui lenge np l ame l e g c au s e d by wat e r i n s i d e ( 1 ) .

t h e y ( p lu r a l ) , t h o s e ;

anemapu , upa .

dutupa pro t h o s e ( t hat w e r e enum e r at e d ) ; d o k a i t a , o k a i t a ,

u tupa .

dUu Z o e r i v e rb ank , r iv e rb e d , d own s t r e am ; m a t e . dUu lenge ( T ) vp t o splash when d r o p p e d i n w at e r ( 1 ) ; d u l u

l enge .

19

E

e l y a s ingi vp

�e lao yae pingi vp

t o mourn .

�e leng� vp

t o c ry ; a � l e n g � , QOo l e n g e , y a � p ( n g l , y u o l eng� .

e� S n

g ar d e n .

,

ee kana nR

year ; f a , y l a ,

t u k u t � p (S a n g a t o .

e� rnandeng� vp garden .

t o h ar v e s t t h e

e� man j a peng� vp t h e g ar d e n .

t o go h a rv e s t

e� t�k� pis ingi vp t o put u p s p l i n t e r s i n g ar d e n ( ag a i n s t tre spas s er s ) ; kape s ( n g l . ee pyapae s t

r ot t e n , d e c ay e d ;

bee py� pae , t amopae .

*eisa S a dj

e i ght ; � I t a , m a n g e

l ao w a k e t a u , t u ku l � p 6 .

t o b e as h ame d ;

e l ya kaenge , e l ya p i ng r , y� l a k a e n ge .

elyaka n s t r i n g , p l ant ( u s e d f o r s t r i ng ) ; e l yo k o . elyaka lao adv s o f t l y , s t e al t h � i ly ; e l y a k � o , e l y a k a n d � o . e lyakalao adv p e r s o n a l i t y g o o d qua l i ty o f ( s n e ak y / s t e alt h i ly ) .

-

a

elyakandao adv qu i e t ly , s n e ak ­ i n g ly ; e l y a k a I � o , e l y a k � o ,

pongo penge .

elyakao adv s t e al t h i ly c ar e fully ; e l y a k a l a o , e l y a k a n d � o '

I

k i nd 6 p i ng ( , pongo penge .

e lyakao lenge vp

t o b e c ar e fu l ;

k�kate l enge , k i nd 6 p i n g ( .

e lyarnbu n

g r oup ; I ( m b i n g i .

elyarnbu pingi vp

t o g at h e r .

*eita S adj

elyamuni K n dye .

-ek- part f o r m e / y o u / u s ( * i n ­ c lu s i v e b e n e f a c t iv e ) ; - a k - ,

elyo pya6 kandeng� vp t o l o o k d own ( i n t o a h o l e ( ? ) ) .

�ke

ely6ko K n s t r i n g ; p l ant ( u s e d f o r s t r i ng ) , v i n e ; e l y � k a ,

e i ght ; � i s a , m a n g e l a o w a k e t a u , t u k u l � pO .

- i k - , -ok - .

K n

m o o n ; a uw ( y & , k a n & ,

l am a n d a , I l m & e , m 6 n l , w & t e .

eketam� ( L ) part l at i v e ) .

very ( * super­

-ele- p a r t

p r e t e n d ( * s i mul at i v e ) ;

elete PT n

i n s e c t - ant ( ? ) ;

-�ly- p a r t

ac t i on upwar d s .

-i i i-.

g a l l yo , l e t� .

� lya

K n

s h am e ( ? ) ; y & l a .

�lya kaeng� vp

t o b e a s h am e d ;

amb ( p i n � l , e l ya p i ng ( , � I ya s (ng i , ya l a kaenge .

p l ant - u s e d f o r

momo .

ely6ko pingi vp t o m a k e s t r i n g b y r o l l i ng f i b r e o n t h i gh . ema napingi vp t o b e s t i l l , t o i gn o r e s . o . and c au s e h i m t o l e ave . ema pingi vp m o t i on up a n d d own t o h av e ; I y a k a l y � k � l e n g e ,

pu t ( t ( p i n g ( , pyu k6 l enge , wa n g a i p l n g f .

ernakingi v ing ) . emba p ro

n (mba .

t o s t r a i n ( as v om i t ­ y o u ( s i �g u l ar ) ; ( m b a ,

�lya pingi l vp (?) )

t o s h ame ( s e x u a l

emerna pingi vp or n e t b ag ) .

�lya pingi 2 vp

t o b e a s h am e d ;

enakao adv

•

e l ya k a e n g e , e l ya s ( n g i , y& l a kaenge , y� l a p i ng (/s (ng i .

t o r o c k ( i n arm s

aft e rw a r d s ; m a i t a k a 6 ,

ma i t a pya o , ma i t i pya6 .

20

enamho K n s t r i ng ) . enapoti n

t r e e ( b ark u s e d a s s w e at ; p u s a k a .

enapoti kaeng� vp

t o s w e at ;

a ye n e k a e n g � , a y e n e p i n g f , e n a p 6 t i p i n'g f , e n a p G t l p i n g f .

enapoti ping! vp t o s w e at p r o f u s e ly ; a y e n e k a e n g � ,

ayene p i ng ( , enap6t i kaenge , e n a pu t i p i ng ( .

enapu ( P ) adv

now .

enaputi ping! vp

t o s we at ;

ayene kaeng� , ayene p i ng f , e n a p6 t i kaeng� , en a p 6 t I p i n g ( .

�nda PT n

w oman , w i f e ; t � p u .

�nda imang� PT n h u s b a n d ' s f e m a l e i n - l aw s e x c ept s i s t e r ­ i n - l aw ( w i fe ' s f em a l e r e l at iv e s o f ot h e r t h an h e r own a n d - 2 g e n e r at i on ( ma l e e g o ) ; w i v e s o f c og n at e s o f 1 g e n e r at i on ) . -

�nda kel�nge vp t o p ay b r i de ­ � r i c e , t o marry ; e n d a n y f n g i ,

e n d a p e t e n g � , w a t a p� n g e .

�nda laku06 we� leng� vp a c ou rt i n g part y .

t o have

�nda lany!ngi vp t o t ak e a w i f e , t o marry ; � n d a n y f n g i , e n d a

petenge .

�nda lyonge lama!ngi vp ma g i c f o r m e n b e f o r e m a r r i ag e . �nda ny!ngi vp

t o c opulat e ;

enda ke I enge , enda I any (ng i , � n d a peteng� , kee l e nge .

�nda pena leng� vp

t o d i v or c e .

�nda peteng� vp m ar r i e d ( o f men ) ; e n d a ke l e n g e , e n d a

l any (ng i , �nda n y ( ng i .

�nda yalo PT np

w i dow ; wa l y a k � e .

�ndakaipu n r e e d s k i r t f o r w om an ; k u a t a , k u t � , y a m e n a n g � .

endakali yang! dupa ph man .

f e l low

endak! E n l i qu i d ; wat e r , r i v e r / s t r e am ; ( p a , s a k a f y a , w a m b e . end!k! !sa pyakenge vp

end�k ( t6ndo .

end!k! k�a S np

w at e r f a l l ;

g r av e l , s a n d ;

f pa k�e , k�a , k�e .

endak! k�ndo S np w at e r s p out .

w at e r c on v e y o r ,

endak! le� ku!ngi E np

s p r i ng .

endak! l�o S np refle ct ing pool , mirror ; e n d� k ( , f pa l eo , ga l a s a .

l eo l � o .

endak! leol�o S np r e fl e c t i on i n w at e r ; e n d � k ( l �o . endak! mang� S np h e ad o f r i ve r / w at e r ; ( p a m a n g � . endak! ne� ma!ngi ( T ) vp t o s acri f i c e i n pool/pond ; ku n d i

l e n g � , 1 6m a s ( n g i .

endak! pet� S np

p o o l , p on d ;

ku taepa .

endak! pet� tombapae ph wel l . endak! soo peng� v p

w at e r

t o swim ;

e n d � k ( t an d e n g e , s uw i m i .

endak! ta� S np

s w amp ; m a n d � G .

endak! tandenge vp

t o s w im ;

e n d � k f 5 60 p e n g � , s u w i m i .

endak! tandyoo peg� vp ( o f b o at s ) . end!k! tondo np

( s a p y a k e n ge .

t o r ow

w at e r f a l l ; e n d � k (

endak!nya pya6 kumas!ngi vp drown . endamang� PT n �ndanda K n

a d d r e s s t o wome n .

h o u s e - woman ' s .

endakali K n � e op l e , hum an b e i n g ; k a n a k a e . p ( po l o , p l p 6 1 0 .

�ndangan!ngo n y am - women ' s ( D i o s c o r e a b u lb i f e r a ) .

endakali napalenge ph

endangi PT n

s o l i t ary .

to

m o t h e r ; aunt -

21

mat e rn a l ( m at r i l at e r a l f e m a l e c o gnat e s o f + 1 g e n e r at i on ; w i v e s o f c og n at e s o f + 1 g e n e r ­ at i on ; e n d � n g I p � p� , m a m a ,

m a me a .

end�ngi p�p� PT np aunt ­ m a t e r n a l ; e n d a n g i , y a mo koe n g e . end�ngipa n p i g wh o s e mot h e r b e l o n g s t o s p e ak e r . ende K (T) n

enomb� K n

f a c e , f r on t ; e n o n g e , enop� , ka i yambu , l an ga l u .

enonge K n

-enya part

dry ; a pu l e n g e ,

-ep- part c om p l e t e d ( * c om ­ pletive ) ; - a p - , - a t - , - e t - ,

endo s !ng� ( T ) vp t o w arm o n e ­ s e l f ; e n d e s f n g i , f d yo n d �

- fp- , - ( t - .

-epa part

s fn9 i .

s o on ; e n e p a p u , e p a p u , ma i t a ka 6 , ma i t a pya6 .

epao adj

,

j u s t n ow ; e n e p a p u ,

e p a pu , i n d u pa .

epapo adv

e p a p u, ,

epapu adv

ene l amao n

epe a dj

I

now ; a n d e p a , a n g e p u , p a p u, .

good ; ambe l e , a u u , a u U p i n g ( , a u u p f p a e , e pe t o l a t ae , wakane .

spinac h ; e n o l amo . wife .

epe etete adj

new . ,

now ; e n e , e n e e p a p u ,

p l ant runn e r .

enge ny�pala kaita maingi vp t o b e t r ay ; t o c a s t a s p e l l o v e r s.o. engeme p!ngi vp t o b r i b e t o k i l l / i n j u r e / c as t a s p e l l ; e n g e

n y a p a l a k a i t a ma ( n g i , t 6m o k a p fng i .

.

now , r i g h t n ow ; a n g e p u , e n a p � , e n e , e n e e p a p� , e n e p a pu , e p a po , i p a p u .

s o n d 6 l e n ge , t o n d 6 l e n g e , t umb i t u m b f p i n g f .

enge K n

mu c h , p l e n t y ; l o n g 6 ,

l o n go p a k a .

ene kum!ngi vp t o s h ow an � e r / d i s pleasure ; l an ga l u kum l n g i ,

e p a p u, .

repet i t ive ; - a p a , - a t a ,

- e t a , - ( pa , - ( t a o

ene adv

enepapu adv

n ot -but s e nt e n c e s ;

- i nya .

fire - big .

enenge 2 adj

t o s h av e s i de ­

enuti K n s i deburn s , h a i r on n e c k at b a c k ; e n o t e .

k e ke l e n g e , y a n d 6 .

enenge l PT ( L ) n

h e ad ; e n om b a , e n o p a ,

enote ny!ngi vp b u rn s .

t o dry ; k e k e l en g e , s a p u pae , yand6 p l n g f .

ene epapu adv

v e g e t ab l e : s p i n ac h ;

enote K n s i debur n s , h a i r o n neck at back ; e n u t i .

endo ping! vp

endo S n

e n e l amao .

fac e , front ; e n omba , e n on g e , k a i yambu , l a n g a l u .

handle ; e n d e .

endo p!pae a t

enolamo n

enop� K n

ende s !ngi (M) vp t o w arm o n e ­ self ( ? ) ; end6 s f n g l . endenge K n

to wrong .

V

l an ga l u .

h an d l e , e n d ;

endenge .

enokenge

e x c e l lent ; a n d ( k ( p f p a e , a u u , e p e koo , e p e w a k a .

epe koo adj

epe waka .

v e r y g o od ; e p e e t e t e ,

epe pyoo adv epe tolatae a t

w e l l ; a u u p y oo . j u s t , r i g h t e ou s ;

auu p ( pae , epe .

epe waka adv

v e ry g o o d ; e p e e t e t e ,

e p e koo , e p e p a k a .

22

epena lenge vp to s ummo n , t o c al l ; k e e l e n g e , w i ( l e n g e .

gaina PL n

epenge v

*galasa n

m i r r o r , g l as s ; e n d � k (

galu PT n

spide r ; a e t e , k a k i mu n i .

t o c ome .

epes a dir

tengesa .

,

c l o s e , n e ar ; a s a , d � s a ,

*Epi6o K n Offi c er .

A s s i s t an t P a t r o l

* e s amana K n c h ur c h ) .

h e adman , e l d e r ( o f

-et- part c omp l e t e d ( * c ompl e t ­ i ve ) ; - a p - , - a t - , - e p - , - f p - ,

- f t-

•

-eta part

repet i t ive ; - � p a , - a t a ,

-epa , - (pa , - f t a .

* E talaita S n Ade l ai d e .

n ame - p l a c e :

etanenge PT n

wife .

Etapae K n

e te ke p f n g l .

eteke p!ngi vp

t o l i k e , t o l ov e , t o l i k e , t o l ov e ;

e t e k e k a e n g e , t ama p i n g f .

etenge n

t a i l , ap p e n d ag e .

etenge v

t o f i n i sh ; kuee p i n g i , l ae n ge , I � � p i n g f , s a a l en ge , w e t e n ge .

eteta adv v e ry ( i n t e n s i v e , s u p e r 1 at ive ) ; e t e t e . etete adv

etete auu nakaenge p h

etete yakinenge ph etupyepe K n

ganengane PT n ( 7 ) ; g a y ama . *gapumane K n

g o v e rnment ;

ka pomane .

gata lenge vp s ou n d - s . t . s t r i k ­ i n g w o o d / me t al ; g e l a n g a l 6 ,

g i l anga l 6 , g i l i an �a I 6 , g i nangano , j aa l enge , j � l o j a l o l enge , wata wa d p i n g f .

*gatasa S n

gla s s , mir ror ; g a l a s a ,

r pa l eo .

c av e ; k a n a n d � .

gatuma n s ou n d made by p i g o r d o g w h e n i t c om e s t o b i t e . gau n

s ou n d o f d o g ; k a a l e n g e , kyaa l enge , QY�u l enge .

gayama PT n

ganengane .

geana n

b e dbug ( ? ) ;

hell ( ? ) .

geangia kul ! K np gee lenge vp gelanga16 n

t o abh o r . Almi ght y .

t o ab s t ai n .

c o r dy l i n e .

b e l l - l i k e s ou n d ;

gelengele ping! vp d i s e a s e o f sweet potato ( ? ) ; n e I e n e I e

p ingI .

gena PL n

d i arrh o e a s i c k n e s s ;

genange pa l enge , i n g l nya pa l enge . kenange .

G l en ge .

t o g r unt ; Q e e

gaily6 PT eM) n

l e te , tee .

spine ( 7 ) .

t o c al l p i g / do g ;

amu l enge .

genan g e PL n

gaa lenge vp

i n s e c t - b e db u g

d i l i nda l 6 , g � d l enge , g i l anga l 6 , g i l i anga l o .

very ; e t e t a .

etete pupu lapae ph

l eo , g a d s a .

gatu anda S n

n ame - m an ' s .

eteke kaenge vp

c o l d - t o h av e a ;

ang a rna p (ng i .

ant ; e l e t e ,

i nt e s t i ne s ; i n g ( ,

genange palenge vp

d i arrh o e a ;

gen a , l ng l nya pa l enge .

*getapa ita np

waene ( d .

g r ap e - v i n e ;

23

*getepa n g!i n

*gol6 mun! S n p

g r ap e s .

go6 ga� lenge v p

t im e ; m J t e , p a a .

g! i kuki adv

�Ja l enge .

wh i l e .

s omet i m e , a n o t h e r g ! i mende adv t im e ; yuu m e n d e . gi! n

l augh ; g i ( k a e n g e .

gH kaenge v p

t o l au gh ; g i r ,

g i (ng i , g ( t i l enge .

gii K n

t re e .

gi !ngi ( L )

kaenge .

g ! iyaka lao adv

k6 t e a k a l a o .

gilangal6 n

G o d ; An a s u u .

goya ping ! vp t o w i g g l e ( as f e a t h e r on h e a d d r e s s ) . guala PL n

s w e e t p o t at o .

gulangalu lenge v p t o gr owl ( o f s t om a c h ) , t o c r amp ( ? ) ; i n g !

gul f K n g r a s s / s e dg e ( Ma c h a e r i n a rub i g i n o s a ( S p r e g . ) K o y am a ) .

e v e r y d ay ;

gul f mandi np

b e l l - l i k e s ou n d ;

d i l i nd a l 0 , g J t a J enge , ge l a n ga l o , g i l i an ga l o .

giliangal6 n

*Gote K n

t o p ant ; � y e e

n e n ge , mu J u ma J u l e nge , � i J i �a J i J e nge , pu t i t i p i n g ! .

t o l augh ; g i l

V

gol d .

b e l l - l i k e s ou n d ;

basket of reed .

*gurn!i S n rubb e r , p l a s t i c , spong e ; k u m ( a . gupia PT n

bird ( little ) .

d i 1 i nd a 1 6 , g a t a l enge , ge l anga l 6 , g i l anga 1 6 .

gi line n d i s e a s e o f s w e e t p o t at o .

* i a adv

gi line pingi v p d i s e a s e o f s w e e t p o t at o ; m u n g e J e n g e

ia min!ngi vp

ginangane n n o i s e o f j an g l i n � / c l an � i ng / t h ud / c r a s h i n g : g a t a

l enge , g i n i g i n a .

s ou n d - t ap p i n g ;

g i n angane , g ( d .

gita n

s ou n d o f t ap p i n g ;

,

( p a n g e , b a t a , ka t a i .

k i pon go i n e n g e , tambo l en g e .

gole pingi v p

t o h i de ; a m i

gol6 lenge vp

t o boi l ; bo l 6

l enge , ya 1 6 p i n g f . l enge .

aut h o r i t y - t o h av e ;

ii S n

e x c r em e n t .

i! anda K np

out h ou s e ;

i! kaita S np

� r e a s e , fat ; a m e to swallow ;

V

pupu l en ge .

i ( l yoo

i ! b6t6 lenge v p t o ex p e l g a s f r om anus ; i ( t 6 k a J e n g e .

g!ti lenge vp t o s h ow t e e t h ( i n p l e a s ur e ) ; g i f k a e n g e .

g6e lenge vp

ialyingi

and a .

giningina.

*gitisa S n

t o c o pulat e ;

l i kenge .

pa l enge .

giningina n

year ; ee k a n J .

y a ka i t a ka ( t a .

anus ; k e n g e ,

H kuli tenge vp

d i a r rh o e a .

H lete PT ( L ) n p

m o s qu i t o , g n at ;

H lyoo and� K np

outhous e ;

6 l ya , wa l ya . anda .

ii tenge v p

.

t o d e f e c at e .

i! t6ka lenge vp

,

I I

t o expel gas

24

n o i s i ly f r om anus ; i ( b o t o

l en g� .

- ik- part for me /you/us ( * i n ­ e lu s i v e b e n e f a c t i v e ) ; - a k - ,

-ek- , -ok - .

iki K n

s p ar k s h i e l d ; a n d a ( k i ,

anda u l i n i .

iki adj

o n l y ; a m b a , me n d a i .

iki nao palenge vp

t o m e n s t ru at e ;

k a n a k a n d e n g � , yoo n a o p a l e n g � .

ikik i l i K n v i n e w i t h n o x i o u s nettle ; i k i l i mb u , l i k i .

imba (P) pro

� m b a , n f mb a .

you ( s i n gu l ar ) ;

imbokoi tenge vp t o e xpe l g a s f r om anus ( vu l g ar ) . imbu n

anger .

imbu kaenge vp

t o b e angry ;

kek�na kaenge/p i n g f , l ang a l � k u. m f n g i , m a k a k a e n g � , n a l o a p i ng ! . ,

imbu pingi vp t o s prout , t o s h o o t out ( 7 ) ; kome p f n g i ,

l a n g a l en g � , poko l e n g � , t i mb � , t6mba nen g� .

ikilimbu K n v i n e w i t h n o x i o u s nettle ; i k i k i l f , l i k l .

imbu t6ngo np a n g e r ( e xt r em e ) , fury , wrath ; i t a ( t a p f p a e .

ikiningi K n s o n ; n ephew ( s o n s o f s am e s e x c o g n at e s o f e g o ' s g e n e rat i on ) .

imbu K n s h e l l ( o f p e anut , b e an , p e a , pandan u s , c o c onut ) ; k o n d e .

* iko6 ph c ome , g o ( d e p e n d i n g on focus ) . - i li- part

l i ke ( * s imulat i v e ) ;

- i ly a part

around ( * d i s p e r s i v e ) ;

-e l e- .

-alya.

i lya S n

pan danus - e n t i r e nut .

ima l S n

fore s t , bus h .

ima2 S n

r i d� e p o l e ; a n d a

i ma ( t a , i m a l t a .

ima kuli P L np imaita

�

n ,

t h i ghb o n e .

iminj etae s t imi n j ingi v

darkne s s . t o b e c om e dark ;

k u ( n g i , l am b e n g e , y a m f p f n g i .

imu S n

ma n g a .

w o rm , grub , e art hworm ;

imu nenge vp t o r o o t around f o r g rub s ( o f p i g s ) . imu palenge vp par a s i t e o f s w e e t p o t at o ; m a n g a p a l e n g � .

s p i r i t , s ou l ; i t u k u ,

ina PT n

Imambu Epe 06ko S np Spirit .

H o ly

w i n d , b r e at h .

im!mb� nyingi vp t o t ak e a h o l i day , t o r e s t ; k o t 6 , k o t 6

kateng� .

imamu PT n

dove .

imundu K n h o u s e ( l e an - t o i n gardens ) ; k u I ap� , n i m a n d a ,

t a l � p a , t a l � po , t i ma n g o , waeyange .

imambu S n

imi PT n

t o m ou l d .

r i d § e p o l e o f h ou s e ;

a n d a I ma l t a , I m a .

imambu K n

im! pingi vp

worm , c at e p i l l ar .

imange KP n h u s b an d ' s p ar e n t s ­ i n - l aw ; u a n e .

n i mo n d o .

wa i I ng i .

f e m a l e a n i m al / i n s e c t ;

indingi (T) v b e c om e . indingi PL n i n pond s . indupa (M) adv

t o r e p e at , t o d e mo n ( woman ) l i v e s t od ay , n ow ;

a n d e p a , a n d f pa , dokond i n a , d o kond i n a k a , e n e e p a p� , e p a p � , i pap� .

ingi PL n

intestines ; genange , k e n a n ge , k �n a , I i t f s a , t 6 mb a .

25

ingi kundingi vp intest i ne s .

t o r emove

ipa leo S n p

r e fle c t i ng p o o l ;

e n d a k f l e o , g a t a s a , ( p a l e owa l e .

ingi lepane KP np' fat ( o f an imat e s ) ; a n d � k e , m a n d u I i ,

ipa leowale S np p o l i s h e d s u r ­ f ac e - for r e fl e c t i ng ; fpa l e o ,

ingi lyingi np (?)

ipa mange np

t i l ya ka f .

t o mak e s au s a g e

•

ingi nenge vp t o gr owl ( s t om a c h ) , t o c r amp ( 7 ) ; g u l a n g a l u l e n g J ,

I) i l i l) a l i l e n g E L

ingi palenge vp t o h av e .

f o o d i n s t om a c h -

*Ing i l i s a pii np guage .

E n g l i s h l an ­

inginya palenge vp

d i arrh o e a ;

g J n a , g e n a n g e pa I e n ge , k u I f n g i pa l engJ .

ingyanda S n s t omac h , womb , i nt e s t i ne s . *inj a K n

hinge ; anda n i pu .

inj ingi v t o b e c om e , t o c h a n g e ( i nt o ) , to exi s t . inu pingi vp

t i r e d of s . o . / s . t .

inunginyingi v t o s h r i n k , t o s h i v e r ( f r om c o l d ) ; m a n d e n y i n g i . inungunyala naenge ph - inya part

-enya .

u n s hrun k e n .

n o t -but s e n t e n c e s ;

inyalape PT n mammal ­ m ar s u p i a l ( ? ) . * I l) i lisa n

E n g l i s h l an g u ag e .

* I l) i li s a pii n

Engli sh .

I eo .

s t r e am - h e a d o f ;

endh f mange .

ipa nyingi vp

ka fmbu p fn g i .

t o b e b apt i z e d ;

ipa nyingi vp t o s t r o k e p i g b e f o r e k i l l i n g ( w omen o n ly ) ;

kao l ao ny f n g i , t t i n y f n g i .

ipae apae anda K np ipai adj

s p i d e r web .

wh i t e ; k a p o , ko n e .

ipaita K n

f i n ger - r i n g .

ipakarnbimau PT n mamm a l ­ m ar s u p i a l wat e r rat . ipakola K n

c an e .

ipaleaka K n t r e e ( b a r k u s e d i n m a g i c , f o r h e a d c over i n g ) . ipal iyaka K n t r e e - e v e r g r e e n ( b ark u s e d t o d y e m e n ' s h a i r n e t s r e d ) ( Phy l l o c ladus hypo­ phyllus h o o k . F . ) . ipalu S n

steep , cliff ; papa t a l e .

ipalurnaldrna K n e ar , b r a i n .

bas e , back of

ipandi ind i i PT eM) n h e l i c opt e r ; d r a g o n fly - small ; i p a n j i i n j i i ,

i p i n j i n j U , I awe .

ipan g e S n

t o6 .

j u i c e , t e ar ; b a t a ,

- ip- part c o mp l e t e d ( * c om­ plet ive ) ; - a p - , - a t - , - J p - ,

ipan j i in j i i PT n

- ipa part

ipanjuunjuu PT n h e l i c opt e r , i n s e c t ; i p a n d i i n d f i eM) .

-et- , - ft- .

r e p e t i t iv e ; - a p a , - a t a , - e pa , - e t a , - f t a .

ipa E n

wat e r , s t r e am , r i v e r ;

e n d a k f , s a ka f y a , wambe .

ipa kee S np

s and , g r av e l ;

e n d a k f kea , kea , kee .

insect ;

i pa n d i i n d f i , i pa n j u u n j u u .

i panj i i nj i i .

ipao katenge vp ipao K n ipapu adv

t o ap p e ar .

h e a d ; a y a m b a , a y 6mb a .

n o w , t o d ay ; a n d f p a . a n g e p u , e p a p 6 , e pa p u , i n d u p a .

26

ipate pipae s t

wet ; t om b e l a p a e .

t 6m b e l e n g e .

ipayapae PT n ipi n

spider ; i p i a pae .

m a l e ( o f an imals ) ; k a l i .

l a k a po , m a ( p a .

Ipi K n n am e - p e o p l e f r om P o r g e r a and P a i e l a .

c hu r c h ) , h e adman , b o s s . i s ingi anga160 d6ko K ph a n ge l .

arch­

s p h e r e / ar e a f o r is ingi mate n rul i n g / o v e r s e e i n g . is ingi v

t o w ai t .

ipianda E n r a i n - c ont i nu a l h e avy ; a f w a , a i y u u , a p � , .

isoo katakena lenge vp t o h av e s . o . c ar e f o r s om e t h i n g f o r y ou .

ipiapae PT n

is60 katenge v (?)

i pyand a .

spider ;

i pa y a p a e .

ipingi v t o t i ght e n , t o pull ( o f b ow ) . ipinj inju PT n d r a g o n fly ­ small ; i p a n d i i n d ( i (M) . l a we . ipinyingi v t o p u l l a b ow , t o dr aw a b ow . ipipingi v

t o be poor /no good ;

k i n ambu l ( . d p y L

ipisakali P T ( T ) n

k a l i puaka l i .

ipue pisyuwi PT n ipukulu S n c o l our e d . I puli n ipyanda

bird ; b i rd - g o s h awk .

ru s t , e ar t h - r u s t

n

i s a dir

r ai n ; i p i a n d a .

down , lowe r ; p u n d i p u n d f .

i s a kumbingi vp * I s atale n

t o fai l , t o fall .

name - p l ac e : I s r ae l .

isetae s ingi vp

ma l i s ( n g i .

is inAka lenge vp

t o wait ; t o help .

- i s ingi part c au s e t o ( * c au s a­ t i ve ) ; - a s f n g i . i singi ( L ) v

(t i n9 i .

is60 petena l ao adv isu lenge vp

aut h o r i t y .

t o exc laim ' i sh ' .

-it- part c omp l et e d ( * c om ­ pletive ) ; - a p - , - a t - , - e p - ,

-e t - , - ( p- .

- ita part

r e p e t i t i ve ; - a p a . - a t a . - e p a , - e t a , - ( pa .

ita K n t r e e ( g e n e r i c ) , W O O d , fire ; i t a t e .

s a� d u s t " a s h , i ta kuku S np a s h e s of f i r e ; I t a t u u . ita kuli S np

s t i c k , t on g s ;

p a n g a l ( . pe t o ko .

n am e - t r i b e : I p i l i . E

to lie i n wait

•

t o m o c k , t o c opy ;

i s ingi v t o b o s s / r u l e / g u i d e , t o t ak e c a r e o f ; m o n d 6 p i n g f . i s ingi aka l i K np

elder ( of

ita langa S np

l anga .

ita lea

E

np

c oals ( of f i re ) ; s p a r k s f r om f i r e .

ginger ( Z i ng iber ita mai K (M) np s p . ) ; a 1 am6 ( T ) . k o k a 1 i . ita makenge K np b a r / p o l e ag a i n s t wh i c h w o o d i s s t a c k e d upr i ght . ita maki np wood .

mark f o r s e l l i n g

r o p e t h at g o e s ita maki np around f e e t w h e n c l i mb i n g t r e e s . ita makuingi vp t o put a s t i c k i n t o t h e f i r e t o k e ep i t g o i n g . ita manda S np w o o d - r o t t e n ( U s e d t o c l e an s k i n ) . ita mange K np c r own .

t r e e t op , t r e e

27 ita rniningi vp t o c o n q ue r , t o w i n ( ove r ) ; f d m i n y f n g i ,

k a n d a n ya p a l i n g r , w i n f l e n g� / p (ng i .

ita rninyingi vp t o c on qu e r , t o w i n ( o ve r ) ; ( d m i n r n g i ,

kandanya pa l i n g ( .

ita paka K np

t r e e c rot ch .

ita pate pingi vp t o s p l i t wood ; l a n g u i n g r . ita pati pingi vp piece s . ita p ingi PL np

t o chop i n t o tree root .

* f ta P6k6 oOko K ph ita pongerna S np c h a r c o al . ita tetepa S np

t h e C ro s s .

s oo t , embe r .

ita t6ko pingi vp t o make a p l at f o rm t o s i n g e h a i r o f f pig . ita turnbe np t r e e s w i t h l ot s o f f o l i ag e ( ? ) . ita tuu S np

s aw du s t , c h i p s ;

f t a kJkJ .

ita waingi K np s e edl i n g .

tree branch ,

ita waingi vp t o s p l i t l e n g t h ­ w i d e ( o f f i r ewoo d ) ; wa r n g i . ita wangya K np t r e e l i mb , t r e e bran c h ; w a i n g i . ita yangenge vp t o l i gh t / b u i l d a f i r e ; kak� t e l en g � . ita y an6nge K np

f t li y a n Jn g f .

ita yanu K np

fta yanJng f .

ita yan6n� i np

f t a yanu .

b ark ; ( t a y a n J ,

b ar k ; bark ;

r t a yan6ng� , f t a yan6ng� ,

ita yond a s ingi vp t o w a rm h an d s over a fire ; end6 s ( ng i . ita l S adj

t w e nt y .

ita 2 S n wise ) .

half o f p i g ( length­

itai S n w o o d s , t o l ay f a l l ow ( f o r a l o n g t im e ) ; b a l o p a l e n g � , 5

rI

.

itaita n

hot ; a y e n e k a e n g � .

itaita pipae a t fury / w r at h , h o t very ; rmbu t6ngo . itakalyange n

pok� t a ka l ya .

int est ines ( ? ) ;

itaki kindi rnuingi v p exchanged i n a t �e . itaki pingi vp italuna n

pigs t o be

t o c ou n t , t o r e ad .

r oom - i n n e r ; l u k J n a ,

l uma .

italyingi

t o g r ou p , t o � a t h e r ;

V

ambu p l ng l ( 1 ) , (ya l y i ng f , kamb� p r n g i , l (mb i n g l , m a u p i ng f .

itarnatali PT n m a r s u p i al . itange K n

m ammal ­

t r e e t ru n k , s t em .

itapandi n h ou s e bu i l d i n g m at e r i al . itapange

V

t o m a k e hou s e t im b e r s .

itata S adj

p i t a ka .

whol e ; l u n d u t a ,

itate S (M) n

(ta.

fire , matche s ;

itate kaiipae np

l amp ; l a ma .

itate kaiipae setenge np s t and .

l amp­

itate kay6 rninao ph to c ar r y c o a l t o s t ar t a f i r e ; l a n g a . itate kenai S np

pet� .

itate pete S np

kena r .

ashes ; ashes ;

i tate i tate

itate uu lenge (M) vp t o r oa r ( o f f i r e ) ; k u l u l e n g � (T) . itate yangenge vp f i r e - t o make a ; kak� t e l en g � .

28

It! K n

h a i r , f e at he r s , fur ;

K

s i l l , yom a n d f .

It! tokeng� vp !tingi v

t o c ut h a i r .

t o c o py , t o mo c k ;

f s i n g l (L) .

! tingi p!ngi 1 vp

t o answe r .

! tingi p!ngi 2 vp t o � a � n . r e v e ng e , t o r e p ay ; I t I n g I

y�nu p fng l .

! tingi yanu p!ngi vp

t o ave n g e ;

I t l n g l p l n g i , k06 m � n d � y � n u p fng I .

ituku K n

s p i r i t o f d e ad p e r s o n ;

i m � m b u , t a 1 � p o , t l m� n g o , t i m6ng6 .

! tukuli S n

s t i c k ; p e t o ko , y � t i .

!yalying! v t o g a t he r , t o a s s embl e ; a m b u p l n g i , r t a 1 y f n g i ,

kamb6 p fn g l , 1 f mb i n g i , m�u p i ng f .

j aa leng� vp t o s o u n d c r a c k / c r e ak ; g � t � 1 e n g � , j � 1 0 j � 1 0

1 e n g e , wa t a w� t � p l n g f .

t o knoc k ;

g � t � 1 eng� , j �a 1 eng� .

* j as a K n

j ud g e .

* j atake S n

t r a c t or .

* j atama S n

drum , b a r r e l .

j ing! n

d i ng f .

f ru i t , nut , b e r ry ; d l f ,

* j !pi S n

j e e p , c ar ; k � t � , k � t 6 .

* j !pi kende min!ngi vp t o s t e e r / d r i v e ( a c ar ) ; j f p i 1 y � a

m i n I n g I. .

,

.

* j ! pi lyaa min!ngi vp t o s t e e r / d r i v e ( a c ar ) ; j f p l k � n d e

m l n fn g l .

J6na K

n

more ( - intens ive ) .

-ka 2 part a l t h ou gh ( - c on c e s s i v e adve r s at i v e ) ; but ( * c on c e s s i v e adve r s at i v e ) ; - a k a . -ka 3 part t o ( - l o c at i v e ) ; at ( *locative ) ; - n ya , - s a . kaa leng� vp

t o s qu e al ( o f p i g s ) ;

ga� , kae 1 eng� , kea 1 enge , IlY 6 u 1 e n g e .

kaa ping! vp t o t as t e b a d /b i t t e r / h o t ( as chillies ) ; kae 1 en g e ,

k�to p l ng f , ka6 p l ng f .

kaakaa leng� vp t o l au gh t o g e t h e r ( o f g i r l s /wome n ) . kaape K n

p l ant ( s hrub / g r a s s ( ? »

kae p!n g i vp

t o o i l , t o rub ( o n ) ;

k� i p (ng l .

ka� lao ny!ngi vp t o rub p i g b e f o r e k i l l i n g ( a woman d o e s it - a kind o f magi c ( ? ) ; f p a

ny fng I , kunao ny fng I .

J

j alo j alo leng� vp

-ka l part

name - m an ' s : John .

ka� lenge vp t o s qu e al ( o f � i g s / dogs ) ; kaa 1 enge , k e a 1 enge ,

kya� 1 eng� .

Kaelyapu S n K a s s ap . kaema PT n

n am e - p l ac e : b i r d - n o cturnal .

kaenge v t o d i s c on t i nu e , t o l e t , t o l e av e , t o s t op ; y a k l n � n g e . kaenge v t o b e ( au x i l i ar y v e rb w i t h emot i on w o r d s ) . kaepenge v t o s k i n ( o f p o t at o ) ; t o flatten ( o f reeds ) ; tok f ng l . kaepu K n

tre e .

kai p!ngi vp t o rub ( on ) to p a i n t ; t o an o i nt ; k a e p f n g I ,

k� l yu 1 eng� .

kat lenge v t o o v e r f l ow , t o s p i l l / p our out . kai ing! KP n c ou s i n - c r o s s ( o f f s pr i n g o f c o g n at i c a p a n g e

.

29

and c og n at i c a t a n g � a n d f o r male ego , t h e male offspring of these ) ; I ya l ya . kaima l n

s p i r i t s i n Lake Wake .

house ) , neck ( of bottle ) , door­ f r am e ; k a i t a , k a i t f n f . kainanduu K n word ) .

kaima 2 PT n b i r d ( b o n e s u s e d f o r needles ) ; s a i ma .

kaindokoingi v from e lb ow .

kaima kul i S np n e e dl e ( made o f bird ' s bones ) ; deke paenge ,

Kaine K n

d e ke p a l y a , w a i ma l e .

kaimala KP adj

t o b e d i rty ;

k a i ma l a p i n g f , k u m b a k u m b a , kunau .

bache lor ( o ld t o r o t a t e arm

n am e - m an ' s .

kaingi v

t o s h ow but t o c k s t o ;

kaingi v

t o l i gh t w i t h f i r e ; l i ght .

kayo l enge .

pyaka i ng i , yangenge .

kaimala pingi vp

t o b e d i rt y ;

kaingi v

kaimala pipae s t

d i rty .

kaipu K n t r e e - e v e r g r e e n ( P o d o c arpus n e r i i f o l i u s D . d on /P o P i l g e r i foxwe ) .

k a i ma l a .

kaimbu napingi ph unwas h e d . kaimbu nyingi vp bapt i sm .

unbapt i z e d / t o receive

ka!mbu p!ngi v p t o w as h , t o b apt i z e ; f p a n y f n g i , p o e n g e ,

w a s awa s a p i n g I. ,

,

kaimbusa � o c store ( 7 ) .

.

p at h t o hous e /

kaimi K n b r o t h e r , f e llow c ou n t ryman , add r e s s - t e rm of ( man to man ) ; k a i m f n f ,

ka i m i n fn g i .

kaimia K n

y a n goya . ,

b r o t h e r ( ad d r e s s ) ;

kaim!n! K n b r o t h e r ( addr e s s ) , f r i e n d ( ad dr e s s ) ; k a f m f ,

ka i m i n f n g i .

kaiminingi K n b r o t h e r o f man ( s am e sex o f f s p r i n g o f c o g ­ n at i c t a k a n g e a n d c og n at i c e n d a n g i ( ma l e e g o ) ; hu s b a n d s o f w i f e ' s c og n at e s o f e g o ' s g e n e rat i o n ) ; k a f m f , k a i m f n f ,

ya n g6ya .

kaina adj

t 6 mb e .

c e n t r e , m i d d l e , wa i s t ;

kainakali K n

f o r e i gn e r ;

n ambaka I i , op6ne .

kainambu S � o a

door ( i n s i d e

ka!puita K eM? ) n mag i c ) . kaipya lenge v p

tree ( us e d in t o g i v e w ay ;

ka pya l en g e , panda d ( n g i l ma f n g i .

kaita S n

d o o r , r o ad , p at h , w ay ;

ka i n ambu , ka i t f n f , k a k u f t a , kat f , yane , yane i .

kai ta d !ngi/maingi vp t o g i v e w ay ; p a n d a d ( n g i /m a f n g i . kaita duna S np s t ar t ( o f r o ad ) , e n d ( o f r o ad ) ; k a i t a I y a a . kaita l aendaka ping! vp t o g i ve d i r e c t i o n s , to show the r o a d . kaita lyaa S n� s t art ( o f r o a d ) ; e n d ( o f r o ad ) ; k a i t a d u n a . kaita mako mako tas ingi vp trip - t o make a.

round

kaita mango mango paenge v p round t r i p - t o m a k e a . kaita miningi 1 KP np kaita miningi 2 vp

t6 1 e katenge .

fr i e n d .

t o befriend ;

kaitakae ex a � anus - s w e ar w o r d s a i d t o a woman ; k a l ( p a k a e ,

pongode .

ka!ti S n

ma n d a .

mount a i n - l o n e / s t e e p ;

30

kaiti S n

s ky , h e av e n ; k a ( t ( ­

k i s � , y � ke , y � l y a .

kaiti katenge (M) vp

t o t hund e r ;

k a r t f k e p u l e n g e , mu l � m a l � l e n ge .

kaiti kepu len �e vp

t o thunder ;

k a r t f k a t e n g e , k a ( t ( mu l � m� l � l enge , ka r t ( toka l enge .

kaiti mulu m�lu lenge (M) vp t o t hund e r ; k a r t f k a t e n g e , k a r t f kepu l e n g e (T) ; k a r d t o k �

l enge .

kaiti tok� len� e vp

t o thunde r ;

ka f t r k a t e n g e , ka f t f kepu l e n g e , k a r t r mu l � m � l � l e n g e .

kaiti-kis� S n

s ky , h e av e n ;

ka r t f .

kaitini S n

door , road ; doa , ka i nambu , k� i ta , kaku f ta , n a k a l e , n f po , n o k � l e , t f i , yane , yane i .

kaitinimba S n

e d g e of r o a d .

kaiyakate S n

n e t b ag - l ar g e .

kaiy�le PT n

b i r d of par adi s e .

kaiyambu K n

f o r e h e ad ( ? ) ;

e n 6m b a , e n o p a .

kaiyo kaenge vp to . kaiyu lenge vp kaka K n

t o s h ow b ut t o c k s t o rub ; k a i p f n g i .

f o l i age , l e a f ; y o ko .

kaka s ingi vp t o l o o s e n , t o unt i e ; b o k o p i n g f . kaka pingi vp t o p e e l o f f ( o f skin ) , skin peels off . kaka s ingi vp

kakape n c l ay ( u s e d f o r d e c or a­ t i on ) ; k a m a l aw a wa r .

s h e l l Cu s e d on f o r e ­ kakapu n h e ad ) ; a n g a t a t e n g i , k a k a p � . kakasa S n b u s h , r a i n f o r e s t ; uncivi l i z e d ( ? ) ; k a ka t ae ,

k a p a ka t a , kapoka t a .

kakasoo pingi vp

t 6 1 0kenya p i n g L

k�atae S n

kam� n d a .

onc e - t o d o ;

bus h ; k a k a s a ,

kakate lenge vp

t o whi sper ;

e l ya kao l e nge , k a ka te n ge , mom� l en g e .

kakatenge v

t o wh i s p e r ; k a k a t e

1 enge , p i t rng i .

kakati PT ( M ? ) n b i r d - ( d ove / parrot ( ? » ; ka l a k a l i . kake PT n b i r d ( f e a t h e r s u s e d i n h e addr e s s ) ; a k e a . kake n l e av e s u s e d f o r c o ok i n g a t w e dd i n g ; a k a p u . kake pingi ( T ) vp t o s h ap e w i t h h an d s ; l o n g o p i n g L kakeamuni PT n

g� l u .

kakele PT n

keken a l a .

spider ; a e t e ,

i n s e ct ( edible ) ;

kakete lenge v t o bu i l d / l i ght a fire ; ( t a yangenge , i ta t e

y a n g e n ge . ,

kaketenge v t o c u t / b r e ak a c r o s s grain ; k a k i t e n g e , k e p en g e ,

l ome n g e , l u m b e n g e , l y o o p f n g i , p i t fng i .

kaki lenge vp

g r oup of p e op l e ,

kakana s ingi/palenge vp t o b e l e ft o v e r / u n d o n e ; k a k � n e .

kaki pingi v p

t o fold ( o f rope ) .

kakane v

kaki

t o loosen .

t o b e l e f t ov e r ;

k a k � n a s f n g i / pa l e n g e .

s h e l l ( c owr i e ) , kakapa n d e c o r at i on worn on f o r e h e ad ;

a n g a t � t en g i , k a ka p � .

amb o .

E n l ende .

.

r a i n ; a f wa , a l y u u , a p u , ,

kakia PT n s i s t e r o f w oman ( e n d e arment ) ; k a k i n g r , p a p e e . kakii PT n s i s t e r ( ad d r e s s b e t w e e n two s i s t e r s ) , w i f e

,

31

( ad dr e s s - b e t w e e n w i v e s o f s am e m an ) . kakilya 506 epenge vp d eb r i s ( o f wat e r ) . kaki lyetenge v kakilyingi v

yangenge .

kakingi l n

t o c arry

t o remain open . t o c oo k , t o burn ;

aft e rb i r t h ; p y a n d a .

kakingi 2 PT n s i s t e r of woman ( s ame sex o f f s p r i n g of c o g ­ n at i c t a k � g e and c og n at i c e d � g i ( fe m a l e e g o ) ; w i v e s o f h u s b an d ' s c o g n at e s o f e g o ' s g e n e rat i on } ; a y � , k a k i a ,

k a k i ( , papee , t e ma e .

kakitenge v t o c u t ( ac r o s s g r ai n ) ; k a k e t e n g e , k e p e n g e ,

t om b e n g e .

kako nyingi vp t o r emove s k i n f r om drum ; m a k o n y f n g i ,

m � k oe n g e .

kalai S n

w o r k , j ob , d e e d ; woko .

kalai pingi vp

t o work .

kalakali PT ( T ) n

bird ; kak� t ( .

kalame K n f e n c e ( o f s m a l l b amb o o t w i g s ) .

, s ev e n ; s a p e n e, . kalapa PT n b i r d o f p ar a d i s e ( re d ) ; t i ma l o . kalapae n

h e a d d r e s s - p ar t o f .

kalapita E' (M) n

hai l ; k i n d u d ,

t a n d a ke , t a n d a ke k a pa .

kalati n

g at e ; ka l om b a .

kale l K n

c o r d yl i n e ; k a l y � .

kale2 K n

e ar .

kale keta KP v

t o be deaf ; ka l e

po t a e .

kakopa 5 ingi vp t o s t r i n g ( o f b ow s ) , t o s t r e t c h ( o f d rum­ h e ad ) ; k a u w e n g e .

kale potae s t

t o b e d e af ; ka l e

kale tii S np

e ar - p i e r c e d .

*kakopae K n c ar g o b oy , l ab ou r e r , carrier ; kakopo i .

kale yandenge vp t o s l i t / cut ear lobe ( a s pun i s hm e n t ) .

kakopenge v

kalea K n

t o s ur r o un d ; a w � l (

l e n g e , wa t � m b e n g e .

kakopenge V t o f o rm a g r oup ( f o r m ak i n g a d e c i s i on ( ? } ) ;

m�u p i ng f .

*kakop6i K n

k a kop 6 ( .

l ab o ur e r , c ar r i e r ;

kakua lenge vp t o s p l i t ( ag a i n s t grai n ) ; l an g u i n g f . kakuita S n

door ; k� i t a , ka i t ( n ( .

kakukatu n c ra c k s o n s o l e s dur­ ing dry s e a s o n ; s e t a s e t � . kakukatu lumbingi vp t o c r a c k o p e n ( o f s o l e s o f f e et ) . kakungi l v t o s i n g out , t o c a l l out ; k e e l e n g e , w i t l e n g e . kakung i 2 v

t o i n i t i at e .

ke t a .

c an e - s u g a r ; l y a � .

kalernanda K n

e a r - b ac k of .

kalenge l n

s t r ap s o f n e t b ag .

kalenge 2 v

t o s h a r pe n .

kaleta S n

d e c o r at i on - n e c k ;

k a n aw�pe (T) .

kalewai S n

e ar wax .

kali K (M) n m a l e ( o f a n i m al s ) , c a s t r at e d m a l e ( o f a n i m a l s ) ;

f p i , ma f pa .

kal ikana S n wh i t e .

c al c i t e , s t on e -

kalipakae ( T ) e x a l p e n i s ( e r e c t ? ) - s w e a r w o r d amon g men ; ae l e n g e , ka i t a ka e , k a n � u ,

m � m a , m � moo , p o n g o k � e , p y a k � t a e ka e .

32

kalipane n c a s t o r o i l p l ant ( R i c i n u s c ommun i s ) .

*kaly!pu K n p e anut s ( Ar ac h i s h y p o g ae a ) ; k a l ( p u , p i n � s a .

*kalipu K n p e anut s ( Ar a c h i s h y p o g ae a ) ; k a l y ( p u , p l n a s a .

kama 1 S adv

kalipuakali PT (M) n s m a l l ; i p i s a ka I i .

b i rd ­

out s i d e ; k a m � k a , k a m a l y a , k a m a l y eme , k a m � n d a , k a m � p l' , k a m� p u .

kama2

E n h a i r - g r ay ; y a k 6 k a t en ge /p e t en g e .

kalipunda PT n b i r d ( any v er y s m a l l b i r d w i t h s om e r e d i n i t s p lumage ) .

kamaka adv

k alo pingi vp t o s t ep over ; t o c l e a n one s e l f aft e r d e f e c a t i n g ( t r a d i t i on a l l y n e v e r b y h a n d ) ;

kamaka nao palenge vp t o m e n ­ s t ru at e ; a n d � k a n � o p a l e n g e ,

a n g 6n g e , a n g o t e n g e , a n g u ( n g i , a n g u n g .I , y a n g u I n g I . ,

,

.

ka16mba K n g at e - l i ft out t y p e ; ka I a t i . kalongenge v pul l out .

t o t ak e out , t o

kalotana adv

b r ok e n .

kalu kalu S np insect ( 7 ) ) .

h o l e ( e at e n by

kalua epenge vp t o o p e n and g o t hr o u g h ( o f a fen c e ) ; l a n g a t a l e

p i ng f .

kaluenge V apart .

t o p art , t o p u s h

k aluingi V t o s k i n , t o mark ( as a t r e e for d ry i n g ) . kalUmbenge V

t o b e broken .

kalumbenge V out ( 7 ) ) .

t o b i t e ( an d s p i t

kalumbenge V t o r e l e a s e wat e r fr om a dam ; t a k i i i p a e n g e , t a o

l en g e , t a u 6 l en g e , t auwa l e n g e .

kalupya K adj off .

no s e - s h or t / cu t

kalya K (T) adj good looking ( o f m en ) , h a n d s ome ( o f m e n ) (T) ; well done ; a u 6 py60 . kalya ping! vp t o b e g o o d l o o k ­ ing ( of men ) . k alya K n

c or dy l i n e - r e d l e av e s ;

k a l e , li � ko .

out s i d e ; k a m a , k a m � l y a , kama l yeme , kam�n d a , 1 6s a .

y a n g 6 pa e pa l en g e .

*Kamaku!nini S n C am o qu i n .

me d i c i n e ­

kamala waf S n c l ay ( u s e d f o r d e c o r at i on ) ; k a k a p e . kamalUmbi K? n

mo s s ( ge n e r i c ( 7 ) ) ;

kena p i t i , k i n a p i t i , ku t i n i pepo .

kamal y a S a dv

out s i d e ; k � m a , k a m a k a , k a m a l y e m e , k a m� n d a .

kamalyena adv out s i d e / b e y o n d b ou n d ary ; k a m a , k a m � k a , k a m � l y a ,

kama n d a .

kamambu S l og s .

wedge for splitt ing

n

kamanda S adv

out s i de ; k � k a t a e , k a m a , k a m � k a , k a m� l y a , k am a l y e m e , ka poka t a , 1 6 s a .

kamango K n r a i l / h or i z on t a l ( o f upr i ght fen c e ) . *kamani ph

koman i .

c om e on ; a t i y a p a ,

kamapi S n c l e ar i n g , c e re mo n i a l g r ound s ; k a m a , k a m a p u . *kamapo ph

t o c om e up .

*kamapu lenge vp c om e up ( ar r i v e at / around a c e r t a i n t ime ) . kamapu S n c le a r i n g , m e e t i n g p l ac e , c e r em o n i al g r o un d , f l at s t r a i gh t p l a c e ; k a m a , k a m a p i . kamba pin g ! (M) vp

t o meet ;

kandany f n g l , y� I I kanden ge .

kambake MD n

vagina ; t e l e .

33 *karnbanii S n

c ompany , bu s i n e s s .

karnbapupu epeng� vp t o f o am at mouth , t o s p i t / s l ob b e r . karnbapupu pingi vp t o mark arm w i t h s p i t when c ount i n g . kambe n f e r n ( D i c r a n o pt e r i s l i n e ar i s / g l e i c h e n i a s p . ) .

k�mbua mandi S np b a s k e t - m a d e o f fern ( ? ) ; b a s a k e s a m � n d i . kambuingi 1 v l i qu i d .

to fill with

karnbuingi 2 v t o t i e t o g e t h e r , t o f i n al i z e ( o f s p e e ch ) . karnbum� n

c l an ; t a t a .

k�mbenge (M) v t o b r e ak i n two , t o b r e ak ( i n t a lk ) , t o s h e l l ( of beans /peas ) ; t�mben ge .

kambupu n

mouth , l i p s ; a p � p � ,

karnb�tanda K n h ou s e ( f or woman at b i r t h ) ; p u l f m f � n d � .

m .i n ,I n g .I

kambi PT n

p6to .

b i r d - h awk / e ag l e ;

karnbi lyo PT n but t e r fly ( � e n e r i c ) , moth ( g e n e r i c ) ;

ku l i kamb f l yo .

karnbingi v

t o ag r e e i n s e c re t ;

m�u p i n g f , t �m b e n ge .

kambu K n

l i p s , m ou t h ; a p o p 6 ,

a pu p u p i f , kambu pu .

kambu k atenge vp s t e al t h i ly .

furt i v e l y ,

kambu lyok6tae KP np s p e e ch d e f e c t ; m u u m a a , p e n d o ko

l yo k o t a e .

k�mbu lyokuenge vp un ab l e t o s p e ak .

t o be dumb /

kambu t�ngo nenge l vp lips .

to bite

a p u p u p i f , kamb u .

k�me s ingi vp

t o forget ; l e l yo

.

kam� K (M) n pyape (T) .

f e n c e /boundary ;

kam� pingi vp kame adj

to fence .

small ; y a k � n e .

kam�� adv

,

,

we l l / g o o d ; a u u , a u u

p y oo , y a k � .

kam�� inj akamaingi p h t o h e al ( c au s e t o b e c om e g o o d ) . kame� pingi vp w e l l / g o o d - t o do ; a u u p i n g f , wa i n g i p i n g f /

p fng i .

*kamond�a K n kam6ngo K n b i g man .

c ar p e nt e r . man - r i c h / import ant ,

kam6ngo pakea K n

milli onaire .

kamo6 kae lenge vp p our ( i n t o a hole? ) ; pandenge .

kambu t�ngo nenge 2 vp t o s e em t o d o s ome t h i ng w r o n g t o g e t h e r .

kamo6 nyin� i vp get ; poeen ge .

karnbu n

kamo6 parnbenge vp t o p o u r i n t o a hole ; pande n g e .

g r oup , g a t h e r i n g .

kambu pingi vp g a t h e r ( i n t r an ­ s i t i ve ) ; a m b u p i n g i , b orne ,

b u' l) a 1 e n � e' , ,I t a 1 y 'l n g l , f y a l y i n g l , k a p e n g e , ke n d � p i n g f , l f em b e n g e , l r m b i n g i , l i me nd e n g e , l yomben g e , m�u petenge , mau p i ng f , m i nanj (ng i . •

karnbu pyatae s t ing ; �mbo . kambua K n

g r oup , gat h e r ­

fern ; m e t ae .

k�mu n

to d i p i n t o and

s c ar .

kamu lenge vp food ) . kamuingi v

kamu n g f .

kamungi v

kamu i n g f .

kan� l S n

r aw / u n c o o k e d ( o f

t o f i l l ( w i t h l i qu i d ) ; t o f i l l ( w i t h l i qu id ) ;

s h i l l i n� ; k a n a ku l f , ko n d e , m u n i , s i l l l) i , w � t e .

34

kana2 n

mont h ; a u w f y a , e k e , l am a n d a , I i mae , w a t e .

kana 3 S n

s t one .

kana� K n

m o o n ; a uw f y a , e k e , l am a n d a , I i ma e , wa te .

kanau exe Z e x c l am a t i on o f surpri s e ; a � l en � e , k a l f p a k a e ,

k u i p a l ( , m a m a , mamoo , po n g o ­ kae , waepu l u , wa i p� I � , wake p a � w a p a , wo i p � I � , y a k a o , y a H .

kanawap� S n

d e c o r at i o n - n e c k ;

ka l �t a .

kana andu K n s t a l ac t i t e / s t a l agmi t e ; k a n a w a i n g i .

kanda l S n

s t i c k - w a lk i n g .

kana buta np

kanda2 S n

headre s t ; s a nd a .

m o o n - fu l l .

kana kananda S n p

c av e ; k a n a

k�ndu , kananda .

kana kandeng� vp

t o m e n s t ru at e ;

andaka nao pa l enge , i k f nao pa l enge .

kanda pingi vp t o b e at w i t h a s t i c k /b am b o o p o l e ; k a n d a m e n g e . k anda s�tenge n p i l l ow .

h e adr e s t ,

kana ku l i S np

shilling ; kana ,

kandakinenge v t o b e s t ubb o r n ( ? ) ; tu� p i n g ( .

kana kundu S n

c av e ; k a n a

kandam�nge v t o b e at w i t h b amb oo s t i cks ; kanda p ( n g i .

k o n d e , s i I f l) i .

kananda , kananda .

kana peteng� yuu ph s t ony .

ground ­

kana s i l i leng� vp t o p l ay j a c k s , t o p l ay k n u c k l e b o n e s . kana t6ko S ph

alt e r ; t 6 k o .

kana waingi K n s t al a c t i t e / s t a l agm i t e ; k a n a a n d u . *kanakae K n

N e w Gu i n e an j

e n d a k a I i , k a n a k ay a , n e t e s a endaka l i .

*kanakaya l K n

kana kae .

kanakaya2 v

N e w Gu i n e an ;

t o g r o ve l .

k anakul i S n s t on e c i r c l e f o r f i re ; p i p r l y 6 . kananda S n

c av e ; � a t u a n d a , kana kanand a , kan� k�ndu .

kanang� K n l a d de r , r un g s o f l ad d e r . *kanapa K ( T ) n kanata K n

kaneke t a .

c or n /mai z e .

gra s s ( s e e d s edible ) ;

kanata dii np seeds ) .

grass ( ri ce-like

Kandano n B i ru p .

n am e - l i n e n e ar

kandanya palingi vp t o w i n , t o s u c c e e d ( ove r ) ; ( t a m I n ( n 9 i ,

f d m i ny (ng i .

kandanyingi v

t o m e e t ( o n r o ad ) ;

k amba p i n g ( , ya l i k a n d e n ge .

-kanda6 part t o / t ow a r d { * i n d i r e c t obj e c t ) , upon { * i n d i r e c t ob j e c t ) ; - k i s a ,

- I ao .

kanda6 kateng� akali (T) np m a g i c i an - eye f i xe r ; l e n g e m i n ( n 9 i a k a I i (M) . kanda6 lyaa s ingi vp t o b e ann oye d , t o f a c e a g a i n s t . kanda6 masina lao (M) ph so t h at i t may b e s e en a n d k n ow n ;

k a n d a 6 n i m b a t e n a l a o (T) .

kanda6 nimba tena lao ( T ) ph so t h at i t m ay b e s e e n a n d k n own ;

k a n d a6 m a s i n a l a o .

kanda6 nyingi vp kandasingi v

p (n 9 I

t o find .

t o begin ; tee

•

kandayok6 leng� vp t o l o o k aroun d , t o i gn o r e purpo s e ly .

35 kande kandenge ak ali K n p m ag i c ­ i an - e y e f i x e r ; l e n g e m i n ( n g i

kanj inya nepenge (T) vp t o s c at t e r ( aw ay ) ; k a n d ( n y a

kandeeno part i f ( * r e a l c on ­ d i t i on ) : yaa k a n d e e n o ,

kan j o nepenge vp

aka I i .

y a ka n deno .

kandena lenge vp

l a i d ka p i n g f .

t o show ;

n e p e n g e ( M) .

t o s c at t e r ;

kand fnya nepenge .

*kan j 61e K n

c oun c i l ; k a n j o l o .

*kan j 61o K n

c ounc i l ; k a n j o l e .

kandenge v t o s e e / l o o k , t o k n ow , t o a c k n ow l e dg e .

kanj ongele pingi vp t i n at e .

Kandepe S n K a'n d e p .

kan j u pingi vp t o s e ar c h , t o l o o k f o r / a ft e r ; k a n j a p i n g i

n am e - p l a c e :

kandi kandenge akali K n d o c t o r : n at i v e t h o r a c i c p at h o l o g i s t .

t o procras�

(7 ) .

kanomongali PT n

insect .

kandingi V t o s c at t e r ( from a h e ap ) ; k a n d ( n y a n e p e n g e .

*kan6pa K (M) n

kandinya nepenge (M) vp t o s c at t e r ' ( aw ay ) ; k a n d i n g ( ,

kanopato S n s n ake ( ge n e r i c ) , l i zard ( generi c ) ; s eneke .

k a n j i n y a n e p e n g e (T) , k a n j o nepenge .

kand6 pingi vp

t o p i le up ;

k a n d o s e t en ge , mau p i n g ( .

kand6 setenge vp

t o p i l e up ;

k a n do p i n g f , mau p i n g i .

kandu K n

c ane ; k o e p i ,

I i wa n d u .

kaneketa K n g r a s s - ( e di b l e s ee d s ) ; k a n a t a . kangapu PL n

insect .

kangili n a r r ow - b arb e d ; b arb s ( o f arrow ) . k anguingi J V

t o t e ar , t o r i p ;

kanguingi 2 V

to wash ( of rain ) .

kangu i ng f , kangung ( , p i ng i ng i .

kangungi V

t o t e ar , t o r i p ;

kangu i ng f , p i ng i ng i .

kangupae s t t o rn .

p at c h e d ; r i pp e d ,

kangwuiya adj

r e d , E u r o p e an ;

k 6n e , t a i y 6ko p ( pae .

kangy66 adj

r e d ; a po e , k on e , t a i y 6ko , t a i y6ko p t pae .

kan j a penge vp

kan j u p i n g f .

t o s e ar c h ;

c o rn / m a i z e ;

k a n a p a (T) .

kanopat6 salende S n p d e at h ; s a l e n d a .

adder ­

ka6 part once and for all ( *finalit ive ) . kapa l adj e n ough , o k a y , s u f­ f i c i ent ; y a k a . kapa 2 n

,

ka d i .

fat , g r e a s e ; a m e I p a n g e ,

kapa kapa adv kapa pao adv

e qu a l ly . a b l y ; k a p a p y oo .

kapa pingi vp

t o b e ab l e .

kapa py60 adv

ably ; k a p a p a o .

*kapa l S n kap a 2 n kapa 3

c e nt s .

bullet . egg .

kapa yakane np agers ( ? ) . kapakata S n

c h i ldre n , t e e n ­ bus h , r a i n f o r e s t ;

kaka sa , netes a .

*kapani akali K np

p i s i n (sa aka l i .

*kapanii K n

m e r c h an t s ;

.

c ompany ; p l s l n l s a . .

,

36

Kapano S n

n am e - p l a c e .

kapan6 K n t r e e ( b r an c h e s u s e d i n b l a c k m ag i c ) . kap� K n p alm ( o f h an d ) , s o l e ( o f f o ot ) . kape n

s p l i nt e r ; k e k e .

kape s !ngi/s�tenge vp t o s e t s p l i n t e r s i n t o g r ound ( t o p r e v e n t t r e s p a s s e r s ) ; e � t e ke

p i s i ng f .

kapea K n l e a v e s o f p a n d an u s t h at c ov e r n u t c lu s t e r ;

a ngapana , angata , ban a .

kapenge v

t o g a t h e r , t o gr oup ;

kapeto ( M) n

t ar o .

n am e - m an ' s : K ap i .

kap! lya minamina ping! vp t o r o t at e , t o s t i r , t o r o l l . kap! lyingi v ov e r .

t o turn a r ou n d /

kapi ly!ngi akali K np p r et e r . kapina LY n kaping! v

w i ld ( of animals ) ;

k u mba l o , t ae l en g e , t a i l e n g e .

*kapusa PT n

c abb a g e ; k a p ( s a .

kapusingi v

t o s u c kl e .

kapus!ngi V t eeth .

t o h o l d b e t w e en

kapya PT n mamma l - m a r s up i al : sug ar g l i d e r ( 7 ) . kap y a leng� vp

t o g i v e way ;

ka i p y a l e n g e , p a n d a d f n g i ! ma ( i n g i .

kapyaka PT n (?)

m ammal - m a r s u p i al

•

kamb6 p fn g i .

Kap!i K n

kapua K adj

inter­

m o s s , mu s h r o om ( 7 ) . t o s c r ap e o f f .

kap!nye adj

smooth ( 7 ) .

*kap ! s a S n

c ab b a g e ; k a p 6 s a .

kapo l S adj

whit e ; I p a f , kewa

l a pae , kon e , kyoo l a pae .

Kapy6ko S n n am e - p l a c e : K op i ag o ; K o p e a k o . kapyo166 n r e e d for m ak i n g woman ' s s k i r t . kasa leng� vp

t o p l ay c ar d s ;

l a k ( i l e n g e , ma l e p i n g f , m 6 n ( m i nao l enge .

kasatae kateng� vp mout h c ov e r e d w i th f o o d ( c h i ld ) ; p u l u l a t a e ,

pu 6 l a t a e .

kas!ng! ( L ) V t o m o i s t e n b y c h e w i n g ; k a t i n g f (M) . *Kaso l !ki KP n katai 1 K n

C at ho l i c ; Po p ( i .

greas e ; ame ( p a n g e ,

g i dsa , kapa .

kata i z n p o i nt ( o f a r r ow ) , p ar t t h at d o e s t h e work . katakataka anda K np h ou s e ( i n bush , gable roo f ) ; k u l a p e ,

ku l a pu .

*kapo penge S np

p e n ge . ,

k apokata S n

k a ma n d a .

cup ; k a po ,

bush ; k a k a s a ,

kapoma ping! vp t o s h ap e w i t h h a n d s , t o pr e s s t o g e t he r ; m a u

p i n g f , t a u p fn g i .

*kapomane K n

g a pumane .

kapu katenge vp poke .

g o v e rnmen t ; t o s t ab , t o

katak�ta ping! vp

ke l ya ke l ya p i ng f .

katali (M? ) n pigs ) .

t o s li p ;

gate ( i n fence for

katama katama peng� vp

p i t i m a p i t i ma pe n g e .

katangu!ngi v s tumb l e . kata6 kame K np post .

t o t ot t e r ;

t o fall d own , t o f en c e - upr i ght

37 katapa� K s t b a c h e l o r , woman b ar r e n ; k i n � m b u , k i n a m b � 1 f .

kau ping! vp t o t a s t e b a d / bitter , to sting ; ka� p i n g f .

katap�nge l v

wom an - b a rr e n .

katap�nge2 v

t o b e t ro ub l e d ( ? ) .

kauma K n t r e e - b ar k u s e d t o m a k e p i g r o p e ( ? F i c u s d am ­ m ar o p s i s ) ; k � p f , ku � p ( , l y a k a t i ,

katap�ng� v t o b e n au g ht y , t o b e s t i ff / i n f l e x i b l e . *katapusa akal i np

p r i s on e r .

*katapusa anda K np pr i s on , j ai l ; a n j f n g i � n d � . *katasa PL

c ar r ot s .

n

*katas !ni S n

kerosene .

katatome akal i K np m an wh o i s n at i v e t o t h at p la c e and m a i n ­ t ai n s o n l y t h at r e s i de n c e . katat6p� K n

d o g - w i l d / bu s h .

kate S n p a i n t , c l ay - u s e d f o r d e c or at i o n . *kat� S n

c ar ; j f p i , k � t 6 .

katekena n

k�ndema n e .

s e rvant ( ? ) ;

kateng� l v t o s t and , t o s t ay , t o l i v e , t o b e ( ma s c u l i n e ) ;

k uw i n g i .

kateng� 2 v

t o apply m e d i c i ne .

kateng� 3 v wedges ) .

t o dr i v e ( o f s t ak e s /

kat! S n

s ky , h e av e n ; k � i t a ,

l i p fn� , y�k� .

kat! kateng� vp

t6ka l eng� .

t hu n d e r ; k � i t a

k at ing! (M) v t o m o i s t e n by chewing ; k a s i ng l (L) . kato ping! vp t o b e b i t t e r , t o sting ; ka� p i n g f . *kat6 S n

c ar / j e e p ; j f p i , k a t e .

kato p !pae s t s p o i l e d ( by b e i n g s t epped over ) ; a n g 6 p a e . kau p!ngi vp ( f or fun ) .

t o f i ght w i t h mu d

tokaka , tokop a t i , y a k a t i , YOka t I , yokopa t i .

kauu leng� vp

t o b ar k ( o f d o g s ) ;

�aa l enge .

k'uwa K n g r an d f at h e r , gr an d s on , g r an d d au g h t e r ( fam i l i ar ) ;

kauwange .

kauwang� l K n law .

woman ' s f at h e r - i n ­

kauwang� 2 K n g r a n d f at h e r , gran d c h i l dr e n ; k a u w a ( fami l i ar ) . kauwate adj

bent .

kauweng� V t o s t r i n g ( o f a b ow ) , t o s t r e t c h ( o f drumh e a d ) ;

kakopa s i n g i .

kawaya K n

h a i r n e t - m an ' s ;

komau .

kaweng� V t o put r o o f on , t o unstring a bow . kawenge K n p l ant ( e at en w i t h p an danu s ) . kaya ny!ngi vp i n garden . kayakenge V

t o c omp o s t mounds

t o forg ive , t o remi t .

kay'poko V

t o c e a s e / s t op .

kay�le PT eM) n b i r d - o f - p a r ad i s e ( wh i t e ) ; k a e y o . k'y6 PT n

bird ; waembya .

kayo leng� vp t o s how b ut t o c k s t o ( t o s h ame ? ) ) . k�a S n

g r av e l , s an d ; e n d a k f k e a ,

fpa kee , k�e .

ke' leng� vp

kaa l enge .

keali

E

n

s qu e al ( o f p i g ) ;

.

,

r a i n ; a (w a , a i y � u , a p u ,

ku l i , l en d e .

keanga n c omb , h a i r p i n ( m ade o f wood/bone ) ; 1 ema i , 1 e m a r t � .

38

keano ping! v p t o f i l l u p fr om anot h e r c ou nt ai ne r .

kelenge V

*keapa K n

keletia PT n p imple , h a i r i n gr own ; k e l o t i a .

g o v e rnment o f f i c e r .

keau lenge vp � ound o f t a � p i n g / k n o c k i ng ; d .I l l n d a l o l e n g e . kee S n

g r av e l , s an d ; e n d � k f

t o pay b r i d e p r i c e ;

kee l enge .

ke16 ping! vp t o p e e l o f f ( o f v e g e t ab l e s ) . kelotia PT n

p impl e ; k e l e t i a ,

kee lumbing! vp t o d r e d g e g r av e l ( ou t o f c r e e k ) .

kelumba PT n

bird .

kee S n

kelyakelya ping! vp

kea , f pa kee , kea .

kni fe ; k e m � .

kee lenge l vp

t o c a l l out ; e p e n �

l en g e , k a k u n g i , w i f l e n ge .

kee leng e 2 vp t o p ay b r i de ­ pri ce ; e n d a n y f n g i , ke l e n g e ,

okop fng i .

kee ping! vp t o s pl i t / b r e ak w i t h g r a i n ( wi t h kn i f e ( 7 ) ) ; l a n g u i n g f . kee S n

s t r e t c h e r ; wa e p e t a me .

kee kaa lenge vp

t o pant ; Q y e e

Qaa I e n g e .

keke n

s p l i nt e r ; k a pe .

keke lenge vp s ou n d - o f d r y r u s t l i n g ; �pu l e n g e , e n d o

p l n g f , I y� k a l enge , s � pu , s �pung i , tuak� , t u 6 p i ng f , t u u k e n ge .

keke K n

t on g u e ; k e t a n g e .

keke kaki lenge vp ( of l e g s ) . keke p!ngi np keke lata ( K ) n

ka i k I

.

t o swing

t ongue ; k e k e . w at e r / l i qu i d ;

kekena kaenge/ping! vp t o b e f e d up / t i r e d o f s . o . / s . t . ;

f m b u k a en g e , I Oko k a e n g e l p i n g f , ma i t � l e kaenge , m � k a k � e n � e / � i n � r , my 6 k u k a e n g e , pungu p l ng l .

kekenakae lenge np kekenala PT n

e lb o w .

insect ; k a ke l e .

kekenge v t o b e / b e c om e c ra z y / i n s an e ( wi t h p a i n ) ; k y a k a e n g e ,

mangu i ng i .

pambo l o .

to slip ;

kataketa p i ng f , keta ke t a , keta keta p i ng i , pen� pen� p i n g f , t a k i pumbenge .

kerna l K n b am b o o - u s e d f o r kn i v e s /wat e r c on t a i n e r s ( B ambu s a s p . ) ; k e e , l a t e ,

I i ando.

kerna2 S n

kn i f e

b amb o o .

kerna ayumbakaita K np t i p /b l ade . kernali ping! vp (?)

kn i fe ­

d a n g e r o f d e at h

•

kernbo K n

c an e .

kernb6 S adj f o r k ( i n path / r o ad , post , tree ) ; pa k � . kernbo K n

st ile ; paka .

Kernbosa S n

n am e - p l a c e .

ken a KS n smoke , c i g a r e t t e , ashe s ; k e n a f , k i n � . kenai S n

a s he s , s m o k e ; k e n � , k i n� , k i nae , k i na f , I y�ng� , p e t e , s u mu k u .

kenarnbu K n kenange n

.I n g ,I .

taro - wild . i nt e s t i n e s ; g e n � n g e ,

kenange rnin!ngi vp t o c r o c h e t ( int e s t in e s for c ooking ) . kenapiti LY n

mo s s ; kama l um b i .

kenau penge vp t o f o rd / c r o s s a r i ve r / s t r e am ; l u m a u p e n g e , t � u n e n g e, .

39

k�nda kaeng� vp

k�nda p i ng f .

t o b e h e avy ;

kepa mamuna n t e s t i c l e s o f g am e m ammal w o r n a s d e c o r at i o n .

k�nda ping i 1 vp t o g r oup , t o gather ( of things ( 7 ) ) ; kambu

kepa s ingi vp r e s t i t u t i on f o r a k i l l i n g ( p a i d i n p i g quar t e r s ) ;

k�nda pingi 2 vp

r e s t i t ut i on kepa tingi ( T ) vp for killing ; b e d p ( n g i , kepa

p rng i .

k�nda kaeng� .

t o b e h e avy ;

k�nda pipae p�enge vp to be d i s g u s t e d , to b e a n g ry .

s t i c k ( c ar r i e d b y kendai S n b r i de ) ; k e n d � i ya . kendaiya S n w a l k i n g s t i c k ( woman ' s ) ; k e n d a i . k�nde

,

v i n e ( Cy r t an dr a ) ;

E n

momo .

kende tombe akali n p agen t s for pig exchange ( t�e) . k�ndemane K n

i n d e b t e d s e rv an t ;

k a t e ke n a .

kendoli K n

c an e , c an e t or c h ;

k i a , k i a kay6 , k i pa l i .

kendu K n

tree ; p i p i .

b e d p r n g i , k e pa d n g i .

s rn g i .

kepaka n

sacrifi c e .

kepakanda n

s a c r e d g r ov e .

kepak61i n b o n e n e e d l e , b o n e s i n m an ' s w i g . k�penge V t o c ut o f f / a c r o s s ( ag a i n s t g r a i n ) ; k a k e t e n g e ,

kak i t � n g e , kund rng i , l � po l en g e , l omen ge , l umbe n g e , l yok6n g e , l yo6 p rn g i , m u u p i n g i , p i n d i ny i ng i , p i nd i ng r , p i t fn g i , pund (ng i , tombeng� , tuu ny rn g i , t u u p rn g i .

kepenge

V

out ( 7 ) .

k�po kol�nge vp k�po t i i n

t o wro n g .

needle - eye of .

keneng� V t o f or d / c r o s s a s t r e am ; l u m a u p e n g e .

k�p6 K n b amb o o ( u s e d i n mak i n g f i r e b y fr i c t i o n ) .

kengapu S eM) n

k�p6 miningi vp t o bu i l d a f i r e b y fr i c t i o n ; a l o p ( n g i , k i p u ,

t a kan i (T) .

k�nge n

grass ( edible ) ;

ma k e a m i n r n g i , p o o p i n g i .

n am e .

kepol i K n

kia.

keng� K n

but t o c k s ;

yaka r t a .

i r k� i t a ,

keno� epeng� vp t o r i s e ( o f k n o t i n t r e e ) ; k e n oe n g e . kenoenge V t � r i s e � o f k n ot i n t r e e ) ; ke n o e e p e n g e . ke6wa (M? ) n keowape E n basket s ) . k�pa S n

amb6 .

kepa PT n

yo l o .

f o r e i g n e r ; kewa . vine ( u s e d for

wood - rott e n / dead ; m ammal - m ar s u p i a l ( 7 ) ;

c an e ( u s e d f o r t o r c h ) ;

k�ta k�ta adv

p i ng f .

s l i pp e r y ; ke l y a k e l y a

k�ta k�ta pingi v p t o b e s l i p ­ p e r y ; a n g a o wa ewae m a n d e n g � ,

b � u l a o n i p r n g i , ke l ya ke l ya p .i n g ,I .

k�ta K n

yumb r .

tree ( e dible seeds ) ;

k�ta konambi K np t r e e ( b a r k u s e d i n s i d e h ou s e s ) . k�ta pingi vp t o c o ok i n g r o un d , oven ; y a w e n g e . keta pingi vp t o p l a c e / r e p l a c e ( as s a c r e d st one s after r i t e s ) .

40

keta� loe

up , on t op o f ; a n d a p e ,

ki sa.

ketange K n

t on gue ; k e ke .

ketapimi v t o c o ok in g r ound oven ( ? ) . ketatange K n h i p bone . k�t6 adj

b o n e - p e lv i c ,

hard , s t ron g ; k y o t o ,

pupu , tup r .

t o s ew ( up ) ; t a m b 6 m b e n g e ,

t am b u n g f .

kii singi 1 vp t o avo i d t e r r i t o ry o f s l ai n e nemy ; k i f y u u s f ng i ,

k u a a ka t e n g e .

kii s ing i 2 vp

hou s e ( ab an d o n e d ) .

kii yuu s ingi vp h ou s e ( ab an ­ doned ) ; k i f s f n g i , k u a a ka t e n g e . kii K n

c l aw s , n a i l s ; k i n d u p a .

k�t6 inj ingi vp t o b e /b e c om e strong ; p u pu l e n ge , s i s o t 6 �o

kii pingi vp t o s � l i t ( w i t h grain ) ; l an g u i n g l , t i k i l ya

k�wa adj b e l t - n a t i v e ( 7 ) , wh i t e ; k a p o , w a n g i t u .

kii-momangame pingi vp with fist .

k�wa lapae a t

wh i t e ; k a p o , k y 6 a

kiiya kauu leng� vp t o rumb l e ( o f s t om a c h ) ; k y u k u l e n g e ,

k�wa leng� vp

t o b e wh i t e .

l enge .

l a p a e , ky60 l a pae .

kewa K n

f o r e i gn e r ; kyowa

end a k a I i .

kewana pingi vp t o f i l l up ( w i t h l i qui d ) . k i a K n t or c h , c an e ( u s e d for t orches ) ; k e n d o l f , kepo l f ,

k i a kay6 , k i pa l i .

k i a kay6 K np c an e ( u s e d f o r torche s ) ; kendo l f , k i a , k i pa l i . k iakape n

y am .

kiakia PT n

p i ng i .

to hit

� I l i �a l u l enge .

ki iyongo pingi vp h a n d t o c om e . kili leng� vp birds ) .

to beckon with

t o c arry away ( o f

kili ( a ) kalii n or ri nging .

s ou n d - b an g i n g

kilikili loe e dg e , out s i d e , s p a c e out s i d e ; n e t e s a . k i l imba kalimba sambapae a t b r i ght ly c o l ou r e d / de s i gn e d ;

komb i l y a k a m b i l y a .

b i r d - h awk .

ki lipini adj

burn e d ( 7 ) .

ki angapu n s p i n a c h ( Ru n g i a klos s i i ) .

ki litolo leng� vp t o g r i n d t e et h t og e t he r ; n e n g e k i t a k a t o l e n g e .

k ! ango ping! v p t o b e c k on ( w i t h hand t o come) .

kilitulo lenge vp t o g r i n d / c l i c k ( t eeth together ) ; k i t a k a t 6

*kii S n

key .

k i f lyanya nep�nge v p of f . kii neng� vp

t e n ge .

kif nyingi vp by h an d . kii pingi vp

t o strip

t o b e cold ; manda t o t ake and l e ad t o m en d , t o p at c h ,

l en ge .

*ki 16ko S n ki lya K n

c l o c k , w at c h ; k 6 1 o k o . pur l i n s .

k i lya kandeng� vp t o look a s k an c e / d i s d a i n fu l l y . kilyomba pingi vp gesture of c o nt empt ( b e n t m i dd l e f i n g e r over index finger ) .

41

kilyomba S n n e c k l a c e - c o wr i e shells ; mako . kimbakimba paenge vp t o c l imb up ( c l i f f - f a c e on footholds ) , t o w a l k o n t i p t o e ( s t e a l t h i ly ) . k !mbu p!ngi vp t o pay b a c k , t o r e v e ng e ; a 1 6 p i n g f . k!mbu s !ngi vp t o s i ng at c ou r t i n g p ar t y . k !mbu K n

kimbume pingi vp t o s t re t c h , t o bend ; t r t f l en ge .

t o k i c k ( with

kimbut!ti pingi vp t o f a l l a s l e e p ( o f a l i mb ) ; m a t u r n g i . k!mia n

fist .

k!muk!mu S n

leprosy ; a r p � , kope t a l i , l a i naman d a , t a l ep6 , t a pa .

kina S n

kindona K n t r e e - u s e d f o r c lu b s ( Sy z y g i um ) ; k i n d o l e ,

k i nJ 6ne .

k!ndu l LY n p l a n t ( e d i bl e g r ow s o n b ar k ) . k!ndu2 K n

t r e e ( Xa n t h omy rt u s ) ;

p i p i (L) .

leg ; m6k6 .

kimbutia p!ngi vp l e g o r f o ot ) .

s l au ght e r p i g s ) , c lub ; k i n d o n a .

smoke , c i g a r et t e ; c o a l s ;

kena , kena r , m 6 t r .

kindu ping! vp t o s c r a t c h s . o . t o g e t at t e n t i o n ( a s a s i g n o f s . t . t o b e d o n e s e c r e t ly ) ;

k i nd6pa m i n fng i .

kindu ping! vp

s e c re t ly - t o d o ;

e l ya kao , e l ya kao l e n g e .

kindupa K n c l aw , f i n g e r n ai l , t oenai l , hoof ; k i i . kindupa min!ngi vp t o p i n c h , t o s c r at c h ; k i n d 6 p i n g f . kinduta K n

star ; b6i , b6 i .

kinduta

frost , s leet ; E n ka l ap i ta , p l p l p i ng i , tandake , t a n d a ke k a p a .

kinae S n

ashe s , c oals ; kena f ,

k induta p!ngi vp t o f r o s t / s l e et , t o h a i l ; p i p i p i n g i , t a n d a ke

kina! S n

a s he s ; k e n a f , k i n a e ,

k!ngi K n

k i na r , l y�nga , pete . l yanga , pete .

kinalUmbi K np kinambu K n

moss ; k i n ap i t i .

unmar r i e d , b a c h e l o r ;

k a t a p a e , k i n am b6 1 r , p i d pae , p i t i pue , p u t u .

kinambul! K n b ac h e l o r ( m i d d l e ­ a g e d a n d u n d e s i r ab l e ) , rubb i s h . . m an , u n d e r de v e l o p e d ; I p l p l n g l , ,

ka t a pae , k i n am b u , p i t f pae , p i t i p u e , p u t u , s 6m b 6 .

kinap! ti K n

mo s s ; kama l um b i ,

k i n a 1 6mb i , k u t i n i pepe .

.

( kapa) .

h a n d , arm .

k!ngi kondenge K n p' t humb , finger ; konde , mange . k!ngi ny!ngi vp

k!ngi pong6pae n

arm - d e f o rme d ;

k!ngi saa p i ! np hands .

t o t al k w i t h

t a l yan g a .

k!ngi tolae np han d - r i ght ( o r o n e wh i c h d o e s w o r k ) ; s a k a e .

k!ndaenge (M) n

l a s t p ar t .

k!ngi t6 1e PT np at w r i s t .

kindi ma!ngi vp d i s t r i b ut e .

t o c ou n t a n d

*king i l ! s a n

kindingi v kindole K n

t o s qu e e z e ( dry ) . tree ( used to

t o s h ak e h a n d s ;

s e k i a n a , s r k i a ne .

bracelet worn

s w e at e r - m an ' s .

king i lyaka K n

p r i s on e r .

kini inj ingi vp ' t o c ome o f a g e ;

ang f i nj fng i .

42 k in! e x a Z

ye s , t r u e .

by f r i c t i on ) ; kep6 m i n f n g i .

kin!ng i e x a Z y e s , t ru e ( emphat i c ) .

kipu lenge vp t o t hu n d e r ; mu l u m� l u l e n g e , t 6 k 6 l e n g e .

kin!ng i daa e x a Z not .

kipu ny!ngi vp person .

ab s o lut e ly

kinj !ngi v t o s qu e e z e out , t o w r i n g out ( w i t h h an d s ) . kinj ipe ( L ) adj

two .

kin j 6ne K n t r e e - w o o d u s e d f o r p i g - k i l l i n g c lub s ( F i c u s ) ;

k i n don a .

*k! � i K n

ame n .

kiokio PT n b i r d - wh i t e w i t h l o ng n e c k . k!pa kaenge vp t o l i k e / love ( i n a n imat e s ( ? ) ) ; a u � k a e n g J ,

k f pa p i n g f .

k!pa ping! vp t o l i k e / love ( i n a n i m at e s ( ? ) ) ; a u � k a e n g e ,

k fpa kaen ge .

Kipa! S n

b o n e o f u pp e r arm .

-kisa part t o ( * ) J t ow � r d ( * ) , up on ( * ) ; - k a n d a o , - l a o . *K!sa n

n am e - m an ' s :

kisa Z o a

Ke i th .

up , u pp e r , on t op o f ;

a n d � pe , ke t a e .

king .

k!nyaka e x a Z

kipyanga PL n

s e xu a l ly b a d

n ame - p l ac e .

kisa s!ngi/setenge vp

t o accu s e .

kis!ngi v t o g o up , t o a s c e n d , t o c l imb . kitakat6 lenge vp t o g r i n d ( t eeth ) ; k i l i t u l o l e n g e . kitama n

m o rn i n g ; k i t a p � me .

kitambu PT n b r a c e l e t ( w orn ab ove e l b ow ) . kitapame n

m o rn i n g ; k i t � m a .

kipal! K n t o r c h ( m ade o f c an e ) , c an e ; k e n d o H , k i � , k i � k a y 6 .

kitik!ti min!ngi vp t o c l o s e d o o r w i t h a b a rr i e r o f w o o d and r o p e to l o c k i t ; d � l i l e n g e ,

k!pi PL n h e art , b a c k - b e h i n d h e art ; m 6 n a , y a m � l l , y a m a p a ,

*kitikit!

y a m a, p u .

k!pi yok6 PL np kipi palu adv m06 l � o . Kipin! K n K i p in i .

lung ( 1 ) . s l owly ; m o n o p a l u ,

n am e - man ' s :

l an d f p i n g f .

p ,i n g .I

c r i c k e t g am e ; p u s a

.

kit!ngi v

to build a fire .

*Kit! samasa n

C h r i s tm a s .

*Kit! sene KP n

C hr i s t i an .

*Kit!sosa K n

Chri st ; K i t i s 6 s a .

*Kitis6sa K n

Chri st ; K i t f s o s a .

k !ponge nenge vp t o s w a l l ow s aliva ; k i pongo i n e n ge .

kit6mende adj

f ou r , fourt h ;

kipongoi nen�e vp ; 0 s � a l l o w , t o gulp ; g o e l e n g e , k l Pon g e

kitu palenge vp s c ab i e s ( o f pigs ) ; l ak� p i ng f/pa l engJ , meke

k!pu K n cl ing .

kitUmende adj

kipiondu ( K ) n

tree .

nenge .

kipu n

f e n c e - l ar g e e n c i r ­ s t i c k ( for making fire

k i t u me n d e .

pa l en ge .

k l t 6m e n d e .

f o u r , fourt h ;

kitutu ny!ngi vp

du l i l enge .

t o wrap a r o un d ;

43

koe lenge vp t o wh i s t l e t h r ou g h t e e t h ( s i g n al g i v e n a s appro a c h ­ i n g f r i e n d ' s h ou s e ) ; ko l a a

l e n ge .

koe pingi vp p i n9 ( .

t o f i n i sh ; koya

k6ee lenge vp Koemale S n K o i m al e . koenge v

wh i s t l e . n ame - p l a c e :

t o b e ru i ne d /b a d ; a p r

p i n g f , b a k a t a p 6 l e n g e , ko6 p i ng f .

koepi K

c an e - p i t p i t ; k a n d u ,

n

I i w� nd u .

k6ka PT n

g i n g e r ; a l a mo , f t �

m�i .

kokalya PT n

c ockroach ;

a n d a l on gon a , pu l y a p6 l ya .

k6ki adj

l i t t l e , s m al l ; k o l e ,

k6ko l o a

i n s i de J i n n e r ;

ko6 , k 6 k i .

a n d a ko t e , p�n g o .

k6ko penge vp g o i n s i de .

t o be deep , t o

kok6 tenge vp t o s w e l l up ( f rom a l l e r gy /bump ) . koko PT n

yu

, .

I .

*kokonasa K c o c onut .

r at ; k o n a i y a , s � n i , n

c o c onut , t r e e -

*kokonasa mandi np c o c o nut l e av e s .

b asket of

kokoto ping i vp t o s t r i p t r e e o f b r a n c h e s a n d l e av e o n l y t op . k6la l P L n k6la2 K

kO l o .

n

kolalyingi v out o f .

t o l e av e , t o c om e

kolapali K n

c an e - s u g a r .

kolapanali lenge vp t o s h r i n k f r om d ry i n g ( wo o d / s e e d s ) . kole a dj

s m al l , l i t t le ; k o k i , k o l f , koo , k 6 k i , y a k a n e , y a k a n 6 ku .

Kole Satita n

S at u r d ay ; S a t ( t � .

kole lenge vp

t o d i v i de .

K6lemene n

mous e .

kokali K n

kolaa lenge vp wh i s t l e ( t h r ough t e e t h ? ) ; koe l e n g e , yope l e n g e .

s w e e t pot at o . c an e - l a r g e s o l i d ,

kolenge v

n am e - m an ' s ; C o l e m a n . t o put t hr ou gh a h o l e .

kolepa n s t i c k ( s h o r t ) u s e d t o f l at t e n g r a s s ; k u l y e p a , p a p u

I eke .

k6li PL n

bone ; k6 l r .

kolia

. rain ; a l yu u .

E

n

kolia S n

,

v e g et ab l e :

a fwa , a p u .

k6lo 1 PT n k6lo 2 K n

ko I a .

b i rd . c an e ( S e t a r i a s p . ) ;

kolo pingi vp

l enge ak� 1 i .

*k6loko S n

m ag i c ; p y a p a e

c l o c k , w at c h ; k i l o ko .

kolok61a K n

c o r dy l i n e .

ko16ko16 py60 penge vp w i t h h e ad down . kolondenge

spinach ;

V

t o walk

to enter .

kolyepa S n c lub ( s h or t - u s e d for killing pigs ) . komaepa PT n m amm a l - t r e e k an g ar o o ( ? ) ; a n d a ke a k a l i ,

a n d e � p a , koma i p a , t a k i p i .

k6la pingi akali K vp m ag i c i an ­ m ah o g any s t i c k e n c h ant e r .

komaipa PT n mamm al - t r e e kangaroo ( ? ) ; komae pa .

k6la pyao tapakana pingi vp m ag i c - t r e at m e n t for l e p r o s y .

*komani ph t o e x h o rt s ay i n g ' c ome o n ' ; a t f y a p a , k a m a n i .

44

komau S n

l i z ar d .

komau K n t r e e ( b ar k u s e d f o r b ag s a n d w i g n e t s ) ; k a w a y a ,

kota l e .

k6mba S n

s p i n ac h .

v e g e t ab l e :

komba p!ngi v p t o s h e d s k i n , t o m e t amo rpho s e ; t o s t ay a l i v e . kombalyo K n

e y e b r ow .

kombaly6 K n

e y e l i d ; kom b a l I .

kombane E n *komban! i K n *kombano K n

,

c omp any , bu s i n e s s ;

komb� n o .

bus i n e s s ; kom b a n ( l .

s c ar ; h o l e ( i n k6mbe PL n c l ot h e s ) ; m � k I , m � m b � , m � m b �

p ( n g l , p a ke l y o s l n g l .

kombea n

d r e am .

kombea ping! vp

t o d r e am .

ka l l mba s amb�pae . l epang� l � f d .

c omm i t t e e -m a n ;

kom e n � s a , kome t f l , k om i n d f a , kom I t f i n i .

*komit!ini K n

e y e b r ow ;

k6mbenge v t o p u l l out ( an d s e t a s i de ( ? ) )

c omm i t t e e -m an ;

komen � s a , kome t f i , k om i n d f a , kom i t f i .

r at , m ou s e ; k o n � l y a .

konaiya PT n

r at , m o u s e ; k o k o ,

kon� l , s�n i , y� i .

konambi n

wall , shi eld ; kopa ,

k6nda K n

b a n an a ; a n g a t o , s a e .

kopo .

k6nda ping! vp t o a d d ont o , t o gathe r ; m � u p i n g f , p y � s i n g i . kondaka lao a dv

s l owly ; k o n d a k a o , moo l � o , p a l f m a p a l f m a , s em � s em� .

kondakao adv

stripe d , komb� lya kamb�lya adj g a i ly d e s i gn e d ; k l l I m b a komb� ly6 It! K np

*komi t ! i K n

konai PT n

ra�n ; a l Y u u . .

.

kome n a s a , kome t f l , kom l t ( l , k om I t f i n I .

s l owly , c ar e fu l ly ;

k o n d a k a l a o , moo l � o , p a l ( m a p a 1 ( m a , s em � s e m � .

konde l S n

shi lling ; ka n a , kana k � l ( , m � n ( , m � n ( k � l ( , s l l f !) i .

f i ng e r , t o e , f i n g e r kond� 2 K n little ; k fn g i kon d e n ge , m � n ge

(?)

•

•

komb�nge v kom� n

kond� 3 K n k e r n e l , p an d anus nut ( i n d i v i du al ) ; � n g ( , f m b u .

t o b r e ak .

s h o o t from p a r e n t s t em .

kond� yuko adv

s t ut t e r .

kom� epeng� vp t o p our f o r t h ( fr om a s p o ut ( 7 » .

konden �e ( L ) v

to di e ; kum fng i ,

kom� kome lakenge vp t o op e r at e ( pre-hospital style ) .

kondenge v t o t ak e d own s . t . t h at i s h an g i n g .

kom� p!ngi vp t o s p r out s h o ot up ; ( m b u p l n g f .

konding! PL n

*komenasa K n

. .

to

c omm i t t e e ( 7 ) ;

kome t ( l , k om l n d ( a , kom l t ( l , kom l d l n l .

*komet!i K n

c omm i t t e e -man ;

kom e n � s a , k om l n d ( a , kom l t f l , kom I t ( I n I .

*komind! a K n

c omm i t t e e -man ;

l e m b e l e n g e, .

womb .

k6ndo ping! vp t o b e d i f f i cu l t / h e avy ; k e n d a p l n g f . k6nd6 n

p i ty , m e r c y .

k6nd6 kaeng�/leng� v p t o h ave p i t y /me r cy ; k o n d o e n g e , p a p a y a

1 enge .

kondo�nge v

m e r c y - t o h av e ;

kondo kaenge / l enge .

45

kone KP n

E u r op e an , r e d ; a p & e , k a n g i o , k a n gwu fya , l ya t �n g e , t a n j e ma p ( p a e .

gove rnment *kone keapo K np o f f i c e r - E u r ope an . kone rnakenge vp

to snore ;

k u l umu n d u l en ge , k � u l e n g e .

kone K n

t r ap , s n ar e , n o o s e ;

i p a f , k a po , p a n d u .

kone rnakenge vp

t o t r ap ; p a n d u , p a n d u s ( n g i , y� i m a k e n g e , y � I i p i ng f .

kongali S n m e an i n g ) .

s i gn ( w i t h s p e c i al

kongali kalai np act having s p e c i a l m e an i n g . konga l i p i ! np kongapu l PL n

kungapu .

kongapu2 adv konge n

p r o v e rb , p ar ab l e . t e n do n , v e i n ; u r g en t ly .

p o i s on .

kongerna K n t r e e ( u s e d f o r t h r o w i ng s t i c k ) ; s t i c k ; k u l e p a . kongo pyOlo PT n

b i r d - small .

kon j a S n t h o n g s ( o f wh i p ) ; w h i p , swi t ch ; konj ame p ( n g i , k u n j a ,

kun j e .

kon j a S n kon j a PL n

l yakapu .

b a l l ; ko s a . yam ; a m � , ko t a

kon j ala naenge vp u n qu e n c h ab l e .

t o b e undy i n g /

konornaa PL n kOO l adj

s w e e t p o t at o .

b a d , e vi l , s i n ful ;

koo p i n 9 ( .

koo2 adj

sma l l , l i t t l e ; k o k i , ko l e , k � k i , l om b o , y a k a n e , yakan �ku .

koo 3 part

v e ry ( * i nt e n s i v e ) .

koo kana np

s e a s on ( w e t / r a i n y ) .

koo kunanya nepenge p h forgive s in s .

t o e r as e /

koo lame lenge vp t o d e s p i s e , t o t r e at w i t h c on t empt . koo mende yanu p!ngi ph

( t i ng i yanu p ( ng i .

koo napyepape lenge ph m on i sh .

t o ave n g e ; t o ad­

koo p!ngi vp a r ou n d .

to be there , t o be

koo ping! v p

wrong - t o do .

koo yanu p!ngi p h a w r on g . kopa K n

kopo .

t o r e qu i t e f o r

wall , s h i e l d ; konamb i ,

kopa S (M) n

c l ou d , f o g ; m o l e (T) , mo l e p a n a , m U l u p a n a .

kopao l o o

n e ar ; p a k a o , t e n g e s a .

kopao l !ngi vp t o b e h i d d e n b y l e av e s ( o f a p an d anu s nut cluster ) ; bana . *kopatae kalai n p

c op r a w o r k .

Kopeaka n

n am e - p l a c e .

t o whip , t o

Kopeako n

n ame - p l a c e :

kon j e n a r r owp o i n t o f b a r b e d b ambo o .

kopenge v

t o s l e ep t o g e t h e r .

kon j ame pingi vp sw i t c h .

kon j ep!pi K n f l ow e r .

p l an t :

purple

kon j !ngi v t o c ut / b r e ak a c r o s s g r a i n ( w i t h kn i f e ( ? ) ) ; t o ext i n gu i s h ; k u n d ( n g i ,

pon gen ge .

Kapyoko .

kopeta adv

K op i a g o ;

b adly , w r o n g l y .

kopeta lenge vp i n a d e qu at e l y .

t o s p e ak b a d l y /

kopeta ping! vp

wrong - t o do .

46

leprosy ; a r p� , k i m u k i m u , l a l n a ma n d a , l e p a n d f i , t a l � p6 , t � p � .

kopetali n

*kopi i K n coffee .

k6te S n

k6teaka l ao adv e v e r y d ay , a l l t h e t i me ; g f i y a ka l a o , k o t 6 .

co ffee , tree -

kotena PL n

kopingi v t o e mb r a c e , t o c arry in arms ( a s i n fant ) . kopio nene pingi vp

t o wre s t l e ;

bo6 m� l e p i n g i , nepo p i n g f .

k6po lenge vp t o f a l l down , t o d e s c e n d ; I i f p ( n g i , ma n g � n g e . k6p6 K n

k6pa .

s h i e l d , w al l ; kon a m b i ,

Kop6na l o a n ame - p l a c e ( n e a r Y at am an d a ) . kopotema K n c an e ( u s e d f o r h ou s e i n s u l at i on ) ; k o p o t 6ma . kopot6ma PL n i n s u l at i on ­ p i t p i t u s e d for house walls ;

k o po t � m a .

*k6sa S n

c ou r t o f l aw ; k 6 t e .

*k6sa lenge vp c ou r t . *ko s a S n

s t e e p , moun t a i n s i de .

t o l i t i g at e /

b al l ; k o n j a , p u s a .

y am ; ko t a .

kotena K ( T ) n k6to adv

i n s i de .

k6to lenge vp k6t6 1 adj

muc h , many ; 1 6 n g 6 ,

k6t62 K n

tree ( red s e e d s / fruit ) .

p i t a ka .

kot6 1 n

h o l i d ay , r e s t ; i m a m b � .

kot6 2 adv

eve ry d ay , a l l t h e t im e ;

d e e , k 6 t e , k6 t e a k a l a o .

kot6 katenge vp

i ma m b u n y ( n g i .

koto pingi vp

kota P L n

kota lyakapu PL n

kon j a .

p i ng r .

,

y am ; a m u ,

kotaka adv d ay t i m e ; g r e e t i n g : g o o d d ay .

to wrinkle ( o f

t o f i n i s h ; ko� ru i n .

Koy6mo n n ame - T o l e n am p e o p l e c al l L a i a g am a n d S i runk i p e o p l e . kua epenge vp

y am ; ko t e n a .

i .

k6ya K adj h a n d - l e ft ( on e t h at d o e s n ot do w o r k ) .

koyasingi v

t o make c ourt

magi c - b l ac k ;

kotopalu lenge vp i n an imat e s ) .

kosee lenge vp *k6s imi lenge vp against .

t o t ak e a b r e ak ;

b oo boo p i n g i a k a l

koya pingi vp

t o c ough ; k 6 t o

t o c ou g h ; k o s e e

l eng� .

*kosa pingi vp t o p l ay / k i c k b al l ; p u s a p f n g i .

l eng� .

dog ; amba f p u .

t o c l ou d up / d ar k e n .

kua lepelepe adv

t w i l i ght .

kuaa katenge vp t o be ab an don e d ( of a house ) ; k i ( s f n g i , k i f

y u u, s ,l n g .l .

kotale K n t r e e ( b ar k u s e d f o r s t r i n g , w i g c ov e r ) ; kom a u .

kuaa kuaa poke poke ph m ag i c t al k o f s p i r i t woman ( " I want to e at p e o p l e " ) .

k6te l adv

kuaka adv

*k6te 2 n

day ; k o t 6 . c ourt o f l aw ; k6 s a .

k6te lyalyo mange lyalu ph f ab l e - op e n i n g ( " On c e upon a t im e " ) .

kuakarna adv

y e s t e r day . n i ght , eve n i n g ;

a n d a t o m b e , k u k a , k � k u a , k u k � ma , n a, .l s a .

47

tWi lIght ; E adv k um a m b a o , k u t a , k u t a k u t a , o, l e l eng� .

kuana kuana

kuanakuana ( T ) a dv l at e ; k 6 l u m u n a .

afternoon ­

s k i rt - woman ' s g r a s s / kuata K n re e d ; e n d aka i p u , k 6 t a , l a ka i y a ,

yam i nange .

kuee pingi vp

t o be c om p l e t e ;

e t�nge .

*kue s ini n

qu e s t i o n .

kueta katenge vp t o b e ab a n ­ d o n e d ( o f hou s e s ) ; k u a a

kateng� .

kuewak i PT n

quai l ; k y e w a k i ,

kyoak i .

kui i lenge vp

t o b e humb l e .

kuiyetea n kuka l

E

sunset .

a dv

n i ght ; k u a k a ma , k u k � ,

k6kua , kuk 6ma .

kuka2 K n

h a i r o f c o rn ; k u k 6 .

kukea 5 n

s w amp .

kuki adj

sma l l , l i t t l e ; k6 k i , ko l � , ko6 , k u k i l y a m o ( T ) , l a m a , yakan� .

kuki angi l i inj ingi ph cence . kuk i lyamo ( T ) a dv

l ama .

(5) n

kuku )

ad o l e s ­

s om e ; k 6 k i ,

trash , chip ; kun g6ma ,

kun uma , t u u .

kuku2 K n

ha i r - c o rn ; a n g a t u ,

kuka .

n i gh ; ' d a r k n ; s s ;

kuii lenge l vp t o b e n d s i de ­ ways ; l am b o l e n g � .

kukua

kuii lenge 2 vp (7)

n i ght ; g r e e t i n g : kukuma E adv g o o d n i ght ; a n d a t o m b e , k u a k a m a ,

t o gulp n o i s i ly

•

kui iyo PT n b i r d ( c a l l i s g h o s t ' s omen ) ; k u i y a wa n a . kuima K n

b am b o o ( g r ow s w i l d ) .

kuingi ) v

t o line ( a hole ) ;

l yu6 p i ng f .

adv

E

a n d a t om b e , k u a k a m a, , k u k a , k u k u m a .

kuka , k6kua , n a i sa .

kul ape K n h ou s e ( l e a n - t o i n g a r d e n ) ; i m u n d u , ka t a k a t a a n d a ,

n i ma n d a , n i mo n d o , n o m o n d o .

kulapu K n h ou s e ( l e an - t o i n garden ) ; k a t a k a t a a n d a .

kuing i 2 V t o s p r e a d out / o v e r ( of vines ) ; yu ku i n g i .

kulepa K n

kuingi a

kul i

t o b e c ome d a r k ; .I m l n J. l � n g .l . .

,

kuingi v

t o go s t r a i ght d ow n .

*kuini PT n kuipa

E

n

que e n . vine /bush ( 7 ) .

t r e e ( u s e d f o r c lu b s ) ;

ko n g e ma .

,

. ,

r a i n ; a ,l wa , a l y u u , a p u ,

n

E

kea I i , ku I i a .

kuli kaenge vp

t o be stubborn ;

n o n g 6 p (n g i , t u mb i t 6 m b t p i n g f , tuu p l ng f .

ku li kamb i lyo PT np

kamb ( l yo .

butt e r fly ;

e x c l amat i o n o f kuipali e x c l s u r p r i s e ; k a n a u , wa e p u l u ,

kul! PL n

b on e ; k6 1 (

kuiya PT n

kuli PL n nut ) .

s h e l l ( o f p an d anus

wo i p 6 1 6 .

kuiya 5 n

b ird - little . e ar t h w o rm .

kuiyawana PT n b i r d - s m a l l b r ow n ( c al l i s g h o s t ' s om e n ) ; ku i i y o .

,

kulia

E

n

.

,

rain ; a i y6 u , apu , ku I I .

kul imbenge v

t o s l i p d own ;

l oka l l n g i , l op a l y i n g i , mang�nge .

48

kulimb!ngi v

t o s p i l l o ut .

kUl!ngi palenge vp dy s e n t e ry ­ t o h av e ; i n g i n y a p a l e n g e . kulu lenge vp s ound o f f i r e ( r o ar s ) / w at e r ( ru s h e s ) ;

i tate �u l enge , l ungu tenge .

kulukulu adv

t w i l i gh t ;

a l e a k � n a , a l e ma n d i , k � l u m u n a .

kululu

f l u t e - b amb o o ;

n

a l ow a k e ( T ) , p u p i .

kulumuna adv

aft e r n o o n - l at e ;

a I e a k � n a , a I e ma n d i (T) , ku l a ku l a .

kulumundu lenge vp

,

kuanakuana

t o s n ore ;

kone makenge , k�u l enge , I) a a l a t a l e n g e .

s t i c k ( us e d t o kulyepa S n f l at t e n g r a s s ) ; ko l e p a , p a p u

l eke .

kumambao adv

kuan a .

kdmanda

n

t w i l i ght ; k u a n a

house for dead .

kdmanda ping! vp t o r e t urn c o o k e d p i g after buri al . kum�pae tup! singi vp dead . kumbakUmba KP adj

to be

d i rty ( 7 ) ;

k a i ma l a .

kumba16 K adj w i l d ( o f p i g s ) ; kapua , de I enge . kumbu S

n

oven - g r o un d .

kUmbu ping! vp t o c o ve r , t o s e al e ar t h ove n ; a n d u p i n g f . kumbu ny!ngi vp

s h ade , s h adow ;

l orn a l e n g e , l u m b a l e n g e l ny fng i .

kumbu p!ngi vp s in g s i ng .

t o s t art a

kumbukUmbu K adj rot , r u s t , mi ldew ( 7 ) ; pe l y a i . kumbutitu pingi vp

t o b e numb ;

m a t � n g i , mokot f t i p i n g f .

kdm! adj mu c h /many ( h a s b a d c o n n o t at i on ) ; l o n g o , y a m a . *kum!a S n sponge , e r as e r , rubb e r , p l a s t i c ; g u m f i . kum!ngi v

t o die , t o be s ick ;

k o n d e n g e , l a p u f n g i , l em b e l e n g e , ya l na p l ng l . "

,

.

kuming! v t o r o l l s t r i n g o n t h i g h ; f d p i n g i , wa l e p i n g i . kumu K

tree .

n

kun� K n n ave l ( ar e a a n d up t o chest ) ; i n g f . Kunal!ni

n

n am e - t r i b e .

kun�ny� nepenge vp t o c l e an o f f , t o rub o ut ; k u n e n g e . kunao nepenge vp

t o dry o ff .

kunao ny!ngi vp m ag i c - rub p i g s b e fore k i l l i n � t h em ; k a e l ao

n y f ng i , kao l ao ny fng i .

kunau a dj

d i rt , d i rt y ; k a i ma l a .

kundaka PT n mammal - m a r s u p i al ( 7 ) ; ma l e p a . kundakali PT n m amma l : tree kangaroo ( ? ) ; a n d e a p a , ma l e pa . Kund�la

n am e - m an ' s .

n

kundenge pig.

V

t o remove e n t r a i l s o f

kundi lenge vp t o s a c r i f i c e , t o offer ; end a k f n e e ma fn g i . kund! adv

c ow a r d l y ( 7 ) .

kund! p!ngi vp

p fng i .

t o m i s s ; y a wa t a e

kund!ngi V t o c ut ( o f f ) a c r o s s g r a i n , t o ext i n gu i s h ; k e p e n g e ,

konj fn g i .

kundukali PT n m ammal - t r e e k an g ar o o ( 7 ) ; a n d e a p a . kungapu K n v e i n , s i n e w s ; l i ga­ m e nt s ; k o n g a p u . kungu l K n string ) .

t r e e , v i n e ( us e d f o r

49 kungu2 S n

r i dg e ; p o ko .

kungnma S n

d i r t , dust , t r a s h ;

kuku , k u n g uma kang�mup i , . . k u n � u' ma k a n g u' ma , k u n u m a , n l n l , n i n u m a , p o t 6m a .

kupenge v

t o h o l d i n arms ;

k u p i ma n gu e n g e , k u p i n y i n g i .

kupi K n t r e e - b r e a d - fru i t ( F i c u s d amm a r op s i s ) ; k a u m � ,

k U u p i , t o ka k a , y a k a t i .

kunguma kangamupi np rubb i s h ­ a l l k i n d s o f ; k u n g u ma , k u n g u m a

kupi d i i lenge v p � o p l ay w i t h t r e e f r u i t l i k e a t op .

kunguma kangnma S np

kupi K n t r e e ( u s e d t o make b l a c k p alm a r r o w s ) .

k a n g u m a , k u n uma , n i n i , n i n u ma . t r ash ;

k u n g u m a , k u n g u ma k a n g � mu p i , k u n u m a , n i n i , n i n u ma .

kungutine K n s o o t ( l e ft o n i n s i de o f r o o f ) ; a n d a e p u ,

andeapu .

kun! l S n

s omet h i n g i n eye ;

a f p f , kunu .

kun! 2 n

c an e ( S a c c h a r um e du l e ) .

kun! S n

kun! ipa E np r i v e r c ar r y i n g d e b r i s a n d t op s o i l ; k u n f

end�k f .

kun! miningi vp t o l e v e l mound f o r p l ant i n g ; I y a n d i n g i .

n e p e n ge .

t o c l e an ; k u n � n y �

kun j a PL n y ams ( g e n e r i c ) ; k 6 n j � eM) . kun j u puna mendai adj

p rp i t i .

kunu S n

f i ft y ;

s om e t h i n g i n eye ; k u n f .

kunnma S n l a n d - f e rt i l e ; t rash ; k u k u , k u n g uma , kun guma

k a n g � m u p i , k u n g u m a k a n g u ma , n i n i , n i n f ma ..

kunungu n

y a pe t a .

rain s h i e ld ; t u l t ,

kupa pingi vp

papat6 p i ng f .

t o be c old ;

kupapu n

blood ; t a i y6ko , t a n j ema , t a t �ma , y06 .

kupapu pipae s t

red ; t a i y6ko p f pae , t a n j ema p r pae .

g h o s t ; t a l e po .

kupi ama K n t r e e ( C a s u ar i n a o l i g o d on ) ; y a n d � l e , y a w a l e . kupimanguenge v

t o h o l d i n arms ;

kupenge , kup i ny i ng i .

kupinyingi v

t o h o l d i n arms ;

k u pe n g e , k u p i ma n g u e n g e .

kUpu

d i rt .

kun! endaki E np r i v e r c a r ry i n g d e b r i s an d t op s o i l ; k u n r r p a .

kuninge v

kupia K n

E

n

p l ant ( m i n t f l av o u r e d ) .

*kusakusa K n kusiti PT n

c l e rk . b i r d - s m al l .

kuta l K n r e e d - u s e d f o r women ' s apro n s / s k i rt s ( El e o c h ar i s s p h a c e l at a ) ; e n d a k a i p u , k u a t a ,

kuwa t � , l a k� i ya , yame n a n ge .

kuta2 S n s k i r t - woman ' s g r a s s / reed ; endaka i pu , kua t a , l aka i ya . kuta kapenge vp t o f l at t e n r e e d s ( t o make s k i rt ) . kuta n

dark ; k u a n a k u a n a .

kutaepa S n

pet e .

p on d ; e n d a k r p e t e ,

kutakuta adv

kuana kuana .

t w i l i ght , du s k ;

kutala penge vp

ul r a l u p i ng r .

t o forget ( ? ) ;

kutapapu P L n

w omb ; k u t a p u p u .

kutapupu PL n

womb ; k u t a p a p u .

kutingi v t o s e ar c h , t o l o o k for ; a u t f p f n g i , y a 1 6 p l n g f . kutinipepo S n

mo s s ; k a m a l u m b i ,

k i n ap i t i , yandapepe .

kutuma PT n

b i r d - owl .

50

*kutungusa lenge v p twi s t e d . kuu lenge vp

curved ,

t o snore ; kane

makenge , ku l umund u l enge .

kuu l�o lenge vp kuu K n kUup! K

t o s no rt / s nuf f .

t ar o ; p u l y a p a k a . n

t r e e ( b ark u s e d ) ;

kauma , kup f .

Kyong6 n ky60 n (7))

n ame - p l a c e . s p i r i t - e v i l ( b o g e y m an

•

ky60 kun j a

te l ya .

ky60 lapae a t ky60 t6ko np

b r i dg e t o h e av e n .

kyo6 ping! vp w at e r ) .

kuwingi v

ky6t6 adj

t o s t an d ( o f g r a s s e s ) ;

kyaa lenge vp t o s c r e am ( o f p i g s ) ; g a u , k a e 1 e n g e , I) Y U U

l en ge .

kyakaenge adj

i n s an e , s t up i d ;

k e k e n g e , k y a ke n g e , ma n g u i n g i , ta i l enge , t a l enge .

kyakenge v t o b e i n s a n e / i d i ot i c ; k y a k a e n g e . ky�nga K n

fern ; t a mbu .

kyangai K? ( L ) n s w e e t f l ag ( A c o r u s c a lumus ) ; s a n g a i . kyangal i n

s t i c k u s e d as c omb .

kyang�lo ee K np g ar d e n - s m a l l ( m an ' s ) ; k a s o l e p i n g l . kyangapundii n e y e b al l ) .

b i r d - b r ow n h awk .

kyemb6 K n

f o r k ( o f anyt h i n g ) ; b i r d - qua i l ;

kuewak i , kyoak i .

ky6a lapae a t

ky60 l ap a e .

kyo�ki PT n

kyokol!rni K

wh i t e ; kewa l a p a e ,

to deceive . n

ky6wa endak�li K np

kewa .

kyowae adj

foreigners ;

long/t all ( o f t r e e s ) ;

a n d a ke , l on d e .

kyu� PT n b i r d ( l o n g -n e c k e d , l o n g ­ l e g g e d m a r s h dwe l l i n g ) . kyuakyua PT n

bird.

kyuku K (M? ) n

b an an a .

kyuku lenge vp crash .

t o s ou n d o f t h u d /

kyuku lenge vp

t o rumb l e ; k i i y a

kauu l enge .

kyuu lenge vp c rash .

t o sound of thud/

L Lae n

n ame - r i v e r :

laembuingi v * l�ene L n

f l an k s ; m o t o l l .

Lae .

deep ( ? ) ; ya l Yu . l i n e , r ow ; m a k i m a k i .

* laene PT n

l i on .

l�enge l v t o b e f i n i s h e d / c om pleted ; e tenge , l eenge . laenge 2 v

qu a i l ; k y e w a k l .

kyokas ingi v

strong ; k e t o , p u p U .

t o p l ay

kyeke PT n

kyewaki PT n

t o t r i ckle ( of

c at a r a c t ( on

kyangauw�le ping! vp c at ' s c r a d l e .

paka .

w h it e ; k a p o , k e w a

l a pae , kyoa l a pae .

kuwata K n r e e d ( u s e d f o r s k i rt s ) ; k u d .

katenge .

c an e - r a t t an ;

np

E

* laike

n

lairna l K n

m ot i on . l i ke ; a u u k a e n g e . b i r d - c a s s owary .

51 laima2 K n c h amp i on ( l i t . ' c a s s ow a ry ' ) . laima anda K np c as s owary .

house for

lainamanda S n l e p r o s y ; a l p u ,

k i m u k i m u , k o p e t a l i , t a l e po , tapa .

la!ne p!ngi vp

t o brut al i z e .

laita ping! vp t o p ay l i ve p i g s t o m at e r n al k i n a f t e r d e at h ; b e d p f n g i . laitaka ping! vp

t o s h ow ;

. k a n d e n a l e ng e , l a i y a ka p i n g f , l a k f ta p i ng f , l a saka p i ng f , l a to p i n g : , l a tu p i n g r , makande .

la!ya lenge vp

t o qu a r r e l .

laiyaka ping! vp t o h o l d i n t ru s t f o r o rp h an ; 1 a i t a k a

p i ng : .

Laiyakama n

n am e - p l a c e .

laiyakol i S n

d rum ; l a i y a n e .

laiyane l S n

drum ; l a i y a k o l i .

laiyane 2 K n d r ums ) .

t r e e ( u s e d t o make

laka part want ( * de s i d e rat i v e s am e a c t or ) ; l a o , - l i , - n i . l aka ping!/palenge vp s c ab i e s ( o f p i�s ) ; k i t u p a l enge , meke

pa l enge .

laka ( K ) n

rain ; a i yuu .

l aka! lya K n Lakaipa n

c an e - s u g ar .

n am e - r i v e r : L a g a i p .

lakaiy a l K ( M) n s k i r t ( women ' s gra s s /ree d ) ; k u a t a , k u t a ,

y a me n a n g e .

Lakaiya 2 K n

n ame - m an ' s .

lakalaka K n

knee - back o f .

lakal60 anda K np ( g a r de n ) . lakalyingi V

h ou s e

t o s t r i p out e r b ark .

lakanda n c o c oo n ( u s e d i n m a g i c t o as sure a good b r i de pri c e ) ;

tak i .

lakanda n dr es s .

b a s e f o r fe at h e r h e ad­

lakandenge V

t o prai s e ; mambo

p : ng i .

lakane S n

c l ay ; l a k e a n e , nongeane , tongeane .

lakape K n

yam .

lakapo PL n lakeane n

testicles ;

,

I

p .l .

c l ay - y e l l o w or b l u e ;

l a kane , nongeane , tongea ne .

lakenge V t o b r e ak , t o b e n d , t o fold over ; l y a n g e n g e . * laki i lenge vp t o p l ay c ar d s / l u c ky / g amb l e ; k a s a l e n g e . lak i l aki K n

t re e .

laking! V t o b r e ak up , t o t e a r down , t o s m a s h . Lakini n

n ame - l i n e .

lakipame PT n

b i r d - h awk .

lak!ta ping! vp

t o show ; l a i t a ka p i n g f , l a s a ka p i n g f , l a t o p i n g : , l atu p i n g : '

l!ko K ( T ) n laku n

c o r dy l i n e ; k a l y a .

w i s h , t h ou ght .

Lakua n

n ame - p l ac e .

lakua l n

p a r a s i t e g r o wt h .

Lakua2 n

n ame - man .

lakuing! V lakung! V

t o c ou r t / w o o ; t o c ou r t / w o o ;

lalua nepenge vp l alyingi V

l a kung f . l aku i n g : .

t o f or c e o p e n .

t o prai s e /hono r .

lalyo ( P ? ) n rumo r , go s s i p , t a l k ( w i d e s p r e a d , f av ou r ab l e ) . lama l

(ML) adj

k u k i l y a m o (T) .

s om e ; k u k i , k u k i ,

52

lamaz S n

l e v e l g r oun d , p l a i n ;

dp� .

* l ama a S n

l amp ; i d t e k a l ( p a e , l amba , t a l u i t a , t � l u k i a .

lama ping! vp pigs ) .

t o m at u r e ( o f

lama S n s t i c k ( di g g i n g / garden ing ) ; ya t i . lama p!ngi vp t o t ame ( o f p i g s ) ; t o be root e d / s t r ong . lamai lamai ping ! vp t o r e p o rt . lama!ngi

t o go s s i p ,

t o t e l l ( ex c lu s i v e ) .

V

'l amanda S n

m o o n , month ; e k e , wa t e .

ka n a , l i mae ,

l amanga singi vp t o g e t h e r ( ? ) , with ( 7 ) ; awa pa , to l e . larnba pingi vp t o cut /b r e ak with grain ; p a t a p f n g i . larnba lenge vp t o s p e ak s ar ­ c a s t i c al l y , t o a r gu e / qu a r r e l . * larnba S n

l amp ; l a ma .

larnbenge l v larnbenge z

e v e n - t emp e r e d .

eM) v

i m i nj fng i .

t o s h ad e ;

landepu pingi vp

t o t i e / b i n d up ;

buane p i ng i , bu i n g f , l a nd t p i n g t , yak f p i ng ( .

landi pingi vp

t o t i e /b i n d u p ;

buane p i ng i , bu i ng f , k i t i k ft i m i n fng i , l andep& p i n g r , l ango p i ng f , yak f p i ng f , yanj i p i ng f .

Lanemanda S n langa n

n am e - p l ac e .

c oal - glowing ;

l �nga , i ta l anga .

fd

langa pingi 1 vp

t o b r e ak .

langa pingi z vp

f i r e - t o b l ow .

langa K n

t r e e / s h rub ( S au r au i a ) .

langa lenge vp t o g r o w , t o I? p r out f o r t h ; a n d e n g e , b a l o

p a, l. e n g � , ( m b u p i n g f , p o k o l e n g � ,

5 I I

•

langalu K n

f o r e h e a d ; e n om b a ,

enonge , enopa .

l angalu kumingi vp t o r e g i s t e r a n g e r / d i s ap p o i ntment ; e n e

kum (ng i , (mbu kaeng� , I anga I � s fn g i , mak� kaeng� .

langalu miningi vp ( o at h /v ow ) .

t o s w e ar

langalu s ingi vp t o s h ow a n g e r / d i s ap p o i ntment ; l a n g � l � k u m f n g i .

larnbo lenge vp t o b e n d ov e r , t o b e weak ( 7 ) ; k u i i l en gE L

langapu n r o p e put around f e e t f o r t r e e c l i mb i n g .

larnbu pingi vp

langapu n

t o s t omp .

w r e ath .

- l am! part quot at i v e p art i c l e ( f o r n a r r at i on ) .

langapu pingi vp w r e at h .

laminingi v t o s h ow , t o e s c o rt ( o f hum an ) .

langata K n

laminy!ngi v t o l e a d , t o b r i ng ( o f human s ) ; l a n y f n g i .

t o plait a

t a i lb o n e ; l a n g � t e .

langatale pingi vp t o t r e s p as s ( 7 ) , t o o p e n an d go t hr ou g h ( 7 ) ;

ka l u a e pen g � .

l amo part d e du c e / e v i d e n t ( * d e du c t i v e ) .

langate K n t a i lb on e , s m a l l o f b ac k ; I a n g � t a .

lamu!ngi v

t o g o a c r o s s / away .

lange n

nonsen s e .

d ownw a r d s ( 7 ) ; a l y o .

lange n neck .

s h e l l d e c o r at i o n w o r n o n

l anao dir

landa ping! vp

t o d i s app e a r .

langingi v

to tell ( inclusive ) .

53

lange katenge np friends . lange pingi vp

lapoenge n

hung e r ; l o p o , n a n u ,

t o t i e /b i n d u p ;

lapoma adj

t w o ; l � po .

l a pot � ,

lapeta adj

two ; l � p o ,

l a p oma ,

lapota adj

two , both ; l � p o ,

lapuingi v

to kill.

b u i n g f , l an d f p i n g f , ya k f p .i n g I . ,

languingi v t o c u t / b r e ak w i t h grai n ; f d pat� p f n g i , k � k u a

l e n g� , ke� p i n g f , k i i p i n g f , wa fn g i .

lanyema penge v t o p a s s o n r o a d , t o c at c h up w i t h . Lanyeta n

n am e - m an ' s : R a n i e r .

lanyingi v t o l o ok a ft e r ( o f humans ) ; ke l � n g e , l a m i n y f n g i . - lao part

t o , t ow ar d , up o n ( * ) ;

- ka n d ao , - k i s a .

lao part want ( * d e s i d e r a t i v e s ame a c t o r ) ; l � k � , - I i , - n i . * laono lenge vp t o go i n c i r c l e , t o s p r e a d t h e w o r d ; t o c i r c um­ s c r i b e , to r e t u r n to o r i g i n ( ? ) ; aw � l f l e n g e , m a k a n d e n g e . laoyeko n

rumo r , g o s s i p ;

l e w a m b e , p y u .I ,

* lapalapa n

.

l ap l ap , c l oth ;

si i isi I i .

* l apalapa anda K np

t ent ; a u s e l e

�ndcL

* l apatol i S n

l ab o r at o ry .

l apingi v

t o ac cuse one anot her .

lapingi v

t o t e ar / r i p , t o b r e ak ;

lapingi · v

t o t e ar / r i p ; l a p f n g i ,

l a p i ng f , p i ng i ng l .

p i ng i ngi .

lapis a adj p o o r , u n d e r ­ d e v e l ·o p e d . - lapo part lapo adj

, ,

r e l at i v e s a n d

amon g . s e c on d , t w i c e , t w o ;

d a l � p o , l a p oma , l a p o d , l a po t � , t u 6 .

lapo lape lao a dv

two by two .

l apo tOko pauwita np

stretche r .

dlo.

l a pod .

l apod .

I a p oma , I a p o d .

lasa n

g r e e t i ng , f a r e w e l l .

lasa lenge vp well .

t o greet , t o fare­

las aka pingi vp t o s h ow , t o p o i nt ; l a i d k a p i n g f , l a k f t a

p i n g f , l �to p i ng f , I h6 p i ng f .

Las i n

n am e - m an ' s :

las ingi 1 v moon ) .

Rut l e d g e .

t o ari s e /shine ( of

las ingi 2 v t o a g r e e t o m e e t at a p r e - ar r an g e d p l a c e , t o rende zvous . lata pingi vp t o l e arn ( i n s chool ( ? ) ; l a t o p i n g r . latai K n s h o u l de r , u n d e r arm ( 7 ) ; l a t a i y� . lataiya K n late S n

shoulder ; l a t a f .

k n i f e - b amb o o ; k e m � ,

n � i p ya , u a � p e p o .

late pingi vp t o c u t / c h op ( o f gras s , weeds ) ; pepo p f n g i . lati lati n

m a n .l m a n l . ,

s p e c u l at i on ; l e e -

latilati s ingi vp

t o s p e c u l at e .

late pingi vp

t o s h o w ; l a i t � ka p i n g f , l a k f t a p i n g f , l a s � ka p i n g f , l �t6 p i ng f .

latu pingi vp

t o s h ow ; l a i t � k a p i n g f , l a k r t a p i ng f , l as � ka p i n g r , l � to p i ng f .

lau pingi vp o p e n ( up ) .

t o s p r e a d op e n , t o

54

Lawa n

leepenge v

n am e - w om a n ' s .

lawaka ( P ) n l awambe n

leke lenge vp

rumo r .

f a i n t n e s s ; rumor ( ? ) ;

l ewamb e .

lawambe lenge/pingi vp di z z y / faint .

to be

Lawanda n n am e - p l ac e : R i ve r A y e l e .

n e ar

Lawandi n n am e - p l a c e : n e ar Y ak alyet a . l awe PT n

d r a g o n fly - l ar g e ;

i pand i i nd f i , i p j nj i n j � .

Layap6 n

n am e - p l a c e / t r i b e .

-le i part

l i k e ( * i m i t at i v e ) ;

- l e 2 part

r at h e r ( * ) .

- le 3 part

( * d i s c r e t i o n ary f o rm ) .

-Ie . part

i f ( * i r r e al c o n d i t i o n ) ;

-I i .

-I i .

leanu n

t o r c h o f b ark .

lee kuingi vp t o s p r i n g /we l l up ( o f w at e r ) ; p y a u l e n g e . lee mendai adv

qui c k l y .

lee mende adv

just a little .

lee nyingi vp

t o b e s t unt e d ;

l ee pambenge , p a t a k e n g e , pun d i tenge , sokosoko tenge.

lee pambenge vp t o b e s t unt e d ; l e e n y f n g i , p a t a k e n ge , pu n d i

tenge .

lee pingi l vp c h i ldren ) .

t o b e n aughty ( o f

lee ping i 2 vp t o s h o r t e n s . t . b y b r e ak i n g . lee pyangalu K np

l e nge pya ng� 1 6 .

lee-manimani n

I at i l�d.

leenge v

t o p l an t .

e y e b r ow r i d g e ;

conj e cture ( 7 ) ;

to finish ( 7 ) ; l �enge .

to l i e ; sambo

l enge .

lekeleke tenge vp t o s u f f e r ( f rom a f fl i c t i on / d i f f i c u l t y ) ;

anj i nya l a epenge , t�nd� nenge , d n d � ny fng i .

* leke sini n

e l e c t i on .

* lekesini lenge vp

to elect ;

bosa l enge , bota l enge , b�u s a .

lekuna LY n

bee wasp ; ambu l y � .

le lyo miningi vp t o b e i n c om­ p e t e n t ; k � me s f n g i . ,

lema PT n

l o u s e ( on h e a d ) ; S I P U ,

t rpu .

lemai n

s t i c k ( u s e d a s c omb ) ;

k e a ng a , l ema f t � , w�mb ( .

lemaita PL n h a i r p i n ( o f b o n e / wood ) ; l ema i . *Leman� n

n am e - m an ' s :

L e hm an .

lemanga PT n b i r d ( b l a c k b o dy a n d y e l l ow e y e s ) . lemangau K n

goitre , swelling ;

amune d i i .

lemba S Z o e

e d g e , b o r de r , s h o r e ;

matenge , nembange , nete s a .

lemba pingi vp t o s n e ak away f r om s . o . l o o k i n g f o r y ou . lemba adj u n d e r deve l o p e d - ( o f hum an s ) ; w � m b u . lembe lenge vp

kum (ng i .

lembol� ingi v

to l Y l n g i .

Leme n

t o die ; koden ge , t o s t ub , t o s p r a i n ;

n am e - m an ' s .

leme leme PT n b i r d ( f e at h e r s u s e d a s d e c o r at i on ) . lemongoti kaenge vp t o b e t i r e d / s l e epy ; l e mon g o t ( l e n g e / p i n g r . lemongoti lenge/pingi vp t o b e t i r e d / s l e epy ; l e m o n g o t f k a e n g e .

55

lende

E eM) n r ai n ; a fwa , a i YQu , ap6 , kak r , kea l i .

b l i n k f o r s . o . t o c om e .

lenge l K n j o i nt , k n u c k l e , eye , w r i s t , ankle ; a m u n a , amu n d i r . lenge2 V

mo n d o , ya l � .

lenge kapa S np

l engekapa .

Leo 2 n

l enge

blind ;

lenge kopalya K np

eyeli d .

lenge lepeni it! K np l a s h e s - up p e r .

eye­

lenge lepeni kok6 K np l a s h e s - l o we r .

lenge miningi akali K (M) np m a g i c i an - e y e f i x e r ; k a n d a o

.

k a t e n g e a k a l i (T) , k a n d e k a n d e n g e a ka I i .

lenge m6ndo adj

ka i t i , ya I � .

blind ;

lenge pangalu K np r i dg e ; 1 e p o n d i .

l en ge

e y e b r ow

e y e b r ow lenge pyangalu K np r i dg e ; l ee p y a n g a l � . lenge tam6pae s t

ugly .

lenge tenge vp t o b e an i m at e / a l i v e ; t o b e a w i t ( f i gu r a ­ t i v e ly ) ; l e t a k a t e n g e , l e t e ,

t a l a l enge.

lenge wanenge K np eye . Lenge S n I r e ly a .

pup i l o f

n am e - p l a c e :

n e ar

lenge l v

t o s p e ak , t o u t t e r .

lenge 2 n

shoulde r .

lengekapa n

kapa .

e y e b al l ;

t o gos s ip ;

t r e e - o ak ( L i t h o c arpus ) .

lepa2 K n h emp .

p l ant - a g av e / c e n t ury /

lepaa K n

hemp p l ant / f i b r e . leprosy ;

lepangalu iti K n

lengele mange ping! vp t o make s i g n to s t e al o r d o w r on g , t o

k o pe t a l i ,

e y e b r ow s ;

kom be l y o r d , l e p o n d i r d .

lepe K n s w e e t f l a g ( A c o ru s c a lumu s ) ; s a n d a I � , s a n g a i . lepe K n s w e e t f l a g ( Ac o ru s c alumus ) ; s a n d a l � , s a n g a i . lependi K n

ey e l i d .

* lepene adj

e l ev e n .

Ie po lenge vp

t o b r e ak i n t w o ;

k e p e n ge , l e to l e n g e , l o l e n g e , m u � p i n g i , po po l e n g e .

lep6 K n

groi n .

lep6ndi K n e y e b r o w , e y e b row ri dge ; l en g e p a n g a l u , mamb � . lep6ndi iti K np e y e b r ow , e y e ­ las h ; l e p a n g a l � ( d . * lep6sa n

report .

* lesa S n

r a z o r / r a z o r b l ade .

* le s i s a lenge vp

l enge .

leta katenge vp

l enge tenge .

l enge

l ew a m b e .

lepa l K n

t a pa .

lenge lyuu lenge vp t o s h ow wh i t e s of e y e s i n d i s p l e a s u r e .

r pa l eowa l e .

n ame - b oy ' s .

lepand!i n

eye­

to witne s s .

r e fl e c t i on ;

leokoenge v

e y e b al l ;

nenge l yap i .

face ;

lengeme kandenge vp leo l S n

t o b e ar ( o f p l a n t s ) ;

l rng i , l y i ng r .

lenge kaiti np

lengelyapi n

lete KP n

t o r ac e ;

l etesa

t o be a l i v e ;

a l i ve , a n i m at e ;

tenge , saka .

lete etete katenge p h life .

l enge

e t e rn a l

56

lete penge vp

t o b e c om e w e l l ;

s � k� peng� .

lete

PT

i n s e c t - g r e e n ; ant ;

n

e l e t e , g a i l yO .

letenape n * letesa

PT

c u c umb e r .

l i i pingi vp

'

t o f a l l d own ; k o p o I e n g � , I omb� n g e , m a n g � n g e , paku (ng i , t a k i pumbenge , t a k i I i paeng� .

likenge

V

l i ak�nge .

lettuc e .

n

wat e r i n g o v e r f o o d ) ; I y l r l e n g e .

fa m i n rng i ,

t o c op u l at e ;

* letesa len g e vp t � r e c e s s , t o race ; l e s r s a l en g e .

l iki maliki lenge vp de c i de d .

* letiao n

liki K n v i n e w i t h n o x i o u s nettl e ; i k i k i I f , i k i I i mb u .

Leta n

r ad i o ; I i t i oo .

n am e - m an ' s .

to b e

leta lenge l vp

t o s p e ak c l e arly .

likinapae s ingi vp t o t h umb t hr o u gh c ount i n g ( mo n ey ) .

leta lenge 2 vp

t o cut i n two ;

Li lyapuwane n

l epo l enge .

lewambe n

g o s s i p , rumo r ( ? ) ;

l ao y o k o , l aw a m b e , l e o k o e n g e .

lewambe lenge vp t o f a i nt /b e d i z z y ; l aw a m b e . - li l part ( * c on t i n g e n t d e s i de r ­ at i v e ) ; I h � , I � o , - n I . - l i 2 part

i f ( * i r r e al c o n d i t i o n ) ;

- l i 3 part

l ik e ( * i m i t at i v e ) ;

- l i 4 part

l i k e ( * c on fo rmat i ve ) .

-Ie. -Ie.

l i akapa l i akapa pingi vp c op u l at e . l i akenge v

I ya ke n ge .

Liala n

to

t o c opul at e ; I l k e n g e ,

name - t r i b e .

l ianda K n

b amb o o ; k e m a .

l iangenge v t o l o o s e / fr e e / u n t i e , t o c on f e s s ( wh e n que s t i on e d ) ; t a l e l e n g e , t � t �

l enge , t a te l enge .

l iernbenge v

t o a s s emb l e / g a t h e r ;

kambu p ( ng i , I (mb l n g i .

n am e - woman ' s .

l imae n

moon ; a u w f y � , e ke , k a n � , l aman d � , w � t e .

l imandu K n

s t ak e ( f o r p i g s ) ;

t i ma n do , t i ma n d u .

l imangutenge v h av e a . l irnba adv

meeting - to

edge ; d e n g � , m a t e s a ,

n � h � , pu n a .

l irnbau n

g r ou p , g at h e r i n g ; k a m b u

p r n g i , l rmb i n g i .

lirnbi l irnbi pipae adj (?)

b l u e - g r ey

•

lirnbingi v

ambu p i n g i (y a l y i n g r , I fembenge , m i nanj fng i

Lirnbini n lirnbu n

t o a s s emb l e / g at h e r ;

, e l y�mb u , f t a l y ( n g i , kambu p fn g i , I i mb a u , I i me n d � n ge , .

n ame - l i n e . s c ar c au s e d b y f i r e .

l imendenge v

t o gather t o � ether ;

kambu p (n g i , I rmb i n g l , m a u p i ng ( .

lina lenge vp lindi

E n

t o c at c h .

c l ay - wh i t e / y e l l ow ;

i f n j i (L) .

lienenge v t o f l ow we a k ly ( o f l i qu i d s ) .

lindi li LY n

l i i lenge vp t o s u c k b a c k s a l i v a ( b e c au s e m o u t h i s

lindingi v t o t i e u p / f a st e n / c on s t r a i n ; a n j ( n g l .

mu s h r o om ( e d i b l e ) .

57

l!ngi 1 v

I y (ng i .

l enge ,

t o b e ar f r u i t ;

l!ngi 2 v t o b ou n c e up and d own , t o d an c e by b e n d i n g k n e e s wh i l e s t an d i n g i n p l a c e ; ma l i I ( n g i . lin!

n

E

ma u, .

tenge .

l !n j i

E

I (n d i

l !no n

(L) n (M) .

mau

to fester ;

l!ta l S n

b ou n d ar y ;

t om b 6 .

l!ta2

anga I fd .

moss ;

t o mark off ; m a k i k a, t e n. g e , t om b 6 p f n g i , t om b 6 s i ng I .

l!ta ping! vp

c l ay ( wh i t e ) ;

j ew ' s harp of bamb o o ;

l i tenge v t o s t r i p l e av e s ( t o make r a i n s h i e ld ) . l!ti 1 .LY n

mu s h r o om ( g e n e r i c ) ;

l!oko K n t r e e - l e av e s u s e d at m e n s t ru at i on ( A c ro n y c h i a / Z ant hoxylum ) .

l!ti 2 n

l iolaa PT n

l ! ti lenge vp

bird .

li6ng6 li6ng6 K np g r a s s ( l e a v e s u s e d a s s andpap e r ) ;

pemb e .

t o w a i l /mourn ;

yaa p (n g i , yak6 l en g e .

l ipan6 K n *Lip!i n

taro ( ge n e r i c ) ; n ame - m an ' s :

l !pikepe n

r a i n b ow ;

lip!na S n

sky ;

* l !pu K n

l e af ;

t o s w e e t t al k .

litae l atae katenge vp t o b e u n d e c i d e d ; a m b e pen g e .

a l a i y o l e , ma n g a l o , o l a i y 6 l e , p u p e , t am b a l o .

lipa lenge vp

m a k i , tom b a ,

l!ta p!n� i vp

p u s , p l a s m a / lymph ;

lin! tenge vp

I f t i , s um b a .

maa .

L e vy .

mo t o po i .

k a t ( , y a ke .

1 fta .

p i, n g .I

gras s ( e dible ) ;

l i ti60 S n

r ad i o ;

lidsa P L n

pepa

l e t i 6o .

intest ines ;

i ng f .

l itoame n

cri cket ; l (P) .

i s u ame ,

l i tuame n

c r i cket ; l (P) .

i s u ame ,

l i t u ame , p6m b a

I i t o a m e , p6m b a

liwandu S n a r r ow p o i n t o f b amb o o ; k a n d u , koe p i . lokai! K n m ag i c ) .

yok6 .

t o r e ad ;

.

I fsa .

t r e e ( l e av e s u s e d i n

l ! pu kame K n fence - split r a i l ( r a i l s h o r i z on t a l ) .

lokalingi V t o f a l l down ( o f i n an i mat e s ) ; k u l f m b e n g e .

lisa n

lokalyingi V a r r ow ( 7 ) .

gras s ( e dible ) ;

I (t i .

lisa d i ! np

grain , rice ;

* l! s anolo n

r e g i onal .

I (sa.

l i s ing! v t o s t r i p l e av e s ( t o m ak e r a i n s h i e l d ) ; I i t e n g e . liso6 K n c an e ( b o y s u s e i n m o c k b at t l e s ) . lisuame PT ( L ) n

cri cket ;

l i t oame , l i t u ame .

l ! ta LY (M) n

m u s h r o om ( g e n e r i c )

* l6ko K n

t o o p e r a t e t o remove

lock .

l6ko kaenge/ping! vp t o b e t i r e d of s . o . / s . t . ; kekena kaengel

p i n g ( , maka kaenge , s f i l enge .

* loko p!ngi vp

t o lock .

l6k6 ping! vp t o e x p o s e on e s el f ( l i ft i n g s k i rt / l o i n c l o t h ) . lo lata adj . b lunt .

58

10 1enge v

10ngenge (M? ) v t o b r e ak i n p i e c e s ; po l r n g i .

t o b r e ak i n t w o ;

l e po l e n g e , p o p o l e n g e .

16ma s ingi vp t o p r ay ; t o d e d i c at e / s a c r i f i c e t o t h e s p i r i t s ; e n d a k f n e e ma r n g i

kun d i l enge .

10ngenge v

,

lorna 1enge vp

t o s h ade ; k u m b u n y f n g i , l omo l e n g e , l um b a l enge/ny f n g i . -

16mba n

disease of skin .

16mba pingi vp t o s h e d s k i n ; d i s e as e o f s k i n ( ? ) . 10mba K

10mba6 s ingi vp t o f a l l down / s t umb l e ; l om b e n ge , m a n ge n g e . 10mbatii

skin d i s e as e .

n

10mbe16mbe pingi vp i n c apab l e .

to be

10mbenge v t o f a l l d own ( t o ge t h e r ) ; l i f p f n g i ,

l om b a o

s fn g i , mangenge .

16mbo adj

yakanuku .

LOme n

small ;

koo y a k a n e ,

p a l i s ad e ;

lome pingi vp p al i s ad e .

k a l om b a .

t o bui ld a

10menge v t o cut / b r e ak a c r o s s g r a i n ; k a k e t e n g e , k e pe n g e ,

I yoo p r n g i .

10m6 1enge vp

l oma l e n g e .

Londata n 10ndati adv 10ndau adv 16nde a dv

t o s h ade / s h a dow ;

n am e - b oy . l on g , f ar ; long , far ;

1 6n d e . l onde .

l on g , far , t al l ;

k y owae , l on d a t i , l on d a u , t e pe n d a .

10ndenge v

16ng6 adj

many , mu c h

�lenty ;

ambo , e p a o , ko t o , k uJ m I , p a k a , p i t a k a , p i t a k a p a , p y a s o6 , t o n d o .

16ng6 lao adj

muchly ;

l ao .

16ng6 paka adj

p i taka

v e ry m an y / mu c h ;

16ng6 paka s ingi ph - 100 part r o c al ) . * 160 S n

ab u n d an c e .

e ach other ( *r e c i p­ l aw .

106 1enge vp

t o b r e ak o f f .

106 pingi vp f ru i t ) .

t o be barren ( o f

100 nepenge vp t o s t e al w i f e / g i r l ( at s i n g s i ng ) ; t o n d ao

ny rn g i , tondenge .

n am e - wom an ' s .

l ome K n

16ngo pingi vp t o s h ap e w i t h han d s ; k a ke p i n g f ( T ) .

e p a o , p i t a k a , t u mb i l a o .

tree .

n

t o p u l l u p / out ;

yuku i ng r .

t o be l o n g .

16ne K n t r e e / s hrub ( Rh o d o d e n d r o n / v a c c i n i um ) .

10pa 1yingi v t o f a l l down ( o f i n an i mat e s ) , t o f l i p up ap r o n / s k i rt i n p r i d e / d e r i s i on ;

ku I fmbenge .

10penge l ( L ) v t o d e s c en d , t o c l i mb d own ; l o p f n g i , l u p r n g i

.

10penge 2 v t o r em o v e f o o d f r o m c ooking cont ainer . 10penge v t o un c ov e r / o p e n u p , t o t ak e out . 10pingi v t o d e s c e n d , t o c l imb down ; l o p e n g e , l u p f n g i . 16po n

hung e r ;

nanu , ta l 0.

16po kaenge vp

l a po e n ge , 1 6 p o e n g e , t o b e hun g ry ;

s fn g i , t a l o kaenge .

16po s ingi vp

f am i n e ;

l opo kaen ge ,

t o hunge r ;

l o po k a e n g e .

d l o kaenge .

16poenge v

l opo

59

16sa Z o e

kamanda .

* losuu anda K np bui l d i n g ; m i d i lotenge v

kamaka ,

out s i d e ;

Lumbu n

lumu l part

church

anda , s6kesa .

to pinch .

lotoa nyingi vp

t o s n at c h away ;

luingi V t o b e n aughty , t o b e o f f e n s i v e ; l u i y aw a k a p a e n g e ,

m a n g o n ge , pu i n g i , p u w e n g e , t 6m b a n e n ge . w i c k e dn e s s .

luiyaka paenge vp s i ve ; l u i n g i .

t o be offen­

luk6 nepenge vp t o d e t e r i o r at e ( f r om d i s e as e ) . luku luku ping! vp t o s c r ap e ( i n s i de o u t o f g ou r d ) . lukuna S n

1

r o om - i nn e r ;

1 uma , t U kunya .

i ta l una ,

reported ( *sensed ) ;

uu .

lUmu 2 S n

l u ku n a .

pol yoa n y f ng i , pyas6a n y f n g i .

luingi d6ko ph

n am e - r i v e r .

lundu part

w i t h ( * a s s o c i at i v e ) ;

mawa , mawa p i .

lundu S n

p i g greas e .

lunduta adj wh o l e ( t h i ng ) , e nt i r e ; i t a t a . lunduta lenge vp t o e at wh o l e ( s k i n a n d al l ) ; i t a t e n e n g e ,

l un d u t aka nenge .

lungi MD n

f r u i t s t em ;

lungu p!ngi vp with i n .

lungutenge V

lUma K n

lup!ngi

lUma lakenge vp

k n e e c ap ;

l uma

lUma pauwa PL np

k n e e c ap ;

l u ma

lumau penge vp t o f o r d ( s t r e am ) , t o c r o s s a r i v e r ; k e n a u pen ge ,

kenenge ; tau nenge .

lumba lenge/ny!ngi vp s h ady ; kumbu n y ( n g i

l enge , l u u l en ge .

Lumbapesa S n

V

l op ( n g i .

luma lenge PL np

l enge .

t o f l am e ;

l enge :

t o kne e l .

p a uwa .

t o b e angry

lungu tenge vp

wambak i .

to be

, l oma

n am e - p l a c e .

dung i .

lungu lungu ping! vp m ag i c ( g i r l s u s e t o b r i n g b o y s t o c ou rt i n g p a rt y ) .

* lu luae n v i l l a g e o f f i c i al ap p o i n t e d by g o v e r n m e nt ( 1 u 1 ua i ) .

kne e ;

i ta l una ,

r o om - i n n e r ;

ku l u

t o f i l l up / l o a d .

t o c l i mb d own ;

* lusa lenge vp

l openge ,

t o be l o s t ;

pingf.

al0

luti K n

gras s ( e dible ) .

luu part

r e p ort e d ( * s e n s e d ) ;

l u mu .

luu ping! vp s i ng s i ng ) ;

t o f i n i sh ( t alk/

e t enge .

luu ( L ) n m a t t e r - o r a n g e v e g et ab l e . luu lenge vp

t o b e s h a dy ;

l e n ge / n y ( n g i .

l umba

lumbenge V t o c h op ( a c r o s s g r a i n ) ; k a ke t e n g e , k e pe n g e .

luu ny!ngi vp t o p ay ( e s p e c i a l l y f o r s or c e r e r ) ; l u u p i n g f .

lumbing!

luu palenge vp

V

t o ope n .

lUmbu lUmbu lenge vp t o t al k t o g e t h e r at t h e s am e t i me ;

p a l i p a l i , t ame t a me l en g e .

t o sleep .

luu palenge palo S np

b e droom .

60

luu pingi vp

t o p ay ; J u �

ny rn g i , yan� p i ng f .

luundu adj e n o u gh / s u f f i c i e n t ( o f s . t . e n um e r ab l e ) . lyaa l K n

nose tip ; dun � .

lyaa2 K n

l i n e , l i n e ag e ; t a t � .

lyaa kaita pingi aka li K np t ab o o s t i c k fur n i s h e r . lyaa kalumbapae np n o s e ­ s h ort / u g l y , c u t o f f . lyaa lenge l vp

t o pUl l ; J y oo

lyaa lenge 2 vp

t o b e /make r e a dy ;

l enge , nyok6 n y f n g i , n yokony r n g i , y a a J enge . depa J enge .

lyaa miningi vp t o s t e e r / dr i ve ( o f c ar / p l an e ) . lyaa pyakua lenge vp t o t u r n up no s e ; J ya a pya toe J en g e , I ya a

uanga p i n g f .

lyaa pyatoe len �e vp t o turn up no s e ; J y a a p y a k u a J e n g e , J yaa

u�nga p i n g f .

lyaa uanga ping! vp t o t u r n up n o s e ; J y a a py a k u a J e n g e , J y a a

p y a t oe J e n g e .

lyaa yuli K n p ugly .

nose - short t

lyaa K n c ane - s u g a r ( S ac c h arum sp . ) ( gener i c ) ; ka J e a . lyaa kundi K np c an e - s u ga r ( p l an t ab l e p ar t ) ; J yaa m u n g f .

lyairnbu S n

s u g ar c an e s c r ap s .

lyaka l K n lyaka2 n

tree . l i c e eggs .

lyaka lenge Vp

t o b e dry ; a p u

J en g e , k e k e J en ge .

lyakae K n

m i s er .

lyakae nakandenge Vp t o b e h i dden ; ya J 6 p i n g r . lyakaine K n t o e / f i n g e r - l i t t l e , edge - hoof ; J ya k an a J r . lyakaita S n

nost r i l .

lyakalyaka lenge vp t o s h ak e , t o wiggle ; ema p i n g r . lyakanali K n

J yaka i ne .

lyakapae n

finger /toe - l i tt l e ;

o r p h an ( o f p i g s ) .

lyakati K n

tree ; kaum� .

lyakenge V

t o c opul at e ; J i a k e n g e .

lyakenge V

to bend .

lyaki S n

gras s ( generi c ) .

lyak! s !ngi vp t o l ay f a l l o w ( f o r s h o r t t im e w i t h o n ly g r a s s e s growing ) ; mapu s rn g i . lyakingi V t o h o l d u p r i ght and i n p o s i t i on ( o f p o s t i n s i d e h ou s e w a l l ) . lyaku

E

n

b l o o d f r om n o s e .

lyakungU K n

n o s e - b r i dg e .

lyaa lenge np space between j o i n t s o f c ane .

lyalya n c ou s i n t o c ou s i n ( ad d r e s s ) ; k a i i n g r .

lyaa lenge vp t o s w i n g arms ( as u s i n g axe / t o h i t s . o . ) .

lyarnano PT n m ammal - m a r s up i al : l o w l a n d s s p o t t e d c as c a s ( ? ) .

lyaa mung! K np p l an t a b l e p ar t o f s u g a r c ane ; J y a a k u n d i .

Lyarnba S n

lyaarnaita K n

nose - t ip .

lyaarnbusa Z o a front / s i d e a r e a o f h ou s e , u n d e r e av e s ;

patak (sa .

n am e - p l ac e .

lyarnba l K n

f e n c e - t ab o o .

lyarnba2 S n

incline - steep ;

netesa .

lyarnb! K n sp . ) .

g r a s s / s e d g e ( C yp e r u s

61

1yambotaiya S n on l e ave s . 1yarnenange

K

1yarnungi

n

K

1yaten�e l V

dew / r a i n d r o p s

tenge .

1yatenge 2 KP n p i nk ; k 6n e .

w i n g of n o s t r i l .

n

n o s e - s e p t um .

1yee part

1yanda 1amanguingi 1 vp t o l ay f a l l ow ( ? ) / c ompo s t ( ? ) . 1yanda 1amanguing i 2 vp 1yanda 1enge vp

t o p ant .

p l a c e n ext t o f i r e .

1yembenge V t ogether ;

p i ng I .

1yandenge l V t o s l ap / s h a k e o f f ( a s h e s o f f s w e e t p o t at o ) ;

,

t o s ow , b r o ad c a s t .

•

1yii 1enge vp s ou n d - l at e r al i ng r e s s i v e ( m a d e w h e n mouth wat e r s ) ; I i ( l e n g e .

t o b e c ome w e t .

1yandingi V t o c om p o s t ( o f garden ) ; k u n f m i n f n g i .

1yiki

1yandipae K n

1yindi PT n

tree /vine .

1yando nepenge vp t o s t r i p t r e e o f a l l b r an c h e s but t op o n e s .

.

t o t e ar o p e n

t o dan c e ;

1yingi V

1yita pa1enge vp

1yangenge V

1yokapae a t

l a kenge . panguenge . tat� l en g e .

1yange ta1e

E

n

vine .

l enge .

1yipita K n s t i c k t h at s u p p or t s s u g a r c ane .

1yoai K n p art ) .

1yangepate n d e c o r at i on o f m o t h e r - o f - pe a r l s h e ll .

I (ng l .

t o h an g , t o b e a r ;

1yange S n n e c k l a c e - c owr i e shell ; mak6 .

t o open , t o unroll ;

bird .

1yingi 3 V t o make s u s p e n d e r f o r d e c o r at i o n .

a s h e s , c oa l s ; k e n a f , k i n ae , k i n a f , l a n g a , p e t e .

1yangao 1enge vp ( of paper ) .

b r amb l e .

n

1ying i 2 V t o i n j u r e o n e s e l f , t o c u t / s t r i k e ; I (ng i .

1yanga S n

a n g f . wam b a ke .

K

1yingi 1 V

g r a s s h opp e r .

1yanga adj o l d ( o f an imat e s ( ? » ) ; aka l i . wambu . aka l i y�ngo

t o � at � e r t o put k a m b u p i n g �I , m a, u

1yenge n hu s b a n d ' s s i s t e r - i n - l aw ; w i f e ' s b r o t h e r - i n - l aw ( op p o s i t e s e x s p o u s e of c o g n at e o f e g o ' s g e n e r at i on ) ; pa l i n g f .

I yand�ka .

1yandu PT n

European ; r e d ,

i f ( * i r r e al ) .

1yeke t o a

t o shake off .

1yandi pingi vp

p06

1yeke pingi vp t o b e c om e b i g a n d fat ( o f p i g s ) .

1yandaka v t o s alt a n d p e p p e r pig ; I yandenge .

1yandenge 2 V

t o grow poorly ;

t o s we l l u p .

c an e - s u g a r ( p l an t ab l e

1y6ke P n

qua r t e r of p i g ( ? ) . bird :

t6ke .

w i l ly w a gt a i l ;

1yokenge V t o b r e ak , t o c l o s e t b l o c k ; l yo k 6n g e , mon g oe n g e ,

p l t fn g l .

1yang61e pingi vp t o t r y , t o g i v e e xamp l e ; m a k a n d e p i n g f .

1yok6nge V

t o b r e ak , t o c l o s e ;

1yao nyingi vp fruit ) .

1yombo

t ar o .

t o p i ck ( as

kepenge , I yoken g e , p l t l n g l K

n

62

lyona n Lyonai n

n ame - man ' s .

lyon g au di! np

s eeds ;

dir.

-ma l part

y o n g ame

lyonge 2 adj

whole , unsplit . n ame - p l a c e .

K n g r a s s ( l e ave s s an d p a p e r ) .

lyoo S n

cut p o r t i on o f p i g ' s innards ; p i e c e s ( 7 ) .

lyoo lenge vp

t o s c r ape s w e e t p o t at o c o oke d i n c o al s .

lyoo pingi vp

t o cut i n p i e ; e s ;

lyoo lenge vp

t o p u� l ; ,

k a k e t e n g e , k e pe n g e , l omen ge . l yaa

l e n g e , n y o k o n Y l n !;! l , n y o k on y f n g i , p � l y a l e n g e .

PT n

bird .

lyuna S n v e r an d ah .

lyundu n

dee n g e , d e n g e . f r o n t p o r ch ,

le af .

K n t ar o ( g e n e r i c ) e s cu l e nt a ) ; 1 i p � n 6 .

t o e a c h a n d e v e ry

maa palenge vp

t o a p p e a r s e c r e t ly ,

one .

e ave s d r o p .

maa pingi vp

t o app e ar , t o r i s e u p out o f ; m � 1 0 l e n g e .

maa miningi vp Maape n

n ame - p l a c e .

maapembo

K n

mae

moon ; a u w r y �

K n

under the ch i n , back

, ka n � .

-mai- part

t o ( * indi rect obj e c t / t h i r d p e r s on ) . n ame - p l a c e : we s t o f i t .

K n

LyUpa n

n am e - m an ' s .

mai leo

lyupa n

J ob ' s t e ar s .

maimai l n

lyuu lenge vp

p e a c e - t o have .

lyuu �enge � p

t O skin off bark ;

y a n u p f n g l , ya n u, t a ka l e n ge .

lyuu pingi l vp

t o l ay e r g r ou n d oven with hot st one s and food ;

ku i fng i .

(P) vp

t o obt a i n f i br e s for thread maki ng .

lyuulyaa

t o s t an d guar d /

ma s i m i n f n g i .

wat c hman ;

Mai n

tree .

PT n b i r d ( sm a l l y e l l ow-b r e a s t e d , e at s s e e d s ) .

( C oloc a s i a

maa miningi v p

lyunguna

lyuu pingi 2

( *p r o g r e s s i v e ) .

of neck .

c o rn e r ;

lyuna koita S np

-ma a part maa

lyongolyongo u s e d as

-mba .

( * augm e n t i v e a c t i on ) ( t e nt at i v e ) .

n ar r ow ( 7 ) .

Lyongea n

t h e y p lu r a l always ( * e x c l u s i v e hab i t u a l p lu r al ) ;

-ma2 part

lyonge l adj

lyuki

M

r o om i n s i d e i n n e r r oom .

PT n

Wabag a n d

bird ( black ) . l o i n c l o t h ( o f n et ) ;

yamb� l e .

maimai 2 adj

we l l -made s t r i n g garme n t / b ag ) .

maingi v

t o g i ve

( of

( e x c lu s i v e ) .

Maini n

n ame - t r i b e ( n e a r P au s a , Y a t aman d a ) .

mainu

PT n

c av e s ) .

maipa

b i r d ( sm a l l , l i v e s i n

K n male ( of k� l i , ma i p y o ko .

maipaka n

an imal s ) ;

flower ( n ot u s e d f l im s y and l ar g e ) .

fpi ,

63

maip�oko K n

male

ma l p a .

maita K n

back , beh ind .

malta kungu K np

b a c k b on e .

malta pungi PL np nerve s ;

( o f an i m a l s ) ;

s p i n al c o r d i

ma f t � t � n d i n g l .

malta tundingi PL np

s p i na l

ma f t � p � n g i .

c o r d / f lu i d ;

ma!takaita l o a

b a c k , r ev e r s e

s i de .

mai taka6 adv

aft e rw a r d s , t h en ;

e n a ka6 , e n e , ma i t a ka6 , ma i t i p ya6 .

maitale kaenge vp

t o be t i r e d

k e k e n � kae n g e , ma i t a n g e kaen g e , m�k� kaenge . of s . o . /s . t . ;

maitange kaenge vp

t o be t ired

m�ka kaenge , ma i d l e k a e n g e . of s . o . / s . t . ;

mai tapya6 adv

aft e rwar d s , t h en ;

e n a k a 6 , e n e , m a i t a k a6 , ma i t i p ya6 .

maitipya6 adv

aft e rwar d s , t he n ;

e n a k a6 , ma i t a k a 6 , m a i t a p yao .

maka n

t i red of s . o . / s . t . ;

keken� .

maka kaenge vp

t o be t ired of s . o . / s . t . , t o b e angry ( ? ) ;

f m b u kae n g e , k e k e n a k a e n g e l p i n g f , l a n g � l � k u m f n g i , l o ko kaenge/p i n g f , ma i t� l e kaenge , m a i t�nge kaenge , m�k� p i ng f , n i k i n f k i kaenge , soka fng i , s � k � l enge . maka ping ! vp s.o./s.t . ;

makande n

t o be t i r e d o f

m � k a ka e n g e .

s h ow , e x p o s e / r e v e a l ;

l a i dka p i ng f .

makande ping! vp

t o t r y / t empt ,

l y a n go l e p i ng i , mak i m f m i n fng i .

t o g i v e e x amp l e ;

makande setenge vp

to order , t o

makande setapae s t

l aw , c omm a n d ­

pr e s c r i b e .

men t s .

makandenge

V

maka6 adj

steep ;

t o run ;

Makapumanda n Lakam a d a )

a l o p fng i .

maka tae .

n am e - p l a c e

( n ear

•

makapus ingi

V

makatae s t

s t e e p , l e an i n g ;

t o suck .

makao .

makea min!ngi vp

f i r e - t o make

makee adj

c i r cular .

by f r i c t i on ;

k e po m i n f n g i .

r oun d ,

makemba K n

c an e - s u g a r .

makendae n

b a c k o f e ar / n e c k ;

makendai n

skull - back/base of ;

makenda l . makendae .

makenge

t o s t an d u p r i g h t i n

V

gr oup .

makenge l

V

t o s n a r e / t r ap , t o

makenge 2

V

t o l o o s e / fr e e ;

s e c ur e .

m a k o e n g e , m a k oo n y f n g i , m o k a n y f n g i , moke n g e .

*maki n

I fd.

b o u n d ary m a r k ;

kombe ,

*maki katenge vp

b ou n d a r y s i � n ,

*maki palenge vp

t o be m a rk e d ;

I f t a p fng i , mak i p a l e n g e , m a k i s f n � i , t om b a s f n g i , tombo p f n g i , t omb6 5 f n g i .

t o b e mar k e d ;

mak i katenge , mak i s fng i .

maki ping! vp

s i d e -by- s i d e .

t o s i t / s t an d /put

*maki s !ngi vp

t o mark ;

k a t en g e , m a k i p a l e n g e .

*makimak! n

l i n e /mark ;

*makim! lenge vp *makim! min!ng i vp b oun dary ) ;

makisa l o a mak6 S n

ma k i l aene .

t o m ar k . t o mark ( of

makande p l ng f .

n e ar ;

tenge s a .

n e c k l a c e o f c owr i e

64

shell s ,

mali S n

c owr i e s h e l l ;

k i l y omba , I y � n g e , t 6 n d o .

mako ny!ngi vp

t o free , to let

l oo s e ; k a ko n y f n g i , m6ken ge , m 6 k oe n g e .

m!koenge v

t o free , t o remove ;

k a k o n y f n g i , m a k e n g e , m � koo n y fng i , m6k e n g e .

makole ping! vp

t o m ak e o n e ' s

makole penge vp

round t r i p .

aw� 1 f 1 en g e .

roun d ;

makon�! PL n

g o u r d fl e s h .

m!koo ny!ngi vp

t o fre e / lo o s e ;

m a ke n g e , m � k oe n g e , m 6 k e n g e .

maku lenge vp

t o b oa s t loudly ,

t o t alk f o r .

maku ping! vp

t o pre s ent a p i g , t o p ay m a t e r n a l l i n e at c h i ld ' s d e at h .

maku! ( L ? ) n

t al k ,

speech ;

pit.

maku! lenge vp t o f e i nt ( 1 ) , t o m i s s ( 7 ) ; ma l t k i n g i . makuu K n

t r e e ( H arm s i o p a n ax ) .

mala p!ngi vp

t o p l ay gu e s s ­

w h i c h - h an d .

malakuti S n moni ally ;

stones used cere­

t a a k an � , ya i n a n d a .

mala lyingi v

t o h i de , t o t ak e

c ov e r .

Malamuni n

M a r amun i .

n ame - p l a c e :

male lenge vp

t o p l ay ;

p i n g f , nene p i ng t .

m� l e

s tone .

mal i l !ngi vp mali K n

moon ;

mal!kingi v feint

mal!mba n of ( ? ) .

p a n d an u s nut - t o p

mal!ngi l v

t o be s t ingy ( ? ) .

mal!ngi 2 v

i n d i g e s t i on ( 7 ) .

mal!pu PT n

b i rd .

malis !ngi v

t o wait for ;

s fn g i .

t o c u t o n ly p art on purp o s e .

of s . t .

malo lenge 2 vp

t o a � p e ar , t o r i s e u p out o f ; m a a p f n g l .

malu n

gr av e .

malu ping! vp

kangaroo ( 7 ) ;

mali n

danc e .

ande�pa , kundaka .

t o bury .

mala n

p l a c e n e xt t o h ou s e f o r g r ou n d ove n ; h ol e , g r av e .

malasa K n malya adj

v e r an dah , p or c h . good looking ( of

wome n ) .

mama l e x a Z

e x c l amat i on o f s u r ­

ae 1 e n ge , k a 1 f pa k a e , k a n a u , pongokae , wa i pG I G , wa k e p a .

pr i s e ;

mama 2 PT n

m o t he r ; a n i , a n f � , a n y f a , e n d � n g l , m a me a .

mam! K n

t re e ( u s e d f o r a r r ow s ) ( Ma h o g any ( 7 » .

mama lenge vp

m ammal - t r e e

I s e t ae

malo lenge l vp

malenge v

malepa PT n

auw fya , mae .

t o m a r k t o k i ll , t o

mama K n

t o b e i n c omp l et e / un f i n i s h e d .

I fng i .

maku f l en g e .

(1);

male ping! vp

t o p l ay ; k � s a l enge , m� l e l enge , mGn f m i n�o l enge , nene p i ng f .

t o danc e ;

t r e e - m a h o g an y ( Dy s oxylum s p . ) , a r r o w m a d e o f m a h o g any . t o e x c l aim in sur­ pr i s e / am a z em e n t ; a i i l e n g e ,

a l f a m �moo l e n g e .

mamaka S n p e ar l ;

shell - mother o f

patakapa .

65

mamanda PL mamando S

mam� n d o .

Mamando

h or i z o nt al , b e am s ;

n

mamand6 S

mam�n d o .

b e ams , wa l l p l at e s ;

n

r oun d ;

n

u t a k�u .

mamba S n

mamba tunduma pingi ph

mambenge v

mas i ng j

,

t o t h i n k , t o know ;

nembo tenge .

mambingi v

p i n g .I ,

t o h i t / st rike

.

mambo pingi vp worship ;

p i ng f .

p e r fume .

because of ( ? ) .

mambele part

(?);

t o prai s e , t o

l akandenge , ua t f

n

mambu K

eyel i d , back of e a r l

n

l epond i .

mamoo adj

*MandaQa S

n ame - p l a c e :

mandau S n

mandauwa S

mandeam!no g!i d6ko p h

t o b e ar , t o p r o du c e / y i e l d , t o c ar ry ( o f n et b ag ) .

mandenyingi v c o ld ) ;

mandi 1

i n s t r u c t i on , r u l e , way of doing .

l engE L

mana lenge vp

l am a i ( n g i .

s p e ar s ) .

tree

( wo o d u s e d f o r

n e t b ag , b a s k e t ;

t o b e f at ( of a n i m at e s ) , l ar g e ; a n d a ke

manga S n

worm , grUb ;

manga manga penge vp

mangana p i ng r .

manga palenge vp

on s w e e t p ot at o ;

mu 1 6 p a l e n g e .

pi f

to t each ;

t o teach ;

t o s h iv e r ( f r om

i nun g l ny i ng l .

b o i l ( of wat e r ) ;

n

mana lamaingi vp

t o u n s t r i n g a b ow ( ? ) ;

l e p a n e , t i l y a ka f .

s w e e t p o t at o .

t rut h ;

b i r t h day .

mandenge v

manduli adj

k i n (ng i .

mud , b o g , m a r s h ;

n

manda� , dke .

e x c l amat i on o f ama z e ­

mana kiningi np

mu d , s w amp , m a r s h ;

e n d � k r t � e , m a n d a �wa , t � e , t � ke .

n

n

n

M a d an g .

mandi 2 S

n r a s pb e r r y - w i l d ( Ru b u s r o s i f o l iu s J . Sm i t h ) .

mana S

s w e e t p o t at o

( ye ll ow ) .

c l ot h .

mamuni 1 K

mamuni 2 PL

swe e t p ot at o .

mandane PL n

n

ka 1 f pakae , kan�u , pongok�e .

ment ;

t o be col d ( of obj e c t s ) , t o be d e a d ; k i (

K

n m o t h e r /m at e rn a l aun t a d d r e s s ; e n d � n g i , m�ma . n

ka r t i .

manda tenge v p

kawe n g e .

marb l e .

mamea

maminyi

t e ac h i n g ,

mount ain ;

n

mandenge v

*mamb6lo S head ( ? ) ;

manda S

mandakape PL n

t o put out h a n d

in bl e s s i ng .

mana p i ! lapae a t

nenge .

mom� n g a ,

tree o i l .

mamba petae a t

t o l e ar n ,

c at e c hume n .

doctrine .

n ame - man .

n

mamanga

mana nyingi vp

k i dn e y .

n

m�na

m�na

manga ny!ngi vp

manga6 l enge . manga penge .

, i ng (

rm� . t o j ump ; t o

man g a l y a

fun � u s

( or s . t . )

fmu p a l e n g e ,

t o j ump d o wn ;

mangalya mangana ping! vp j ump , t o b o i l

n u u, .

( of water ) ;

to ho�/

m� n g a

66

man g �lo S (P) n

j ew ' s harp ;

I rn o , tamba l o .

mangam�nge ( P ? ) v

t o grab f o r a n d c at c h h o l d o f .

mang�pe S n

t op t wo s l at s o f a

d oo r .

mangau leng� vp

t o j ump / h o p , t o

f a l l d own ( 1 ) ;

mang� n y (ng i ,

m a n g e n ge . ,

mange

K n t humb , t o e - b i g ; k (n g i kundeng� , kond� .

m�nge lao waketau adj

e i ght ;

tukul �p6 .

m�ge pundu vp

aka l l t� m e n d � i , t � ne , t � n e pe l a , t u k u t e po n a m e n d � i .

mang�

K n

anyt h i ng .

ten ;

n e c k , t op p art o f

mang� lyia leng� vp

t o look up

wang �y3 l en g � .

and over ;

m�genge v

i n s an e ;

mang�nge v

t o j um p / h o p

t a l en g e . t o fall

a n g o p a l e n g � , k 6 po l e n g e ; k u l ( m b e n g e , l i ( p ( n g i , l om b a 6 s ( n g i , l om b � n g e , m a n g � n y ( n g i , m a n g a � l e n g � , pa k u ( n g i . d own ;

mangepungi K n t e ndon ( ? ) .

n e ck - b a s e o f f

mang�sa s Ingi vp man� onge adj

l u i ngI .

manguingi v s t up i d ;

mangungi v m�ni S n m�n j 6 E n

t o c h ok e .

t o be n aught y ;

man6

K n

m�nu adv

n ame - man ' s .

map�nge v

t o ac c om p a n y ; t o g o w i t h t o h e lp or l e ar n a j ob .

map6 pingI vp

t o be mad/cra zy/

k e k e n g � , k y a k a e n ge .

t o c ome / s t ay t o g e t h e r . money ;

m�n r .

mu c u s ;

mu c u s ;

m�n j u . t o b l ow n o s e .

man j 6 .

t r e e ( u s e d i n mag i c ) . ab s o lut e l y ( 1 ) .

t o r o l l /w i n d up

( as s t r i n g ) .

mapoe� PT n

adol e s c ent ;

g i r l - u n m ar r i e d

mapuaka� .

mapu PL n

sweet potato ( generi c ) ( I p om o e a b a t at a s ) , f o o d ; � i n a ,

t emb�me .

mapu s Ing i 1 vp

p l ag u e - t o

mu l ( e p e n g � .

s u f f e r from ;

mapu sIng i 2 vp

t o l ay f a l l ow ( f or s h o r t t im e ) ; I y a k ( s ( n g

l.

mapuaka� n

g i r l - unmarr i e d a d o l e s c e nt ; m a poe� , m a p u e .

mapue n

g i r l - unmar r i e d adol e s cent ; m a p u a ka � .

mapuna PT n

mamm a l :

s (mb i , dmb i .

mapus Ingi ( P ? ) v *mas �a

K n

*m�sata n

t o t empt .

mamm al ( g ame ) .

mu s t ar d .

*masek�te S n m�sepae s t

gun .

m i n d , t h ou ght s .

masi minIngi vp

m .i n I n g .I

w a l l ab y ( 1 ) ;

E u r op e an man .

mas al�i PT n

,

ma� j 6 QaI leng� vp m�n j u E n

M�p� n

.

guard ;

maa

m�singi v

t o k n ow , t o t h i nk , t o u n de r s t an d ; m am b e n g e , n � m b e

t e n g � , nemb o t e n g � , ney� k a e n g � , nombo t e n g � , s e ke n g e .

m�singi akal i np *mas Ini S n *mas I s a l n

mat c h b o x .

*masI s a 2 S n Mata n

w i s e man .

machine . g ame p l ay e d w i t h m at c he s .

n ame - man ' s .

67

mata

K

tree

n

matakai

K

Matakale

( Li t s e a/neolit s e a ) .

p i g - s ow .

n

matalyingi v

t o h i d e / t ak e c o v e r ;

*matas�ne S n

medi cine ;

matas rn i .

*matas!ni S n

medic ine ;

ma t a s e n e .

duu , matesa ,

mate ! adv

e dg e ;

mate 2 adv

t im e ; 9

mate 3 l o a

p l a c e , l o c at i on ;

netesa .

m i3 t e s a .

mat�na

K

n

mat�na kul i

II.

, .

head ;

ayamba , ay6mba .

K

skull .

mateng� S n

np

e ar ar e a ( b e h i n d ) .

matenge It!

K

mate s a a dv

edge ;

e y eb r ow .

np

1 i m ba ,

mihe , n e tesa .

mat!pu n

b e lt ;

i n c our t ;

mat! s a adv

1

i mbas a ,

t o que s t i o n

t i pa p i ng r .

l a t e r , a f t e rwar d s ;

ma i t aka6 , tenda .

matisa d!ngi vp

t o give with i n t e nt t h at ob j e c t i s r e t u r n e d ;

dd

d (ng i .

matoko S n

p o s sum h o l e ;

matopa

t re e .

s f ta , s f ta . K

n

matu inj !ngi vp

t 6m b a p i n g f .

matuaka

. t o. g at' h e r , t o p i l e � m b � p l n � I , . b o � e , b �' I) a . l enge , I ta l Y l ng l , l ya l Y l ng l , kamb i ng r , kambu p (n g i , kand6 p i n g f , k a n d 6 s e t e n � e , k a ko ­ p e n g e , k a poma p i n g l , k 6 n d a p i n g r , l i me n d e n g e , l yo m b e n g e , m a u petenge , m i nanj (ng i .

up ;

mau ! S n

o v e n - g r o un d ;

mau 2 S n

pu s ;

mau yu l i .

1 i nf.

mau lopeng� vp

t o open ground

ove n .

mau teng� vp

saa

t o be du l l ;

E

n

vine

( u s e d as rope ) .

Matuakane

n

n am e - m an ' s .

to fester ;

tenge .

mau yul! S np mau l i

K n yang i .

mauwa

ma t a p u .

mat!pu min!ngi vp

kambu

t o c ov e r / s e al ( o f g r ou n d ove n ) .

space between

matenge l o a

t o group ;

p fng i , mau p i ng r .

mau paling! vp

l em b a , n e t e , n e t e s a .

moun d s ;

mau peteng� vp mau ping! vp

ma t f p u .

b e lt ;

k i mbu d t i p i ng f .

V t o b e numb ; k u m b u t f t u p i ng i , mokod t i p i ng f .

aeme 1 e n g e , y a 1 6 p i n g f .

matapu n

t o fall asleep ( of a

V

l i mb ) ;

matungi

n ame - p l ac e .

n

matu!ngi

K

g r ound ove n ;

gras s

mauwa part

mau .

( u s e d for roof ) ;

wall stud ;

n

1 inr

b6 i

(M) .

w i t h ( * a s s o c i at iv e ) ;

l u n d u , m aw a p i , - p f p a .

mauwa S n

no t r e s p as s i n g s i gn .

mauwapi p a r t

w i t h ( * a s s o c i at i v e ) ;

l u n d u , m a wa , - p r p a .

mauwi n

b a g - c ar r y i n g .

mayelee PT n

bird .

-mba ! part

v e ry ( * emph at i c ) .

-mb a 2 part

( * a r g um e n t at iv e ) .

-mba 3 part

t h e y t wo alway s ( * e x c lu s i v e h ab i t u a l - d u al ) ;

-rna .

-mby part

s p e ak e r ) ;

( * a c t i on away f r om

- am b y , - m b y a .

68

-me I part

( * ag e nt i v e ) ;

-me 2 part

w i t h ( * i n s t rume n t a l ) ;

-m i .

me� n

-m i .

f o r no r e as on , j u s t m e r e l y .

me� Iangalu min!ngi ph

t o per­

j ure .

me� maa yangeng� p h

t o wast e .

me� mai!ngi vp

t o give for n o r e a s on , t o g i v e w it hout g e t ­ t i n g r e p ayment ( ? ) .

meke paleng� vp

s c ab i e s

( of

k i tu pa l enge , l ak� p i n g f / p a l en g e .

pigs ) ;

*membaa

K

n

A s s embly .

*mem� n

m e m b e r o f H ou s e o f

g o at .

mena

K n p i g ( g e n e r i c ) ; quad­ rup e d ( un gu l at e ) ; t a k a i y a .

*mena dongi

K

donk e y , as s .

np

mena endakita pingi vp

(7» ;

p ayment

men� endak i ta s i ng i , pand i ta p i ng f . ( o f live p i g s

mena endakita s ingi vp

p ayme nt of l i v e p i g s t h at i s not p a i d back ; me n a e n d a k i t a p i n g i ,

pand i ta p i ng ( .

*mena kama Ie *mena 6sa

K

K

hor s e ;

np

6s a .

mena pungi tiningi vp

mag i c u s i n g p i g ' s l i v e r ( fo r c u r e o f i lln e s s ) ; w a p u p u n g i t i n i n g i .

*mena s ipis!pi

K

sheep .

np

mena toko ping! vp

p aym e n t .

mena watapae p!ngi vp m a r r i ag e .

mena yanong� was�pae s t w o r k e d an imal s k i n .

menak�nde S n menange edge .

K

n

one ;

mendalapo de t mendapu de t

i k f , w�ne .

s ome t wo , a c ou p l e . s om e

( p lu r al ) ;

m e n d � p u a , me n d a t 6 p a .

mendapua de t

s ome ( p lu r a l ) ;

men d � p u , m e n d a t 6 p a .

mendatupa de t few ;

m�nde de t

( p lu r al ) , a

a , an , o n e , s om e t h i n g .

mendok�n g � v

menj okenge . � mendokenge .

menj okeng � metae

s ome

me n d � p u , m e n d � p u a , y a n g ( .

K

t o b e s t r o n g / t ough ; t o b e t ou gh / s t r o n g ;

fern ;

n

kam b u a , p i n d f t a .

-mi l part

( * a g e nt i v e ) ;

-mi 2 part

w i t h ( * i n s t rum e n t al ) ;

m!lya

t r e e ( s e e d s u s e d for

-me .

K

n

h a i rdye ) .

-me .

m! lya yangen�� vp

t o dye h a i r / seeds .

mimi min!ngi vp

c o r r e c t ly - t o

wig with do ;

m l l ya

n em i n � l r .

mima l S n

b o w o f b l a c k p alm .

mima 2

c ame l .

np

mendai adj

paym e n t l e at h e r ,

s n ake . e ar l o b e , n o s t r i l

K n t r e e ( us e d for bOws / s p e ar s - b l a c k p alm ( 7 » .

m!na

K n c an e - e d i b l e ( S e t ar i a p a lm i f o l i a ( Ko e n . ) s t ap f . ) ; m (ny� .

mina

K n t r e e - wh e r e p o s s um s a r e foun d .

minakasingi v

t o de c e ive .

minak6 ping! vp ( o f hand ) .

t o t u rn / s t i r

minambenge v

t o h o l d ( t i g h t ly ) , t o p r e s s d own ; m i n a p 6 m b i n g i .

minam�n�e v

t o h o l d f i rm l y ;

m i n a p u mb i n g i .

minan! n

b le s s i n g .

69

minan j ingi 1 v

t o g r ou p / g at h e r ;

minan j ingi 2 V

t o h o l d b a c k /up .

kamb6 p f n g i , I fmb i ng i , mau p i n9 f .

min!o lungu pis ingi ph d e c e i v e , t o s e du c e . min!o s ingi vp h and s .

to feel with

min!o tinakatala vp Minapia n

to

t o c onvu l s e .

n am e - m an ' s .

mindi mand! np c an e .

pu z z l e m a d e f r om

mindimand! ping! vp n aught y .

to be

mindinane ping! v p t o b e c om e angry for n o t h i n g . mine larning i V

t o m e n s t ru at e .

min!ngi V t o h o l d ( i n h an d s ) , t o b e h av e ; a p f p i n g r . Min j a n

n ame - p l a c e :

min j i li pingi vp

Minj .

t o l an d s l i d e ;

ang l ny l ng l , ang l p l ng l , tanenge . ,

,

.

minj okoenge V f i rm l y . min j u PL n

m i sa .

Minj uku n

"

.

t o hold fast /

f l e s h , m e a t , mu s c l e ; n ame - m an ' s .

*mi s i i and! K n p c h u r c h b u i l d ­ ing ; l os 6 u anda . *mi s i i doko lenge vp the gospe l . *mis i i lenge vp t o chur c h . *misii pii S n *mi sini

K n

to preach

t o worship/ go C h r i s t i an i t y .

m i s s i on .

*mis isa n

Europe an woman ( Mr s . ) .

*mitini n

m e e t i n g ; m ( t i !) i , m i d !) i .

*mi t i !) i n

meeting ; m ( t i n

*miti !) i n

m e e t i n g ; m t t i n i , m f t i !) i .

-mo part

i , m i d !) i .

( * augment ) ( t h i r d p e r s on ) ;

-no .

moiyane n

orphan ; m u i y a n � .

moka nyingi vp t o f r e e , t o l e t l o o s e ; m a ke n g � , m a k o e n g e . mokalipi lenge vp mOkenge

V

mokenge

K n

t o c ur s e .

t o l e t l o o s e / fr e e ;

m a k e n g e , m a k oe n g e , m a ko o n y ( n g i , m6koe n g e .

mokingi V

t r e e /v i n e . t o burn up / c o n s um e ;

mol y f n g i , mu l y f n g i .

moko

K n

l e g , s upport s ; k fm b 6 .

mako kornbe s ingi vp t o l e av e foot p r i n t s ; m 6 k6 m i n f n g i .

min j uku min!ngi vp t o c rumb l e with f ingers ( of s o i l ) ; o i l i

mako koo

minongenge V t o d e c e i v e , t o offend ; m i n y a k a s i n g i .

moka miningi vp t o l e av e f o o t ­ p r i nt s ; m 6 k 6 k 6 m b � s ( n g i .

minya ( L ) n c an e - e d i b l e ( S e t a r i a p al m i f ol i a ) ; m f n a .

moka pee np

s h o e s , f o o t w e ar ; s u u .

moka petakoi

K np

l eng� .

minyakas ingi V t o de c e i v e /m o c k , t o o f fe n d ; m i n o n g e n g e . mioko PT n

b i r d o f paradi s e .

*mis a PL n

m e at ; m ( n j u .

K np

pet ako i .

m6k6 ko6 .

l am e , c r i p p l e ; m 6 k6

l am e , c r i p p l e ;

mako setenge doko ph mOkoenge V

t o free

�

foot s t o o l . t o l e t l oo s e ;

makoe n g e , mako n y I n g I n y f n g i , m6kenge .

,

m6ka

70

mokos ingi v

t o d i s t r ibut e , t o

ta l f ta l f p i ng f , t a l f p i p i n g f , wa fm� m i ny f ng i .

j udge ;

mokotiti pingi vp

to be asleep

( o f a l imb ) ; a m f am e n y f n g i , kumbu t i t u p i n g i , ma t 6 n g l . b e an .

mol� n

c l o u d , f o g /m i s t ;

mo l � p a n � , m u l u p a n a .

mol� pana S n

kopa ,

c l oud , f o g /m i s t ;

molo lenge vp

t o s ou n d l i k e b u z z / r o ar ( o f e n g i n e ) ; b u l u

l en g � , m6 1 6 m� 1 6 l en g e , mu6 l enge .

t o burn up / c on s ume ;

momanda nuu S np

n e t b ag ( man ' s ) ;

a k u, , a l a k a e n a , n o k a l n a , p a n g a t a nuu .

momanga n

roun d , c i r c u l a r , s ph e r i c al ; m a m � n g � , u t a k a 6

momo neng� vp rope ,

tok fng i .

eM) .

s t r ing ;

e l y6ko ,

t o r i p / t e ar ( o f

p i l y i ng i , p i ng i ng i ,

mona PL n

h e a r t ( s e at o f t h ought an d emot i o n ) ; a w f y a , k i p i ,

y am� I i , yam� p u . mona andenge vp

t o b e awe s ome ,

m6na nep�nge , p�ka p i n g f , wa l 6 l en ge .

t o worry ;

mona ep� palenge vp woman .

mona kap ilyingi vp repent .

mona kenda kaenge vp

m6n a ken d � p i n g f .

mona kenda pingi vp

m6 n a k e n d � k a e n g e .

mona kurningi vp b e h op e l e s s .

l en ge .

t o be s erene .

t o b e awe s ome /

m6na andenge , wa l 6

mona I)ee leng� vp

t o s i gh .

mona I)enaa lenge vp

t o r ememb e r .

mona I)yee kaeng� vp

t o r ememb e r .

mona I)ye l) e lenge vp

t o s i gh

mona palenge vp

g o o d man / t o c on v e r t / t o b e s ad ; t o be s ad ;

to despair , to

t o b e s an e / g o o d ­

h e ar t e d .

mona pyaki lyingi vp

t o be un­ c h ar i t ab l e , t o b e s t i n gy ; t a a

i k f n e n g e , yama t a k� l en g e .

mona s�tenge vp

f r i en d ;

kaeng� .

monaita t o o

t o r ot .

momo nyingi vp paper ) ;

t o f e e l u n s e t t le d ;

p i f peenge .

( de e p ly ) .

mo k f n g i , m u l y f n g i , s � p u t e n g e .

kende .

mona lyingi vp

ama z i n g ;

t o b e un­

pa l i pa l i p l n g f .

mona lyuu lenge vp

k o p � eM) , mo l e .

momo n

de c i d e d ;

mona nep�nge vp

mol a n

molyingi v

mona lapo palenge vp

au6

i n s i de o f .

maname masing i vp

t o b e i nt e l l i ­

m6n a m e p i n g f .

gent ;

maname pingi vp

h e a r t /by h e a r t ;

monange KP n

m6n ame m � s i n g i .

fri end .

manda paleng� vp

t o d i e ( of tree

roots ( 1 ) ) .

mondo S n

t o k n ow i n o n e ' s

moun d .

mondo pingi vp

t o t a k e c ar e ( o f pe ople / p i g s / d o g s ) , t o adopt ;

i s fng

I .

mondo singi vp Mond6pa S n

t o mou n d u p .

n ame - p l ac e .

mongalo l S n

s t on e

mongalo2 K n

c o r dy l i n e .

axe s ) .

mange PT n

( us e d for

frog ( generic ) .

71

m6nge paenge K n

( u s e d for

fern h a i r d e c o r at i on ) .

monge ping! vp

t o u n r av e l ( o f

s t r ing/ rope ) .

mongoenge v

s l owly ;

k i p i pa l u ,

mo6 lao adv

s l owly ; k i p i p a l u , kon d a ka l ao , k o n d a ka l ao , k o n d a k a o , mon o p a l u , p a l ( m a p a l ( rn a , s em a s e m a .

m6pa K n

*mosapaeke S n

n ame - p l a c e : P or t

n ame - p l a c e :

m6s6 K ( L ) n

b a n an a .

*Mosuu S n

M o t u l an g u ag e .

motakali n

b e e , wa s p ;

*motapake n mot6 n

mot orb i k e ;

ambu l ya . mo s a p a e k e .

s alt .

mot6li K n

h i p ( s i d e of ) ;

motopae S n

•

s nake :

a k o l o , pu i yoo .

motopoi laken �e vp m6ya S n

-mu ( L ) p a r t

lacking .

t o ap p e ar ( o f

i n h e r i t an c e , h e r i t ag e .

m6ya nyingi vp

muene K n

python ( 7 ) ;

l l p i ke pe .

r a i n b ow ) ;

to inherit . at

( * l o c at iv e ) .

o r phan ;

mu i yane .

t o b e s h ort , t o b e

muingininyiminyi PT n ( g o s hawk ) .

t r e e - p a lm .

mula6 pingi vp t o e at h o l e s i n b e a n s (M) , t o e at h o l e s i n b e an s / s w e e t p o t a t o ( T ) ; m u l u

pa l en g e , m U l u p i n g ( .

mU l i K n

( G lo c h i d i on ) .

tree

p lague - t o s u f f e r

mapu s f n g i .

bird

t o swear

f o r trut h o f i t .

mul imauwa ( L ) adj Mul itaka S

t ru t h , o at h .

n am e - p l a c e : Mu l i t ak a .

n

mulu malu lenge vp

t o t hun d e r , t o s ou n d l i ke t hu n d e r ; t o g r owl ( of s t om a c h ) ; b u l u l e n g e , mo l o

l enge , muu l enge .

mulu pingi vp

d i s e a s e of t u b e r s / p o d v e g e t ab l e s ; mu l a 6 p i n g f .

mulu palenge vp p ot at o / b e an s ;

k y o k o l ( m i (M)

muingi V

P or t

M o s e pee , P o s a Mosepee .

Mor e sb y ;

f o r m e r h ou s e s i t e .

muli mauwa lenge (M) vp

Mosep ( i .

*Mosepii n

mulai K n

f r om ;

mot o rb i k e ;

mo t a p a k e .

Mo r e s b y ;

mo i ya n e ,

m ammal - mar s up i al

mul i epenge vp

b a n an a .

*Mosepee n

muiy6 PT n ( 7)

muku s ingi vp

t o b l o c k up ;

moO l a o .

o r ph an ;

n

muene . •

l y o k oe n g e , p a e l e n g e .

m6nopalu adv

muiyane K

mu l a o p i n g r .

d i s e a s e of sweet

m a n g a pa l e n g e ,

mulurnalu lenge ( L ) v p

t o quarr e l ;

k i pu l e n g e , t o k a l en g e .

m u u,

mulurnalu adj

d e af a n d dumb ;

mUlupana S n

c l ou d , m i s t / fo g ;

m a a , m u u ma a . kopa , mo l e .

mUlyingi v

t o burn / c on s um e ;

m o k ( n g i , mo l y f n g i .

mUrnba S n

s c ab , s c ar ( n ot d e ­ c o r at i v e ) ; k o m b e , m u m b a p f n g

i.

mUrnba pingi vp

to s car ; kombe , mumba , pan j u p fn g i /p l n g ( .

murnba ko6 pingi vp

t o m a k e l e av e i n h a s t e , t o w i t hh o l d ( o f l au g ht e r / s p e e c h / i de a ) .

72

mUmbetenge S n mUmb i 1 S n cord ;

mut! ping! vp

umb i l i c al c or d ,

m 6 m b i , m 6 mb i t e n g e .

nave l ;

muturn�tu n

n ave l , umb i l i c a l

dumb ( i n c a p ab l e o f s p e e c h ) , p o o r s p e ak e r ; m u um a �

m6mbe t e n g e , m6mb i te n ge .

murnbi 2 S n

b e a d s , s e e d ( h ard u s e d as beads ) ; b ( s a , m u n d 6 ma

mUmbitenge S n c or d ;

p i m6 , t 6 1 6 , .

n av e l , umb i l i c al

m6mbe te n g e , m6mb i .

mUrnu lenge v

t o c omp l a i n / mutt e r , t o g r u d g e ; d i l i n d a 1

l e n ge , k � k a t e l en g e .

murnun� K n

6

up .

mundUrna n

ing gras s

m6mb i .

b e ad s , s e e ds of f l ow e r ­ ( us ed as beads ) ; b r s a ,

o f s w e e t p o t at o ;

d i s e as e

g i l i ne p i ng i .

mungi K n

t r e e / s h rub ( Ga r c i n i a ) .

*muni K n

month , moon ;

*mun! S n

m on e y , s h i l l i ng , alm s ;

kan � .

c h an g e ;

s i 1 ua .

*mun! min�o lenge vp cards ;

t o p l ay

greet ing - good

mun j ukii PT n

f i r e f ly ;

muu PT n

b i r d - g i an t f r o gmout h .

muu ma� KP np

muurna� KP

n dumb ( un ab l e t o mu l u m a l u , m u t u m � t 6 , m u 6 ma� , p e n d 6 k o l yokot ae , p i m6 , t616 . s p e ak ) ;

muyo PT n

mamm a l .

myuku m�nemane ping! vp n au s e at e d ;

t a l y (ng i .

myuku ping! vp

t o s t i nk , t o s m e l l ( n au s e at i ng ly ) ; a r p r n g i , m y 6 k u

N

n ame - l a r g e l ak e wh i c h is feare d . b an an a .

soko , s um u k u .

mut! nenge vp c igarett e .

to be

my 6 k u p i n g f , m y 6 k u

t o vomit ; m y 6 k u l y a n d e n g e ( T ) , m y 6 k u m � n em a n e p i ng f .

Mus i n

t ob a c c o ( N i c ot i ana t ab a c um ) , c i g a r e t t e s ; k i n �

t o vomi t ;

my6ku t a l y (ng i , p i as rng i .

myuku taly!ngi vp

bo i .

n am e - man ' s .

mut! n

to be s i c k of

keked kaenge/p i n g f .

myUku lyandenge (T) vp

first/eldest , i mp o rt an t , l ar g e .

K n

d e af a n d dumb ,

k �m b 6 l u o k o t a e , m u l um a l u , muuma � . deaf ;

mup� KP a dj

mus!

s ou n d - hum ( o f

b u l u l en g e , mo l o l e n g e , mu l 6 m � 1 6 l e n g e .

m�nemane p i ng r , p6ng6 p i n g r .

y o n g �m o .

morning ;

Mu6ne n

kon de ,

k � s a l en g e , m� l e p i n g f .

*mun!i adv

t o c u t / b r e ak a c ro s s

k e p e n g e , I e po I e n g e , p i t ( n g i , popo l enge .

grain ;

s . o . /s . t . ;

k o n d e , m � n ( , s i l r l) i .

*mun! kuli S np

muu p!ngi vp

myUku kaenge vp

e ke ,

,

s ho r t .

engine ) ;

t o s l i c e , t o cut

munge lenge palenge vp

muu adj

muu lenge vp

c an e - s u g a r .

mundu p!ngi vp

t o c o ok on t o p o f

fire .

,

na- part

n e g at i on o f v e r b s ( * n e g at i v e ) .

-na l part

( * at t e nt i on s u f f i x ) .

-na2 part

( * quot at i v e ) ;

na� ( L 1 ) pro t o s m o k e t ob a c c o /

I ; n am b � .

- I) e .

73

*naamba adj numb e r , d i v i s i on , l ay e r ; n a m b a . *naene adj

n i ne ; t u k u t � p6 .

naenge v ( * n e g at i on ) ( o f v e r b s w i t h s t em o f m o r e t h a n o n e s y l l ab l e ) . nai KP n

f o r e i g n , f o r e i gn e r ;

n a i e n d a ka l

na i ya .

i ,

nai endakali KP np

fore igner ;

n a i , n a i ya .

naima p ro

we , u s ; n a n f m a (T) .

*naine adj

nine ; t u ku t � p6 .

naipi K n

tree .

*naipya S n

kn i fe ; kema ,

napya , uaa l a t� .

*naisa S a dv

n i g h t ; k u a k a ma ,

kuk�ma .

*naita dyutii np naiya KP n

l a te ,

n i g h t - du t y .

f o r e i g n , f o r e i gn e r ;

n a i , n a i e n d a ka l i .

naiya anda K np h ou s e ( Eu r o p e an style ) ; n a y a a n d a . naiya kate S np s ings ing ) . naiya pi ! np naka K n

P i dg i n l an g u ag e .

noka l e .

t o s w e ar o b s c e n e l y .

door ; k a i t f n f , n f p� ,

nakande s i ngi vp t o t a s t e , t o t ry ; n a o s f n g i . nakate S n l i ke .

v e g e t ab l e : s p i n ac h ­

nakauwa K n Nal! S n

n e t t l e - s t i n g i ng .

n am e - p l ac e .

nal!mba pro

kaenge , pyao p fng i .

nalomenge V k i ll i t .

w e two .

naloa ping! vp t o e xpr e s s ext r em e a n g e r a n d make

t o ring a tree to

nalu Ienge vp t o t al k about o t h e r c l an w i t h h o l d i n g p i g s ; Q i l i Q a l u

l enge .

namanaenge V i n c ap ab l e . namba a dv

t o b e b a d / i n c or r e c t /

t im e .

namba l KP pro

I ; n a a (L) .

namba2 K n b r a s s w o r n on f o r e ­ h e ad b y ' t u l t u l s ' . *namba 3 S adj

numb e r ; n a a m b a .

nambakali K

s t r an g e r ; k a i n a k a l i ,

n

o po n e .

namb! n s t i c k ( s h arp ) - f o r p l a n ­ i n g d own . *namb ! s a S

c o ast .

n

namb6 namb6 ping! vp t o s l an d e r / gos s ip ; n o n g o n o n g o p i r , t i p i

t i pa p i f , t i pu t f p � l en g e .

namu nae ping! vp t o s p e ak ang r i ly t o o n e a n o t h e r . Nanaa n

n am e - m an ' s .

nane PT n

tree .

naka Ienge vp nakale n

p a i n t ( fo r b o dy /

s arc a s t i c r e fe r e n c e t o o r a l ­ g e n i t al i nt e r c ou r s e ; r m b u

bird .

nanga pingi vp t o s h a r p e n ( w i t h file or stone ) ; n a n g a s f n g i ,

n e n g e p i n g .I ,

,

•

nanga s !ngi 1 vp

t o rub n o s e s ;

t u k � me s r n g i .

nanga s!ng i 2 vp t o s h a r p e n \ w i t h file or stone ) ; n a n g a p f n g i ,

nenge p fng i .

nanga ping! vp

t o die .

nangala Iying i vp

to dig a ditch ;

nang ala ny!ng i vp

t o dig a ditch ;

nanga l a ny rn g i , sana nyfng i .

n a nga l a l y rn g i , s a n a n y f ng i .

74

nangale n

d i t c h /bound ary ;

yan � .

nangatu p!ngi vp

s a, n a ,

t o h i c c ou g h ;

pya n g � t u n�ng � t u l enge .

nangU n

fern - edible ( Di cksonia h i e r o nym i B r au s e ) .

nanima (T) p ro

we , u s ;

nanu n

l � poenge , 1 6po ,

thirst ;

nanu fng i .

nanu kaenge vp

to be t h i r s t y ;

n a n u l n g .l . ,

nanu!ngi v

n � i ma .

t o be thir sty ;

k a e n ge .

n a, n u,

nao katenge/petenge v p (?)

t o s t ay

nao s !ng i vp

n a k � n de

•

to taste ;

s i ng i .

nao t i ak a kaenge vp

t o e at unt i l

s at i s f i e d .

napenge v of

e d i b l e ( p ot e n t i al f orm

nenge ) .

napinya kayamo nee p h napu K n

P a s s ov e r .

tree .

napu liki n

r at ' s h o l e .

*napya S n

kni fe ;

nate K n

kem� , n � i pya .

n i k f , n i t� , y a ka i n a , y a pe n a . selfish ;

t o be s t ingy/

n a wee l e n g � .

nawee lenge vp

t o b e s t ingy ;

n � we l e n g e .

naya anda np naya pii np

p I S ,I n I .

.

t r a c k s o f a n im al .

nee 2 K n

t ab o o .

nee ping i l vp

nem� p fn g l ,

magi c ;

p i ma p i ma p i n g i .

nee pingi 2 vp

t o s ac r i f i c e t o ghost s ; t o b e concerned for ; t r ac k ( o f a n i m a l s ) ; n e m a p ( n g

p i ma p i ma p i ng i .

nee S n

i ,

food .

nee katai pyapae 8 t nee li6 s ingi vp t r ap s ) ;

c rumb s .

to bait

nee makenge .

nee makenge vp

nee I f6 s f n g i .

t o bait

( of

( o f t r ap s ) ;

nee nyetae 8 t

t ab o o ( t hat f e u d­ i ng c l an s s h ou l d n o t f i � ht out ­ s i d e own t e r r i t o ry ) ; d a a l a t a e .

*nekeneke K n nele PT n

m e c h an i c .

ins ect

( locust

(?)).

nelenel e pingi vp

di s e a s e of s w e e t p o t at o ; t o p r e t e n d t o e at s . t . ; g e l en ge l e p i n g i .

P i dg i n l a n g u a g e ;

magi c - black ( u s i n g d e c ay e d p ar t s o f human b o dy ) ; n e e p i n g f , p i m a p i m a

p i ng i .

nema pingi vp

b i r d f e e d s b aby

bird.

nemango n

magi c ;

nem6n g o .

nemango aka l i K np

sorcerer .

nembange Z o e

shore ;

e dg e ,

netesa .

nembenge v

nepenge .

l em b a ,

t o t h r o w out / away ;

.

nayanda n nea n

h o u s e - Europ ean

n a i y� anda .

style ;

nee l n

t o wait .

nema p!ngi vp

sun ;

nawe lenge vp

neamatae singi vp

gun , r i f l e ;

m u s e ke t a .

s ad ( ? ) .

neamatae s t

tengesa .

c l o s e /next t o ;

nembiti K n

moust ache .

nemb6 tenge vp t o h e s i t at e ;

t o t h i nk , t o know ;

m a s i n g i , nemb o t e n ge .

nembotenge t o t h i nk ; m a m b e n g e ,

mas i n g i , nemb6 tenge , ney� k a e n g e , n om b o t e n g e .

75

nerne nerne K np

nepipa K n

gum s .

nerninali pingi vp

t o put i n order /proper place ; m fm r

m i n (ng i .

nernong61i luu pingi vp for magi c .

nern6ngo n

magi c ;

p ayme n t

n e m a, n g o .

nenae n

l a s t b o rn ( o f c h i l d r e n ) ;

Nenai n

n ame - t r ib e .

nenakae .

Nenaini n

n am e - t r i b e .

nenakae adj

y oun g e s t c h i l d , ( of chi ldren ) ;

last born

nenae . ,

nenata pingi vp

t o t e st t o s e e i f e e l i s i n t r ap / on h o o k .

nene PT n

i n s e ct ( gener i c ) , a r t h r o p o d a ( a l l m emb e r s ) a n d snai l s .

nene anda S n , m a g g o t . nene pingi ( L ) vp

t o hum /bu z z .

nene pingi vp

t o s how d i s g u s t .

nene pingi vp

t o p l ay ;

l e n g e , m a l e p .i n g I

nenge K n

,

ma l e

•

horns /tus k , t us k ,

t eeth .

nenge kaita S np

mouth .

nenge pingi vp

t o s h ar p e n ( w i t h file or stone ) ; n a n g a p (n g i",

n a n g a s l n g .l . ,

,

nenge l v

c on s ume .

t o eat/bite /graz e , to

nenge 2 S n

t op o f m ount a i n

r an g e .

n e c k ( b e l ow b a s e o f ) ;

nepaepa .

nepo pingi vp nete Z o c 1

edge , border ; 1 i mb a , i mbasa , maten ge , n e t es a .

nete kipa kipa adj netesa Z o c

b o r de r , e d g e ; k a p a k a t a , k i l i k ( I ( , l em b a , l ya m b a , ma te , matenge , mate s a , nembange , n� t � , n t he k rpa k f pa .

netesa endakali K np

nep r pa .

nepenge v r emov e ;

s h oul d e r - m i dd l e

t o d i s c ar d / t h r ow away /

angonge , nemben ge .

heathen ;

kanaka e .

neya kaenge vp

t o t h i nk ( ? ) ;

mas i n g i , nemboteng e .

-ngi- part

( * f i r s t or s e c on d p e r s on i n d i r e c t ob j e c t ) .

-ni part

de s i r e ( * d e s i de r a t i v e ) , ( * d e s i de ra t i ve ) ; l a k a , l a o

w ant -1 i .

nii l n

w e t s e a s on .

ni i 2 n

t oy .

niki niki pingi vp on h a r d o b j e c t .

,

t o b i t e down

niki K n

s un , n a t e , n i t a , n i t a l e n g e , y a k a i n a , y a pe n a .

niki tau tii pungu np

n o on , m i d­

anda wa i pungu p�n g u .

d ay ;

nikirne kandenge vp of pi gs .

nikinenge ( L ) v

nikiniki kaenge vp at s . o . ;

p .i n g I

,

t o b e an � ry /

n i k i n fk i kaenge .

n a i l , s h ot / i n j e c t i on ;

*n! l i pingi vp s.t. ;

t o b e angry

m a k a kae n g e , n i k i n r k i

.

*ni l i S n

I) r 1 i .

skin disease

t o r e l e as e .

nikiniki ping! vp

nepaepa PL n

s u r r oun d i n g

netesa .

ar e a ;

i r r i t at e d ;

of ;

t o p l ay at f i gh t ­

kop i o nene p i ng f .

ing ;

to i n j e c t ,

I) r l i p y a o n e p e n g e .

to n a i l

76 ·

nimanda K n

h ou s e - s m al l ;

i m u n d u , k u l a p e , n i mo n d o .

nimba (T) pro

you s i ng u l a r ;

emba , (mba .

nimondo K n

h ou s e - g a r d e n ;

i m u n d u , k u l a pe , n i m a n d a .

nini S n

k u n g � ma , k u n g � m a k a n g � mu p i , kung 6ma k a n g �ma , kun uma , n i n rma , n i n �ma .

ninima S n

l an d - f e rt i l e ;

ninUma S n

du s t ;

k u n uma , n i n i , n i n 6ma .

k u n g 6ma , k u n g �ma k a n g �m u p i , k u n g�ma k a n g 6ma , n i n i , n i n r m a .

nipu n

t o f a l l down / ove r .

ka i t (n ( , nak� l e .

d o or ;

nis ingi v

t o h e lp ;

nis ipu K n Nita n

i s (ng l .

c an e , b amb o o .

sun , day ; n a t e , n l k ( , n i t a l e n ge , y a k a i n a , y a pen � .

nita landa pengesa ph

west

( wh e r e s u n s et s ) .

nitalenge ( L ) n nitupa K n

sun ;

p an da n u s

east

( wh e r e

n i k ( , n i t� . ( P an d an u s

sp . ) ; a l emok6 i , a p � t i , t a e , wa i mba .

-no part

p e r s on ;

Noi n

( * augme n t )

-mo .

- s econd

d o o r , p at h ;

nolakenge v

g r as s . snai l .

nombotenge v

to think ;

nembotenge .

nomondo K n

nond6 lenge vp

t o s h ow a n g e r /

sond6 l enge .

d i s p l e a s ur e ;

nond6pa Z o a

n e a r i n t im e a n d

space .

nongeane S n b lu e ;

ka i t rn r ,

t o reveal ;

p�nenge .

m�s i n g i ,

h ou s e - g a r d e n ;

k U l a pe .

c l ay - y e l l ow o r

I a k a n e , 1 a ke a n e , t o n g e a n e .

n6ng6 S n

makenge .

t r ap ( f o r b i r d s ) ; t o s p e ak p o o r l y /

nong6 nong6 pi! np

t o l i e / s p eak

namb6 n amb6 p i ng r , t i p i tapa p i r .

f a l s e ly ;

nong6 pingi vp

t o b e c lum s y / i n c ap ab l e / ob s t i n at e ; k � 1 i k a e n g e

p�p� l enge , t u � p i n g ( . n6pao PT n

m amm a l .

nuangi K n

s t r ap o f n e t b ag .

nunu lenge vp

to kis s ;

nunu ping! vp

to ki s s ;

net bag ( ge n e r i c ) . bag ( women ' s ) ; m � n d i , t a k a a .

nuu kalenge np

n am e - p l ac e :

New

s t r a p o f n e t b ag .

nuu maimai np

l o i n c l o t h ( o f n et ) ;

nuu ping! l vp

n e t b ag - t o m a k e a .

nuu ping! z vp

t o s we l l ;

ma i ma i .

,

n u, n u, p i n g f . n u, n u, i e n g e .

nuu S n

Gu i n e a .

n e t bag - m an ' s ; a k u , a l a, k a e n a , moma n d a n u � , p a n g a t a nuu .

n a k� l e .

a l w ay s .

*Nuu Gin!i S np

n am e - r i v e r .

nokaina S n

nokale n

n6ma K n

net

n am e - m an ' s .

Noka n

nolenale adv

h e s i t an t ly .

nita K n

sun r i s e s ) .

m a r k - s m al l .

nong6 lenge vp

n am e - m an ' s .

nita pyakaengesa ph

nole n

n am e - m an ' s : N o l e .

n6mbe PT n

l an d - f e rt i l e ;

nip!ngi v

*N61e n

�ndenge .

77

-nya l part

about ( * r e f e r e n c e ) .

-nya2 part t o ( * pur p o s i v e ) , f o r ( * purpo s i v e ) .

Qee Q aa lenge vp

t o p an t ; Q e e

Qaa pa l enge .

Qee lenge v p t o � runt / g r o a n ; g a a l enge , QUU l en ge .

at ( * l o c at i v e ) , o n -nya 3 part ( * l o c at i v e) , t o ( * l o c at i v e ) ;

Qee Q aa palenge vp

-ny a 4 part h i s , h e r s , i t s ( * p o s s e s s i ve ) .

s ou n d - pur r s , wh i n e s Q i i lenge vp ( of engine ) .

nyakama pro

Qili n

- ka , - s a .

you p lu r a l , t h ey ;

a n e ma p u . ,

t o pant ; Q e e

Q aa I e n g e .

s h o t / i n j e c t i on , n a i l ; n r l i ,

s u s a , wa i ma l e .

nyakamba pro

y o u t w o ( du a l ) ;

Q i l i pya6 nepenge vp

nyalambo pro

y ou t w o , t h e y t w o ;

Q i l i Q a l i lenge l vp

n y a l ambo , n y i l y ambo .

n ya k amba , n y i 1 yambo .

nyilYambo p ro

you two , t h e y t w o ;

n y a k a m b a , n y a l am b o .

nyingi V

t o t ak e / ge t / r e c e i v e .

nyinya setenge vp d own .

t o put / k n o c k

nyok6 nyingi vp t o t ak e /pu l l b ac k ; l y a a l e n g e , l y oo l e n g e ,

n yokony ( ng i , p u k i m (na penge .

nyoko pingi vp

t o r e pay ( ? ) ;

nyokonyingi 1 V ively .

t o t ak e s e l e c t ­

yanu p l ng l . ,

,

.

nyokonying i 2 V t o d r aw b ac k / out ; l y a a l e n g e , l y oo l e n g e ,

n y oko n y ( n g i .

to cry ( o f infants ) ; Q aa lenge vp QOo l en g e , Q U U l e n g e .

Q i l i Q al i lenge 2 vp t o g r o wl / rumb l e ( o f s t om a c h ) ; g u l a n g a l u

l enge .

Q i l i Q alu lenge vp Q i lu Q i lu PT

n

p i nya l i ta .

Q ingi V

b i r d - f an t a i l ;

t o c h i r p / s que ak .

Qolo C B ) n

a i r p l an e ; b u l 6 .

Qo6 lenge vp

t o c ry ( o f i n fant ) ;

ee I e n g e , Q a a I e n g e .

QulaQalu lenge vp d i s p l e a s ur e .

t o g ru n t ; Q a a

( * qu o t at i v e ) ; c h an g e o f - Q V part s ub j e c t i n d i c at o r . Qyee lenge vp

t o a s s e n t / ag r e e .

Q a Q a lenge vp

Qye Qe lenge vp

D a Q enda n

n am e - m an ' s . n ame - woman ' s .

s ou n d - hum ( o f Q au lenge vp engine ) ; bu l u l en g e .

t o exp r e s s

l en g e , Qee l enge .

Q yee Q aa lenge vp

D a Q ane n

t o quarre l ;

k i i ya k a u 6 l en g e , n a l 6 l en g e .

Q a Q a KP n b aby , t o d d l e r , young ( of spe c i e s ) .

t o mo an .

t o w r an g l e ;

g u l a n ga l u l enge , i ng ( nenge , tomba l enge .

QUU lenge vp

o

to inj ect ;

n ( l i p (ng i .

t o p an t ; g o o

gaa l en g e , kee kaa l en g e .

t o be obedi ent .

Qyii Qaa lenge vp t o r a v e , t o c ry out ( du r i n g mat i n g ) ; Q y i l ( Q a l r

l enge .

t o r av e , t o Qyili Q al i lenge vp c ry out ( du r i n g mat i n g ) ; Q y ( i

Qaa l enge .

78

QYUU leng� vp

t o grunt / r o a r ( o f ka� 1 enge , kya�

pigs ) ; g a 6 , l en g e .

-ok- part

f o r me /you / u s ( * i n ­ c lu s i v e b e n e f a c t ive ) ; - a k - , -ek- , - i k- .

okait� dir

n e v e r yt h i ng , a l l k i n d s o f t h i n g s ; o m e n d a me n d � p ( .

orno de t

o v e r t h e r e ( fu r t h e r away ) ; d 6m 6 , d om 6 n y a , d om 6 s a , d om o t e n a , d 6 m b ( , 6 m b ( , u m 6 .

6rnonangai S

d i p / d epr e s s i on .

okondipa de t

n ow ( 7 ) , t h e n ( 7 ) ;

d okond i pa .

okop� (T) adv okopingi v

n

a l a i yo l e , t am b a l o .

a l �po ,

aft e r n o on - l at e ' e v e n i n g - e ar l y ; a l e � k u , , , a l e a k u n a , a l e m a n d i , a l em � n j i , kuana kun a . n

010 ( L ) dir d6 1 6 .

u p t h e r e ( furt h e r ) ;

olokait� di r

up t h e r e

*olos�rne adv

t hu s .

n

like t hi s ; amang ( t a , o n g � i t a , o pa l e .

ongod ina adv

then ( 7 ) ; d okon d i n � , o n g o n d i p i n � , u n d i p y a k a n � (T) . then ( 7 ) ; und i pyakan�

ongony� part

nut .

onguita adv

( fu r t h e r ) .

on t h e ot h e r s i d e ; b e c au s e ; o n g 6 n y a .

n

y am .

n

n ame - m an ' s .

,

Ony� K

( fu rt h e r

down t h e r e .

a n a ka i t a .

ony� K

( 7 ) ; op� l e .

d own t h e r e ; o n o k a i t � .

onot�n� dir onya part

s u ff i c i e nt .

l i ke thi s

down t h e r e away ) ; 6 s a .

onongo dir

(T) .

b e c au s e ( 7 ) ; 6 n y � .

ono di r

onopa dir

bird.

, omo ,

ongoita adv

ongotiaka-py�a adv

o le lenge vp

oly a !

t h e , t h at ; d 6 ko ,

ongond i n � ,

t h e y t w o , t ho s e t w o ; da l �po , d o l �po .

olikek� PT

like t hi s ; o n g 6 i t a .

ongodipin� adv

j ew ' s har � ; a l a uw a l i , l l n o ,

( fu r t h e r

warden .

ong�ita adv

then ; dok6p� .

frog .

n

olaiyole L

ol�po de t

now ( 7 ) , t h e n ( 7 ) .

t o pay b r i de p r i c e l enge .

( 7 ) ; kee

*ond�a K n

6 n gomba .

okondipan� de t

over t h e r e

away ) .

on g o de t

eel .

n

ornotele di r

t h o r o u g h ly ( * i n ­ t e n s i ve ) ; c ar e fu l l y ( * i n t e n s i v e ) .

oky�lo PT

t h at ; d 6 k o , 6 n g o .

orno dir

-okond�pe part oko S n

(7) .

ornendemendepu

s p i nach .

t h at d i r e c t i on ;

doka i d .

a s s o c i at iv e

l e te ,

n e v e ryth i n g , a l l kinds � f things ; ome n d eme n d e p u , 06 aap l .

t o c rumb l e ( d i r t ) , t o roll ( gras s ) ; m i n j u k 6 m i n ( ng i , p o p o l en g e .

v e g e t ab l e :

i (

ornendamendapi

oili leng� vp

n

mo s qu i t o ; wa l y a , w l l ya .

-omb- part

o

ok�e

olya2 PT n

79

-00 part

- i ng w i t h i n g i v e rb s ( *p r e s e nt p ar t i c i p l e ) ; - a o ,

-uu .

*otele K n otenge v

h ot e l ;

pasend r i �nd� .

t o f i n i s h / c ompl e t e .

60 lenge vp

s ound o f w i n d /wat e r / t r e e f a l l i n g , t o s ay " 0 0 " .

06 de t

p

t h e , t h at .

06 aapi S np

everyth ing , t h i n g s ( m at e r i a l g o o d s ) ;" a p � 1 e 6 p a ,

ome n d a m e n d a p i , o p � l e a p � l e p i . 6pa l adv

t hu s ;

6pa 2 K n

swe et p o t at o .

6pa py60 adv

� pa , d � pa , d o pa .

- pa l part

an d /w i t h ( * a s s o c i at i v e f o r t w o o n ly ) ; - p r p a .

-pa2 part

( *t em p o r a l e n d i n g ) .

-pa a part

( * s ub j e c t e n d i n g ) .

-pa 4 part

l i ke thi s , thus .

suffix ) ;

paa adv

opaka K n

tre e .

opaka K n

v e ge t ab l e :

opale adv

l i ke t h i s / t hat , t hu s ;

spinach .

an g r d , an g i t rk i , a p� l e , dap� l e , ongo i t a , ongu r t a , ya l e .

opale apalepi np

e v e r yt h i n g ( m at e r i al g o o d s ) ; 00 a a p r .

( * c au s al an d r e s u l t

-sa.

t im e s ;

g r i , pee .

paa 10ng6sa deaka ph again .

paa kaenge vp

to b e afrai d ;

kae n g e .

paa

�ingi vp

again and

p � ka

t o c r o s s arms over

k rn g i ku p i ng i .

chest ;

paangi K

n

t h i gh , u p p e r l e g ;

paenge , p� i , p� i n g l . "

*opi sa K n

o f f i c e ''

oposa �nd� .

*opisa anda K np

op f s a �nd� ,

offi ce ;

oposa �nd � .

o p ,l s a ,

n

gue s t ,

s t r an g e r ( a l s o

ka i n a k � l i , n a m b a ka l i , s a ka s a , s i s a , t r s a n �o k a t e n g e , y a pe s a . of pigs ) ;

op6ne miningi vp pitality ;

t o s h ow h o s ­

op6ne wa i ma m i n f n g i .

opene waima miningi vp h o s p i t al i t y ;

Oponee K n

opone m i n rng i .

*op6sa anda K np esa dir

t o s h ow

n am e - m an ' s .

op (sa �nd � .

there ;

( *p e r f e c t i v e v e rb a l n ou n - a d j ) ; - t a e .

paekingi

V

c o al / et c . ;

*opis a s ambenge vp t o b r i b e , t o s e n d s . o . t o j a i l i n y our place ( 7 ) . op6ne KP

-pae part

offi ce ;

pyak� l ng l .

Paela n

n am e - p l a c e m i s s i on ) .

*paele S n

( C atho l i c

file .

paenge v

t o w a l k a r o un d , t o g o a l on g , t o f l y ( o f b i r d s ) ; p e n g e .

paenge K n

p� I ng I

.

t h i gh ;

paengemba K n *paepe adj pai K

op(sa ,

t o l i ght w i t h m a t ch /

n

pa r ng l .

paang i , p� l ,

f or e l e g s ;

five ;

t h i gh ;

vandate .

y�u , yuung r .

paang l , paenge ,

pai K n

c h e s t nut tree ( C a s t an op s i s a c um i n at i s s im a ) .

dosa , �sa .

*6sana lao mambo pingi ph

p r a i s e s a y i ng " h o s ann a " .

to

pai lenge vp

l en g e .

t o s hut / c l o s e ;

pi

I

80

paima P T n

pakatae s t

bird.

Paimaketa S n

n ame - p l a c e .

* paimi lenge vp paina adv

t o pump .

dry s e as on , f a i r

w e at h e r .

paina gii d6ko ph paina pingi vp

d r y s e a s on ,

f a i r w e at h e r .

*painap6 K n

opp o s i t e s e x e s .

Paiti n

a d dr e s s t o

thigh ;

paenge , p� i .

paang i ,

n ame - l i n e .

paiyombua PT n paka l n

f e ar ;

pak a 2 adv

p � ka k a e ng e . l on g 6 .

v e ry , p l e nt y ; t o be

afrai d , t o

pa� kaen�e , p�ka , p�ka p i n g f , p a k ae n g e , p a ken ge .

fear ;

paka pingi vp

awe s ome ;

paka pyo6 adv

v e ry m u c h .

� n de n g e , p�ka kae n g e .

mona

paka n

forked ( o f post /tre e / finger ) ; kembo , kyembo .

paka pingi vp t re e .

t o b r a c e ( b anan a )

pakae n

s i st e r t o brother ( e n d e armen t ) .

pakaenge v fear ;

t o be

afrai d , t o

p a k a k a e n ge , p a k e n g e .

pakale n

s w e e t p ot at o .

pakal i KP n

t r u s t w o r t hy , b y ­ s t an d e r ; c ow ar d .

paka6 adv

n e ar ;

paka6 mandeng� vp

kopao , t e n ge s a . t o bear twins .

pakapa pipae s ingi vp

pake neng� vp

t o ru i n .

t o s t e al ;

ny fng i , wa� ny fng i .

pake nyingi vp

p � ke

t o s t e al ;

nenge , waa n y f ng i .

pake K n

p�ke

l e af / s t em of p l an t .

pakembo K n

kombe .

t o s c ar ;

c an e ( wi l d ) .

pakena PT n

mamm al - m a r s up i a l wat e r r a t ( ? ) ; a n g a t a .

pakenge v

t o t e ar , t o c l aw .

pakenge v

t o b e a f r a i d , t o f e ar ;

p � k a k a e n g e , p a k ae n g e .

locus t .

paka kaenge vp

*pakatapu ( L ) vp

pakelyo s ingi vp

p i n e ap p l e .

painawana ( L ) n paingi K n

s e a s on ( dry ) .

t o j o in togethe r ;

p y � s e t ae .

t o thumb t h r ough ( o f m o n e y , p a g e s ) .

paki K n

s t em o f l e af .

pakiambu n

a r r ow - f o r b i r d

hunt i n g .

pakingi n

n ame - man ' s .

pakingi 1 v

t o b e t og e t h e r ;

pakingi 2 v

t o b r e ak o f f ;

pakipu K n

b a c k of t h i g h .

s i ng i .

to l e .

sanda

pako KP (M) n

s hirker ( lit erally " do g t h at d o e s n ' t h u n t g ame mammal s " ) .

pak6 K ( L ) n

d o g t h at d o e s n ' t hunt g ame mamm al s .

pak6 pingi vp

t o p e e l o f f hu s k /

� m b e p i n g f , pa k o n a p f n g i , pa toko p i n g f . shell ;

pak6na pingi vp

t o peel off

� m b e p i n g f , �m b f p i n g f , a m b i y a n g e n � e , p � ko p i ng f , patoko p i ng f .

hus k / s h e l l ;

pakungi 1 v

t r e e s l i p s down .

pakungi 2 v

t o change one ' s m i p d .

pakungi 3 v

t o ac qu i t

i g at i on ) .

( in lit­

81

pakungi 4 v pal a K n

t o t r ap l i v e .

pa lo ping ! up *pa16a K n

tree .

palakae pis ingi vp

t o t ak e o v e r wi dow and b e l o n g i n g s o f c l an memb e r ; w a l y a k � e

t o d am up .

f l owe r .

pald Z o o

place for drying f i r e ­ wood i n hous e .

p i s i ng f .

palandi lenge vp

t o wat c h

c l o s e ly ( ? ) .

*palane K n

b l i n d ( p ane l w o v e n o f c an e and u s e d i n h ou s e s f o r mat s , s hut t e r s , o r w a l l s ) .

*pa langesa S n *pal a � a S n

b lanket .

p l ank , b o ar d .

*pala�a tasini S n p t own ;

s t at i on ,

a fmbos a .

palasini n

fert i li zer ( 7 ) .

pale pale singi vp

t o be over­

g r o wn / f a l low .

palenge v s l e ep ;

to lie

( i n s i de ) , t o

pa l i ng ( , p a l y i n g f .

palenge t6ko K np

bed .

pal! pal! ping! vp

t o t ak e o n e a s r e p re s e n t at i ve / s amp l e .

palima pa l !ma adv

s l owly ;

ko n d a k a l � o , k on d a k � o , mo6 l � o , s e m � s e m� .

palima l ! pingi vp

t o s leep t i g ht ly p a c k e d t o g e th e r .

paling! l n

husband ' s brother­ i n - l aw ( s ame s e x s p o u s e o f c o g n at e o f e g o ' s � e n e r at i on ( m al e e g o ) ) ; l y e n g e .

palingi 2 v

to lie

palipali n

wood wedge ;

palipali n

c oun c i l ;

s leep ;

( i n s i de ) , t o

pa l enge , pa l y i ng ( .

pup� , p u p � r t � , p u p � l a m i n a l am .i n a . l enge .

l �m b u l � m b u

palita n

c r owd ( a s a u n i t ) .

palo S n

r o om ( ? ) , p i g s t a l l .

pald n

f am i ly , c l an ;

palu pyakalenge vp

�mbo , t � t � .

to spring up/

l ee ku i n g i , pya u l e nge .

well up ;

paluita n

s t i c k ( u s e d t o c ar ry o v e r s h ou l d e r s ) , s t r e t c h e r ;

wa e p e t a m e . paldma pro

y ou p lu r a l ( fo r m a l

addr e s s ) .

palya lenge vp

to

�ull ;

l y oo l e n g e .

s e du c e ;

to

palyapd K n

s m a l l o f l ow e r l e g / arm , c al f o f l e g .

palyingi v s leep ;

to lie

( i n s i de ) , t o

pa l e n ge , pa l i n g f .

pama katenge vp pama K n

t o t ak e a b r e ak .

g r a s s - w i l d t al l .

pamba pingi vp

t em bo p i n g r .

t o r e - h e at f o o d ;

pambenge v

t o insert h e a d i n t o s h aft ) .

pambenge v 5

rn9 I

t o sme l l ;

( as ar r ow ­

t u n d um�

•

pambo lo MD n

p im p l e , b o i l ;

pambdti PT n

wart .

ke l ot l a .

*pamek!na S n

pumpk i n .

pana K n

s e e d b r an c h o f p an d a nu s , l e av e s c ove r i n g p an danu s s e e d .

panape le adv panda S n

t a te .

morning ;

y o n g �mo .

p l ac e , s p ac e , r o om ;

panda dingi/maingi vp

t o give

k� i pya l enge , k� i ta d fn g i / m� i n g l " k � pya l en g e . way ;

82

panda pingi vp

t o s e t l e af as b a s e for f e a t h e r s .

pandai l V

l enge .

a s ore ) ;

fowl - w i l d .

PaQua n

pandal a S n

d e c o r at i on ( cut c a s s owary t h i g hb on e s w o r n ab ove e ar s i n w i g ) .

papa l n

Pandane n

n ame - man ' s .

papa2 MD n

pande part

o r ( on ly w i t h que s t i on s ) ; t a e .

k amoo kae l e n g e , kamoo p a m b e n g e . t o p our ;

pandeta pingi vp

p ayment at

pandita pingi vp

p ayme n t o f

d e at h o f c h i l d .

t r ap ;

pandu singi vp

kone

t o r e v e a l , t o put

panga S n

m a r s up i al p o u c h .

open ;

papa lenge l vp

t o s h ak e / s h i v e r .

papa lenge 2 vp

t o b e c lum s y ;

nongo p fng i .

papa rnauwa K np

papata KP n

n o l a ke n ge .

cliff ,

t o b e cold ( of

papaya lenge vp

to be s orry/

kupa p i n g f .

p ity ;

k6n d 6 k a e n g e / l e n g e .

Papayuku S n

n ame - p l a c e .

papee n

panga panga adv

papu ping! vp

qu i c k l y ; a l o p ,,l n g, .l , p u u, pae, l a o , 6 a e l a o , yapa .

panga S n

b a n d t o k e ep sk i n t i g h t on d rum h e a d .

pangal! S n

s t a f f , wal k i n g ( m an ' s ) ; f t a k 6 1 f .

pangata nuu np

aku , a l a n u 6 , a l a k ae n a , mom a n d a n u u , noka i na .

pang6 PL adv

k6 k o .

pang6 n panguingi

n e t b ag ;

i n s i de ;

a n d a ko t e ,

name - m an ' s . V

t o unfol d , t o open

incline -

papat6 pingi vp b o dy ) ;

in

p ar a ly z e d .

i p a l u , ton d o .

skin panga panga rniningi vp d i s e a s e - s c ab i e s ( 7 ) .

stick

wall stud -

naked .

papatale S n steep ;

panenge V

wing , fin .

papa tarnb6tae s t

ko n e . t o t r ap ;

ma ke n g e .

m a t e r n a l aun t .

out s i d e .

l ive p i g s ; me n a e n d a k i t a p i n g i , mena endak i t a s i n g i .

pandu S n

p a, u n a ,

p o u n d ( m o n ey ) ;

n am e - m an ' s .

V

s c ar ( f rom

kombe , m6mb a p f n g i .

n ame - m an ' s .

Pandarne n

pandenge

I y a n ge n g e , d t a

pan j u pingi/pin g i vp

t o c ou g h .

pandai 2 PT n

( a s umb re l l a ) ;

s i st e r t o s i s t e r ( en d e a r m e n t ) ; k a k i a , k a k i

ng f .

to m i s s , t o dodge ;

poo p ,l n g .l .

papu leke np

s t i ck ( us e d t o f l at t e n v e g e t at i on ) , s c yt h e ;

ko l e p a , k u l y e p a .

*Papua S n *pasat61e n

n am e - p l a c e :

P apu a .

p at r o l .

*pasat6le lenge vp

t o g o on

*pasendii anda K n

h ot e l ; o te l e .

p at r o l .

*pas etele PL n

potato - I r i s h ( S o l anum tub e r o s um ) ; p a t e t a ,

s a m 6 u , w a e mo l o , w a mo l o .

83

pas ingi v

t o dry up ( o f s p r i n g s /

Pas6ng6 n

n ame - m an ' s .

s t r e am s ) .

t o do s . t . s l owly / c ar e f u l ly / e a s i ly .

pata S n

s t e a lt h i ly .

f l at s ur f a c e , l ar g e

are a .

pata p!ngi vp

t o s p l i t p an d an u s

(7) ;

nut s i n h a l f

l �m b � p ( n g i .

pata yang! l S np

s i xp e n c e .

pata yang ! 2 S np

p a n d an u s nut -

half .

d e c o r at i on - s h e l l ( mother-of-pe arl ) ; m a m � k o .

1ee ny (ng i , s a ko t e n g e .

t o b e s t unt e d / sm al l ;

patakikaita Z o o

b a ck ar e a o f

p a t ak ( s a .

h ou s e ;

patak ! s a Z o o ar e a ;

p a m b e n g e , s ok o ­

1ee

b a c k ar e a , s i d e

l y � am b u s a , p a t a k i k a i t a .

patali K n

r i b s , s i d e o f b o dy .

patali ping! akali K np p r obe r ,

s u r g e on .

patarna ( K ) n

axe

l an g u ag e ) .

patange K n

chest

s u p p o r t s f o r r i dg e p o l e o f h ou s e . t o cut wood into (?) •

pate s !ngi vp

t o w a s h out

pate lenge vp

to ring a tree to

b r i dg e } .

k i ll it .

patepa K n *pate ta K n

( of

p o t at o ;

paU 2 n

d e c o r at i on ( s h e l l ) w o r n on w i g ; s a o t e n g e .

pasete l e ,

-

pau kungup!a PT np

b i rd - wi l l i e

pau S n

pa u s � .

g r a s s l an d ;

pau panda ping! vp

base for wig/ f e ath e r s - t o m a k e a .

pau ping! v p

t o s c rape off ( o f s w e e t p ot at o ) .

pau-i6mbo PT n

g r a s s hopp e r .

*pauli K n

f owl , c h i c k en .

*pauna S n

p o u n d ( mo n ey ) ;

p�on a ,

*pauno S n

p ound ( m o n e y ) ;

p � on a ,

*pausa S n

p ou c h , b a g , p a c k ag e .

paun o . ,

p�una .

n ame - p l ac e .

pausa S Z o o

g r ound - un i n h ab i t e d ;

*pautaa S n

p owd e r , t a l c .

pau .

pauu (M? ) n

c ourt i ng p a r t y at b r i de ' s h ou s e / s i n g s i n g .

pauwa S n

d e c o r at i o n - b al e r s h e l l worn o n f o r e he ad .

pauwenge 5 n

d e c o r at i on - b al e r s h e l l worn on che s t .

pawai n

d an c e - c e r emon i a l .

Pawale S n

tree .

s a m o u , w a mo l o .

tree - evergreen ( P o d o c a r p u s c omp a c t u s Wa s s c h . / P . imb r i c at u s Bl . / p . p ap u a n u s Ridl . ) .

gr a s s l a n d ;

patawane K n

small p i e c e s

skin ( of

paU l K n

Pausa n

( hunt i n g

b ac h e l o r .

pate py60 adv

hu s k ,

p l ant s ) .

wagt a i l .

patakapa S n patakenge V

t o peel/skin ;

� m b e p i n g r , p � k6 p i n g r . p a k 6 n a p (ng i .

patok6na n

pata pata' lenge vp pata py60 adv

pat6k6 ping! vp

-pe part

a l e /o j ;

n ame - p l a c e . ( qu e s t i on m a r k e r a ft e r

-pi .

84 pee ( L ) adv

t im e s ;

pee latae s t

paa .

wide , large ;

a n d a ke .

pee lenge vp

t o f ly ; b � u l ao p ae n g e, , b � u l e n g e , pee l a o p ae n g e .

pee lao paenge vp

t o f ly ; b � u l a o p a e n g e , b � u l e n ge , pee I enge .

pee lao pingi vp

t o en c l o s e a l a r g e a r e a : t o p e r f o rm w i t h e n j oyment ; umb� p a l i n g f .

pee lenge vp

t o l augh and p l ay

pee v

t o go ;

pe n g e .

pee mende adj

s ome .

loudly .

pendakapu K n pende K n pendenge v

t o g i v e / h a n d ov e r ; tree - fig .

*peke ita di! np

figs .

t r e e , p i g s t ak e .

a mb a f p u , t u a ,

to lick ;

t an d i p i ng f .

pendoko K n

t h r o at ;

pendoko lenge K np

pendu p i ng f , pendakapu . a d am ' s a p p l e ,

l arynx .

pendoko lyokotae KP a t

d e a f and

kambu l yokotae

tand i p i ng f .

d f n 9 i , ma i f n 9 i .

*peke ita K np

dog ;

y a, n a .

t o h a v e a r r ow

t h r o at - h o l l ow o f ;

p e n d 6 k6 .

pendu pingi vp

t o s t u f f int e s t i n e s t o m a k e s au s a g e .

peke K ( L ) n

l e ft i n s i de b ody .

dumb ;

pee pingi vp peenge v

pendakae lenge v p

*penea S n

mu u ma a .

pendenge ,

t o l i ck ;

penny ;

pen i i .

-penge part

p o s s i b l e ( * p ot e nt i a l ) ; ought t o ( *p ot e n t i al ) .

penge l v

pae n g e , pee, .

to go ;

penge 2 S n

c o n t a i n e r ( for l i qu i d s ) , c u p ; b o s 6 1 0 , k a p o .

*penge botonj ame wasepae ph t a i n e r m a d e o f b r on z e .

c on ­

penge n pe le lenge vp

t o s hut t le s t r i n g on h an d w h e n m ak i n g n e t b a g ;

pe l e n g e . pelenge v h an d ;

t o s hut t l e s t r i n g on

pe l e l e n g e .

pe lepe le K n *pe lesa S n pe lyai n

tree . p l at e / d i s h .

m i l d e w , r o t , ru s t ;

pembe K n

g r a s s - u s e d a s s an d ­ p a p e r ( A r t h r ax o n hi s p f du s ( T hunb . ) Mak i r o ) ; l i on g o

ongo .

pena pena ping i vp

ke l y a ke l y a p i n g f .

penambo K n

y am .

*peni s i l ine S np

peni c i lline .

*penii S n

penea .

*pepa S n

p e nny ;

p ap e r , l e t t e r , b o o k .

*pepa i taki pingi vp

kumbu kumb� .

I i

fu z z ( on j o i n t s o f s u g a r c an e / g r a s s e s ) .

to slip ;

pepa kanden ge .

*pepa kandenge vp

i t a k f p fn g i .

*pepa pingi vp

l en g e .

t o r e ad ;

t o r ead ;

t o wr i t e ;

*pepa pyapae K a t

pepa

I fti

s i g n , n ot i c e .

pepe miningi vp

ma g i c w i t h a r r ow - t o m ak e .

pepelyo S n

p i p r I y6 .

fireplace ;

pe t 6m b a ,

85 pepeta � M) adj

pi! l anya setenge p h

a l l , t o t al ;

p i pe t a , p i t a k a .

pep6 n

pi! l ao kambungi ph

s cy t h e .

Pep6 KP n

pep6 p!ngi vp

t o s l a s h / s cythe ( a s v e g e t at i o n ) ; l a t e p f n g i .

Pesatusa n

n ame - m an ' s : P e t rus .

petakate S n

t on g s / s p l i t s t i c k ;

pe t oko .

petakoiya n

pete kol ! S np

l ak e / p o n d , d e p r e s s i on i n g r oun d ; k e n a f , k i n a e , k i n a

k u t aepa , l yanga , dp� .

r,

pii lap6 palenge ph pi! lenge vp

chai r /bench .

pet6ko S n

fd , ft�kul i ,

pet6mba S eM) n

f i replace ;

petuli n

p u pe .

. , I

PI

d i c t i on ary .

t o s p e ak .

to obey , t o l i s t e n /

pi! wasing! vp correct .

t o d i s cu s s ; t o

p i t yanda p tng i .

petenge t6ko S np

p e p e l yo , p i p f l y o . f l ut e ;

c ov e n an t ;

l ao s e t apae .

pi! yanda dupa ph

t o s i t , t o be ( f emi n i n e ) .

k � l f , p e t a k .3 t e .

pii lao wasepae a t

he ar .

petenge V

tongs ;

-pi part

a n d ( * c on j u n c t i ve ) ; e v e n ( * c o n j u n c t i ve ) .

c o n t r ov e r s y ;

pi! yanda ping! vp

c on t r o v e r s y ,

p i f yanda

t o argue / qu ar r e l ;

d�pa .

pii lenge vp

t o s hut / c l o s e ;

*pikisaa S n

p i c ture /port rait .

l e n g e , pa r l e n g e .

*pilake S n pili pili adv

f l ag ;

pae

yanda t akaepu .

s l owly .

-pi part

pili pyale lenge l vp out / away ( 7 ) .

t o t hr ow

pias!ngi V

pi l i pyale penge 2 vp (7)

to divide

( que s t i on m a r k e r a f t e r i /u ) ; - p e . t o t h row up ; m y � k u l y a n d e n g e , p i am b f n g i , p y a k u i .

*p!i n pi! n

word ;

t al k / s p e e c h , l an g u ag e ,

m a k u a , wO i p i .

t o swear .

pii e lyakandao lenge vp pi! etete ko6 lenge p h pi! kin!ngi np

k i n tng i .

•

pi l ing! PT n

pea .

pi! ae pingi vp

,

c ov e n an t ; P I I

l ao wasepae .

pi! s !ngi vp

a s he s .

pete S n

.

pi! lao setapae a t

pi ! peen g e vp t o b e t o g e t h e r ( 7 ) ; mo n a l y i n g i .

l ame , d e forme d

t a noma .

foot ;

t o c oun s e l

t o geth e r .

n ame - m an ' s / woman ' s .

p l e dg e .

t ruth ;

pi! langingi d6ko ph

s e cret . t o abu s e .

mana app e al .

wife ' s s i st e r-in­ l aw ( s ame s e x s p ou s e o f c o gn a t e o f e g o ' s g e n e r at i on ( f e m a l e ego ) ) .

*Pi l !pi K n

n ame - m an ' s : P h i l i p .

pi lyei PT n

m amma l .

pi lyingi

V

t o r e t u rn .

pi lyingi

V

t o r i p / t e ar ( o f

l y o k e n g e , momo n y r n g'i , p l n g i ng i .

paper ) ;

86

pima eM) n

pinyalita PT n

t r ap .

b i r d ( f an t ai l s but n o t wh i t e - e y e d ) ; � i l u � i l u

pimakapena epenge vp f i r s t t ime ( t o do s . t . ) ; p l m a n g a n g e ,

pinyete K n

pirnalenge KP n

piny!ngi

p l ma n g a p e . .

,

b r o t h e r of woman ; s i s t e r o f m a n ( o p po s i t e s e x o f f s p r i n g o f c o g n at i c t a k a n g e a n d c o gnat i c e n d a n g i ) a y a ( 7 ) .

pirnangange n f i r s t t ime ( t o d o s . t . ) ; p i m a k a pe n a , p i ma n g a p e .

t ee p y ao .

t em p l e

s am b o t l t i .

-p!pa part

and / w i t h ( * a s s o c i at i v e f o r two o n l y ) ; mawa , mawa p i ,

- pa .

pipeta n

p i taka .

p imap!ma ping! vp ( 7 ) ; n ee p i n g f ,

p!pi K n

pirnbipapu penge vp t o f l ap ( w i n g s ) , t o fly ( ? ) ; b � u l

p a e n g e , b � u l e n g e , pee l ae p a e n g e , pee l en ge .

pimu n

ao

dumb ( un ab l e t o s p e ak ) ;

*pinasa n

p e anut s ( A r a c h i s hyp o g a e a ) ; k a l f pu , k a l y f p u

.

pindany!ngi v

t o b r e ak , t o p i n c h ; t o cut ac r o s s g r a i n ;

kepen g e , p i n d i n g r .

pinding! v

t o b r e ak

( in pieces ) ;

k e p e n ge , p i n d i n y r n g i .

t o h av e c u s t om

o.f d o i n g .

t r e e ( Xant homyr t u s ) ;

ken d u eM? ) , k i n d u .

P!pikungusa S n

n ame - p l a c e :

P i p i gungu s .

pip! ly6 K n

m u t u m a t � , m u u ma a , t u l u .

p e pe t a ,

all , everyth ing ;

pipeta ping! vp

ma � i c - b l a c k

( of head ) ;

t o l e av e / n o t d o .

V

p imangape n f i r s t t im e ( t o d o s . t . ) ; p i ma k a pe n a , p i ma n g a n g e .

n em a p r n g l .

fi re�l ac e ;

p e p e l y o , p e t om b a eM) .

pipita n

kanaku l u ,

e xp e c t e d out c ome .

pipitaka n

n ame - p l a c e .

*p!piti adj

f i ft y ;

menda i .

pipo benge vp g i ft ( ? ) .

kunj u puna

p ayment - t e r m i n a l ,

*p !polo K n

people ;

endaka l

pind!ta n fern - non- e d i b l e ( C y c l o s o r u s a r c hb o l d i i ( C . C h r . ) C o p e l ) ; me t a e .

*pip61o K n

p e op le ;

endaka l i ,

pindu n

pip6rnbenge v

close

p!n g i 1

t r e e s t ump ;

t�ndu .

t o hit , t o k i ll ;

V

mamb i n g i , t a k f n g i .

p!ng i 2 PL n ping! v

t r e e r o ot , r o o t .

t o d o , t o mak e , t o w e a r ;

wapung f .

ping !na n

king post ;

py a l aw a n e .

ping!ngi v t o r i p / t e a r ( o f p ap e r ) ; k a n g u i n g r , k a n g u n g f

, l a p r n g i , momo n y f n g i , p i l y i n g i .

p!nju S n

b e l on g i n g s ,

cargo .

.

p i po l o . p r po l o .

I,

( hand ) .

p!pu P n m ag i c - wh i t e ( d i v i n a­ t i on ( 7 ) ) . p!pu li lenge vp

m ag i c - t o mak e ,

t o pe l f , y a ya y o p e p i s i n g t .

p!puli lenge akali np 5

i mb f l r , tope l r .

p!puli ping! vp 5

m ag i c i an ;

t o p ay f o r m a g i c ;

i m b r l r , t o p o l r eM ) .

p!pya p!ng i vp

t o fro s t ;

t a n d a ke , t a n d a ke k a pa .

*p!sa S n

w a pa k a .

fish ;

k i nduta ,

ama n e , wama ,

87

pis ingi v

t o ask ( for ) ;

pis ingi v

t o put s . t . else .

t�e

l enge , t i pa p i ng f .

i nt o s . t .

*pis ini 1 n

n a y a, p .I ,I

spinster ; k i nambu , k i n a m b u l f , p i t f pa � , y6mo .

t hr ou g h /

P i dg i n l an g u ag e ;

*pisinisa n

bu s i n e s s , c om p a n y ;

kapan i .

*pisinisa akali K np

m e r c hant s ;

kapan i aka l i .

*pisinisa be Q e S np pi s66 K n

(?));

b i r d ( p i g e on

yaka .

b ank ;

beQe .

s w e e t p o t at o . name - m an ' s : P e t e r .

pitaka adj

i tata, p e pe t a , p i pe t a , p i t a k a p a , p u n d u , p y a s 66 , t on d o , y ama . al l , e v e r y ;

pi taka lao a dv

t u mb i l ao .

pitakapa a dj

m u c h l y , m any ;

p l taka .

many , a l l ;

pitat6me enda PT np o n e hom e .

woman w i t h

pitipae s t

f o o l i n g a r ou n d s i t ­ t i ng d own ; s p i n s t e r ; k i n am b u ,

k i n a mb u l f , p i t i p u e , yom6 .

piti pingi vp

to c lose

( o f doo r /

t a u u l e n g e , t ome n g e , t u men g e .

gate ) ;

pitikelepe a dj pitikingi v

c rooked ( ? ) .

c rooked ( 7 ) .

pitilyingi v

n ot hun g r y ;

t o b e s �t i � f i e d /

t i aka p l ng l .

pitima pitima penge vp

k a t ama k a t am a p e n g e .

pitingi v

t o c r awl ;

t o b r e ak , t o c h o p ;

k a k e t e n g e , k e pe n g e , l yo k e n g e , l yo k oe n g e , l y o k o n ge , m u u p i n g i .

pitingingi v

*pitisa K n

p r i e s t , r abb i .

pituame K n

b e an .

pitukame K n

•

*pisin i 2 PT n

*Pita n

pitipue n

t o s i t d own w i t h a p r e v i ou s ly s e at e d g r oup .

fence at porch of

hous e .

poenge l

V

poenge 2

V

ka fmbu p f ng i ,

t o was h ;

wa s awa s a p ( n g i . l i qu i d s

pokali n

p ar t o f .

to dip into ( of

(?));

k a mo6 n y ( n g i .

fru i t - s t r o n g i n n e r

pokenge v

t o p l an t / c omp o s t , t o c u t d own ( o f t r e e s ) eM) ;

p o k o e n g e , p o k on g e . poketa n

n am e - p l ac e :

poketa K n

t r e e / s hrub ( A l p h i ­

ton i a ) .

poketa kalya np for s au s ag e ) ;

s am b a l y a .

i nt e s t i n e s

i t a k a l y a n ge ,

poketa paenge akali K np l o c at e r .

P6ko K n

(used

g r av e

n am e - m a n ' s .

p6ko PT n

r at

( r a i n f or e s t ) .

p6k6 (M) n

cros s piece t o g r ou n d ) .

p6k6 pingi vp pok6 n

Poger a .

to cros s .

m o u n t a i n r i dg e ;

pokO pingi ( P ) vp poko lenge vp

( parallel

kungu .

t o duck .

t o g r ow ( of p l a n t s ) ;

a n d en g e , b a l o p a l e n g e , ( m b u p i n g f , l an g a l eng� , 5(1 , uaa l enge .

pokoenge v

t o p l ant / c ompo s t ;

p o ke n g e , p o k on g e .

pokonge v

t o p l an t / c omp o s t ;

polenge v

to sweep .

poke n g � , pokoe n g e .

88

pO li K n

po liambana K n pol ing i v

l ongeng� .

r aft e r ;

pu l I mb�na .

polya PL n

Polyaposa n

p J l ya . k u u , p6 l ya .

t ar o ;

polyoa nyingi ( L ) vp away ; l o t o a n y f n g i

n y (n g i .

pombo PT n c r i c ke t ;

, pyas6a

poe E n

pondea n o p e n i n g b e t w e e n s t a k e s i n f en c e .

ponepone S n

p o po t a 6 .

poe lapae s t

soul .

poe lenge vp

t o blow .

p f n g i , kepo m i n ( n g i .

n av e l ar e a

l i z ar d ;

wind , air ;

poc ping! (M) vp t o b l ow f i r e ; b amboo u s e d t o b low f i r e ; a l o

i n s e c t ( f l y i ng ) ;

l l t oame , l l t u ame .

poneana S n

m ag i c - b l ac k .

poo p!ngi akali K np spirit qu e s t i o n e r ; p60 l e n g � a k a l I .

to be bored /

ponde yambale K t o e ( b e l ow ) .

pongotae K s t c u rv e d ( o f hum a n s ( ? » ; uang � .

poo p!ngi vp

t o s n at c h

i n s e c t /worm ( e at s

pombata kaenge vp angry .

s t e al t h i ly ;

poo lenge akal i K np spirit qu e s t i on e r ; p 60 p f n g l a k a l I .

t o straighten .

pombata PL n woo d ) .

wake .

ka l t a k a e , k a l ( p a ka e , k a n a u , m ama , mamoo , p ya k a t a e k a e .

n am e - p l ac e .

polyingi v

peni s ;

pongokae e x c t p en i s - s w e a r w o r d s a i d t o a man ; a� l e n g � ,

p6 l y a pa k a .

bladder ;

polyapaka K n

t o t i e a knot .

e l yakandao , e l yakao .

l amp ( ? ) . t ar o ;

p�ngo p!ng i vp

p�ngo penge vp

floor .

polya K n

knot .

pongc MD n

t o b r e ak i n p i e c e s ;

*poloa S n poloka n

pongo K n

t r e e ( Ar t h r ophyllum ) .

p o n e p on � .

poc tenge vp t o d r y up , t o s h r i v e l u p ( o f l e av e s ) ;

l ya tenge .

poc yale E np dry ( ? ) .

w i n d - s t r on g a n d

l i z ar d ;

poneana .

poo p!ngi vp

to miss ;

ponga nao kandenge vp for .

t o l oo k

*Pop!i ( P ) n

Cathol i c ;

pongema n

pongema pingi vp t o b l a c k en w i t h c h ar c oal / s o o t ; p u p u t � n g e

p u pJ t f , s i mJ .

pongema yangayanga n index . pongena PT n

fly ;

f inger ­

wamb e n a .

pongenge l

V

t o buy ;

pongenge2

V

t o b r e a k o f f p a rt ;

konj f n g I

pope kaenge vp

s o o t , c h ar c o al .

.

sambeng� .

POPO I E n

,

pope 2 n

p i ng r .

p a pu p l n g f . Ka s o l f k l .

t o b e h o t a n d dry .

s t e am , v ap o r . p a i n ( o f b on e s ) ;

popo ping! vp p i ng ( .

to pain ;

tand6

tanda

pope lenge vp

t o p r e ak ( ? ) ; l e po l enge , l o l enge , muJ p l ng l , o i l l l eng� , puk fng l , pund fng l , tok f n g i , toko l enge .

popo nenge vp

t o b e d i f f i cu l t .

89

popok ingi v t o deve l o p ( o f p l a c e / g o v e r nm e n t ) ( 7 ) .

pulaka K (T) n

popolyingi V

*pulapu lenge vp

t o b r e ak i n two ;

t u ku rng i .

popotae S n

wind ;

*pes a l K n pe s a 2 n

t re e ;

pul uaka .

pu l irnbana n

p06 .

p a uwa (M) ,

t o b e f ul l .

r a ft e r ;

po l i amban � .

pulirni anda K np hou s e - f o r wom e n at b i r t h a n d m e n s e s ;

b o s s -b o y .

l a n d - s t e e p r i v e r s i de .

*Pesa Mosepee S n n am e - p l a c e : Port More sby ; m o s e p f i .

k am be t a n d a .

Pulu n

n ame - m an ' s .

pulu kai np

b aby - n e w b o r n .

*pesirni lenge vp t o s u p e r v i s e / bo s s ; p � s a l e n g e .

pulu l atae s t

*posopei K n

pulukoi S (M) n t w i g s hun g around neck ( t e e bars ) .

b o s s -boy ;

*posopesa K n potai adv

po y6 .

p o st o f f i c e .

pulUmi K n

strong .

potainge v t o be s t r on g ( o f i n a n imat e s ( ? ) ) ; p � p � l e n g e

p u t a ( n ge .

potaiyo adv potapae s t pete K n

,

b i r d o f p a r ad i s e ;

trash ;

k u n g �ma .

*poya K n

b o s s b oy ;

poy 6 .

*poye K n

b o s s boy ;

p o s o p6 ( ,

p oy a .

t o p l ay b amboo

bl adder ;

p6 I y � .

' c o c k r o ac h ;

gras s .

pUmbu K n ha i r / f e at h e r s / fu r ­ f i n e / d own y .

pote K n t r e e ( u s e d i n m e n s t r u a l magi c ( ? ) ) . poterna S n

pulya PL n

pUma K n

forty .

kamb i .

pulupele lenge vp f l ut e .

a n d a l on go n a , k o k a l y a .

ripe .

pete PT (M) n

h o u s e ( r ound ) .

pulyapulya PT n

s t r on g .

s w e e t p o t at o .

*potii adj

f o o d o n mout h ;

k a s a t ae katenge .

pUmbu nepenge vp pUmbu pingi vp f i ll e d out .

t o pluck / s ki n . to be mu s cu l a r /

pumbutao koeping! vp t o g o t h e w h o l e d i s t an c e ; a l o p r n g i . pumbutao lenge vp l e ft .

t o h av e g o n e /

pumbutenge v

t o blacken ;

Pumbut! l a dj

b l a c k . b r own ;

ako l o , motopae .

PUmbUt! 2 K n

N ew Gu i ne a n ;

t o s n at c h a n d

puna l S n pig .

rib s e c t ion of c ooked

puk ingi v t o c r a c k , t o s p l i t off ; popo l e n g e .

puna2 S n

hem . e dg e ;

*pukupuku S n

pundenge v down .

puingi v puito n

t o b e naught y ;

l � i ng i .

p i g - g i lt .

puiyoo S n

s n ak e ;

pukirnina penge vp go ; nyok6 n y r ng

i.

c r o c od i le .

pupu tenge , pup�t r .

pup�t r .

I i mb a s a .

p u pu t r .

1 1 mba ,

t o fall . t o drip /drop

90

pundi tenge vp t o be un d e r ­ d e v e l o p e d / s tu n t e d ; l e e

Pupuku K n

pundinai di r

pupus aly6 PT n

pupuku MD n l e ave s ( dr y ) on pandanus t r e e .

ny fng l , l ee pambenge , s o k o s6ko t e n g e .

u n d e r / u n de r n e at h ;

pund i pund f , punj i na f .

pundingi

V

t o b r e ak ;

popo l e n g e .

ke pe n g e ,

pundipundi dir u n d e r / un d e r ­ n e at h ; f s a , p u n d i n a f , p u n j i pundu S n

t roub l e ;

s o l op e l e .

pundu adj

all ( 7 ) ;

p i t a ka .

pungi S n

pig rope .

pungi PL n pungisa n s en t i n

puputenge

na f .

centipede .

pon g ema

to blacken ;

V

p f n g i , pumbu tenge .

puputi 1 n

pumb� t f .

N e w Gu i n e an ;

, � 2 a dJ· PUPUt�

b l a c k � b r ow n ;

p fng i , pumbu tenge .

*pus a lenge vp

p 6 s l m i l en g e .

*pusa n

, p o n g ema

b o s s / supervi se ;

b al l , f o o t b a l l ;

ko s a .

*pusa pingi vp t o p l ay s oc c e r / f o o t b al l / c r i c k e t ; k i t i k i t f ,

l iv e r . p i g s ( first live pigs

t ee ) .

pun�u pingi vp

n am e - m an ' s .

ar p l n g i , k e ke n a ka e n g e ! p i n g r , my�ku p i ng f . t o st ink ;

kos a p fn g i .

pusaka ( L ) n

swe at ( pr o fu s e ) ;

e n a p6 t l .

*pusii PT n

c at .

pungumanga lenge vp ope n ( o f e ar t h ) .

to crack

*pus ii pus i i lenge vp f o r a c at .

punj inai di r

pund l na f ,

pusingi V t o b i n d up / t i e w i g / h e a d c ov e r .

pund i pund f .

u n de r ;

putainge

a l ow a k e ,

pupi S n

f l ut e ;

pupu adv

h a r d , s t r on g , d i f f i cu l t ;

k� I � I u .

t o b e strong ;

V

pot a i nge , p6p� l enge .

ke t 6 , ky6 t o .

pupu lenge vp t o b e s t r o n g ; t o b e d i s ob e d i ent / ob s t i n at e ;

fa l y i n g i , ket6 i nJ r ng i , po t a i n g e , p u t a f n g e , p � u l ao .

pupu S n w e d � e for s � l i t t i n g l o g s ; p a l i pa l l , p u p u f d , p u p �

l am f n a l am f n a .

pupu ita S np w e d� e f o r s � l i t ­ t i ng l o g s ; p a l i pa l i , p u p u . pupu katenge vp t o i mp a l e / pierc e ; pup� p f n g i .

putiti kaenge vp to shake ( i n ant i c i pat i on ) ; 0 ? e � r e e �y , � t o c r amp ; p u t l t l p l n g l , yoo

l ao n y f n g i .

putiti pingi vp t o b e g r e e dy , t o s h ak e ( i n ant i c i p at i on ) ; ema

p l n g f , p u t f t f k a en g e , p y u k � l e n g e , wa l � l e n g e .

putu PT n women ) ;

s p i n s t e r , barren ( of

k i n am b u , k i n amb � l f .

putuk6 ( P ) adj an imat e s ) . *putusa n

b i g/large ( of

p as s i on f ru i t ;

pupu lamina lamina S np w e d g e f o r s p l i t t i n g woo d ; p a l i p a l i

pututu nyingi vp wigs .

pupu pingi vp

pututuli K n human ) .

pupu .

katenge .

to pierce ;

t o c all

pup�

butus a .

s t r i ng u s e d o n

demo n , s p i r i t ( n on­

91

puu lao adv

strongly ;

l englL

puu lyakape np mater ials .

PUU l n

p�p�

pyakin� i l enge .

pyakua lenge vp a s i de .

building

pyalakaita n

r e l at i v e - d i s t ant .

PUU2 E n

puu latae s t mouth c ove r e d with food ( of child ) ; k a s a t ae

katenge .

puu pae l ao adv

qu i c k l y ; p a n g a p a, n g, a , � ae l a o , y a" pa , y a" p a yapa .

puu pingi vp t o f i l l u p ( a s h o l e w i t h d i rt ) .

t o u r i n at e .

puu t6ko S np hou s e . Puy60 K n

p i g s t a l l i n s i de

-pyaa part ( *h i s t o r i c al event ( wh i c h s p e ak e r h im s e l f d i d n o t witn e s s ) ) .

b u s yb o dy .

pyangatu nangatu lenge vp h i c c ough ; n a n g a t u p f n g i

pya n ga t u n a n g a t u p f n g i .

,

to

pyangatu nangatu pingi vp t o h i c c ou g h ; p y a n g a t u n a n g a t u

l enge.

pyakaingi v

t o l i ght a f i r e ;

k a i f n g i , pae k i n g i .

pyakanaka li ( T ) n

w i n i n dca .

(7) ;

w i n d ow

pyakataekae exe t exp r e s s i on of s u r p r i s e ; k a 1 f p a k a e , pon g o k a e . pyakatenge v t o c l imb f r om t r e e t o t r e e w i t hout c om i n g down ; . .. . , .

pyanJ ama I n g I sandas i ng i .

pyakelenge v c a r e fu l l y .

.

pyanJ I ng I

dca ,

post - king ;

p l ng l na .

pyale tenge vp

t o awa k e n s . o .

pyale .lenge vp

t o t h r o w ( aw ay ) ;

p y a m b f n g i , p y a t oe l e n g e .

pyal i part

i f ( * i rr e a l ) ;

pyali sing i vp

ya l e .

t o s ummon / b e g .

pyalya lenge vp t o p u l l b y f o r c e , t o s edu c e ; yoo l a o

n y ,I n g .I

.

pyalyingi

n am e - m an ' s .

pyaakane n

pyalawane K n . "

te l e

t o m i s s /t u r n

w i n d ow ;

w i n i ndoa .

urine .

puu tenge vp

t o s qu e e z e ;

V

t o s p r i n g t r ap ( 7 ) .

V

pyalyita n

p i l l o w ( wo o d e n ) .

pyamanguingi ( T ) c lo s e / sew up (

V

t o fas t e n /

7 ) ; pyambe n g e .

pyambenge V t o f a s t e n / c lo s e / s e w up ; p y a ma n g u i n g i . pyamb ingi

t o t h r ow out / away ;

V

l am b i n g i , p y a l e l e n g e , p y a s f n g i . pya toe l en g e .

pyamona pingi vp meat . pyanda (7) ;

E

n

t o e x c h a n g e cut

a f t e rb i rt h , m i s c ar r i a g e

kak i ng r .

pyanga pingi vp pyanga dir

to belch .

up , on top o f .

pyanj amaingi V t o c l imb f r om o n e t r e e t o a n o t h e r w i t h out c o m i n g down ; p y a k a t e n g e , p y a n j I ng i ,

sandas i ng i .

,

to h o l d t i ght l y /

pyaki lyingi V t o b e c l o s e d / fastened with rope .

*pyan j ine S n

petrol .

pyanj ingi V t o c l imb f r om o n e t r e e t o a n o t h e r w i t h ou t c om i n g d own ; p y a k a t e n g e , py a n j ama f n g i ,

sandas i ng i .

92 *pyanj ole S n pyao indingi vp r e pe at e d l y .

pyao pingi p h ,

pyu i 2 PT n Pyuku n

t o k i ll .

n a l oa

t o f i gh t ;

aka 1 i .

nema n g o

pyao len �e v t o s p r i n g / w e l l up ; l ee ku f n g i , p a l u p y a k a l e n ge s w e e t p o t at o .

pyasembenge v t r e e /w a l l . pyasetae s t

t o h o l d up ag a i n s t j o i n e d t og e t h e r ;

pakh ae .

pyasingi v

t o j oi n together ;

k6nda p i ng f .

pyasoa nyingi ( L ) vp t o s n a t c h away ; l o t o a n y f ng i , po l y 6 a

n y f n g i (M) .

pyasoo ph

at ( * l o c at iv e ) , t o - s a l part ( * l o c at i v e ) , o n ( * l o c at i v e ) ;

pyata

n

t ot al ;

awapa

(?),

n ame - man ' s .

pyatati PT n

b i r d ( c ommon ) .

pyatoe lenge vp

t o t hr o w away '·

p y a l � l e n g � , p y am b f n g i ,

pyatu K n hous e . pyawaka K n

- ka , - n y a .

.

c au s e ( * c au s e a n d r e s u l t -sa2 suffix ) ; - p a . saa PT n m amm al - g ame ( g e n e r i c : i n c l u d e s a l l m amm a l s e x c e p t human s , p i g s , d o g s and r at s ) . saa kana tenge vp ( hun t i ng t im e ) . s aa s!ta n

wal l ( i n s i de ) o f n ame - m an ' s .

m o on - fu l l

p o s s um h o l e ;

m a t ok o .

saa lenge l vp t o b e emp t y ( o f a p l a c e ) ; p yoo p e n g � . s aa lenge 2 vp

etenge .

1 6 n g 6 , p i t a ka .

,

s

fenc e , d i t c h / pyape K (T) n b ou n d ar y ; kam� .

pyapote n

n ame - m an ' s .

wa l � l e n g . L

t o a r gu e .

pyapae lenge akali K np s o r c e r e r ; ko l 0 p f n g i ,

bird .

pyuku lenge vp t o s h ak e / s t i r / move ; e m a p l n g f , p u t f t f p i n g f

.

pyao ping! piimi ph

r e p or t o f an e v e n t ;

l ao y 6k o .

t o b e at / h i t

pyao kurnasingi ph

p .i n g I

PYUi l n

penc il , pen .

t o be f i n i s h e d ;

saa nenge yukuoo p!ngi vp pay­ m e nt o f w i f e ' s c l an to h u s b a n d ' s c l an . saa pingi vp

t o sm e l l ;

t u n d u ma p i n g f .

s aandi (M? ) n

yan u .

a f s fng l ,

d e b t , ob l i g at i o n ;

saandi p!ngi vp t o g i v e w i t h expe c t at i on o f r e t u r n w i t h i nt e r e s t ; y a n u p f n g i .

pyongo pingi enda/akali KP np fortune t e ller ( f inds lost ob j e c t s ) .

sae l K n

b a n an a ;

sae2 adj

yellow.

pyoo nyingi vp

sae 3 K n

p e ar l s h e l l ( cut out ) .

t o s av e / h e lp .

pyoo penge vp t o g o l e �v i ng p l a c e empt y ; s a a, l e n g e .

sai adj

anga t 6 , kond a .

c r o o k e d , l e ft ;

u a n g a, . ,

or c h i d ( D e n d r o b i u m / sa! n Me d i o c al c a s / Ph a i u s t a n k e rv i l l i a e / P t e r o s t y l i s / Spat h o g l o t t i s ) .

93 saima PT (M) n k a i ma ( T ) . saka adj age d ;

b at ; b i r d

(7);

living , green , middle­

s aka katenge vp

1 e t e pen ge .

t o b e s i c kly ;

V

tal Y l ng i .

l e te .

s aka penge vp

salyin � i

t o b e a l i ve . t o b e c ome w e l l ;

s4mba K n c an e ( b oy s u s e i n m o c k b a t t l e s ) ; s am b a ( y a . sambaiya K n c an e ( 7 S e t a r i a p a lma e fo l i a ) ; s am b a . sambakamaitipa PT n

sakae j E n v i n e ( u s e d f o r f e n c e s , h ou s e -b u i l d i ng ) .

samb a lya PL n

sakae 2 adj h a n d - r i ght ( o r o n e u s e d t o do wo rk ) ; k f n g i

*sambasa a dv

ka l ya .

to l ae , t o l ae , t o l e .

sakaenge S n green . sak c H ta j n s e cond .

v e g e t ab l e :

l e afy

forefinger , t o e -

i n t e s t i ne s ;

poke t a

s ab b at h .

s4mbe j S n

n ame - r o ad .

S4mbe2 K n

n ame - m an ' s .

sambenge

t o buy , t o s e l l ;

V

pongen ge , topo ny (ng i , topo p i n g .I ,

•

samb6 n s akaiya n

w at e r ;

wambe .

sakapae (M) a t s akasa K n

endak ( , (pa , s a ke n g e .

green ;

s t r an g e r ;

sakatenge v t ake o f f ;

o po n e .

t o ar i s e / g e t up , t o

su kutenge , t a l a l enge , t a l enge , yaka l enge .

sakenge (M) v

t o be g r e e n ;

s a k a p a e , s a ke n g e .

sakenge ( L ) v t o s p r out up aft e r b e i n g d r i e d / k i ll e d ; s a k e n g e . saki K n

b ird .

c an e - s u gar .

sakilya n

s u p e r n at u r a l b e i n g .

* sakimi lenge vp h o p / j ump . sale pingi j vp

t o j os t le , to t o d i vo r c e ;

yak i n a t a l a penge , yuku i n g i .

sale pingi 2 (M) vp t o d i s p e r s e / s c at t e r ; t ae e n g e , t a l e p i n g r . salenda S n * s alopel e S n

s n ake - d e at h a d de r .

pund6 . ,,, salyepae (M) a t y e l l ow ; a p oe s a t e n g e , t a l y e p a e (T) . trouble ;

f a l s e , wr o n g , l i e .

samb6 lenge vp t o l i e / t e l l falsehood ; 1 eke 1 enge . samb6 pii np

lie .

sambotita K n

ear - front o f ;

p i nyete , tambo t ( s a .

s amuu PL n p o t a t o - I r i sh ( S o l an um tub e r o s um ) ; p a s e t e l e

p a t e t a , waem o l o , wamo l o .

sana part c au s e t o ( * c au s a t i v e ( 7 ) , * quot at i v e ( ? ) ) . sana S n

ditch ;

nanga l e .

sana nyingi vp t o d i g a d i t c h / b ou n d ary ; n a n g a l a l y ( n g i ,

nanga l a n y (ng i , syana ny (ng i .

s anau PT n s anda S n

insect . p i l l ow ( wo o d e n ) ;

sanda s ingi vp

kanda .

t o break off ;

pak (ng ( , t uk i n g i .

b a c k p o r t i o� o f p i g . sanda16 n

sanga i .

swe et f l ag ;

sanda 1 6 ,

s andalu j S n b ac h e l o r pur i f i c a ­ t i o n ; l e pe , s a n d a 1 0 , s a n g a i .

94

s andalu2 K n s w e e t f l a g ( Ac o ru s c alumu s ) ; l e pe , s a n d a l O , s a n g a i s andange n

pyanj i ng i .

,

s andusandu K n t r e e - s e e d s e at e n ( Ac e r at i um / S l o an e a ) .

a .l y u, u , a p u .

rain ;

a ,l w a ,

,

s anga n

d r y ( o f i n a n im at e s ) ;

sapu tenge vp

s p e ar / ar r ow t ip p e d w i t h sapula n human b o n e . * sapulo S n

t o dry ( up ) ;

l enge , sapu .

sapupae s t

s angai K n s w e e t f l a g ( A c o ru s c al umus ) ; k y a n g a i (L) , l e p e ,

*Sas ane n

sanda l 6 , sanda l u .

s angali K n s angu K n

h ou s e - b a c h e l o r

s an i n

r at ;

Sani n

n ame - t r i b e .

koko , kon� i ya , y� i . t o g o win dow

sanirna S n gourd - e d i b l e ( L age n a r i a s p . ) . * sani s a lenge vp mon e y ) . sa6 1 S a dj sa62 n

t o c h an g e ( o f

h e a d / t op of s . t .

first pig in

tee

line .

s aotenge v d e c o r at i on - s h e l l worn on forehead ; pau . * sape disi tiki S np * s apene a dj s apo K ( M ? ) n

seve n ;

S at an , g h o s t s ;

t a l epa , t a l epo , t i mang6 .

sasi rnaingi vp

s ub - d i s t r i c t .

ka l ange .

tree , wood .

satane ,

t o b e c on f lu e n t ;

s atenge.

S at an , g h o s t s ;

setane , t a l epa , ta l epo.

tree .

sani kandenge vp s h opp i n g .

keke

d r y ; a pu l e n g e , e n d o p l n g f , k e k e l e n g e , s a pu a l o , yando , yando p i ng t .

* Satane n

che st .

s a po l o ,

s h ov e l , s p a d e ;

sepesa , vat i .

s anga pingi vp t o c o ve r / c o v e r u p ; a n d u p i n g f , y a me p f n g l ,

yam f p f ng i .

t o dry ( up ) ;

t u a ka l enge , t u u p i ng f , t u u ke n g e . , s apualo a dj d ry ; s a p u p a e .

sapungi v

m a l l e t ( w oo d ) .

s angai anda K n pu r i f i c at i o n .

s a pu l o ,

s h o v e l s p ad e ;

sepes� , yat i .

keke 1 enge , s �pung i .

Sunday .

s anesane E ( K ) n

* s ap61o S n s apu adj

d un a .

e dg e , c or ne r ;

s andas ingi v t o c l imb f r om o n e t r e e t o a n o t h e r w i t h out c o m i n g d own ; p y a k a t e n g e , py a n j ama f n g i * S andee n

.

s a s a, n e, , s a s ,l

s atenge l V

t o b e y e l l ow ;

satenge 2 V

t o b e c o n f lu en t ;

ma f n g i , t a l y i n g i .

ma ( n g i .

* s atete n

s a, s ,l

w e e k , S at u r d a y .

S at i S n

n am e - p l ac e : S ar i ( ? ) .

* Satita n Sau n

,

S u n d ay .

n ame - t r i b e ( n e ar Y a i b o s ) .

s aunani PT n

c at e r p i l l a r .

Sauwa S n n am e - r i v e r ( n e a r Kun d i s / K omp i am ) . sawa l n

wig /hai r .

sawa2 n

h e ad / t o p ( o f mound ) .

sawande lenge vp over / suc c e e d . saya16 adj

t o t r i umph

b e aut i ful ;

a u u p ( pae .

95

sekenge v

s iki pingi vp

t o k n ow/ t h i n k ; m a s .l n g .l , n e m b o t e n g e . ,

*se lapu gapurnane K np g ov e r n me n t .

s e lf­

serna serna adv

s l owly ; k o n d a k a l ao , kon d a k a l a o , k o n d a k a o m o o l a o , pa l (ma p a l (ma .

*Sembe li n

A s s emb ly - H ou s e o f .

* sernena S n plaster ;

*sernene S n plaster ;

c em e n t / m a r k e r ,

s eme n e .

c em e n t / m a r k e r ,

semena .

* sene kende S np * seneke S n

* sependini adj * sepe s a S n

s e v e nt e e n .

s p ad e , s h ove l ;

s a po l o , s a p u l o , ya t i .

sepya S adj

half of pig

wis e ) .

*setane n

S at an ;

setao palenge vp h o s p i t al i t y ;

( length­

s a tane , ta l epo . t o o ffer

soto pa l enge .

setaseta ( P ) n foot

s o r e c r ac k s on ( fr om dry we at h e r ( ? ) ) ;

kakukatu .

setenge v a ft e r .

*sli S n

t o put / p l ac e , t o l o o k tea ;

di .

* s ikisa adj

t o f a l l ow ; b a l o pa l enge , i t a i , l anga l enge , poko l enge .

s i xpenc e .

* s iki satini adj s ik i s iki PT n s i l i part

* slki rnani KP np siki K n

f u r , f e a t h er s , h a i r ;

p at i e nt , l e p e r .

s t i c k - f o r c l imb i ng b e an / y am .

c l o t h ( m anu f a c tu r e d ) ;

l a pa l a p a .

* si l i s i li anda K np

t e nt ;

anda .

* s ilua S n

s i lv e r ;

ause l e

mun ( ku l i .

sirnb i l PT n

m ammal - wal l ab y ;

s Imb i 2 PL n

s w e e t p o t at o .

ma pu n a , t (m b i .

S fmbi 3 PT ( P ) n

bird .

s irnb ! l ! n

s or c e r e r ; p i p u l i l e n g e a ka l i , p i p u l i p i n g i , t o p o l ( .

S imbua n

p (ng i .

n am e - p e op l e : b l a c k - c h ar c o al ;

* s!na S (T) n

pe n g e .

s ing! v

l enge .

p r a y i n g man t i s .

like .

*silisl1i n

* s lki ana lenge vp

t o s h ak e

s ixteen .

s h i l l ing ; k a n a , k a n a k u l f , k on d e , mu n r , wa t e .

s !ngi v

k f ng i ny fn g i , s r k i ane

f i v e c e nt s ,

* s i ll � i S n

s i i lenge ( L ? ) vp t o b e d i s gu s t e d ( ? ) ; l o ko k a e n g e . h an d s ;

tOkange .

s ix ;

* s ikisa penea S np

s irnu n

s i i lenge vp

t o shake hands ;

k f n g i n y ( n g i , s ( k i a n a l en g e .

(tf.

s n ake , l i z ar d ;

kanopa to .

* s ikiane lenge vp

sili K n

chain .

smoke r i s e s t o

tuna katenge.

he ight ;

t in ;

C h imbu .

p o n g ema

t rne , t i ne­

t o h e a r , t o b e ( n eut e r ) , t o l a y , t o o b e y , t o s en s e .

S!ni n

t o c ar r y on s h oul d e r . n am e - t r i b e .

sin j ! ! PT n

b at - s m al l ; r o v e r ( l i t e r a l l y a s m a l l b at - u s e d f o r 5 . 0 . w h o c an ' t s e t t l e down ) .

96

Songome PT n

s ipako li tas !ngi ( T ) v p t o s p i t ; s op ok � l I t a l y f n g l ,

soo S n

s op o k � l l t a s ( n g l .

* s !pi 1 S n s !pi 2 n

S ! PU I PT n * S !PU 2 S n s iput'r b ome .

bone

ko l I , k u 1 I .

bone n e e d l e d e ke p a e n g e , d e k e pa l ya , kepakol r . bone of upp e r arm

k i pyanga .

ket a tange .

bone - p e l v i c

bones of cas s owary worn i n man ' s w i g a b o v e ears k e p a k o l l . book

* b u ka , * b u k u , * p e p a .

tomb i n g l .

bore ( a ho l e ) bored/angry

pomba t a k a e n g e .

i S lng i aka ! i .

boss n b o s s boy * poyo .

* p o s a , * P O S O PO I , * p o y a , i s l ng l .

b o s s /ru l e/guide

v

b o s s /s up e r v i s e

* p u s a l en ge .

both

l a po t a .

bo t t l e

b o t tom of b o t t l e or container t l pya .

boundary

I ingi .

I l t a , tombo .

bou ndary mark

yanda .

* ma k i .

m i ma .

bow of b l ack pa lm bows tring

y a n d embo .

box

* b o ko s a , * b o k l s a .

boy

a n e , * b O I , wa n e .

boys and g i r l s

a n e wa n a p i . p a ka p l n g i .

brace (banana ) tree brace l e t

ala.

brace l e t worn a t wri s t tol e .

klng i

brace l e t worn above e l bow k i tambu . braid (only men ) v mi n lng i .

t i m i na

braid a p ig rope

taklng i .

v

brain a y a m b a t u n d u i n g 1 ( L ) , i p a l u ma l u ma , t u n d u i n g i .

I y i kr .

bramb l e

branch (of tree/p l an t ) ( P ) , wa i n g i , wa n g y a . brass

waenge

*batas e .

brass worn on for e h e a d by t u l tu l s namba . brave

wa i n a k a t a p a e .

bread

*betesa .

break v kom b e n g e , l a n g a p l n g i , l a kenge , l a k i ng l , l a p l n g i , I yokenge , I yokon g e , p i n d a n Y l n g i , p i t l n g i , pu n d l n g i . break/cu t

*bosol o .

bounce up and down

bow

t lsa p i ng l .

break down (of mountains ) nYlng i , tanenge .

angl

break in p i e ce s l o n g e n g e (M?) , p l n d i n g l , p i t l n g i , po l l � g l ; pu n d l n g i . break in two k a m b e n g e (M) , l e po l e n g e , l o l e n g e , po po l e n g e , popo l Y l ng i , t ok l ng i , tu k l ng i .

1 31 pa k l n g r , s a nd a s l ng l .

break off

b r e a k off p ar t

pongenge .

b r e a k off (as s h e � L ing corn) 1 00 l e n g e . brea k (of eggs, g �a s s , wood) t a mben ge . brea k (in t a � k )

andu .

brea s t brea t h

k a m b e n g e eM) .

I ma m b u .

n

bu i l d a fire k a k e t e l e n g e , k l ting l . bui Ld a fi re by fri c t i o n m l n l ng l .

kepo

l om e p l n g f .

bui l d a p a L i s ade

puu l y a k a p e .

bui Lding ma t e ri a l s bu L L e t

k a p a , t u ku .

bund � e

t o n e , t u mu .

burn v

ka k f l y l ng l , tenge .

bribe a n d a s a m b e n g e , a n d l k f p l ng f , o p e s a a s a m b e ng e .

burn up/consume mo k f n g l , mo ­ ly I n g I , mu 1 y i n 9 1

bribe t o ki � L/injure/ca s t a sp e � L e n g e m e p l n g l , t amo ka p l n g l .

bu rned ( ? )

bridg e

t o ko .

n

bridge to heaven

kyoo t o ko .

brig ht � y co Lored/de s igned k l l l m b a k a l l m ba s a m b a p a e . bri L L i ance

t i l p f pa e .

bro k e n

k a l o t ana .

bro k e n

ka l umbeng e .

b ro t he r

ka l m l .

bro ther

y a n go n g e .

ka l m ia , y a n goya .

b uc k e t

wa n a ka l I .

p u m bu t l , p u pu t f , t a m b u a ka .

bru ta L i z e

l a l ne

*ba kesa .

b ury

ma l u p l n g l .

b u s h L and/for e s t I m a , k a k a s a , k a k a t a e , k a p a k a t a , kapoka t a .

ba l 0 .

* b l san lsa , *p l s l n lsa .

business

pyaa kane .

bu t ( * conce s s i v e adve r s a t i v e ) - a ka , - ka .

b ro t h e r - i n - �aw (man ' s ) brown

burning end of wood o r cigare t t e tetepa .

busyb ody

br o t h e r of woman (oppo s i te s ex offspring of cogna t i c t a k � n g e and cogna t i c e n d a n g l ) p l ma l e n g e .

bro th e r (fami l i a r )

•

b u s i nes s /company * ka m b a n l l , * ko m b a n f l , * kom b a n o .

bro t h e r of man ( s ame s ex off­ spring of cog na t i c t a k a n g e and cogna t i c e n d a n g I) (ma L e e go ) k a l m l n l n g l .

bro t h e r (addr e s s ) ka l ml n L

kI 1 IpinI

bu s h Land (dens e )

l am l ny f ng l .

bring (of humans )

•

plng l .

S IpI

bu t t/end butter

.

*bata .

b u t t e rf Ly ( g e n e r i c )

kamb f l yo .

b u t terfLy ku l I k a m b f l y o , wa l a wa l a k a m b l l y o .

k e ng e , ya ka l t a .

b u t t o c ks b u t t on

*basena .

buy p o n g e n g e , s a m b e n g e , t o p a p fng I . buy bac h e lor ' s mag i c sambe n g e . bys tander

pa k a l

I .

t a e kya

1 32

c

cabbag e

* k a p f s a , * k a pu s a .

c a l. c i t e

ka I i kana .

ca l.f of l. eg

capture a l. i v e car/j e ep

p a l y a pu , t u a k a p e .

ca l. l. for dog l enge .

aso l en g e , yasu

ca Z Z for ca t

pu s l i pu s l i l e n g e .

ca l. l. ou t k a k u n g l , k e e l e n g e , w i l l enge . ca l. l. o u t name to come and g e t s . th. a i ya l enge . ca l. l. pigs came l.

amu l e n g e , g e e l e n g e .

*me n a k a ma l e .

can/pai l.

* t f ne .

ca ne - edib l. e (Se taria pa l.mi­ fo l. i a (Ko en . ) Stapf) m f n a mfnya .

kun f .

cane ( ?S e t aria pa l.mifo l. i a ) s a m ba l y a . ca n e (Se tari a sp . ) ko l o . cane ( u s e d for hou s e i ns u l. a t i o n ) k o p o t em a . cane ( u s e d t o make bird arrows ) wa p e . cane (us e d for t o r c h ) k e n d o l l , kepol l , k i a , k i a kayo . cane (boys u s e in mock ba t t l. e s ) l i s oo , s a m b a . cane - rattan

wakung i .

*j l p i , *ka t e , * k a t o .

care for chi l. d of div orce d p e op l. e y a k a m o n d o p i n g l . carefu l. e l y a k a o l e n g e , p a t a pata 1 enge .

kyoo ku n j a .

cane - sugar (g eneric) (Saccharum sp . ) l ya a . cane - sugar, kind of a m b u l y a m i , a w a , k a l e a , ko l a p a l l , l a k a l l y a , m a k e m b a , m u mu n a , s a k i , y a p y a , y o ko l o n d e ( K ) . cane - sugar (p l. an tab l. e par t ) I y a a ku n d i , I y a a mu n g l , l y oa ! .

konda kao ,

carefu Z Zy e I y a k a o - , w a n e wa n e l a o .

carefu l. l.y ( * i n t e ns i v e ) - o ko n d a p e . carg o

plnj u .

carp e n t e r

* k a mo n d a a .

carr i er

* k a k o p a e , * k a ko p o l .

carr o t s

*ka t a s a .

carry (of n e t bag)

cane - kind o f a l u p a ( 7 ) , f p a k o l a , k a n d u , k e m b o , k e n do l f , k i p a l l , k o e p i , ko l a , n l s i p u , p a k e m b o , t e l y a , wa k u a .

cane (Sa c charum e du l. e )

l ya lmbu .

can e - sugar ( s craps )

ma n d e n g e . ki l l

carry away (of b i rds ) l enge .

carry chi l. d on s hou l.ders aus i ng i , au s i ng l , a u u s i ng ! . carry co a l. to s t a r t a fire i t a t e k a yo m i n l n g i . carry de bris (of w a t er ) 5 00 e p e n g e .

kak l l ya

carry i n arms (as infa n t ) kop i n g l . carry in s l. ing

yombao paeng e .

carry on s hou l.ders

s i ng l .

carry p i gg y - back {of infants ( ? ) ) a i ma n d e n g e . carve/cu t design i n be n g e . cassowary

wape sam­

l a i ma .

ca s s owary bone worn in wig bandaa l a . cassowary fea t h e r

a i ya .

cassowa ry part (qu i l. l. , p i n i on ? ) u s e d i n ma k i ng h e addr e s s t a a .

133 e n ge

ca8 t a 8p e l l over 8 0meone n y a p a l a ka i t a m a l n g i .

*change of 8ubje c t indicator " I) v .

* pu s l i . t a k a n i wa i ,

•

catch

l i na l enge .

catch up wi t h t a l i ny l n g i .

l a n y e ma p e n g e ,

cate c humen

ma n a n y l n g i .

categor i z e

t u mu m i n l n g i .

-pa ,

*cau 8 a l and re8 u l t 8 uffix -sa .

-asing l ,

caU 8 e ( * cau 8 a t i v e ( ? ), *quo t a t i v e ( ? ) ) sana . cave g a t u a n d 5 , k a n a k u n d u , kanand a , kana kananda . c e a 8 e /8 top

kayapoko .

cemen t/marker c e n t er

* s emena , * s emene .

k a i n a , t om b e .

c e n t ip e de

pu pu s a l y o .

waken a .

che 8 t

s a n ga l l .

kama p l ,

•

chain

* s e n e ken d e .

chair/bench

p a t a l l p l n g i a ka l i .

t a m bo l e n g e . * pau l i .

chicken chi ld

wa n e .

p e t e n g e t o ko .

c hamp i o n ( l i t . "ca88 0wary " ) I a i rna .

wan�s a .

chi l d - dead

wa n e

chi l d ' 8 mot her ' 8 l i n e tahge .

chi l dren a n e w a n a p l , k a p a y a ka n e . chip

d u n a , I t a t u u , k u ku , t u u .

chirp ( of b i rd8 ) chirp/8qu eak choke

.

I) l n g l .

y a pa o n y fn g l .

cho08 e/e Z e c t chop

tae l enge .

mangesa s lng l .

p l t fn g i .

chop i n t o p i e c e 8

f t a pa t l p lng i .

y o ko k a k a n d l n g i .

c hop l e a v e 8 ceremoni a l ground k a ma p u

wa t a o n e p e n g e ,

cheek

chew

catho l i c * b U P l i , * ka s o l l k l , *pop l i .

cau 8 e - to ( * cau 8 a t i v e ) - i s lng i .

I t a p o n g e m a , pon g e m a .

charcoa l

c h e 8 t prober

i ma m u , s a u n a n l .

ca t e rp i l lar

pakung l .

change one ' 8 mind

cha8e away /ou t wa t e n g e .

anj i nya l a

ca ta8 trophe ( ? ) e pe n g e .

*sanlsa

t f i p i ng l .

change i n t o a g h0 8 t

ca8 tra t e d ma l e (of anima l 8 ) k a I i eM) .

cataract ( of ey e ) kyangapund i i

i nJ lng i .

change ( o f money ( ? ) ) v l enge .

ca8 t o r o i l p l ant ( ? R i ci nu8 commu n i 8 ) k a l i p a n e .

ca t

* mu n l k u l f .

n

change ( i n t o ) v

a n go n g e .

ca8 t a 8 i de

change

c hop (acr08s gra i n )

l umben ge .

chop/sp l i t ( l en g t hwi s e ) Chr i s t

wa l n g i .

* K i t lsosa . * K i t l sosa .

Chri s t ian

*Ki t lsene .

Chri 8 t i an i t y

*m i s f i p i l .

134

c L earing k a m a p u , k a m a p i , wa k a i n a , wa k a n a m b i .

* K i t l s a ma s a .

Chris tmas

church ( s ervi ce )

* s os a . * l osuu anda ,

church (bui Zding) * m l s f l a nd a .

cigare t t e /s mo ke k e n a , k i n a , mu d , s o k o , * s u mu ku . circui t/di s tri c t ci rcu L ar

* s o ke s a .

ma k e e , moma n g a .

circums cri b e ma k a n d e n g e

* l aono l e n g e ,

(?) .

ci ty ( h o u s e s bui L t in rows ) a n d a ma k i ma k i pyoo .

a n d a k a ma , a n d a k a ma .

civi Lized ( 7 )

c L am up/n o t t a L k (from ang e r ) sondo l enge . c L an

c L ang ing c L aw

g l nangane .

k i i , k i ndupa , pa kenge .

c L ay - o range a u w a l . red a u wa i y a . red/y e L L ow

c L e an

c L iff

I pa l u , papata l e .

c l imb

k l s l n g i , ko l a l y i n g i . l openge (L) , l op l ng i ,

c l imb down l u plng i .

c L imb from one tree to a n o t h e r wi thou t coming down ( o f p o s s ums/game mamma L s /huma ns ) p y a n j ama f n g i , p y a n j I n g i , p y a ka t enge , s a n d a s i ng l . c L imb up ( c L iff-fa c e on fo o t ­ h o L ds ) k i m ba k i m b a p a e n g e . c l i toris c L ock

a l i i , tel e .

* k i l o ko , * ko l o k o . e p e s a , n e ama ta e .

c L o s e v 1 y o ke n g e , 1 y o k o n g e , p a e l enge , p i t i plng l .

tu t a n a .

- whi t e 1 I n j i t ope .

* ku s a ku s a .

c L o s e (near)

kambuma , pa l u , t a t a .

c L an memb e r

c L erk

yu u awa l . (L) , tonge ,

c L o s e (of hand)

p i pomben g e .

c L o s e door w i t h a barr i e r of wood and rope to L o c k i t k i t l klt l m i n lng l . c Lose with a Lid

t u me n g e .

c L o s e/fa s t en w i t h rope pya k i l y l ng i .

- whi te/y e Z Zow l i n d I (M) . - y e L L OW/b Lue l a k a n e , l a kea n e , nongea ne , t o n g ea n e .

c L o t h * l a p a l a p a , ma m i n Y I , *s i i i s I i i .

- u s e d for de cora tion k a k a p e , k a m a l a wa f , kate . u s e d on drums y u u tongeane .

c Lu b

ku n e n ge .

c L e an off

k l ndo l e .

c Lub ( s hort - u s e d for ki L L i ng pigs ) ko l y e p a . c Lumsy - to b e

kunanya nepenge .

c L e an one s e Zf aft er defe ca ti ng ( tradi t i o na L Ly never by hand) ka l o p l n g l . c L ea r away w e e ds /ru b b i s h ping ! .

c L oud k o p a (M) , mo l e , mo l e p a n a , mu l u pa n a .

a ko

pa pa l en g e .

c Lumsy/incapab L e /ob s t i n a t e - t o be nongo p l n g i .

Ita 1 anga , coa Ls (g lowing) l a n g a , l ya n ga , k i na i ( 7 ) . coa s t

*namb fsa .

135

aoax/aaj o � e (L)

aj i k i aj i k i p i ng i

•

aoakroaah a n d a l o n g o n a , k o k a l y a , p u l y a pu l y a . aoaonut

* ko k o n a s a .

k i i neng e , kupa

co � d ( of obj e cts ) - t o b e tenge .

ma n d a

p a pa to p i ng f .

c o � d (of b o dy )

co � � e c t s t ones for p i t cooking wa k u n g i .

keang a .

come

e penge.

come

* i koo .

come of age come on

come up

s a s f ma l n g l , s a t e n g e .

aonfZ u e n t * conj e a t i v e lat l lhL

l e e - ma n i ma n l ,

conquer I t a m i n l n g i , I t a m i n y i n g i , *w l n f l e n g e / p l n g i .

conscious aonsume

v

tenge .

nenge .

aontainer

kln l I nj i ng l .

* b o s o l o , t a p a ko .

container made of bronze b o t o n j a m e wa s e p a e . container (for � i q u i ds )

ko l a l y i n g i .

* k ama po .

come up in a tree (of kno t s ) k e n oen g e . come up (arrive a t/around a a er t ain time ) * k a m a p u l e n g e . come/s tay toge ther comman dments

nee

aonaerned for - to b e p i ng L

aonsume (ground consumes human s ) yuuml nenge .

* ka ma n i .

aome ou t of

- y o ko .

angalna ping i ,

co � d - to have a ga i na .

comb

kaya

v

confe s s (when ques tioned) I i angenge .

* k op i l .

a o � d - to b e p i ngL

comp o s t mounds i n garden n Y l ng i , I ya n d l n g i . *comprehensive

aoaoon ( u s e d in mag i c to a s s ur e a good bride pri a e ) l a k a n d a , taki . aoffe e

aomp � e t ed ( * com� � e t i v � ) - a p - , - a t - , - e� p - , - e t - , - I P - , - r t - .

ma n g u n g l .

ma k a n d e s e t a p a e .

comm i t t e e -man kome n a s a , * k ome t l i , * k o m i n d l a , * kom i t l i , * k om l t l l n i . company/b u s i n e s s * k a m b a n l i , * k a pa n l l , *kom b a n l i , * p l s l n l s a . comp � a i n/mu t t e r

mumu l eng e .

comp � e t e/fi n i s h kuee p l ng i .

wetenge (L) ,

* c ontingent de s i de ra t i v e

*penge penge . -I i .

con tro versy p i l y a n d a d u p a , p i l yanda p l ng l . conver t/rep e n t conv u � s e cook

mo n a k a p i l y l n g i .

m l n a o t i na ka t a l a .

kak l l y l ng i , yangenge .

cook in ground o v e n k e t a p i n g ! , k e t a p i m f , y a we n g e . aook on top of fire copra work

mu t i p i n g ! .

* kopa t a e ka l a l .

copu � a t e e n d a n Y l n g i , l a m i n l n g i , I l a ka p a 1 i a ka pa p i n g l , l i a ke n g e , l i k e n g e , l y a ken g e . copy

I s i n g i (L) , I t i n g i .

136

cordy L i n e (generic ( ? ) )

a ka l pu .

cordy L i n e - kind of a m b a k o , amba n o , e t u pye pe , ka l e , k o l o ko l a , l a k o , mo n g a l o , tamu , t o p y a , t u p y a , y a ka l pu , yu k u . cordy L i n e - red L e a v e s corn/ma i z e corner

ka l y a .

* k a n a p a , * k a n op a .

d e e n g e , 1 yu n a , s a n d a n g e . p i l was l ng l .

corre c t (of s p e e c h ) corre c t Ly - t o do t o l ao p i ng ! .

mimi m i nlng i ,

corrupt ( 7 ) - to be pal enge .

y a ma m o n a

cough v

k o s e e l e n g e , ko t o l e n g e .

cou gh n

panda i .

counci L

* ka nj o l e , * k a n j o l o .

coun s e L a kema l e n g e , p a l l p a l l , p i l l a o k a m bu n g i . count

coup L e/few cour t/woo

k l nd l

m e n d a l a po . l a k u n g l , l a ku i n g l .

cou r ting party a t bride ' s hous e p a u u (M? ) . cous in - cro s s (affspring of cog� na t i c a p a n g e and cogna tic a t a n g e and for ma L e ego the ma L e offspring of the s e ) ka i i ng l . cous i n to cou s in (addre s s ) l ya l ya . cov � nant p i ! l a o s e t a p a e , p i l l a o wa s e, p a e . cover v a n go m b e n g e , a n d u p i n g ! , k umbu p i n g ! . cover ( up ) a n g o p u m b e n g e , a m i 1 e n g e , s a n g a p l n g i , y a m b e p l n g l (M) , y a m b f p l n g i ( L ) , y a me p l n g l (M) , yaml p i n g i (L) .

t om b a u l i

t om e n g e .

cover wi th L i d

cover/s ea L (of ground o v e n ) m a ll p a l i n g l . cow

* bo l oma k a o , * bu l u ma k a o . pa ka 1 I

coward

•

cowardLy ( ? )

ku n d r .

cowri e s h e L L

mako .

cra c k

pu k l n g i .

crack � p e n ( � f earth) ma n g a 1 e n g e .

pu n g u ­

crack op en (of s o L e s of fee t ) ka ku ka t u l umb i n g l . cracks on s o L e s of fe e t during dry s ea s o n k a k u k a t u . cramp - to have a a m l a me n Y l n g l , gu l a n g a l u l e n g e ( 7 ) , i ng ! nenge ( 7 ) . cra s h i ng s ound

I takl ping I .

cou n t and dis tribute ma l n g i .

cover fac e w i t h hands s ing i .

craw L

g i nangane .

p i t l ma p l t i ma p e n g e .

crazy/insane (wi t h p a i n ) kekenge . crazy/mad ky a ka e n g e , t a l e n g e , ta i l enge . creat e/ma ke wa t l n g r .

wa i l Y l n g i , w a s i n g l ,

cri c k e t l i s u a m e ( L ) , l l t oa m e , l i t u ame , pomba , pombo . cri c k e t (gam e ) cripp L e

*ki t i kitl.

moko koo , mo ko p e t a k o i .

croc h e t ( i n t e s tines for cooking ) kenange m i n l ng i . v crocodi L e croo k e d

*pu k u p u ku . s a l , u an ga .

cro o k e d - t o b e ( ? ) cro s s v

poko p l n g i .

p i t l k i ng l .

1 37

aro ss a river n e n ge .

l u ma u p e n g e , t a u paa p l ng i .

aro s s arms o v e r ahes t

aro s s p i e a e (para Z Z e Z to grou nd) poko .

t om b a n e n g e .

aro s s /disagre eab Ze arowd n

a m bo , k a m b u , p a l f t a .

arowd v

mau p e t e n g e .

(7)

a n gombe n g e .

a e l e n g e , ee l e n g e .

ary v

au t portion of pig ' s i nnards I y oo p f n g i .

mu n d u p i n g l .

aut up

aut wood i n t o sma Z Z p i e a e s ( 7 ) pa t e p l n g i .

tokeng e . tombe n g e .

au t/break aaross gra in k a k e t e n g e , ka k l t en g e , k e p e n g e , konj i n g i , k u n d f n g I , I ome n g e , muu p f n g I , p l nd i nyfng i . aut/break wi th gra in p f ng l , l a ngu l ng f .

y a ko l e n g e (M) .

ary o u t

aut o n Z y part of s . t h . on pu r­ p o s e ma l o l e n g e .

aut (with axe )

nee ka t a i pyapa e .

aru s h wi th fo o t

konj f n g l .

au t ( to a p o i n t )

arumb Z e (of di r t ) m l n j u k u m i n l ng i , 0 1 1 1 l enge . arumbs

aut off

l amba

ary out ( during mating) Q Y I I · I) a a l e n g e , I) y l I I I) a l r l e n g e .

au t/ahop (of gra s s , w e e ds ) p in g I .

ary ! of in �an t s ) 1) 0 0 l e n g e .

au t/s tri ke off (as fru i t ) I Ylng I .

Qaa l enge , tombe ta .

au aumb er ( Cuaumis sp . )

au p

* ka p o , * ka po pe n ge , p e n 9e .

aurs e m o k a l l p i l e n g e , y a ma k a ko p i n g l , y a ma rna I n g i , y a ma a l u lng i .

*ku t ungu sa l enge .

au r v e d

au r v e d (of humans au t n

D

Inu p l ng l , l etenape .

auaumb e r

7)

pongot ae .

tete .

aut down p i tp i t for new garden tanga l y i ng ! . a u t grass au t hair

tanu plng i . I t f tokenge .

au t i n to Z e v e Z (of ground) a me n g e . au t i n two

au t in two ( u s e d in magi a ) pongenge .

pa l o p l ng l .

dam up danae n

rn a I i .

danae by b e ndi ng kne e s whi Z e s t anding in p Z aae v I i n g l , I y f n g i , ma l l I i n g i . danae - aeremon i a Z dang e r of dea t h ( ? ) p i ng ! .

t l k i l ya p l n g f .

k e ma l I

darkness

I m l n j e t a e , k u ku a .

dau g h ter

wanenge .

daug h t er - i n - Zaw

w a pu

p a wa l .

ku t a .

dark

dau g h t e r (fam i Z i ar)

l e to l enge .

a u t Z e ngthwise

l ate

day

9I

I

a n y f a (ML ) .

ayang e .

*dee , kot e , n i t a , yuu , yuu •

day aft er da y aft e r t omorr ow ( three day s henae ) d u k u ma n a .

138

d u ma .

day after tomorrow

day b efore y e s terday ( two day s ago ) a l em bo . day time

ko t a k a .

de ad k u ma p a e t u p l s i n g i , m a n d a tenge . deaf k a l e k e t a , k a l e p o t a e , m u u maa . deaf a n d dumb mu l u ma l u , m u G ma a , p e n doko I yo k o t a e . de b t

s a a n d i , yano (L? ) , y a n u . t a mu n g l , t om b i n g i .

decay/r o t

de cay e d b e e p y a p a e , ee p y a p a e , t a mo pa e . de c e i v e k y o ka s i n g i , m i n a ka s i n g i , m i nao l u ngu p i s i ng i , m i nongenge . decei v e/mo c k decided

m i nyakas i ng i .

I I k f ma l i k l l e n g e .

decora t e decora t e d decora t i on

ya t f p i ng l .

dedicat e/sacrifi c e t o t h e spiri t s l oma s i n g i . dedu c e/evident ( *deduc t i v e ) I a mo . de ed

ka I a i .

deep

k o k o p e n g e , ya l y u .

deep

l a embu i n g i ( 7 ) . I I t e ng e .

defe ca te

defini te Zy ( * emp hat i c ) deformed fo o t

de coration of mo ther- of-p earZ l yangepa te . de cora t i o n worn on forehead k a ka pa p i ng l l l e n g e . decoration ( c u t cas s owary thigh­ bones worn above ears in wig ) panda l a . decora tion o f cass owary fe a thers worn on h e a d a l y e . de cora t i o n ( s h e Z Z ) - worn on wig pau .

topa .

de cora t i o n - b a Z er s he Z Z Worn o n fo re h ea d p a uwa . decDration - ba Z er s he Z Z worn on ches t pauwen ge .

ka l et a ,

- a ka .

peta ko i ya .

deformed hands/fe e t

ta l yanga .

pu t u t u l i .

demon

demo n (woma n ) - Z i v e s i n ponds i nd i ng 1 .

pe t e , t a pu , yu l l .

de s cend k o p o l e n g e , l op lng l .

yat l .

decora tion - n e ck k a n awape .

decoration - s h e Z Z (mo t h er-of­ pear Z ) p a t a ka pa .

depr e s s i o n

s am b a t a e .

decoration - b o dy pain t

decora t i o n - s he Z Z worn o n fo r e ­ head saotenge .

deser t

l op e n ge ,

yu u s a pu .

desire ( * desidera t iv e ) desire/w i s h despair

y a ma pu k e n d e .

mo n a k u m f n g i .

despa iring ka t en g e .

mo n a d o ko k u m a w a k a

desp i s e

koo l a m e l e n g e .

des troy

wa t a o p f n g i .

detain

-n i .

wa t a m b e n g e , wa t a p u m b e n g e .

de t er iora te (from di s ea s e ) nepenge . dev i a t e from dew

a n g u ng i .

t a l ya .

dew/rain drops on Z e a v e s I yambota i ya .

l u ko

139

diarrhoea g e n a , g e n a n g e p a l e n g e , i l k u l r t e n g e , i n g i n ya p a l e n g e .

p i l l a p e p a l e ng e .

di c t i onary

die ko n d e n g e ( L ) , ku m f n g i , 1 e m b e l e nge . die of tr e e r o o t s ( 7 ) pa l enge .

n a n g a p i ng l (L) .

die - to j u s t

a w a p a ku m l n g i .

die toge ther differ e n t

me n d a

b a k a l e , wa k a , wa k a l e .

di fficu Z t k e n d o p i n g l , po p o n e n g e , p u p u 1 en g e , t U P I s i n g i . dig a di t c h n a n g a l a l Y l n g i , nanga l a nYlng i , sana nYlng i , s ya n a n y f ng i .

yu l l tomba s l ng i .

dig a gra v e

t a s i ng l .

dig a ho Z e

a mo p o k e n g e .

dig in garden

dig in ground wi th spade/s t i c k a ma p e n g e . dig ou t (a tre e/s . t h . bu t n o t di t c h ) t a k i n g i . dig up

a me n g e . t om b e n g e .

dig/dr i Z Z ( a ho Z e ) dip into and g e t

k a moe n y l n g i .

dip into (of Z i qu i ds ( 7 ) ) poen g e . dip/depr e s s ion dirt

eke .

temba neng e .

p l l wa s i n g l .

di scuss

l omba , l omba

d i s e a s e of s kin p fng i .

di s e a s e of swe e t p o t a t o g e l e ­ ge l e p i ng l , g i l i nge g i l I ne p i n g l , m u n g e l e n g e pa l eng e , ne l e ne l e p i ng f . disease of tuber s/pod v eg e tab Z e s m u l a o p i n g f , mu l u p a l e n g e , mu 1 u p i n g I .

kenda p lpae peenge .

disg u s t e d di sg u s t e d

s f i l en ge (L? ) .

(7)

di s Z i k e - to au u n a k a e n g e , suku 1 enge . disobedient/obs t i n a t e l enge .

pu pu

t an go p l ng i .

disobey

sa l e p i ng ! .

dispers e/sca t ter

tependa .

dis tant

dis tribu te d i l l e n g e , m o k o s l n g i , ta l lp i p i ng f .

*d l s l t i k i .

di s t r i c t

di vide in h a Z f

nanga l e , pyape

ku n j a .

* n a amba .

d i v i s i on

divorce v e n d a p e n a l e n g e , s a l e p l ng l , ya k i n a t a l a p e ng e , yu k u I ng f . diz zy/fa int p i ng i

l a n d a p i ng l .

l awambe l en ge l

•

auu nakaeng e .

d i s approve ( b o dy tremb Z e s ) l e n g e (M) .

-Ie.

•

dir ty - to be k a i ma l a p i n g l , k a i ma l a p l p a e ka t e n g e .

dis approve

*di s c r e t i onary form

divide ko l e l e n g e , p l l f p y a l e l enge ( 7 )

di rty k a i ma l a p f p a e , k u m b a k u m b a , kunau .

di s appear

kaenge .

discontinue

d i t ch/bou ndary (T) , s a n a .

k u n gu ma , k u n a u , ku n I .

di s agr e eab Z e

dis card/t hrow away/remo v e n e p e ng e .

do

tanda

p i ng f .

doctor

* d o ko s a a .

140

do c t o r : n a t i v e thoracic patho­ "l o g i s t k a n d I k a n d e n g e a k a 1 i

dodge

•

p a pu p i n g l , w a n d l n g l .

do e s n ' t t h i n k/wan t to do s . t h . ambe katenge . dog a m b a l p u , * d o ko , ko t e n a ' pe n d e , t u a , y a n a . dog tha t doesn ' t hunt game mamma "l s pa ko .

ka t a to p e .

dog - wi "l d/b u s h doing t hus

d o p a pyoo .

*do l aa .

donkey

*mena dong i .

a nd a k a l m b u s a

door area of house ka I t a .

ka l nambu .

door ( i ns ide house )

ka i t l n l . ka i nambu .

doub "l e up fi s ts do v e down v down

t o n go p i n g l .

i ml . *dau n i ml l enge .

down t h e r e ( c "l os e b y ) a n a , a n a , a n a ka i t a , a na ng e , a n a pu a , a n a s a , ana te l e , dana , danasa . down t he r e (further away ) d o n o , d o nonya , dono t e n a , ono , onongo , onopa .

down s t ream downwards

dream v

kombea p i ng l .

dre dg e gra v e "l (ou t of cre e k ) kee l u mb i ng l .

tGngung l .

dri "l "l a h o "l e

d o pa l en g e .

drip v

drip/drop down

p u n d e ng e .

yandG l enge .

drive i n t o

dri v e s ta k e s in firm "ly l enge .

dG l I

y a k i nenge .

drown

e n d a k l n y a p y a o k u ma s l n g i . *j a t ama .

drum/barre "l

drum l a i y a ko l i , l a l y a n e , l a l yene . drum head

yon g a l i .

dru n k ( ? )

buG m i n lng i .

dry v a p u l e ng e , e n d o p i n g l , 1 y a ka 1 en g e . dry a d j e n d o p l p a e , s a pu a l o ' s a pu p a e , y a n d o . dry (of inanima t e s ( ? ) )

I s a , pa l G .

down river

kom b e a .

drop v

door * d o a , ka i t a , k a k u l t a , n a k a l e , n l pG , n o k a l e .

doo rframe ( ? )

dream n

dri v e ( of s ta k e s/we dg e s ) katenge.

do Har

do o r (way )

nyokony l ng i .

draw back/out

mana p l l l apae .

doc tr i n e

I p i ny lng l .

draw a bow

* d o ko s a a p a l

d o c t or boy

t om b e a ma . duG .

s a p u t e n g e , s a pu n g i .

dry ( up ) dry ins ide dry off

tuG p i ng ! .

k u n a o n e p e ng e .

dry ou t a new house a n d a l y u t i y a n ge n g e , a n d a l yo y a n g e n g e . dry over fire dry s ea s on ti l .

l a n ao .

s a pu .

y a n g a o ku l e n g e (M) .

pa i n a , pa i n a p i n g !

drago nf"ly - "large

l a we .

dry up

poo t e n g e .

dragonf"ly - s ma "l "l i p l nJ i nJ G

I p a n d l i n d l i (M) .

dry up

t uu ken ge .

141 dry up ( of water t ua ka . dry (by fir e ) p i n 9 I (M) . duck

n

duck v

pa s i n g i ,

(7))

yangeng e , yando

eat un ti � s a tisfied kaenge .

e a t who � e ( s kin and a Z Z ) l u n d u t a l enge .

bana .

eat/b i te /gra z e

po ko ( P ) .

e a ve s drop

ma t u i n j l n g i ,

du � � /no t s harp tomba p i n g ! .

dumb ( incapab � e of sp e e c h ) k a m b u l y o k u e n g e , mu t u ma t u , mu u ma a , p i m u , t u l u .

n a o t i a ka

nenge .

maa pa l e n g e .

e dge k l l i k l l l , l e m b a , l f m b a , 1 1 m b a s a , ma t e , ma t e s a , n emba n g e , n e t e , n e t e s a , pu na , sandange . e dge (of road)

ka i t i n lm b a . 1 y a ka i n e .

dus k

kuta kuta .

e dge (of hoof)

dus t

ku n g u ma , n i n uma .

e dib � e (comp � e t i v e form of nenge) n a t a p e n ge .

dy e hair/wig w i t h m i l y a s e e ds m i l ya yangenge .

* b ome .

dy nam i t e

dy s e n tery - to have p a l enge .

ku l f ng i

E maa m i n lng i .

e a c h and e v ery one

each o t h e r ( * reciproca � ) ear

- 1 00 .

ka 1 e .

e ar � o b e ear wax

ee�

omo n a n g a l , w a m a , wa p a ka .

eight *a i s a , *a i s a pe l a , *e i s a , * e i t a , ma n g e l a o w a k e t a u , t u ku l apo . e �bow a mu n a , k e k e n a k a e l e n g e , t a i y a ny a l a nya l a .

sambot i t i .

e � ect

* l e ke s f n i l e n g e , y a p e n g e .

k a l e ma n d a , ma t e n g e .

e � e c tion

ear - p i er c e d

ka l e t l i .

e �even

earth ( r e d - u s e d for dec ora t i o n ) ka t e . e a r t h - ru s t co � ored

i pu k u l u .

Imu , k u i y a .

eas t (sun r i s e s )

n i ta pyakaenges a .

* l e pe n e .

kop i n g l .

embrace emp ty

t l py a .

f t a tetepa .

andand a , au t f p ln g l .

empty (of a p �a c e ) encirc � e

eat h o � es/spots in pod v eg e tab � e s ( Wabag ) ; p o d a n d tubers ( Torenam) mu l ao p i n g ! .

* l e ke s l n i .

emac i a t e d emb e r

* e s a ma n a ,

ang l .

e �des t

ka 1 ewa i .

ear - back of

eart hworm

wa p a k a bon e .

e e � trap

e �der (of church) i S lng i a ka l i .

me n a n g e .

ear - fro n t of

edi b � e (p o t e n t i a � form o f n e n g e ) napeng e .

saa l enge :

a wa l f l e n g e .

e n c � o s e a � arge area p e e l a o p i n g f , umbu p a l i ng . .

142

end

n

e n d e (T) .

e nd/hand Z e

ka i t a duna , ka l t a

end ( of road) I yaa .

y a k l na l a n a e n ge .

endu re enemy

y a n d a p l p i I i , y a n d a wa p u l i . Yangae p l l .

Enga Z anguage ( ? )

k u a k a ma .

e v e n i ng

duna, dungl .

Eng Z i s h Zanguage * I n g i l l s a ( p i l ) , * I I) I I I s a ( p i l ) .

e v e n i ng ( e ar Z y ) a l e a k u , a l e ma n d l , o l e l e n g e .

p l t a ka , yonga ta .

ev ery

g l a k a l ao , kat e a ka l ao ,

e veryday koto .

e very thing ome n d a me n d a p l , ome n d e me n d e p u , p i p e t a . e v e ry thing (ma teri a Z goods ) 00 a a p I , o p a l e a p a l e p i .

l engeme kandenge .

e v i denae enoug h/s uffi ai e n t (of s ome thing enumerab Z e ) l u u n du . enter

kol ondenge .

entire

l u ndu t a .

equa Z Zy

eraser

koo k u n a n y a

t U I I l enge .

e s c o r t ( o f h umans )

l am i n l ng i .

e s trous/in h e a t ( of fema Z e s ) ambo i p i n g ! . e t ern a Z

t a n g a t a n ga p i . l ete e t e te katenge .

e t e rn a Z Z i fe e t ernity wa ka .

t an g a t a n ga p l , y u u wamba

Europ e an k a n gwu f y a , k a n e , l y a tenge .

Euro p e an woman evange Z i s t

*m i s ! s a .

wa r - a k a l i .

e v e n ( * aonjuna t i v e ) e v e n - temp e r e d

e x a Z a im "is h "

r su l en g e .

exa � ama ti � n wa i p � l u , wa k e p a , wama , w a p a , y a k a o . exa Z ama tion ( v ery offens i v e ) "mens tru a Z b Z o o d " t a l o n d f i , t a t a ma . exa Z ama tion of ama z em e n t y a l f , ya l l ee . exaZama t i on of pain

exarement

-pl .

l ambenge .

m a mo o ,

y a ka e (M) .

exa Z amation of s urpr i s e k u i p a l r , mama .

exareta

* ma s a a .

European man

a i r l enge .

exa Z aim to ahi Zd (when au dd Z e d to go t o s Z e e p ) u s u I e n g e .

* ku m f a .

e r e a t ( of peni s )

p y a mo n a

exa Zaim (in surpris e /ama a emen t ) mama l e n g e .

kapa kapa .

eras e/forgive s i n s nepenge .

a l a p i n g ! , a l ao p i n g l .

exa hange au t m e a t p i ng r . ex a Z aim

t l l ya kae .

epi Z ep s y

koo .

exa hang e

t l l ya t f l ya

envi ous/jea Z ou s ma l n g l .

evi Z

kanau ,

i f .

dau .

exhort s ay ing "aome on " * k ama n I . expe a t e d ou taome expe Z gas l eng e .

p l p l ta .

bo t o l e n g e , t o k e

143 exp e l gas from anus i l bo t e l e n g e , i f t o k a l e n g e , f m bo ko i tenge . exp lain (mean ing ) d i l k a m b e n g e (M) , d i f t u m b e n g e . exp l o de

b o t o l e n g e , t o ko l e n g e .

ey e li d komba l y o , l e n g e k o p a l y a , l e p e n d f , mam b u .

eyes - s ore

5

I pu ta i .

expo s e ones e lf ( l i fting s k irt/ loinaloth) l o ke p i n g f . exp o s e/re v e a l

ma k a n d e .

exp o s e d top part

a l i a ma moo

express aomfor t/ama z em e n t l enge .

al l

express di s l i k e by s ay i ng "ts k " b f s a l enge .

�u l a�a l u

express disp leasure l en g e .

express ex treme ang e r and ma k e s a raas t i a referenae to o ra l ­ g e ni t a l i n t e raourse n a l o a p i ng ! . express one s e l f express s urpri s e extingu i s h (L) . eye

apa l enge . pya ka t a e ka e .

k o n j f n g l , ku n d f n g i

l en ge .

e y e fixer (M)

l enge m i n fn g i a ka l i

•

eyebal l

I enge kapa , I engekapa .

e y ebrow kombe l y o f t f , l e p a n g a l u . f t f , l epend i , l epend i f t f , ma t e n g e l t 1 . e y e b row ridge l e e p y a n g a l u , l enge pyan �a �u , l epond i , l enge panga l u . eye lash

F

fab � e t e ma n e p i i , t i n d f p i i , t u n d u� .

wa k y a t a e .

express ama zement l enge .

bee

e y e s - t o have s ore ma t t e d p rng I .

l epen d i r t l .

eye la s h e s - l ower ko ko .

l enge l epen l

e y e l a s h e s - upper rt r .

l enge l epen f

fab l e - opening ( "onae upon a t ime " ) ka t e l y a l y o ma n g e l ya l yu . faae e n o m b a , e n o p a , l e n g e l y a p i , n e ng e l ya p i . faae a bank of earth - to aI y ing i . fa ae agains t fa i n t

yu a l

i

k a n d a o l y a a s (n g i .

l a wambe , t u p l s l n g i .

fa in t/be di zzy l a w a m b e l e n g e , l ewambe l en ge . fai r w e a t her fa l l

pa i n a .

pu n d e n g e .

fa l l as l e ep ( of a l i mb ) k i mbu t i t i p i n g l , ma t u l n g l . fa l l down I s a ku m b i n g r , ka t a n g u I n g i , kepo I e n g e , I i I p f n g i , m a n g a u l e n g e , ma n ge n g e , p a ku f n g i , t a k i l i p a e n g e eM) .

buu m i n rn g i .

fa l l down and break fa l l down on faae

t om b a u l i s i n g i .

fa l l down ( h i t by arrow or bu l l e t ) a n go p a l e n g e . fa l l down (of inanima t e s ) l oka l i ng i , l opa l y lng i . fa l l down ( to g e t h e r ) fa l l down/o v e r

n i p fn g i .

fa l l down/s tumb l e fa l l ( o f l e a ve s )

l om b e n g e .

l om b a o s f n g i . t u u k on d e n g e .

144

pa l e pa l e ,

fa H ow fa "L 8 e fame

5

k e n g e- a n d a k e . pa l u .

famine

l opo s i ng i

fe "L "L ow man

l asa .

farewe "L "L v

l a sa l enge .

fa8 t e n/a "L o 8 e/8ew up

yombe n g e .

pyambenge .

fa t n a m e , a m e I p a n g e , * g l t f s a , k a p a , t u ku .

t i l y a ka f .

fa t (of p e op "L e )

a me n g e .

fa t ( o f anima t e 8 ) ma n d u l J .

i n g f l e pa n e ,

fa t h e r t a k a n g e , a e e , a p a , a p e a , a s a , aye a .

a pa n e , a sa n e ,

fa t h e r (addr e 8 8 ) aya . fa t h e r (fam i "L i a r )

u a n e (T) , u a n e , k a u wa n g e .

paka .

fear v p a k a � a e n g e , p a k a e n g e , pa k e n g e .

I t l , s l l i , yomand l .

fe d up/tired of 8 . o . /8 . th . kekena kaenge/p i ng f . fe e "L un8 e t t "L ed fe e "L w i t h hand8

mo n a I y l n g i . m i nao s ln g i .

ambu .

fenae a t porah of hou8e p i t u kame . fenae (of wo od/p i tp i t )

a mb i a .

fenae (of 8ma "L "L b amb o o twi g 8 ) k a l a me . fe nae - . "Large ena "Lo8 ing u m b u k a m e (M) .

k I PU ,

fenae - 8 p "L i t ra i "L (rai "L 8 hori� z o n ta "L ) I l pu kame . fenae - tabu

I y a m ba .

fe nae - upright P08 t8 p i ng l , ka t ao kame . fenaed - to b e fern

tata .

fa t h e r - i n - "L aw (woman ' 8 )

f e a t her8

k a m e (M) , p y a p e

•

t oma p i n g l .

fa 8 t e n w i t h "L i d

Ina .

wa l e .

fema "L e geni t a "L i a

fe nae ( r o t t e n ( ? ) )

fa8 ten for aarry ing

fear n

y a m l , y a n gon g e .

fema "L e anima "L/in 8 e a t

fenae/boundary (T)

anJ lng i .

fa t h e r - i n - "Law wes e .

e nd a ka l i y a n g e d u pa .

fe "L "L ow tribesman

•

farew e "L "L n

fa t (of b e "L "L y )

kafml .

fe "L "L ow aoun tryman

fa r l o n d a t i , l o n d a u , l o nd e , t ependa .

fa8 t e n

ma k u l l e n g e , ma l l k l n g i .

fe i n t

s ambo .

fami "Ly

wa k i n g l .

feign a t taak

fl.

kame

t om b a s l n g i .

kamb u a , kya ng a , me t a e .

fern (Diaranop t e r i 8 "L i neari8/ g "L e ia h e n i a 8p . ) k a m b e . fern ( u 8 e d for hair deaora t i o n ) mon g e p a e n g e . fern - edib "L e ( Di ak 8 o n i a h i e r­ onymi Brau 8 e ) n a n g u . fern - non- e di b "L e ( Cy a "L o 8 oru8 Arahb o "L di i ) p i n d l t a . fert i "L i ty aeremony fe rti "Li z er ( ? ) fe 8 t e r few - a

ya l yayuu .

pa l as ln i .

I l n f tenge , mau t e n g e . menda tupa .

145

fig h t

fi n i s h (of pain, s i c kn e s s , s ound) yatu I enge .

pyao p i n g l . bu i n g l .

fig h t wi t h fi s t s

fi g h t w i t h mud (for fun ) pi n g i . fig h t w i t h weapons

kau

yanda p l ng l .

*pae l e .

fi Z Z

t umb l n g i . tone p i n gl .

fi l l up from ano t h e r container keano p i ng ! . fi l l up (as h o l e w i th di r t ) pu u p i n g r .

ma n g a p e n g e .

fi l l up ( w i t h liquid) k a m b u i n g l , k a m u i n g f , k a mu n g l , kewa n a p i ng ! .

l u ngu teng e .

fi l l up/ l oad fi l l ed o u t

wambu p i ng l .

fi n (of fis h )

papa . kambu i ng l .

fina l i z e (of s p e e c h )

-a l u , -u l u .

fi na l ly ( � fi na l a t i v e ) find

kandao nylng i .

finger k l n g i k o n d e n g e , k o n d e , kondenge . finger

index

p o n g e m a y a n ga y a n g a .

fing e r - l i t t l e ( ? ) fi nger - ring

kond e .

I pa i ta .

fing er/toe ( l i t t l e ) fing erna i l

l yakana l l .

k i nd u pa .

fi n i s h e t e n g e , koe p i n g ! , k o y a p i n g l , I a e n g e , o t e n ge , saa l enge , yol e . fi n i s h ( ? )

fire

l eenge .

- a pa ,

t a ka e .

fin i s h e d ( ? )

fi re

fi l l up ( of n e t b ag )

fi l l up ( ? )

fin i s h e d ( � comp l e t i v e ) -a t - .

I t a , I t a t e (M) .

fire - big

fi l e

l uG

fi n i s h ( of t a l k/singsing ) p i ng r .

fifty ku n J u p u n a m e n d a i , *plp i t l .

e n do . I anga p ing i .

to b l ow

fire - to ma ke a

i ta te yangenge . alo

fi re - to ma ke by fri c t i o n p l n g i , ma k e a m i n l n g i . fire f Zy . bo i , bu i , mu n j u k i i .

fi rep lace p e p e l y o , p e t om b a (M) , p l p l l yo . fi rm/ t e n s e firs t/e l de s t

tU I I l enge . mupa , wambao .

firs t born (of ma l e s ( ? ) ) a n d u k u (M) . �fir s t or s e cond person i s i n ­ direct object - n g i - . fir s t pig in l i ne at t ie

sao .

firs t time ( to do s . t h . ) p i ma n g a n g e , p i ma n g a p e . fi s h

a ma n e (T) , * p f s a , wa p a k a .

fi s t

k lm i a , su l u n g u .

fi ve * p a e p e , y a n g f p u n d u , y a u , y a u n g e , yu u n g l . fi v e cents

*s i k l sa penea .

fix w a i I Y l n g l , wa pu n g l , w a p u i n g f , wa s i n g l , wa t i n g l . flaccid/we a k

t a m bo l e n g e .

flag * b i l a k i , * p l l a ke , w a l n a , y a n d a t a k a e pu . flagp o l e wa i n a f t a , y a n d a t a kaepu f t a . f lame

l ungu tenge .

146

flanks (of b o dy )

k y o ko l f m l .

flap b a t a p i n g f , b e t a u b e t a u p i ng ! . flap (of wings ) b l p e m b a p a l e n g e , b l t a m b a t a u p l n g f , d o ko l en g e , p l mb i pa pu p l ng f . f l a t s traig h t p lace f l a t s urface

kamapu .

pata .

f l a t ten r e e ds ( to ma ke s k i r t ) k a e pe n g e , k u t a k a p en g e .

and fkf p i ng l .

flatter

flesh

fo l £ age

ka ka .

fo l l ow

wa t e n g e .

f l ip up apron/s kirt in p ride/ der i s i on l o p a l y l n g i .

a petenge .

fo l l ow a keeper foo d

n ee .

food ( l i t . sw e e t p o t at o )

m a pu . i ng l

fo od in s tomach - to have pa l e n ge .

pu l u l a tae .

* pu s a .

foo tba l l

mlnju .

�ak l p i n g ! .

fo ld (of rop e )

fo od on mou t h

t e l y a , t f l ya .

flea

l a kenge .

fo l d over

m o k o s e t e n g e d o ko .

foo t s t o o l

moko pee .

foo tw e ar

-nya .

flood

t i m i na m i n l ng i .

for ( *purp o s i v e )

floor

* po l oa .

fo r him/her/it/t hem ( * ex c lu s i v e be nefa c t iv e ) - a k a m a a n g i •

f l ow very s trong ly (whi t e caps in river) t u ke ng e . f l ow w e a k ly (of l iqui ds )

l l enenge .

for no reason

* pa l oa , t a p l .

f l ow e r

f l ow er - b lu e

d i oo ( L ) .

f l ower - y e l low s traw

y o n g am e d i f .

f lower (not u s e d - flimsy and l arg e ) m a i p a k a . f l u te a l ow a k e , k u l u l u , p e t u l , pupe . fly

n

po n g e n a , w a m b e n a .

f l y v b u u l ao p a e n g e , b u u l e n g e , p e e l e n g e , p e e l ao p a e n g e . fly ( 7 ) v p e n ge .

d o ko l e n g e , p i m b i p a p u

fly (of b i rds ) foam a t m ou t h

paen ge . kambapupa e p e n ge .

k o p a (M) , mo l e , mo l e

mee .

daa l a ta e .

forbidden

fo rbidding fi g h t i ng during s e t t l ement a n g o k a t e n g e .

l a l Ga n e p e ng e .

force op en

ford (of s tr e am ) k e n a u' p e n g e , k e n e ng e , l u mau p e n ge .

s a ka i t a .

forefinger fo re h e ad fore head

l a n ga l u . (7)

k a i y a m bu .

forehead band of s h e l l s a n ga t a t en g e . foreign

fly a p lane ( "h o l d i t s nos e " ) b u l u l yaa m i n lng i .

fog/mi s t pan a .

for me/y o u/us ( * i n c l u s i v e b e n e ­ fa c t i v e ) - a k - , - e k - , - i k - , -ok- .

n a i , n a i ya .

foreigner k a i n a k a l I , keowa , k tw t, ky6wa e n d a k a l i , n a i , n a i e n d a k a l i , n a i y a , t 1' s a . for e legs

p a e n g em b a , y a nda t e .

147 I ma .

for e s t

for e s t - de nse

fru i t * b u t u l e , d i l , d i n g i , j In gr .

tonge .

k a m e s i n g i , t a t a ke p i n g l .

forg e t

forg e t ( 7 )

ambe l e , k u ta l a p e n ge .

fru i t s tem ( o f b anana. pandan u8 ) l ung I . fru i t - 8 trong inner part poka l i •

forg i v e

k a y a ke n g e .

fo rk ( i n path/ro ad. p o s t . tre e ) k e m b o , k y e m bo , p a ka . form a group - for ma k i ng a deci s i on ( 7 ) k a ko p e n g e . fortune t e l ler (finds l o s t objects) pyongo p i n g i e n d a / a ka l l .

* po t f i

for ty four

k l t om e n d e , k i t u m e n d e . a l embokan a ,

*pau 1 I

fOW l - wi ld

fU l Z (of the mo o n )

bu t a ( p i n g l ) .

fu ngus ( 7 ) on s w e e t p o t a t o ma n g a p a l e n g e . fur

i t f , s i l l , yomand 1 .

fury

kambu k a t e n g e .

I m b u t o n go , I t a I t a p 1 p a e .

fu z z (on j o i n t 8 of 8ugar cane/ gras s e 8 ) p e n g e .

d u ma ko n a .

fo ur day s hence fow l

s a ka ( p l n g f ) .

fu l l (of 8ap)

fur t i v e ly

•

four day s ago a l e m b o ko n a .

* pu l a pu l e n g e .

fu l l

G

•

p a n da i .

ga i l y de8igned k l l i m b a k a l i m b a s a m ba p a e , kom b e l y a k a m b e l y a .

fr e e / l o o s e n ma ko n Y l n g l , ma koe n g e , mo ko e n g e , ma koo n Y l ng i , ta l e l enge .

gain revenge

fri e n d k a i m l n 1 , k a i t a m i n f n g i , mo n a s e t e n g e .

game p l ay e d wi th match b ox *mas lsa .

mo n a n g e .

fr i e n d (ma l e/fema l e ) frog (generi c )

a l u a , a n d i t ame , okya l o .

frog from

mo n g e .

tae.

from where /whence

anj etae .

fro n t area of hous e k a ma p l . fro n t p orch

anda ka lm busa

l y u n a ko i t a .

fron t/s i de ar e a of house l ya ambu s a . fro s t

n

fr0 8 t

v

k i nd u t a . p l pya p i ng i .

ee .

garden

garden - man ' 8 8ma l l ee . ga t e

kya n ga l o

ka l a t i .

gate (in fence for p ig8 ) (M? )

ka t a l i

•

gate ( li ft out typ e )

e n o m b a , e n opa.

fro n t

i t ln g i p i ng l .

k a l om b a .

g a t her e l y �m b u p i n g f . r t a l y f n g l , rya l y i n g r , k a p e ng e . kon d a p i n g r ; l yemben ge . mau p l n g r . g a t h e r and b urn

amb i yange ng e .

ga ther t og e t h e r

1 i me n d e n g e .

g a ther ( i n tran 8 i t i v e ) p ing i •

k a m bu

1 48

kenda

ga t h e r {of things ( ? ) ) p .i n g ,I .

ga th ering n bome , k a m b u , k a m b u pya t a e , 1 1mbau .

g i v e sw e e t p o t a t o to pig ( s tem, l eaf and a l l ) y o k o n g e . g i v e sma l l p i e c e s of pig a t kuma n d a ( ? ) y a l y a s a k a l e ma f n 9 I •

w a a l a o , wa e l a o .

g en t ly

give to a t h i rd person by means of an intermedi ary y a p i s l n g l .

ang l .

genuine

ges ture ( b i t e on cro o k e d finger to s how ama z em e n t ) t a n g o p y a o nenge .

g i v e way ka l p y a l e n g e , k a p y a l e n g e , ka i t a d l n g l / ma l n g l , p a n d a d f n g l / ma l n g l .

ges ture of con temp t ( b e n t midd l e fi nger o v e r index fi nger) k i l y om b a p i n g l .

g i v e w i t h exp e c t a t i o n of r e t urn w i t h intere 8 t s a a n d i p l n g l .

tondenge .

g e t g i r l a t s i ng s i ng

g ho s t k u p l a , t a l e p a , t i ma n g o , t i ma n g o i t u k u , y a ma .

wapu

g h o s t pacifier - in l aw m i n l n g l a ka l I .

yal yuu l enge

g h o s t s o l i c i t or a ka 1 I •

g h 0 8 t whi s t l e r y a k a e pu e p e n g e a ka 1 I , y a kayope p i s 1 n g 1 a ka 1 i . g h o s t who g i v e s l epr08Y ( ? ) t a l epo , t a l e po . ghos t/8pirit ( of Pog era) enda . ghos ts

bini

*sasane , *sa tane .

g i ft w i t h no 8 tring s a t tached t a ke . ginger ( Zingiber sp . ) f t a ma r (M) , k o k a 1 1 girl

a l a m o {T) , •

wana , wanaku .

g i r l - unmarri e d ado l e s c e n t m a p o e e ( L ) , m a p u e , ma pu a k a e . g i v e ( e x c lu s i v e )

ma l n g i .

give (inclu8 ive )

d lng i . ka i t a l ae nd a ka

g i v e di r e c t i on8 p i ng!.

g i v e examp l e l y a n g o l e p l n g l , ma k a n d e p i n g l •

g i v e for no r e as on

mee ma i f n g i .

g i v e w i t h i n t e n t that objec t b e re turned ma t l s a d l n g i , t l s a d ing I . g i v e wi thout get t i ng repayme n t ( ? ) m e e ma l i n g l .

peenge .

g i ve /hand o v e r glass

*ga tas a , *ga l a s a .

gna t

I I l et e (L) , w l l ya .

go

penge .

go ( ? )

pee . l a mu l n g l .

go acros s/away go a l ong

paenge .

go in circ l e go i n s i de

* l aono l enge .

koko penge .

go l e aving p lace emp ty penge . go on patro l

pyoo

* p a s a to l e l en ge .

go rig h t down t h e l i n e to each one d i f m l n y l n g l . go s lowly

a n j u p e ng e .

go s tr a i g h t down go a8 tray

ku l n g l .

watao penge .

go t h e who l e di8 tance koep l n g i .

pumbu tao

go to a hU8ban d/g e t marr i e d ( o f a woman ) a k a l I p e n g e .

149

ee

go to harv e s t the garden ma n j a p e n g e .

g enera t i o n and b e Zow (ma Z e ego ) ) y u m ba n g e .

k i s l ng i .

go up

go w i th to h e Z p or Z earn a job ma p e n g e . go (depe nding on fo cu s )

go Zd

amuna d i l , l emangau . *go l o mun l .

good a n d � k � p f p a e � a u u p l p a e , e p e , u t u l a o , . wa k a n e .

wa i n g i p i n g l / p l n g i .

good - to be

mo n a e p e

good (of humans ) pa l e n g e .

good Zoo king (of m e n ) ka l y a p i n g ! . good Zoo king (of wom e n ) go spe Z

ka l y a , ma l y a .

wa l p i l e p e .

a wa n e , k a u wa n g e . k a u wa .

grandfa ther (ma Z e r e Za t i v e s of + 2 genera tion and a b o v e . hu s bands o f fema Z e r e Z a t i v e s o f + 2 g e nera tion a n d abov e ) y u m ba n g e . grandfa t her (fam i Z iar )

toto .

grandfa ther/grandc h i Z d

wese .

grandm o t her (fema Z e re Zativ e s of + 2 g enera t i o n and a b o v e . wife of ma Z e r e Z a t i v e s +2 genera­ t i o n and above) a p u s l , a pu s i n g i ( L ) , a p u t i , a pu t l n g i (M) •

grandson (fami Zia r )

go s s ip 1 a' l y o , l a ma r l a m a r p i n g ! . l a o y § k � , l e o � oe n g e , l ew a mbe , t umb i p i l enge . . gourd

grandchi Zdren

grandfa ther a u wa n e , a wa n e , k a u wa , k a u wa n g e , * s u m b u na a .

*ana suu , *go t e .

goiter

-

grand-daug h t e r (fam i Z iar )

* m em e .

goat god

* i koo .

grandc h i Zd o f woman (a Z Z r e Z a ­ t i v e s 2 g e nera t i o n a nd b e Z ow (fema Z e ego ) ) a p u n t l n g i .

ua .

g o urd - edib Z e (Lagenaria sp . ) s a n l ma .

grap e s

*g e t e pa .

grap e - v ine Ita .

* g e t a pa I t a , *wa e n e

grasp t i g h t Zy wi t h hands m i n a pom b e n g e . gra s s (gener i c ) (M)

gourd ( u s e d to make n e c k Z a c e ) t omenam i .

k a u wa .

t a n I (T) , t a n u

•

gra s s - k i nd of wen l , yu l l .

gourd (cu Z tiva t e d for food) t o p e t a . (L)

I ya k f , puma ,

•

gourd ' s i n s i de governm e n t

gra s s - edib Z e k a n a t a , ka n e k e t a , k e n ga pu , l i s a , I f t i .

ma k o n a m b f .

* g a p u ma n e , * k a poma n e .

governme n t offi cer

* k e a pa .

gra s s ( Z eav e s u s e d a s s andpap e r ) I i o n g o I i o n go , I y o n g o l y o n g o .

go vernment officer - Europ ean ko n e k e a p a .

gra s s ( Z e a v e 8 u 8 e d a 8 8 andpap e r ) (A r t hraxon h i 8 p i du 8 (Thu nb . ) Ma kiro ) p em b e .

grab for and c a t c h h o Z d o f ma n g a m e n g e ( P ? ) .

gra 8 8 (used fo r roof thatch� e tc . ) (Imperata 8p . ) y a n g i .

grain

*w I s a d i l , * l l s a d i l .

grandchi Z d of ma n (re Z a t i v e s

-2

gra 8 8 (used for roof t h a t c h ) mau I I .

150

gra s s - Job ' s t e ars ( s e eds e di b Z e and u s e d in mourning) ( Co ix Zachryma - j o b i ) l yupa , wa ko . grass - wi Zd ta Z Z

p a ma .

grass/s edge ( Cyperus sp . ) I y a mb r . gra s s / s e dg e (Cyp eru s s anguino­ l e n tu s Va h l ) t am b l . gras s/sedge (Machaerina rubiginosa (Spreng . ) Koy ama ) gu 1 1 .

a i m bu , I y a n d u , p a u ­

gras s hopper l ombo . gra s s Zand grave

p a u , p a u s a , ya n g l m a u .

ma l u . m a l u .

gra v e Z o c a t e r a ka l I .

poke t a p a e n g e

( e n da k r ) kea . ( rp a ) kee .

gra v e Z

kama , y a k u .

gra y /b londe hair gray /b l onde he aded petenge .

y a ku k a t e n g e /

g r e a s e a rn e I p a n g e , * g l t l s a , k a p a , kata i

ground

yuu . m a u yu l r .

ground o v e n

a l uanga .

gre e dy - t o be p i ng r . green

pu t l t l k a e n g e l

s a k a , s a k a p a e (M) .

gre en - to b e

group n a m b o , bome . e l y a m bu , l t a l y l n g i , k a m bu , k a m bu pya t a e . I Imbau . group v ka p e n g e , k e n d a p i n g i , mau p e t e n g e , k a k l l e n g e .

m l na n j l ng i .

group/gat her grov e l

kana kaya .

grow a n d e ng e , l a n g a l e n g e , t u m b i t um b l l e n g e . grow in gro ups/profu s i on l enge . grow Z arg e

andenge . I ya t enge .

grow s Zowly

yaaso a ndenge .

g r e e t i ng

grow (of p l ant s )

g r e e t i n g : good day

kota ka .

gre e t i ng : good morning yo n g a mo . gr e e t i ng : good nig h t

y o n g a ma . k u k u ma .

grind t e e t h ( tog e th e r ) k i l l t o l o l e n g e , k i l l t u ·l o l e n g e , k i t a ka t o l enge . gro i n

l e po .

grow/ma ture

p o ko l e n g e .

ang i i nJ i ng l .

grow l (of s tomac h ) g u l a n g a l u l e ng e , i ng i n e n g e . mu l G ma l G l e n g e , I) l l i l) a l i l e ng e .

imG . ma n g a .

grub

mumu l e n g e . g a a l e n g e , 'l u G l e n g e .

grun t/groan

l a sa .

y ame l e n g e .

grow (of fo l i ag e )

gru n t

l a sa l eng e .

gr e e t v

uu

grow p o o r Z y

grudge

sakeng e .

pausa .

ground - uninhab i t ed

•

gr e a t

kana petenge

ground - s t ony yu u .

'l e e l e n g e . l) y G u l e n g e .

grunt/roar (of p ig s ) guard

ma s l m i n i n g i .

gues t

opone .

gu lp

k l po n g o i n e n g e .

g u lp (no i s i l y ( ? ) ) gums gun

ku i i l e ng e .

n e me n em e . * ma s e k e t e . n a y a nd a .

151

H ha i l n k a l a p l t a (M) , t a n d a ke , t a n d a k e -ka p a .

k l nd u ta p l ng l .

hai l v hair

as l l ! ,

hair (demo n - l i k e, bad) asu I I .

k a wa ya . k u ka , ku kG .

hair (of corn)

asu I I .

hair (of demo n )

hair on n e c k a t back enut i

ke t o , p u p u , t U p l .

hard/s trong v

t ango p l ng i .

harv e s t the garden

I t l , yoma nd ! .

hair n e t - man ' s

hard

e no t e ,

hat

e e ma n d e n g e .

ba l u .

hat ( ? )

t l p i tange .

hatch ( of egg s ) (fixed t o n e on firs t ) t a m b e n g e . hatche t

ua a . enda

have a court ing party l a ku o o w e e l e n g e .

•

have a good he ad of hair (of men ) yoma n d l ma n d e n g e .

k a ma , y a k G .

hair - gray

ke l e t i a .

hair - ingrown

hair/fe a t hers/fur - fine/downy pumbu . hairpin (made of wood/bone ) k e a n ga , l ema l t a . hairs (sma l l ) of corn

a ng a t u .

half of pig ( l eng thwi s e ) sepya .

ita,

a pa k i s a .

ha lf-ca s t e ( ? )

* a ma .

hamm er

have arrow l e ft ins ide body penda kae l eng e . have custom of do ing p i ng l . have gone/left

p l peta

pu m b u t a o l e n g e .

have s . o . care for s . t h . . for y o u 1 5 00 ka t a k e n a l e ng e . having done thus ( "t h i s par ti cip l e of p i n g l " ) peta l a . h e/s he/it

ayamba ,

head (of anima te s ) a y omba , ma t e n a .

hand - left (or one which do e s n ' t wor k ) koya .

head (of inanima tes ( ? ) ) 1 pao .

k l ng i .

handcuffs

* a n e n ga pu .

handke r c h i ef hand l e

* a n g i s l pu .

e n d e (T) , e n d e n g e .

handsome (of m e n ) handsome (of wom e n ) hang

ka l y a (T) . ma l y a .

I y i ng l .

hang / l ift/pu l l up

yu ku i n g l .

past dopa

baa .

hand - right (or one which do e s w o r k ) k l n g l t o l a e , s a ka e .

hand/arm

+

e nonge ,

head of r i v er/water

e n d a k l ma n g e .

h e ad/top (of. s . t h . )

sao , sawa .

h e adcovering (men ' s ) t a l ng ' .

alale,

headdr e s s of ca s s owary fea t hers a i ya . h e addr e s s - part of

ka l ap a e .

headman

*esamana , i S l n g i a ka l l .

h e adr e s t

kand a , kanda s e t e ng e .

152 h e a l ( "aau s e to b e aome good " ) k a m ea i n J a k a ma l n g t .

s I'ng i .

hear

h e ar t ( s e at of t hought/emo tion) a W l y a , k l p l , mo n a , y a ma l l , y a ma p u . h e a t up (of fo od)

t emba p t ng f .

a e y e n e k a e n g e/ p l ng l .

heated

*a i t e n e , n e t e s a e n d a k a l I .

heathen

hip bone

keta tange . mo t o t i

hip - s ide of

•

-nya .

h i s ( *p o s s e s s iv e )

* h i s t or i aa l e v e n t w h i a h speaker hims e l f did no t w i t n e s s - p y a a . hit

p f ng i .

h i t to ki l l

wa i n a m a n d e n g e . k f i mo m a n g a m e

h i t w i t h fi s t p i ng i •

k a l t f , k a l t i - k l s a , ka t i .

heaven

heavy v k e n d a k a e n g e , k e n d a p i ng ! .

slpi .

heel

h e e l (of fo o t ( 7 } )

yukunu .

h e Z i aop t er i p a n d i i n d l i (M) , i p a n j u u n j u u (T) .

geana .

hel 1 ( 7 )

I s l n a k a l e ng e , n l s l n g i .

h e lp hem

pu n a .

hemp p la n t/fiber

l ep a a .

here a e , a n g e n y a , a s a , d a e , da sa . h e r i t ag e

mo y a .

hers ( *p o s s e s s i v e ) hesitate

- nya .

nembe teng e .

h i a aough n a n g a t u p l n g i , n a ng a tu l eng e / p f ng J . h i dden

l ya ka e n a kand enge .

hidden by l e a v e s ( o n l y of a pandanus n u t a lu s t er ( 7 } ) ko p ao l l n g l . h i de a e me l e n g e , g o l e p i n g f , ma l a l y i n g i , m a t a l y l n g l , y o ko p i p e n g e . hi de/ao naea l w a m u p l ng f , y a l o p i ng l , yapae p i ng l . hinge

a n d a n i pu , * l nJ a .

hi t/s trike (of inanima t e s ( 7 } ) t a k f ng I .

mam b i n g i .

h i t/ s t r i k e ( 7 ) h o l d (in hands ) hold ( ? )

m i n lng J .

a p f p l ng l .

ho ld and e l e v a t e

t u mu m i n l n g i .

h o l d and s hake ready to t hrow doo d oo t e n g e . ho ld baa k/up

m J n a n J f n g i '.

h o ld b e tween t e e t h

k a pu s l n g i .

ho ld fa s t to v e ry s t ro ng ly m i n d o ko l y a t e n g e . h o l d fa s t/firmly h o l d firm ly l enge .

m i n j o ko e n g e .

m l nameng e , t e l e

h o l d in arms k o p l l y f n g i , k u p e n g e , ku p l ma n g u e n g e , k u p l n y l n g i . h o l d in hands aarefu l ly t eng e . h o l d in tru s t for o rp h an t a l y a ka p i n g ! . h o l d t ig h t ly m l n a m be n g e , m l napum b l ng i . h o l d tig h t ly

po t a i y o m i A f n g l .

h o l d tig h t ly/aar efu l ly pya ke l en g e . h o l d up against tre e/wa l l pya sembenge .

153 ho ld upr i g h t and i n p o s i ti o n (of p o s t ins ide hou s e wa l l ) I ya k i ng i . ho l e

ma l u , y u l l .

h o l e for axe hand l e

y u ku n a .

h o l e ( e a t e n by i n s e c t ( ? ) ) kaI u kaIu . hole (in c lo thes)

kombe .

ho l e ( i n s ome t h i ng ) h o l i day

tIi

.

h o l low u nder o v e r hang pu n d i p u n d 1 .

hom e land

yu u p a l l

I ma m bu E p e D o k o .

yana i , yuu teng e .

honey a m b u l y a , a m b u l y a I) a I)cl , a m b u l y a t u ku , t u ku ambu l ya . honey - w i l d I y i ng 1 . honor

a m bu l ya kama n d a

a nd a n d a s e ma l n g i .

hoof

k i nd u p a .

hook

'� u k a , *li k i , * w l k i .

hop/j ump

* sa k l m l l eng e .

hop/jump/b ou n c e ma n g a l y a ma n g a n a p i n g 1 . hop/s k ip/jump peng e . h op e l e s s

horn/b e l l horn s / t u s k hor s e

ma n g a m a n g a

mona k u m l n g i .

hor i zonta l

*o t e l e . * p a s e n d i i a n d a .

hou s e (gener i c )

anda .

hou s e - abando ne d 5 In g 1 .

mama n d o ( p l p a e ) . * be to . neng e .

*mena osa .

hosp i t a l *a u s l k i a n d a , *do k o s a a a n d a , Va r n a a nd a .

k i f ( yu u )

- bac h e lor � ur � fica t i o n sanga I anda . - b u s h (ga b l e roof) k a t a ka t a k a a n d a . - cass owary - chi c k e n

ko t o .

Ho ly Sp i r i t

ho t e l

l a i ma a n d a . ya ka nd a .

- Europ � a � s � y l e naya a nda . - for dead

na i ya/

kum a n d a .

- garden l a k a l oo a n d a , n i mo nd o , n o m o n d o . - larg e

a n d a t a ka e .

- l ea n - to i n garden a i y a a n d a , l mu n d u , ku l a pe , ku l a pu . m e � ' s a k� l � a � d a ! t a u t e a n d a, , wa n e a n d a . - p ig fe s t iva l - sma l l

y a e a nd a .

n i ma n d a .

- spirit ' s

y a l n a nd a .

- t e e mag � c £m e n o n ly ) t a ke a nda , t a k i a nd a . ,

- u ni n hab i ted

a n d a ku a a .

- u s e d t o � tor � p � g meat t a m b e t o ko a n d a . - women ' s

enda nda .

- women ' s ( b i r t h and m ens e s ) ka m b e t a n d a , pu I f m f a nd a . Hou s e of A s s emb ly

* Au s em b e l i

house b u i l ding ma teri a l

i t a pa n d l .

h o t a y e n e k a e n g e/ p i n g l , i t a l t a p ip ae .

hou s e s i t e (former) s f ng l .

h o t and dry

hous epar t : s t eps/di v i s i on s

popo kaeng e .

anda muku tepe .

15 4

hous epar t : par t i tion dividi ng pig s t a l l s from women ' s room t l p u l f pu . how

husk

p a t o ko n a .

a l p a , a i p i l ya pe .

how ( "what doing " )

a f p a p y oo .

I

how ( "what having done ") peta l a .

naa (L?) , namba .

if ( * i rre a l condi t i o n ) - I e - I i , I yee , pya l i , y a ka n a , ya l e :

h ow many

a k i pa te , a k l tupa .

how much

a k i t u pa .

if ( *r e a l condi t i o n ) y a ka n d e n o .

hum/b uzz

nene p i ng ! .

if ( * r e a l condi t i o n ( ? } )

huma n b e i ng human ma l e

ane .

hum b l e

ku f i l e n9 e , ta i y G l en 9 e

humbug

tomba n e ng e .

hung er n

l o po , t a l o .

hung er v

I a po e n g e , l o p o e n g e .

hungry - to b e kaenge .

imitate •

l o po k a e n g e , t a l o

hurry up * a t l y a p e , * a t l y a p a , *a t l y a pa . husb and

a ka l f n g i .

husb and ' s bro t h e r - i n - law ( s am e s ex spouse of cogna t e of ego ' s g e nera tion (ma l e eg o ) } p a l i n g l . husban d ' s cogna t e s of t i on a k a l i i ma n g e .

-1

g e nera­

husband ' s fema l e in- l aws excep t s i s t e r - i n - l aw (w ife ' s fema l e re l a t i v e s of o t her than her own and -2 g e nera t i o n (ma l e eg o ) e n d a i ma n g e . husb and ' s ma l e in- l aws exc ept bro t h e r - i n - law (w ife ' s ma l e r e l a t i v e s o f o t her than her own g e ne ra t i o n and - 2 ge nera tion (ma l e eg o ) a k a l i I m a n g e . hus band ' s parents - i n - l aw husband ' s s i s t e r - i n - law

i ma n g e . I yenge .

hus bands of w ife ' s cogna tes of ego ' s g enera t i o n k a i m i n l n g i .

ya ta .

k a n d a yoko

ignore purp o s e ly l enge .

e n d a ka l I .

t am o ,

wang l t enge .

immedi a t e l y wu n d l n a (M) , wu n j 1 n a ( L ? ) . imp a l e/p i e rc e ( o n t o ) ka t e n g e .

pu pu

-ana .

* impera t i v e

a n d a k e , mupa , sao .

important

imp o v er i s hed

daa i nJ lng l .

in the mids t of

t u ku n y a .

l ombe l ombe p f ng i .

incapab l e

i n c l i n e - s t e ep I y a m b a , p a p a t a l e , t o nd o . i ncompe t e n t

l e l yo m i n l ng l .

i ncomp l e t e/unfi n i s h e d

ma l e n g e .

a n d e ng e , t u m b i t G m b f

increa s e l enge .

indeb t e d s ervant

k e n d em a n e .

i ndig e s t i on ( ? ) - to have ma I fng i •

inhab i t a n t

duna , tang e .

i n h a l e smo ke n a t i v e s t y l e (puff) wu n J i p o k a o n e n g e ( L ? ) . inher i t

moya n y f ng l .

i n h er i t ance

moya .

155

kakung f .

ini t i a t e

inj e c t I) f l i p y a o n e p e n g e . n i l i p i ng i .

injure ones e Lf

insane/idi o t i c

i n t e s t i n e s g e n a n g e . i ng I i ng y a nd a . kenang e . 1 i t f s a . samba l ya . •

kya k e n g e .

i n s e c t - kind o f a y u m b a . i panj i i nj i i . i pa n j u u nj u u . k a n omo n g a l i . p a l y om b o . s a n a u . tombe . - ant

el ete .

- b e dbug ( ? )

g a n e n ga n e .

- e a t s taro p Lant k a n g a pu . edib L e ( b y b oy s ) a n o i . k a ke l e . kekena l a .

p om bo .

- f Ly ing

t aya ka l i .

- L o cu s t ( ? )

nel e .

- wood-boring worm ( ? ) pomba t a . i n s e r t (as arrowhead into s haf t ) pambeng e . ins � de a � d a � o t e . a n d o k o t e . k o k o . ko t o . p a n go .

mo n a i t a .

i n s t an t L y ( * ins t a n tan e o u s ) -u 1 u •

ins tr uct ion

mana .

i t/he/s he

baa .

YU l i p i ng l .

itch v

-a l u .

- n ya .

i t s ( *p o s s e s s iv e )

J jai L v a nj fnya pa l e n g e . a nJ oo ny lng i . ja i L n a n J I n g i a n d a . * ka t a pu s a anda .

a n g a pu .

jawbone hinge

l e te .

- hopp ing

* ae n e .

iron

jaw

- f L y i ng and b i t e s t em b o . - green

i n t e s tines ( u s e d for sausag e ) p o k e t a ka l ya .

t oke .

- b L ack bee t L e

i t a k a l ya n g e .

int e s tines ( ? )

nene .

i n s e c t (generic)

wo i pu l u . ka p i l Y l n g i a k a l i .

int erpr e t er

insane k y a k a e n g e . ma n g e n g e . t i l ya kae .

i n s i d e of

eteta . etete .

i n t erj ec tion

l y l ng i .

ko ko .

inner

mo n a me m a s i n g i .

i n t e L L ig e n t intensive

d a l o l e ng e .

injure ( ? )

insu L a t i o n ( p i t p i t u s e d for hou s e wa L L s ) k o p o t oma .

a ngapu sandang e .

j e ep

*j l p i .

jerk

a l em a l e l e n g e .

Jew ' s harp of bamboo a l a u wa l i . l l n o . ma n g a l o ( P ) , o l a i y o l e , t amba l o . jo b/work

ka l a i .

Jo b ' s t e ars (p L a n t )

l y u pa .

j o i n toge ther v p i n g l / s lng i .

p y a s i ng i , wa i p a

j o i n e d tog e th e r pyasetae .

p y a ka t a e ,

joint

a m u n d i l . l en g e .

156

knife - of bamboo

*sa k i ml l enge .

jost Ze j u dg e n

knock J a l o J a l o l e n g e , wa t a wa t a p i n g f .

*j a s a . I p � ng e .

ju i c e

ma n g a n y T n g I

j ump down

knock dirt off (of r o o t s ) I ya n d a l en g e .

•

ma n g a u l e n g e , ma n g e n g e .

jump/hop

j u s t ( i . e . fa ir )

epe to l atae .

just (i. e . only)

mee .

pongo .

know k a n d e n g e , mam b e n g e , m a s i n g i , n e m bo t e n g e, s e k e n g e .

l e ng e , a mu n a .

knu c k l e

ene epapu .

ju s t now

knot

L

K

kond e .

kerne l

key

lack

k i c k (wi th leg o r fo o t ) p i ng I .

k l mbu t i a

t u kembeng e .

yaa p l ng i .

ki l l p i g s as s eque l to t e e ping I .

lacking (in s . th . )

yae

mu l n g l .

kanange . pet e .

l a k e/pond

k i l. Z l a p u f ng l , p l n g l , p y a o k u ma s f n g i .

ki l l pigs

d a a i nj lng i .

l adder

ma ma n d a .

ki l l by sUffo c a t i o n

* k a k o pa e , * k a k o p o l .

laborer

*kf i .

k i dney

* I apatol I .

laborat ory

* ka t a s l n l .

kerosene

lame mo k o koo , mo k o . p e t a ko l , p e t a ko l y a . lame leg cau s e d by wa ter ins ide ( ? ) d u i l e ng e . l ame n t

yuo l eng e .

k i ng

* k l f) i .

l amp i t a t e k a i l p a e , * I a m a , * I a m ba , t a l u i t a , t a l u k i a .

kiss

nunu l eng e , nunu p l ng f .

lamp ( ? )

knee

l uma , wambake .

lamp s tand

kne e - back pf k n e e cap

l a ka l a k a .

l uma l e n g e , l um a p a u wa .

kne e l

l uma l a k e n g e .

knife

kee , * n a i p ya , * n a pya .

knife - t ip/b lade ka i t a . knife - l ong

yuu

know in one ' s h e art/by heart mo n a m e p l n g f .

l ee mend e .

jus t a l i tt l e

k e ma , l a t e .

k e ma a y u m b a ­

u a a p e po .

po l o k a . I t a t e ka l f pa e s e t e ng e .

land (of bird/p lane ) v y a k a m ­ beng e , y a ka pumbeng e , y a ken g e . land n

yana i , yuu .

land - fer t i l e n I n Tma .

ku numa , n l n l ,

land - s t e ep riverside lan ds l i de v p fng I .

pos a .

a n g f p f ng i , m l nJ ! l f

1 57

pi

l.anguag e

r.

l. eaf ( k ind of)

* I a p a l a pa .

l.ap l. ap/c l. o t h

l.arg e a n d a , a n d a ke , a l u a n g a , m � n � u l l , mu p a , p e e l a t a e , ya l e .

pa t a .

l.arg e area

l.arge l. a k e which i s feared ( 7 ) mu 5 I .

p e n d o ko l e n g e .

l. arynx

l. a s c i v i ou s n e s s

l. a s t born ( of c h i l.dren ( ? ) ) n e n ae , n e n a ka e .

k l n d a e n g e (M) .

l.a s t part

l.ater ma t l s a , t a n g a (M) , t e n d a (T) , ya s o . l. a t e r - a l. i t t l. e t enda l e (T) .

t a n g a l e (M) ,

l. e aning

ma k a t a e . ma n a n y l n g l .

l. e arn

l a ta

l. earn . (in s c h o o l. ( ? ) ) p i n g (. l. e a ther

m e n a y a n o n g e wa s e p a e . k a e n g e , ko l a l y i n g i .

l. ea v e fo o tprints mo ko k o m b e s l n g i , moko m i n l ng i . l. eav e qui c k l.y and r e turn l a n y l ng l . l. e a v e /not do

uu

p l n y l ng l .

l. e av e s of pandanu s t h a t c o v e r nu t c l.u s ters a n g a p a n a , b a n a , kapea , pana . l. e a v e s u s e d in coo king a t wedding a ka pu .

ir.

l.aug h n

9

l.au g h v

g i l kaeng e , g i ln g i (L) .

l.augh and p l.ay l.oud l.y

pa ke .

l. eaf/s tem of p l.a n t

l. e a v e

l uyawa ka p a en g e .

I yu nd u .

pee l eng e .

l. aug h tog e t h e r (of g i r l. s /women) kaa kaa l enge .

l. e a v e s (dry ) on pandanus t r e e p u p u ku . l. e a v e s (dry p i tp i t )

amba kuna .

l. eft ( s i d e )

koya , s a i d u ng l .

•

l.aw

* 1 00 , ma k a n d e s e t a p a e .

l. eft over n

l.ay

s l ng i .

l. eft over - t o b e k a k a n a s l n g i / pa l e ng e , k a ka ne , wa kao s ln g l .

l.ay a roof

yame p l ng l .

l.ay fa l. l. ow

ba l o p a l e n g e .

l.ay fa l. l. ow (for a l.ong time ) i ta I . l.ay fa l. l. ow ( 7 ) /comp o s t ( ? ) I y a n d a I a ma n g u I n g I . l.ay fa l. l. ow ( s h o r t t ime w i t h on l.y g ra s s e s growing) I ya k l s ln g l , ma p u s l n g i .

l.ayer ground o v e n w i t h h o t s t o n e s a n d foo d I yu u p l n g l . l. ead v l. e af

l a m i n y l ng i . ka k a , * I I P U , y o k o .

l. e g

k r m b u , mo ko .

l. eg - upper

p a a ng l .

* s l k i ma n i .

l. eper

l. epro sy a l p u , k l mu k r mu , ko p e t a l l , l a i n a ma n d a , l e p a n d l i , t a p a , t a l e po . l. eprosy s p o t s l. e t

til

I .

kaenge .

l. e t t e r l. e t tuce

* p e p a , wa r p l l . *l etesa .

l. e v e l. ground

l a ma .

158

ku n f

l e v e l mo und for p Za n t i ng m i n l ng i .

l i k e ( * s imu la t i v e )

l e ma .

l i ce (on head)

l i ce eggs

t oma . l e ke

l i e ( t e l l fa l s e hood) v I e n g e , s a m bo I e n g e . lie

n

s a m bo , s a mbo p l l .

Zie (inside) pa l y i ng l .

pa l e ng e , pa l l n g f , i s oo k a t e n g e .

l i e i n wait ( ? ) l i e/speak fa l s e ly p i l ( I enge) .

dopa .

n o n go n o n go

like this a pa , a pa l e , o n g a i t a , o n go i t a , opo pyoo , ongu l t a , yal e .

l i k e / l o v e (of inan ima t e s ( ? ) ) k f p a kaeng e , k l pa p i n g f . l i ly

a l eambu .

l imp ( ? ) w a k i wa k i p e n g e , wa k l n g l . l ine/row l i n e /mark

* I aene , t l t l .

n n

*ma k i ma k l .

k u n ga p u .

line (in rows )

light ( ? )

y a s l ma .

line (a ho le ) v

l ig h t (w i t h fir e ) v l ig h t (not dar k ) v p i ng ! .

ka l n g i . ka I n g I , t f I

l i g h t (not heavy ) a d j t a l y o l a p a e , t a we l a p a e , y a e p a p ae , y a mbeamba . l i g h t (not heavy ) v y a e p e n g e , yambo yambo s f n g i . l i g h t (w i t h ma tc h ) a fire p a e k i n g i , p y a ka i n g i . l i g h t/bu i l d a fire

I ta yangenge .

l i g h t n ing t a ma n g a l i , y a n a i a p a ka s l n g i , y a n a i - wa pa k a , y u p e l e . l i g h t n i ng - after - effects of a l i i p l ng i . l i k e / l o v e a u u k a e n g e , e t e ke k a e n g e , e t e ke p f n g I , * 1 a i k e ( I enge) .

s i l f , wa n g f t a o .

l i k e ( * conforma t i v e )

- I I , -ya l e .

d a pa .

l i k e t h i s (with v erb s )

l igame n t s

l i ke ( s imi lar)

-ili-.

l i ke t h a t (wi t h v erbs )

I y a ka .

lick pendeng e , pendu p l ng f , tand l p i ng ! . lid

i .

l i ke that a ma n g l t a , d a p a l e , d o pa l e , o pa l e .

s f pu .

lice

-Ie, -I

Z i k e ( * im i t a t i v e )

v

t i t l katenge . ku l n g i .

I y aa , t a t a .

line/lin eag e Zion

* I a ene .

l ips

k a m b u , k a m b u pu .

l i qu i d Z i s t e n/hear

( p i n s ln g i . *kosa l enge ,

l i t i ga t e/court *kote l enge .

l i t t l e ko k i , ko l e , koo , k u k i , t i pyaku . l i t t l e (of tre e s ( ? ) ) live

l e t e k a t e n g e / pe t e n g e .

l i v e toge ther liv e r

a l ange .

to l e ka t enge .

pu n g f .

liz ard (generic)

kanopa to .

l i z ard koma u , p o n e a n a , p o n e p o n e , * s e n e k e , wa l ea .

159 mo t o p a l .

� i z ard - y e � � ow

� oud

ma t e .

� oca tion

p o t a i yo .

� ou s e (on � o i n c � o t h )

�ock n

* l Ci k o .

�ock v

* I o ko p l n g l .

�ocus t

p a i yomb u a .

� o v e v a u u k a e n g e , e t e ke k a e n g e , e t e ke p i n g I , t a e rna I n g I ( L ) . � o v e p o tion

� o cus t/gra s s hopp e r ( 7 )

ayumba .

( n u u ) ma l ma l .

� o i n c � o t h (of n e t )

� ong l o n d a t i , l o n d a u , l o n d e , l ondenge .

� ower

a k a l pu wa l .

Isa .

�ung ( 7 )

k l p l yoko .

�ong ( 7 ) (of humans/hou s e s ) ta kae .

M

kyowa e .

� o ng/ta � � (of tre e s ) � o o k after

mach e t e/bu s h - knife l a te .

setenge.

� o o k after (of humans )

l anylng l .

k a n d a yoko l en g e .

� o o k around

� o o k a s kance/di s dainfu � �y kand enge .

k i l ya

� o o k down ( i n t o a ho � e ) ( 7 ) pyao kandeng e .

e l yo

� o o k for ku t l n g l , p o n g a n a o kandenge .

ka n j u p l n g l .

� o o k fo r/after

� o o k from t h i s spot � o o k over

� o op v

kandaenge .

wa n g a y o l e n g e . ma n g e I y l a

� o o k up and o v e r l enge .

anga p l ng l .

� o o s e n/fre e bo ko p l n g l , k a k a s l n g l (T) , k a k a s l n g l ( L ) , I l a n g e n g e , rna k e n g e , m a k o e n g e , m o k a n Y l n g I , m o ke n g e , t a t e l enge .

yakl nenge .

� o o s e (of arrows ) �ose

a l o p l ng l .

� o s e app e t i t e �ost

wa t l wa t l p i n g f .

* I usa l enge .

� o s t from s i g h t

t lpU .

a l u p l ng l .

machine

*rna s l n l .

mad/crazy/s tup i d maggo t magi c n

* t a rne a , u a a

ma n g u l n g i .

nene anda . n e rna n go , n emo n g o .

magic v ko l o p l n g l , n e e p l n g l , p IPU I I l enge/p l ng i . mag i c - b �a c k ko t o p l n g l , p l ma p i m a p l n g l , poo p ing I . - b � ack ( u s ing decayed parts of human b o dy ) n ema p i n g I . for men b efore marriage e n d a I y o n g e I a rna I n g I . - for t e e t a e k y a , t a k I a s amben g e , t e e t ae kya l a ma l n g l , t e e t a k e . - g i r � s u s e t o bring b o y s t o cour ting party l u ngu l ungu p l ng l . - rub pigs b efore ki � �ing kae l a o n Y l n g l , k u n a o n Y l ng I . to make wig/hair in­ cre a s e y a ma n d l t a s am b e n g e . - treatm e n t for � eprosy ko l a pyao t a p a k a n � p i ng I .

160

- us ing p ig ' s l i v e r for cure of i l lness mena p u n gf t i n i ng i . - white

a k a i pu w a l , p i pu .

- w i t h arrow m i ning l .

magi cian

kuaa

p l pu l I l e n g e a k a l l .

magi cian - e y e fixer k a n d a o k a t e n g e a k a l i (T) , k a n d e k a n d e n g e a ka l i , l en g e m i n f n g i a ka I i . mag � c � an - mahogany s t i c k en­ c han ter ko l a p i n g i a k a l i . maimed arm/ l eg make

make trident of arrow bu i ng f . ma laria

pepe

mag i c ta l k of s p i ri t woman kuaa poke poke .

make suspender for decora t i o n I y fng I .

t a n oma .

p i ng ! .

make ( s . t h . ) wa l y i n g t , w a p u i n g f , wa p u n g 1 , wa s i n g i .

ma l l e t (wood)

mamma l - marsupia l ( 7 ) i nya l a p e , i t ama t a l f , ka pya ka , kepa , k u n d a ka , m a s a·l a f , m u f y o , mu y o , n o p a o , p i l y e l , ta k f p i , t a ko p � ! t � m � i l i , t a na ka e , u m l . - marsup i a l cat ( 7 ) amra . - l o w l ands s p o t t e d cas cas ( 7 ) l y a ma n o . - sugar g l i der kapya .

mu m b a koo

make n o i s e (for the purp o s e of igno ring s . th . ) t a n e n g e .

ma k o l e p i n g f .

ma ke s ausage ( 7 )

i ng i l y i ng ! .

- wa l l aby ( ? ) ma pu n a , s lmb i , t fm b i . - water rat (7 ) i p a k a m b i ma u , p a ke n a .

m a k e s he lf of p andanus tru n k a n g a t a po ko wa s i n g l . make s ig n to s te a l o r do wrong l e n g e l e ma n g e p l n g f . make s t raigh t/ri g h t tol enge .

tol a p l ng f ,

ma k e s tring by r o l ling fibre on thigh e l yoko p l n g l .

(7)

- tree kangaroo ( 7 ) a n d a � e a ka 1 i " a n d e a p a , a n ga t a, , koma e p a , koma 1 p a , k u n d a ka l l , k u n d u k a l i , ma l e p a .

i t a p a n ge .

make one ' s round

s a n ga .

mamma l - game (gene r i c : includes a l l mamma l s exc e p t human s , pigs, dogs a n d ra t s ) s a a .

ma ke s . th . for k e d for hous e ­ bui l ding ( o f tree s/po s t s ) t o t om a p i n g 1 ( T ) .

make l e av e i n has t e p l ng f .

(M) ,

ma l e - first born a n d o ko , a n u ng u (T) , a nu ku (L) .

* ko s i m i l e n g e .

ma ke house timbers

wa l u l e n g e .

ma l e (of anima l s ) f p I , ka I i ma f pa , ma i pyo ko .

m a k e a p la tform to s i nge hair off pig i t a toko p l ng f . make cou r t against

wape

- monot reme : s p i ny anteater ( 7 ) t e k e a . man

a ka l I , * bo i .

man - important

a k a l i a n d a ke .

man - l arg e in s i z e

a ka l i a n d a k e .

man a s s er ting h i s rights ( 7 ) a ka l i yango ( ka t e n g e ) .

161 man who is n a t i v e t o tha t p lace and ma intains only t h a t p e s i de n c e k a t a t om e a k a l i .

marsu p i a l p ou c h

man who jo ins m o t h e p ' s l i n e wa n e i n J oo ( k a t e n g e ) .

m a t t e r - orange v e g e tab l e ( ? ) 1 u u (L)

man who l i ve s w i t h wife ' s l i n e wa n a k a l i ( k a t e n g e ) .

mature (of p i g s )

kamongo .

man ' s ne t l o i n c l o t h

yamba l e .

�

many a d j ko t o , kum l , l o n g o , p i t a ka l ao , p i t a kapa , tumb l l ao , tondo .

*mambo l o .

mapb l e

mapk v *ma k l p a l e n g e , * ma k i s i n g i , *ma k i m l l e n g e , t o m b o s ing i . mapk ( b o undapy ) mapk - sma l l

* ma k i m l m i n l n g l .

nol e .

mapk apm w i t h s p i t when cou n t i ng k a m b a p u p u p l l1 g l . mapk fop s e l l i ng wood mapk off

I t a ma k l .

l lt a p l ng l .

mapk off i n s e c t ions plng l . map k t o ki l l

t om b o

a u ma l e n g e ,

wa t a p e n g e .

mappiage payment (bpide ' s fam i ly to gpoo m ) wa t a p a e p l n g f . mapp i e d (of m e n ) - t d b e petenge . mapp i e d (of women) - to b e katenge . mappow

enda a ka l i

tundu l ng i .

mappy e n d a k e l e n g e , e n d a l a nylng l . ma r s h

l a ma p i n g l .

m e a t *m l n J u , *m l s a . m e c hanic ' * n e k e n e ke . medicine

*ma t a s e n e , *ma t a s l n l .

medicine - Camo quin

* k a m a ku l n i n i .

m e e t k a m b a p i n g l (M) , y a l i kandenge .

ka n d a n Y ln g i ,

mee t (on road) t e p lng i .

m e e t a t a p p e - arrang e d p la c e l a s lng i . m e e t ing n * m l t i n i , * m f t i O i , *m i t 1 0 i . m e e t i ng - to have a m e e t i ng p l ac e

l i ma n gu t e n g e .

k a m a pu .

k i r p i ng r .

mend

mapk (a tpee fop dpy ing) ka l u l ng l . mappiage payment

•

Memb e r of House of A s s em b l y *membaa .

ma l fk i n g l .

mapk w i t h the e y e tepe l enge .

I t l t e (M) , *m a s i s a .

mai c h e s .

pi ch/impoptant

man

p a n ga .

ma n d a u , m a n d a u wa , t a ke .

mens t ru a l b l ood (as exc Zama t i on v ery offens i v e ) t a l o n d r i , t a t ama (L) . mens tru a t e a n d a ka n a o p a l e n g e , i k l nao pa l en g e , kama ka n a o pa l enge , kana kandenge , ril i n e l a m i n g i , wa k a n a o ( p a l e n g e ) , y a n gu p a e p a l e n g e , yoo n a o pa l eng e . mepchan ts * k a p a n i a k a l i , * p i s l n f s a a ka l i .

kondo .

mercy '

mercy - to have k o n d o k a e n g e l l e n g e , ko n d cie n g e ( L ) . m e re ly m e s s ag e

mee . wa r ( p i r ) .

m e t amoppho s i s

komba p r n g i .

162 ka i na . tombe .

middLe

angl . saka .

midd L e - ag e d

w I I ya

midg e

•

midday a n d a wa l p�ngu p u n g u . a n d a ko t a k a .

a n d a tombe .

midn ig h t

mi Ldew

ku m b u k u m b u .

(7)

a n d u . a n d u I pa n g e . * s u s u u .

mi L k

m i L L i onaire

kamongo pakea .

ma s e p a e .

mind

m i s carriage

(7)

pyanda .

miss ku n d l p l n g i . papu p i ng 1 . p o o p l n g i . y awa t a e p l n g l . miss

(7)

ma k u l l e n g e .

m i s s / tu rn aside

pyakua l e n g e .

*m i s l n i .

m i s s i on

m i s s i onary/p a s �or mis t/fog

mosqu i t o I f l e t e ( L ) , o l y a . wa I y a . w i I y a .

ako. mU l u pa na .

anga I i ta .

moss ( e dib L e )

kamb l l yo .

moth (generi c )

e n d a n g l . ma ma . a n i . a n l a (ML ) .

m o t her (addre s s ) a n y f a (ML ) .

mot her/ma t ern a L aunt ( addr e s s ) m a me a . m o t i on down

-n - .

mot ion far

-o/u - . -m ( b ) - .

m o tion L e v e L

-a- .

motion near

*b l Qe s u u .

k a ma l u m b i .

(7) )

moss k a p i n a . k e n a p i t i . k i n a ­ l u m b i . k i n a p l t i . ku t i n i p e p o . I l t a . yandaplp i .

mother

mirror e n d a k l l e o . * g a l a s a . *ga t a s a .

- ka .

morning k i t am a . k l t a p a m e . * m u n f l . p a n a pe l e . y a n gama . yon gama . y o n g a p a l e . y o n g a pa l e . y o n g u a p e l e . y o n g a mo .

mOBs (g eneric

pe I y a I .

mi Ldew

more ( * intens i v e )

m o t i on up

-I /Iy- .

moan

Q a Q a l en ge .

mo tion u p and down - to have ema p l n g l .

mock

Is l ng i (L) , It i ng l .

mo torb ike

mo i s ten by chewing k a t i n 9 I (M) . mo L d v

ka s l ng l (L) ,

I m l p l n g l . tomb l ng l .

money

*ma n l . *mu n 1 .

mon th

k a n a . l a ma n d a . *mun l .

Mo tu Languag e mound

moon - fu L L ( opossum- hunting tim e ) saa kana t e n ge . moon - fu L L

k a n a bu t a .

* Mo s u u .

mo n d o .

mound around a burrow mound up v mountain

moon a u w l y a . e k e . k a n a . l a ma n d a . I i ma e . ma e . m a l l . *mu n l . wa t e .

*mo s a p a e ke . *mo t a p a ke .

tundu .

mo n d o s l n g l . manda .

mountain ridge mou n t ain s ide

k u n gu . p o ko . kot e .

mountain - Lone/s t e e p

ka l t i .

mourn

ee l ao yae p f ng l .

mou s e

koka . kona i . kona l ya .

163 nemb f t f .

mous taohe

mou th a pu p u ( L ) , k a m b u , k a m bu p u , n e n g e ka i t a . m o u t h oovered w i t h fo od (of o h i l d ) k a s a t a e k a t e n g e , pu u l a t a e .

a pu p u p l l .

mou t h ( e dges of)

move arm qui o k ly (as in ou t t ing grass w i t h s arif) w a k l n g r . moW

tanu p r ng i .

Mrs .

( any whi te woman )

*m i s l s a .

mu o h ( has a b ad conno t a t i o n ) k u m i , y am a .

l on go l ao , p i t a ka l ao .

much l y

mu ous (nas a l ) mu d

a n g a , ma n j o , ma n J u .

m a n d a u , m a n d a u wa . t a e . t a ke .

murder

wa l n a ma n d e n g e .

mu s c l e

mrnju .

muscu lar/fi l l e d out mu s hroom (generi o ) I Iti . mu s hroom - e dib l e

I l t a (M) , I i ndi l i .

* ma s a t a .

kap l ni , sumba .

N nai l

* n l l i , * 1) 1 1 1 .

nai l s om e thing

*n l l l p l n g l .

nai l s

k l l , k l n d u pa .

naked

papa ta .

name narrow

kenge . tambu l na tae .

narrow ( ? )

nau s e a t e d

l ee p l n g i .

�yu k u ma n e ma n e p l n g f .

nav e l m u m b e t e n g e , mu m b i mum b i t e n g e . nav e l area ( b e l o w ) yamba l e .

ponde

I yo n g e .

n a t i v e medi c a l orde r ly *d o k o s a a pa f .

kuna .

near a mo t e n a . e p e s a . ko p a o , ma k i s a , p a k a o , t e n g e s a . near (in time and space ) nearby neck

nondopa .

aete l e . ma n g e .

n e c k (a b i t b e l ow b a s e of) nep!pa .

ka i n ambu .

n e c k ( of bo t t l e )

n e c k - b a s e of/t endon ( ? ) ma n g e p u n g l .

p u m bu p l n g l .

- kind of ( ? ) mu s t ard

nau g h ty (of ohi l dren )

nav e l area ( up t o che s t )

e p a o , ko t o , k u m r , l o n g o .

mu o h

naughty k a t a pe n g e , l u i n g l , m a n g o n g e , m l n d i ma n d f p i n g ! .

n e o k lace (of b a l er s he l l s )

t a me .

n e c k lace (of cowr i e s he l l s ) k l l y omba , I y a n g e . ma ko . needle

wa i ma l e .

n e e d l e - e y e of

kepo t r i o

n e e d l e (made of bird ' s bone ) k a l ma k u l l . nephew (sons of same s ex oognates of ego ' s g enera tion ) a t a n e , a t ee . I k i n l ng i . n e t bag (gen eri c )

nuu .

ne tpag - kind of a l a n u u . ma n d I . p a n g a t a n u u . - chi l d ' s - coars e - Z arg e

a ku . a l a ka e n a . yanga . ka i ya ka t e .

- man ' s moma n d a n u u . noka l n a . n e tbag - to make a

nuu p i ng l .

164 ne t t l e - s t i nging

n a kauwa .

nose - s eptum

eneng e .

new

new (of ne tbag)

t akaa .

New Gu i n e an * k a n a k a e . * ka n a k a y a . p u m b u t f . pu pu t ! .

n i e c e ( daug h t e r of same s ex cogna t e s of ego ' s genera t i on ) a t a n e , a t e e , wa n e n g e . n i e ce/nephew (offspr ing of opp o s i t e s ex cognat e of ego ' s genera t i on (ma l e ego ) ) a p a n g e . n i e ce/nephew ( offspring of opp o s i t e s ex cogna tes of ego ' s generation (fema l e ego ) ) atange . n i g h t ku k a . k u a k a ma . k u k u a . k u k u ma , * n a I s a .

* n a e n e , * n a i ne . t u ku t epo .

nipp le a n d u mu n g I (T) , a n d u I y a mu n g i (M) . no

daa . mauwa .

no trespas s i ng sign

a y u m b a ema p i n g ! .

nod "y e s "

n o i s e - to make

d i l i nda l o l enge .

n o i s e of jang l i ng

g i nangane .

n o i s e of s t omac h

t omba l e n g e .

n o i s ema ker d l l i n d a l o l e n g e me n d e , d l l i n da l o . nons e n s e noon

l an ge .

n l k l tau t i i p u n gu .

noon time a n d a wa i p u n g u p u n g u (M) , a n d a ko t a k a . noose nose

l yaa yu l l .

nose - s hor t/ug ly/cut off k a l u m b a pa e .

l yaa

l ya ka i t a .

nos tri l edge

me n a n g e . da a .

n o t (wi t h noun s )

not (with v e rbs of one sy l lab l e roo t ) n a - . n o t (wi t h v erbs of more than one s y l lab l e roo t ) n a e n g e . not exis t/be ( "n o t daenge .

+

here

+

be ")

-enya .

*not - b u t s en tences - i nya .

*na l t a dyu t l i .

nigh t - duty nine

l yamung l .

n o s e - s hort/ugly

nos tri l

auu .

n i ce ly

l y a a ma l t a .

nose - tip

kone .

k u m bu t i t u p i n g i . ma t u n g i .

numb

*naamba , *namba .

numb er nu t

d i f , j i n9 i . 0 I ya .

o oath

m u l i ma uwa .

obedient obey

�ye�e l enge .

( p i n s lng i .

o b l iga t i on

s a a n d i (M?) .

ob tain fibres for t hread ma king I yuu p i n g f ( P ) . ob tain g i r l a t s ingsing nyfng l .

l yaa .

n o s e - ridge

now a n d e p a . a n d l p a ( T ) . a n g e pu . d o kon d i n a . d o k o n d i n a k a . d o k on d i p a . e n a pu ( P ) . e n e p a pu . e p a p o , e p a p u . i n d u p a (M) . I p a pu . o ko n d i p a , o ko n d i p a n a .

l yakungu .

n o s e - s hort/cu t off

ka l u p y a .

ob tain in addi tion nY 'ng i .

tondao

w a k a o I n J oo

165 m i nongenge , m l nyakas l n g l .

offend

offens i ve - to b e offer

l u l ng l .

s e tao p a l en g e ,

ofti a � * o p f s a ( a n d a ) , * o p o s a anda . oi� v

kae p l ng f .

o i � - hair

*u a l e .

o i � - tree

w a ka l .

oi � y

tombe l apae .

o kay

kapa .

l au p i ng ! .

open (up )

kun d i l en g e .

offe r h o s pi t a � i ty s o t o p a l e n ge .

open v a u d p 1 n g l , l u m b l n g l , I y a n ge n 9 e , t a I a l e n 9 e , t a l eng e .

open and g o t hrough ( a . fen c e ) ka l u a e pen g e .

ma u l o p e n g e .

open ground o v e n

anga l e ng e .

open mou th wide

open up n e t bag and � o o k i n t o t a ngu ng 1 .

d l t i ng i ,

open (as umbr e � � a ) pangu i ng e .

ope ning b e tween s t a k e s i n fence pondea .

o �d t a t l n g l , wamba tae , w a m b a t a ka e , y omo .

opera t e ( 7 ) to remo v e arrow l okal y i ng i .

o �d (of inanima tes ) a m b o , a s i ng 1 (L) , a t 1 ng 1 .

opera te (pre - ho s p i t a � s t y � e ) kome kome l a k e n g e .

o � d (of an ima tes ( ? ) )

l ya n ga .

o � d (of humans, s t on e s , wood. p i g s ) w a m b a ke . oZive

*a l ! p i . -sa , -nya .

on ( * � o aa t i v e )

on the o t he r s i de d o mo t e n a , d o t e na , ono t e na . on t h i s s i d e

d a e t e na .

on top of *a n d a p e , a n go , a n gu , a n gu l n g i , ke t a e , k l sa , p y a n ga . onae and for a � � ( *fina � i ti v e ) kao . once - to do k a ka soo p l n g l , to l okenya p l ng l .

one hundred one p a r t/side onion on � y

*anda te . yang i ng l .

*an 1ane . · i kl .

o n � y one

a m a (T) , a m b a .

opera tion room

*a p o l e s i n i l u mu .

opo s sum af . mamma � .

atete p i ng ! .

oppo s e

or ( o n � y wi th qu e s t i ons )

pand e .

or (w i t h qu e e t i ons ) ( * i n ter­ roga t i v e ) ( 7 ) t a e . orahid (De ndro b i umymedi oaa � a a s / p h a i u s tankervi Z � i a e/p t e ro s ty � i s / spat hog �ot tis ) s a ! . order

m a k a n d e s e t e ng e . mo i y a n e , m u e n e , m u l y a n e .

orp han

orphan ( of pigs ) o t he r

I ya ka pa e .

ba k a l e , wa k a .

oug ht t o ( *p o t e n t i a � ) ou t of

tae .

ou t s t a t i o n out ( 7 )

- pe n g e .

* p a l a� a t a s ln i .

kepenge .

ou t hou s e ou tpa t i e n t

i l ( l yo o ) a n d a . *au t a p e s 1 n d l .

166 o u t 8 i de k a ma , k a ma n d a , k a ma ka , k a ma l y a , k l l l k l l f , l o s a .

pandanu8 (Pandanu8 8p . )

a t ena .

o v e r there (fart her ) usa .

dusa , osa ,

- red

overtake own p ro

ka l l e n g e .

t a I I n y f n g l , wa t a n Y l n g I tange .

pai l

pandanu8 nu t ( ha lf)

YOl e

* b a ke s a .

.

aga

anga f t a , anga

pant g o o g a a l e n g e , k e e k a a 1 e n g e , 1 ya n d a I a m a n g u I n g I , . Q e e Q a a l e n g e , Q e e Q a a p a l e ng e , Qyee Qaa 1 e ng e . paper

*pepa .

popo / t a nda p l ng f .

parab l e

pain n

t a nda .

p ara l Y 8 e d

p o po .

konga l I p i ! . p a p a - tambo t a e .

p ara8 i t e growth

t anda p i ng l ,

ka t e , y a n g e n g e y a t f .

part v

paint v

ka i p l n g l .

part of

pain t (wi th w h i t e c lay/p a i n t ) tope yangenge .

na l ya

l a kua .

para 8 i t e (worm) of 8weet p o t a t o fmu p a l e n g e .

paint n

p a i n t (for bodY/8ing8 ing) ka t e .

anga

p andanu8 nu t ( top of ( ? ) ) ma l l m ba .

pain v

p a i n 8 earing Zy v t l i l enge .

pa t a y a ng f .

p andanu8 nu t i 8 unripe (whi t e ) t u l l pe t a k i i nj l n g i .

*pausa .

pain (of bon e 8 )

ko n d e .

pandanu8 nu t ( i ndi vidu a l )

p andanu8 tree I t a ng e .

paid 8 a l ary/wag e 8 - to b e nYlng I .

(anga )

p andanu8 nu t i8 ripe (da r k ) l e moya k a t u t l i n j l n g i .

p

package

pandanu8 nu t c lu 8 t er f l ya .

pandanu 8 nu t ( 8 i ng l e o n e ) tuu .

pa l e pa l e

duna , tang e .

owner

ang i .

p andanu8 kern e l

o v e r there (near) 8 am e l e v e l ama , a ma s a , a ma t e n a , a m b f s a , d a ma , d a ma s a , d a ma t e n a , d a m b f , damblsa .

o v ergrown/fa l low slng l .

a l emo ko l .

panda � u � hod u 8 e d fo r carry ing t e p a ko .

o v er there (farther) 8 ame l ev e l d omo , d omo n y a , d o mo t e n a , d o mo s a , d o s a , d u m b l , omo , omo t e l e , u m b f , u m u .

o v erflow v

anga .

pandanu8 - kind of a k u e t a , a p a t l: , n l t u p a , t a k e , t o po , wa p i n a .

k u m b u , ma u .

o v e r here ( toward8 )

kape .

p a l m (of hand)

o u t 8 ide/b e y o nd b oundary kama l ye n a . o v e n - ground

l om e .

p a l i 8ade

ka l u e n g e . yang ! .

part that doe8 t h e work pa88 on road

ka t a I .

l a ny ema p e n g e .

167 *bu tus a , *putusa .

p a s s i o n fru i t

n a p l n y a k a y amo n e e .

passover

p a s t parti cip l e pas t or

*bl �esuu .

patch

k l l p i ng l .

pa t h

pay for mag i c n e mo n go l f I U u p i n g f , p i pu l i p i n g f

-a l a .

•

pay for mag i c to make arrows t h a t cause sudden death y a n d a t a e kya p i n g i sambeng e .

k a n g u pa e .

patched

pay for mag ic t o ma k e hair i n ­ cr e a s e a y o m b a yomon d a i t a sambeng e , tombe pyao ma l n g i , tombe sambenge .

* ka i t a , n o ka l e .

p a t h - to make a new ta l i ng f . p a t h t o hous e/s tore

w a pu k a l m bu s a .

*s f k l ma n i .

patient

•

l uG nylng i .

yo l e .

p ay v

l uG p l ng l , samben g e .

p ay taxe s

* t a ke s a p l n g l . p i po ben g e .

pay terminaL ( ? )

anda . s ambenge .

pay a t chi L d ' s dea t h p a n d e t a p l ng l , pand i t a p l ng l .

pea

*pI I .

p eace - to have

pay a t chi L d ' s dea t h (mo t her ' s t o fa t her ' s L ine ) yama y a m b a y a n go t e e p l n g f .

p e a r l s he L L (cut ou t )

m e n a t o ko p l n g l ,

pay a t wife ' s dea t h s a a n e n g e yu k u o o p l n g i , t l ma n go n e n g e yu k u o o m e n a ma l n g i . pay back ping I .

d e n g e n Y l ng i , klmbu

pay brideprice ( e n da ) ke l en g e , o ko p l n g i , m e n a wa t a p a e p l n g l , wa t a p e n g e . pay comp ens a t i on p ay cut pork

beta p l ng l .

t a s a ka l e ma l n g l .

pay for d e a t h made v i a t e e p i ng f .

tee

t ee

pay t o k i L L a n o t h e r person k ii i t a p i n g l .

pay at c hi Ld ' s dea t h ( fa t h e r ' s t o h i s wife ' s L i n e ) l a l ta p l ng f , fta k u p l n g l , y a ma y a m b a y a n g o l a i t a p i ng ! .

pay a t death tee p i ng f .

mena

pay l i v e pigs (not repaid) enda k i t a p i ng i /s i ng l .

pay n

pay a fine

pay for p o s s e s s ions a y o m b a ma n d e n g e , a y omba m a d i u G y a n u ping i pay for s orcerer

* p a s a to l e .

p a tro L

a l y o ko

pay for death on bridge koo m l n a o t e e p i n g l .

l y uu l enge .

p eanu ts (Ara chis hypogaea) * ka l l pu , * k a l y i pu , * p i n a s a .

pee L

sae .

t a ka p l ng i .

p e e L off hu sk/s he L L a m b e p l n g l , p a k o p i n g l , p a kon a p i n g ! .

k a ka p l n g i .

p e e L off (of s k i n )

p e e L off (of vege tab L e s ) p i ng l . p e e l/skin

p a t o ko p l n g l .

p e e L/s trip (of bark ) y a n G t a ka l e n g e . p en/penci l

*pyanj o l e .

p enic i H i n

*pen i

penis

ke l o

5

p � n g o , wa k e .

y a nG p l ng l ,

I I fne .

168 a mu , a mu u .

p e n i 8 - 8wear word among men ka l l p a k a e ( T ) , p o n g o k a e .

pig aa Z Z

p e op Z e e n d a k a l I , * p l p o l o , * p i pe l o .

pig ( e n t ire )

s epya .

p i g exahange

tee .

p i g fe 8 t i v a Z

yae .

perfe a t i v e verbaZ noun-adj - p a e , - ta e . p erform w i t h enjoyment p i ng ! .

pee l ao

p erfume

m a m b a t u nd uma p i n g l .

perjure

mee l a n g a l u m i n l n g i .

p er8 eau t e

t l l y a t l l ya ny lng i .

per8 0na Z i t y - a good qua Z i ty of ( 8 n e a kY/8 t e a Z t h i Zy ) e l y a k a l a o . p er8uade a n d f k f a n d f k f p i n g f (M) , a n j f k f a n j f k l p i n g l ( L ) , y eo l ao ny lng i . p e tro Z photo

*pyanj lne . (7)

kop i ny f n g i .

p i ak (a8 fru i t )

l yao ny l n g l . *p i k i s aa .

*p i sln i .

Pi dg i n ( Z angua g e ) naya p i f . p i e ae

pierae

na i ya p i f ,

duna .

p i e a e 8 (of mea t )

(7)

I Y oo .

a tokeng e . p u pu p l n g l .

p i e rae/go into

mena .

p i g (generia ) p i g - kind of

- Europ ean

pu n g i .

pig rop e

pig 8 t a Z Z

p a l o , p u u t o ko .

pig t e e exahange i t a k . k i n d . mu f n g i , p u n g i s a . p i Z e up k a n d o p i n g l , k a n d o s e t e ng e , mau p i n g l .

kanda s e t e ng e .

p i Z Zow

t a ka fya . *su suu .

- giZt

pu I t O .

- 80W

ma t a k a i .

whose m o t her b e Zong 8 t o 8pe aker e n d a n g i p a .

pya l y i t a , sanda .

ke l e t i a , ke l ot i a , pambo l o .

p imp Z e

p i a k up in arm8

p i dg i n

Iundu.

pig grea8e

p i Z Zow (wooden)

*bota .

p i a ture/portra i t

pig di8 t ribu tion for m e n on Zy ( to aure 8 ia kne s 8 ) a n i n g i .

p i nah k i n d u p a m i n l n g i , l o t e n g e , p i ndany lng i . p ineapp Ze p i nk/red

*pa i n a p o . l yateng e .

p i ty

kond o .

p Z aae

n

ma t e , p a n d a , y a n a i , y u u .

p Zaae

v

s e t e ng e .

p Z aae for �r� ing firewood in hou8e p a l u . p Z aae next to fire

l y e ke .

p Z aae next t o hou 8 e for ground oven ma l u . p Zaae under a tree or objeat a l uma l e . p Zaae/rep laae (a8 8 aare d 8 tone8 aft er r i t e 8 ) v k e t a p i n g i . p Zaaenta

t ema e .

p Zague - to 8uffer from 6 ) n 9 i , mu l l e p e n g e .

ma p G

169 p La i n/ L ev e L

l a ma .

p Lank

* pa l a l) a .

p La n t - agave/aen tury/hemp I e pa . - edib L e (Oenan t h e Javani) t a ka a , t a ka e . - e di b L e (grows on bar k ) klndu .

* ba l a s a a .

p L a s t e r aas t/s t i a k ing

*g u m l i , * ku m f a .

p La s t ia

p La n t n (af. bamb oo, banana , aane, aordy L ine, gras s , moss, mu s hroom, swe e t fLag , t r e e , v e ge tab L e . e ta . )

p La te /di s h

* pe l es a . * toko .

p La tform

p La tform - L ong ra i s e d wooden ta t e . p Lay m a l e l e n g e , ma l e p i n g l , nene p i ng ! .

t om b a e p I

p L ay ( ? )

1

eng e .

nepo p i ng f .

p Lay a t fig h t i ng

- edib L e ( sp ina ah- L i k e ) a l opoto f .

p Lay aards * k a s a l e n g e , *mu n l m l nao l enge .

- edib L e ( e a t e n w i t h p andanu s ) kawe n g e .

p L ay aards / Zua ky/gamb Z e l enge .

- Leaves eaten with pig tambu .

p Z ay aat ' s ara d L e p i ng 1 .

- L e aves u s e d to wrap food s u n d u .

p L ay f L u t e (bamb o o ) \ enge .

- Leaves/seed u s e d i n s i akness t o k o p a t l .

p Lay g u e s s -whiah- hand ping i

kU pu .

- m i n t fLavored - purp L e fLower konJ e p l p l .

- s hrub (So Lanum nigrum ) t a kuta . - s hrub ( ? )

kaape .

- t hi s t L e ( edib L e p o d ) a m b l ma n g a . u s e d for dy e y a ko .

e l yamun l ,

- u s e d for s tring e l y o ko .

e l y a ka ,

l eepeng e .

p La n t/aomp o s t p o ko n g e . p Lasma/Lymp h

p o ke n g e , p o k o en g e , I inf.

*Iakfi

kyangauwa l e p u l u po l e ma l a

•

p Zay jaaks

kana s l l i l enge .

p L ay knua k Z e bones l eng� .

e ng e .

- runner/v ine

p La n t v

* s emena , * s emene .

p La s t e r

l a n g a pu p l n g f .

p La i t a wrea t h

kan a s r l i

p L ay s oaaer/fo o t b a Z Z/ar i a k e t *pu s a p I n g i •

p Lay w i t h tre e fru i t Z i k e a top ku p i d i l l enge . p Z ay/kiak b a Z Z p Z eased - to b e

*kosa p l ng i . au u l e n g e .

p Ze dg e

p i l l anya setenge .

p Z enty

e pao , l ongo , p a ka .

p Z ow

amo p o k e n g e .

p Zuak

aukulng l .

' p Z uak/s k i n point v

pu m bu n e p e n g e .

l a s a ka p l n g l .

p o i n t (of arrow )

kata i .

170

po ke

kapu k a te n ge .

pray

ya n d a s l n g l .

p o l i c eman

po l i s h e d surface - for r ef l e c t ­ ing I p a l e owa l e .

e n d a k l p e t e , k u t a e pa .

p ond/poo l p o or

mu t uma t u .

p oor/no good

f p i p l ng i .

porch

*m i s l l

preach (of the gospe l ) d o ko l e n g e .

wambeng e .

t a p a p i ng l .

prepare

prepar e/ma ke ready

teplng l .

po s s i b l e ( *po t e n tia l )

s i ki sfkl ,

pray ing man t i s t a a ka l l .

pregnant - to b e t o n g a t a p e t e n g e , t o n g o t a p e t e ng e , y a k e t a p e t e n g e .

ma l u s a .

p o r t i o n out pig

l oma s i n g i .

prec ede/g o before

l a p I s a , t l pya .

poor speaker

l a l y i n g i , t a ma

pra i s e/honor p i ng r .

k o n g e , t oma k a i y a .

p o i s on

- peng e .

depa l enge .

prepare s tring by ro l l ing on thig h I t a p l n g l .

ma k a n d e s e t e n g e .

p o s sum ho l e

m a t o ko , ( s a a ) s f t a .

pres cri b e

p o s t offic e

* p o s o po s a .

p r e s e n t a pig

p o s t - king

p i n g l n a , p y a l a wa n e .

p r e s e n t par t i cip l e ( * "- ing ") - ao , -00 , - u u .

pot

*sosopene peng e .

p o tato - Ir i s h (So lanum tuber­ o sum) * p a s e t e l e , * p a t e t a , s a mu u , wa emo l o , wa mo l o . pouch/poc k e t

* pa u s a .

p o und ( of mone y ) *pau no . pour

* p a o n a , * p a u na ,

pour for t h (from a spout ( 7 ) ) kome e p e n g e .

powder n

kamuoo

t i pa t a pa p l ng i .

p ra i s e a n d owa I , I a ka n d e n g e , ma m bo p i n g I . pra i s e (for g e nero s i ty ) l enge . pra i s e ( 7 )

su i I

u a t l p l ng l .

prai s e s ay ing "hos anna " l a o m a m bo p r ng l .

ka poma p i n g f . -e l e - .

pr e t end ( * s imu l a ti v e )

pre tend to eat s om e th ing n e l e n e l e p l ng l .

*p i t lsa .

prior

wamba kao , wambao .

prison

* k a t a pu s a a n d a .

pri soner * k a t a p u s a a k a l k i ng l l ya ka .

*pau taa .

powder ( 7 ) v

m i namben g e .

pre s s t og e ther

pr i e s t

p a n d e ng e .

pour i n to a h o l e pambeng e .

p re s s down

ma k u p i n g l .

pro crastinate

buma l n g l .

procras tinate

kanj ong e l e p l n g f .

produce leaves produ c e /y i e l d progr e s s i v e ( * ) prop h e t

*o s a n a

I ,

y o ko p i n g ! . mandeng e . -ma .

wa l - a k a l i .

pro t e c t w i t h a cover

andu p l ng l .

17 1 t a pu t l p i n g f .

p r o t e c t/defend

t a ng a t a n g a l e n g e .

proud proverb

pu t/knock down

konga l i p l f . wunJ I pokae

pUff when 8moking v neng e .

pu z .z. I y a a l e n g e , I y eo l e n g e , p � l y a l e � g e , yoo l a o n y f n g i , yoo l e n g e .

pya l ya l enge .

pu l l by force

a ku l n g f ,

pu l l ou t/up (by ro o t 8 ) a ku n g l , au ku l ng l .

k a l o n g e n g e , komb e n g e ,

pu l l o u t /up l ongenge .

pu l l / l ift/hang u p/ou t

pur Z i n 8

l i n l , mau .

pU 8 h ( i n )

tuG l enge .

t e pe p l n g l / s l n g l .

pu t a 8 ti c k i n t o the fire to k e ep i t g o i ng I t a m a k u ,l n g .l . pu t in open

panenge .

pu t ou t hand in b l e 8 8 i ng petae .

mamba

quake ( e ar t h ) 1 y rn g i .

p u t t hrough a h o l e

t f t owa l i m i n f n g i /

quarre l l a f y a l e n g e , mu l u ma l u l e n g e , I) i l i l) a l u l e n g e .

ko l e n g e .

l yemben g e .

l yo k a pa e .

(?)

*ku ln i .

qu e s t i o n

*ku e s l n i . ma t l pu -pi .

qu i � k l � k a y a p o k o , l e e m e n d a i , panga pang a , p u u pae l ao , u a e l ao , y a p a (T) , y a p a , y a p a yapa . qui � t ly e l y a k a n d a o , wa n a l a o , wa n e l a, o .

*quo t a t i v e

- n a , I) e ( L ) , - l a m f .

( a n d a ) kawe n g e .

pu t 8 0m e t hing through/into 80me­ t h i ng e l 8 e p l s l n g l .

pu t toge ther

k u e wa k i , kyo a k i .

*qu b t a t ian or dire ct � p e e c h indi cator - fl Y .

pu t in order/proper p lace n em l na l l .

pu t roof on

qu a i l

mena .

* qu e 8 t ion mar ker -. after a/e/o -pe .

a tombeng e .

pu t a mark

quadruped (ungu l a t e )

*qu e8 tion mar ker - after i/u

ka l u e ng e .

pU8 h/pre 8 8/8hove

m l nd l

Q

qu e 8 tion in cour t m l nlng i .

k 1 1 ya .

pU 8 h apart

nY lnya setenge .

pu zz l e made from cane ma n d I .

queen

l e n g e wa n e n g e .

ee

s e t en g e .

qua r t er of pig

* p a ma k l n a .

pup i l of e y e

pU8

y u ku ng l .

*pa f m l l en g e .

pump k i n

pu t/p lace

I p f ng l , l p i ny f ng i .

pu z .z. a b ow

pump

pu t u p 8p l i n ter8 in garden t e ke p l s l ng l .

R rabbi race radi o

*p l t fsa . * l e s f s a l e ng e . * l e t l eo , * l l t i eo .

172

p o l i a m b a n a , pu l l m b a n a .

rafter

rai Z /horiz o n t a Z (of upr ight fence ) k a ma n g o . rain a l wa , a p u , a p u , a l yu u , i p y a n d a , k a k l , k e a l l , ko l l a , k o m b a n e , ku l l , k u l l a , l a ka ( K ) , l e n d e (M) , s a n e s a n e ( K ) .

i p l anda .

rain - Zarge s trong rain drops

ta l ya .

rain for e s t

k a ka s a , k a p a ka ta .

rain s hi e Zd

kunungu , tu I I .

rainbow

1 1 p i kepe .

rainbow appears

m o t o po i l a k e n g e .

koo k a n a .

rainy s eason

ramb Z e a m b e p e n g e , ambe a m b e p e ng e . raspb erry - w i Zd (Rubus ros ifo Z ius J. Smi t h ) m a mu n i . ra t {generic ( ? ) )

yu l .

ra t - kind of k o n a i , k o n a l y a , k o k o , s a n i , wa i n a n a .

w a mb u .

- bus h

poko .

- rain fore s t rat ' s h o Z e *ra t her

-Ie.

rave fl y l i fl a a l e n g e , fl y l l l fl a l 1 l enge .

raz or/razor b Z ade r e - h e a t food

k a mu

*I esa .

pamba p i ng l .

read i t a k l p l n g l , * l 1 t i l e n g e , *pepa i t a k l p i ng I , *pepa kandenge . ready

I yaa l eng e .

r eady to bud re a Z

ang l .

yap l p l I nJ lng l .

pata klsa .

rear y ard reason

teng e .

receipt

(7)

*bot a .

receive bap t i sm recess recount

ka imbu n y f n g l .

* I etesa l enge . a t ome p i n g i .

red/f Z e s h co Zored a l u n g i , a p oe , k a n g u u w l y a , k a n g yo6 , ko n e , ku p a pu p l p a e , I y a t e n g e , t a n J ema p l p a e , t a y o ko p l p a e . r e e d ( u s ed for women ' s s k irt s ) (EZe ocharis sphac e Z a t a ) k u t a . r e e d - kind of k a p y o l oo , y a ma n a e n g e , y a me n a n g e .

e n d a k a i pu ,

r e e d s k irt for women ku t a . refZec ting p o o Z I p a l eo .

e n d a k f l eo ,

:zoef Z e c tion

enda k f

:zo efZ e c t ion in wate:zo l eo l eo . :zoefu s e :zoegiona Z

n a pu l l k i .

raw/uncooked (of fo od) i.eng e .

rea Z condi t ion ( * flif") k a n d e e n o , t a mo , y a a k a n d e e n o .

tuu p i n g l , wanga i p i ng l . * l lsano l o .

reg i s ter ang er/di s appointment l a n g a l u k u m i n,g i . :zoeject d a a l e n g e . :zo e Z a t i v e - dis tant

pu u .

:zo e Z a t i v e/kin ( of human s /p i g s , e tc . ) y a n g o . re Z a t i v e s and f:zoi ends ka t e n g e . :zoe Z ea s e

n i k l nenge

:zo e Z e a s e from t:zoap

l a n go

(L) .

tama nylng l .

:zos Z e a s e (wa te:zo f:zoom dam ) ka l u�benge! tauu l enge , t a u wa I e n g e .

173 k a k l l y e t e ng e .

remain open

ma l a t a e

,emain unfini s h e d ka t e ng e .

remember m o n a Q y e e k a e ng e , mo n a Q e n a a l e n g e .

kaya keng e .

r em i t r emo v e

l o p e n g e , m a koe n g e .

remo v e aontents l o peng e .

au t l p l n g l ,

remo v e i n t e s tines kundenge .

( I ng l )

remov e s k i n from drum ny l n g l .

k a ko

l a s l ng l .

rend e z v ous

repay d e n g e n y f n g I , I d n g I p l ng l , y a n g e ng e , yano p l ng l , yanu ping I . repay ( ? )

n y o ko p l n g l .

repayment

t e e ka l t a ma l n g l .

r ep e a t

I nd lng l .

*re I; e t i t i v e - a � a , - a t a , - e p a , -eta , - fpa, - I ta .

r e tarded in growth wambu .

( a ka l I )

p l l y l ng l .

r e turn

re turn a o o k e d p ig aft e r bur i a l kuma n d a p l n g l .

* I aono

re tu rn to origin ( ? ) l enge .

n o l a ke n g e , p a n e ng e .

r e ve a l

k lmbu p l ng l .

reveng e

rev erse s ide

adj

n,

m a i t a ka l t a .

rib s e a t ion of a o o k e d pig ribs

pata l I .

riae

*l lsa d l f . t om b e l a p a e .

riah (of s o i l )

ridg e po l e of hou s e fma , I ma f t a . rifle

nayand a .

rig h t

tol e .

right ( s ide )

a n d a I ma l t a ,

tolae .

r ig h t now

e p a pu . e pe to l a t a e .

repor t v

l a ma r l a ma l p l n g f .

right e ous

report n

* I eposa .

ring a tree t o k i l l i t pa t e l e n g e .

report of an e v e n t

p yu l .

reported ( *s ensed)

l u mu , l u u .

requ i t e for a wrong k o o y a n u p f n g l . r e s i n ( u s e d on drums ) wa ka l y a . respeat

wa k a l ,

a n d a n d a s ema l n g l .

rip

rip bra nahes off tree y i n g l , t o n d e ng e . rip open

ripe

rest

k o to .

ripp e d

beta p lng l .

r e s t i tu t i o n for a k i l l i ng (paid i n pig quarters ) k e p a s l n g l , k e p a t I n g I (T) . r e s t i tu ti o n for theft ma I n g I .

taa d l ng l /

t ond a n ­

tuu nying l .

rip/tear (of paper) mo mo n Y l n g l , p l l y i ng l , p l ng lng l .

I ma m b u n y l n g l .

res t i tu t i on

n a l om e n g e ,

k a n g u l n g f , k a n g u ng l .

rest v n

pu na .

potapae . k a n g u pa e .

r i s e ( of knot in tre e ) e p en g e . r i s e ( of su n )

kende

yuu yonguenge .

ri s e to h e i g h t (of sm o k e ) kateng e .

tuna

174 ma a p l n g i , ma l o

ri s e up o u t of l e nge .

river/s tream

r o t t e n b e e p y a p a e , e e p ya p a e , t amba l a pae , t amapa e .

s a ka t eng e .

ris e/take off

e n d a k f , f p a , wamb e .

riv e r carry ing debris and top s o i L ku n i e n d a k i , k u n i i p a . riv erbank/riv erbed

duu .

road * b a l o s a , * b a t e s a , k a l t a , k a i t i n i , y a n e (M? ) .

i t a t e uu l e n g e

roar (of fire ) (M) •

rock s a L t

a l p i ku l f .

r o c k ( i n arms or ne t bag) p i ng ! .

e m e ma

ro n b a l b a l p e n g e , k a p l l y a m i n am i na p i n g ! . ro L L s tring on thigh (women do it when ma king n e t bag s ) k u m i n g l , wa l e p i n g f .

o i l l l enge .

ro n (of gras s )

mapa

r o L L/wind up (as s t ring) p i ng ! . room

I yona .

i t a l u n a , l u ku n a ,

tenge .

ro � t aroun � for grubs (of p i g s ) I mu, n e n g e . r o o t e d/s trong rope

l a ma p i n g i .

rope pu t around fe e t for tree c Hmbing i t a ma k i , I a n g a pu .

t u pa i t a .

r o t k u m b u k u m b u , mamo n e n g e , p e l y a l , t a mu n g f . rotate

round trip - to make a a wa l l , ka i t a mango mango paenge , ka l t a ma ko ma ko t a s i n g i . rover ( L i t . a sma L L b a t - u s e d for s omeone w h o can ' t s e t t L e down) s l n j l i . row

* I aene , t i t l .

row (of boa t/canoe ) t a n d y oa p e n g e . rub

end a k i

ka i yu l e n g e . kae p i ng i , ka l p i n g ! .

rub ( o n )

nanga

rub n o s e s 5 fng I .

5

fng i , t u k u m e

kuna nya nepeng e .

ru b ou t

ru bber

*gum i i , * kumia .

ru b b i s h man

ruin

ka p i l ya m l n am i n a p l ng f .

n

ruin v

k i na m bu l i . ku n g u ma

* p a ka t a p u (L) . * b a k a t a p u l e n g e , ko e n g e .

ru in (cau s e t o ) ru L e

momo .

rop e /b e an

round mama n g a , moma n g a , ma k e e , u t a kau .

rub b i s h - a L L ki nds of k a n g a mu p i .

p l ng i .

r o o t/ba s e of tree

a s i ng f

•

room ins ide inner room

root

ro t t e n ( of inanima t e s ) (L) , a t f ng L

rub pig before k'H H ng (a woman do e s it - a kind of mag ic ( 7 ) ) kae l ao n y f ng i

panda , pa l o .

room - inner I u mu .

ka l ndo ko­

r o t a t e arm from e Lbow I ng i .

koya s f ng l .

mana .

rumb L e (of s t omac h ) k i I y a k a u u l e n g e , k y u ku l e n g e . rumor I a 1 ':(0 ( P ? ) , I a o ya ko , I awa ka ( P ) . rumor run

(7)

l a wa m b e , l ewa m b e .

a l o p f n g i , ma k a n d e n g e .

175 t u nen g e .

run low (of l iquids )

kanange .

rungs of l adder

ru s t /r u s t ao lored I pu ku l u , kumbu kumbu , pe l ya 1 .

s

* S a m ba s a , S e m b a s a .

Sabb a t h

kepakanda .

s aared gro v e

kepaka , kund i l e nge .

s aar ifi a e

saarifi ae in p o o l/p o nd n e e ma l n g l ( T ) .

enda k l

saarifiae t o g h o s t s n e e p l n g l , l am a s l n g i , y a ka ka i ma . sad - to b e m o n a k e n d a k a e n g e , mo n a k e n d a p i n g 1 .

nea .

sad ( ? )

a p o s o t o , sao , s o p o k a l I .

s a l iv a

apupu (L) .

s a liva ( ? )

s a l t a l p l ku l l , mo t a , * s o l e , tendep l p l . s a l t -_ na t � v e s a l t spring

alpl .

(end a k 1 ) kea , ( r p a ) kee .

san e/goodhearted sap

mo n a p a l e n g e .

t oo .

*Sa s ane , *Sa tane , *Setane .

Sa tan

s a t i sf i e d (after mea l ) I y l n g l , t l a ka p i n g 1 .

p l t l- .

ko l e Sa t l ta , *Sa t e t e .

Sa turday

pyoo ny f n g i .

s ave/h e lp

daa l enge .

s ay

00 l e n g e .

"

00

"

say "p s s t " ( t o g e t someon e ' s attention) suu l e n g e . s ay "thank y o u " su i l l en g e .

a n d o wa l l e n g e ,

s ay "uu " (of wi nd. fir e ) l eng e . s ay "wo o " i n rep ly

woo l e n g e .

s ay "y a o " in rep ly

yao l en g e .

s aab

mu m b a , t a t u .

s aabi e s (of p i g s ) k i t u p a l e n g e , l a ka p l n g l / p a l en g e , meke pa l enge . saar n

kamu , k om b e .

s aar v mu m b a p l n g i , p a k e l y o s i ng ! . s aar (from a s ore /au t no t deaora t i v e ) m u m b a , p a n j u p i ngl/plng l .

tIl l .

*soa .

s awdu s t

( It a ) kuku ,

I i mbu .

s aarred remnants aft er fire t a ko t i

tao

•

s aa t t er am b l p i n g l , k a n j o nepenge , t ae n g e , t ea l e l en g e .

s a a t t e r (from a heap )

( rta) tuu .

kand i ng 1 .

s a a t t er/di sperse t a l e p i n g l . t a l i n g r , wa l e n g e . sahool

* s u ku l u .

sarape ( ins i de ou t of gourd) I u ku I u ku p i n 9 I •

s aw

uu

s aa t t e r ( away ) k a n d 1 n y a n e p e n g e (M) , k a n J r n y a n e p e n g e ( T ) .

t umbu p l ng l .

s araa s t i a

s ay "no "

s aar aau s e d by fi re

s a l t and p epper pig - to I y a n d a ka . sand n

s ay "apu " w h e n audd l ing a h i ld t o s l e ep a pu l e n g e .

s aar (whi t e )

a i p i pe t e .

aa

say "ah " a s i n surp r i s e l eng e .

sarape off

kap i ng l .

176

s crap e off (of sweet p o t a t o ) p a u p l ng l .

s e Lf government * s e l a p u g a pu ma n e , * s o l a p u g a pu m a n e .

scrape s w e e t p o tato c o o k e d i n coa L s I y oo l e n g e .

seLL

s cratch k l n d u p a m l n l n g l , Y U l i p i ng1 , s cr a t c h s . o . to g e t a t tention (as a s ign of s . t h . to b e done s e c re t L y ) k i n d u p l n g l .

kyaa l enge .

s cr e am (of p i g s )

papu l eke , pepo .

s cy the

s e a L e ar th o v en

kumbu p i ng l .

s e arch k a n j a p e n g e , ka n j u p i n g l , ku t i ng 1 ,

yuu g l i p i .

s eason

s e a s o n ( dry )

s end s omeone to jai L i n y ou � p L ace ( 7 ) o p e� s a a s a m b e n g e .

s lng l .

s e nse

p a i n a g l i d o ko . koo ka n a .

s ea s o n (we t/rainy )

s erene

mo n a l y u u l e n g e .

s ervant

(7)

s e t t L e wi th an o t h e r tribe n a o katenge . s e t t L e d ground s e ven

s e cr e t

p i f e l ya kadao l enge .

s e v en t e e n

k i ndu p i ng l .

ma k e n g e .

seed

d 1 f , wa i eM) .

s e e d branch of pandanus

pa na .

s e eds of fLowering grass - u s e d as b eads I y o n g a u d i f , mu m b i , mu n d u m a , mu n d u ma . s e e d L i ng

( I t a ) wa i n g i .

s e e m to do somet hing wrong toge ther k a m b G t a n g o n e n g e . seLect s e Lf

a u ma l e n g e , t e p e l e n g e . duna , tange .

a n d a ka y a n a i .

*sepend ln i .

s ew on patch

tambomben g e .

k i f p i ng l .

s ew/fas ten toget her

tambung l .

s exua L L y immora L p er s o n nylng i .

kandenge .

t lsa

ka l a n g e , s a ka i t a , * s a pe n e .

s ew ( up )

s e duce m i n a o l u n g u p i s i n g l , pa l y a l e n g e , p y a l y a l e n g e . s e e/ L o o k

angeng e .

s e t L e a f as b a s e for fea t hers panda p i ng l .

l a ponge .

s e cure

ka t e ke n a .

s e t down on top of

s e cond

s e cre t Ly - to do

- a l u - , -u l u- .

s e t sp L i n ters i n t o grou nd ( t o prevent trespas s e rs ) k a p e s ln g i /setenge .

yamb i tenge .

s earch ( 7 )

wa l l e n g e .

s en d mes s ag e

s e n s e ( * s ensed)

a e l enge .

scream

sambeng e , topo ny rng l .

k i pu

s hade v ku m bu n Y l n g i , l a m b e n g e eM) , l oma l e n g e , l omo l e n g e . s h adow v

kumbu n y l n g i .

s h ady - to b e l u m b a l e n g e / ny ing l , l uu l enge , uu l enge . s h ake l y a k a l y a k a l e n g e , wa l u l enge . s hake from s i de to s i de p l ng f .

wa n g a i

s hake hands k f n g i n Y l n g i , * s l k i ana ( l enge ) , * s l k i ane ( l e ng e ) .

177

s he l l (cowr i e ) l enge .

l y a n d a l en g e .

s ha k e/ s h i v e r

s he l l (of b eans/p an danus/coffe e ) v kambe ng e , tambeng e .

papa l enge . pyu k u l e n g e .

s ha k e / s t ir/mov e s ha ke/vibra t e

8 h e l l (of p andanu8 nu t )

t omo p i n g f .

s hame (by s howing backs i de ) l enge . s hame/be as h amed

s h i H ing ( k a n a ) k u l I , k o n d e , *mu n 1 , * s i 1 1 1) i .

wee

ya l a kaenge .

s hap e w i t h hands k a k e p i n g f (T) , k a poma p i n g l , 1 0 n g o p l n g l . s hap e/p re s s w i t h hands s ha re /exchange

t au p l n g l .

atete p l ng 1 .

s harp ened

tokatae .

s ha v e a b eard s ha v e s i deburns s he

angae t l tokenge . enote nylng l .

baa .

s h e d s ki n p1ng I . s heep

k o m b a p l n g l , 1 0m b a

*me n a s l p i s l p l .

s h e l f o f p an danus l og t a p o k o , t e p a ko . shell n

tapako,

s hip

t i l p i ng l .

*s l p i , * S l pU .

s ho e .

i nu ng i n y 1 ng i ,

mo ko p e e , * s u u .

s ho o t/grow

a nd e n g e , a n du i n g i .

s h o o t from parent s t em s ho o t up

n

kome .

kome p l n g i .

s hore

l emba , nemba n g e .

s hort

m U l n g i , muu .

s horten s ome thing by brea king l ee p 1 ng i . s ho t/inj e c t i o n *susa .

*n l 1

I ,

* 1) 1 1 i ,

s hou l der a yo ko n d e , l a t a l , l a ta l ya , l enge .

a n g a t a t e ng e .

8 he l l - mo t her- o f-p ear l sai .

s hine/g l i s ten

s h i ver (from co l d ) ma n d e n y 1 n g i .

ka l en g e , t o k e n ge .

s harpen (wi t h fi l e or s to n e ) n a n g a p i n g I / s l n g i , n e rrg e p f n g I

s h i n bone . w a p a n g e .

s hi r k er ( l i t . "dog that doe s n ' t hunt game mamma l s " ) p a ko .

s harp t o k a , w a e l y a p y a p a e / p 1 p a e ( T ) , w a y a l a p y a p a e / p 1 p a e (M) . s harp en

ku l i .

konamb i , kopa , kopo (L) .

8hield

e l ya p l ng f .

s hame ( s exu a l ( ? ) )

n

s h e l l (of pe anu t/bean/p e al pandanu 8/coconu t ) n I m b u .

e l y a , ya l a .

s hame

k a k a pa p i ng l/

she l l v d l 1 kambe n g e / tambenge/ tumbenge .

pu t l t f

s ha k e (in anticipation) kaenge/p l ng l .

ka ka p u .

s he l l ( u s e d on for e h e ad)

yande

s ha k e he ad up and down l enge . s ha k e off

s he l l decor a t i o n worn on n e c k l a ng e .

wanga t e p fn g i ,

s ha k e h e ad "no " wa n g a t e n g e .

mama k u ,

s ho u l der - midd l e of s hout

yau p 1 n g i .

nepaepa .

178

s ho u t ou t s ho v e

s i de ar ea

a tombe n g e .

s hov e l. * s a p o l o . * s a p u l o . * s e p e s a . *sopo l o . s how v k a n d e n a l e n g e . l a l d ka p l n g l . l a k .f t a p l n g f . l a m l n f n g i . l a s a ka p i ng l . l a to p l n g f . l a t u p i n g l ( L ) , ma k a n d e . s h ow anger/di s appointment e n e ku m l n g i . l a n g a l u s f n g i . n o n d o l enge . s how bu t to c k s to s hame ka l n g l . ka i yo kaen g e . kayo l e n g e . weyo l enge .

tondo

s how disappro v a l. w i t h fa ce I enge .

n e n e p l ng 1 .

s how hosp i ta l. i t y o p o n e m i n l n g l , o p o n e wa i ma m l n f n g i .

gft l

s how t e e t h ( i n p l. easur e ) l enge . s how the road p i ng r .

ka i t a l aenda ka

s how w h i t e s of e y e s in di sp l.easure l e n g a l y u u l e n g e . l e n g e l yu u l enge . s hr i n k I n u n g i n y f n g i . wa l e n g e p i ng r . s hr i n k from drying (of wood/ s e e ds ) k o l a p a n a l i l e n g e . s hr i v e l. up (of l. e ave s ) s hroud

poe t e n g e .

wa e p e t a me .

s hru n k e n s h u t/ c l. o s e

g en a , t a a l en ge .

sickness

y a ko l e n g e (M) .

s how disg u s t

sa l y lng l .

s i c k l.y - to b e

s hou t in unison w h e n happy a l owa k i l e n g e . y u a l e n g e .

t ambue t a e . p a l l enge . p i l l enge .

patakf sa .

s ide of back

m a l t a ku n g u .

s i d e of body

pata l i .

s ideburns

e n o t e . e nu t i .

mona �ee l e n g e .

sigh v

mo n a � e � e l e n g e .

s i g h (deep l. y ) v

s ign (with s p e c i a l. mean i ng ) kon ga l i .

*s i l ua .

s i l.ver

a ng f t a . an g i t f k i . ya l e .

s imi l. ar s inews

k u n g a pu .

sinfu l.

koo .

s i ng a t cour ting party 5 fng I

k fmbu

•

s i ng ou t k a ku n g f . t i n o k e n g e . yau p i ng I .

wee l eng e .

s ing (a song) s i n k into

y a l y f ng i .

s i n k/drive into s in k/go i n t o s i nner

yanda l enge .

y a l fng i .

a k a l i koo p l n g f .

s i s ter (fami l.iar t e rm - addr e s s ) a y a (ML) . s i s ter of man ( opp o s i t e s ex off ­ spring of cogna t i c t a ka n g e and c ogna t i c e d a n g l (ma l. e ego ) ) p i ma l e n g e .

s hu t t l. e s tring on hand when ma k i ng n e t bag p e l e l e n g e , p e l e n g e .

s is t er of woman ( s am e s ex off­ spring of cogna t i c t a k a n g e and cogna t i c e d a n g i (fema l. e ego ) ) kak l ng f .

s i ck ku m 1 n g i . t a o l e n g e . y a 1 n a nenge/ plng I .

s i s ter to b r o t h e r ( endearmen t ) pakae .

s i c k of someone/s ome thing kaenge .

myu ku

s i s t er to s i s t er ( en dearment ) kakfa . ka k l 1 . p a pee .

179 sit

petengi L

s i t down wi t h a pr e v i o u s t y s ea t e d gro up p l t l n g l n g l . s i t on top of (bad manners ) a n g o t e ng e . s i t/s ta nd/p u t s i de by s i de p i ng I . six

s ix t een

s l as h/sarif down (as vege t a t i o n ) pepo p ln g i . s ted v

ma k i

*s l kisa , tokange .

s ixp ence penea .

s l ap/shake off ( a s h e s off swe e t potato) I yandenge .

pata yang f , *s l k ' s a *s i k i sa t in l .

suu l enge .

s t eep " ( I u u ) p a l e n g e ! p a l i n g f ! pa l y l ng f .

s t e ep t i ght ly p a c k e d tog e ther p a l i ma l I ( p a l e n g e ) . s t e ep toge ther

kope n g e .

s k i lfu t a n d i k i p i n g . , w a a k a t e ng e , wambu p i ng l .

s leet

k i nduta .

ka l u l n g i .

s t ice

mu n d u p i n g i .

skin v

s ki n n y a n o n g e , y a n G , y . n G n g ' , yonge .

pa tokon a .

s kin ( of p la n t )

k a e pe n g e .

s k i n (of p o t a t o ) v skin disease "

l om ba t i ' .

s k in di s ea s e - s ca b i e s ( ? ) panga m i n f ng l . s k in disease of pigs k a nd e n g e .

panga

n i k i me

s k i n of anima t s t o pe e a t e n a m b u l u ma n g e . s kin off bark s ki n p e e t s off

I yu u l en g e . kaka p l ng i .

s ki r t (women ' s grass/r e e d ) k u a t a , k G t a , l a k a i y a (M) , y a m e n a n g e . s ku l t

ma t e n a k G I i .

s ku l t - back/ba s e

makenda i .

s ky k a f t f , k a f t f - k i s a , k a t f , I i p f n a , y a k e , y a l y a (M) . s k y c t o uds up/dark ens e penge . s ky p eop l e

kua

ya i I y a ka l l , ya l y a ka l i .

s lander/g o s sip p i ngf .

n a m b o n a m bo

ku u

s l e ep s ou nd ly (s noring ) ( ? ) l ao pa l enge .

s t ip k a t a k e t a p i n g . , k e l y a k e l y a p i ng l , pena pena p i ng • • s l ip and fa t t ma n d e n g e .

a n g a o wa e w a e

s t ip and fa t t down qu i c k ly l ao n i P l n g l (L) . s l ip down

bau

ku l lmbenge .

s t ippery k e t a k e t a , k e t a k e t a p l n g i , t a k i pu m b e n g e , t a k i l i p a e n g e (M) . s t i t/cu t ear l o b e (as puni s h­ me n t ) k a l e y a n d e n g e . s lowly k l p i p a l u , k o n d a ka l a o , k o n d a k a o , m o n o p a l u , moo l a o , p a l l ma p a l lma ( p y oo ) , p i I I p i l l , p a t a p a t a l e n g e , s e rna s e rna . s ma l l k a m e , ko k i , k o l e , koo , k u k i , l ombo , t a m bu i n a t a e , t l p y a ku , y a k a n e , y a k a n u ku . sma t t gra s s (in e y e ) s ma l l of back

l a ng a t e .

s ma t l o f lower l eg/a rm sma s h

a ipl .

p a l y a pu .

l ak l ng f .

sme t t a l p l n g l (M) , a l s l n g l , pamben g e , s a a p l n g f .

180

s me � � - g o o d n

sme Z � good/swe e t v p i ng . .

tu nduma

kena , ken a i , k i na . siki

smo k e r i s e s t o height p i ng i . smo k e to bac co/c igar e t t e nenge .

ka p l nya .

smo o t h ( ? ) s na i �

mu t l

kanopa to .

snake m e n a k e n d e , mo l o pa i , pu i yoo , * s e n e ke .

a ko l a .

snake (dea t h adder) snake (py thon ( ? ) ) s nare/trap

e nd a ka l l n a pa l e ng e .

s ome ku k 1 1 yamo (T) , 1 a ma (ML) , m e n d a pu , me n d a pu a , m e n d a t u p a , pee mend e , y a ng l . s om e two

menda l a po . mend e .

s om e t hing

s a l enda . mo t o p a e .

ku n l , k u n u .

s om e t hing in e y e

g l i mende . a l em bo .

s om e t im e - ag o

snake (gener i c )

ka p e .

s o Z e (of foo t )

sometim e

nombe .

snake ( e a t e n )

t a m b o / t a m bo l ao .

(7)

s o Z i tary

myu k u

sme � � (nau s e a t i ng � y ) p i ng. . smo ke

soft �y

tu nduma .

son (sons of same s ex c og na t e s of ego ' s g enera t i o n ) i k i n l ng l . s on of man who has t a k e n r e s idence w i t h his mo ther ' s Zine a pu t l ng l ta , t u l ng i . song

wee .

s ong/c hant

t a pu .

ko n e , ma k e n g e , t a n a .

s oon

ene .

pu k i m l n a p e n g e .

soot

( I t a ) p o n g ema .

s n a t c h and go

s n a t c h away l o to a n Y l n g i , po l yoa n Y l n g i , p y a s oa n y l n g i .

s o o t on c e i Z i ng a n d a e pu .

s n e a k away fr om someone � o o king for y ou l em b a ( l e m b a ) p i n g i .

s o o thsayer (finds Z o s t p ig s / obj e c t s ) p y o n g o p l n g l .

e l ya kandao .

s n e a k i ng � y sneeze v p i ng i . sniff

a s ema n g a p l n g i , a s i ma n g a

a l s i ng l .

s nore k o n e ma k e n g e , ku l u m u n d u l e nge , kuu l enge . snor t/s nuff

ku u l a o l e n g e .

s o t h a t it may b e s e en and known k a n d a o ma s i n a l a o (M) , k a n d a o n i m ba t e n a l a o (T) .

s orc erer n e ma n g o a ka l i , p y a p a e l e ng e a ka l i , 5 i m b l l l , t o po l " s orcerer - "hou s e c Z eaner " boo p i n g i a k a 1 i .

sorcery s to n e s

t o ma k a i y a ka n a .

s or e a m b u k f (T) , a m u n g l (M) , t e t a ( P ) , tt h e . s or e cracks on fe e t from dry weather s e t a s e t a ( P ) .

*sopa .

s orry for

s oft

t a m bo l a p a e , t a m b l l a p a e .

s orry

e l ya ka l a o .

boo

y a m a l yo p l n g i .

s orc ery ( ? )

s oap

s oft Zy

( a n d a ) k u ng u t i n e ,

kondo .

yatae .

s orry/p i t y

p a p a y a l e ng e .

181

s ou L

i ma m b u , poo l a p a e , w a l y a n g e .

s ound - ara � king of woo �/s tone g a t a l e n g e, , J a a l e n g e, . - dog g a u l e n g e . dry rus t L ing k e k e l e n g e . - exp L o s i o n t o k a l e n g e . - fi re roars k u l u l e n g e .

l e to l en g e . poto l

s p e a k i n a L oud v o i ae ( I enge) .

- made when mouth w a ters ( L a tera L ingre s s i v e ) I y i I l enge . - pig t u u ( I en g e ) .

speak p o o r Ly/he s i tan t Ly l enge .

- s hri n t i r l e n g e . - tapp ing g i n i n g i a ( I e n g e ) , g f ta ( I en g e ) , keau l e n ge . - thud� � ras h k y u k u l e n g e , k y u u I e n g e, . - th under mu l u m a l u l e n �e . - when danaing ( v o i a e L e s s affri aa t i v e ) u s f l e n g e . - wi nd/w a te r 00 l e n g e .

*s upa .

s ow b roadaas t

I yandenge .

spaae b e tw e e n mounds spaae o u t s i de

matenge .

ki l i kfl r.

spade * s a po l o , * s a p u l o , * s e p e s a , yat i . sparks from fi r e spark s h i e L d rkI .

r ta l ea .

anda u l i n i , (anda)

( p i r ) l en g e .

kope t a l e n g e .

s p e ar

n o n go

l amba l enge ,

s p e a k s araas ti a a L Ly t umbu p i r l e n g e .

yanda te .

sp e ar/arrow tipped w i t h h uman b one s a p u l a . s p e au L a te speeah

l a t i l a t r s rn g i .

makua (L? ) .

s p e e ah ( ? )

wo i p i .

s p e e ah defe a t

kambu I yokot ae .

s p h e re - s h ap e d obj e a t

tuku .

sphere/area for ru Lin g/ove rs e e ­ ing i S ln g i m a t e . s p h e ri a a L

moman g a .

s p i de r a e t e , g a l u , I p a l y a p a l , i p a y a p a e , k a k e a mu n i . s p i de r web sp i n out

panda .

s p a ae b e tw e e n j o i n t s of aane I ya a l en ge .

speak

s p e a k a L e a r Ly

speak inadeq u a t e L y

- roar/hum (of engi n e ) b u l � l e n g � , mo � o l e n � e , mu l u l e n g e , mu u l e n g e , o a u I e n ge .

spaae

kope t a

speak badLy/wrongLy kope t a l en g e .

- made by p i g/dog when i t a t taaks g a t u m a l e n g e .

- purr o i f l e n g e . - ringing/banging k i l i ( a ) ka l f i l en g e .

s o up

s p ea k angri Ly to one another n a m u n ae p l n g r .

rpae apae anda . k u l i mb ln g i .

sp i L L/p o u r out

k a r l enge .

sp inaah (gen e ri a ) ( Cardami n e ) a uwa . sp inaah (Hydro a o ty L e Javani a a ) y a i - rmb i . spinaah (Rung i a k L o s s i i ) k i a n g ap u . spinaah - kind of

ene l amao .

spina L aord/fL u i d tund l ng i .

(ma rta)

182

ma l t a p u ng i .

spina l cord/n e rv e 8 8pine ( ? )

g ea n g l a ku l l .

s p o i l e d (by be ing 8 t ep p e d o v e r ) kato p l pae .

* g u m f i , * ku m l a .

8pong e

s p i n s t e r p i t l p a e , p i t l pu e , pu t u , yomo .

* su p u n a

spoon

•

spir i t i ma m b u , t o m b e ama , wa y a n g e .

8prain l e m b o l Y l n g i , t o k l n g i , t o l y l ng i .

s p i r i t - ev i l ( ? ) (b o ogy man) kyoo .

spread

s p i r i t of dead person

i t u ku .

spir i t qu e s t i oner p oo l e n g e a k a l i , poo p l n g i a k a l i .

pu t u t u l i .

spir i t (non- human) sp i r i t s i n l a k e Wa ke

ka l ma .

s p i r i t s of war v ic tims ta king r ev e ng e y a n d a wa pu . spit v s i p a k o l i t a s l ng i / t a s i ng l ( L ) , s o p o ka l i t a l y i ng i / t a s l n g i , t a l y l ng i . s p i t on

sopa ka l i m i p l ng i .

s p i t /s l obber

spread open

l au p i n g ! .

spread ou t/o v e r ( of v i n e s ) k u I ng i . spread t h e word

* I a o n o l e ng e .

8pr ing trap ( ? )

p y a l y l ng l .

spring up/we l l up (of wa t e r ) ( enda k l ) l ee kU lng i , pa l u p y a k a l e ng e , p y a u l e ng e . sprout v

I m bu p i n g l , kome p l n g i .

sprou t n

t i m b u , w a i (M) , w a i ng i

sp l a s h when dro pped in wa t e r d u l u l e ng e , d u u l e ng e (T) .

spro u t up aft er b e i ng dr i e d/ k i l led s a keng e .

tum i ng i .

sprouted - to be

t a n d i p l ng i ,

•

l anga l enge .

8pro u t for t h

k a m b a p u pa e p e n g e .

s p l a s h w i t h l iquid t a nd i ng ! '

am b l p i n g l , t a e n g e .

a e l eng e .

8 qu ea l

sp l e ndor

t l i plpae .

s qu e a l (of pigs/dog s ) k a a l e n g e , k a e l e ng e , k e a l e n g e .

sp l i n t er

a l p l , duna , kape , keke .

squeeze

sp l i t aga i n s t gra in

kakua l eng e .

s p l i t/br eak w i t h grain a i mo n g e n g e ( L ) , a mo n g e n g e (M) , among o n g e , kee p i ng l , k i i p i n g l , l a n g u i n g ! , y a ka i p i n g l . sp l i t bark of ku u p i tree p i ng I . sp l i t firewood I t a wa l n g i .

t a ng a f

I t a pa t e p lng i ,

sp l i t p andc nus nu ts in h a lf p a t a p I ng i . sp l i t pig/p i tp i t sp l i t off

tuu p i ng i .

p u k i ng ! .

(7)

pya k lng l .

s q u e e z e ou t k i n d i'n g i (M) , k i nj l ng i (L) . s t ab

k a pu k a t e n g e .

s t aff/stick

panga l l .

s t ak e for p ig s

I i ma n d u , t i mln d u .

s t a la c t i t e/s t a l agmi t e k a n a wa i n g i . s tand

kana andu ,

k a t e ng e .

s tand guard/wa tchman m l n l ng i . s ta � d up/upr �g h t t oo k a t e n g e .

maa

toya ka t eng e ,

183

ma k e n g e .

s tand uprig h t i n group

kuw i ng l .

s tand (of gra s s e s ) s t ar s t ar e

s t i c k ( u s e d a s comb ) I ema I .

bo l , b u i , k i n d u t a . pongo k a n d e ng e .

s t art a s i ngs i ng s t a r t (of road) ka i t a I y a a .

kumbu p l ng l .

s t i c k ( u s e d for p Zaning down ) nambl .

nao kat enge/peteng e .

s t ay a Z i v e

s t e a Z wife/g i r Z (a t s ings ing ) 1 00 n e p e n g e . s t e a H hH y e l y a ka l a o , e l y a ka o , kambu k a t eng e , p a t a pyoo , pongo peng e .

popo .

s t e er/driv e (of aar/p Za n e ) m i n l ng l .

s t em of Z eaf

s t i c k ( u s e d when w a Z k ing )

I ya a

s t i � k �a s t t � v t a m bu l e n g e .

wa I ka I

pa k l .

s t ep on/ov er/aaros s a n g o n g e , a n g u p e n g e , a n g u l n g i , ka l o p i ng l , ya l e ng e , y a n g u f ng l . s t epped o v er fo od ( i nedib Z e ) a n g o pa e .

s t ern (of b oa t )

a p e t e ng e ,

•

tUpl. ka t a pe ng e .

s tiff/inf Z exib Z e s t iff/uncons a ious s t i Z e (for p ig s ) pa ka .

t U P I s l ng i . kembo , toko

s t i Z Z - to b e ema n a p y o o ( ka t en g e / p e t e ng e ) .

•

s tay w i t h fr i e n d ( ? ) s i ng I .

kanda .

s t i c k ( u s e d by bride/wom e n ) kenda I , kenda I ya (L) .

s t iff/hard

s t e er/dr i v e (a aar ) J l p i k e n d e m i n l n g l , J l p i I y aa m i n l ng l .

i t an9 e

s t i c k ( u s e d to support sugar cane ) I y l plta .

s t i aky

s t e e p i p a l u , ko t e , ma k a o , ma ka t a e .

s t em

s t i c k ( u s e d to support b e ans/ y ams ) 5 I k1 •

komba p l n g l .

s t e a Z p a k e n e n g e , p a ke n y f n g i , wa a n Y l n g i .

s t eam

s t i c k ( u s e d for digg ing/garden­ ing ) l ama , t a n u .

s t i c k (used for ma king fire by fri c t i o n ) k I pu .

ka t eng e .

s tay ( ? )

kyanga l l ,

s t i c k ( u s e d t o fZa t t en gra s s ) ko l e p a , ku l y e p a , p a pu l e k e .

ka i t a d u na ,

s ta t ion - adm i n i s tra t i v e *a lmbosa , *ta s l n i . s tay

s t i a k ( u s e d t o aarry ov er s h ou Z ders ) p a l u l t a .

t u nd u m a

* s f p l � I p l tena .

s t i a k n I t a k u l l , I t u ku l I , k o n g ema .

s t i Z Z to ignore s . o . and cau s e him t o Zeave - t o b e e ma n a p yoo ( ka t e ng e / p e t e n g e ) . s t ing

v

k a t o p l ng l , kau p i ng f .

s t ingy mo n a p y a k l l Y l n g l , n a w e e l eng e , taa I k l neng e , yama a l u l ng l , y a ma k a k o p i n g l . s t ingy ( ? )

I y a k a e , ma l l n g l .

s t ing y /s e Zfi s h

n a we l e n g e .

s t ink v a f p l n g i (M) , m y u ku p l n g l , p u n g u p i ng ! .

184 s t ir k a p 1 1 y a m l n a m i n a p i ng l , w a n g o w a n g o p l ng l .

a n d a tomba , i n g y a nd a .

s t oma a h

s t omp down w i t h fe e t

a n g u f ng i .

k a n a , ma l i .

s t o ne

s tone ( u s e d for axe s )

mong a l o .

s t one aira L e for fire

kanakul i .

s t o n e ( u s e d for s harp ening ) a t a ko l , ' a t o k6 1 , y a n d a p e t a .

ka l i k a n a .

s t one - w h i t e

s t op

taa kana .

kaeng e . t oma

s t opper s t ore

*s i s6a .

s tory

t u nd u .

a t 6me

t o l a t a e , t 6o .

n

s t r a ig h t ( ? ) s traig h t e n to l e ng e .

t u n i t u n i p i ng l . p o l Y l ng i , t i o k6 l e ng e ,

s t r a i n (as v om i t i ng )

ema k f ng i .

s tranger n am b a ka l i , s a k a s a , s l s a , yapesa . s trang er ( a L s o of p ig s )

s trap of ne tbag nuang i . s tream

op6ne .

t ambu i ng f .

s trang L e

( n u u ) ka I e n g e ,

endakl , fpa .

s tr e am - head of s t reng t hen

t U l i l en ge .

s t re tcher k e e , 1 a p o t o k o p a u w i t a , p a l u i t a , wa i p e t a m e . s t ri k e (of L ig h tn ing ) y a n � i t am a n g a l i S i n g ! , y u u a p a k a s l ng i , yu u wa pa k i p l n g i .

e l y a k a , e l y o k o , momo .

s tring (a bow) v k a k o p a k a u w e n g e , wa n d e n y l n g l . s t ring used on wigs ny lng i .

s trip off

s t ory of a a t ua L e v e n t p i 1'. s traight

s t re tc h e d ( o u t )

5I

ng

I ,

pu t u t u

s trip Leav e s ( t o make rain s hi e Ld ) l i s i ng r , l l t e ng e .

t e ma n e p i l .

s t ory ( ? )

ka kopa

s tre tah (of drum head) s l n g l , k a u we n g e .

s tring n

s to n e s u s ed a e r emoni a L Ly ma l a k u t i . s to n e s - s a ared

t l nokeng e .

s t r e tah and yawn

l ambu p i ng l .

s t omp

s tr e t a h k i m b u m i p i n g l , t l nd l k i l e ng e , t i n d l k i s (n g l , t f t f l e ng e , t l t l k l s l n g l , yu u y a n d a 1 e ng e .

Ipa mange .

t o ko p o k e ng e .

k i l I yanya nepeng e .

s trip off Leaves

y o ko p a k i n g f .

s trip ou t e r bark

l a ka l y f ng i .

s tr ip tree of branc h e s and L e a v e onLy t o p k o k o t o p i n g f , l ¥ a n d o nepeng e . s triped

kombe l y a k a m b e l y a .

s tr o k e pig before k i L L ing (women on Ly ) i pa nY lng i , t l i n y l ng l . s trong k e t o , k y o t o , m e n d o k a t a e , po t a l y o , p u p u ( I e ng e ) , pu t a l n g e . s trong (of inanima t e s ) s trong - t o be

p o t a l ng e .

keto i nJ fng i .

s trong/s tubborn m e n d o k e n g e , * s i s o t o l) o l e n g e . s trong Ly s tub v

puu l ao . l em b o l Y l n g i , t o l y l n g i .

18 5 s t ubborn - to b e k a n d a k l n e ng e , k u l I k a e ng e , t um b f t um b f p i n9 f , tum b I n a I I p i n9 r . s t ubborn/hard/s trong

t a ng a l e n g e .

s tubb orn/o b s t i n a t e t um b l p l n g l , t u u p l ng l , t u m b l t um b l p l n g f . s t uds (of h ou s e ) a n d a m a u , a n d a po l , a n d a p y u a i , a n d a pyu a n g i , a nd o pa i . s tuff int e s t ines t o m a k e sausag e p e e p l ng l .

stunted - to be l ee nY lng l , l ee p a m b e n g e , s o ko s o ko i e n g e , t u m bu p Ing I .

t a l y l ng l .

s tu n t e d ( ? )

* s ape d ls i t l k l

s ub - d i s t r i c t

* s u b j e c t ending s ub s t i tu t e

suc k

-pa .

a l o p i ng f .

succ e e d (ov e r )

k a n d a n ya pa l i ng f .

ma k a pu s i n g i .

suc k back s a Z iv a ( b e ca u s e m ou t h i s watering o v e r some good fo od) l i f l e ng e . sucker suc k L e

w a n e a nd u m a f n g i .

s uffer (from aff L i c t i on/diffi­ cu L t y ) l e ke l eke t e n g e •

sa k l l ya , y om b 6 n e . *pos i m i l eng e .

n

mo ko .

supports for ridg e po Z e of h ou s e p a t a wa n e .

p a t a l i p i ng l a ka l i . ka kopeng e . nete k fpa

swamp

e n d a k l t a e , ku k e a , m a n d a u .

swear

n a ka l e n g e , p i f a e p f n g i . l a n g a l u m i n l ng l .

swear ( o a t h/vow)

swear for tru t h of i t m a u wa l e ng e .

mu l l

sweat v a i y e n e k a e n g e / p i n g l , e n a po t i kaeng e/ p i ng f . n

e n a pot i .

sweater - man ' s sweep

n

pu s a ka ( L ) . * k i ng i l i s a .

pol enge .

.

suffic i e n t k a pa , o n g o t f a ka ­ pyaa , y a k a , y a p e ng e . s uffoca t e

supports

sweat (profu s e )

k a p u s l ng i .

s uc k L e a chi Zd

etet a .

s upernatura Z b e i ng

sweat

a n d u l n g i , w a l (M) .

n

super Z a tiv e/v ery

swa L L ow g o e l e ng e , k l P o n g e n e n g e , k l po n g o i n e n g e , t a m b o l e ng e .

t am e t a m e l e ng e .

stu tter ( ? )

ku i y e t e a .

su n s e t

surrounding area k fp a .

ko n d e yu ko .

s tutter

Su nday a n d a � a t i t f l , * S a n d e e , *Sa t f ta , ang f S a t l t f i .

surround

kyakaeng e .

s tup id

p y a l f s l ng l .

sun n a t e , n l k l , n i t a , n i t a l e n g e , y a ka l n a , y a p e n a .

s urg eon

p a t a ke ng e .

stunt e d/sma Z Z

s umm on/beg

superv i s e/bo s s

k a t a ng u lng l .

s t um b Z e

epena l e ng e .

s ummon

t ambu l ng l .

s ugar cane (cf. cane- sugar )

I yaa .

swe e t f Lag (Ac oru s ca Zumu s ) kyanga I (L) , I epe , I epe (L) , s a n d a l o , s a nd a l u ( L ) , s a n g a I (M) .

186 s we e t p o tato (g eneri c ) (Ipom o e a b a t a t a s ) a i n a , ma p u . swe e t p o ta t o - kind of a t o k a y a , a t o ko l , b a uwa , g u a l a , ko l a , k o n o ma a , m a n d a ka p e , m a m u n i , opa , pa ka l e , p i s 00 , p o t e , p y a p6 t e , s 1mb i , t a i t a a , t em b a m e , t i nelupi , t o k e p a e (K) , t u k i , wa lma , w a n em u n f . - any ( s hort and round) awamu . - y e l low swe l l ( up ) p i ng I .

m a nd a n e .

I Y l t a p a l en g e , nu u .

swe l l up (from a l l ergy/bump ) ko ko t en g e . swe l l ing

l e ma n g a u .

swim e n d a k f soo p e n g e , e n d a k i t a n d e n g e , * s u p im i / s u w fm ( I e ng e . swing arms (as u s i ng ax e/to h i t s om e on e ) I yaa I enge . swing back and for t h (from a fix ed p o i n t ) t i t i a p u l e n g e .

k e k e k a k i l e ng e .

swing ( of l eg s ) switch v

ko n J ame p i n g i .

switch n

konj a .

sword ( ? )

tai l

e t e ng e . l a n g a t a , l a ng a t e .

tai lbone take

kondeng e , ny fng i .

t a k e and lead by hand n y f ng i .

kl i

k o t o ka t e n g e , p a ma

take a break ka t e ng e .

i ma m b u n y i n g i .

take a ho l iday

e n d a l a n y i ng i .

take a wife

take away s . o ' s . wife tondeng e . t a k e care of

(end a )

i s i ng i .

take care ( of peop l e/pig s /dog s ) mondo p i ng ! . take cov e r

ma l a l y i ng i .

t a k e down s . t h . t hat i s hang i ng kond eng e . take one a s r epre s e n t a t i v e/ s amp l e p a I r p a I r p l n g i . t a k e ou t

ka l on g e ng e , l o peng e .

take over widow and b e long i ng s of c l an member p a l a k a e p l s l n g r , wa l y a ka e p i s i n g i . t a k e s . th . ou t of fire w i t h s t ick or tongs t a p e n g e . t a k e s e l ec t iv e ly nyokon y fng i .

n y o k o n y r ng i ,

take s ome (as swe e t p o t a t o fr om mound) and l eave s om e t u ku p u m b i n g i .

u a a pepo .

take/pu l l back

nyoko n y r ng i .

T tab l e

toko , yane .

taboo

daa l atae .

ta l k/spe e c h n wo l p l .

t a b o o ( tha t feuding c l ans s h ou l d no t fig h t ou tside own terr i ­ tory ) n e e n y e t a e . taboo s ti c k fu rnisher k a l t a p I ng I a k a l i .

I yaa

makua (L) , p i r ,

t a l k (wide spread, fav orab l e ) l a l yo . t a l k abou t other c lan w i t h h o l d­ ing pigs n a l u l e n g e . ta l k for

m a ku l eng e .

187 t u m b (p (

ta l k in figures abou t I engEL t a l � l oud ly

y a a l e ng e .

t a l k on and o n comp laining 1usua l ly for n o t r e c e i v ing proper paym e n t ) b u u n g l .

I l t a p i ng i .

t a l k swe e t

ta l k t og e t h e r a t s am e time l u m b u l um b u l e n g e .

k lng i saa p i i .

t a l k w i t h hands ta l l

l onde .

tame t am b o l a s l ng i , t am bo l e n g e , t a u l a s l ng l .

l a ma p l ng l .

tame (of p ig s )

tan trum - t o have a

t i nokeng e .

taro (g e n e r i c ) (Co l oc a s i a e s c u l en t a ) m a a . taro - k i n d of k a p e t o (M) , ku u , I i p a n o , I y ombo , �o l y a � p o l y a p a k a , t a n u m i num i n u (K) . - wild

kenambu , t a l a ka .

tas t e n a a k a n d a s l n g i , n a k a n d e s f n g i , n a o s i ng i . t a s t e b a d/b i t ter/h o t kau p i ng I

kaa p i ng l ,

•

t a s t e g ood/sw e e t

a t e nylng i .

t a to o

t a t t l e/g o s s ip

t fpu t lPU l enge .

*takesa , *tak lsa .

t a� e s tea

t e n d e p i ng f .

*s l i , * t l i .

t ea c h

m a n a l a ma l n g i / l e n g e .

teacher t e a c h i ng

* t l saa . ma n a p i l l a p a e .

t e ar v I p a n g e , k a n g u i n g l , k a n g u n g l , p a ke n g e . t e ar down

l a k l ng l .

I ya ng a o l e ng e .

t ear o p e n (paper )

l a p l ng i , l a p i ng L

t ear/rip

t e e n- �g � rs ( ? ) /chi ldren y a ka n e .

kapa

n e ng e .

teeth

t e l l news

a t ome p i n g i .

t e l l ( e�clu s i v e )

l a ma l n g i .

t e l l ( i n c l u s iv e )

l a ng f n g i .

t emp l e ( of head) t ambot l s a .

p i nye t e ,

* tempora l e nding

-pa .

mapus fng i (P?) .

t emp t

t e n a k a l i t a m e n d a i , ma n g e pu n d u , * t e n e , * t e n e pe l a , t U ku teponya menda I . t e ndon

k on g a pu .

tent *au s e l e a nd a , * I a p a l a pa a nd a , *s i l i s i l i a nd a . t e s t t o s e e i f e e l i s on trap/ on hook n e n a t a p l n g i . t e s t i c le s '

I a ka p o .

t e s t i c l e s of game mamm a l worn as de cora tion k e p a mamu n a . thank s u i l y a k a p i n g f (T) , t a ma p i n g ! , y a ka p i l i n o l e ng e . t hank ( ? )

a a n g i (M) .

thank y o u

* t a n g e y oo .

tha t

d o ko , ome , omo , o n g o ,

tha t dire c t i o n tha t kind that 's a l l the

t h em

d o ka i t a , o k a i t a .

wa ng l t a o . u t upa i k l , u t u pa ka .

d o ko , ong o ,

The Cro s s

00 .

00 .

* I t a Poko Doko .

a l y u tupa , dupa , upa .

t h e n d o k o p a (M) , m a i t a k a o , ma i t a p y a o , m a l t l p y a o , o k o p a ( T ) .

188 t h e n ( ? ) o n g o n d i n a , o k on d l p a , o ko n d i p a n a , o ng o n d i p i n a .

aenge .

t h er e - t o b e t here

d o ko t e ke e , d u ku t t i .

t he s � a n g o , a ka i t a , a ko i t a , a t u pa , d a t u� pa . t h e s e two they

a l y u t u p a , d u pa , o ko i t a .

t he y p Z ura Z a Zway s ( * exc Z u s iv e hab i tua Z p Zura Z ) - m a o t h e y two d o l a p o , n y a l a m b o , n y i l y a m b o , o l a po . t h e y two a Zway s ( * exc Zu s i v e hab i tua Z dua Z ) - m b a .

thigh

n y a kama .

p a a n g i , p a i , pa i n g i .

t hig hbone

( 00 )

t h i ng s (ma t e r i a Z goods ) aapl .

a pa l e

t h i n k m a m b e n g e , m a s i n g i , n em b e t e n g e , n em bo t e n g e , n em bo t e n g e ( L ) , nombo t e n g e ( L ) . think ( 7 )

neya kaeng e .

third

t e pong e .

t hirs t

n

t h i r s t v n a n u k a e n g e (M) , nanu Ing i (L) .

a ka i t a , a ko l t a ,

t hi s s i de a e t e n a , a ka t a , a k a t a ka i t a . this week ( ? ) t h i s ( a t hand )

d o l a po , o l a p o .

t h o s e ( t hat were enum er a t e d ) d u t u pa . t houg h t thoug h ts

I a ku . ma s e p a e .

three * S i t l i , t ema , t e po , t e poma . three day s ag o

a l embo l ya . d u ku m a n a (M) ,

t hr e e day s hence d u ma l y a .

umb lnya .

p e n d o ko .

throat

t hr o a t - h o Z Zow of

amblnya . a nge .

p e n d a k a pu .

t hrow away ( p i l l ) p y a l e l e ng e , pya t o e I e ng e . throw ou t/away

nembeng e .

t hrow s tra ig h t

t i oko l eng e .

t hrow up

p l a s l ng i .

t hrow/hi t s traig h t p i ng I .

nanu .

t h i s dire c t i on d a ka i d .

a l yu tupa , d upa , u pa .

those

three w e e k s ( ? )

Ima k u l l .

t hi ng s - a Z Z kinds of u p a , omendamend a p l , ome n d em e n d e pu .

t horoug h Z y ( * in tens iv e ) -okond a pe .

t h o s e two

a l a po , d a l a p o .

t h e y ( idiom)

t a n u n e n g e n e ng e .

t horn

t h oroug h Zy ( *compre he n s iv e ) y o k e n g e , y o ko .

osa .

t h e r efo re

ko n j a .

t h o ng s (of whip )

t hud

g i n a ng a n e .

t humb

n

ton i ton I

k f ng i k o n d e n g e , m a n g e .

t h umb t hroug h cou n ting (of money/ l i k i n a P il e s l n g l , p ag e s ) p a k a pa p l p a e s l ng l . t hunder v k a t l k a t e n g e , k i pu l e ng e , mu l u m a l u l e ng e . t hunder ( of s k y ) k a r t ! k a t � n � e (M) , k a r t ! k e p u l e ng e , k a l t l m u l u m a l ii l e ng e (M) , k a I t f t o k a l e ng e .

18g

t i k i t o ko l e n g e .

thu nder/rumb Z e

t hu s d o p a , *o l o s e me , o p a , o p a l e , o p a pyoo .

a l y a k e l e , yu ku y u k u p i n g l .

tickZe tie

anJ fng i

t i e a knot

•

k a m bu i ng ! .

yombeng e .

t i e up

t i e up (of bananas/pandanus/cane/ pandanus c l u s t er ) b u a n e p i ng i , bu l ng l . t i e up/fa s t en/constrain I ! nd i ng i . t i e/bind up l a n d e pu , l a nd l p i ng ! , l a ngo p l ng f . t i e/b i nd/wrap up t i e d up

a n j e tae .

t i g h t en

I p f ng l .

y a k ! p i ng ! .

t i m e g i l , g l p f , ma t e , n a m b a , yuu .

pee (L) , paa .

t im e r s }

* s l n a (T) , * t f n e .

tin

t i n container

* t fnepeng e .

I yaa .

tip tired (M)

s o ka I n g I ( L ) , s o ko p i n g I •

f n u p i ng f , tired of s . o . /s . t h . l a ke k a e n g e / p l ng f , m a l t a l e k a e ng e , ma l t a n g e kaeng e , ma ka kaeng e/p I ng f . t i r e d/s Z e epy l emo n g o t f k a e n g e / l enge/p i ng l . to

toe

kond e . m a ng e .

t o e - big

t o e - s e cond

s a ka l t a . I y a ka i n e .

t o e/fing er - Z i t t Z e

p � n g o p l ng l .

t i e tog e ther

I) a l) a .

toddZer

- l ao .

t o /t ow ard ( * indir e c t obj e c t ) - ka nd ao . toba cco (Nicot iana tabacum) mu t i •

t oday a n d e p a , a n d l p a ( T ) . a n g e pu , I n d u p a (M) . I pa pu .

k l n d u pa .

t o enai Z

t og e ther a p o , a po t a , a w a p a , pa k i ng I , t 0 1 e . t og e t her ( ? ) I amanga s fng I , p i l peeng e .

ta i ta .

t omorrow

t omorrow or thereabouts t o ng s

ta i t a l e .

p e t oko . pe t a ka t e .

t ong s/sp Z i t s t i ck

keke ( p lng i ) , k e t a ng e .

t o ngue

t ong u e of b e Z t buc k Z e p i ng i

a ng a

t op of mountain range

neng e .

•

t op part of any t h ing

ma ng e .

top two s Za t s of a door

kia.

torch

torch of bark

l ea n u .

torch of cane

k i pa I r .

t orn

ma n g a p e .

k a ng u p a e .

tota Z

p e p e t a (M)

k a t a ma ka t a ma p e n g e .

t o t ter touch

pya soo .

•

t u ku p e t e n g e .

touch ( ? )

wa t e n g e .

t oug h/s trong m e n d o ke n g e ( L ) , menJ okeng e . * t oward

- k i sa , - l ao .

t oward t h i s s id e t own ( ? )

a fmbos a .

daetena .

190 toy

- c o conut

nI I . n e e ( p l ng f ) .

track (of anima l )

*j a t ake .

tractor

-

trap n

k o n e , p a n d u , p i ma (M) .

trap v

k o n e ma k e n g e , p a n d u s f n g l . n 6 ng 6 .

trap (for b i rds )

trap for rats (made of log ) u p u , y u l ma k e n g e . trap l i v e

p a ku ng l .

tra s h k u k u , k u n g uma , ku n g uma k a n g uma , k u n u m a . tra s h

p o t oma .

trav erse

l amen g e .

treasury

* b e l) e .

t r e a t wi th con t emp t I e ng e . t r e e (g eneric )

(7)

* ko p f l .

che s t nu t ( Ca s tanop s i s acumina t i s s i ma ) p a r .

- e v ergreen (Phy l l o c l adus hypophy l lu s H o o k . f . ) bark u s e d t o dy e men ' s hair n e ts r e d I pa l l yaka . - ev ergreen (Podocarpus compac tus Wa s s c h . /P . imbrica tus/P . p apuanu s ) pau . - e v erg r e en (Podocarpu s neri ifo l iu s/P . p i lg e r i ) ka l pu . - fig (Ficu s sp . ) Ita .

koo l a me

I ta .

tre e - k i n d of a n d a f t a , a n g u a n a , a u k l , bona , g i l , kaepu , kend u , k I p o n d u (K) , k u m u , kungu , l a k l l a k l , l om b a , I y a k a , I y a k a t l , l y u n g u n a , ma t o p a , n a l p f , n a k a , n a pu , o p a k a , pa l a , pa t e p a , peke (L) , pe l e pe l e , pu l a ka (T) , s a n g u , s a p o (M) , s u k u , s u u , w a y a p � , wa l) a me , wa no , yanda l e , yoke . tree

- coffee

* ko k o n a s a .

amba p a , a ng e n a .

tr e e - breadfru i t (Fi cus dammarop s i s ) k u p r , tokaka , y a ka t e , y o n g a t e (T) .

* p e ke

- mahogany (Dy s oxy lum s p . ) mama . - oak ( L i t hocarpus sp . ) l epa . - p a lm

mu l a l .

- pandanus (cf. pandanu s ) a n g a , b l a k a , t a e , wa l m b a . - s o u t h ern b e e c h ( N o t h ofagu s sp . ) t a t o o - ( A crony chia/Zan t h oxy lum) l eaves u s e d a t m e n s tru ­ a t i on I f o k o . (A rthrop hy Hum) - (Chrys ophy l lum )

po l I . d fu w l .

- ( E l a e ocarpus fus coide s ) tupa . - ( E l a e ocarpus p o l y dac t y lu s / E . sphaericus ) y u m b l .

- breadfru i t (wi l d) y o ko p a t I .

- (Ficu s ) wood u s e d for p ig c lubs k l n J o n e .

- cas uarina (Casuarina o l igodon) k u p l a m a , y a wa l e .

- (Fi cus dammarop s is ) ba�k used for pig rope k a u ma .

- cedar (Papuacedru s Papu an ( F . Mu e l l ) } a y a pa .

- (G Z uchidion) - (Harm s i op anax )

mu l I . makuu .

19 1 tr e e - ( L i t s e a/Ne o � i t s e a ) mat a . - (S�oanea)

awe k l .

- (S� oanea/A c e ra t i um ) s e eds e a t e n s a nd u s a n d u . - (Sysyg ium ) u s e d for c � ub8 k i n d o n a . - (Xan t homyr tus ) pip i . t r e e (bark u s e d )

k fndu ,

kuup l .

(bark us e d a s rop e ) � i g h t w o o d a n g ewa n e ( P ) , wa n e p a . ( b ar k u s e d as s tring ) e n a m b o , koma u , k o t a l e . (bark u s e d in mag ic. for headcovering) I pa I eaka . (bark u s e d i n s ide hou s e s ) keta konamb f . (branc h e s u s ed i n b � ack mag i c ) k a p an o . ( � e a v e s u s e d in div i n a t i on in s i c k ne s s ) w a y a p u . ( � e a v e s u s e d i n mag i c ) I o ka i r . (red fru i t/s e e ds ) t ak i n I .

kot o ,

( s e eds e a t e n ) a m b e a m a n g a , k e t a , t a pa e , w a l ma , yom bu t a .

( u s ed in � eprosy cu re ) d f I ya . ( u s e d i n mag ic ) k a f pu l t a , ma n o , wa l y a pe . ( u s e d in m e n s trua � mag i c ( ? ) ) poto . ( u s e d t o s �aug h ter p ig s ) k i ndo l e . ( u s e d for t hrowing s t i c k ) k o n g e ma . (where p o s sums are found) m l na . t r e e - par t s - branch ( I t a ) wa i n g i / wa ng y a . - cro t c h

f t a m a ng e .

- crown

mamba .

- oi�

( I t a ) p f ng i .

- root - s tump

p i n d u , t u nd u .

- tru n k

I t a ng e .

t r e e s � ips down

p a ku ng i .

t r e e w i t h abundant fo � i ag e t umbe .

tree/s hrub - (A � p h i t o ni a ) poketa . (Garcin i a ) - (He � i c i a )

(wood u s e d for spears ) mand i .

mung l . t u l i pa to .

- (Rho dodendron/ Vaccinium ) l one .

mama ,

- (Sauraui a )

( u s e d for arrows/bows ) b �a c k pa �m ( ? ) k u p r , m l ma .

I ta

tree w i t h more than four branc h e s a ng a yam l .

( s e eds u s e d for hair ­ dy e ) m f l y a .

( u s e d for a rrows ) yup i .

( ft a ) pak5.

tree/vine

I �ng� .

I y a n d l p � e , mo k e n g e .

trench/d i t c h

( u s e d for c �u b s )

ku l e p a .

trespass

( u s e d for drums )

I a fyene .

trespass ( ? )

nanga l a .

ya l e ng e . l a ng a t a l e p i n g f .

192 tata .

tribe

k y oo p l ng l .

tric k l e (of water) t rigg e r for trap trim (of tr e e s )

t a na . y a n d e ng e .

triumph ov er/s ucceed s a wa n d e I e n g e . trop i ca l ( ? )

trou b l e d ( ? ) true

twitch

a l ema l e l e n g e .

two k l n j i p e ( L ) , l a p o , l a p oma , l a po t a ( L ) , l a p o t a , * t u u .

i t a m l n i ng i ,

a n d a k a ma , a n d a kama .

u

pu n d l , p u nd u , * s a l o p e l e .

troub l e

kat apeng e .

ang l , k ln l .

true ( emp ha t i c )

k i n l ng i .

ug ly

l e n g e tamopa e .

umbica l cord mu m b e t e ng e , m u m b i , mumb i te n g e . um bre l la of pandanus l eav e s t u l l , yapeta .

p a ka l i .

tru s tworthy

* ku t u n g u s a

twis ted/cro o k e d I e ng e .

tru t h m a n a / p i r k i n i n g i , mu I i ma u wa .

umbre l la - ma nufac tu r e d *ambu ta l a .

try I y a n g o l e p i n g l , n a a k a nd a ­ s l ng i , n a k a n d e s i ng i .

unbap t i z e d

try/tempt tumor

ma ka n d e p i n g i .

wango wango p l ng i .

turn aro und/ov er

ka p ly l ng i .

turn up nose I y a a u a n g a p i n g l , I y a a p y a ku a l e ng e , I y a a p y a t o e l enge . turn/ s t i r ( of hand) p i ng I . tusk

m i nako

neng e .

tongot a .

u nborn/in womb

mona pya k i l y in g i .

u nchar i tab l e

amuna d i l .

turn arou nd

ka lmbu n a p i ng i .

unciv i liz ed ( ? )

unc l e - m a t erna l (ma tr i l a t er a l ma l e cogna tes o f + 1 g e nera t i on; husbands of cogna t e s of +1 g eneration) a m e a , a p a n g e , a w l i . unc l e - p a t erna l (patri la t e ra l ma l e c og na tes of +1 g enera t i on , husband o f cogna t e s o f + 1 g enera t i on ) t a k a n g e .

t o n do l e n g e .

u nc o - operative

twe l v e

*tue l o .

uncov er/open up

twenty

a ka I i ta I a p o , * t u e n d i .

u ndam

twen ty - e ig h t twice

* t ua nd i a i s a .

l a po .

twigs hung around neck ( t e e bars ) pu I u ko i (M) . twi l i g h t k u a l e p e l e p e , ku a n a k u a n a , k u l u k u l u , k u m a m ba o , ku t a ku t a . twi s t

t u k l ng i .

k a ka s a .

l openg e .

t a u u l eng e .

undec ided I i t a e l a t a e k a t e n g e , mo n a l a po p a l e ng e . under eaves

I y a a m bu s a .

under the chin

maa pembo .

u nder/underne a t h pu n d i n a l , p u n d i pu n d f , pu n j i n a l . underarm ( ? )

l atar .

193 a l y o ko r t f .

unde rarm hair

underdev e l oped ( a k a l I ) w a m b u , k i nambu l l , l a p i s a . underdev e l op ed ( of huma ns ( ? ) ) I emba . underdev e l op e d/8 t u n t e d t e ng e .

pu nd t

underpur l i n (unde rsid e ) amang i . ,

anda

unfo l d (of um br e l la s )

p a n g u i ng i .

ambe p l ng i , ambe l yao . k i nambu .

unra v e l ( s tring/rope ) mo n g e p i ng t , y a ku y a ku p i ng l .

l ya ng e ng e .

un8hrunken

i n u ng u n y a l a n a e n g e .

un8tring a bow

l enge . tau . v

vagina

kambake .

vaHey

wa t a k l .

v ani s h

a l u p l ng r . popa .

vege tab l e /h e rb (Oenan the javan i ) t a k a e , t a k an I . vege tab l e : p o d (Do l i ch08 lab lab ) t u pa l t a. vege tab l e : spinach/green l e afy ( Cardami ne ) a u w a . spinach - k i n d of e n o l amo , kom b a , n a ka t e , okae , o p a k a , sakaen ge . spinach (word u 8 e d i n fa b l e s ) t a p I a .

k a w e n g e , ma n d e n g e .

ka lmbu n a p i ng i . vege tab l e :

ketae , k i sa , pyanga .

up there (near) a l y a ( T ) , a l y a , a l a ka l t a , a l ya s a , a l ya s a l e , a l yange , a l ye te l e , d a l a , d a l ya . up t h e r e (fa r t h e r ) d o l o , d u l a , d u l u k a l t a , 6 1 6 , o l o ka l t � , a i d , u l u pa . upon ( * indire c t obj e c t ) - k l s a , - l ao . upp e r k I s a .

- ka n d a o ,

wamu p l n g r .

us e l e s s /unus ed

ka k a s l ng i , t a t a l e n g e .

u nw a s h e d up

n a l ma , n a n fm a ( T ) .

l yong e .

unsP l i t

untie

puu .

urine

vap o r

ko n j a l a n a e n g e .

unquenc hab l e

unro l l

puu tenge .

t um bu p i ng t /

u nfi n i s h e d ( ? ) pum b i ng i .

u nmarried

urinate

d i t l ng i .

unfa s t e n ( ? )

unknowing l y

kongapu .

u t te r l y

k o n j a l a n a e ng e .

undy i ng

urge n t ly

utter

t l pya .

und e s i rab l e

up s tream ( 8 0 u t h of t h e Lae r i v e r and we s t of t h e Lagaipu ri v e r ) w a k y ama .

us

k a n d e ng e , m a s i ng i ,

unders tand s r ng i .

t oy a .

upright

vein

kon g a p u , k u n g ap u .

v e randah v ery

( ?Amaratu8 tri co Z o r ) yaku .

I y u n a ko l t a , m a l u s a .

e te t a (L) , e te t e , paka .

v e ry ( *emp h a t i c ) v e ry ( *i n t e ns i v e ) koo .

-mb a . - ak a , baa ,

194 v ery ( * s up e r L a t i v e )

e ke t a m e ( L ) .

v e ry good e p e koo , e p e p a k a , e p e wa ka . v ery many/mu a h pyoo . v ery s trong

1 0 ng o p a k a , p a k a t a l a pu l e n g e .

(7)

v i L Lage offi a i a L app o i n t e d by Gov ernm e n t * I G l u a e , * t u l u t u l u . v i ne ( Cyrtandra ) ( u s e d for rope for fenaes/�ous e s ) (g eneria) kende . v i ne - k i nd of a ma p r , ma t u a k a , s a ka e , t a t a l f , w a n g i t u , y a n g i d u ma . v ine ( u s e d for bas k e t s ) t e l ya mand i .

keowa p e ,

v i ne ( u s e d for s tring/twine ) e l y o ko , k u n g u , s o k a e . v i n e (wi t h noxious ne t t L e ) i k i k i l r , i k i l i m bu , l i k i . v i ne/b u s h

ku l p a .

v ine/tree

t i m b a t fmba .

visit

y a nd eke k a n d e n g e .

v om i t v m y u k u l y a n d e n g e ( T ) , m y u k u t a l Y l ng i (M) . vomit n vote n

p y a ku I .

w

wai s t

I l pa l eng e , ya l ya

ka l na .

wa i t I s e t a e s l n g f , I s l n g l , n e a ma t a e s l n g l , *wa s a l e ng e . wai t (for)

s a k a t e n g e , s u k u t e ng e . paeng e .

w a L k around

wa l k on t i p t o e s te a l t hi ly k l m b a k i m b a p a e ng e .

ko l oko l 0

wa l k w i t h head down pyoo peng e .

w a l king s ti a k (woman 's ) k e n d a i ya .

p a ng a l r .

wa l king s ti a k (man ' s ) wa l l

k o n am b i , k o p a , k o p o . mamando .

wa L L p La t e s wa H s t u d ma u w a .

a nd o po i , b o l ( L ) , p a pa mauwa .

wa L L s tu d - ou tside

pya t u .

wa L L ( inside ) of hou s e want ( *des id era t iv e )

-n i .

want ( *d e s idera t i v e - s am e a a t o r ) l a k a l ao . ward warden

*wo t o . *ond a a . Ita

warm hands over a fire yond a s ing I .

wart

p a m bu t I

•

wash k a f m b u p l ng i , p o e n g e , *wa s a w a s a p l ng l . wash ou t (of br idg e ) wash (of rain)

yo l e .

wa i L /mourn p i ng I .

waken

warm o n e s e Lf e n d e s rn g l (M) , e n d o s l n g i (T) .

* ba u s a .

v o t e v * b o s a l e ng e , * b o t a l e ng e , *bausa I eng e .

wages

y a ka l e n g e ( T ) .

wake up

m a I I S i ng I .

p a t e s lng l .

k a n g u l ng l .

wasp a m b u t a ka l e , l e k u n a , mota ka l l . waste

mee maa yang eng e .

wat ah/a L o a k

* k l l o ko , * ko l o ko .

watah a L o s e Ly watah ou t/o v e r

(7)

pa l a nd l l e nge .

*wa s a l e ng e .

195 water e n d a k 1 (M) , f p a ( T ) , s a ka r y a ( L ) , wam b e .

e n d a k r k e nd o .

water conveyor

wa t e r we L L e n d a k r p e t e to m b a p a e .

e nd a k l r s a pya ken g e .

wa terfa L L wa t e rfa L L

(7)

ni i .

we t s e a s on

a ma n e a n d a k e .

wha L e ( Larg e fis h )

ba n a .

water fow L

t om b e l e ng e .

wet v

enda k l tondo .

a k i . a k l t a ( LY )

wha t

*wa n em a .

what did h e d0 7 (con trac tion of a r pa pyape) a l pya pe . what k i nd of (noun )

a i pa l e .

what kind of (ac t i on )

ma n a .

way of do ing

wha t p Lace

n a l ma , n a n lma ( T ) .

we (p Lura L )

na l lmba .

w e two

wear

p i n g r , wa p u n g l . y o n g e p e e p i ng l .

wear c Lo th e s

wedg e for s p L i t t i ng Logs k a ma m b u , p u p u I t a / l a m i n a l am i n a .

we ep/mo urn we L L

we L L done a u u p l p a e , a u u p y oo , k a I ya ( T ) , u t u I a o . (7)

t a l a pu l e n g e .

we L L -made (of str ing garm e n t/ bag ) ma I m a I . w e L L/g o od

*w I s a d i l .

wheat

w h e e Lbarrow

* ba t o . * w I I i m b a t o .

when a n d a k u p a ( T ) , a n d a ko p a ( L ) , a n d u k u p a . a n u k u pa ( T ) , a n u p a . when

(7)

u nd i p y a ka n a . anj a t ae .

whence

wes t (where sun s e t s ) I a n d a p e ng e s a .

w h i ch a n d o ko ( L ) . a n d u k u . a n u . a n u n �u ( T ) . which (p Lura L )

a n d u t u pa .

which two (dua L ) whi t e

9

ap i l yapo .

I i kuk i .

whines (of eng i n e )

kamea .

we L L/g o o d - to do a u u p i n g l , k a m ea p i n g l , t a l pu l e n g e . wa i ng i p i ng l / p l ng i .

wes t e rn

a n da kupa (T) .

where a Lands L ide t o o k p Lace a n g l l a n d au .

yae p l ng l .

a u u , e p e p y oo .

we L L made

a k l ng i p i .

what re La t i on

where a n d o ka i t a . a n d o k o i t a . a n do konya . a n d u k u n y a . a n d u s a . a nd o s a , a nj a , a k i s a .

tan i .

weeds

a nd o s a .

wha t time

wea k/soft b o ko p i n g l , l am bo l en g e (L) , ta i y u l eng e , tambr l a p a e , t a m bo l e ng e .

a rpa .

n i ta

* we s e t e n e .

i p a t e p I p a e . t om b e wet a d j l,a p a e .

� i l l e ng e .

whip v

k o n j ame p l n g i .

whip n

konj a .

w h i s kers

angaet i .

whisper v k a ka t e l e ng e . k a k a t e n g e . wa n a l a o l e n g e . whis t L e

su l u l eng e .

196 wh i s t � e t hroug h t e e th ( s ig na � g i v e n a s approaching fri e n d ' s hous e ) k o e e l e n g e . w h i s t � e t hroug h t e e t h l e n g e , t i t i o l eng e .

ko l aa

yope l enge .

w hi s t � e w i t h �ips

w h i t e i p a l , k a p o , kewa ( l a p a e ) , k y o a l a p a e , kyoo l a p a e .

who

apr.

who (dua l )

ap l l yapo . a p l ma u , a p l m Gu ,

i t a t a , l u n d u t a , l yong e .

whose

a p i n ya .

why a i m u (M) , a l puma , a l pu m o s a , a i p y a mo ( L ) , a i p y a n y a .

*u k a , * u k l , *w l k l . l u i n g l d o ko .

pee l a t a e .

w i de

w i de (in g ir t h ) w i de l y

a n d a pa e .

widower ( ? )

wig /ha i r

wa i n a , w a n y a . s awa . l y a ka l y a k a l e n g e .

wigg � e

t a e l eng e , t a i l eng e . k a pu a .

w i l d ( of pig s )

ku m b a l o .

win k a n d a n y a p a l i n g l , *w i' n l 1 eng e / p lng i . win over f t a m i n f n g I , I t a m i n y l ng i . wind

i ma m b u , poo , po p o t a o .

w i n � : s trong and dry ( ? ) ya 1 e .

wife e n d a , e n e n g e ( L ) , e t a n e n g e (M) •

wife (addr e s s - be tween two w i v e s of s am e man ) k a k i f . wife ' s bro t h e r - i n - law (opp o s i t e s ex spou s e of cogna te of ego ' s g e nera t i o n ) 1 yeng e . wife ' s fa t h e r - i n - �aw; wife ' s in- laws ( husband ' s re l a t i v e s of o t her than h i s and - 2 g e n erat ion; w i v e s of cogna t e s of - 1 g e nera t i o n ) a y a n g e . wife ' s m o t h e r - i n - �aw a y a ng e .

wine

san l kandenge .

*waene .

wine ( s ou r )

wa l y a k a e .

an i ,

wife ' s s i s t er-in- law (same s ex s p o u s e of c og n a t e of ego ' s

poe

wi ndow * d o a , p y a l a ka l t a , p y a k a n a k a l i (T) , *w i n d oa , *w i n i n d oa . window s hopp ing v

tau . (end a ) ya l o , wa l ya kae .

w i dow

wig n e t

w i ld ( of anima � s )

who l e

w i c k e dn e s s

a l a l e , ba l u .

wi ld

who (p l ura l ) a p l t u pa .

wick

wig

wigg l e (as feather on headdr e s s ) g o y a p i ng f .

andu kunya .

whi t he r

g e nera t i on (fema l e eg o ) ) p 1 1 I n9 r .

*w a e n e k a a p l p a e .

wing of nos tri l

l yame n a n g e .

wire l e s s

*wa l l s a .

w i s e man

m a s i ng i a ka l I .

wishes

l a kG , y a ma pu ke n d e .

wi th a p a t a , a p o , a p o t a , a wa p a , o pa t a , t o l e ( p l n g i ) . w i t h ( *a s s o c i a t i v e ) m a u wa , m a u w a p I . w i th ( * ins trume n t a � ) with ( ? )

l undu , -me , -m i .

l a ma n g a s l n g i .

w i t h h o l d (of l aug h te r/sp e e c h/ idea) mu m b a koo p i n g l .

197

witness

l e n g eme ka n d e n g e .

wiv e s of c og n a t e s of a t i on (fema l. e eg o ) I m a ng e .

-

wiv e s of cogna t e s of a t i on e n d a n g l .

1 g ener­ enda

+1

g ener­

wiv e s of husband ' s cogna t e s of ego ' s g e nera tion ka k l ng l .

enda .

woman

p i t a t ome

woman w i t h one home enda .

t a pu .

woma n ( u s e d i n fab l. e s ) woman - barr e n penge .

ka t a pa e , k a t a ­

womb i n g y a n d a , k o n d i n g l , k u t a p a p u , ku t a pu p u . wood

I t a , s a po .

wood wedg e

pa l i pa l i .

wood - ro t ten ( u s e d t o c l. e an I t a mand a . s kin)

kepa .

wood - ro t t e n/dead

I ta i .

woods word

I I l) a l I l e n g e .

ambo p l n g l .

wrap around

k l t u tu n y lng i . a p a a p i ng l .

wrap in a s l. ing

Imbu tong o , i t a l t a p l pa e .

wra t h

l a n g a pu .

wr e a t h

wres t l. e boo ma l e p i n g l , k o p i o n e n e p i ng ! . wrigg l. e/turn a l. l. around wa n g a t a t o p l n g i . wring ou t (wi th han ds )

k i n j l ng i .

wr i n k l. e ( of inan ima t e s ) kotopa l u l eng e . wri s t

l enge .

wr i t e

*pepa p l ng i .

wrong v

enokeng e , kepo ko l eng e .

wrong n

s a m bo .

wrong - to do koo p l n g l , ko p e t a kope t a p i ng l .

kope ta .

pil. k a l a i , *wo ko .

work v

ka I a i p i n g I

work badl.y

y

•

t a n e ng e , t a nong e .

work invo l.untari l.y k a I a i p i ng f

anjetae

•

i ma m u , f m u , ma ng a .

worn v worry wor s h ip

t a t i ng f .

ma m b o p l n g l .

amu .

y am - kind of a n g a d i n g i , k f a k a p e , k o n j a , ko t a , k o t a l y a kapu , ko t e n a , l a ka p e , o n y a , p e n a m bo . y am (Dioscorea a l.a t a ) m e n ' s

y awn

*m i s l l

wou l.d have b e e n ( * irrea l. ) yakana .

t e t a (P) .

y am (g eneri c )

amu .

y am (Dio s corea bu l.bifera) women ' s e n d a nga n i ngo .

mona a n d e ng e .

wors hip/go to church l eng e .

wound

wrap

1) 1

wrong l.y

work n

worm

wrang l. e

a n g a m a e ma n d e n g e / m i n l ng l .

y ear e e ka n a , * f a , t u k u t e p o a ng a t o , * y f a . y ea s t

* b e t e s a a n d e ng e d o ko .

y e l. l. ow v

satenge .

198 y e L L ow a d j s a e . s a l y e p a e . t a l yepae . yes

k fn f . k i n fng i .

y e s terday

kuaka .

y ou g i r L s

wa n a ma t u p a .

you men

a n e ma pu . wa n e ma pu .

y ou two n y a k a m b a . n y a l a m bo . n y i l y a m bo . y ou (p L ur a L )

a n ema t u p a . n y a kama .

y o u (p LuraL - forma L addr e s s ) pa l uma . y o u ( s i ngu Lar ) n fmba .

e m b a . f m ba ( P ) ,

y oung (of sp e c i e s ) y oung e s t chi L d y ou t h

�a�a .

n e n a ka e .

a k a l i e p a pu ta e .

APPEND I X A E N GA S P E L L I N G L I S T O F N E W T E STAM E N T P RO P E R N A M E S

Eng lish

Pidgin

Eng a

Aaron

E ro n Abadon Ebe l Aba l ata Aba l sa Ab I l i n I Aba l at E b ra ham A ke l d a m a A ka I a A k a l ka s Ehas EkIm Adam Eda l Adm i n Ad r a m l t i a m Edr l a I n l as I no n Ag a b u s Ag r l p a A l e ks a n d a A l eksand r l a

E tone Apa tone E po l o A pa y a t a Apa i sa Ap i I I n I Ap l a t a Apota kame A ke l e t a ma Akaya Aka l kasa Easa Eklml A t a me Ata l Atam l na A t a m l t l am a Et i a A l na s a A l none Akapasa Akot l pa A l ekesanda A l e ke s a n d l a Aopa Ao p I a s a Am l n a t a p e Emo s a Ama p i p o l i s a Am b I I a t a s a Ananayasa E nd u t u E n d o n i ko s a Ana Anasa A n d l o ko And i pa s a

Abaddon Ab e l Ab iather Abij ah A b i lene Ab iud Abraham A c e l d ama Achaia A chaicus Ahaz A chim Adam Addi Admin Adramy t t i um Adr i a Aeneas Aenon Agabus Agrippa A lexander A lexandri a A lpha

( trans lat e d )

Alpheus

Al f l as Am i n a d a p Emos Amf I p o l i s Amp l l e t a s Anana l a s Endru A n d ro n a l ka s

Aminadab Amos Amphip o l i s Amp liatus Ananias Andrew Andronicu s Anna Annas Ant ioch A nt ip a s

Ana Anas Ant l o k Ant l pa s 199

200

Antipat r i s

Ant i patr i s

Ara b i a

Areb i a

Arc h e l au s

A ke i e a s

Arc hippus

Akl pas

Areopagus

Ar l opagas

Aretas

Aretas

Ar i s tarchus

A r i stakas

Ar i s t obulus

Ar i stobyu l a s

Arima t haea

A r l mat l a

Armegeddon

A ma g e d o n

Arni

Ana l

Arphaxad

A f a ksat

Art ema s

A t em a s

Artimis

Atem l s

Ap e l l e s

Ape l I s

Apphi a

Ap i a

Appius

Ap l as

Apollonia

A po l o n l a

Ap o l l o s

Apo l o s

Aqu i l a

A kw 1

Asa

E sa

A sher

Asa

Asia

Es l a

1a

Assos

Asos

Asyncritus

A s i n kr l ta s

Athens

Aten s

Attalia

Ate I I a

Augu s t u s

Og a s t a s

Azor

E so

Azotus

A s d ot

Baal

Bea l

Bab y l on

Be b i l o n

Bal aam

Be l am

Balak

Be l e k

B l a s t us

B l a st a s

Barabb as

Ba r a ba s

Barachias

Be r e ka i a

Barak

Be r e k

Bar-Jesus

Ba-J I s a s

Bar-Jona

( t rans lated )

Barnab as

Ba n a b a s

A nd l p a t i s a Atap l a A ke l e s a Aki pasa A t eo p a k a s a A t e t a sa A t l t a ka s a A t l t o pyu l a s a A t i ma t i a Ama k e t o no An i Apa s a t a A t ema s a A t em i s a Ape l e s a ApI a Ap l a sa A po l o n i a A po i o s a A ku I 1 a Esa Asa Es la Asosa As i ngo t i t a s a Atenesa Atel ia O ko s a t a s a Eso Asatote B'ea 1 0 Ba p i l o n e Bel ame Be l e k e Ba l a s a t a s a Ba t a p a s a B e t o ka y a B e t e ke Ba - J i s a s a Ba -Jona Ba n a p a s a

201

Bar s abas

Ba s a b a s

Bartholomew

Bato l omyu

Bartimaeus

Bat l m i a s

Beel zebub

B l e l se bu l

Benj amin

Be n s am l n

Bernice

Bena l s l

Beroea

Ber i a

Bethany

Beta n l

Bethe sda

Bete s d a

Bethl ehem

B e t l e h em

Bethphage

Bet f a s l

Beths aida

Betsa l da

Bithynia

Blt lnla

Boanerge s

Boa n e s l s

Boaz

Boas

Bosor

Beo

Cae s ar

S i sa

Caesarea

S i sa r l a

Caiaphas

Ka l a f a s

Cain

Ken

C ainan

Ke n a n

C alvary

( t ranslated )

Cana

Kena

C anaan

Ke n a n

Canaanite

( not used )

Candace

Ka n d e s l

C appadocia

Ka p a d o s l a

Cap ernaum

Ka p a n e am

C arpus

Ka p a s

Cauda ( C 1aud a )

Ko d a

Cenchrea

S e n kr l a

C ephas

S I fas

Chi os

Ka l o s

Chloe

K l ow l

Chorazin

Ko r a s l n

Christ

Kra l st

Chri s t ian

Kr i sten

Chuza

Susa

C i l l c ia

S

C i s ( Ki s h )

Kis

C 1 e opas

K l l op a s

I I IsIa

B a s a pa s a Ba t o l o m y u Ba t l m l a s a B e l e s a pu l u B e n j am e n e Bana l sa Bet i a Betan l Betesa B e t e l em e B e t e pa s i Betesa l t a Bit inia Bo a n e s i s a Boa s a Beo S i sa S l sat i a Ka y a pa s a Kene Ke n a n a Kena Ke n a n e Kand e s i Ka p a t o s l a Ka p a n e a m e Ka pa s a Ko t a S e n e ko t l a S i pa sa Ka y o s a Ko l ow l Ko t a 5 I n a Ko t a i s a K i t i sene Su sa S I I i s la K l sa K i l i opa s a

202

C l e ophas

K l opas

Ko l o p a s a

C l audius

K l od l a s

Ko I o t I a s a

C l ement

K l em e n

K e I em e n e

Claudia

K l od l a

Ko I o t I a

Cnidus

Na l da s

Na l t a s a

Colosse

Ko i o s l

Ko l o s i

Coos

Kos

Ko s a

Corban

( t rans lat ed )

C ore ( Korah )

Kora

Ko t a

Corne lius

Kon I I I a s

Ko n

Corinth

Kor l n

Ko t I n a

C o s an ( Co s am )

Kosam

Ko s a m e

Cr i s pu s

Kr l spas

K l t i s a pa s a

II

Iasa

Cresc ens

Kres e n s

Ke t e s e n e

Crete

Kr l t

K i t I ta

Cyrene

Sa I r I n I

Sa I t i n

Cyrenius

Sa l r l n l a s

Sa l t l n l a s a

Cyprus

Sa i pras

Sa l po t a s a

Dalmanutha

Da l m a n u ta

D a l a ma n u t a

Dalmat ia

Da l mes l a

Da l ames l a

Damaris

D a ma r i s

D a ma t i s a

Damas cus

D a m a s ka s

D a ma s a ke s a

I

Dani el

Da n i e l

Da n i e l e

David

Dev l t

Da p l t l

Decap o l i s

Dekapo I I s

Dekapol

Demas

D i ma s

D l ma sa

Demetrius

D l m l tr i a s

D lm l t l asa

Derbe

Deb l

Dep l

Didymus

D i d l ma s

D l t l ma s a

Di ony sius

Da l o n l s l a s

Dayon l s l a sa

Diot rephes

Da l ot r e f l s

Dayotep l sa

Dor c as

Doka s

Doka s a

Eber

I ba

Egypt

I pa

I sip

Elam

I s i pe

I I am

Eleazar

I I ama

E l i esa

E l i esa

El iakim

E l a laklm

Elias ( El 1 j ah )

E l aya k l m l

I I a I ja

I I a i nj a

E l i e zer

E l i esa

EI

E l i sha

I I a i sa

I l a l sa

I ase

I sa

203

E l iud

E l a i at

E l ayata

E l i zabeth

I I i sa bet

I l i s a pe t a

Elmodam

E l me d a m

E l em e t a m e

Elymas

E I I ma s

E I i ma s a

Emmanue l

E ma n y u e l

Ema n yu e l e

Emmaus

Emea s

Emea s a

Emmor ( Hamor )

H e mo

E mo

Enoch

I no k

I noko

Enos

I nos

I no s o

Epaphras

Epa f ra s

I papot asa

Epaphrod itus

E p a f roda l ta s

I p a po t a i t a s a

Epenetus

Ep l n l ta s

Ep i n i tasa

Ephe sus

E fesas

Epesasa Epot a l m e

Ephraim

E f ra l m

Epicurean

E p l ku r l a n

Ep l ku t l ana

Er

Ea

Ea I ta satasa

Erastus

I ra s t a s

E s au

1 50

1 50

Esli

Es l a l

E sa l a i

Ethiopia

I t l op l a

I t i op i a

Eubulus

Yu byu l a s

Yu pyu l a s a

Eunic e

Yun l s

Yu n i s a

Euodia

Yuod l a

Yot i a

Euphra t e s

Yu f ret i s

Yu pot i sa

Eutychus

Y u t l ka s

Yu t i kasa

Eve

I v

Ip

E zikias ( He zekiah )

H e s e ka l a

E s e kaya

I

Felix

F

F e stus

F e st a s

Pesatasa

Fortunat us

Foty u n etas

Potyunetasa

G abri e l

Gebr l e l

Gepet l e l e

G abbatha

G a b a ta

Gapata

G ad

Gat

Gate

G adarenes

G a d a ra

Gatata

G ergesenes

G eg e s a

G e ke s a

G erasenes

Gerasa

Getasa

G aius

Ga l as

Gayasa

I

I I ks

P

I I I k i sa

G alat i a

Ga l es l a

Gal as la

G a l i lee

Ga I I I I

Ga I i i i

204

Gallio

Ga 1 1 0

Ga I i 0

G ame l 1 e l

Game l l e i

G a ma l i e l e

G e nnesaret

Genesaret

Genesatete

G eths emane

G e t s em a n i

G e s em a n i

G i deon

G i d l on

G i t l on e

G og

Gok

Goko

G o lgotha

Go i gota

Gol okota

G omorrah

G o mo r a

G o mo t a

Greek

Gr l k

GItiki

Hagar

Hega

E ka

Hebrew

H l bru

I pu tu

He l 1

Hi I a I

I Iai

Hermas

H em a s

Ema s a

Herme s

H em l s

Eme sa

Hermogenes

Hemose n l s

Emo s e n i s a

Herod

H e rot

Etote

Herod ias

Herod l as

Etot i asa

Herodion

H e ro d l o n

E to t i a n e

He zron

Hes ron

E s o to n e

Hierap o l 1 s

H i rapo l l s

I t a po l l s a

Ho s e a

Hos i a

Os l a

Hymenaeus

Ha l men l a s

A i me n l a s a

I c onium

A l ko n i u m

A i kon i u ma

Idumaea

I dum l a

I t um l a

I llyr i c um

I I I r i kam

I I I t I kame

I s aac

A l sa k

A i s a ke

I s aiah

A i sa i a

A i saya

I s c ar i o t

I s ke r l ot

I sa ke t l o t e

I srael

I s re l

I satae l e

I s sac har

I sa ka

I s aka

I t aly

I ta I I

I ta I i

I turaea

I tu r l a

Itutia

J ac ob

J e ko p

J e ko p e

Jairu s

J a l ra s

Ja l t a sa

Jamb r e s

J am b r l s

Jamba t l sa

Jame s

J em s

J em e s a

Jannai

J ana I

J anne s

J an i s

Jared

J eret

Jana l Jan i sa J e teta

205

Jas on

J e son

J e so n e

Jechoniah

J e ko n a l a

J ekenaya

Jehoshaphat

J i hosa f at

J i osapata

J epht hah

J efta

Jepeta

Jeremiah

J e re m a l a

J e t em a y a

Jericho

J e r l ko

J e t e ko

Jerusalem

J e r u s a l em

J e t u s a l em e

Jesse

J es i

Jese

J e sus

J i sa s

J i sa sa

J ew

J u da

J u ta

J e zebel

J esebe l

Jesape l e

Joanan

J oa n a n

J oa n a n e

J oanan

J oa n a

J oa n a

Job

Jop

J opo

Joel

J oe l

J oe l e

John

Jon

Jone

Jonah

J ona

Jona

Jonam

J onam

J o n a me

J.oppa

J op a

Jopa

J oram

J oram

J o t ama

Jordan

J od a n

Jotane

Jorim

J or I m

J o t i ni i

J o s eph

J osep

J o s e pe

J o shua

J osua

Josua

J o s i ah

J osa i a

Josaya

J otham

J otam

J o t ame

Judaea

J ud I a

Ju t i a

Judah

J u ta

Juta

Judas

J u das

J u ta s a

Jude

Jut

Ju t i

Ju lia

JuI ia

Ju 1 I

Julius

Ju I I as

Ju l i as a

Ju nias

Jun l as

Ju n i asa

Ju stus

J a stas

Jasatasa

Kidron

K i d ron

K i tone

Lamech

Lemeke

L e m e ke

Laod i c e a

Leod l s l a

Leotos i a

Lasea

Las l a

Las i a

Lat in

( t ranslated )

Laz aru s

La s a r a s

a

Lasatasa

206

Levi

L i va l

L l pa l

Lev i t e

L l va l

L l pa l

Libya

LibIa

LipIa

Linu s

La l na s

La l n a s a

Lois

Lo i s

Lo I s a

Lot

Lot

Lote

Luc iu s

Lu s i a s

Lu s i a s a

Luke

Lu k

L u ku

Lycaonia

L l k lon i a

L a l ko n i a

Ly c i a

LisIa

LisIa

Lydda

L i da

Li ta

Lyd i a

Lidia

Litia

Ly s anias

La i se n i a s

La i san i a s a

Ly s ias

Li s i as

L i s l asa

Ly s tra

L i s t ra

L i sata

Maath

Meat

Me a t a

Macedonia

M a s e do n i a

M a s e ton i a

Magadan ( Magdala )

Mag a d a n

M a ka t a n a

Magdalene

( t rans lated )

Magog

Meg o k

M e ko k o

Mahalaleel

Maha l a l l l

Ma 1 a l i I

Malchu s

M a I ka s

Ma 1 a k a s a

Manaen

Maneyen

Maneyene

Manas seh

Ma n a s a

Manasa

I

Mark

Ma k

M a ke

Martha

Mata

Hata

Mary

Ma r l a

Ha t i a

Matt hew .

Matyu

M a t yu

Mat t atha

Matata

Matata

Mat t athias

Matata l as

Matatayasa

Matt han

Matan

Matana

Matthat

Matat

Ma t a t e

Mat tias

Mata i a s

Ha tayasa

Med e s

Midla

Mitia

Melchi

Me l k a i

H e l e ka i

M e lchisedec

Me l k i s e d e k

M e l e k l s e t e ke

Melea

Me I I a

Me 1 i a

Malta

Mo l t a

Mo l o t a

Menna

Mena

H ena

Mes opot amia

M e s o p ot em l a

M e s opotem i a

Me s s iah

Mesa i a

Hesaya

207

Methu saleh

Met u s a l a

Metusa l a

M i chael

M a l ke l

M a i ke l e

M id ian

M i d l an

M i t i ane

M i l e tus

M a i l i ta s

Ma l l i t a s a

Mity lene

MitI I Ini

Miti I ini

Mnason

Neson

Nesone

Moloch

Mo l o k

M o l o ko

Moses

Mo s e s

Mo s e s e

Myra

Ma i ra

Ma l ta

Mys i a

Misla

Mis ia

Naarnna

N e a ma n

Nema n e

Naggai

Naga i

Na ka i

Nahor

Neho

N eo

Nahshon

Nason

Nasone

Nahum

Neam

Neame

Nain

Nen

Nena

Napht ali

N a f ta l l

Napat a l a i

Nathan

Netan

Netane

Nathanael

Natha n i e l

Nata n i e l e

Nar c i s su s

Nas l sas

Na s l s a s a

Nazareth

Nasa ret

Na s a t e te

Neap o l i s

N l apo l I s

N i a po l l s a

Nereus

Ner l as

Net l a sa

Neri

N e ra l

Neta l

N i canor

Na l kena

Na l kena

Nic odemus

N i ko d l m a s

N l k o t i ma s a

Nicol ( Nic olas )

N I ko I a s

N l ko l a s a

Nic o lait ans

( trans lat e d )

N i c op o l i s

N I kopo I I s

N l ko p o l i sa

Niger

Na l sa

Na i s a

Nineveh

N i neva

N i nepa

Noah

Noa

Noa

Nymphas ( Nympha )

N i mpa

N i pa

Obe d

O bet

Opeta

O l ives ( Ol ivet )

01 iv

01 i P i

Olympus

O l ym p a s

O l i pa s a

Omega

( t rans l at e d )

One s imus

On l s l ma s

O n i s i ma s a

One s i phorus

Ones I foras

O n e s i po t a s a

208

Pamphy l i a

Pamf I I I a

P am b i l i a

Papho s

Pefos

P e po s a

Parmenas

P a me n a s

P a me n a s a

Parthians

Pat l a n s

Pat l a

Patara

Pata ra

P a t a ta

Patmos

Pa t m o s

P a tamosa

Patrobas

P a t ro b a s

P a t op a s a

Paul

Po l

Pol e

Peleg

Pe l e k

Pe l eke

Pent e c ost

P e n t i ko s

P e n d e ko s a

Pere z

P e res

Pe tesa

Perga

Pega

P e ka

Pergamum

Pegamam

P e k a m a ma

Pers i s

Pes l s

Pes l s a

Peter

P i ta

P i ta

Phanue l

Fa n l u e l

Panyue l e

Phar i s e e

Fe r l s I

Patas l

Pharaoh

Fero

Peto

Phi lade lphia

F l l ade l f l a

P l l atep l a

Phi lemon

F i l i mo n

Pi

Ph i l e t us

Fa i I i ta s

Pa l l I tasa

Ph i li p

Fi I IP

PI

Phi li p p i

F I I I pa I

PI

Phi l ologus

F l l o l og a s

P l l o l okasa

Ph l e gon

F l i go n

P l l i ko n e

Phoeb e

Flbi

PipI

Phoen i c i a

Finlsla

PinisIa

Phy ge lus

F i se l as

P i s e l asa

Phry g i a

Fr i s i a

Pitisia

I I I

I mone

I pa I pa I

Pi late

Pa i I at

Pa i l a te

Pisidia

Pisldla

PisI tia

Pontius

Pont i as

Pond l asa

Pontus

Pon tas

Pondasa

Porcius

Pos i a s

Pos i as a

Prae t orium

P r i to r i a m

P i t i t o t i ame

Pri s c a

Pr I s ka

P i t I s I ka

Pri s c i l l a

PrI s I I a

P i t I s I ka

Pro chorus

P ro k o r a s

Potokotasa

P t o lemais

Te l emes

To l e m e s a

Pub lius

Pa b l l a s

Pap i l i asa

Pudens

Pyudens

Pyutenesa

Put e o l i

Pyut l o l a i

Pyut l o l a i

209

Quartus

Kwo t a s

Rabbi

Ra b a i

Lapa l

Rabonni

Ra b o n a l

L a p on a l

Rache l

Re s e l

Leso l o

Kua t a s a

Rahab

Re h a p

Leapa

Ram

Ram

L a mo

Ramah

Rama

Lama

Reb e c ca

Re b e k a

L e p e ka

Rehoboam

R i a boam

L i a p o me

Rephan

Re f a n

Lepane

Reu

R i yu

Liu

Reub en

Ruben

Lupene

Rhegium

R I s l um

L i s i ame

Rhe s a

Re s a

Lesa

Rhoda

. Ro d a

Lota

Rho de s

Ros

Los i

Rome ( Romans )

Rom

L om e

Rufus

Ru f u s

Lupasa

Ruth

Rut

Lu t i

Sabaoth

( t rans lated )

Sadduc ees

Sadyus l

Sa tyu s l

Sadoc

Sedok

S e t o ko

Sala

5I Ia

Si

Salami s

Sa l am i s

S a l aml sa

Salem

S e l em

S e l eme

Salim

Se l i m

S e I I ma

Salmon

S a l mo n

S a l oma n e

Salmone

S a l mo n i

S a l om o n l

Salome

S a l om i

S a l om i

Samaria

S a me r i a

S am a t l a

Samos

Semos

S e mo s a

Samothrace

S a mo t r e s

S a mo t e s a

Samson

S amson

Samasone

Samuel

S a my u e l

S a my u e l e

Ia

Sapphira

S a p a I ra

Sapa l ta

Sarah

S e ra

Seta

S ardis

Sad i s

Sat i s a

Satan

Setan

Sa tane

Saul

Sol

Sol e

S ceva

S I va

S i pa

210

S e c undus

S e ka n d a s

Sekandasa

S e le u c i a

Se l us l a

Selus i a

Seme in

S em e n

Seme n e

S ergius

S es l a s

Ses i asa

S e rug ( Saruch )

S e ra k

S e ta ka

Seth

Set

Sete

Sharon

S e ro n

Se tone

Shealt i e l

Siaitiel

Slatiele

Shechem ( Sy chem )

S i ke m

S i keme

Shem

S em

Sema

S i don

Sa l don

S a l tone

S i las

Sa I I as

Sa i l asa

S i loam

S

I

l oam

S

1 1 ome

S i l vanus

S l l venes

S l l l pe n a s a

S ime on ( Symeon )

S i m i on

S i m i one

S i mon

S a l mo n

S a l mo n e

S inai

S a l na l

S a I na I

Smyrna

S me n a

S e me n a

S odom

S odom

S o t om a

S olomon

S o l omo n

S o l om o n e

S opater

Sopata

Sopa ta

Sos ipat e r

Sos l pata

Sos l pata

Sos thenes

Sosten i s

Sosaten i sa

Spain

Spen

Sepene

S t achy s

Stek i s

Setek i sa

Stephanas

Stefanas

Setepanasa

S t ephen

S t i ve n

S i t l pena

St o i c

S to i k

Seto i k i

Sus anna

S usana

Susana

Sy char

Sa I ka

S a i ka

Synty che

S

Syracuse

Sa l rakyus

S i taku sa

Syria

S i ria

SitIa

Sy rophoeni c i an

( t rans lated )

Tab i tha

T a b i ta

Tap l ta

Tamar

Tema

Tama

Tarsus

Tasas

Tasasa

Terah

T e ra

Teta

Tert ius

Tet l as

Te t i a s a

Tertul lus

Teta l as

Teta l as a

Thaddaeus

Tad i as

Ta t i a s a

I

nt

I kI

S i nd i k

I

211

The oph i lus

T l of l l as

T l op l l a s a

The s s aloni ca

T e s a l o n a l ka

T e s a l on a i ka

Theudas

T i udas

T i u tasa

Thomas

T oma s

Toma s a

Thy at i ra

T a l ata l ra

Tay a t a l t a

Tiberias

Ta i b i r l as

Ta i p i t i as a

T i b e rius

Ta i b i r l as

Ta i p l t i u s a

Timaeus

T i m l as

T i m i asa

Timon

T a l mo n

T a i mo n e

Timothy

T i mo t l

T i mo t

Ti tus

Ta l tas

Ta l t e s a

Trachoni t i s

T re ko n a I t a s

Te kon a l t a s a

I

Troas

T roas

T oa s a

Trophimus

T ro f l m a s

T o p l ma s a

Tryphena

T ra l f l n a

Ta l p i n a

Trypho s a

T ra l f o s a

Ta i po s a

Ty chicus

T l k l ka s

T i k l ka s a

Ty rannus

T l ra n a s

T l tanasa

Tyre

Ta l a

Taya

Urbane

Eban

Epane

Uriah

Y u ra I a

Yu taya

U z z i ah

Asa l a

Usaya

Z ac chaeus

Sak l as

S ak i a s a

Z achariah

S e ka ra i a

S a ka taya

Z arephath

S a re f a t

Satepata

Zealot

S e l ot

Se l ote

Z e b e dee

Sebed l

Sepete

Z eb ulong

Sebyu l an

Sepyu l an e

Z enas

S i nas

S i nasa

Z erah

S a ra

S a ta

Z erubb ab e l

S e r a b a be l

S e t a pa p e l e

Z i on

S a l on

Sayone

212

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES The orthographic representat i on of New Te s t ament proper names i n Enga were d etermined b y app l i cat ion o f t h e f o llowi ng princ i p l e s :

1.

Adaptat ion t o the sound of the b orrowed word , New Gu inea Pidgin p ronunciat i on b ei ng the b a s e .

( Enga spe akers of Pidg i n ,

repr e s entat ively chosen , s erved as i nformant s . ) 2.

Adap t a t i o n - t o the degree that Princ i p le 1 p ermi tted - t o Nup e l a Te st amen orthography .

3.

Degree o f adaptat i on i n Pr i n c i p l e s 1 and 2 was r e s t r i c t e d b y the phonolog i cal s y s tem o f Enga ( al l d i al e c t s b e i ng c ons idered ) , a s well as the fol lowi ng s p e c i f i c restrict i ons : a.

Obj ect i onab le t erms were mod i f i e d s l ight ly .

b.

Orthography of s p e c i f i c name s , e s t ab l i shed by lit eracy programs or genera l m i s s i on u s e , was adj usted for maximum acc ommodat ion .

c.

Mae pronunciat i on a i y a i s repre s ent ed as a y a t o accommodate Kyaka phonology . ORTHOGRAPHIC ADJUSTMENTS

I.

General A.

C onsonant c lu s t ers in P i dg i n name s are represented b y eve

( c ons onant , vowe l , c ons onant ) :

for e xamp l e ,

A c e ldama / A k e l d a m a / A k e l e t a m a . A f i nal c.onsonant in Pidgin names i s repr e s ent e d b y

B.

ev :

C.

f o r examp l e , Jame s / J em s / J e m e s a .

V o i c ed stops in med i a l pos i t i on in Pidgin names are repr e s ented by v o i c e l e s s s t op s :

f or examp l e , Adam/

A d a m / A t a me .

D.

Fri cat ives in Pidgin name s are repres ent ed by homorganic st op s :

II .

f or examp l e , Dav i d / D e v l t / D a �i t i .

Specif ic Pidgin Pronunc iation pr,

br,

kr, gr,

f r ( medial pos i t i on ) - e v e , the V b e i ng 0 ,

and the f inal e t :

for examp l e , Abraham/ E b r a h a m / A �a k a m e

and Agrippa/Ag r i p a / A k o t l pa . pr,

br,

kr, g r , f r

( init ial pos i t i on ) - as above , except

that the added vowel is ident i c a l to the first vowel s ound i n the word :

for examp l e , Cre t e / K r i t / K i t l t a and

Prochorus / P r o ko r a s / P o t o ko t a s a .

21 3

t,

r - t:

- 1:

for examp le . Arab i a/ A r e b l a / A!a p l a .

for examp l e . Apol lonia/ A p o l o n l a / A polo n i a .

h - 0 . with exception of high v owe l environment or t rad­ it i onal repres e nt at i on : tr - t :

f or examp l e . Ahaz/ E h a s / E a s a .

for e xamp l e . Ant ipat r i s / A n t l p a t r i s / A n d i p a ! l s a .

s t medial p o s i t i on . in wor ds of three syllables or l e s s sVt

( V b e i ng the vowel of the fol lowing sy llab le ) :

for

examp le . Augustus/Og a s t a s / O ko s a t a s a and Blastus/B l a s t a s / Ba l a sa ta sa . s t medial p o s it i on in words of more than three s y l lables t:

for examp le . Ari s t obulu s /A r l s t o b y l u a s / A t i !o p y u l a s a .

m p - m b : for e xamp l e . Amp liatus/Am p l i e t a s I.A m b l l a t a s a . p final p o s it i on - p e : n s medial p o s i t ion - n J :

for examp le . J o s eph/J o s e p / J o s e� . f or examp l e . Benj amin/Be n s a m l n /

B e!!la me n e . myu - myu :

f or e xamp l e . Bart hol omew/B a t o l om y u / B a t o l o�.

t y u - t yu :

f or examp le . Matt hew/ Ma t y u / Ha�.

APPEND I X B C O MMO N

NAMES

B oy s ' and Men ' s Name s : H i nj u k�

T�n e a

Anga l e

Huon �

T � p�

Be n a

Nan�a

Ton �

Nid

T O l) a

( D avi d )

No r

T 6 1) � a

( Davi d )

No l e

( D av i d )

Onya

ut f

E t�pae

Oponee

W� i

Jon a

P� k i n g i

Wa ( l y a

P a n d � me

W a mo l o

Pandane

Wap � l �

P�n go

W� s a

A l e pen j a ,

Bep r�

( B aby )

Oap (s i Oap r ta

"

Oep rs a

( J o hn )

Ka i n � Ka p f i

( Kapi )

Ki p i n !

,

( N ole )

,

,

Ukuman i

( Wat t s )

P a l) u a

Wat� I I

K o l e m e n e ( Co leman )

P a s on go

Wa t aw �

Ku n d � l �

P�ke

Wat f�

Laka i ya

P I I (p i

Lakua

p r ta

Kfsa

( Ke it h )

( Ph i l i p )

( Pe t e r )

Yamb ak i Y a n d �m �

P O ko

Yanja

Pul �

Yes �sa

L �m�

Pu p� k�

Yo� n e

L � m e n e ( L ehm a n )

P u y oo

Y o k om b i

L � o ( Le o )

p yh a

Lep ( i

P y aw � k a

L a n y� ta La s i

( Ra n i e r )

( Rut l e d g e )

( Le vy )

( H o okman )

( Yans ) ( J e su s ) ( J ohn )

Girls ' and Women ' s Name s :

L� to

Pyuk�

Londh�

S amb�

Ako l �

Lyon � i

S�ng i

L awa

L y � pa

Ta f pa

L i l y � p u wa n e

Ham� n d o

Ta l yoko

L Om e

H� p�

T�ma

Q a l) e n d a

H. h a

Tamb f

S on g ome

H a t u a kan e

T a mu r

Y � m b a me

H i nap fa

Tatea

214

215

Place Name s :

A i l � n e ( H i g h l an d s ) A (pusa A k e n a ( H agen ) Ame t i k � a ( Ame r i c a ) A o s a t � l i a ( Au s t r al i a ) E t a l a i t a ( Ad e la i d e ) I s a d l e ( I s r ae l ) Ka l y a p � Ka n d e p e Ka p � n o Kapyoko Kem b o s a K i pa ( Koem� l e Ko p e a k � Ko p o n a Kyon go L� i y ak ama Laku� L�nemanda L aw � n d a Law� n d i Le n g e Lumbapes� Ly�mba Lyon g e � Ha' � p e H� i H a k � p u ma n d a Ha l am�n ( H a n d � � a ( Madan g ) Ha t a k � l e H ( n j a ( Minj ) Ho n d o p � H o s e p e e ( Pt . M or e s b y ) H o s e p ( i ( Pt . M o r e s by ) Hu l i t � k a N� H N u u G i n ( i ( N e w Gui n e a )

Rivers :

Pae l a P a l ma k e d P a pa y � k u P a p � � ( P apu a ) Pau s� Pawa l e P (p l kungusa P l p i dka Poke t a P o l y a po s a Pope�ko P o s a H o s e p e e ( Pt . Mo r e s b y ) S�t i S � uw a Ta l y a k o s a Tapuak� Tayho Te l y a Tetem�nda Tukus�nda Un d a W�I ( W� l ya W� p � W� p a k a ( Wabag ) Wa p � I I Wapenam� n d � Wea Y�eposa Y� l sa Yakend� Y�mbu Y�ku� Yumb l tesa

,

A l yo Lae Lumb� Nok� Ta l e T i m (na Waembe Yae

C lans : ,

I pane Kand�no Koyomo Ku n � I I n i L�k i n i L a y � po LI�I� L fmb l n l H� i Ha ( n ( Nen a ( Ne n a ( n ( Pa ( t f San i S�u S (n l T rangane T i na l ap (n l T�p i n i Wau w ( n ( Yopo

APPENDI X C SOURCES

No . o f Ent r i e s · Lang , A .

1300

Lan g , R .

692

New Guinea Lutheran M i s s i on : 208

Bur ce 1 9 6 3

893

Finney et al . 1 9 6 4 Hint ze

1100

Houser

404

Larson

1 15

Re ko

107

S cheimann

145

Other pub l icat ions . ·

75

Other cont rib utors : 288

Bus n . d .

73

Ngangane Yai tusa

•

I n most instance s the original ent ry suppl i e d c on si s t e d o f an Enga word with i t s Eng lish gloss .

All s ub s equent de fining work and

cro s s -referencing was done by the author . ••

Among the many NGLM pub lications seve ral that were e spe c i al ly profitab le were Stotik 1 9 6 1 , Dicke et al . 1 9 6 2 , and E . Burce 1 9 6 2 a and b .

216

B I B L I OG R A PH Y

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1962a

The Enga woman ' s skil l s .

In Dicke e t al .

1962b

Enga woman ' s recreat i on .

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St . Loui s ,

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( Wi th English Index . )

Type s cript . ( Enga Grammar ) .

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Part Two .

Morphology and Syntax .

Typ e s c ript . CROTTY , J ohn 1951

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217

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Some univer sals of gr amma r w i t h part i cular re ference t o the order o f meaningful e lements .

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( ed . )

Unive r s a l s o f Language .

2nd Ed it ion .

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A Grammar o f the Mai Enga Language .

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HOUSEHOLDE R , Fred W . and Sol SAPORTA ( ed s . ) 1962

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4.

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Ph . D .

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Summary o f Enga Grammar Divided int o E i ght Unit s .

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Pre l iminary Draft .

Mime o . MATHIOT , Madeleine 1967

The p lace of t h e d i c t i onary in lingui s t i c d e s c ription . Language 4 3 . 7 0 3- 2 4 .

219

McKAUGHAN , H . P . and B . A . MACARAYA 1967

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Part I .

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Lang, A. Enga dictionary, with English index. C-20, lxii + 280 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. DOI:10.15144/PL-C20.1 ©1973 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.